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SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION
MUSEUM PROGRAMS AND RELATED RESEARCH(SPECIAL FOREIGN CURRENCY PROGRAM)
Submitted as a supplementto the FY 1981 budget
January 1980

SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTIONMUSEUM PROGRAMS AND RELATED RESEARCH(SPECIAL FOREIGN CURRENCY PROGRAM)
PROGRAM PURPOSES AND LIST OF GRANTS
CONTENTS
page 1 Introduction
1 The Global Nature of the Smithsonian's Charter
2 Program of Grants for Field Research
2 The Importance of Research in the Natural Sciences andCultural History -
3 The Importance of Multi-year Grants
4 Benefits to United States Institutions
4 The FY 1980 Appropriation Request
5 Scientific Review under the Smithsonian Program
5 The Importance to the Smithsonian of Awards for Research
6 Special Foreign Currency Program Appropriations and the U.S.Taxpayer
6 Forward-Funded Reserve for the American Institute of IndianStudies
Charts:
8 Summary of Obligations, Actual and EstimatedFY 1979, FY 1980, and FY 1981 - By Program Area and Country
9 Actual Obligations FY 1979 - By Program Area and by Country
10 Estimated Obligations FY 1980 - By Program Area and byCountry
11 Estimated Obligations FY 1981 - By Program Area and byCountry
12 Status of Smithsonian Funds FY 1979, FY 1980, and FY 1981

page 13 List of Grants:
13 Archeology and Related Disciplines
25 Systematic and Environmental Biology
29 Astrophysics and Earth Sciences
32 Museum Programs
34 SFCP Grant Administration
35 Transfer to National Science Foundation

MUSEUM PROGRAMS AND RELATED RESEARCH(SPECIAL FOREIGN CURRENCY PROGRAM)
PROGRAM PURPOSES AND LIST OF GRANTS
INTRODUCTION
The Smithsonian Institution's Special Foreign Currency Program makesgrants in United States-owned foreign currencies to United States institu-tions, including the Smithsonian itself, to conduct research projects in theso-called "excess" foreign currency countries. In FY 1979, the "excess"foreign currency countries were Burma, Egypt, Guinea, India, and Pakistan.The Smithsonian program supports research in Archeology and Related Disci-plines, Systematic and Environmental Biology, Astrophysics and EarthSciences, and Museum Programs.
The Smithsonian Foreign Currency Program awards grants when applicantshave fulfilled three requirements. These are: 1) the favorable recommenda-tion by a national advisory council of qualified scholars; 2) the concur-rence of the appropriate American embassy and host government overseas;and 3) the completion of appropriate cooperative arrangements with hostcountry institutions.
This supplement to the Institution's FY 1981 appropriation requestdescribes: 1) the Smithsonian Foreign Currency Program within the contextof the basic Smithsonian purpose; 2) some of the Program's achievements;3) its goals for FY 1981; and 4) projects for which obligations wereincurred during FY 1979.
THE GLOBAL NATURE OF THE SMITHSONIAN'S CHARTER
The purpose of the Smithsonian Institution is "the increase anddiffusion of knowledge." This quotation from the will of its founder,James Smithson, was made part of the Institution's enabling legislationenacted by the Congress in 1846, chartering the Institution and leadingto the eventual designation of the Institution as the custodian of theNational Collections.
The Smithsonian's first Secretary, Joseph Henry, implemented thecharter through support of basic research and publication not only inWashington but through a global network of correspondence devoted tothese same ends. At the same time, the Institution began to acquiresubstantial collections of biological and geological specimens and ofarcheological and ethnographic materials, derived both from its ownresearch and from U.S. Government programs. The Institution continuesto conduct research and education programs and to improve its collections.Today the Institution is acknowledged to be a major national resource forthe study of natural and cultural history and to be without equal anywhereon earth.

PROGRAM OF GRANTS FOR FIELD RESEARCH
The purpose of the Smithsonian Foreign Currency Program is, like thatof the Institution itself, "the increase and diffusion of knowledge." TheSmithsonian Foreign Currency Program supports this purpose by making grantsto United States universities, museums, and other institutions of higherlearning, including the Smithsonian itself, primarily for research andadvanced professional training in fields of traditional Smithsonian compe-tence. An appropriation of $3,700,000 equivalent in excess foreign curren-cies is sought for these grants. An additional $750,000 equivalent inIndian rupees is sought to support the forward-funded reserve for the AmericanInstitute of Indian Studies. The funds requested, particularly for thisforward-funded reserve, will be used for studies similar to those funded bythe other grants, but will not be used until the current excess currencies inIndia are depleted.
The Smithsonian program is a major source of excess foreign currencysupport for research carried out by United States institutions in the excesscurrency countries. The Smithsonian program is distinguished from otherSpecial Foreign Currency Programs in that the full responsibility for thedesign, execution and publication of research results rests with a scholarworking within the program of a United States institution.
The Smithsonian program strengthens the research and training activitiesof collaborating institutions abroad, for most projects directly involve hostcountry institutions and scholars. Enduring professional ties which resultfrom such joint efforts and scholarly exchange contribute to the strongestform of United States cultural relations with other nations. Moreover, theseties contribute to the integration of the worldwide advancement of sciencewhich serves to narrow the gap between the industrial and the developingnations
.
The Importance of Research in the Natural Sciences and Cultural History
The density of world population and the impact of technological develop-ment make it important to understand their effect on the natural environmentand on society. Research sponsored by the Smithsonian in the natural sciencesand in cultural history is aimed at improving understanding of the environ-ment, of the management and protection of scarce resources, and the culturalsetting within which social changes take place.Grants awarded by the Smithsonian in systematic and evolutionary biologyhave contributed to the understanding of the individual and the surroundingenvironment. In FY 1979, grants supported the following projects of specialinterest
:
? research involving 40 million-year old fossil finds in Burma pushesback the date of the earliest probable anthropoid primate by 10million years, which adds to the speculation that the Southern Asiansubcontinent is the place of origin of higher primates; and

? study of the nitrogen cycle of a mangrove estuary in western India,which provides criteria for managing this important system of buffersagainst shoreline erosion.
In astrophysics and earth sciences, contributions were made to the studyof the earth and its management. For example:
? a geological investigation of quaternary deposits in the Nubiandesert, through which climatic changes can be identified and approxi-mate dates of occurrence determined, is providing information whichwill help to predict future impact on land use and conservation.Smithsonian grants in cultural history contribute to an understanding ofthe individual and society. In FY 1979, grants supported work which resultedin
:
? the discovery of 18,000-year old barley in the Western Egyptian Desertwhich doubled the known age of agricultural cultivation;
? film documentation of disappearing ritual art forms in India, givingnew insight to ancient cultural traditions and their modern daychanges; and
? translation and study of popular Arabic narrative ballads which willmake an important art form available to Western audiences.
The special role of museum programs in acquainting one people with theculture of another continued to be demonstrated in FY 1979 with Smithsoniansupport for exchange programs. For example, a museum specialist recentlysurveyed the national museum system of Guinea in order to initiate a programof professional museum exchanges.
The Importance of Multi-Year Grants
Since the inception of its Special Foreign Currency Program, the Smith-sonian practice has been to provide funding on an annual basis for most ofits grantees even though approved proposals are frequently of a multi-yearnature. This has been done because until FY 1979 the Smithsonian appropria-tion was sufficient to allow for only occasional multi-year grants. (Multi-year funding is the standard practice of other Special Foreign CurrencyProgram agencies.) Beginning in FY iy79 and continuing in FY 1980, withappropriations of $3,700,00 equivalent in foreign currency, multi-year fundingof major programs on a regular basis has been possible. Such funding isimportant for several reasons. Rational planning requires the advance commit-ment of professors and graduate students as well as of facilities. The broadobjectives of the participating institutions also depend on the coordinationof such resources. Multi-year grants, with annual disbursement subject to afinding by the Smithsonian advisory councils that satisfactory progress inthe prior year has been made, are essential to provide reasonable assurance offunding to these institutions. Further, the Smithsonian has found it necessary

to undertake multi-year funding on those occasions when it was essential toprotect investments in successful projects against the possibility that someexcess currency accounts would be exhausted. This happened in Poland andTunisia in FY 19 77 and is expected to happen again in Egypt no later thanFY 1981.
Benefits to United States Institutions
Since the inception of the program in FY 1966, Smithsonian grants havebeen made to 207 United States institutions in 40 states and the District ofColumbia to support more than 600 individual projects. Publications known tohave resulted from program grants totalled more than 1,200 at the end ofFY 1979.Collections of original biological specimens and archaeological andethnographic materials are acquired in the course of field research. Theyremain available for further study and interpretation by other generations ofscholars long after the research teams supported by the Smithsonian havedispersed and their conclusions have been published. More than 100 suchresearch collections have been placed in United States universities andmuseums. A similar number of collections have been added to the researchresources of the excess currency countries.
The benefits of the program have extended to a far larger number ofinstitutions than the 207 United States institutions which have receivedgrants directly. For example, three of the grantee institutions are consortiaof United States scholarly institutions. They are the American Institute ofIndian Studies (AIIS) in Chicago, Illinois, with 32 institutional members; theAmerican Research Center in Egypt (ARCE) in Princeton, New Jersey, with 26institutional and approximately 600 individual members: and the AmericanSchools of Oriental Research (ASOR) in Cambridge, Massachusetts, with 135member institutions.Smithsonian grants have supported the research in India of 298 AIIS fel-lows over the 12-year period from FY 1968 through FY 1979. The fellows weredrawn from 43 United States institutions in 22 states. Program grants havealso supported 54 ARCE projects over the 14-year period from FY 1966 throughFY 1979, and since FY 1977, 33 ARCE fellows have received Smithsonian support.Nine ASOR excavations in Israel and Tunisia provided research opportunitiesfor more than 260 senior U.S. scholars and field training for more than 324graduate students. The Indo-American Fellowship Program, initiated in FY 1977under the auspices of the Indo-U.S. Subcommission on Education and Culture hassent 26 scholars from U.S. institutions to India.
The FY 1980 Appropriation
For FY 1981, the Smithsonian requests an appropriation of $4,450,000equivalent in foreign currencies which have been determined by the TreasuryDepartment to be in excess of the normal needs of the United States. Thisappropriation will be used to continue a program of grants to United Statesinstitutions for field research in those countries where excess local curren-cies are available. Of the total requested, $2,800,00 will be available for

one-year funding of continuing projects, $400,000 will support new projects,and $500,00 will provide multi-year funding of projects for which assuranceof funding continuity is important. The appropriation request includes$750,000 equivalent in Indian rupees for a second installment to the forward-funded reserve in support of future programs of the American Institute ofIndian Studies.Scientific Review Under the Smithsonian Program
The Smithsonian program considers proposals from any qualified Americaninstitution for research in fields of traditional Smithsonian competence.The program seeks the advice of experts in the specific area of sciences tobe studied in reviewing the proposals and annually convenes advisory councilsof senior scholars from across the nation. Following the recommendation in theHouse-Senate Conference Report 95-1672 dated September 29, 1978, the NationalScience Foundation has agreed to review the credentials of the members of theadvisory councils and certify their competence. The councils discuss andevaluate the proposals, taking into consideration the experts' opinions, andprovide specific advice to the Smithsonian regarding the priority among andselection of proposals recommended for support.
Foreign currency awards to other institutions are executed as normalFederal contracts, with the American grantee institutions providing for fullfiscal accountability. The Smithsonian audits each grantee's periodic finan-cial reports and where grantees maintain records abroad, conducts site auditsto ensure that appropriate accounting procedures are followed.
Whether funded originally on a multi-year or on a one-year basis, projectslasting more than one year are subject to an annual review of scientific pro-gress by the advisory councils before another year of funding is approved.In addition, Smithsonian staff scientists and program advisory council membersvisit projects in the field when firsthand scientific reports are considerednecessary. Smithsonian policy requires that grantees publish scientificresults and that scientific collections be readily accessible to the scholarlycommunity.
The Importance to the Smithsonian of Awards for Research
Access to funds for independent research is an essential factor in en-abling the Smithsonian to attract and retain leading researchers and therebyto maintain a standard of excellence as a research institution. In this con-text, the Institution's initial request in FY 1966 for an appropriation ofexcess foreign currencies made it clear that Smithsonian scholars would com-pete for these funds. The appropriation justification in that year statedthat the Institution would "...award and administer foreign currency grants...for maximum benefit of all participating institutions, as well as the Smith-sonian." This appropriation has provided Smithsonian scientists an opportunityto pursue new and innovative research.Under the Special Foreign Currency Program guidelines, Smithsonian pro-posals are reviewed by the same councils of distinguished scholars as areproposals from other institutions. Continuing projects also are subject toannual reviews. (These processes are described above in the section entitled

"Scientific Review under the Smithsonian Program. ") The Special ForeignCurrency Program awards to Smithsonian employees, as to other scholars, ofteninvolve participants from other organizations and universities as collabo-rators. No Smithsonian employee, nor any other grantee, receives personalcompensation to duplicate or supplement his salary. Program awards cover onlyfield research costs in the excess currency country and travel to that country.
The awards to Smithsonian employees are executed as normal Federal allot-ments to the individual bureaus of the Institution for the support of approvedemployee projects. Such funds are expended in accordance with Federal procure-ment and personnel regulations.
Special Foreign Currency Program Appropriations and the U.S. Taxpayer
An appropriation for this program does not add to the tax burden ofAmericans because the money used for foreign currency grants comes from U.S.holdings of foreign currencies abroad in existing accounts that were establishedin connection with the "Food for Peace" (PL. 480) program. These accounts weregenerated largely through sales of surplus U.S. agricultural commodities abroadin exchange for local currencies. In cases where these are greatly in excessof the projected normal U.S. needs, the Treasury Department designates them
"excess foreign currencies." They then become available through the SpecialForeign Currency Program appropriation process for U.S. uses like scientificresearch.
Erosion of these accounts by inflation is in many countries dramaticallyreducing their value to the United States. Indian and Pakistani rupees have,for example, lost almost half of their value since 1970. As a consequence,when a worthy use of these excess currencies can be identified through programslike the Smithsonian Foreign Currency Program, the U.S. can effectively employat least some of these currencies before inflation effectively eliminatestheir usefulness.
FORWARD-FUNDED RESERVE FOR THE AMERICAN INSTITUTE FOR INDIAN STUDIES
Founded in 1961 by a consortium of 15 United States universities andcolleges, the American Institute of Indian Studies' purpose is to promoteAmerican scholarship at the pre-and post-doctoral level on India in allrecognized fields of the humanities and the social and natural sciences.Funding for U.S. administration is raised through dues paid by member institu-tions, and from foundation grants from several sources. As of 1979 the numberof consortium members has grown to 32 with about 100 fellows in India at anygiven time, in a variety of programs. Funding for research and local adminis-tration in India is now primarily provided through the Smithsonian, with lesseramounts being contributed by the Office of Education (language teaching pro-grams only), National Science Foundation (fellowships in specific disciplines),International Communications Agency (fellowships), and the Ford Foundation.
The Smithsonian and the AIIS share common purposes : education andscholarship, global intellectual understanding and the promotion of research.Research at the Institute takes several forms: individual research in anyrecognized field; joint projects such as the one resulting in the publicationof the Encyclopedia of India's Philosophies ; long-term projects, one of whichhas been the continuing project at the Center for Art and Archeology at Benares

which will make available an archive of photographs, largely of Indiantemples and monuments, for students and the scholarly public; and languageteaching programs, now given in five of the 14 major Indian languages.
Through its competitive grants program the Smithsonian has providedannual funding to the American Institute of Indian Studies for fellowships,research, symposia and publications and for administrative costs. The Smith-sonian has helped sustain this Institute and other American research centersabroad for more than a decade because of their significant contributions toscholarship and science without regard for national boundaries and theirspecial service to American scholars conducting research.
While the amount of Indian currency available to the U.S. government isstill large, it is a finite fund in inactive accounts. With inflation ratesin India at a high level, it will probably disappear more quickly than hadbeen anticipated in the past. Various estimates are offered for when this mayoccur; some suggest as early as five years hence. Since the end of "excess"currency status historically has happened suddenly, the Institution proposesto reserve funds for the AIIS to avoid a situation similar to the one whichdeveloped in Egypt. (In late 1978, funds for new American research in Egyptdried up suddenly, placing in doubt the future of American archeology andcultural history studies there and jeopardizing the continued existence of thevery successful Cairo Center of the American Research Center in Egypt.)
By building a substantial foreign currency reserve fund now, the Smith-sonian hopes to seize the opportunity to make AIIS financially secure on along-term basis, and to encourage other such centers to make the effort neces-sary to develop funding from other sources for the period beyond that of sup-port by the Smithsonian. Toward this end, for FY 1981, the Smithsonian isseeking $750,000 equivalent in Indian rupees to add to the reserve fund. Anamount of $500,000 in Indian rupees was appropriated in FY 1980 to initiatethe fund. The reserve is to be maintained intact, until such time as thedepletion of the United States Indian rupees account causes its removal fromthe "excess" currency list.
Long-term support for the AIIS is feasible and highly desirable. As aresult of its long relationship with the AIIS, the Smithsonian has confidencethat the mutually acceptable and beneficial working relationship can be con-tinued. The AIIS is a very viable organization, standing in high regard withthe Indian Government and the scholarly community.
Future requests are anticipated in succeeding fiscal years aimed atbringing the fund to a level capable of supporting basic AIIS activities forfive years after the rupee is declared to no longer be "excess." In eachfiscal year the funds will be obligated to AIIS but will not be made availablefor use until the end of the "excess" designation. Until that time the AIISwill continue to compete for Smithsonian grant funds as they do now and giventheir past history of success can be expected to receive continued support.A system of annual scholarly and financial review will be developed for theadministration of the reserve fund.

SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTIONMUSEUM PROGRAMS AND RELATED RESEARCH(SPECIAL FOREIGN CURRENCY PROGRAM)
SUMMARY OF OBLIGATIONS, ACTUAL AND ESTIMATEDFY 1979, FY 1980, and FY 1981Obligations of Funds by Program Area(dollar equivalents)
FY 1979Actual
Archeology and Related Disciplines $2,714,000Systematic and Environmental Biology 405,000
Astrophysics and Earth Sciences 181,000
Museum Programs 98,000
SFCP Grant Administration 1/ 67,000
National Science Foundation
?
Science Information Program(Translations) 2/ 182,000
TOTAL $3,647,000
FY 1980Estimate$2,765,000703,000248,000304,00020,000
493,000$4, 533, 000
FY 1981Estimate3/ 3/
- $3,000,000 -
761,000164,000295,00020,000
350,000$4,590,000
Burma
EgyptGuinea
India
Pakistan
TOTAL
Obligations of Funds by Country(dollar equivalents)
FY 1979 FY 1980 FY 1981Actual Estimate Estimate$ 4,000 $ 35,000 $ 50,0001,398,000 800,000 375,0001,000 8,000 10,0001/2/1,951,000 --293,000 - 3,280,000
-'-'-' 3,720,000 -'-'-'
$3,647,000 410,000$4,533,000 2/ 435,000 -$4,590,000
1/ Includes transfers to the State Department for "Foreign Affairs AdministrativeSupport."2/ Includes transfers to the NSF Science Information Program for translations.3/ Includes obligation for AIIS forward-funded reserve: FY 1980-$500 ,000
;
FY 1981-$750,000.

MUSEUM PROGRAMS AND RELATED RESEARCH(SPECIAL FOREIGN CURRENCY PROGRAM)
FISCAL YEAR 1979 - ACTUAL OBLIGATIONS
Actual Obligations by Program Area(dollar equivalents)
Archeology and RelatedDisciplines
Systematic and EnvironmentalBiology
ResearchProjects
$2,676,000
377,000
Astrophysics and Earth Sciences 167,000
Museum Programs
TOTAL FOR RESEARCH
SFCP Grant Administration
NSF Science Information
94,000
, Research ,
? Development ?
$38,000
28,00014,0004,000$3,314,0002/
Program-TranslationsTOTAL 3/
$84,000
Total
$2,714,000
405,000181,00098,000$3,398,00067,000
182,000$3,647,000
BurmaEgypt
Guinea
IndiaPakistan
TOTAL
Actual Obligations by Country(dollar equivalents)
Grant Administrationand Agency Transfers
$50,000
149,00050,000
$ 249,000
2/3/3/
ResearchProj ects
$1,347,000
1,730,000237,000
$ 3,314,000
ResearchDevelopment Total
$ 4,000 $ 4,0001,000 1,398,0001,000 1,00072,000 1,951,0006,000 293.000
$ 84,000 $ 3,647,000
1/ These projects are described in the Grants List which follows.2/ Includes transfers to the State Department for "Foreign Affairs AdministrativeSupport."3/ Includes transfers to NSF Science Information Program for Translations.

10MUSEUM PROGRAMS AND RELATED RESEARCH(SPECIAL FOREIGN CURRENCY PROGRAM)FISCAL YEAR 1980 - ESTIMATED OBLIGATIONSEstimated Obligations by Program Area(dollar equivalents)
Research ResearchProjects Development Total
Archeology and Related .Disciplines $2,732,000 - $ 33,000 $2,765,000Systematic and EnvironmentalBiology 683,000 20,000 703,000
Astrophysics and Earth Sciences 238,000 10,000 248,000Museum Programs 289,000 15,000 304,000
TOTAL FOR RESEARCH $3,942,000 $ 78,000 $4,020,000SFCP Grant Administration - 20,000
NSF Science Information Program--Translations 2/ 493,000
TOTAL $4,533,000
Estimated Obligations by Country(dollar equivalents)
Grant Administration Research Researchand Agency Transfers Proj ects Development Total
Burma $ $ 32,000 $ 3,000 $ 35,000
Egypt - 794,000 6,000 800,000Guinea - 7,000 1,000 8,000
India 1/2/438,000 -- 2,793,000 3/ 49,000 3,280,000
Pakistan 75,000 316,000 19,000 410,000TOTAL $513,000 $3,942,000 $ 78,000 $4,533,000
1/ Includes transfers to the State Department for "Foreign Affairs AdministrativeSupport .
"
2/ Includes transfers to NSF Science Information Program for translations.3/ Includes $500,000 obligation for AIIS forward-funded reserve.

11
MUSEUM PROGRAMS AND RELATED RESEARCH(SPECIAL FOREIGN CURRENCY PROGRAM)
FISCAL YEAR 1981 - ESTIMATED OBLIGATIONS
Estimated Obligations by Program Area(dollar equivalent)
Research ResearchProjects Development Total
Archeology and Related _
,
Disciplines $2,967,000-' $ 33,000 $3,000,000Systematic and EnvironmentalBiology 741,000 20,000 761,000
Astrophysics and Earth Sciences 154,000 10,000 164,000
Museum Programs 280,000 15,000 295,000
TOTAL FOR RESEARCH $4,142,000 $ 78,000 $4,220,000
SFCP Grant Administration ? 20,000
NSF Science Information Program
?
Translations 2/ 350,000
TOTAL $4,590,000
Estimated Obligations by Country(d(Dllar equivalents)Grant Administrationand Agency Transfers ResearchProjects ResearchDevelopment Total
Burma $ $ 46,000 $ 40,000 S 50,000Egypt - 367,000 8,000 375,000Guinea - 8,000 2,000 10,000
India 1/ 2/320,000 - - 3 3/,350,000 - 50,000 3,720,000Pakistan 2/50,000 - 371,000 14,000 435,000
TOTAL $370,000 $4 ,142,000 $ 78,000 $4,590,000
1/ Includes transfers to the State Department for "Foreign Affairs AdministrativeSupport ."2/ Includes transfers to NSF Science Information Program for translations.V Includes $750,000 obligation for AIIS forward-funded reserve.

12
MUSEUM PROGRAMS AMD RELATED RESEARCH(SPECIAL FOREIGN CURRENCY PROGRAMS)
STATUS OF FUNDS(dollar equivalents)
Unobligated Balance,Start of year
Appropriation
Recovery of Prior Years'Obligations
Unobligated Balance,End of year
FY 1979Actual
+ 60,000
+ 3,700,000
220,000
333,000
FY 1980Estimated FY 1981Estimated
+ 333,000 + 100,000
+ 4,200,000 + 4,450,000
100,000
100,000
100,000
60,000
TOTAL OBLIGATIONS 3,647,000 4,533,000 4,590,000

13SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTIONMUSEUM PROGRAMS AND RELATED RESEARCH(SPECIAL FOREIGN CURRENCY PROGRAM)Fiscal Year 1979List of GrantsARCHEOLOGY AND RELATED DISCIPLINES
The study of archeology, anthropology, and related fields such as ethnology,are studies of changes in the human condition brought about by the environmentand by cultural factors and are limited by our biology. Societies such as oursthat are undergoing rapid change are subject to increasing pressures toaccommodate new factors. These societies must look to studies of thehistory of man as well as to studies of today's condition to find answers tosuch questions as:
a) How have societies responded to similar pressures in the past?b) What are those elements in our condition that are biologicalimperatives or are so culturally interdependent that we dare notchange them? For example, is the family unit essential to thesurvival of our civilization?c) What are the current options available to today's societies?
The urgency to understand the forces demanding change in human societies hascaused scholars to study man and communities, past and present, for a bettergrasp of the process of social change.
Projects of United States institutions which contribute to understanding theseprocesses and which received support in FY 1979, are listed below.Obligation PrincipalNumber Institution Investigator 5 Eqv.
EGYPT
1. FC80425800Amend. 5, 6, 7, American Research Center P. Walker $908,779 1/8 and 9 in Egypt, Princeton, NJ
The American Research Center in Egypt (ARCE) is a consortium of 22 UnitedStates universities and museums and over 600 individual scholars devotedto research and teaching about ancient and modern Egypt. The ARCE is aunique national resource because it is the principal source of money on anannual basis in the United States for the advancement of knowledge andunderstanding of ancient and Islamic Egypt as well as the training in Egyptof area specialists. Moreover, the ARCE has served the U.S. nationalinterest by sustaining active scholarly collaboration between the U.S. andEgypt during the periods of political stress when other contacts have beeninterrupted. SFCP support of the ARCE has totalled 4,877,484 equivalent inEgyptian pounds over a fourteen-year period for the support of researchprojects. Projects receiving new funds in FY 1979 are listed below.
1/ Total for following parenthetical amounts (items la through Ik.)

14PrincipalInstitution Investigator S Eqv.
a. U. of Chicago L. Bell ($77,000)A project that has been continuing for more than fifty years has carefullypreserved through color reproductions the rich history of ancient Egyptcarved and painted on the surfaces of its temples and monuments. The work isbeing carried out at Luxor before the monuments there are completely erodedand undecipherable.
b. American Schools ofOriental Research,Cambridge, MA J. Holladay ($70,000)Archeological investigations of the historical, cultural, economic andancient topographic problems of the Wadi Tumilat in the eastern delta ofthe Nile.
c. U. of Maryland C. Butterworth ($16,000)
Averroes or Ibn-Rushd, as he was called in the Arab world, was one of themost important students of Aristotle. His commentaries on Aristotle's workare unequalled. The goal of this project is to edit and publish Arabicmanuscripts of Averroes' Middle Commentaries on Aristotle's Organon .
d. American ResearchCenter in Egypt P. Walker ($115,000)Smithsonian grants to ARCE have supported the Cairo Center which serves asan American scholarly presence in Egypt by maintaining a reference libraryand by sponsoring lectures and symposia which involve the scholarly communityin Egypt. The Cairo Center also provides administrative support for itsmembers' research by obtaining research, import and export permits,housing, supplies and personnel, and by keeping project financial recordsand by publishing research results.
e. American ResearchCenter in Egypt P. Walker ($520,000)Support was given to the ARCE Fellowship Program for research in ancientand modern Islamic thought, history and art. ARCE fellows receiving supportduring FY 1979 are listed below.
U. of Michigan M. AllenCalifornia State U. D. CreceliusCentre Audio Visuel, France P. De Jesus

15U. of Chicago
U. of Texas
The Oriental Institute,U. of Chicago
Sorbonne, Paris
SUNY, Binghamton
U. of Toronto
The Oriental Institute,U. of Chicago
U. of Toronto
W. Kaegi
K. Koptiuch
P. Lacovara
M. Lane
R. LaTowsky
E. Meltzer
E. Sherman
R. Taylor
American Research Centerin Egypt D. King ($18,710)
The Smithsonian and the Egyptian National Library are preparing a criticalcatalogue of the Library's medieval scientific manuscripts and analyzingscientific works of particular importance in astronomy and mathematics.Several of these documents suggest that some of the geometrical mechanismsemployed by Copernicus were developed 250 years earlier in the Islamicworld
.
New York U. D. HansenE. Ochsenschlager ($2,000)
This publication of the excavation of the stratified ancient port of Mendesin the Nile River delta involves Greek and Roman settlements dating from300 B.C. to the early Christian era. This site is providing greater in-sights into the life of an ancient Mediterranean port town.
Brooklyn MuseumNew York, NY B. Bothmer ($10,000)
American museum professionals are preparing a catalogue on the art objectsin the new Luxor Museum of Ancient Egyptian Art as well as designing andwriting label information. All data will be provided in English, Frenchand Arab ic
.
l. U. of California,Berkeley K. Weeks ($48,292)
The preparation of a detailed map of archeological remains in the Thebannecropolis on the West Bank at Luxor will provide a very valuable researchtool for Egyptologists.

16
Obligation PrincipalNumber Institution Investigator $ Eqv.j. U. of Kentucky W. Adams ($25,277)
For 3,500 years the fortress site of Qasr Ibrim was a major administrativeand religious center and is the last major archeological site threatenedwith inundation by Lake Nasser which was formed by the construction of theAswan Dam. Investigation concentrates on an unexcavated temple which wasconverted in the sixth century A.D. to a Christian church and on the housesand other remains of the mysterious Ballana Kingdom (fourth century A.D.)of which there is very little information.
k. American ResearchCenter in Egypt P. Walker ($6,500)
The study, development, and analysis of a restoration plan for a majorMamluk palace will be a model for experimental art historical restorationmethodology in Egypt. It is hoped that this restoration will serve as acatalyst for other restoration projects and the revitalization of medievalCa iro
.
2. FC80250500Amend. 2 U. of Chicago J. Johnson $45,975Study of the Red Sea port town of Quseir and its relationship with overlandand maritime trade throughout history.
3. FC80185500
- Amend. 3&4 Southern Methodist U. F. Wendorf $63,000Geological and archeological studies of the Egyptian desert are establishinga chronology of environmental changes and the appearance and development ofearly man. This study of the geological past has resulted in discovery ofa great quantity of water available at shallow depth, which seems to be auseful source of water for modern agriculture.
4. FC80662700Amend. 1 Washington State U. F. Hassan $49,446
The origins of agriculture and human cultural adaption to a changing en-vironment are being explored in a study in the Siwa Oasis,

17
Obligation PrincipalNumber Institution Investigator $ Eqv
.
5. FC90194300 Brown U. R. Caminos $60,000FC90878600
An epigraphic and architectural survey of all the pharaonic and pre-pharaonic remains at Gebel es-Silsilah, Upper Egypt, will complete atwelve-year study of the site which has exceptional significance in thehistory and religion of ancient Egypt.
6. FC90558100 U. of Washington J.L. Bacharach $15,956Systematic study and production of a catalog of Islamic coins in theNational Library at Cairo will provide base data for future numismaticstudies.
7. RFTX900575 andAmend." 1 Columbia U. P. Cachia $6,247
The transcription, translation, and study of popular narrative ballads ofmodern Egypt
.
8. RFTX902482 Oberlin College J. Eliash $4,165
Translation of selections of the al-Kafi fi'Ilm ad-Din by Abu Ja'far b. ya'qub b. Ishag al Kulayni.
9. FC90513100 U. of Pennsylvania D. Redford $20,000
Domestic, temple, and administrative occupation, as well as trading pat-terns in the Nile Valley are being studied with modern archeologicaltechniques at East Karnak, ancient Thebes, a residence and capital of theEgyptian empire.
INDIA
10. FC90589200 &Amend. 1 & 2 American InstituteFC80559800 of Indian StudiesAmend. 2 & 3 Chicago, IL E. Dimock, Jr. $760,571
The American Institute of Indian Studies (AIIS) was founded in 1961 andtoday has a membership of 29 United States institutions. The AIIS is aunique national resource because it is the principal source of money on

18
an annual basis supporting in the United States the advancement of know-ledge and understanding of India as well as the training in India of areaspecialists. Moreover, the AIIS has served the U.S. national interestby sustaining active scholarly collaboration between the U.S. and Indiaduring periods of political stress when other contacts have been inter-rupted. Disciplines sponsored by the AIIS are increasing from the originalconcentration on social sciences and the humanities to include the naturalsciences as well. Smithsonian support of the AIIS has totalled more than$4,760,500 equivalent in Indian rupees over a fourteen-year period.
American Instituteof Indian Studies E. Dimock, Jr. ($146,841)
The AIIS provides support for its fellows and for a major language programfrom a headquarters in New Delhi and small offices in Bombay, Calcutta,Madras, and Poona.
b. American Instituteof Indian Studies E. Dimock, Jr. ($613,730)
The principal activity of the AIIS has been the appointment of fellows.The SFCP currently provides most of the funds for this fellowship program,AIIS fellows receiving support during FY 1978 are listed below.
Junior Research Fellows :U. of California
U. of California
U. of Chicago
U. of Chicago
U. of Chicago
U. of Chicago
U. of Michigan
U. of Minnesota
U. of Minnesota
New York U.
Ohio State U.
U. of Pennsylvania
Keith JefferdsGeorge Surnam
Glen Hayes
Carol Lin-Bodien
Ann Rose
Bruce Sullivan
Girija Brilliant
Amalendu Chakraborty
Larry Lockway
Marilyn Hirsh
Janice Dundon
Andrew Fort

19
U. of Pennsylvania
U. of Pennsylvania
U. of Pennsylvania
Texas A&M U.
U. of Texas
U. of Washington
U. of Wisconsin
Nancy Fusfeld
David Rudner
Frederick Smith
Clifford Rice
Rex Edwards
Douglas KnightGeorge Crevoshay
Senior Research, Short-Term, Faculty Training, LibraryService, and Professional Development Fellows :Amherst College Robert Thurman
Brown U.California State U.
U. of CaliforniaCarleton CollegeCarleton College
U. of Chicago
U. of Chicago
City U. of New YorkCleveland Museum of ArtColumbia U.
Columbia U.
Duke U.
Duke U.
U. of Hawaii
U. of Hawaii
Hobart & William Smith Colleges
U. of Illinois
Donna Wulff
Jeffrey Feldman
Jyotirindra Das Gupta
R. Arnold Burghardt
Holly Reynolds
Kali Bahl
Lloyd Rudolph
Jayana ShethStanislaw Czuma
Philip Oldenburg
Judith Walsh
Mahadev Apte
Mohammed Siddiqi
Rama Nath Sharma
Kashi Upadhyaya
Margaret Egnor
Hans Hock

20
U. of Iowa
U. of Iowa
Loyola Marymount U.
U. of Michigan
U. of Michigan
U. of Michigan
U. of Minnesota
U. of Minnesota
U. of North Carolina
U. of PennsylvaniaSouthern Illinois U.
State U. of New York at Oswego
Temple U.
Victoria & Albert Museum
U. of Washington
Washington U.
Williams College
U. Federal Fluminense, Brazil
Translation Fellows :Fordham U.
Independent
Independent
U. of Pennsylvania
John BeddowGerard Poishton
Katharine Free
Lawrence Brilliant
Walter Spink
Hiram Woodward
Patrick Roche
Joseph Schwartzberg
Judith Katona-ApteFranc ine Frankel
Terry Alliband
Gerald ine Forbes
Vishala Sridhar
Linda Leach
Dauril Aid en
Nicholas Demerath
Milo Beach
Rudolph Bauss
Anne Feldhaus
Lynn Ate
Kenneth Langer
Richard Lariviere

21
ObligationNumber
11. FC80948900Amend . 1
Institution
American Instituteof Indian Studies
PrincipalInvestigator
G. Possehl $ Eqv.$1,000
Publication of a comprehensive body of literature on the 4500-year oldcities of the Indus civilization.
12. FC80450000 American InstituteAmend. 3 of Indian StudiesFC90684500 andAmend . 1
F. Asher $343,870
The Center for Art and Archeology at Benares, India, is a vital researchfacility serving scholars of ancient and modern India from all over theworld. The Center was established to apply rigorous scholarly standardsto the massive job of photographing and indexing the art collections andthe temples and monuments of India which abound in every region of thesubcontinent. The archive of more than 30,000 photographs continues togrow as important projects such as the photographing collections in the IndiaMuseum in Calcutta are undertaken.
13. FC80363800Amend. 1&3 American Instituteof Indian Studies J. Gutman $15,517
Examination of 19th and early 20th century photographs in India will enablescholars to reconstruct the social history of the period.
14. FC90192000 American Instituteof Indian Studies E. Dimock $55,756
Participation of AIIS representatives in the 10th International Congress ofAnthropological and Ethnological Sciences.
15. FC90621000
FC80559800Amend . 4
American Instituteof Indian Studies E. Dimock $53,031
The AIIS administers projects of translation, edition, and publication ofscholarly texts.
16. FC90686100 Asia Society, NY, T. Tanen $160,101agent for the AmericanPanel of the Indo-U.S.Subcommission on Edu-cation and CultureThe Indo-American Fellowship Program, established in late 1975, was createdto widen the circle of scholarly/professional contacts and increase the

22
extent of collaboration between the U.S. and India. Fellowships aregranted for research in India, primarily at the postdoctoral or equivalentlevel with substantial collaboration with Indian colleagues. The fellowswho received support in FY 1979 are:
Benjamin Thompson& Associates A. Stein
Harvard U. J. Eric son
Harvard U. R. Frye
Independent L. Cort
New England RegionalCommission J. SteinOklahoma State U. R. duBoisOrange Coast CommunityCollege C. WeeksSouthern Illinois U. J. Lintault
U. of Cincinnati S. Noe
U. of Missouri D. Giullet
U. of Wisconsin J. Handler
17. FC80948100Amend . 1RFTX903519,RFTX903518 U. of Pennsylvania B. Spooner $7,513
A conference on the global ecological problem of desertification, focusingon discussion of social and cultural problems related thereto. Convenedin connection with the 10th International Congress of Anthropological andEthnological Sciences.
18. RDTX90307 9 Herbert H. LehmanCollege J . Mencher $4,973
Anthropological investigations in four traditional rice-producing regionsof India will outline the involvement of women in Indian agriculture.
19. RDTX901149 &RD903916 Smithsonian Institution R. Sorenson $2,977
Ethnographic film study of a nomadic herding society, Pashtoon people ofAfghanistan, some of whom have settled in India.

23
Obligation PrincipalNumber Institution Investigator $ Eqv.
20. RFTX903832 U. of Iowa M. Alexander $3,150
The publication of a corpus of tile and stone mosaics from Tunisia ismaking available a wealth of data on the social, religious, and othercultural and artistic aspects of life in Roman times in Tunisia.
21. RDTX900784 Indiana U. R. Dorson $2,292
Preparation of a volume of Indian folk tales will add important new materialto a worldwide series.
22. FC90377000 & U. of Wisconsin J. Elder $90,958Amend . 1
,
RDTX900952 &Amend . 1
-53, -60
Preparation of six documentary films on selected aspects of contemporarySouth Asian civilizations.
23. RDTX900574 Columbia U. C.R. Jones $2,362
Documentation for the first time on film and in a monograph of rapidlydisappearing ritual art forms will cast new light on cultural traditionsand the changes they are undergoing.
24. RDTX900927 &Amend . 1RDTX900928 & Southern Methodist U. F. Wendorf $11,982Amend . 1FC90505300
Publication of The Afian : A Study of Stylistic Variation in a NiloticIndustry .
25. RFTX901144 American Research D. King $830Center in Egypt
Examination of medieval Arabic astronomical manuscripts in Indian collec-tions .
26. RDTX900672 U. of Wisconsin J. Silverberg $3,575
A study of the changing patterns of production in an Indian village willintroduce the use and local construction of solar energv devices.

24
Obligation PrincipalNumber Institution Investigator $ Eqv.
27. RFTX900702 & U. of California, J.F. Staal $3,153Amend . 1 Berkeley
Documentation by film of the Agnicayana ritual, one of the most complexand ancient rituals of mankind, which after a continuous tradition ofperformances over some 3,000 years, was celebrated for the last time be-cause of the gradual disappearance of qualified Brahmin scholars.
28. RDTX900758 Lawrence U. J. Stanley $2,855A study and interpretation of Marathi poetry and folk songs in Maharashtraand northern Mysore will further the understanding of Bhakti Literature.
29. RFTX900759, -60 U. of Hawaii W. Solheim $10,209& Amend . 1
,
-61 & Amend. 1,
-62 & Amend. 1,
-63 & Amend . 1
,
-64 & Amend. 1
Travel assistance for American anthropologists participating in the Indo-Pacific Prehistory Association meeting, part of the 10th InternationalCongress of Anthropological and Ethnological Sciences.
PAKISTAN
30. RFTX901655 Smithsonian Institution W. Trousdale $2,362
Examination of the techniques of early mining and smelting in Pakistan isexpected to determine the relationship of smelting sites in Afghanistanwith early metallurgy in the Indus Valley and Baluchistan.
31. RDTX901557 Columbia U. M. Forman $2,044
Research film will portray the life of a Moslem saint residing in a smallfarming village in Pakistani Punjab.

25
SYSTEMATIC AND ENVIRONMENTAL BIOLOGY
For much of our history as a nation, we have regarded technology as the keyto the betterment of the human condition. It is a concept that once stoodvirtually unquestioned and which has profoundly influenced changing culturalpatterns around the world. Today, however, it is becoming increasinglyobvious that technology exacts its price, one that is multiplied by newlevels of population. Biological scientists who once concerned themselveswith laying the brick-work of the edifice of human knowledge now find them-selves with a new responsibility. We now know that it is imperative to establishnorms for our environmental systems, to monitor changes, and to predict theconsequences of social policies that may have an injurious environmentalimpact. American scientists are again the leaders in international researchefforts in these new fields. Through the long-term collaborative relation-ships between American and foreign institutions and scholars, researchconducted under the Smithsonian Foreign Currency Program serves as a foundationfor the intense efforts that will be required to solve the problems of bio-logical science that transcend national boundaries.
Obligation PrincipalNumber Institution Investigator $ Eqv.
BURMA
32. RDTX900756, -57 U. of N. Carolina R. Ciochon $4,157U. of California,Berkeley D. Savage
Development of project entitled "Stratigraphic and Paleobiologic Investigationsof Fossil Anthropoid Sites in Burma."
EGYPT
33. FC80948300 U. of Michigan J. Burch $1,240Amend . 1
Research into the freshwater snails of Africa, Genus Bulinus , is providingthe basic systematic, geographic, and ecological data for the eventualcontrol of these carriers of schistosomiasis, a serious public health problem.

26
Obligation PrincipalNumber Institution Investigator $ Eqv.
34. FC80947900Amend . 1RFTX903566 Duke U. E. Simons $27,250
The Fayum Province of Egypt is the only accessible site in Africa forrecovery of land vertebrates dating to the Oligocene epoch some 35,000,000years ago. Quarrying of this site promises to expand our knowledge of theearly primate ancestors of man and related primates and to improve ourunderstanding of their ecological setting.
INDIA
35. RFTX901555, -556
- 815 Smithsonian R. Higgins $7,694Institution
Study of the interdependence of living organisms in some tropical fresh-water Indian lakes is developing principles of management of biologicalproductivity in these lakes and comparing results with similar studies oftemperate lakes in North America, contributing to understanding theprocesses of life in all bodies of freshwater.
36. RFTX901145 Smithsonian F. Fosberg $456InstitutionScientists from all over the world are contributing to the revision ofTrimen's Handbook to the Flora of Ceylon , the handbook which has providedthe basic nomenclature for tropical flora.
37. RFTX901578 Bernice P. BishopAmend. 1 Museum, Honolulu, HI. D. Devaney $322Comparative study of important collections of ophuiroid brittlestarsat the Zoological Survey of India.
38. RFTX902483, -84, -85,
-86, -87 and Amend. 1,
-88 U. of Miami H. Teas $21,454
Determination of the kinetics of nitrogen cycling in a mangrove estuaryin Western India, is the first step in developing management criteria formangrove systems, important buffers against shoreline erosion.

27
Obligation PrincipalNumber Institution Investigator $ Eqv.
39. FC90194400 and U. of North Carolina R. Ciochon $39,953Amend . 1Symposium on the "Origin of the New World Monkeys and Continental Drift"at Bangalore, India.
40. RDTX903655 Our Lady of the Lakes U.San Antonio, TX. D. Belk $2,523
Study of the zoogeography of the Anostraca (shrimps) of south India.
41. FC90161500RFTX901475 U. of Michigan P. Gingerich $24,669
U.S. participation in symposium "Adaptive Grades in the Evolution ofPrimates" at Bangalore, India.
42. FC90383900 Smithsonian Institution R. Simons $6,529
Support for U.S. participants in the International Symposium on the Tigerin New Delhi, India.
43. RDTX900955, -956 Harvard Medical School D. & S. Hrdy $7,996
Behavioral study of the Hanuman langur (Presbytus entellus) will give helpfulinsights into viral evolution.
44. FC90161600 Brown U. A. Schrier $11,961
Participation of U.S. officers in the International Primatological SocietyInternational Congress at Bangalore, India.
45. RDTX90143400 Smithsonian Institution P. Slud $3,645
A comparative study of tropical forest avifaunas in southern India.
46. RDTX900815, -9 57 andAmend. 1, -958, -959 Smithsonian J. Eisenberg $7,334Institution
Participation by four U.S. biologists in the International PrimatologicalCongress at Bangalore, India.

28
ObligationNumber
PAKISTAN
47. FC90174300 andAmend . 1
.
FC90881700
Institution PrincipalInvestigator $ Eqv,
Yale U. D. Pilbeam $154,615
In a search for fossils of small and large animals in Pakistan, particularly forprimates dating from the time of man's earliest development, a collaborativeeffort between Yale University and the Geological Survey of Pakistan isstriving toward a better understanding of the evolution of man.
48. FC80241100Amend . 2
,
FC90229300 Howard U. S. Hussain $40,071
Field studies of recently discovered vertebrate fauna from the Miocene lowerSiwaliks of Pakistan, includes six families of rodents and two of insecti-vores some of which are new to South Asian fossil deposits.
49. FC90846900 U. of Michigan P. Gingerich $26,020
A search for Paleocene and Eocene (55-65 million year old) fossil mammalsin Pakistan will substantially contribute to our knowledge of the evolutionof mammals and their geographic distribution.
50. RFTX900503, -901410,
-901013 and Amend. 1,
-901011, SmithsonianRFTX90114600 Institution F. R. Fosberg $14,531Scientists from all over the world are contributing to the revision ofTrimen's Handbook to the Flora of Ceylon; the handbook has providedthe basic nomenclature for tropical flora. In 1979, five scholars visitedthe National Herbarium at Rawalpindi to compare herbarium specimens x^iththose collected in the field.
51. RDTX901012 SmithsonianInstitution K. Krombein $2,380Consultation with specialists at the Commonwealth Institute of BiologicalControl is providing comparative information on entomological studies inSri Lanka.

29
ASTROPHYSICS AND EARTH SCIENCES
The study of astrophysics and earth sciences is the study of man'savailable energy and mineral resources. Studies of the stars and theirorigins reveal much about the origin, composition, behavior and fate ofthe Earth. The forces governing the stars are the same as those governingthe star which is our Sun. The Earth was born of solar minerals, and theSun remains the source of all energy, fossil or otherwise, available toman today. Uranium, for example, which provides the fuel for atomic powerplants, is present in the Sun as well as in the earth. Coal and oil arefossil remains of plants and animals which once relied on sunshine forlife, just as all life does today.
Studies, like those listed below, which received Smithsonian ForeignCurrency Program support in FY 1979 are contributing to knowledge essentialto meet man's future energy and mineral needs, to understand and predictsuch natural phenomena as earthquakes, and to foster space age developments.Such projects help host nations, particularly the developing nations, im-prove their scientific output while providing United States institutionswith collaborators, facilities or field research opportunities essential tothe conduct of such studies, judged most likely to advance man's knowledgeof his available energy and mineral resources.ObligationNumb er Institution PrincipalInvestigator $ Eqv.
EGYPT
52. FC90247700FC90878700 U. of Arizona C. Haynes $31,071Geological investigation of quaternary deposits of the Nubian Desert tounderstand the factors controlling prehistoric occupation of the area andto predict future man-climatic factors on land use and conservation.
53. FC80215700Amend . 1RFTX902527,RFTX903948, -949 SmithsonianInstitution F. El-Baz $36,405
Data from surface surveys in the Western Desert of Egypt is being comparedwith information from satellite photographs to provide a description ofdesert erosion and sand movement for use in efforts to reverse nature's
"desertization" process.

30
54.
ObligationNumber
FC70225900Amend . 1
InstitutionSmithsonianAstrophysicalObservatory,Cambridge, MA
PrincipalInvestigator $ Eqv.
M. Pearlman $46,819
The operation of an Egyptian Satellite tracking facility at HelwanObservatory adds another link in the Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory'sglobal tracking network which supports studies of the earth's motion andmagnetism and of the upper atmosphere.
55. RFTX903459 SmithsonianInstitution D. Stanley $2,340
The Nile River has historically deposited large volumes of rich sediment onits bank and in the Mediterranean. The construction of the Aswan Dam hasalmost eliminated these deposits. A cooperative oceanographic study willseek to ascertain the effect of this man-made environmental change on theMediterranean Sea floor at the mouth of the Nile.
56. FC90878500 U. of Pennsylvania H. Faul $12,223
Studies of the geology and time sequences of the alkaline ring-likeformations, which occur in the eastern desert of Egypt shed new light on thefundamental earth processes associated with the birth of the oceans anddevelop guides for mineral exploration.
57. RFTX901619 andAmend . 1 U. of Pennsylvania R. Giegengack $1,730
Laboratory studies are determining the physical and chemical properties ofLibyan Desert Silica Glass, a naturally occurring glass of unknown origin.
INDIA
58. RDTX901577 U. of Colorado M. Wyss $125
Studies of the great shallow earthquake areas of India will provide informationcontributing to future earthquake prediction.
59. RFTX900576 SmithsonianInstitution R. Fudali $2,601Gravimetric survey of the Lonar Crater in India.

31Obligation PrincipalNumber Institution Investigator $ Eqv.
60. FR5-46242 SmithsonianAmend. 3 Astrophysical M. Pearlman $12,060RFTX901474 Observatory,Cambridge, MA
The Smithsonian Astrophysical Observing Station at the Uttar Pradesh StateObservatory, Naini Tal, India, is the only satellite tracking station inthe Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory network located on the Asianland mass. This station makes possible observation of man-made satellitespassing over South Asia. It employs tracking cameras and contributes tostudies devoted to an understanding of the movement of the continents, theshape of the Earth, the nature of its upper atmosphere, and how these areinfluenced by the Sun and the other planets.
61. RFTX902680 U. of California,Los Angeles R. Lingenfelter $2,370
Travel to Committee on Space Research (COSPAR) Symposium on Non-Solar GammaRays at Bangalore, India.
62. RDTX903776 and SmithsonianAmend. 1, -777, Astrophysical E.M. Gaposchkin $12,853
-778, -903 Observatory,Cambridge, MA
Development of a cooperative laser satellite tracking station in India.
63. RFTX902588, -589, International Solar
-592, -593, -594, Energy Society W. Shropshire $13,026
-595 Washington, D.C.
Travel for six Indian participants in the International Solar Energy SocietyCongress held in Atlanta, Georgia.
64. RTTX902958, -959, Harvard College A. Maxwell $6,385
-960 Observatory
Participation in Indo-US workshop, "Solar- Terrestrial Physics," at Udaipur,India.
65. RDTX903381 Smithsonian F. El-Baz $747InstitutionConsultation with specialists at Geological Survey of India on morphologicalstudies of the Rajasthan desert.

32
MUSEUM PROGRAMS
The scope of museum activities is growing and changing. The traditionalmuseum role has been the care and preservation of scientific specimensand cultural objects for study and reevaluation as new techniques anddata become available. Today museums also have a growing role in thetransmission of man's cultural heritage to future generations, a rolebelonging traditionally to universities. They also play a growing rolein communication between present-day cultures, drawing together peoplesof different lands when language barriers prevent exchange of basic infor-mation. Museums are now making more use of their skilled personnel andtheir collections for popular education. Increasingly, museums are broad-ening the interpretation of museum collections to include living culturaltraditions such as crafts and the performing arts.
Projects like those listed below, which received Smithsonian ForeignCurrency Program support in FY 1979, support both the traditional and thenewer roles of museums. These projects respond to those needs of themuseum profession not met within the natural sciences and cultural historyareas of the Smithsonian Foreign Currency Program.ObligationNumber Institution PrincipalInvestigator $ Eqv.
EGYPT
66. RFTX902021 andAmend. 1, -22,
-23, -24 andAmend. 1, -25RFTX902259
SmithsonianInstitution E. Atil $13,947
A survey of Islamic art of the Mamluk period (1250 to 1517 A.D.), particu-larly the architectural monuments of Cairo, was undertaken as a preliminarystep in the development of an exhibition and documentary film as well asscholarly examination of the material.
67. RDTX902973 Capital Children's A. LewinMuseum, Washington, DC $1,370
Travel to Cairo and Luxor to assess possibilities for establishing achildren's museum.GUINEA
68. RDTX901041 and Smithsonian A. Bassing $1,104Amend. 1 Institution
Survey of national museum system and program of professional museum exchange.

33
Obligation PrincipalNumber Institution Investigator $ Eqv.
INDIA
69. RDTX900755 Puppeteers of N. Staub $873AmericaNew Orleans, LA
An initial survey of cross-cultural folk traditions using folk puppets topromote international understanding among diverse cultures of Africa andAsia.
70. RFTX901272 Carnegie Museum of J. Swauger $2,202Natural HistoryContinuing exchange of museum professionals between National Museum ofNatural History of India and the Carnegie Museum of Natural History inPittsburgh, Pennsylvania.
71. FC90319500, Asia Society, NY T. Tanen $72,880FC807443 and agent for theAmend. 2 American Panel of theIndo-US Subcommission onEducation and Culture
Development of museum professional programs under the Indo-US Subcommissionon Education and Culture.
72. RFTX902681 Smithsonian M. Sivadasan $2,228Institution
Travel support for an Indian botanist to Washington to take up a predoctoralfellowship at the Smithsonan to do research on araceaes of southwestern India.
73. RFTX901041 Smithsonian A. Bassing $2,620InstitutionSurvey of national museum system and program of professional museum exchange.
PAKISTAN
74. RDTX901576 Puppeteers of N. Staub $1,145America
An initial survey of cross-cultural folk traditions using folk puppets topromote international understanding among diverse cultures of Africa andAsia.

34
SFCP GRANTS ADMINISTRATION
Obligation PrincipalNumb er Institution Investigator $ Eqv.
EGYPT
75. FC90684400 Smithsonian Institution $50,000
To provide administrative support for Smithsonian FCP activities in Egypt.
INDIA
76. 3300-81-01 Smithsonian Institution $10,122(Rev.)
Indian rupees were transferred to the State Department for Foreign AffairsAdministrative Support, the costs incurred by the State Department inproviding administrative support to Foreign Currency Program grantees inthe excess currency countries.
77. GATX900655Amend. 1, -670, Smithsonian Institution $5,572
-671
This obligation supported inspection and audit of research projects andliaison with host country governments by Smithsonian scientific advisorycouncil members and by Smithsonian staff.
78. GATX900954 Smithsonian Institution W. Dillon $1,008
Attendance at the 10th International Congress of Anthropological andEthnological Sciences in India and consultation with Indian anthropologistsregarding participation in future Smithsonian Institution symposia.
PAKISTAN
79. GATX900671 Smithsonian Institution $266
This obligation supported inspection and audit of research projects andliaison with host country governments and institutions by Smithsonianscientific advisory council members.

35
TRANSFER TO NATIONAL SCIENCE FOUNDATION (NSF)
Obligation PrincipalNumber Institution Investigator $ Eqv.
80. NSF, ScienceInformation Program $182,000
Indian and Pakistani rupees were transferred to NSF for translations ofpublications of priority interest to scholars conducting research in thenatural sciences and cultural history.
SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION LIBRARIES
3 9088 01681 0947