; Smithsonian Institution '^^ Scholarly Press SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY ? NUMBER 628 i'^"^*^.fc. The Smithsonian Institution African Mammal Project (1961-1972) An Annotated Gazetteer of Collecting Localities and Summary of Its Taxonomic and Geographic Scope David F. Schmidt, Craig A, Ludwig, and Michael D. Carleton SERIES PUBLICATIONS OF THE SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION Emphasis upon publication as a means of "diffusing knowledge" was expressed by the first Secretary of the Smithsonian. In his formal plan for the Institution, Joseph Henry outlined a program that included the following statement: "It is proposed to publish a series of reports, giving an account of the new discoveries in science, and of the changes made from year to year in all branches of knowledge." 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Manuscripts submitted for series publication are received by the Smithsonian Institution Scholarly Press from authors with direct affilia- tion with the various Smithsonian museums or bureaus and are subject to peer review and review for compliance with manuscript preparation guidelines. General requirements for manuscript preparation are on the inside back cover of printed volumes. For detailed submissions require- ments and to review the "Manuscript Preparation and Style Guide for Authors," visit the Submissions page at www.scholarlypress.si.edu. SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY ? NUMBER 628 The Smithsonian Institution African Mammal Project (1961-1972) An Annotated Gazetteer of Collecting Localities and Summary of Its Taxonomic and Geographic Scope David F. Schmidt, Craig A. Ludwig, and Michael D. Carleton 0 Smithsonian Institution Scholarly Press "WASHINGTON D.C. ABSTRACT Schmidt, David F., Craig A. Ludwig, and Michael D. Carleton. The Smithsonian Institution African Mam- mal Project (1961-1972): An Annotated Gazetteer of Collecting Localities and Summary of Its Taxonomic and Geographic Scope. Smithsonian Contributions to Zoology, number 628, viii + 320 pages, frontispiece + 150 figures, 20 maps, 12 tables, 2008. ? Conceived and directed by Henry W. Setzer, the African Mammal Project (1961-1972) covered portions of 20 countries concentrated in the northern, western, and southern regions of Africa and generated over 63,000 specimens of mammals. The geographic foundation of this ambitious field program is documented as an annotated gazetteer that provides coordinate data for 785 cardinal collecting localities, collectors' names and dates of collection, general ecological descriptions, and mammalian genera obtained at each site. In georeferencing localities, emphasis was given to primary archival sources?original specimen labels, collectors' field journals, and contemporaneous field maps. Most localities surveyed fell within the Northern Savanna and Southern Savanna biotic zones. The Mediterranean, Sahara Desert, Guinea High Forest, and Southwest Arid zones were moderately sampled; the Southwest Cape and Afromontane zones were minimally represented. The principal inventory method applied by field teams involved multiple transect lines of snap traps, sup- plemented by hunting, roost searching, mist-netting, and specimen purchasing. Total collecting effort varied immensely among countries, from 13 days (Chad) to 770 days (South Africa), and the number of specimens obtained was strongly correlated; length of dedicated site inventory mostly ranged from 3 to 8 days of collect- ing effort per cardinal locality. The resulting 63,213 vouchers include examples of 15 orders, 47 families, and 208 genera of African mammals; Rodentia (70%) and Chiroptera (20%) are most abundantly represented. The historical genesis of the African Mammal Project and its scientific goals as developed by H. W. Setzer are reviewed in the introduction to the gazetteer. Cover images, left to right: Figure 140 (detail). Map 1, and Figure 144 (detail). Published by Smithsonian Institution Scholarly Press P.O. Box 37012, MRC 957 Washington, D.C. 20013-7012 www.scholarlypress.si.edu Library of Congress Cataloging-ui-PubUcation Data Smithsonian Institution. The Smithsonian Institution African Mammal Project (1961-1972): an annotated gazetteer of collecting localities and summary of its taxonomic and geographic scope / David F. Schmidt, Craig A. Ludwig, and Michael D. Carleton. p. cm. ? (Smithsonian contributions to zoology ; no. 628) Includes bibliographical references and index. 1. Mammals?Collection and preservation?^Africa. 2. Mammals?^Type specimens?Catalogs and collections?^Washington (D.C.) 3. National Museum of Natural History (U.S.)?Catalogs. 4. Mammals? Africa?Geographical distribution. 5. Mammals?Africa?Classification. I. Schmidt, David F. II. Ludwig, Craig A. III. Carleton, Michael D. FV. Title. QL731.A1S555 2008 599.096'074753?dc22 2008005666 ISSN: 0081-0282 @ The paper used in this publication meets the minimum requirements of the American National Standard for Permanence of Paper for Printed Library Materials Z39.48-1992. Contents LIST OF MAPS V LIST OF TABLES vii FRONTISPIECE viii INTRODUCTION i Materials and Methods 3 Data Sources and General Format of the Gazetteer 3 Determination of Localities and Organization of Accounts 4 Cardinal versus Satellite Localities 4 Coordinates 5 Collectors 6 Habitat 6 Remarks 8 Taxa 8 Acknowledgments 8 HENRY W. SETZER AND THE AFRICAN MAMMAL PROJECT 11 Genesis and Scientific Goals of the AMP 11 Why Africa? n Setzer's Scientific Legacy 14 AMP Collecting Tools, Survey Methods, and Field Procedures 18 Trapping 18 Salvage and Hand Capture 24 Roost Searching and Mist-netting 24 Hunting 26 Purchasing Specimens 27 Taxonomic and Geographic Summary 28 Taxonomic Survey and Geographic Coverage 28 AMP and Earlier Smithsonian African Expeditions 33 Sampling Effort and Voucher Preservation 35 Sources and Standards of Geographic Documentation 39 ANNOTATED GAZETTEER OF THE AFRICAN MAMMAL PROJECT 43 Northern Africa 44 Morocco 45 Mauritania 70 Algeria 80 Niger 84 Libya 85 Chad 104 Western Africa 105 Senegal and The Gambia 106 Cote dTvoire (Ivory Coast) 122 Burkina Faso (Upper Volta) 137 Ghana 147 Togo 169 Benin (Dahomey) 176 Nigeria 188 Southern Africa 206 Namibia (South West Africa) 207 Botswana (Bechuanaland or Bechuanaland Protectorate) 215 Zimbabwe (Southern Rhodesia) 232 Mozambique 236 South Africa and Lesotho 251 APPENDIX: CARTOGRAPHIC SOURCES 299 REFERENCES 303 INDEX OF GEOGRAPHIC NAMES 309 Maps 4. 5. 6. collecting localities collecting localities collecting localities collecting localities collecting localities collecting localities collecting localities collecting collecting collecting collecting collecting collecting collecting collecting collecting collecting collecting collecting localities localities localities localities localities localities localities localities localities localities localities localities 1-229) in Northern Africa. 1-81) in Morocco. 82-102) in Mauritania. 1. Geographic scope of Henry W. Setzer's African Mammal Project (1961-1972). 2. AMP cardinal 3. AMP cardinal AMP cardinal AMP cardinal AMP cardinal 7. AMP cardinal 8. AMP cardinal The Gambia. 9. AMP cardinal 10. AMP cardinal 11. AMP cardinal 12. AMP cardinal 13. AMP cardinal 14. AMP cardinal 15. AMP cardinal 16. AMP cardinal 17. AMP cardinal 18. AMP cardinal 19. AMP cardinal 20. AMP cardinal and Lesotho. 103-140 141-229; 230-440; 230-263; 264-289; 290-316; 317-377; 378-384; 385-400; 401-440; 441-785; 441-464 465-554 555-574; 575-632; 633-785 in Algeria and Niger, in Libya and Chad, in Western Africa, in Senegal and in Cote d'lvoire. in Burkina Faso. in Ghana, in Togo, in Benin, in Nigeria, in Southern Africa, in Namibia, in Botswana, in Zimbabwe, in Mozambique, in South Africa 2 44 46 71 81 86 105 107 123 138 147 171 177 189 207 208 216 232 237 252 Tables 1. Principal AMP collectors. 7 2. Orders, families, and genera of AMP vouchers represented in the NMNH. 9 3. NMNH voucher specimens of Rodentia resulting from the AMP. 19 4. Examples of locality trapping results, arranged by region, country and collector. 21 5. NMNH voucher specimens of Chiroptera resulting from the AMP. 25 6. NMNH voucher specimens of all Mammalia resulting from the AMP. 29 7. Collecting tools and methods employed during the African Mammal Project. 30 8. Distribution of AMP cardinal localities among Africa's major biotic zones. 31 9. Vouchered specimens of African Mammalia generated by Smithsonian field surveys. 33 10. New mammalian taxa originating from the African Mammal Project. 34 11. Length of collecting effort, in days, at cardinal localities. 36 12. Sources of coordinate data for AMP cardinal localities. 40 FRONTISPIECE. Henry ('Hank') W. Setzer and field personnel (standing fi-om left to right: Michael G. Hearst, Judy Vaden, Ralph E. Vaden, Duane A. Schlitter, Lynn W. Robbins) near Aouinet Torkoz, Morocco (photographed by Ralph E. Vaden, November 1969). Such collecting teams formed the backbone of Setzer's African Mammal Project (1961-1972), an immense biological survey program that sampled 20 countries and produced about 63,000 museum specimens. We dedicate this study to the memory of Henry Setzer (1916-1992), who instituted and coordinated the Project, and to the many AMP team members whose energy and dedication insured its success. The Smithsonian Institution African Mammal Project (1961-1972): An Annotated Gazetteer of Collecting Localities and Summary of Its Taxonomic and Geographic Scope David F. Schmidt, Craig A. Ludiuig, and Michael D. Carleton, Division of Mammals, Department of Vertebrate Zoology, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C. 20013-7012, USA. Manuscript received 31 May 2007; ac- cepted 6 November 2007. INTRODUCTION From March 1961 to July 1972, the Smithsonian Institution supported a series of field surveys of small mammals in Africa, collectively designated as the African Mammal Project. This ambitious field program, known inside and outside the Institution by its familiar abbreviation AMP, was conceived, coordinated, and impelled by Henry W. Setzer, curator in the Division of Mammals, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, from 1948 to 1978. By its completion, the field program had enlisted the energies of some 40 main col- lectors, encompassed 20 countries distributed across the northern, western, and southern sectors of the African continent, and procured over 60,000 mammal specimens from 788 major collecting localities (Map 1). Although AMP specimens have been used incidentally in numerous faunal reports and taxonomic studies, foremost of mammals but also of the abundant ectoparasites collected from them, nowhere are the scope and results of the project itself synthesized. Our central objective is to document here the basic geographic data of the African Mammal Project in the form of a generously an- notated gazetteer that includes localities surveyed as determined from specimen labels and field catalogs; coordinate data for those localities as given by collec- tors or georeferenced by us; names of collectors and dates of visit at each local- ity; general ecological descriptions, both as quoted directly from field journals and as captured in habitat photographs by AMP collectors; and lists of mamma- lian genera obtained at each site. Secondary goals are to provide the historical background to the African Mammal Project, its genesis and scientific purpose as originally developed by Setzer, and to address in broad terms its taxonomic and geographic results. SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY Morocco 400 0 800 II I ?I Lesotho MAP 1. Henry W. Setzer's African Mammal Project (1961-1972) was massive in geographic scale, as demonstrated by the 785 cardinal collect- ing localities distributed over 20 countries in the northern, western, and southern regions of the continent. NUMBER 628 MATERIALS AND METHODS Data Sources and General Format of the Gazetteer Our guiding rationale in documenting the scope and details of AMP collecting activities was to ground the geo- graphic information presented only on preserved museum vouchers. All localities so gazetted and mapped herein are based on approximately 63,000 specimens collected over the years 1961-1972, now registered and housed in the Division of Mammals, National Museum of Natural His- tory (NMNH), Smithsonian Institution. Original speci- men labels, as written in the field by AMP collectors, thus served as our primary information source for geographic location and, directly or indirectly, the coordinates used for mapping. Critical secondary sources included the com- panion field catalogs and field journals that AMP collec- tors regularly maintained, in varying amounts of detail according to the individual. We excluded those few places mentioned in field journals that yielded no mammal speci- mens or when the few specimens collected were deposited in institutions other than the NMNH. Because simultane- ous screening of ectoparasites as potential disease vectors was an important objective of the AMP, we also consulted those entomological field catalogs ("bug books") to verify or refine locality designations and dates of collection as found on skin tags and in mammal field catalogs and jour- nals. A tertiary source of geographic information consisted of a large series of African road maps, topographic sheets, and aeronautical charts whose dates, grime, and wear and tear evidence hands-on use by AMP collectors in the field (see the Appendix). Many of these maps contain annota- tions of collecting sites apparently applied in the field. All of these supportive archival materials are also maintained in the Division of Mammals, NMNH, together with the cataloged specimens whose provenience they vouch. All AMP specimens have been electronically data cap- tured, and we heavily drew upon this NMNH computer database to generate preUminary lists of AMP localities, collectors, dates of collection, and taxa obtained. The ex- istence of the database resulted from the efforts of many divisional and other museum staff over the years, pursu- ant to the larger goal to automate collections data of all NMNH mammals. The project started in 1969, one of the earliest initiatives in computerization of collections data in the NMNH and the country, and continued sporadi- cally thereafter, using different software systems as they evolved (SELGEM, 1969-1988; INQUIRE, 1989-2003; and KE EMu, 2003 to present). Retrospective data capture of skin-and-skuU specimens was completed by 1993, but fluid preparations were not completed until 2000. In con- sequence of the uneven effort applied over so many years, responsibility for gathering the data fell upon always- changing teams of inventory technicians whose familiarity with specimen data and African geography varied greatly. Much entropy and outright errors entered the database. In awareness of this history, we stress that, although help- ful for preliminary collation of AMP collections informa- tion, the database was ignored in determining the locality accounts presented in this gazetteer: recourse to archival sources (specimen tags, field catalogs, and field journals) served as the primary authority to underpin geographic lo- cation. Two intended curatorial dividends of our research project were to remove such inconsistency involving AMP localities from the museum database and to provide coor- dinates for those sites that lacked them. Intended as a compendium of geographic information, a gazetteer may emphasize either physical location (geopo- litical or regional divisions, coordinates) or alphabetically ordered place-names to orient a user to that information. In view of the large number of localities covered, we adopted a combination of those approaches. African Mammal Project localities are broadly grouped by regions, trending from the northwestern to the southeastern sectors of the continent?northern Africa, western Africa, and south- ern Africa. Within each region, the surveyed countries are similarly presented in a loose northwest-southeast vector according to their current formal name. Any archaic coun- try names in use when AMP fieldwork was conducted are provided in parentheses, but we did not similarly amend intermediate geopolitical divisions (provinces, states, re- gions) as used by collectors. Such first-order administra- tive sectors have been substantially redrawn for certain countries (e.g., Ghana, Libya, and Mozambique) since the era of the AMP and can be found in recent gazetteers or through several sources via the Internet (e.g., GEOnet Names Server). Each cardinal locality (see next section) is uniquely numbered, from 1 to 785, with an identifier that is applied to localities plotted on our maps (Maps 2-20) and also arranged from the northwest to southeast within a region and within a country (three of the 788 localities could not be certainly located and are not numbered and mapped). However, the gazetted localities of a particular country are themselves listed alphabetically to facilitate searching of the text for a specific place-name. Einally, an alphabetic index (Index of Geographic Names) is provided for all place-names and physical features mentioned in the locality accounts. A reader may locate any essential detail 4 . SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY of AMP fieldwork by means of these several avenues of access to geographic information. Regional and country accounts contain an introduc- tory section, called "General Remarks," that suppHes information about AMP activities and personnel that broadly applies at those geographic levels. Within country accounts, we include a second subheading, "Itinerary," to summarize the composition of the collecting teams and their major itinerary as represented by those localities identified in our maps. Members of a collecting team who participated for only a short time or at a single locality are given in parentheses. The accounts of collecting localities comprise the nu- cleus of our annotated gazetteer, and their arrangement and standards are explained in the next section. Through- out the text we reserve the use of square brackets ([ ]) to indicate information supplied by us, typically metric con- versions of English measurements but also clarifications of statements quoted from field journals. Determination of Localities and Organization of Locality Accounts CARDINAL VERSUS SATELLITE LOCALITIES. In perusing the field journals, we soon became impressed that AMP collectors were relentlessly opportunistic about places and methods to collect small mammals and were always alert to sample different habitats. Although teams usually concentrated their collecting efforts at a base camp and its close vicinity, traplines were routinely relocated, road culverts and nearby caves were prospected for roost- ing bats, roadkills were opportunistically salvaged, sup- plementary night hunting on foot or from a vehicle was often conducted, and the purchase of mammals from local villagers was encouraged in different degrees and with varying success. As a result, skin tags and/or field cata- logs contain innumerable locality combinations, many of which differ only slightly by distance or direction from some proper settlement or where specimen collection was clearly incidental and minor. In deciding which of these variants should be annotated and mapped, we made a dis- tinction between cardinal localities and satellite localities according to the following criteria. Cardinal localities represent the first line of each ga- zetted account, consisting of the geographical place-name to which the coordinates refer in bold font, followed by any supplemental modifiers and political subdivisions (all in regular font) as found on specimen labels (e.g., Ugar Jabar, 2 mi [3.2 km] N Jemaa, Jos Plateau, Northern Re- gion). The boldface portion of the cardinal locality string is usually the most geographically precise place or physio- graphic feature identified by AMP collectors in formulating their locality as used in the field. In general, but not always, a cardinal locality constitutes the base camp and its im- mediate vicinity where field efforts were concentrated and most specimens were obtained. In general, but not always, we could locate these specific place-names in gazetteers or on maps. On occasion, AMP collectors, while remaining logistically based at one locality, traveled farther away to another region that they referenced by a different place- name and where they sampled other distinctive habitats and genera. We treated such ancillary trips as cardinal lo- calities and cross-referenced them under Remarks to the base camp being worked at the same time. Locality information as found on original specimen labels was conventionally verified against corresponding field catalog and journal entries and judged for geographic plausibility on maps. In most cases, all data sources cor- roborated one another. Occasionally, a journal entry con- tained additional locality descriptors not written on labels or in the field catalog; infrequently, a catalog or journal contradicted the locality information on corresponding specimen labels. In cases of disparity, we selected the des- ignation found on the majority of specimen labels for our cardinal locality and identified any variants by collectors in the Remarks section. Finally, there were rare instances, following careful examination of all corroborative data sources (catalogs, journals, gazetteers, and maps), when we concluded that the locality as represented on speci- men labels was in error. Modifications of such cardinal localities are notated in brackets and discussed in the Re- marks section (e.g., Konankira, [2 km S]). The locality is presented as spelled by the collector on specimen labels, with or without diacritical marks; where different, the preferred orthography of a place-name (including dia- criticals) as found in the gazetteers produced by the U.S. Board of Geographic Names (USBGN) is provided in the Remarks section. Nonmetric indications of distance (or, infrequently, elevation) are given as indicated by the col- lector, with metric conversions provided in brackets. Satellite localities are indicated in underlined font and appear only within the Remarks section under a cardinal locality (e.g., 24 km S Inhambane and 35 km S Inhambane under Jangamo, 29 km S Inhambane, Inhambane District). Such peripheral localities were visited while based at the cardinal locality, typically reference the same settlement as the cardinal locality, although specifying different dis- tances and directions (albeit nearby), and involve similar habitats and a comparable assemblage of genera collected. Latitude and longitude may be presented for satellite lo- NUMBER 628 calities as well, either as indicated by the collector or inter- preted by us, but these places are not depicted on maps. Some subjectivity admittedly exists in distinguishing cardinal from satellite localities. We attempted to mini- mize inconsistency by means of independent assessments of archival sources to determine those localities that should be recognized as cardinal or satellite. Schmidt first synthesized all locality information to generate a prelimi- nary recognition of cardinal localities and their coordi- nates. Ludwig and Carleton, in different order depending upon the country, provided second and third reviews of the same data sources, ratifying or modifying Schmidt's initial collation of cardinal localities. By means of this triple-pass cross-checking, we realized a strong consensus and eventually distilled 788 cardinal locality accounts, each of which contains five standard subheadings (Coordi- nates, Collectors, Habitat, Remarks, and Taxa). Purpose, guidelines, assumptions, and format observed in compos- ing each subheading follow. COORDINATES. Latitude and longitude, to de- gree and the nearest minute, are provided for almost every cardinal locality, followed by an italicized, single-letter ab- breviation to indicate their source, whether collector (C), the gazetteers published by the USBGN (G), map (M), or a pubUcation (P). These coordinates correspond specifi- cally to that portion of the locality designation indicated in bold font. Although one primary source is acknowl- edged, we routinely cross-checked it against the other pos- sible sources of geographic information in the course of verifying accuracy of the coordinates given. In this regard, the travelogues and itineraries related within collectors' field journals proved invaluable in vaUdating or at least localizing an AMP collecting site. A few cardinal localities could not be located precisely, but dates of collection and a team's itinerary considerably narrow the search radius within which the locality could occur. We retrieved the collector's original field-determined coordinates (C) from primary archival material (specimen tags, field catalogs, and field journals). We routinely veri- fied these against the USBGN gazetteers or faunal publica- tions if a single place-name or judged their reasonableness on topographic maps if the locality designation was framed on distance and direction from some settlement or geographic feature. For localities where the USBGN figures differ by only 1-3 minutes from a collector's coor- dinates, we deferred to the collector and accepted his data as suitably accurate for Geographic Information System (GIS) plotting; in such instances, the USBGN-approved coordinates are simultaneously provided in parentheses. We accepted such variance as trivial in view of the usu- ally wide-ranging collecting activities by AMP field teams around their base camps. If the collector's and the USBGN coordinates concord, both C and G are indicated. In only a few cases did we dismiss a collector's original coordi- nates, as based on persuasive circumstantial evidence and as explained in the accompanying Remarks. For those geographic place-names that lack data provided by the collector, we obtained USBGN coordi- nates (G), relying upon both the USBGN gazetteers indi- vidually pubUshed for African countries (1954-1992; see References for individual dates of pubUcation) and the Geographic Names Database accessible via the Internet (GEOnet Names Server [GNS]; http://earth-info.nga.mil/ gns/html/index.html). The USBGN latitude and longitude were accepted only if the proper name could be convinc- ingly associated with a single entry, as construed from the spatial logic of distance and compass direction, from itineraries related in field journals, and/or from inspection of period maps. African Mammal Project collectors often mentioned a smaller village in their field journal that was not used in the formal locality designation as written on skin tags and in catalogs. Instead, they employed distance and direction modifiers from some larger settlement, one usually appearing on the road maps used at the time. In these situations, we maintained the cardinal locality as specified by collectors but derived the coordinates on the basis of the smaller village as found in the USBGN gaz- etteers; such instances are flagged in parentheses next to the coordinates and explained in the locality Remarks. Multiple occurrences of common place-names were some- times encountered within a restricted region, for example, provinces of South Africa, wherein a locality often con- tained somebody's farm as the most geographically local- ized place-name. Unambiguous location of some of these farms proved impossible, and we relied upon other local- ity modifiers as the cardinal locality in order to plot the site (typically as a map estimation). When the cardinal locality consisted only of distance and direction indicators and lacked a collector's coordi- nates, latitude and longitude were interpreted from topo- graphic maps and aeronautical charts (M), mostly at scales from 1:200,000 to 1:1,000,000 (see the Appendix). On specimen tags, AMP collectors rarely recorded whether their distances and directions were "straight-line" or "by- road" indicators, although this information could be oc- casionally surmised from field journals. Chronic omission of this critical qualifier forced the adoption of the follow- ing conventions. If no plausible road extends from the referenced place in the proper direction, we measured a straight-line azimuth and range to calculate coordinates. 6 ? SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY On maps that depict a road oriented in the correct direc- tion from the named place, we assumed that collectors reached their destination via this road and accordingly used a by-road measurement of distance and direction to estimate coordinates. Google Earth, the basic freeware program of land-satellite imagery (version 4.0.2093 beta; http://earth.google.com/), provided another highly useful perspective for visualizing distances and directions, espe- cially in the southern African region where the majority of localities lacked original coordinates. Given the variety of sources of error in extrapolating coordinates from maps, we caution that the M coordinate source is best considered an approximation: that is, all such coordinates are under- stood to be preceded by "circa." Latitude and longitude were infrequently extracted from faunal or taxonomic publications (P), with the excep- tion of one country, Libya. Localities of Libyan specimens lack coordinates, but Ranck (1968) suppHed this data for many AMP collecting sites in his monograph on the coun- try's Rodentia. Although we regularly checked "mammals of" books, many of these simply repeated the geographic information of NMNH specimens as contained in old da- tabase printouts and would have propagated any errors inherent therein. Coordinates for each cardinal locality were extracted into a dBase IV file (Ashton-Tate) and converted to deci- mal degrees for plotting. Base maps were produced from ESRI Arc View (version 3.3), using a GIS database (World Resources Institute, 1995) and Robinson projection, and exported to Adobe Illustrator (version 9.0) for final refinement. COLLECTORS. In view of the multifaceted de- mands of fieldwork, corresponding economies of time and labor, and, in some places, security, AMP collectors typi- cally worked in teams of two or more persons. Composition of each collecting team and dates of survey (in parentheses) are given for each numbered and mapped locality. This information was initially derived from original specimen labels, as collated by the NMNH collections database, then cross-checked and refined against AMP field catalogs (both mammal and ectoparasite) and field journals housed in the Division of Mammals archives. Identification of the 42 principal collectors (Table 1) was partly a pragmatic judg- ment and includes individuals whose responsibility was basically entomological, some assistants not specifically hired under AMP funding, and one spouse. "Collectors" in this sense omits expedition cooks, locally hired field assis- tants, other spouses who just as meaningfully participated, and those temporary personnel on liaison from museums, universities, health agencies, or the Peace Corps who may have incidentally collected specimens at a given place. Such ancillary collectors are often mentioned in the General Re- marks or Itinerary of a country introduction or in the Re- marks section of a particular locality account. We elected to base the beginning and ending dates cited for each cardinal locality on the first and last dates when specimens were collected there. This interval thus reflects actual collecting results at a particular site and excludes the time required for teams to establish and break camp (usu- ally amounting to only one additional day, seldom two, without active collecting at a locality). These intervals of collecting activity do not signify that every team member actually collected specimens on each day that fieldwork was conducted. Traplines were sometimes unproductive, and larger field teams frequently split duties among the participants, so that not all collectors actively maintained a field catalog at a particular field site. For a few locali- ties, we assumed the presence of an individual who was not explicitly mentioned on specimen labels or in catalogs when that person was known to participate in collecting at localities visited immediately before and after. HABITAT. The quality and quantity of envi- ronmental description contained on specimen tags and especially in field journals vary immensely between AMP collectors, depending upon individual variance in train- ing, prior field experience, and personal curiosity about the local floras and faunas. Whether we should somehow stan- dardize or enhance habitat descriptions across all locality accounts posed knotty issues of interpretation that would potentially introduce another layer of subjectivity. None of us is a specialist in botany or ecology, and there was no reliable means to verify plant identifications or habitat cat- egories mentioned in field journals and on specimen labels (very little botanical material was preserved). In the end, we decided that the unvarnished, first-hand reactions by AMP collectors worked best to convey the kinds of environments they encountered in the field. Accordingly, information on habitat, soils, and sometimes geology was extracted from individual field journals and is quoted verbatim, followed by the author's initials in parentheses for attribution in the case of multiple team members (or nothing in the case of a single collector at a locality). We liberally used ellipses in these quotations because collectors sporadically inter- spersed their habitat observations among many other top- ics. African Mammal Project collectors typically recorded a capsular description of habitat on specimen labels, and we also referenced this information, especially if no habitat observations could be gleaned from journals. We were un- able to locate original habitat data for only a small number of gazetted localities. NUMBER 628 TABLE 1. Principal African Mammal Project collectors, their initials as used in locality accounts, and countries where they conducted fieldwork (by general chronological order; see country itineraries for specific dates). AMP Collector Initials Countries Stanley B. Akpan SBA John H. Case JHC C. G. Coetzee CGC Ron E. Cole REC Richard M. Davis RMD John E. W. Dixon JEWD Stephen D. Durrant SDD Julius C. Geest JCG Piet J. Geldenhuys PJG S. W. Goussard SWG 0. E. Graupner OFG A. Erank Hallett AFH Alan R. Hardy ARH Dean E. Harvey DEH Bruce J. Hayward BJH Michael G. Hearst MGH Ted A. Heist TAH Robert D. Hepplewhite RDH Dorothy L. Herbert DLH H. John Herbert HJH George R. Hughes GRH A.Kofi AK A. V. W. Lambrechts AVWL James E. LeDuc JWL J. Carl Lingebach JCL S. J. Liversedge SJL Tim N. Liversedge TNL Thomas J. Mclntyre TJM Alvin L. Moore ALM Wallace P. Murdoch Jr. WPM Harry L. Norman HLN J. J. L. Pretorius JJLP Gary L. Ranck GLR I. L. Rautenbach ILR Arthur C. Risser Jr. ACR C. Brian Robbins CBR Lynn W. Robbins LWR Duane A. Schlitter DAS Henry W. Setzer HWS James H. Shaw JHS Alan R. Silberstein ARS Ralph E. Vaden REV Nigeria Mozambique Mozambique South Africa, Zimbabwe, Namibia, Mozambique Mozambique, South Africa, Botswana, Senegal, The Gambia South Africa Botswana, South Africa Nigeria, Ghana South Africa Botswana, Mozambique, Zimbabwe South Africa, Namibia South Africa Mozambique, South Africa, Botswana Senegal, The Gambia, Mauritania, Ghana Morocco South Africa South Africa, Botswana, Namibia Nigeria Mozambique, South Africa, Botswana, Nigeria South Africa Ghana Zimbabwe, South Africa, Lesotho, Namibia Ghana, Benin, Togo, Burkina Easo, Cote d'lvoire Mozambique South Africa South Africa, Botswana, Mozambique, Zimbabwe Cote dTvoire, Ghana South Africa, Namibia, Mozambique, Botswana Ghana Morocco South Africa Libya South Africa South Africa, Zimbabwe, Namibia Mauritania, Senegal, Ghana, Benin, Togo Ghana, Burkina Paso, Cote d'lvoire, Morocco, Algeria, Niger Namibia, Morocco Libya, Chad, South Africa, Zimbabwe, Mozambique, Senegal, Botswana, Nigeria, Mauritania, Ghana, Burkina Easo, Namibia, Morocco Libya Namibia, South Africa Ghana, Burkina Faso, Morocco SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY Photographic images of the vegetation found at the time a locahty was surveyed allowed us another means of documenting habitat, in particular where journal no- tations by the collector are lacking or ecologically un- informative. Representative illustrations of habitat are provided whenever possible, but as with the written de- scriptions, the quality and quantity of AMP photogra- phy varied. Whenever several images existed for a given locality, we selected those that most closely matched the written habitat descriptions as provided by the collectors. Furthermore, we attempted to retain captions as worded by the collector-photographer and cited dates for photo- graphs when known. Not surprisingly, many of the ga- zetted localities lack any habitat images. Original photographic media consisted of black and white prints (most with negatives) and 35 mm color trans- parencies (both Agfachrome and Kodachrome). All pho- tographic media were scanned as 24 bit color images and digitally desaturated and otherwise edited with Adobe Photoshop 6.0. REMARKS. This subsection is a catchall that qualifies or amplifies information presented in any of the other subsections. Most importantly, we employed this subsection to address the accuracy or origin of coordinate data used to plot the cardinal locality. Map annotations, believed to be applied by collectors in the field, are some- times quoted to clarify ambiguities of interpretation. Satel- lite localities (in underlined font), side trips to other places here recognized as cardinal localities (in bold font), and trapline placements not reflected on specimen tags may be related here. Itinerary relevant to base-camp selection and actual disposition of the campsite in relation to local- ity designations written on labels, as gleaned from field journals, are also mentioned. Any deviations in locality designation between specimen tags and field catalogs or among collectors working at the same locality are covered in the Remarks. Variant place-name spellings by different collectors and/or preferred orthography (including dia- criticals) as found in the USBGN are similarly explained. Finally, this subsection includes any miscellaneous collec- tors' observations, again as extracted from field journals, that bear on the habitats sampled and specimens obtained at the site. TAXA. Together with habitat quotations and photographs, the kinds of mammals obtained at a locality offer indirect evidence of the variety and quality of envi- ronments sampled at the time of the AMP survey. Genera are thus given for all AMP specimens that are cataloged and currently maintained in the NMNH Division of Mammals. With one exception, the genera are Usted as recognized in Wilson and Reeder (2005) and sequenced according to their classification hierarchy (see Table 2), with semicolons separating mammalian orders. That ex- ception involves the discrimination of small gerbils as Dipodillus or Gerbillus. Specimens in the NMNH col- lection, many of them unidentified as to species, are ar- ranged under the former broad concept of Gerbillus that included Dipodillus as a subgenus (e.g., Musser and Car- leton, 1993); indication of Gerbillus in a list of taxa may therefore signify the presence of Gerbillus or Dipodillus or both genera as currently recognized (Musser and Car- leton, 2005). The generic enumeration for a cardinal local- ity may not exhaustively mirror AMP field results because some specimens were left in the country or deposited in other institutions (as occasionally noted in the Remarks section). Nonetheless, donated specimens were relatively few in number, and these were considered "duplicates," such that the listing provides a reliable indication of the diversity of small terrestrial mammals present at those sites where collecting was conducted over several days. This contribution is foremost a geographic synopsis of the AMP field teams, not a systematic treatise of all mammals they collected. Verification of specific identities of some 63,000 specimens, according to the updated taxonomies contained in Wilson and Reeder (2005), was considered beyond the scope of a gazetteer and impractical for the time and effort required. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Foremost, we acknowledge the many participants in the African Mammal Project. Their considerable and con- scientious efforts in specimen preparation, record keeping, and habitat photography ensured the enduring value of the AMP collections, mammals and ectoparasites alike, and made this gazetteer possible. Several former AMP col- lectors?Ron E. Cole, Richard M. Davis, JuUus C. Geest, Dean E. Harvey, James W. Leduc, I. L. "Naas" Rauten- bach, Arthur C. Risser Jr., C. Brian Robbins, Lynn W. Robbins, and Ralph E. and Judy Vaden?reviewed por- tions of this manuscript, in particular the accounts of countries where they conducted their fieldwork some 40 years ago. We gratefully welcomed their comments and hands-on insights. Gary Ranck kindly gave permission to use habitat photographs that were previously published in his 1968 monograph on the rodents of Libya. Addition- ally, we thank Johan du Toit of the Mammal Research Institute, University of Pretoria, for providing information about the Orange River Survey. Nancy Setzer Luria and Elizabeth Setzer, daughter and wife of Henry W. Setzer, NUMBER 628 TABLE 2. Orders, families, and genera of African mammals (taxonomy following Wilson and Reeder, 2005) represented by voucher specimens in the National Museum of Natural History and their taxonomic sequence as observed in the locality subsection Taxa. Order Family Genus Afrosoricida Macroscelidea Tubulidentata Hyracoidea Primates Rodentia Lagomorpha Erinaceomorpha Soricomorpha Chiroptera Pholidota Carnivora Perissodactyla Artiodactyla Cetacea Chrysochloridae Macroscelididae Orycteropodidae Procaviidae Lorisidae Galagidae Cercopithecidae Hominidae Sciuridae Gliridae Dipodidae Spalacidae Nesomyidae Cricetidae Muridae Anomaluridae Pedetidae Ctenodactylidae Bathyergidae Hystricidae Petromuridae Thry onomy ida e Leporidae Erinaceidae Soricidae Pteropodidae Rhinolophidae Hipposideridae Mega derma tida e Rhinopomatidae Emballonuridae Nycteridae Molossidae Vespertilionidae Manidae Eelidae Viverridae Nandiniidae Herpestidae Hyaenidae Canidae Mustelidae Equidae Suidae Hippopotamidae Bovidae Delphinidae Carpitalpa, Chrysochloris, Chrysospalax, Cryptochloris, Eremitalpa, Amblysomus, Calcochloris Elephantulus, Macroscelides, Petrodromus Orycteropus Dendrohyrax, Heterohyrax, Procavia Arctocebus, Perodicticus Galago, Otolemur Cercocebus, Cercopithecus, Chlorocebus, Erythrocebus, Macaca, Papio, Colobus, Piliocolobus, Procolobus Pan Atlantoxerus, Xerus, Funisciurus, Heliosciurus, Paraxerus, Protoxerus Graphiurus, Eliomys Jaculus Spalax Cricetomys, Saccostomus, Dendromus, Malacothrix, Steatomys, Mystromys, Petromyscus Microtus Acomys, Lophuromys, Uranotnys, Desmodilliscus, Desmodillus, Gerbilliscus, Gerbillurus, Gerbillus,'^ Meriones, Pachyuromys, Psatnmomys, Taterillus, Aethomys, Apodemus, Arvicanthis, Dasymys, Dephomys, Grammomys, Hybomys, Hyloniyscus, Lemnisconiys, Malacomys, Mastoniys, Micaelamys, Mus, Myomyscus, Oenomys, Pelomys, Praomys, Rattus, Rhabdomys, Stochomys, Thallomys, Zelototnys, Myotoniys, Otomys, Parotomys Anomalurus, Idiurus Pedetes Ctenodactylus, Felovia, Massoutiera Bathyergus, Cryptomys, Georychus, Heliophobius Atherurus, Hystrix Petromus Thryonomys Lepus, Oryctolagus, Pronolagus Atelerix, Paraechinus Crocidura, Suncus, Myosorex Eidolon, Epomophorus, Epomops, Hypsignathus, Lissonycteris, Megaloglossus, Micropteropus, Myonycteris, Nanonycteris, Rousettus, Scotonycteris Rhinolophus Asellia, Hipposideros, Triaenops Eavia Rhinopoma Saccolaimus, Taphozous, Coleura Nycteris Chaerephon, Mops, Myopterus, Otomops, Sauromys, Tadarida Eptesicus, Nycticeinops, Scotoecus, Scotophilus, Pipistrellus, Otonycteris, Plecotus, Glauconycteris, Hypsugo, Eaephotis, Mimetillus, Neoromicia, Cistugo, Myotis, Miniopterus, Kerivoula Manis Caracal, Felis, Eeptailurus, Panthera Civettictis, Genetta Nandinia Atilax, Crossarchus, Cynictis, Galerella, Helogale, Herpestes, Ichneuniia, Mungos, Paracynictis, Rhynchogale, Suricata Crocuta, Hyaena, Proteles Canis, Lycaon, Otocyon, Vulpes Hydrictis, Ictonyx, Mellivora, Mustela, Poecilogale Equus Phacochoerus, Potamochoerus, Sus Hexaprotodon Aepyceros, Alcelaphus, Connochaetes, Damaliscus, Antidorcas, Eudorcas, Gazella, Neotragus, Ourebia, Raphicerus, Tragelapbus, Ammotragus, Cephalophus, Philantomba, Sylvicapra, Hippotragus, Oryx, Kobus, Pelea, Redunca Delphinus, Stenella, Steno, Tursiops "Includes Dipodillus (see text). 10 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY made some of their personal correspondence available to us and generally showed great interest (and patience) in the completion of this project. Many colleagues at the NMNH, Smithsonian Institu- tion, provided assistance at various stages in our research. Dan Cole, GIS Coordinator, NMNH Office of Informa- tion Technology, supplied the geographic database of Af- rica used for the preparation of maps and offered guidance in the application of ArcView. Thanks also go to Don- ald Hurlbert and John Steiner of the Smithsonian Photo Services, NMNH branch, for their expert advice relating to the digital processing of the habitat figures. Alfred L. Gardner (Biological Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey), Richard W. Thorington Jr., and Don E. Wilson reviewed some or all of the introductory text, while Linda K. Gordon, James G. Mead, and Richard P. Vari provided steady encouragement. To all we extend our thanks. We especially recognize Guy G. Musser, emeritus cu- rator in the Department of Mammalogy, American Mu- seum of Natural History, for his insightful review of the introductory text and engaging perspectives about Henry Setzer and his enduring systematic contributions. James G. Mead and Peter J. Taylor courageously performed a thorough review of the entire text and earn our profound gratitude for their doggedness and the useful recommen- dations tendered. The final steps toward publication of any study rely on a talented editorial staff, and we count ourselves fortunate that freelance copyeditor Tshawna L. Byerly and Publications SpeciaHst Meredith R. McQuoid of the SI Scholarly Press served to edit our manuscript into its final form. In a personal context, Dave Schmidt extends his heart- felt thanks to the late Professor James W. Bee, his mentor and friend at the Natural History Museum (Dyche Hall), The University of Kansas. Jim's affection for the metic- ulous recording of natural history was inspiring, as was his warm, earthy sense of humor. Additionally, Schmidt would like to express his gratitude and deep appreciation to Karen Mudar (Archeology Program, National Park Ser- vice, Washington, DC) for the many unselfish hours she devoted to reviewing an early rendition of this manuscript and improving its general readability. Henry W. Setzer and the African Mammal Project GENESIS AND SCIENTIFIC GOALS OF THE AMP From the latter 1960s to the middle 1980s, visitors to the Division of Mammals, NMNH, would have been greeted by a large map of Africa in the office range where the divisional office and sign-in log were lo- cated. Conspicuous because of its size and scale (1:4,000,000), the map had been divided into two parts (near the equator), mounted on 4 x 8 ft bulletin boards, and placed atop the type cases opposite NHB Room 388, the office of Dr. Henry W. Setzer (Figure 1). Hundreds of multicolor Graffco Maptacks dotted the partitioned map and formed distinct color patterns: a line of orange- headed pins (naturally) traced the Orange River that flows between Namibia and South Africa from the interior Cape Province; a lone thread of green-headed pins bisected the Sahara Desert through Algeria and Niger; and other groupings of same-colored pins identified places in various countries clustered in northern, western, and southern Africa. When one considers the coordinating efforts and collecting exertions symbolized by any one map pin, the many hundreds of locali- ties so pinpointed bespoke an ambitious intent, immense energy, and a daunting undertaking. These pins and mounted maps served as a ready visual summary, pre-GIS software yet far more impressive than our Map 1, of the wide-ranging biological inventory that was Setzer's African Mammal Project. More impres- sive still were the thousands of AMP specimens then stored in green-labeled hold-up cases and intermingled throughout the office, sciurid, and rodent ranges of the Mammal Division, with smaller caches found in other secluded museum warrens. Now integrated into taxonomic order and fully data-captured, these 63,213 vouchers constitute the empirical achievement and tangible reminder of the African Mammal Project. Why Africa? Little in Setzer's early professional experiences foretold that his enduring contributions to systematic mammalogy?the African Mammal Project (1961- 1972) and its companion endeavor. The Mammals of Africa: An Identification Manual (Meester and Setzer, 1971-1977)?would involve the fauna of a con- tinent far away from North America. Setzer graduated (B.A., 1942) from the 12 ? SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY nCURE 1. Henry W. Setzer, curator (1948-1978) in the Division of Mammals, National Museum of Natural History, conceived and directed the Smithsonian Institution African Mammal Project (1961-1972). University of Utah during World War II, and following his service in the army, he returned to the University of Utah for graduate study (M.A., 1944) under the direction of Stephen D. Durrant (the student would later invite the major professor to join him for fieldwork in Botswana and South Africa). The substance of Setzer's Master's thesis concerned the species and subspecies of kangaroo rats, genus Dipodomys, of Utah and included identifica- tion keys, specimen-based distribution maps, diagnoses of species and subspecies, and descriptions of new subspe- cies (Durrant and Setzer, 1945). Fresh with this experience in alpha-level taxonomy and geographic variation and considering that Durrant was a former student of the re- nowned mammalogist E. Raymond Hall, it was apparent that the next step in Setzer's graduate education should be spent at the Natural History Museum, The University of Kansas (Ph.D., 1948) under the supervision of Hall him- self. Building upon his work with Dipodomys in Utah, Setzer developed a doctoral thesis on subspeciation in a broadly distributed and highly variable species, D. ordii. to determine which populations represent valid subspecies, delimit their geographic ranges, collate patterns of pelage color and cranial size and shape variation, consider selec- tive factors influencing the formation of subspecies, and assess interspecific relationships within the genus. This was a fine study for its era. His published results (Setzer, 1949) were emblematic of much museum-based systematic research conducted over the middle 1900s and reflected the integration of the biological species concept, as then propounded foremost by Mayr (1942), with revisionary taxonomy and faunal study. Setzer's formative training in the museum and in the field, under the firm tutelage of first Durrant and then HaU, would become apparent in his direct, specimen-oriented approach to understanding Af- rican mammal species, interpreting their interpopulation variation, and documenting distributions. Setzer's extensive background in museum and field work and prestigious credentials as one of Hall's students made him a natural fit for the U.S. NMNH, Smithsonian Institution, with its synoptic holdings of North Ameri- can mammals and substantial international collections. He began employment in 1948 as an Assistant Curator, Division of Mammals (we do not know the specific cir- cumstances of his hiring), and soon took advantage of this position to travel and collect mammals outside the United States in Costa Rica (1949), Alaska (1951), and Panama (1953). Description of a new subspecies oiMicro- tus (Setzer, 1952a) emerged from the Alaska trip. He also turned to various unreported accessions in the NMNH collections and demonstrated a budding interest in Neo- tropical groups, evidenced by incidental reports on mam- mals from Panama (Setzer, 1950a) and Venezuela (Setzer, 1950b). Goodwin (1959) renamed his Oaxacan subspecies Sigmodon planifrons minor as S. p. setzeri because Setzer discovered the nomenclatural preoccupation and brought it to his attention. Among those unstudied NMNH accessions was a se- ries of Egyptian mammals collected by personnel of the U.S. Naval Medical Research Unit No. 3 (NAMRU-3), headquartered in Cairo, Egypt, and under the direction of its then commanding officer Harry Hoogstraal, an ecto- parasitologist interested in epidemiology. Setzer's (1952b) short paper on these specimens, which were coUected in 1946-1947, marks the beginning of his interest in Afri- can mammal systematics. It would launch a productive se- ries of faunally oriented, taxonomic reviews of taxa from Egypt (Setzer, 1955,1957a, 1957b, 1958a, 1958b, 1959a, 1959b, 1959c, 1960b, 1961a, 1961b, 1963a), the Anglo- Egyptian Sudan (Setzer, 1953a, 1953b, 1954, 1956a, 1969b), and Libya (Setzer, 1956b, 1956c, 1957c, 1960a) NUMBER 628 13 based on NAMRU-3 specimens deposited in the Field Museum of Natural History, Chicago, and the NMNH. Many of these articles appeared in a local medical series, The Journal of the Egyptian Public Health Association. The reports on mammals from the Anglo-Egyptian Sudan and Libya culminated in the first substantive faunal sum- maries for those countries (Setzer, 1956a, 1957c), but a planned monograph on the mammals of Egypt was never reaUzed (Osborn and Helmy, 1980, would later produce one, based extensively upon the same NAMRU-3 collec- tions). Setzer expressed his indebtedness to NAMRU-3 and, in particular, Hoogstraal in his designation of certain new subspecies from these countries (Heliosciurus gam- bianus hoogstraali Setzer, 1954a; Canis adustus namrui Setzer, 1969b). The early papers on Libyan gerbils (Setzer, 1956b, 1956c) issued not only from examination of older museum specimens but also from Setzer's collection of new material, his first field experience in Africa (Oct-Dec 1955) on a trip sponsored by the Office of Naval Research and facilitated by Hoogstraal. In his inaugural paper on African mammals, Setzer (1952b:343) introduced the host- parasite theme that he would replay and expand upon in the funding proposals that sustained AMP fieldwork in the next decade: "Since impetus is being given study of the role wild mammals play in diseases of man, a brief diag- nosis of the external characters plus comments on taxo- nomic problems as relating to the commoner mammals from Egypt. . . will be useful to epidemiologists working in the Nile Delta region." Up to the middle 1950s, Setzer had conducted more field work in North and Central America than in Africa, and the eventual geographic focus of his professional inter- est was suggestive but indefinite. An administrative direc- tive in 1956, however, was decisive in restricting his area of future mammalogical research to Africa and Southwest Asia (Smithsonian Institution Archives, Record Unit 208). The internal politics and personal enmities that spawned this directive are now cloaked largely in speculation and better passed over as historical mystery, but afterward NMNH mammalogists were to align their research pro- grams along nonoverlapping geographic realms: Charles O. Handley Jr. (1949-2000), all New World mammals; Henry W. Setzer (1948-1978), African and Southwest Asian mammals; and David H. Johnson (1941-1967), mammals of Southeast Asia, Australia, and Oceania. The restriction sowed lasting feelings of resentment in Setzer and engendered long-smoldering rancor in the Division of Mammals, but in retrospect, it proved to be a happy circumstance for African mammalogy. Thereafter, Setzer turned his attention to improving NMNH collections of African mammals with his characteristic purpose and en- ergy, which ultimately blossomed as the integrated series of expeditions to be known as the African Mammal Project. Deciding the exact starting and ending dates of the AMP in order to establish geographic limits to this gaz- etteer poses some arbitrariness. The project evolved over several years out of Setzer's growing field program and was tailored to available funding opportunities at differ- ent stages. After Setzer's early trips to Libya (1955) and Egypt (1958), a more or less continual series of team- organized field surveys began in 1961. Setzer's reconnais- sance of prospective sites in Libya and Chad (Mar-May 1961) emerged through his opportunistic participation as the lone scientist in a loosely focused adventure into the interior Sahara. Memorialized in the popular travel- ogue The Great Sahara Househunt (Collins and Pomeroy, 1963), Setzer identified this field excursion as the Alan C. Collins Expedition in recognition of one of the principal U.S. organizers (Smithsonian Institution, NMNH Office of the Registrar, Accession 234288) and for whom the jerboa Jaculus jaculus collinsi was named (Ranck, 1968). Surveying in Libya was systematically amplified later in the year to an eight-month expedition (Nov 1961 to Jun 1962), coordinated by G. L. Ranck as the principal field mammalogist. The latter fieldwork actually stemmed from a proposal entitled "Mammals and Their Ectoparasites from Ethiopia (including Eritrea)," which Setzer had sub- mitted (Jul 1960) as a research contract to the Entomol- ogy Research Section, U.S. Army Medical Research and Development Command, Office of the Surgeon General (Smithsonian Institution Archives, Record Unit 155). Al- though positively received, it was not formally approved until the next year (Jul 1961), but owing to a changed political situation and in-country logistical difficulties, the arena of biological survey was pragmatically shifted from Ethiopia to Libya. The flexibility to abruptly redirect field plans from one country to another depending upon local political instability or social unrest would prove essential, especially in western Africa. The Ethiopian proposal was the conceptual antecedent to Setzer's subsequent inventory work in Africa under the expansive title "Potential Vectors and Reservoirs of Disease in Strategic Overseas Areas" and also funded through the U.S. Army Office of the Sur- geon General (Smithsonian Institution Archives, Record Unit 150). This second research contract and its several extensions provided the stable funding that supported the multiple collecting teams in southern, western, and north- ern Africa, beginning in South Africa (Aug 1963) and end- ing in Morocco (Jul 1970). Two additional years of field activity transpired in Morocco (Sep 1970 to Jul 1972), but 14 . SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY the purpose was to study the ecology of small mammals, especially gerbilline rodems, not to conduct basic field in- ventory, and it was supported by PL-480 funds admin- istered through an internal Smithsonian research award (Smithsonian Institution Archives, Record Unit 197). Two collectors who had been involved in the directed Moroc- can mammal inventory (H. L. Norman and R. E. Vaden) remained through the final years of fieldwork, which spo- radically included general collecting as time permitted. In summary, this gazetteer recognizes the AMP as extending from March 1961 to July 1972 because field surveys were conducted almost continuously over those years. Neither the initiating grant proposals nor their annual extensions and summaries mentioned an African Mam- mal Project per se, but the name assumed cohesion within the institution and museum as much for its administra- tive as for its curatorial convenience. The explanation for the absence of the phrase "African Mammal Project" in these documents is straightforward: "The overall objec- tives of this research proposal are to ascertain the kinds of mammals and their ectoparasites and the geographic distribution of the several kinds in Africa" (Setzer, 1967 continuation request; Smithsonian Institution Archives, Record Unit 150). Mammals and their ectoparasites were complementary objectives of the African surveys from the inception of the AMP, and the goal to improve the taxo- nomic and distributional understanding of both is what attracted the army's Office of the Surgeon General and, notably, its residing Chief of the Entomology Research Section, Robert Traub, a flea specialist. The epidemiologi- cal research interests and influential bureaucratic role of Traub, as with Hoogstraal and NAMRU-3 before him, were pivotal in advancing the African field surveys of pos- sible mammalian hosts. Accordingly, the personnel line in Setzer's proposals regularly budgeted entomological field assistants to accompany the field mammalogists, the tan- dem usually forming the main collecting team; in addi- tion, preparators, sorters, and labelers were hired in the museum to process the undetermined thousands of ecto- parasites preserved from AMP field sites for distribution to research specialists around the world. In his justifications for enhancing systematic knowl- edge on both fronts, Setzer stressed two points: (1) the im- portance of diseases borne by certain arthropods (e.g., flies, mites, ticks, and fleas) for which mammals serve as hosts and are the usual reservoirs for transmission to humans; and (2) the influence of epidemics throughout the history of warfare, highlighting the depredations of scrub (tickborne) typhus during World War II and hemorrhagic fever during the Korean War. Setzer's thesis resonates with the delight- ful biography of typhus fever {Rats, Lice and History) by Hans Zinsser (1935) and Jared Diamond's (1997) persua- sive essay (Guns, Germs, and Steel) on the factors shaping the development of human societies. Zinsser's wider sub- text is captured in his chapter entitled "On the influence of epidemic diseases on political and military history, and on the relative unimportance of generals" and as more spe- cifically stated within (Zinsser, 1935:153): "And typhus, with its brothers and sisters,?plague, cholera, typhoid, dysentery,?has decided more campaigns than Caesar, Hannibal, Napoleon and all the inspector generals of his- tory." Setzer's alertness to governmental funding sources and to the appeal of this research theme was acquired early in his research career. Much of his specimen collection re- lated to the study (Setzer, 1949) of Dipodomys ordii was supported by the Office of Research and Inventions, U.S. Navy, in an effort to determine the geographic ranges of suspected hosts of tularemia (deerfly fever). A contem- poraneous and direct geographic connection to Setzer's articulated goals may be found in the publications of his colleague Hoogstraal, especially that (Hoogstraal, 1956) on "Faunal Exploration as a Basic Approach for Studying Infections Common to Man and Animals," which Setzer occasionally cited. Hoogstraal drew attention to the uni- formly poor understanding of vertebrate hosts and their parasites in Africa and underscored their inadequate tax- onomy as the primary need to be redressed. Nation-states, understandably, must be concerned with supplying any martial advantage to their own armed forces, and Setzer's faunal objectives found a willing and receptive audience, one with very deep pockets, in those army and navy bio- medical units charged with preventing contagious diseases. National priorities inevitably shift and budgets with them, and it is doubtful that such lavish governmental support for fundamental biological inventory, over so sweeping a geographic scale, will ever exist again. Setzer's Scientific Legacy The Mammals of Africa: An Identification Manual (Meester and Setzer, 1971-1977) will remain a foremost achievement of Setzer's African research, if second only to the AMP collections themselves. Its undertaking was organized and coedited with his friend and colleague Jur- gens A. J. ("Waldo") Meester, founder and initial director of the Mammal Research Institute, University of Pretoria. Conceived as a feature contribution to the nascent Inter- national Biological Program, the publication was partially funded by the U.S. and South African national commit- tees of that organization and, significantly, enjoyed the NUMBER 628 1 5 earnest backing of S. Dillon Ripley, then Secretary of the Smithsonian Institution (Smithsonian Institution Archives, Record Unit 150). Certainly, the utility and currency of the Identification Manual are now diminished, especially for the identification and taxonomy of the shrews, bats, and rodents whose convoluted alpha systematics have been dramatically overhauled by the multifaceted research of the past decade. The fruitful collaboration of Meester and Setzer, however, must be understood in the context of its era and original twofold purpose. At the time, the only pan-African treatment of mammals was Glover M. Allen's (1939) classic "A Checkhst of African Mammals," which, as Setzer repeatedly emphasized in his AMP fund- ing requests, was based on a literature compilation, not critical review of specimens. Of their two purposes, the first (Meester and Setzer, 1971:iii) was simply "to serve as an identification manual, for use by non-taxonomists," in particular the growing user communities of African ecolo- gists and conservationists. Beyond this, the coeditors never pretended that the Identification Manual would dispel the confused state of African mammal taxonomy, notwith- standing the AMP, and achieve a definitive synthesis of valid species, synonyms, and geographic ranges. And so their second purpose?"to identify the remaining prob- lems most urgently in need of solution"?encapsulates the enduring value of the Identification Manual, and those problems to be resolved are copiously mentioned by the various experts who composed the taxonomic chapters (see Meester et al., 1986:1-2, for authors and publica- tion dates of those accounts). In this regard, Meester and Setzer's publication succeeded famously, far surpassing Allen's (1939) checklist as a window to poorly understood groups and a catalyst to future taxonomic investigation. Few systematic papers that deal with African mammals can omit citation of Meester and Setzer as a milepost of taxonomic understanding, and few researchers could hope to bequeath a greater scientific legacy. One is still led to wonder whether Setzer had envi- sioned a more definitive "Mammals of Africa," modeled after Mammals of North America, the landmark faunal synthesis by his former thesis advisor E. Raymond Hall (Hall and Kelson, 1959; Hall, 1981), to follow the Iden- tification Manual. Although the AMP quietly dissolved in 1972, Setzer's early funding proposals had identified future fieldwork by multiple teams through 1975, and he clearly intended to survey many other countries (Angola, Central African Republic, Gabon, Guinea, Liberia, Mali, Rio Muni, Sierra Leone, Sudan, and Western Sahara), including the return to Ethiopia, whose planned inventory was aborted in 1962. Hall, of course, had a much sounder framework of taxonomic and distributional understanding to build upon in composing his seminal Mammals of North America. "Mammals of" faunal studies existed for numerous states by the middle 1950s, and more importantly, taxonomic revi- sions of most North American genera and families had been completed, many accomplished by Biological Survey staff and reported in the august series North American Fauna. Eaunal treatments of African countries are much improved, many of them benefiting from AMP material and vouch- ered distributional records (e.g., Botswana, Smithers, 1968, 1971; Ghana, Grubb et al, 1998; Libya, Ranck, 1968; Mozambique, Smithers and Lobao Tello, 1976; Nigeria, Happold, 1987; the Southern African Subregion, Smithers, 1983, and Meester et al., 1986; The Gambia, Grubb et al., 1998; Zimbabwe, Smithers and Wilson, 1979). However, the gritty, collections-based revisionary studies of problem- atic African groups required to resurrect valid species from names long buried in synonymy remained undone within the lifetimes of Setzer and Meester. Another generation of African researchers would be required to achieve this level of understanding, even now ongoing. In retrospect, the modest accomplishments that Meester and Setzer intended for their Identification Manual were the appropriate and achievable aims at the time. Aside from the AMP and the Identification Manual, Setzer can legitimately claim his own niche in the prog- ress of taxonomic understanding of African Mammalia. As exemplified by Rodentia (Eigure 2), the species-rich order that attracted most of his taxonomic attention, he described 35 species-group taxa, most from the northeast- ern region of the continent where he undertook his early research and fieldwork (Egypt, Libya, and Sudan). Knowl- edge of the diversity of African rodents initially grew slowly in the post-Linnaean discovery phase (ca. 1800-1860s), and an eruptive phase of natural history exploration and taxonomic description commenced in the late 1800s (ca. 1880-1930s), during which the subspecies emerged as a standard rank to nomenclaturally identify intraspecific variation. By the conclusion of this era, over 600 species of African rodents were recognized (Allen, 1939). During the middle 1900s (ca. 1940-1970s), the number of species considered to be valid dipped to less than 300 (Corbet and Hill, 1980), a decrease driven by widespread acceptance of the biological species concept and its taxonomic appli- cation as intergrading geographic races (subspecies). New subspecies continued to be named at a high rate, and many species described during the preceding eruptive phase were cursorily demoted to subspecies. Setzer's descriptions of new African forms occurred within this last period (Eigure 2), and the majority of 16 ? SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY 2000- 1500- CD X 0) E 3 1000- 500- African Rodentia: Taxonomic Discovery & Major Autliors Verheyen(18) Setzer (35) Roberts (190) Allen (21) Osgood (39) Thomas (387) Lichtenstein (11) Linnaeus (6) Valid Species 1750 1800 1850 1900 1950 2000 Year FIGURE 2. Chronological plots of African rodent taxa. Solid line: Cumulative number of species-group taxa (species and subspecies) described from Linnaeus through the year 2003 (total = 1,729); principal authors are indicated, with number of African taxa they described (in parenthe- ses) and approximate period of their taxonomic activity (horizontal dashed line). Dotted line: Number of species considered scientifically valid (large dots correspond to species recognized by Murray, 1866; Trouessart, 1897-1898; Allen, 1939; Ellerman, 1940, 1941; Corbet and Hill, 1980,1991; and Wilson and Reeder, 1993,2005; the line was visually fitted). Henry W. Setzer described 6 species and 29 subspecies of African rodents over a 20-year period (1953-1972) when the biological species concept heavily influenced the treatment of interpopulation variation by systematists. those (29 of 35) were described as subspecies. In his ge- neric and species revisions, he also was predisposed to in- terpret population-level variation at the subspecific rank (e.g., Acomys as a genus of five polytypic species accord- ing to Setzer, 1975, compared with 19 species as currently recognized per Musser and Carleton, 1993, 2005). The prevailing acceptance of the biological species over the middle 1900s, widespread employment of polytypic spe- cies to convey geographic variation under the concept. and Setzer's early training under Durrant and Hall tell- ingly molded his taxonomic approach at the species level. In the modern era (ca. 1980 to present), a foremost sys- tematic mammalogist, Walter N. Verheyen, named 13 of his 18 new rodent discoveries as species. The revived ap- preciation of greater species richness in African Roden- tia signaled a paradigmatic transition between the times of Setzer and Verheyen (Figure 2), a change impelled not only by new field discoveries and reinvigorated museum- NUMBER 628 17 based revision but especially by improved methodologies for evaluating and taxonomically interpreting intra- and interpopulation differences. It is noteworthy that the fresh appreciation of small-mammal diversity, as exemplified by the investigations of Verheyen and his students, has been informed in no small way by the AMP collections (e.g.. Van der Straeten, 1975, 1980a, 1980b, 1981, 1984; Van der Straeten and Verheyen, 1978a, 1978b, 1979a, 1979b, 1980, 1981; Verheyen and Van der Straeten, 1985; Ver- heyen et al, 1996, 2002, 2003). The contribution of AMP collections to this phase of systematic study is vastly greater than the aforementioned publications of Verheyen and his students but impractical to exhaustively document here (some indication may be gleaned from the recent museum- based studies of African taxa referenced in the chapters on shrews, bats, and rodents in Wilson and Reeder's, 1993, 2005, Mammal Species of the World). The scientific value of any museum collection accrues with its repeated use and the citation of its vouchers under a paper's "Speci- mens Examined." In this sense and compared with the NMNH holdings acquired by the Biological Survey in the late 1800s or the Smithsonian African expeditions of the early 1900s, the AMP collection has yet to reaUze its scientific potential. A curious irony about Setzer's professional career is that the majority of his scientific publications on African mammals were based on the older NAMRU-3 collections, not the vastly greater AMP series that he helped to amass: 22 papers over the years 1952-1969 versus nine over 1969-1985 (we exclude those publications on mammal viruses [Kemp et al., 1974; Lourie et al., 1975; Monath et al., 1974] and book reviews [Setzer, 1965a,b, 1970, 1971b, 1977]). Many of the systematic investigations that issued directly from the AMP were coauthored with former collectors and students (C. B. Robbins and Setzer, 1985; L. W. Robbins and Setzer, 1979; Schlitter and Setzer, 1972; Setzer and Ranck, 1971) but not all (Setzer, 1969a, 1971a, 1975). The administrative responsibilities neces- sary to oversee the AMP were substantial and must partly account for the disparity in productivity. At its height in the 1960s, three field teams were simultaneously operat- ing, and Setzer involved himself in much fieldwork in many countries (Table 1), spending time with new field teams at least at the start of a survey and inculcating the "Setzer methods" of mammal collecting. The huge and steady in- flux of specimens to the Division of Mammals, NMNH, created a cleaning and cataloging bottleneck, which was alleviated by the employment of museum technicians, a preparator, and a part-time secretary under the umbrella of AMP funding. Setzer himself helped to relieve AMP- related curatorial chores, devoting much time to sorting specimens and matching skulls with skins. Computer au- tomation was adopted in 1969, as an outgrowth of the necessity to streamline specimen cataloging and with the intention to collate data among hosts, ectoparasites, geo- graphic distributions, and ecological preference. Setzer's institution of "machine cataloging" must represent one of the earliest initiatives in computerization of collections data in the NMNH and the country. Entomology tech- nicians were also hired to mount and prepare the many ectoparasites collected along with their mammal hosts. And the paperwork?the funding proposals, requests for continuance, annual reports, country summaries of mam- mal species by field numbers (skulls not always cleaned and numbered in time for preliminary reports) needed by the Army Entomology Research Section and collaborating ectoparasitologists, hiring forms and purchase vouchers, import and collecting permits, and so on?was unrelent- ing, if not at times overwhelming. Such administrative and supervisory demands of the AMP occurred simultaneously with management of other large field programs in Mada- gascar (1962-1963; see Carleton and Schmidt, 1990, for rodent localities) and in Iran and Pakistan (1962-1965; e.g., Schlitter and Setzer, 1973) and with production of the Identification Manual (1965-1970). Setzer retired in 1978, and he and his wife Elizabeth relocated in 1981 from their home of 26 years in Ger- mantown, Maryland, to Gainesville, Florida. There he volunteered to help with curation in the Florida Museum of Natural History, University of Florida, and renewed his interest in North American mammals, their geographic variation, and subspecific classification (Humphrey and Setzer, 1989a, 1989b). Setzer's contributions to mammalian systematics are conveyed by the several taxa named in his honor, some based on collections generated through his own research (Myomimus setzeri Rossolimo, 1976; Gerbillus setzeri Schlitter, 1973; Mus setzeri Petter, 1978). His unique relationship to African mammalogy was touchingly and insightfully captured by his friend Waldo Meester in the dedication to his book Classification of Southern African Mammals (Meester et al., 1986): "To all whose work is re- flected in these pages, and in particular to H. W. ('Hank') Setzer, but for whose stubborn dedication there would have been a great deal less to write about." Setzer's stubborn- mindedness must have been a useful trait in overseeing the AMP, along with the requisite ego and pertinacity that each scientist must bring to his/her research. Two other candid glimpses of his personality are drawn from the field journal of one of his AMP collectors, H. John Herbert. 18 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY The first was from Herbert's maiden collecting trip to Mo- zambique (11 Jul 1964): "Hank is a very good molder of men and has a winning way which compels you to get on the bandwagon." At the time of the second entry (12 Dec 1965) Herbert was an experienced field hand in Nigeria: "Setzer is in rare form, yelling & screaming & skinning mice like mad." Many mice and other kinds of mammals were col- lected and preserved as the AMP ran its 12-year course. Our own individual responsibilities with those collections over many years have brought complementary perspec- tives to the preparation of this gazetteer: Schmidt as pro- cessor of AMP accessions and research assistant for Setzer, Ludwig in the capture and management of AMP collec- tions data, and Carleton in the use of AMP specimens in systematic research. AMP COLLECTING TOOLS, SURVEY METHODS, AND FIELD PROCEDURES The 788 cardinal localities covered in our gazetteer are ultimately grounded on museum specimens deposited in the NMNH. We here summarize the various capture devices and inventory methods by which these specimens were procured in order to supply context to the generic lists in the Taxa subsection and background to various comments under Habitat and Remarks. The following in- formation was gathered and collated from the collectors' field journals stored in the Division of Mammals, NMNH. We emphasize that the amount of detail mentioned by collectors about their field activities and trapping results varies immensely, and we do not intend to imply that the inventory procedures here encapsulated were prac- ticed by every collector at each collecting site. Rather, this summary conveys our firm understanding of "typi- cal" or "standard" field activities across all AMP teams over the 12-year course of the project, and our statements are purposefully qualified to indicate apparent frequency, preference, or normalcy of field practices and collecting equipment. Rarely could we quantify an observation. Trapping Kill trapping, by means of sustained removal transect lines, was the principal inventory method applied by AMP collectors in all regions. The wood-base, metal-bail snap traps used in regular traplines included the two standard sizes designed to catch "mice" (Woodstream Museum Spe- cial) and "rats" (Victor Four-way). Traps were convention- ally dispersed in linear transects, dissecting uniform habitats as visibly definable or following along natural or unnatu- ral ecotones (stream beds, gallery forest, marshland edge, overgrown fence rows, stone walls, boundaries around and between agricultural fields). Many collectors recorded only how many traplines were set on a particular day without specifying how many traps were placed in each line, and when the number of traps was specified, they irregularly identified which kind (or kinds) of snap trap was used in a trapline. However, those explicit notations we gleaned from field journals make clear that the Museum Special formed the backbone of AMP traplines, with the Victor snap trap deployed less commonly and in fewer numbers. Museum Specials proved effective in capturing small ter- restrial mammals that weighed from 5 to 75 g, a size range abundantly represented in Africa by soricomorph shrews (Soricidae: Crocidura, Myosorex, Suncus), the smaller el- ephant shrews (Macroscelididae: Elephantulus, Macrosce- lides), and a rich variety of rodents, including particular genera of the families Gliridae (Eliomys, Graphiurus) and Dipodidae (Jaculus sp.) and numerous genera represent- ing Nesomyidae (Cricetomyinae [1], Dendromurinae [3], Mystromyinae [1], Petromyscinae [1]) and the ubiqui- tous Muridae (Deomyinae [3], Gerbillinae [9], Murinae [22]) (see Tables 2, 3). The smaller Museum Special was less trustworthy for trapping rodents above 75 g, allow- ing regular escape of the more robust forms of Muridae (Gerbilliscus, Meriones, Fsammomys, Aethomys, Arvican- this, Otomys). Collectors preferred the stronger Victor rat trap at localities where such species were commonplace; rat traps were either interspersed among Museum Specials within a trapline or concentrated at select microhabitats to catch particular taxa. The latter application also pro- duced minor numbers of certain Sciuridae (Atlantoxerus, Euxerus, Paraxerus), Nesomyidae (Cricetomys), and Pet- romuridae (Petromus), although shooting and purchasing were more profitable methods for acquiring such taxa (see below). Most traps and traplines were placed in terrestrial settings, but some collectors opportunistically positioned traps in lower tree limbs within reachable heights (usually 1.5-2.5 m). In several locales, emphasis was given to such arboreal trapping, especially in fruit trees such as mangoes and figs, in order to secure certain small, habitually scanso- rial rodents (Gliridae: Graphiurus; Muridae: Grammomys, Hylomyscus). Each type of snap trap had its ardent propo- nents among AMP collectors, some favoring the Victor rat trap for its advantage in catching the larger murids, others preferring the Museum Special for its greater flexibility in placement, especially in arboreal stations. During site inventory, collectors readily adapted their traplines and trap numbers to the variety of habitats present -d o Pi o a z s -d a W 2 < '3 Bijuapo^ pjoj^ 3BpTAuiOUOi(jl{JL 3EpijnUIOJJ3J SBppUJsAjJ 3Bpi8j3Ax[JEg 3BpT]i(j3EpOU3J3 aepTiapaj SBpunpuiouy 3Epijnj/\f 3BpiJ33U3 3EpiXuiOS3JSJ 3BppB]Bds aepipodiQ 3BPHH3 aepunps e 3 O U o o o o o o o o o o o o o o rn o 1^ o ^ O O lO ro (N a\ ^ ro ^ a\ O O ^ O l ^ rn ^ ro in in ooooooooo ino^mmoi^l^ ?^ o O rn O O O rn O O 00 o ?(NtjN^mtjNOtjNl^in ^oo^oo(N(Nrnl\oo L>ot\a\^^t\rsic?in .yinccrn^vorocoo ?^ t^^ ^^ "o^ rsl rs]^ a\^ rs)^ c? rn^ ^ in^ o^ cc a\^ r>]^ ^^ cc^ ^ ^ rvf ^ rn" rvf ^ ^'' <* rn" rvf h^-" ^ in" oC rn 0 z ooooooooo -tiooooooom 3 o ooooooo oooooo^^inl^voo ^o^tjN^l^inin oor^ooor^ ooooooooo oooooooi^ oo^^^^in ooooooooo oooooooin ^ ^ o\ (N ^ m rn ^ m ^ ^ o^fNmooomoo rsl cc ^^ ^ ^ (^o^OfNomin 10 O O O O CNl O CNl o m h- ^ m o h- 0000000 ON O r-J h- 10 ON 10 10 o^ 10 m CO ^ (N o^ o^ o^ '^ m^ ^^ m^ m*^ ?^'^ m*^ f^*^ "^-T r-f ooo^oooooa^ 10 m ^ r-J r-J h- r-J 000000000 ?rH ':r GO t\ >0 e 0 C 6 0 .2 1 0 0 a 0 -M -Q H n -! ir u f P3 E ^ > 0 '3: 0 1 ^ p ? 0 N 30 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY TABLE 7. Summary of collecting tools and methods employed during the African Mammal Project, graded according to effectiveness for various mammalian orders. Codes: 1 = major tool or method that generated the greatest number of specimens over the entire project; 2 = secondary tool or method that produced appreciable specimen numbers or was most effective for particular taxa (families or genera) in certain areas; 3 = tool or method that yielded specimens in low numbers or only incidentally; ? = a tool or method that was known to produce specimens, but grading its effectiveness was uncertain; a dash (-) indicates a tool or method that only rarely yielded specimens or that was never used for a given order. Country OH PH a ? n u rt a u ?A OH u w 0 > \ri O hJ a ? o -a e n u n o o ??P 3 3 Afrosoricida Macroscelidea Tubulidentata Hyracoidea Primates Rodentia Lagomorpha Erinaceomorpha Soricomorptia Chiroptera Pholidota Carnivora Perissodactyla Artiodactyla Cetacea 2? 1 3 Ti 1 1 2 1 2 3 1 1 1 1 3.' 2 1.' 2 2 2 2 1 2 2 2 2 specimens substantially increased sample sizes from a lo- cality; indeed, in many instances, the incoming specimens proved to be so steady and numerous that collectors ceased running their traplines altogether. Some average quota of specimens seemed to be expected from AMP teams, and when traplines were unproductive, collectors hoped that local people would "save the day" by appearing with small mammals for sale. On the other hand, purchasing held certain disadvantages as a method of collection. Al- though the variety of purchased taxa was overall broad, their numbers were strongly skewed to those coming out of huts and fields, yielding a superabundance of the in- digenous semicommensals (Arvicanthis, Mastomys, cer- tain Praomys) and nonnative commensals (Mus, Rattus) only from anthropogenic settings. (At Tsanchaga, Nigeria, J. C. Geest noted that the carcasses of Mastomys smelled like wood smoke.) In general, collectors inconsistently dis- criminated between animals purchased and those taken in traplines, an uncertainty that compUcates a researcher's interest in estimating trap success, determining habitat fi- delity, or inferring microsympatry (syntopy). The isolation of specimens for the uncontaminated removal of ectopara- sites, a central objective of the project, was compromised by the villagers' habit of bringing mixed species assem- blages in whatever container was available (At 1 mi W Bichi, Nigeria, H. J. Herbert mentioned that three young boys brought in 31 rats?Arvicanthis, Dasymys, and Mas- tomys?all alive and jumping in a single box). Finally, as remarked by at least two AMP workers, reliance on acqui- sition of specimens from local peoples removed the collec- tor from a firsthand knowledge of their habitat of origin and related ecological detail. African Mammal Project faunal surveys were orga- nized and directed around a geopolitical entity, the coun- try, but the many country inventories undertaken over broad continental regions reaUzed incidental sampling, in varying degrees, of most of Africa's major biotic zones (Table 8). Africa's open landscapes, its deserts and savan- NUMBER 628 31 TABLE 8. Distribution of African Mammal Project (AMP) cardinal localities' among the major biotic zones of Africa'', summarized by region and country. Country and statistic a o N Q ? a s > ? v2 g Pi u a n U e s n a J3 e 0 B n 0 3 ?? 3 0 a 0 ?< tn tn tn Algeria Chad Libya Mauritania Morocco Niger Regional subtotal Benin Burkina Faso Cote d'lvoire Ghana Nigeria Senegal-The Gambia Togo Regional subtotal Botswana Mozambique Namibia South Africa-Lesotho Zimbabwe Regional subtotal AMP total Percentage 22 66 28 5 62 8 15 2 120 11.2 120 15.3 Northern Africa 13 21 Western Africa 14 2 27 - 13 12 45 16 29 11 34 - 4 3 166 44 Southern Africa 187 23.9 44 5.6 29 24 56 109 109 13.9 61 56 78 17 212 212 27.0 10 10 10 1.3 9 3 14 14 1.8 "Tallies exclude one oceanic locality and three localities not georeferenced. Certain biotic zones are accepted in their broad sense as follows: Mediterranean includes coastal plain, the Barbarian or Maghreb Region, Atlas Mountains, and the Cyrenaica Plateau; Northern Savanna includes the Sahel, Sudan, and Guinea zones sensu Rosevear (1953, 1965); Southwest Arid Zone includes the Namib and Kalahari deserts; Southern Savanna includes the Southern Savanna Woodlands and Southern Savanna Grasslands sensu Rautenbach (1978). nas, are conspicuously represented among AMP collecting sites (approximately 80% of the 788 cardinal localities). Xeric environments of the Sahara Desert and Southwest Arid Zone are present in moderate numbers, and more mesic habitats situated within the Northern and Southern Savanna zones that frame the continent's wet forests were densely surveyed. The abundant series of bats and of ger- billine and murine rodents obtained from these savannas are particularly noteworthy. Although modest in number, sites from the Mediterranean Zone importantly document species that occur in refugia along Africa's northern rim (Barbarian Region, Morocco; Cyrenaica Plateau, Libya), where a prevailing temperate climate harbors faunas that exhibit Palearctic resemblances. Most AMP localities within high-canopied, lowland rainforest fall within the Guinea Rainforest province of western Africa, but the two 32 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY sites in southeastern Nigeria (15 mi N Calabar and 14 mi S Oban) originate from an area that has stronger biogeo- graphic affinity to the larger Congo Rainforest block of central Africa (e.g., see Booth, 1958; Carleton and Rob- bins, 1985; Happold, 1996). Rainforest localities are rela- tively few in number (and collectors' remarks indicate that most were already degraded at the time of inventory), but their faunal documentation is invaluable in view of the ac- celerating fragmentation and disappearance of Afrotropi- cal rainforest (e.g., Beier et al., 2002; Myers et al., 2000). We are surprised that the Southwest Cape Zone in south- ernmost South Africa was so meagerly inventoried (Table 8). We are not surprised by the minimal representation of the Afromontane Zone (sensu White, 1981) among AMP localities because these wet montane uplands are con- centrated in eastern Africa (Ethiopian Highlands and rift mountains) and only marginally penetrate southern Africa (e.g., Drakensberg Mountains). Categorization of biomes is perhaps most standard- ized in western Africa thanks to the timely publication of Rosevear's (1965) Bats of West Africa. Rosevear pre- cisely outlined High Forest and Guinea, Sudan, and Sahel savannas (here treated as subzones of Northern Savanna) and criteria for their recognition, and many collectors mentioned his book in their field notes. Although the tal- lies in Table 8 suffice to convey the relative intensity of AMP survey among major biotic zones, we acknowledge some arbitrariness in classifying any individual site for reasons of geographic intermediacy, indefinite ecologi- cal characterization, or lack of habitat information al- together. In such cases, we accepted geographic location as the deciding factor in categorizing the locality. Such ambiguity sometimes confronted the AMP collectors in the field, as underscored by the complaint of H. J. Her- bert in Nigeria (31 Jan 1966): "the area (according to Rosevear) is High Forest. . . yet the area where all my collecting has been done is in open fields and farmed pas- ture lands." The literature on methods of biological inventory and comparative studies of collecting hardware are vastly richer than that available at the inception of the AMP in the early 1960s. Having characterized the collecting tools and field procedures employed by AMP collectors, it is instructive to consider their taxonomic results in light of certain inventory methodologies now recommended as standard for conducting a geographic inventory and as- sessing diversity of mammals (e.g., Wilson et al., 1996). Af- rican Mammal Project traplines predominantly consisted of snap traps placed on the ground, whereas placement of arboreal traps was, overall, sporadic and opportunistic. mostly confined to reachable heights of 1.5-2.5 m where attempted. Prolonged, systematic efforts to trap arboreal small mammals at greater heights, such as canopy plat- form stations erected at 10-12 m (Malcolm, 1991; Patton et al., 2000), are not apparent. Canopy traps could have been effectively employed at the relatively few high-for- est localities in western Africa but would have been an impractical method for the desert biotopes and low-cano- pied woodlands and savannas that form the majority of AMP localities. Although greater emphasis on trapping in trees may have improved sample sizes of certain scansorial or arboreal Rodentia (Sciuridae, Gliridae, Anomaluridae, Muridae) and lorisiform Primates (Lorisidae, Galagidae), we doubt that it would have expanded the taxonomic di- versity of these groups as obtained by trapping, hunting, and purchasing. Mist nets were erected to catch foraging bats, but only one or two nets were typically deployed, and their use in flight paths was clearly secondary to the capture of resting bats at their diurnal roosts. Techniques such as sustained maintenance of many mist nets in stag- gered patterns and using rigging systems to elevate nets into canopy spaces (e.g., Kunz and Kurta, 1988; Kunz et al., 1996) are not in evidence, and the era of the AMP predates the harp trap as a popular bat-collecting device (Tuttle, 1974). Here again, adopting these devices and techniques may have substantially increased specimen numbers but would less likely have increased their familial and generic diversity. African Mammal Project collectors aggressively sought roosting sites, and their extensive col- lections of resting bats would seem to compensate for the lower effort devoted to mist-netting. The 1,225 specimens of Soricomorpha, obtained mainly by snap trap or pur- chase, represent approximately 2% of AMP collections (Table 6), a proportion that seems incommensurate with the richness and ecological ubiquity of the order in Africa (e.g., Hutterer, 2005; Hutterer et al, 1987). The AMP ended about 15-20 years before the conventional use of pitfalls to collect small mammals, although the method has a much longer history of sporadic use (see Handley and Kalko, 1993). Trapping arrays of pitfalls linked by drift fences are highly effective for capture of small terrestrial mammals and are demonstrably superior for procuring a wide variety of shrews over small rodents (Williams and Braun, 1983; Kirkland and Sheppard, 1994), including African soricomorphs (Goodman et al., 2001; O'Brien et al., 2006). In this instance, using pitfall traps would have certainly enhanced the numbers and diversity of Sorico- morpha. Of course, the foregoing observations have the great advantage of hindsight, and our judgments must forever contain some element of conjecture. NUMBER 628 33 AMP and Earlier Smithsonian African Expeditions Faunal results of the AMP invite comparison with pre- vious African surveys conducted by Smithsonian personnel in the early 1900s. Setzer deUberately, and reasonably, de- veloped his funding proposals to cover continental regions other than the eastern sector of Africa, whose mamma- lian fauna he explicitly considered well known as a result of those earlier surveys. The two largest and historically most important were the Smithsonian African Expedition (Apr 1909 to Mar 1910) and the Rainey African Expedi- tion (Mar 1911 to Mar 1912), and HoUister (1918, 1919, 1924) carefully synthesized the mammalian findings of both. The Smithsonian African Expedition was proposed and directed by Theodore Roosevelt, 26th President of the United States (1901-1908) and a self-described hunter- naturalist (Roosevelt, 1910). The expedition included three experienced field scientists: Edmund Heller, who mainly assisted Teddy and son Kermit with the preservation of larger mammals; Edgar A. Mearns, who emphasized bird collecting but also obtained a wide variety of mammals; and J. Alden Loring, who focused on collection and prepa- ration of small mammals. Independently wealthy, devoted to reckless adventure, and occasionally a philanthropist, Paul J. Rainey was a fervent big-game hunter who assumed all expenses for the second African expedition that bore his name. Eortunately, those expenses covered the services of Edmund Heller, who participated as the enterprise's sole naturalist and scientific collector of mammals. The itiner- aries of the two surveys overlapped in colonial British East Africa, but collecting efforts were concentrated in the terri- tory equivalent to modern day Kenya, with marginal stops in Uganda, northeastern Tanzania, and southern Sudan. The significantly longer duration of the AMP (12 years versus 2 years) naturally accounts for a much larger col- lection of mammals in total (-63,000 versus -8,000), but conspicuous proportional differences are apparent among the various orders (Table 9). In concert with the overriding hunting pursuits of their principal benefactors, the African surveys of Roosevelt and Rainey obtained higher numbers for those orders that include big game (Proboscidea, Car- nivora, Perissodactyla, Artiodactyla), these amounting to nearly 20% of all mammals collected compared to about 2% for the AMP. The lack of mist nets must explain, in large measure, the lower numbers of bats, absolutely and relatively, in the collections made in the early 1900s, but we are surprised by and cannot readily account for the comparatively higher success in procuring soricomorph shrews by those earlier collectors. As in the AMP, rodents are also predominant among the early eastern African col- TABLE 9. Vouchered specimens of African Mammalia generated by Smithsonian field surveys. Smithsonian African African Expedition, Rainey African Mamma 1 Project Expedition Number (1909-1912) Percent (1961- -1972) Order or group Number Percent Afrosoi'icida 0 0 45 <0.1 Macroscelidea 105 1.4 1,089 1.7 Tubulidentata 0 0 4 <0.1 Hyracoidea 114 1.5 121 0.2 Proboscidea 15 0.2 0 0 Primates 207 2.7 785 1.2 Rodentia 4,613 60.2 44,962 71.1 Lagomorpha 56 0.7 487 0.7 Erinaceomorpha 13 <0.1 375 0.6 Soricomorpha 577 7.5 1,225 1.9 Chiroptera 509 6.6 12,873 20.4 Pholidota 0 0 19 <0.1 Carnivora 449 5.8 857 1.3 Perissodactyla 128 1.7 1 <0.1 Artiodactyla 891 11.6 349 0.5 Cetacea 0 0 21 <0.1 Mammalia 7,695? 63,213 Type specimens 165 39 "HoUister (1918,1919,1924) reported a total of 7841 USNM specimens for these two expeditions. Some were subsequently traded to other institutions (e.g., the Eield Museum of Natural History), but their absence does not ma- terially alter the percentages of the orders. lections, given their great diversity in species, abundant populations in all manner of habitats, and deployment of snap-trap lines by Heller, Loring, and Mearns. Other dif- ferences among orders are slight and unremarkable (Mac- roscelidea, Hyracoidea, Primates, Lagomorpha) or reflect continental patterns of endemism (absence of Afrosoricida in eastern Africa) or a lack of deliberate collecting effort (Pholidota, Cetacea). The earlier inventories (1909-1912) transpired amid a fertile period of natural history explora- tion and taxonomic discovery in Africa (ca. 1880-1930); consequently, many more mammals were reported as new to science, most described by the prolific Heller (e.g., 1909, 1910, 1911, 1912, 1913), who accompanied the expedi- tions of both Roosevelt and Rainey. The 165 new taxa in- cluded both species and subspecies (geographic races) of small, reclusive shrews and rodents (see HoUister, 1919) as well as large, diurnal mammals such as primates, ante- lopes, and carnivores (see HoUister, 1918, 1924). The 39 new forms so far issuing from the AMP (Table 10) are all 34 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY TABLE 10. New mammalian taxa originating from the African Mammal Project, supplemented by geographic coordinates for their type localities. Taxon, author, date:page no. (type specimen no.) Type locality Coordinates Rodentia Libya, El Gatrun 24?57'N, 14?39'E P Libya, 7 km S El Gheddahia 31?23'N, 15?12'EP Libya, Gebel Uweinat, Ain Zueia 21?53'N, 24?50'E P Libya, Wadi er Rueis, 340 km WNW Tazerbo'^^ 26?52'N, 18?31'EP Libya, Edri 27?32'N, 13?12'EP Libya, Tazerbo Oasis 25?45'N, 21?09'E P Libya, Cufra Oasis, El Giof 24?11'N,23?19'EP Libya, 25 km N Gharian 32?25'N, 13?03'EP Libya, 10 km S Agedabia 30?42'N, 20?19'E P Cote d'lvoire, Yama 09?36'N, OenS-W C Eliomys quercinus denticulatus' Ranck, 1968:216 (USNM 322757) Jaculus deserti fuscipes'' Ranck, 1968:226 (USNM 322761) Jaculus deserti raras'' Ranck, 1968:228 (USNM 319781) Jaculus deserti vastus^ Kanck, 1968:230 (USNM 325837) ]aculus jaculus arenaceous Ranck, 1968:234 (USNM 322812) Jaculus jaculus collmsi Ranck, 1968:236 (USNM 325797) Jaculus jaculus cufrensis Ranck, 1968:238 (USNM 325785) Jaculus jaculus tripolitanicus Ranck, 1968:240 (USNM 325773) Jaculus jaculus whitchurchi Ranck, 1968:242 (USNM 325807) Steatomys caurinus roseveari Swanepoel and Schlitter, 1978:73 (USNM 467496) Dipodillus maghrebi Schlitter and Setzer, 1972:387 (USNM 472714) Gerbillus setzeri'' Schlitter, 1973:13 (USNM 342253) Gerbillus aureus nalutensis^ Ranck, 1968:90 (USNM 321816) Gerbillus eatoni inflatus^ Ranck, 1968:97 (USNM 325527) Gerbillus eatoni versicolor^ Ranck, 1968:98 (USNM 325298) Gerbillus gerbillus aeruginosus Ranck, 1968:103 (USNM 325146) Gerbillus gerbillus discolor Ranck, 1968:106 (USNM 322461) Gerbillus gerbillus psammophilous Ranck, 1968:112 (USNM 325078) Gerbillus pyramidum hamadensis' Ranck, 1968:118 (USNM 321827) Gerbillus pyramidum tibesti' SeCzer and Ranck, 1971:55 (USNM 319721) Meriones caudatus amplus' Ranck, 1968:165 (USNM 322681) Meriones caudatus luridus' Ranck, 1968:173 (USNM 325597) Taterillus arenarius Robbins, 1974:397 (USNM 401919) Mus setzeri Petter, 1978:377 (USNM 428742) Morocco, 15 km WSW Taounate Namibia, Gobabeb, 1 mi E Namib Desert Research Station Libya, 40 km ENE Nalut Libya, 10 km SW Fort Capuzzo Libya, 2 km N Coefia Libya, Cufra Oasis, El Giof Libya, Ghat Libya, Gialo Oasis Libya, 5 km E Derg Chad, Zouar Libya, El Gatrun Libya, Bahr el Tubat, 21 km ESE Giarabub Mauritania, Tiguent Botswana, 55 mi W Mohembo Soricomorpha Crocidura Crocidura Crocidura (USNM Crocidura (USNM Crocidura (USNM Crocidura (USNM Crocidura (USNM Crocidura Crocidura (USNM Crocidura Crocidura Crocidura agadiri^ Mesmanis and Vesmanis, 1980:67 (USNM 470588) aleksandrisi Yesmanis, 1977:3 (USNM 325010) bolivari tamrinensis ? Vesmanis and Vesmanis, 1980:41 476091) chaouianensis'^ Vesmanis and Vesmanis, 1980:64 476081) essaouiranensis' Vesmanis and Vesmanis, 1980:61 485839) gouliminensis' Vesmanis and Vesmanis, 1980:52 482864) heljanensis safii^ Vesmanis and Vesmanis, 1980:49 476078) longipes Hutterer and Happold, 1983:53 (USNM 402309) mesatanensis' Vesmanis and Vesmanis, 1980:69 476088) tarfayaensis Vesmanis and Vesmanis, 1980:47 (USNM 470590) Morocco, 8 km S Tarfaya tiznitensis' Vesmanis and Vesmanis, 1980:54 (USNM 470589) Morocco, 15 km NE Tiznit zaianensis' Vesmanis and Vesmanis, 1980:62 (USNM 476071) Morocco, 5 km N Ben Slimane Morocco, 15 km NE Tiznit" Libya, 5 km W Tocra Morocco, 10 km N Tamri Morocco, 3 km N Settat Morocco, 5 km NE Essaouira Morocco, 28 km SW Goulimine Morocco, 13 km S Safi Nigeria, Dada Morocco, 10 km S Oued Zem 34?29'N, 04=48^ C" 23?33'S, 15?02'E G 32?01'N, 11?22'EP 31?31'N, 24?59'EP 32?14'N, 20?11'EP 24?11'N, 23?19'EP 24?58'N, lOni'EG'" 29?15'N, 21?14'EP 30?12'N, 10?29'EP 20?27'N, 16?32'EG'' 24?57'N, 14?39'E P 29?36'N, 24?53'E P 17?16'N, 16=01^ C 18?20'S, 21?00'EM 29?49'N, 09=39^ C 32?31'N, 20?32'EM 30?46'N, 09?50'WM? 33?02'N, 07?37'WM'' 31?31'N, 09=46^ C 28?46'N, 10=14^ C 32?11'N, 09?15W/C 11?34'N, 04?29'EC 32?46'N, 06=35^ M 27?53'N, 12?52'WM* 29?49'N, 09=39^ C 33?39'N, 07=08^ C (continued) NUMBER 628 35 TABLE 10. (continued) Taxon, author, date:page no. (type specimen no.) Type locality Coordinates Scotophilus nucella Robbins, 1983:19 (USNM 412141) Laephotis botsivanae Setzer, 1971a:260 (USNM 425349) Laephotis namibensis Setzer, 1971a:259 (USNM 342152) Chiroptera Ghana, 1 mi N Nkawkaw Botswana, 50 mi W, 12 mi S Shakawe Namibia, Gobabeb, Namib Desert Research Station 06?33'N, 00=44^ C 18?32'S, 21?05'EM'' 23?33'S, 15?02'EG'' * A junior synonym of Eliomys munbyanus according to Holden (2005). ''A junior synonym oijaculus jaculus according to Harrison (1978). 'Pubhshed type locahty also included "Gebel el Harug el Asued," a mod- ifier that does not appear on the type specimen label. '' Published type locality included erroneous coordinates (= 34?29'N, 40=48^). "A species of Gerbillurus as reviewed by Musser and Carleton (2005). 'A junior synonym of Gerbillus latastei according to Cockrum (1977). * A junior synonym of G. andersoni according to Cockrum et al. (1976). '' Published type locality did not include coordinates. 'A junior synonym of G. tarabuli according to Lay (1983). ' A junior synonym of Meriones libycus according to Lay and Nadler (1969). Published type locality given as "82 km W Mohembo." ' A junior synonym of Crocidura tarfayensis according to Hutterer (1987). "Published type locality given as "15 km N Tiznit." "A junior synonym of C. viaria according to Hutterer (1984). ? Published type locality included erroneous coordinates (= 30?21'N, 09?49'W). P A junior synonym of C. russula yebalensis according to Genoud and Hutterer (1990). ?J Published type locality included erroneous coordinates (= 33?02'N, 07?46'W). 'A junior synonym of C. whitakeri according to Hutterer (1987, 1991). ' Published type locality included erroneous coordinates (= 27?50'N, 12?30'W). confined to small mammals?the shrews, bats, and rodents whose taxonomy is still poorly understood and that remain the focus of current revisionary research (e.g., see Hutterer, 2005; Musser and Carleton, 2005; Simmons, 2005). Sampling Effort and Voucher Preservation The amount of collecting effort devoted per coun- try covered herein is highly uneven, ranging from as few as 13 days of survey (Chad) to 770 days (South Africa). Setzer's early visit to Chad was only an exploratory sur- vey to identify possible areas for future work (Libya was eventually selected as the primary focus); L. W. Robbins' fieldwork in Algeria and Niger was designed as a transect across the Sahara, not as broadscale inventory of those countries; LeDuc's and C. B. Robbins' efforts in Togo were curtailed by bureaucratic hurdles; and activities in The Gambia and Lesotho were little more than side ex- cursions by AMP teams working in their larger neighbors (Senegal and South Africa, respectively). Collecting effort in each of the 14 remaining countries totaled at least 80 days of survey (Table 11) and may be expected to provide better documentation of their small mammals. A strong association logically exists between the total collecting ef- fort (in days) and the number of specimens obtained per country (Figure 4). Teams active in Ghana and Morocco realized extremely productive results for the total number of days spent collecting, as indicated by the large, positive residuals relative to the regression line. Collecting activities at a cardinal locality ranged any- where from 1 to 16 days (weighted mean = 4.0 days). Slightly more than 25% of the localities were visited on a single day (Table 11), and nearly all of these involved op- portunistic acquisitions, such as side trips to bat haunts, pickups of roadkills, and purchasing or shooting speci- mens while traveHng between localities. In three countries, the length of survey effort was necessarily constrained to mostly one-day stops: G. L. Ranck in Libya logistically relied upon army convoys for much of his fieldwork, especially into the interior; collecting by L. W. Robbins in Algeria and Niger was essentially a one-way, by-road transect across the middle Sahara, accomplished in about 10 weeks. Most two-day stays appear to represent locali- ties where collectors abruptly terminated their inventory because of unpromising initial trapping results. Approxi- mately 60% of the localities encompass 3-8 days of faunal inventory (Table 11), and only a few were longer (surveys of 9-16 days total < 5%). We regard the 3-16 day range of collecting periods to represent dedicated site inventory, that is, localities where AMP field teams employed a vari- ety of survey methods and equipment, applied them in a sustained manner, and obtained a representative mixture 36 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY TABLE 11. Length of collecting e ffort, in days. , at cardinal localities, summarized b) ' region and country.' Number of days Weighted total'' Country and statistic 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11-16 Northern Africa Morocco 16 9 6 12 32 10 0 1 0 0 0 328 Mauritania 7 2 2 2 5 0 4 2 0 0 0 94 Algeria 21 6 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 37 Niger 9 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 25 Libya 57 16 5 6 3 1 0 0 0 0 0 149 Chad 3 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 13 Regional total 113 33 14 22 40 11 5 3 0 0 0 646 Regional percent' 46.9 13.7 5.8 9.1 16.6 Western Africa 4.6 2.1 1.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 Senegal-The Gambia 3 2 1 3 7 11 2 1 0 1 1 188 Cote d'lvoire 3 2 1 1 7 5 4 2 0 0 0 123 Burkina Faso 0 2 2 2 5 13 0 2 0 0 0 137 Ghana 26 3 2 2 3 7 5 8 1 2 1 235 Togo 0 1 0 2 3 1 0 0 0 0 0 31 Benin 2 0 1 2 6 3 0 1 2 0 0 87 Nigeria 2 4 0 1 4 4 12 7 0 4 2 258 Regional total 36 14 7 13 35 44 23 21 3 7 4 1,059 Regional percent' 17.4 6.8 3.4 6.3 16.9 21.3 11.1 10.1 1.4 3.4 1.9 - Southern Africa Namibia 6 0 6 4 5 2 1 0 0 1 1 105 Botswana 38 2 12 11 14 6 4 5 1 2 5 385 Zimbabwe 3 2 4 2 0 3 2 0 0 0 4 104 Mozambique 7 5 17 14 9 3 2 1 2 0 0 227 South Africa-Lesotho 18 10 26 44 46 12 6 6 2 2 4 770 Regional total 72 19 65 75 74 26 15 12 5 5 14 1,591 Regional percent' 18.8 5.0 17.0 19.6 19.4 6.8 3.9 3.1 1.3 1.3 3.7 - Grand total 221 (>G 86 110 149 81 43 36 8 12 18 3,296 Grand percent'' 26.6 7.9 10.4 13.3 18.0 9.7 5.2 4.3 1.0 1.4 2.2 - " Country totals may exceed number of cardinal localities (see Table 12) because different African Mammal Project teams visited the same locality at different times or the same team worked the same locality multiple times. We distinguished these separate visits as individual collecting periods. Weighted totals = Y. locality counts x number of days spent at locality. ' Regional percent = locality counts per number of days -f unweighted Y. of regional totals. '' Grand percent = locality counts per number of days 4- unweighted Y. of grand totals. of mammals. Within this 3-16 day subset, 5 days of col- lecting effort per locality forms the weak mode, and 5.4 days is the weighted mean. Jones et al. (1996) advised that a biological inventory devote a minimum of 500 trap-nights for preliminary sam- pling of small-mammal diversity in any particular habitat. Given a preponderance of 3-8 days of collecting per local- ity (Table 11) and an average number of 245 snap traps dispensed per trapline (see above), an AMP team typically exceeded this standard by a large margin. Such trapping levels, together with other collecting methods, produced taxonomic results sufficient to reflect real biogeographic differences and regional trends in African biodiversity. In western Africa, for example, a significant negative asso- ciation exists between the number of genera documented per AMP locality and degrees north latitude (Figure 5). NUMBER 628 ? 37 O "o O c 0) E o (U Q. ?o c 03 05 o 12 10 - 8 - 6 - 2 - 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 ? SA - - GH ? MO ? - - Nl ? // ?BO - BF ? RF Cl y ~ TO /Ol 0 LI ?X ? / MZ ?sE - Y = 15.2X +734.5 F = 80.7, P < .001 -/ ?NA CH^AL 1 1 1 ? 100 200 300 400 500 600 Total Collecting Effort (Days) 700 800 FIGURE 4. Association between the total numbers of specimens collected per country and total collecting effort, by all methods, in days. Country abbreviations: AL, Algeria; BE, Benin; BF, Burkina Faso; BO, Botswana; CH, Chad; Cl, Cote d'lvoire; GH, Ghana; LI, Libya; MA, Mauritania; MO, Morocco; MZ, Mozambique; NA, Namibia; NG, Niger; NI, Nigeria; SA, South Africa (and Lesotho); SE, Senegal (and The Gambia); TO, Togo; ZI, Zimbabwe. Habitats noted on specimens collected at lower latitudes (5?-9?N) frequently mention High Forest or Guinea Sa- vanna; those on specimens obtained from higher latitudes (12?-16?N) indicate capture in Sudan or Sahel zones. "Degrees north latitude" thus serves as a coarse index of major biomes in western Africa, where moist High Forest gives way to progressively dryer zones of Guinea, Sudan, and Sahel savannas, distributed in more or less parallel and continuous bands from the Gulf of Guinea (south) toward the Sahara Desert (north). On a smaller regional scale, Happold (1987) recorded a similar stepped decrease in mammalian species richness among those same biomes within Nigeria. The scatter around the regression Une is broad, but so is the variation among AMP workers in the collecting techniques applied, the days spent at a locality (3-16), and the quality of the environments surveyed. The significance level attained by the regression (P < 0.001) is all the more remarkable because we used the genus rank to assay diversity instead of the prescribed unit of biodi- versity discussion, the species. Although generating taxonomic results that track broad ecological and biogeographic gradients, the typical span of AMP dedicated site inventories was probably inadequate to fully document the small-mammal community at any particular locality. The brevity of most locality fieldwork, a three- to eight-day collecting period, must temper infer- ences about species richness given the stochastic interplay of seasonal patterns in rainfall, corresponding responses in habitat productivity and population densities, and differ- ences in collecting probability between species. Only the Orange River Survey in southern Africa, coordinated by A. V. W. Lambrechts, was purposefully designed to collect 38 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY o a> Q. S 0) c O 35 30 25 20 - 15 - 10 ? ? Y = -1.02X + 26.6 F = 61.9, P<.001 9 12 Degrees North Latitude 15 18 FIGURE 5. Association between the numbers of genera documented per dedicated site inventory (3-16 days of survey effort) locality, by all collecting methods, and degrees north latitude in western Africa (including 146 localities in Benin, Burkina Faso, Cote d'lvoire, The Gambia, Ghana, Mauritania, Nigeria, Senegal, and Togo; see Map 7). The significant negative regression tracks the decrease in species richness with increase in prevailing aridity and corresponding biotic zones across this region (High Forest through Sahel Savanna). twice at each locality, separated by about six months, but both visits together seldom exceeded 10-12 days of inven- tory. The shortness of the AMP site inventory is highlighted by comparisons between those western African localities set in Afrotropical wet forests and places in Neotropical low- land rainforest. Faunal syntheses of the few Neotropical lowland sites that have received extended inventory (by a variety of methods) fail to demonstrate a clear asymptote of species richness after 100-175 person-days of collecting effort (number of collectors x field days); such intensive and multifaceted site studies are thought to substantiate only 50% of the expected mammalian fauna (Voss and Em- mons, 1996). Taxa recovered from most AMP dedicated site surveys issued from 9 to at best 24 person-days of col- lecting effort, given that collectors worked in teams of two or sometimes three principal collectors. Unknown factors that may elevate these levels of effort in places include inde- pendent collecting by miscellaneous assistants and specimen purchasing from local peoples; it is impossible to meaning- fully integrate these variables in view of the incomplete and inconsistent documentation of these specimen sources in field journals. In view of the lower biodiversity that typi- fies Africa's savannas and deserts, shorter inventory periods may suffice to adequately substantiate the kinds of mam- mals present. We are not aware of any study, however, that systematically examines collecting techniques, amount of sampling effort, and cumulative success in documenting species richness in such structurally simpler environments compared with high-canopied rainforest. We stress that the foregoing remarks about locality collecting effort and NUMBER 628 39 success in representing diversity were not predicated on the preferred common denominator of biodiversity, the species. There are many AMP locaHties, however, where detailed examination of collectors' field books and refined taxo- nomic identification could be used to generate species ac- cumulation curves, assessed by trap-nights or person-days of collecting effort, and thereby reveal a firm glimpse of as- ymptotic levels of mammal diversity and faunal complete- ness (at least for small mammals). Precautions about uneven inventory effort and reli- ability of species estimates in no sense tarnish the enduring contribution of the AMP: the empirical documentation of mammals that were definitely known to occur at a particu- lar place at a given time. As argued by Setzer in his funding proposals, the majority of countries that were to become the geographic foci of the AMP then lacked any coordi- nated and sustained biological survey for understanding indigenous species and their distributions. Thanks to the AMP, knowledge of mammalian faunas that occur over a broad swath of African landscapes was significantly and dramatically increased, undergirded by concrete and ample museum-based evidence. These thousands of speci- mens, coupled with collectors' ecological observations and contemporaneous habitat photographs, form an in- valuable foundation for future monitoring of changes in biodiversity and environmental quality. Select AMP lo- calities, exemplary of the major African biomes, should be identified for long-term site inventory, with the intent of applying a broader and standardized array of collect- ing methodologies to develop exhaustive documentation of species richness. Such follow-up surveys, conducted 35-45 years since localities were last visited by the AMP, would be highly informative for systematists, ecologists, and conservationists alike. African Mammal Project mammal specimens were by and large preserved, and their data were recorded according to standard field practices employed in the middle 1900s. Setzer's (1963b) own instructional leaf- let on "Directions for Preserving Mammals for Museum Study" closely observes the methods of his graduate men- tor E. Raymond Hall (Hall, 1962). Specimens were thus saved as the standard round skin-plus-skull preparation, as whole carcasses preserved in fluid, or as full skeletons. The skin-plus-skeleton preparation had not yet gained ac- ceptance as the preferred museum study specimen (Haf- ner et al, 1984; Reynolds et al, 1996). Skin-and-skuU preparations total a staggering 92% of all AMP vouchers, whereas fluids (4,331) and skeletons (478) respectively constitute only 6.9% and <1.0% of preserved material. By contrast, specimen preparations saved during the earUer Smithsonian African expeditions (1909-1912) were ap- portioned approximately as 75% skins and skulls, 20% fluids, and 5% full skeletons. Setzer (1963b:17) was not a proponent of formalin fixation for scientific study of museum specimens, as underscored by his comments on fluid preservation?"Specimens that have spoiled or have been damaged in some manner may be preserved as 'al- cohoUcs'"?and he seemingly instilled this attitude in his field teams. Spoiled and damaged specimens make poor, if not useless, candidates for preservation in fluid, and given the impossibility of ever again conducting a survey on so grand a scale, it is regretful that freshly captured specimens were not preferentially fixed in fluid and more of them. In addition to the standard external measurements (total length, length of tail vertebrae, length of hind foot, length of ear), most AMP specimens contain a fresh weight in grams. The AMP occurred before efficient chromosomal techniques (Patton, 1967) and tissues preserved for genetic analyses (Yates, 1996) emerged to become standard speci- men preparations in mammalian field studies. In Benin, Nigeria, and Togo, internal organs (liver, spleen, kidney, heart, and lung) and occasionally blood were extracted and cryogenically saved by staff of the Viral Research Lab- oratory, University of Ibadan, Nigeria, but those tissues were used immediately for ongoing virologic assays (e.g., see Kemp et al., 1974; Lourie et al., 1975), not long-term storage. Besides mammals, AMP field crews remained alert to collect other vertebrates whenever opportunities were presented (6,826 amphibians and reptiles, about 300 birds, and undetermined numbers of freshwater fish) as well as miscellaneous insects, spiders, and plants. Collec- tion of ectoparasites (predominantly fleas, mites, and ticks) from their mammalian hosts was a coequal objective of the AMP from its inception and throughout its existence and generated huge but unknown numbers of specimens. These were promptly distributed to medical entomologists (K. C. Emerson, R. Traub, and K. E. Zumpt, among oth- ers) and their collaborators for identification and revision- ary research and are now widely disseminated in museum collections. Synthesis of the AMP ectoparasite data and collation with the vouchered mammal hosts would be an immensely useful but daunting undertaking. Sources and Standards of Geographic Documentation In georeferencing cardinal localities, we depended upon four sources, namely, the collector's original field- determined coordinates (C) and those latitudes and longi- tudes obtained from secondary sources such as gazetteers (G), map estimations (M), or publications (P). Among the 40 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY 788 cardinal localities covered below, nearly 40% of the coordinates can be attributed to the collectors, as usually found on specimen tags or infrequently in their field cata- logs and journals, and about 60% were based on gazet- teers, cartographic estimates, or faunal pubUcations (Table 12). However, there are distinct regional differences in the relative utility of these sources, which mirrors a chrono- logical trend in the adoption of locality coordinates by AMP collectors. That is, collectors who worked during the later phase (1966-1972) of the AMP tended to include geographic coordinates as part of the locality designation with greater regularity than those who worked during the earlier years (1961-1965). Correspondingly, most coun- tries where fieldwork was inaugurated later, particularly in northern and western Africa, contain a higher propor- tion of localities with original coordinates (Table 12). African Mammal Project collectors appear to have de- termined their field coordinates from topographic maps, as explicitly remarked by several collectors in their field journals. In addition, we discovered telltale pencil marks on many AMP-era maps in the position of a locality whose collector's coordinates we were verifying (e.g., see 3 km SE Nayoure, Burkina Faso, or Efeipo Krom, Ghana). Reli- ance on maps is indirectly suggested by the few instances where we rejected the collector's original coordinates: they were off by some improbable multiple of minutes for the distance or place indicated and so intimated a map-reading error (e.g., see 3 km E Ifkern, Morocco, or Tyenko, Cote d'lvoire). Somewhat under half (44%) of the 149 collec- tors' coordinates for place-names alone (i.e., cardinal lo- calities that lack distance and direction modifiers) match the USBGN latitude and longitude for those same names; the remainder (56%) differ by only 1-3 minutes, which we regard as trivial in view of the wide-ranging collect- ing activities around a base camp (see below). The agree- ment is remarkable because many USBGN gazetteers of the African countries surveyed by the AMP were published contemporaneously with the project or after its termina- tion (see USBGN references) and thus would have been un- available for field determination of coordinates. Where a specific locality was based on distance and direction from some village or geographic feature (149 instances), we were regularly impressed by how closely the collectors' co- ordinates jibed with our own by-road calculations derived from map plots or land-satellite imagery (Google Earth). The provision of field-determined latitude and longitude by the collector is strongly recommended as an integral com- ponent of a specimen's geographic documentation (McDi- armid and Wilson, 1996; McLaren et al., 1996), a standard now more readily fulfilled with the advent of the affordable TABLE 12. Sources of coordinate data, by region and country, for the 788 African Mammal Project cardinal localities gazetted herein. Abbreviations: C, collector; G, gazetteer; M, map; P, publication; NL, not located (see "Materials and Methods" for explanation of coordinate sources). Country (number of localities) and statistic Source c G M P NL Northern Africa Morocco (81) 66 4 11 0 0 Mauritania (21) 14 2 5 0 0 Algeria (28) 26 1 1 0 0 Niger (10) 10 0 0 0 0 Libya (84) 0 6 13 65 0 Chad (5) 1 3 1 0 0 Regional subtotal (229) 117 16 31 65 0 Regional percent 51.1 7.0 13.5 28.4 0.0 Western Africa Senegal-The Gambia (34) 1 23 10 0 0 Cote d'lvoire (26) 25 1 0 0 0 Burkina Faso (27) 26 1 0 0 0 Ghana (61) 58 0 3 0 0 Togo (7) 7 0 0 0 0 Benin (16) 15 1 0 0 0 Nigeria (40) 14 13 13 0 0 Regional subtotal (211) 146 39 26 0 0 Regional percent 69.2 18.5 12.3 0.0 0.0 Southern Africa Namibia (24) 2 15 7 0 0 Botswana (92) 1 25 57 7 2 Zimbabwe (20) 0 16 4 0 0 Mozambique (58) 31 10 17 0 0 South Africa-Lesotho (154; ) 1 72 77 3 1 Regional subtotal (348) 35 138 162 10 3 Regional percent 10.1 39.6 46.5 2.9 0.9 Grand total (788) 298 193 219 75 3 Percent 37.8 24.5 27.8 9.5 0.4 and portable Global Positioning Systems (GPS) that came into prominent field use in the 1990s. That so many AMP specimens possess original collectors' coordinates is a pro- gressive characteristic of Setzer's field program. Map estimation and gazetteers constituted the second and third sources, respectively, in frequency of utility for georeferencing cardinal localities. Together they accounted for the majority of coordinates obtained for collecting sites in southern Africa (Table 12). We regularly consulted the NUMBER 628 41 large collection of road and topographic maps dating from the period of the AMP to aid our extrapolations of coordi- nates based on distance and direction from some other fea- ture or place-name. Many maps bore evidence of use in the field, containing hatch marks, penciled indications of river courses, and inscriptions of place-names that increased our confidence in the coordinates so estimated (e.g., see 14 mi ESE Chicoa, Botswana, or 22 mi NNW Lichtenburg, South Africa). Remarks on itinerary, as related in the collector's field journal, repeatedly proved invaluable in judging routes taken, identifying landmarks or small villages not recorded on specimen labels, and ultimately deriving credible map estimates (e.g., see 5 mi S Zaria, Nigeria, or Gansfontein, South Africa). In this context, we renewed our appreciation for the practice of maintaining tandem field books?the collector's field catalog and his/her field journal?a worthy tradition of museum-based research handed down from Merriam and Grinnell to Hall to Setzer and his AMP col- lectors. We suspect that the accuracy of our map-estimated coordinates decreases as the distance from the referenced town or other named feature increases. Realistically, there is some variance in real-world accuracy of the various topo- graphic maps used to derive map-based coordinates, and further ambiguity is introduced when attempting to graft the collectors' road miles and direction onto such a reduced and stylized scale. Latitude and longitude extracted for place- names listed in the USBGN gazetteers (and its Internet pres- ence, GEOnet Names Server) were used only if we could convincingly relate them to the specific locality intended by the collector. Here again, field journals proved critical in selecting among USBGN entries with the same or similar spellings. Also, such referential evidence was often inherent in the construct of AMP collecting localities, which typically consist of several terms of increasingly specific geographic location, including a province or state, a locality modifier (or reference point and reference point modifier in the par- lance of McLaren et al., 1996), and the specific locality. Faunal publications were infrequently consulted for sources of latitude and longitude (<10% of cardinal locali- ties). The majority of those involve Libyan localities, all of which lack collector's coordinate data (Table 12), and the most frequently cited publication is Ranck's (1968) monograph on the rodents of Libya. Because Ranck was also the principal collector of most Libyan specimens, we regard this literature source as comparable to a collector's original coordinates. We could not determine plausible co- ordinates for only 3 of the 788 cardinal localities, two in Botswana and one in South Africa. One of those localities is inexplicitly framed (Camp 4, Botswana), and two are common place-names that lacked other reference-point modifiers that might supply locational clues (Pink Pan, Bo- tswana, and Groenkloof, South Africa). The American Society of Mammalogists' (ASM) Com- mittee on Information Retrieval (McLaren et al., 1996) developed a coordinate precision index to convey the "reli- ability of the coordinates that have been applied to a given collecting locality." Among the nine grades of coordinate origin defined, the highest reliability (1.1-1.3) is accorded to those derived directly from the original collector. Indeed, we considered the AMP collectors' coordinates (C), as sub- stantiated by cross-checking to gazetteers, field journals, maps, and/or satellite imagery, to have the highest authen- ticity and greatest accuracy of our four sources. This class of coordinate data most closely corresponds to the ASM 1.3 category, or data as provided by the collector, accurate to within ?1 km, and derived from medium-scale topo- graphic maps (1:200,000-1:1,000,000 in this case). We consider the supplementary information gleaned from field journals and original maps to adequately compensate for the lack of finer map scales. We extracted approximately 25% of our coordinates from the USBGN gazetteers (G), and these equate to ASM category 2, or coordinates ob- tained from tables of place-names and accurate to ?5 km. This reliability grade could be subdivided to identify re- liance on primary archival material that corroborates the selection of a particular place-name among multiple hom- onyms or one spelling among phonetic alternatives. Our map-based interpretations of latitude and longitude (M) do not strictly match any of the ASM reliability indices as defined. Their category 3 accommodates coordinates derived from relative distance and direction but stipulates computerized interpolations. We regard our map-based es- timations, drawing upon original collectors' journals, con- temporaneous field maps, and satellite imagery, as more accurate than such straight-line computerized calculations. Georeferencing research that utilizes such primary archi- val sources more closely approaches the intent of category 1, given its dependence upon the original collectors if not literal coordinate data provided by them. Finally, the rela- tively few coordinates that we supplied from publications (P) nominally meets the ASM category 2, data extracted from tables of place-names. Reliability among tables can differ, however, and attention must be given to their sources and the nature of their use (corroborative research versus simple extraction). We judge the coordinates based on the field activities of the original collector in the major publica- tion we consulted (Ranck, 1968) to be more rigorous than values extracted from generic tables. Given the prolifera- tion of online, open-access collections data, a coordinate precision index would usefully serve to caution users about 42 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY coordinate data sources and confidence in their geographic precision. Refinement of category definitions and criteria would enhance its utility. Given the nature and conduct of much biological field inventory, particularly as exemplified by the AMP, ultimate exactitude of geographic coordinates can be an impractical goal and a misleadingly precise datum. At a lo- cality, collectors always strove to broadly sample the small mammals present and accordingly dispersed traplines in all manner of biotopes, as conveyed by the environmental de- scriptions extensively quoted in the locality accounts. Our locality Remarks collectively demonstrate that field work- ers roamed broadly around the base camp, on foot or in vehicles, seeking "better habitat" that promised improved trapping results and novel species. Some of these peripheral sites were individually discriminated by different locality designations (our underlined satellite localities); others re- ceived the same provenience as the base camp. In conse- quence of the AMP collectors' propensity to range widely. our cardinal locality coordinates at best define the center point of a circle of field activity whose conventional radius may approximate 2-5 km (potentially 40-250 km^ of area inventoried). Within such a potential area of collecting, density of inventory would tend to be higher in the vicinity of the base camp and sparser toward the periphery. Rather than exact accuracy (ideally obtained by the collector from GPS readings in the field), reasonable precision of coordi- nate data is a more attainable objective under such circum- stances. We are confident that the coordinates presented below robustly meet requirements to depict mammalian distributions and similar GIS applications. Each one of us emerged from the preparation of this gazetteer with high regard for the AMP collectors and their documentation of field activities for posterity, espe- cially in view of the challenging field conditions they often faced and the pre-GPS period when they undertook their incomparable survey. Annotated Gazetteer of the African Mammal Project Countries are arranged under the subheadings northern Africa, west- ern Africa, and southern Africa. These regional associations corre- spond to the densities of AMP field activity (Map 1), and principal collectors, with some exceptions, tended to operate within a single region (Table 1). In his funding proposals, Setzer had targeted northern Africa and western Africa as continental regions in conspicuous need of basic biologi- cal survey, but at the time, mammals in southern Africa were comparatively well understood on the basis of the faunal syntheses of Roberts (1951) and Ellerman et al. (1953). Nonetheless, the coUegial partnership of Setzer and Meester sup- plied an obvious logistical framework for expanded inventory in that region too, and considerable survey effort was eventually devoted to southern Africa by the conclusion of the AMP (e.g.. Tables 6, 10). The three regional groupings more roughly identify major biogeographic divisions within the African continent. Northern Africa includes the Mediterranean littoral and great Sahara Desert, zones that share many taxa with European and Asian biotas. Western Africa and southern Africa, sub-Saharan in geography and mostly tropical in climate, comprise major sectors of the classical Ethiopian Region, where so many ani- mals display such high degrees of endemism (e.g., Darlington, 1957). Western Africa acquired much zoogeographic cohesion through Rosevear's influential synopses of bats (Rosevear, 1965), rodents (Rosevear, 1969), and carnivores (Rosevear, 1974) of "West" Africa. Eor the region's northern limits, Rosevear (1965:viii) settled upon 18?N latitude, which parallel approximately marks the boundary between Sahel Savanna and the Sahara Desert. By this criterion, the southern areas of Mauritania and Niger also could be considered as part of western Africa, but we elected not to divide coverage of countries and procedur- ally maintained both within northern Africa. Southern Africa, as circumscribed here, is largely congruent with the Southern African Subregion as recognized by previous authors for those landscapes that lie south of the Zambezi-Cunene rivers (e.g., Smithers, 1983; Meester et al., 1986). Only those AMP localities in northernmost Mozambique, north of the Zambezi River, strictly fall outside the Southern African Subregion. Map series and navigational charts frequently referenced in the subsequent gazetteer are abbreviated as follows: AM, Atlas de Mozambique; AMS, Army Map Service; BCG, Brigada de Cartografia Geologia; CAO, Carte de I'Afrique 44 . SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY de I'Ouest; CDSM, Chief Directorate, Surveys and Map- ping; CGM, Carte General du Moroc; IGC, Institute Geografico e Cadastral; ITM, International Travel Maps; LIGN, LTnstitut Geographique National; ONC, Opera- tional Navigation Chart; TPC, Tactical Pilotage Chart; WAC, World Aeronautical Chart (see the Appendix for sheets referenced, scales, and pubUcation dates). NORTHERN AFRICA GENERAL REMARKS. Localities in northern Africa embrace the beginning (Libya, 1961-1962) and ending phases (Morocco, 1969-1972) of AMP field ac- tivities as we recognize the chronological limits of Setzer's program (see above discussion). With only 10 principal collectors active (Table 1), the amount of collecting ef- fort expended and numbers of specimens collected are concomitantly lower for northern Africa compared to the two sub-Saharan regions (Tables 6, 10). The density of sampling and collecting effort are greatest for Libya and Morocco, less so for Mauritania (Map 2, Table 10). Col- lecting trips into Algeria, Niger, and Chad were never de- signed to accompUsh wide-scale biological inventory of those countries. In view of the many dry scrub and arid desert formations surveyed, fine series of jerboas (Di- podidae) and gerbil rodents (Muridae: GerbilUnae) were obtained (Table 3); also noteworthy are the examples of mammalian families (Ctenodactylidae, Rodentia; Rhi- nopomatidae, Chiroptera) endemic to the northern sector of the continent (Tables 3,5). Certain Arabic words for geographic features often form components of compound locality names or were commonly used by collectors in their habitat descriptions, as follows: bahr, lake or intermittent lake; bir, cistern or well; gebel or jebel, hill, mountain, or mountainous area; hamada, desert composed of barren, hard, rocky plateaus, with little top soil; oued, wadi or stream; wadi, a dry river- Morocco 1-81 200 0 400 Kilometers MAP 2. African Mammal Project cardinal collecting localities 1-229 in northern Africa. NUMBER 628 45 bed or watercourse that contains water only following a heavy rain. MOROCCO GENERAL REMARKS. Among the six northern African countries, Morocco was most thoroughly sur- veyed, as reflected by the remarkably even density of sites inventoried (Map 3), total collecting effort (Table 10), and the number of mammals obtained (Table 6). The efficiency of the Moroccan survey undoubtedly benefited from the considerable experience of the two principal field mam- malogists, L. W. Robbins and R. E. Vaden, who arrived immediately after their AMP tours of duty in western Africa. Judy Vaden again accompanied Ralph and par- ticipated in every aspect of fieldwork and camp routine, including picking specimens for ectoparasites (son Lyle was born in Rabat, 14 Apr 1971, and occasionally served only as an observer from a parent's backpack). Besides mammals and ectoparasites, some general collecting of insects (by M. G. Hearst) and plants (by H. L. Norman) was also conducted. Various locally hired field assistants, especially Lahcen and Mohammed, ably helped the main teams and gradually assumed more responsibility in check- ing and setting traplines. By the beginning of fieldwork in Morocco (Oct 1969), Ranck's (1968) Libyan monograph had been recently published and was regularly consulted to help with rodent field identifications. The itineraries do not mention each visit to 5 km NE Essaouira and 28 km SW Goulimine, localities where a capture-and-release, live-trapping study was conducted over a prolonged but discontinuous period (Nov 1970-Jul 1972). ITINERARIES. M. G. Hearst, L. W. Robbins, and R. E. Vaden (D. A. Schlitter and H. W. Setzer): 3 km SW Sidi Sibara, 12 Oct 1969; 17 km SW Rabat, 14-15 Oct 1969; Imlil, 16-20 Oct 1969; Refuge Louis Neltner, 19 Oct 1969; 2 km N Asni, 20 Oct 1969; 11 km E Rabat, 20-23 Oct 1969; Grottes of Hercules, 24-25 Oct 1969; Aouinet Torkoz, 2-9 Nov 1969; Assa, 5 Nov 1969; 13 km E Essaouira, 21-24 Nov 1969. M. G. Hearst and L. W. Robbins: 11 km W Tan-Tan, 28 Nov-1 Dec 1969; 8 km S Tarfaya, 3-7 Dec 1969; Tuisgui- Remz, 10-15 Dec 1969; 8 km S Tiznit, 17-20 Dec 1969; 6 km SW Ksar-es-Souk, 28 Jan-1 Feb 1970; 30 km NE Boua- nane, 3-7 Feb 1970; 5 km NW Figuig, 8-13 Feb 1970; 15 km W Tendrara, 15-17 Feb 1970; 9 km SE Ouarzazate, 23-28 Feb 1970; 3 km NW Tazarine, 1-5 Mar 1970; 4 km S Foum Zguid, 7-11 Mar 1970; 7 km NW Tazenakht, 11 Mar 1970; 15 km S Tata, 13-17 Mar 1970; Tizgui-Ida- Ou-Ballou, 19 Mar 1970; 6 km SE Tafraoute, 19-20 Mar 1970; 27 km SW Tafraoute, 21 Mar 1970; 8 km N Tamri, 9-13 Apr 1970; 13 km S Safi, 15-19 Apr 1970; 3 km N Settat, 21-24 Apr 1970; 11 km SE Mechra Benabbou, 22 Apr 1970; 5 km S Oued Zem, 26-30 Apr 1970; 18 km NW Tiflet, 2-6 May 1970; 20 km SE Earache, 8-11 May 1970; Grottes of Hercules, 13-14 May 1970; 3 km S Cap Spartel, 13-17 May 1970; Chechaouen, 21-25 May 1970; 9 km SE Al Hoceima, 27-31 May 1970; 3 km NE Taforalt, 2-6 Jun 1970; 18 km S Taza, 15-19 Jun 1970; 6 km SE Azrou, 21-24 Jun 1970; 16 km W Missour, 26 Jun-1 Jul 1970; Anoual, 2-4 Jul 1970; 18 km S Oulmes, 8-9 Jul 1970; 6 km SE Demnate, 13-15 Jul 1970; 13 km W Telouet, 17-18 Jul 1970; 9 km SE Ouarzazate, 18-19 Jul 1970. R. E. Vaden: 40 km N Meseied, 28-30 Nov 1969; 7 km NW Icht, 2-7 Dec 1969; 20 km SW Goulimine, 9-14 Dec 1969; 15 km E Agadir, 16-20 Dec 1969; 15 km SW Rabat, 21 Jan 1970; Rissani, 27 Jan-1 Feb 1970; 5 km E Boudenib, 2-7 Feb 1970; 9 km SW Bouarfa, 9-13 Feb 1970; 10 km S Ain Benimathar, 15-18 Feb 1970; Irherm-n- Ougdal,21 Feb 1970; 11 km SWTinerhir, 24-27 Feb 1970; Tizi-n-Tinififft, 1 Mar 1970; Tinezouline, 1 Mar 1970; 10 km W Zagora, 1-5 Mar 1970; 7 km NW Tazenakht, 7-11 Mar 1970; 16 km W Aoulouz, 13-17 Mar 1970; 5 km S Taroudant, 19-23 Mar 1970; 20 km S Chichaoua, 9-13 Apr 1970; 5 km NW Youssoufia, 16-19 Apr 1970; 6 km E El Jadida, 20-24 Apr 1970; 5 km N Ben Slimane, 26-30 Apr 1970; 11 km W Kenitra, 2-6 May 1970; 15 km WSW Taounate, 8-12 May 1970; 13 km N Tetouan, 13-16 May 1970; 20 km SE Nador, 22-26 May 1970; Aknoul, 28-29 May 1970; 10 km W Ouezzane, 1-5 Jun 1970; 10 km E Guercif, 15-19 Jun 1970; 5 km W Bouloutane, 20-25 Jun 1970; 3 km E Ifkern, 26-29 Jun 1970; 7 km E Mideh, 1-5 Jul 1970; 22 km E Khenifra, 7-11 Jul 1970; Ait Me- hammed, 14-16 Jul 1970; Imlil, 18-20 Jul 1970. H. L. Norman and R. E. Vaden: 13 km E Essaouira, 24-27 Sep 1970; Rissani, 29-30 Sep 1970; Mischliffen, 30 Sep 1970; 6 km SW Ksar-es-Souk, 18-19 Oct 1970; 10 km W Zagora, 23 Nov-6 Dec 1970; Moulay-Bousselham, 12-13 Jan 1971; 20 km SW Goulimine, 20-21 Feb 1971. H. L. Norman and L. W. Robbins: 35 km N Agadir, 16 Dec 1970; 20 km SW Goulimine, 17 Dec 1970; 28 km SW Goulimine, 17, 19 Dec 1970; 5 km NE Essaouira, 24 Dec 1970, 24 Jan 1971. Agadir, 15 km E, Agadir Province (Map 3: 65). Coordinates: 30?24'N, 09?28'W C. Collectors: R. E. Vaden (16-20 Dec 1969); L. W. Robbins (16 Dec 1970). Habitat: "Dominant vegetation is argon 'trees' about 6-8 feet [1.8-2.4 m] high, with a lot of grass and smaller 1 10 1,2 /-I 1 5 ,3 - Atlantic / 5 6 i ? ?4 ~_--'v -,._^Al2^ ^ 35 ? 22/ ^ 10 ? ^ 8 ? ? 9 ? 14 ? 13 > Ocean 9^^ .28 16) 25^23 ? ? j / 44 ? 26* ,27 29 * 30 ? 31 t 32 33 15 ? 18 4 4ol 41 ? 43* 45* 47 ?'^ 35, 36 ? ? 19 37 (?- 20 ? > 21 ^U 42 ? 60 1 p62 ? 48 49^ 52 ? ?''( ?v, . 63 50 y--~-' ?/ *s 69 ' ? , ? *59 r- 64% ? 70 54 57% / /65 , 58 J / 67 68 ? 7*1 72 ? ?55 ^__^^ rf-^ 30 ? /66 y -/ ^^,78 80 75/ 7? ? 74_^/^ -76 ^^ 81 ?'I /-^ Al g e r i a ^ 100 1 0 I 1 100 1 1 1 1 =1 / Kilometers / Western Sahara ^ 1 \ \ ^ 1 MAP 3. African Mammal Project 1. Grottes of Hercules 2. Cap Spartel, 3 km S 3. Tetouan, 13 km N 4. Chechaouen 5. Larache, 20 km SE 6. Moulay-Bousselham 7. Ouezzane, 10 km W 8. Taounate, 15 km WSW 9. Taza, 18kmS 10. Aknoul 11. AlHoceima, 9kmSE 12. Nador, 20 km SE 13. Taforalt, 3 km NE 14. Guercif, 10 km E 15. Bouloutane, 5 km W 16. Ain Benimathar, 10 km S 17. Tendrara, 15 km W 18. Anoual 19. Bouanane, 30 km NE 20. Bouarfa, 9 km SW 21. Figuig, 5 km NW cardinal collecting localities 1-81 22.Kenitra, llkmW 23. Rabat, 11km E 24. Rabat, 15 km SW 25. Rabat, 17 km SW 26. Ben Slimane, 5 km N 27. Sidi Sibara, 3 km SW 28.Tiflet, 18kmNW 29. Oulmes, 18kmS 30. Khenifra, 22 km E 31. Mischliffen 32. Azrou, 6 km SE 33. Ifkern, 3 km E 34. Missour, 16 km W 35. Midelt, 7 km E 36. Ksar-es-Souk, 6 km SW 37. Boudenib, 5 km E 38. Rissani 39. Eljadida, 6kmE 40. Safi, 13 km S 41.Youssoufia,5kmNW 42. Chichaoua, 20 km S in Morocco. 43. Mechra Benabbou, 11 km SE 44. Settat, 3 km N 45. Oued Zem, 5 km S 46. Ait Mehammed 47. Demnate, 6 km SE 48. Asni, 2 km N 49. Imlil 50. Refuge Louis Neltner 51. Irherm-n-Ougdal 52. Telouet, 13 km W 53. Ouarzazate, 9 km SE 54. Tazenakht, 7 km NW 55. Foum Zguid, 4 km S 56. Tizi-n-Tinififft 57. Tinezouline 58. Zagora, lOkmW 59. Tazarine, 3 km NW 60.Tinerhir, llkmSW 61. Essaouira, 5 km NE 62. Essaouira, 13 km E 63. Tamri, 8 km N 64. Agadir, 35 km N 65. Agadir, 15 km E 66. Tiznit, 8 km S 67. Tafraoute, 27 km SW 68. Tafraoute, 6 km SE 69. Taroudant, 5 km S 70. Aoulouz, 16 km W 71. Tizgui-Ida-Ou-Ballou 72. Tata, 15 km S 73. Icht, 7 km NW 74. Tarfaya, 8 km S 75. Tan-Tan, 11km W 76. Meseied, 40 km N 77. Goulimine, 28 km SW 78. Goulimine, 20 km SW 79. Aouinet Torkoz 80. Assa 81. Tuisgui-Remz NUMBER 628 47 shrubs. Soil is heavy silty-clay very hard on the surface. I'm not absolutely sure about the argons?may be aca- cias instead . . . I'm calling it 'Argon savanna,' using 'savanna' to mean 'grassy woodland'.. . along the edge of the 'bush' where it borders onto old fields .. . maze of small interconnected canyons . . . hills" (REV). Remarks: In his journal, Vaden placed this locality about 5 km above Oued Sous and just below the foothills of the High Atlas Mountains. A map plot of the col- lectors' coordinates (CGM, Marrakech, 1:500,000) places this locality within 2 km of Oued Sous. Taxa: Gerbillus, Meriones, Lemniscomys, Mastomys. Agadir, 35 km N, Agadir Province (Map 3: 64). Coordinates: 30?38'N, 09?54'W G (for Cap Rhir; see Re- marks). Collectors: H. L. Norman and L. W. Robbins (16 Dec 1970). Habitat: "Argon and Euphorb on a coastal rocky ridge" (HLN). Remarks: This site was prospected as a potential capture- and-release site, but only three Mastomys specimens were preserved and prepared (by Robbins). In his journal, Norman indicated that this locality was 1 km S Cap Rhir, a feature that is actually northwest (as op- posed to north) of Agadir and whose coordinates we adopted for the field site. Taxon: Mastomys. Ain Benimathar, 10 km S, Oujda Province (Map 3: 16). Coordinates: 33?55'N, 02?02'W C. Collector: R. E. Vaden (15-18 Feb 1970). Habitat: "Habitat is the same as we saw to the west?a loose clay soil, pretty well baked with a cover of small rocks ranging from course sand to 4 or 5 inches [10.2-12.7 cm] across. Vegetation is of four types?large clumps of wire-like grass about 15 inches [38.1 cm] high, low juniper-like shrubs about 4 inches [10.2 cm] high and 6 inches [15.2 cm] across, small very woody shrubs about the same size ... and a fine carpet of very small leafy herbs . . . rocky [hills] . . . total change in elevation isn't more than 30 or 40 feet [9.1-12.2 m] ... Tonight's traps extend through a more open, rocky area of the smaller vegetation ... Most of the area we've seen within 35 km of town has the wire-grass as the dominant vegeta- tion and doesn't seem to support any populations of rodents. (Even the donkeys don't eat it!)" Remarks: From Ain Benimathar (Berguent G), the Vadens first drove west 36 km to explore for a good site, then returned to town and drove 10 km south where they established camp on the southern slope of a low hill. The elevation given is greater than 1,000 m. On 16 Feb, they also trapped at a culvert ("flat desert") under the railroad, located 3 km south of the main camp. Taxa: Elephantulus; Jaculus, Gerbillus, Meriones, Pachy- uromys. Ait Mehammed, Beni-Mellal Province (Map 3:46). Coordinates: 31?53'N, 06?28'W C, G (as Ait Mehammed). Collector: R. E. Vaden (14-16 Jul 1970). Habitat: "The area near camp is mainly overgrazed rocky hills with scattered thorny scrub (acacia?); there are scattered oak trees in some areas but mostly in farm- land and never very dense . . . thorn bush?planted pine . . . rock-lined creek." Remarks: Vaden scouted a number of potential collecting lo- calities on 12 and 13 Jul, all deemed unsuitable, before establishing camp on the east side of Ait Mehammed. Taxa: Gerbillus, Apodemus; Atelerix. Aknoul, Taza Province (Map 3: 10). Coordinates: 34?40'N, 03?53'W C (34?39'N, 03?52'W G). Collector: R. E. Vaden (28-29 May 1970). Habitat: "Planted forest of Aleppo pines and a few ce- dars [Figure 6]. There's not much undergrowth but some low scrub in the larger clearings. . . total lack of native vegetation in the whole area. The areas not planted to forest are being farmed." Remarks: Camp was established at a forestry post situ- ated 2 km NW Aknoul. According to the foresters, the forest was planted starting in 1935 and, insofar as known, the trees were intended to represent the same species that originally grew there centuries ago. Taxa: Gerbillus, Apodemus, Mus. Al Hoceima, 9 km SE, Al Hoceima Province (Map 3: 11). Coordinates: 35?12'N, 03?53'W C. Collectors: M. G. Hearst and L. W. Robbins (27-31 May 1970). Habitat: "Hilly but completely cultivated or soHd rock . . . Some bushes along the sand, an acacia forest backing up to the beach and behind the forest?a swampy area and some bushy area bordering farms" (LWR). 12 km SE Al Hoceima: "Grain fields and rocky hillsides?the grain has already been [harvested]" (LWR). Remarks: Hearst and Robbins had considerable diffi- culty finding a campsite in the Al Hoceima area but finally settled on the beach 9 km to the southeast. On 28 May, they drove inland to collect from a rocky hillside 12 km SE Al Hoceima. On 29 May, they went 48 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY -'r. ,>^9^ FIGURE 6. Morocco, Aknoul: Apodemus (photograph by R. E. Vaden, 29 May 1970). bat hunting in caves along the beach at Al Hoceima (35?16'N, 03?56'W C; 35?15'N, 03?56'W G), where they collected Miniopterus and Myotis. Taxa: Eliomys, Gerbillus, Meriones, Mus; Atelerix; Rhi- nolophus, Myotis, Miniopterus; Mustela. Anoual, Ksar-es-Souk Province (Map 3: 18). Coordinates: 32?41'N, 03?05'W C (32?40'N, 03=06^ G). Collectors: M. G. Hearst and L. W. Robbins [1-4 Jul 1970). Habitat: "Rocky sandy hillside ... on the flat?a few big bushes . . . wash?some very sandy areas" (LWR). Remarks: The field team intended to camp somewhere north of Anoual but decided to stay near town be- cause of the availability of water and vegetation. Taxa: Elephantulus; Atlantoxerus, Eliomys, Jaculus, Ger- billus, Meriones, Mus, Ctenodactylus; Lepus; Atel- erix, Paraechinus; Pipistrellus; Vulpes. Aouinet Torkoz, Agadir Province (Map 3: 79). Coordinates: 28?29'N, 09?52'W C, G. Collectors: M. G. Hearst, L. W. Robbins, D. A. Schlitter, H. W. Setzer, and R. E. Vaden (2-9 Nov 1969). Habitat: "Very arid-pebble desert with scattered low shrubs cut through with rocky washes . . . rocky wash with scattered thorn shrubs just west of the station" (REV). Remarks: The team established camp at the Institute Scien- tifique research station, which Hearst recorded in his journal as 2 km SE Aouinet Torkoz and "at the edge of the Sahara." They collected extensively on the grounds of the institute and made short journeys to various places around Aouinet Torkoz, mostly to the west and southwest. On 3 Nov, traps were set 12 km S Aouinet Torkoz (28?22'N, 09?52'W C) in the bed of the Oued- Draa, and collecting was conducted the next day at 8 km W Aouinet Torkoz (28?29'N, 09?55'W C). The field team made a side trip to Assa on 5 Nov to collect bats. Also that day, Robbins collected a Jaculus 15 km W Aouinet Torkoz. On the 6th, Robbins, Hearst, and Setzer traveled 20 km N Aouinet Torkoz to a palm grove and there collected Atlantoxerus. Schlitter and NUMBER 628 49 nCURE 7. Morocco, Aoulouz, 16 km W (photograph by R. E. Vaden, Mar 1970). Vaden collected, according to Vaden, "on a sandy plain dotted with vegetation" at a locality 22 km W Aouinet Torkoz. On 8 Nov, traps were set in washes 5 km southwest of town, but the four Elephantulus col- lected there are labeled as Aouinet Torkoz. On 9 Nov, a sandy, hummocky area was trapped 22 km SW Aoui- net Torkoz (28?29'N, 10?12'W C). Taxa: Elephantulus; Atlantoxerus, Jaculus, Acomys, Ger- billus, Meriones, Pachyuromys; Lepus; Paraechinus; Canis, Vulpes. Aoulouz, 16 km W, Agadir Province (Map 3: 70). Coordinates: 30?42'N, 08?18'W C. Collector: R. E. Vaden (13-17 Mar 1970). Habitat: "Coastal type of vegetation and most of the land is cultivated (some kind of grass). Vegetation is predomi- nantly argon trees and grass ... clumps, up to 25 or 30 feet [7.6-9.1 m] in diameter of assorted shrubs from sage through thorn-bushes (acacia?) up to small argons, maximum of about 6 feet [1.8 m] in height [Figure 7]. In between it's grassy but grazed down to about 2 inches [5.1 cm] in height; various annual herbs are present." Remarks: Vaden, searching for a campsite, remarked that "suitable habitat was hard to find." It should be noted that collecting was also done 2 km to the west in habi- tat similar to that closer to camp but "possibly a little more over-grazed." Taxa: Elephantulus; Gerbillus, Meriones, Lemniscomys, Mastomys, Mus; Atelerix. Asni, 2 km N, Marrakech Province (Map 3: 48). Coordinates: 31?16'N, 07?59'W M (COM, Marrakech, 1:500,000). Collectors: M. G. Hearst, L. W. Robbins, D. A. Schlitter, H. W. Setzer, and R. E. Vaden (20 Oct 1969). Habitat: Cave. Remarks: After leaving Imlil, the field team stopped at a cave near Asni (31?15'N, 07?59'W G), where Robbins collected a hibernating bat. Taxon: Rhinolophus. 50 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY Assa, Agadir Province (Map 3: 80). Coordinates: 28?37'N, 09?25'W G. Collectors: M. G. Hearst, L. W. Robbins, D. A. Schlitter, H. W. Setzer, and R. E. Vaden (5 Nov 1969). Habitat: "Underground aqueduct" (REV). Remarks: Specimen labels simply read Assa, but Vaden and Hearst indicated in their journals that this local- ity was 50 (or 55) km east of Aouinet Torkoz. Be- cause coordinates on specimen labels and in catalogs (28?46'N, 09?25'W C) plot approximately 20 km to the north of Assa, we have elected to use the USBGN coordinates. Taxon: Asellia. Azrou, 6 km SE, Meknes Province (Map 3: 32). Coordinates: 33?24'N, 05?10'W C. Collectors: M. G. Hearst and L. W. Robbins (21-24 Jun 1970). Habitat: "Cedar forest. . . edge of an open area with some rocks and small vegetation?the forest is all cedars with some rocky areas" (LWR). 5 km S Azrou: "Beau- tiful cedar and oak forest. . . tall cedars" (LWR). Remarks: The team drove southeast from Azrou and camped. They learned that monkeys were seen "near a dirt road going to Ain-Leuh" (33?17'N, 05?23'W G) and drove along this road until they encountered some Macaca "in tall cedars" at 5 km S Azrou (33?24'N, 05?13'W C). On 22 Jun, they obtained more ma- caques at 18 km S Azrou (33?16'N, 05?12'W C) in a cedar-oak forest; Robbins and Hearst identified this collecting site as Ain Kahla (33?15'N, 05?13'W G) in their journals but not on specimen labels. On this same date, they returned to 5 km S Azrou and set a trapline in cedar-oak forest with rocky outcrops. On 24 Jun, Hearst collected a single Jaculus at 12 km SE Azrou. Taxa: Macaca; Eliomys, Jaculus, Apodemus; Vulpes. Ben Slimane, 5 km N, Settat Province (Map 3: 26). Coordinates: 33?39'N, 07?08'W C. Collector: R. E. Vaden (26-30 Apr 1970). Habitat: "Cork-oak forest. . . The oaks are fairly dense, with considerable undergrowth consisting of small-to- large woody shrubs, smaller non-woody shrubs and grass in the clearings. Soil is clay or possibly silty-clay and is baked fairly hard on top with cracks. Low spots are somewhat muddy . . . large pond about 50 meters to the east" (Eigure 8). Remarks: After some scouting for a suitable collecting site, the Vadens traveled north of Ben Slimane about 5 km and then east another 0.5 km into the forest and es- tablished their camp in a small clearing. Taxa: Apodemus; Crocidura. Bouanane, 30 km NE, Ksar-es-Souk Province (Map 3: 19). Coordinates: 32?07'N, 02?51'W C. Collectors: M. G. Hearst and L. W. Robbins (3-7 Feb 1970). Habitat: "A small dry wash, some bushes on hummocks and a lot of flat gravel-pebble 'small' vegetated areas? also some sandy areas . . . mud flats . . . pebble area with sandy substrate" (LWR). 20 km NE: "Rocky mountains near by . . . very rocky and steep" (LWR). Remarks: The field team drove 60 km northeast of Boua- nane (Bou Anane; 32?02'N, 03?03'W G), but "the area looked bad," so they returned to 30 km north- east ("not much better looking") to establish camp. They conducted daily side trips to 20 km NE Boua- nane and successfully hunted Ctenodactylus in steep, rocky mountains. Taxa: Elephantulus; Jaculus, Gerbillus, Meriones, Pachy- uromys, Fsammomys, Ctenodactylus. Bouarfa, 9 km SW, Oujda Province (Map 3: 20). Coordinates: 32?30'N, 02?03'W C. Collector: R. E. Vaden (9-13 Eeb 1970). Habitat: "The soil is very sandy with dunes in places; some small areas of more clay than sand. Vegetation is mostly small shrubs (juniper.') with some grasses in clumps? no thorn bushes that I've seen. Parts of the area have been cultivated, some fairly recently (last year?), although no crop plants are seen . . . dunes . . . mud flats (still basically sandy soil)" (Eigure 9). Remarks: Unable to find suitable habitat north of town, the Vadens returned and set up camp "where the sand be- gins" southwest of Bouarfa (Bou Arfa G). On 11 Eeb, they trapped approximately 2 km southwest of camp in "an open, sandy area," and about 4 km southwest of Bouarfa a dead Jaculus was salvaged. These variant distances are not indicated on specimen labels. Taxa: Jaculus, Gerbillus, Meriones, Pachyuromys, Fsam- momys. Boudenib, 5 km E, Ksar-es-Souk Province (Map 3:37). Coordinates: 31?57'N, 03?33'W C. Collector: R. E. Vaden (2-7 Eeb 1970). Habitat: "The country is relatively flat. . . The soil is fairly sandy with an overlay of gravel and rocks. Veg- etation is sparse, concentrated in the washes, which are fairly shallow . . . thorn bushes of the geometric NUMBER 628 ? 51 Mk ma^ ir, ?.-.-'i/. I iiiiirii? \tm\ mriiii nCURE 8. Morocco, Ben Slimane, 5 km N (photograph by R. E. Vaden, 28 Apr 1970). type (. . . each branch comes off at about 60? from the axis of the stem) ... a river with some water, ap- parently standing. Beyond that is a mountain range with considerable sand at its base . . . hamada to the north . . . sand dunes . . . sandy soil, shrub-covered plain." Remarks: Vaden noted that this locality was in the "north- ern reaches of the Hamada du Guir." Taxa: Jaculus, Gerbillus, Meriones, Pachyuromys. Bouloutane, 5 km W, Taza Province (Map 3: 15). Coordinates: 33?32'N, 03?25'W C. Collector: R. E. Vaden (20-25 Jun 1970). Habitat: "The vegetation in the river valley is fairly dense, the hills are covered by clumps of the 'wire grass' we had at Ain Benimather. The whole area is extremely rocky . . . river bed vegetation." Remarks: According to Vaden, Bouloutane appeared to comprise the remains of just a few houses, and he mentioned a Zerouiet ("supposed to be a fort but we found only cross roads") in the vicinity. They "re- turned to the western slope of the mountains, and set up camp in the valley of the Oued Taquit." Taxa: Elephantulus; Jaculus, Gerbillus, Meriones, Psam- momys, Ctenodactylus; Lepus. Cap Spartel, 3 km S, Tanger Province (Map 3:2). Coordinates: 35M6'N, 05?55'W C. Collectors: M. G. Hearst and L. W. Robbins (13-17 May 1970). Habitat: "Large hill with much natural vegetation and a lot of rocks" (LWR). Remarks: Cap Spartel is located north of the Grottes of Hercules, where the field team also collected on 13 and 14 May. On 15 May, traps were also set 1 km S Cap Spartel. Taxa: Eliomys, Gerbillus, Apodemus, Lemniscomys, Mus. 52 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY *^-??'-m.i^ib?, >M9^ ?-*4*^ ^'-J-W^-** '^i^i^'-^^iS^T^f^^ U) V. - -I* .=? ?.. r^' m '^f\j< nCURE 9. Morocco, Bouarfa, 9 km SW (photograph by R. E. Vaden, Feb 1970). Chechaouen, Tetouan Province (Map 3:4). Coordinates: 35?10'N, 05?16'W G. Collectors: M. G. Hearst and L. W. Robbins (21-25 May 1970). Habitat: "Rocky vegetated mountainside" (LWR). Remarks: A house in Chechaouen served as base of opera- tions for Hearst and Robbins. On 21 and 24 May, they collected bats in a cave behind town, and on 23 and 24 May, traps were set at 4 km W Chechaouen (35?10'N, 05?18'W M) in an oak forest with low scrub. The collectors' original coordinates for the vil- lage (35?19'N, 05?16'W) must represent an errant reading of latitude in view of the USBGN values (as cited) as well as the maps we consulted. Taxa: Eliomys, Apodemus, Mus; Crocidura; Rhinolophus, Hypsugo, Myotis, Miniopterus. Chichaoua, 20 km S, Marrakech Province (Map 3: 42). Coordinates: 31?23'N, 08?48'W C. Collector: R. E. Vaden (9-13 Apr 1970). Habitat: "The area [around camp?] is only about 25 acres [10.1 ha] (estimated) and is bordered on the east by a dry river bed and on the other sides by fields. There are scattered eucalyptus trees, some large, fairly dense growths of shrubs and extensive old-field areas of grain (oats?) growing wild. Soil is good silt with a fair number of rocks up to about 6 inches [15.2 cm] in diameter." Remarks: The Vadens established their campsite in a small old-field area, 20 km south of Chichaoua. Because a local official indicated that all local farm lands had been treated with rat poison, most trapping was con- ducted at distances far enough from camp to preclude night checks of the traplines (including 5 km west of camp on 10 Apr and 1 km east of camp on 11 Apr across a river bed, both in cultivated fields). Specimen labels do not indicate these variant distances. Local inhabitants brought in many specimens to compen- sate for an otherwise meager collecting success. NUMBER 628 53 Taxa: Elephantulus; Gerbillus, Meriones; Rhinolophus, Nycteris, Myotis; Vulpes. Demnate, 6 km SE, Marrakech Province (Map 3: 47). Coordinates: 31?43'N, 06?56'W C. Collectors: M. G. Hearst and L. W. Robbins (13-15 Jul 1970). Habitat: "Juniper scrub area?hilly . . . old fields are bor- dering the scrub area and they probably poisoned here also . . . rocky hillside covered by cactus-Uke euphorb and a few junipers and other plants ... a lot of other shrubs" (LWR). Remarks: On 13 Jul, Hearst and Robbins looked for caves with bats near a natural bridge located close to camp, but without success, and later set traps in this same area. The trap success was overall very low, but Rob- bins remarked that the habitat looked good. The stan- dardized USBGN spelling of Demnate is Demnat. Taxa: Eliomys, Gerbillus, Apodemus, Mus. El Jadida, 6 km E, El Jadida Province (Map 3: 39). Coordinates: 33?17'N, 08?24'W C. Collector: R. E. Vaden (20-24 Apr 1970). Habitat: "The area to the south and west of El Jadida is all under cultivation but a forested area starts about 5 km east along the coast. The area is all sandy [Figure 10], densely vegetated by native shrubs and dominated by planted eucalyptus. There are other plantings, mostly conifers, but these are in small areas some distance from camp .. . native shrubs on the border of the forest." Taxa: Gerbillus, Mus. Essaouira, 5 km NE, Safi Province (Map 3: 61). Coordinates: 31?31'N, 09?46'W C. Collectors: H. L. Norman and R. E. Vaden (numerous dates in 1970, 1971, and 1972); H. L. Norman and L. W. Robbins (24 Dec 1970 and 24 Jan 1971). Habitat: "Coastal dunes . . . low scrub on sand dunes to juniper scrub on stabilized dunes" (REV). ? ? ! 3ijj2|ujb W' -i?. nCURE 10. Morocco, Ei Jadida, 6 km E (photograph by R. E. Vaden, 24 Apr 1970). 54 . SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY Remarks: This locality served as both a live-trapping grid and a general collecting site. Capture-and-release studies were also conducted at 28 km SW Goulimine and 10 km W Zagora. Taxa: Eliomys, Gerbillus, Lemniscomys, Mus; Crocidura; Delphinus. Essaouira, 13 km E, Safi Province (Map 3: 62). Coordinates: 31?30'N, 09?40'W M (CGM, Marrakech, 1:500,000). Collectors: M. G. Hearst, L. W. Robbins, and R. E. Vaden (21-24 Nov 1969); H. L. Norman and R. E. Vaden (24-27 Sep 1970). Habitat: "Camp in a cleared area in a iuniper(?)-scrub habitat. Soil is sandy with plenty of rocks up to about a foot [0.3 m] in diameter. Vegetation is very thick: the juniper is about 8 to 10 feet [2.4-3.0 m] tall and relatively dense; many scattered smaller shrubs and grasses. We decided the habitat is 'juniper scrub'" (REV). Remarks: The collectors' original latitude, 35?30'N as re- corded on specimen labels and in field catalogs, places the site some 450 km north of Essaouira (31?31'N, 09?46'W G) in the Atlantic Ocean. This surely rep- resents an errant reading of their map that we have accordingly corrected. Taxa: Elephantulus; Eliomys, Gerbillus, Lemniscomys, Mastomys, Mus. Figuig, 5 km NW, Oujda Province (Map 3: 21). Coordinates: 32?09'N, 01?15'W C. Collectors: M. G. Hearst and L. W. Robbins (8-13 Feb 1970). Habitat: "The area is mostly sandy with some areas with a lot of rocks, some rocky mountains [hills] and some sand dunes . . . flat rocky-sandy areas . . . sand dunes with vegetation tufts" (LWR). Remarks: While en route to this camp, Robbins collected a Psammomys from under a rock at 41 km NW Figuig. Taxa: Elephantulus; Eliomys, Jaculus, Gerbillus, Merio- nes, Psammomys, Ctenodactylus. Foum Zguid, 4 km S, Ouarzazate Province (Map 3: 55). Coordinates: 30?04'N, 06?53'W C. Collectors: M. G. Hearst and L. W. Robbins (7-11 Mar 1970). Habitat: "On the edge of the oasis?on the edge of palm trees and sand and acacias and pebble des- ert [Figure 11] . . . sandy palm area on the edge of town . . . rocky hillsides" (LWR). Remarks: Hearst indicated that the camp was about 5 km south at the "end of a sandy finger of a palm grove." On 7 Mar, he set traps just north of Foum Zguid in a sandy oasis with a rocky hillside. Taxa: Elephantulus; Atlantoxerus, Jaculus, Acomys, Ger- billus, Meriones, Mus, Rattus; Lepus; Atelerix, Par- aechinus; Tadarida, Pipistrellus; Ictonyx. Goulimine, 20 km SW, Agadir Province (Map 3: 78). Coordinates: 28?53'N, 10?14'W C. Collectors: R. E. Vaden (9-14 Dec 1969); H. L. Norman and L. W. Robbins (17 Dec 1970); H. L. Norman and R. E. Vaden (20-21 Feb 1971). Habitat: "Scrub?mostly euphorbs including 'cactus' with some small juniper-like flowering shrubs. Soil is just plain dirt! There's a little gravel on the surface and some pebble areas but few large rocks. . . lower 'flat' area . . . [Hillside] gets steeper as you near the top (the last 30 feet [9.1 m] or so is almost straight up!) and becomes shaly, then rocky. Vegetation is the same as ... on the lower slopes, with the addition of a small, organpipe-like succulent (not an euphorb) and one acacia 'bush' about 4 feet [1.2 m] high" (REV). Remarks: When Norman and Vaden visited this locality in Feb 1971, they were searching for future capture-and- release study sites and collected no specimens. The earlier visits by Vaden and by Norman and Robbins were collecting surveys. Taxa: Elephantulus; Eliomys, Gerbillus, Meriones, Pachy- uromys, Psammomys. Goulimine, 28 km SW, Agadir Province (Map 3: 77). Coordinates: 28M6'N, 10?14'W C. Collectors: H. L. Norman and L. W. Robbins (17, 19 Dec 1970); H. L. Norman (numerous dates in 1971); R. E. Vaden (numerous dates in 1971 and 1972). Habitat: "Desert scrub on a sandy-silt soil, with shrubs up to about 2 feet [0.6 m] high and 3-4 feet [0.9-1.2 m] in diameter. Some hummocks in the area" (REV). Remarks: While this locality was a major site for a capture-and-release study associated with the AMP, many specimens that expired in the live traps were preserved for the NMNH collection. Live-trapping grids at 28 km SW Goulimine were run concurrently with those at 5 km NE Essaouira. An AMP field assis- tant obtained a Gazella from Bedouins who captured it nearby on Jbel Iskou (28M2'N, 10?30'W G, as Jebel Isko), although this provenience is not mentioned on the specimen label. Two Jaculus were collected at 30 km SW Goulimine, but they were not shipped to the NUMBER 6 Zi 55 nCURE 11. Morocco, Foum Zguid, 4 km S (11 Mar 1970). collection at NMNH. On 17 Dec 1970, Robbins col- lected a specimen of Atlantoxerus from 38 km SW Goulimine along with three Psammomys that were donated to the University of Arizona, the University of Michigan, and L'Institut frangais de recherche scientifique pour le developpement en cooperation (ORSTOM). Taxa: Elephantulus; Atlantoxerus, Jaculus, Gerbillus, Meriones, Psammomys, Hystrix; Lepus; Atelerix, Paraechinus; Crocidura; Canis; Gazella. Grottes of Hercules, 13 km W Tanger, Tanger Province (Map 3: 1). Coordinates: 35?46'N, 05?56'W C, G (as Grottes d'Hercules). Collectors: M. G. Hearst, L. W. Robbins, D. A. Schlitter, and R. E. Vaden (24-25 Oct 1969); M. G. Hearst and L. W. Robbins (13-14 May 1970). Habitat: "Sea cave down a cliff" (LWR). Remarks: Most bats were collected on the second visit, by Hearst and Robbins, and these specimens are labeled Grottes of Hercules. Specimens taken on the first visit were instead labeled as 13 km W Tanger, although Hearst did mention "caves of Hercules" in his field catalog. Taxa: Rhinolophus, Myotis, Miniopterus. Guercif, 10 km E, Taza Province (Map 3: 14). Coordinates: 34?16'N, 03?17'W C. Collector: R. E. Vaden (15-19 Jun 1970). Habitat: "Soil is slightly sandy but basically silt. Vegeta- tion on the flats is primarily low scrub (up to about 8 inches [20.3 cm] high) with scattered grain-field stub- ble?this is pretty limited though?and a few hum- mocks of larger shrubs. Wadis occur every kilometer or so and are vegetated more heavily" (Figure 12). 56 ? SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY 1 .^:'. ?00' nCURE 12. Morocco, Guercif, 10 km E (photograph by R. E. Vaden, Jun 1970). Remarks: Camp was located 10 km east and slightly north of Guercif. On 16 Jun, Vaden drove into the moun- tains looking for caves but had no luck. Taxa: Jaculus, Meriones. Icht, 7 km NW, Agadir Province (Map 3: 73). Coordinates: 29?05'N, 08?53'W C. Collector: R. E. Vaden (2-7 Dec 1969). Habitat: "Kind of a sandy-silt soil with plenty of small rocks; vegetation mostly of small shrubs with scat- tered larger thorn bushes [Figure 13]. There are a lot of mountains around with plenty of rocky out- croppings. . . nomad camps nearby so there are cam- els and goats . . . flat plain to the north. Soil is sandy all over, but except in the washes is covered by pebbles and small (to 10 inches [25.4 cm]) rocks. I'm calling it a 'vegetated sandy plain' but I'm not sure this is a really accurate name?perhaps 'sandy pebble desert' would be better for the rest of the camp." Remarks: After canvassing the area around Foum-el- Hassane (29?02'N, 08=55^ G), the Vadens determined that it "didn't look good" and hence established their camp northwest of Icht. On 3 Dec, because of poor trap success, they drove southeast 4 km to 3 km NW Icht (29?04'N, 08?52'W C), a "vegetated sandy plain that extends part way up a range of large steep rocky hills." On 5 Dec, traps were set 2 km northwest of camp in what Vaden described as "sandy-silt, sometimes grav- elly area where shrubs grow rather densely on hillocks." Side trips were taken to Icht and to the cliffs north of Foum-el-Hassane in search of bats but without success. Taxa: Jaculus, Acomys, Gerbillus, Meriones, Mus. NUMBER 6 Zi 57 rt^- >..(?fcC FIGURE 13. Morocco, Icht, 7 km NW: Meriones habitat (photograph by R. E. Vaden, Dec 1969). Ifkern, 3 km E, Fes Province (Map 3: 33). Coordinates: 33?21'N, 04?24'W M (CGM, Rafea^, 1:500,000). Collector: R. E. Vaden (26-29 Jun 1970). Habitat: "This is rolling hill country surrounded by higher mountains. Vegetation is almost nonexistant?badly overgrazed. Small clumps of sage (??I'm not sure about it) and a few areas of the same wire-grass. Very rocky. Mountains just to the east of us are covered with what looks like scrub oak from a distance. [Upon closer examination, these mountains are vegetated with] small oak trees instead of scrub [oak] and are absolutely barren underneath." Remarks: Because of the high populations of both people and livestock around Ifkern (33?20'N, 04?26'W G), Vaden did not night hunt or set steel traps. The local populace swamped the Vadens with Jaculus during their short stay here to make up for their rather meager trapping results. The coordinates provided by Vaden (33?31'N, 04?24'W) are improbably too far north, by about 10 minutes, for a 3 km distance according to our maps; our coordinates reflect that correction. Taxa: Elephantulus; Jaculus, Gerbillus, Meriones, Apodemus. Imlil, 1,740 m, Marrakech Province (Map 3: 49). Coordinates: 31?09'N, 07?56'W C (31?08'N, 07?55'W G). Collectors: M. G. Hearst, L. W. Robbins, D. A. Schlit- ter, H. W. Setzer, and R. E. Vaden (16-20 Oct 1969); R. E. Vaden (18-20 Jul 1970). Habitat: "In a canyon with rocky brushy sides, some wal- nut trees, a rocky river bottom with some cultivation 58 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY around . . . rock walls and grass fields and near 'a stream'" (LWR). "Rocky and grassy river bed north of the village . . . fields on the mountainside west of the Kasbah . . . blackberry-rock wall area" (REV, 1969). "Rocky river-wash behind the building" (REV, 1970). Remarks: On 16 Oct 1969, the field team "drove southwest then south through Marrakech to Asni, then followed a track southward through the mountains to the village of Imlil, where the Alpine Club has a rest house." Col- lections were also made at the Refuge Louis Neltner on 19 Oct 1969. The Vadens revisited Imlil in Jul 1970 and set up camp at the Alpine Club. Although trapping effort was made elsewhere in the vicinity, they had no success because of the heavy poisoning campaign in the area. There is no indication that specimens were collected anywhere but around camp. Taxa: Elephantulus; Atlantoxerus, Eliomys, Apodemus, Mus, Rattus; Crocidura. Irherm-n-Ougdal, 1,970 m, Ouarzazate Province (Map 3: 51). Coordinates: 31?15'N, 07?26'W C. Collector: R. E. Vaden (21 Feb 1970). Habitat: "Rocky mountain slopes." Remarks: While traveling to the next camp at 11 km SW Tinerhir, Vaden stopped to purchase an Atlantoxerus at this locality, just south of the pass at Tizi n'Tichka (31?17'N, 07?21'W G). Taxon: Atlantoxerus. Kenitra, 11 km W, Kenitra Province (Map 3: 22). Coordinates: 34?14'N, 06?42'W C. Collector: R. E. Vaden (2-6 May 1970). Habitat: "We're separated from the ocean by a high hill of sand covered by very dense shrubs, the hill is sev- eral km long and is actually more of a dune than any- thing else. Vegetation consists of a few trees (cedars?), plenty of woody shrubs (flowering and juniper) smaller non woody shrubs and grasses. Shrubs are extremely dense over most of the area. Soil is sandy to sandy-silt, mostly very soft." Remarks: Kenitra was surrounded by farmland and planted eucalyptus forest. Camp was 11 km west of town, near the coast. Taxa: Eliomys, Apodemus, Mus. Khenifra, 22 km E, 1,600 m, Meknes Province (Map 3: 30). Coordinates: 32?58'N, 05?27'W C. Collector: R. E. Vaden (7-11 Jul 1970). Habitat: "Clear lake . . . oak-cedar forest. . . forest on a steep mountain side" (Eigure 14). Remarks: The Vadens drove east from Khenifra, stopping briefly at a forestry station where they were told of the presence of many monkeys in the area. They contin- ued on to Aguelmane Azigza (32?58'N, 05?26'W G) according to Vaden's journal. There is no mention of Aguelmane Azigza on specimen labels, however. Taxa: Macaca; Eliomys, Apodemus, Mus; Crocidura. Ksar-es-Souk, 6 km SW, Ksar-es-Souk Province (Map 3: 36). Coordinates: 31?54'N, 04?29'W C. Collectors: M. G. Hearst and L. W. Robbins (28 Jan-1 Eeb 1970); H. L. Norman and R. E. Vaden (18-19 Oct 1970). Habitat: "[Camp] ... in a hummock area with bushes on the hummocks?not much other vegetation in the area?in fact for this area we find very little sign of Hfe ... flat.. . rocky hiUside. [Town] dump" (LWR). 25 km SW Ksar-es-Souk: "Sandy area with vegetated hummocks and flat areas with large pebbles with a sandy substrate . . . some small dunes?much small vegetation and some flat sandy areas with small rocks and vegetation" (LWR). 20 km SW Ksar-es-Souk: "Area very similar to where our camp is?vegetated hummocks and rocky ground?only there are more outcroppings here and a wash" (LWR). "Sandy hum- mocks . . . higher pebble covered sand" (REV). Remarks: Although Hearst and Robbins established their main camp at 6 km SW Ksar-es-Souk, they set trap- lines at two satellite localities at 25 km SW Ksar- es-Souk (31?50'N, 04?35'W C) on 28 Jan and at 20 km SW Ksar-es-Souk on 29 Jan. On the way back to camp, on the evening of 31 Jan, Jan Hearst shot a Canis aureus. Norman and Vaden revisited the area southwest of Ksar-es-Souk in Oct 1970, presumably to reconnoi- ter for future grid sites for livetrapping. No specimens were collected at that time. Taxa: Jaculus, Gerbillus, Meriones, Pachyuromys; Lepus; Canis. Larache, 20 km SE, Tetouan Province (Map 3:5). Coordinates: 35?02'N, 06?03'W C. CoUectors: M. G. Hearst and L. W. Robbins (8-11 May 1970). Habitat: "More natural oak forest" (LWR). 3 km NE Larache: "Much low brush around the old stone walls NUMBER 628 59 nCURE 14. Morocco, Khenifra, 22 km E (photograph by R. E. Vaden, May 1970). and rocky hillsides" (LWR). 1 km N Larache: "A sandy area with a lot of vegetation" (LWR). Remarks: After noting that the oak and eucalyptus for- est near Larache appeared "too barren," Hearst and Robbins moved 20 km SE to set up camp "in a more natural oak forest." On 9 May, they ventured to the salt works at the Roman ruins of Lixus (Ruines de Lixus; 35?12'N, 06?06'W G) at 3 km NE Larache (35?12'N, 06?07'W C); Lixus is not mentioned on specimen labels, however. The next day they sam- pled a heavily vegetated coastal dune area at 1 km N Larache. Taxa: Gerbillus, Apodemus, Mus, Rattus; Atelerix; Croc- idura; Myotis; Mustela. Mechra Benabbou, 11 km SE, Settat Province (Map 3: 43). Coordinates: 32?36'N, 07?43'W C. Collectors: M. G. Hearst and L. W. Robbins (22 Apr 1970). Habitat: "Large natural cave down in the rocks?large with big chambers" (LWR). Remarks: To collect bats at this cave, Hearst and Robbins made a one-day side trip while encamped at 3 km N Settat (21-24 Apr). Taxa: Rhinolophus, Miniopterus. Meseied, 40 km N, Tarfaya Province (Map 3: 76). Coordinates: 28?13'N, 10?55'W C. Collector: R. E. Vaden (28-30 Nov 1969). Habitat: "Mountainous and very rocky vegetated with (I think) euphorbs, 'cactus' and low thorny shrubs. Soil seems to be basically silt?it's mostly muddy right now! . . . Low shrubs on hillocks." Remarks: The Vadens headed toward Meseied (Messei'ed G), which is 85 km south-southeast of Tan-Tan, "down about 10 km" from Tilemsen (Tilemsoun; 60 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY ? ,*s '0^.^u^:,^.:-^^:. ' ^ ,^m>' -^> ^-^^ 4-, '??'^' '??>*; >A^i^\...^: nCURE 15. Morocco, Midelt, 7 km E (photograph by R. E. Vaden, Jul 1970). 28?18'N, 10?54'W G). The weather they found there was foul, and the trap success was poor. Taxa: Gerbillus, Meriones. Midelt, 7 km E, 1,488 m, Ksar-es-Souk Province (Map 3: 35). Coordinates: 32?42'N, 04?40'W C. Collector: R. E. Vaden (1-5 Jul 1970). Habitat: "Rocky flats and hills south of camp . . . Habitat same as [Ifkern]?rocky soil (very red in color here), clumps of wire grass dominant with smaller areas of sage (?) in formerly cleared areas and a few small patches of open ground" (Figure 15). Remarks: After several aborted attempts to find a camp- site where tent pegs could be securely driven, Vaden traveled east of Midelt (32M1'N, 04?45'W G) to an old field. Taxa: Elephantulus; Gerbillus, Apodemus, Mus. Mischliffen, Meknes Province (Map 3: 31). Coordinates: 33?30'N, 05?09'W C (33?25'N, 05?07'W G, as Michlifene). Collectors: H. L. Norman and R. E. Vaden (30 Sep 1970). Habitat: "Oak-cedar forest on rocky mountainside" (REV). Remarks: MischHffen (1,900 m per Vaden's journal) was explored as a possible grid-trapping study site, and although Apodemus were trapped alive and released here, no specimens reside in the NMMH. On 1 Oct, the party, consisting of H. L. Norman, the Vadens, E. Hooper, and R.W. Thorington, departed Mis- chliffen and drove toward Ifrane, where they photo- graphed and observed a troop of Macaca. Missour, 16 km W, Fes Province (Map 3: 34). Coordinates: 33?03'N, 04?07'W C. NUMBER 628 61 Collectors: M. G. Hearst and L. W. Robbins (26 Jun-1 Jul 1970). Habitat: "Undulating rocky-variable desert near a river? some mud mounds with holes in them and some veg- etation near the river . . . rocky hills nearby" (LWR). 15 km SW Missour: "There is a series of washes with some large bushes in this area?also a few rocks . . . bushy wash area" (LWR). Remarks: Robbins and Hearst at first traveled south of Missour, but upon finding "just flat rocky desert," they returned to town and finally settled into a camp- site to the west. After setting up camp, they went hunting at 8 km S Missour. as indicated on speci- men labels. On 26 Jun, they hunted Ctenodactylus in washes with large bushes on nearby Mt. Missour (Jebel Missour; 33?00'N, 04?12'W G), labeled as 15 km SW Missour; trapped around camp; and later hunted and trapped along the road to Midelt (also 15 km SW Missour according to specimen labels). Both localities were hunted and trapped on subsequent dates. Taxa: Elephantulus; Jaculus, Gerbillus, Meriones, Psam- momys, Apodemus, Ctenodactylus; Lepus; Atelerix; Pipistrellus; Canis, Vulpes. Moulay-Bousselham, Kenitra Province (Map 3: 6). Coordinates: 34?53'N, 06?18'W C, G (as Moulay Bou Selham). Collectors: H. L. Norman and R. E. Vaden (12-13 Jan 1971). Habitat: "Coastal dunes and rocky outcrops on opposite sides of a farm" (REV). Remarks: Vaden and Norman set up camp less than a kilometer north of Moulay-Bousselham, but poor weather and lack of sufficient equipment resulted in poor trap success. Taxon: Gerbillus. Nader, 20 km SE, Nador Province (Map 3: 12). Coordinates: 35?07'N, 02?45'W C. Collector: R. E. Vaden (22-26 May 1970). Habitat: "Nowhere else [in the vicinity of Nador] was there any native vegetation and I suspect this area has been planted. Habitat is planted hardwood trees (some eucalyptus) but none above 10 or 12 feet [3.0 or 3.7 m]. Very little undergrowth. Soil ranges from fairly hard packed sandy-silt to actual dunes (we're only a hundred meters or so from the coast) . . . Beyond the dunes the land is flat?might have been salt marsh . . . and probably still subject to flooding from the sea." On 24 May: "Different habitat?low coastal scrub on dunes instead of planted forest of before." Remarks: Camp was established at the base of a spit into the Mediterranean Sea about 100 m from the coast. Taxa: Gerbillus, Meriones, Mus, Rattus; Crocidura; Pip- istrellus. Ouarzazate, 9 km SE, Ouarzazate Province (Map 3: 53). Coordinates: 30?52'N, 06?52'W C. Collectors: M. G. Hearst and L. W. Robbins (23-28 Feb 1970, 18-19 Jul 1970). Habitat: "Sandy wash with rocky hillsides with little veg- etation. Town dump . . . small stream" (LWR). 7 km E Ouarzazate: "Sandy area with rocky hills" (LWR). Remarks: On 23 Eeb, Hearst and Robbins set up camp in a wide river wash southeast of Ouarzazate. Several nearby sites were visited. The team collected Plecotus during a side trip to a mesa at 6 km N Ouarzazate with cliff dwellings said locally to be 2,700 years old. They stopped at the Ouarzazate town dump (which they did numerous times on subsequent collecting trips in the area) and collected a Meriones. They explored old mines at 5 km S Ouarzazate as well as 5 km SE and 5 km SW and collected bats and a squirrel along the way. Traps were set in sandy and rocky hills at 7 km E Ouarzazate. On 18 Jul, Hearst and Robbins returned to the abandoned mines at 5 km S Ouarzazate and abandoned cliff dwellings 19 km E Ouarzazate to col- lect bats. These visits were conducted to contrast win- ter (Feb) and summer (Jul) populations of bats in the area of Ouarzazate. Taxa: Elephantulus; Atlantoxerus, Eliomys, Gerbillus, Meriones, Mus; Lepus; Rhinolophus, Rhinopoma, Pipistrellus, Plecotus, Myotis; Canis, Vulpes. Qued Zem, 5 km S, Khouribga Province (Map 3: 45). Coordinates: 32M9'N, 06?35'W C. Collectors: M. G. Hearst and L. W. Robbins (26-30 Apr 1970). Habitat: "Area of planted pine trees but what I believe is natural vegetation is growing between them. There are also large areas near by of planted cactus?beaver tail type" (LWR). 10 km S Oued Zem: "A more open scrub area?more rocky areas and [fewer] big shrubs, no trees, and a lot of open space?some larger rocks on hillside" (LWR). Remarks: On 29 Apr, traps were set in an open scrub area 10 km S Oued Zem. Taxa: Gerbillus, Meriones, Lemniscomys, Mus; Crocidura. 62 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY Ouezzane, 10 km W, Kenitra Province (Map 3: 7). Coordinates: 34?46'N, 05?41'W C. Collector: R. E. Vaden (1-5 Jun 1970). Habitat: "Habitat is woody-scrub on rolling hills; soil is baked clay . . . farm land all around but we have some chaparral-type vegetation right around camp and a little more further west... a stream?shrubs along the stream includes oleanders (.') and smaller woody shrubs. . . wheat field on a moderately steep slope south of camp . . . low palmetto-scrub-old field on another slope." Taxa: Apodemus, Mus; Crocidura; Rhinolophus. Oulmes, 18 km S, Kenitra Province (Map 3: 29). Coordinates: 33?20'N, 06?00'W C. Collectors: M. G. Hearst and L. W. Robbins (8-9 Jul 1970). Habitat: "Camped in a sandy wash with some low scrub in the bottom land and oak forest and some rocky areas on the hillsides . . . brush fence row . . . sandy wash . . . some low scrub . . . rocky oak hillside on the north side of the river . . . shale-type rocks and . . . large boulders and cliff-type rocks?both [gerbils and Apodemus] were on steep hillsides with oak" (LWR). Remarks: Arriving at Oulmes, Hearst and Robbins headed west but eventually set up camp to the south in a small valley and along a river (probably the Aguennour as found on their field map; CGM, Rabat, 1:500,000). They broke camp the next day because they felt they had "used up" the habitat and were not having much success. Taxa: Gerbillus, Meriones, Apodemus. Rabat, 11 km E, Rabat Province (Map 3: 23). Coordinates: 34?02'N, 06M3'W M (CGM, Rabat, 1:500,000). Collectors: M. G. Hearst, L. W. Robbins, D. A. Schlitter, H. W. Setzer, and R. E. Vaden (20-23 Oct 1969). Habitat: "Open oak forest" (LWR). Remarks: The field team stayed in Rabat (34?02'N, 06?50'W G) while they collected at this locality. Rob- bins' habitat description is likely a reference to the Foret de Mamora, which lies to the east of Rabat. Taxa: Gerbillus, Apodemus, Mus, Rattus. Rabat, 15 km SW, Rabat Province (Map 3: 24). Coordinates: 33?57'N, 06?57'W C. Collector: R. E. Vaden (21 Jan 1970). Habitat: "Coastal scrub" (specimen labels). Remarks: We identified this locality from specimens and from Vaden's field catalog; nothing about this locality was entered in his field journal. Taxa: Lemniscomys, Mus; Crocidura. Rabat, 17 km SW, Rabat Province (Map 3: 25). Coordinates: 33?55'N, 06?59'W C. Collectors: M. G. Hearst, L. W. Robbins, D. A. Schlitter, H. W. Setzer, and R. E. Vaden (14-15 Oct 1969). Habitat: "Rocky area . . . flat around bushes . . . sandy areas" (LWR). "Rocky outcrop in coastal dunes. Veg- etation occurs in clumps ... all shrubs and grasses. The area is surrounded by fields, which we did not trap in" (REV). Taxa: Gerbillus, Lemniscomys, Mus, Rattus; Crocidura. Refuge Louis Neltner, Marrakech Province (Map 3: 50). Coordinates: 31?04'N, 07?56'W M (CGM, Marrakech, 1:500,000). Collectors: M. G. Hearst, L. W. Robbins, D. A. Schlitter, H. W. Setzer, and R. E. Vaden (19 Oct 1969). Habitat: "Rocks . . . Some short vegetation was in evi- dence and on the level areas it looked like tundra? thick, very short vegetation" (LWR). Remarks: The field team made a side trip from Imlil (16- 20 Oct) to collect in the alpine zone at Refuge Louis Neltner, an "alpine club refuge . . . seven miles [11.3 km] up" Jebel Toubkal (31?03'N, 07?55'W G). In his journal, Hearst indicated that "Chalet Louis Neltner [is at] 3,200 m on Toubkal." Taxa: Eliomys, Apodemus, Mus. Rissani, Ksar-es-Souk Province (Map 3: 38). Coordinates: 31?17'N, 04?16'W C (31?17'N, 04?17'W G). Collectors: R. E. Vaden (27 Jan-1 Eeb 1970); H. L. Nor- man and R. E. Vaden (29-30 Sep 1970). Habitat: "Camp on a dried mud flat. Soil is variable? sandy-silt on the flats, sand in the washes . . . quite a bit of sand blown up around shrubs and on the sides of mountains. Vegetation is limited to the sandy washes and is very low; a few clumps of grass, a very few thorn bushes and junipers (?) and several shrubs with small succulent leaves . . . sandy-rocky mountainside (actually a very rugged hill of about 100 feet [30.5 m] in height) . . . hummocky-washy area of clay with con- siderable vegetation and standing water in places. A few palm trees, some grasses and a lot of shrubs make up the vegetation. The soil is sandy-clay with a thin crust of dried mud over most of the area . . . sandy- baked clay area SW of camp. Vegetation is relatively NUMBER 628 63 heavy?one shrub every 5 or 6 yards [4.6 or 5.5 m] on the average. The region is basically a place with some hummocks and a few washes . . . Area is SE of camp, a sandy plain with hummocks of cedars as well as the other regular plants. At the southern end of the lines is an area of low dunes up to about 6 or 7 feet [1.8 or 2.1 m] high on the steep side. The dunes are without vegetation" (REV). Remarks: In his journal entries for Jan, Vaden wrote that camp was situated 3 km west of Rissani. On 29 Sep, Vaden and Norman headed west of Rissani to an area near a sandstone outcrop "where we had previously had good trapping success." They set live traps, and on the 30th they departed to look for other possible live-trapping sites. No specimens from this second visit are preserved in the NMNH collection. Taxa: Jaculus, Gerbillus, Meriones, Pachyuromys. Safi, 13 km S, Safi Province (Map 3: 40). Coordinates: 32?11'N, 09?15'W C. Collectors: M. G. Hearst and L. W. Robbins (15-19 Apr 1970). Habitat: "Near the coast?some natural scrubby bush on hillsides and some vegetated sandy areas on the flat. . . partially full cistern . . . sand area is very iso- lated along the coast and [found] only here?rocky coasts are both north and south of us for quite a ways and farm land inland . . . went out looking for places to trap but the area looks barren for miles around" (LWR). Remarks: Most of the land around Safi was plowed, but Hearst and Robbins sited their camp 13 km south, on the coast. On 16 Apr, Hearst and Robbins again looked for another locality to collect but only con- firmed their first impressions that the area was heav- ily farmed and learned that there was an extensive rat-poisoning campaign in the region as well. On the 18th, the crew set traps to the north of camp "above the beach." They shot or netted a number of Myotis and Rhinolophus from a cistern. Taxa: Gerbillus, Mastomys, Mus, Rattus; Crocidura; Rhi- nolophus, Myotis. Settat, 3 km N, Settat Province (Map 3: 44). Coordinates: 33?02'N, 07?37'W M (COM, Rabat, 1:500,000). Collectors: M. G. Hearst and L. W. Robbins (21-24 Apr 1970). Habitat: "Arrived in Settat. . . went north to the only place with any vegetation?a planted forest?there is some underbrush . . . traps set in the forest and near some neighboring farms" (LWR). Remarks: The collectors' coordinates (33?02'N, 07?46'W) plot an improbable 15 km WNW Settat, conflicting with the distance and direction traveled from Settat as recorded on tags and in journals (33?00'N, 07=37^ G). We accordingly adjusted the coordinates for 3 km N (by road). While at this camp, the team also visited a cave at 11 km SE Mechra Benabbou to look for bats. Taxa: Gerbillus, Mus, Rattus; Oryctolagus; Crocidura. Sidi Sibara, 3 km SW, Kinetra Province (Map 3: 27). Coordinates: 33?23'N, 06?46'W M (CGM, Rabat, 1:500,000). Collectors: M. G. Hearst, L. W. Robbins, D. A. Schlitter, H. W. Setzer, and R. E. Vaden (12 Oct 1969). Habitat: Abandoned copper mines. Remarks: The AMP team left Rabat to collect bats at a series of abandoned copper mines southwest of Sidi Sibara. Taxon: Rhinolophus. Taforalt, 3 km NE, Oujda Province (Map 3: 13). Coordinates: 34?49'N, 02?24'W C. Collectors: M. G. Hearst and L. W. Robbins (2-6 Jun 1970). Habitat: "We are in a mountain forest with rocky outcrops on the hillsides and the main tree is juniper . . . moun- tain scrub-rock hillside" (Eigure 16) (LWR). 3 km S Taforalt: "Earm land?flat plain down the moun- tain but returned to the mountain [habitat] south of town?juniper scrub" (LWR). Remarks: The field team made two visits to a large cave, cited by Hearst as Cave of the Camel, 9 km NE Ta- foralt (34?50'N, 02?22'W C), where they collected Rhinolophus, Miniopterus, and Myotis. On 5 Jun, they also collected on a mountain 3 km S Taforalt (Taforhalt G). Taxa: Elephantulus; Eliomys, Gerbillus, Apodemus, Mus, Rattus; Oryctolagus; Atelerix; Crocidura; Rhinolo- phus, Myotis, Miniopterus; Sus. Tafraoute, 6 km SE, Agadir Province (Map 3: 68). Coordinates: 29M2'N, 08?55'W M (CGM, Marrakech, 1:500,000). Collectors: M. G. Hearst and L. W. Robbins (19-20 Mar 1970). Habitat: "[Camped] in a valley with many granite boul- ders and many argon trees and a small intermittent stream . . . rocky hillside" (LWR). 64 . SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY HGURE 16. Morocco, Taforalt, 3 km NE (6 Jun 1970). Remarks: The coordinates provided by Hearst and Rob- bins (30?12'N, 08?57'W) are incorrect because of a map-reading error. The section of their field map is clearly marked at the approximate coordinates cited above. According to Robbins' field catalog, three specimens of Atlantoxerus collected at 5 km E Tafraoute (Tafraout G) were donated to the Uni- versity of Arizona, ORSTOM, and the University of Michigan. Taxa: Elephantulus; Atlantoxerus, Meriones. Tafraoute, 27 km SW, Agadir Province (Map 3: 67). Coordinates: 29?35'N, 09?12'W M (CGM, Marrakech, 1:500,000). Collectors: M. G. Hearst and L. W. Robbins (21 Mar 1970). Habitat: No information available. Remarks: Robbins picked up a Cams aureus at this local- ity after leaving Tafraoute en route to Agadir. Taxon: Canis. Tamri, 8 km N, Agadir Province (Map 3: 63). Coordinates: 30M5'N, 09?50'W M (CGM, Marrakech, 1:500,000). Collectors: M. G. Hearst and L. W. Robbins (9-13 Apr 1970). Habitat: "Area immediately around camp I am calling coastal scrub-mixed bushes and some sandy soil... to the north, across a gully is an area of sand dunes, some just bare sand and others with some low vegetation on them" (LWR). 10 km N Tamri: "Near by mountain is what would be called argon woodland or scrub" (LWR). Remarks: Hearst and Robbins set up camp on a narrow coastal plain. Their own coordinates (30?20'N, 09=50^) place this locality in the sea, but their field map bears a mark at the approximate coordinates indicated above. On 10 Apr, Hearst set traps at 10 km N Tamri. Taxa: Elephantulus; Atlantoxerus, Gerbillus, Meriones, Apodemus, Lemniscomys, Mastomys, Mus; Atelerix; Crocidura; Vulpes. NUMBER 628 65 Tan-Tan, 11 km W, Tarfaya Province (Map 3: 75). Coordinates: 28?28'N, 11?09'W C. Collectors: M. G. Hearst and L. W. Robbins (28 Nov-1 Dec 1969); H. L. Norman (17 Dec 1970). Habitat: "Sandy desert. . . with a fair amount of vege- tation . . . rocky slope with rocky outcropping near by" (LWR). 4 km W Tan-Tan: "Sandy hummock area?more sandy than our camp area . . . non-sandy plateau?quite a bit of vegetation?a lot of euphorbs (cactus-type)" (LWR). Remarks: On 29 Nov, Gerbillus and Jaculus were col- lected 4 km W Tan-Tan (28?28'N, ir04'W C). Nor- man's journal referred to John (John Gruwell), who was collecting insects, and Lynn (Robbins) as collec- tors at 10 km W Tan-Tan on 17 Dec 1970, although no specimens from this site were accessioned into the NMNH. Norman mentioned that live specimens went to the University of Michigan and the National Zoological Park (Smithsonian Institution, Washing- ton, DC). Taxa: Elephantulus; Eliomys, Jaculus, Gerbillus, Meriones. Taounate, 15 km WSW, Fes Province (Map 3: 8). Coordinates: 34?29'N, 04M8'W C. Collector: R. E. Vaden (8-12 May 1970). Habitat: "Habitat is old-field for the most part, the rest being new field [Figure 17] . . . Soil is basically clay not rocky. Plants are nonwoody shrubs and grasses (grain field left overs)." Remarks: The Vadens established camp in a flower field about 200 m south of the Oued Ouerrha, at an eleva- tion of 350 m. Taxa: Gerbillus, Mus; Pipistrellus; Vulpes. FIGURE 17. Morocco, Taounate, 15 km WSW: Habitat where Mus was collected (photograph by R. E. Vaden, 11 May 1970). 66 ? SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY Tarfaya, 8 km S, Tarfaya Province (Map 3: 74). Coordinates: 27?53'N, 12?52'W M (ONC, Sheet H-1, 1:1,000,000). Collectors: M. G. Hearst and L. W. Robbins (3-7 Dec 1969). Habitat: West: "Sandy with small clumps of vegetation with small dunes behind them and leading into large dunes" (LWR). East: "Flat rocky (small) desert?non- sandy with a fair amount of vegetation, bushes and euphorbs (cactus-type)" (LWR). Taxa: Elephantulus; Eliomys, Jaculus, Gerbillus, Merio- nes, Psammomys; Atelerix; Crocidura. Taroudant, 5 km S, Agadir Province (Map 3: 69). Coordinates: 30?26'N, 08?54'W C. Collector: R. E. Vaden (19-23 Mar 1970). Habitat: "Heavily vegetated sandy dune area. Soil is more sand than not, but is fairly hard packed and solid under the surface. The 'dunes' are old and pretty well packed under the vegetation; perhaps 'hummocks' is a better term. Dominant shrubs are the same thorny bushes we've had all along . . . some sage . . . Plenty of grass . . . under the shrubs and out in the few small open areas. Except for the absence of junipers, it re- minds me of Essaouira." Remarks: The Vadens found a suitable campsite along the south side of the Sous River. Taxa: Gerbillus, Meriones, Lemniscomys, Mus; Atel- erix. Tata, 15 km S, Agadir Province (Map 3: 72). Coordinates: 29?38'N, 07?57'W C. Collectors: M. G. Hearst and L. W. Robbins (13-17 Mar 1970). Habitat: "Palm trees, some sand, some vegetated flat [Fig- ure 18] and some rocky hills with sand on the sides" (LWR). 8 km N Tata: "Natural caves" (LWR). 4km S Tata: "Rocky-hilly area" (LWR). - ?^j^- nCURE 18. Morocco, Tata, 15 km S (17 Mar 1970). NUMBER 628 67 Remarks: On 15 Mar, Hearst and Robbins drove to 8 km N Tata to some caves, used as homes in the past, and collected a number of Rhinopoma. On the same day, they also collected at 4 km S Tata. Taxa: Elephantulus; Jaculus, Acomys, Gerbillus, Merio- nes; Rhinopoma, Pipistrellus; Felis. Taza, 18 km S, Taza Province (Map 3:9). Coordinates: 34?08'N, 04?04'W C. Collectors: M. G. Hearst and L. W. Robbins (15-19 Jun 1970). Habitat: "Oak forest in between two mountain ridges with rocky sides" (Figure 19) (LWR). 23 km S Taza: "Oak scrub area, some rocky areas?quite dense" (LWR). 16 km S Taza: "Scrub oak and other small shrubs on a somewhat rocky hillside" (LWR). Remarks: Hearst and Robbins established a campsite to the south of Taza (34?13'N, 04?01'W). A couple of small caves near Ras El Oued (34?09'N, 4?00'W G), at 13 km S Taza. were visited to collect Plecotus. They also set traplines at 23 km S Taza and at 28 km S Taza (34?06'N, 04?05'W C). The team traveled south in hopes of finding bats at the Grottes of Chiker but were unsuccessful. Hearst and Robbins also went squirrel hunting at 16 km S Taza and afterward set a trapline in the same area. Taxa: Atlantoxerus, Eliomys, Apodemus; Plecotus. Tazarine, 3 km NW, Ouarzazate Province (Map 3: 59). Coordinates: 30M8'N, 05?36'W C. Collectors: M. G. Hearst and L. W. Robbins (1-5 Mar 1970). Habitat: "We drove out NW of town along the river to a sandy area?^many palm trees and such?an oasis... sand dune area, near oasis ... rocky hillside" (LWR). 10 km SE Tazarine: "Savanna area?lots of acacias and pretty flat, some very shallow washes with vegetation and some sand but mostly flat rock?pebble area" (LWR). .m^^im nCURE 19. Morocco, Taza, 18 km S (19 Jun 1970). 68 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY Remarks: From Tazarine (30?48'N, 05?34'W G, as Assif Tazarine), Hearst and Robbins drove northwest along a river (perhaps the Asif Amred or a tributary thereof) to locate a campsite. On 3 Mar, they visited mines and a nearby well and collected two Plecotus. Specimen labels identify this locality simply as Tazarine. The next day they set traps at 10 km SE Tazarine. Taxa: Elephantulus; Atlantoxerus, Jaculus, Acomys, Ger- billus, Meriones, Fachyuromys, Mus; Paraechinus; Pipistrellus, Plecotus. Tazenakht, 7 km NW, Ouarzazate Province (Map 3: 54). Coordinates: 30?37'N, 07?15'W C. Collectors: R. E. Vaden (7-11 Mar 1970); M. G. Hearst (11 Mar 1970). Habitat: "Hamada hills and hummocks in a riverbed. Vegetation is sparse and very scrubby" (REV). Remarks: From Tazenakht (30?35'N, 07?12'W G), the Vadens drove 5 km into the mountains where they collected squirrels and set traps in the "vegetated rocky washes and on the hillside"; these specimens were labeled as 7 km NW Tazenakht. On 9 Mar, specimens were collected at 17 km NNW Tazenakht (30?43'N, 07?17'W C) in hills above a river bed, in fairly thick vegetation composed of thorn bushes and small, woody shrubs. Following his stay at 4 km S Foum Zguid (7-11 Mar), Hearst collected a Yulpes at 7 km SE Tazenakht. Taxa: Elephantulus; Atlantoxerus, Eliomys, Gerbillus, Meriones; Yulpes. Telouet, 13 km W, Ouarzazate Province (Map 3: 52). Coordinates: 31?16'N, 07?23'W C. Collectors: M. G. Hearst and L. W. Robbins (17-18 Jul 1970). Habitat: "We are in a small valley or big gully?juniper is dominant, rocky hillsides and brushy bottom land" (Figure 20) (LWR). Remarks: On 18 Jul, the crew took a side trip to 9 km SE Ouarzazate to collect bats from some caves that they had visited earlier in the year. Taxa: Elephantulus; Atlantoxerus, Eliomys, Gerbillus, Apodemus. Tendrara, 15 km W, Oujda Province (Map 3: 17). Coordinates: 33?08'N, 02?10'W C. Collectors: M. G. Hearst and L. W. Robbins (15-17 Feb 1970). Habitat: "Area around Tendrara ... is kind of a high plain with a few higher peaks, no trees and a very ho- mogeneous plant community?tufts of grass and not much else" (LWR). Remarks: According to Hearst, the campsite was reached by driving "about 1 km north of Tendrara, [where] we turned northwest on a dirt road and continued 15 km." He also indicated that a trapline was set 2 km closer to town, and on 15 Feb, another site was vis- ited a couple of miles from their camp, in habitat that appeared similar to that around the 15-km-W camp. Robbins decided to use the base-camp locality to des- ignate these peripheral collecting areas. Taxa: Elephantulus; Jaculus, Meriones; Lepus; Atelerix. Tetouan, 13 km N, Tetouan Province (Map 3:3). Coordinates: 35M1'N, 05?18'W C. Collector: R. E. Vaden (13-16 May 1970). Habitat: "Habitat is scrub?I'll call it Mediterranean chaparral?mostly low, woody shrubs, some larger ones. Terrain is hilly; soil is silty-clay." Remarks: From Tetouan (35?34'N, 05?22'W G), the Va- dens continued north to the Cabo (Cap) Negro turn- off and established camp about 1 km off the road to Ceuta. Taxa: Apodemus, Mus; Crocidura. Tiflet, 18 km NW, Kenitra Province (Map 3: 28). Coordinates: 33?57'N, 06?27'W C. Collectors: M. G. Hearst and L. W. Robbins (2-6 May 1970). Habitat: "Cork oak forest with a fair amount of under brush" (LWR). Remarks: Robbins and Hearst established camp to the northwest of Tiflet in a region of heavy farming. On 3 May, they drove to a brushy hillside surrounded by grain fields at 10 km NW Tiflet and set traps. On 4 May, they found a cave at 21 km W Tiflet and collected specimens of Nycteris and Rhinolophus. Two days later, they obtained more Rhinolophus as well as Myo- tis in an extensive network of mines at 15 km W Tiflet, where they also collected Apodemus and Eliomys. Taxa: Eliomys, Gerbillus, Apodemus, Mus, Rattus; Rhi- nolophus, Nycteris, Myotis; Mustela. Tinerhir, 11 km SW, Ouarzazate Province (Map 3: 60). Coordinates: 31?27'N, 05?36'W C. Collector: R. E. Vaden (22-27 Feb 1970). Habitat: "Habitat is mostly small, scattered evergreen shrubs and very scattered thorn bushes, now in bloom . . . Soil is basically sandy, but the only real sandy areas are the washes. The soil is overlaid with NUMBER 628 69 nCURE 20. Morocco, Telouet, 13 km W (20 Jul 1970). pebbles and small rocks (to about 8 inches [20.3 cm] in diameter). We're in a valley between two rugged but not very high mountain ranges; the slopes are cut by numerous washes . . . rocky outcrop at the base of the mountains." Remarks: The Vadens set up camp about 50 yards [45.7 m] north of Oued Todra (Oued Todrha G) and south- west of Tinerhir. On 24 Feb, they drove another 5 or 6 km southwest of camp to set traps "in a sandy area near the riverbed" with thorn bushes on sandy hummocks. Taxa: Elephantulus; Jaculus, Gerbillus, Meriones, Psam- momys, Mus. Tinezouline, Ouarzazate Province (Map 3: 57). Coordinates: 30?31'N, 06?07'W C (30?31'N, 06?05'W G, as Rbate TinezouHne). Collector: R. E. Vaden (1 Mar 1970). Habitat: "Vegetated rocky desert" (specimen label). Remarks: Vaden was on his way to 10 km W Zagora when he collected an Atelerix at Tinezouline. Taxon: Atelerix. Tizgui-Ida-Ou-Ballou, Agadir Province (Map 3: 71). Coordinates: 29M5'N, 08?29'W G (as Tizgui Ida Ou Baloul). Collectors: M. G. Hearst and L. W. Robbins (19 Mar 1970). Habitat: "Rocky hillside" (specimen label). Remarks: En route to 6 km SE Tafraoute, Robbins col- lected an Atlantoxerus. Taxon: Atlantoxerus. Tizi-n-Tinififft, 1,660 m, Ouarzazate Province (Map 3: 56). Coordinates: 30?44'N, 06?37'W C. Collector: R. E. Vaden (1 Mar 1970). Habitat: "Steep rocky mountains" (specimen label). 70 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY Remarks: Vaden was on his way to 10 km W Zagora when he collected at this pass in the Anti-Atlas Mountains. Taxon: Atlantoxerus. Tiznit, 8 km S, Agadir Province (Map 3: 66). Coordinates: 29?38'N, 09?43'W C. Collectors: M. G. Hearst and L. W. Robbins (17-20 Dec 1969). Habitat: "We are on a rocky plain with very little vegeta- tion . . . large bush . . . flat" (LWR). 18 km S Tiznit: "Base of the mountains . . . bottom farm land (very rocky soil) with rock walls and occasional large bushes. As you ... go up the mountain the vegetation gets thicker with more euphorbs (cactus-type) and a few shrubs. Farther up some small trees are in evi- dence. The whole mountain side is rocky" (LWR). 15 km NE Tiznit: "Recently planted eucalyptus grove? much smaller vegetation on sandy soil" (LWR). Remarks: On 18 Dec, Robbins and Hearst drove to the foot of the mountains and set traps at 18 km S Tiznit (29?32'N, 09M3'W C), and on the next day, they col- lected at 15 km NE Tiznit (29M9'N, 09?39'W C). Taxa: Elephantulus; Eliomys, Gerbillus, Meriones, Lem- niscomys, Mastomys; Crocidura. Tuisgui-Remz, Tarfaya Province (Map 3: 81). Coordinates: 28?24'N, 09?12'W C (28?25'N, 09?13'W G, as Tizgui Remt). Collectors: M. G. Hearst and L. W. Robbins (10-15 Dec 1969). Habitat: "Towards town there is much open water and palm trees, poplars and reeds. The hillsides are rocky. Our camp is on the edge of a . . . rocky area with sand between the rocks?it was a hillside" (LWR). 5 km N Tuisgui-Remz: "A small valley wash with gravel soil and some vegetation surrounded by small rocky hills?rocks were small and covered well" (LWR). 10 km S Tuisgui-Remz: "Pebble desert area?in some areas were shrubs ... in a valley" (LWR). 22 km S Tuisgui-Remz: "A large pebble plain?the area had some small vegetation but mostly nothing" (LWR). Remarks: Robbins and Hearst made camp about 1 mi [1.6 km] south of Tuisgui-Remz, on the edge of a wash, and opportunistically inventoried surrounding habi- tats reachable by vehicle, including 5 km N. 14 km S (Atlantoxerus), a pebble plain with sandy washes at 10 km S. and a large pebble plain with "a few fingers of vegetated sandy soil" at 22 km S. Taxa: Atlantoxerus, Jaculus, Acomys, Gerbillus, Merio- nes, Pachyuromys; Lepus; Paraechinus. Youssoufia, 5 km NW, Safi Province (Map 3: 41). Coordinates: 32?17'N, 08?33'W C. Collector: R. E. Vaden (16-19 Apr 1970). Habitat: "Trees include eucalyptus, other hardwoods and some conifers (cedars.'). Undergrowth is mainly grain (oats?) with some flowering herbs as well. The rest of the area is farm land, although the field adjacent to the forest is not 'active'?probably last year's, but now used for sheep grazing . . . phosphate mines?no shafts or tunnels." Remarks: The USBGN equates Youssoufia with Louis Gen- til, a place-name that is found on Vaden's field map (CGM, El-Jadida, 1:500,000) near the above coordi- nates. From Youssoufia (32?15'N, 08?32'W G), the Vadens drove northwest and pitched their camp on the edge of a "planted forest." Local inhabitants indicated that the rodents in the area had been poisoned. Taxa: Gerbillus, Meriones, Mus. Zagora, 10 km W, Ouarzazate Province (Map 3: 58). Coordinates: 30?18'N, 05?56'W C. Collectors: R. E. Vaden (1-5 Mar 1970); H. L. Norman and R. E. Vaden (23 Nov-6 Dec 1970). Habitat: "Soil is more or less sandy, more so in the many little gulUes, with pebble and rock covered areas predominant. Vegetation is variable, ranging from small evergreen shrubs to scattered acacias (very scrubby) . . . thorn bushes [and an unidentified shrub] 24-30 inches [61.0-76.2 cm] high, 3 to 4 feet [0.9-1.2 m] in diameter and grows in the sandy washes. Vege- tation is fairly dense in the gullies and somewhat scat- tered in the rocky areas between washes" (REV). Remarks: While traveling toward Zagora (30?19'N, 05?50'W G) on 1 Mar, Vaden made opportunistic collections at Tinezouline and Tizi-n-Tinififft. From the base camp, the Vadens drove 3 km toward town and south 1 km to set a trapline on a vegetated, sandy plain with small dunes around the larger shrubs. On 2 Mar, they drove about 2 km south from camp and set another line in similar habitat. Specimens obtained from both traplines bear the same locality as those taken from around camp. Norman and Vaden con- ducted capture-and-release studies during the second period at this locality (23 Nov-6 Dec). Taxa: Elephantulus; Jaculus, Gerbillus, Meriones, Pachy- uromys. MAURITANIA GENERAL REMARKS. Dean E. Harvey was ac- companied on his first trip by Meke Samerjian and San NUMBER 628 71 Western Sahara/^82 83 86 ? 89 ? ? 87 ? 88 100 0 I I I 200 I I Kilometers 99 102 Senegal 15W _L_ MAP 4. African Mammal Project cardinal collecting localities 82-102 in Mauritania. 82. Fort Gouraud 83. Fort Gouraud, 12.8 km SW 84. Char, 40 km N 85. Char 86. Agui, 19 km S 87. Chinguetti, 20 km NW 88. Atar 89. Atar, 70 km SW 90. Mogreine Copper Mine 91. Akjoujt, 35 km SW 92. Zbeyat 93. Nouakchott, 6 km E 94. Nouakchott, 78 km S 95. Tiguent 96. Garak 97. Rosso 98. Boghe, 8 km N 99. Aleg, 3 km S 100. Kaedi 101. Passe de Soufa 102. Kiffa Wo, field assistants, and Mamadou, the expedition's cook. "M. Samerjian" appears as collector on a number of speci- men labels, using his own field numbers. Harvey was later joined by C. Brian Robbins, and together they performed the bulk of collecting in the country (Map 4). Inventory efforts in Mauritania were interrupted by permit delays and truck repairs, which occasioned extended layovers in Nouakchott and Fort Gouraud. ITINERARIES. D. E. Harvey: 6 km E Nouak- chott, 15 Oct-15 Nov 1966; Mogreine Copper Mine, 18-24 Nov 1966; Atar, 26 Nov-2 Dec 1966; 12.8 km SW Fort Gouraud, 5 Dec 1966; Fort Gouraud, 24 Dec 1966-19 Jan 1967. D. E. Harvey and H. W. Setzer: 40 km N Char, 4 Feb 1967; Char, 5-6 Feb 1967; 70 km SW Atar, 7-9 Feb 1967. D. E. Harvey and C. B. Robbins: 6 km E Nouakchott, 26 Feb-2 Mar 1967 (including satellite localities); Fort Gouraud, 7 Mar 1967; Char, 9-12 Mar 1967; 19 km S Agui, 13-15 Mar 1967; Atar, 16 Mar 1967; 20 km NW Chinguetti, 17-23 Mar 1967; 35 km SW Akjoujt, 25 Mar 1967; Zbeyat, 25-29 Mar 1967; 78 km S Nouakchott, 6 Apr 1967; Tiguent, 7-13 Apr 1967; Garak, 16-20 Apr 1967; Rosso, 28 Apr 1967; Garak, 29 Apr-2 May 1967; 8 km N Boghe, 4-8 May 1967; 3 km S Aleg, 10-19 May 1967; Kaedi, 19-23 May 1967; Passe de Soufa, 26 May-2 Jun 1967; Kiffa, 4-5 Jun 1967. Agui, 19 km S (Map 4: 86). Coordinates: 21?01'N, 13?09'W C. Collectors: D. E. Harvey and C. B. Robbins (13-15 Mar 1967). 72 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY Habitat: "Sahel savanna. There are hard sandy areas?bare of plants, surrounded by bushy areas with numerous acacia and grasses. There are also rock outcroppings in the area" (CBR). "Sahel savanna ... isolated acacia trees . .. hard sandy flat area ... close to rock outcrop- pings .. . small bushes. Geologist called area 'rubble desert' and I think this best describes it" (DEH). Remarks: Harvey's field catalog contains several reptiles that were collected 11.7 km S Agui (Agui = 21?11'N, IS-'Oy'W G) on 12 Mar. Taxa: Jaculus, Gerbillus, Meriones, Pachyuromys; Lepus. Akjoujt, 35 km SW (Map 4: 91). Coordinates: 19?35'N, 14?37'W M (AMS, St. Louis, 1:1,000,000). Collectors: D. E. Harvey and C. B. Robbins (25 Mar 1967). Habitat: "Sparse vegetation, flat rubble or pebble desert. Acacias few, some wadis" (D. E. Harvey, personal communication). Remarks: On the way to Zbeyat, Harvey and Robbins col- lected a Gazella at 35 km SW Akjoujt, as recorded on specimen tags and in the field catalog; however, Rob- bins indicated this locality as 35 km "S" Akjoujt in his journal, presumably a lapsus for SW. Taxon: Gazella. Aleg, 3 km S (Map 4: 99). Coordinates: 17?02'N, 13?55'W C. Collectors: D. E. Harvey and C. B. Robbins (10-19 May 1967). Habitat: "Quite sandy with dead clinging burrs lying on top. Acacia dominant tree. Many cattle, sheep, goats and few camels around . . . along river . . . flood plain [Eigure 21]. Trees and bushes generally situated on small hillocks. Hillocks probably caused by water ero- sion. The ground was generally hard with dust layer on top. Cow dung everywhere . . . acacia and few scat- tered baobabs" (DEH). "Sahel savanna [Figure 22]. There are also dense bushes along the wadi and only scattered Acacia [on] the sandy flats. Acacia is not the only dominant but seems to occupy about 90% of the plant population . . . isolated, flat, semi-hard ground area (scattered bushes)" (CBR). Remarks: This camp was located 1 km south of a water well (and water trough) where Harvey and Robbins collected many bats. They set traps on 12 May in a hedgerow 1 km north of camp but without success. After leaving camp, they collected Desmodilliscus at 6.2 km S Aleg (16?58'N, 13?56'W C) and at 26.7 km SAleg (16?48'N, 13?53'W C) on 19 May. These coor- dinates appear in pencil in Robbins' field catalog but do not seem to be written by his hand nor are they inscribed on specimen labels. Taxa: Xerus, Jaculus, Desmodilliscus, Gerbilliscus, Gerbil- lus, Taterillus, Arvicanthis, Mastomys; Lepus; Asellia, Nycticeinops, Scotophilus; Felis, Genetta, Ictonyx. Atar (Map 4: 88). Coordinates: 20?31'N, 13?03'W C, G. Collectors: D. E. Harvey (26 Nov-2 Dec 1966); D. E. Har- vey and C. B. Robbins (16 Mar 1967). Habitat: "Relative[ly] rocky area . . . sand . . . hard rocky ground around bushes and on rocky hillside ... in sand dunes and in and around houses . . . larger rocks predominate (rock escarpment) . . . large grain sandy area (wash)" (DEH). Remarks: Harvey set up camp on the edge of town and collected in and around buildings as well as in the surrounding countryside. Robbins also purchased a Paraechinus on 16 Mar 1967 while passing through town. Taxa: Jaculus, Acomys, Gerbillus, Mus; Paraechinus. Atar, 70 km SW (Map 4: 89). Coordinates: 20?13'N, 13?38'W M (AMS, Port-Etienne, 1:1,000,000). Collectors: D. E. Harvey and H. W. Setzer (7-9 Feb 1967). Habitat: "Many acacia trees. Habitat sahel savanna. Ground fairly soft. Bushes and trees usually on small hillocks . . . trees and small grass stands" (DEH). Remarks: Map coordinates are a by-road estimate from Atar. Taxa: Jaculus, Gerbillus. Boghe, 8kmN(Map4:98). Coordinates: 16?39'N, 14?17'W C. Collectors: D. E. Harvey and C. B. Robbins (4-8 May 1967). Habitat: "Area sahel savanna. Millet and rice two main crops. Crops planted in flood plain. Area around same is sandy with less grass and many acacia trees. (Sand soft orange) . . . grassy area close to millet crop . . . sand hills . . . hedgerow . . . bushes . . . acacia bar- rier" (DEH). "Hedgerow . . . sandy area" (CBR). Remarks: The village name was spelled as "Bogue" (16?35'N, 14?16'W G, as Bogue) for specimens col- lected on 4 May, whereas "Boghe" is used for those prepared afterward, as reflected on tags and in nCURE 21. Mauritania, Aleg, 3 km S (photograph by D. E. Harvey, 17 May 1967). HGURE 22. Mauritania, Aleg, 3 km S (photograph by D. E. Harvey, 17 May 1967). 74 . SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY field catalogs (Boghe being an archaic form per the USBGN). Robbins recorded that he and Harvey set traps 2 km east of camp on 7 May, but this reposition- ing is not reflected on specimen labels. Taxa: Xerus, Gerbillus, Arvicanthis, Mus; Lepus; Tapho- zous, Nycticeinops; Felis, Cams, Vulpes. Char (Map 4: 85). Coordinates: 2r32'N, 12?52'W C (21?31'N, 12?51'W G). Collectors: D. E. Harvey and H. W. Setzer (5-6 Feb 1967); D. E. Harvey and C. B. Robbins (9-12 Mar 1967). Habitat: "In large rocky area and in and around palm trees in oasis ... a few goats, sheep and camel herders camped just below the oasis... small stands of grass. .. rocky area escarpment" (DEH, Feb). "Rocky rubble area. Soil sandy and loose ... oasis ... escarpment... sandy area in and around bushes" (DEH, Mar). "Extreme rocky hillside, sand dune areas and semi-rock and sand with scattered plants. An oasis is near by ... [where] vegeta- tion is denser and the bushes are larger ... palm trees in the oasis . . . fringe bushes around the oasis . . . rocky- sandy area ... rock cliff" (CBR). Taxa: Jaculus, Gerbillus, Meriones, Felovia; Vulpes. Char, 40 km N (Map 4: 84). Coordinates: 21?51'N, 12?44'W M (AMS, Port-Etienne, 1:1,000,000). Collectors: D. E. Harvey and H. W. Setzer (4 Feb 1967). Habitat: "Pebble desert. . . rocky outcropping. Most of the trees seem to be dead acacias" (DEH). Remarks: Harvey remarked that the "area looked pretty devoid of animal life," but his five traps set in an out- crop yielded a single Gerbillus. Taxon: Gerbillus. Chinguetti, 20 km NW (Map 4: 87). Coordinates: 20?33'N, 12?30'W C. Collectors: D. E. Harvey and C. B. Robbins (17-23 Mar 1967). Habitat: "Habitat: sahel savanna.' One area sandy with low lying acacia and grass clumps, this is surrounded by flat rocky area (large rocks but not sticking up to any great height). Acacia also in rocky area but very scattered . . . sandy area on hillocks, in and around grass stands and bushes . . . flat stretches of pebble (small grain) desert. . . bushes on small hill- ocks" (DEH). "A sandy wash. This area is bordered by harder sand. Acacia is the dominant plant (tree?). These sandy areas are surrounded by what is almost solid rock. The rocky area in this area is about 85% of the surface area. This varies from scattered pebbles to extreme rock (mostly flat). Acacia is also scattered throughout the rocks . . . escarpment" (CBR). Remarks: On 19 and 20 Mar, Robbins collected a Felovia "1.5 miles [2.4 km] west of camp" in a rock outcrop. On 20 and 21 Mar, they collected 2 km west of camp, an area described as flat and rocky but with some sand in areas. Field catalogs or specimen labels do not dis- tinguish between this locality and the main campsite. Taxa: Jaculus, Acomys, Gerbillus, Meriones, Felovia. Fort Gouraud (Map 4: 82). Coordinates: 22?41'N, 12M3'W G. Collectors: D. E. Harvey (24 Dec 1966-19 Jan 1967); D. E. Harvey and C. B. Robbins (7 Mar 1967). Habitat: "Rocky area and flat hard surface gravely area. Acacia is the only tree around and they are widely scattered [Figure 23]. There are some small clumps of dried grass and a couple of small bushes I am not fa- miliar with . . . large rock outcropping . . . occasional clump of dry grass on small hillock . . . flat gravely area fairly devoid of vegetation . . . gravely with little soft sand . . . wadi" (DEH). Remarks: Harvey devoted a month to inventory in and around Fort Gouraud, an extended layover while awaiting truck parts that were being shipped from Washington, DC, to the embassy in Nouakchott. On 29 Dec, he collected in a gravelly area with little veg- etation 2 km north of Fort Gouraud, but this site is not specified in his field catalog or on skin labels. By 2 Jan, he had "set traps almost completely around Fort Gouraud." Traps were also set along the airport run- way on 18 Jan. Harvey and Robbins collected a few reptiles but no mammals on 7 Mar while waiting for the final repairs to their truck. Taxa: Jaculus, Gerbillus, Meriones, Fachyuromys, Mus; Vulpes. Fort Gouraud, 12.8 km SW (Map 4: 83). Coordinates: 22?35'N, 12M7'W M (CAO, Fort Gouraud, 1:200,000). Collector: D. E. Harvey (5 Dec 1966). Habitat: "Area here is desert. Few acacia in isolated areas and some dry grass. Grass coming out of hillocks." Remarks: The axle of Harvey's truck snapped while at this locality, and the broken-down truck remained in Fort Gouraud for three months until parts arrived from the United States. Map coordinates were estimated by azi- muth and range from Fort Gouraud. Taxa: Gerbillus, Fachyuromys. NUMBER 6 Zi 75 -??IBiS* FIGURE 23. Mauritania, Fort Gouraud: Pebble desert, Acacia tree in foreground (photograph by D. E. Harvey, 3 Dec 1966-21 Jan 1967). Garak (Map 4: 96). Coordinates: 16?33'N, 15?46'W C, G. Collectors: D. E. Harvey and C. B. Robbins (16-20 Apr, 29 Apr-2 May 1967). Habitat: South side of river: "Hard clay cracked now (the dry season). The natives say the area we are in is almost entirely submerged during the wet season. There are trees and bushes along the river and a few bushes on the flood plain ... Acacia and strangler figs are the only two trees I recognize. Some grass... mostly around bushes." North side: "Millet [inside acacia barriers] and there is much more grass and other vegetation . . . mud walls and grass roofs [bats found here] .. . sandy hill- sides" (DEH). "Hedgerows and in the heavy brush near the river ... man-made brush fences, used to pro- tect crops... heavy brush area .. . Again the habitat is classified as sahel savanna but due to the Senegal River the [vegetation] is much more dense and varied ... The Acacia is present as well as other larger trees. The un- derbrush is grasses and smaller thorny plants. The im- mediate area near the river apparently is flooded during the rainy season . . . tall grass and hedgerow surround- ing an[d] in a field of millet" (CBR). Remarks: Harvey and Robbins camped near Garak in a "tidal flood basin" on the south side of a tributary to the Senegal River. They collected Nycteris and Hip- posideros in grass houses in town on 16 Apr. Robbins traveled by canoe to the other side of the river to col- lect, as the ground was "very hard" at their camp and there was no evidence of mice. On 18 Apr, Harvey collected a Cercopithecus in a "heavily wooded area" about 5.4 km east of camp. A villager took them to a "grassy-swampy area," where Harvey shot a Phaco- choerus in "deep swamp." They returned to this area on 29 Apr to trap for mice because it also included "sandy hills with dense vegetation" and "tall vegeta- tion" and collected here almost daily from thereon. Bats were also collected in Rosso on 28 Apr. 76 . SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY Taxa: Cercopithecus; Gerbilliscus, Gerbillus, Taterillus, Arvicanthis, Mastomys, Mus, Hystrix; Lepus; Cro- cidura; Hipposideros, Nycteris, Fipistrellus; Phaco- choerus, Potamochoerus. Kaedi (Map 4: 100). Coordinates: 16?09'N, 13?30'W C, G (as Kaedi). Collectors: D. E. Harvey and C. B. Robbins (19-23 May 1967). Habitat: "Sahel savanna [Figure 24]. Some millet being planted and dead now. Sand soft. . . rocky area north of town. This area looks similar to Bakel (Senegal) from distance but the sand here is softer. As you move from the river [a reference to the Senegal River] in- land (north) you go from a fringing forest (bare in some places) with grass up to 3 feet [0.9 m], across a flood plain, where they grow most of their crops, onto a sandy plain with some rolling hills and rock out- crops. There is millet planted in the sandy area also. The grass of this sandy area and around rock outcrops is of a feathery nature and there are many clinging burrs (dry now). Peanuts . . . millet" (DEH). "Sandy area?sahel savanna . . . rock outcropping. Millet and peanuts are grown in the area" (CBR). Remarks: Harvey and Robbins camped in the yard of a "Peace Corps House" [hostel]. Harvey mentioned col- lecting north of town, and Robbins indicated that this collecting locality was 5 km northwest of Kaedi. On 21 May, Harvey set a trapline 5 km west of town. None of these variants is mentioned on specimen la- bels or in field catalogs. Taxa: Gerbilliscus, Gerbillus, Taterillus, Mastomys; Canis, Vulpes. Kiffa (Map 4: 102). Coordinates: 16?37'N, 11=24^ C, G. Collectors: D. E. Harvey and C. B. Robbins (4-5 Jun 1967). ll^h. ?:^?r?^Jift^,:Z ,#- ?i.t -?> ?^? -T3#^.-^^?^-I.? ^ :;:;^^i?>?^- '?'-! ^ . ?' ~- './.i -# *-.-> nCURE 24. Mauritania, Kaedi (photograph by D. E. Harvey, 18-23 May 1967). NUMBER 628 77 Habitat: "Palm grove ... hedgerow ... soft sand with bro- ken rocky areas. Trees [represented are] acacia and palm. The grass is fairly dried up" (DEH). "Camp in a palm tree oasis ... sandy area ... many sand dunes in the area although the usual Acacia is still present" (CBR). Remarks: Camp was set up in a palm grove 20 yards [18.3 m] from a well just outside of town. Taxa: Gerbillus; Lepus; Paraechinus; Canis. Mogreine Copper Mine, [6 km W] Akjoujt (Map 4: 90). Coordinates: 19M5'N, 14?26'W M (AMS, St. Louis, 1:1,000,000). Collector: D. E. Harvey (18-24 Nov 1966). Habitat: "Area very rocky. Looks like volcanic rock (lava). Copper mining here (copper is mixed with iron ore). Pockets of sand are dispersed between rocky areas. Small mountains scattered through area but generally the country is very flat. . . small lake about 1/4 km from camp to the north . . . many canals around Akjoujt." Remarks: Harvey recorded that camp was established next to the Mogreine Copper Mine, located 6 km west of Akjoujt (19?45'N, 14?23'W G), where he col- lected Rhinopotna in an abandoned mine shaft and trapped in its vicinity. Our coordinates are estimated for the mine. Many specimen labels and Harvey's field catalog designate this locality as "Akjoujt, Mogreine Copper Mine," although a number of labels do not specifically refer to the mine. Taxa: Gerbillus; Lepus; Rhinopotna. Nouakchott, 6 km E (Map 4: 93). Coordinates: 18?05'N, 15?55'W M (AMS, St. Louis, 1:1,000,000). Collectors: D. E. Harvey (15 Oct-15 Nov 1966); D. E. Harvey and C. B. Robbins (26 Eeb-2 Mar 1967). Habitat: "Ground is very sandy (mostly soft orange sand). Area looks like transition between sahel sa- vanna and subsaharan [Figure 25]. There is grass TftfJta*' ^^^y ^"^I's i^!%SKi, Tm^'f^MM nCURE 25. Mauritania, Nouakchott, 6 km E (photograph by D. E. Harvey, 15 Oct-17 Nov 1966). 78 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY mostly short. Many clinging [burrs] from grass. There are also a few low lying trees around area . . . sand dunes . . . bushes planted around park (plant nursery) . . . flat grassy areas" (DEH). 6 km W Nouakchott: "Close to beach . . . sand dunes in and around bushes and some salt flats behind dunes. Sahel savanna" (DEH). "Coastal sand dunes with scattered large bushes . . . dunes and . . . sahel sa- vanna. This area is sort of a salt-flat habitat but the main habitat is sahel savanna" (CBR). 7 km E Nouakchott: "Some grass here and area varying from hard flat sandy soil to soft sandy hills. Sahel savanna" (DEH). "The plants here are larger and more abundant. Acacia trees and other low thorny bushes . . . also sand dunes" (CBR). 11 km N Nouakchott: "Many salt flats in area also low lying trees in area. Some grass present. Ground mostly hard but sandy" (DEH). "The vegeta- tion varies from dense bushes bordering a river bed which is filled with short green plants to semi-sandy desert-pavement type. The vegetation is scattered" (CBR). Remarks: While awaiting collecting permits in Nouak- chott, Harvey and his African assistants were given permission to collect on the grounds of the Water and Forest Department [Eaux et Foret] 6 km east of town. Collecting was also conducted by Meke ("M. Samerjian" on some of the specimen labels) and Mamadou from 15 Oct to 15 Nov 1966. Rob- bins and Harvey stayed in a hotel in Nouakchott from 22 Eeb to 4 Mar 1967 while waiting for truck parts to repair their vehicle, which was incapacitated in Eort Gouraud. Collections were incidentally made 6kmW on 26 Feb, 7 km E on 27 Feb, and 11 km N Nouakchott on 2 Mar. Taxa: Xerus, Jaculus, Gerbillus, Taterillus; Lepus; Croc- idura. Collectors: D. E. Harvey and C. B. Robbins (26 May-2 Jun 1967). Habitat: "Area with rocks. Surrounding grassy area. Palm trees. Acacia and baobab trees here plus others. Grass large stem blue and short feathery type. Some burrs also. Surface soil rather hard and cracked in dried up pan . . . water hole . . . trees and . . . bushes along temporary river (some small stagnant ponds is all that is left of river now)" (DEH). "Area is great. Large rock hills, grassy plains, palm trees. Acacia, baobab trees, plus other trees . . . grasses in this area are long- stemmed blue, feathery and [burrs]. The soil is hard pan?cracked in the flood areas. Sandy soil with some clay in other areas" (CBR). Remarks: Harvey and Robbins camped close to a well and a small pan at Passe de Soufa, about 61 km (by road) east of M'Bout. Robbins set a trapline 2 km from camp on 30 May, and on the next day, traps were set adjacent to ponds 1 km north of camp. He later referred to this locality as "the canyon area" in his journal and, ap- parently, did a considerable amount of collecting there, especially for hyrax. These variants are not indicated on specimen labels or in field catalogs. Taxa: Heterohyrax; Erythrocebus, Papio; Gerbilliscus, Gerbillus, Taterillus, Mastomys, Mus, Praomys, Felo- via; Crocidura; Nycticeinops; Canis; Phacochoerus. Rosso (Map 4: 97). Coordinates: 16?31'N, 15?49'W C (16?30'N, 15^9^ G). Collectors: D. E. Harvey and C. B. Robbins (28 Apr 1967). Habitat: "Attic of building . . . sides of walls and on raf- ters" (DEH). Remarks: While camped at Garak (29 Apr-2 May), Harvey and Robbins collected over 100 bats that were roosting in a single building on a military post in Rosso. Taxon: Mops. Nouakchott, 78 km S (Map 4: 94). Coordinates: 17?28'N, 16?01'W C. Collectors: D. E. Harvey and C. B. Robbins (6 Apr 1967). Habitat: "Sahel savannah" (specimen labels). Remarks: While traveling toward Tiguent, Harvey and Robbins opportunistically collected two gerbils at this locality. Taxon: Gerbillus. Passe de Soufa (Map 4: 101). Coordinates: 15?56'N, 12?00'W C (15?56'N, 12=01^ G). Tiguent (Map 4: 95). Coordinates: 17?16'N, 16?01'W C (17?15'N, 16?00'W G). Collectors: D. E. Harvey and C. B. Robbins (7-13 Apr 1967). Habitat: "Area sahel savanna [Figure 26]. Many acacia trees, closer together than at previous camps. Ground fairly hard (clay?). Surface with black (brown) dust layer on top. Many cows and goats around [and a] few camels . . . Well close by. Some other bushes around and grass stands on hills surrounding camp. Hills have a much softer orange sandy surface than the valley. There are several places where water had NUMBER 628 79 '.r ^>- 'j'wjrr - "fi- ,a' ? fi ^ ?*...-r. FIGURE 26. Mauritania, Tiguent (photograph by D. E. Harvey, 13 Apr 1967). been in small ponds but these are dried up now. . . acacia barriers . . . basin with wet clay bottom. It appears to be a semi-permanent pond or temporary pond" (DEH). "Scattered acacia bushes with other thorny bushes and also the large tree-like bush with more or less straight branches. The area is only semi- sandy . . . dry wadi. . . numerous wells. . .water isn't fit to drink . . . acacia fences used by goat herders . . . large wet mud flats with large brush areas scattered through out. . . soil is clay in the flats. The soil in the bush areas is much drier. The vegetation is very dense . . . camp habitat. . . sahel savanna. The area isn't as flat as other camps, there are gentle hills?where the soil is more sandy. In the lower valleys the soil is harder with a surface layer of darker dirt?very soft in texture. Acacia is dominant but is more prominant [sic] than usual. Also another large bush is Cammiph- ora" (CBR). Remarks: Harvey and Robbins actually established their campsite 2 km north of Tiguent, about 88 km south of Nouakchott, although the locality is simply stan- dardized as "Tiguent." On 11 Apr, traplines were set 2 km west (Robbins indicated the direction as SW) of town in "very dense vegetation" of what appeared to be an intermittent pond. A Xerus and two Nyc- ticeinops were collected "near the well" on 13 Apr. These variant localities are not reflected on specimen labels or in field catalogs. Taxa: Xerus, Jaculus, Gerbillus, Taterillus; Lepus; Croc- idura; Nyticeinops; Canis. Zbeyat (Map 4: 92). Coordinates: 19?04'N, 15?07'W C. CoUectors: D. E. Harvey and C. B. Robbins (25-29 Mar 1967). Habitat: "Sahel savanna. Eew acacia trees and some grass clumps in area. Several other bushes.. . but not famil- iar. Soil sandy and soft. Some cows, goats and camels here. Well close to tent on road. No trees, and grass clumps and islands are separated by flat hard ground with small pebbles on surface" (Eigure 27) (DEH). "Sahel savanna. Again Acacia is the dominant plant. There are grassy areas and pebble flats... grassy clumps among the flats . .. less gravelly areas, in the 80 ? SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY nCURE 27. Mauritania, Zbeyat (photograph by D. E. Harvey, 29 Mar 1967). flats. Acacia is very wide spread .. . flat, no vegetation areas?usually closely associated with the softer soil rather than the more abundant pebbly flats. The gen- eral habitat around camp which we are calling sahel sa- vanna has as its dominant plants Acacia and two other large bush type trees. One has definite leaves and the other is a stick-like tent shaped bush?some as tall as 15 feet [4.6 m]. There are also numerous small plants? thorny, stickers, etc. as well as a few grasses?usually aggregated in clumps. The soil varies to semi crusted to very sandy. Rocks seem to be isolated in flats with only small stones in other areas" (CBR). Remarks: On 27 Mar, Robbins mentioned setting traps in a "new area and habitat. There are grassy areas and peb- ble flats." This "new area" is not differentiated from Zbeyat on specimen labels or in field catalogs. They apparently trapped there the next day as well. While hunting 7 mi [11.3 km] north of Zbeyat on 28 Mar, they caught a number oi Jaculus, although this locality variant also is not differentiated on specimen labels or field catalogs. Examination of our 1:200,000 maps and the USBGN gazetteer did not reveal any locality called Zbeyat. However, the coordinates supplied by the col- lectors approximate those of Bou Rjeimat (19?04'N, 15?08' W G) as located on one map (LTnstitut Geographique National, Nouamrhar, 1:200,000). Robbins indicated in his journal that Zbeyat was ap- proximately 120 km south[west] of Akjoujt. Taxa: Jaculus, Gerbillus. ALGERIA GENERAL REMARKS. Lynn W. Robbins was the sole mammal collector for all Algerian localities (Map 5) and was accompanied on this first leg of the trans-Saharan trip by John Gruwell, who collected aquatic beetles under the employment of Paul Spangler, NMNH Department of Entomology (C. B. Robbins, personal communication). Only "John" is mentioned in Robbins' field notes. Rob- bins recorded that his locality coordinates were all based on straight-line distances, as interpreted from Michelin North and West Africa maps. No editions or scales were given. NUMBER 628 81 ITINERARY. L. W. Robbins: 30 km S Ain-Sefra, 17-18 Feb 1971; 57 km NE Bechar, 20 Feb 1971; 53 km S Bechar, 21-22 Feb 1971; 100 km SW Bechar, 24 Feb 1971; Beni-Abbes, 25-28 Feb 1971; 72 km SE Kerzaz, 2 Mar 1971; 40 km NE Reggane, 4 Mar 1971; 80 km NE Reggane, 5 Mar 1971; 100 km SE In Salah, 7 Mar 1971; 120 km SE In Salah, 8-9 Mar 1971; 30 km N Arak, 10 Mar 1971; 110 km NW Tamanrasset, 12 Mar 1971; 8 km S Tamanrasset, 13 Mar 1971; 16 km SE Tamanras- set, 14-15 Mar 1971; 28 km NW Tamanrasset, 16 Mar 1971; 44 km NNW Tamanrasset, 17 Mar 1971; 55 km N Tamanrasset, 18-19 Mar 1971; 40 km NNW Tamanras- set, 22 Mar 1971; 33 km NW Tamanrasset, 23 Mar 1971; Tamanrasset, 24 Mar 1971; 40 km NW Tamanrasset, 25 Mar 1971; 70 km NW Tamanrasset, 26 Mar 1971; 170 km NW Tamanrasset, 27 Mar 1971; 7 km W Arak, 28 Mar 1971; 112 km N Arak, 29 Mar 1971; In Salah, 31 Mar 1971; 75 km S Tamanrasset, 4 Apr 1971; 160 km S Tamanrasset, 5-6 Apr 1971. Ain-Sefra, 30 km S, Sai'da Department (Map 5: 105). Coordinates: 32?24'N, 00?33'W C. Collector: L. W. Robbins (17-18 Feb 1971). Habitat: "Edge of wash around hummocks and in sandy areas . . . rocky hillside . . . sand . . . hamada." Remarks: During their stay, the team went gundi hunting a couple of times. The USBGN standardized spelling for Ain-Sefra is Ain-Sefra. Taxa: Elephantulus; Jaculus, Gerbillus, Meriones, Massoutiera. Arak, 7 km W, Oasis Department (Map 5: 116). Coordinates: 25?17'N, 03?49'E C. Collector: L. W. Robbins (28 Mar 1971). Habitat: "Sandy wash with large hummocks with tama- risk on them." Remarks: Coordinates of a "Fort Arak" are 25?18'N, 03M5'E G. Taxon: Gerbillus. Arak, 30 km N, Oasis Department (Map 5: 114). Coordinates: 25?42'N, 03?49'E C. Collector: L. W. Robbins (10 Mar 1971). Habitat: "Sandy bushy wash." Remarks: After leaving this locality, Robbins set traps at a locality "about 100 km SE of Arak ... in a sandy wash" but had no luck. Taxon: Gerbillus. 1 5W 1 0 1 5E 1 10E ' Morocco V 103 S .104 / / 35N- / Tunisia ?j ^ f06'"^?5 ?107 ?1O8 Algeria r 30N- \ 109?110 111 ..!! 113 112?M14 ? 115 Libya 116* 117, :ii8 119-128 {% \ 25N- 1 " \ \, ?129 // 1 - 1 100 0 l-t-H 1? 300 H 1 \_^ 130 / 20N- 131 Niger Kilometers L^ ? S Mali ^32 133 ."?^ 134 136 ??3*5 / y^ ^ J -^ 138, 140 >? 139r^ IT ? J "137 15N- f>'9 I^Y 186 Gulf of \ Sirte Vl 1>^180**182 ? 20r^203 204j_-~--^ 206, 4205 207* )208 209,\211 30N- 210*\ 177~~~~~" ? 173 ? 172 Libya '^' \ 156, 171 ? ? ,170 215 214 ? \ 157.r-7^1^8,169 ? ? \l54 ^? ~ It 153 152\^^ 155, ifin^?158 159 ? 1^?* ,.167 161,162?.?|^?166 ^g3l65 *164 216 217 218*220'' ? 221 219 222 ?? 223 224 ? 25N ? Niger \ ^2^ \ ? Chad ^ \ 100 1?1- 0 300 H 1 1 1 j 227 226^ ? \ Kilometers ^228 ? 1 1 229 1 190. Messa, 35 km W 204. Fort Capuzzo, 10 km SW 218.ElGezira 191. Wadi el Kuf 205. Fort Capuzzo, 60 km S[SW] 219. Bir Bu Seregha 192. Maraua, 7 km E 206. Bir el Gobi, 60 km S 220. Bir el Harash 193. Slonta, 7 km NE 207. Giarabub, 120 km N 221. Bzema Oasis 194. El Faidia, 10 km SW 208. Giarabub, 62 km N 222. El Hauuari 195. Gyrene 209. Giarabub 223. El Giof 196. Susa, 11km SW 210. Giarabub, 24 km SSE 224. Ain Zueia 197. Labrag, 5 km NW 211. BahrelTubat 225. Zouar 198. Gubba, 12 km NW 212. Augila 226. Largeau, 95 km NW 199. ApoUonia, 27 km E 213. Gialo Oasis 227. Ounianga Kebir 200. Derna, 3 km E 214. Gialo, 150 km S 228. Faya, 34 mi NE 201. Ain el Gazala, 11 km E 215. Gebel el Harug el Asued 229. Faya (Largeau) 202. Tobruch, 20 km E 216. Wadi er Rueis 203. Bardia, 5 km W 217. Tazerbo Oasis NUMBER 628 87 Collector: G. L. Ranck (13 Mar 1962). Habitat: "Heavily vegetated (with liliaceous species and other perennials) coastal plain . . . rich and varied flora of the coastal plain. Soil is alluvial." Taxon: Spalax. Agedabia, 10 km S, Cyrenaica Province (Map 6: 182). Coordinates: 30?42'N, 20?19'E P. Collectors: G. L. Ranck and J. H. Shaw (18-19 Jun 1962). Habitat: "Sparsely vegetated area in region of encroaching sand. Eucalyptus, large grass and some clumpy peren- nials" (GLR). Remarks: On 18 Jun, two specimens oi Jaculus were col- lected 10 km SW Agedabia according to their speci- men labels, although this was not indicated in Ranck's field catalog. Taxa: Jaculus, Gerbillus, Fsammomys. Agedabia, 20 km SW, Cyrenaica Province (Map 6: 180). Coordinates: 30?36'N, 20?07'E P. Collectors: G. L. Ranck and J. H. Shaw (21 May 1962). Habitat: "Vegetated hummocks and barren slopes of road- side?the substrate here was extremely hard and in many places cracks and fissures were present. Fleshy chenopods, several species of dry annuals and Triticum sp." (GLR). Remarks: Ranck reported seeing several mole rat mounds a short distance from camp. Taxa: Spalax, Fsammomys. Ain el Gazala, 11 km E, Cyrenaica Province (Map 6: 201). Coordinates: 32?08'N, 23?31'E P. Collectors: G. L. Ranck and J. H. Shaw (25 May 1962). Habitat: "Very large hummocks supporting a species of thorn bush" (GLR). Remarks: Ranck and Shaw encamped on the coast high- way, about 8 km south of the Mediterranean and 89 km west of Tobruch. Taxa: Gerbillus, Meriones. Ain Zueia, Gebel Uweinat, Cyrenaica Province (Map 6: 224). Coordinates: 21?53'N, 24?50'E P (21?52'N, 24?50'E G, as 'Ayn Zuwayyah). Collector: H. W. Setzer (25-26 Mar 1961). Habitat: No information available. Taxa: Jaculus; Gazella. ApoUonia, 27 km E, Cyrenaica Province (Map 6: 199). Coordinates: 32?52'N, 22?25'E M (AMS, Beda Littoria, 1:250,000). Collectors: G. L. Ranck and J. H. Shaw (6-7 Jun 1962). Habitat: "Mesic niche near coastline. The source of this moisture is a sizable spring which exudes from a large wadi on the coastal escarpment. . . Phragmites, emer- gent grasses, date palms, large bushes (several species), and plantains (Plantaga) . . . sedges, Pinus a species reminiscent of Juniperus (possibly Cypressus) several different species of evergreen shrubs ... a habitat that is rocky in character and supports several species of evergreen trees and shrubs" (GLR). Remarks: Ranck and Shaw camped at an "Italian Mission located near an impressive agricultural area known as 'viedi' [sic]," in close proximity to the source of a number of springs. This mesic area yielded their first shrew collected in Libya, a specimen of Crocidura aleksandrisi that according to the specimen label, originated from 20 km E Apollonia. They also col- lected their first Rattus rattus in this same lush en- vironment. Apollonia is an archaic name for what is now Siisah. Taxa: Gerbillus, Mus, Rattus; Crocidura. Augila, Gialo Oasis, Cyrenaica Province (Map 6: 212). Coordinates: 29?09'N, 21?14'E P (29?06'N, 21?17'E G, as Awjilah). Collector: G. L. Ranck (14 Mar 1962). Habitat: "Debris-ridden sand at bases of date palms . . . sparsely vegetated dunes in midst of barren hamada . . . unidentified perennial and date palms . . . sandy areas at bases of date palms." Remarks: Augila is the northernmost oasis of the Gialo complex. Ranck was forced to prepare specimens in his vehicle because of a raging sandstorm. Taxon: Gerbillus. Bahr el Tubat, 21 km ESE Giarabub, Cyrenaica Province (Map 6: 211). Coordinates: 29?36'N, 24?53'E P (29?37'N, 24?51'E G, as Bahr al Tiibat). Collectors: G. L. Ranck and J. H. Shaw (29 May 1962). Habitat: "Large vegetated hummocks and 'clumpy' vege- tation in locaUzed depression. Large woody perennial on hummocks, smaller, spiny perennial throughout depression . . . encrusted area supporting Phragmites. Plants?as before, plus Phragmites and occasional date palms" (GLR). 88 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY Remarks: Bahr el Tubat was described as a saline lake con- taining "crystalline clear" water in Ranck's journal. Ranck and Shaw collected two Otonycteris in their trapline among tall reeds. Taxa: Jaculus, Gerbillus, Meriones; Otonycteris. Bardia, 5 km W, Cyrenaica Province (Map 6: 203). Coordinates: 31?46'N, 25?06'E P. Collectors: G. L. Ranck and J. H. Shaw (1-2 Jun 1962). Habitat: "Large, flood resistant elevations of the wadi near the bottom of a large wadi. A thorny bushy pe- rennial." (GLR). Taxa: Gerbillus, Fsammomys. Benghazi, 8 km N, Cyrenaica Province (Map 6: 184). Coordinates: 32?11'N, 20?06'E P. Collectors: G. L. Ranck and J. H. Shaw (22 May 1962). Habitat: "Hummocky areas of coastal plain about 1 km from the sea. Several species of succulent perennials" (Figure 28) (GLR). Remarks: The team established camp on the outskirts of Benghazi on the road to Barce (Al Marj G) and Tocra. Taxa: Jaculus, Spalax, Gerbillus, Meriones. Bir Allagh, 55 km SW, Tripolitania Province (Map 6: 144). Coordinates: 30M5'N, 11?31'E P. Collectors: G. L. Ranck and H. W. Setzer (15 Nov 1961). Habitat: "Very large hummocks supporting a species of thornbush" (GLR). Remarks: The locality on two specimens is labeled as 55 km W Bir Allagh (Bi'r Allaq G). Taxa: Jaculus, Meriones, Pachyuromys. ??fV;^ .t^' >? ^*:^ *^> :*f''^^', i'ff.fr'. J,?-> ^?% w4t I: I it ?^. :??' .v?-?"? 4'*'??'''?',. ^Sfc*-?. -'.j;,r. >??..? FIGURE 34. Libya, Hun, 2 km SW: Vegetated "hummock"?thorny perennial, burrows abundant; traps yield G. gerbillus and Meriones (photograph by G. L. Ranck, Dec 1961). Meseguin Oasis, Fezzan Province (Map 6: 167). Coordinates: 26?09'N, 14?58'E P (26?08'N, 14?58'E G, as Meseqwm). Collector: G. L. Ranck (13-15 Jan 1962). Habitat: "Sand and fallen palm fronds . . . scantily veg- etated sand hillocks. . . date palms and unidentified perennial . . . thorny perennial." Remarks: The camp at Meseguin Oasis was located about 15 km west of Zuila (26?10'N, 15?07'E G). Taxa: Gerbillus, Meriones, Mus. Messa, 35 km W, Cyrenaica Province (Map 6: 190). Coordinates: 32?44'N, 21?13'E P. Collector: H. W. Setzer (30 Apr 1961). Habitat: No information available. Remarks: The standardized USBGN spelling of Messa is Massah. Taxon: Mus. Mizda, 5 km N, Tripolitania Province (Map 6: 145). Coordinates: 31?30'N, 12?59'E P. Collectors: G. L. Ranck and H. W. Setzer (16 Nov 1961). Habitat: "Large eroded wadi, occasional large hummocks . . . two species of thornbush" (GLR). Remarks: The standardized USBGN spelling of Mizda is Mizdah. Taxa: Gerbillus, Meriones. Murzuch, Fezzan Province (Map 6: 162). Coordinates: 25?55'N, 13?55'E P (25?54'N, 13?54'E G, as Murzuq). Collector: G. L. Ranck (21 Jan 1962). Habitat: "Sandy areas associated with date palms . . . actually a date orchard." Remarks: More than half of the specimens obtained at this locality were given to Ranck by local residents. Taxa: Jaculus, Gerbillus, Mus. NUMBER 628 99 Murzuch, 6 km N, Fezzan Province (Map 6: 161). Coordinates: 25?57'N, 13?55'E M (AMS, Sebha, 1:1,000,000). Collector: G. L. Ranck (19-20 Jan 1962). Habitat: "Sandy-clay hillocks and debris beneath date palms . . . unidentified perennial . . . Tamarix and miscellaneous other woody shrubs. [This oasis fea- tured a] type of 'playa' lake similar to those of the American west?salt crystals are abundant. . . 'open' water." Taxa: Gerbillus; Lepus. Murzuch, 28 km E, Fezzan Province (Map 6: 163). Coordinates: 25?55'N, 14?12'E P. Collector: G. L. Ranck (4 Jan 1962). Habitat: "Hillocks supporting date palms." Taxa: Eliomys, Gerbillus, Meriones, Mus. Nalut, 40 km ENE, Tripolitania Province (Map 6: 142). Coordinates: 32?01'N, Wll'EP. Collectors: G. L. Ranck and H. W. Setzer (12 Nov 1961). Habitat: "Sandy with numerous hummocks . . . Calligo- num sp." (GLR). Taxa: Jaculus, Gerbillus, Meriones. Rumia, 3 km W, Tripolitania Province (Map 6: 146). Coordinates: 31?59'N, 12?30'E P. Collectors: G. L. Ranck and H. W. Setzer (11 Nov 1961). Habitat: "Clay . . . rocky areas containing scanty vegeta- tion . . . transient dunes . . . woody chenopods, a dis- tinct liliaceous species confined largely to the dunes, small ephemerals" (GLR). Remarks: Camp was established "near the brink of the escarpment" that separated the coastal plain from the interior plateau. The standardized USBGN spelling for Rumia is Ar Riimiyah. Taxa: Gerbillus, Pachyuromys. Sebha, Fezzan Province (Map 6: 168). Coordinates: 27?00'N, 14?27'E P (27?02'N, 14?26'E G, as Sabha). Collector: G. L. Ranck (30 Jan-3 Feb 1962). Habitat: "Sandy area associated with date palms... rock strewn mound ... sandy hillocks supporting Tamarix." Remarks: On 2 Feb, traps were set about 3 km NW Sebha of the "oasis proper" in "sandy areas associated with date palms" and "sand encroaching upon 'junk' and other refuse." The following day, a trapline was set 4 km N Sebha in a similar habitat, but the date palms here were larger and the sand was "of a much more suitable character." Both locality variants are indi- cated on specimen labels. Taxa: Jaculus, Gerbillus, Mus. Sebha, 7 km SW, Fezzan Province (Map 6: 169). Coordinates: 27?01'N, 14?22'E M (AMS, Sebha, 1:1,000,000). Collector: H. W. Setzer (22 Apr 1961). Habitat: No information available. Taxa: Jaculus, Gerbillus. Serdeles, 55 km SSW, Fezzan Province (Map 6: 154). Coordinates: 25?19'N, 10?15'E P. Collector: G. L. Ranck (17 Dec 1961). Habitat: "Small dunes supporting grass." Remarks: The standardized USBGN spelling for Serdeles is Al 'Uwaynat. Taxa: Jaculus, Gerbillus, Meriones. Sinauen, 40 km N, Tripolitania Province (Map 6: 141). Coordinates: 31?24'N, 10?39'E P. Collectors: G. L. Ranck and H. W. Setzer (13 Nov 1961). Habitat: "Wind swept dunes interspersed with hard- packed pebbles . . . woody chenopods" (GLR). Taxon: Gerbillus. Rumia, 20 km E, Tripolitania Province (Map 6: 148). Coordinates: 31?58'N, 12?44'E P. Collector: G. L. Ranck (2-4 Mar 1962). Habitat: "Rocky outcrops on sides of small wadi with oc- casional patches of shifting sand . . . boulder strewn habitat. . . occasional emergent grasses . . . liliaceous species [Figure 35], grasses, woody perennials." Remarks: Ranck camped "at the brink of the Gebel Jefren," an area that provided favorable habitat for gundis. He thus devoted considerable effort to hunting and trapping for them and ultimately collected his first series here. Taxa: Jaculus, Gerbillus, Pachyuromys, Ctenodactylus. Sirte, 5 km E, Tripolitania Province (Map 6: 177). Coordinates: 31?12'N, 16?38'E P. Collector: G. L. Ranck (12 Mar 1962). Habitat: "Compositae, leguminosae, etc.?large perennials . . . showy flowers." Remarks: The standardized USBGN spelling for Sirte is Surt. Taxa: Gerbillus, Pachyuromys, Mus. Sirte, 12 km W, Tripolitania Province (Map 6: 176). Coordinates: 31?13'N, 16?27'E P. Collectors: G. L. Ranck and J. H. Shaw (21 Jun 1962). 100 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY FIGURE 35. Libya, Rumia, 20 km E: Habitat demonstrating a single iilaceous species as the vegetative cover (photograph by G. L. Ranck, Mar 1962). Habitat: "Depressed area near roadside containing small hillocks of clay-like material supporting perennial plants . . . Calligonum, woody perennial resembling Atriplex" (GLR). Remarks: A trapline was set throughout the vegetated mounds close to camp. Taxa: Jaculus, Gerbillus. Slonta, 7 km NE, Cyrenaica Province (Map 6: 193). Coordinates: 32?38'N, 21?47'E M (AMS, Bengdsi-Augila, 1:1,000,000). Collector: H. W. Setzer (4 May 1961). Habitat: No information available. Remarks: The standardized USBGN spelling for Slonta is Suluntah. Taxon: Gerbillus. Susa, 11 km SW, Cyrenaica Province (Map 6: 196). Coordinates: 32?50'N, 21?52'E P. Collector: H. W. Setzer (6 May 1961). Habitat: No information available. Remarks: The standardized USBGN spelling for Susa is Susah. Taxa: Gerbillus, Mus. Tazerbo Oasis, Cyrenaica Province (Map 6: 217). Coordinates: 25M5'N, 21?09'E P. Collector: G. L. Ranck (11-15 Apr 1962). Habitat: "Date palms and a species of grass . .. debris laden sand at bases of date palms. . . densely packed grass in slightly mesic area .. . barren sand and veg- etated dunes [Figure 36] .. . Calligonum, Tamarix and a species of woody perennial. . . mesic area adjacent NUMBER 62,8 ? 101 ^ ^ ^ '*Sl FIGURE 36. Libya, Tazerbo Oasis: Acacia and Calligonum (photograph by G. L. Ranck, Apr 1962). to open water .. . sandy plain bearing a sparse vegeta- tive cover . .. grassy stubble . .. sandy hillocks a short distance removed from the oasis proper . . . acacia and date palms near the camp . . . deep grass adjacent to some open pockets of water ... a sparsely vegetated section of the plain a short distance from the oasis." Remarks: Ranck was initially uncertain about the loca- tion of his camp because of the absence of inhabitants, wondering whether he was located "on an outlying subsidiary of the main Tazerbo complex." Ranck's doubts were confirmed on 14 Apr: "El Gezira, the oasis headquarters, was easily located by driving in a northeasterly direction for about 15 miles [24 km]. Our present position on the extreme southwestern portion of the Tazerbo system is now quite clear" (center of this large oasis = 25?45'N, 21?00'E G). Taxa: Jaculus, Gerbillus. Temenhint Oasis, 30 km NE Sebha, Fezzan Province (Map 6: 170). Coordinates: 27?13'N, 14?38'E P (27?13'N, 14?37'E G, as Tamanhint). Collector: G. L. Ranck (8-10 Dec 1961). Habitat: "Permanent sand dunes with date palms and Tamarix" (Figure 37). Taxa: Eliomys, Jaculus, Gerbillus. Tobruch, 20 km E, Cyrenaica Province (Map 6: 202). Coordinates: 31?58'N, 24?08'E P. Collectors: G. L. Ranck and J. H. Shaw (3-4 Jun 1962). Habitat: "Scantily vegetated coastal plain with two spe- cies of 'clumpy' perennial are dominant" (Figure 38) (GLR). Remarks: The first evening Ranck and Shaw collected three Gerbillus henleyi, which Ranck regarded of ^^*^^:^ji' ^^* ', ?';- .--'% FIGURE 37. Libya, Temenhint Oasis: Tatnarix and Phoenix (photograph by G. L. Ranck, Dec 1961). FIGURE 38. Libya, Tobruch, 20 km E: Coastal plain (photograph by G. L. Ranck, Jun 1962). NUMBER 62,8 103 considerable taxonomic and zoogeographical signifi- cance. Because of the rarity of this species, they de- cided to spend another night collecting at this locality. Shaw spelled the town as "Tobruk" (Jobruq G) on his specimen labels. Taxa: Gerbillus, Meriones, Psammomys; Lepus; Vulpes. Tocra, 2 km W, Cyrenaica Province (Map 6: 187). Coordinates: 32?31'N, 20?34'E P. Collector: H. W. Setzer (9 May 1961). Habitat: No information available. Remarks: The standardized USBGN spelling for Tocra is Tiikrah. Taxon: Jaculus. Tocra, 5 km W, Cyrenaica Province (Map 6: 188). Coordinates: 32?31'N, 20?32'E M (AMS, Bengasi-Augila, 1:1,000,000). Collectors: G. L. Ranck and J. H. Shaw (12-14 Jun 1962). Habitat: "Densely vegetated coastal plain .. . Tamarix, a sedge and a large bushy perennial [Figure 39]" (GLR). Remarks: Ranck and Shaw enjoyed unusually good trap- ping success at this locality, which included three specimens of a new shrew species (Crocidura aleksan- drisi Vesmanis, 1977). The following day they col- lected three Microtus, which they had not collected previously. One Mus specimen collected on 12 Jun is labeled 12 km W Tocra. although Ranck's field catalog indicates its locality as the same as the base camp. Taxa: Microtus, Gerbillus, Mus; Crocidura. Tocra, 20 km SW, Cyrenaica Province (Map 6: 186). Coordinates: 32?24'N, 20?24'E P. Collectors: G. L. Ranck and J. H. Shaw (23 May 1962). Habitat: "Localized area of heterogeneous composition . . . reddish sand, boulders and hummocks. This rather narrow belt is bordered on the seaward side by alkaline lakes and halophytic plants. Inland it is continuous with the vast coastal plain composed of a hard, almost impervious clay. Vegetation: species reminiscent of Salicornia, some large shrubs and a dry FIGURE 39. Libya, Tocra, 5 km W: Habitat consisting of dense growths of sedges, grasses, and Tamarix (photograph by G. L. Ranck, May 1962). 104 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY grass . . . large bushes, apparently only one species, are widespread over the entire area" (GLR). Taxa: Gerbillus, Mus. Traghen, Fezzan Province (Map 6: 165). Coordinates: 25?59'N, 14?26'E P, G. Collector: G. L. Ranck (17-18 Jan 1962). Habitat: "Sandy areas at bases of date palms and Tamarix . . . debris beneath Tamarix." Remarks: Ranck established camp 3 km west of the oasis proper and set a trapline 1 km from camp. Two nights of trapping yielded disappointing success. Taxa: Gerbillus, Meriones, Mus. Ubari, 75 km W, Fezzan Province (Map 6: 155). Coordinates: 26?25'N, 12?02'E P. Collector: G. L. Ranck (16 Dec 1961). Habitat: "Wadi in midst of extensive barren hamada with Hilaria and Acacia." Taxa: Jaculus, Gerbillus, Meriones. Umm el Araneb, Fezzan Province (Map 6: 166). Coordinates: 26?08'N, 14?45'E P, G. Collector: G. L. Ranck (16 Jan 1962). Habitat: "Sand . . . extensive concentrations of 'solitary' date palms." Remarks: Ranck compared the habitat of Umm el Araneb to that of Meseguin Oasis. Because of the marginal nature of the habitat, Ranck stayed here but a single night; trapping success, however, was greater than expected. Taxon: Gerbillus. Wadi el Kuf, 13 km WSW Messa, Cyrenaica Province (Map 6: 191). Coordinates: 32?39'N, 21?29'E P (32M3'N, 21?36'E G). Collectors: G. L. Ranck and J. H. Shaw (11 Jun 1962). Habitat: "Chaparral vegetation on wadi slopes . . . Cu- pressus" (GLR). Remarks: Specimens prepared by Ranck do not mention Wadi el Kuf but are instead labeled 13 km WSW Messa (32?45'N, 21?38'E G, as Massah). However, he did identify the locality as Wadi el Kuf in both his field catalog and his 1968 publication, and Shaw used this designation on his specimen labels. Taxa: Spalax, Gerbillus. Wadi en Nesciua, 20 km SW Goddua, Fezzan Province (Map 6: 160). Coordinates: 26?21'N, 14?11'E G. Collector: G. L. Ranck (23 Jan 1962). Habitat: No information available. Remarks: The standardized USBGN spelling for Goddua is Ghaddiiwah. Taxon: Gazella. Wadi er Rueis, 340 km WNW Tazerbo, Cyrenaica Province (Map 6: 216). Coordinates: 26?52'N, 18?31'E P (27?06'N, 19?24'E G). Collector: G. L. Ranck (29 Apr 1962). Habitat: "Wadi supporting sparse vegetative cover (acacia and a species of woody perennial) . . . substrate . . . hard impervious material." Remarks: Ranck presumed that he was camped at Wadi er Rueis, draining north-northeast from the Gebel el Harug el Asued. The gebel was nowhere visible from his campsite, however. Taxa: Jaculus, Gerbillus, Pachyuromys. CHAD GENERAL REMARKS. Setzer collected briefly in Chad during a side excursion from his early work in Libya (Mar-May 1961). He apparently did not main- tain a journal for this period, so the five localities visited (Map 6) are derived from specimen tags and his field catalog. ITINERARY. H. W. Setzer: Ounianga Kebir, 30 Mar-1 Apr 1961; 34 mi NE Faya, 3 Apr 1961; Faya (Largeau), 5 Apr 1961; 95 km NW Largeau, 6 Apr 1961; Zouar, 9-15 Apr 1961. Faya (Largeau) (Map 6: 229). Coordinates: 17?55'N, 19?07'E G (as Faya-Largeau). Collector: H. W. Setzer (5 Apr 1961). Habitat: No information available. Remarks: Specimen labels indicate this locality as "Faya (Largeau)," whereas Setzer entered the locality as "Largeau (Faya)" in his field catalog. Taxa: Acomys, Gerbillus. Faya, 34 mi [55 km] NE (Map 6: 228). Coordinates: 18?17'N, 19?28'E C. Collector: H. W. Setzer (3 Apr 1961). Habitat: No information available. Remarks: According to his field catalog, Setzer collected a Gazella at 30 km NE Largeau on the same date, but the specimen was never cataloged into NMNH. Taxon: Gerbillus. NUMBER 628 105 Largeau, 95 km NW (Map 6: 226). Coordinates: 18M3'N, 18?56'E M (AMS, Darfur, 1:2,000,000). Collector: H. W. Setzer (6 Apr 1961). Habitat: No information available. Taxon: Gazella. Ounianga Kebir (Map 6: 227). Coordinates: 19?04'N, 20?29'E G. Collector: H. W. Setzer (30 Mar-1 Apr 1961). Habitat: No information available. Taxa: Acomys, Gerbillus; Asellia. Zouar (Map 6: 225). Coordinates: 20?27'N, 16?32'E G. Collector: H. W. Setzer (9-15 Apr 1961). Habitat: No information available. Remarks: On 11 Apr, a Papio (USNM 319631) was col- lected at 18 km NE Zouar, but it cannot be found in the collection. Setzer also collected 10 km NW Zouar on 14 Apr. Taxa: Papio; Gerbillus; Lepus; Vulpes; Gazella. WESTERN AFRICA GENERAL REMARKS. Mammal inventory in western Africa was surprisingly broad (Map 7) and im- mensely successful (Table 6) owing to the intense efforts of 15 major collectors (Table 1) over the relatively short span of four years (Oct 1965 to Jul 1969). Eor whatever reason, field workers in western Africa devoted greater emphasis to collection of bats, and the abundance of Chi- roptera mainly accounts for differences in specimen totals among regions (Tables 5, 6). Rosevear's (1965) Bats of West Africa is specifically mentioned by several collec- tors in their field journals, particularly in the context of describing habitats and designating biomes for their col- lecting area (e.g., R. M. Davis, J. C. Geest, H. J. Herbert, J. W. LeDuc, and C. B. Robbins). As a result, a majority of cardinal localities in western Africa are characterized using Rosevear's terminology of High Eorest and Guinea, Sudan, and Sahel savannas (or woodlands) for the more or less distinctive vegetation belts that stretch across the re- gion. Another contemporaneous book carried in the field and valued for its field-guide format was Booth's (1960) Cote d'lvoire 264-289 MAP 7. African Mammal Project cardinal collecting localities 230^40 in western Africa. 106 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY Small Mammals of West Africa. Journal remarks by col- lectors sometimes indicated awareness of their collecting site in relation to type localities and the intention to obtain topotypes. Three French scientific organizations provided field ac- commodations or personnel assistance and are commonly mentioned in journal accounts, usually by their abbrevia- tions as follows: CTFT, Centre Technique Forestier Tropi- cal; ORSTOM, LTnstitut fran^ais de recherche scientifique pour le developpement en cooperation (French Overseas Aid and Development Organization); SODEPALM, So- ciete pour le Developpement et I'Exploitation du Palmier a Huile. Two regional terms regularly encountered in habitat descriptions are fadama (any irrigable land, flood plain, or low-lying land susceptible to seasonal flooding) and juju forest (slang for remnant high forest thought to be avoided and left undisturbed as a sacred grove). SENEGAL AND THE GAMBIA GENERAL REMARKS. We combined coverage of Senegal and The Gambia because the principal field team, composed of Richard M. Davis and Dean E. Fiar- vey, traveled between the two countries in making their single itinerary. More time and effort were understand- ably devoted to survey in geographically larger Senegal (31 cardinal localities?Map 8); only three localities are recorded for The Gambia. Although Harvey did set tra- plines and collected mammals during the Oct 1965 to Jul 1966 trip, Davis maintained the field catalog, and only his name is Hsted as collector on mammal specimens taken during that time. In his field journal, Harvey emphasized the "picking" of ectoparasites among his other activities as well as general collecting of insects and herps. ITINERARIES (INCLUSIVE OF SENEGAL AND THE GAMBIA). R. M. Davis and D. E. Harvey: Dakar, 29 Oct 1965; 6 km NW Tivaouane, 29 Oct-2 Nov 1965; N'doulo, 8-13 Nov 1965; 6 km E Kaolack, 15-20 Nov 1965; 15 km N Kaffrine, 22 Nov-1 Dec 1965; Koungheul, 2-8 Dec 1965; Koussanar, 9-14 Dec 1965; Kotiare Naoude, 16-21 Dec 1965; 8 mi W Bathurst (The Gambia), 8-13 Jan 1966; Guerina, 17-22 Jan 1966; Ous- souye, 24-29 Jan 1966; Ziguinchor, 28 Jan 1966; Sed- hiou, 1-6 Feb 1966; 15 km SE Marssassoum, 3 Feb 1966; 5 km N Kolda, 9-13 Feb 1966; Kudang (The Gambia), 15-22 Feb 1966; Velingara, 24-27 Feb 1966; Richard Toll, 14-19 Mar 1966; Podor, 21-25 Mar 1966; Cascas, 28 Mar-2 Apr 1966; Ogo, 4-7 Apr 1966; Matam, 8-9 Apr 1966; 5 km S Bakel, 13-17 Apr 1966; Goudiry, 19- 20 Apr 1966; Dialakoto, 5-7 May 1966; Gamon, 10-14 May 1966; Linguere, 17-27 May 1966; Toniataba (The Gambia), 7-14 Jun 1966; 4 km N Joal, 17-21 Jun 1966; Dakar, 28 Jun-4 Jul 1966; 10 km SE St. Louis, 7-12 Jul 1966; 8 km E Louga, 14-18 Jul 1966; 10 km W Thies, 21-24Jul 1966. D. E. Harvey and C. B. Robbins: Ranerou, 23-30 Jun 1967. C. B. Robbins: 13.7 km N Dakar, 27 Apr 1967. Bakel, 5 km S, Oriental Region (Map 8: 251). Coordinates: 14?52'N, 12?27'W M (LIGN, Afrique de I'Quest, Republique du Senegal, 1:500,000). CoUectors: R. M. Davis and D. E. Harvey (13-17 Apr 1966). Habitat: "Tree savanna. Acacia and some baobab . . . Ground fairly soft. Peanuts and millet. . . earlier in the year . . . rocky hills on all sides. What grass that is still standing is yellow and dry" (DEH). "Peanuts. Habitat is mostly small scattered bushes with rather wide spread low trees and the remnants of savanna . . . many low hills around which present some rock outcrops. . . baobab tree" (RMD). Remarks: The AMP team camped south of Bakel, just off the main road to Tambacounda. During their stay, they apparently collected widely in the area as they became lost on several occasions. Rosevear (1965) classified this area as "Sahel Woodland." Taxa: Desmodilliscus, Gerbilliscus, Taterillus, Lemniscomys, Mastomys, Mus; Rhinolophus; Felts; Phacochoerus. Bathurst, 8 mi [12.9 km] W [The Gambia] (Map 8: 261). Coordinates: 13?26'N, 16M2'W M (LIGN, Afrique de I'Quest, Republique du Senegal, 1:500,000). Collectors: R. M. Davis and D. E. Harvey (8-13 Jan 1966). Habitat: "Edge of tropical forest [Figure 40]. High grass in and around forest, ground sandy, millet, and peanuts being cultivated. Lots of palm trees . . . ter- mite mounds" (DEH). "There is a real thick tropical looking forest with lots of palm trees wherever there isn't cultivation . . . millet and peanut fields with sa- vanna grasses surrounding these and then the forest . . . felled hollow palm logs" (RMD). Remarks: Davis and Harvey established this camp about 1 mi [1.6 km] north of Sukuta (13?25'N, 16?42'W G) and south of Serekunda. The habitat around Bathurst is considered "Guinea Woodland" according to Ros- evear (1965). Taxa: Chlorocebus, Erythrocebus, Piliocolobus; Xerus, Heliosciurus, Cricetomys, Gerbilliscus, Arvicanthis, NUMBER 62,8 107 1 14W Mauritania 16W 12W Atlantic _ 16N Ocean y -14N -12N Gambia L_2a MAP 8. African Mammal Project cardinal collecting localities 230-263 in Senegal and The Gambia. 230. St. Louis, 10 km SE 231. Richard Toll 232. Podor 233. Cascas 234. Louga, 8 km E 235. Linguere 236. Ranerou 237. Ogo 238. Matam 239. Dakar, 13.7 km N 240. Dakar 241. Thies, 10 km W 242. Tivaouane, 6 km NW 243. N'doulo 244. Joal, 4 km N 245. Kaolack, 6 km E 246. Kaffrine, 15 km N 247. Koungheul 248. Koussanar 249. Kotiare Naoude 250. Goudiry 251.Bakel,5kmS 252. Gamon 253. Dialakoto 254. Velingara 255. Kolda, 5 km N 256. Sedhiou 257. Marssassoum, 15 km SE 258. Guerina 259. Ziguinchor 260. Oussouye 261. Bathurst, 8 mi W [The Gambia] 262. Toniataba [The Gambia] 263. Kudang [The Gambia] Mastomys, Praomys; Lepus; Crocidura; Epomopho- rus, Micropteropus, Hipposideros, Nycteris; Genetta. Cascas, River Region (Map 8: 233). Coordinates: 16?23'N, 14?04'W G (as Kaskas). Collectors: R. M. Davis and D. E. Harvey (28 Mar-2 Apr 1966). Habitat: "Scrub Acacia and other thorn bush . . . Ground is sandy but very hard. The bushes . . . are set up on mounds (where dirt has been eroded away from sides 108 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY lifiiflaai nCURE 40. The Gambia, Bathurst, 8 mi W (photograph by D. E. Harvey, 6-16 Jan 1966). of bush) . . . many goats. . . Barricades of acacia branches . . . millet fields (. . . close to river, on high banks)" (DEH). "Very arid looking with only small bushes, looking much like our CaHfornia desert in many respects . . . river . . . sandy area ... bit of aca- cia forest. . . acacia branch fence row next to a corn field . . . open acacia bush" (RMD). Remarks: The field camp at Cascas was established about 350 m from the Senegal River. Davis traveled west of Cascas on 28 Mar and hunted in a "bit of acacia for- est," collecting a Genetta and three Galago. Harvey's journal indicated that the hunting took place "in for- est" at 8 km N Cascas. They hunted in forest along the river on 30 Mar at approximately the same local- ity and collected six Galago and two Ichneumia. Nei- ther the field catalog nor specimen labels discriminate these variants. Taxa: Galago; Taterillus, Arvicanthis, Mastomys; Lepus; Atelerix; Crocidura; Taphozous; Genetta, Ichneumia, Canis. Dakar, Cape Verde Region (Map 8: 240). Coordinates: 14M0'N, 17?26'W G. Collectors: R. M. Davis and D. E. Harvey (29 Oct 1965, 28 Jun-4 Jul 1966). Habitat: "Very deep soft sand, many bushes, and very widely scattered trees . . . Some cultivation . . . but no sizable crops at this time . . . rock area near Plage de Ouakum" (DEH). "Sand dunes that were covered by bushes, some of them appeared to be some sort of eu- phorbia and another with thorns" (RMD). Remarks: Dakar was the point of departure for all AMP field trips throughout The Gambia and Senegal, so the field team stayed there on many occasions. A single NUMBER 62,8 109 Atelerix was collected at Hann Park (Hann; 14?43'N, 17?26'W G) on 19 Oct 1965; otherwise, collecting in the Dakar area was confined to the period of 28 Jun-4 Jul 1966. Davis and Harvey set traps in the dunes near Yoff Airport (14?46'N, 17?28'W G, as Yof). They also placed traps around a rocky outcrop ("where there is also a little agriculture") between Plage de Ouakum (14?44'N, 17?29'W G) and the lighthouse on a hill called Les Mammels. Bats were collected in the of- fice buildings of the director of Ministere des Eaux et Foret and from a palm tree on the grounds of Hann Park. Rosevear (1965) determined the habitat around Dakar to be "Guinea Woodland." Taxa: Gerbilliscus, Taterillus, Mastomys; Atelerix; Croc- idura; Eidolon, Scotophilus. Dakar, 13.7 km N, Cape Verde Region (Map 8: 239). Coordinates: 14?45'N, 17?27'W M (LIGN, Afrique de I'Ouest, Republique du Senegal, 1:500,000). Collector: C. B. Robbins (27 Apr 1967). Habitat: "Guinea savannah" (specimen label). Remarks: Robbins opportunistically collected an Atelerix at this locality while en route from Dakar to Garak, Mauritania. Taxon: Atelerix. Dialakoto, Oriental Region (Map 8: 253). Coordinates: 13?19'N, 13?18'W G. Collectors: R. M. Davis and D. E. Harvey (5-7 May 1966). Habitat: "Millet and peanuts earlier in year . . . tree sa- vanna. Some fallen trees . . . Bombax tree . . . mango" (DEH). "Lot of large trees, some of the bombax fam- ily, and there's a lot of . . . peanuts" (RMD). Remarks: From Tambacounda, Davis and Harvey headed southeast about 35 mi [56.3 km] and established camp at Dialakoto. Local people procured many spec- imens, as was frequently the case with AMP collecting methods, and they seemed to outdo themselves at this locality, bringing in bats and a primate (Chlorocebus) as well as the usual assortment of rodents. Rosevear (1965) typified the habitat as "Sudan Woodland." Taxa: Chlorocebus, Papio; Heliosciurus, Arvicanthis, Mastomys, Mus, Praomys; Epomophorus, Nycteris, Chaerephon. Gamon, Oriental Region (Map 8: 252). Coordinates: 13?20'N, 12?55'W G. Collectors: R. M. Davis and D. E. Harvey (10-14 May 1966). Habitat: "Dry grass between old millet-peanut field and dried up river . . . tree savanna. Monkey bread trees . . . bush" (DEH). "Grass along side some peanut fields" (RMD). Remarks: On 13 May, Harvey collected a juvenile Phaco- choerus in the bush approximately 2 km from camp; it was never accessioned into the NMNH because it was consumed for that evening's dinner (RMD, in litt.). Rosevear (1965) categorized the habitat around Gamon as "Sudan Woodland." Taxa: Galago, Papio; Xerus, Gerbilliscus, Mastomys, Mus, Praomys, Hystrix; Crocidura; Epomophorus, Hipposideros, Nycteris, Neoromicia; Genetta, Ich- neumia; Neotragus. Goudiry, Oriental Region (Map 8: 250). Coordinates: 14?11'N, 12M3'W G (as Goudiri). Collectors: R. M. Davis and D. E. Harvey (19-20 Apr 1966). Habitat: "Generally pretty flat, few trees and some hills. Hills north of camp about 400 m . . . grass ... in old millet field . . . caves in hillside . . . very large burrows in hillside . . . (almost big enough to walk into) . . . laterite hiUs" (DEH). Remarks: The bats were collected from burrows in the hills north of camp. Taxa: Taterillus, Mastomys, Mus; Hipposideros, Nycteris. Guerina, 5 km S Bignona, Casamance Region (Map 8: 258). Coordinates: 12M6'N, 16?15'W G (as Guerina). Collectors: R. M. Davis and D. E. Harvey (17-22 Jan 1966). Habitat: "Each [crop] field has high grass around it. . . peanuts, rice (millet small amounts). Palm trees . . . quite a lot of water. There are a number of fallen trees in and around fields. . . forest close to camp [Fig- ures 41, 42]" (DEH). "Cultivated land . . . with just small bushes and grasses . . . real tall and rather thick grass ... a real jungly place adjoining a big rice field. There was lots of water, mud . . . savanna" (RMD). Remarks: Davis and Harvey stayed on the grounds of a house occupied by two Peace Corps volunteers. Taxa: Uranomys, Gerbilliscus, Mastomys, Mus, Praomys; Crocidura. Joal, 4 km N, Thies Region (Map 8: 244). Coordinates: 14?12'N, 16?51'W M (LIGN, Afrique de I'Ouest, Republique du Senegal, 1:500,000). 1 10 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY FIGURE 41. Senegal, Guerina: Bignona (photograph by D. E. Harvey, 22 Jan 1966). Collectors: R. M. Davis and D. E. Harvey (17-21 Jun 1966). Habitat: "Acacia forest (scrub acacia). Baobab trees scat- tered . .. some palm trees. Termite mounds [Figure 43]" (DEH). "Acacia forest. . . Saline water . . . baobab trees . . . old cattle corrals made with thorn branches and overgrown with grass" (RMD). Remarks: Davis and Harvey traveled a few kilometers north of Joal (14?10'N, 16?51'W G, as Joal-Eadiout) and pitched their camp about 0.5 mi [0.8 km] from the coast. Taxa: Heliosciurus, Gerbilliscus, Mastomys; Rhinolo- phus, Nycteris. Kaffrine, 15 km N, Sine-Saloum Region (Map 8: 246). Coordinates: 14?14'N, 15?32'W M (LIGN, Afrique de I'Ouest, Republique du Senegal, 1:500,000). Collectors: R. M. Davis and D. E. Harvey (22 Nov-1 Dec 1965). Habitat: "Very high grass . . . millet, peanuts, and squash . . . Trees . . . closer together than [previous] camps. Baobab . . . the soil is sandy but quite hard packed . . . grass fields surrounding cultivated fields. Kassas forest. Many trees . . . and high grass broken up oc- casionally by a peanut field or millet field [Figure 44]" (DEH). "Peanut fields and in tall grass . . . baobab trees . . . corn fields" (RMD). Remarks: The team left Kaffrine (14?07'N, 15?42'W G) and proceeded north (actually more northeasterly), passing through forest (Foret Classee de Kassas), to their campsite. Harvey indicated that they hunted 5 mi [8.0 km] north of camp "in Kassas forest" and also at a location 10 mi [16.1 km] east of Boulel (14?18'N, 15?32'W G), "which is close to our camp." None of these locality variants is indicated on specimen labels or in the field catalog. Taxa: Galago; Xerus, Heliosciurus, Cricetomys, Steato- mys, Gerbilliscus, Taterillus, Arvicanthis, Mastomys, NUMBER 62,8 ? 111 FIGURE 42. Senegal, Guerina: Bignona (photograph by D. E. Harvey, 22 Jan 1966). Mus; Lepus; Atelerix; Crocidura; Rhinolophus, Nyc- teris. Mops, Myopterus; Genetta. Kaolack, 6 km E, Sine-Saloum Region (Map 8: 245). Coordinates: 14?09'N, 16?01'W M (LIGN, Afrique de I'Ouest, Republique du Senegal, 1:500,000). Collectors: R. M. Davis and D. E. Harvey (15-20 Nov 1965). Habitat: "Trees are scattered non-uniformly . .. Baobab is ... present. Millet is the major crop, also peanuts. Pea- nuts are piled ... in fields to dry. High grass and rows of bushes surrounds most of the fields ... I trapped most mammals in open grassy areas. Dick [Davis] got most animals under bushes scattered throughout grassy areas. The soil was sandy but hard packed [Figure 45]" (DEH). "Millet and peanut fields completely surrounding us nCURE 43. Senegal, Joal, 4 km N Qun 1966). ^^?2? m^ *fe^^i^:n':. ?. j -S^HH 1 ^ Hl ^m k^:. s:~--?>"^>3rggWMMl If^^HQ^^H ^^fiMK/"^^ l^C^gji^.v l?^ ^^I^^RB ^ ^^B^^^flK UP M flj^^^M HB^^- ? n ^?|H^H IH Blr^ W^ "^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^1 BtJ^jg^ "^^^^^^^^^^^J VH ?K^^ - i^ilj^^^^^^^^l "V- ; ^flJI^H^B^^^^^H i^ - ..at^ >^ *^^^i - ?'- ? =feSrie^-"- "^ ? :? . JTrs^. mrar**- ^^^L_ nCURE 51. Senegal, Thies, 10 km W (Jul 1966). millet, manioc, and some peanuts. Baobab trees were present but few in number" (DEH). "Mostly cultivated . . . millet, manioc, peanuts, etc. It might be called a tree savanna I suppose" (RMD). Taxa: Xerus, Cricetomys, Gerbilliscus, Arvicanthis, Mas- tomys; Atelerix; Crocidura. Toniataba [The Gambia] (Map 8: 262). Coordinates: 13?26'N, 15?35'W G. Collectors: R. M. Davis and D. E. Harvey (7-14 Jun 1966). Habitat: "Termite mounds . . . Baobab and mango trees seem to be dominant. . . palm tree . . . peanut field . . . vlei close to camp" (DEH). "Many scattered trees . . . The land is getting ready for the planting of pea- nuts and rice . . . bushes and some scattered patches of grass . . . baobab tree . . . big vlei" (RMD). Taxa: Chlorocebus, Erythrocebus, Piliocolobus; Heliosci- urus, Gerbilliscus, Taterillus, Arvicanthis, Mastomys, Mus, Praomys; Epomophorus, Rhinolophus, Asel- lia, Hipposideros, Taphozous, Nycteris, Scotophilus; Civettictis, Genetta, Ichneumia. Velingara, Casamance Region (Map 8: 254). Coordinates: 13?09'N, 14?07'W G (as Velingara). Collectors: R. M. Davis and D. E. Harvey (24-27 Feb 1966). Habitat: "Tree savanna . . . sandy . . . tall grass stands" (DEH). "Very dry, quite a few trees which are in the process of being cut down" (RMD). Remarks: According to Harvey's journal, the team col- lected a Galago, a Felis, and two Genetta during a nocturnal hunt at 8 km SW Velingara; this location is not recorded on specimen labels or the field catalog. Taxa: Galago, Chlorocebus; Heliosciurus, Gerbilliscus, Mastomys, Praomys; Crocidura; Felis, Genetta. Ziguinchor, Casamance Region (Map 8: 259). Coordinates: 12?35'N, 16?16'W G. 122 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY Collectors: R. M. Davis and D. E. Harvey (28 Jan 1966). Habitat: "Attic of Peace Corps house" (DEH). "Palm trees in front of the hospital" (RMD). Remarks: Davis and Harvey made a side trip to Ziguin- chor to collected bats while camped at Oussouye (24- 19 Jan). Taxa: Eidolon, Chaerephon, Mops. COTE D'IVOIRE (IVORY COAST) GENERAL REMARKS. Survey in the Cote d'Ivoire (Map 9) was completed in about eight months (Nov 1968 to Jul 1969) and performed largely by J. W. LeDuc, T. J. Mclntyre, and L. W. Robbins. Representa- tive specimens were deposited with ORSTOM through Louis Bellier, who provided significant logistical support in that country, and ORSTOM personnel accompanied AMP teams to many collecting localities. Specimen labels all read "Ivory Coast," the anglicized version of Cote d'Ivoire. ITINERARIES. J. W. LeDuc and L. W. Robbins: Banco Forest, 27-30 Nov 1968; Adiopodoume, 3-6 Dec 1968; Yapo-Sud, 10-16 Dec 1968; Jacqueville, 18-23, 31 Dec 1968, 3 Jan 1969; Anda, 19 Dec 1968; Ehania, 7-14 Jan 1969; Blekoum, 18-23 Jan 1969; Adiopodoume, 25 Jan 1969; Lamto, 29-31 Jan 1969; Zaakro, 30 Jan 1969; Adiopodoume, 5, 8 Feb 1969; Diali, 11-17 Feb 1969; Sas- sandra River, 17-22 Feb 1969; Niebe, 23-28 Feb 1969; Kahin, 1-5 Mar 1969; Guiglo, 2 Mar 1969; Duekoue, 3-4 Mar 1969; Tyenko, 7-11 Mar 1969; Sienso, 13-17 Mar 1969; Yama, 19-25 Mar 1969; Adiopodoume, 11-28 Apr 1969; Tule, 9-13 May 1969; Kong, 15-19 May 1969. T. J. Mclntyre and L. W. Robbins (and J. W. LeDuc, 29 May 1969): Banco Forest, 29-30 May 1969; Guitri, 5-9 Jun 1969; 10 mi WNW Soubre, 11-16 Jun 1969; Yabrasso, 22-27 Jun 1969; Bouna, 1-5 Jul 1969; Fetekro, 14-19 Jul 1969; Yabrasso, 22 Jul 1969. T. J. Mclntyre: 4-24 mi S Abidjan, Jul 1969. Abidjan, 4-24 mi [6.4-38.6 km] S (Map 9: 289). Coordinates: 04?50'N, 04?00'W C. Collector: T. J. Mclntyre (Jul 1969). Habitat: No information available. Remarks: The coordinates provided by Mclntyre for the marine mammal specimens obtained actually plot about 33 mi [54 km] S Abidjan in the Gulf of Guinea. Taxa: Delphinus, Stenella, Steno, Tursiops. Adiopodoume (Map 9: 284). Coordinates: 05?19'N, 04?08'W C (05?20'N, 04?08'W G, as Adiapo-Doume). Collectors: J. W. LeDuc and L. W. Robbins (3-6 Dec 1968, 25 Jan, 5, 8 Feb, 11-28 Apr 1969). Habitat: "Cultivated agricultural research plot. . . hollow tree" (JWL). "House attic" (LWR). Remarks: The field team stayed and collected at the French research station ORSTOM, located near Adiopo- doume, using it as a base of operations while in Cote d'Ivoire. Louis Bellier and some of his employees con- tributed specimens to the AMP team from this locality and other localities in Cote d'Ivoire. Taxa: Dendrohyrax; Graphiurus, Cricetomys, Lophu- romys, Hybomys, Hylomyscus, Lemniscomys, Mas- tomys, Mus, Rattus; Crocidura; Nycteris, Mops, Neoromicia, Kerivoula; Civettictis. Anda (Map 9: 282). Coordinates: 05?10'N, 04?39'W C. Collectors: J. W. LeDuc and L. W. Robbins (19 Dec 1968). Habitat: "Roof of the chief's house" (JWL). Remarks: While camped at Jacqueville (18-23 Dec), the field team traveled a few miles west to Anda, where they collected bats. Taxon: Chaerephon. Banco Forest (Map 9: 285). Coordinates: 05?23'N, 04?03'W C, G (as Pare National du Banco). Collectors: J. W. LeDuc and L. W. Robbins (27-30 Nov 1968); J. W. LeDuc, T. J. Mclntyre, and L. W. Rob- bins (29-30 May 1969). Habitat: "The flora is theoretically undisturbed and there- fore primary high forest. . . mist net was set across the dam that creates a large pool near the center of the forest" (JWL). "Primary forest near Abidjan [and Adiopodoume]?completely protected . . . stream" (LWR). Remarks: Traps were set along the road that parallels the west bank of the Banco River. According to LeDuc, the Banco Forest is, or was, "... totally protected . . . no hunting is allowed." Taxa: Lophuromys, Hylomyscus, Malacomys, Praomys; Crocidura; Epomops, Hypsignathus, Megaloglossus, Myonycteris, Scotonycteris, Hipposideros, Mops, Scotophilus, Glauconycteris, Hypsugo, Mimetillus, Neoromicia. Blekoum (Map 9: 287). Coordinates: 06?23'N, 03?31'W C (06?23'N, 03?32'W G, as Blekoum). NUMBER 62,8 ? 123 Gulf of Guinea MAP 9. African Mammal Project cardinal collecting localities 264-289 in Cote d'lvoire (Ivory Coast). 264. Sienso 268. Tyenko 272. Kahin 276. Niebe 279. Zaakro 283. Jacqueville 287. Blekoum 265. Yama 269. Tule 273. Guiglo 277. Soubre, 280. Lamto 284. Adiopodoume 288. Ehania 266. Kong 270. Fetekro 274. Duekoue lOmiWNW 281. Guitri 285. Banco Forest 289. Abidjan, 267. Bouna 271. Yabrasso 275. Sassandra River 278. Diali 282. Anda 286. Yapo-Sud 4-24 mi S 124 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY Collectors: J. W. LeDuc and L. W. Robbins (18-23 Jan 1969). Habitat: "The habitat surrounding Blekoum is well within the high forest definition [Figure 52] . . . large plots of land that have been cleared, save the large trees, most of which are dead and stand naked like match sticks in sand, and planted with bananas or okra . . . miles and miles of cultivated forests, most of which are still quite young. This area has fairly dense undergrowth among the trees. Along the banks of the river?where not cleared?and on the small inlets from the river stand a very dense yet unique type of forest. This has many trees that appear to be deciduous and are sur- rounded by vines, etc., giving a 'brush' effect. The general color is more brown as opposed to the nor- mal green of the forest. It almost appears like guinea savanna. Other crops. . . cocoa, coffee, yams, pine- apple, and oil palms . . . riverine forest. . . also along forest fringe" (JWL). "The camp is located ... in an area where there has been logging and is cultivated. We set out traps in a forest area east of camp . . . cocoa tree" (LWR). Remarks: The Blekoum field camp was located at the For- estry Equatorial Plantation on the bank of the Komoe River. As with other localities in Cote d'lvoire, ORSTOM personnel accompanied the AMP crew. Taxa: Perodicticus, Galago, Cercopithecus; Funisciurus, Heliosciurus, Paraxerus, Protoxerus, Lophuromys, Hybomys, Hylomyscus, Malacomys, Mus, Praomys, Rattus, Anomalurus; Crocidura; Epomops, Hippo- sideros, Nycteris. Bouna (Map 9: 267). Coordinates: 09?16'N, 03?00'W C, G. Collectors: T. J. Mclntyre and L. W. Robbins (1-5 Jul 1969). Habitat: "Sudan savanna. Grassland without many large trees . . . mango" (LWR). nCURE 52. Cote d'lvoire, Blekoum Qan 1969). NUMBER 62! 125 Taxa: Galago; Heliosciurus, Graphiurus, Cricetomys, Steatomys, Gerbilliscus, Taterillus, Lemniscomys, Mastomys, Mus, Praomys; Lepus; Epomophorus, Lis- sonycteris, Micropteropus, Nanonycteris, Hipposide- ros, Nycteris, Scotophilus; Genetta. Diali (Map 9: 278). Coordinates: 07?03'N, 05?37'W C, G. Collectors: J. W. LeDuc and L. W. Robbins (11-17 Feb 1969). Habitat: "Ecotonal high forest-guinea savanna [Figure 53]. Generally the area gives the appearance of guinea sa- vanna with a lot of grass and many savanna trees but in a few areas cocoa and coffee are planted and .. . bananas. Nevertheless . .. the area is predominately savanna and we're calling it thus . . . pond . . . this area has quite thick vegetation, very dense, and in the center of a riverine forest" (JWL). "The habitat here is strange. Part of the area has been burned, very dry, many thorny bushes?savanna, yet there are some for- est trees and the people are growing coffee and cocoa? as well as cotton and peanuts" (LWR). Taxa: Perodicticus, Galago; Heliosciurus, Protoxerus, Graphiurus, Cricetomys, Steatomys, Lophuromys, Uranomys, Gerbilliscus, Taterillus, Lemniscomys, Mastomys, Mus, Praomys, Atherurus, Thryonomys; Crocidura; Epomops; Genetta, Crossarchus; Neotra- gus, Tragelaphus, Cephalophus. Duekoue (Map 9: 274). Coordinates: 06M4'N, 07?20'W C (06M4'N, 07?21'W G, as Duekoue). Collectors: J. W. LeDuc and L. W. Robbins (3-4 Mar 1969). Habitat: "Huge granite outcropping . . . filled with caves created by huge boulders leaning against each other" (JWL). Remarks: While camped at Kahin, LeDuc, Robbins, and Bellier drove to Duekoue in search of caves and bats and located them on the outskirts of town, along the nCURE 53. Cote d'lvoire, Diali (Feb 1969). 126 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY road to Man. LeDuc described what they saw: "When shining my flashhght towards the ceiHng, the eye shine appeared like New York at night." Taxa: Lissonycteris, Rousettus. Ehania (Map 9: 288). Coordinates: 05?17'N, 03?04'W C. Collectors: J. W. LeDuc and L. W. Robbins (7-14 Jan 1969). Habitat: "Only oil palms and is not completely planted yet. . . about 1/3 [of the plantation] remains as for- est, currently being cut [Figure 54]. Previously this area was a 'Foret Classee' and many large forest animals occurred here. Today the forest consists of several large trees and a very dense, vine-like floor covering. The bush on the floor often reaches 6-8 feet [1.8-2.4 m] and is extremely difficult to pass through . . . small stream in a clearing in the forest" (JWL). "Forest. . . small river" (LWR). Remarks: LeDuc, Robbins, and ORSTOM personnel drove to the SODEPALM Plantation in the Ehania Forest, located south of Aboissa and "before Mafere" and set up camp near the houses of the plantation su- pervisors. Taxa: Dendrohyrax; Perodicticus, Galago, Cercopithe- cus, Colobus; Funisciurus, Heliosciurus, Cricetomys, Lophuromys, Hybomys, Lemniscomys, Malacomys, Mus, Praomys, Rattus, Anomalurus, Atherurus; Cro- cidura; Hipposideros, Mops, Eptesicus, Scotophilus, Mimetillus, Neoromicia; Manis; Genetta, Nandinia, Crossarchus, Herpestes. Fetekro (Map 9: 270). Coordinates: 07M9'N, 04M1'W C, G (as Fetekro). Collectors: T. J. Mclntyre and L. W. Robbins (14-19 Jul 1969). Habitat: "The terrain is an undulating plain with small creeks . . . broken rocks and tilted large rock slabs. nCURE 54. Cote d'lvoire, Ehania (photograph by L. W. Robbins, Jan 1969). NUMBER 62,8 127 Several large areas of 8-10 feet [2.4-3.0 m] razor grass . . . along the roadside . . . clump grass under trees and large shrubs. The trees were 40 feet [12.2 m] at their highest. A few full grown Borrassas [Borassus] Palms . . . large number of young palms . . . hillside of clump grass and rock piles . . . creek bed. Riverine forest... to a tree about two miles [3.2 km] from camp in the savanna proper. The area was a mixture of 15-20 feet [4.6-6.1 m] trees, 2-4 feet [0.6-1.2 m] high grasses and shrubby plants, but generally open" (TJM). "Very much guinea savanna with Borassus palms and high grass and many trees . . . some small rocky hills nearby . . . riverine forest" (LWR). Remarks: Camp was established at the north end of a soc- cer field, about 200 yards [183 m] south of the village. Fetekro is located on the Nzi River. Taxa: Galago, Cercopithecus; Funisciurus, Heliosciurus, Protoxerus, Cricetomys, Uranomys, Gerbilliscus, Lem- niscomys, Mastomys, Mus, Praomys, Thryonomys; Crocidura; Epomophorus, Lissonycteris, Microptero- pus, Rhinolophus, Hipposideros, Nycteris, Scotophi- lus, Neoromicia; Manis; Genetta; Sylvicapra, Kobus. Collectors: J. W. LeDuc and L. W. Robbins (18-23, 31 Dec 1968, 3 Jan 1969). Habitat: "Small strip of forest between a lagoon [Figure 55] and a recently cleared area to be planted with oil palms . . . very dense secondary regrowth scattered with occasional oil palms, fallen logs, etc. I'm calling the area 'degraded high forest' [Figure 56]. I don't feel that it has enough natural growth to be termed 'second- ary high forest'. .. coconut palms" (JWL). "Degraded high forest. . . bordered on the northwest by lagoon and on the southeast by cut down forest.. . traps in an area about a mile [1.6 km] walk from camp. Some high forest and some brushy area" (LWR). Remarks: Bellier made arrangements for LeDuc and Robbins to collect on SODEPALM plantation land and camp on the beach. On 19 Dec, a number of bats were collected in Anda, while they were based in Jacqueville. Taxa: Perodicticus, Cercopithecus; Funisciurus, Heliosci- urus, Graphiurus, Lophuromys, Dephomys, Hybomys, Hylomyscus, Mus, Praomys, Rattus; Crocidura; Tapho- zous, Neoromicia; Genetta, Nandinia; Cephalophus. Guiglo (Map 9: 273). Coordinates: 06?32'N, 07?26'W C (06?32'N, 07?29'W G). Collector: J. W. LeDuc (2 Mar 1969). Habitat: "Degraded high forest" (specimen label). Remarks: The single specimen of Crocidura was a gift from Louis Bellier (ORSTOM), collected on his way to Kahin. Taxon: Crocidura. Guitri(Map9:281). Coordinates: 05?31'N, 05?15'W C (05?31'N, 05=14^ G). Collectors: T. J. Mclntyre and L. W. Robbins (5-9 Jun 1969). Habitat: "Low secondary growth with good stands of forest in the near distance . . . cocoa trees . . . palm trees" (LWR). Remarks: Camp was established near a small government building just south of Guitri. Taxa: Perodicticus, Cercopithecus; Funisciurus, Heliosci- urus, Paraxerus, Protoxerus, Graphiurus, Cricetomys, Lophuromys, Hylomyscus, Lemniscomys, Mastomys, Mus, Praomys, Rattus, Atherurus, Thryonomys; Cro- cidura; Epomops, Hipposideros, Neoromicia; Manis; Genetta, Nandinia. Jacqueville (Map 9: 283). Coordinates: 05?12'N, 04?24'W C (05?12'N, 04=25^ G). Kahin (Map 9: 272). Coordinates: 06?55'N, 07?37'W C (06?55'N, 07?38'W G). Collectors: J. W. LeDuc and L. W. Robbins (1-5 Mar 1969). Habitat: "The habitat surrounding Kahin has been thor- oughly logged and most of the land is now cultivat- ed .. . crops ... oil palms, cocoa and bananas . . . small juju forest. . . Many areas around Kahin are swamps caused by dead-end inlets from the river [Fig- ure 57] or lowlands filled by the rains. The vegetation is mainly dense thickets and few really big trees re- main" (JWL). "Degraded forest" (LWR). Remarks: LeDuc indicated that Kahin is located along a small tributary of the Cavally River, but the village is actually located on the Nzi River, which is part of the Sassandra watershed. Caves near Duekoue were visited on 3-4 Mar to collect bats. Taxa: Perodicticus, Cercopithecus, Colobus, Procolobus; Xerus, Funisciurus, Heliosciurus, Protoxerus, Graphiu- rus, Cricetomys, Dephomys, Lemniscomys, Mastomys, Mus, Praomys; Crocidura; Rousettus, Hipposideros, Nycteris, Neoromicia; Genetta; Cephalophus. Kong (Map 9: 266). Coordinates: 09?09'N, 04?37'W C, G. Collectors: J. W. LeDuc and L. W. Robbins (15-19 May 1969). FIGURE 55. Cote d'lvoire, Jacqueville (Dec 1968). ^ ?& ?^^ MN ftA. $% f- - r^-... .^t^ ii .; .ii$^."" m j^. r^-'w^,^ -.^Xpftrv ^^^^^ff^" ''/?*:< l^ M'T^^^t^^ Li?M? '4^4 nCURE 56. Cote d'lvoire, Jacqueville (Dec 1968). NUMBER 62,8 ? 129 "?* *-^- nCURE 57. Cote d'lvoire, Kahin (Mar 1969). Habitat: "Basically sudan savanna. Almost no tall forest trees occur in the area and most of the land is covered by short grasses and savanna trees. Even the areas around water are not forested" (JWL). Remarks: Kong is a village close to the Bouna Reserve (Reserve Totale de Fauna de Bouna, also referred to as Pare National de Bouna). Taxa: Chlorocebus; Xerus, Cricetomys, Gerbilliscus, Taterillus, Arvicanthis, Dasymys, Lemniscomys, Mastomys, Mus, Thryonomys; Lepus; Crocidura; Epomophorus, Nanonycteris, Hipposideros, Nycte- ris, Chaerephon, Mops; Genetta, Herpestes, Mungos; Cephalophus, Kobus. Lamto (Map 9: 280). Coordinates: 06?12'N, 04?58'W C. Collectors: J. W. LeDuc and L. W. Robbins (29-31 Jan 1969). Habitat: "Over small pool connected to the Bandama River . . . small pond in dry stream bed. The habi- tat around both [mist net] sets is riverine forest . . . guinea savanna surrounding fingers of riverine forest from the Bandama and small streams leading to it. The savanna areas are generally grasslands with few trees but many Borassis [Borassus] palms. Occa- sionally . . . outcroppings of smooth granite rocks" (JWL). "Guinea savanna with much riverine forest" (LWR). Remarks: Lamto is the location of a research station (Centre Nationale de Recherche Scientifique) located near the Bandama River. We did not find the local- ity on French maps (1:200,000 scale), but the coor- dinates provided by the collectors do plot closely to the Bandama River. Some Mastomys specimens were obtained from Zaakro during the time that the field team camped at Lamto. Taxa: Orycteropus; Heliosciurus, Graphiurus, Criceto- mys, Hylomyscus; Epomops, Lissonycteris, Hippo- sideros, Scotophilus; Manis. 130 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY Niebe (Map 9: 276). Coordinates: 05?21'N, 07?22'W C (05?22'N, OynS-W G, as Niebe). Collectors: J. W. LeDuc and L. W. Robbins (23-28 Feb 1969). Habitat: "Habitat surrounding camp is of three basic catagories: [1] close to the banks of the Hana River ... an area of dense thickets with a few oil palm trees interspersed . . . probably flooded every year during the rains. [2] . . . directly surrounding the village and the road that has been cultivated or otherwise altered and is now secondary forest [Figure 58]. [3] . . . far- ther away from the road there is more mature high forest (although lacking the typical large trees that have been logged out) of varying degree . . . secondary forest behind the village . . . isn't very high as com- pared to more mature forest, has many vines, etc., and many umbrella trees [Musanga cecropioides]. Many oil palms. . . small open pond" (JWL). "Bank of the river where a small stream joins it. . . forest area? gallery type . . . old oil palm plantation . . .semi- swamp area" (LWR). Remarks: At Niebe, the field team camped nearby the Hana River. Taxa: Galago, Cercocebus, Cercopithecus, Colobus, Pro- colobus. Pan; Funisciurus, Heliosciurus, Protoxerus, Graphiurus, Lophuromys, Hybomys, Hylomyscus, Malacomys, Mus, Praomys, Anomalurus; Crocidura; Epomops, Scotonycteris, Hipposideros, Nycteris, My- otis; Atilax; Hexaprotodon, Cephalophus. Sassandra River (Map 9: 275). Coordinates: 07?00'N, 07?03'W C. Collectors: J. W. LeDuc and L. W. Robbins (17-22 Feb 1969). Habitat: "The habitat is probably as close as we will ever come to being primary forest. Most of the really big trees have been logged out but usually so recently that no secondary growth has begun [Figure 59]. The habi- tat along the river [Figure 60] is slightly different from nCURE 58. Cote d'lvoire, Niebe (Feb 1969). NUMBER 62,8 131 nCURE 59. Cote d'lvoire, Sassandra River (Feb 1969). that of the inland forests, especially lacking in many tall trees and generally more dense . . . the area is just recently a Foret Classee . . . small stream" (JWL). "Forest area" (LWR). Remarks: Field camp was established at a logging operation along the Sassandra River, about 40 km NW Gregbeu (06?48'N, 06?43'W G). Bellier, under the auspices of ORSTOM, participated in collecting at this camp. Taxa: Galago; Cricetomys, Hybomys, Mus, Praomys, Anomalurus; Hypsignathus, Rhinolophus, Hippo- sideros; Genetta, Nandinia, Atilax; Cephalophus. Sienso (Map 9: 264). Coordinates: 09?25'N, 07?31'W C, G (as Odienne-Sienso). Collectors: J. W. LeDuc and L. W. Robbins (13-17 Mar 1969). Habitat: "Basically savanna surrounding a small river- ine forest [Figure 61] that follows the path of several ponds. The riverine forest is rarely more than a few hundred yards wide at any one place but it follows a linear path and extends for several miles . . . Oil palm trees are quite prevalent inside the forest. The savannas are fairly heavily forest[ed] with trees (es- pecially I[soberUna]. doka) from 20-40 feet [6-12 m] tall... a lot of grass remaining in the areas that have not yet been burned. Crops in the savanna areas are mainly yams" (JWL). "Guinea savanna but much drier here . . . dense forest type growth . . . grassy area and in the riverine forest" (LWR). Taxa: Galago; Funisciurus, Heliosciurus, Protoxerus, Cricetomys, Steatomys, Uranomys, Gerbilliscus, Taterillus, Dasymys, Lemniscomys, Mastomys, Mus, Praomys, Anomalurus, Thryonomys; Crocidura; Hypsignathus, Scotophilus; Genetta, Nandinia, Cros- sarchus, Galerella, Mungos; Phacochoerus, Tragela- phus, Cephalophus. nCURE 60. Cote d'lvoire, Sassandra River (Feb 1969). ? ^Jiyflj -??,< s nCURE 61. Cote d'lvoire, Sienso (Mar 1969). NUMBER 62,8 133 Soubre, 10 mi [16.1 km] WNW (Map 9: 277). Coordinates: 05?49'N, 06?45'W C. Collectors: T. J. Mclntyre and L. W. Robbins (11-16 Jun 1969). Habitat: "Many roadside farms . . . but forest is quite mature" (LWR). Remarks: A number of specimens were brought in by local hunters from the area of Soubre (Soubre G), but all of these were labeled with the main camp designation of 10 mi WNW Soubre. Taxa: Galago, Cercocebus, Cercopithecus, Piliocolobus, Procolobus; Protoxerus, Dephomys, Grammomys, Hybomys, Hylomyscus, Malacomys, Mastomys, Mus, Praomys, Rattus, Thryonomys; Crocidura; Epomops, Hypsignathus, Myonycteris, Nycteris; Civettictis, Ge- netta; Neotragus, Cephalophus. Tule (Map 9: 269). Coordinates: 07?56'N, 06?08'W C, G (as Tule). Collectors: J. W. LeDuc and L. W. Robbins (9-13 May 1969). Habitat: "Camp in a tek [teak?] forest next to village ... typical guinea savanna. There are a few very tall trees left in isolated forest patches but even here the bot- tom areas are thickly covered with shrubs and thorn bushes [Figure 62]. The savanna areas are covered by grass 2-4 feet [0.6-1.2 m] tall and scattered with trees. Crops... include corn, coffee, pineapple, yams, cotton, and ground nuts" (JWL). "More or less guinea savanna ... corn and yam farms and areas where there are quite a few trees?high, but not high forest type. There are strips of riverine forest near by" (LWR). Remarks: LeDuc did not make daily journal entries while collecting at Tule but apparently wrote them after the team had departed. Taxa: Procavia; Galago, Cercopithecus, Chlorocebus; Funisciurus, Heliosciurus, Protoxerus, Graphiurus, Cricetomys, Uranomys, Gerbilliscus, Hylomyscus, nCURE 62. Cote d'lvoire, Tule (May 1969). 134 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY Lemniscomys, Mastomys, Mus, Praomys; Lepus; Crocidura, Suncus; Micropteropus, Rhinolophus, Hipposideros, Nycteris; Genetta, Nandinia, Crossar- chus, Galerella. Tyenko (Map 9: 268). Coordinates: 08?14'N, 07?34'W G. Collectors: J. W. LeDuc and L. W. Robbins (7-11 Mar 1969). Habitat: "Basically guinea savanna. A small riverine forest surrounds a pond near the village but after that all the land is savanna. A huge cliff of rocks rises behind Tyenko [which runs east-west; Figure 63] along the road between Touba and Seguela. Many other smaller outcroppings . . . cotton and tobacco (I think) . . . vegetables are grown near the pond and plots of yams are near the village" (JWL). "Guinea savanna . . . traps in a rocky area nearby" (LWR). Remarks: The collectors' coordinates for Tyenko (08?14'N, 07?24'W C) differ from the USBGN (1965) coordinates by 10' longitude, a gap suggesting a map- reading error. Taxa: Procavia; Galago; Funisciurus, Heliosciurus, Pro- toxerus, Cricetomys, Steatomys, Uranomys, Gerbil- liscus, Taterillus, Lemniscomys, Mastomys, Mus, Praomys, Thryonomys; Lepus; Crocidura; Nycteris; Genetta. Yabrasso(Map9:271). Coordinates: 07?26'N, 03?28'W C (07?26'N, 03?29'W G). Collectors: T. J. Mclntyre and L. W. Robbins (22-27 Jun, 22Jull969). Habitat: "Surrounding the village was a forest of trees in 50-80 foot [15.2-24.4 m] height range with patches of dense secondary growth within it. Through the small forest along the road was a patch of invading savanna with many Borassus aethiopium (palms) i^hmmS^^ i^' i '?' ? 'i li'iY 4-.,w^^^^ ? ..-..--. ^ .^--^ nCURE 67. Burkina Faso, Fo (photograph by R. E. Vaden, Jun 1969). NUMBER 62,8 141 miles)." The valley mentioned is probably that of the Kana River. Taxa: Steatomys, Acomys, Gerbilliscus, Taterillus, Ar- vicanthis, Lemniscomys, Mastomys, Mus, Prao- mys; Lepus; Eidolon, Epomophorus, Hypsignathus, Micropteropus; Genetta; Ourebia, Syhicapra, Redunca. Founzan (Map 10: 305). Coordinates: 11?27'N, 03?14'W C, G. Collector: R. E. Vaden (12-17 May 1969). Habitat: Around the base camp, "the habitat is tree sa- vanna, with high grass and scattered shrubs. The trees are mainly of medium height, 15 to 20 feet [4.6-6.1 m] . . . soil is pretty much clay . . . great deal of farming . .. tree shrub bush." At 5 km N Founzan, "the habitat is . . . fairly dense forest (fairly tall trees) interspersed with grasslands (flood plains) and shrubby areas. The shrubs and trees are fairly thick along the river proper and above the flood plains." Remarks: At 5 km north of Founzan, the road crosses the Grand Bale River, a major branch of the Black Volta. All specimen labels indicate Founzan and do not dis- tinguish the two areas of field activity by the local- ity designation. However, individual labels contain habitat annotations, either as "tree-shrub savanna" or "riverine forest," that appear to be consistent with the separate collecting sites described by Vaden. Taxa: Galago, Chlorocebus, Erythrocebus, Papio; He- liosciurus, Gerbilliscus, Taterillus, Arvicanthis, Mastomys, Praomys; Lepus; Atelerix; Crocidura; Ep- omophorus, Nycteris; Genetta. Goden (Map 10: 307). Coordinates: 12?22'N, 02?18'W C (12?23'N, 02?18'W G). Collector: R. E. Vaden (17-21 Nov 1968). Habitat: "Sudan Savanna" (Figure 68) (specimen labels). Taxa: Erythrocebus; Cricetomys, Gerbilliscus, Tateril- lus, Arvicanthis, Mastomys, Mus, Praomys; Atelerix; Hipposideros, Nycteris, Chaerephon, Nycticeinops, Scotophilus. Gorgadji, 17 km E (Map 10: 296). Coordinates: 14?02'N, 00?22'W C. Collector: R. E. Vaden (5-10 Feb 1969). Habitat: "Sahel Savanna, not entirely degraded?much more natural than at Petoye [see below]?but still supporting far too many goats and cattle . . . few .^:**^ |Bfe?c?ir*is?^ jR?....?^< nCURE 68. Burkina Faso, Goden (photograph by R. E. Vaden, Nov 1968). 142 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY large trees except near the 'river,' which consists of pools of standing (stagnant) water. Shrubs, especially thorny bushes, are plentiful, but concentrated in small, dense stands. There are some fairly large grassy areas . . . grazed over to 8 to 10 inches [20-25 cm] or less. Soil ranges from loose sand to baked clay . . . dense thorny brush piles . . . open, scattered shrub . . . cut- over cornfields. . . tree-shrub stands." Remarks: Vaden established base camp about 150 yards [137 m] outside the village of Peteguerse, which cor- responds to his coordinates, but used the distance from the larger town of Gorgadji on specimen labels. An appreciable number of mammals were collected along the river, which Vaden reckoned as "about 3 miles [4.8 km] north of the camp." This rainy-season stream is probably the Goudebo. Taxa: Galago; Xerus, Heliosciurus, Gerbilliscus, Tateril- lus, Arvicanthis, Mastomys, Praomys; Lepus; Croc- idura; Taphozous, Nycticeinops, Neoromicia; Felis, Genetta, Ictonyx. Konankira, [2 km S] (Map 10: 290). Coordinates: 12?53'N, 03?53'W G (for Karequi; see Re- marks). Collector: R. E. Vaden (5-9 May 1969). Habitat: "'Shrub savanna'?there are large expanses of grassland, with plenty of low to medium [height] shrubs [and] some scattered trees [Figure 69] . . . shrub-grassland near the village." Remarks: Uncharacteristically, Vaden's adopted prove- nience is slightly misleading. The actual fieldwork was conducted near Karekui, which he recognized in his field journal as a Fulani village about 2 km S Konankira, but he identified the collecting locality only as Konan- kira. Nonetheless, the USBGN (1965) coordinates for Karequi (12?53'N, 03?53'W) nearly equate to those used by Vaden for Konankira (12?54'N, 03?53'W). Taxa: Galago; Heliosciurus, Cricetomys, Gerbilliscus, Taterillus, Mastomys, Mus, Rattus; Lepus; Atel- erix; Rhinolophus, Hipposideros, Nycteris; Genetta, Galerella. nCURE 69. Burkina Faso, Konankira, [2 km S] (photograph by R. E. Vaden, May 1969). NUMBER 62,8 143 Koutoura, 5 km SW (Map 10: 302). Coordinates: 10?19'N, 04?53'W C. Collector: R. E. Vaden (21-26 Jun 1969). Habitat: "Guinea Savanna?basically a tree-grassland, with dense shrubs in places. The grasslands are exten- sive, dotted with trees, including borassus palms. The soil here is surprisingly sandy: the grass is fairly thick although only 14 inches [36 cm] or so high." Remarks: Tents were set up southwest of Koutoura, near the small village of Diakora (10?18'N, 04?53'W G), which closely approximates the coordinates employed by Vaden. Taxa: Galago; Heliosciurus, Gerbilliscus, Taterillus, Lem- niscomys, Mastomys, Mus, Praomys; Lepus; Eidolon, Epomophorus, Micropteropus, Nycteris; Genetta. Markoye, 30 km N (Map 10: 298). Coordinates: 14?54'N, 00?04'E C. Collector: R. E. Vaden (31 Jan-4 Feb 1969). Habitat: "The habitat is difficult to describe ... a thicket of thorn bushes and low trees... [close by] is an expanse of hard, baked, desert soil with practically no vegeta- tion. If forced to, I'd call it 'desert thorn scrub' [Figure 70] for want of a better name?I'm sure that it's not Sahel Savanna [although 'Sahel Savanna' is recorded, apparently at some later time, on specimen labels for this locality]. All in all quite a varied region with veg- etation very desert-like but more dense in most places than in deserts I'm used to. Few grasses, only in isolated patches never more than 14 inches [36 cm] tall. Many thorn bushes, mostly 6-10 feet [1.8-3.0 m] tall... Some [extensive] areas lack vegetation entirely." Remarks: After passing through Markoye (14?39'N, 00?02'E G) and heading north toward the BeU River, the crew lost the road and perhaps strayed into Mali before eventually locating their campsite just south of that river. Initially, Vaden indicated that his co- ordinates for this locality were probably "within a nCURE 70. Burkina Faso, Markoye, 30 km N: Sandy hill (photograph by R. E. Vaden). 144 . SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY couple of kilometers" of his actual position. Later he confirmed his camp's whereabouts in relation to some barely visible cross roads about 50 yards [46 m] southwest of their camp. On 3 Feb, Vaden drove about 4.5 mi [7.2 km] north of camp to a "sandy des- ert hill with sparse vegetation but hundreds of rodent burrows" to set a trapHne. This change in trapping venue is not reflected on the specimen labels of the two Gerbillus collected. Taxa: Xerus, Gerbillus, Mastomys, Praomys; Lepus; Nyc- ticeinops; Genetta. Natiaboani (Map 10: 313). Coordinates: 11?42'N, 00?30'E C, G. Collector: R. E. Vaden (7-14 Dec 1968). Habitat: "River bed?no running water but several pools . . . high grass." "Sudan Savanna" (specimen labels). Remarks: Some specimens were collected along a nearly dry river bed, but most were apparently gathered from Natiaboani and the surrounding countryside by villagers. Several seasonal streams are in the vi- cinity of Natiaboani, all of which are tributaries of the Otabango, Koul Peolgo, and Ouale river system (CAO, Pama, 1:200,000). Taxa: Galago; Cricetomys, Gerbilliscus, Taterillus, Ar- vicanthis, Lemniscomys, Mastomys, Mus, Praomys, Hystrix; Lepus; Epomophorus, Rhinolophus, Nycteris, Scotophilus; Felis, Genetta, Ichneumia; Sylvicapra. Nayoure, 3 km SE (Map 10: 314). Coordinates: 12?15'N, 00?16'E C. Collector: R. E. Vaden (16-20 Mar 1969). Habitat: "Sudan Savanna, grass-brush-tree vegetation. Grass is ... 3 or 4 feet [0.9-1.2 m] [high] in places. Shrubs are high, and fairly dense, and trees are rela- tively common. The soil . . . slightly sandy clay baked pretty hard." Remarks: Camp was pitched near a small village to the southeast of Nayoure (12?16'N, 00?15'E G). Vaden did not identify this village, although he indicated in his journal that a village was shown on his "one degree square" map where he reckoned his position. On the probable map that Vaden cited (CAO, Fada Ngourma, 1:200,000), the village of Oboungouni is found at the collector's coordinates (also consistent with the USBGN, 1965). Taxa: Galago; Xerus, Heliosciurus, Cricetomys, Steatomys, Gerbilliscus, Taterillus, Arvicanthis, Lemniscomys, Mastomys; Lepus; Atelerix; Rhinolophus, Nycteris; Genetta; Sylvicapra. Nobere, 9 mi [14.5 km] S (Map 10: 310). Coordinates: 11?26'N, OmO-W C. Collectors: L. W. Robbins, H. W. Setzer, and R. E. Vaden (7-10 Nov 1968). Habitat: "Sudan Savanna with dense brush and high grass?many acacias" (LWR). Remarks: Camp was established to the south of Nobere (11?33'N, 0ri2'W G), near the Red Volta River, which forms the northern boundary of the Foret Classee de P6. Taxa: Galago; Taterillus, Lemniscomys, Mastomys, Prao- mys; Micropteropus, Hipposideros, Lavia, Nycteris. Orodara, 27 km ENE (Map 10: 301). Coordinates: 11?04'N, 04M1'W C. Collector: R. E. Vaden (15-20 Jun 1969). Habitat: "The habitat seems to be ecotonal?basically a tree-shrub-grassland typical of Sudan Savanna, with an occasional borassus palm. Some areas are fairly open grassland with trees, others have dense shrubs; the open areas seem dominant. This is a fairly mountainous re- gion. The riverbanks have a fairly dense vegetation, in- cluding some tropical-looking elements, but it extends only 8 or 10 feet [2.4 or 3.0 m] back up the banks, then gives way to the more open savanna. The ground is fairly hard clay with considerable rock areas, small areas of hard, graveled 'pavement,' extensive areas of rock just under the surface ... and some fairly large areas of rocks... Three miles [4.8 km] up the road ... Guinea (?) Savanna?several borassus palms in predominantly tree-grass habitat with occasional thickets of shrubs." Remarks: Vaden recorded his camp as nearby a small un- named village (perhaps Guena; 11?04'N, 04M4'W G) on the Black Volta River and defined its location in relation to Orodara (10?59'N, 04?55'W G). The site specified by his coordinates actually falls close to the Dienkoa River, a small upper tributary of the Black Volta, as located on a Burkina map (CAO, Bobo- Dioulasso, 1:500,000). Taxa: Galago, Erythrocebus; Funisciurus, Cricetomys, Gerbilliscus, Taterillus, Lemniscomys, Mastomys, Mus; Lepus; Atelerix; Hypsignathus, Lissonycteris, Rhinolophus, Hipposideros, Nycteris; Genetta. Ouagadougou (Map 10: 308). Coordinates: 12?21'N, 0r32'W C (12?22'N, 01?31'W G). Collector: R. E. Vaden (15-17 Jan, 27 Apr 1969). Habitat: "Mango grove" (specimen labels). Remarks: The Vadens regularly returned to Burkina Faso's capital for supplies and vehicular repair. During such NUMBER 628 145 intermittent visits, they incidentally netted bats and trapped rodents on the compound of the American Protestant Mission. Coordinates for specimens col- lected on 27 Apr were given as 12?21'N, 01?33'W C. Taxa: Praomys; Epomophorus, Scotophilus, Pipistrellus. Ougarou (Map 10: 315). Coordinates: 12?10'N, 00?56'E C (12?09'N, 00?56'E G). Collector: R. E. Vaden (21-26 Mar 1969). Habitat: "'Typical' Sudan Savanna?tall grass, relatively thick, with plentiful medium-to-high shrubs and a good number of trees. Soil is again the sandy-clay type . . . Near the river [later corrected as the outflow from a man-made impoundment?see Remarks], there are several moderate hills, with small cUffs along one ridge . . . rocky outcroppings." Remarks: Several bats, mostly Epomophorus, that bear this place-name were actually mist-netted along a densely vegetated impoundment and spillway, at first described as a small "river," a seasonal tributary of the Boubwonli, located 2 mi [3.2 km] west (approximately 12?09'N, 00?54'E M) of the Vadens' camp. Only the one locality name, "Ougarou," is used for all specimens. Taxa: Xerus, Cricetomys, Acomys, Arvicanthis, Lemnis- comys, Mastomys, Mus, Praomys; Lepus; Crocidura; Epomophorus, Hipposideros, Nycticeinops, Scotoph- ilus, Neoromicia; Genetta; Eudorcas, Ourebia. Oulo (Map 10: 306). Coordinates: 11?54'N, 02?58'W C (11?54'N, 02=59^ G). Collector: R. E. Vaden (1-4 May 1969). Habitat: Initially (1 May), Vaden recorded the habitat as "good Sudan Savanna country. The vegetation con- sists of relatively dense clusters of low shrubs, most under 3 feet [0.9 m] in height. Trees are common, and there is grass . . . everywhere; [although not in] exten- sive grassy areas." Later (2 May), he noted that "My 'low shrub' habitat isn't very accurate; many areas are covered by shrubs up to 6-7 feet [1.8-2.1 m] high. I'll change the description to 'shrub-grassland.'" Remarks: Depending upon the date of collection, either of the above two habitat terms may appear on individual specimen labels. Taxa: Galago; Heliosciurus, Cricetomys, Gerbilliscus, Taterillus, Eemniscomys, Mastomys, Praomys, Rat- tus; Lepus; Atelerix; Nycteris; Genetta. Petoye (Map 10: 297). Coordinates: 14?35'N, 00?22'W C, G. Collector: R. E. Vaden (28-30 Jan 1969). Habitat: "The habitat is Sahel Savanna, heavily over grazed by . . . cattle and goats . . . the grass is very short and large areas are bare . . . impressive rock outcroppings . . . The soil is very sandy ... A few shrubs . . . and a few trees (seldom over 10 feet [3.0 m] tall); all in all, it's one of the worst cases of habitat destruction I've ever seen! . . . open scrub." Remarks: Camp was pitched just southeast of the main part of the village, but on the basis of Vaden's obser- vations of the degraded habitat, they soon departed for Markoye. Taxa: Xerus, Gerbillus, Taterillus, Arvicanthis, Masto- mys; Atelerix; Chaerephon, Scotophilus; Ictonyx. Satiri, 8 km NE (Map 10: 300). Coordinates: 11?30'N, 04?00'W C. Collector: R. E. Vaden (10-12 May 1969). Habitat: "'Tree-shrub savanna'... although the shrubs are fairly scarce. The vegetation consists mainly of high grass with a great number of trees, ranging from seedlings to heights of 25 to 30 feet [7.6-9.1 m]. Most are of me- dium height?10 to 15 feet [3.0-4.6 m]?and are rather skimpy in appearance. The few shrubs occur in scattered stands, occasionally getting into the 'tree' areas." Remarks: Base camp was established near a small Bobo- Mossi village, Kadonda, whose USBGN (1965) co- ordinates match those employed by Vaden, but the collecting site was referenced to the larger town of Satiri (11?26'N, 04?02'W G). Vaden mentioned the proximity of his campsite to a Foret Classee (pre- sumably the Maro Reserve) and a flowing river that formed a boundary of the Foret Classee. On the basis of his description, this river is likely the Leyesa or perhaps the Were, which forms the reserve's western boundary. Because of poor success ("natives cleared and burned [all the vegetation]") and a water short- age, the stay at this site was brief. Taxa: Gerbilliscus, Taterillus, Mastomys; Atelerix; Genetta. Seguenega, 6 km SE (Map 10: 293). Coordinates: 13?24'N, 01?55'W C. Collector: R. E. Vaden (3-8 Mar 1969). Habitat: "Terrain is rolling hills with broad river basins between, covered with grasses and low shrubs . . . thorn bushes . . . some large trees, generally around the village or along the river beds. Soil is slightly red, sandy-clay to clay, much of it baked hard (but not to the extent of the hardpan in the sub-desert regions to the north) . . . marginal Sudan-Sahel savanna . . . ecotonal between Sudan and Sahel Savannas . . . there 146 ? SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY are elements of Sudan Savanna this far north whether natural ... or introduced." Remarks: The Vadens passed through Seguenega and es- tablished camp near the smaller village of Tanpelga (13?25'N, 01?55'W G), the coordinates of which nearly match their own. The river beds probably refer to vari- ous seasonally intermittent branches that drain into the White Volta River, just to the west of Seguenega. Taxa: Galago; Heliosciurus, Cricetomys, Acomys, Desmo- dilliscus, Gerbilliscus, Taterillus, Arvicanthis, Lem- niscomys, Mastomys, Mus, Praomys; Lepus; Atelerix; Hipposideros. Sideradougou (Map 10: 303). Coordinates: lOMO'N, 04?15'W C, G. Collector: R. E. Vaden (27 Jun-2 Jul 1969). Habitat: "Primarily tree savanna with perhaps a few more clusters of shrubs than before [a reference to Koutoura] .. . extensive farming .. . open grassland." Remarks: For their camp, the Vadens selected an area on the southeast outskirts of town, "so the bush isn't far away." Taxa: Galago, Papio; Heliosciurus, Gerbilliscus, Tateril- lus, Lemniscomys, Mastomys, Mus, Praomys; Eido- lon, Epomophorus, Hypsignathus, Nycteris. Tatarko (Map 10: 295). Coordinates: 13?29'N, 00?20'W C (13?28'N, 00?19'W G). Collector: R. E. Vaden (22-27 Jan 1969). Habitat: "The habitat is quite different from that farther south?more small trees, less expanse of grasses, and the grasses are somewhat shorter; however, I don't believe we've actually left Sudan Savanna. This may be marginal, an ecotone between Sudan and Sahel Savanna [Figure 71] ... no bodies of water around . . . Baobab trees are few and far between . . . rocky cliff-like hill." "Sudan Savanna" (specimen labels). FIGURE 71. Burkina Faso, Tatarko (photograph by R. E. Vaden, Jan 1969). NUMBER 62,8 147 Taxa: Galago; Xerus, Heliosciurus, Gerbilliscus, Tateril- lus, Arvicanthis, Mastomys; Lepus; Atelerix; Croc- idura; Taphozous, Nycteris, Chaerephon; Galerella. GHANA GENERAL REMARKS. Ghana was an impor- tant west African country in terms of the effort and per- sonnel devoted to its survey and the number of locaHties visited (61; Map 11), although many were little more than opportunistic day trips into the Accra Plains of southeast- ern Ghana, arranged while the field teams were laying over at Legon. Dr. Leo R. Cole, Department of Zoology, the University of Ghana, accompanied Geest in 1968 at Burkina Faso^ y / 317 ^ ) ^^-^-r--^ n r ? J 318 320* T ^li 1 Y P'^21 X (Benin S 319 7 \v -ION i ? b \,^- ^ '\l \ 323 ( M f White g^ / 324 S,325 Volta Oti River V f \ Cote \\ rff^ ,., . \\ (Black d Ivoire \ \ L vona f\ 329 \ r Togo / *327 C Ji* ?330 / ? / 326 328* ^ ke Volta V[ H 1 La ( 336^ .$? ^ A374 -C'^^*} 370-372 \ ? \ 331 335 V n* 368,369 M?367 N-, \ 332 333 359-363 3647365,366 y.1 375\ \377 ,J^376 ^ X^r\ y'^\ 342 ?**'?-fe-J^A 343* 347, 346 J^ ? /"^ 348 349-358 ^^----.339 Jy^ ?"345 338^^0 100 1 0 1 1 100 1 1 1 1 1 Kilometers Gulf of Guinea 0 Pra Suhien Forest Reserve and at 15 mi W Prestea. Barry Hughes, a herpetologist also from the University of Ghana (C. B. Robbins, pers. comm.), periodically accompanied Geest in 1967. Legon, the general base of operations for all field teams, and nearby Achimota were intermittently collected many times and therefore are not listed in the itineraries that follow. ITINERARIES. J. C. Geest and B. J. Hayward: Bator, 14-16 Jul 1967; Mankesin, 29 Jul 1967; Aburi Hills, 31 Jul 1967. J. C. Geest, B. J. Hayward, and A. Kofi: 1 mi N Nkawkaw, 3-12 Aug 1967. B. J. Hayward and A. Kofi: Jukwa, 16-21 Aug 1967; Cape Coast, 19 Aug 1967; Elmina, 20 Aug 1967; 7 mi N Prince's Town, 22-26 Aug 1967; Axim, 25 Aug 1967; Anum, 29 Aug 1967; 7 mi S Bame, 29 Aug 1967; Amedzofe, 30 Aug 1967; Denu, 31 Aug 1967; Keta, 31 Aug 1967. MAP 11. African Mammal Project cardinal collecting localities 317-377 in Ghana. 317. Bangwon 318. Pulima 319. Pirisi 320. Veya 321. Gambaga 322. Shishe 323. Nabogo 324. Damango, [5 mi E] 325. Sakpa 326. Subinja 327. Yabraso 328. Kokofu 329. Wulasi 330. Odomi Jongo 331. Ahiriso 332. Adamso 333. Oda 334. Kade, 6 mi NW 335. Nkawkaw, 1 mi N 336. Kwahu Tafo 337. Prestea, 32 mi W 338. Axim 339. Prince's Town, 7 mi N 340. Butre 341. Efeipo Krom 342. Pra Suhien Forest Reserve 343. Jukwa 344. Elmina 345. Cape Coast 346. Mankesin 347. Weija 348. Teshi 349. Achimota 350. Legon 351. Medina 352. Berekuso, 1 mi N 353. Aburi Hills 354. Aburi 355. Tutu 356. Mamfe 357. Aiyikuma 358. Doyum 359. Suhum, 2.4 mi E 360. Nankasi 361. Okorasi 362. Tinkong, 3 mi NW 363. Adawso 364. Krobo Mountain 365. Akosombo 366. Akwamu, 5 mi W 367. Asikuma, 1 mi N 368. Anum 369. Avetile 370. Tsibu, 7 mi N 371. Bame, 7mi S 372. Kpeve 373. Amedzofe 374. Leklebi Agbesia 375. Bator 376. Keta 377. Denu 148 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY J. C. Geest, J. W. LeDuc, and C. B. Robbins: Aburi, 2, 8 Oct 1967; 1 mi N Berekuso, 8-11, 15-16 Oct 1967; Medina, 16 Oct 1967; 1 mi N Berekuso, 20-21 Oct 1967; Aburi Hills, 23 Oct 1967. J. C. Geest, J. W. LeDuc, C. B. Robbins, and H. W. Setzer: 6 mi NW Kade, 26 Oct-2 Nov 1967; 1 mi N Ber- ekuso, 5 Nov 1967; Medina, 9 Nov 1967; Aiyikuma, 11 Nov 1967; Medina, 12 Nov 1967; Krobo Mountain, 13 Nov 1967; Pra Suhien Forest Reserve, 14 Nov 1967; Doyum, 14-16 Nov 1967; Krobo Mountain, 19 Nov 1967; Kwahu Tafo, 20 Nov 1967; Medina, 20 Nov 1967; Teshi, 22-26 Nov 1967; Akosombo, 30 Nov 1967; 5 mi W Akwamu, 2 Dec 1967; 1 mi N Asikuma, 2 Dec 1967; Avetile, 2 Dec 1967; Kpeve, 2 Dec 1967; 7 mi N Tsibu, 2 Dec 1967; Adawso, 10 Dec 1967; Mamfe, 10 Dec 1967; Nankasi, 10 Dec 1967; Okorasi, 10 Dec 1967; 2.4 mi E Suhum, 10 Dec 1967; 3 mi NW Tinkong, 10 Dec 1967; Tutu, 10 Dec 1967; Weija, 16-17 Dec 1967. J. C. Geest: 32 mi W Prestea, 6-15 Jan 1968; Butre, 16-22 Jan 1968; Ahiriso, 23-31 Jan 1968; Subinja, 19-24 Feb 1968; Pirisi, 25 Feb-1 Mar 1968; Pulima, 2-7 Mar 1968; Bangwon, 8-13 Mar 1968; Sakpa, 14-21 Mar 1968; 6 mi NW Kade, 26-29 Mar 1968; Yabraso, 6-12 Apr 1968; Nabogo, 12-23 Apr 1968; Veya, 24-30 Apr 1968; Shishe, 1-6 May 1968; Gambaga, 7-14 May 1968; Wulasi, 14-20 May 1968; Kokofu, 20-25 May 1968; Odomi Jongo, 16-23 Jun 1968; Leklebi Agbesia, 23-30 Jun 1968; Efeipo Krom, 8-15 Jul 1968. J. W. LeDuc, L. W. Robbins, H. W. Setzer, and R. E. Vaden: Oda, 8-15 Oct 1968. T. J. Mclntyre and W. P. Murdoch Jr.: Adamso, 7-12 Aug 1969; [5 mi E] Damango, 13-19 Aug 1969. Aburi, Eastern Region (Map 11: 354). Coordinates: 05?50'N, OOni-W C (05?51'N, OO^l-W G). Collectors: J. C. Geest (8 Oct 1967); C. B. Robbins (2 Oct 1967). Habitat: "House" (JCG). "Remnant forest" (CBR). Remarks: Invasive woodland (Rosevear, 1965). Taxa: Lophuromys, Mastomys; Nycteris. Aburi Hills, 10 mi [16.1 km] N Legon, 0.5 mi [0.8 km] N Aiyimensa, Eastern Region (Map 11: 353). Coordinates: 05?47'N, 00?11'W C. Collectors: J. C. Geest (31 Jul; 23 Oct 1967); B. J. Hay- ward (31 Jul 1967). Habitat: "Mouth of a canyon which has a stream run- ning through it" (JCG). "It had once been fine forest, but most of it was cut over, some planted to cassava, other areas growing up to very dense undergrowth. A few isolated trees remained" (BJH)."Remnant High Forest" (specimen labels). Remarks: The second locality modifier in the cardinal line refers to two Lemniscomys specimens collected by Barry Hughes near Aiyimensa (05?47'N, 00?11'W G) on 23 Oct. The specimen labels on both read "10 mi N Legon," whereas the second locality modifier on one further reads "0.5 mi N" and the other "0.5 mi NW" of Aiyimensa (a description verified by Survey of Ghana, Accra, 1:250,000). Taxa: Lophuromys, Lemniscomys; Epomops. Achimota, Eastern Region (Map 11: 349). Coordinates: 05?37'N, 00?14'W C, G. Collectors: J. C. Geest, A. Kofi, J. W. LeDuc, C. B. Rob- bins, and H. W. Setzer (various dates in Oct, Nov, Dec 1967); R. E. Vaden (17 Oct 1968). Habitat: "Tall grasses which were on the bank of a stream" (AK). "Accra Plains" (specimen labels). Remarks: This locality was visited on many day trips from the field headquarters at Legon. Two specimens were taken by Kofi at 2 mi [3.2 km] N Achimota according to specimen labels, although this locality is not men- tioned in his field catalog. Taxa: Mastomys, Praomys; Epomophorus, Epomops, Mi- cropteropus, Hipposideros. Adamso, Ashanti Region (Map 11: 332). Coordinates: 06?05'N, 0r46'W C (06?04'N, 01?47'W G). Collectors: T. J. Mclntyre and W. P. Murdoch Jr. (7-12 Aug 1969). Habitat: "The term degraded high forest best describes the area. The area immediately about the camp is a mix- ture of grasses, banana, and shrubby second growth. Scattered through the area are mature trees which appear to be of the genera Triplochiton, Entandro- phragma, and Khaya and several other trees in 100- 150 feet (30.5-45.7 m) range . . . cocoa and maize fields" (TJM). Remarks: This locality is 12.9 km north of Dunkwa. Ad- amso is located approximately 1.6 km east northeast of the Subin Shelterbelt Forest Reserve and 3.2 km north of the Denyau Shelterbelt Forest Reserve. Taxa: Perodicticus, Cercopithecus, Procolobus; Fu- nisciurus, Heliosciurus, Paraxerus, Graphiurus, Cricetomys, Lophuromys, Taterillus, Hybomys, Hy- lomyscus, Lemniscomys, Malacomys, Mus, Praomys, Rattus, Anomalurus, Atherurus, Thryonomys; Cro- cidura; Neoromicia; Manis; Genetta, Crossarchus, Galerella. NUMBER 62,8 149 Adawso, Eastern Region (Map 11: 363). Coordinates: 05?57'N, 00?13'W C, G. Collectors: J. W. LeDuc and H. W. Setzer (10 Dec 1967). Habitat: "Road culvert" (specimen labels). Remarks: LeDuc and Setzer collected bats from culverts in the vicinity of Adawso. Specimens were taken in the village and also at the following distances from Adawso: imi [1.6 km] E (05?57'N, 00?12'W C); 13 mi [3.1 km] NW (05?58'N, 00?14'W C); 4.7 mi [7.7 km] E (05?57'N, 00?07'W C); and 5.7 mi [9.2 km] E (05?57'N, 00?08'W C). About half of Setzer's speci- men labels contain the variant spelling Adawaso. Taxon: Nycteris. Ahiriso, Ashanti Region (Map 11: 331). Coordinates: 06?32'N, 02?20'W C, G (as Ahireso). Collector: J. C. Geest (23-31 Jan 1968). Habitat: "Much of the land is planted in cocoa . . . The Diffenbachia (dumb cane) is really thick in places . . . major cutting of the forest occurred 15 years ago ... In the clearing of the forests many of the emergents were left [Eigure 72]. The larger trees appear somewhat naked . . . There is almost no middle story or canopy left ... a cleared area that contained banana trees." "Remnant high forest" (specimen labels). Remarks: The camp of Ahiriso was situated on a tributary of the Tano River. Taxa: Perodicticus, Galago; Funisciurus, Heliosciurus, Paraxerus, Protoxerus, Graphiurus, Cricetomys, Lophuromys, Hylomyscus, Lemniscomys, Malaco- mys, Mastomys, Mus, Rattus, Anomalurus, Idiurus; Crocidura; Epomops, Megaloglossus, Micropteropus, Scotonycteris, Rhinolophus, Hipposideros, Saccolai- mus, Nycteris, Mops; Galerella. Aiyikuma, Eastern Region (Map 11: 357). Coordinates: 05?55'N, 00?03'W C, G. r^. FIGURE 72. Ghana, Ahiriso: Bat net site, Tadarida [= Mops] (photograph by J. C. Geest, 23 Jan 1968). 150 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY Collectors: J. C. Geest, J. W. LeDuc, C. B. Robbins, and H.W. Setzer(llNovl967). Habitat: "In a nim tree [Azadirachta] in the middle of the village" (CBR). Remarks: This village is near the Aburi Scarp on the Accra Plains. Taxa: Epomophorus, Micropteropus. Akosombo, Eastern Region (Map 11: 365). Coordinates: 06?17'N, 00?03'E C (06?18'N, 00?03'E G). Collectors: J. C. Geest, J. W. LeDuc, C. B. Robbins, and H. W. Setzer (30 Nov 1967). Habitat: "The 'cave' was actually a series of small tunnels formed from a rock shelf outcropping on a fairly steep hill" (JWL). Taxon: Nycteris. Akwamu, 5 mi [8.0 km] W, Eastern Region (Map 11: 366). Coordinates: 06?16'N, 00?01'E M (Survey of Ghana, Ho, 1:250,000). Collectors: J. C. Geest, J. W. LeDuc, and H. W. Setzer (2 Dec 1967). Habitat: "Road culvert" (specimen labels). Remarks: The collector-provided coordinates for this lo- cality (06?14'N, 00?07'E C) differ substantially from those estimated from the field map. Other collect- ing sites were given as the village of Akwamu itself (06?15'N, 00?07'E C; 06?17'N, 00?05'E G) and inn [1.6 km] N Akwamu (06?16'N, 00?07'E C). The vil- lage is spelled "Akwamufe" on LeDuc's and Setzer's specimen labels. Taxon: Nycteris. Amedzofe, Volta Region (Map 11: 373). Coordinates: 06?51'N, 00?26'E C, G. Collector: B. J. Hayward (30 Aug 1967). Habitat: "Bats were roosting in a guava tree behind the rest house . . . banana grove." Taxa: Epomops, Megaloglossus, Micropteropus. Anum, Eastern Region (Map 11: 368). Coordinates: 06?30'N, 00?10'E C (06?29'N, 00?09'E G). Collector: B. J. Hayward (29 Aug 1967). Habitat: "The hills here are mostly wooded . . . Many mango trees and paw-paws ... in front of rest house near a flowering Nandi flame tree . . . near the cliff face overlooking the reservoir [Eigure 73]." Remarks: Anum is located in the Togo Hills (Akwapim- Togo Ranges) near the Volta reservoir. The Nycteris specimens were collected at 4 mi [6.4 km] S Anum, in a culvert. Taxa: Megaloglossus, Micropteropus, Nycteris. Asikuma, 1 mi [1.6 km] N, Eastern Region (Map 11: 367). Coordinates: 06?25'N, 00?11'E C. Collector: H. W. Setzer (2 Dec 1967). Habitat: "Road culvert" (specimen labels). Remarks: The culvert near Asikuma was one of several that the field team visited on its 2 Dec bat-prospecting road trip. Taxon: Nycteris. Avetile, Volta Region (Map 11: 369). Coordinates: 06?31'N, 00?13'E C (06?32'N, 00?14'E G). Collector: H. W. Setzer (2 Dec 1967). Habitat: "Road culvert" (specimen labels). Taxon: Hipposideros. Axim, Western Region (Map 11: 338). Coordinates: 04?52'N, 02?16'W C, G. Collector: B. J. Hayward (25 Aug 1967). Habitat: "Culverts," "San Antanio Castle" (specimen labels). Remarks: Hayward spelled the castle as San Antanio on his specimen labels but as San Antonio (Eort San An- tonio) in his journal. Rosevear (1965) recorded the general habitat to be "High Eorest." Taxa: Rhinolophus, Nycteris. Bame, 7 mi [11.3 km] S, Volta Region (Map 11: 371). Coordinates: 06?36'N, 00?18'E M (Survey of Ghana, Ho, 1:250,000). Collector: B. J. Hayward (29 Aug 1967). Habitat: "Culverts." Remarks: Hayward's coordinates and those used by LeDuc and Setzer for 7 mi N Tsibu are identical (06?37'N, 00?18'E), which implies that the AMP teams used different reference points for the same place. However, inspection of the relevant field jour- nals and their field map reveal that the two AMP teams were driving on parallel roads, to the east and west side of Awudome Mountain, part of the Ak- wapim-Togo Ranges. Taxon: Nycteris. Bangwon, Upper Region (Map 11:317). Coordinates: 10?58'N, 02=41^ C, G. Collector: J. C. Geest (8-13 Mar 1968). NUMBER 62! 1 51 FIGURE 73. Ghana, Anum: Walter Pople at the rest house (overlooking the Volta reservoir) (photograph by B. J. Hayward). Habitat: "Good Sudan woodland in vegetative appear- ance, typical of the parkland effect... is situated in a valley surrounded by red volcanic bluffs that rise about 200-300 feet [61.0-91.4 m] above the valley floor . . . houses [Figure 74]." Remarks: The Nandom Forest Reserve is situated a few kilometers to the southwest of Bangwon. Taxa: Galago; Xerus, Heliosciurus, Cricetomys, Steato- tnys, Acomys, Gerbilliscus, Taterillus, Arvicanthis, Lemniscomys, Mastomys, Mus, Praomys; Atelerix; Crocidura; Epomophorus, Micropteropus, Nycteris. Bator, Volta Region (Map 11: 375). Coordinates: 06?05'N, 00?25'E C (06?04'N, 00?25'E G). Collectors: J. C. Geest and B. J. Hayward (14-16 Jul 1967). Habitat: "Volta River flood plain ... grasses in this area are 3-5 feet (0.9-1.5 m) high [Figure 75] ... growing rice and sugar cane... planting much cassava and toma- toes . .. [Soil was] sandy with many clam shells mixed through it. There are small patches that are black loam (river bottom soils)... planted trees adjacent to a corn field and then down through the cassava patches" (JCG). "Dense vegetation in the old [river] channel" (BJH). Taxa: Mastomys; Eidolon, Epomophorus, Epomops, Mi- cropteropus, Nanonycteris, Chaerephon. Berekuso, 1 mi [1.6 km] N, Eastern Region (Map 11: 352). Coordinates: 05?46'N, 00?13'W C. Collectors: J. C. Geest, J. W. LeDuc, and C. B. Robbins (8- 11,15-16, 20-21 Oct 1967); J. C. Geest, J. W. LeDuc, C. B. Robbins, and H. W. Setzer (5 Nov 1967). Habitat: "Two palms are present, one an oil palm with black fruits {Elaeis guineensis) and the other Raphia hookeri. . . cocoa groves . . . cassava . . . ." (JCG). "Most of the brush is dense, fairly low, secondary re- growth in remnant high forest [Figure 76] . . . Many 152 ? SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY FIGURE 74. Ghana, Bangwon (photograph by J. C. Geest, 5 Mar 1968). banana trees were noted here . . . [Trapped] along the roadside in high grass . . . cassava patch . . . muddy area . . . and burned out area" (JWL). "Dense second- ary forest and thick brush . . . Pandanus candelabrum is prominant in the swampy area . . . yam grove" (CBR). "Remnant high forest" (specimen label). Remarks: LeDuc's journal mentions this locality as being 3 mi [4.8 km] south of Katasi, although this modifier is not indicated on specimen labels. A secondary col- lecting site was located 2-3 mi [3.2-4.8 km] N Ber- ekuso at the Akwapim Scarp. A few specimen labels have only Berekuso as the locality. Taxa: Graphiurus, Lophuromys, Uranomys, Gerbilliscus, Dephomys, Hybomys, Hylomyscus, Lemniscomys, Malacomys, Mastomys, Mus, Praomys; Crocidura; Epomops, Hypsignathus, Hipposideros, Nycteris, Glauconycteris. Butre, Western Region (Map 11: 340). Coordinates: 04M9'N, 01?55'W C, G. NUMBER 628 ? 153 FIGURE 75. Ghana, Bator: Accra Plains south of Bator (photograph by B. J. Hayward, Jul 1967). Collector:]. C. Geest (16-22 Jan 1968). Habitat: "Coconut grove . . . There are some fallow fields and scrub ... fig trees . . . On the east side of the hill that has a remnant forest on it there is an oil palm grove (planted) . . . many Raffia palms . . . Mangroves line the river. The largest trees in the area are Ceiba and Bombax . . . mangroves festooned in staghorn ferns and orchids [Figure 77]." Remarks: Butre is on the Butre River close to the Gulf of Guinea. Taxa: Xerus, Heliosciurus, Lophuromys, Hylomyscus, Lemniscomys, Mastomys, Mus, Praomys, Rattus; Epomops, Hypsignathus, Megaloglossus, Scotonycte- ris, Hipposideros, Nycteris, Scotophilus, Pipistrellus, Glauconycteris. Cape Coast, Cape Coast Castle, Central Region (Map 11: 345). Coordinates: 05?06'N, 01?15'W C, G. Collector: B. J. Hayward (19 Aug 1967). Habitat: "Dungeons . . . slave chambers . . . magazine [of Cape Coast Castle]." Remarks: While at Jukwa (16-21 Aug), Hayward made a side trip to this locality. Rosevear (1965) characterized the habitat in the region as "Invasive Woodland." Taxon: Hipposideros. Damango, [5 mi [8.0 km] E], Northern Region (Map 11: 324). Coordinates: 09?04'N, 01M5'W C. Collectors: T. J. Mclntyre and W. P. Murdoch Jr. (13-19 Aug 1969). Habitat: "Guinea woodland savanna . . . The grass was 3-4 feet [0.9-1.2 m] high with stands of a couple of species at 6-8 feet [1.8-2.4 m] . . . area of exposed rocks . . . [with] shallow caves" (TJM). Remarks: The first entry in the field catalogs placed this locality as "5 mi E Damango," although sub- sequent entries and specimen labels read only "Da- mango" (09?04'N, 01M9'W, as Damongo G). The 154 ? SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY nCURE 76. Ghana, Berekuso, 1 mi N (Oct 1967). collectors' coordinates confirm that camp was about 5 mi E Damango. The Damango Scarp Forest Re- serve is approximately 1.6 km northeast of town and the small Dombi Forest Reserve lies about 3.2 km south of town on the south side of the Sorri River. Rosevear (1965) referred to the habitat as "Doka Woodland." Taxa: Galago, Erythrocebus; Xerus, Acomys, Gerbillis- cus, Taterillus, Arvicanthis, Lemniscomys, Mastomys, Praomys; Lepus; Crocidura; Nycteris. Denu, Volta Region (Map 11: 377). Coordinates: 06?06'N, 01?09'E C, G. Collectors: B. J. Hayward and A. Kofi (31 Aug 1967). Fiabitat: "Attics of buildings" (AK). Taxon: Mops. Doyum, Eastern Region (Map 11: 358). Coordinates: 05?54'N, 00?01'E C, G. Collectors: J. C. Geest, J. W. LeDuc, C. B. Robbins, and H. W. Setzer (14-16 Nov 1967). NUMBER 628 155 FIGURE 77. Ghana, Butre: Epiphytes (photograph by J. C. Geest, 20 Jan 1968). Habitat: "Attic . . . two story building . . . nim tree in the village" (JWL). "We then set up a mist net at the chief's old house" (CBR). Remarks: This village is on the Accra Plains. Field catalog entries for 14 Nov use the locality variant Doyum Po- lice Post, but this was not written on specimen labels. Taxa: Epomophorus, Chaerephon, Mops. Efeipo Krom, Western Region (Map 11: 341). Coordinates: 04?57'N, 01?52'W C. Collector: J. C. Geest (8-15 Jul 1968). Habitat: "The area is in the high forest zone but there is very little forest left. . . much of the area is in oil palms. There is a small plot of degraded forest just south of the village. There are streams and palm swamps north and south of the village . . . There are a large number of coconut palms in the village . . . Cocoa and sugar cane are planted on the slopes and the valleys, respec- tively. There is quite a lot of thicket growing around and in the farms [Figure 78]. There are also some large bamboo clumps near the streams . . . The soil color is quite red and very wet now . . . farms of cassava, maize." "Remnant forest" (specimen labels). Remarks: The collector's coordinates could not be definitely verified; however, our topographic map (Survey of Ghana, Takoradi, 1:250,000) is annotated with a mark at these approximate coordinates in the vicinity of Bo- ronyi Krom (04?57'N, 01?54'W G, as Brunikrom), a place that does fall near the collector's coordinates. Taxa: Galago, Cercopithecus; Funisciurus, Heliosciurus, Paraxerus, Protoxerus, Cricetomys, Lophuromys, Gerbilliscus, Dasymys, Dephomys, Hylomyscus, Lemniscomys, Malacomys, Mastomys, Mus, Prao- mys, Rattus; Crocidura; Megaloglossus, Saccolaimus; Civettictis; Neotragus. Elmina, Elmina Castle, Central Region (Map 11: 344). Coordinates: 05?04'N, Or22'W C (05?05'N, 01?21'W G). 156 ? SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY nCURE 78. Ghana, Efeipo Krom (photograph by J. C. Geest, 8 Jul 1968). Collectors: B. J. Hayward and A. Kofi (20 Aug 1967). Habitat: "Dungeons." (BJH). Remarks: While at Jukwa (16-21 Aug), a side trip was made to this locality. Some specimens were collected from the San Jorge Castle also at Elmina. On the map consulted (Survey of Ghana, Takoradi, 1:250,000), Elmina is identified also as Edina. Rosevear (1965) characterized the surrounding habitat as being "Coastal scrub." Taxon: Hipposideros. Gambaga, Northern Region (Map 11: 321). Coordinates: 10?31'N, 00?28'W C (10?32'N, 00=27^ G). Collector: J. C. Geest (7-14 May 1968). Habitat: "The Gambaga Scarp is between 1,200 and 1,400 feet [366-427 m]. The scarp is forested with typical Sudan woodland trees for the most part [Eigure 79] . . . There are flat topped bluffs with loose, rocky slopes . . . The dominant tree seems to be Parkia . . . There are also Shea butter trees . . . The soil is quite sandy and red brown in color. We are camped on a small river." Remarks: The "small river" referenced above is a tribu- tary of the Gambaga or Nyingari River. Rosevear (1965) characterized the habitat as being "Sudan Woodland." Taxa: Galago; Xerus, Heliosciurus, Cricetomys, Acomys, Gerbilliscus, Taterillus, Lemniscomys, Mastomys, Mus, Praomys; Lepus; Atelerix; Eidolon, Epomoph- orus, Micropteropus, Nanonycteris, Hipposideros, Nycteris, Chaerephon, Scotophilus; Galerella. Jukwa, Central Region (Map 11: 343). Coordinates: 05?15'N, 0r21'W C (05?16'N, 01?20'W G). Collectors: B. J. Hayward and A. Kofi (16-21 Aug 1967). Habitat: "Many bamboo planted in this area . . . They grow mostly along the rivers and depressions form- ing deep shade and dense thickets . . . pond edge . . . guava tree" (BJH). "Cocoa farm" (AK). NUMBER 628 1 57 FIGURE 79. Ghana, Gambaga: Guinea woodland (photograph by J. C. Geest, 5 May 1968). Remarks: Camp was established near the Saruwi River. The map (Survey of Ghana, Takoradi, 1:250,000) ref- erenced used the older name of Dwokwaa instead of Jukwa. While at Jukwa, side trips were made to Cape Coast and Elmina. Taxa: Lophuromys, Uranomys, Lemniscomys, Mastomys, Praomys; Crocidura; Eidolon, Epomops, Megaloglos- sus, Nycteris, Chaerephon, Mops, Neoromicia, Myotis. Kade, 6 mi [9.7 km] NW, Eastern Region (Map 11: 334). Coordinates: 06?06'N, 00?51'W C. Collectors: J. C. Geest, J. W. LeDuc, W. P. Murdoch Jr., C. B. Robbins, and H. W. Setzer (26 Oct-2 Nov 1967); J. C. Geest (26-29 Mar 1968). Habitat: "There are several Musanga cecropioides along the trail on the forest edge . . . The side opposite the forest is planted in cassava which is higher than my head" (JCG). "Old secondary high forest, next to a cocoa grove . . . yam field . . . swampy area [Figure 80] . . . cleared area of dense, fairly low vines" (JWL). "The area is secondary high forest [with] . . . low grass bordering a banana grove . . . orange grove" (CBR). Remarks: Collecting activity was centered on the Univer- sity of Ghana Experimental Farm, which the collectors used for their coordinates. Geest identified the farm- ing complex as "6 mi N Kade" on his specimen labels. For the first two days (27-28 Oct) at the site, LeDuc and Robbins simply noted the locality as "Kade" on specimen labels, but they later amended field catalogs and journals to read 6 mi NW Kade. Taxa: Funisciurus, Heliosciurus, Paraxerus, Graphiurus, Cricetomys, Lophuromys, Uranomys, Hybomys, Hy- lomyscus, Lemniscomys, Malacomys, Mastomys, Mus, Praomys, Rattus, Anomalurus; Crocidura; Epomops, 158 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY nCURE 80. Ghana, Kade, 6 mi NW (photograph by J. C. Geest, 29 Mar 1968). Hypsignathus, Megaloglossus, Myonycteris, Scotonyc- teris, Hipposideros, Saccolaimus, Mops, Scotophilus. Keta, Volta Region (Map 11: 376). Coordinates: 05?55'N, 00?59'E C, G. Collector: B. J. Hayward (31 Aug 1967). Habitat: "Syrenga trees in fruit and many mango trees in flower." Remarks: This locality is on a sand spit projecting between the Keta Lagoon on one side and the Gulf of Guinea on the other. Taxon: Epomophorus. Kokofu, Brong-Ahafo Region (Map 11: 328). Coordinates: 07M3'N, 00?52'W C (07?43'N, 00=53^ G). Collector: J. C. Geest (20-25 May 1968). Habitat: "This locality seems to have been quite good riv- erine forest in the not too distant past. . . The grass is approximately 2 feet [0.6 m] in height and there are numerous trees near the village . . . thicket made up of a low growing Bauhinia-type tree . . . Lophira lanceo- lata is by far the most common tree of the surround- ing savanna woodland [Figure 81] . . . An occasional Parkia is seen . . . young Bombax. Principal crops are yams and ground nuts." Taxa: Galago; Funisciurus, Heliosciurus, Protoxerus, Uranomys, Gerbilliscus, Lemniscomys, Mastomys, Mus, Praomys; Crocidura; Eidolon, Hipposideros, Nycteris; Genetta. Kpeve, Volta Region (Map 11: 372). Coordinates: 06M1'N, 00?20'E C, G. Collector: J. C. Geest (2 Dec 1967). Habitat: "Road culvert" (specimen labels). Taxon: Nycteris. Krobo Mountain, Eastern Region (Map 11: 364). Coordinates: 06?05'N, 00?03'E C, G. NUMBER 628 159 FIGURE 81. Ghana, Kokofu: Guinea woodland (photograph by J. C. Geest, 20 May 1968). Collectors: J. C. Geest, J. W. LeDuc, C. B. Robbins, and H. W. Setzer (13, 19 Nov 1967). Habitat: "Rock crevasses . . . slopes covered by tall grass . . . hollow Bombax tree [Figure 82] . . . The forest on the top has many ferns, lianas, and tall trees" (JCG). "Large rock face . . . crevice" (JWL). Remarks: This locality, close to the Volta River, was visited twice by the AMP crew while they awaited the release of their field gear from Ghanaian customs (E. Setzer, personal communication). Krobo Mountain (1,108 ft [338 m] maximum elevation) Ues close to Okwenya (06?06'N, 00?03'E G). Rosevear (1965) characterized the habitat as "Guinea Woodland." Taxa: Cercopithecus; Rhinolophus, Hipposideros, Taphozous. Kwahu Tafo, Eastern Region (Map 11: 336). Coordinates: 06?39'N, OOMO'W C, G. Collector: B. Hughes (20 Nov 1967). Habitat: "Cocoa grove" (JCG). Remarks: A specimen was given to Geest by Barry Hughes, and he entered it into his field catalog (JCG 4208) that same day while working at Medina. Taxon: Lophuromys. Legon, University of Ghana, Eastern Region (Map 11: 350). Coordinates: 05?40'N, 00?12'W C (05?39'N, OO^l-W G). Collectors: J. C. Geest, B. J. Hayward, A. Kofi, J. W. LeDuc, C. B. Robbins, and H. W. Setzer (many dates in Jul-Dec 1967; 2 Apr, 12 Jun, 23 Sep 1968); L. W. Robbins and R. E. Vaden (22 Sep-7 Oct 1968). Habitat: "Tall savanna grass and marsh sedges, 3 feet [0.9 m] high. The soil is red laterite and well packed ... oil palm grove . .. coffee grove . .. dam at a break in the bamboo clumps" (JCG). "Banana grove at the 160 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY FIGURE 82. Ghana, Krobo Mountain: Tree containing Hipposideros cyclops (photograph by J. C. Geest, 12 Nov 1967). 1 base of a big Ceiba tree ... a lot of sugar cane and oil palm here" (BJH). "Tall grass that surrounded a cassava farm" (AK). "Stagnant stream in a grove of trees (20-30 feet [6.1-9.1 m]) with much leaf litter .. . neem grove (Azadirachta indica) ... A prominent shrub .. . {Cassia) was present also" (CBR). "Grove of date palms" (REV). "Accra plains" (specimen labels). Remarks: The University of Ghana at Legon provided a base of operations for the AMP field teams while in that country. Many specimens were opportunistically collected on the university grounds (including Legon Hill and the Botanical Gardens) in between field expe- ditions to other parts of Ghana. The village of Papao (05?39'N, 00?12'E G), at the foot of Legon Hill, was the site of collecting activities on 29 Sep 1967, though this town is not indicated on specimen labels. Speci- mens were also taken 2 mi [3.2 km] from the univer- sity at the Achimota Forest Reserve as well as 1 mi [1.6 km] N and 6mi [9.7 km] N (05?44'N, 00?11'W C) Legon. Taxa: Perodicticus, Galago; Xerus, Graphiurus, Gerbil- liscus, Arvicanthis, Lemniscomys, Mastomys, Mus; Atelerix; Crocidura; Eidolon, Epomophorus, Epo- mops, Micropteropus, Myonycteris, Nanonycteris, NUMBER 62,8 161 Hipposideros, Lavia, Taphozous, Nycteris, Chaere- phon, Mops, Scotophilus, Neoromicia. Leklebi Agbesia, Volta Region (Map 11: 374). Coordinates: 06?56'N, 00?29'E C. Collector:]. C. Geest (23-30 Jun 1968). Habitat: "The town is at the base of the mountains . . . under teak trees . . . The mountains at the lower levels are planted in coffee and at the upper levels are planted in cocoa. All grown under the forest canopy . . . The stream at this place has a canopy of cocoa . . . The soil on the slope is yellow-red laterite which is quite rocky. The soil of the valley is red-brown laterite with some sand in it. Fallow fields in the valley are grown up in elephant grass 9 feet [2.7 m] high . . . dense scrub vegetation that borders the farms in the valley . . . Cassava is the major crop with quite a lot of corn also being grown . . . Yams . . . coconut palms. . . banana." "Remnant forest" (specimen labels). Remarks: The AMP field map (Survey of Ghana, Ho, 1:250,000) was annotated with this locality just south of [Leklebi] Duga (06?57'N, 00?29'E G) and is referred to as "Agbesia," located at the foot of the Akwapim-Togo Ranges and close to a tributary of the Flabo River. Taxa: Galago; Xerus, Funisciurus, Heliosciurus, Graphiu- rus, Lophuromys, Uranomys, Grammomys, Hylomys- cus, Lemniscomys, Mastomys, Mus, Praomys, Rattus; Crocidura; Epomops, Hypsignathus, Lissonycteris, Micropteropus, Hipposideros, Mops, Glauconycteris, Mimetillus; Genetta. Mamfe, Eastern Region (Map 11: 356). Coordinates: 05?56'N, 00?07'W C, G. Collector: J. W. LeDuc (10 Dec 1967). Habitat: "Road culvert" (specimen labels). Taxon: Nycteris. Mankesin, vicinity of. Central Region (Map 11: 346). Coordinates: 05?17'N, 01?02'W C (05?17'N, 01?02'W G, as Mankesim). Collector: J. C. Geest (29 Jul 1967). Remarks: While in Legon, Geest was given a single speci- men of Nycteris that was found on a vehicle radiator in the vicinity of Mankesin. Taxon: Nycteris. Medina, 2 mi [3.2 km] N Legon, Eastern Region (Map 11: 351). Coordinates: 05?42'N, 00?12'W C (05?41'N, OOnO-W G, as Madina). Collectors: J. C. Geest (16 Oct; 12, 20 Nov 1967); J. W. LeDuc (9 Nov 1967). Habitat: "Accra Plains" (specimen labels). Taxa: Galago; Arvicanthis, Mastomys; Atelerix; Manis. Nabogo, Northern Region (Map 11: 323). Coordinates: 09?45'N, 00M9'W C (09?44'N, 00?49'W G). Collector: J. C. Geest (12-23 Apr 1968). Habitat: "The river has little vegetation near it and nothing that could be called riverine forest... Away from the river the vegetation is that of Guinea woodland and what Rosevear calls doka woodland. Most of it is heavily cutover and grazed ... Guinea corn is grown in these fields ... The soil is quite sandy but containing some clay." Remarks: The river mentioned by Geest is the Nabogo. Taxa: Xerus, Heliosciurus, Cricetomys, Uranomys, Ger- billiscus, Taterillus, Arvicanthis, Lemniscomys, Mastomys, Mus, Praomys; Atelerix; Crocidura; Epo- mophorus, Nycteris; Genetta, Galerella. Nankasi, Eastern Region (Map 11: 360). Coordinates: 06?06'N, 00?23'W C (06?05'N, 00?23'W G). Collector: H. W. Setzer (10 Dec 1967). Habitat: "Road culvert" (specimen label). Taxon: Nycteris. Nkawkaw, 1 mi [1.6 km] N, Eastern Region (Map 11: 335). Coordinates: 06?33'N, 00M4'W C. Collectors: J. C. Geest, B. J. Hayward, and A. Kofi (3-12 Aug 1967). Habitat: "The forest is bathed in clouds and is really drip- ping" (JCG). "Has remnants of forest but a lot of cassava, bananas, and palm. Small stream just below camp . . . North of here was a big escarpment cliff, looked to be about 700-800 feet [213.4-243.8 m] high . . . On top, the hills were covered with beautiful forest [Figure 83] . . . Lots of small streams running down in many places. Trees were over 100 feet [30.5 m] I would say" (BJH). "Tall grass . . . under some cassava plants . . . cocoa farm" (AK). Remarks: Most of Geest's specimen labels indicate this lo- cality simply as "Nkawkaw." The escarpment noted above is the Southern Scarp, and the forest is the South- ern Scarp Forest Reserve (06?33'N, OOMO'W G). Taxa: Galago; Cricetomys, Lophuromys, Gerbilliscus, Lem- niscomys, Malacomys, Mastomys, Mus, Praomys; Croc- idura; Eidolon, Epomops, Lissonycteris, Megaloglossus, Myonycteris, Scotonycteris, Rhinolophus, Hipposideros, Nycteris, Scotophilus, Glauconycteris, Neoromicia. 162 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY nCURE 83. Ghana, Nkawkaw, 1 mi N (photograph by B. J. Hayward, 9 Aug 1967). Oda, Eastern Region (Map 11: 333). Coordinates: 05?52'N, 01?00'W C. Collectors: J. W. LeDuc, L. W. Robbins, H. W. Setzer, and R. E. Vaden (8-15 Oct 1968). Habitat: "Cocoa, a few yams, bananas, and cassava are the major crops . . . orange grove" (JWL). "The habi- tat is cut-over high forest" (REV). Remarks: On the map (Survey of Ghana, Accra, 1:250,000) consulted, Oda is also referred to as Nsuaem. Rosevear (1965) designated the habitat as being "High Forest." Taxa: Ferodicticus; Xerus, Heliosciurus, Paraxerus, Graphiu- rus, Cricetomys, Lophuromys, Uranomys, Hylomyscus, Lemniscomys, Malacomys, Mastomys, Mus, Praomys, Rattus, Anomalurus, Atherurus; Crocidura; Eidolon, Epo- mops, Megaloglossus, Micropteropus, Scotonycteris, Hip- posideros, Nycteris, Scotophilus; Genetta; Neotragus. Odomi Jongo, 2 mi [3.2 km] E Nkwanta, Volta Region (Map 11: 330). Coordinates: 08?15'N, 00?32'E C. Collector: J. C. Geest (16-23 Jun 1968). Habitat: "A mixture of forest and Guinea woodland trees . . . For the most part it appears to be remnant forest into which some fire resistant trees have migrated . . . Near the river there are a large number of cocoa trees as well as bananas. Yams, cassava, and melons occur on the slopes away from the river. The soil is laterite and becomes quite sandy in places . . . elephant grass which is about 7 feet [2.1 m] in height. . . portion of the forest that contains many oil palms." "Remnant forest" (specimen labels). Remarks: As such, Odomi Jongo could not be located on maps but it was determined not to be the same village as Odomi (08?19'N, 00?31'E G), the latter being approxi- mately 3.5 mi [5.6 km] north of Nkwanta (08?16'N, 00?31'E G). Geest's journal makes clear that he was east of Nkwanta, along the road to Shiare, and a dot penned on a road map (Survey of Ghana, Road Map of Ghana, Northern Section, 1:500,000), presumably used in the field, corresponds to the above coordinates. NUMBER 62,8 163 Taxa: Funisciurus, Graphiurus, Cricetomys, Uranomys, Gerbilliscus, Lemniscomys, Mastomys, Mus, Prao- mys; Crocidura; Epomophorus, Epomops, Hypsig- nathus, Lissonycteris, Megaloglossus, Micropteropus, Nanonycteris, Hipposideros, Scotophilus, Glauconyc- teris, Mimetillus. Okorasi, Eastern Region (Map 11: 361). Coordinates: 06?02'N, 00?16'W C (06?02'N, 00=15^ G). Collector: J. W. LeDuc (10 Dec 1967). Habitat: "Road culvert" (specimen labels). Taxon: Nycteris. Pirisi, Upper Region (Map 11: 319). Coordinates: 10?07'N, 02?27'W C, G. Collector:]. C. Geest (25 Feb-1 Mar 1968). Habitat: "This is what Rosevear [1965] calls doka wood- land [Figure 84]. The land is grazed heavily near the village . . . The soil is beige in color and rather sandy. There are some large red volcanic boulders jutting through the soil." Taxa: Galago; Xerus, Heliosciurus, Cricetomys, Steato- mys, Uranomys, Gerbilliscus, Taterillus, Arvicanthis, Dasymys, Lemniscomys, Mastomys, Mus, Praomys; Lepus; Atelerix; Crocidura; Epomophorus, Microp- teropus, Nycteris, Otomops; Genetta. Pra Suhien Forest Reserve, Central Region (Map 11: 342). Coordinates: 05?21'N, 01?24'W C. Collector: L. R. Cole (14 Nov 1967). Remarks: This entry is based on a single specimen of Hip- posideros collected by Cole but logged in the field cat- alog of J. C. Geest on 20 Nov 1967 while at Medina. Taxon: Hipposideros. Prestea, 32 mi [51.5 km] W, Western Region (Map 11: 337). Coordinates: 05?23'N, 02?28'W C. Collector: J. C. Geest (6-15 Jan 1968). Habitat: "Forest reserve that is thought to be primary forest. . . The trees are tall but small in girth and quite FIGURE 84. Ghana, Pirisi: Guinea woodland (photograph by J. C. Geest, 26 Feb 1968). 164 . SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY close together [Figure 85] . . . Tarrietia utilis . . . and Lophira alata were the two dominant trees of the area . . . The canopy is high but made up of these smaller trees and Hanas ... 30 feet [9.1 m] Musanga cecropi- oides line the roadway . . . wooden culverts . . . small pool along the roadside . . . The soil is decomposed granite and yellow clays." Remarks: The map consulted (Survey of Ghana, Prestea, 1:250,000) refers to the Pure Forest Reserve (05?22'N, 02?17'W G) to the west of Prestea. L. R. Cole spo- radically collected a few Malacomys specimens at 15 mi [24.1 km] W Prestea between July 1966 and April 1971 and provided them to the AMP. Taxa: Lophuromys, Dephomys, Hybomys, Hylomyscus, Malacomys, Praomys; Crocidura; Epomops, Hypsig- nathus, Megaloglossus, Myonycteris, Scotonycteris, Hipposideros, Chaerephon, Mops, Pipistrellus, Glau- conycteris, Mimetillus. FIGURE 85. Ghana, Prestea, 32 mi W: Forest profile (photograph by J. C. Geest, 14 Jan 1969). NUMBER 628 165 Prince's Town, 7 mi [11.3 km] N, Western Region (Map 11: 339). Coordinates: 04?51'N, 02?04'W C. Collectors: B. J. Hayward and A. Kofi (22-26 Aug 1967). Habitat: "The majority of the forest is gone, but there are remnant trees . . . edge of a forest clearing near two large banana trees . . . There was little undergrowth and the forest canopy was complete" (BJH). "Thick forest. There are tall trees in this area . . . and the un- dergrowth is very bushy" (AK). Remarks: Collections were also made 6 mi [9.7 km] N Prince's Town at Anima Krom (04?50'N, 02?05'W G), which lies on the Nyan River. Cape Three Points Forest Reserve (04?50'N, 02?03'W G) is less than a mile [1.6 km] to the east. Taxa: Lophuromys, Lemniscomys, Malacomys, Masto- mys, Praomys; Epomops, Megaloglossus, Myonycteris, Rousettus, Scotonycteris, Rhinolophus, Hipposideros, Pipistrellus. Pulima, Upper Region (Map 11: 318). Coordinates: 10?51'N, 02?03'W C, G. Collector: J. C. Geest (2-7 Mar 1968). Habitat: "Two trees that are really prominent here in the Sudan [woodland; Figure 86] are Parkia dappertonia and Samania salmonia ... tomatoes and ocra ... [A river] has been dammed in several places with earthen dams which leaves many small pools about 30^0 feet [9.1-12.2 m] across ... river bottom is in grass as pasturage for cattle ... The soil is yellow-brown and quite sandy." Remarks: The river referenced above is a small tributary of the Kanyanbia. Taxa: Heliosciurus, Acomys, Uranomys, Gerbilliscus, Taterillus, Arvicanthis, Dasymys, Lemniscomys, Mas- tomys, Mus, Praomys; Genetta. Sakpa, Northern Region (Map 11: 325). Coordinates: 08?52'N, 02?21'W C, G. Collector: J. C. Geest (14-21 Mar 1968). FIGURE 86. Ghana, Pulima: Acomys sp. Habitat, Sudan woodland (photograph by J. C. Geest, 2 Mar 1968). 166 ? SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY Habitat: "Old stand of Guinea woodland [Figure 87]. The trees are quite old and very close together . . . The woodland is quite extensive, most places dominated by species of Isoberlinea . . . Some of the trees are es- timated to be 60-80 feet [18.3-24.4 m] high . . . silk cotton trees . . . Bauhinia . . . dry stream bed . . . man made pond . . . about 18 feet [5.5 m] across." Remarks: The field map (Survey of Ghana, Kintampo, 1:250,000) shows a penciled continuation of a stream bed about 4.8 km southeast of Sakpa that may cor- respond to the "dry stream bed" mentioned. This un- named stream flows southeastward about 55 km to the Black Volta River. Taxa: Xerus, Funisciurus, Cricetomys, Steatomys, Ger- billiscus, Taterillus, Arvicanthis, Lemniscomys, Mas- tomys, Mus, Praomys; Crocidura; Epomophorus, Micropteropus, Rhinolophus, Hipposideros, Nycte- ris. Mops, Scotoecus, Scotophilus, Glauconycteris, Mimetillus, Neoromicia. Shishe, Upper Region (Map 11: 322). Coordinates: 10M2'N, 00?13'W C, G. FIGURE 87. Ghana, Sakpa: Guinea woodland (photograph by J. C. Geest, 17 Mar 1968). NUMBER 62,8 167 Collector: J. C. Geest (1-6 May 1968). Habitat: "The vegetation is that of Sudan woodland with many Baobab (Adansonia digitata) and Parkia trees in evidence. The vegetation is quite dense . . . The soil is dark red brown and quite loamy in texture . . . cultivated fields around the houses." Remarks: This camp was located 3.2 km north of "the [Aburi] scarp," a reference to the Gambaga Scarp. The Morago West Forest Reserve (10?39'N, 00?17'W G) is less than 3.2 km southwest of Shishe. Taxa: Galago; Heliosciurus, Gerbilliscus, Taterillus, Lem- niscomys, Mastomys, Mus, Praomys; Lepus; Croc- idura; Epomophorus; Galerella. Subinja, 2 mi [3.2 km] E Wenchi, Brong-Ahafo Region (Map 11: 326). Coordinates: 07?45'N, 02?04'W C (07?44'N, 02=04^ G). Collector:]. C. Geest (19-24 Feb 1968). Habitat: "The major terrain is of low rolling hills . . . Along the river and on the slopes adjacent to it cocoa is planted. Also along the river there remains the major- ity of tall trees that are still to be seen. There are large fields of elephant grass and among these are a few fields of cassava. Scattered about almost in a random fashion are clumps of banana and occasional paw paw trees. [In the savannah some trees are] 150-180 feet [45.7-54.9 m] high and do not seem to be savannah species." "Derived savannah" (Figure 88) (specimen labels). Remarks: The river mentioned above is most likely the Subin. Rosevear (1965) described the habitat around Wenchi as "High Forest." Taxa: Xerus, Funisciurus, Heliosciurus, Graphiurus, Cri- cetomys, Lophuromys, Uranomys, Gerbilliscus, De- phomys, Lemniscomys, Malacomys, Mastomys, Mus, Praomys, Rattus; Epomops, Hypsignathus, Lissonyc- teris, Micropteropus, Rousettus, Hipposideros, Chae- rephon, Glauconycteris, Neoromicia. Suhum, 2.4 mi [3.9 km] E, Eastern Region (Map 11: 359). Coordinates: 06?03'N, 00?26'W C. Collector: H. W. Setzer (10 Dec 1967). FIGURE 88. Ghana, Subinja: Derived savanna (photograph by J. C. Geest, 20 Feb 1968). 168 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY Habitat: "Road culvert" (specimen label). Taxon: Hipposideros. Teshi, Eastern Region (Map 11: 348). Coordinates: 05?34'N, 00?06'W C (05?35'N, 00=06^ G). Collectors: J. C. Geest, J. W. LeDuc, C. B. Robbins, and H. W. Setzer (22-26 Nov 1967). Habitat: "In the roof of an old, two-story building . . . [other dwellings]" (JWL). Remarks: The AMP field team visited Teshi to collect bats while waiting to clear customs at Legon. Taxa: Micropteropus, Mops, Scotophilus. Tinkong, 3 mi [4.8 km] NW, Eastern Region (Map 11: 362). Coordinates: 06?01'N, 00?15'W C. Collector: H. W. Setzer (10 Dec 1967). Habitat: "Road culvert" (specimen label). Taxon: Hipposideros. Tsibu, 7 mi [11.3 km] N, Volta Region (Map 11: 370). Coordinates: 06?39'N, 00?18'E M (Survey of Ghana, Ho, 1:250,000). Collectors: J. W. LeDuc and H. W. Setzer (2 Dec 1967). Habitat: "Road culvert" (specimen labels). Remarks: See Remarks under Bame, 7 mi S for explana- tion for modifying the coordinates supplied by the collectors for this site (06?37'N, 00?18'E). Our es- timated coordinates for 7 mi N (actually NE) Tsibu correspond to a penciled hatch mark indicated on the Ghana map, probably used by LeDuc, and differ slightly from those of the collector. This specimen was collected on a tributary of the Amimli River, which flows into the Dayi and subsequently into the Volta on the west side of Awudome Mountain, part of the Akwapim-Togo Ranges. Another collection site was 2 mi [3.2 km] SSW Tsibu f06?34'N. 00?17'E C). Taxon: Nycteris. Tutu, Eastern Region (Map 11: 355). Coordinates: 05?53'N, 00?09'W C, G. Collector: H. W. Setzer (10 Dec 1967). Habitat: "Road culvert" (specimen label). Taxon: Nycteris. Veya, Upper Region (Map 11: 320). Coordinates: 10?52'N, 00?52'W C (10?52'N, 00?51'W G, as Vea). Collector: J. C. Geest (24-30 Apr 1968). Habitat: "Sudan woodland . . . [The terrain] begins to get quite rocky . . . The rocks are granite and each out- crop supports quite a number of trees . . . The larger trees are Baobabs . . . Between the rock outcrops the land is almost all under cultivation." Taxa: Acomys, Mastomys, Mus, Praomys; Felis, Genetta. Weija, Eastern Region (Map 11: 347). Coordinates: 05?34'N, 00?21'W C (05?34'N, 00?20'W G). Collectors: J. W. LeDuc and C. B. Robbins (16-17 Dec 1967). Habitat: "Grass-roofed house which was vacant" (CBR). "Road culvert" (specimen labels). Taxa: Hipposideros, Nycteris. Wulasi, Northern Region (Map 11: 329). Coordinates: 08?39TS[, 00?00'GM C (08?39'N, 00?01'E G). Collector: J. C. Geest (14-20 May 1968). Habitat: "Rosevear includes this area in the doka wood- land ... but now one is hard pressed to see a doka tree .. . Lophira lanceolata is one of the more common trees as it is over most of the Guinea woodland [Figure 89]. The soil is sandy and overlays a red volcanic sco- ria .. . Parkia clappertonia ... an occasional mango tree ... At the river ... is a pond .. . about 4 feet [1.2 m] deep. Tall sedges are growing all around it... Major crops of the area are yams and ground nuts." Remarks: Geest used "GM" to indicate that this locality is on the prime meridian. Taxa: Galago; Heliosciurus, Gerbilliscus, Taterillus, Mas- tomys, Praomys, Cryptomys; Atelerix; Epomophorus, Micropteropus, Scotophilus, Neoromicia. Yabraso, Brong-Ahafo Region (Map 11: 327). Coordinates: 08?04'N, 0r48'W C (08?04'N, 01?47'W G). Collector: J. C. Geest (6-12 Apr 1968). Habitat: "Surrounding countryside is rather typical of Guinea woodland. The trees are 40-50 feet [12.2-15.2 m] high with a girth of about 3 feet [0.9 m] on the av- erage," and "the grass is from 4-12 inches [0.1-0.3 m] high . . . Along the river there are taller grasses and some larger trees. They appear to be remnant trees of what could have been riverine forest. . . The soil is quite brown and rich looking ... In the riverine for- est [Figure 90] along the river there are many dum palms . . . There is good forest on either side of the falls . . . mango trees near the village." Remarks: The falls mentioned by Geest are the Kintampo Water Falls (08?05'N, 01M7'W G), also known by the colonial-era name of Fuller Falls. Both Yabraso and the Kintampo Water Falls are located on the Oyoko River, which flows (approximately 19 km from Yabraso) into the Black Volta via the Deba NUMBER 62,8 169 nCURE 89. Ghana, Wulasi (photograph by J. C. Geest, 14 May 1968). River. The Kintampo Water Falls lie about 1.6 km north of Yabraso on a more northern tributary of the Oyoko. Taxa: Funisciurus, Heliosciurus, Frotoxerus, Graphiu- rus, Cricetomys, Gerbilliscus, Taterillus, Fiylomyscus, Mastomys, Mus, Fraontys; Eidolon, Epomops, Lis- sonycteris, Micropteropus, Nanonycteris, Rousettus, Chaerephon, Mops, Fipistrellus, Mimetillus, Neoro- micia; Manis; Genetta, Nandinia. TOGO GENERAL REMARKS . The AMP team consisted of J. W. LeDuc and C. B. Robbins, who were frequently accompanied by Bramer Moshi, University of Ghana, who served as skinner and translator. Permitting difficulties hampered their fieldwork, curtailing the time spent in the field (about five weeks) and accounting for the relatively few localities visited (Map 12). As a result of these delays, collecting activity was confined to two abbreviated periods (9-31 May and 27 Jun to 11 Jul) separated by a collecting trip in between to Benin (1-25 Jun). National Museum of Natural History specimens of Chiroptera and Roden- tia were documented, respectively, by Robbins (1980) and Robbins and Van der Straeten (1996). ITINERARY. J. W. LeDuc and C. B. Robbins: Da- pango, 9-13 May 1968; Padori, 16-19 May 1968; Pewa, 22-25 May 1968; Pagala, 27-31 May 1968; Gbatope, 27-28 Jun 1968; Ezime, 30 Jun-5 Jul 1968; Agou, 7-11 Jul 1968. Agou (Map 12: 383). Coordinates: 06?51'N, 00M4'E C (06?53'N, 00?44'E G). Collectors: J. W. LeDuc and C. B. Robbins (7-11 July 1968). Habitat: "Crops of coco and coffee. Further away there are yams, pineapple, cassava, and some paw-paw and bananas. The forest directly surrounding us is almost finished" (JWL). "Habitat is still secondary high forest [Figure 91] . . . bananas, papaya, cocoa, ground nuts, corn, coffee, palm oil, cassava, and yams" (CBR). Remarks: At Agou, LeDuc and Robbins made camp on a soccer field. Just north of town are two large peaks that were "heavily forested," a tract that lies within 170 ? SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY FIGURE 90. Ghana, Yabraso: Riverine forest in Guinea woodland (photograph by J. C. Geest, 11 Aprl968). the Foret Classee d'Agou (CAO, Palime, 1:200,000). Many rodents were purchased from the locals, who were very cooperative and even obtained specimens from the aforementioned forest. Taxa: Galago, Cercopithecus; Heliosciurus, Graphiurus, Lophuromys, Grammomys, Hylomyscus, Lemnisco- mys, Mastomys, Mus, Praomys, Stochomys; Croc- idura; Hipposideros, Taphozous, Nycteris. Dapango, Savanna Region (Map 12: 378). Coordinates: 10?52'N, 00?13'E C (10?52'N, 00?12'E G). Collectors: J. W. LeDuc and C. B. Robbins (9-13 May 1968). Habitat: "Sharp rock ledge that drops down about 20-40 feet [6.1-12.2 m] abruptly, then 100 feet [30.5 m] or so gradually to a second plain [Figure 92]. The area directly surrounding our camp is quite flat and rocky. NUMBER 62,8 171 of Guinea MAP 12. African Mammal Project cardinal collecting localities 378-384 in Togo. 378. Dapango 380. Pewa 382. Ezime 384. Gbatope 379. Padori 381. Pagala 383. Agou The area has been in cultivation, but isn't now. It was possibly in ground nuts or corn. All the land on this upper plain is quite flat and lacks vegetation except for a few scattered large trees" (JWL). "Heavily pop- ulated and extensively cultivated. Rock hills . . . the area is quite barren of vegetation . . . small caves in rocky hillside nearby" (CBR). "Sudan Savanna" (specimen labels). Remarks: In their field journals, LeDuc and Robbins re- corded that their camp was situated 3 km southwest of Dapango (10?51'N, 00?10'E M, CAO, Sansanne- Mango, 1:200,000), about 1 km from the main road and 300 yards [270 m] from an unnamed small village. Taxa: Xerus, Cricetomys, Steatomys, Acomys, Gerbillis- cus, Taterillus, Arvicanthis, Dasymys, Lemniscomys, Mastomys, Mus, Praomys; Atelerix; Crocidura; Eido- lon, Rhinolophus, Nycteris, Chaerephon; Galerella. Ezime (Map 12: 382). Coordinates: 07?29'N, 00?56'E C, G. Collectors: J. W. LeDuc and C. B. Robbins (30 Jun-5 Jul 1968). Habitat: "Habitat... is indeed unique. Bordering on the north side of the village is a ridge?several hundred feet high and covered with what appears to be high forest. The south side of the village borders on a fairly level area covered by guinea woodland and small patches of forest [Figure 93]. Where the river runs across this area there occurs a dense riverine forest.. . base of ridge ... coffee and coco. Small patches of pineapple... east and south of the village there is corn and yams.. . dense riverine forest, secondary high forest and a short patch of coffee .. . small pond .. . mango (?) tree" (JWL). "Secondary high forest [as also indicated on specimen labels]. There is cocoa, coffee, corn, cassava, yams, ground nuts, and papaya grown here. The forests have very high trees and the ones near villages have the cocoa and coffee forming a secondary canopy under these large trees. Many streams in the area . .. bush and grass scrub . .. pond" (CBR). Remarks: This locality, which impressed LeDuc as "unique" in view of the wide variety of habitats, was successfully sampled with considerable help from the locals and in spite of heavy rains. In all, 34 vertebrate genera were collected. The river mentioned in the habitat descriptions is a tributary of the Oule River, located to the south side of Ezime. Taxa: Galago, Cercopithecus, Colobus; Xerus, Funisci- urus, Heliosciurus, Graphiurus, Lophuromys, Urano- niys, Gerbilliscus, Arvicanthis, Dasymys, Hylomyscus, 172 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY 5^1^,^' * HGURE 91. Togo, Agou (12 Jul 1968). Lemniscomys, Mastomys, Mus, Praomys, Anomalurus; Lepus; Crocidura; Eidolon, Epomops, Hypsignathus, Micropteropus, Hipposideros, Nycteris, Chaerephon, Mops, Scotophilus, Neoromicia; Nandinia. Gbatope, Maritime Region (Map 12: 384). Coordinates: 06?26'N, 01?17'E C (06?26'N, 01?16'E G, as Agbatope). Collectors: J. W. LeDuc and C. B. Robbins (27-28 Jun 1968). Habitat: "Coconut palms . .. bush ... The foliage is quite thick. Occasionally there is an oil palm . . . small corn field ... there is little crop work .. . general habitat we're calling invasive guinea woodland [Figure 94] aiter Rosevear [1965] .. . floor of small valley ... river running. The river has overflowed badly now . . . thick growth ofvines, etc. causing a'wall'of vegetation ... oil palms, a little corn and small private plots of vegetables. Coconut palms" (JWL). "The area is or has been at one time high forest. Due to cultivation and land clearing only isolated large trees remain. We will call this area 'invasive guinea woodland' [also as penned on speci- men labels] according to Rosevear [1965] .. . dense low bush, coconut palm, oil palms, corn, cassava, and other crops... dense brush" (CBR). Taxa: Mastomys, Praomys; Epomophorus, Chaerephon, Mops, Glauconycteris; Neotragus. Padori, Savanna Region (Map 12: 379). Coordinates: 10?13'N, 00?25'E C (10?14'N, 00?26'E G). CoUectors: J. W. LeDuc and C. B. Robbins (16-19 May 1968). Habitat: "Habitat. . . unique . . . large ponds and . . . lakes. The lay of the land is quite flat. These flat lands are obviously quite swampy during the rains. The vegetation we are calling Sudan Savanna. There are a lot of acacia trees, baobab, and several types of small bush trees. Grasses are quite prevalent [Eigure 95]. cSi ?' nCURE 92. Togo, Dapango (13 May 1968). .?\-.^*v 'S''M~'?f*^H ^ ^^^^^^?r \m^ ''^PWP^^f*- '^^^^H ?r '^ 'f ?.JIMKV^T ^^^^^ im HHia nCURE 93. Togo, Ezime (6 Jul 1968). nCURE 94. Togo, Gbatope (photograph by C. B. Robbins, 28 Jun 1968). nCURE 95. Togo, Padori: Lavia habitat (photograph by C. B. Robbins, 19 May 1968). NUMBER 628 175 The crops include yams, possibly cassava, a lot of to- bacco" (JWL). "Cultivated in most areas . . . baobab tree " (CBR). Remarks: Padori lies in the flood plain of the Koumongou River, a tributary of the Oti, and is subject to periodic flooding. While in Padori, they collected a good series of Lavia from trees along the Koumongou River. Taxa: Xerus, Gerbilliscus, Taterillus, Arvicanthis, Dasy- mys, Mastomys, Praomys; Lepus; Atelerix; Crocidura; Lavia, Nycteris, Mops. Pagala (Map 12: 381). Coordinates: 08?11'N, 00?58'E C, G. Collectors: J. W. LeDuc and C. B. Robbins (27-31 May 1968). Habitat: "Camp in center of a teak forest. . . dense guinea savanna with exceptionally good riverine forest along the waterways and dried stream beds" (JWL). "Camp in a teak grove . . . near the Anie River. The area is dense Guinea Savanna [Figure 96]. Many trees and very high grass. The habitat along the river has larger forest type trees: riverine forest" (CBR). Remarks: LeDuc and Robbins camped near the western edge of Pagala, in a teak forest close by the Anie River. Their description would position the base camp just inside the Foret Classee du Balam boundary (CAO, Fazao, 1:200,000). According to Robbins, Pagala was chosen as a locality because "[this] is the closest we could get to Bismarckburg" (ruins; 08?11'N, OOMl'E G), the type locality of the rare muroid rodent Leima- comys buettneri. Taxa: Galago, Cercopithecus; Heliosciurus, Protoxerus, Graphiurus, Cricetomys, Uranomys, Gerbilliscus, Taterillus, Arvicanthis, Dasymys, Lemniscomys, Mastomys, Mus, Praomys; Lepus; Crocidura; Epo- mophorus, Micropteropus, Chaerephon; Genetta, Nandinia. Pewa (Map 12: 380). Coordinates: 09?17'N, 01?14'F C, G. nCURE 96. Togo, Pagala (1 Jun 1968). 176 ? SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY nCURE 97. Togo, Pewa (26 May 1968). Collectors: J. W. LeDuc and C. B. Robbins (22-25 May 1968). Habitat: "Very dense guinea savanna [Figure 97] .. . large rock outcroppings.. . The land is cultivated to a cer- tain extent but there still remains many patches of good bush .. . cassava and yams, although small plots of veg- etables occur ... dense grass .. . rocks" (JWL). "The area is very strange. We are in the Guinea Savanna zone but we are at the top of a mountain range .. . heavy vegetation and many rocks . . . semi-high grass-bush .. . water in high grass... mango trees" (CBR). Remarks: LeDuc and Robbins established camp near a Peace Corps fish culture project. On 23 May, they explored a cave 2-3 mi [3.2-4.8 km] from town but found no bats. Later, they hunted baboons by a waterfall outside of Ba- filo (09?21'N, 0ri6'E G) but, again, without success. Taxa: Procavia; Heliosciurus, Graphiurus, Cricetomys, Uranomys, Gerbilliscus, Taterillus, Arvicanthis, Dasy- mys, Hylomyscus, Lemniscomys, Mastomys, Mus; Atelerix; Crocidura; Lissonycteris, Rhinolophus, Ta- phozous, Nycteris, Chaerephon, Mops, Nycticeinops, Neoromicia. BENIN (DAHOMEY) GENERAL REMARKS. Compared with Togo, LeDuc and Robbins realized a more successful survey in Benin (Map 13) over a longer period (about four months). Although final independence from France was achieved in 1960, as the RepubHc of Benin, original specimen tags all bear the older name "Dahomey," still in vogue at the time of the AMP fieldwork (Jan-Jun 1968). National Museum of Natural History specimens of Chiroptera and Roden- tia were documented, respectively, by Robbins (1980) and Robbins and Van der Straeten (1996). ITINERARY. J. W. LeDuc and C. B. Robbins Diho, 12-16 Jan 1968; Bimbereke, 18-26 Jan 1968 Gbessarouperou, 23 Jan 1968; Guene, 28 Jan-1 Feb 1968 NUMBER 62,8 177 Kilometers Burkina Faso Gulf of Guinea MAP 13. African Mammal Project cardinal collecting localities 385-400 in Benin (Dahomey). 385. Porga 386. Banikoara 387. Guene 388. Kouande 389. Soubroukou 390. Bimbereke 391. Gbessarouperou 392. Segbana 393. Nikki 394. Tourou 395. Parakou 396. Diho 397. Zizonkame 398. Ketou 399. Kpodave 400. Ayitedjou Banikoara, 2-10 Feb 1968; Segbana, 11-16 Feb 1968; Nikki, 19-24 Feb 1968; Parakou, 27 Feb-1 Mar 1968; Tourou, 29 Feb 1968; Ketou, 4-9 Mar 1968; Zizonkame, 14-18 Apr 1968; Soubroukou, 20-24 Apr 1968; Kouande, 26-30 Apr 1968; Porga, 3-7 May 1968; Ayitedjou, 15-18 Jun 1968; Kpodave, 21-24 Jun 1968. Ayitedjou, Eastern Region (Map 13: 400). Coordinates: 06?39'N, 02M4'E G (as Aitedjou). Collectors: J. W. LeDuc and C. B. Robbins (15-18 Jun 1968). Habitat: "The area here is quite complex [in terms of habitat]. The main forest blocks are Secondary High Forest. .. large groves of oil palms, corn fields, cas- sava, and pineapple .. . some of the juju forests are quite dense with large trees ... a good deal of the low (elevation)?oil palm?forest plots are under water and very swampy ... water at the edge of a bridge ... forest and bush ... low thicket areas" (CBR). "The habitat here is quite unique . .. area was high forest at one time but now almost all the land is used for oil palm groves. These groves are quite mature. There's an oc- casional juju forest scattered about.. . These [forests] are Secondary High Forest with few really tall trees. Running through the valley ... is a large swamp with a river in the center . . . swamp is quite full now due to all the rain . . . The flora within the swamp is quite dense .. . Some of the trees are fairly tall, though not as high as in a mature High Forest... entire area [of the swamp] is covered with a solid blanket of plants, vines, bamboo, and so on, reaching about 30-40 feet [9.1- 12.2 m] high . . . river in the swamp . . . very dense foli- age (vines, bamboo, small palms, etc.) ... close to the ground usually not going higher than 6-10 feet [1.8- 3.0 m] off the ground" (JWL). Remarks: Ayitedjou is situated about 3 km north of Igolo, Nigeria, and their camp was just east of the lagoon system according to Robbins. We used the USBGN (1965) coordinates for plotting this site because the collectors' coordinates (06?39'N, 02?48'E) place the camp in Nigeria. Taxa: Cercopithecus, Chlorocebus; Funisciurus, Heliosci- urus, Protoxerus, Cricetomys, Gerbilliscus, Hylomys- cus, Lemniscomys, Mastomys, Mus, Praomys, Rattus, Thryonomys; Crocidura; Mops. Banikoara, Borgou Region (Map 13: 386). Coordinates: 11?18'N, 02?26'E C, G (as Banikora). Collectors: J. W. LeDuc and C. B. Robbins (2-10 Feb 1968). Habitat: "Stands of grass present. Still typical Sudan Sa- vannah [Figure 98] .. . tall (3-4 feet [0.9-1.2 m]) grass 178 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY nCURE 98. Benin, Banikoara (photograph by C. B. Robbins, 10 Feb 1968). .. . mango trees ... [dark] lava type rocks" (CBR). "Area is very dry Sudan Savannah" (JWL). Remarks: On 2 Feb, LeDuc and Robbins drove to Baniko- ara, where they set up camp in a grove of mango trees. On 8 and 9 Feb, traps were set about 1 mi [1.6 km] east of camp in a rocky escarpment, although this was not mentioned on specimen labels. LeDuc spelled this locality "Banikora" in his journal. Taxa: Heliosciurus, Graphiurus, Acomys, Gerbilliscus, Taterillus, Arvicanthis, Mastomys, Mus, Praomys, Rattus; Atelerix; Galerella. Bimbereke, Borgou Region (Map 13: 390). Coordinates: 10?14'N, 02?40'E C, G (as Bimbereke). Collectors: J. W. LeDuc and C. B. Robbins (18-26 Jan 1968). Habitat: "Very heavily wooded and not burned much . . . clay type soil is very rocky . . . rock outcroppings on hills near by .. . rocks . .. light decomposed granite- shale type ... pond?the local water supply" (CBR). "Camp . . . teak forest. . . soil was very rocky . . . veg- etation ... burned off grass, although not dense, and medium to tall trees [Figure 99] ... rock hill about 1/4 mile [0.4 km] from camp. The habitat here was again rocky with most of the grasses burnt off . . . pond used for water for the village .. . small stream" (JWL). Remarks: LeDuc and Robbins camped just north of Bim- bereke on the edge of a teak forest reserve (10?18'N, 02?35'E G, as Foret Classee de Wenou-Benou). On 23 Jan, they went hunting at the village of Gbessa- rouperou with some local men and returned to camp the following morning. The remaining time at Bim- bereke was spent preparing the game they collected at Gbessarouperou and previously collected specimens. Taxa: Cercopithecus, Chlorocebus; Funisciurus, Heliosci- urus, Acomys, Gerbilliscus, Taterillus, Arvicanthis, Lemniscomys, Mastomys, Mus, Praomys; Lepus; Atelerix; Epomophorus, Micropteropus, Rhinolo- NUMBER 62,8 179 nCURE 99. Benin, Bimbereke (photograph by C. B. Robbins, 26 Jan 1968). phus, Nycteris, Nycticeinops, Scotoecus, Scotophilus, Pipistrellus, Neoromicia; Nandinia. Diho, Central Region (Map 13: 396). Coordinates: 08?05'N, 02?31'E C, G. Collectors: J. W. LeDuc and C. B. Robbins (12-16 Jan 1968). Habitat: "Habitat is burned to a great extent. . . grass, pineapple, and cassava . . . Guinea Savannah Grass- land [Figure 100]" (CBR). "Camp in a freshly burned area of cultivated guinea savanna . . . unburned area consisted mainly of thick grasses, not exceptionally tall, and a few short trees. The soil was very dusty and dry . . . citrus patch . . . pineapple patch" (JWL). Remarks: Village inhabitants supplied so many specimens during the team's stay at Diho that traps were set on only one of the five evenings here. Taxa: Galago, Chlorocebus; Xerus, Funisciurus, Heliosci- urus, Cricetomys, Dendromus, Uranomys, Gerbillis- cus, Taterillus, Arvicanthis, Dasymys, Lemniscomys, Mastomys, Mus, Rattus; Lepus; Atelerix; Crocidura; Epomophorus, Micropteropus, Rhinolophus. Gbessarouperou, Borgou Region (Map 13: 391). Coordinates: 10?25'N, 03?01'E C, G (as Gbessarouperou). Collectors: J. W. LeDuc and C. B. Robbins (23 Jan 1968). Habitat: "Guinea Savannah" (specimen label). Remarks: While camped at Bimbereke (18-26 Jan), LeDuc and Robbins hunted larger mammals with some local men on 23 Jan, driving east and northeast about 40 mi [64 km] to the village of Gbessarouperou. There they hiked another 3 mi [4.8 km] east with a company of 15 men into "real bush country." During the single night of hunting, the party collected 20 specimens, three of which were given to the native hunters in gratitude for their efforts. Taxa: Caracal, Genetta; Alcelaphus, Ourebia, Cephalo- phus, Sylvicapra. 180 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY k-'.JwS*'' V r ^^^ttmi ?\v^ -i^ii^-i^. HGURE 100. Benin, Diho (16 Jan 1968). Guene, Borgou Region (Map 13: 387). Coordinates: 11?44'N, 03?13'E C, G (as Guene). Collectors: J. W. LeDuc and C. B. Robbins (28 Jan-1 Feb 1968). Habitat: ''Acacia seyal, the orange bark Sudan Savannah indicator tree, is present. Also flame trees, baobab, and many other thorny species of tree and shrub . . . bushes . . . swampy-Uke stream . . . cattle" (CBR). "Recently harvested peanut field . . . vegetation was typically Sudan Savannah [Figure 101] . . . burned fairly recently . . . cattle . . . bush surrounding camp . . . swampy area just outside the village . . . used as a watering hole for cattle" (JWL). Taxa: Galago; Xerus, Heliosciurus, Cricetomys, Gerbil- liscus, Taterillus, Lemniscomys, Mastomys; Lepus; Atelerix; Epomophorus, Micropteropus, Hipposide- ros, Nycteris, Chaerephon, Scotophilus, Neoromicia; Galerella. Ketou, Eastern Region (Map 13: 398). Coordinates: 07?21'N, 02?37'E C (07?22'N, 02?36'E G). Collectors: J. W. LeDuc and C. B. Robbins (4-9 Mar 1968). Fiabitat: "The area is probably in the Guinea Savannah Zone but it isn't all so. Driving here . . . there were very obvious patches of High Forest... bombax trees?also other very large trees remaining ... So our specimen labels will call this Guinea Savannah [Figure 102]. An analysis of pictures of the area may change this [perception] . . . Habitat is high grasses, thorn bushes etc., in an area of apparently remnant high for- est: Invasive Guinea Savannah since many large trees still remain . .. similar except cassava fields and yams" (CBR). "Undisturbed guinea savanna. There are many more trees here than in previous guinea savanna camps. The entire area is green with the new grasses . .. bush (guinea savanna) .. . The habitat is one of dense thicket t ' .4A nCURE 101. Benin, Guene (1 Feb 1968). nCURE 102. Benin, Ketou (photograph by C. B. Robbins, 10 Mar 1968). 182 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY reaching about 12-15 feet [3.7-4.6 m] high .. . grasses and Invasive Guinea Savanna" (JWL). Remarks: LeDuc and Robbins camped about 0.5 mi [0.8 km] east of Ketou. On 5 Mar, after disappointing trap success, they drove to a remnant area of high forest about 3 mi [4.8 km] east of camp, which LeDuc de- scribed as "Invasive Guinea Savanna." This locaHty variant is not indicated on specimen labels or in field catalogs. Later that day, they collected Mops from the town post office in Ketou proper. Taxa: Galago; Xerus, Lophuromys, Uranomys, Gerbillis- cus, Arvicanthis, Dasymys, Lemniscomys, Mastomys, Mus, Rattus; Crocidura; Chaerephon, Mops. Kouande, Atacora Region (Map 13: 388). Coordinates: 10?20'N, OlMl'E C. Collectors: J. W. LeDuc and C. B. Robbins (26-30 Apr 1968). Habitat: "The area is still in the Guinea Savannah Zone but getting to the edge. [The Atacora Mountains] are rocky with much brush and small trees" (CBR). " [Mountains] rocky, heavily vegetated, and generally undisturbed. The general habitat is Guinea Savanna [Figure 103], however, the vegetation isn't as closely clumped or as high as previous areas further south . . . rocks . . . bush" (JWL). Remarks: Camp was established just west of town close to the Atacora Mountains. LeDuc indicated in his jour- nal that their camp was on the "southern edge of the village along the road." Just to the west of Kouande (Kouande G) lies the Foret Classee des CoUines de Kouande (10?22'N, OlMl'E G), which encompasses an isolated range of foothills (maximum elevation 574 m) of the Atacora Mountains. Taxa: Galago, Chlorocebus; Xerus, Heliosciurus, Graphi- urus, Cricetomys, Steatomys, Gerbilliscus, Taterillus, nCURE 103. Benin, Kouande (30 Apr 1968). NUMBER 62,8 183 Arvicanthis, Lemniscomys, Mastomys, Mus, Prao- mys; Atelerix; Crocidura; Epomophorus, Microptero- pus; Cephalophus. Kpodave, Mono Region (Map 13: 399). Coordinates: 06M9'N, 01?46'E C (06?50'N, 01?42'E G, as Kpodaha). Collectors: J. W. LeDuc and C. B. Robbins (21-24 Jun 1968). Habitat: "Secondary High Forest. Many oil palms, pea- nut farms, corn. The roads have very high grass as do the fringes of the forest plots. Again a mixed up . . . forest grove . . . Besides the usual high trees and low scrub [Figure 104] and thicket and vines are kola trees and guava trees ... oil palm forest" (CBR). "The habitat is similar to much of the south of Da- homey. The majority of the land has been cleared and is under cultivation . . . ground nuts, corn, and oil palms . . . tall 'razor grass' grows everywhere that isn't under constant attention. Occasionally ... a lone, tall tree . . . left from the forest, and one or two small (1 acre [0.4 ha] or so) juju plots . . . but for the most part the High Forest... has vanished" (JWL). Remarks: Kpodave is just west of the Dahomey Gap, where the savanna zone reaches the Gulf of Guinea and splits the high forest of west Africa into two separate blocks (see, e.g., Rosevear, 1953; Robbins, 1978). Taxa: Perodicticus, Galago; Heliosciurus, Cricetomys, Hylomyscus, Lemniscomys, Mastomys, Mus, Prao- mys; Crocidura; Eidolon, Epomops, Hipposideros, Taphozous, Chaerephon, Mops, Neoromicia. Nikki, Borgou Region (Map 13: 393). Coordinates: 09?56'N, 03?13'E C (09?56'N, 03?12'E G). Collectors: J. W. LeDuc and C. B. Robbins (19-24 Feb 1968). k ?lA'V- ..?? ?? ^M "" ?? ^ ?' "^ nCURE 104. Benin, Kpodave (24 Jun 1968). 184 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY %9m^, nCURE 105. Benin, Nikki (photograph by C. B. Robbins, 24 Feb 1968). Habitat: "Tall grass . . . cassava field . . . mango trees [Figure 105]" (CBR). "Camp . . . surrounded by vil- lages on two sides. . . and grasses with scattered wells and wash areas on the other two sides . . . cassava patch . . . tall grass just a few yards from camp . . . boys set fire to all the dry grass surrounding our camp in an effort to collect more rats. Unfortu- nately all the habitat was destroyed, leaving us with poor habitat photos" (JWL). Taxa: Xerus, Uranomys, Gerbilliscus, Taterillus, Arvi- canthis, Dasymys, Lemniscomys, Mastomys, Mus, Praomys; Lepus; Atelerix; Crocidura; Epomophorus, Rhinolophus, Hipposideros, Nycteris, Chaerephon, Mops, Scotophilus. Parakou, Borgou Region (Map 13: 395). Coordinates: 09?20'N, 02?37'E C (09?21'N, 02?37'E G). Collectors: J. W. LeDuc and C. B. Robbins (27 Feb-1 Mar 1968). Habitat: "The area has lush growth . . . many mango trees, high grass and swamp areas with standing pools of water. The area is still Guinea Savannah [Fig- ure 106] . . . cassava .. . mango trees. .. grass . .. bush about 1/4 mile [0.4 km] from here . . . north of town about 3 miles [4.8 km] . . . rocky outcrop- ping" (CBR). "We aren't far enough from town to be in actual bush since the area is highly cultivated with small vegetable plots . .. there are several vacant areas covered by grasses (short 1-3 feet [0.3-0.9 m]) . . . mango trees. . . bush about 1 mile [1.6 km] east of camp .. . stream near camp at a small dammed pond . . . bush fringing the town" (JWL). Remarks: The field team estabHshed camp just south of Parakou near a vegetable farm. A map we examined (CAO, Parakou, 1:200,000) indicates that this farm was in the Perimetre de Reboisement de Parakou (09?20'N, 02?36'E G). On 26 Feb, traps were set in the bush about 1 mi [1.6 km] east of camp, and on NUMBER 628 185 HGURE 106. Benin, Parakou (2 Mar 1968). 29 Jan, they set traps and collected in a rocky out- crop about 3 mi [4.8 km] north. Neither of these two Parakou variants is recorded on specimen labels or in field catalogs. Also on 29 Jan, LeDuc and Robbins drove to Tourou to collect fruit bats. Taxa: Galago; Gerbilliscus, Arvicanthis, Mastomys, Praomys; Crocidura; Epomophorus, Micropteropus, Chaerephon, Scotophilus, Neoromicia. Porga, Atacora Region (Map 13: 385). Coordinates: 11?02'N, 00?58'E C, G. Collectors: J. W. LeDuc and C. B. Robbins (3-7 May 1968). Habitat: "Sudan Savannah . . . Pendjari River" (CBR). "Sudan Savanna and the land is basically quite flat [Figure 107]. The local crops here aren't very evident" (JWL). Remarks: The Pendjari River (LeDuc noted that it is also known as the Oti River) was about 1 km to the east of this camp. From 4 to 6 May, the team collected near the Porga Lodge, a hunting lodge about 3 mi [4.8 km] north of camp. Taxa: Galago, Erythrocebus; Xerus, Cricetomys, Gerbil- liscus, Taterillus, Lemniscomys, Mastomys, Praomys; Crocidura; Nycteris, Chaerephon, Mops; Genetta. Segbana, Borgou Region (Map 13: 392). Coordinates: 10?56'N, 03M2'E C, G. Collectors: J. W. LeDuc and C. B. Robbins (11-16 Feb 1968). Habitat: "Grass and brush . . . The area is again in the Sudan Savannah belt [Figure 108] . . . quite a lot of sandy areas . . . stream. A few pools remain. The area has lush growth?palms, thick grass, and many other trees . . . riverine forest area . . . east of town . . . mango tree" (CBR). Remarks: LeDuc and Robbins set up their encampment adjacent to an unused airstrip. On 14 Feb, they set ???, . ?? *.'w .-fM.. -'?** 1 nCURE 107. Benin, Porga (1 May 1968). FIGURE 108. Benin, Segbana: Riverine area (photograph by C. B. Robbins, 16 Feb 1968). NUMBER 62,8 187 traps in a "riverine forest" area about 0.25 mi [0.4 km] east of town. Robbins indicated that they col- lected many snakes during their stay here. Taxa: Xerus, Heliosciurus, Graphiurus, Gerbilliscus, Taterillus, Arvicanthis, Lemniscomys, Mastomys, Mus, Praomys; Crocidura; Epomophorus, Micropter- opus, Nycteris, Chaerephon, Scotophilus, Pipistrellus, Glauconycteris, Neoromicia. Soubroukou, Atacora Region (Map 13: 389). Coordinates: 09?41'N, 01?38'E C (09?40'N, 01?38'E G). Collectors: J. W. LeDuc and C. B. Robbins (20-24 Apr 1968). Habitat: "Still in the Guinea Zone but is reaching the north- ern limit. The village is surrounded by very large trees and thicket. Crops in evidence throughout the valley here with a low rock-grass outcropping just east of camp" (CBR). "The majority of the habitat... is cultivated land ... small plot of untouched forest... forest appears to have been High Forest at one time but now only the large trees remain [Figure 109]. The floor of the forest is thick with high shrubs and vines . .. small lake" (JWL). Remarks: The very large trees surrounding a portion of the village formed part of the Foret Classee de Sou- broukou (09?41'N, 01?38'E G). Taxa: Xerus, Gerbilliscus, Taterillus, Arvicanthis, Lem- niscomys, Mastomys, Mus, Praomys, Rattus; Atelerix; Crocidura; Eidolon, Hipposideros, Nycteris, Chaere- phon, Mops, Neoromicia. Tourou, Borgou Region (Map 13: 394). Coordinates: 09?21'N, 02?33'E C, G. Collectors: J. W. LeDuc and C. B. Robbins (29 Feb 1968). Habitat: "Hiked into the bush about 1/2 mile [0.8 km]. The area was very swampy . . . many very tall oil palms trees" (CBR). Remarks: While at Parakou (27 Feb-1 Mar), LeDuc and Robbins traveled 7 km west to the village of Tourou to collect fruit bats. Taxon: Eidolon. nCURE 109. Benin, Soubroukou (25 Apr 1968). 188 ? SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY nCURE 110. Benin, Zizonkame (18 Apr 1968). Zizonkame, Central Region (Map 13: 397). Coordinates: 07?55'N, 02?01'E C. Collectors: J. W. LeDuc and C. B. Robbins (14-18 Apr 1968). Habitat: "Definitely in the Guinea Savannah (Woodland) Zone. The general area has fairly tall grass in places (3^ feet [0.9-1.2 m]), new grass in burned areas, thicket, larger trees, and bushes ... ponds near the village" (CBR). "The general habitat is Guinea Savanna [Figure 110] ... green and lush with spring growth ... a few small cultivated plots interdispersed throughout... oil palms ... about 5 feet [1.5 m] tall... very small stream surrounded by a slight riverine forest.. . grasses near camp ... oil palm plot surrounded by cassava ... pond" (JWL). Remarks: According to Robbins, Zizonkame is about 6 km east of Savalou (07?56'N, 01?58'E G) and north- west of Dassa-Zoume (07?45'N, 02?11'E G). Taxa: Galago, Chlorocebus; Xerus, Heliosciurus, Criceto- mys, Uranomys, Gerbilliscus, Taterillus, Arvicanthis, Dasymys, Lemniscomys, Mastomys, Mus, Praomys, Rattus, Thryonomys; Atelerix; Crocidura; Epomoph- orus, Hipposideros, Nycteris, Chaerephon, Scotophi- lus, Neoromicia; Manis. NIGERIA GENERAL REMARKS. The Nigerian survey (Map 14) was mainly accomplished by two couples, the Herberts and the Geests, who operated independently at successive time periods. Dorothy ("Dotty") L. Herbert, the team's designated "bug picker," and H. John Herbert each maintained personal logs of the localities visited and collections made during Dec 1965 to Jul 1966. Julius C. and Bettye Geest formed the second Nigerian team, active NUMBER 62,! 1 89 MAP 14. African Mammal Project cardinal collecting localities 401^40 in Nigeria. 401. Tangaza 402. Kware 403. Dada 404. lella 405. Karaduwa 406. Bichi, 1 mi W 407. Panisau 408. Zaria, 15miNW 409. Zaria, 7 mi NW 410. Zaria, 5 mi S 411.Shagunu 412. Kudu 413. Zungeru 414. Tsanchaga 415. Afon 416. Upper Ogun Ranch 417. Oyo,7miW 418. Idere 419. Igbo Ora 420. Ibadan 421. Uashe, 4 mi S 422. University of Lagos 423. Agbaja 424. Felele 425. Ma da River 426. Ugar Jabar 427. Agamachi 428. Panyam Fish Farm 429. Kabwir, 1 mi S 430. Fika 431.Maiduguri, 22miS 432. Dikwa, 31miNE 433. Benin, 30 mi W 434. Benin City 435. Sapoba Forest Reserve 436. Ashaka 437. Asaba, 5 mi N 438. Aguleri, 1.5 mi E 439. Calabar, 15 mi N 440. Oban, 14 mi S 190 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY from Oct 1966 to Jun 1967. Setzer joined each team for several days at the start of their respective expeditions. The Virus Research Laboratory, supported by the Rockefeller Foundation and affiliated with the University of Ibadan, served as an important logistical base for both field teams, and Dr. Graham Kemp of that organization facilitated many collecting operations and regularly accompanied the teams to gather blood and visceral samples for viro- logical investigation (e.g., see Kemp et al., 1974). Audu served as cook, translator, and all-around field assistant. Stanley B. Akpan, a field worker hired under the auspices of the Rockefeller Foundation, assisted the Virus Research Laboratory and AMP teams with collecting and prepar- ing specimens, not only in and around Ibadan but also at the Sapoba Forest Reserve and Dada. The considerable taxonomic and locality information that resulted from the collective efforts of these individuals, especially the Geests and the Herberts, materially enhanced Happold's (1987) faunal study of Nigerian mammals. Given the sporadic na- ture of collecting in Ibadan, we excluded that locality from the following itineraries. ITINERARIES. H. J. and D. L. Herbert and H. W. Setzer: Agamachi, 6 Dec 1965; Panyam Fish Farm, 6-11 Dec 1965; 1 mi S Kabwir, 11-15 Dec 1965. H. J. and D. L. Herbert: Benin, 17,29 Dec 1965-1 Jan 1966; 30 mi W Benin, 27 Dec 1965-2 Jan 1966; Sapoba Forest Reserve, 4-10 Jan 1966; 7 mi W Oyo, 1, 5 Feb 1966; Ashaka, 8-15 Feb 1966; 5 mi N Asaba, 15-22 Feb 1966; 1.5 mi EAguleri, 22-28 Feb 1966; 15 mi N Calabar, 8-14 Mar 1966; 14 mi S Oban, 14-19 Mar 1966; 22 mi S Maiduguri, 1-7 Apr 1966; 31 mi NE Dikwa, 7-12 Apr 1966; 1 mi W Bichi, 16-20 Apr 1966; 15 mi NW Zaria, 21-28 Apr 1966; 5 mi S Zaria, 23-26 Apr 1966; Kware, 7-14 May 1966; 7 mi NW Zaria, 14-15 May 1966; Fika, 18-24 May; Zungeru, 25-26 May 1966; Shagunu, 7-16 Jun 1966; Sapoba Forest Reserve, 28 Jun-16 Jul 1966. J. C. Geest and H. W. Setzer: Igbo Ora, 17-26 Oct 1966; Idere, 25-26 Oct 1966. J. C. Geest: University of Lagos, 31 Oct-7 Nov 1966; 4 mi S Ilashe, 8-14 Nov 1966; Kware, 24 Nov-1 Dec 1966; Tangaza, 1-6 Dec; lella, 6-10 Dec 1966; Upper Ogun Ranch, 12-16 Dec 1966; Tsanchaga, 6-12 Jan 1967; Karaduwa, 13-19 Jan 1967; Panisau, 21 Jan-5 Feb 1967; Kudu, 3-9 Mar 1967; Mada River, 10-19 Mar 1967; Ugar Jabar, 22 Mar-2 Apr 1967; Panyam Fish Farm, 7-16 Apr 1967; Afon, 4-11 May 1967; Felele, 13-19 May 1967; Agbaja, 14 May 1967; Dada, 28 May-3 Jun 1967. Afon, Northern Region (Map 14: 415). Coordinates: 08?19'N, 04?31'E C (08?19'N, 04?32'E G). Collector: J. C. Geest (4-11 May 1967). Habitat: "Absence of trees suitable to shield the tent... shrubs and low trees . .. grass... low glabrous leaved shrub that is so prevalent in Guinea Savanna [Figure 111] and a common pest plant in fallow fields. For the most part the area is heavily cultivated with grass in the fallow fields. The grass is approximately 18 inches [46 cm] high . .. The few trees that are present are widely scattered .. . two trees were prominent, Isober- lina and Delonyx, the latter being in bloom." "Guinea Savanna" (specimen labels). Taxa: Galago; Xerus, Heliosciurus, Graphiurus, Ger- billiscus, Taterillus, Arvicanthis, Mastomys, Mus, Praomys, Rattus; Crocidura, Suncus; Epomophorus, Micropteropus, Hipposideros, Nycteris. Agamachi, Eastern Region (Map 14: 427). Coordinates: 09?32'N, 08?24'E M (AMS, Zaria, 1:1,000,000). Collectors: D. L. and H. J. Herbert and H. W. Setzer (6 Dec 1965). Habitat: "Guinea Woodland" (specimen labels). Remarks: This was an overnight stop by Setzer and the Herberts during their trip from Ibadan to the Jos Pla- teau. D. L. Herbert's journal places Agamachi as 63 mi [101 km] southwest of Jos. This place-name is lo- cated about 6 mi [9.7 km] south of Kagoro (09?36'N, 08?23'E G) according to a map probably used by AMP field crews. The site is near the Jemaa locale (Ugar Jabar, see locality account) later visited by Geest. Taxon: Mastomys. Agbaja, 17 mi [27.4 km] NW Lokoja, Northern Region (Map 14: 423). Coordinates: 07?59'N, 06M0'E C (07?59'N, 06?39'E G). Collector: J. C. Geest (14 May 1967). Habitat: "Guinea Savanna" (specimen label). Remarks: The single specimen taken here was collected on an incidental visit to the Agbaja market by a field compan- ion of Geest's while collecting at Felele (13-19 May). Taxon: Mastomys. Aguleri, 1.5 mi [2.4 km] E, Eastern Region (Map 14: 438). Coordinates: 06?21'N, 06?55'E M (AMS, Nigeria and Part of Tchad, 1:2,000,000). Collectors: H. J. and D. L. Herbert (22-28 Feb 1966). Habitat: "The country ... is rolling Guinea Savanna with high bush and scattered trees. High Forest/Guinea Woodland [Figure 112]" (HJH). FIGURE 111. Nigeria, Afon: Flame tree (photograph by J. C. Geest, May 1967). HGURE 112. Nigeria, Aguleri, 1.5 mi E (Feb 1966). 192 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY Remarks: In his field journal, H. J. Herbert indicated that the base camp for this locality was in the compound of the local Catholic mission college, situated outside Aguleri (06?20'N, 06?53'E G) and "on a hill over- looking the Anambra River." Taxa: Xerus, Heliosciurus, Cricetomys, Gerbilliscus, Dasy- mys, Lemniscomys, Mastomys, Mus, Rattus; Croc- idura; Hypsignathus, Chaerephon, Mops; Manis. Asaba, 5 mi [8.0 km] N, Midwestern Region (Map 14: 437). Coordinates: 06?15'N, 06M3'E M (Shell-BP, SW Sheet, 1:1,000,000). Collectors: D. L. and H. J. Herbert (15-22 Feb 1966). Habitat: "There are high forest, cleared areas, and culti- vated fields" (DLH). "Primarily high bush with inter- mittent palms and some high forest species, probably overall Guinea Savanna . . . this area was predomi- nantly High Forest but is now reduced to a transi- tion zone between High Forest and Guinea Savanna" (HJH). Remarks: H. J. Herbert recorded several distance modi- fiers for specimens collected in and around the region of Asaba. The central camp and main collecting area were established on the campus of the Rural Train- ing College, about 5 mi N Asaba, and less than 1 mi [1.6 km] from the Niger River. On February 15, along the road from Ashaka to Asaba (8 mi [12.9 km] W Asaba), they purchased a duiker. On social visits to nearby St. Patrick's College (4 mi [6.4 km] W Asaba), several commensal mammals were donated by the rev- erend brothers. Incidental specimens were purchased during supply trips to the communal market in Asaba (06?11'N, 06?45'FG). Taxa: Perodicticus, Galago; Cricetomys, Mastomys, Rat- tus; Crocidura; Mops; Philantomba. Benin, 30 mi [48.3 km] W, Midwestern Region (Map 14: 433). Coordinates: 06?30'N, 05?27'F M (Shell-BP, SW Sheet, 1:1,000,000). Collectors: D. L. and H. J. Herbert (27 Dec 1965-2 Jan 1966). Habitat: "Huge mahogany trees, dense fern undergrowth . . . tropical high forest" (DLH). "High forest area . . . very thick humid forest, some of the large trees over 100 feet [30 m] in height" (HJH). Remarks: The Herberts twice camped at this site: the first time as an overnight stop (17 Dec 1965) on their return to Ibadan from the Jos Plateau and the second time to survey. They placed their camp within a forest reserve but did not identify it by name. The estimated coordi- nates correspond to a spot marked on an annotated AMP-period road map along the road to Ibadan that was actually more northwest of Benin City and about 16 mi [26 km] airline distance. The 30 mi [48.3 km] west modifier is presumably a by-road calculation. Taxa: Dendrohyrax; Perodicticus, Cercopithecus; He- liosciurus, Lophuromys, Hybomys, Hylomyscus, Lemniscomys, Malacomys, Mastomys, Mus, Prao- mys, Rattus; Crocidura; Saccolaimus. Benin City, Midwestern Region (Map 14: 434). Coordinates: 06?20'N, 05?38'E G. Collectors: D. L. and H. J. Herbert (17, 29 Dec 1965-1 Jan 1966). Habitat: "Open field High Forest," "Tropical forest, bought from boy on street" (specimen labels). Remarks: While the principal field camp was located in forest at Benin, 30 mi W (see locality account), a few specimens were opportunistically gathered on repro- visioning trips to the Benin marketplace. Taxa: Cricetomys, Rattus; Manis. Ashaka, Midwestern Region (Map 14: 436). Coordinates: 05?38'N, 06?24'E G. Collectors: D. L. and H. J. Herbert (8-15 Feb 1966). Habitat: "Many cassava fields with hedgerows" (DLH). "The habitat here seems to be at one time High For- est but is now high grass (12 feet [3.7 m]) with oil palms scattered throughout and remnant patches of hardwood forest" (HJH). Remarks: Camp was established on the grounds of the Ashaka Catholic Grammar School. Taxa: Perodicticus, Cercopithecus; Heliosciurus, Protox- erus, Cricetomys, Lophuromys, Dasymys, Lemnisco- mys, Mastomys, Mus, Oenomys, Rattus; Crocidura; Civettictis. Bichi, 1 mi [1.6 km] W, Kano Province, Northern Region (Map 14: 406). Coordinates: 12?16'N, 08?12'E M (Shell-BP, N? Sheet, 1:1,000,000). Collectors: D. L. and H. J. Herbert (16-20 Apr 1966). Habitat: "The habitat is Sudan Savanna (Rosevear, 1965) but is completely taken up with farms and villages" (HJH). "Sudan Savanna" (specimen labels). Remarks: H. J. Herbert identified Bichi (12?14'N, 08?14'E G) as about 30 mi [48.3 km] north (actually more northwest) of Kano, along the road to Katsina. They established camp on the grounds of the Bichi Training College, just west of the town. NUMBER 62,8 193 Taxa: Cricetomys, Arvicanthis, Mastomys, Praomys; Lepus; Atelerix; Eidolon, Scotophilus; Felis. Calabar, 15 mi [24.1 km] N, Eastern Region (Map 14: 439). Coordinates: 05?10'N, 08?22'E M (Shell-BP, SE Sheet, 1:1,000,000). Collectors: D. L. and H. J. Herbert (8-14 Mar 1966). Habitat: "At one time was high forest but is now cleared yam and cassava fields and palm oil nut trees . . . high forest on a river's edge" (HJH). "High Forest" (speci- men labels). Remarks: Tents were pitched on a school compound to the north of Calabar (04?57'N, 08?19'E G). The river mentioned under Habitat is a tributary of the Calabar River. Taxa: Arctocebus, Perodicticus, Galago; Funisciurus, He- liosciurus, Cricetomys, Hylomyscus, Mus, Rattus, Anomalurus, Thryonomys; Crocidura; Megaloglos- sus, Scotophilus, Neoromicia; Genetta, Crossarchus. Dada, Northern Region (Map 14: 403). Coordinates: 11?34'N, 04?29'E C (11?33'N, 04?29'E G, as Baban Dada) Collectors: J. C. Geest and S. B. Akpan (28 May-3 Jun 1967). Habitat: "The habitat is Sudan Savanna with a few Iso- berlinea and scattered acacia. The soil is hard-packed laterite (sandy), rather beige brown. There is a small fadama nearby" (JCG). Remarks: The USBGN (1971) contains no plausible entry for a place named Dada, as such, within the vicinity of the coordinates given by Geest. A "Babandada" does occur at nearly the same USBGN location, appears on AMP-period road maps (Esso West Africa, Inc., Nigeria, 1:2,500,000), and is positioned consistent with the itinerary Geest recorded in his field journal. Apparently, Geest and Akpan, perhaps following the everyday verbal shorthand of the local people, con- tracted the formal name to "Dada." Taxa: Galago; Xerus, Heliosciurus, Cricetomys, Gerbil- liscus, Taterillus, Arvicanthis, Dasymys, Lemnisco- mys, Mastomys, Mus; Atelerix; Crocidura; Eidolon, Epomophorus, Rhinolophus, Hipposideros, Nycteris; Genetta. Dikwa, 31 mi [49.9 km] NE, Northern Region (Map 14: 432). Coordinates: 12?22'N, 14?10'E M (AMS, Nigeria and Part of Tchad, 1:2,000,000). Collectors: D. L. and H. J. Herbert (7-12 Apr 1966). Habitat: "Extremely flat country with infrequent trees and shrub-like bushes" (DLH). "Sudan Savanna, border- ing on Sahel Savanna according to Rosevear" (HJH). Remarks: Most of H. J. Herbert's specimen labels cite the locality with reference to Dikwa (12?02'N, 13?55'E G). His journal indicates, however, that the collec- tions were made on a Ministry of Agriculture irri- gation project about 2 mi [3.2 km] from Gamboru (12?22'N, 14?13'E G) and 10 mi [16 km] south of Lake Chad. Some labels read "31 mi NE Dikwa, Gamboru." Taxa: Erythrocebus; Xerus, Gerbilliscus, Taterillus, Ar- vicanthis, Mastomys; Crocidura; Lavia, Taphozous, Nycteris, Glauconycteris; Ichneumia, Canis. Felele, 3.6 mi [5.8 km] NW Lokoja, Northern Region (Map 14: 424). Coordinates: 07?51'N, 06M3'E C, G (as Filele). Collector: J. C. Geest (13-19 May 1967). Habitat: "The country is Guinea Savanna on the slopes, and along the small stream there are mangoes, ceiba, and oil palms predominantly. The canopy is quite high and densely shades the stream bottom [Figure 113]. The floor of the forest patch is heavily littered with leaves and rotten mangoes. [The slopes] are well wooded with trees of the Guinea woodland. Isober- linea is the dominant tree, although Mungos and Parkia are also present. The slopes have rock rubble covering the surface of the ground . . . mounds of cas- sava, yams, and ground nuts . . . also grown are chick peas and guinea corn [Figure 114]." Remarks: Although some specimen labels may be ambigu- ously read as "3.6 mi NW Felele at Lokoja," Geest's field catalog and journal unquestionably designate the specific collecting site as Felele (Filele G or Felelen Buzu on maps), which he referenced as 3.6 mi NW Lokoja and on the Niger River. Further, his coordi- nates concur with those of the USBGN (1971) for Felele, not Lokoja (07?48'N, 06?44'E G). Taxa: Xerus, Funisciurus, Heliosciurus, Graphiurus, Cricetomys, Uranomys, Gerbilliscus, Taterillus, Lemniscomys, Mastomys, Mus, Praomys, Rattus; Crocidura; Epomophorus, Hypsignathus, Microp- teropus, Myonycteris, Hipposideros, Chaerephon; Atilax, Galerella. Fika, Northern Region (Map 14: 430). Coordinates: 11?17'N, 11?18'E G. Collectors: D. L. and H. J. Herbert (18-24 May 1966). Habitat: "A veritable oasis ... dry, sandy, Sudan Savanna... shrubby bushes and occasional good sized trees around 194 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY t-yvf*" .,.">V ^? , X'\ FIGURE 113. Nigeria, Felele (photograph byJ.C.Geest, May 1967). inhabited areas where there is water" (DLH). "Very rocky, hilly, low-tree covered Sudan Savanna" (HJH). Remarks: The Herberts pitched camp at a veterinarian post on the outskirts of Fika. Taxa: Chlorocebus; Xerus, Cricetomys, Arvicanthis, Mas- tomys; Lepus; Crocidura; Epomophorus, Rhinolo- phus, Scotophilus; Ourebia, Sylvicapra. Ibadan, Western Region (Map 14: 420). Coordinates: 07?23'N, 03?54'E G. Collectors: D. L. and H. J. Herbert (2, 4, 9 Nov 1965; 14-31 Jan; 19 Feb; 26, 28, 29 Apr; 2, 3, 5 May; 21, 25-27 Jun; 20, 22 Jul 1966); S. B. Akpan (numerous dates from 23 Mar 1966-26 May 1967); J. C. Geest and H. W. Setzer (10, 13-16 Oct 1966); J. C. Geest (21, 25 Feb; 21, 24-26 May 1967). Habitat: "High Forest [Figure 115]" (HJH). Remarks: Ibadan served as a convenient layover for AMP participants between excursions to more distant regions of Nigeria. Consequently, collecting dates were inter- nCURE 114. Nigeria, Felele (photograph by J. C. Geest, May 1967). nCURE 115. Nigeria, Ibadan (High forest, 1966). 196 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY mittent, and specimens were often collected on an op- portunistic basis, usually on the university campus or its facilities. Akpan, however, collected here more inten- sively for about 50 days over a 14 month span. Common specific localities within or near Ibadan, as encountered on specimen labels and mentioned in collectors' field books, include the Ife University Farm, University of Ibadan. the University of Ibadan Farm, the University of Ibadan Zoo, and the Field Moore Plantation. Taxa: Heliosciurus, Graphiurus, Cricetomys, Lophuro- tnys, Uranomys, Arvicanthis, Hybomys, Hylomys- cus, Mastomys, Mus, Fraomys, Rattus, Anomalurus; Crocidura; Epomophorus, Epomops, Hypsignathus, Micropteropus, Myonycteris, Chaerephon, Mops, Scotophilus, Neoromicia. Idere, Western Region (Map 14: 418). Coordinates: 07?29'N, 03?15'E G. Collectors: J. C. Geest and H. W. Setzer (25-26 Oct 1966). Habitat: No information available. Remarks: The collection site is a cave near Idere, where Geest and Setzer netted bats in between their trapping around Igbo Ora (see locality account). Taxa: Hipposideros, Coleura. lella, 2 mi [3.2 km] E Bahindi, Northern Region (Map 14: 404). Coordinates: 11?27'N, 04?13'E C (11?28'N, 04?11'E G). Collector: J. C. Geest (6-10 Dec 1966). Habitat: "Camp in a large fadama under a fig tree . . . The fadama is quite different than the surrounding hill sides [which are] rocky with trees and shrubs about 8 to 10 feet [2-3 m] high. The fadama contains much marsh, some palm trees as well as scattered older trees 20-50 feet [6-15 m] high . . . The grass throughout the fadama is about 3 to 6 [feet, 1-2 m] in height. The soil is gray in color with a silty-clay texture." "Sudan Savanna" (specimen labels). Remarks: Although his original destination was Bahindi, Geest elected to remain on the east bank of the Sokoto River and collect around lella, just to the east of the larger village. Taxa: Cricetomys, Gerbilliscus, Taterillus, Arvicanthis, Dasymys, Mastomys, Mus, Fraomys; Lepus; Atelerix; Crocidura; Ictonyx. Igbo Ora, Western Region (Map 14: 419). Coordinates: 07?26'N, 03?17'E G. Collectors: H. J. Herbert (23 Dec 1965; 4,19,26 Jan 1966); J. C. Geest and H. W. Setzer (17-26 Oct 1966). Habitat: "Camped under Ceiba tree and another large but- tressed tree ... small scrub forest area . .. tall grass . . . two plants of the pea family . . . soil is laterite with large amount of sand .. . grasses 7-8 feet [2.1-2.4 m]" (JCG). "Derived Savanna" (specimen labels). Remarks: The sporadic collection dates given by Her- bert reflect incidental captures sent from Igbo Ora to the Rockefeller Foundation lab at the University of Ibadan. Geest camped on the grounds of the Igbo Ora Health Center, which was associated with the Rock- efeller Foundation. The stream referred to above is Ukely a tributary of the Apekki-Ogoun River. On 18 Oct, Geest relocated his trapUne from 2 mi [3.2 km] W Igbo Ora to 1 mi [1.6 km] west, but the latter local- ity is not recorded on specimen labels. The compound name of this town is commonly hyphenated (Igbo- Ora) on specimen labels. Taxa: Lophuromys, Gerbilliscus, Hylomyscus, Lemnis- comys, Mastomys, Mus, Fraomys, Rattus; Crocidura; Epomophorus, Epomops, Hypsignathus, Lissonycteris, Megaloglossus, Micropteropus, Nycteris, Chaersephon. Ilashe, 4 mi [6.4 km] S, 6 mi [9.7 km] N Ago Shasha, Western Region (Map 14: 421). Coordinates: 06?38'N, 02M7'E G (for Idoforo; see Remarks). Collector: J. C. Geest (8-14 Nov 1966). Habitat: "Extensive cultivation [of maize], ground nuts, and melons . . . fallow fields with about two years of brush growing in them. The [red] soil ... in the pas- ture . . . quite sandy." "Remnant High Forest" (speci- men labels). Remarks: Geest journeyed west from Lagos, crossed the Yewa River, and proceeded to Ilashe (06?42'N, 02?47'E G) near the Benin border. He identified his field site as 4 mi [6.4 km] south of the town, where he camped near the small village of Idoforo (see above coordinates) and which he further fixed as 6 mi [9.7 km] north of Ago Shasha (which is par- enthetically appended on specimen labels). Because both Ilashe and Ago Shasha appear on period maps, Geest elected to use only these place-names on speci- men labels instead of Idoforo. The village is listed in the Nigerian USBGN (1971) and is located the ap- propriate distances and directions from both Ilashe and Ago Shasha. Taxa: Cercopithecus; Funisciurus, Heliosciurus, Criceto- mys, Gerbilliscus, Hybomys, Hylomyscus, Lemnisco- mys, Mastomys, Mus, Fraomys, Rattus, Anomalurus, Thryonomys; Crocidura; Neoromicia; Felis. NUMBER 62,8 197 Kabwir, 1 mi [1.6 km] S, Plateau Province, Northern Region (Map 12: 429). Coordinates: 09?23'N, 09?34'E M (AMS, Zaria, 1:1,000,000, as Kabir). Collectors: D. L. and H. J. Herbert and H. W. Setzer (11- 15 Dec 1965). Habitat: "Traps set in the rocks and the area near the lake . . . the area near the river ... in the rocks of a ter- raced native corn field" (HJH). Remarks: Base camp was estabUshed near a dam, possibly on a tributary of the Jingar/Wase River, an impound- ment just south of Kabwir (09?24'N, 09?34'E G) on the eastern edge of the Jos Plateau. Taxa: Acomys, Taterillus, Lemniscomys, Mastomys, Prao- mys; Atelerix; Crocidura; Chaerephon. Karaduwa, Northern Region (Map 14: 405). Coordinates: 12?20'N, 07?42'E C (12?19'N, 07M1'E G). Collector: J. C. Geest (13-19 Jan 1967). Habitat: "Karaduwa is situated on the Karaduwa River, which is dry now. Near the village is a large fadama- like area . . . grove of Borassus palms. . . The soil is brown and very sandy. The only ground cover left is herbaceous legumes and another herbaceous plant with spiky seeds. Nearby is a large pasture with some small badly cropped grasses . . . and clumps of the previous mentioned herbs. There are occasional sandy patches . . . over hanging shrubs and some grasses." "Sudan Savanna [Eigure 116]" (specimen labels). Remarks: Geest established camp about 0.5 mi [0.8 km] from the village. Taxa: Galago, Chlorocebus; Cricetomys, DesmodilUscus, Gerbilliscus, Gerbillus, Taterillus, Arvicanthis, Mas- tomys, Mus, Praomys; Lepus; Crocidura; Eidolon, Epomophorus, Rhinolophus, Nycteris; Felis, Genetta, Ictonyx. FIGURE 116. Nigeria, Karaduwa: Myomys [= Praomys] habitat (photograph by J. C. Geest, Jan 1967). 198 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY Kudu, Northern Region (Map 14: 412). Coordinates: 09?16'N, 05?20'E C, G. Collector: J. C. Geest (3-9 Mar 1967). Habitat: "Camp in a mixed grove of trees. There are many trees in this portion of the Guinea Savanna [Figures 117, 118] although they are not heavily foliaged nor are they very close together ... In some places the grass ground cover has been burned, but under the mangoes there has been little burning. .. here [Kudu] the rains have not yet come ... There is little standing water ... tall grasses .. . small stand of timber which is quite thick ... scattered oil palms... forest adjacent to a small stream ... There is a good canopy.. .The abrupt change from typical savanna type vegetation to the stream side vegetation is striking ... the ground cover consists of leaves ... there is no grass or other herbage." Remarks: Geest noted in his journal that the stream-side forest, where he obtained examples of Praomys, was approximately 1.5 mi [2.4 km] south of Kudu, but this designation does not appear on specimen labels. Taxa: Xerus, Cricetomys, Gerbilliscus, Taterillus, Arvi- canthis, Lemniscomys, Mastomys, Mus, Praomys, Thryonomys; Crocidura; Epomophorus, Microptero- pus, Hipposideros, Nycteris; Genetta, Ichneumia. Kware, 12 mi [19.3 km] or 14 mi [22.5 km] N Sokoto, Northern Region (Map 14: 402). Coordinates: 13?15'N, 05?15'E C (13?13'N, 05?16'E G). Collectors: D. L. and H. J. Herbert (7-14 May 1966); J. C. Geest (24 Nov-1 Dec 1966). Habitat: "Pretty agricultural but there is a long thin lake . . . with tall grass and reeds lining its shores. Open fields of tall grass among the tilled plots. Cattle every- where" (DLH). "The habitat is Sudan Savanna [Fig- ure 119] with gently rolling terrain ... [1] mile [1.6 km] long lake which is a green oasis in the brown of the rest of the country" (HJH)."The rest house is near a lake which is bordered by a marshy area. Sugar cane and cassava grow in small plots near the marshy mar- gins of the lake" (JCG). FIGURE 117. Nigeria, Kudu: Guinea savanna (photograph by J. C. Geest, Mar 1967). FIGURE 118. Nigeria, Kudu: Guinea savanna (photograph by J. C. Geest, Mar 1967). V ^: "^?'*^*j^U^ ?'''?(*,?"'**"?" "??.''-??? P .??fe ??- :J^.: ?:=*^*vv w HGURE 119. Nigeria, Kware (photograph by D. L. Herbert, 12 May 1966). 200 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY Remarks: For their inventory around Kware, both AMP crews established their base camp at a rest house situ- ated by an elongate lake surrounded by marsh. Each team, however, calculated Kware as different distances north of Sokoto (13?04'N, 05?15'E G), Herbert as 12 mi and Geest as 14 mi. Taxa: Xerus, Cricetomys, Desmodilliscus, Gerbilliscus, Gerbillus, Taterillus, Arvicanthis, Dasymys, Mastomys, Mus; Atelerix; Crocidura; Eidolon, Epomophorus, Mi- cropteropus, Nycteris, Chaerephon; Genetta, Ictonyx. Mada River, 3 mi [4.8 km] E Gudi, Northern Region (Map 14: 425). Coordinates: 08?54'N, 08?17'E C. Collector: J. C. Geest (10-19 Mar 1967). Habitat: "Only place that we have been able to find suit- able shade. The soil... is red laterite . .. sandy [almost white] laterite near the river . .. There are many trees along the river, but most of the adjoining hills are rela- tively bare with the exception of numerous small trees 3 to 4 feet [0.9-1.2 m] high and an occasional tall tree giving the area almost a park-like appearance ... traps along the river where the trees are relatively thick ... a fadama containing much tall grass and some standing water nearby. The forest was rather dense with many buttressed trees of the high forest [type] ... in the river bottom . . . most of the hillsides are cultivated . . . forested area nearby. There seems to be more trees here than in the more typical Guinea Savanna." "Guinea Sa- vanna" (specimen labels). Remarks: Geest concentrated his collecting activities near the river because the countryside around Gudi was largely cleared and barren. Taxa: Galago; Xerus, Funisciurus, Heliosciurus, Graphiu- rus, Cricetomys, Steatomys, Gerbilliscus, Taterillus, Arvicanthis, Dasymys, Hylomyscus, Eemniscomys, Mastomys, Mus, Praomys; Lepus; Atelerix; Epo- mophorus, Chaerephon; Genetta. Maiduguri, 22 mi [35.4 km] S, Bornu Ranch, Northern Region (Map 14: 431). Coordinates: 11?34'N, 13?02'E M (Shell-BP, NE Sheet, 1:1,000,000). Collectors: D. L. and H. J. Herbert (1-7 Apr 1966). Habitat: "The area here is extremely dry?much tall grass where it hasn't been burned. SmalUsh trees dot the landscape, which is absolutely flat" (DLH). "The habitat is very dry Sudan Savanna, dust and sand are prominent... 4 foot [1.2 m] grass and grazed savanna . . . waterhole" (HJH). Remarks: All specimen labels checked bear only the dis- tance from Maiduguri as the place of collection, but both Herberts noted that they camped on the Bornu Ranch south (actually more SSW) of the town. Fol- lowing the road south 22 mi [35.4 km] from Mai- duguri on a period map yielded a point that falls in the vicinity of Masba (11?34'N, 13?01'E G). Some of the larger mammals (Chlorocebus, Erythrocebus) were obtained along a river another 10 mi [16.1 km] south of the main campsite. The Bornu Ranch, then a US AID-managed experimental cattle ranch, sits amidst the Bornu Plains, a flat expanse of Sudan Sa- vanna that dominates northeastern Nigeria. Taxa: Galago, Chlorocebus, Erythrocebus; Xerus, Gerbil- liscus, Taterillus, Eemniscomys, Mastomys; Lepus; Felis; Sylvicapra. Oban, 14 mi [22.5 km] S, Eastern Region (Map 14: 440). Coordinates: 05?11'N, 08?32'E M (AMS, Nigeria and Part of Tchad, 1:2,000,000). Collectors: D. L. and H. J. Herbert (14-19 Mar 1966). Habitat: "High forest. . . good deep river" (DLH). "The ground is littered from the palm trees and low bushes . . . high forest" (HJH). Remarks: The Herberts stayed in the rest house of the Kwa Falls Palm Oil Estate, which was conveniently situated at the edge of high forest and the Kwa River, south of Oban (05?19'N, 08?34'E G) and just to the east of the Cross River. Taxa: Galago; Funisciurus, Heliosciurus, Cricetomys, Lophuromys, Hybomys, Eemniscomys, Mus, Prao- mys; Crocidura; Hipposideros; Atilax. Oyo, 7 mi [11.3 km] W, Northern Region (Map 14: 417). Coordinates: 07?53'N, 03?53'E M (Shell-BP, SW Sheet, 1:1,000,000). Collectors: D. L. and H. J. Herbert (1, 5 Feb 1966). Habitat: "Guinea Savannah" (specimen labels). Remarks: While headquartered on the university campus at Ibadan, H. J. Herbert made incidental trips to col- lect bats west of Oyo (07?51'N, 03?56'E G). Taxa: Eidolon, Epomophorus, Chaerephon, Mops. Panisau, Northern Region (Map 14: 407). Coordinates: 12?05'N, 08?32'E G (as Fanisau). Collector: J. C. Geest (21 Jan-5 Feb 1967). Habitat: "Most of the area is cultivated. Ground nuts and guinea corn seem to be the principal crops . . . Around and often in the fields are [baobab] trees . . . Tall grass . . . between many of the fields and along the shore NUMBER 62,8 201 ... of the lake . . . soil is red brown to white [later- ite that] contains much sand. There is a small rock strewn hill 200 feet [61 m] behind the village that is almost devoid of plant life. North of the village are high [granite] boulders surrounded by tall grasses." "Sudan Savanna" (specimen labels). Remarks: Geest placed his campsite by a small impound- ment near the town, which he reckoned as 14 mi [22.5 km] north Kano and 4 mi [6.4 km] north (by trail) of the Kano airport. These distances agree with the USBGN (1971) coordinates for Fanisau. The collec- tor's own coordinates (12?04'N, 08?00'E), as later penned in his journal but not on original specimen labels, must represent an errant reading of the lon- gitude. The locality spelling given here concurs with that which Geest observed on area road signs and was corroborated by the district commissioner. Panisau, or variably "Fanisau," "Faniso," "Farniso," and "Parniso" (Rosevear, 1965), is an important type lo- cality for west African small mammals. The "P" and "F" alternatives commonly encountered are derived from inconsistent anglicization of the Hausa people's pronunciation for the place. Taxa: Graphiurus, Cricetomys, Steatomys, Desmodillis- cus, Gerbilliscus, Gerbillus, Taterillus, Arvicanthis, Mastomys, Mus, Praomys; Lepus; Crocidura; Eido- lon, Epomophorus, Nycteris; Felis, Vulpes, Ictonyx. Panyam Fish Farm, 2 mi [3.2 km] N Panyam, Northern Region (Map 14: 428). Coordinates: 09?27'N, 09?12'E C. Collectors: D. L. and H. J. Herbert and H. W. Setzer (6-11 Dec 1965); J. C. Geest (7-16 Apr 1967). Habitat: "There are cultivated fields, shoulder high grass, outcrop rock mountains, and water" (DLH). "Na- tive huts. . . maize fields. . . rocks. . . moist area . .. river . . . high grass field" (HJH). "Rocky hill across the river to the east of the fish farm . . . tall grasses near the river, and up a densely wooded gully. Most of the grass has been burned off leaving exposed rocky outcrops and lava beds. . . living fence of the euphorb commonly used for fences ... on the plateau . . . planted guavas, coffee, and mangoes. The major tree ... in this area is the Borassus palm, which now is in fruit. . .There are sedges and pig weed ground cover near the ponds [Figure 120]. The sedges are about FIGURE 120. Nigeria, Panyam Fish Farm. 202 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY waist high and fruiting" (JCG). "The habitat is river- ine, palm-grass savanna and rocky hills . . . high grassy plateau . .. except for giginya palm [Hausa for Boras- sus aethiopum], reminded one very much of western Kansas" (HWS). "Plateau Savanna" (specimen label). Remarks: The two field teams used different locality for- mats for what is the same general collecting area, the provincial fish hatchery located on the Jos Plateau north of Panyam (09?25'N, 09?13'E G). On their tags, H. J. Herbert and Setzer identified the site with reference to Panyam (2 mi N, Plateau Province), whereas Geest em- ployed the name of the hatchery (Panyam Fish Farm, Northern Region) as well as his estimated coordinates. Both field crews focused their survey operations on and around the grounds of the fish farm. According to a map consulted (AMS, Zaria, 1:1,000,000), the river mentioned under Habitat is likely a tributary of the northeasterly flowing Leri River. Taxa: Graphiurus, Dendromus, Arvicanthis, Dasymys, Grammomys, Lemniscomys, Mastomys, Mus, Prao- mys, Cryptomys; Lepus; Atelerix; Crocidura; Epo- mophorus, Chaerephon, Scotophilus, Neoromicia. Sapoba Forest Reserve, Midwestern Region (Map 14: 435). Coordinates: 06?06'N, 05?53'E G. Collectors: D. L. and H. J. Herbert (4-10 Jan 1966); D. L. and H. J. Herbert and S. B. Akpan (28 Jun-16 Jul 1966). Habitat: "It is completely in high forest. The overhead canopy isn't complete so there is a lot of debris on the forest floor" (DLH, June 1966). "[Sapoba] camp . . . on the bend of the Igbabon River and it is High Forest and swampland near the river" (HJH, January 1966). "Three days to hack through the under brush [in set- ting up grid] of this high forest habitat. . . native gar- dens . . . edge of high forest" (HJH, July 1966). Remarks: D. L. Herbert referred to a rubber plantation that was apparently close by. H. J. Herbert indicated that this was the Pamol Rubber Plantation, where they initially set up camp until granted approval to camp in the reserve. During both visits, the Herberts stayed at the reserve's guest house, situated within ap- parently pristine high forest near the bend of the Ig- babon River. They used the full name "Sapoba Forest Reserve" as the locality designation on their first stay but contracted the name to "Sapoba" for specimens obtained on the second trip, which was designed as a grid study. Taxa: Dendrohyrax; Ferodicticus, Galago, Cercopithecus; Funisciurus, Heliosciurus, Frotoxerus, Cricetomys, Lophuromys, Grammomys, Hybomys, Lemnisco- mys, Malacomys, Mastomys, Mus, Fraomys, Rattus, Anomalurus, Atherurus, Thryonomys; Crocidura; Epomops; Manis; Fhilantomba. Shagunu, Northern Region (Map 14: 411). Coordinates: 10?21'N, 04?28'E C (10?20'N, 04?28'E G, as New Shagunnu). Collectors: D. L. and H. J. Herbert (7-16 Jun 1966); J. C. Geest (12-13 Jun 1967). Habitat: "The surrounding area is Guinea Savanna, fairly open, gently rolling hills with small trees dotting the landscape" (DLH). "Along the river's edge and into the bush leading away from the [Niger] River . . . very rocky . . . with grass and low stunted trees . . . Guinea Savanna" (HJH). Remarks: The Herberts' field camp, located on the Sha- gunu Biological Research Station and managed by the University of Ife at Ibadan, overlooked the Niger River. In his log dated 13 Jun, H. J. Herbert noted that he moved his traplines near the "old village of Bussa" (10?15'N, 04?30'E G), to the southeast of Shagunu. This side excursion, which apparently yielded only one Mastomys, is not reflected on the specimen label or in the field catalog. Geest did not actually visit Shagunu, but he received series of fluid- preserved Hipposideros and Rhinolophus that were collected earlier in 1966-1967 at Shagunu by J. I. Menzies, Ife University, and prepared them while staying in Ibadan. Taxa: Gerbilliscus, Lemniscomys, Mastomys, Vraomys; Lepus; Rhinolophus, Hipposideros, Mops. Tangaza, Northern Region (Map 14: 401). Coordinates: 13?23'N, 04?57'E C (13?22'N, 04?56'E G). Collector: J. C. Geest (1-6 Dec 1966). Habitat: "Traps are set across a sandy plot and the line continued through a grass boundary area between the ground nut fields and into a fallow field of grass sur- rounded by guinea corn on three sides . . .There are also a couple of grassy fadamas with some free water nearby." "Sudan Savanna" (specimen labels). Remarks: Geest provided coordinates for Tangaza in his field journal and also mentioned it as being 26 mi [41.8 km] west of Kware, although specimen labels and his field catalog fail to indicate these data. Taxa: Graphiurus, Cricetomys, Desmodilliscus, Gerbillus, Taterillus, Arvicanthis, Dasymys, Mastomys; Lepus; Crocidura; Eidolon, Epomophorus, Taphozous; Galerella, Ictonyx. NUMBER 62,! 203 FIGURE 121. Nigeria, Tsanchaga (photograph by J. C. Geest, Jan 1967). Tsanchaga, 8 mi [12.9 km] E Bida, Northern Region (Map 14: 414). Coordinates: 09?04'N, 06?08'E C (09?04'N, 06?06'E G, as Tsantsaga). Collector: J. C. Geest (6-12 Jan 1967). Habitat: "The fadama is about 4 miles [6.4 km] (by road) wide. There are many farm plots of rice and cassava scattered through it. Above the flood plain of the fa- dama [Figure 121] the vegetation seems to be that of farmed Guinea Savanna. There are scattered trees and quite a lot of tall (6 feet [1.8 m]) grass. The major trees are similar to . . . oak ... in leaf-size and bark appearance and also palms . . . [cassava is] extensively farmed . . . fallow plots have been burned . . . Soil. . . light tan and somewhat sandy in places but for the most part hard packed. A narrow fast moving stream . . . quite a lot of flooded and water soaked soil." Remarks: After departing from Bida, Geest stopped to sample a lush, extensive fadama that he encountered just to the west of Tsanchaga. The braided streams that course through the fadama may be part of the Gbako River system, a small northern tributary of the Niger. Taxa: Erythrocebus; Graphiurus, Gerbilliscus, Taterillus, Dasymys, Lemniscomys, Mastomys, Mus, Praomys; Crocidura; Epomophorus, Micropteropus, Chaere- phon, Scotophilus, Neoromicia. Ugar Jabar, 2 mi [3.2 km] N Jemaa, Jos Plateau, Northern Region (Map 14: 426). Coordinates: 09?31'N, 08?23'E C. Collector: J. C. Geest (22 Mar-2 Apr 1967). Habitat: "We are camped in a field adjacent to a hillside covered with good forest [Eigure 122] . . . string of traps through a rocky slope and also in the gully that contains a large number of Ceiba trees . . . among the grasses along a river and up a densely wooded gully [Eigure 123] . . . arum plants. . . Anchomanes wel- witschii... fig tree . . . ." Remarks: After traveHng south from Kagora toward Jemaa (09?28'N, 08?23'E G), Geest established his field camp near the southern boundary of a forest reserve, 204 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY nCURE 122. Nigeria, Ugar Jabar (photograph by J. C. Geest). on wooded slopes between 2,000-3,000 ft [610-914 m] and along the western rim of the Jos Plateau. The river mentioned above is possibly the Gimi River, a tributary of the Mada. On specimen labels, "Ugar Jabar" is used as the principal locality name, which we cannot locate as such, and "2 mi N Jemaa" is par- enthetically appended in his journal and on the back of labels. Apparently, Geest employed the former as a local designation to mean the area populated by the Jabar people who lived in the vicinity of his camp. On 28 Mar, Geest moved the trapUne into the Jamaa For- est "Preserve." Some purchased specimens originated from a fadama somewhere to the east of camp. Taxa: Xerus, Funisciurus, Heliosciurus, Graphiurus, Crice- tomys, Uranomys, Gerbilliscus, Aethomys, Arvicanthis, Dasymys, Hylomyscus, Lemniscomys, Mastomys, Mus, Oenomys, Praomys; Crocidura. University of Lagos, Federal District (Map 14: 422). Coordinates: 06?32'N, 03?23'E M (Shell-BP, SW Sheet, 1:1,000,000). Collector: J. C. Geest (31 Oct-7 Nov 1966). NUMBER 628 ? 205 FIGURE 123. Nigeria, Ugar Jabar (photograph by J. C. Geest). Habitat: "'Virgin' forest. . . tall trees with many clear- ings. [The forest] is a small patch of maybe 2 acres [0.8 ha] ... grass and weeds adjacent to [garden] plots. Some small 6-8 foot [1.8-2.4 m] woody trees . .. few scattered palms... semi wooded area with many low trees 15-20 feet [4.6-6.1 m] high ... many ferns .. . palm grove forest. .. grassland-weed-small shrub area . . . swampy in places. [The trapline] extends from the marsh to the grass field ... and through a patch of na- tive scrub with a few remnant trees... Ceiba ... fig tree." "High Forest" (specimen labels). Remarks: The university proper, where Geest collected, is located to the north of the geographic center of Lagos (06?27'N, 03?24'E G) according to the annotated map cited above. Taxa: Funisciurus, Heliosciurus, Lophuromys, Dasymys, Hybomys, Hylomyscus, Lemniscomys, Mus, Prao- mys; Crocidura; Epomophorus, Epomops. Upper Ogun Ranch, Western Region (Map 14: 416). Coordinates: 08?03'N, 03?35'E M (Shell-BP, SW Sheet, 1:1,000,000). Collector: J. C. Geest (12-16 Dec 1966). Habitat: "This part of the ranch does not have improved pasture and seems to be typical Guinea Savanna. Tall grasses (8-12 feet [2.4-3.7 m]) are the major vegeta- tion . . . There are almost no other herbaceous plants, the grasses dominate all the available habitat. . . small stream [with] a few [small] trees . . . occasional palm tree . . . The river banks also have many trees . . . riparian forest." Remarks: Geest pitched his tents on the lawn of the ranch's guest house, near the Ogun River. In his field catalog and journal, Geest located the ranch as 12 mi [19.3 km] north of Iseyin (07?58'N, 03?36'E G), a locality modifier that is not recorded on his specimen labels. 206 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY Taxa: Heliosciurus, Protoxerus, Cricetomys, Gerbilliscus, Arvicanthis, Lemniscomys, Mastomys, Mus, Prao- mys; Crocidura; Micropteropus, Hipposideros. Zaria, 5 mi [8.0 km] S, Northern Region (Map 14: 410). Coordinates: 11?05'N, 07?40'E G (for Kufena Hill; see Remarks). Collectors: D. L. and H. J. Herbert (23-26 Apr, 15 May 1966). Habitat: "Huge rock outcropping. . . ." (DLH). "Guinea savanna" (specimen labels). Remarks: The massive rock dome that looms over flat Guinea Savanna to the south (more accurately the south-southwest) of Zaria immediately attracted H. J. Herbert's attention. While the base camp was main- tained at the agricultural station at 15 mi NW Zaria (see locality account), the Herberts regularly visited this rock outcropping that rises "about 600 feet [185 m] from the savanna floor" to run traplines and hunt. D. L. Herbert referred to this locale as "Kofina Rock," which the USBGN (1971) Usts as Kufena Hill and which af- fords the coordinates for this collecting site. Only the distance south of Zaria, not the proper name of the hill, is found on specimen labels and in the field catalog. Taxa: Procavia; Xerus, Mastomys, Praomys. Zaria, 7 mi [11.3 km] NW, Northern Region (Map 14: 409). Coordinates: iriO'N, 07?38'E G (for Samaru; see Remarks). Collectors: D. L. and H. J. Herbert (14-15 May 1966). Habitat: "Guinea savannah" (specimen labels). Remarks: On their return from Sokota to Fika, the Her- berts stayed briefly at the rest house of Ahmadu Bello University in Samaru (coordinates cited above) and incidentally collected bats. Although H. J. Herbert used slightly different distances, this "7 mi NW" designation is essentially the same as the field site of 25 Apr written as "5_mi [8.0 km] NW Zaria." The place-name Samaru does not appear on field labels of specimens collected during either visit, but the town is repeatedly noted in the journals of both Herberts. While here, on May 15, the Herberts returned to Ko- fina Rock (Zaria, 5 mi S; see locality account). Taxa: Chaerephon, Scotophilus, Neoromicia. Zaria, 15 mi [24.1 km] NW, Northern Region (Map 14: 408). Coordinates: iri2'N, 07?34'E G (for Shika; see Remarks). Collectors: D. L. and H. J. Herbert (21-28 Apr 1966). Habitat: "Water, high grass, and fields which aren't over- grazed" (HJH). "Guinea Savanna" (specimen labels). Remarks: The Herberts drove into Zaria and arranged to camp at the Experimental Agricultural Station, a place situated to the northwest of Zaria and near the village of Shika, at the above coordinates. The farm was oper- ated by Ahmadu Bello University, whose main campus was in Samaru, just northwest of Zaria. D. L. Herbert specifically identified both Shika as being "9 mi [14.5 km] N of Samaru and 15 mi [24.1 km] NW of Zaria" and the experimental station as the areas where they conducted most of their field work. That village name, however, does not appear on specimen labels or in H. J. Herbert's field catalog. On the evening of 25 Apr, they traveled to 5 mi NW Zaria (see Zaria, 7 mi NW) to net bats at the home of a USAID administrator. Taxa: Xerus, Heliosciurus, Cricetomys, Gerbilliscus, Arvi- canthis, Dasymys, Mastomys, Mus; Atelerix; Eidolon, Epomophorus. Zungeru, Northern Region (Map 14: 413). Coordinates: 09?48'N, 06?09'E G. Collectors: D. L. and H. J. Herbert (25-26 May 1966). Habitat: "Guinea savannah," "building" (specimen labels). Remarks: On their way to Shagunu (see locality account), the Herberts stopped overnight near the railway rest house in Zungeru and incidentally collected some ro- dents and bats. Taxa: Mastomys; Epomophorus, Nycteris, Chaerephon, Mops. SOUTHERN AFRICA GENERAL REMARKS. The AMP began in ear- nest in Southern Africa. Over a six-year period (Aug 1963 to Dec 1969), 26 field workers (Table 1) participated in survey of six countries (Map 15), devoting substantial person-days of collecting to Botswana, Mozambique, and South Africa (Table 11). Such metrics of survey effort are reflected in the large numbers of mammals obtained, rep- resenting most mammalian orders (Table 6). Hunting was applied more often and/or more effectively as a collecting method in southern Africa and plausibly accounts for the larger series of carnivores and artiodactyls obtained there (Table 6). Notable coUecting successes of mammalian groups endemic to or most diverse within southern Africa include the golden moles (Afrosoricida), elephant shrews (Macroscelidea), and certain rodent families (Pedetidae, Bathyergidae, Petromuridae) (Tables 3, 6). NUMBER 62,8 ? 207 ^ Mozambique 575 - 632 South Africa 633 - 785 Lesottio 761,767 MAP 15. African Mammal Project cardinal collecting localities 441-785 in southern Africa. The following terms commonly appear as part of lo- cality names or within habitat descriptions in southern Af- rican countries, in particular, Botswana and South Africa: donga, dry watercourse; dorp, village; fontein, spring, stream, or well; karoo, semidesert region; kloof, gorge, ra- vine or intermittent stream, or steep, narrow valley; kop- pie or kopje, hill or hillock characteristic of the veld; kraal, a fencing enclosure or the village surrounded by such an enclosure; krantz, outcrop; mashamba, garden; oog, spring; pan, a shallow depression filled with water dur- ing the rainy season and a hard-caked surface during dry periods; rantjies, hills; veld, grassland with scattered trees and shrubs; and vlei or flei, intermittent stream, marsh or pond, also the valley containing such a stream. The FAO abbreviation in several locality Remarks pertains to a georeferenced database on African dams pro- duced by the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. NAMIBIA (SOUTH WEST AFRICA) GENERAL REMARKS. Collecting activity in Namibia was confined to desert and arid scrub forma- tions in the southern part of the country (Map 16), corre- sponding largely to the Namib Desert and Namaqualand. Specimen labels frequently bear the abbreviation SWA for South West Africa, the name applied before its full sov- ereignty as Namibia (Mar 1990). Douglas Goode of the 208 ? SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY \ 1 \ 15E J 442 441 .* 443 444 ? ? 447 1 20E 451 445 450* 446 ? 448 ? i CO c CO ? 25S i\ ?" ?449 453 ? 0 S DO =-1 454 ? 455 ? \ o [ O ) 456 ? 458 457 *' ? / OS \ - Orange River South ^ \ 459 Africa f' \ 462 100 1 0 100 ? ? 1 \ ^^^iAAeo Kilometers 463 ^6^ MAP 16. African Mammal Project cardinal collecting localities 441-A64 in Namibia (South West Africa). 441. Swartbank Mountain 453. Kaitzub Farm 442. Namib Park 454. Lovedale Farm 443. Gobabeb 455. Brucharos Mountain 444. Hakos Mountains 456. Klein Aus Farm 445. Windhoek, 11 mi E 457. Kochena Farm 446. Rehoboth, 4 mi N 458. Skaanskolk Farm 447. Kobos 459. Ariamsvlei, 10 mi W 448. Kalkrand, 17 mi N 460. Stolzenfels 449. Kalkrand, 6 mi S 461. Pella (Mission), 10 mi NW 450. Gobabis, 4.5 mi SW 462. Warmbad 451. Sandfontein 463. Warmbad, 47 mi S 452. Sossus Vlei 464. Goodhouse Namib Desert Research Station variously assisted teams with collecting at Gobabeb and its vicinity. The Namibian sites visited by Lambrechts and Graupner form part of the Orange River Survey (Feb 1968 to Jan 1969), jointly con- ducted by the Smithsonian Institution AMP and the Mam- mal Research Institute, University of Pretoria (see General Remarks under South Africa). ITINERARIES. R. E. Cole, A. L. Moore, and A. C. Risser: Hakos Mountains, 12-14 Nov 1963; Gobabeb, 15- 25 Nov 1963; Swartbank Mountain, 23 Nov 1963. R. D. Hepplewhite and A. R. Silberstein: 6 mi S Kalkrand, 12 Mar 1966; 17 mi N Kalkrand, 12 Mar 1966; 4 mi N Rehoboth, 12 Mar 1966; 11 mi E Windhoek, 12-14 Mar 1966; 4.5 mi SW Gobabis, 15-18 Mar 1966; Sand- fontein, 18-20 Mar 1966; Kobos, 22-26 Mar 1966; Sossus Vlei, 27 Mar-1 Apr 1966; Kaitzub Earm, 3-7 Apr 1966; Brucharos Mountain, 7-12 Apr 1966; Lovedale Earm, 13-19 Apr 1966; Klein Aus Earm, 20-24 Apr 1966; Ko- chena Earm, 26-29 Apr 1966; Skaanskolk Earm, 30 Apr-2 May 1966; Warmbad, 3-6 May 1966; 47 mi S Warmbad, 6 May 1966; 10 mi W Ariamsvlei, 7-10 May 1966. A. V. W. Lambrechts: Stolzenfels, 30 Jun-4 Jul 1968. O. F. Graupner and A. V. W. Lambrechts: Stolzenfels, 17-21 Jan 1969; 10 mi NE Pella Mission, South Africa (north/south bank Orange River), 22-24 Jan 1969; Good- house, South Africa (north/south bank Orange River), 25-27 Jan 1969. D. A. Schlitter and H. W. Setzer: Namib Park, 3 Dec 1969; Gobabeb, 4-13 Dec 1969. Ariamsvlei, 10 mi [16.1 km] W (Map 16: 459). Coordinates: 28?05'S, 19M1'E G (for Charley's Puty; see Remarks). Collectors: R. D. Hepplewhite and A. R. Silberstein (7-10 May 1966). Habitat: "The farm is generally covered with silvery leafed bushes which grow in the stony sand, but there is an old river bed with pools in it and acacia trees along the banks, about a mile [1.6 km] from us. There are sand dunes in places" (RDH). Remarks: Although specimen labels and field catalogs des- ignate the collecting site with respect to Ariamsvlei (28?07'S, 19?49'E G), Hepplewhite recorded in his journal that they camped on a farm named Charley's Puty (Charliesputs G). Taxa: Procavia; Desmodillus, Gerbillurus, Micaelamys, Thallomys. Brucharos Mountain, Berseba (Map 16: 455). Coordinates: 25?52'S, 17?48'E G (as Mount Brukkaros). Collectors: R. D. Hepplewhite and A. R. Silberstein (7-12 Apr 1966). Habitat: "Brucharos Mountain is of volcanic origin and stands all alone in a flat plain. Camp is on the south- western face of the mountain in a cleft which has a dry stream bed at the bottom of it. The hill has many small rocks strewn over it as well as over the plain for about 1/2 mile [0.8 km]. The plain has a number of bushes about 5 feet [1.5 m] high on it, and in one of the clumps of bushes we saw a mongoose while com- ing here. The hill has bushes similar to those on the plain, in the bottoms of the gullies, but the rest of the NUMBER 62,8 209 hill has a different type of vegetation with a number of unusual plants" (RDH). Remarks: Hepplewhite and Silberstein initially set up camp on the southwest face of Brucharos Mountain. On 10 Apr, they moved their camp to the southeast side of the mountain, hoping to improve trap success and to access roads for better hunting. Collecting suc- cess there was low as well. Taxa: Elephantulus; Petromyscus, Micaelamys; Lepus, Pronolagus; Crocidura. Gobabeb, Namib Desert Research Station (Map 16: 443). Coordinates: 23?33'S, 15?02'E C, G. Collectors: R. E. Cole, A. L. Moore, and A. C. Risser (15- 15 Nov 1963); D. A. Schlitter and H. W. Setzer (4-13 Dec 1969). Habitat: "Acacia trees . . . soft sand . . . The dunes nearest the river bed support an occasional acacia tree and a shrub [Figures 124, 125]. Farther from the river there are isolated clumps of grass that may stand about 3 feet [0.9 m] high. The sand, often called 'liquid sand,' is light tannish red in color and when one steps on the side of a dune the sand flows down like molas- ses rolls down a cookie sheet. . . Salvadora ... fig tree . . . waterhole . . . rocks, sand and gravel. A very sharp, needle-like grass grows on the dunes . . . gravel flats . . . These small dunes support quite a luxuriant growth of vegetation, acacias . . . and the thorn shrub plus other small annuals and succulents . . . moun- tains (more accurately?rocky kopjes) . . . Naras bushes" (ACR). Remarks: Cole, Moore, and Risser arrived at the Namib Desert Research Station at Gobabeb and set up camp along the Kuiseb River according to Risser's cata- log. Risser also indicated that this locality was 68 mi [109.5 km] ESE Walvis Bay, although this detail is not recorded on specimen labels. Journal entries in- dicate that they collected extensively throughout the FIGURE 124. Namibia, Gobabeb: Ron E. Cole with bat net in Kuiseb River, Namib Desert (photograph by A. C. Risser, Nov 1963). 210 ? SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY 1 nCURE 125. Namibia, Gobabeb: Namib Desert. area but did not specify actual collection sites in most cases. On 21 Nov, they drove to some rocky kopjes, where they collected a Lepus. Later, they collected on a gravely plain 1 mi [1.6 km] E Gobabeb (23?33'S, 15?03'E M, ITM, Namibia, 1:2,000,000). Schlitter and Setzer collected two species of Gerbillurus at 3 mi [4.8 km] S Namib Desert Research Station on a sandy, rocky, gravely plain and interspersed dunes vegetated with Naras. All of Cole's and Risser's specimen la- bels indicate "Gobabeb" as the principal collecting locality, with "Namib Desert Research Station" as the modifier. Schlitter and Setzer, collecting there in Dec 1969, adopted the opposite locality convention for their field labels. USBGN coordinates for both place- names are identical. Taxa: Petromyscus, Desmodillus, Gerbillurus, Rhabdo- mys, Thallomys; Lepus; Crocidura; Nycteris, Sauro- mys, Eptesicus, Laephotis, Miniopterus. Gobabis, 4.5 mi [7.2 km] SW (Map 16: 450). Coordinates: 22?30'S, 18?55'E M (WAG, Pelican Point, 1:1,000,000). Collectors: R. D. Hepplewhite and A. R. Silberstein (15- 18 Mar 1966). Habitat: "The dry river bed is sandy . . . but the broader river has a number of thorn trees in it with brush- wood piled up against them from the last floods. The soil here is very sandy . . . On the banks of the river the soil is still sandy but the grass is more sparse and thorn trees and bushes thicker. Higher up from the river is a rocky area with stony soil and low thickly placed bushes" (RDH). Remarks: On 14 Mar, Hepplewhite and Silberstein arrived at the farm of Mr. Kruger, 3 mi [4.8 km] SE Gobabis, and he directed them to their final campsite. On 16 Mar, they set traps on a rocky hillside with short grass "about a mile [1.6 km] closer to town," designated on labels as 3.5 mi [5.6 km] SW Gobabis. Taxa: Elephantulus; Xerus, Saccostomus, Desmodillus, Gerbillurus, Micaelamys, Thallomys, Pedetes; Lepus; Felis, Suricata. Goodhouse, north bank Orange River (Map 16: 464). Coordinates: 28?54'S, 18?15'E C. NUMBER 62,8 21 1 Collector: A. V. W. Lambrechts (25-27 Jan 1969). Habitat: "North bank ... on open terrain." Remarks: On 24 Jan, Lambrechts left Pella Mission, South Africa, and headed to Goodhouse, camping on a farm by the same name on the south bank of the Orange River (Goodhouse, South Africa). Survey work was conducted on both the north (in Namibia) and south banks of the Orange River. This locality is in the vi- cinity of Warmbad, 47 mi S, where Hepplewhite and Silberstein collected in 1966. Taxa: Fetromyscus, Desmodillus, Gerbillurus, Micaelamys. Hakos Mountains, 191 km E Walvis Bay (Map 16: 444). Coordinates: 23?10'S, 16?20'E G. Collectors: R. E. Cole, A. L. Moore, and A. C. Risser (12- 14Novl963). Habitat: "The Hakos Mts. are extremely rugged, mostly mica shale and very sparse vegetation [Figure 126] ex- cept in the kloofs . . . dry river bed . . . quasi-barren area" (ACR). Remarks: Risser wrote that the team camped along a dry river bed at Djab Earm, on the western side of the Hakos Mountains (Hakosberge G). This farm, pre- sumably located along the Djab River, is not men- tioned on specimen labels. Taxa: Elephantulus; Fetromyscus, Desmodillus, Micaela- mys, Fetromus. Kaitzub Farm, 20 mi [32.2 km] SW Gibeon (Map 16: 453). Coordinates: 25?12'S, 17?32'E G. Collectors: R. D. Hepplewhite and A. R. Silberstein (3-7 Apr 1966). Habitat: "The river bed is about 50-70 feet [15.2-21.3 m] below the surrounding countryside, and the banks slope down towards the river from about 1/4 mile [0.4 km] on either side of the river in most places. How- ever, there are quite a number of cliffs . . . The slopes are very rocky with sparse grass and scattered thorn bushes about 3 feet [0.9 m] high. The river has ponds nCURE 126. Namibia, Hakos Mountains: Djab Farm (Nov 1963). 21 2 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY in it every 200 or 300 yards [183 or 274 m] but the farmer says this is because of the recent rain and that normally there are very few pools" (RDH). Remarks: Camp was established on Kaitzub Farm, about 200 yards [183 m] from a pool in a semidry river bed, probably a tributary of the Leber River. Taxa: Elephantulus; Procavia; Petromyscus, Micaelamys, Petromus. Kalkrand, 6 mi [9.7 km] S (Map 16: 449). Coordinates: 24?08'S, 17?39'E M (WAC, Ludentz Bay, 1:1,000,000). Collectors: R. D. Hepplewhite and A. R. Silberstein (12 Mar 1966). Habitat: "Low grass, scattered bushes" (specimen label). Remarks: The single specimen from this and the follow- ing locality were opportunistic collections made while Hepplewhite and Silberstein were driving en route from Pretoria to Windehoek. Taxon: Proteles. Kalkrand, 17 mi [27.4 km] N (Map 16: 448). Coordinates: 23?54'S, 17?29'E M (WAC, Pelican Point and Luderitz Bay, 1:1,000,000). Collectors: R. D. Hepplewhite and A. R. Silberstein (12 Mar 1966). Habitat: "Low grass, scattered bushes" (specimen label). Taxon: Lepus. Klein Aus Farm, 3 mi [4.8 km] W Aus (Map 16: 456). Coordinates: 26?39'S, 16?15'E G. Collectors: R. D. Hepplewhite and A. R. Silberstein (20- 24 Apr 1966). Habitat: "The ground is very sandy with scattered clumps of grass?semi-desert type of ground. The hills are rocky and seem to be part of a narrow ridge of hills running north-south. In places there are sandy dunes running towards the hills. In the valleys between the rocky hills are a number of thorn trees, and on the hills themselves are scattered low bushes among the rocks. The dunes are covered with low bushes" (RDH). Taxa: Elephantulus; Petromyscus, Gerbillurus, Micaela- mys, Rhabdomys, Thallomys, Petromus; Crocidura. Kobos, 38 mi [61.2 km] SW Rehoboth (Map 16: 447). Coordinates: 23?35'S, 16M0'E G. Collectors: R. D. Hepplewhite and A. R. Silberstein (22- 26 Mar 1966). Habitat: "An old dry river winds through the farm in quite a deep channel. Running into it are hundreds of dry rivulets. Around the town it is a flat plain covered with very short grass and dotted here and there with bushes. About 1/2 mile [0.8 km] from the village the bushes become thicker. There are a number of koppies and one hill standing quite alone on the plain about 1/2-1 mile [0.8-1.6 km] south of the village. These hills seem to be of volcanic origin because they have huge boulders all over them" (RDH). Remarks: Kobos is a farm and a reserve with about 20 small houses and a school. While working in the area, Hepplewhite and Silberstein made periodic trips to Rehoboth to obtain permits to collect in the restricted diamond area. On 26 Mar, having received their per- mits, they left for Sossus Vlei in the diamond area. Taxa: Elephantulus; Desmodillus, Micaelamys, Pedetes, Petromus; Lepus; Tadarida, Eptesicus; Felis. Kochena Farm, 62 mi [99.8 km] E Keetmanshoop (Map 16: 457). Coordinates: 27?01'S, 18?49'E G. Collectors: R. D. Hepplewhite and A. R. Silberstein (26- 29 Apr 1966). Habitat: "We are on the edge of the Karasberge, with rocky hills to the west and [?] alternating rocky and grassy plains to the east. In most places there are scattered low bushes about 18-24 inches [45.7-61.0 cm] high. A number of dry river beds flow through the plain. These have sand in the bottom and are bordered by bushes about 4 feet [1.2 m] high and thorn trees, but not the usual acacia thorn tree . . . rocky cliffs border- ing on the dry river" (RDH). Remarks: On the way to Kochena Farm, Hepplewhite and Silberstein were advised that it was located about 70 mi [112.7 km] NF Karasburg (28?01'S, 18?45'F G); however, specimens collected from Kochena Farm formally indicate 62 mi [99.8 km] F Keetmanshoop (26?35'S, 18?08'F G). These two modifier descriptors plot some 90 km apart. USBGN coordinates for Ko- chena Farm plot near the Karasberge, by air about 71 mi [114.3 km] NNF Karasburg and 52 mi [83.7 km] SF Keetmanshoop. Neither of these reference points precisely match those supplied by the collectors, but we suspect that the difficulty in estimating distances and directions while traveling on rough tracks ac- counts for the discrepancies. Taxa: Elephantulus; Procavia; Desmodillus, Gerbillurus, Micaelamys; Lepus, Pronolagus. Lovedale Farm, 20 mi [32.2 km] W Helmeringhausen (Map 16: 454). Coordinates: 25?55'S, 16?39'F G. NUMBER 62,8 213 Collectors: R. D. Hepplewhite and A. R. Silberstein (13- 19 Apr 1966). Habitat: "This is karakul sheep country. The dry river beds are bordered by acacia thorn trees and other smaller bushes. The ground is sandy in the valleys but be- comes rocky on the koppies and mountains of which there are many here. The hillsides are very rocky and have scattered, small bushes on them. In one place in the river there is a small pool but there is a definite flow of water from one side to the other so I think there is underground water" (RDH). Taxa: Elephantulus, Macroscelides; Petromyscus, Desmo- dillus, Micaelamys, Rhabdomys, Thallomys; Lepus, Pronolagus; Genetta. Namib Park (Map 16: 442). Coordinates: 23?05'S, 15?10'E G. Collectors: D. A. Schlitter and H. W. Setzer (3 Dec 1969). Habitat: "Isolated bush and grassy sand veld," "netted over waterhole," "granite sand at the base of a granite koppie" (specimen labels). Remarks: Schlitter used Namib Park (Namib-Naukluft Park G) as his general locality designation and pro- vided coordinates for three collecting sites within the park: 2 mi [3.2 km] E Amichab Mountain (23?12'S, 15?32'E C), Ganab Water Hole (23?00'S, 15?31'E C), and Tumas Mountain (23?29'S. 15?31'E C). His coor- dinates for the distance from Amichab Mountain are geographically consistent with the USBGN listing for that feature (23?12'S, 15?31'E G), and those for the Ganab Water Hole approximate the USBGN figures (23?07'S, 15?32'E G). We could not verify a Tumas Mountain within the USBGN gazetteer, but a Tumas Berg does appear on a topographic map (AMS, South West Africa, 1:2,000,000) at approximately 23?10'S, 15?31'E. Even this estimation is uncomfortably distant from Schlitter's "granite koppie." Other granitic out- croppings arise from the Tumas Elats in this region, and it is possible either that Schlitter misapplied the place-name or that local peoples loosely apply the name Tumas Mountain to any of these high rock lands. Taxa: Petromyscus, Gerbillurus, Micaelamys, Rhabdo- mys; Sauromys. Pella (Mission), 10 mi [16.1 km] NW, north bank Orange River (Map 16: 461). Coordinates: 28?56'S, 19?02'E M (WAG, Lower Orange River, 1:1,000,000). Collector: A. V. W. Lambrechts (22-24 Jan 1969). Habitat: "Extremely mountainous terrain . . . narrow, flat strip between the river and the mountains ... It is very dry, with the vegetation sparse or non-existent. There is no grass at all. Even the mountains are almost devoid of vegetation." Remarks: As there are no roads indicated on the maps con- sulted, our estimated coordinates are based upon azi- muth and range from Pella Mission (29?02'S, 19?09'E G). Pella Mission itself is located on the south bank of the Orange River in Northern Cape Province, South Africa. On 21 Jan, Lambrechts once again drove from Stolzenfels to a place referred to as "Die Mik," north- west of Pella Mission (10 mi NW Pella Mission, South Africa). He found the area to be much drier than it had been the previous Jul, and he had thought then that it was extraordinarily dry. He collected on both the north (Namibia) and south banks (South Africa) of the Orange River during the Jan survey. On 24 Jan, Lambrechts left for Goodhouse, South Africa, where collecting was also conducted on the Namibian side of the Orange River. Taxa: Petromyscus, Micaelamys. Rehoboth, 4 mi [6.4 km] N (Map 16: 446). Coordinates: 23?16'S, 17?05'E M (WAG, Pelican Point, 1:1,000,000). Collectors: R. D. Hepplewhite and A. R. Silberstein (12 Mar 1966). Habitat: No information available. Remarks: A Genetta was collected at this locality while the duo traveled to Windhoek at the beginning of their expedition into Namibia. Taxon: Genetta. Sandfontein, 1 mi [1.6 km] S police post (Map 16: 451). Coordinates: 22?18'S, 19?59'E G. Collectors: R. D. Hepplewhite and A. R. Silberstein (18- 20 Mar 1966). Habitat: "The country is very arid with sparse grass and bushes growing in the light yellowish sand, and an occasional tree. There are also occasional rocky out- crops. There is a dry river bed running parallel to the SWA/Bechuanaland [Namibia/Botswana] border where the grass is a lot thicker and larger and there are fewer bushes. There is also a dam with water in it in the river" (RDH). Remarks: The AMP team discovered that the original farm called Sandfontein had been subdivided into the Sand- fontein and Buitepos farms. In his journal, Hepple- white acknowledged that they camped on the latter, situated on the Namibia-Botswana border, but the older name "Sandfontein" was preferably used for the locality because it appeared on their map. We follow 214 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY the collectors and use the coordinates for Sandfontein Farm, which are close to those for the town of Buite- pos (22?16'S, 19?59'E G). Taxa: Xerus, Saccostomus, Malacothrix. Skaanskolk Farm, 5 mi [8.0 km] W Rietfontein [South Africa] (Map 16: 458). Coordinates: 26?46'S, 19?58'E G (as Schanskolk). Collectors: R. D. Hepplewhite and A. R. Silberstein (30 Apr-2 May 1966). Habitat: "The ground is very sandy?in fact it is not very different from the Kalahari desert sand?a reddish sand. The grass is very scattered indeed, and there are bushes interspersed among the grass. Just behind the camp is a ridge of black rocks. The ground slopes down towards a sort of pan with a dry river running out of it. . . field . . . much longer grass and obviously hasn't been used for grazing this year" (RDH). Remarks: On specimen labels, Silberstein specified Skaan- skolk Farm, whereas Hepplewhite used only Skaan- skolk. Taxa: Elephantulus; Xerus, Fetromyscus, Desmodillus, Gerbillurus, Micaelamys, Rhabdotnys; Lepus; Cro- cidura. Sossus Vlei, Diamond Area No. 2 (Map 16: 452). Coordinates: 24?42'S, 15?17'E G (as Sossusvlei). Collectors: R. D. Hepplewhite and A. R. Silberstein (27 Mar-1 Apr 1966). Habitat: "The vlei itself is at the end of a series of pans, all part of a river which runs into the dune area and comes to an end in this vlei?Sossus. None of the other pans have water. Sossus Vlei has a pan of water about 1/2 mile [0.8 km] long and 1/4 mile [0.4 km] wide and about 5 feet [1.5 m] deep at its deepest point. On the north side the dunes come right to the waters edge, but on the other sides there is a sort of beach area which is covered with caked dry mud. On the south side this area extends for about a mile [1.6 km] and has many little dunes dotted all over it, and these dunes have a thorny, rather thick, low bush growing on them . . . There are quite large acacia-type trees in this area, and some are standing in the pan, indicating that it is not normally as large as this. The dunes around the pan are about 300 feet [91.4 m] high, but some of them on the way here are reputed to be 600 feet [182.9 m] high" (RDH). Taxa: Gerbilliscus, Gerbillurus, Rhabdomys. Stolzenfels, north bank Orange River (Map 16: 460). Coordinates: 28?30'S, 19?40'E G. Collectors: A. V. W. Lambrechts (30 Jun-4 Jul 1968); O. F. Graupner and A. V. W. Lambrechts (17-21 Jan 1969). Habitat: "We caught the Fetromyscus in barren, rocky hills with almost no vegetation. Both survey lines were put out in valleys between the hills. The vegetation on both banks is very sparse due to the drought which lasted for the last three years. There is no grass at all" (AVWL). Remarks: Camp was established on the north bank of the Orange River, and both the north (Namibia) and south (see Stolzenfels, South Africa) banks were col- lected. Lambrechts indicated that the collecting local- ity was Stolzenfels Farm, about 10-12 mi [16.1-19.3 km] south of Jerusalem Farm (28?23'S, 19?36'E G). Taxa: Elephantulus; Frocavia; Saccostomus, Fetromyscus, Desmodillus, Gerbilliscus, Gerbillurus, Micaelamys, Rhabdomys. Swartbank Mountain, 36 km WNW of Gobabeb (Map 16: 441). Coordinates: 23?18'S, 14?48'F G (as Swartbankberg). Collectors: R. F. Cole, A. L. Moore, and A. C. Risser (23 Nov 1963). Habitat: "The area is very flat, gravel gradually sloping into the base of the mountain, then jagged rocks. There is an abundance of succulents and other plant life in contrast to the denuded flats. Near the top there is a section of very black boulders" (ACR). Remarks: While encamped at Gobabeb, the AMP crew made a one-day trip to collect at Swartbank Mountain. Taxa: Fetromyscus, Gerbillurus. Warmbad (Map 16: 462). Coordinates: 28?27'S, 18M4'E G. Collectors: R. D. Hepplewhite and A. R. Silberstein (3-6 May 1966). Habitat: "There are isolated rocky outcrops but generally the ground is sandy and flat with scattered bushes in places. The ground is whitish in many places" (RDH). Taxa: Elephantulus, Macroscelides; Malacothrix, Gerbil- lurus, Micaelamys, Fetromus; Fronolagus. Warmbad, 47 mi [75.6 km] S (Map 16: 463). Coordinates: 28?52'S, 18?14'E M (WAC, Lower Orange River, 1:1,000,000). Collectors: R. D. Hepplewhite and A. R. Silberstein (6 May 1966). Habitat: "Rocky hillside" (specimen labels). Remarks: This locality was situated along the Orange River according to Hepplewhite's journal, probably in NUMBER 628 215 the vicinity of Goodhouse, South Africa (Goodhouse, Namibia and South Africa). Taxa: Xerus, Petromus. Windhoek, 11 mi [17.7 km] E (Map 16: 445). Coordinates: 22?33'S, 17?17'E M (WAG, Pelican Point, 1:1,000,000). Collectors: R. D. Hepplewhite and A. R. Silberstein (12- 14 Mar 1966). Habitat: "The dry river bed in which the camp is situated the ground rises on both banks into rocky 'koppies' with sandy soil. There is a moderately thick covering of 2-3 foot [0.6-0.9 m] high grass interspersed with thorn bushes and a few acacia trees about 35-60 feet [10.6-18.3 m] high" (RDH). Taxa: Elephantulus; Saccostomus, Desmodillus, Mi- caelamys. BOTSWANA (BECHUANALAND OR BECHUANALAND PROTECTORATE) GENERAL REMARKS. Labels on specimens that were collected prior to Oct 1966 use "Bechuanaland Protectorate" or simply "Bechuanaland" as the country name, while those on specimens collected after indepen- dence from South Africa (Sep 1966) reflect the current name of Botswana. Reay H. N. Smithers, curator at the National Museum of Rhodesia (NMR, now the Natural History Museum of Zimbabwe), Bulawayo, significantly contributed to the success of AMP activities in southern Africa and in particular Botswana (Map 17), and those field results reciprocally contributed to his book The Mammals of Botswana (Smithers, 1971). A large number of specimens collected by AMP crews were deposited in the NMR, and we did not verify geographic or taxonomic information associated with those specimens. Cartographic sources proved important in localizing collecting sites in Botswana. World Aeronautical Charts in the Mammal Division archives bear penciled marks and notations that often coincide with cited coordinates. We believe that these annotations are derived from AMP col- lectors or affiliated staff and attempted to verify them when- ever possible or noted questionable occurrences in locality remarks. Two draft maps in the Mammal Division map collection were also useful?H. J. Smithers' "Bechuanaland Protectorate and The Caprivi Strip," a blue-lined proof for the map subsequently pubUshed in Smithers (1971), and a hand-drawn map entitled "T. N. Liversedge Collecting Lo- calities Botswana." Several Botswanan localities were identified or veri- fied using the published gazetteers in Smithers (1971) or Leistner and Morris (1976), both of which employed quarter-degree grid cells, an alphanumeric system of geographic reference. Locality coordinates derived from these gazetteers are therefore extrapolations, but they suf- fice for purposes of approximate placement if not exact location. The incomplete nature of certain collectors' field books hindered locality interpretation. Tim N. Liversedge's and S. W. Goussard's field journals lack entries for most of their time spent in Botswana, which complicated our efforts to determine exactly where many camps were established. Also, the lengthy periods between camps seem longer than can be explained by the travel distances between them; whether the collectors were on break or attending vehicu- lar difficulties is unknown. In the only section of TNL field notes (21 May to 11 Jun 1968) possessed by the Mammal Division, Liversedge recorded an "expedition to N.E. ex- tension of Kalahari type habitat" but offered no further explanation of this collecting interval. His entries seem to indicate that a location was determined by "dead reck- oning," as based upon track directions, odometer read- ings, and information from local inhabitants. Liversedge made several references in his journal to his game scout Leyakwa, who accompanied him during this period. The field catalog of S. W. Goussard is missing for the period 14 Jun to 29 Aug 1967 (numbers SWG 1130-1448), but his presence at various localities over these dates is evidenced by specimens in the NMNH collection. We collated names and dates of the many ancillary localities visited by Gous- sard from the NMNH database and confirmed them against specimen labels. Given all of the above caveats, we regard the coordi- nates provided for cardinal localities in Botswana to con- tain a higher degree of imprecision than other countries where AMP teams collected. ITINERARIES. R. M. Davis, A. R. Hardy, and H. J. Herbert (A. L. Moore 7 Jan-24 Feb): Tsaugara Pan, 7-12 Jan 1965; 3 mi NNW Dodo Cross Roads, 15-19 Jan 1965; Kasane, 21-29 Jan 1965; 10 mi W Kasane, 22-26 Jan 1965; 12 mi SW Kachikau, 31 Jan-2 Feb 1965; 10 mi E Goha Hills, 4-7 Feb 1965; 10 mi N Joverega, 8-14 Feb 1965; Shorobe, 15-21 Feb 1965; Kwaai River Area, 19 Feb 1965; 6 mi N Maun, 22 Feb-4 Mar 1965; Kwaai River Area, 28 Feb-1 Mar 1965; Maun, 2-4 Mar 1965; 10 mi SW Sehitwa, 5-12 Mar 1965; Mabele a Pudi, 12-17 Mar 1965; 50 mi E Mabele a Pudi, 14 Mar 1965; 10 mi SW Sehitwa, 18 Mar 1965; Tsau, 18-28 Mar 1965; No- kaneng, 29 Mar-4 Apr 1965; 10 mi N Aha Hills, 6-13 216 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY MAP 17. African Mammal Project 1 \^ 1 J cardinal collecting localities 465-554 y^^^'^^ in Botswana (Bechuanaland). 465. Mohembo, 55 mi W \ Caprivi Angola \ ^*'''P Zambia j 466. Shakawe, 50 mi W, 12 mi S 467. Shakawe, 56 mi W, 28 mi S V ^^-^^^r^^^^^s^ / 1 """"'^? . .y-"^ V ^^ '^X/-'^'^ 468. Shakawe, 7 mi N 465. ^^^mrT^S^^^ \ y /?Am \ 469. Shakawe ? 466 471 ^498* 502 \ 470. Tsodilo Hills 467 ? ? ? ^497 1 471. Sepopa 472. Seronga 470 472 496 477 ? .473 *4^8 503I Zimbabwe 473. Aha Hills, 10 mi N 5 \ 474. Kai Kai 475. Drodsky's Caves, 10 mi - 20S ^'^^ .475 479 494. ?476 r . ,^93 504^ 522^5^^ NW 480-492^ i%#' . 523 1 476. Drodsky's (Drotsky's) Namibia I .? ? 505 . j Caves ^^g.507 .506 521 525 { 477. Gomare, 5 mi S 478. Nokaneng, 15 mi N 510. ?509 520* 526, ^^^^^532 479. Nokaneng 528 \ 527 , ^> 529 531 S ^ 480. Tsau 512 , 511* 518. _ 481. Tsau, 8 mi SE ' '519 530 ^ 482. Sehitwa, 5 mi NW 513 483. Dautsa Flats 514f 5: / 484. Sehitwa, 10 mi SW 534 f/ 485. Masarwanyane Pan 517 y"^ 486. Tsau, 21 mi SE , ? ^538^539 535 '540 j Limpopo 487. Tsau, 26 mi SE 488. Kwebe Hills, 18 mi NW ? 516 536 ,515 537' / River 542 / 489. Kwebe Hills 490. Toten 491. Maun, 35 mi SW ? 25S vNossob 550 549* \ River f \ 551 /^-^ 548 .2^^541 / 100 0 100 III 1 492. Maun, 20 mi SSW >552 /Molopo ^ 546.^ III 1 493. Maun 5 Kilometers 494. Maun, 6 mi N r / River 495. Shorobe 496. Kwaai River Area / r 553 py Soutii Africa 497. Joverega, 10 mi N W-^-~>554 20E 1 498. Goha Hills, 10 mi E 25E 499. Kachikau, 12 mi SW 1 1 500. Kasane, 10 mi W 501. Kasane 502. Dodo Cross Roads, 3 mi 515. Mamono, 150 mi S 529. Seruli, 9 mi' w 543. Lobatsi NNW 516. Tsane, 25 mi ENE 530. Serowe, 18 mi NW 544. Matebe, 7 mi N 503. Tamafupi 517. Kang 531. Magogopate 545. Ramatlabama, 10 mi W 504. Tsaugara Pan 518. Xade Pan, 4 mi E 532. Zelu, 3 mi W 546. Ramatlabama, 18 mi W 505. Khumaha 519. Camp 3 533. Kuche Pan 547. Kanye, 30 mi W 506. Mabele a Pudi, 50 mi E 520. Chukutsa Pan 534. Kuche Pan, 10 mi SE 548. Digomo de Kai 507. Mabele a Pudi 521. Musu, 12 mi W 535. Maboane, 10 mi W 549. Sekhuma Pan 508. Kuke Cordon 522. Nata, 13 mi W 536. Takatokwane, 15 mi SW 550. Mabua Sefubi Pan 509. Ghansi, 20 mi NE 523. Nata, 10.2 mi W 537. Takatokwane, 20 mi SW 551. Mpatutlwa Pan 510. Ghansi 524. Nata 538. Letlaking, 10 mi W 552. Vloorskop 511. Ghansi, 35 mi S 525. Francistown, 40 mi NW 539. Letlaking 553. Bokspits, 6 mi NE 512. Mamono 526. Foley Siding, 8 mi W 540. Letlaking, 11 mi SE 554. Khuis 513. Mamono, 45 mi S 527. Francistown, 45 mi SW 541. Sequane 514. Mamono, 50 mi S 528. Seruli, 16 mi W 542. Gaberones, 5 mi W NUMBER 62,8 217 Apr 1965; Drodsky's (Drotsky's) Caves, 10 Apr 1965; 35 mi SW Maun, 19 Apr 1965; Nata, 23-26 Apr 1965. R. D. Hepplewhite, T. N. Liversedge, and H. W. Setzer: 5 mi W Gaberones, 13-14 Nov 1965; 10 mi W Maboane, 16-20 Nov 1965; 10 mi W Letlaking, 21-23 Nov 1965; 11 mi SE Letlaking, 23-26 Nov 1965. R. D. Hepplewhite and T. N. Liversedge: Toten, 7- 9 Feb 1966; Kwebe Hills, 12-15 Feb 1966; 18 mi NW Kwebe Hills, 15-18 Feb 1966; Dautsa Flats, 19-20 Feb 1966. T. N. Liversedge (S. D. Durrant and H. W. Setzer, 10-15 Sep 1966): Magogopate, 9-13 Apr 1966; 3 mi W Zelu, 15-20 Apr 1966; 20 mi SW Takatokwane, 1-5 May 1966; 15 mi SW Takatokwane, 4 May 1966; Kuche Pan, 8-11 May 1966; 10 mi SE Kuche Pan, 12 May 1966; Let- laking, 13 May 1966; 5 mi W Gaberones, 14-28 May 1966; Lobatsi, 29 May-2 Jun 1966; Sequane, 4-8 Jun 1966; 10 mi W Ramatlabama, 10-12 Jun 1966; 18 mi W Ramatlabama, 12 Jun 1966; 7 mi N Matebe, 14 Jun 1966; Digomo de Kai, 16-18 Jun 1966; Sekhuma Pan, 19-21 Jun 1966; Kang, 25-29 Jun 1966; Ghansi, 2-5 Jul 1966; 45 mi S Mamono, 7-13 Jul 1966; Mamono, 7, 10 Jul 1966; 20 mi NE Ghansi, 10 Jul 1966; Dautsa Flats, 17 Jul 1966; 12 mi W Musu, 22-24 Aug 1966; Chukutsa Pan, 26-29 Aug 1966; Tamafupi, 2-5 Sep 1966; 13 mi W Nata, 10 Sep 1966; Khumaha, 11-14 Sep 1966; 10.2 mi W Nata, 14 Sep 1966; 13 mi W Nata, 15 Sep 1966; Pink Pan, 12 Oct 1966; 4 mi E Xade Pan, 14-19 Oct 1966; Camp 3, 16-19 Oct 1966; 35 mi S Ghansi, 25-29 Oct 1966; 40 mi NW Francistown, 16 Jan 1967; Masarwan- yane Pan, 19 Jan 1967; 150 mi S Mamono, 21-26 Jan 1967; 50 mi S Mamono, 27 Jan 1967; 25 mi ENE Tsane, 29 Jan-5 Feb 1967; 30 mi W Kanye, 4 Feb 1967; Mabua Sefubi Pan, 7-14 Feb 1967; Mpatutlwa Pan, 10 Feb 1967; Vloorskop, 16-21 Feb 1967; 6 mi NE Bokspits, 23-27 Feb 1967; Khuis, 1-5 Mar 1967. S. W. Goussard and T. N. Liversedge: 8 mi W Foley Siding, 2-6 Apr 1967; 20 mi SSW Maun, 10 Apr 1967; Nokaneng, 10 Apr 1967; 5 mi S Gomare, 11 Apr 1967; Sepopa, 12-23 Apr 1967; Tsodilo Hills, 26 Apr-1 May 1967; Shakawe, 4-11 May 1967; Tsodilo Hills, 15 May 1967; Shakawe, 16-18 May 1967; 55 mi W Mohembo, 21 May 1967; 50 mi W, 12 mi S Shakawe, 22 May-1 Jun 1967; Shakawe, 3 Jun 1967; 56 mi W, 28 mi S Shakawe, 4 Jun 1967; Kai Kai, 5 Jun 1967; Drodsky's (Drotsky's) Caves, 5-9 Jun 1967; 10 mi NW Drodsky's Caves, 9 Jun 1967; 10 mi N Aha Hills, 11-13 Jun 1967; 15 mi N No- kaneng, 16-25 Jun 1967; Maun, 17, 20 Jun 1967; 26 mi SE Tsau, 21 Jun 1967; 21 mi SE Tsau, 22 Jun 1967; 8 mi SE Tsau, 23 Jun 1967; Seronga, 29 Jun-1 Jul 1967; 7 mi N Shakawe, 3 Jul 1967; Shakawe, 5 Jul 1967; 5 mi NW Sehitwa, 13 Jul 1967; Kuke Cordon, 15 Jul 1967; Camp 4, 17 July 1967. T. N. Liversedge: 45 mi SW Francistown, 23 May-1 Jun 1968; 9 mi W Seruli, 29 May 1968; 18 mi NW Se- rowe, 3-7 Jun 1968; 16 mi W Seruli, 9-11 Jun 1968. Aha Hills, 10 mi [16.1 km] N (Map 17: 473). Coordinates: 19?39'S, 21?03'E G (for Kubie; see Re- marks). Collectors: R. M. Davis, A. R. Hardy, and H. J. Herbert (6-13 Apr 1965); S. W. Goussard and T. N. Livers- edge (11-13 Jun 1967). Habitat: "Cattle thorn fence" (HJH). Remarks: Hardy referred (journal entry) to "N'dobe [sic; Kube?], a village about 7 miles [11.3 km] north of the Northern Aha Hills and about 1 mile [1.6 km] from the [Namibian] border." Plots of these distances (WAC, Tsumeb, 1:1,000,000) closely conform to USBGN coordinates for Kubie. Furthermore, Davis placed this locality at 90 mi [145 km] from Nokan- eng, 1 mi [1.6 km] east of the Namibian border, and "about 10 miles [16 km] north of Aha Hills," a loca- tion that is penciled as Kubie on the WAC topographic sheet. Davis also mentioned traveUng 6 mi [9.7 km] east to Mahupa (19?34'S, 21?07'E G), which distance and direction are plausible if their collecting site was Kubie. In addition to collecting at 10 mi N Aha Hills, Goussard and Liversedge obtained specimens from north edge Aha Hills and simply Aha Hills. On 9 Jun, they drove to Drodsky's Caves to collect bats. Taxa: Galago; Paraxerus, Graphiurus, Dendromus, Gerbil- liscus, Gerbillurus, Aethomys, Mastomys, Micaelamys, Mus, Zelotomys, Pedetes; Lepus; Crocidura; Rhinolo- phus; Panthera, Mungos, Otocyon; Raphicerus. Bokspits, 6 mi [9.7 km] NE (Map 17: 553). Coordinates: 26?51'S, 20?47'E M (WAC, Molopo River, 1:1,000,000). Collector: T. N. Liversedge (23-27 Feb 1967). Habitat: "Bushes, riverbed," "scrub, riverbed," "low aca- cia bushes" (specimen labels). Remarks: Liversedge's field catalog indicates that the camp northeast of Bokspits was on the Molopo River, but the river is not reflected on specimen labels. Liversedge also collected on 27 Feb at 4 mi [6.4 km] NNW Bok- spits and at 11 mi [17.7 km] NNW Bokspits on the Nossop River. 21 8 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY Taxa: Xerus, Graphiurus, Desmodillus, Gerbillurus, Rhab- domys, Parotomys, Pedetes, Cryptomys; Cynictis. Camp 3 (Map 17: 519). Coordinates: 22?22'S, 23?22'E P. Collector: T. N. Liversedge (16-19 Oct 1966). Habitat: "Scrub bush," "scrub" (specimen labels). Remarks: Smithers (1971) identified Camp 3 as in the Central Kalahari Game Reserve at 22 23 A4, which approximate our above coordinates. Unfortunately, there are no journal entries to clarify the location of Camp 3. We located an unlabeled locality marked at approximately 22?23'S, 23?20'E on T. N. Liversedge's draft map, "Collecting Localities Botswana," and be- lieve these to represent Camp 3. Moreover, they agree closely with Smithers' quarter-degree values. Taxa: Xerus, Saccostomus, Dendromus, Steatomys, Ger- billiscus, Gerbillurus, Mus, Thallomys, Pedetes; Ge- netta, Cynictis, Suricata, Hyaena, Proteles, Otocyon; Alcelaphus, Antidorcas, Sylvicapra. Camp 4. Coordinates: Not located. Collector: S. W. Goussard and T. N. Liversedge (17 Jul 1967). Habitat: "Scrub" (specimen labels). Remarks: The location of Camp 4 could not be determined. Taxa: Dendromus, Gerbillurus, Mastomys, Mus; Croc- idura; Phacochoerus, Raphicerus. Chukutsa Pan (Map 17: 520). Coordinates: 21?17'S, 25?01'E G. Collectors: T. N. Liversedge (26-29 Aug 1966). Habitat: "Pan fringe," "scrub bushes" (specimen labels). Taxa: Elephantulus; Galago; Xerus, Paraxerus, Desmo- dillus, Gerbilliscus, Gerbillurus, Micaelamys; Lepus; Canis. Dautsa Flats, 14 mi [22.5 km] W Sehitwa (Map 17: 483). Coordinates: 20?33'S, 22?30'E P (Borello and Borello, 1997). Collectors: R. D. Hepplewhite and T. N. Liversedge (19- 20 Feb 1966); T. N. Liversedge (17 Jul 1966). Habitat: "Grassland," "acacia bushes" (specimen labels). Remarks: Labels of specimens captured on Liversedge's second visit mention only 14 mi [22.5 km] W Sehitwa, not Dautsa Flats. Taxa: Saccostomus, Desmodillus, Gerbilliscus, Gerbillurus, Mastomys, Rhabdomys, Pedetes; Crocidura; Mops, Scotophilus, Neoromicia; Proteles; Antidorcas. Digomo de Kai (Map 17: 548). Coordinates: 24?52'S, 24?37'E G (Dikomu di Kai). Collector: T. N. Liversedge (16-18 Jun 1966). Habitat: "Few scattered bushes," "open grassland," "bushes, grass," "scattered bushes," "rocky hill" (specimen labels). Remarks: Smithers' (1971) quarter-degree location for Dikgomodikae (Kgomodikae; 24 24 D3) approxi- mates the above USBGN coordinates for Dikomu di Kai. Taxa: Saccostomus, Acomys, Gerbilliscus, Gerbillurus, Micaelamys, Pedetes, Cryptomys; Lepus; Crocidura; Scotophilus, Neoromicia. Dodo Cross Roads, 3 mi [4.8 km] NNW (Map 17: 502). Coordinates: 18?42'S, 25?23'E M (WAG, Livingstone, 1:1,000,000). Collectors: R. M. Davis, A. R. Hardy, H. J. Herbert, and A. L. Moore (15-19 Jan 1965). Habitat: "Camped in an acacia-mopani woodland" (RMD). Remarks: Davis indicated (field journal) that the team drove west 120 mi [193 km] from Francistown to Nata and proceeded another 140 mi [225 km] north to their campsite near Dodo Cross Roads. While Herbert trapped around the camp, Davis placed his traps 5 mi [8.0 km] to the north, so his specimens are labeled 8mi [12.9 km] NNW Dodo Cross Roads. The skin tag on a Paraxerus is labeled as 13 mi [20.9 km] W Dodo Cross Roads and that on a Caracal indicates 10 mi [16.1 km] W Dodo Cross Roads, al- though Herbert's catalog for both specimens gives the general base camp designation. Herbert observed that there was an abundance of water-filled pans in the area. Taxa: Galago; Paraxerus, Gerbilliscus, Pedetes, Crypto- mys; Caracal; Raphicerus. Drodsky's (Drotsky's) Caves, 25 mi [40.2 km] SE Kai Kai (Map 17: 476). Coordinates: 20?02'S, 21?28'E C? (see Remarks). Collectors: R. M. Davis, A. R. Hardy, and H. J. Herbert (10 Apr 1965); S. W. Goussard and T. N. Liversedge (5-9 Jun 1967). Habitat: "The caves are deep and one can go a 1/4 of a mile [0.4 km] in the earth . . . very beautiful with the stalagmites and stalactites" (HJH). "Bush and grass- land" (specimen labels). Remarks: Coordinates of unknown origin have been penciled into both Goussard's and Liversedge's field catalogs and closely correspond to a plus mark an- NUMBER 62,8 219 notated as "Drotsky's Cave" on a topographic map (WAC, Lake Ngami, 1:1,000,000). Smithers' (1971) quarter-degree placement (20 21 A2) is consistent with our plotted coordinates. Davis and his com- panions visited this locality to collect bats from their camp north of Aha Hills (6-13 Apr 1965); speci- mens from this visit are labeled "Drotsky's Caves, 25 mi [40.2 km] southeast of Kai Kai." Goussard and Liversedge abbreviated the locality designation to "Drodsky's Caves" (as per Smithers, 1971), with- out reference to Kai Kai, for their more extensive collections in 1967. Liversedge also referred (field catalog) to "Drodsky's Caves, Khweabe Hills" and later to "Drodsky's Caves, Kihabe Hills," although his specimen labels mention neither locality modifier. These hills must differ from Kkwebe Hills (20?39'S, 23?05'E G). Taxa: Graphiurus, Saccostomus, Dendromus, Gerbillis- cus, Gerbillurus, Aethomys, Mastomys, Micaelamys, Mus, Zelotomys, Pedetes; Crocidura; Rhinolophus, Hipposideros, Nycteris; Felis; Raphicerus. Drodsky's Caves, 10 mi [16.1 km] NW (Map 17: 475). Coordinates: 19?58'S, 21?19'E M (WAC, Lake Ngami, 1:1,000,000). Collectors: S. W. Goussard and T. N. Liversedge (9 Jun 1967). Habitat: "Bush and grassland" (specimen label). Remarks: Goussard collected a Xerus at this locality, pre- sumably en route to Aha Hills (11-13 Apr 1967). Co- ordinates were estimated by following the track from Drotsky's Cave toward Kai Kai. Taxon: Xerus. Foley Siding, 8 mi [12.9 km] W (Map 17: 526). Coordinates: 21?41'S, 27?11'E M (WAC, Shashi River, 1:1,000,000). Collectors: S. W. Goussard and T. N. Liversedge (2-6 Apr 1967). Habitat: "Bush fence, mopane," "mopane" (specimen labels). Remarks: Smithers (1971) referred to this locality simply as Foley (21?41'S, 27?19'E G), and some of Liversedge's specimen labels record the locality as "8 mi W Foley." His field catalog deliberately references "Foley Sid- ing." On 2 Apr, Liversedge collected an Aepyceros at 10 mi [16.1 km] W Folev Siding. Taxa: Paraxerus, Graphiurus, Saccostomus, Gerbilliscus, Aethomys, Mastomys, Micaelamys, Mus; Lepus; Cro- cidura; Aepyceros. Francistown, 40 mi [64.4 km] NW (Map 17: 525). Coordinates: 20M5'S, 27?07'E M (WAC, Shashi River, 1:1,000,000). Collector: T. N. Liversedge (16 Jan 1967). Habitat: "Rocky kopje" (specimen labels). Taxa: Acomys, Micaelamys. Francistown, 45 mi [72.4 km] SW (Map 17: 527). Coordinates: 21?48'S, 27?15'E M (WAC, Bulawayo, 1:1,000,000). Collector: T. N. Liversedge (23 May-1 Jun 1968). Habitat: "Acacia scrub surrounding pan." Remarks: Liversedge established camp the evening of 23 May approximately a mile [1.6 km] beyond the village of Kwechu. We could not locate this village on avail- able maps and estimated coordinates by following the road running south-southwest from Francistown. Li- versedge described this camp as situated by a small, dry pan surrounded by Acacia scrub. On 25 May, he collected Xerus at 50 mi [80.5 km] SW Francistown. and later that day he collected at 57 mi [91.7 km] SW Francistown at a large pan. Taxa: Elephantulus; Galago; Xerus, Saccostomus, Gerbil- liscus, Gerbillurus, Mastomys, Micaelamys, Pedetes, Cryptomys, Hystrix; Lepus; Felis, Genetta, Cynictis, Canis, Vulpes; Alcelaphus, Antidorcas, Raphicerus, Sylvicapra. Gaberones, 5 mi [8.0 km] W (Map 17: 542). Coordinates: 24?40'S, 25M9'E M (WAC, Vaal River, 1:1,000,000). Collectors: R. D. Hepplewhite, T. N. Liversedge, and H.W. Setzer (13-14 Nov 1965); T. N. Liversedge (14-28 May 1966). Habitat: "Kopjie . . . sandy soil in the flat. Acacias and thorn scrub is the dominant vegetation with some at- tempts at cultivation" (HWS). Remarks: The estimated coordinates are based upon azi- muth and range relative to Gaberones (Gaberone G) and fall close to a penciled mark (origin unknown) on the village of Khabane (24?40'S, 25M6'E G), which lies about 8 mi [12.9 km] west of Gaberones. Setzer's specimens from the Nov visit are labeled as "5 mi W" of Gaberones, while Liversedge's labels read "6 mi W." When Liversedge returned the fol- lowing May, he adopted the 5 mi distance for his locality designation. Taxa: Elephantulus; Procavia; Galago; Paraxerus, Graphi- urus, Saccostomus, Acomys, Desmodillus, Gerbillis- cus, Aethomys, Mastomys, Micaelamys, Rhabdomys, 220 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY Pedetes; Lepus; Atelerix; Crocidura; Rhinolophus; Cynictis, Ictonyx. Ghansi (Map 17: 510). Coordinates: 21?34'S, 21M7'E G (as Ghanzi). Collector: T. N. Liversedge (2-5 Jul 1966). Habitat: "Scrub" (specimen labels). Taxa: Desmodillus, Gerbillurus; Cynictis, Ictonyx. Ghansi, 20 mi [32.2 km] NE (Map 17: 509). Coordinates: 21?27'S, 22?02'E M (WAC, Kalahari, 1:1,000,000). Collector: T. N. Liversedge (10 Jul 1966). Habitat: No information available. Remarks: A single Nycteris was killed on the road at this locality, but Liversedge was 45 mi S Mamono on 10 Jul. Considering that Liversedge's catalog entry for this specimen was inserted between 13 and 17 Jul, a likely explanation is that someone else collected the bat and gave it to Liversedge after 13 Jul. Taxon: Nycteris. Ghansi, 35 mi [56.3 km] S (Map 17: 511). Coordinates: 22?10'S, 21?53'E M (WAC, Kalahari, 1:1,000,000). Collector: T. N. Liversedge (25-29 Oct 1966). Habitat: "Scrub" (specimen labels). Remarks: Liversedge added "Hanahai Valley" to this lo- cality designation in his field catalog, although the qualifier is not duplicated on specimen labels. Liv- ersedge's draft map ("T. N. Liversedge Collecting Localities Botswana") contains a collecting locality to the south of Ghanzi, along the road to Tsane and near these coordinates. Taxa: Elephantulus; Xerus, Saccostomus, Steatomys, Des- modillus, Gerbilliscus, Gerbillurus, Lemniscomys, Mastomys, Micaelamys, Mus, Thallomys; Genetta, Cynictis, Otocyon; Alcelaphus, Sylvicapra. Goha Hills, 10 mi [16.1 km] E (Map 17: 498). Coordinates: 18?25'S, 24?22'E M (WAC, Livingstone, 1:1,000,000). Collectors: R. M. Davis, A. R. Hardy, H. J. Herbert, and A. L. Moore (4-7 Eeb 1965). Habitat: "We are camped at the edge of the hills on the edge of a mopane forest which covers the hills. . . hills (near rocks) . . . near a water hole" (HJH). Remarks: The AMP team pitched their camp close to a pan beUeved to be at Goha Hills, but two days later, they learned that their actual collecting site was 10 mi E Goha Hills and about 20 mi [32.2 km] S Kachikau (ISnO'S, 24?28'E G). The Galago and Genetta were each labeled only as Goha Hills, while all other speci- mens have "10 mi E Goha Hills" for their locality. Taxa: Galago; Paraxerus, Micaelamys; Genetta, Canis; Raphicerus, Sylvicapra. Gomare, 5 mi [8.0 km] S (Map 17: 477). Coordinates: 19?22'S, 22?10'E M (ITM, Botswana, 1:1,500,000). Collectors: S. W. Goussard and T. N. Liversedge (11 Apr 1967). Habitat: "Big tree" (specimen label). Remarks: Coordinates are based upon a measured offset from Gumare found on the above topographic map, which agrees with the team's itinerary. Taxon: Papio. Joverega, 10 mi [16.1 km] N (Map 17: 497). Coordinates: 19?03'S, 24?23'E M (WAC, Livingstone, 1:1,000,000). Collectors: R. M. Davis, A. R. Hardy, H. J. Herbert, and A. L. Moore (8-14 Eeb 1965). Habitat: "Open field. The soil is very sandy with scattered grass stands. The woods (mopane forest) are full of squirrels . . . pan" (HJH). Remarks: The field team hoped to collect at Tsotsoroga Pan (18M3'S, 24?21'E G), but they found it dry. In- stead they camped at a "beautiful pan . . . with good water . . . just out of the game reserve [Chobe] and only about 10 miles [16.1 km] from Joverega." They were later informed that their beautiful pan is called Kaiser or Half-way pan. A single Aepyceros was taken at Toverega (19?08'S, 24?15'E G) on 14 Eeb. We es- timated the map coordinates by following the single track heading northeast from Joverega. Taxa: Galago; Paraxerus; Lepus; Galerella, Crocuta; Equus; Phacochoerus, Aepyceros, Raphicerus. Kachikau, 12 mi [19.3 km] SW (Map 17: 499). Coordinates: 18?13'S, 24?20'E M (WAC, Livingstone, 1:1,000,000). Collectors: R. M. Davis, A. R. Hardy, H. J. Herbert, and A. L. Moore (31 Jan-2 Eeb 1965). Habitat: "Definitely tree savanna . . . small bushes" (RMD). "Tree savanna with very high grass (6-7 feet [1.8-2.1 m])" (HJH). Remarks: The crew left Kasane and drove 52 mi [83.7 km] west to Kachikau and then southwest, finding a suit- able camp next to a pan. Map coordinates were esti- mated by following the track southwest of Kachikau (18?10'S, 24?28'EG). NUMBER 62,8 221 Taxa: Galago; Saccostomus, Steatomys, Gerbilliscus, Mas- tomys, Pedetes, Cryptomys; Genetta; Raphicerus. Kai Kai, Ngamiland (Map 17: 474). Coordinates: 19?53'S, 21?08'E G. Collectors: S. W. Goussard and T. N. Liversedge (5 Jun 1967). Habitat: "Pan fringe" (specimen labels). Remarks: These specimens represent opportunistic collec- tions that were made en route to Drodsky's Caves. Smithers' (1971) alternate spelling for Kai Kai is KhaeKhae. Taxa: Xerus; Galerella. Kang (Map 17: 517). Coordinates: 23?46'S, 22?51'E G. Collector: T. N. Liversedge (25-29 Jun 1966). Habitat: "Old lands," "acacia bushes," "red sand, scattered acacia bushes," "open ground" (specimen labels). Remarks: Peripheral collecting sites near this locality in- clude 10 mi [16.1 km] NW Kang (23?37'S, 22?47'E M) on 25 Jun and Tmi [11.3 km] W Kang (23?48'S, 22M4'E M) and 10 mi [16.1 km] W Kang (23?49'S, 22M2'E M) on 26 Jun. Taxa: Elephantulus; Xerus, Desmodillus, Gerbillurus, Thallomys, Pedetes, Cryptomys; Genetta, Cynictis, Suricata, Cams, Otocyon, Vulpes; Raphicerus. Kanye, 30 mi [48.2 km] W (Map 17: 547). Coordinates: 24?59'S, 24?51'E M (WAC, Molopo River and Vaal River, 1:1,000,000). Collector: T. N. Liversedge (4 Feb 1967). Habitat: "Mixed woodland" (specimen label). Remarks: While Liversedge was encamped at 25 mi ENE Tsane (29 Jan-5 Eeb), a Papio was collected at this locality according to Liversedge's field catalog and the specimen label. Because of the great distance between Kanye and Liversedge's camp east-northeast of Tsane (over 200 mi [320 km]), this specimen must have been given to Liversedge by someone else, and he presum- ably prepared it while at the Tsane camp. Taxon: Papio. Kasane(Mapl7:501). Coordinates: 17?49'S, 25?09'E G. Collectors: R. M. Davis, A. R. Hardy, H. J. Herbert, and A. L. Moore (21-29 Jan 1965). Habitat: "Tree savanna with very sandy soil" (HJH). Remarks: Camp was established on the Chobe River, just within the Chobe Game Reserve (Chobe National Park; 18M0'S, 24?30'E G), located close to Kasane. In his journal, Herbert indicated that all hunting was conducted outside of the park and observed that game was plentiful within the park but scarce outside. Collections were simultaneously made at the village of Chobe, 10 mi W Kasane (22-26 Jan). On several evenings, beginning on 21 Jan, they went night hunting in the direction of Kasungula. They col- lected Hipposideros from an old building in Kasane on 23 Jan. On 25 Jan, Moore collected a Paraxerus 1.5 mi [2.4 km] E Kasane in "thick tree bush." Later on the same day, they went into Kasane proper and collected Mops from the roof of the police building. Moore collected a Hystrix at 5 mi [8.0 km] W Kasane and a Mastomys at 1.5 mi [2.4 km] W Kasane in a cornfield. Other Kasane variations include 2 mi [3.2 km] S Kasane and 2 mi [3.2 km] W (Chobe Game Reserve) and 3 mi [4.8 km] E. Taxa: Galago, Papio; Paraxerus, Saccostomus, Dendromus, Steatomys, Acomys, Gerbilliscus, Dasymys, Mastomys, Micaelamys, Mus, Pelomys, Otomys, Pedetes, Hystrix; Lepus; Crocidura; Hipposideros, Chaerephon, Mops; Felis, Canis; Sylvicapra. Kasane, 10 mi [16.1 km] W, Chobe, (Map 17: 500). Coordinates: 17?50'S, 25?02'E M (WAC, Victoria Falls, 1:1,000,000). Collectors: R. M. Davis, A. R. Hardy, H. J. Herbert, and A. L. Moore (22-26 Jan 1965). Habitat: "Native field" (specimen labels). Remarks: While camped at Kasane (21-29 Jan), the AMP crew regularly traveled west to a native village they identified as "Chobe," the site of an old logging camp and airstrip. Although we could not locate any gazetteer listing for a Chobe in this vicinity, an un- named mark (origin unknown) penciled on the above map corresponds to the appropriate distance west of Kasane, and traces of a former airstrip are clearly vis- ible in land-satellite imagery (Google Earth) in the same area. Taxa: Steatomys, Gerbilliscus, Mastomys, Pelomys; Cro- cidura. Khuis (Map 17: 554). Coordinates: 26M0'S, 21?50'E G. Collector: T. N. Liversedge (1-5 Mar 1967). Habitat: "Pan fringe," "river bed" (specimen labels). Remarks: Liversedge added Molopo River as a locality modifier in his field catalog but did not note the river on specimen labels. Taxa: Elephantulus, Macroscelides; Xerus, Graphiurus, Des- modillus, Gerbillurus, Micaelamys, Mus, Rhabdomys, 222 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY Parotomys, Pedetes; Lepus; Neoromicia; Cynictis, Suri- cata, Otocyon; Antidorcas, Raphicerus. Khumaha, Botletle River (Map 17: 505). Coordinates: 20?24'S, 24?31'E M (WAC, Lake Ngami, 1:1,000,000). Collectors: S. D. Durrant, T. N. Liversedge, and H. W. Setzer (11-14 Sep 1966). Habitat: "Riverine bush" (specimen labels). Remarks: Some uncertainty surrounds our localization of this camp. The USBGN contains no listing for a Khumaha per se, but Smithers (1971) and Leistner and Morris (1976) provide plausible transliterations as Kumaga (Khumaga; 20 24 B3) and Khumaga (20 24 AD), respectively. One topographic sheet (ITM, Botswana, 1:1,500,000) identified a "Xhumaga" on the west bank of the Boteti River that more closely approximates the coordinates in Leistner and Morris (1976). According to his journal entry, Setzer clearly placed the camp on the north bank of the Botletle River (Boteti River G), and Liversedge's draft map ("T. N. Liversedge Collecting Localities Botswana") shows a camp near the bend of the Botletle River. Our estimated coordinates therefore correspond to a point just west of the bend on the north bank of the Botletle River. On their day of departure, the team collected a Canis at 7.7 mi [12.4 km] N Khumaha (20?17'S, 24?31'EM). Taxa: Desmodillus, Gerbilliscus, Gerbillurus, Mastomys, Cryptomys; Caracal, Canis; Raphicerus, Sylvicapra. KuchePan(Mapl7:533). Coordinates: 23?19'S, 24?27'E G (as Kuke Pan; see Re- marks). Collector: T. N. Liversedge (8-11 May 1966). Habitat: "Pan fringe," "pan surface," "scrub bush" (spec- imen labels). Remarks: The phonetic variations in the spelling of this place-name are confusing. The "Khutswe" of Smithers (1971; 23 24 A4 = 23?23'S, 24?23'E) and the USBGN (23?20'S, 24?25'E) approximately concur with the lo- cations of "Kutse Pan" (ITM, Botswana, 1:1,500,000) and "Kuke Pan" (WAC, Lake Ngami, 1:1,000,000) on maps available to us and with the USBGN coordinates cited above. On the latter map, a town called "Kuke" is crossed out and penciled in its place is "Kuchwe." There appear to be many variant names for what appears to be one and the same locality. Liversedge referred to this locality as Southern Edge Bushman Reserve in his field catalog but not on specimen labels. Taxa: Xerus, Saccostomus, Desmodillus, Gerbillurus, Mus, Pedetes, Cryptomys; Felis, Canis; Antidorcas. Kuche Pan, 10 mi [16.1 km] SE (Map 17: 534). Coordinates: 23?26'S, 24?30'E M (WAC, Lake Ngami, 1:1,000,000). Collector: T. N. Liversedge (12 May 1966). Habitat: No information available. Remarks: On the way to 5 mi W Gaberones (14-28 May), Liversedge collected a Raphicerus at this locality. Co- ordinates are based upon azimuth and range relative to Kuche Pan. Taxon: Raphicerus. Kuke Cordon, Maun-Ghanzi road (Map 17: 508). Coordinates: 21?00'S, 22?28'E M (ITM, Botswana, 1:1,500,000). Collector: S. W. Goussard (15 Jul 1967). Habitat: "Grass and bushes" (specimen labels). Remarks: This entry is derived entirely from USNM specimens and could not be verified against any field books, given the gap in Goussard's field numbers (SWG 1130-1448) for the period 14 Jun-29 Aug 1967. Our map-based coordinates are derived from the intersection of the Maun-Ghanzi road and the Kuke Veterinary Cordon Fence (Borello and Borello, 1997), which runs from Kuke Gate (21?00'S, 23?53'E P) due west to the Botswana-Namibia border (21?00'S, 21?00'EP). Taxa: Paraxerus, Saccostomus, Gerbilliscus, Gerbillurus, Aethomys, Mastomys, Micaelamys; Crocidura. Kwaai River Area (Map 17: 496). Coordinates: 19?10'S, 23?43'E M (ITM, Botswana, 1:1,500,000). Collectors: R. M. Davis, A. R. Hardy, H. J. Herbert, and A. L. Moore (19, 28 Feb-1 Mar 1965). Habitat: "Open tree savanna country" (HJH). Remarks: Hunting excursions were made to this locality while the AMP team was based first at Shorobe (15-21 Feb) and later at 6 mi N Maun (22 Feb-4 Mar). The collectors' journals place this locality 50-55 mi [80.5- 88.5 km] north of Shorobe, although on 1 Mar, Her- bert wrote that they drove 65 mi [104.6 km]. The above map coordinates were estimated for a locality labeled Kbwai, which at best represents an approximation for the Kwaai River Area. Davis and Herbert hunted within what is now the Moremi Game Reserve. Taxa: Paraxerus; Canis; Phacochoerus, Aepyceros, Da- maliscus. NUMBER 62,8 223 Kwebe Hills, Ngamiland (Map 17: 489). Coordinates: 20?39'S, 23?05'E G (as Kkwebe Hills). Collectors: R. D. Hepplewhite and T. N. Liversedge (12- 15Febl966). Habitat: "Low hillside, acacia bushes," "vlei edge, short grass, acacia bushes" (specimen labels). Remarks: Variant spellings include Khwebe Hills (ITM; Smithers, 1971), Kgwebe Hills (Smithers, 1971), and Kkwebe Hills (USBGN). Taxa: Saccostomus, Desmodillus, Gerbilliscus, Micaela- mys, Pedetes; Sylvicapra. Kwebe Hills, 18 mi [29 km] NW (Map 17: 488). Coordinates: 20?27'S, 22?52'E M (WAC, Lake Ngami, 1:1,000,000). Collectors: R. D. Hepplewhite and T. N. Liversedge (15- 18Febl966). Habitat: "Sandy soil, thick shrubs," "acacia" (specimen labels). Remarks: The tag on a Xerus specimen indicates the spe- cific site as the edge Lake Ngami flood plain. Taxa: Galago; Xerus, Paraxerus, Pedetes; Lepus; Mops, Neoromicia. Letlaking (Map 17: 539). Coordinates: 24?04'S, 25?02'E G. Collector: T. N. Liversedge (13 May 1966). Habitat: "Scrub bushes" (specimen label). Remarks: Liversedge collected a Rhabdomys at this local- ity en route to 5 mi W Gaberones (14-28 May). Taxon: Rhabdomys. Letlaking, 10 mi [16.1 km] W (Map 17: 538). Coordinates: 24?05'S, 24?50'E M (WAC, Molopo River, 1:1,000,000). Collectors: R. D. Hepplewhite, T. N. Liversedge, and H. W. Setzer (21-23 Nov 1965). Habitat: "Sandy soil with rather dense thorn bush cover. There is grass but very sparse . . . thorn fence around a deserted kraal" (HWS). Remarks: We estimated the coordinates on the basis of a penciled annotation on the above topographic map. As at Maboane, the team had little trap success at this camp. Taxa: Saccostomus, Gerbilliscus, Gerbillurus, Aethomys, Mus, Pedetes, Cryptomys; Lepus. Letlaking, 11 mi [17.7 km] SE (Map 17: 540). Coordinates: 24?13'S, 25?08'E M (WAC, Molopo River, 1:1,000,000). Collectors: R. D. Hepplewhite, T. N. Liversedge, and H. W. Setzer (23-26 Nov 1965). Habitat: "Water tank" (HWS). "Dry water course near a water pump and dam" (TNL). Remarks: The AMP crew camped "in a canyon at a pump where hundreds of cattle come to water [Figure 127]." Setzer described the walls of the canyon as rocky, steep, and averaging 30-40 feet [9.1-12.2 m] in height. Com- pared to previous camps, their success with trapping improved considerably here. Taxa: Graphiurus, Desmodillus, Aethomys, Micaelamys; Lepus; Scotophilus, Neoromicia; Cynictis, Galerella. Lobatsi (Map 17: 543). Coordinates: 25?13'S, 25?40'E G. Collector: T. N. Liversedge (29 May-2 Jun 1966). Habitat: "Short grass," "rocky kloof," "low bushes" (specimen labels). Taxa: Elephantulus; Papio; Acomys, Micaelamys, Rhab- domys; Crocidura; Sauromys, Scotophilus. Mabele a Pudi, 45 mi [72.4 km] SW Sehitwa (Map 17: 507). Coordinates: 20?57'S, 22?30'E M (WAC, Kalahari, 1:1,000,000). Collectors: R. M. Davis, A. R. Hardy, and H. J. Herbert (12-17 Mar 1965). Habitat: "The area here is rather thick bush with lots of rock outcrops and boulders on the hill" (RMD). "Thick thorn bush country. There are a number of small hills (200 feet [61 m] high) sticking out of the flat plains" (HJH). Remarks: Herbert used "Mabele a Pudi" for this locality, while Davis spelled it as one word, "Mabeleapudi." Both orthographies appear on various maps that we consulted. The coordinates provided above, for a Mabeleapudi, resemble the position found on other maps and are consistent with the collectors' de- scriptions of their itinerary and whereabouts. This Mabele a Pudi, however, cannot be the same as the two found in the USBGN (at 22?56'S, 27?20'E and 22?17'S, 26?41'E). Herbert's journal mentions their elevation as 4,000 feet [1,219 m]. During a cursory exploration of the area, the team found camp to be about 2 km from the Ghanzi-Ngamiland District border. Hardy and Herbert set a trapline on 12 Mar while on the way to the "hoof and mouth disease sta- tion" and collected five Cryptomys. On 14 Mar, the team went hunting about 50 mi E Mabele a Pudi (see next locality account). 224 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY nCURE 127. Botswana, near Letlaking: Native cattle (23-26 Nov 1965). Taxa: Galago; Paraxerus, Gerbilliscus, Micaelamys, Crypto- mys; Neoromicia; Genetta, Lycaon; Raphicerus, Oryx. Mabele a Pudi, 50 mi [80.5 km] E (Map 17: 506). Coordinates: 20?57'S, 23?17'E M (WAC, Kalahari, 1:1,000,000). Collectors: R. M. Davis, A. R. Hardy, and H. J. Herbert (14 Mar 1965). Habitat: No information available. Remarks: While camped at Mabele a Pudi, the AMP crew hunted from their vehicle by driving east along a fence row, and Davis shot a Raphicerus and an Oryx. Taxa: Raphicerus, Oryx. Habitat: "There are vast grassy, sandy plains with scat- tered acacia trees and clumps of thorn bush" (HWS). Remarks: The AMP team ended up camping at this local- ity after taking a wrong turn on the way to Kuchwe Pan. They encountered rains here that were the first of any significance since 1960. The team experienced poor trap success at this camp. Maboane (24?06'S, 24?27'E M) is not gazetted in the USBGN, Smithers (1971), or the AMP's vintage WACs but was found on the topographic sheet cited above. Taxa: Saccostomus, Dendromus, Desmodillus, Ger- billiscus, Gerbillurus, Pedetes, Cryptomys; Lepus; Antidorcas. Maboane, 10 mi [16.1 km] W (Map 17: 535). Coordinates: 24?06'S, 24?18'E M (ITM, Botswana, 1:1,500,000). Collectors: R. D. Hepplewhite, T. N. Liversedge, and H. W. Setzer (16-20 Nov 1965). Mabua Sefubi Pan (Map 17: 550). Coordinates: 25?01'S, 22?09'E G (as Mabua Sefhubi Pan). Collector: T. N. Liversedge (7-14 Feb 1967). Habitat: "Parklands," "pan fringe," "low acacia bushes," "short grass, pan" (specimen labels). NUMBER 628 225 Remarks: Although specimen tags read only Mabua Se- fubi Pan (Mabuasehube Pan per Smithers, 1971), Liversedge included "78 mi [125.5 km] SSE Tsane" as a locality modifier in his field catalog. On 10 Feb, he hunted at Mpatutlwa Pan. Taxa: Elephantulus; Xerus, Saccostomus, Desmodillus, Gerbillurus, Micaelamys, Mus, Rhabdomys, Otomys, Pedetes; Lepus; Cynictis, Canis, Otocyon; Oryx. Magogopate (Map 17: 531). Coordinates: 21?52'S, 28?08'E P. Collector: T. N. Liversedge (9-13 Apr 1966). Habitat: "Mopane near village," "rocky hill," "riverine bush" (specimen labels). Remarks: While specimen labels almost universally read Magogopate, Liversedge designated the locality as "Magogopate Game Camp, Shashi River Area" in his field catalog. Smithers (1971) used the spelling Ma- gogaphate (Mogogophate), and his quarter-degree coordinates (21 28 C3) interpolate to those given above. Taxa: Elephantulus; Procavia; Galago; Acotnys, Gerbil- liscus, Micaelamys, Pedetes; Lepus; Felis, Genetta; Raphicerus, Sylvicapra. Mamono (Map 17: 512). Coordinates: 22?17'S, 20?02'E G (as Mamuno). Collector: T. N. Liversedge (7, 10 Jul 1966). Habitat: "Acacia scrub" (specimen labels). Remarks: Liversedge collected here on two occasions while camped 45 mi S Mamono (7-13 Jul). Taxa: Xerus, Desmodillus, Gerbillurus; Cynictis. Mamono, 45 mi [72.4 km] S (Map 17: 513). Coordinates: 22?52'S, 20?11'E M (WAG, Kalahari, 1:1,000,000). Collector: T. N. Liversedge (7-13 Jul 1966). Habitat: "Acacia woodland" (specimen labels). Remarks: Liversedge collected at Mamono on 7 and 10 Jul and at 55 mi [88.5 km] S Mamono on 9 Jul. All three localities lie close to the Namibian border. Taxa: Elephantulus; Saccostomus, Malacothrix, Desmo- dillus, Gerbilliscus, Gerbillurus, Micaelamys, Mus, Zelotomys, Pedetes, Cryptomys; Lepus; Crocidura; Otocyon; Raphicerus, Sylvicapra. Mamono, 50 mi [80.5 km] S (Map 17: 514). Coordinates: 22?56'S, 20?10'E M (WAG, Kalahari, 1:1,000,000). Collector: T. N. Liversedge (27 Jan 1967). Habitat: No information available. Remarks: Liversedge collected a Raphicerus at this locality after breaking camp at 150 mi S Mamono. Taxon: Raphicerus. Mamono, 150 mi [241.4 km] S (Map 17: 515). Coordinates: 24?28'S, 20?02'E M (WAG, Kalahari and Molopo River, 1:1,000,000). Collector: T. N. Liversedge (21-26 Jan 1967). Habitat: "Acacia savanna" (specimen labels). Taxa: Xerus, Graphiurus, Dendromus, Desmodillus, Ger- billiscus, Gerbillurus, Micaelamys, Mus, Rhabdomys, Pedetes; Lepus; Neoromicia; Felis, Canis, Vulpes; An- tidorcas, Raphicerus, Sylvicapra. Masarwanyane Pan (Map 17: 485). Coordinates: 20M2'S, 22?35'E G. Collector: T. N. Liversedge (19 Jan 1967). Habitat: No information available. Remarks: Liversedge collected an acacia rat en route to his camp at 150 mi S Mamono (21-26 Jan 1967). Taxon: Thallomys. Matebe, 7 mi [11.3 km] N (Map 17: 544). Coordinates: 25?22'S, 25?22'E P. Collector: T. N. Liversedge (14 Jun 1966). Habitat: "Acacia" (specimen labels). Remarks: This locality does not certainly appear on maps we consulted. We interpolated our coordinates from Smithers' (1971) quarter-degree figures for Matebe (25 25 A4) and regard them as very rough estimates. A "Mmathethe" does appear approximately in this region on one topographic map (ITM, Botswana, 1:1,500,000). Taxa: Gerbilliscus, Aethomys. Maun (Map 17: 493). Coordinates: 19?59'S, 23?25'E G. Collectors: R. M. Davis, A. R. Hardy, and H. J. Herbert (2-4 Mar 1965); S. W. Goussard and T. N. Liversedge (17, 20 Jun 1967). Habitat: "Riverine bush," "house" (specimen labels). Remarks: While camped at 6 mi N Maun (22 Feb-4 Mar 1965), the Davis team returned to Maun to collect bats. While working at 15 mi N Nokaneng (16-25 Jun 1967), Liversedge made two side trips to Maun to collect or purchase Mops, a Genetta, and two Chlorocebus. Taxa: Chlorocebus; Chaerephon, Mops, Scotophilus; Genetta. 226 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY Maun, 6 mi [9.7 km] N (Map 17: 494). Coordinates: 19?57'S, 23?30'E M (WAC, Lake Ngami, 1:1,000,000). Collectors: R. M. Davis, A. R. Hardy, H. J. Herbert, and A. L. Moore (22 Feb-4 Mar 1965). Habitat: "Tree savanna with very open grassland . . . next to the river . . . mealy (corn) field . . . open field . . . forest. . . open fields and near forests . . . mopane forest. . . open field near a thorn fence . . . bush area with very sandy soil" (HJH). Remarks: Davis wrote that camp was established "under some beautiful big trees right along side the Thalma- kane [Thamalakane G] River about 6 mi [9.7 km] north of Maun." Our map-based coordinates plot on the east side of the river (R. M. Davis, personal communication) at this approximate distance northeast of Maun. On 28 Feb, Davis and Herbert left to hunt large mammals in the Kwaai River Area, and they also collected bats in the village of Maun during their stay at this camp. Taxa: Galago, Chlorocebus; Paraxerus, Saccostomus, Steatomys, Gerbilliscus, Mastomys, Pedetes; Lepus; Felis, Genetta, Paracynictis; Raphicerus, Sylvicapra. Maun, 20 mi [32.2 km] SSW (Map 17: 492). Coordinates: 20?13'S, 23?15'E M (WAC, Lake Ngami, 1:1,000,000). Collectors: S. W. Goussard and T. N. Liversedge (10 Apr 1967). Habitat: "Acacia forest" (specimen label). Remarks: While traveling to Sepopa from 8 mi W Foley Siding, Liversedge collected a Chlorocebus at this lo- cality "on the Toten Road." Taxon: Chlorocebus. Maun, 35 mi [56.3 km] SW (Map 17: 491). Coordinates: 20?20'S, 23?06'E M (WAC, Lake Ngami, 1:1,000,000). Collectors: R. M. Davis, A. R. Hardy, and H. J. Herbert (19 Apr 1965). Habitat: No information available. Remarks: A single Aepyceros was taken at this locality during a break in field work while the crew repaired vehicles at Maun. Coordinates above correspond to a penciled mark located on the above map, on the road at the appropriate distance southwest of Maun. Taxon: Aepyceros. Mohembo, 55 mi [88.5 km] W (Map 17: 465). Coordinates: 18?20'S, 21?00'E M (WAC, Okovango River, 1:1,000,000). Collectors: S. W. Goussard and T. N. Liversedge (21 May 1967). Habitat: "Woodland" (specimen labels). Remarks: The Goussard and Liversedge field catalogs indicate that this locality was on the Namibian bor- der. Our map coordinates are based upon azimuth and range plotted determined relative to Mohembo (Muhembo G). Taxa: Gerbilliscus, Mus, Thallomys. Mpatutlwa Pan (Map 17: 551). Coordinates: 25?07'S, 22?08'E G. Collector: T. N. Liversedge (10 Feb 1967). Habitat: "Pan fringe" (specimen labels). Remarks: While at Mabua Sefubi Pan (7-14 Feb), Liv- ersedge hunted at Mpatutlwa Pan. His field catalog adds "84 miles [135.2 km] SSE Tsane" as a modi- fier, but this information is not conveyed on specimen labels. According to quarter-degree units, Smithers (1971) listed Mpatutlwa Pan (Mpathutlwa) at 25 22 Al, or about 25?08'S, 22?08'E, in very close agree- ment with the USBGN coordinates. Taxa: Lepus; Canis, Otocyon. Musu, 12 mi [19.3 km] W (Map 17: 521). Coordinates: 21?12'S, 25?41'E M (ITM, Botswana, 1:1,500,000). Collector: T. N. Liversedge (22-24 Aug 1966). Habitat: "Mopane," "acacia" (specimen labels). Remarks: Leistner and Morris (1976) identified a Musu at 21 25 BB, which quarter-degree sector broadly agrees with a Mosu found on the above topographic sheet at 21?12'S, 25?52'E. These estimated coordinates are close to Chukutsa Pan (26-29 Aug), Liversedge's next stop. Taxa: Saccostomus, Desmodillus, Gerbilliscus, Gerbillu- rus, Mastomys; Lepus; Raphicerus, Sylvicapra. Nata (Map 17: 524). Coordinates: 20?13'S, 26?11'E G. Collectors: R. M. Davis, A. R. Hardy, and H. J. Herbert (23-26 Apr 1965). Habitat: "Open savanna" (HJH). "Mopane forest. . . dry, flat savanna . . . mixed forest alongside the river" (RMD). Remarks: The AMP team camped along the Nata River. The evening of 23 Apr, they drove 6 mi [9.7 km] southeast of Nata into open savanna and collected a Proteles, a Raphicerus, a Galago, two Pedetes, and two Lepus in thick bush. An Antidorcas was also col- NUMBER 62,8 227 lected 10 mi [16.1 km] west of Nata. Specimens from both of these side excursions were cataloged and la- beled as being collected at Nata. Taxa: Galago; GerbilUscus, Micaelamys, Mus, Pedetes; Lepus; Neoromicia; Proteles; Antidorcas, Raphicerus. Nata, 10.2 mi [16.4 km] W (Map 17: 523). Coordinates: 20?13'S, 26?05'E M (WAC, Shashi River, 1:1,000,000). Collectors: S. D. Durrant, T. N. Liversedge, and H. W. Setzer(14Sepl966). Habitat: "Open scrub," "scrub plain" (specimen labels). Remarks: The team incidentally collected a Connochaetes and a Vulpes at this locality. Our coordinates match a pencil mark found on the above map used by AMP and plausibly concur with the distance from Nata. Taxa: Vulpes; Connochaetes. Nata, 13 mi [20.9 km] W (Map 17: 522). Coordinates: 20?11'S, 26?01'E M (WAC, Shashi River, 1:1,000,000). Collectors: S. D. Durrant, T. N. Liversedge, and H. W. Setzer (10, 15 Sep 1966). Habitat: "Scattered trees and grassland" (specimen labels). Remarks: Coordinates are estimates based upon by-road mileage from Nata. Taxa: Saccostomus, Dendromus, GerbilUscus, Gerbillu- rus, Mus. Nokaneng (Map 17: 479). Coordinates: 19?40'S, 22?16'E G (as Nokaning). Collectors: R. M. Davis, A. R. Hardy, and H. J. Herbert (29 Mar-4 Apr 1965); S. W. Goussard and T. N. Liv- ersedge (10 Apr 1967). Habitat: "Set up camp under the few remaining large aca- cia trees (the rest have been destroyed by the 'Tsetse Fly Control Project'). This area is predominantly tree savanna . . . mealy field . . . corn field . . . Habitat is thick bush with grass" (HJH). Remarks: During the evening of 30 Mar 1965, the team went night hunting, and Davis remarked that "all but the mongoose and spring hare were collected on the aerodrome." On 2 Apr, they retrieved and preserved a Graphiurus that had just been killed in camp by a black mamba (which was also collected). Several Chlorocebus and a Xerus were taken 8 mi [12.9 km] north of camp; all were cataloged and labeled as origi- nating from Nokaneng. En route to Sepopa (12-23 Apr 1967) from Foley Siding, Liversedge collected a Cynictis at this locality. Taxa: Chlorocebus; Xerus, Paraxerus, Graphiurus, Ste- atomys, GerbilUscus, Mastomys, Micaelamys, Pede- tes, Hystrix; Lepus; Crocidura; Chaerephon; Felis, Genetta, Cynictis, Proteles, Otocyon; Damaliscus, Raphicerus, Tragelaphus, Sylvicapra. Nokaneng, 15 mi [24.1 km] N (Map 17: 478). Coordinates: 19?26'S, 22?13'E M (WAC, Okovango River, 1:1,000,000). Collectors: S. W. Goussard and T. N. Liversedge (16-25 Jun 1967). Habitat: "Mixed grassland," "flood plain grassland" (specimen labels). Remarks: The coordinates reflect a point found on the above map, appropriately positioned about 15 mi N Nokaneng and near the town of Massubia (19?25'S, 22?15'E G) on the Taokhe River. On 21 Jun, Liver- sedge collected a Kobus and a Redunca at 18 mi [29.0 km] NE Nokaneng. On that same day and the next, Goussard collected at 25 mi [40.3 km] NE Nokaneng. He also collected a Hystrix from 8 mi [12.9 km] S Nokaneng on 22 Jun. Taxa: Orycteropus; Chlorocebus; Paraxerus, Dendro- mus, GerbilUscus, Aethomys, Mastomys, Mus, Thal- lomys, Otomys, Pedetes, Hystrix; Lepus; Crocidura; Chaerephon, Pipistrellus, Neoromicia; Felis, Genetta, Cynictis, Galerella, Paracynictis, Proteles, Otocyon; Phacochoerus, Sylvicapra, Kobus, Redunca. Pink Pan. Coordinates: Not located. Collector: T. N. Liversedge (12 Oct 1966). Habitat: "Scrub" (specimen labels). Remarks: Smithers (1971) recorded a Pinic Pan at 21 23 D3 (approximately 21?52'S, 23?38'E); however, Auerbach (1987) equated Pinic Pan to Pink Pan at 21 22 D3 (ap- proximately 2r52'S, 22?38'E). Without the collector's field books, we cannot determine whether or which of these coordinates represents Liversedge's "Pink Pan." Taxa: GerbilUscus, Gerbillurus, Mus, Pedetes; Canis; Con- nochaetes, Raphicerus, Sylvicapra. Ramatlabama, 10 mi [16.1 km] W (Map 17: 545). Coordinates: 25?39'S, 25?25'E M (WAC, Yaal River, 1:1,000,000). Collector: T. N. Liversedge (10-12 Jun 1966). Habitat: "Open grasslands, few bushes," "low acacia bushes" (specimen labels). Remarks: The map coordinates are based upon azimuth and range relative to Ramathlabama (25?39'S, 25?34' E M). 228 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY Taxa: Elephantulus; Xerus, Malacothrix, Desmodil- lus, Gerbilliscus, Gerbillurus, Aethomys, Mastomys, Rhabdomys, Pedetes; Cynictis. Ramatlabama, 18 mi [29.0 km] W (Map 17: 546). Coordinates: 25?39'S, 25?17'E M (WAC, Vaal River, 1:1,000,000). Collector: T. N. Liversedge (12 Jun 1966). Habitat: No information available. Taxon: Cynictis. Sehitwa, 5 mi [8.0 km] NW (Map 17: 482). Coordinates: 20?22'S, 22M1'E M (WAC, Kalahari, 1:1,000,000). Collectors: S. W. Goussard and T. N. Liversedge (13 Jul 1967). Habitat: "Grassland" (specimen label). Taxon: Antidorcas. Sehitwa, 10 mi [16.1 km] SW (Map 17: 484). Coordinates: 20?33'S, 22?40'E M (WAC, Kalahari, 1:1,000,000). Collectors: R. M. Davis, A. R. Hardy, and H. J. Herbert (5-12 Mar 1965); R. M. Davis (18 Mar 1965). Habitat: "Scattered acacia bushes and there are no grasses as they have been grazed away by cattle, donkeys, etc. In some areas there is no vegetation at all but very small clumps of dried up grasses here and there" (RMD). "Low bush (thorn acacia) very flat black soil with scat- tered patches of sand. It appears to be a grazing land for many cattle . . . open savanna area" (HJH). Remarks: Informed of a borehole with a large holding tank, the team headed southwest of Sehitwa on the Ghanzi road and camped there. On 18 Mar, while driving between Mabele a Pudi and Tsau, Davis col- lected an Antidorcas here. Our map-interpreted coor- dinates are based upon a by-road distance, following a track that leads southwest from Sehitwa. Taxa: Elephantulus; Xerus, Saccostomus, Gerbilliscus, Mastomys, Rhabdomys, Pedetes; Scotophilus, Neo- romicia; Felis, Cynictis, Paracynictis, Proteles, Canis, Vulpes, Ictonyx; Antidorcas, Raphicerus. Sekhuma Pan (Map 17: 549). Coordinates: 24?40'S, 23?51'E G (as Sekoma Pan). Collector: T. N. Liversedge (19-21 Jun 1966). Habitat: "Bushes, scant grass," "scattered bushes," "pan fringe," "scattered acacia bushes" (specimen labels). Remarks: The USBGN coordinates agree favorably with the quarter-degree units for Sekuma Pan (24 23 D2) listed in Smithers (1971). Taxa: Elephantulus; Xerus, Gerbillurus, Mus; Cynictis. Sepopa (Map 17: 471). Coordinates: 18M5'S, 22?09'E M (ITM, Botswana, 1:1,500,000). Collectors: S. W. Goussard and T. N. Liversedge (12-23 Apr 1967). Habitat: "Open bush," "acacia forest" (specimen labels). Remarks: No USBGN entry occurs for Sepopa, but we discovered a "Sepupa" on the above map and used it to formulate our coordinates. The quarter-degree placement of Sepopa in Smithers (1971; 18 22 Cl) and Leistner and Morris (1976; 18 22 CC) generally agrees with our map estimation. Furthermore, Sepopa is indicated on Smithers's blue-lined map at approxi- mately 18?45'S, 22?12'E ("Bechuanaland Protectorate and The Caprivi Strip"). In his field catalog, Liversedge added "Okavango River" as a locality modifier but did not record this on his specimen labels. Taxa: Galago, Chlorocebus; Paraxerus, Graphiurus, Sac- costomus, Steatomys, Gerbilliscus, Aethomys, Lem- niscomys, Mastomys, Mus, Pelomys, Thallomys, Pedetes, Cryptomys; Lepus; Crocidura; Epomopho- rus, Nycteris, Neoromicia, Kerivoula; Felis, Melli- vora; Tragelaphus. Sequane, Marico River (Map 17: 541). Coordinates: 24?38'S, 26?24'E P (Borello and Borello, 1997). Collector: T. N. Liversedge (4-8 Jun 1966). Habitat: "Acacia near old fields," "bare ground, acacia bushes," "rock clusters," "riverine bush" (specimen labels). Remarks: Although Sequane does not appear in the USBGN, Smithers (1971) recorded a Sequane (Sikwane) at 24 26 C2, which extrapolates to 24?38'S, 26?22'E. A Sikwane also appears on the Marico River on a large- scale topographic map (ITM, Botswana, 1:1,500,000) at approximately 24?36'S, 26?22'E. Liversedge also collected at the following localities (and dates) in the vicinity of Sequane: 5 mi [8.0 km] W (6-8 Jun), 14 mi [22.5 km] W and 10 mi [16.1 km] W (6 Jun), and 9mi [14.5 km] W and 18 mi [29.0 km] W (7 Jun). Taxa: Elephantulus; Galago; Paraxerus, Saccostomus, Gerbilliscus, Aethomys, Mastomys, Micaelamys, Mus, Pedetes; Lepus; Atelerix; Crocidura; Genetta, Galer- ella; Raphicerus. Seronga (Map 17: 472). Coordinates: 18?48'S, 22?24'E M (Smithers, Bechuana- land Protectorate and the Caprivi Strip). NUMBER 62,8 229 Collectors: S. W. Goussard and T. N. Liversedge (29 Jun- 1 Jul 1967). Habitat: "River bank," "riverine bush," "open bush," "riverine trees," "open bush, loose white sand," "river bank grass" (specimen labels). Remarks: While not gazetted in the USBGN, Smithers (1971) placed Seronga at 18 22 C4 (interpolated to 18?52'S, 22?22'E), and we derived coordinates from his blue- lined map, which depicts Seronga on the Bonga River. Taxa: Elephantulus; Paraxerus, Graphiurus, Saccostomus, Gerbilliscus, Aethomys, Dasymys, Mastomys, Mus, Thallomys, Cryptomys; Lepus; Crocidura; Sylvicapra. Serowe, 18 mi [29.0 km] NW (Map 17: 530). Coordinates: 22?17'S, 26?27'E M (WAC, Bulawayo, 1:1,000,000). Collector: T. N. Liversedge (3-7 Jun 1968). Habitat: "Large pan in scrub country . . . the country fring- ing the grassed pan is mainly Grervia-Terminalia [sic] scrub on heavy sand with a thin grass cover. There are a few acacia trees and bushes dotted about." Remarks: The coordinates are based on a road distance. On 7 Jun, Liversedge collected a Paraxerus at 12 mi [19.3 km] NW Serowe. Taxa: Paraxerus, Gerbilliscus, Gerbillurus, Aethomys, Mastomys, Micaelamys, Zelotomys, Pedetes, Crypto- mys; Cynictis, Suricata; Raphicerus. Seruli, 9 mi [14.5 km] W (Map 17: 529). Coordinates: 21?57'S, 27?05'E M (WAC, Bulawayo, 1:1,000,000). Collector: T. N. Liversedge (29 May 1968). Habitat: "Mopane" (specimen labels). Remarks: While camped at 45 mi SW Francistown (23 May-1 Jun), Liversedge collected two Paraxerus at this locality. In his catalog, he indicated the site as north- west of SeruU Siding (21?57'S, 27?14'E G), although this information is not contained on specimen labels. Taxon: Paraxerus. Seruli, 16 mi [25.7 km] W (Map 17: 528). Coordinates: 21?56'S, 26?58'E M (WAC, Bulawayo, 1:1,000,000). Collector: T. N. Liversedge (9-11 Jun 1968). Habitat: "A small pan (Lebu) in a strip of sandy Acacia veld between belts of mopane . . . fringing bush . . . scrub bush too thick for night hunting." Remarks: Liversedge slightly amended the locality in his field catalog as "16 miles west Seruli Siding (Lebu Pan)." We could not locate a Lebu Pan and so esti- mated the cited coordinates relative to Seruli. Taxa: Paraxerus, Saccostomus, Gerbilliscus, Gerbillurus, Mastomys, Micaelamys; Genetta. Shakawe (Map 17: 469). Coordinates: 18?22'S, 21?51'E G. Collectors: S. W. Goussard and T. N. Liversedge (4-11, 16-18 May, 3 Jun, 5 Jul 1967). Habitat: "Open grassland," "cultivated fields" (specimen labels). Remarks: The USBGN coordinates closely concur with those (18?23'S, 21?53'E) estimated for Shakawe as found on the west bank of the Okavango River on available maps (ITM, Botswana, 1:1,500,000; "Bech- uanaland Protectorate and the Caprivi Strip"). On the way to Drodsky's Caves on 3 Jun, Liversedge collected a Hydrictis on the "[Okavango] river's edge" (speci- men label) at Shakawe. Goussard obtained a Felis on 5 Jul at this locality. Taxa: Elephantulus; Galago; Paraxerus, Graphiurus, Sac- costomus, Dendromus, Steatomys, Gerbilliscus, Aeth- omys, Mastomys, Mus, Pelomys, Thallomys, Pedetes, Cryptomys; Lepus; Crocidura; Epomophorus, Neoro- micia, Kerivoula; Felis, Hydrictis, Ictonyx. Shakawe, 7 mi [11.3 km] N (Map 17: 468). Coordinates: 18?16'S, 21M7'E M (WAC, Okovango River, 1:1,000,000). Collectors: S. W. Goussard and T. N. Liversedge (3 Jul 1967). Habitat: "Grassy river edge," "thick grass, river edge," "open bush," "open riverine bush" (specimen labels). Remarks: The distance plotted from Shakawe, northwest along the Okavango River, approximately places the col- lecting site at Sehengo (Sehengos; 18?16'S, 21?47'E G). Li- versedge expanded the locality as "East bank Okavango River" in his field catalog but not on his field tags. Taxa: Gerbilliscus, Mastomys, Mus, Cryptomys. Shakawe, 50 mi [80.5 km] W, 12 mi [19.3 km] S (Map 17: 466). Coordinates: 18?32'S, 21?05'E M (WAC, Okovango River, 1:1,000,000). Collectors: S. W. Goussard and T. N. Liversedge (22 May-1 Jun 1967). Habitat: "Dry river bed, grasslands," "short grass few bushes," "woodland" (specimen labels). Remarks: The reference to "dry river bed" on specimen la- bels may refer to the Khaudum Omuramba found near this locality (WAC, Okovango River, 1:1,000,000). Coordinates were estimated by plotting the USBGN coordinates for Shakawe onto the cited WAC sheet 230 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY (Shakawe is not portrayed) and laying out the cited distances. Taxa: Galago, Chlorocebus; Paraxerus, Dendromus, Ste- atomys, Gerbilliscus, Aethomys, Mastomys, Mus, Ototnys, Pedetes; Lepus; Crocidura; Chaerephon, Tadarida, Nycticeinops, Scotophilus, Laephotis, Neo- romicia; Caracal, Cams, Otocyon; Raphicerus, Sylvi- capra, Redunca. Shakawe, 56 mi [90.1 km] W, 28 mi [45.1 km] S (Map 17: 467). Coordinates: 18?47'S, 21?01'E M (WAC, Okovango River, 1:1,000,000). Collectors: S. W. Goussard and T. N. Liversedge (4 Jun 1967). Habitat: "Open woodland" (specimen label). Remarks: A Damaliscus was collected during travel to Drodsky's Caves. The direction and distance west and south of Shakawe position their locality along the border between Botswana and Namibia. Taxon: Damaliscus. Shorobe (Map 17: 495). Coordinates: 19M5'S, 23M0'E P (Borello and Borello, 1997). Collectors: R. M. Davis, A. R. Hardy, H. J. Herbert, and A. L. Moore (15-21 Feb 1965). Habitat: "Our camp is in said [mopane] forest. . . mealy field. ..." (HJH). Remarks: Native peoples significantly enhanced collecting success at Shorobe and contributed many mammals and "lots of snakes." On 19 Feb, Davis and Herbert drove 50 mi [80.5 km] north of camp (55 mi [88.5 km] according to Herbert) to hunt in the Kwaai River Area. Taxa: Galago, Chlorocebus, Papio; Paraxerus, Steatomys, Gerbilliscus, Mastomys, Mus, Pedetes, Cryptomys; Lepus; Genetta, Paracynictis. Takatokwane, 15 mi [24.1 km] SW (Map 17: 536). Coordinates: 24?12'S, 24?02'E M (WAC, Molopo River, 1:1,000,000). Collector: T. N. Liversedge (4 May 1966). Habitat: "Red sand" (specimen label). Remarks: While at 20 mi SW Takatokwane (1-5 May), Liversedge made a trip to this pan on 4 May. Liver- sedge also mentioned Korwe Pan (Bore Hole) in his field catalog for this locality, but this modifier does not appear on specimen labels. USBGN coordinates for Korwe Pan (25?24'S, 25?27'E) suggest that they represent another Korwe Pan or that Liversedge mis- applied this name. Taxa: Elephantulus; Cryptomys; Cynictis. Takatokwane, 20 mi [32.2 km] SW (Map 17: 537). Coordinates: 24?15'S, 23?57'E M (WAC, Molopo River, 1:1,000,000). Collector: T. N. Liversedge (1-5 May 1966). Habitat: "Pan fringe" (specimen labels). Remarks: Liversedge amplified this locality in his field catalog as "Kutswe Pan (borehole and cattle post)," a modifica- tion that does not appear on specimen labels. The entry for Kutswe Pan (24 24 A3; about 24?23'S, 24?08'E) in Smithers' (1971) gazetteer approximates our estimate, which we extrapolated by applying the USBGN coordi- nates for Takatokwane (24?02'S, 24?10'F) on the WAC map and laying out a southwest azimuth and range. Taxa: Xerus, Desmodillus, Gerbilliscus, Gerbillurus, Pedetes, Cryptomys; Lepus; Antidorcas, Raphicerus. Tamafupi (Map 17: 503). Coordinates: 19?20'S, 26?05'E M (WAC, Livingstone, 1:1,000,000). Collector: T. N. Liversedge (2-5 Sep 1966). Habitat: "Pan fringe," "acacia, grass" (specimen labels). Remarks: Although specimens are labeled as Tamafupi, Liversedge described this locality as Tamafupi Game Camp in his field catalog. Our coordinates correspond to "Tamafupa Pan," a place found on the WAC series just inside the Botswana-Zimbabwe border. Smithers' (1971) quarter-degree placement for Tamafupi (19 26 A3) reasonably agrees with our interpretation. On 4 Sep, Liversedge collected a Gerbillurus on the Pan- damatenga Road. Taxa: Paraxerus, Saccostomus, Dendromus, Gerbilliscus, Gerbillurus, Micaelamys, Mus, Pedetes, Cryptomys; Lepus; Mops, Scotophilus, Neoromicia; Felis, Gen- etta, Helogale; Phacochoerus, Hippotragus. Toten, Ngamiland (Map 17: 490). Coordinates: 20?23'S, 22?57'E G (as Toteng). Collectors: R. D. Hepplewhite and T. N. Liversedge (7-9 Feb 1966). Habitat: "Thorn veld" (specimen labels). Taxa: Galago; Xerus, Paraxerus, Saccostomus, Gerbillis- cus, Pedetes; Neoromicia; Paracynictis, Canis. Tsane, 25 mi [40.2 km] ENE (Map 17: 516). Coordinates: 23?54'S, 22?18'E M (WAC, Molopo River, 1:1,000,000). NUMBER 62,8 231 Collector: T. N. Liversedge (29 Jan-5 Feb 1967). Habitat: "Pan fringe" (specimen labels). Remarks: The distance and direction relative to Tsane (24?05'S, 2r54'E G) would position this locality as close to, if not at, Kangyane Pan (23?56'S, 22?19'E G). Taxa: Elephantulus; Xerus, Saccostomus, Malacothrix, Desmodillus, Gerbilliscus, Gerbillurus, Micaelamys, Mus, Pedetes, Cryptomys; Lepus; Neoromicia; Suri- cata, Crocuta, Hyaena, Otocyon; Antidorcas. Tsau, Ngamiland (Map 17: 480). Coordinates: 20?09'S, 22?27'E G. Collectors: R. M. Davis, A. R. Hardy, and H. J. Herbert (18-28 Mar 1965). Habitat: "Thorn fence protecting a native field. The habitat is mostly heavy sand, bush and large trees" (HJH). Remarks: The AMP crew camped next to the Tsau police station. Taxa: Elephantulus; Galago; Xerus, Paraxerus, Saccos- tomus, Steatomys, Gerbilliscus, Mastomys, Pedetes; Lepus; Chaerephon; Genetta, Cynictis, Helogale, Mungos, Canis, Otocyon, Ictonyx; Phacochoerus, Aepyceros, Raphicerus, Sylvicapra. Tsau, 8 mi [12.9 km] SE (Map 17: 481). Coordinates: 20?15'S, 22?33'E M (WAC, Kalahari, 1:1,000,000). Collectors: S. W. Goussard and T. N. Liversedge (23 Jun 1967). Habitat: "Acacia woodland" (specimen label). Remarks: Liversedge collected two Lycaon at this locality while working at 15 mi N Nokaneng (16-25 Jun). Taxon: Lycaon. Tsau, 21 mi [33.8 km] SE (Map 17: 486). Coordinates: 20?22'S, 22?41'E M (WAC, Kalahari, 1:1,000,000). Collectors: S. W. Goussard and T. N. Liversedge (22 Jun 1967). Habitat: "Woodland and grass" (specimen label). Remarks: Goussard collected an Aepyceros at this locality while camped at 15 mi N Nokaneng (16-25 Jun). Taxon: Aepyceros. Tsau, 26 mi [41.8 km] SE (Map 17: 487). Coordinates: 20?25'S, 22?45'E M (WAC, Kalahari, 1:1,000,000). Collectors: S. W. Goussard and T. N. Liversedge (21 Jun 1967). Habitat: "Acacia woodland" (specimen label). Remarks: Liversedge collected a Hystrix here while camped at 15 mi N Nokaneng (16-25 Jun). Taxon: Hystrix. Tsaugara Pan (Map 17: 504). Coordinates: 19?57'S, 25?14'E G. Collectors: R. M. Davis, A. R. Hardy, H. J. Herbert, and A. L. Moore (7-12 Jan 1965). Habitat: "Tree and bush savanna with good grass cover- ing. The pan is full of sedges and the water is stagnant and has dead bird bodies floating in it. The soil is pri- marily sand" (HJH). Remarks: Davis noted that the distance to the main road from the pan was "about 7.5 miles [12.1 km]" and from that turn to Francistown was another 192 mi [309 km]. Taxa: Saccostomus, Steatomys, Gerbilliscus, Gerbillurus, Mastomys, Mus, Pedetes, Cryptomys; Lepus; Canis; Raphicerus, Sylvicapra. Tsodilo Hills (Map 17: 470). Coordinates: 18M5'S, 21?46'E G. Collectors: S. W. Goussard and T. N. Liversedge (26 Apr- 1 May, 15 May 1967). Habitat: "Parklands, acacia," "bush fence," "trees, thick undergrowth," "thick grass," "thick grass, hill's base," "mixed woodland," "bush, hillside," "grass, bushes" (specimen labels). Remarks: On 15 May, while based at Shakawe (16-18 May), Goussard collected a Sylvicapra and a Chloro- cebus at Tsodilo Hills. Taxa: Elephantulus; Galago, Chlorocebus; Paraxerus, Saccostomus, Steatomys, Gerbilliscus, Aethomys, Mastomys, Micaelamys, Mus, Thallomys, Pedetes; Lepus; Crocidura; Tadarida; Felis, Genetta, Mungos; Raphicerus, Tragelaphus, Sylvicapra. Vloorskop (Map 17: 552). Coordinates: 25?52'S, 20?52'E P. Collector: T. N. Liversedge (16-21 Feb 1967). Habitat: "Open scrub, river bed," "grass and scrub river bed," "scrub, hillside," "scrub, dune side," "acacia trees," and "dead trees, riverbed" (specimen labels). Remarks: In his field catalog, Liversedge noted this locality as being "60 miles [96.6 km] up the Nossop from Twee Rivieren [South Africa]," a locality modifier not found on specimen labels. Minutes were interpolated from Smithers' (1971) quarter-degree figures (25 20 D4). Taxa: Elephantulus; Desmodillus, Gerbilliscus, Gerbillu- rus, Mus, Rhabdomys, Thallomys, Zelotomys, Parot- omys, Pedetes; Neoromicia; Canis, Otocyon, Vulpes. 232 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY Xade Pan, 4 mi [6.4 km] E (Map 17: 518). Coordinates: 22?20'S, 23?00'E M (ITM, Botswana, 1:1,500,000). Collector: T. N. Liversedge (14 Oct 1966). Habitat: "Pan fringe" (specimen labels). Remarks: Our by-road estimate from the Xade that appears on the ITM map roughly concurs with Smithers' (1971) location of Xade Pan (22 23 A3 = 22?22'S, 23?08'E). Taxa: Graphiurus, Saccostomus, Gerbilliscus, Gerbillurus, Micaelamys; Lepus; Crocidura; Lycaon, Otocyon. Zelu, 3 mi [4.8 km] W (Map 17: 532). Coordinates: 21?52'S, 28?52'E P (for Zelu Hill; see Re- marks). Collector: T. N. Liversedge (15-20 Apr 1966). Habitat: "Acacia," "acacia bushes," "rocky hill," "rocks" (specimen labels). Remarks: Only "3 miles W Zelu" appears on Liversedge's specimen tags, but he formulated the locality either as "3 miles west of Zelu, Shashi River" or "3 miles west of Zelu Hill, Shashi River" in his field catalog. We derived our coordinates as a centroid for the quarter- degree rectangle from Smithers (1971) for Zelu Hill (21 28 D4), which is situated near the Shashi River. Taxa: Procavia; Galago, Chlorocebus; Paraxerus, Saccos- tomus, Gerbilliscus, Aethomys, Micaelamys, Pedetes; Lepus; Scotophilus; Felis; Sylvicapra. ZIMBABWE (SOUTHERN RHODESIA) GENERAL REMARKS. The country name was recorded on specimen tags either as "So. Rhodesia" (A. C. Risser, Sep-Oct 1963) or simply "Rhodesia" (S. W. Gous- sard, Sep 1967 to Jan 1968). The name Zimbabwe was adopted once the country achieved full nationhood (Apr 1980). Dr. Reay H. N. Smithers again assisted field op- erations of AMP teams, whose collecting activities were concentrated in eastern Zimbabwe, near the border with Mozambique (Map 18). Many field numbers are initialed with "NMR," identifying those specimens left with Smith- ers to be deposited in the National Museum of Rhodesia at Bulawayo. Other specimens from Southern Rhodesia were donated to the NMNH Mammal Division in the early 1960s, presumably through the auspices of Smith- ers; however, these are relatively few in number and lack accompanying field catalogs or journals, and we regard them as non-AMP. Entries to field journals are sometimes incomplete in regard to routes traveled, such that some itineraries and locality dates were reconstructed from specimen tags and field catalogs. Zambia MAP 18. African Mammal Project cardinal collecting localities 555-574 in Zimbabwe (Southern Rhodesia). 555. Henderson Research Station 556. Thorn Park 557. Nyamkwarara River 558. Manchester Gardens 559. Leopard Rock Hotel 560. Helvetia Farm 561. Chetora B Farm 562. Banti Reserve South 563. Dunblaine 564. Hayfield B Farm 565. Ngorima Reserve (East) 566. Farfell Farm 567. Mount Selinda 568. Chirinda Forest 569. Sabi-Lundi Confluence 570. Marhumbini 571. Buffalo Range Game Ranch 572. Kyle Game Reserve 573. Zimbabwe Ruins 574. Essexvale Ranch NUMBER 62,8 233 ITINERARIES. A. C. Risser (R. E. Cole 20-28 Sep 1963; H. W. Setzer 20-23 Sep 1963): Buffalo Range Game Ranch, 20-23 Sep 1963; Thorn Park, 26 Sep-20 Oct 1963. S. W. Goussard (A. V. W. Lambrechts 22-28 Jan 1968; T. N. Liversedge 13-28 Jan 1968; H. W. Setzer 19 Sep-11 Oct 1967): Manchester Gardens, 19-22 Sep 1967; Leopard Rock Hotel, 20 Sep 1967; Chirinda Forest, 24 Sep-5 Oct 1967; Mount Selinda, 3-4 Oct 1967; Farfell Farm, 4-5 Oct 1967; Henderson Research Station, 8-18 Oct 1967; Nyamkwarara River, 1-6 Nov 1967; Banti Reserve South, 7-12 Nov 1967; Chetora B Farm, 10-12 Nov 1967; Helvetia Farm, 10-12 Nov 1967; Dunblaine, 13-19 Nov 1967; Ngorima Reserve (East), 21 Nov-1 Dec 1967; Hayfield B Farm, 1 Dec 1967; Kyle Game Reserve, 6-17 Dec 1967; Zimbabwe Ruins, 17-19 Dec 1967; Mar- humbini, 11 Jan 1968; Sabi-Lundi Confluence, 13-18 Jan 1968; Essexvale Ranch, 22-28 Jan 1968. Banti Reserve South, Umtali District, Manicaland (Map 18: 562). Coordinates: 19?20'S, 32?48'E G (as Banti South). Collector: S. W. Goussard (7-12 Nov 1967). Habitat: "Grassy hillside . . . reeds close to the stream . . . along the stream in reeds and grass ... in scrub on the hillside . . . open grassland at the foot of the hills." Remarks: In his field journal, Goussard noted that he camped next to a stream in the Banti Reserve South at an elevation of approximately 5,100 feet [1,555 m]. His field catalog indicates "Banti Forest Reserve South" for this locality. Taxa: Dasymys, Grammomys, Mastomys, Rhabdomys, Otomys, Cryptomys; Lepus; Crocidura, Myosorex. Buffalo Range Game Ranch, 10 mi [16.1 km] E Triangle (Map 18: 571). Coordinates: 2r01'S, 31?37'E G (as Buffalo Range Farm). Collectors: R. E. Cole, A. C. Risser, and H. W. Setzer (20- 23 Sep 1963). Habitat: "Along the river . . . grassy?slightly rocky area ad- jacent to the visitor's quarters ... native kraals" (ACR). "Rock and tall grass habitat... native huts" (REG). Remarks: Risser used the full name Buffalo Range Game Ranch on his field tags, but Cole and Setzer abbrevi- ated the locality designation to "Buffalo Range" on their labels. Cole reckoned the game ranch as 30 mi [48.3 km] east of Triangle (21?02'S, 31?27'E G) in his field journal; however, specimen labels and field cata- logs of all three collectors uniformly indicate 10 mi E Triangle. The team collected along the Chiredzi River with the assistance of the foreman and chief hunter, Larry Roberts. Some specimens collected here were deposited at the National Museum of Rhodesia. Taxa: Heterohyrax; Saccostomus, Acomys, Aethomys, Lemniscomys, Mastomys, Mus; Panthera, Genetta, Galerella; Raphicerus, Sylvicapra. Chetora B Farm, Umtali District, Manicaland (Map 18: 561). Coordinates: 19?21'S, 32?46'E G (as Chetora Farm). Collector: S. W. Goussard (10-12 Nov 1967). Habitat: "Rocks in Brachystegia woodland . . . swampy area full of reeds and grass." Remarks: Goussard collected at this farm while camped at Banti Reserve South (7-12 Nov). An elevation of approximately 4,000 feet [1,219 m] is given in his journal. Taxa: Otolemur; Micaelamys; Genetta; Tragelaphus, Syl- vicapra. Chirinda Forest, Manicaland (Map 18: 568). Coordinates: 20?26'S, 32?42'E G (as Chirinda Forest Area). Collectors: S. W. Goussard and H. W. Setzer (24 Sep-5 Oct 1967). Habitat: "Cloud forest," "grassy hillside" (specimen labels). Remarks: In a letter to his family, Setzer described the trees in Chirinda Forest as being "over 150 feet [45.7 m] high" and indicated that the forest had "many air plants, or- chids, lichens and other parasitic plants." He also ob- served that he had never seen so many monkeys. Taxa: Petrodromus; Otolemur, Cercopithecus; Criceto- mys, Dendromus, Acomys, Aethomys, Grammomys, Lemniscomys, Mastomys, Mus, Rhabdomys, Oto- mys, Cryptomys; Crocidura, Myosorex; Epomopho- rus, Nycteris, Neoromicia. Dunblaine, Martin Forest Reserve, Melsetter District, Manicaland (Map 18: 563). Coordinates: 19M1'S, 32?58'E C (19?42'S, 32?58'E G). Collector: S. W. Goussard (13-19 Nov 1967). Habitat: "Grassy hillside. The grass is actually very short with a few patches of tall grass and little bits of for- est in the ravines. It is also very dry around here . . . bananas." Remarks: Goussard set up camp at Dunblaine (Dunblane G), close to the Musapa River in the Martin Forest Reserve, at 4,300 feet [1,311 m] elevation (per his field journal). On the afternoon of 15 Nov, Goussard moved 234 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY his trapline to a valley about 2 mi [3.2 km] from camp, but this repositioning is not reflected on specimen la- bels. On the same day, he collected a Rhinolophus in a cave next to a waterfall. On 18 Nov, he moved traps to the Musapa River valley, setting the trapline in thick grass and reeds. Goussard visited the Comer Farm, about 3 mi [4.8 km] from camp, on 19 Nov and collected herps and a specimen of Dendromus, ac- cording to its specimen label (his field catalog indicates Dunblaine as the locality for this specimen, however). In spite of ranging considerably to sample productive habitats, he had little collecting success because the dry weather left most of the mountain streams dry. Taxa: Dendromus, Acomys, Mastomys, Micaelamys, Mus, Rhabdomys; Rhinolophus, Neoromicia. Essexvale Ranch, Matabeleland (Map 18: 574). Coordinates: 20?18'S, 28?56'E G (as Essexvale). Collectors: S. W. Goussard, A. V. W. Lambrechts, and T. N. Liversedge (22-28 Jan 1968). Habitat: "Woodland, bare ground," "grassland," "savanna- grassland," "grassland-bushes" (specimen labels). Taxa: Elephantulus; Orycteropus; Paraxerus, Saccos- tomus, Steatomys, Gerbilliscus, Aethomys, Lem- niscomys, Mastomys, Micaelamys, Otomys; Lepus; Crocidura; Neoromicia; Genetta, Ichneumia, Parac- ynictis, Canis; Sylvicapra. Farfell Farm, 3 mi [4.8 km] NE Mount Selinda, Manicaland (Map 18: 566). Coordinates: 20?24'S, 32M6'E G. Collectors: S. W. Goussard and H. W. Setzer (4-5 Oct 1967). Habitat: "Grassy hillside," "grassland" (specimen labels). Remarks: The team collected at Farfell Farm during the same period that they worked Chirinda Forest (24 Sep-5 Oct) and Mount Selinda (3-4 Oct). The locality on Goussard's specimen labels is truncated to "Farfell Farm, Mount Selinda." Taxa: Acomys, Aethomys, Grammomys, Lemniscomys, Mastomys, Mus, Cryptomys; Crocidura; Genetta. Hayfield B Farm, Melsetter District, Manicaland (Map 18: 564). Coordinates: 19?59'S, 32?59'E G. Collector: S. W. Goussard (1 Dec 1967). Habitat: "Grassland . . . grassy hillside." Remarks: Goussard collected at this farm "up the moun- tain" from Ngorima Reserve (East). Taxa: Acomys, Mastomys; Crocidura. Helvetia Farm, Umtali District, Manicaland (Map 18: 560). Coordinates: 19?19'S, 32?43'E G. Collector: S. W. Goussard (10-12 Nov 1967). Habitat: "Cultivated land . . . grassland . . . near rocks." Remarks: This farm, elevation 3,700 feet [1,128 m] (field journal), was located about 7 mi [11.3 km] from Gous- sard's main camp at Banti Reserve South (7-12 Nov). Taxa: Otolemur; Acomys, Gerbilliscus, Mastomys; Lepus; Sylvicapra. Henderson Research Station, 20 mi [32.2 km] N Salisbury, Mashonaland (Map 18: 555). Coordinates: 17?34'S, 31?00'E M (WAG, Mazoe River, 1:1,000,000). Collectors: S. W. Goussard and H. W. Setzer (8-18 Oct 1967). Habitat: "Bush savanna," "open savanna," "riverine bush" (specimen labels). Remarks: The coordinates provided are a by-road estimate, tracing the road that leads north from Salisbury (Harare G) to a location on the south end of a small lake. The field site falls close to Mazoe Dam (17?32'S, 31?00'E G), located on the Mazoe River according to the FAO. Taxa: Elephantulus; Saccostomus, Dendromus, Acomys, Gerbilliscus, Aethomys, Dasymys, Lemniscomys, Mastomys, Micaelamys, Mus, Pelomys, Rattus, Rhab- domys, Otomys, Thryonomys; Lepus; Crocidura; Ep- omophorus, Rhinolophus; Galerella. Kyle Game Reserve, Fort Victoria District, Victoria (Map 18:572). Coordinates: 20?11'S, 31?01'E G (as Kyle Dam National Park). Collector: S. W. Goussard (7-17 Dec 1967). Habitat: "The area is grassy and rocky ... a grass and rocky kopje close to the lake . . . open grassland with a few bushes and trees scattered in between . . . grass, bushes and trees . . . grassy vlei close to the lake . . . dry creek with grass and a few reeds . . . grassland close to fairly thick forest-like trees." Remarks: Goussard established camp close to the lake in the Kyle Game Reserve. In his journal, he indicated that his location was about 22 mi [35.4 km] NW Fort Victoria, but the USBGN coordinates for Kyle Dam National Park actually plot 15 mi [24.1 km] SE Fort Victoria (WAG, Bulawayo, 1:1,000,000). Taxa: Elephantulus; Steatomys, Acomys, Gerbilliscus, Aethomys, Lemniscomys, Mastomys, Mus, Otomys; Crocidura; Nycteris. NUMBER 628 235 Leopard Rock Hotel, Manicaland (Map 18: 559). Coordinates: 19?08'S, 32M7'E G. Collector: H. W. Setzer (20 Sep 1967). Habitat: No information available. Remarks: This locality was presumably visited while col- lecting at Manchester Gardens (19-22 Sep). Taxa: Rhinolophus, Neoromicia. Manchester Gardens, Vumba National Park, Manicaland (Map 18: 558). Coordinates: 19?05'S, 32M5'E G (for Vumba National Park; see Remarks). Collectors: S. W. Goussard and H. W. Setzer (19-22 Sep 1967). Habitat: "Cloud forest country" (HWS letter). Remarks: The coordinates for Vumba National Park approximate those for Manchester Farm (19?06'S, 32M8'E G). In a letter to his family (20 Sep 1967), Setzer wrote that their elevation was "about 5,000 feet" [1,524 m] and that heavy fog enveloping the cloud forest burned off by 0900 hours. Taxa: Galago, Otolemur, Cercopithecus; Heliosciurus, Dendromus, Acomys, Grammomys, Mastomys, Mus, Rhabdomys; Lepus, Pronolagus; Crocidura, Myo- sorex; Rhinolophus. Marhumbini, Gona-Rhe-Zhou, Victoria (Map 18: 570). Coordinates: 21?20'S, 32?21'E G (as Marhumbini Mission). Collector: S. W. Goussard (11 Jan 1968). Habitat: "Woodland (Mopane)" (specimen labels). Remarks: Coordinates for Gona-Re-Zhou Game Reserve (21?40'S, 31?45'E G) appreciably depart from those for Marhumbini Mission. Taxa: Otolemur; Genetta; Syhicapra. Mount Selinda, Manicaland (Map 18: 567). Coordinates: 20?25'S, 32M2'E G (for Mount Selinda Mis- sion; see Remarks). Collectors: S. W. Goussard and H. W. Setzer (3-4 Oct 1967). Habitat: "Grassy hillside," "cave" (specimen labels). Remarks: In a letter to his family, Setzer noted that "Mt. Selinda is in the middle of the Chirinda Eorest and is also the site of a large Congregational Mission." He indicated that their camp was situated about a mile [1.6 km] from a forest station where they got their water. Taxa: Aethomys, Mastomys, Rhabdomys; Crocidura; Hipposideros, Nycteris. Ngorima Reserve (East), Melsetter District, Manicaland (Map 18: 565). Coordinates: 20?02'S, 32?59'E M (WAG, Limpopo River, 1:1,000,000). Collector: S. W. Goussard (21 Nov-1 Dec 1967). Habitat: "Riverine forest, with thick undergrowth . . . riverine bush, consisting of reeds, grass, trees and bushes... no rocks for at least 1 mile [1.6 km] away from camp . . . cleared lands . . . local people have planted some corn." Remarks: Camp was established in the eastern part of the Ngorima Reserve (20?05'S, 32?53'E G, as Ngorima Tribal Trust Land) on the Lusitu (Rusitu G) River, close to its confluence with the Haroni River and at an elevation of 1,100 feet [335 m] (field journal). In this region, the Lusitu River forms the border with Mozambique. Taxa: Petrodromus; Cercopithecus; Heliosciurus, Saccosto- mus, Dendromus, Acomys, Aethomys, Lemniscomys, Mastomys, Mus, Pelomys, Rattus; Crocidura, Myo- sorex; Rhinolophus, Nycteris, Neoromicia; Nandinia. Nyamkwarara River, Stapleford, Umtali District, Manicaland (Map 18: 557). Coordinates: 18?42'S, 32?55'E M (WAG, Mazoe River, 1:1,000,000). Collector: S. W. Goussard (1-6 Nov 1967). Habitat: "The habitat changes from bamboo, grass, reeds, open areas, loose stones, a few rocks, bushes and trees to heaps of chopped off bamboo. The Forestry [sic] is cleaning the area of all trees ... in bamboo, grass, odd palm trees and reeds . . . hillside covered in grass, bushes and young saplings . . . next to the river." Remarks: Goussard drove first to the Stapleford Research Station (5,500 ft [1,676 m]) and then continued down the mountain to the Nyamkwarara River, where camp was established at 2,200 ft [671 m]. Coordi- nates for the Nyamkwarara School (18?45'S, 32?53'E G) and Stapleford Forest (18?42'S, 32?53'E G) both plot above 3,000 ft [914.4 m] on the WAG sheet con- sulted, so our coordinates were estimated for a point below 3,000 ft and downstream from these localities. Taxa: Dendromus, Acomys, Gerbilliscus, Aethomys, Grammomys, Lemniscomys, Mastomys, Mus, Cryp- tomys; Lepus. Sabi-Lundi Confluence, Victoria (Map 18: 569). Coordinates: 21?17'S, 32?25'E M (WAG, Limpopo River, 1:1,000,000). 236 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY Collectors: S. W. Goussard and T. N. Liversedge (13-18 Jan 1968). Habitat: "Riverine bush," "grassy vlei," "black vlei soil" (specimen labels). Taxa: Calcochloris; Otolemur, Chlorocebus; Paraxerus, Saccostomus, Steatomys, Acomys, Gerbilliscus, Aeth- omys, Mastomys, Mus, Cryptomys; Lepus; Epomoph- orus, Hipposideros, Scotophilus; Sylvicapra. Thorn Park, Smithers Ranch, 6 mi [9.7 km] N Salisbury (Map 18: 556). Coordinates: 17?43'S, 31?01'E G (as Thornpark). Collectors: R. E. Cole (26-28 Sep 1963); A. C. Risser (26 Sep-20 Oct 1963). Habitat: "Grassy field that was bordered by cedar trees on two sides." (ACR). Remarks: Cole and Risser established camp at Thorn Park, a ranch owned by Dr. Reay Smithers on the north edge of Salisbury (17?50'S, 31?03'E G, as Harare) at ap- proximately 5,000 ft [1,524 m]. Here Risser was con- valescing from an appendectomy, and much collecting was accomplished with the help of Smithers and his employees. Cole departed on 29 Sep and returned to field work in South Africa. Specimens from this lo- cality were variously labeled by Risser as Salisbury, Thorn Park; Salisbury, Thorn Park, Smithers Ranch; and Salisbury, Thorn Park, 6 mi N Salisbury. Smith- ers collected a road-killed Cricetomys in front of the Salisbury General Hospital on 15 Oct that he gave to Risser. On 17 Oct, Risser collected a single specimen of Rhabdomys at Wheeler's Earm. Calgary. Mazoe Valley, about 4 miles [6.4 km] north of Smithers Ranch, in "tall grass and in the margin of the mealie fields." Risser also collected at Gwebi River. 4 mi [6.4 km] N SaUsbury on 17, 18, and 20 Oct. A Lepus was collected by Risser on 18 Oct at Komani Earm. 7 mi [11.3km]NSalisburv. Taxa: Cricetomys, Dendromus, Aethomys, Lemniscomys, Mastomys, Rattus, Rhabdomys; Lepus; Crocidura. Zimbabwe Ruins, Eort Victoria District, Victoria (Map 18: 573). Coordinates: 20?17'S, 30?56'E G. Collector: S. W. Goussard (17-19 Dec 1967). Habitat: "Grass, rocks and thick bush . . . forest, grass- land and rocks." Remarks: Goussard set up camp on the camping ground of the ruins (referred to as the Zimbabwe Reserve in his field journal). A Rhinolophus was collected from a nearby cave. Taxa: Elephantulus; Dendromus, Steatomys, Acomys, Gerbilliscus, Aethomys, Lemniscomys, Mastomys; Crocidura; Rhinolophus. MOZAMBIQUE GENERAL REMARKS. The extensive fieldwork in Mozambique (Map 19) was largely accomplished over an eight-month period (Jan-Apr and Jul-Nov 1964) by three teams of somewhat fluid membership. Alvin L. Moore is believed to have initially accompanied R. E. Cole (and subsequently others) as the team member responsible for collecting parasites from mammal specimens. Moore's par- ticipation is inferred from entries in his entomology field catalog (he did not maintain a journal to our knowledge, and entries in his field catalog are minimal) and from Cole's and Herbert's infrequent references to "Al" or "Alvin" in their respective field journals. The original team over the latter part of 1964 was a large one, composed of Davis, Hardy, Herbert, Lingebach, and Moore, but it was split into two independent teams after leaving the camp at 2 km N Vila Gamito: (1) Davis, Hardy, and Lingebach and (2) Herbert and Moore. There is scant reference to Lingebach (even less than to Moore), and we cannot be certain that he continually accompanied Davis and Hardy. We extensively relied upon the Atlas de Mogambique (Empresa Moderna, 1960) to identify or corroborate local- ities in Mozambique. The worn condition of our copy of the atlas and the numerous inscriptions within it testify to extensive use in the field by the collectors. Discrepancy ex- ists among journal entries, field catalog entries, and speci- men labels in the use of the Beira District versus Manica and Sofala District, and either district name may be found on specimens from the same locality. This inconsistency appears to stem from differences and changes in these geo- political terms as recognized on maps and in gazetteers (e.g., the USBGN does not recognize Beira District). AMP field teams operating in Mozambique occasion- ally stayed at camps maintained by the Witwatersrand Na- tive Labour Association (WENLA or WENELA, as used in the collectors' accounts). Associated with the South African Chamber of Mines, WENELA served as a labor-recruiting agency and estabUshed stations or camps in Mozambique as well as other southern African countries. ITINERARIES. R. E. Cole and A. L. Moore: 1 mi NE Boane, 11-12 Jan 1964; Inhaca Island, 16-19 Jan 1964; Mahau River, 22-25 Jan 1964; Massangena, 1-9 Eeb 1964; Chigubo Administrative Poste, 11-12 Eeb 1964; 30 km WNW Chigubo, 13-15 Eeb 1964; Chigubo Administrative Poste, 17-18 Eeb 1964; Chimonzo, 21-28 NUMBER 62,8 237 Zambia ? 25S MAP 19. African Mammal Project cardinal collecting localities 575-632 in Mozambique. 575. Zambue 576. Zumbo 577. Mucanha River 578. Fingoe 579. Vila Vasco da Gama 580. New Bene (Tambue) 581.VilaGamito,22kmS 582. Vila Gamito, 10 km N 583. Furancungo, 30 mi NNW 584. Bragan^a 585. Vila Coutinho 586. Furancungo, 10 km E 587. Vila Coutinho, 93 km S 588. Muchena 589. Chiuta 590. Chicoa, 14 mi ESE 591. Magiie (New) Boroma 592. Chioco, 8 km SW 593. Tete, 2 mi SE 594. Vila Caldas Xavier 595. Mecito 596. Changara 597. Mungari, 5 km N 598. Changara, 33 km S 599. Vila Gouveia 600. Maringue 601. Gorongosa Mountain 602. Vila Paiva de Andrada, 4 km NE 603. Gorangoza Park 604. Vila de Manica, 3 km N 605. Vumba Mountain 606. Vila Pery 607. Vila Machado 608. Vila Machado, 3 km SE 609. Mezimbite 610. Dondo 611. Beira, 10 km N 612. Mombane 613. Massangena 614. Gangareme 615. Vilanculos, 2 km W 616. Mabote 617. Chigubo, 30 km WNW 618. Chigubo Administrative Poste 619. Massinga, 2 km N 620. Jangamo 621. Panda 622. Panda, 6 km W 623. Coguno 624. Inharrime, 3 km NE 625. Chimonzo 626. Mapulanguene, 8 km E 627. Magude, 15 km SW 628. Inyoka Mountains 629. Moamba 630. Inhaca Island 631. Boane, 1 miNE 632. Mahau River 238 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY Feb 1964; 15 km SWMagude, 29 Feb-2 Mar 1964; Inyoka Mountains, 1 Mar 1964; 8 km E Mapulanguene, 3-5 Mar 1964; Moamba, 9-12 Mar 1964; Mombane, 22-24 Mar 1964; Mabote, 27-30 Mar 1964; 2 km W Vilanculos, 1-4 Apr 1964; 2 km N Massinga, 6-11 Apr 1964; Jangamo, 13-16 Apr 1964; 6 km W Panda, 18-20 Apr 1964; Panda, 21 Apr 1964; Coguno, 23-27 Apr 1964; 3 km NE Inhar- rime, 29-30 Apr 1964. R. M. Davis, A. R. Hardy, H. J. Herbert, J. C. Lin- gebach, and A. L. Moore (J. H. Case, C. G. Coetzee, and H. W. Setzer): 1 mi NE Boane, 11-13 Jul 1964; 33 km S Changara, 19 Jul 1964; 2 mi SE Tete, 20-24 Jul 1964; Muchena, 25-29 Jul 1964; 10 km E Furancungo, 1-3 Aug 1964; 30 mi NNW Furancungo, 5-7 Aug 1964; 10 km N Vila Gamito, 9-10 Aug 1964; 22 km S Vila Gamito, 11 Aug 1964. R. M. Davis and A. R. Hardy (J. C. Lingebach): 5 mi N Mungari, 16-19 Aug 1964; Vila Gouveia, 21-25 Aug 1964; 3 km N Vila de Manica, 28-31 Aug 1964; Vumba Mountain, 1 Sep 1964; Vila Pery, 3-8 Sep 1964; 3 km SE Vila Machado, 10-14 Sep 1964; Vila Machado, 15 Sep 1964; Gorongosa Mountain, 19-23 Sep 1964; 4 km NE Vila Paiva de Andrada, 25-29 Sep 1964; Maringue, 2-4 Oct 1964; 10 km N Beira, 24-30 Oct 1964; Mezimbite, 1-9 Nov 1964; Dondo, 5, 8 Nov 1964. H. J. Herbert and A. L. Moore: 14 mi ESE Chicoa, 16- 19 Aug 1964; Mague (New) Boroma, 20-23 Aug 1964; Zumbo, 25-30 Aug 1964; Zambue, 1-4 Sep 1964; Mu- canha River, 5-7 Sep 1964; Fingoe, 9-11 Sep 1964; Vila Vasco da Gama, 13-16 Sep 1964; New Bene (Tambue), 17-19 Sep 1964; Chiiita, 20-22 Sep 1964; Bragan?a, 30 Sep-4 Oct 1964; Vila Coutinho, 6-9 Oct 1964; 93 km S Vila Coutinho, 10-12 Oct 1964; Vila Caldas Xavier, 14- 16 Oct 1964; Mecito, 18-20 Oct 1964; 8 km SW Chioco, 25-28 Oct 1964; Changara, 1-5 Nov 1964; Gorangoza Park, 10-12 Nov 1964. S. W. Goussard and T. N. Liversedge: Gangareme, 30 Aug-5 Sep 1967. Beira, 10 km N, Manica and Sofala District (Map 19: 611). Coordinates: 19?42'S, 34?47'E M (AMS, Beira, 1:500,000). Collectors: R. M. Davis and A. R. Hardy (24-30 Oct 1964). Habitat: "Cashew tree grove . . . banana trees . . . dry flei . . . coconut trees . . . native hut. . . small store ... I would call this whole area a savanna" (RMD). Remarks: Davis and Hardy left Beira (19?51'S, 34?50'E G) and camped north of town in a cashew tree grove. Taxa: Otolemur; Saccostomus, Acomys, Uranomys, Dasy- niys, Grammomys, Mastomys, Felomys, Otomys, Cryptomys; Crocidura; Epomophorus, Taphozous, Chaerephon, Mops. Boane, 1 mi [1.6 km] NE, Lourengo Marques District (Map 19: 631). Coordinates: 26?01'S, 32?20'E M (IGC, Maputo, 1:250,000). Collectors: R. E. Cole and A. L. Moore (11-12 Jan 1964); R. M. Davis, H. J. Herbert, J. C. Lingebach, A. L. Moore, and H. W. Setzer (11-13 Jul 1964). Habitat: "The swampy grass field where I had set traps re- sembled a small lake this morning . . . grassy meadow surrounded with brush" (REC). "Dry grass field . . . roof of storage building" (RMD). Remarks: Cole and Moore were the first AMP field team to collect at this locality. Specimens taken on 11 Jan were labeled Instituto de Investigacao Cientifica de Mocam- bique. 20 mi [32.2 km] W Lourenco Marques (Ma- puto; 25?58'S, 32?34'E G). The grounds of the institute were the first stop and staging point for subsequent AMP surveys in the country. Although their camp was not moved, specimens collected on 12 Jan were labeled 2 mi [3.2 km] S Boane. The second AMP field team conducted more extensive collecting "at the Instituto" and designated the locality relative to Boane (26?02'S, 32?20'E G). In a personal letter (14 Jul 1964), Setzer related that "we are living in a house at the Institute about 25 kilometers from Lourenco Marques." On 13 Jul, specimens were also taken from 10 km N Boane. Taxa: Petrodromus; Saccostomus, Gerbilliscus, Aethomys, Lemniscomys, Mastomys, Mus; Crocidura; Chaere- phon, Neoromicia. Braganga, Tete District (Map 19: 584). Coordinates: 14?24'S, 34?20'E C. Collectors: H. J. Herbert and A. L. Moore (30 Sep-4 Oct 1964). Habitat: "This country is very high plateau with high peaks scattered throughout. Most of the soil is burnt over and is used for gardens or cattle grazing . . . native field and garden . . . flai [sic, flei?] . . . kopie" (HJH). Remarks: The two entries for Braganga in the USBGN gazetteer do not approximate those provided by the collectors, whose coordinates are confirmed by the presence of another Braganca on their field map (AM, Sheet 7, 1:1,000,000). NUMBER 62,8 239 Taxa: Procavia; Saccostomus, Dendromus, Gerbilliscus, Aethomys, Dasymys, Mastomys, Mus, Otomys; Sun- cus; Crocuta. Changara, Tete District (Map 19: 596). Coordinates: 16?50'S, 33?16'E C, G. Collectors: H. J. Herbert and A. L. Moore (1-5 Nov 1964). Habitat: "In native fields of this tree savanna . . . rocks near the river . . . hillside in sandy soil . . . rocky hill" (HJH). Remarks: The Changara camp was, apparently, close to the Luenha River (AM, Sheet 4, 1:1,000,000). Ac- cording to the USBGN, Luenha is a variant spelling of Changara. Taxa: Elephantulus; Saccostomus, Steatomys, Acomys, Gerbilliscus, Aethomys, Mastomys, Mus; Genetta; Neotragus, Raphicerus, Sylvicapra. Changara, 33 km S, Tete District (Map 19: 598). Coordinates: 17?10'S, 33?16'E C. Collector: H. W. Setzer (19 Jul 1964). Remarks: A lion skull was collected south of Changara while the AMP team was traveling to Tete. Taxon: Panthera. Chicoa, 14 mi [22.5 km] ESE, Tete District (Map 19: 590). Coordinates: 15M1'S, 32?32'E M (IGC, Mardvia-Chicoa, 1:250,000). Collectors: H. J. Herbert and A. L. Moore (16-19 Aug 1964). Habitat: "Thorn acacia tree savanna ... a shop . . . bao- bab tree" (HJH). Remarks: Our coordinates correspond to a mark found on the above-cited map, appropriately positioned east- southeast of Chicoa and on the road to Vila Gamito. Taxa: Galago; Saccostomus, Gerbilliscus, Aethomys, Lemniscomys, Mastomys; Lepus; Nycteris, Nycti- ceinops; Sylvicapra. Chigubo Administrative Poste, Gaza District (Map 19: 618). Coordinates: 22?49'S, 33?31'E C (22?50'S, 33?31'E G, as Chigubo). Collectors: R. E. Cole and A. L. Moore (11-12, 17-18 Feb 1964). Habitat: "Roof at the Poste [building] . . . the edge of the lagoon" (REC). Remarks: Cole and Moore arrived at Chigubo and set up operations in the Chef de Poste building. Specimen la- bels indicate that on 11 Feb, a Lepus and a Sylvicapra were collected 2 km N Chigubo. probably acquired during a night hunt, which the crew conducted fre- quently in Mozambique. The team returned to this locality on 16 Feb after collecting at 30 km WNW Chigubo (13-15 Feb). In the evening, they went to the cantina in Chigubo, where they collected a number of Mops. Moore collected an Aethomys 7 km S Chigubo Administrative Poste on 18 Feb. Taxa: Calcochloris; Saccostomus, Gerbilliscus, Aethomys, Mastomys, Thallomys; Lepus; Chaerephon, Mops; Raphicerus, Sylvicapra. Chigubo, 30 km WNW, Gaza District (Map 19: 617). Coordinates: 22?44'S, 33?18'E M (AM, Sheet 2, 1:1,000,000). Collectors: R. E. Cole and A. L. Moore (13-15 Feb 1964). Habitat: "Open plains bordered by thick bush" (REC). Remarks: Cole and Moore left their camp at the Chigubo Administrative Poste and estabHshed camp 30 km west-northwest of Chigubo. The team arose early on 16 Feb to hunt buffalo and carnivores, apparently without success, and returned to Chigubo. Map-based coordinates were estimated on a dead-end road that trended west-northwest from Chigubo. Taxa: Paraxerus, Gerbilliscus, Mastomys, Pedetes; Lepus. Chimonzo, Gaza District (Map 19: 625). Coordinates: 24?55'S, 33?15'E C (24?57'S, 33?17'E G). Collectors: R. E. Cole and A. L. Moore (21-28 Feb 1964). Habitat: "Chimonzo is quite tropical, very dense vegeta- tion and large vines hanging down from the tall trees . . . corn field . . . grassy field . . . banana tree . . . The foliage is really thick with hanging vines and practi- cally no opening in the canopy . . . very large fig tree . . . peanut fields" (REC). Remarks: Cole and Moore scouted around the Guija area for a suitable camp but eventually, because of rains and resulting swampy land, headed southeast to Chi- monzo. Cole collected a number of Epomophorus from a fig tree about 1 mi [1.6 km] from camp on 22 Feb; on 25 Feb, several Chaerephon were collected from the cantina in Chimonzo. Taxa: Calcochloris; Chlorocebus; Heliosciurus, Saccos- tomus, Gerbilliscus, Lemniscomys, Mastomys, Mus; Crocidura; Epomophorus, Chaerephon, Neoromicia. 240 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY Chioco, 8 km SW, Tete District (Map 19: 592). Coordinates: 16?29'S, 32M7'E C. Collectors: H. J. Herbert and A. L. Moore (25-28 Oct 1964). Habitat: "The terrain is tree savanna and heavy bush . . . cotton field .... The native people . . . farm and raise cattle and goats" (HJH). Remarks: Herbert and Moore set up camp at a "safari outfits camp" southwest of Chioco (16?25'S, 32?49'E G, as Aldeia Chioco). Taxa: Paraxerus, Saccostomus, Lemniscomys, Masto- mys; Felts, Leptailurus, Genetta, Crocuta; Neotragus, Raphicerus, Tragelaphus, Sylvicapra. Chiuta, Tete District (Map 19: 589). Coordinates: 15?34'S, 33?17'E C (15?33'S, 33?17'E G, as Aldeia Chiuta). Collectors: H. J. Herbert and A. L. Moore (20-22 Sep 1964). Habitat: "Went night hunting down a steep mountain road . . . rocks . . . grass field . . . pool" (HJH). Taxa: Acofnys, Gerbilliscus, Aethomys, Grammomys, Lemniscomys, Mastomys; Lepus; Chaerephon, Sauro- mys, Tadarida, Eptesicus, Nycticeinops, Scotophilus, Miniopterus; Sylvicapra. Coguno, Inhambane District (Map 19: 623). Coordinates: 24?23'S, 34?33'E C, G. Collectors: R. E. Cole and A. L. Moore (23-27 Apr 1964). Habitat: "Very green and thick with bush and deciduous trees . . . grass areas . . . fairly thick forest. . . aban- doned mashamba which is now overrun with pine- apple and tapioca plants . . . soil is sandy and a buffy brown color . . . Pezo trees [sic, possibly m'peza, a local name for Xylopia aethiopica] . . . Acacia brush . . . grassy areas near camp . . . peanut and tapioca fields ... dry rice field" (REC). Remarks: Camp was established at the abandoned WENELA camp "just northwest" of Coguno. Most specimens were collected around this camp, but some were taken 5 km ESE Coguno and 9 km ESE Coguno. In his journal entry for 23 Apr, Cole recorded that they went night hunting 14 km ESE Coguno on open plains bordered by large "Pezo trees," where they col- lected one Lepus and two Otolemur. Specimen labels, as well as Cole's field catalog, indicate the locality as 14 km ESE Panda, which must represent a lapsus since they had just finished working in the vicinity of Panda (18-21 Apr). Taxa: Otolemur; Paraxerus, Graphiurus, Saccostomus, Ger- billiscus, Aethomys, Lemniscomys, Mastomys, Mus; Lepus; Crocidura; Chaerephon, Mops, Glauconycteris. Dondo, Manica and Sofala District (Map 19: 610). Coordinates: 19?37'S, 34?45'E G. Collectors: R. M. Davis and A. R. Hardy (5, 8 Nov 1964). Habitat: "Old house" (RMD). Remarks: Davis and Hardy made two trips to collect bats in the village of Dondo while camped at Mezimbite (1-9 Nov). Taxon: Mops. Fingoe, Tete District (Map 19: 578). Coordinates: 15?09'S, 31?53'E C, G. Collectors: H. J. Herbert and A. L. Moore (9-11 Sep 1964). Habitat: "Mountain behind administrator's house . . . rocks . . . high grass" (HJH). Taxa: Acomys, Gerbilliscus, Aethomys, Mastomys, Mus; Lepus. Furancungo, 10 km E, Tete District (Map 19: 586). Coordinates: 14?54'S, 33?42'E M (IGC, Angonia-Macanga, 1:250,000). Collectors: R. M. Davis, A. R. Hardy, H. J. Herbert, J. C. Lingebach, A. L. Moore, and H. W. Setzer (1-3 Aug 1964). Habitat: "Tree savanna . . . flei. . . near the river [Figure 128] . . . little mountain [Figure 129] . . . creek bot- tom" (RMD). "Tree savanna with occasional open meadows . . . grassy area near river" (HJH). Remarks: The team settled about 10 km east of Furan- cungo, which is about 100 km north of Massamba and 170 km north of Tete. Herbert noted that base camp was 5 km from a river, which appears on an annotated map (referenced above) as a tributary of the Ponfi (Rio Ponti) and is named the Namicungo. Elevation is stated as 1,300 m for this locality (HJH's journal), although none is given on skin tags. A few specimens originated from Furancungo proper as well as from 20 km E Furancungo. Taxa: Otolemur; Steatomys, Gerbilliscus, Aethomys, Grammomys, Mus, Rattus, Heliophobius; Crocidura; Sylvicapra. Furancungo, 30 mi [48.3 km] NNW, Tete District (Map 19: 583). Coordinates: 14?31'S, 33?23'E M (IGC, Angonia-Macanga, 1:250,000). FIGURE 128. Mozambique, Furancungo, 10 km E: Stream (Aug 1964). nCURE 129. Mozambique, Furancungo, 10 km E (Aug 1964). 242 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY Collectors: C. G. Coetzee, R. M. Davis, A. R. Hardy, H. J. Herbert, J. C. Lingebach, A. L. Moore, and H. W. Setzer (5-7 Aug 1964). Habitat: "Tree savanna ... camp along a flei... high grasses next to the fields, under corn shocks and in banana tree clumps" (RMD). "Meadow near camp" (HJH). Remarks: The coordinates were estimated by road from Furancungo. Lingebach standardly labeled his speci- mens as "NW" Furancungo, but all other collectors used the "NNW" compass bearing. Many specimens labeled from this locality were actually taken at the native village of Qauaza (RMD's journal), about 5 km east of camp. Qauaza was not located in the USBGN gazetteer or on AMP maps. Taxa: Petrodromus; Saccostomus, Steatomys, Acomys, Gerbilliscus, Dasymys, Grammomys, Mastomys, Mus; Lepus; Crocidura; Neoromicia; Tragelaphus. Gangareme, Bazaruto Island, Inhambane District (Map 19: 614). Coordinates: 21?40'S, 35?25'E C (21?39'S, 35?26'E G, as Ponta Gengareme). Collectors: S. W. Goussard and T. N. Liversedge (30 Aug- 5 Sep 1967). Habitat: "Vlei grassland," "bushes," "sand dune and bushes" (specimen labels). Taxa: Paraxerus, Gerbilliscus, Aethomys, Mastomys. Gorangoza Park, Manica and Sofala District (Map 19: 603). Coordinates: ISMl'S, 34?19'E G (as Parque Nacional da Gorongosa). Collectors: H. J. Herbert and A. L. Moore (10-12 Nov 1964). Habitat: No information available. Remarks: Herbert and Moore briefly stopped at Goran- goza Park before leaving Mozambique, although Herbert omitted mention of this locality in his journal. Taxa: Mastomys; Crocidura. Gorongosa Mountain, Morrumboze River Falls, 20 km N Vila Paiva de Andrada, Manica and Sofala District (Map 19: 601). Coordinates: 18?24'S, 34?04'E G (as Serra da Gorongosa). Collectors: R. M. Davis and A. R. Hardy (19-23 Sep 1964). Habitat: "Rocks right along the water . . . mashamba . . . along the stream" (RMD). Remarks: With a police guide, Davis and Hardy camped at Gorongosa Mountain just below the Rio Morrumboze Falls, reported to be about 400 feet [122 m] high. Taxa: Saccostomus, Acomys, Grammomys, Lemniscomys, Mastomys, Mus, Cryptomys; Lepus; Crocidura. Inhaca Island, Biological Research Station, Lourengo Marques District (Map 19: 630). Coordinates: 26?00'S, 32?54'E C (26?02'S, 32?54'E G, as Ilha da Inhaca). Collectors: R. E. Cole and A. L. Moore (16-19 Jan 1964). Habitat: "Much agriculture . . . There are four main veg- etation areas, mangrove swamps, fresh water lagoons, forests and sand dunes. Fresh fruit is everywhere . . . The soil was quite sandy . . . very large fig trees . . . grass fields . . . remote forest" (REG). Remarks: The team collected Epomophorus from large fig trees in the village of Posto Inhaca. Other locality vari- ants included 1 mi [1.6 km] behind and 1 mi [1.6 km] NE of the research station and SE tip of the island. Taxa: Gerbilliscus, Mastomys, Rattus; Epomophorus, Chaerephon. Inharrime, 3 km NE, Inhambane District (Map 19: 624). Coordinates: 24?23'S, 35?03'E M (BCG, Indambane- Inharrime-Homome-Zavala, 1:250,000). CoUectors: R. E. Cole and A. L. Moore (29-30 Apr 1964). Habitat: "Abandoned tapioca [mashamba] with grass border . . . forest. . . grass borders (2-3 feet [0.61- 0.91 m] tall) of a lagoon . . . white sand-grass habitat . . . patch of black sand consisting of 600-700 feet- [55.7-65.0 m^]" (RFC). Remarks: The principal collecting site was 3 km northeast of Inharrime (24?29'S, 35?02'E G), with a secondary site at 4 km SW Inharrime (24?30'S, 35?00'E M), close to a lagoon. Taxa: Cricetomys, Saccostomus, Gerbilliscus, Mastomys; Crocidura. Inyoka Mountains, 45 km SW Magude, Gaza District (Map 19: 628). Coordinates: 25?20'S, 32?21'E M (AM, Sheet 1, 1:1,000,000). CoUectors: R. E. Cole and A. L. Moore (1 Mar 1964). Habitat: "Very low roofed cave" (RFC). Remarks: While camped at 15 km SW Magude (29 Feb-2 Mar), Cole and Moore visited a cave in the Inyoka Mountains, which lie close to the Sabie River and the Sabie Post (25?19'S, 32?14'E G). In his journal. Cole loosely approximated this locality as "about 40-50 km SW of Magude," but his catalog specified "45 km SW Magude." Our cited coordinates are a by-road estimate. Taxon: Hipposideros. NUMBER 62,8 243 Jangamo, 29 km S Inhambane, Inhambane District (Map 19: 620). Coordinates: 24?06'S, 35?19'E C, G. Collectors: R. E. Cole and A. L. Moore (13-16 Apr 1964). Habitat: "Soil is sandy around Jangamo, it is a reddish- brown sand and there is quite a bit of vegetation . . . peanut field. . .thick bush forest with quite a [layer of litter] . . . wet thick grass meadow ... fig trees. . . small stream . . . banana trees . . . very steep bank of a small stream running through a small banana plan- tation. The grass is about one foot [0.3 m] tall here . . . although there are few large trees in this area; it must be called a forest. The trees are mostly 1-3 inches [2.5-7.6 cm] thick at the base, about 10-12 feet [3.0-3.7 m] tall and spaced about 6-12 inches [15.2-30.5 cm] apart" (REC). Remarks: Cole and Moore located their base of operations at the WENELA camp outside the small town of Jan- gamo, 29 km south of Inhambane (23?52'S, 35?23'E G). Specimens were also collected 5 km to the north, and these are labeled as 24 km S Inhambane. A few were taken about 6 km south of Jangamo and re- corded as 35 km S Inhambane. Taxa: Saccostomus, Gerbilliscus, Aethomys, Lemnis- comys, Mastomys, Mus, Pelomys; Crocidura; Epo- mophorus, Nycteris, Neoromicia. Mabote, WENELA camp, Inhambane District (Map 19: 616). Coordinates: 22?02'S, 34?07'E C (22?02'S, 34?08'E G). Collectors: R. E. Cole and A. L. Moore (27-30 Mar 1964). Habitat: "Corn field . . . The bush was quite thick making hunting a little difficult. . . cotton fields. . . grass and the sandy fields ... in a thornbush area with scattered patches of knee high grass and a sandy soil" (REC). Remarks: The AMP team drove to Mabote and established their camp on the grounds of the WENELA camp. Ac- companied by the Chef de Poste, they went night hunting at 20 km S Mabote. getting a Pedetes and a Sylvicapra. A few Gerbilliscus were collected 6 km S Mabote. Taxa: Graphiurus, Acomys, Gerbilliscus, Lemniscomys, Mastomys, Pedetes; Sylvicapra. Magude, 15 km SW, Gaza District (Map 19: 627). Coordinates: 25?07'S, 32?33'E M (AM, Sheet 1, 1:1,000,000). Collectors: R. E. Cole and A. L. Moore (29 Feb-2 Mar 1964). Habitat: "Plenty of trees and tall grass?but no agricul- ture. The soil is quite sandy but down about 6 inches [15.2 cm] it turns to quite hard clay . . . brackish pools . . . corn and peanut crops" (REC). Remarks: Cole and Moore drove to Magude (25?01'S, 32?39'E G) and camped southwest of town. Our co- ordinates are a by-road estimate from Magude. While at this camp, the team made a visit to the Inyoka Mountains to collect bats in a cave. Satellite localities include 17 km SW Magude. where they collected an Elephantulus, and 24 km SW Magude, where a Chae- rephon was taken from the roof of a shop. Taxa: Elephantulus; Aethomys, Mastomys; Chaerephon. Magiie (New) Boroma, Tete District (Map 19: 591). Coordinates: 15M9'S, 31?44'E C (15?48'S, 31?45'E G, as Magoe). Collectors: H. J. Herbert and A. L. Moore (20-23 Aug 1964). Habitat: "Mango grove . . . plenty of water . . . rocky kopie" (HJH). Remarks: Magiie Novo and Boroma share the same USBGN coordinates. One of our topographic maps (AM, Sheet 6, 1:1,000,000) has Mague circled, and this position corresponds to the place-name Boroma on another map (IGC, Mardvia-Chicoa, 1:250,000). Taxa: Galago, Chlorocebus; Saccostomus, Acomys, Ger- billiscus, Aethomys, Lemniscomys, Mastomys; Epo- mophorus, Rhinolophus, Nycticeinops, Scotophilus; Genetta; Raphicerus, Sylvicapra. Mahau River, Lourengo Marques District (Map 19: 632). Coordinates: 26M0'S, 32?10'E C. Collectors: R. E. Cole and A. L. Moore (22-25 Jan 1964). Habitat: "The entire area is tall grass and scattered Aca- cia trees. This area, as all of the surrounding areas, is subject to flooding when the rains come and this was partially flooded a week ago" (REC). Remarks: Cole recorded in his field journal that their campsite was located 2 km south of the Mahau River (26?33'S, 32?14'E G, as Rio Sichani), but that distance modifier does not appear on specimen labels or in his field catalog. We were unable to locate this river on any of our maps. On 24 Jan, a trapline was set "in the foothills of the Lebombos Mountains." Taxa: Otolemur; Saccostomus, Gerbilliscus, Aethomys, Lemniscomys, Mastomys, Mus; Lepus; Genetta; Aepy- ceros, Redunca. Mapulanguene, 8 km E, Gaza District (Map 19: 626). Coordinates: 24?30'S, 32?10'E M (AM, Sheet 1, 1:1,000,000). CoUectors: R. E. Cole and A. L. Moore (3-5 Mar 1964). 244 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY Habitat: "Camp in a very thick thorn forest. . . Acacia- grass habitat around camp . . . corn field" (REC). Remarks: Map coordinates are based upon a by-road es- timate, which places this site near the Uanetze River, although Cole nowhere mentioned a river. Camp was established east of Mapulanguene (24?29'S, 32?05'E G), a small village about 15 km from the border with South Africa. Taxa: Elephantulus; Otolemur, Chlorocebus; Saccosto- mus, Gerbilliscus, Mastomys; Lepus; Raphicerus. Maringue, Manica and Sofala District (Map 19: 600). Coordinates: 17?58'S, 34?23'E G (as Maringue). Collectors: R. M. Davis and A. R. Hardy (2-4 Oct 1964). Habitat: "Tree savanna" (specimen labels). Remarks: Davis and Hardy camped behind the hospital on the north side of Maringue. According to Davis, traps were actually set 4 km west of town, a distance not reflected on specimen labels. Taxa: Elephantulus, Petrodromus; Saccostomus, Gerbil- liscus, Lemniscomys, Mastomys, Thryonomys; Lepus; Mungos; Ourebia, Raphicerus. Massangena, Gaza District (Map 19: 613). Coordinates: 21?30'S, 33?00'E C (21?32'S, 32?57'E G). Collectors: R. E. Cole and A. L. Moore (1-9 Feb 1964). Habitat: "Tall grass between the compound and the Save River ... a lagoon southeast of the compound . . . small stream. The ground around the lagoon is cov- ered with medium sized stones and rocks and Acacia trees" (REC). Remarks: The team stayed in a house (compound) at Mas- sangena near the Save River. On 31 Jan, they night hunted, heading south along the road to Machaila, and obtained Sylvicapra, Pedetes, and Otolemur. On 2 Feb, Cole set a trapline close to the Massangena lagoon "about 2 miles [3.2 km] SW" of their com- pound. On 6 Feb, bats were collected from a giant fig tree about 0.5 [miles?, 0.8 km] from the house. None of these minor locality modifiers appear on specimen labels or in field catalogs. While night hunting along the road to Malvernia on 8 Feb, a Galago, Lepus, and Pedetes were taken in grass and thick bush at 10 mi [16.1 km] W Massangena. Taxa: Elephantulus; Galago, Otolemur, Chlorocebus; Paraxerus, Graphiurus, Saccostomus, Steatomys, Aco- mys, Gerbilliscus, Aethomys, Lemniscomys, Mastomys, Pedetes; Lepus; Crocidura; Epomophorus, Rhinolo- phus, Nycteris, Scotophilus; Neotragus, Raphicerus, Sylvicapra. Massinga, 2 km N, Inhambane District (Map 19: 619). Coordinates: 23?19'S, 35?23'E C. CoUectors: R. E. Cole and A. L. Moore (6-11 Apr 1964). Habitat: "Around Massinga there is quite a bit of coconut and banana trees ... in general the vegetation is green and lush . . . thick bush and eucalyptus trees . . . grassy marsh land . . . adjacent bush . . . dense bush forest . . . meadow . . . small stream. This stream is almost completely covered over with a canopy of banana tree leaves . . . very dense bushy forest with many fig trees and coconut palms in the clearings" (REC). Remarks: In his journal. Cole indicated that camp was placed "a short way east of Massinga (23?20'S, 35?23'E G)," but most specimens from this area were actually taken 2 km N of town. Some were also col- lected at 4 km N Massinga according to specimen la- bels and catalogs (3 kmN according to Cole's journal) and at 9 km NE Massinga (mistakenly noted as NW in Cole's field journal). Bats were collected at a School House in town and also 2 km S of town. Taxa: Petrodromus; Graphiurus, Saccostomus, Acomys, Gerbilliscus, Aethomys, Mastomys; Crocidura; Epo- mophorus, Chaerephon, Mops, Neoromicia. Mecito, 45 km S Vila Caldas Xavier, Tete District (Map 19: 595). Coordinates: 16?19'S, 34?21'E C (16?17'S, 34?20'E G). CoUectors: H. J. Herbert and A. L. Moore (18-20 Oct 1964). Habitat: "Native garden (mashamba). This area was once maponi forest but has been cleared . . . mopane forest" (HJH). Remarks: Camp was pitched beside a saw mill. Taxa: Petrodromus; Papio; Heliosciurus, Paraxerus, Steato- mys, Acomys, Gerbilliscus, Aethomys, Lemniscomys, Mastomys; Lepus; Crocidura; Genetta; Sylvicapra. Mezimbite, 8 km NW Dondo, Manica and Sofala District (Map 19: 609). Coordinates: 19?35'S, 34?43'E G (as Mezimbite Rail Station). CoUectors: R. M. Davis and A. R. Hardy (1-9 Nov 1964). Habitat: "Old house . . . mango trees" (RMD). Remarks: Davis indicated that their camp was situated op- posite the 36 km road marker on the road from Beira. He was not impressed with the habitat for collecting rodents. Bats were also collected from buildings in the village of Dondo. In his journal, Davis indicated that Roberts spelled this type locality Zimbiti. In his pub- NUMBER 628 245 lications, Roberts spelled Mezimbite inconsistently, both as Mzimbiti (Roberts, 1913) and as Zimbiti (Roberts, 1913, 1951). Taxa: Fetrodromus; Otolemur; Saccostomus, Acomys, Lophuromys, Uranomys, Gerbilliscus, Aethontys, Lemniscomys, Mastomys, Mus, Pelomys, Cryptomys; Crocidura; Rhinolophus, Miniopterus; Civettictis, Atilax, Mungos; Tragelaphus. Moamba, Louren^o Marques District (Map 19: 629). Coordinates: 25?36'S, 32?14'E C (25?36'S, 32?15'E G). Collectors: R. E. Cole and A. L. Moore (9-12 Mar 1964). Habitat: "Fairly tropical with quite a few banana trees. . . along [the banks of the Komati River] are quite varied vegetation patterns with good stands of sugar cane . . . grass. Acacia tree habitat around agriculture?namely corn fields . . . aloe plants. . . Rhodesian mahogany tree" (REC). Remarks: Cole wrote in his journal that their camp was situated 2 mi [3.2 km] west of Moamba, about 50 yards [45.7 m] from the Komati River. Only the town itself is indicated on specimen labels and in his field catalog. Taxa: Paraxerus, Saccostomus, Gerbilliscus, Mastomys; Epomophorus, Chaerephon, Mops, Neoromicia, Miniopterus. Mombane, Inhambane District (Map 19: 612). Coordinates: 20?59'S, 35?01'E C, G (as Nova Mambone). Collectors: R. E. Cole and A. L. Moore (22-24 Mar 1964). Habitat: "Around the border of a corn field in tall grass ... set in a grazed out field along the banks of the Save River . . . edge of an old mangrove swamp area . . . thorn bushes . . . building" (REC). Remarks: "Mombane," as found on specimen labels but not on any of our maps, is clearly a misspelling of Mambone. On a summary sheet at the front of his journal. Cole equated Mombane to Nova Mambone, whose USBGN coordinates are in concord with those of the collectors. The AMP crew stayed in a house at Mambone while they collected in the surrounding vi- cinity. Traps were set 2 km NW (near the bank of the Save River), 4 km SE, 8 kmSE (around the airport and near a mangrove swamp), and 4 km WNW of town. Cole obtained a Chlorocebus 6 km NE of Mambone. Bats were netted in a building in town. Taxa: Chlorocebus; Acomys, Gerbilliscus, Mastomys; Lepus; Crocidura; Mops. Mucanha River, Tete District (Map 19: 577). Coordinates: 14?58'S, 31?23'E C. Collectors: H. J. Herbert and A. L. Moore (5-7 Sep 1964). Habitat: "Rocks . . . near the river . . . ground has been recently burned" (HJH). Remarks: A topographic map (AM, Sheet 6, 1:1,000,000) bears an annotation on the east bank of the Rio Mu- canha that matches the collectors' coordinates. Taxa: Saccostomus, Acomys, Gerbilliscus, Aethomys, Mastomys; Genetta, Rhynchogale; Raphicerus. Muchena, 10 mi [16.1 km] E Massamba, Tete District (Map 19: 588). Coordinates: 15M1'S, 33?48'E C, G (as Aldeia Muchena) Collectors: R. M. Davis, A. R. Hardy, H. J. Herbert, J. C. Lingebach, A. L. Moore, and H. W. Setzer (25-29 Jul 1964). Habitat: "We cleared an area in high grasses and set up camp. The area would be described as tree savanna . . . cistern . . . ruins of an old prison . . . dungeon" (RMD). "The terrain is tree savanna and the grass is sometimes 8 feet [2.4 m] tall" (HJH). Remarks: The AMP crew set up camp at Muchena on the Revubue River. Specimens of Acomys and Aethomys were collected by Herbert on 28 Jul at 14 mi [22.5 km] E Massamba "in rocks." Presumably in reference to the collecting locality of these Herbert specimens, Davis noted that Setzer and others had set traps "up into the mountains on the other side of the river" and to the east of town on 27 Jul. Taxa: Elephantulus, Fetrodromus; Chlorocebus; Saccos- tomus, Steatomys, Acomys, Aethomys, Grammomys, Lemniscomys, Mastomys, Mus, Thryonomys; Lepus; Rhinolophus, Hipposideros, Triaenops, Nycteris, Miniopterus; Raphicerus, Redunca. Mungari, 5 km N, Manica and Sofala District (Map 19: 597). Coordinates: 17?07'S, 33?34'E M (IGC, Bdrue, 1:250,000). Collectors: R. M. Davis, A. R. Hardy, and J. C. Lingebach (16-19 Aug 1964). Habitat: "Supposed tree savanna and mashambas" (RMD). Remarks: The team traveled to Mungari (17?10'S, 33?33'E G) and set up camp near a water hole north of town. Two Nycticeinops were collected in town, rather than at camp, although this locale was not specified on specimen labels. On 16 Aug, some hunters gave them a Phacochoerus, and the team, in general, had consid- erable success night hunting at this locality. 246 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY Taxa: Petrodromus; Otolemur; Acomys, Gerbilliscus, Aethomys, Lemniscomys, Mastomys, Cryptomys; Lepus; Rhinolophus, Nycticeinops, Neoromicia; Felts, Genetta; Phacochoerus, Raphicerus, Sylvicapra. New Bene (Tambue), Tete District (Map 19: 580). Coordinates: 14?50'S, 32M8'E C. Collectors: H. J. Herbert and A. L. Moore (17-19 Sep 1964). Habitat: "River (which is very dry except for a few pot holes of water)." (HJH) Remarks: Herbert originally referred to this camp as Bene but corrected this to "New Bene (Tambue)" and indi- cated that it is on the Luangua River. An AMP field map (IGC, Mardvia 3, 1:250,000) has a "Tambue" penciled on it that matches the collectors' coordinates, but the annotation is located on the Rio Luia north and west of a Pene (15?04'S, 32?55'E G) located by the Rio Luangua. Herbert mentioned an elevation of 467 m in his field journal but did not record the datum on specimen labels or in his field catalog. Taxa: Gerbilliscus, Mastomys; Lepus; Genetta; Sylvicapra. Panda, Inhambane District (Map 19: 621). Coordinates: 24?03'S, 34M3'E G. Collectors: R. E. Cole and A. L. Moore (21 Apr 1964). Habitat: "Abandoned cantina ... fig trees" (REC). Remarks: Cole and Moore opportunistically collected bats in the village of Panda while camped at 6 km W Panda (18-20 Apr). Taxa: Epomophorus, Mops. Panda, 6 km W, Inhambane District (Map 19: 622). Coordinates: 24?05'S, 34?40'E M (BCG, Panda-Homoine- Manjacaze-Inharrime-Zavala, 1:250,000). Collectors: R. E. Cole and A. L. Moore (18-20 Apr 1964). Habitat: "Peanut and tapioca mashamba. The soil is a red sand . . . grass along a marshy river bank . . . banana trees" (REC). Remarks: Cole and Moore set up camp in the WENELA camp near Panda (24?03'S, 34?43'E G) and mainly collected about 6 km west of the village. They also obtained specimens at 4 km N Panda along a river (Rio Inhatouco per the BCG map), at 5 km SE Panda, and at 12 km W Panda, Macoculombane. Taxa: Gerbilliscus, Aethomys, Lemniscomys, Mastomys; Crocidura; Neoromicia; Herpestes. Tete, 2 mi [3.2 km] SE, Tete District (Map 19: 593). Coordinates: 16?12'S, 33?38'E C. Collectors: J. H. Case, R. M. Davis, A. R. Hardy, H. J. Herbert, J. C. Lingebach, A. L. Moore, and H. W. Setzer (20-24 Jul 1964). Habitat: "Low bush. The area is very dry and all thorn [Eig- ure 130] .. . small, deserted building" (RMD). "Low bush-shrubby tree area. Most of the vegetation has been eaten off by the native cattle and goats" (HJH). Remarks: The party camped near the Tsetse Control Camp at Benga (16?11'S, 33?37'E G), about 1 mi [1.6 km] from the Zambezi River and across from Tete (16?09'S, 33?35'E G). A Peace Corps volunteer John H. Case joined the party and worked with the crew at this locality. Taxa: Elephantulus, Petrodromus; Otolemur; Paraxerus, Saccostomus, Acomys, Gerbilliscus, Aethomys, Lem- niscomys, Mastomys, Thallomys; Lepus; Rhinolo- phus, Hipposideros, Triaenops, Nycteris, Chaerephon, Mops, Tadarida; Genetta; Raphicerus, Tragelaphus, Sylvicapra. Vila Caldas Xavier, Tete District (Map 19: 594). Coordinates: 15?59'S, 34?10'E C (15?59'S, 34?11'E G, as Cambulatsitsi). Collectors: H. J. Herbert and A. L. Moore (14-16 Oct 1964). Habitat: "Tree savanna . . . rocks. The country is low land mostly tree savanna there is very little water . . . field" (HJH). Taxa: Petrodromus; Otolemur; Saccostomus, Acomys, Aethomys, Lemniscomys; Lepus; Raphicerus. Vila Coutinho, Tete District (Map 19: 585). Coordinates: 14M4'S, 34?22'E C, G. Collectors: H. J. Herbert and A. L. Moore (6-9 Oct 1964). Habitat: "Habitat same as Braganga, high plateau with scattered rock kopies" (HJH). Remarks: Herbert and Moore set up their camp near the Maue River (14?57'S, 34?11'E G). Their coordinates match a circled locality by this name located on an AMP map (AM, Sheet 7, 1:1,000,000). Taxa: Heterohyrax; Acomys, Gerbilliscus, Aethomys, Dasymys, Lemniscomys, Mastomys, Mus; Crocidura; Mops. Vila Coutinho, 93 km S, Tete District (Map 19: 587). Coordinates: 15?28'S, 34?17'E M (AM, Sheet 7, 1:1,000,000). Collectors: H. J. Herbert and A. L. Moore (10-12 Oct 1964). NUMBER 62,8 ? 247 FIGURE 130. Mozambique, Tete, 2 mi SE: Convoy on road (Jul 1964). Habitat: "Native field. The terrain is mostly acacia forest with area cleared by the natives for farming" (HJH). Remarks: The collectors' original coordinates (15?46'S, 34?28'E) plot this site in Malawi and are clearly in error. Our estimation corresponds to a locality marked on the above-cited map and represents a by- road distance relative to Vila Coutinho, the collecting area where the team previously worked. Taxa: Otolemur; Saccostomus, Acomys, Gerbilliscus, Aethomys, Dasymys, Grammomys, Lemniscomys, Mastomys, Mus; Lepus; Crocidura; Neoromicia; Raphicerus, Tragelaphus. Vila de Manica, 3 km N, Manica and Sofala District (Map 19: 604). Coordinates: 18?55'S, 32?54'E M (AM, Sheet 3, 1:1,000,000). Collectors: R. M. Davis and A. R. Hardy (28-31 Aug 1964). Habitat: "Mashambas . . . tall grasses . . . tree savanna . . . banana trees. . . old gold mines" (RMD). Remarks: Davis and Hardy camped and trapped just north of Vila de Manica (18?56'S, 32?53'E G). They also collected bats from abandoned gold mine tunnels and in funnel-shaped banana leaves at 10 km N Vila de Manica. Near the end of their stay, they collected at nearby Vumba Mountain. Taxa: Otolemur; Uranomys, Aethomys, Lemniscomys, Mastomys; Rhinolophus, Pipistrellus, Neoromicia. Vila Gamito, 10 km N, Tete District (Map 19: 582). Coordinates: 14?04'S, 32?59'E C. Collectors: R. M. Davis, A. R. Hardy, H. J. Herbert, J. C. Lingebach, A. L. Moore, and H. W. Setzer (9-10 Aug 1964). Habitat: "Old gold mine tunnel" (RMD). "Tree savanna" (Figures 131, 132) (specimen labels). nCURE 131. Mozambique, Vila Gamito, 10 km N (Aug 1964). mmrnK^m '.'v^^Snti^dm nCURE 132. Mozambique, Vila Gamito, 10 km N (Aug 1964). NUMBER 62,8 249 Remarks: The team camped about 2 km N Vila Gamito. at Mualadze (14?10'S, 32?59'E G), but obtained only a few rodents at their base. We used the 10-km-N des- ignation as the cardinal locality because the majority of specimens, mostly bats, were taken there. Taxa: Dendromus, Gerbilliscus, Aethomys, Lemniscomys, Mastomys; Rhinolophus, Hipposideros, Triaenops, Nycteris, Miniopterus; Raphicerus. Vila Gamito, 22 km S, Tete District (Map 19: 581). Coordinates: 14?21'S, 32?58'E M (AM, Sheet 7, 1:1,000,000). Collector:]. C. Lingebach (11 Aug 1964). Habitat: "Tree savanna" (specimen label). Remarks: A Papio was opportunistically collected at this locality after the AMP team had departed 10 km N Vila Gamito. Taxon: Papio. Vila Gouveia, Manica and Sofala District (Map 19: 599). Coordinates: 18?03'S, 33?11'E G (as Catandica). Collectors: R. M. Davis, A. R. Hardy, and J. C. Lingebach (21-25 Aug 1964). Habitat: "Creek . . . pool. . . mashamba . . . banana trees . . . rocky mountain side [also referred to as 'hillside'] . . . small old building" (RMD). Remarks: The team camped next to a creek that had been dammed to form a pool. A mark on map AM, Sheet 4 (1:1,000,000) is situated in foothills approximately 2 km SW Vila Gouveia and may represent the focus of the team's fieldwork. Taxa: Carpitalpa, Otolemur; Acomys, Gerbilliscus, Lem- niscomys, Mastomys, Mus, Cryptomys; Lepus; Croc- idura; Rhinolophus, Nycteris, Tadarida, Pipistrellus, Neoromicia; Sylvicapra. Vila Machado, Manica and Sofala District (Map 19: 607). Coordinates: 19?16'S, 34?13'E G (as Nhamatanda). Collectors: R. M. Davis and A. R. Hardy (15 Sep 1964). Habitat: "Buildings of the hospital" (RMD). Remarks: The team returned to the village to collect bats while they were camped at 3 km SE Vila Machado (10-14 Sep). Taxa: Chaerephon, Mops. Vila Machado, 3 km SE, Manica and Sofala District (Map 19: 608). Coordinates: 19?18'S, 34?13'E M (AM, Sheet 3, 1:1,000,000; WAC, Mazoe River, 1:1,000,000). Collectors: R. M. Davis and A. R. Hardy (10-14 Sep 1964). Habitat: "The same tree savanna type habitat. . . mashambas . .. vegetation too thick . .. nearby creek . . . fields" (RMD). Remarks: Davis and Hardy established camp to the southeast of Vila Machado on a tributary of the M'Tuchira River according to both maps referenced. On 10 Sep, they went night hunting at 10 km SE Vila Machado. Taxa: Elephantulus; Otolemur, Cercopithecus; Acomys, Gerbilliscus, Lemniscomys, Mastomys, Thryonomys; Lepus; Crocidura; Genetta; Ourebia, Redunca. Vila Paiva de Andrada, 4 km NE, Manica and Sofala District (Map 19: 602). Coordinates: 18?39'S, 34?06'E M (AM, Sheet 3, 1:1,000,000). Collectors: R. M. Davis and A. R. Hardy (25-29 Sep 1964). Habitat: "What would be called a forest, I guess . . . mashambas . . . hollow tree" (RMD). Remarks: Davis and Hardy camped to the northeast of Vila Paiva de Andrada (18M1'S, 34?04'E G, as Goron- gosa) along the road to Chemba. Taxa: Otolemur; Saccostomus, Acomys, Gerbilliscus, Aethomys, Lemniscomys, Mastomys, Mus, Pelomys, Cryptomys; Lepus; Felis, Genetta. Vila Pery, Manica and Sofala District (Map 19: 606). Coordinates: 19?07'S, 33?29'E G (as Chimoio G). Collectors: R. M. Davis and A. R. Hardy (3-8 Sep 1964). Habitat: "Mashambas . . . typical tree savanna commu- nity [Figure 133] . . . trees and bushes in the middle of the village" (RMD). Remarks: Davis and Hardy established their base in a burned area just southwest of Vila Pery (also known as Chimoio per the USBGN). An AMP map (AM, Sheet 3, 1:1,000,000) contains an annotation, located approximately 3 km SSW Vila Pery, that may have been placed to indicate their actual campsite. Taxa: Petrodromus; Chlorocebus; Paraxerus, Saccostomus, Dendromus, Gerbilliscus, Aethomys, Lemniscomys, Mastomys, Mus, Otomys, Cryptomys, Thryonomys; Lepus; Crocidura; Civettictis; Tragelaphus. Vila Vasco da Gama, Tete District (Map 19: 579). Coordinates: 14?54'S, 32?15'E C, G (as Chiputo G). Collectors: H. J. Herbert and A. L. Moore (13-16 Sep 1964). Habitat: "Mountain marsh. The local Chef de Post grows coffee, peaches, mangoes, passion fruit, citrus, all veg- etables, bananas, and mealy" (HJH). 250 ? SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY FIGURE 133. Mozambique, Vila Pery: Mau Mountain (photograph by H. W. Setzer, 1964). Remarks: Vila Vasco da Gama (or Chiputo per the USBGN) is on the southern slopes of Montes Tchiputo. Herbert recorded that they collected at an elevation of 4,000 ft [1,219 m]. Taxa: Aethomys, Dasymys, Grammomys, Mastomys, Mus, Pelomys, Heliophobius; Lepus; Crocidura; Atilax. Vilanculos, 2 km W, Inhambane District (Map 19: 615). Coordinates: 21?59'S, 35?19'E C. Collectors: R. E. Cole and A. L. Moore (1-4 Apr 1964). Habitat: "The soil is sandy and there is quite a bit of bush?both thorny and otherwise present. Also, some corn fields . . . Acacia trees . . . 2-3 foot [0.6-0.9 m] tall grass" (REC). Remarks: The collectors' longitude equates to that of the town itself (22?00'S, 35?19'E G, as Vilankulo); a plot 2 km W is closer to 21?59'S, 35?17'E. The team went night hunting at 32 km SW Vilanculos and shot two Otolemur in Acacia trees, a Lepus in tall grass, and a Kobus. A Mops was collected in a school house on the W edge of Vilanculos. Taxa: Otolemur; Gerbilliscus; Lepus; Mops; Kobus. Vumba Mountain, 5 km S Vila de Manica, Manica and Sofala District (Map 19: 605). Coordinates: 18?59'S, 32?53'E G (as Vumba). Collectors: R. M. Davis and A. R. Hardy (1 Sep 1964). Habitat: "Stream with very dense vegetation . . . mossy fallen log right next to the stream" (RMD). Remarks: Davis and Hardy briefly collected at this locality toward the end of their stay at 3 km N Vila de Manica (28-31 Aug). Taxa: Dendromus, Acomys, Grammomys; Crocidura. Zambue, Tete District (Map 19: 575). Coordinates: 15?06'S, 30?48'E C (15?07'S, 30?48'E G). Collectors: H. J. Herbert and A. L. Moore (1-4 Sep 1964). NUMBER 628 251 Habitat: "We trapped in a marsh area and in open fields. The terrain is tree savanna" (HJH). Remarks: Herbert was impressed by the abundance of large game at Zambue. Taxa: Acomys, Gerbilliscus, Grammomys, Mastomys, Mus; Lepus; Rhynchogale; Tragelaphus, Sylvicapra. Zumbo, Tete District (Map 19: 576). Coordinates: 15?38'S, 30?26'E C (15?37'S, 30?27'E G). Collectors: H. J. Herbert and A. L. Moore (25-30 Aug 1964). Habitat: "Acacia, acacia grass" (specimen labels). Remarks: Zumbo is located on the Zambeze River. Other than minimal skin-tag remarks, Herbert provided no other habitat description for the place. Taxa: Elephantulus; Paraxerus, Saccostontus, Acomys, Gerbilliscus, Aethomys, Mastomys, Pelomys; Lepus; Crocidura; Felis, Genetta; Raphicerus. SOUTH AFRICA AND LESOTHO GENERAL REMARKS. South Africa received by far the greatest collecting effort of the 20 countries visited by AMP field teams. Twenty-one of 26 collectors active in the southern Africa region spent at least some of their time in South Africa, and some collecting activity occurred in each year over the period 1963-1969 (Table 1); correlated person-days of survey effort surpassed that devoted to any other country and by a substantial margin (Table 11); the complex geography, diverse environments, and large area of the country demanded widespread collecting for even minimally informative biological inventory (154 cardinal localities recognized; Map 20); and the total specimens collected were consequently the greatest, especially of Ro- dentia (Table 6, Figure 4). The success of AMP ventures in South Africa crucially depended on the coUegiality formed between Setzer and Waldo Meester, Curator of Mammals in the Transvaal Museum (1952-1963), Pretoria, and later founder and director of the Mammal Research Institute (1966-1971), University of Pretoria. Meester, together with others from the Transvaal Museum, such as C. G. Coetzee and I. L. Rautenbach, provided important in- country logistical support and served as local contacts for arranging permits and collecting access in South Africa, as well as other southern African countries. The South Afri- can Institute of Medical Research (SAMIR) also provided support in South Africa. The Orange River Survey formed a discrete and focused project within the course of South African survey, carried out in collaboration with the Mammal Research Institute, University of Pretoria. Approximately one year in duration (Feb 1968 to Jan 1969), the expedition involved four collec- tors (A. V. W. Lambrechts, O. F. Graupner, S. J. Liversedge, and J. J. L. Pretorius) whose mission was to gather baseline distributional data on small mammals that would be poten- tially impacted by planned hydrologic impoundments and agricultural development along the Orange River. The itin- erary of Lambrechts, the principal collector for the Orange River Survey, also covered major tributaries of the Orange, including the Aub, Great Fish, Nossob, Small Fish, and Sun- days rivers. Collecting protocol applied during the Orange River Survey was deliberately standardized and involved two rounds of collection at a given locality (separated by about six months), establishment of traplines on both sides of the river at any given locality, and deployment of a set number of traps in survey lines (200 traps each) on each river bank. At collecting sites where the Orange River forms the border between provinces or countries, the province/ country named first in the supplemental locality string is that where the camp was made. More than elsewhere. South African localities often contain the names of small family farms as the most geo- graphically precise place-name. In instances where we were unable to locate farms with certainty, we relegated them to the nonbold supplementary locality information and relied upon other locality data to georeference the locality (typically distance and direction references to some larger town). Occasionally, a farm is mentioned in a collector's field journal but was not included in the formal locality designation as written on labels or in the field catalog. In these cases, the farm name may serve to provide the local- ity coordinates, and we emphasized its utility in the Re- marks section. ITINERARIES (INCLUDING LESOTHO AND SOUTH AFRICA). R. F. Cole (A. L. Moore, P. J. Geldenhuys, A. C. Risser, and H. W. Setzer): 5 mi NE El- lisras, 24-28 Aug 1963; Alicecot, 14-17 Sep 1963; 2 mi E Rustenburg, 6-11 Oct 1963; 22 mi NNW Lichtenburg, 11-17 Oct 1963; 6 mi N, 1 mi W Wolmaransstad, 19-24 Oct 1963; Uitkomst (Farm), 2-6 Nov 1963. R. E. Cole, P. J. Geldenhuys, and A. C. Risser (A. L. Moore): 5 mi E Port NoUoth, 29 Nov-4 Dec 1963; Mod- derfontein, 6-12 Dec 1963; 5 mi E Van Rhynsdorp, 14-17 Dec 1963; 2 mi W Klawer, 17 Dec 1963; Pakhuis Pass, 18-22 Dec 1963. A. C. Risser (P. J. Geldenhuys): 2 mi N Clanwilliam, 18-20 Dec 1963; Kluitjieskraal, 5-7 Jan 1964; 9 mi N Mosselbaai, 8-12 Jan 1964; Goudveld, 14-20 Jan 1964; Brakfontein, 22-24 Jan 1964; DeHoop, 25-29 Jan 1964; Modderfontein, 30 Jan-2 Feb 1964. 252 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY MAP 20. African Mammal Project 633. Groot Kolk, 2 mi SE 634. Nossob Camp 635. Mata Mata 636. Kameelsleep, 5 mi N 637. Dikbaardskolk, 3 mi N 638. Kamkwa (Borehole) 639. Twee Rivieren, 30 mi NNE 640. Twee Rivieren 641. Port NoUoth, 2 mi S cardinal collecting localities 633- 642. Port NoUoth, 5 mi E 643. Modderfontein 644. Goodhouse 645. Pella Mission, 10 mi NW 646. Stolzenfels 647. Aughrabies, 7 mi W 648. Aughrabies Falls, 1 mi S 649. Keimoes Island 650. N'Rougas Farm ?785 in South Africa and Lesotho. 651. Louisvale, 1 mi N 652. Upington, 13 mi E 653. Upington, 35 mi NE 654. Sishen 655. Kuruman, 6 mi E 656. Vlakfontein 657. Lichtenburg, 22 mi NNW 658. Kleinfontein 659. Rooiberg, 2 mi W 660. Buffelshoek 661.Ellisras, 5miNE 662. Nylstroom, 4 mi E 663. Moordrift 664. Brakrivier 665. Haenertsburg, 2 mi E 666. Magoebaskloof 667. Houtbosdorp, 2 mi E 668. Woodbush Forest Reserve (continued) NUMBER 628 253 (Map 20 collecting localities, continued) 669. Tzaneen, 12 mi N 697. Zwartkop 728. Norvalspont, 8 mi E 759. Weenkop 670. Tzaneen, 6 mi NE 698. Wonderboom 729. Bethulie, 3 mi S 760. Sterkspruit, 12 mi N 671. Groot Letaba (Game) 699. Fountains 730. Reddersburg, 2 mi S 761. Fort Hartley [Lesotho] Reserve 700. Rietvlei Dam 731. Glen 762. Mariazell Mission 672. Klein Letaba (Post Office), 701.WitbankDam 732. DealesviUe, 9 mi N 763. Port St. Johns, 4 mi W 8miW 702. Hartbeespruit 733. Welgelee 764. Sneezewood, 7 mi NW 673. Tshipise, 1 mi NE 703. Badplaas 734. Lindley, 10 mi NW 765. Drakensberg Garden(s) 674. Wallekraal 704. Barberton, 14 mi W 735. Frankfort, 9 mi N Hotel, 2 mi W 675. Bitterfontein, 3 mi NNW 705. Barberton, 2 mi SW 736. Vrede, 15 mi N 766. Drakensberg Garden(s), 2 676. Loeriesfontein, 6 mi S 706.Witrivier, llmi W 737. Standerton, 10.7 mi W miN 677. Brandvlei, 2 mi S 707. Nelspruit, 4 mi E, 2 mi S 738. Davel 767. Sani Pass 678.VanWyksvlei, llmiE 708. Malelane, 7 mi SW 739. Stettynskloof 768. Makhake Store 679. Groblershoop, 2 mi NW 709. Komatipoort, 2 mi N 740. Montagu, 4 mi W 769. Hardingdale 680. Boegoeberg Dam, 1/2 mi E 710. Mariepskop Forest Reserve 741. Kluitjieskraal 770. Kilgobbin 681. Koegas, 10 mi SE 711. Mariepskop Mountain 742. Wagendrift 771. Giant's Castle Game 682. Prieska, 1 mi E 712. Klaserie 743. Gunsfontein Reserve 683. Hopetown, 2 mi NE 713. Alicecot 744. Mosselbaai, 9 mi N 772. Petchaye 684. Douglas, 10 mi S 714. Newington, 7 mi ENE 745. Goudveld 773. Zuurlaager 685. Carter's Ridge 715. Klawer, 2 mi W 746. Brakfontein 774. Rydalmont 686. Warrenton, 2 mi E 716. Van Rhynsdorp, 5 mi E 747. DeHoop 775. Harrismith, 12 mi S 687. Wolmaransstad, 6 mi N, 717. Redelinghuys, 6 mi WNW 748. Graaff-Reinet, 23 mi SE 776. Smalhoek ImiW 718. Clanwilliam, 2 mi N 749. Jansenville, 8 mi NE ///.Newcastle, 10 mi S 688. BothaviUe, 6 mi NW 719. Pakhuis Pass 750. Coloniesplaats 778. Groenkloof Farm 689. Potchefstroom, 3 mi ENE 720. Calvinia, 6 mi E 751. Somerset East, 5 mi W 779. Goedgevonde 690. Parys, 5 mi ENE 721. Rietfontein 752. Cradock, 8 mi N 780. Wakkerstroom, 2 mi E 691. Vereeniging, 10 mi NE [SE] 722. Gansfontein 753. Grahamstown, 11 mi SSW 781. Eshowe, 6 mi E 692. Commisiondrift 723. Carnarvon, 1 1/2 mi E 754. Pirie Trout Hatchery 782. Nkonkoni 693. Rustenburg, 2 mi E 724. Modderfontein 755. Lady Grey, 12 mi SW 783. Makatini Flats 694. Rustenburg, 5 mi W 725. PetrusviUe, 12 mi W 756. Hillside 784. Ndumu Game Reserve 695. Uitkomst Farm 726. Knoffelfontein 757. Aliwal North, 2 mi E boundary 696. Jukskei River 727. Philippolis, 18 mi S 758. Smithfield, 14 mi S 785. Kosi Bay A. C. Risser (P. J. Geldenhuys, A. F. Hallett, and T. A. Heist): Coloniesplaats, 13-16 Feb 1964; 11 mi SSW Gra- hamstown, 19-22 Feb 1964; Pirie Trout Hatchery, 24 Feb-3 Mar 1964; Hillside, 3-8 Mar 1964; 14 mi S Smith- field, 9 Mar 1964; 2 mi S Reddersburg, 9 Mar 1964; Knof- felfontein, 10-13 Mar 1964; Glen, 17-22 Mar 1964; 9 mi N DealesviUe, 21 Mar 1964; 6 mi NW BothaviUe, 25-27 Mar 1964; Rydalmont, 29 Mar-1 Apr 1964. T. A. Heist and A. C. Risser (J. E. W. Dixon and G. R. Hughes): Petchaye, 3-6 Apr 1964; Giant's Castle Game Reserve, 4, 10 Apr 1964; Hardingdale, 9-13 Apr 1964; 6 mi E Eshowe, 17-21 Apr 1964; Makatini Flats, 22-26 Apr 1964; Nkonkoni, 28-30 Apr 1964; Kosi Bay, 2-8 May 1964; Ndumu Game Reserve, 10 May 1964. R. M. Davis, A. R. Hardy, and A. L. Moore (H. J. Herbert): Mariepskop Forest Reserve, 3-7 Dec 1964; Woodbush Forest Reserve, 9-11 Dec 1964; Rietvlei Dam, 12 Dec 1964; 12 mi N Tzaneen, 14-18 Dec 1964. T. N. Liversedge (R. D. Hepplewhite): Jukskei River, 19 Sep 1965; Fountains, 21 Sep-9 Oct, 19-22 Oct 1965; Wonderboom, 26-27 Oct 1965; 5 mi W Rustenburg, 1- 2 Nov 1965; 2 mi W Rooiberg, 4-7 Dec 1965; 4 mi E Nylstroom, 8-11 Dec 1965; Moordrift, 13-16 Dec 1965 Brakrivier, 17-19 Dec 1965; Sani Pass, 8-10 Jan 1966: 2 mi W Drakensberg(s) Garden Hotel, 11-14 Jan 1966 MariazeH Mission, 15-17 Jan 1966; 7 mi NW Sneeze- wood, 19-20 Jan 1966; Groenkloof Farm, 25 Jan 1966; 5 mi W Rustenburg, 29-31 Jan 1966. R. D. Hepplewhite and A. R. Silberstein: 35 mi NE Upington, 11 Mar 1966. R. D. Hepplewhite and A. R. Silberstein (S. D. Dur- rant, I. L. Rautenbach, and H. W. Setzer): Goedgevonde, 17-23 Jun 1966; Zuurlaager, 25-27 Jun 1966; Kilgobbin, 28 Jun-1 Jul 1966; Makhake Store, 2-6 Jul 1966; 2 mi N Drakensberg Garden(s), 7-9 Jul 1966; 4 mi W Port St. Johns, 14-18 Jul 1966; 12 mi SW Lady Grey, 20-23 Jul 254 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY 1966; Weenkop, 25-29 Jul 1966; 2 mi E Warrenton, 10- 13 Aug 1966; 11 mi E Van Wyksvlei, 15-19 Aug 1966; 7 mi W Aughrabies, 21-24 Aug 1966; 1 mi N Louisvale, 25- 28 Aug 1966; Sishen, 28 Aug 1966; 6 mi E Kuruman, 30 Aug-2 Sep 1966; Vlakfomein, 3-6 Sep 1966; 2 mi S, 4 mi E Nelspruit, 23-26 Sep 1966; Klaserie, 27-30 Sep 1966; Magoebaskloof, 30 Sep-3 Oct 1966; 2 mi E Haenertsburg, 13-23 Oct 1966; 2 mi E Houtbosdorp, 25-27 Oct 1966. I. L. Rautenbach and A. R. Silberstein: 2 mi SW Bar- berton, 16-23 Nov 1966; 7 mi SW Malelane, 24 Nov-4 Dec 1966; 11 mi W Witrivier, 6-13 Dec 1966; Mariep- skop Mountain, 17-18 Dec 1966; 1 mi NE Tshipise, 7-16 Jan 1967; 8 mi W Klein Letaba, 18-24 Jan 1967; 2 mi E Houtbosdorp, 26 Jan-4 Feb 1967; 6 mi NE Tzaneen, 5-15 Feb 1967. A. V. W. Lambrechts (S. J. Liversedge, J. J. L. Preto- rius, H. W. Setzer, and O. F. Graupner), Orange River Survey: 12 mi N Sterkspruit, 19-24 Feb 1968; 2 mi E Ali- wal North, 25 Feb-8 Mar 1968; Fort Hartley (Lesotho), 11-13 Mar 1968; 3 mi S Bethulie, 17-21 Mar 1968; 8 mi E Norvalspont, 23-27 Mar 1968; 8 mi N Cradock, 29 Mar-3 Apr 1968; 5 mi W Somerset East, 4-8 Apr 1968; 8 mi NE Jansenville, 8-15 Apr 1968; 23 mi SE Graaff- Reinet, 17-22 Apr 1968; 18 mi S Philippolis, 24-28 Apr 1968; 12 mi W Petrusville, 30 Apr-4 May 1968; 2 mi NE Hopetown, 6-10 May 1968; 10 mi S Douglas, 12-17 May 1968; 1 mi E Prieska, 19-23 May 1968; 10 mi SE Koegas, 25-29 May 1968; 1/2 mi E Boegoeberg Dam, 31 May-4 Jun 1968; 2 mi NW Groblershoop, 5-9 Jun 1968; 13 mi E Upington, 12-16 Jun 1968; Keimoes Island, 18-22 Jun 1968; 1 mi S Aughrabies Falls, 24-28 Jun 1968; Stolzen- fels, 30 Jun-3 Jul 1968; 10 mi NW Pella Mission, 5-8 Jul 1968; 2 mi E Aliwal North, 1-4 Aug 1968; 12 mi N Sterk- spruit, 6-10 Aug 1968; 3 mi S Bethulie, 12-17 Aug 1968; 8 mi E Norvalspont, 22-26 Aug 1968; 8 mi N Cradock, 28-31 Aug 1968; 5 mi W Somerset East, 3-7 Sep 1968; 8 mi NE Jansenville, 9-13 Sep 1968; 23 mi SE Graaff- Reinet, 20-24 Sep 1968; 18 mi S PhilippoUs, 25-30 Sep 1968; 12 mi W Petrusville, 2-6 Oct 1968; 2 mi NE Hope- town, 8-12 Oct 1968; 10 mi S Douglas, 14-17 Oct 1968; I mi E Prieska, 20-24 Oct 1968; 10 mi SE Koegas, 26-30 Oct 1968; 1/2 mi E Boegoeberg Dam, 1-5 Nov 1968; 2 mi NW Groblershoop, 7-11 Nov 1968; 13 mi E Uping- ton, 14-17 Nov 1968; 7 mi ENE Newington, 16-18 Nov 1968; Nossob Camp, 23-26 Nov 1968; 2 mi SE Groot Kolk, 27-29 Nov 1968; 3 mi N Dikbaardskolk, 29 Nov 1968; 5 mi N Kameelsleep, 30 Nov-3 Dec 1968; Twee Rivieren, 4-7 Dec 1968; 30 mi NNE Twee Rivieren, 5 Dec 1968; Mata Mata, 9-12 Dec 1968; Kamkwa (Borehole), II Dec 1968; Keimoes Island, 6-10 Jan 1969; 1 mi S Aughrabies Falls, 11-15 Jan 1969; Stolzenfels, 17-21 Jan 1969; 10 mi NW Pella Mission, 22-24 Jan 1969; Good- house, 25-27 Jan 1969. O. F. Graupner, S. J. Liversedge, and J. J. L. Pretorius: Witbank Dam, 12-14 Feb 1969; Hartbeespruit, 15-18 Feb 1969; Badplaas, 19-21 Feb 1969; Davel, 22 Feb-1 Mar 1969; 10.7miWStanderton,2-6Mar 1969; 15 miNVrede, 7-8 Mar 1969; 9 mi N Frankfort, 10-12 Mar 1969; 10 mi NW Lindley, 13-16 Mar 1969; 5 mi ENE Parys, 18-20 Mar 1969; 10 mi NE [SE] Vereeniging, 21-24 Mar 1969; 3 mi ENE Potchefstroom, 25-26 Mar 1969; Zwartkop, 31 Mar 1969; Groenkloof, 1 Apr 1969; Commisiondrift, 10-13 Apr 1969; Buffelshoek, 15-22 Apr 1969; Kleinfon- tein, 25-27 Apr 1969; Carter's Ridge, 30 Apr-1 May 1969; Welgelee, 4-6 May 1969; 12 mi S Harrismith, 7-11 May 1969; Smalhoek, 16-17 May 1969; 10 mi S Newcastle, 19-21 May 1969; N'Rougas Farm, 1-5 Jun 1969; 2 mi S Brandvlei, 7-10 Jun 1969; 6 mi S Loeriesfontein, 11-14 Jun 1969; 6 mi E Calvinia, 16-21 Jun 1969; Rietfontein, 22-23 Jun 1969; Stettynskloof, 5-8 Jul 1969; 6 mi WNW Redel- inghuys, 10-14 Jul 1969; Pakhuis Pass, 15-18 Jul 1969; 3 mi NNW Bitterfontein, 19-21 Jul 1969; Wallekraal, 22-25 Jul 1969; 2 mi S Port NoUoth, 27 Jul 1969; 1 1/2 mi E Car- narvon, 16-19 Aug 1969; Gansfontein, 21-23 Aug 1969; Gunsfontein, 25-28 Aug 1969; Wagendrift, 29 Aug-2 Sep 1969; 4 mi W Montagu, 4-8 Sep 1969; 2 mi N Komati- poort, 27 Sep-10 Oct 1969; 14 mi W Barberton, 11-14 Oct 1969; 2 mi E Wakkerstroom, 16-17 Oct 1969; Groot Letaba (Game) Reserve, 29 Oct-6 Nov 1969. Alicecot, 3 mi [4.8 km] WNW Newington, Transvaal (Map 20: 713). Coordinates: 24?50'S, 31?22'E G (as Alicecot Farm). Collectors: R. F. Cole, A. L. Moore, A. C. Risser, and H. W. Setzer (14-17 Sep 1963). Habitat: "Bush . . . grassland . . . wash near camp . . . waterhole" (ACR). "Rolling grassland quite populated with acacia trees . . . denser stands of grass . . . heav- ily browsed" (RFC). Remarks: Alicecot Farm is located on the Sabie-Sand Game Refuge, a private reserve. Nine Gerbilliscus specimens, originally written as captured WNW Newington, had their labels amended to read 3 mi NNW Newington. Taxa: Paraxerus, Saccostomus, Gerbilliscus, Aethomys, Mastomys; Lepus; Scotophilus; Helogale; Aepyceros. Aliwal North, 2 mi [3.2 km] E, Cape Province/Orange Free State (Map 20: 757). Coordinates: 30M2'S, 26?44'F M (WAC, Upper Orange River, 1:1,000,000). NUMBER 628 255 Collectors: A. V. W. Lambrechts and S. J. Liversedge (25 Feb-8 Mar 1968); H. W. Setzer (25 Feb-2 Mar 1968); A. V. W. Lambrechts (1-4 Aug 1968). Habitat: "We are collecting far less specimens than in [Feb] . . . Habitat changes include a big change in vegeta- tion. Coupled with the dry winter season at the mo- ment, the grazing [land] is very much overstocked by Bantu cattle and goats. This resulted in a very sparse grass cover, compared to February" (AVWL, Aug). Remarks: During both visits to Aliwal North (30?42'S, 26?42'E G), the AMP crew camped on the south bank of the Orange River, to the west of the Orange-Kraai confluence, and collected on both banks. Taxa: Elephantulus; Xerus, Graphiurus, Saccostomus, Dendromus, Malacothrix, Mystromys, Desmodil- lus, Gerbilliscus, Aethomys, Mastomys, Mus, Rattus, Rhabdomys, Pedetes, Cryptomys; Galerella, Ictonyx. Aughrabies, 7 mi [11.3 km] W, Rooidam, Cape Province (Map 20: 647). Coordinates: 28?37'S, 20?15'E M (ONC, Sheet Q-4, 1:1,000,000). Collectors: R. D. Hepplewhite and A. R. Silberstein (21- 24 Aug 1966). Habitat: "The river is about 5 miles [8.0 km] north of us but we can't get to it because it is part of the reserve. We can get to edge of a tributary though but that is cultivated with lucerne [alfalfa] growing there. Around camp there are a lot of thorn bushes growing in the sandy soil. . . Rocky outcrops are scattered around about one mile [1.6 km] from each other and consist mostly of a huge central rock a couple of hundred yards across with a few smaller rocks lying on it" (RDH). Remarks: Rooidam Farm, where the AMP crew camped, borders a game reserve, a reference to Aughrabies Falls National Park. The Orange River is about 5 mi [8.0 km] to the north, but there it flows through a reserve and was off limits for collecting. The above coordi- nates were derived by plotting distance over a road likely traveled from Aughrabies (28?38'S, 20?21'E G). Taxa: Elephantulus; Gerbilliscus, Gerbillurus, Mastomys, Micaelamys, Rhabdomys, Pedetes; Lepus. Aughrabies Falls, 1 mi [1.6 km] S, Cape Province (Map 20: 648). Coordinates: 28?36'S, 20?22'F M (WAC, Lower Orange River, 1:1,000,000). Collectors: A. V. W. Lambrechts (24-28 Jun 1968); O. F. Graupner, A. V. W. Lambrechts, and J. J. L. Pretorius (11-15 Jan 1969). Habitat: "Rocky outcrops to the west of our camp" (AVWL, Jun). "It is very dry and there is almost no green vegetation at all" (AVWL, Jan). Remarks: This site is within Aughrabies Falls National Park. In Jun, only the south bank of the Orange River was surveyed. The Jan expedition camped in the same spot as in the previous Jun. Taxa: Elephantulus; Procavia; Xerus, Saccostomus, Pet- romyscus, Desmodillus, Gerbilliscus, Gerbillurus, Mi- caelamys, Rhabdomys, Pedetes, Petromus; Crocidura; Galerella, Ictonyx. Badplaas, 30 mi [48.3 km] F Carolina, Transvaal (Map 20: 703). Coordinates: 25?57'S, 30?34'E G. Collectors: O. F. Graupner, S. J. Liversedge, and J. J. L. Pretorius (19-21 Feb 1969). Habitat: "Mimosa trees, high grass, shrubs and a few sub- tropical trees... banks of the river ... The habitat on the river banks changes from rocks and grass to bush and grass and shrubs and then to swampland" (JJLP). Remarks: The AMP crew set up camp on the grounds of the Transvaal Provincial Administration for the Caro- Una District in Badplaas, a locality on the Transvaal escarpment. The river mentioned is a tributary of the Komati. Taxa: Mastomys, Micaelamys, Rhabdomys; Crocidura, Myosorex. Barberton, 2 mi [3.2 km] SW, Transvaal (Map 20: 705). Coordinates: 25M8'S, 31?02'F M (WAC, Delagoa Bay, 1:1,000,000). Collectors: I. L. Rautenbach and A. R. Silberstein (16-23 Nov 1966). Habitat: "Caves and old mines . . . grassy area" (ARS). Remarks: Some specimens were also collected at 3 mi [4.8 km] SW and 4mi [6.4 km] SW of Barberton (25?47'S, 31?03'F G). Taxa: Dendromus, Aethomys, Lemniscomys, Mastomys, Mus, Rhabdomys, Otomys, Cryptomys; Lepus; Croc- idura; Rhinolophus. Barberton, 14 mi [22.5 km] W, Transvaal (Map 20: 704). Coordinates: 25?46'S, 30?52'E M (WAC, Vaal River, 1:1,000,000). Collectors: O. F. Graupner, S. J. Liversedge, and J. J. L. Pretorius (11-14 Oct 1969). Habitat: "Mainly in plantations and . . . (thick vegetation along) streams in the plantations . . . mine shafts and tunnels ... a natural vegetated hill" (JJLP). 256 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY Remarks: The team drove west of Barberton (25?47'S, 31?03'E G) and established camp in the Twello For- est (25?48'S, 31?09'E G) area along the main road to Carolina. Taxa: Aethomys; Myosorex; Epomophorus, Rhino- lophus. Bethulie, 3 mi [4.8 km] S, Cape Province/Orange Free State (Map 20: 729). Coordinates: 30?32'S, 25?59'F M (WAC, Upper Orange River, 1:1,000,000). Collectors: A. V.W.Lambrechts (17-21 Mar 1968); A. V. W. Lambrechts and S. J. Liversedge (12-17 Aug 1968). Habitat: "River bank . . . karoo-grass . . . north bank . . . very sparse grass compared to the south bank. It is also very flat on the north bank and large areas are still flooded or muddy from rain. The habitat changes from riverine shrub to disused cultivated lands (lu- cerne [alfalfa]) to karoo shrubs with grass on the south bank" (AVWL, Mar). Remarks: The team drove out of BethuUe (30?30'S, 25?58'E G) on the Bethulie-Bergersdorp road and turned [east], about 200 yards [180 m] south of the bridge over the Orange River. They camped on land administered by the Department of Water Affairs, approximately 800 yards [730 m] east of the main road and about 250 yards [230 m] west of a railroad bridge under construction over the Orange River. A few specimen labels have a locality modifier of 2 mi [3.2 km] S. Taxa: Elephantulus; Graphiurus, Saccostomus, Malaco- thrix, Mystromys, Desmodillus, Gerbillurus, Mas- tomys, Mus, Rhabdomys, Pedetes; Lepus; Felis, let onyx. Bitterfontein, 3 mi [4.8 km] NNW, Cape Province (Map 20: 675). Coordinates: 30?59'S, 18?15'F M (WAC, Lower Orange River, 1:1,000,000). Collectors: O. F. Graupner, S. J. Liversedge, and J. J. L. Pretorius (19-21 Jul 1969). Habitat: "Big areas are cultivated . . . mainly hillsides and rocky outcrops?flat rocks and boulders. The vegeta- tion consists mainly of drought resistant shrubs except a few small spots of grass on the moist hill plateau . . . sandy hillside" (JJLP). Remarks: The AMP crew camped north-northwest of Bit- terfontein (31?02'S, 18?16'E G), just west of the main road to Garies. Taxa: Elephantulus; Desmodillus, Gerbillurus, Micaela- mys; Galerella. Boegoeberg Dam, 1/2 mi [0.8 km] E, Cape Province (Map 20: 680). Coordinates: 29?03'S, 22?12'E G (as Boegoeberg Dam). Collector: A. V. W. Lambrechts (31 May-4 Jun, 1-5 Nov 1968). Habitat: "The camp is on the flat, grassy area . . . The south survey line runs parallel to and to the east of the mountain on the south bank while the north line cuts in a northeast direction through the hills on the North-bank . . . marshy terrain . . . habitat cov- ered with small rocks and shrubs . . . patches of big rocks" (AVWL, May). "Herd of goats . . . habitat for the [first] 1,000 yards [914 m] of the south line is in a very poor condition. Thereafter it is still very dry, but better, including some grass. On the north bank it is also a lot more dried out than the previ- ous time . . . reed bed next to water's edge" (AVWL, Nov). Remarks: Camp was set up just east of the Boegoeberg Dam on the south bank of the Orange River during both visits. Taxa: Elephantulus, Macroscelides; Procavia; Chloroce- bus; Saccostomus, Desmodillus, Gerbilliscus, Ger- billurus, Micaelamys, Rhabdomys; Miniopterus; Galerella; Raphicerus. Bothaville, 6 mi [9.7 km] NW, Holfontein, Orange Free State (Map 20: 688). Coordinates: 27?22'S, 26?32'E M (WAC, Vaal River, 1:1,000,000). Collectors: A. F. Hallett, T. A. Heist, and A. C. Risser (25-27 Mar 1964). Habitat: "Camp right on the banks of the Vaal River. Grassy area under acacias and willow. Mealie [corn] fields, riparian, grazing lands . . . heavily grazed grass- land adjacent to native kraals . . . sunflower fields. Soil is sandy loam . . . scrub grassland . . . acacia bush?grassland" (ACR). Remarks: Coordinates are based upon a by-road dis- tance from Bothaville (27?22'S, 26?37'E G); the road runs more directly west than northwest of the city. The farm where they camped was by the Vaal River (Valsrivier G), but we could not locate a Holfontein farm in such a geographic context. On 24 Mar, they trapped a rocky outcrop about 4 mi [6.4 km] from their camp, though without success. NUMBER 628 257 Taxa: Elephantulus; Gerbilliscus, Mastomys, Cryptomys; Lepus; Genetta, Cynictis, Galerella, Ictonyx. Brakfontein, 12 mi [19.3 km] N Willowmore, Cape Province (Map 20: 746). Coordinates: 33?08'S, 23?26'E G (as Brakfontein Farm). Collectors: P. J. Geldenhuys and A. C. Risser (22-24 Jan 1964). Habitat: "This is karoo scrub. Domestic stock is angora goats and sheep. Red soil and rocky underfoot.. . tents under the acacias.. . The change in vegetation from Knysna['s ecoregion] (Goudveld) to [Brakfon- tein's] karoo ecoregion coming over the pass was very definite . . . small creek with some pools . . . rocky kopje . . . rocky outcropping . . . sandy soil. . . stream . .. brackish .. . riparian association of acacias and scattered bush [Figure 134] ... Area we set in was sand, succulent (karoo scrub) and thorn bushes" (ACR). Remarks: Of several farms named Brakfontein in the re- gion, the cited coordinates agree very closely to the FIGURE 134. South Africa, Brakfontein: Field camp in karoo scrub, 12 mi N Willowmore (photograph by A. C. Risser, Jan 1964). 258 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY distance and direction from Willowmore as verified on available maps. It is unclear whether the habitat description about Knysna refers to the vegetative type, to the town, or perhaps to both. On 24 Jan, Joe DeBeer, an employee of the McGregor Museum in Kimberly, collected a Procavia in a rocky kopje to the south of the mountain (perhaps a reference to Die Langkloof) at Newe Plaas (33M6'S, 23?34'E G, likely as Nuweplaas). The provenience of this specimen in Risser's catalog was attributed to Brakfontein Farm. It appears that only parasites were taken from this specimen, as it was not received at the NMNH. Taxa: Macroscelides; Saccostomus, Desmodillus, Gerbil- lurus, Mastomys, Micaelamys, Myomyscus, Rhabdo- mys, Myotomys, Parotomys; Crocidura; Rhinolophus, Tadarida, Neoromicia. Brakrivier, 26 mi [41.8 km] NW Bochum, Transvaal (Map 20: 664). Coordinates: 22?59'S, 29?12'E M (WAG, Shashi River, 1:1,000,000). GoUectors: R. D. Hepplewhite and T. N. Liversedge (17- 19 Dec 1965). Habitat: "Rocky hill. . . banks of the dry Brakrivier" (TNL). "Thorn trees" (specimen labels). Remarks: Hepplewhite and Liversedge drove to Bochum (23?17'S, 29?07'E G) and camped about 2 mi [3.2 km] north of the Brakrivier Bridge (Liversedge's journal). Coordinates provided above were based upon the de- scription "2 miles N of Brakrivier bridge [road cross- ing river]," about 26 mi [41.8 km] from Bochum. The road from Bochum actually trends north-northeast rather than northwest. African Mammal Project maps do not show a bridge over the Brakrivier 26 mi to the northwest of Bochum as indicated on specimen labels. On 17 Dec, they trapped at a rocky hill about 0.5 mi [0.8 km] from camp; on 18 Dec, the traps were reset along the dry Brakrivier. Some Liversedge specimens were labeled Brakrivier Bridge. 25 mi [40.2 km] NW Bochum. although this variant was not indicated in his field catalog. A Paraxerus, collected by Hepplewhite, was labeled Trooivlei. 26 mi [41.8 km] NW Bochum. Efforts to locate Trooivlei on maps were unsuccessful. Taxa: Paraxerus, Saccostomus, Aethomys, Mastomys. Brandvlei, 2 mi [3.2 km] S, Gape Province (Map 20: 677). Coordinates: 30?29'S, 20?28'E M (WAG, Lower Orange River, 1:1,000,000). Collectors: O. E. Graupner, S. J. Liversedge, and J. J. L. Pretorius (7-1 OJun 1969). Habitat: "The ground surface changes from sandy to gravel soil with drought resistant vegetation and no rocky outcrops for miles" (JJLP). Remarks: The AMP team camped on the municipal grounds south of Brandvlei (30?27'S, 20?29'E G). Taxa: Macroscelides; Gerbillurus, Parotomys; Suricata, Otocyon. Buffelshoek, 16 mi [25.7 km] SE Thabazimbi, Transvaal (Map 20: 660). Coordinates: 24?32'S, 27?37'E G. Collectors: O. F. Graupner, S. J. Liversedge, and J. J. L. Pretorius (15-22 Apr 1969). Habitat: "Typical bush savanna of the Bushveld with high hill ridges running through . . . flat area crossing wa- terstreams . . . flat sandy soil area with trees, (shrubs) and grass . . . marshy area and edge of cultivated lands and through a poplar plantation . . . trapping in the hills and mountains" (JJLP). Remarks: The crew camped on the Buffelshoek Farm owned by H. C. Louche, off of the road to Warmbad-Alma. Specimens tags, field catalogs, and Pretorius' journal all place the farm as "16 mi SE Thabazimbi," but the co- ordinates of Buffelshoek fall east-southeast of Thaba- zimbi (24?36'S, 27?24'E G). The farm's coordinates do intersect a point about 16 road miles from Thabazimbi (TPC, Sheet Q-5A, 1:500,000) and are consistent with other local landmarks mentioned by the collectors. A series of Miniopterus, labeled as from Buffelshoek, were taken on 15 Apr from a cave located at Gatkop- pie, also along the Warmbad-Alma road but at 20 mi [32.2 km] "SE" Thabazimbi; a Gatkop Mountain (24?36'S, 27?38'E G) lies due east of Thabazimbi. On 22 Apr, they obtained bats from a cave on the nearby Waterval Farm (24?36'S, 27?36'E G), also recorded as 16 mi "SE" Thabazimbi but, in fact, due east of that town. On 16 Apr, they unsuccessfully explored caves and mine shafts for bats at 6 mi [9.7 km] NW Thaba- zimbi; a Procavia was collected there, although its lo- cality too is designated as Buffelshoek. Taxa: Elephantulus; Procavia; Paraxerus, Saccostomus, Gerbilliscus, Aethomys, Mastomys, Micaelamys; Rhi- nolophus, Hipposideros, Nycteris, Scotophilus, Neo- romicia, Miniopterus; Galerella; Raphicerus. Calvinia, 6 mi [9.7 km] E, Cape Province (Map 20: 720). Coordinates: 31?30'S, 19?53'E M (WAG, Lower Orange River, 1:1,000,000). Collectors: O. F. Graupner, S. J. Liversedge, and J. J. L. Pretorius (16-21 Jun 1969). NUMBER 628 259 Habitat: "Various karoo shrubs and the soil is mainly sandy with a few rocky ridges between two parallel running mountains far off on the north and south . . . edges of cultivated lands . . . edge of a dry ditch . . . sides of a river which still have a few pools of water" (JJLP). "Gravel and shrubs," "bare gravel ground," "drought resistant shrubs" (specimen labels). Remarks: Coordinates are based on by-road miles along the WiUiston road to the east of Calvinia (31?28'S, 19?47'E G) and near the Kobe River. Pretorius referred to the farm where they camped as Onderdownes (31?31'S, 19?56'E G, as Onder-Downs) in his journal and as Onderdownes Wes in his field catalog. Onderdownes proper is improbably far to the east of their field site, but the Onderdownes Wes designation may represent a nongazetted outlier to the main farm complex. Taxa: Macroscelides; Desmodillus, Gerbillurus, Micaela- mys, Rhabdomys, Myotomys, Cryptomys; Rhinolo- phus; Cynictis, Otocyon, Ictonyx; Raphicerus. Carnarvon, 1 1/2 mi [2.4 km] E, Cape Province (Map 20: 723). Coordinates: 30?58'S, 22?09'E M (WAC, Upper Orange River, 1:1,000,000). Collectors: O. F. Graupner, S. J. Liversedge, and J. J. L. Pretorius (16-19 Aug 1969). Habitat: "Flat sandy areas alongside dry river bed with typical semi dense karooveld (small bush)" (JJLP). Remarks: The AMP party pitched camp on the municipal grounds to the east of Carnarvon (30?57'S, 22?08'E G), probably along the dry Carnarvon River bed. Taxa: Macroscelides; Gerbillurus, Rhabdomys; Ictonyx. Carter's Ridge, 1 mi [1.6 km] W Kimberly, Cape Province (Map 20: 685). Coordinates: 28?46'S, 24M4'E G. Collectors: O. F. Graupner, S. J. Liversedge, and J. J. L. Pretorius (30 Apr-1 May 1969). Habitat: "The habitat consists of karoo shrubs ('drought resistant') and grass with scattered large thorn trees (mimosas) and hardly any other shrubs. The area is mostly a red sandy soil with a few limestone ridges breaking through with only one single rocky outcrop" (JJLP). Remarks: The AMP crew set up camp about 2 mi [3.2 km] to the west of the center of the Kimberly, on a farm called Carter's Ridge and just opposite the city's drive-in theater. Taxa: Elephantulus; Xerus, Micaelamys, Hystrix; Lepus; Raphicerus. Clanwilliam, 2 mi [3.2 km] N, Cape Province (Map 20: 718). Coordinates: 32?09'S, 18?54'E M (WAC, Cape of Good Hope, 1:1,000,000). Collectors: P. J. Geldenhuys and A. C. Risser (18-20 Dec 1963). Habitat: "Under branches in [vineyard]," "grass between river and orange grove" (specimen labels). Remarks: Geldenhuys and Risser collected simultaneously at this locality, just north of ClanwilUam (32?11'S, 18?54'E G), while based at Pakhuis Pass (18-22 Dec). We extracted the locality data from specimens as there is no mention of this locality in field journals. The river referred to is, likely, the Olifants. Taxa: Mus, Rhabdomys, Otomys. Coloniesplaats, 28 mi [45.1 km] N Graaff-Reinet, Cape Province (Map 20: 750). Coordinates: 31?59'S, 24?48'E G. Collectors: T. A. Heist and A. C. Risser (13-16 Feb 1964). Habitat: "Camp in a poplar grove . . . primarily a sheep ranch . . . pasture . . . rock ridge . . . river which runs through the farm" (TAH). "Karoo scrub, but is unique in that there is a permanent water source, the river caus- ing a vlei area and plenty of rocky outcroppings. Some planting has been done on the 8,000 morgen [16,960 acres; 6,863 ha] farm?stands of poplar which make a protective row. Also planted was wheat, mealie [corn], lucern [alfalfa]. They graze cattle in the vlei area and sheep roam the rest of the land. A variety of habitats in this location. River bordered with cane [reeds]" (ACR). Remarks: The position of a Koloniesplaats found on a topographic map (31?59'S, 24?47'E; AMS, Natal, 1:2,000,000) nearly matches the USBGN coordinates. Risser salvaged a road-killed Ictonyx about 30 mi [48.3 km] N Graaff-Reinet. Taxa: Elephantulus; Xerus, Saccostomus, Malacothrix, Mystromys, Mastomys, Micaelamys, Rhabdomys, Otomys, Pedetes; Lepus; Crocidura; Neoromicia; Cynictis, Ictonyx. Commisiondrift, 10 mi [16.1 km] SW Rustenburg, Transvaal (Map 20: 692). Coordinates: 25?48'S, 27?15'E G (as Olifantsnekdam; see Remarks). Collectors: O. F. Graupner, S. J. Liversedge, and J. J. L. Pretorius (10-13 Apr 1969). Habitat: "Typical semitropical with thick bush and trees . . . high hills with rocks and grass and cliffs on the 260 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY one side. The other is thick tree, brush and grassland with open areas in between . . . wide cave opening about 3 yards [2.7 m] deep . . . high rocky hills . . . stream below the dam wall. The hills are covered with grass, trees and scrub with large and steep bare rocky patches in between" (JJLP). Remarks: The locality coordinates are for the reservoir Commissie Drift (or its USBGN standard name, "Olifantsnekdam") and closely agree with a distance measured by road from Rustenburg (direction more S than SW). According to the FAO map, the stream ref- erenced in Habitat is the Hex. The AMP crew camped on the southwestern bank of the Commisiondrift Dam along the main road to Johannesburg. Taxa: Elephantulus; Procavia; Mastomys, Micaelamys; Tadarida, Eptesicus, Glauconycteris; Redunca. Cradock, 8 mi [12.9 km] N, Cape Province (Map 20: 752). Coordinates: 32?04'S, 25?35'E M (WAC, Algoa Bay, 1:1,000,000; ONC, Sheet R-4, 1:1,000,000). Collector: A. V. W. Lambrechts (29 Mar-3 Apr, 28-31 Aug 1968). Habitat: "Very little grass, due to the drought... wo grass at all [emphasis in original] only scattered karoo shrubs plus scattered rocks. Disused cultivated lands" (AVWL, Mar). "[Grazing of] sheep. The vegetation on both banks is almost nonexistent due to the drought. Even the drought resistant karoo shrub seems to have died out. . . fresh rodent signs are along the river's banks (riverine shrub) and on the rocky outcrops, where there is still some grass left. . . barren ground strewn with rocks and stones" (AVWL, Aug). Remarks: Arriving at Cradock (32?11'S, 25?37'E G), Lambrechts took the Cradock-Hofmeyer (Hofmeyr G) road out of town and camped along the east bank of the Great Eish River, about 2 mi [3.2 km] east of the Marlow Agricultural School. During his stay, Lambrechts surveyed both the east and west banks of the river. Taxa: Elephantulus, Macroscelides; Xerus, Saccostomus, Malacothrix, Desmodillus, Gerbillurus, Aethomys, Mastomys, Mus, Rhabdomys, Myotomys; Galerella, Suricata. Davel [0.8 km E], 12 mi [19.3 km] NW Ermelo, Transvaal (Map 20: 738). Coordinates: 26?27'S, 29M0'E G. Collectors: O. E. Graupner, S. J. Liversedge, and J. J. L. Pretorius (22 Eeb-1 Mar 1969). Habitat: "Highveld grass?sunflower lands and mealie [corn] lands . . . marshy ground" (JJLP). Remarks: Davel is located 20 mi [32.2 km] west-northwest of Ermelo, which does not agree with the distance in- dicated in the locality description. Because Davel is cited as the locality on most, though not all, specimen labels, we employed its USBGN coordinates rather than a map estimate for 12 mi NW Ermelo. The actual location of camp, as relayed in Pretorius' field journal, was about a 0.5 mi [0.8 km] east of Davel. Taxa: Gerbilliscus, Mastomys, Mus, Rattus, Rhabdomys, Otomys, Pedetes; Lepus; Atelerix; Cynictis, Vulpes. Dealesville, 9 mi [14.5 km] N, Baden Baden, Orange Eree State (Map 20: 732). Coordinates: 28?33'S, 25?46'E M (WAC, Upper Orange River, 1:1,000,000). Collectors: P. J. Geldenhuys, A. E. Hallett, T. A. Heist, and A. C. Risser (21 Mar 1964). Habitat: "Heavily grazed scrub, some erosion ... a spring which supplies water . . . flat country, some culti- vated" (ACR). Remarks: The team collected on the Baden Baden Earm north of Dealesville (28?40'S, 25?46'E G) while camped at Glen (17-22 Mar). Cited coordinates were estimated by road from Dealesville. Taxa: Mystromys, Gerbilliscus, Mus. DeHoop, 17 mi [27.3 km] NNE Beaufort West, Cape Province (Map 20: 747). Coordinates: 32?09'S, 22?44'E G. Collectors: P. J. Geldenhuys and A. C. Risser (25-29 Jan 1964). Habitat: "Habitat is karoo scrub and rocky mountains . . . rocky hillsides . . . swimming pool and water reservoir . . . vlei where the vegetation is tall grass, dense weeds and acacia thickets. Soil is hard packed and cracking Hke a mud flat" (ACR). Remarks: In his journal, Risser inexplicably located the DeHoop Earm about 19 mi [30.6 km] NW Beaufort West, but this direction conflicts with the standard lo- cality as recorded in field catalogs and on specimen labels. Moreover, coordinates derived from laying out the by-road distance northeast of Beaufort West (32?2rS, 22?35'E G) exactly match one of several farms named DeHoop Usted in the USBGN. Taxa: Elephantulus; Procavia; Desmodillus, Mastomys, Micaelamys, Mus, Rhabdomys, Myotomys; Lepus, Pronolagus; Crocidura; Tadarida, Neoromicia, Miniopterus. NUMBER 62,8 261 Dikbaardskolk, 3 mi [4.8 km] N, Kalahari-Gemsbok National Park, Cape Province (Map 20: 637). Coordinates: 25?43'S, lOMl'E M (CDSM, Nossob, 1:250,000). Collectors: A. V. W. Lambrechts and H. W. Setzer (29 Nov 1968). Habitat: No information available. Remarks: An Oryx was collected at this locality en route to their camp at 5 mi N Kameelsleep. In his journal, Lambrechts recorded that they were 1.5 mi [2.4 km] north of the Dikbaardskolk borehole (spring; 25?45'S, 20M2'E G). Taxon: Oryx. Douglas, 10 mi [16.1 km] S, Cape Province (Map 20: 684). Coordinates: 29?12'S, 23M2'E M (WAC, Upper Orange River, 1:1,000,000). Collector: A. V. W. Lambrechts (12-17 May, 14-17 Oct 1968). Habitat: "Amongst thorn shrubs, with scattered rocks . . . There is plenty of cover, sandy ground and also rocks, plus enough grass" (AVWL, May). "The vegetation on the north bank is approximately the same as be- fore, while on the south bank it has been grazed con- stantly and is therefore more sparse" (AVWL, Oct). Remarks: Lambrechts traveled south of Douglas (29?04'S, 23?46'E G) along the Douglas-Prieska road and estab- lished camp on the south bank of the Orange River. He further localized his site as about 200 yards [182.9 m] east of the bridge and about 100 yards [91.4 m] east of a weir in the river. Both the north and the south banks of the Orange River were surveyed dur- ing his visits. Taxa: Elephantulus; Desmodillus, Gerbillurus, Rhabdomys, Pedetes; Felis, Proteles, Otocyon, Vulpes, Ictonyx. Drakensberg Garden(s), 2 mi [3.2 km] N, Natal (Map 20: 766). Coordinates: 29?43'S, 29?15'E M (WAC, Drakensberg, 1:1,000,000; TPC, Sheet Q-5D, 1:500,000). Collectors: R. D. Hepplewhite, I. L. Rautenbach, and A. R. Silberstein (7-9 Jul 1966). Habitat: "Most of the grass in the vicinity had been burnt, but a patch of grass with big bushes about 100 yards [91 m] wide and a little more than a mile [1.6 km] long has been left between the two courses of the river ... but in the valley, between the two courses of the river, the grass is thick and quite long with scattered bushes" (RDH). Remarks: Coordinates are based upon azimuth and range from Drakensberg Garden (29?45'S, 29?15'E G). The river mentioned above is one of the many upper tribu- taries in the Drakensberg Mountains that feed into the Mzimkulu River. Taxa: Rhabdomys, Otomys, Cryptomys; Crocidura, Myosorex. Drakensberg Garden(s) Hotel, 2 mi [3.2 km] W, Natal (Map 20: 765). Coordinates: 29?45'S, 29?13'E M (WAC, Drakensberg, 1:1,000,000; TPC, Sheet Q-5D, 1:500,000). Collector: T. N. Liversedge (11-14 Jan 1966). Habitat: "Grassy hillside," "grassy plain," "short grass," "long grass," "grassy riverside," "grassy vlei," "be- tween trees on bare hill," "grassy embankment," "river bed," "river bank," "rock crevice" (specimen labels). Remarks: Coordinates are based upon azimuth and range from Drakensberg Garden Hotel (29?45'S, 29?15'E G), which according to the USBGN, has the same coordi- nates as those for Drakensberg Garden. The elevation given in Liversedge's journal is 6,500 ft [1,980 m]. Taxa: Graphiurus, Rhabdomys, Otomys, Cryptomys; Crocidura, Myosorex. Ellisras, 5 mi [8.0 km] NE, Nieman's Farm, Transvaal (Map 20: 661). Coordinates: 23?36'S, 27M7'E M (WAC, Shashi River, 1:1,000,000; Acocks, Veld Types of South Africa, 1:1,500,000). Collectors: R. E. Cole, A. L. Moore, and A. C. Risser (24- 28 Aug 1963). Habitat: "Old cultivated mealie [corn] field now with cattle on it, cane grass and white thorn (bushes and trees) adjoining the river . . . bush (all 'catclaw') . . . Dense thornbush country . . . junction of the two riv- ers [Figure 135] . . . pond near house" (ACR). "Open field . . . dominant vegetation is cane grass and acacia . . . close to farm house in thorn bush habitat. Cattle grazing in grass stubble" (RFC). Remarks: According to their journals. Cole and Risser camped on Nieman's Farm (sometimes misspelled as "Neiman"), near the junction of the Mogol and Tam- buti rivers. Because the name of the farm does not ap- pear on specimen labels we examined and no plausible USBGN entry exists for the region, we adopted a map- based estimate relative to Elliras (23M0'S, 27?44'E G) and the river junction. The names of the rivers appear on only a few skin tags. Cole indicated that the na- tive name for the Mogol is Mokopo, and both varia- tions appear on maps (Mogol per WAC, Shashi River, 1:1,000,000; Mokopo per ONC, P-4, 1:1,000,000). 262 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY >A FIGURE 135. South Africa, Ellisras, 5 mi NE: Area near junction of the Mogol and Tambuti rivers (photograph by A. C. Risser, Aug 1963). The Tambuti is spelled as Tambotie on one map (Ac- ocks, Veld Types of South Africa, 1:1,500,000) and as Tambotierivier in the USBGN. The Tambuti flows northwesterly and joins the Mogol approximately 5 mi [8 km] northeast of Ellisras. Taxa: Saccostomus, Gerbilliscus, Mastomys, Micaelamys; Lepus; Neoromicia. Eshowe, 6 mi [9.7 km] E, Zululand, Natal (Map 20: 781). Coordinates: 28?50'S, 31?32'E M (WAC, Drakensberg, 1:1,000,000). Collectors: J. E. W. Dixon, T. A. Heist, G. R. Hughes, and A. C. Risser (17-21 Apr 1964). Habitat: "Primarily a sugar cane plantation and the roll- ing steep hills are covered with cane, with interspersed NUMBER 62,8 263 patches of natural Lantana and Mimosa bush which gets very dense in places . . . kikuyu grass . . . riverine bush . . . black sandy soil by a cane field . . . dense riverine bush . . . banana plants. . . gum tree break row" (ACR). Remarks: The AMP crew camped on a sugar cane planta- tion called Buxton (owned or operated by Ronnie and Maureen Lloyd), which appears on most but not all skin labels, to the east of Eshowe (28?53'S, 31?28'E G). Our by-road interpretation indicates a northeast compass bearing. Risser's journal entry for 20 Apr records that Dixon and Hughes collected in the ev- ergreen forest of the Ngoye Forest Reserve (plateau; 28?50'S, 31?40'E G). Also on that date, Dixon col- lected three Lepus saxatilis from Papama. 15 mi [24.1 km] E Eshowe. Papama was not found in any of our cartographic resources. Taxa: Amblysomus; Chlorocebus; Paraxerus, Aethomys, Mastomys, Cryptomys, Thryonomys; Lepus; Croc- idura, Myosorex. Fort Hartley, 10 mi [16.1 km] NE Quthing, [Lesotho] (Map 20: 761). Coordinates: 30?20'S, 27M5'E G. Collector: A. V. W. Lambrechts (11-13 Mar 1968). Habitat: "Both survey lines [north and south banks] . . . extremely rocky mountains . . . Bantu hut. . . native kraal" Remarks: Lambrechts camped on the south bank of the Orange River "about 10 miles [16.1 km] from where we turned off at Quthing and about 0.5 miles [0.8 km] west-northwest of the Fort Hartley store" and collected on both sides of the river. Taxa: Aethomys, Mastomys, Mus, Rattus, Rhabdomys; Neoromicia. Fountains, 5 mi [8.0 km] S Pretoria, Transvaal (Map 20: 699). Coordinates: 25?47'S, 28?11'E G (as Fonteine Rail Station). Collectors: R. D. Hepplewhite and T. N. Liversedge (21 Sep-9 Oct, 19-22 Oct 1965). Habitat: No information available. Remarks: Hepplewhite and Liversedge collected together in Sep and Oct 1965 and identified their specimens with "HL" field numbers (presumably for Hepple- white-Liversedge, but found in Liversedge's field cata- log). This locality is given as "5 mi S Pretoria" in the field catalog, but most specimen labels lack the 5-mi-S modifier and bear only "Fountains" as the locality. Other label variations include Fountains Valley, South Fountains. South Fountains Valley, 2 mi [3.2 km] S Fountains. Hennops River, and Lukas Ridge. Taxa: Gerbilliscus, Aethomys, Mastomys, Micaelamys, Rhabdomys, Otomys, Cryptomys; Rhinolophus, Nyc- teris, Miniopterus; Poecilogale. Frankfort, 9 mi [14.5 km] N, Sandspruit (or Sandfontein), Orange Free State (Map 20: 735). Coordinates: 27?14'S, 28?25'E M (WAC, Vaal River, 1:1,000,000; ONC, Sheet Q-5, 1:1,000,000). Collectors: O. F. Graupner, S. J. Liversedge, and J. J. L. Pretorius (10-12 Mar 1969). Habitat: "The habitat changes from marshy areas to culti- vated lands with grass in between and a few flat rocky hills . . . willow trees" (JJLP). Remarks: Pretorius recorded that the AMP team set up camp on the Sandfontein Farm, along the west bank of the Wilge River. However, he used Sandspruit as the farm name on specimen labels. By either name, we could not convincingly locate a farm among the many listed by the USBGN and so reHed upon a by- road approximation in relation to Frankfort (27?17'S, 28?30'E G). The Wilge River flows from the southeast through Frankfort to the Vaal Dam reservoir to the northwest; their field site on the west bank thus lies to the northwest of Frankfort. If one literally accepts the azimuth and range as recorded by the collectors, the team must have camped on a southern tributary of the Vaal River. Taxa: Mastomys, Mus, Rattus; Lepus; Raphicerus. Gansfontein, 3 mi [4.8 km] NE [NW] Fraserburg, Cape Province (Map 20: 722). Coordinates: 31?53'S, 21?28'E G. Collectors: O. F. Graupner, S. J. Liversedge, and J. J. L. Pretorius (21-23 Aug 1969). Habitat: "Typical karooveld?sandy soil with small dried shrubs as well as rocky koppies and on the northern and eastern sides a series of mountains. The camp was pitched in a dry river bed surrounded by rocky ledges" (JJLP). Remarks: The crew pitched camp on Gansfontein Farm in a dry river bed, probably a tributary of the Sout River. The team located their site along the Williston road to the northeast of Fraserburg (31?55'S, 21?31'E G), as evidenced on specimen tags and in field cata- logs. However, the Williston road bears northwest from Fraserburg, not "NE." A Gansfontein farm does occur about 3 mi NW Fraserburg and nearby the Wil- Uston road. 264 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY Taxa: Elephantulus, Macroscelides; Micaelamys, Rhab- domys. Giant's Castle Game Reserve, 45 mi [72.4 km] SW Estcourt, 5,000 ft [1,524 m], 1,463 m, and 1,783 m. Natal (Map 20: 771). Coordinates: 29?14'S, 29?29'E G. Collectors: T. A. Heist, G. R. Hughes, and A. C. Risser (4, 10 Apr 1964). Habitat: "Open slope of a hillside to rocky krantzes [Fig- ure 136] . . . stream bed [dry] . . . tall grassy-rocky hillside . . . kikuyu grass . . . thornvelt . . . farm build- ings by haystacks and into mealie [corn] fields and 'tambuti' grass" (ACR). Remarks: The team collected at this locality on two occa- sions, while working at Petchaye (4 Apr) and while at 7 mi NE Pietermaritzburg (10 Apr). George R. Hughes, an employee of the Natal Park Board, accompanied Risser and Heist during this segment of their trip and donated three specimens that he had earlier collected from this locality to the AMP. Taxa: Chrysospalax, Amblysomus; Procavia; Dendromus, Cryptomys. Glen, 15 mi [24.1 km] N Bloemfontein, Orange Free State (Map 20: 731). Coordinates: 28?55'S, 26?19'E G (as Glen Agricultural College). Collectors: P. J. Geldenhuys, A. F. Hallett, T. A. Heist, and A. C. Risser (17-22 Mar 1964). Habitat: "Mostly grassveld with tall Bouteloua-like grass [grama grass] about knee deep in ungrazed areas. Some rocky koppies. Acacia thickets along the river and in isolated spots in the grassveld. Cattle and sheep grazing, some cultivated lands . . . gum trees . . . grass on the slope of a dam behind camp" (ACR). Remarks: Risser and company established camp on an experimental agricultural farm bordered on the south FIGURE 136. South Africa, Giant's Castle Game Reserve: Estcourt (photograph by A. C. Risser). NUMBER 628 265 by the Modder River. Coordinates for the Glen Ag- ricultural College fit their description and define a point at an appropriate by-road distance north- northeast of Bloemfontein (29?08'S, 26?12'E G) and just north of the Modder River (WAC, Upper Orange River, 1:1,000,000). The dam noted under Habitat, according to the FAO, is possibly the Mazelspoort (29?01'S, 26?24'E M). The AMP team made a side trip to collect on a farm called Baden Baden at 9 mi N Dealesville. Taxa: Elephantulus; Xerus, Malacothrix, Mystromys, Gerbilliscus, Mastomys, Micaelamys, Mus, Rhabdo- mys, Otomys, Pedetes; Lepus; Neoromicia; Cynictis, Suricata. Goedgevonde, 43 mi [69.2 km] SW Piet Retief, Transvaal (Map 20: 779). Coordinates: 27?14'S, 30?18'E G (as Goedgevonden). Collectors: R. D. Hepplewhite and A. R. Silberstein (17- 23 Jun 1966). Habitat: "Farm . . . high up in the Drakensberg ... in the valleys there is grass about 8 inches [20 cm] long and at the bottom the ground is black and clayish whereas on the sides of the valley the ground is reddish. Along the sides of the hills the grass is more sparse and there are rocky outcrops and rocky ridges with shrubs growing on them. There are streams in many places . . . The grass is long . . . (adjacent to the turnip field) . . . hillside . . . among the rocks and between the bushes" (RDH). Remarks: The cited coordinates define a point that is slightly less than the mileage recorded by the collectors (38 versus 43 mi) from Piet Retief (27?00'S, 30?48'E G), but they do identify a farm of the appropriate name, situated in the Drakensberg Mountains and to the south of the Piet Retief-Wakkerstroom road. Sev- eral Rhabdomys and Cryptomys, collected on 17 Jun, were labeled 43 mi [69.2 km] S Piet Retief on Goede- hoop Farm. In his catalog, Hepplewhite included these specimens with those collected from Goedgevonde, but Silberstein crossed out Goedehoop and inscribed Goedgevonde in his catalog. The collectors obviously viewed the differing spellings as the same place. Taxa: Amblysomus; Procavia; Mastomys, Micaelamys, Rhabdomys, Otomys, Cryptomys; Lepus; Crocidura; Ichneumia. Goodhouse, Cape Province/Namibia (Map 20: 644). Coordinates: 28?54'S, 18?15'E G. Collector: A. V. W. Lambrechts (25-27 Jan 1969). Habitat: "North bank [traps set] on open terrain . . . south bank [traps set] on mountains." Remarks: On 24 Jan, Lambrechts headed to Goodhouse and camped on a farm by that same name on the south bank of the Orange River. Survey work was conducted on both the north (in Namibia) and south banks of the Orange. Taxa: Petromyscus, Micaelamys, Petromus; Rhinolophus. Goudveld, 10 mi [16.1 km] N Knysna, Cape Province (Map 20: 745). Coordinates: 33?55'S, 23?00'E G (as Goudveldbos). Collectors: P. J. Geldenhuys and A. C. Risser (14-20 Jan 1964). Habitat: "Road thru the forest [Figure 137] . . . firs . . . bracken ferns, sedges, heather and grasses in the plowed soil. . . fern heather, shrub-covered slope . . . virgin forest ... in one part of the virgin forest it is quite open, the canopy layer shutting out the light from the under story. Leaf and fern and wood mold make a rich and deep humus on the floor. It may be that these fern covered slopes are where the indigenous or cul- tivated forest has been cleared to make way for trees (pines) to be planted. There is evidence of burning within the last five years . . . forest along the stream (not flowing now, but has pools) . . . borders of the cultivated forest" (ACR). Remarks: The team drove to the Millwood Forest Sta- tion, "now known as Goudveld [forest]" according to Risser, situated more truly to the north-northwest of Knysna (34?02'S, 23?02'E G). Millwood Forest (33?52'S, 23?01'E) is also in the immediate region. They set up camp about 5 mi [8.0 km] from the for- est station, in an abandoned house of a mining town (Millwood?) that was active in the 1870s. Taxa: Amblysomus; Chlorocebus; Acomys, Grammomys, Mus, Myomyscus, Rhabdomys, Otomys, Cryptomys, Georychus; Crocidura, Myosorex; Genetta, Atilax. Graaff-Reinet, 23 mi [37.0 km] SE, Cape Province (Map 20: 748). Coordinates: 32?32'S, 24?29'E M (WAC, Algoa Bay, 1:1,000,000). Collectors: A. V. W. Lambrechts and S. J. Liversedge (17-22 Apr 1968); A. V. W. Lambrechts (20-24 Sep 1968). Habitat: "The Sundays River is flowing very seldom this near to its origin. Its ecological value is thus almost nil. Due to this, plus the fact that there is extensive culti- vated land (from a dam in the river) on the northern bank, we will do no collecting on the northern bank. 266 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY FIGURE 137. South Africa, Goudveld: Knysna Forest; Brian Wesseis (left) and Art Risser hunt for small mammals (photograph by A. C. Risser, Jan 1964). The grass vegetation for the whole area is very sparse, and the ground is over grazed, due to the drought" (AVWL, Apr). "The vegetation is still very sparse, with little or no grass" (AVWL, Sep). Remarks: Lambrechts and crew sited their camp 3 road miles [4.8 km] southwest of Kendrew Station (32?31'S, 24?30'E G), on the Kendrew-Marais Siding road and about 1 mi [1.6 km] south of the "low level" bridge over the Sundays (Sondags) River. Our map coordi- nates are based upon road miles traveled southwest of the local landmark Kendrew Station, which places their camp more to the south-southwest of Graaff- Reinet (32?15'S, 24?33'E G). Taxa: Macroscelides; Saccostomus, Malacothrix, Des- modillus, Gerbillurus, Mastomys, Mus, Rhabdomys, Pedetes, Cryptomys; Nycteris, Neoromicia, Miniop- terus; Otocyon. Grahamstown, 11 mi [17.7 km] SSW, Mosslands, Cape Province (Map 20: 753). Coordinates: 33?25'S, 26?22'E M (WAC, Algoa Bay, 1:1,000,000). Collectors: T. A. Heist and A. C. Risser (19-22 Feb 1964). Habitat: "Sheep. Lots of trees. Camped next to creek in a cow path" (TAH). "Rolling, heavily vegetated hills, steep slopes with land cut up by cultivated parts for NUMBER 62,8 267 pasture and leucern [alfalfa] . . . the river about 1/4 mile [0.4 km] below Neil's [Neil Moss, farm owner] house. Vegetation is aloes, acacia, succulents and other shrubs which are dense along the field bor- ders, mountain slopes and along the river . . . rocky shrubby outcropping that runs through a grassy pas- tureland" (ACR). Remarks: On 21 and 22 Feb, specimens of jackals were acquired from Paarde Kraal. 10 mi [16.1 km] S Gra- hamstown (Grahamstown = 33?18'S, 26?32'E G). Taxa: Mystromys, Mastomys, Micaelamys, Mus, Rhab- domys, Cryptomys; Lepus, Pronolagus; Neoromicia; Galerella, Canis. Groblershoop, 2 mi [3.2 km] NW, Cape Province (Map 20: 679). Coordinates: 28?52'S, 21?59'E M (ONC, Sheet Q-4, 1:1,000,000). Collectors: A. V. W. Lambrechts and S. J. Liversedge (5-9 Jun 1968); A. V. W. Lambrechts (7-11 Nov 1968). Habitat: "The habitat on the south bank [Orange River] is red, sandy soil, with shrubs and scattered stones (pebbles). On the north bank it is sand dunes mixed with rocky patches" (AVWL, Nov). Remarks: The AMP crew camped just outside of Grobler- shoop (28?53'S, 21?59'E G) on the north bank of the Orange River, about 100 yards [91.4 m] to the west of the bridge on the Grooblershoop-Griekwastad road. Taxa: Elephantulus, Macroscelides; Xerus, Saccostomus, Malacothrix, Desmodillus, Gerbillurus, Mastomys, Micaelamys. Groenkloof Farm, 3 mi [4.8 km] S Wakkerstroom, Natal (Map 20: 778). Coordinates: 27?24'S, 30?10'E G. Collector: T. N. Liversedge (25 Jan 1966). Habitat: "Bushes and grass, hillside," "black soil near bushes" (specimen labels). Remarks: The USBGN coordinates for Groenkloof Farm define a point at the appropriate distance and direction from Wakkerstroom (27?21'S, 30?08'E G). Liversedge abbreviated farm as "Em" on specimen labels. Taxa: Rhabdomys, Cryptomys. Groenkloof, Pretoria, Transvaal. Coordinates: Not certainly located. Collector: J. J. L. Pretorius (1 Apr 1969). Habitat: No information available. Remarks: We were unable to definitely locate a Groenk- loof near Pretoria (25?45'S, 28?10'E G) on any of our period maps or gazetteers. However, an Internet site (http://myweb.absa.co.za/EFRETIEF/Ringing%20 localities.doc, accessed Jun 2006) disclosed two closely placed sites in the Pretoria region: Groenkloof, Jan Cilliers Park (25?46'S, 28?13'E), and Groenkloof N/R (25?47'S, 28?12'E). We have no corroborative basis for deciding which place is the one visited by Pretorius. Taxon: Scotophilus. Groot Kolk, 2 mi [3.2 km] SE, Kalahari-Gemsbok National Park, Cape Province (Map 20: 633). Coordinates: 24?54'S, 20?10'E M (CDSM, Nossob, 1:250,000). Collectors: A. V. W. Lambrechts and H. W. Setzer (27-29 Nov 1968). Habitat: "The habitat for almost the whole park area is sand dunes covered with shrubs, grass and camel thorn trees. Acacia trees occur in the dry river beds" (AVWL). Remarks: The coordinates are based upon road miles from Groot Kolk as found on a topographic map. Taxa: Elephantulus; Desmodillus, Gerbillurus, Mus, Rhabdomys. Groot Letaba (Game) Reserve, Transvaal (Map 20: 671). Coordinates: 23?40'S, 31?25'E M (AMS, Transvaal, 1:2,000,000). Collectors: O. F. Graupner, S. J. Liversedge, and J. J. L. Pretorius (29 Oct-6 Nov 1969). Habitat: Shugam's Kraal: "mopane veld;" Baderoukwe: "dense grass;" and Zebrakop: "dense grass and mopane shrubs" (specimen labels). Remarks: Our coordinates correspond to the center of a cir- cle drawn on an AMP map, just northwest of the con- fluence of the Groot Letaba and Tendi rivers. USBGN coordinates for the Groot Letaba Game Reserve (Groot-Letaba Wildreservaat) are 22?44'S, 31?06'E, and those for Letaba Camp are 23?51'S, 31?34'E. The locality information on most specimen labels omits the modifier "Game." In his field catalog and on speci- men labels, Liversedge included Shugam's Kraal as a modifier for Groot Letaba in entries for specimens col- lected 29-31 Oct. Similarly, Camp I is a modifier for specimens collected 1-3 Nov. Pretorius' catalog cov- erage of Groot Letaba begins on 5 Nov and includes three modifiers: July's Kraal, Baderoukwe Truin (sic, perhaps "Farm"), and Zebrakop. all of which are also found on his specimen labels. The USBGN provides the standardized spelling for Baderoukwe as Baderukwe, with two farms bearing that name in the same region (23?49'S, 31?03'E; 23?47'S, 3r03'E). 268 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY Taxa: Elephantulus; Graphiurus, Saccostomus, Gerbillis- cus, Aethomys, Mastomys, Micaelamys; Helogale. Gunsfontein, 15 mi [24.1 km] SSW Sutherland, Cape Province (Map 20: 743). Coordinates: 32?34'S, 20?41'E G (as Gunsfontein Farm). Collectors: O. F. Graupner, S. J. Liversedge, and J. J. L. Pretorius (25-28 Aug 1969). Habitat: "In the lower 'Roggeveld' [Mountains]. Mainly rocky areas with mountains on the southwestern side and the vegetation consists of typical dense dry karoo shrubs" (JJLP). Remarks: According to Pretorius, the AMP team camped on Gunsfontein Farm, which actually lies to the south, rather than south-southwest, of Sutherland (32?24'S, 20M0'E G). Taxa: Elephantulus; Petromyscus, Gerbillurus, Micaela- mys, Myotomys; Pelea. Haenertsburg, 2 mi [3.2 km] E, Transvaal (Map 20: 665). Coordinates: 23?56'S, 29?58'E M (WAG, Shashi River, 1:1,000,000). Collectors: R. D. Hepplewhite and A. R. Silberstein (13- 23 Oct 1966). Habitat: "The vlei is about 100 yards [91.4 m] across and used to be a dam before the present drought began. It is covered with bushes and short grass. The hillside is covered with grass where it is still in its natural state and with pines elsewhere. Towards the top of the hills there is still some natural forest with heavy under- growth" (RDH). Remarks: The AMP camp was set up on an unnamed farm about 4 mi [6.4 km] south of Woodbush, probably a ref- erence to Woodbush Forest Reserve (23?44'S, 30?02'E G), and east of Haenertsburg (23?56'S, 29?57'E G). Taxa: Amblysomus; Graphiurus, Dendromus, Aetho- mys, Mastomys, Mus, Rattus, Rhabdomys, Otomys; Myosorex. Hardingdale, 7 mi [11.3 km] NE Pietermaritzburg, Natal (Map 20: 769). Coordinates: 29?32'S, 30?24'E P (Taylor, 1998). Collectors: T. A. Heist, G. R. Hughes, and A. C. Risser (9-13 Apr 1964). Habitat: "Rolling green hills, grassveld which is probably burnt over annually, mealie [corn] lands and weedy, grassy borders, sugar cane fields, wattle plantations. There is a pond below the wattle plantation ... Tall grasses, reeds, Typha around pond. Everything is very damp. Tambuti grass along fences and motor tracks" (ACR). Remarks: Risser and crew camped in a wattle plantation on the Hardingdale Farm, northeast of Pietermaritz- burg (29?37'S, 30?23'E G). Taylor's (1998) published coordinates agree reasonably with those (29?31'S, 30?26'E M) we plotted on available maps. On 10 Apr, three specimens were obtained from Giant's Castle Game Reserve. Taxa: Amblysomus; Mastomys, Mus, Rattus, Rhabdomys, Cryptomys; Crocidura, Myosorex; Galerella. Harrismith, 12 mi [19.3 km] S, Orange Free State (Map 20: 775). Coordinates: 28?25'S, 29?05'E G (for Tweevlei Farm; see Remarks). Collectors: O. F. Graupner, S. J. Liversedge, and J. J. L. Pretorius (7-11 May 1969). Habitat: "Sandy soil with a few big rocky hills covered with grass and hardly any shrubs . . . cultivated lands . . . with a few willow trees. . . stream" (JJLP). Remarks: Journal entries reveal that the AMP team camped on Tweevlei Farm. The approximate road miles trav- eled "along the Oliviershoek Road" yielded coordinates (28?26'S, 29?05'E M) that are nearly identical to USBGN values for Tweevlei Farm. The compass bearing of their field site from Harrismith is more SSE, not due S. Taxa: Graphiurus, Mystromys, Gerbilliscus, Mastomys, Rhabdomys, Myotomys; Proteles, Ictonyx. Hartbeespruit, 8 mi [12.9 km] NNE Belfast, Transvaal (Map 20: 702). Coordinates: 25?40'S, 30?07'E G (as Hartebeesspruit). Collectors: O. F. Graupner, S. J. Liversedge, and J. J. L. Pretorius (15-18 Feb 1969). Habitat: "Riverine grass, reeds and rocky hills covered with grass" (JJLP). Remarks: Camp was established on the Hartbeespruit Farm, whose USBGN coordinates are located at a plausible distance northeast of Belfast (25?41'S, 30?02'E G) and off the Dullstroom road. Taxa: Elephantulus; Graphiurus, Mastomys, Micaelamys, Mus, Rhabdomys; Pronolagus; Crocidura, Myosorex; Vulpes. Hillside, 19 mi [30.6 km] S Aliwal North, Cape Province/ Orange Free State (Map 20: 756). Coordinates: 30?57'S, 26?46'E G. Collectors: A. F. Hallett, T. A. Heist, and A. C. Risser (3-8 Mar 1964). Habitat: "Karoo scrub. Red soil with termite mounds . . . grazing lands .. . lake bordered .. . with cottonwoods NUMBER 62,8 269 or poplars and grass with the shore hne of rocky out- croppings along part. Scrub covered rocky mountain slopes jutting from the karoo floor" (ACR). Remarks: The AMP crew stayed on a farm operated by George Montgomery, identified on some specimen la- bels as Hillside. The USBGN coordinates, which are for a Hillside village, closely approximate those based on a by-road map estimate relative to Aliwal North (30M2'S, 26?42'E G; WAG, Upper Orange River, 1:1,000,000, and TPG, Sheet Q-5D, 1:500,000). Taxa: Elephantulus; Procavia; Xerus, Graphiurus, Den- dromus, Mystromys, Mastomys, Micaelamys, Mus, Rattus, Rhabdomys, Otomys, Pedetes, Cryptomys; Lepus; Crocidura. Hopetown, 2 mi [3.2 km] NE, Gape Province (Map 20: 683). Goordinates: 29?36'S, 24?03'E M (WAG, Upper Orange River, 1:1,000,000). Gollector: A. V. W. Lambrechts (6-10 May, 8-12 Oct 1968). Habitat: "Amongst a clump of tall bluegum trees... south survey line ... habitat covered with innumerable small stones and no grass and very sparse shrubs" (AVWL, May). "The vegetation is in a much poorer state than the previous time. No spring rains fell yet... riverine shrub on the south bank [of the Orange River]" (AVWL, Oct). Remarks: From Hopetown (29?37'S, 24?05'E G), Lambre- chts proceeded over the Hopetown-Kimberley road about 1 mi [1.6 km], turned west, and set up camp on the south bank of the Orange River. Both banks of the river were surveyed during both visits. Taxa: Saccostomus, Desmodillus, Gerbillurus, Mastomys, Mus, Rhabdomys, Myotomys, Cryptomys, Hystrix; Genetta, Galerella. Houtbosdorp, 2 mi [3.2 km] E, Transvaal (Map 20: 667). Goordinates: 23?50'S, 29?55'E M (ONG, Sheet P-5, 1:1,000,000). GoUectors: R. D. Hepplewhite and A. R. Silberstein (25- 27 Oct 1966); I. L. Rautenbach and A. R. Silberstein (26 Jan-4 Feb 1967). Habitat: "From the stream at the bottom of the valley, the sides rise steeply and are covered by bushes. At the top of the hills are the borders of the forest reserve at Wood- bush and there are pines there. Further up the valley is an area of 'natural' forest but there are apple trees grow- ing there, as it was previously an orchard" (RDH). Remarks: On 24 Oct, the AMP crew arrived at a camp- site on an unnamed farm, owned by a Mr. Houter, situated next to the Woodbush Forest Reserve and to the east of Houtbosdorp (23?47'S, 29?54'E G). The Mammal Division houses no field journals that cover the second visit to this locality. Taxa: Heterohyrax; Cercopithecus; Dendromus, Gerbillis- cus, Aethomys, Mastomys, Rattus, Rhabdomys, Oto- mys, Cryptomys; Myosorex; Rhinolophus, Miniopterus. Jansenville, 8 mi [12.9 km] NE, Gape Province (Map 20: 749). Goordinates: 32?51'S, 24?40'E M (WAG, Algoa Bay, 1:1,000,000). GoUectors: A. V. W. Lambrechts and S. J. Liversedge (8-15 Apr 1968); A. V. W. Lambrechts (9-13 Sep 1968). Habitat: "Predominant vegetation is Euphorbia shrubs or 'Noorsthorn' with no grass at all. The Euphorbia grows to about 36 inches [91.4 cm] tall and is very dense in some places. It also has been very dry for the past five years" (AVWL, Apr). "Due to the recent rains the veld is in a better state than the previous time, though there is still almost no grass" (AVWL, Sep). Remarks: On 8 Apr, Lambrechts and Liversedge traveled from Jansenville on the Gouwskraal road, arrived on the north bank of the Sundays (Sondags) River, and camped on the DeRust Farm in an area known as "Noorsveld." The map coordinates, as derived from journal descriptions and by-road miles traveled, des- ignate a site that lies directly north, rather than north- east, of Jansenville (32?56'S, 24?40'E G). Traveling 8 mi [12.9 km] to the northeast would place the camp on a tributary of the Sundays River, not the Sundays proper. Both banks of the Sundays were surveyed dur- ing their Sep stay. Taxa: Elephantulus; Chlorocebus; Saccostomus, Desmo- dillus, Gerbillurus, Aethomys, Mastomys, Rhabdo- mys; Tadarida; Otocyon. Jukskei River, Johannesburg, Transvaal (Map 20: 696). Goordinates: 25?53'S, 27?55'E G. GoUectors: R. D. Hepplewhite and T. N. Liversedge (19 Sep 1965). Habitat: No information available. Remarks: The Jukskei River flows north from Johannes- burg. No field journal entries exist for this locality. Taxon: Atelerix. Kameelsleep, 5 mi [8.0 km] N, Kalahari-Gemsbok National Park, Gape Province (Map 20: 636). Goordinates: 25?46'S, 20?44'E M (GDSM, Nossob, 1:250,000). 270 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY Collectors: A. V. W. Lambrechts and H. W. Setzer (30 Nov-3 Dec 1968). Habitat: "Dunes covered with shrubs and a fair amount of grass" (AVWL). Remarks: The coordinates were based upon distance north of Kameelsleep Spring (25?50'S, 20M4'E G). Taxa: Desmodillus, Gerbilliscus, Gerbillurus, Micaela- mys, Mus, Rhabdomys, Thallomys. Kamkwa (Borehole), Aub River, Kalahari-Gemsbok National Park, Cape Province (Map 20: 638). Coordinates: 26?01'S, 20?24'E G. Collector: A. V. W. Lambrechts (11 Dec 1968). Habitat: "Sand and grass" (specimen labels). Remarks: Lambrechts collected here one evening while based at Mata Mata. Traplines were set on the Aub River at the junction of the Mata Mata-Twee Rivie- ren road and the "dunes road" that connects the Aub and Nossob rivers. Taxa: Gerbilliscus, Gerbillurus, Micaelamys, Rhabdomys. Keimoes Island, Cape Province (Map 20: 649). Coordinates: 28?42'S, 20?58'E G. Collectors: A. V. W. Lambrechts and S. J. Liversedge (18- 22 Jun 1968); A. V. W. Lambrechts (6-10 Jan 1969). Habitat: "Camping on Keimoes Island. The Orange River here is split into about four major and several smaller streams, thus forming islands. All of the islands are extensively cultivated. Some, like Keimoes Island, are several hundred morgen [in area]. Our camp is on the eastern part of the island, and about 1/4 mile [0.4 km] to the southwest of the big hill on the island's east- ern edge . . . Except for the first parts of the survey lines, all the trapping has been done on a mountain" (AVWL, Jun). "The complex of hills we are work- ing on is in general much the same as before, though the grass cover seem to be somewhat more sparse . . . extremely rocky, and covered with drought resistant shrubs and grass" (AVWL, Jan). Remarks: On 16 Jun 1968, Lambrechts and Liversedge set up camp on the eastern portion of Keimoes Island, labeling specimens collected there 2 mi [3.2 km] E Keimoes. "Both survey lines, due to small holdings and cultivation, will have to be on the island, and thus on the same [north] bank of the Orange." On 4 Jan 1969, Lambrechts camped 1 mi [1.6 km] east of Keimoes (town; 28M2'S, 20?58'E G) on Keimoes Island. Specimens that were collected on the second visit are labeled "Keimoes Island." Taxa: Desmodillus, Micaelamys. Kilgobbin, 3 mi [4.8 km] W Dargle Station, Natal (Map 20: 770). Coordinates: 29?28'S, 30?03'E P (Taylor, 1998). Collectors: R. D. Hepplewhite, I. L. Rautenbach, and A. R. Silberstein (28 Jun-1 Jul 1966). Habitat: "The hills are partly covered by dense under- growth and partly by grass. The valleys are all grass covered and the grass is very long in places. There is a river in the valley in which we are camped, with rocks in the river . . . steep banks" (RDH). Remarks: The team arrived at a farm west of Dargle Station (rail station; 29?28'S, 30?06'E G). Hepplewhite's jour- nal and field catalog designation for this locality reads "Kilgobbin Farm, Dargle District, Howick." A few specimen labels also refer to Howick (29?28'S, 30?14'E G), in conjunction with Dargle Station and Kilgobbin Farm. Howick and Dargle are found on the heavily annotated road map that obviously accompanied the field team (Mobil Southern Africa, Road Map South Africa, Section 2,1:2,280,000). The above coordinates, as taken from Taylor (1998), are for Kilgobbin Farm; Davis and Misonne's (1964) coordinates for Kilgobbin (29?28'S, 30?07'E) are comparable. Taxa: Amblysomus; Mastomys, Mus, Rattus, Rhabdomys, Otomys, Cryptomys; Myosorex. Klaserie, 20 mi [32.3 km] N Bosbokrand, Transvaal (Map 20: 712). Coordinates: 24?33'S, 3r02'E G (as Klaserie Rail- station). Collectors: S. D. Durrant, R. D. Hepplewhite, H. W. Setzer, and A. R. Silberstein (27-30 Sep 1966). Habitat: "[One hundred] yards [91.4 m] from camp is a dry water course with grass along the banks. From this [dry water course] a ridge rises which is covered with thorny scrub and grass on the one side and trees on the north side. [Two hundred] yards [182.9 m] south of the camp site and on the other side of a ridge is a fairly fast flowing river with reeds on the banks and grass and bushes beyond this . . . south side of the river bank" (RDH). Remarks: On 28 Sep, the AMP crew went to a citrus farm on the north side of the railroad tracks, where they collected some Cryptomys. Taxa: Saccostomus, Steatomys, Gerbilliscus, Aethomys, Lemniscomys, Mastomys, Mus, Cryptomys. Klawer, 2 mi [3.2 km] W, Cape Province (Map 20: 715). Coordinates: 31M7'S, 18?35'E M (WAC, Lower Orange River, 1:1,000,000). NUMBER 62,8 ? 271 FIGURE 138. South Africa, Klawer, 2 mi W: Vegetation on dunes (photograph by A. C. Risser, Dec 1963). Collectors: R. E. Cole, P. J. Geldenhuys, and A. C. Risser (17 Dec 1963). Habitat: "Dune edges covered with herbaceous shrubs, succulents" (Figure 138) (ACR). Remarks: Before leaving their camp at 5 mi E Van Rhyn- sdorp, the AMP crew collected "about 15 miles [24.1 km] away, south of the Olifants River," between Klawer (31?47'S, 18?37'E G) and Vredendal (31?40'S, 18?30'E G). At the same time, they also set traps in the dunes 2 miles [3.2 km] west of Vredendal according to Risser's journal, but no specimens were collected here. Taxa: Desmodillus, Gerbillurus, Mus, Rhabdomys. Kleinfontein, 20 mi [32.2 km] NE Zeerust, Transvaal (Map 20: 658). Coordinates: 25?20'S, 26?09'E G. Collectors: O. E. Graupner, S. J. Liversedge, and J. J. L. Pretorius (25-27 Apr 1969). Habitat: "Camped at foot of a series of low rocky hills covered with grass and other various bushveld shrubs and trees. On the flat areas at the foot of the hills there are big cultivated monkeynut lands. The ground structure is sandy . . . rocky hill with a plateau on top with sandy soil" (JJLP). Remarks: The AMP crew established camp at Kleinfontein, a farm situated to east of the Zeerust-Silkaatskop road and to the north-northeast of Zeerust (25?32'S, 26?05'E G). The coordinates for the farm conform closely to those derived from a by-road plot relative to Zeerust. Taxa: Elephantulus; Procavia; Paraxerus, Saccostomus, Acomys, Gerbilliscus, Aethomys, Mastomys, Micaela- mys, Rattus; Rhinolophus, Pipistrellus, Neoromicia; Genetta. Klein Letaba (Post Office), 8 mi [12.9 km] W, Transvaal (Map 20: 672). Coordinates: 23?08'S, 30?20'E M (WAC, Shashi River, 1:1,000,000). Collectors: I. L. Rautenbach and A. R. Silberstein (18-24 Jan 1967). 272 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY Habitat: "Long grass," "rocky hillside" (specimen labels). Remarks: Coordinates were based upon distance from Klein Letaba (23?08'S, 30?27'E G). Taxa: Saccostomus, Steatomys, Gerbilliscus, Aethomys, Lemniscomys, Mastomys, Mus; Lepus; Crocidura. Kluitjieskraal, 7 mi [11.3 km] SW Swellendam, Cape Province (Map 20: 741). Coordinates: 34?06'S, 20?21'E G. Collectors: P. J. Geldenhuys and A. C. Risser (5-7 Jan 1964). Habitat: "Trees on the river bank . . . rocky slope . . . covered with aloes and shrubs. Fern grassy patches here and there. Not 100% ground cover by any means . . . grassy flat (looks Uke a golf course fairway) . . . reeds near the river's edge . . . small pool among the rocks and reeds" (ACR). Remarks: The team established camp on the Kluitjieskraal Farm southwest of Swellendam. Originally, Risser recorded that their camp was on the Kluitjieskraal River, but at some later time, he wrote in the jour- nal margin, "No! Camp was on [emphasis in original] Breede. Kluitjieskraal was nearby." According to the collectors' road mileage and direction from Swellen- dam (34?02'S, 20?26'E G), their itinerary would have crossed the Breede River and terminated in the vicin- ity of an unnamed tributary of the Breede. This point approximates the USBGN coordinates for the mouth of the Kluitjieskraal Stream (34?03'S, 20?21'E G) and the eponymous farmstead (cited above) and persuades us that Risser's first assessment of their whereabouts is more nearly correct. Taxa: Procavia; Gerbilliscus, Aethomys, Myomyscus, Rhabdomys, Otomys; Lepus; Myosorex; Cynictis. Knoffelfontein, 16 mi [25.7 km] S Luckhoff, Orange Free State (Map 20: 726). Coordinates: 29?53'S, 24?50'E G. Collectors: A. F. Hallett, T. A. Heist, and A. C. Risser (10-13 Mar 1964). Habitat: "Area is typical karoo scrub, red sandy soil and FLAT except for the mountains in the distance . . . Near the house [of the farm Knoffelfontein] is a rocky mountain [hillside]. At base is riparian condition with Acacias, reed-like grasses . . . sedges" (ACR). Remarks: On 9 Mar, the AMP crew headed for Luckhoff (29?45'S, 24?47'E G) and intended to camp on the Knoffelfontein Farm. Unable to contact the Lubbes, the owners of Knoffelfontein, they settled at an over- night camp close to the Philippolis-Luckhoff road junc- tion. The skin labels of the few specimens collected here read "Knoffelfontein [unspecified] miles S Luckhoff," but Risser recorded the locality as "Knoffelfontein, 16 miles south of Luckhoff" in his field catalog. After- ward, all specimens collected "16 mi S of Luckhoff" omit reference to the farm. The following day, the AMP crew retraced their route back to Luckhoff, contacted the Lubbes, and drove to their farm where the crew encamped for the balance of their stay. The distance traveled south of Luckhoff (per WAC, Upper Orange River, 1:1,000,000) would have placed the team in the vicinity of one USBGN-listed Knoffelfontein Farm, to the west of the Philippolis-Luckhoff road. Given the large size of the farm (5,000 morgen = 4,284 ha, or 10,584 acres), we are uncertain how accurately its cen- tral coordinates reflect the focus of their field activity. Taxa: Elephantulus; Procavia; Desmodillus, Mastomys, Micaelamys, Mus, Rhabdomys, Otomys, Pedetes, Cryptomys; Lepus; Crocidura; Tadarida, Neoromi- cia; Proteles, Otocyon. Koegas, 10 mi [16.1 km] SE, Cape Province (Map 20: 681). Coordinates: 29?24'S, 22?26'E G (for De Duinen; see Re- marks). Collector: A. V. W. Lambrechts (25-29 May, 26-30 Oct 1968). Habitat: "On both sides of the river there are sand dunes, stretching to about 400 yards [365.8 m] from the river on the south bank and to about 600 yards [548.6 m] on the north; both running parallel to the river . . . mixed with rocks and small stones; that is where the sand dunes gradually merge with the rocky, open hab- itat farther from the river" (AVWL, May). "Habitat . . . approximately the same [as before] . . . sand dunes . . . rock strewn country with shrubs and no grass . . . rocky hill . . . sand dunes covered with shrubs" (AVWL, Oct). Remarks: On 24 May, Lambrechts headed to Koegas (also Koegasburg; 29?18'S, 22?21'E G) and camped on the south side of the Orange River. The water pumping station was on the other side of the river across from his camp. During the Oct trip, Lambre- chts camped on a farm, De Duinen (The Dunes), al- most exactly 10 mi via a straight line southeast of Koegas and on the south side of the Orange River. We thus adopted the farm for our coordinates of this locality, although neither De Duinen (De Duine per AMS, Upington, 1:1,000,000) or The Dunes appears on specimen labels. NUMBER 62,8 273 Taxa: Elephantulus, Macroscelides; Saccostomus, Desmo- dillus, Gerbilliscus, Gerbillurus, Aethomys, Masto- mys, Micaelamys, Rhabdomys, Parotomys; Genetta. Komatipoort, 2 mi [3.2 km] N, Transvaal (Map 20: 709). Coordinates: 25?22'S, 31?57'E G (as Tenbosch; see Re- marks). Collectors: O. F. Graupner, S. J. Liversedge, and J. J. L. Pretorius (27 Sep-10 Oct 1969). Habitat: "On the banks of the Crocodile River . . . bush- veld savanna on sandy soil with rocky ridges to the east" (JJLP). Remarks: In his field journal, Pretorius commented that their base camp was located on the Tenbosch Farm, along the banks of the Crocodile (Krokodil) River and near the boundary of Kruger National Park, and amended the distance as 2.7 mi [4.3 km] north of Komatipoort (25?26'S, 31?56'E G). "Tenbosch" is specified as part of the locality designation in Preto- rius' field catalog, but only the 2-mi-N distance rela- tive to Komatipoort is written on skin tags. Of the two Tenbosch farmsteads that occur in the vicinity, that cited above is closest, lies due north of Komatipoort, and borders the west bank of the Crocodile River. The straight-line distance from this Tenbosch to the center of town (4 mi) is slightly farther than that (2.7 mi) reported by Pretorius. Taxa: Graphiurus, Saccostomus, Steatomys, Gerbilliscus, Aethomys, Lemniscomys, Mastomys, Micaelamys, Mus; Crocidura; Mops, Neoromicia; Genetta. Kosi Bay, 12 mi [19.3 km] E Maputa, Zululand, Natal (Map 20: 785). Coordinates: 26?54'S, 32?52'E G. Collectors: J. E. W. Dixon, T. A. Heist, G. R. Hughes, and A. C. Risser (2-8 May 1964). Habitat: "Coastal dune: bush, Sterlitzia, umdoni trees, Strychnos . .. small vlei (reeds?water, kikuyu grass). Cultivated fields put in by the natives?which are ever increasing?are slowly eating away at the natural bush. Aerodrome: very level, grassy area with small patches of bush. Mealie [corn] field, kraals and grassy hills with a small 'puddle' near by ... banana plant... swamp forest [Figure 139] ... Mealie and millet fields around with scattered small patches of bush. Mostly open, however .. . sandveld around their native kraals .. . entanglement of ferns, thorn vines, canopy trees of Ficus hippotomai, Mancaranga capensis, Myrica co- nifera, understory of Stenochlaena [tenuifolia] [giant vine fern] . .. Sterlityia (bird of paradise)" (ACR). Remarks: At Ingwavuma (27?08'S, 31?59'E G), the com- missioner gave permission for the party to proceed into the native reserve area and stay around Maputa (Manguzi; 26?59'S, 32?45'E G). Camp was pitched on the shore of Kosi Bay (Natal Parks, Kosibaai), which is actually northeast of Maputa. On 3 May, traplines were placed in the vicinity of the Maputa aerodrome and also in Maputa itself. The following day, traps were set around the South African Police Station in Maputa, and four Chaerephon were collected from the General Store in Maputa. Taxa: Calcochloris; Saccostomus, Dendromus, Steatomys, Gerbilliscus, Aethomys, Mastomys, Mus, Cryptomys; Chaerephon, Mops, Neoromicia. Kuruman, 6 mi [9.7 km] E, Sweethome, Cape Province (Map 20: 655). Coordinates: 27?26'S, 23?33'E M (WAG, Molopo River, 1:1,000,000). Collectors: R. D. Hepplewhite and A. R. Silberstein (30 Aug-2 Sep 1966). Habitat: "The ground is very sandy . . . with scattered bushes and very sparse grass" (RDH). Remarks: On 31 Aug, the team collected a number of Miniopterus and Rhinolophus in The Eye (Die Oog, spring; 27?28'S, 23?27'E G), Kuruman Cave, from which the village of Kuruman (27?27'S, 23?26'E G) receives its water supply. Later, they visited a cave near a farm at 3 mi [4.8 km] E Kuruman and collected Rhinolophus. Taxa: Desmodillus, Gerbilliscus, Rhabdomys, Pedetes, Cryptomys; Rhinolophus, Miniopterus. Lady Grey, 12 mi [19.3 km] SW, Cape Province (Map 20: 755). Coordinates: 30?50'S, 27?05'E M (TPC, Sheet Q,-5D, 1:500,000). Collectors: R. D. Hepplewhite, I. L. Rautenbach, and A. R. Silberstein (20-23 Jul 1966). Habitat: "Stream Ues at the bottom of an old river bed with sandy cliff banks. Above the river the ground is very flat with grass on the one side and over grazed land on the other. Here and there are koppies with rocks on them" (RDH). Remarks: The coordinates are a by-road estimate from Lady Grey (30?42'S, 27?14'E G). The river mentioned in Habitat is probably the Bossieslaagtespruit, a tribu- tary of the Kraai. One specimen of Lepus was labeled Vryuitzig. which is possibly a phonetic spelling of Fraaiuitzicht, a locality modifier also found on some 274 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY FIGURE 139. South Africa, Kosi Bay: Dense forest near Kosi Bay, 12 mi E Maputa (photograph by J. E. W. Dixon, May 1964). specimen labels. Three specimens of Pedetes were la- beled Dardinel. None of these place-names could be located within a wide search radius around the collec- tors' distance and direction from Lady Grey. Taxa: Elephantulus; Procavia; Xerus, Saccostomus, Mas- tomys, Micaelamys, Rhabdomys, Myotomys, Pedetes, Cryptomys; Lepus. Lichtenburg, 22 mi [35.4 km] NNW, Transvaal (Map 20: 657). Coordinates: 25?57'S, 25?55'E M (WAC, Vaal River, 1:1,000,000). Collectors: R. E. Cole, P. J. Geldenhuys, and H. W. Setzer (11-17 Oct 1963). Habitat: "The habitat is open to the greater extent?called high Veld fringe. It is grassland and acacia and quite a bit of volcanic rock .. . old mealie [corn] field . .. sedge field" (REC). "The thorn bush we are camped in now is called 'sweet thorn' . . . Another type [of thorn] around here grows quite close to the ground and has thorns that resemble a cat's claw" (H. W. Setzer to Mrs. Setzer, personal communication, Oct 1963). Remarks: The cited coordinates fall at the center of a clus- ter of marks located on a probable AMP field map. NUMBER 628 275 Although the commonly used skin-tag designation reads "22 mi NNW Lichtenburg," Cole further local- ized their campsite as 15 mi [24.1 km] west and 12 mi [19.3 km] north of Lichtenburg (26?09'S, 26?10'E G) in his field journal. A few specimens were collected at peripheral sites labeled as 15 mi [24.1 km] W, 4 mi [6.4 km] N and 15 mi [24.1 km] W, 7mi [11.3 km] N Lichtenburg. Taxa: Xerus, Dendromus, Mystromys, Gerbilliscus, Aeth- omys, Lemniscomys, Mastomys, Micaelamys, Pede- tes; Lepus; Cynictis. Lindley, 10 mi [16.1 km] NW, Lusthoff, Orange Free State (Map 20: 734). Coordinates: 27M5'S, 27?54'E M (WAC, Yaal River, 1:1,000,000). Collectors: O. F. Graupner, S. J. Liversedge, and J. J. L. Pretorius (13-16 Mar 1969). Habitat: "River banks, low hills with sandstone rock lay- ers and scattered rocks, grassveld and cultivated lands. A good and promising variation of habitats . . . grass- veld on the hills plateau" (JJLP). Remarks: From Lindley (27?52'S, 27?55'E G), Pretorius and crew drove 12 mi [19.3 km] along the Lindley- Heilbron road and camped on the Lusthoff Farm. This distance, from Pretorius' field journal, does not exactly match the 10-mi-NW modifier as found on specimen labels and in Liversedge's catalog. The river cited may be a tributary of the Rhenoster and Vaal rivers. Taxa: Elephantulus; Xerus, Mystromys, Mastomys, Mi- caelamys, Pedetes, Cryptomys. Loeriesfontein, 6 mi [9.7 km] S, Cape Province (Map 20: 676). Coordinates: 31?03'S, 19?29'F M (WAC, Lower Orange River, 1:1,000,000). Collectors: O. F. Graupner, S. J. Liversedge, and J. J. L. Pretorius (11-14 Jun 1969). Habitat: "Dry river bed between high hills. The surface is thickly covered with shrubs and the soil changes from sandy to scale [sic] gravel. . . rocky side of a hill. . . gravel soil with shrubs . . . sandy soil with large, loose boulders and various drought resistant shrubs . . . hill plateau" (JJLP). Remarks: The AMP crew pitched camp on the municipal grounds south of Loeriesfontein (30?58'S, 19?27'E G) on the banks of a dry river bed, perhaps a tributary of the Zout River. On 13 Jun, a trapline was set on a rocky hillside approximately 2 mi [3.2 km] from camp, a site not distinguished on specimen labels. Taxa: Elephantulus, Macroscelides; Procavia; Petromys- cus, Gerbillurus, Micaelamys, Rhabdomys, Myoto- mys, Cryptomys; Galerella. Louisvale, 1 mi [1.6 km] N, Cape Province (Map 20: 651). Coordinates: 28?32'S, 21?12'E M (WAC, Upper Orange River, 1:1,000,000). Collectors: R. D. Hepplewhite and A. R. Silberstein (25- 28 Aug 1966). Habitat: "The camp is on the south bank of the Orange River. Along the fringe of the river is a belt of trees but this has been cleared in places to make way for lucerne [alfalfa] and other crops which are grown in this area. There are many embankments . . . The sandy area under irrigation is about 1/4 mile [0.4 km] wide here and then comes a rocky ridge. On the other side of the rocky ridge the ground is almost flat and where it is not cultivated has low scrub and bushes. Our traplines entered from the river's edge to the top of the rocky ridge" (RDH). Remarks: The USBGN coordinates for Louisvale are 28?34'S, 21?12'E. See also the locality account for Sishen. Taxa: Elephantulus; Saccostomus, Desmodillus, Gerbillis- cus, Mastomys, Micaelamys, Rhabdomys, Thallomys; Sauromys, Neoromicia. Magoebaskloof, 10 mi [16.1 km] W Tzaneen, Transvaal (Map 20: 666). Coordinates: 23?52'S, 30?01'E G. Collectors: S. D. Durrant, R. D. Hepplewhite, H. W. Setzer, and A. R. Silberstein (30 Sep-3 Oct 1966). Habitat: "Camped in a valley surrounded by mixed native forest on the banks of the river [probably a tributary of the Groot Letaba] and pine and citrus trees on the slopes of the hills. There is a fair amount of short grass on the banks of the stream and in open spots" (RDH). Taxa: Chlorocebus; Dendromus, Aethomys, Grammo- mys, Mastomys, Mus, Rhabdomys, Otomys, Crypto- mys; Crocidura, Myosorex. Makatini Flats, 20 mi [32.2 km] E Mkuze, Zululand, Natal (Map 20: 783). Coordinates: 27?34'S, 32?12'E M (WAC, Delagoa Bay, 1:1,000,000). Collectors: J. E. W. Dixon, T. A. Heist, G. R. Hughes, and A. C. Risser (22-26 Apr 1964). Habitat: "Mkuze River . . . riverine bush. Makitini Flats: a relatively flat area of Acacia, Themida grass. Some areas are dense bush. Grass is about 2 feet [0.6 m] high except where there are burned areas . . . red soil 276 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY burned area . . . Thickets of thorns (Euphorbia) and Entamboti [sic?] trees" (ACR). Remarks: The crew camped near the Mkuze River in the Mkuze Game Reserve (27?38'S, 32?15'E G) to the east of Mkuze. Our by-road estimate of Makatini Flats, which emphasizes the distance relative to Mkuze and the Mkuze River, differs from those given by other authorities (27?15'S, 32?13'E G; 27?25'S, 32?08'E, Taylor, 1998). Bats were collected by T. C. Henry (Heist's catalog) at the Mkuze Game Reserve Head- quarters. On 24 Apr, Risser noted that a trapline was set in the rocky area at the other side of the game re- serve but failed to mention the distance and direction from camp. On 25 and 26 Apr, Dixon and Hughes collected at 25 mi [40.2 km] SE Mkuze on the Nyala State Lands (27?56'S, 32?13'E M). Taxa: Petrodromus; Chlorocebus; Saccostomus, Den- dromus, Aethomys, Eemniscomys, Mastomys, Mus, Cryptomys; Lepus; Crocidura; Chaerephon, Tadarida, Scotophilus; Ichneumia; Aepyceros. Makhake Store, Sani Pass, Natal (Map 20: 768). Coordinates: 29?37'S, 29?25'E G. Collectors: R. D. Hepplewhite, I. L. Rautenbach, and A. R. Silberstein (2-6 Jul 1966). Habitat: "From the banks of the rocky river, a gently slop- ing area stretching about 1/3 mile [0.5 km] on either side, is covered with grass with patches of bramble and bushes here and there. Beyond this point the ground begins to rise steeply into hills which soon tower above. The hills are fairly rocky with protea bushes quite common and a certain amount of undergrowth in the gullies. There is also a more or less continuous strip of bush directly alongside the river . . . garden" (RDH). Remarks: The rocky river cited in Habitat is probably a reference to the Mkomazi drainage basin. Taxa: Amblysomus; Dendromus, Mastomys, Mus, Rattus, Rhabdomys, Otomys; Myosorex. Malelane, 7 mi [11.3 km] SW, Transvaal (Map 20: 708). Coordinates: 25?32'S, 31?24'E M (WAC, Delagoa Bay, 1:1,000,000). Collectors: I. L. Rautenbach and A. R. Silberstein (24 Nov-4 Dec 1966). Habitat: "Mine . . . high grass" (ARS). Remarks: Rautenbach and Silberstein camped on an un- named farm near Malelane (also as Majelane on maps; 25?29'S, 31?31'E G). On 28 Nov, they went to Louis Creek, (25?38'S, 31?17'E G, as Louw's Creek) to net bats. Taxa: Saccostomus, Steatomys, Gerbilliscus, Aethomys, Eemniscomys, Mastomys, Mus; Eepus; Rhinolophus, Miniopterus; Genetta. Mariazell Mission, Matatiele District, Cape Province (Map 20: 762). Coordinates: 30?18'S, 28?22'E G (as Maria Zell Mission). Collector: T. N. Liversedge (15-17 Jan 1966). Habitat: "Heavy undergrowth and rocks," "undergrowth and grass," "short grass and bushes" (specimen labels). Remarks: The town of Mariazell in Cape Province lies approximately 40 km west of Matatiele (30?20'S, 28?48'E G). Taxa: Graphiurus, Rhabdomys; Myosorex. Mariepskop Forest Reserve, Transvaal (Map 20: 710). Coordinates: 24?35'S, 30?53'E G (as Mariepskop Bosre- serwe). Collectors: R. M. Davis, A. R. Hardy, and A. L. Moore (3-7 Dec 1964). Habitat: "River ... wet vlei" (RMD). Remarks: The AMP team reported an elevation of about 4,500 ft [1,370 m]. Taxa: Dendromus, Mastomys, Rhabdomys; Myosorex. Mariepskop Mountain, Transvaal (Map 20: 711). Coordinates: 24?32'S, 30?52'E G. Collectors: I. L. Rautenbach and A. R. Silberstein (17-18 Dec 1966). Habitat: No information available. Remarks: The collectors received permission to trap on the top of Mariepskop Mountain and located their camp a few miles below the peak. All specimens collected at this locality were preserved in fluid, presumably because of the persistent rains. On 17 Dec, Rautenbach shot two vervets (Cercopithecus); however, the skulls were lost, and none were accessioned into the NMNH. Taxa: Mastomys, Otomys; Epomophorus, Neoromicia. Mata Mata, Aub River, Kalahari-Gemsbok National Park, Cape Province (Map 20: 635). Coordinates: 25M6'S, 20?01'E G. Collector: A. V. W. Lambrechts (9-12 Dec 1968). Habitat: "Sand dunes. Sand and shrubs" (AVWL). Remarks: While camped at Mata Mata, Lambrechts also collected (11 Dec) at Kamkwa (Borehole). Taxa: Gerbilliscus, Gerbillurus, Rhabdomys, Parotomys. NUMBER 62,8 ? 277 Modderfontein, 2 mi [3.2 km] N Deelfontein, Cape Province (Map 20: 724). Coordinates: 30?57'S, 23M7'E G. Collectors: P. J. Geldenhuys and A. C. Risser (30 Jan-2 Feb 1964). Habitat: "Open vlei. . . karoo . . . camp is under the wil- lows by a small lake . . . rocky hillside . . . bamboo clumps . . . large pond . . . ." (ACR). Remarks: Geldenhuys and Risser estabUshed their camp- site on Modderfontein, a farm whose ownership Risser alternately attributed to a Mr. DeBeers or De Jagers. Taxa: Elephantulus; Xerus, Malacothrix, Desmodillus, Gerb- illurus, Mastomys, Micaelamys, Mus, Myomyscus, Rhab- domys, Myotomys; Crocidura; Neoromicia; Suricata. Modderfontein, 7 mi [11.3 km] W Springbok, Cape Province (Map 20: 643). Coordinates: 29M1'S, 17?48'E G. Collectors: R. E. Cole, P. J. Geldenhuys, and A. C. Risser (6-12 Dec 1963). Habitat: "Crystal clear spring water, rocky kopjes [Figure 140], rocky mountain slopes covered with tree aloes. FIGURE 140. South Africa, Modderfontein: Rocky kopje on Modderfontein Farm, 7 mi W Springbok. Procavia and Lepus habitat (photo- graph by A. C. Risser, Dec 1963). 278 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY -;" -^^f^y^' '??'? FIGURE 141. South Africa, Modderfontein: Trappers work near Springbok (photograph by A. C. Risser, Dec 1963). succulents and deciduous shrubs. Some euphorbias. . . cultivated lands?mostly wheat. . . rocky, succulent covered hillside . . . fresh water ponds . . . old wheat fields . .. acacias" (Figure 141) (ACR). Risser sketched a map in his journal that also depicts sand dunes. Remarks: The coordinates cited for Modderfontein farm compare favorably with those based upon by-road miles traveled west of Springbok (29?40'S, 17?53'E G). The team established camp about 0.5 mi [0.8 km] from the farm house under a large stand of acacias and next to a small, dry stream bed, probably a tribu- tary of the Buffels River. On 7 Dec, Geldenhuys col- lected Rhabdomys from scrub along a water course 1 mi [1.6 km] S Springbok. On 8 Dec, they hunted in the rocks (kopjes and canyon) about 1 mi [1.6 km] west of the farm house and collected a Pronolagus and a Procavia. Between 10 and 12 Dec, specimens were also collected at the Aerodrome (29?42'S, 17?57'E G), 4 mi [6.4 km] ESE Springbok. Another locality vari- ant includes 8 mi [12.9 km] W Springbok. Another variant in Geldenhuys' field catalog is 6 mi [9.7 km] W, which is contradicted by the locality indicated on specimen labels as "7 mi W." In contrast to the rest of his handwritten catalog, the section between 29 Nov 1963 and 2 Feb 1964 is typewritten and does not ap- pear to be a primary source of data. NUMBER 62,8 279 Taxa: Chrysochloris; Elephantulus, Macroscelides; Pro- cavia; Desmodillus, Gerbillurus, Mastomys, Mi- caelamys, Mus, Rhabdomys, Myotomys, Parotomys, Petromus; Lepus, Pronolagus; Crocidura; Sauromys, Tadarida, Neoromicia, Cistugo. Montagu, 4 mi [6.4 km] W, Cape Province (Map 20: 740). Coordinates: 33?49'S, 20?05'E M (ONC, Sheet R-4, 1:1,000,000). Collectors: O. F. Graupner, S. J. Liversedge, and J. J. L. Pretorius (4-8 Sep 1969). Habitat: "High mountains [Langeberg Mountains] on our eastern side with uneven area extending from there towards and past our camp. There is also a river [trib- utary of the Breede?] flowing past the camp . . . The vegetation along the river consists of thick reeds as well as thorn trees and in the sandy areas along the river banks . . . On the uneven areas vegetation con- sists of small shrubs and succulents, whereas the na- ture of the soil is more rocky" (JJLP). Remarks: Camp was established on the municipal grounds to the west of Montagu (33M7'S, 20?07'E G) and near the Aston road (sic; Ashton G). Our estimated coordi- nates plot more to the southwest of the town. Taxa: Elephantulus; Micaelamys, Mus, Myomyscus, Rhabdomys, Otomys, Cryptomys; Crocidura; Atilax, Cynictis. Moordrift, 7 mi [11.3 km] SW Potgietersrus, Transvaal (Map 20: 663). Coordinates: 24?15'S, 28?57'E G. Collectors: R. D. Hepplewhite and T. N. Liversedge (13- 16 Dec 1965). Habitat: "Farm ... at the foot of a range of rocky, well- wooded hills. A river formed the boundary on one side of the farm. The vegetation on the flat ground was predominantly acacia bushes and short grass. The water courses were more heavily wooded and had less acacias. The ground was very dry . . . dry watercourse ... in an acacia and grass belt dividing two peanut fields . . . flat floodplain of the river which was open except for a few thorn trees and sparsely covered with short grass" (TNL). Remarks: The coordinates cited are for Moordrift Farm, where Hepplewhite and Liversedge camped and which favorably correspond to those (24?16'S, 28?58'F M, WAC, Vaal River, 1:1,000,000) derived from mileage relative to Potgietersrus (24?11'S, 29?01'E G). The river and flood plain noted in the habitat description is probably the Nyl River. Taxa: Saccostomus, Steatomys, Gerbilliscus, Aethomys, Lemniscomys, Mastomys, Micaelamys, Mus, Rattus, Pedetes; Lepus; Genetta, Ichneumia, Ictonyx. Mosselbaai, 9 mi [14.5 km] N, Klein Brakrivier, Cape Province (Map 20: 744). Coordinates: 34?03'S, 22?08'E G (for Rooineuwel Farm; see Remarks). Collectors: P. J. Geldenhuys and A. C. Risser (8-12 Jan 1964). Habitat: "The banks are heavily vegetated with Port Jackson willow, acacia, black wattle trees, reeds and grass fern pines and flowering blue gums. Our camp is on a grassy- succulent opening .. . dairy farm . . . old wheat stubble field now grown over slightly with weeds . . . grass- bush-tree borders to the cultivated land" (ACR). Remarks: Geldenhuys and Risser camped at Rooineu- wel Farm, a farm not mentioned on specimen labels. USBGN coordinates of the farm concord with those derived from plotting mileage on available maps rela- tive to Mosselbaai (34?11'S, 22?08'E G). The Klein Brakrivier flows through the Rooineuwel farmstead. Taxa: Procavia; Dendromus, Gerbilliscus, Mus, Rattus, Rhabdomys, Otomys, Bathyergus, Hystrix; Crocidura, Myosorex. Ndumu Game Reserve boundary, Zululand, Natal (Map 20: 784). Coordinates: 26?52'S, 32?15'E G. Collectors: J. E. W. Dixon and A. C. Risser (10 May 1964). Habitat: "Good sections of dense riverine forest [Figure 142] (Ficus sycomorus), Mahemaan [sic] bush (com- posed of thicket forest, fever trees) and the sand forest composed of Newtonia clistanthis [sic] and Euphor- bia sp. Most of the canopy trees have Usnea barbata (old man's beard)" (ACR). Remarks: The companions traveled to the lowveld of the Ndumu Game Reserve, whose northern bound- ary with Mozambique is formed by the Usutu River. Risser characterized the region as transitional. Several Aethomys collected by Risser also bear the locality modifier near Pongolo River. Taxa: Gerbilliscus, Aethomys, Grammomys. Nelspruit, 4 mi [6.4 km] E, 2 mi [3.2 km] S, Transvaal (Map 20: 707). Coordinates: 25?29'S, 31?03'E M (WAC, Vaal River and Delagoa Bay, 1:1,000,000). Collectors: R. D. Hepplewhite, H. W. Setzer, and A. R. Silberstein (23-26 Sep 1966). 280 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY FIGURE 142. South Africa, Ndumu Game Reserve boundary: Riverine forest (photograph by A. C. Risser, May 1964). Habitat: "Lots of reeds and tall grass on the banks of the dam and in the vlei. The vlei lies between a num- ber of rocky ridges above which there is a stretch of rocky grassland and then a series of rocky outcrops or low rocky hills. Scattered here and there are patches of natural bush and on the western side of the dam and about 100 yards [91.4 m] from it is a citrus orchard ... a koppie about 1/4 mile [0.4 km] from camp" (RDH). Remarks: Our coordinates were estimated on the basis of azimuth and range from Nelspruit (25?28'S, 30?58'E G). Camp was pitched next to a dam, probably the Friedenheim Dam according to the FAO, on the Croc- odile Valley Citrus Estates (25?28'S, 31?02'E G). Taxa: Steatomys, Gerbilliscus, Aethomys, Mastomys, Mi- caelamys, Mus; Crocidura; Neoromicia, Miniopterus. Newcastle, 10 mi [16.1 km] S, Gardenia, Natal (Map 20: 777). Coordinates: 27?53'S, 29M9'E M (WAG, Vaal River, 1:1,000,000). Collectors: O. E. Graupner, S. J. Liversedge, and J. J. L. Pretorius (19-21 May 1969). Habitat: "The grass is high and thick. Except for a few clumps of wattle trees scattered in the area there is hardly any other shrubs and trees except high up on the hillside where there are various shrubs and aloes... marshy area . . . marshy grassland . . . stream" (JJLP). NUMBER 62,8 281 Remarks: Coordinates for Gardenia Farm, where the team camped, are based upon distance from Newcastle (27M5'S, 19?56' G) and Pretorius' remarks about the close proximity of their field site to the Newcastle- Normandien road. Our map-derived coordinates con- trast somewhat with those of Taylor (1998; 27?50'S, 29?56'E), which do plot in a southerly direction but do not fall in close proximity to the aforementioned road. Taxa: Gerbilliscus, Mastomys, Micaelamys, Mus; Croc- idura; Rhinolophus, Miniopterus. Newington, 7 mi [11.3 km] ENE, Transvaal (Map 20: 714). Coordinates: 24?45'S, 31?25'E C. Collectors: O. F. Graupner, J. J. L. Pretorius, and H. W. Setzer (16-18 Nov 1968). Habitat: "Low veld, sandy soil" (OFG). Remarks: The collectors' coordinates lie approximately 12 km NNE Newington (24?49'S, 31?17'E G). Taxa: Galago; Saccostomus, Gerbilliscus, Mastomys, Micaelamys. Nkonkoni, 6 mi [9.7 km] N Mkuze, Zululand, Natal (Map 20: 782). Coordinates: 27?32'S, 31?59'E G. Collectors: J. E. W. Dixon, T. A. Heist, G. R. Hughes, and A. C. Risser (28-30 Apr 1964). Habitat: "Looks very much like the west side of the Hua- chuca Mountains, Cochise County, [southern] Arizona [Figure 143]. Acacia nigrescens, a cat-claw thorn tree- shrub is the dominant.. . tall grasses [Figure 144]. Foothills have scattered patches of dense bush .. . bush thickets . . . dry stream bed are on the flats . . . rocky mountain hillside" (ACR). Remarks: The coordinates of Nkonkoni Farm agree with those derived from distance and direction (albeit more NNW) from Mkuze (27?37'S, 32?02' G) as plotted on an AMP map (WAG, Delagoa Bay, 1:1,000,000). On 28 Apr, Risser and Dixon set a trapline on the southern slope of the Lebombo Mountains, which Risser described in his journal as being "very bushy and wet." Taxa: Saccostomus, Aethomys, Lemniscomys, Mastomys, Micaelamys, Mus; Crocidura. Norvalspont, 8 mi [12.9 km] E, Orange Free State/Cape Province (Map 20: 728). Coordinates: 30?35'S, 25?35'E M (WAG, Upper Orange River, 1:1,000,000). Collector: A. V. W. Lambrechts (23-27 Mar, 22-26 Aug 1968). Habitat: "South bank . . . mainly scattered karoo shrub with very sparse grass. Small rocks abound . . . north bank . . . changes from cultivated lands to rocks with grass plus shrubs and scattered thornbushes. The habitat on both banks stays the same (small rocks and stones) but with more grass on the north bank" (AVWL, Mar). Remarks: Camp was situated on the north bank of the Orange River to the east of Norvalspont (30?38'S, 25?27'E G). The field site was about 6 mi [9.7 km] upstream [east] from the "new" Hendrick F. Verwo- erd Dam (30?37'S, 25?30'E, FAO). As indicated by the dual provinces, Lambrechts collected on both the north and south banks of the Orange River. Taxa: Elephantulus; Saccostomus, Malacothrix, Desmo- dillus, Gerbillurus, Aethomys, Mastomys, Mus, Rhab- domys, Myotomys, Pedetes, Cryptomys; Tadarida; Genetta, Galerella, Proteles; Sylvicapra. Nossob Camp, Kalahari-Gemsbok National Park, Cape Province (Map 20: 634). Coordinates: 25?25'S, 20?36'E G. Collector: A. V. W. Lambrechts (23-26 Nov 1968). Habitat: "Grass and shrubs," "shrubs and sand" (speci- men labels). Remarks: Variant specimen labels also include 1 mi [1.6 km] N and 2 mi [3.2 km] N Nossob Camp. Taxa: Elephantulus; Saccostomus, Desmodillus, Gerbillis- cus, Gerbillurus, Rhabdomys, Parotomys; Neoromicia. N'Rougas Farm, 16 mi [25.7 km] N Kenhardt, Cape Province (Map 20: 650). Coordinates: 29?07'S, 21?09'E G. Collectors: O. F. Graupner, S. J. Liversedge, and J. J. L. Pretorius (1-5 Jun 1969). Habitat: "Although most of the area is flat and changes from sandy soil to gravel there is a short ridge of rocky hills. Vegetation consists of drought resistant grass and shrubs. Along the dry river bed where we are camping there are quite a lot?but scattered thorn trees" (JJLP). Remarks: The two specimens of Otocyon collected from this locality bear the name of the farm as "N'Rougas," whereas journal entries spell the farm as "N'Ougas." A USBGN-listed farm of the former orthography does correspond to the distance and direction traveled from Kenhardt (29?21'S, 21?09'E G) and borders a smaU river, as indicated on available maps. 282 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY FIGURE 143. South Africa, Nkonkoni: George Hughes collecting trapped mammals and radioing back to camp from Lebombo Mountains, 6 mi N Mkuze (photograph by A. C. Risser, Apr 1964). Taxa: Elephantulus; Procavia; Xerus, Gerbillurus, Mi- caelamys, Rhabdomys, Hystrix; Felis, Genetta, Galer- ella, Otocyon, Ictonyx. Nylstroom, 4 mi [6.4 km] E, Transvaal (Map 20: 662). Coordinates: 24M0'S, 28?28'E M (WAC, Vaal River, 1:1,000,000). Collectors: R. D. Hepplewhite and T. N. Liversedge (8-11 Dec 1965). Habitat: "Strip of woodland between two ploughed lands . . . rocky hillside" (TNL). Remarks: Hepplewhite and Liversedge based their camp on an unnamed farm east of Nylstroom (24?42'S, 28?24' G). The next day, they collected at Num Num NUMBER 62,! 283 'lt?>'i^ I ?TrtiiiJii&B'wiiikiAaiSifc^i^f'iMi''' r ''^'i' ' i^ 1 rifinimmi'imm '' i^-wtt^A^A^wAi FIGURE 144. South Africa, Nkonkoni: Landscape north side of Lebombo Mountains (photograph by A. C. Risser). (24M2'S, 28?38'E G), a farm at 10 mi [16.1 km] E Nylstroom. Specimens were also collected at Nylst- room Town (24M2'S, 28?23' G) and the Nylstroom golf course. Taxa: Elephantulus; Paraxerus, Graphiurus, Saccosto- mus, Steatomys, Gerbilliscus, Aethomys, Mastomys, Micaelamys, Mus, Cryptomys; Scotophilus. Pakhuis Pass, 10 mi [16.1 km] NE Clanwilliam, Cape Province (Map 20: 719). Coordinates: 32?09'S, 19?02' G (as Pakhuispas). Collectors: R. E. Cole, P. J. Geldenhuys, A. L. Moore, and A. C. Risser (18-22 Dec 1963); O. F. Graupner, S. J. Liversedge, and J. J. L. Pretorius (15-18 Jul 1969). Habitat: "Camp is located under some huge pines and there is a brook flowing behind us. Very rocky, broken terrain, similar in general appearance to the Chirica- hua National Monument region, Arizona . . . grassy. unused irrigation ditch . . . vineyards . . . bush cov- ered sand dune . . . rocky kloof . . . rocky, grassy flat . . . rocky, brushy {Protea dominant) area just outside the forest boundary. A vlei area quite moist, covered with juncus-sedge like plants runs partially through part of the trap set. . . rocky slope . . . Very dense vegetation and bare rocks [Figure 145]. Ferns and horsetails in drainage ways . . . shale rock scrub hill- side . . . meadow just below the pass. This is a fairly large meadow bordered by rocky mountain slopes [Figure 146]. Ground cover is reeds, rushes, ferns, grass . . . two small water courses . . . Soil is sandy" (ACR). "The area is extremely rocky with sandy areas between the mountains and marshy streams" (JJLP). Remarks: The expanded locality above matches specimen labels from the second AMP visit. On the first trip here. Cole and companions abbreviated the locality to read Clanwilliam, Pakhuis Pass. In his journal. Cole 284 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY FIGURE 145. South Africa, Pakhuis Pass: Ron Cole setting steel traps in Pakhuis Mountains, 10 mi ENE Clanwilliam (photograph by A. C. Risser, Dec 1963). further amplified the locality as "Pakhuis Mts., 12 mi [19.3 km] ENE Clanwilliam." The USBGN coordi- nates jibe with Cole's modified location of the pass and with our by-road determination. Several speci- mens were also collected by the first team at 5 mi [8.0 km] NW Clanwilliam. 6 mi [9.7 km] N Clanwilliam at Kleinvlei. and 2 mi N Clanwilliam. According to a sketch map in Risser's journal, Kleinvlei is, or was, a farm owned by a Mr. Berg. Taxa: Chrysochloris; Elephantulus; Procavia; Acomys, Gerbilliscus, Gerbillurus, Micaelamys, Mus, Myomys- cus, Rhabdomys, Otomys, Cryptomys, Georychus; Lepus; Crocidura, Myosorex; Genetta, Galerella. Parys, 5 mi [8.0 km] ENE, Boomplaas, Orange Free State (Map 20: 690). Coordinates: 26?52'S, 27?33'E M (WAC, Vaal River, 1:1,000,000). NUMBER 628 285 FIGURE 146. South Africa, Pakhuis Pass: Eastern side of the Pakhuis Mountains, about 10 mi ENE Cianwilliam (photograph by A. C. Risser, Dec 1963). Collectors: O. F. Graupner, S. J. Liversedge, and J. J. L. Pretorius (18-20 Mar 1969). Habitat: "Most of the area is cultivated and the rest of the habitat consists of rocky outcrops and grasslands with scattered karoo scrub although were little in numbers" (JJLP). Remarks: Pretorius and team estabUshed camp on the Boomplass Farm, just off the main road to Vereenig- ing and east-northeast of Parys (26?54'S, 27?27'E G). Of the many farms named Boomplaas listed by the USBGN, none plausibly corresponds to other avail- able landmarks. Taxa: Elephantulus; Malacothrix, Mastomys, Micaela- mys, Mus, Rhabdomys; Crocidura. Pella Mission, 10 mi [16.1 km] NW, Cape Province/ Namibia (Map 20: 645). Coordinates: 28?56'S, 19?02'E M (WAG, Lower Orange River, 1:1,000,000). Collector: A. V. W. Lambrechts (5-8 Jul 1968,22-24 Jan 1969). 286 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY Habitat: "Extremely mountainous terrain . . . narrow, flat Strip between the river and the mountains ... It is very dry, with the vegetation sparse or non-existent. There is no grass at all. Even the mountains are almost devoid of vegetation" (AVWL, Jul). Remarks: During his Jul visit, Lambrechts camped and col- lected on the south bank of the Orange River at a place known locally as Die Mik. According to the USBGN, Pella Mission is a variant name for the town of Pella (29?02'S, 19?09'E). Lambrechts actually labeled a few specimens as 8 mi [13 km] SW Pella. although this variant is not mentioned in his field catalog or journal. Both the north (Namibia) and south banks of the Or- ange River were surveyed during his 1969 visit. Taxa: Graphiurus, Petromyscus, Desmodillus, Micaela- mys, Petromus; Ictonyx. Petchaye, 7 mi [11.2 km] SE Estcourt, Natal (Map 20: 772). Coordinates: 29?05'S, 29?57'E P (Taylor, 1998). Collectors: T. A. Heist and A. C. Risser (3-6 Apr 1964). Habitat: "Rocky hillsides, open rolling pasturelands, tall grass vleis and banks of water catchments, thornveld, farm outbuildings and grown up weedy patches" (ACR). Remarks: The published coordinates for Petchaye concur with estimates based upon mileage traveled by road from Estcourt (29?00'S, 29?53'E G). The farm where the team camped was on the east side of the Drakens- berg Mountains. They trapped in a thornveld about 9 mi [14.5 km] from Petchaye, according to Risser's field journal, but this locale is not indicated in field catalogs or on specimen labels. Taxa: Amblysomus; Elephantulus; Mastomys, Micaelamys, Rattus, Rhabdomys, Cryptomys; Crocidura. Petrusville, 12 mi [19.3 km] W, Orange Free State/Cape Province (Map 20: 725). Coordinates: 29?55'S, 24?38'E G (for Havengabrug; see Remarks). Collector: A. V. W. Lambrechts (30 Apr-4 May, 2-6 Oct 1968). Habitat: "The south survey line runs into rocky terrain for its whole length. The north survey line has rocks . . . shrubs . . . with one small rocky hill . . . high hill. ..." (AVWL, Apr-May). "The habitat is in good condition for this time of the year" (AVWL, Oct). Remarks: Lambrechts camped on the old Petrusville- Luckhoff road next to the Havenga Bridge (or Ha- vengabrug G), which feature we used for the locality coordinates. Lambrechts reckoned his camp as west of Petrusville, but the Havenga Bridge plots more di- rectly north of Petrusville (30?05'S, 24?39'E G). Taxa: Elephantulus; Procavia; Saccostomus, Desmodillus, Gerbillurus, Aethomys, Micaelamys, Mus, Rhabdo- mys; Crocidura. Philippolis, 18 mi [29.0 km] S, Orange Free State/Cape Province (Map 20: 727). Coordinates: 30?30'S, 25?13'E M (WAC, Upper Orange River, 1:1,000,000). Collectors: A. V. W. Lambrechts (24-28 Apr 1968); A. V. W. Lambrechts and S. J. Liversedge (25-30 Sep 1968). Habitat: "North bank . . . abundant grass. . . pile of rocks . . . collected [Gerbillurus] frequently on substrate with a 70% rock cover . . . sandy soil" (AVWL, Apr). "Though no rain fell as yet, the veld is in a reasonably good condition" (AVWL, Sep). Remarks: The April camp was located about 1.5 mi [2.4 km] east of the bridge across the Orange River on the Philippolis-Colesberg road, where the annual Din- gaan's Day or Day of the Covenant Festival is held. The team set up their September camp on the north bank of the Orange River, about 2 mi [3.2 km] west of the bridge and south of Philippolis (30?16'S, 25?17'E G). Our coordinates relate to the April camp and the distance east of the bridge. Taxa: Elephantulus; Procavia; Xerus, Saccostomus, Mala- cothrix, Desmodillus, Gerbilliscus, Gerbillurus, Aeth- omys, Mastomys, Micaelamys, Rhabdomys, Pedetes, Cryptomys, Hystrix; Vulpes. Pirie Trout Hatchery, 12 mi [19.3 km] NW King Williams Town, Cape Province (Map 20: 754). Coordinates: 32?45'S, 27?17'E G (as The Hatchery). Collectors: T. A. Heist and A. C. Risser (24 Feb-3 Mar 1964). Habitat: "Pirie forest... creek about 100 yards [91.4 m] away" (TAH). "The hatchery is situated at the edge of the Pirie Forest and bordering the forests and inter- spersed are grassy meadows [Figure 147]. Water abun- dant; very lush green vegetation. Wattle trees, pines, poplars ... The forest is dense except in the plantation schemes. Not much in the way of forest floor cover but leaf debris and branch entanglements. Grass cover in the fields where no grazing has occurred is thick, some- times waist deep. An occasional vlei or small water course ... in most of the fields around the hatchery. For- est extends on up to the top of the mountains" (ACR). NUMBER 62,8 ? 287 ????M't nCURE 147. South Africa, Pirie Trout Hatchery (photograph by A. C. Risser, Feb 1964). Remarks: Heist and Risser traveled north from King Wil- liams Town (32?53'S, 27?24'E G) and then west to site their camp on the Pirie Trout Hatchery, situated along the southern edge of the Pirie Forest (32?45'S, 27?14'E G). A forest department employee informed the team that the forest was more than 50 years old. On 3 Mar, Risser acquired two Graphiurus from the Kaffrarian Museum that had been held in captivity; associated skin labels describe their locality as King Williams Town area. Taxa: Amblysomus; Graphiurus, Dendromus, Mastomys, Mus, Rhabdomys, Otomys, Cryptomys; Myosorex; Rhinolophus, Neoromicia, Miniopterus; Genetta. Port Nolloth, 2 mi [3.2 km] S, Cape Province (Map 20: 641). Coordinates: 29?17'S, 16?53'E M (WAC, Upper Orange River, 1:1,000,000). Collectors: O. F. Graupner, S. J. Liversedge, and J. J. L. Pretorius(27Jull969). 288 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY Habitat: "The bush" (JJLP). "Littoral sand and shrubs" (specimen labels). Taxa: Gerbillurus, Myotomys. Port NoUoth, 5 mi [8.0 km] E, Cape Province (Map 20: 642). Coordinates: 29?17'S, 16?57'E M (WAC, Lower Orange River, 1:1,000,000). Collectors: R. E. Cole, P. J. Geldenhuys, and A. C. Risser (29 Nov-4 Dec 1963). Habitat: "Area is covered with succulent bushes, and a low, thorny shrub. Soil is probably 100% sand . . . sand dune area . . . [covered with a] lush growth of succulents and Euphorbia. Also unidentified shrubs about waist to shoulder high" (ACR). Remarks: Although camp was established 5 mi east of Port NoUoth (29?15'S, 16?52'E G), some specimens were also collected 5 mi ENE Port NoUoth from 2 to 4 Dec. Taxa: Macroscelides; Saccostomus, Steatomys, Gerbillu- rus, Mus, Rhabdomys, Myotomys, Parotomys; Lepus; Crocidura. Port St. Johns, 4 mi [6.4 km] W, Cape Province (Map 20: 763). Coordinates: 31?36'S, 29?30'E M (WAC, Drakensberg, 1:1,000,000). Collectors: R. D. Hepplewhite, I. L. Rautenbach, and A. R. Silberstein (14-18 Jul 1966). Habitat: "The country is very mountainous with trees and heavy undergrowth on the mountain sides. In the val- leys and on the tops of the hUls there are open patches with long grass. The rivers have a belt of trees, shrubs and heavy undergrowth along their banks" (RDH). Remarks: The AMP crew received permission to camp and hunt in an unidentified forest reserve west of Port Saint Johns (31?38'S, 29?32'E G). Taxa: Chlorocebus; Dasymys, Mastomys, Rhabdomys, Otomys; Crocidura, Myosorex. Potchefstroom, 3 mi [4.8 km] ENE, Witrand, Transvaal (Map 20: 689). Coordinates: 26M1'S, 27?10'E M (WAC, Vaal River, 1:1,000,000). Collectors: O. E. Graupner, S. J. Liversedge, and J. J. L. Pretorius (25-26 Mar 1969). Habitat: "There is great variation in habitat namely culti- vated lands, marshy areas, riverine scrub and grass on the river bank, grassland and flat rocky hills . . . rhom trees and scrubs [sic] and grassland . . . maize [corn] lands" (JJLP). Remarks: The coordinates are based on a by-road esti- mate relative to Potchefstroom (26?43'S, 27?06'E G). Camp was established on the Witrand Earm on the Potchefstroom-Pretoria road, but we could not locate a geographically plausible candidate among the several Witrand farms listed in the USGBN. The river noted above may be the Mooi, a tributary of the Vaal. Taxa: Gerbilliscus, Mastomys, Mus, Rhabdomys; Raphicerus. Prieska, 1 mi [1.6 km] E, Cape Province (Map 20: 682). Coordinates: 29M0'S, 22?46'E M (WAC, Upper Orange River, 1:1,000,000). CoUector: A. V. W. Lambrechts (19-23 May, 20-24 Oct 1968). Habitat: "East of Prieska . . . intensive cultivation along both banks of the river. To the west. . . numerous koppies, with large dongas in between . . . reeds . . . riverine forest with muddy ground . . . dense riverine shrub . . . open country with sandy soU, grass and shrubs" (AVWL, May). "North bank which is river- ine shrub. On the south bank . . . riverine shrub. ..." (AVWL, Oct). Remarks: On both visits Lambrechts stayed on the mu- nicipal camp ground, in close vicinity to Prieska (29?40'S, 22?45'E G) and on the south bank of the Orange River. Taxa: Elephantulus, Macroscelides; Saccostomus, Mal- acothrix, Desmodillus, Gerbilliscus, Gerbillurus, Aethomys, Mastomys, Mus, Rhabdomys, Myoto- mys, Cryptomys; Cynictis. Reddersburg, 2 mi [3.2 km] S, Orange Free State (Map 20: 730). Coordinates: 29?41'S, 26?10'E M (WAC, Upper Orange River, 1:1,000,000). CoUectors: A. E. Hallett, T. A. Heist, and A. C. Risser (9 Mar 1964). Habitat: No information available. Remarks: En route to Luckhoff, a road-killed Cynictis was salvaged by Risser south-southeast of Reddersburg (29?39'S, 26?10'E G). Taxon: Cynictis. Redelinghuys, 6 mi [9.7 km] WNW, Cape Province (Map 20: 717). Coordinates: 32?24'S, 18?29'E M (WAC, Cape of Good Hope, 1:1,000,000). Collectors: O. E. Graupner, S. J. Liversedge, and J. J. L. Pretorius (10-14 Jul 1969). NUMBER 62,8 289 Habitat: "[Eighteen] mile [29.0 km] long fresh water la- goon. Except for the turfy soil on the sides of the la- goon the rest is sandy . . . shrubs and grass . . . marshy sides of the lagoon . . . cultivated lands and the dunes . . . soft sand . . . thickly vegetated areas . . . hills. . . swamps" (JJLP). Remarks: From Redelinghuys (32?29'S, 18?32'E G), the crew traveled westerly on the road to Elandsbaai and found a suitable camp nearby a "lagoon," undoubt- edly part of Verlorenvlei. Taxa: Chrysochloris; Procavia; Dendromus, Micaelamys, Mus, Rhabdomys, Otomys, Bathyergus, Cryptomys; Myosorex; Atilax, Galerella. Rietfontein, 14 mi [22.5 km] W Williston, Cape Province (Map 20: 721). Coordinates: 31?22'S, 20?43'E G (as Rietfontein Oos). Collectors: O. E. Graupner, S. J. Liversedge, and J. J. L. Pretorius (22-23 Jun 1969). Habitat: "Rocks and shrubs," "riverine shrubs" (specimen labels). Remarks: Erom WiUiston (31?21'S, 20?55'E G), the AMP crew drove west, along the Calvinia-Williston road, and camped on the Rietfontein Earm, near a tributary of the Sak (Zak) River. Taxa: Macroscelides; Desmodillus, Micaelamys, Rhabdo- mys, Myotomys. Rietvlei Dam, Pretoria, Transvaal (Map 20: 700). Coordinates: 25?53'S, 28?17'E G. Collector: H. J. Herbert (12 Dec 1964). Habitat: "Moist field" (HJH). Remarks: While specimen labels refer to this locality as Rietvlei Dam, Herbert referred to the Rietvlei Water Scheme-Reserve in his catalog. The dam is on the Hennops River (Sesmylspruit). Taxa: Rhabdomys, Otomys; Myosorex. Rooiberg, 2 mi [3.2 km] W, Weinek (or Weynek), Transvaal (Map 20: 659). Coordinates: 24M5'S, 27?43'E M (WAC, Vaal River, 1:1,000,000). Collectors: R. D. Hepplewhite and T. N. Liversedge (4-7 Dec 1965). Habitat: "Camped between a dry stream bed and a rocky ridge. The vegetation is composed mainly of scat- tered acacia trees and short grass with occasional patches of low scrub and tallish grass . . . dark grey soil on the flats near streams . . . disused mine shafts" (TNL). Remarks: Coordinates were estimated on the road that trends northwest from Rooiberg (24?46'S, 27?44'E G). On specimen labels, Hepplewhite referred to the farm where they camped as "Weynek," while Liversedge spelled the farm "Weinek." We could not locate such a farm by either spelling in the area. Taxa: Saccostomus, Steatomys, Gerbilliscus, Mastomys, Micaelamys, Mus, Pedetes, Cryptomys; Rhinolophus; Canis. Rustenburg, 2 mi [3.2 km] E, Transvaal (Map 20: 693). Coordinates: 25?40'S, 27?17'E M (WAC, Vaal River, 1:1,000,000). Collectors: R. E. Cole, P. J. Geldenhuys, A. L. Moore, and H. W. Setzer (6-11 Oct 1963). Habitat: "Most of the land is under orange tree cultiva- tion but there are some grassy fields . . . water catch- ment . . . burned area up a rocky hillside" (REC). 8 mi W, 2 mi S Rustenburg: "Low bush savanna" (REC). 8 mi W. 6 mi S Rustenburg: "Mountainous terrain . . . 3-4 foot [0.9-1.2 m] high grass and some brush including thorn bush locally known as wait-a- bit" (REC). Remarks: Two other areas around Rustenburg (25?40'S, 27?15'E G) were also collected: on 8 Oct at 8mi [12.9 km] W, 2ini [3.2 km] S and on 9 Oct at 8jni [12.9 km] W, 6mi [9.7 km] S. Taxa: Elephantulus; Graphiurus, Saccostomus, Steato- mys, Aethomys, Lemniscomys, Mastomys, Micaela- mys, Otomys; Scotophilus. Rustenburg, 5 mi [8.0 km] W, Transvaal (Map 20: 694). Coordinates: 25?38'S, 27?09'E M (WAC, Vaal River, 1:1,000,000). Collectors: R. D. Hepplewhite and T. N. Liversedge (1-2 Nov 1965); T. N. Liversedge (29-31 Jan 1966). Habitat: "Rocky hillside" (specimen labels). Taxa: Elephantulus; Paraxerus, Micaelamys; Lepus. Rydalmont, 4 mi [6.4 km] E Witzieshoek, Orange Eree State (Map 20: 774). Coordinates: 28?31'S, 28?50'E G (as Rydal Mountain). Collectors: T. A. Heist and A. C. Risser (29 Mar-1 Apr 1964). Habitat: "Rolling hilly grassland with numerous rocky outcrops especially closer to the mountains. Black wattle trees . . . Also some oaks. River runs nearby? reeds and grasses on banks ... a number of adjoin- ing farms . . . grassy pasturelands . . . mealie [corn] fields" (ACR). 290 ? SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY FIGURE 148. South Africa, Rydalmont: Trapping location, Harrismith (Apr 1964). Remarks: Our coordinates are those for a USBGN-listed farm named Rydal Mountain. They conform favor- ably to those derived from a by-road estimate rela- tive to Witzieshoek (28?32'S, 28?48'E G) and also correspond to an annotation found on an AMP field map (WAG, Drakensberg, 1:1,000,000). The team traveled to Rydalmont (Figure 148), once a resort, ac- cording to Risser, and camped at the northern end of the Drakensberg Mountains around 5,000 ft [1,524 m]. Witzieshoek is the European name for Phuthad- itjhaba (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phuthaditjhaba, accessed Jul 2006), as found on a map we consulted (TPG, Sheet Q-5D, 1:500,000), and is situated near the Elands River. Taxa: Graphiurus, Gerbilliscus, Mastomys, Micaelamys, Mus, Rattus, Rhabdomys, Cryptomys; Crocidura, Suncus, Myosorex. GoUector: T. N. Liversedge (8-10 Jan 1966). Habitat: "Near rocks," "caught among rocks" (specimen labels). Taxa: Dendromus, Myotomys; Myosorex. Sishen, near. Gape Province (Map 20: 654). Goordinates: 27M7'S, 22?59'E G. GoUectors: R. D. Hepplewhite and A. R. Silberstein (28 Aug 1966). Habitat: No information available. Remarks: On the way from Louisvale (28?34'S, 21?12'E) to Kuruman, Silberstein salvaged an Ictonyx at this locality, as written on the specimen label. However, his field catalog for this specimen reads 1 mile N Lou- isvale, presumably a lapsus for the locality they just departed. Taxon: Ictonyx. Sani Pass, Basutoland [Lesotho]-Natal border, 9,400 ft [2,865 m]. Natal (Map 20: 767). Goordinates: 29?36'S, 29?18'E G. Smalhoek, 12 mi [19.3 km] W Ladysmith, Natal (Map 20: 776). Goordinates: 28?34'S, 29?35'E G. NUMBER 62,8 291 Collectors: O. F. Graupner, S. J. Liversedge, and J. J. L. Pretorius (16-17 May 1969). Habitat: "Half sandy soil, flat areas with streams running through and a few ridges?rocky hills covered with thick long grass, shrubs and trees" (JJLP). Remarks: In his catalog, Liversedge originally recorded this locality as "12 miles NE Ladysmith, Smalhoek Farm." Subsequently "NE" was crossed out and re- placed with "W." Hence, specimen labels for this lo- cality read either "12 mi NE" or "12 mi W" as the site of the farm relative to Ladysmith (28?33'S, 29?47'E G). The USBGN coordinates of Smalhoek identify a farm situated west of Ladysmith, just north of the Ladysmith-Bergville road, and reasonably concur with those derived from mileage traced upon the map WAG, Drakensberg, 1:1,000,000. Unfortunately, those specimen labels that were erroneously written in the field do not reflect this correction. Taxa: Elephantulus; Graphiurus, Aethomys, Mastomys, Micaelamys, Mus; Crocidura; Raphicerus. Smithfield, 14 mi [22.5 km] S, Orange Free State (Map 20: 758). Coordinates: 30?20'S, 26?43'E M (WAG, Upper Orange River, 1:1,000,000). Collectors: A. F. Hallett, T. A. Heist, and A. G Risser (9 Mar 1964). Habitat: No information available. Remarks: Risser collected a road-killed Ictonyx en route to Luckhoff from south of Smithfield (30?13'S, 26?32'E G). Taxon: Ictonyx. Sneezewood, 7 mi [11.3 km] NW, Gape Province (Map 20: 764). Coordinates: 30?10'S, 29?55'E M (WAG, Drakensberg, 1:1,000,000). Collectors: R. D. Hepplewhite and T. N. Liversedge (19- 20 Jan 1966). Habitat: "Rocky outcrop," "bushes on hillside," "rocky hillside, forest," "dark (black) earth near stream" (specimen labels). Remarks: The coordinates are based upon straight-line miles northwest from Sneezewood (30?15'S, 29?37'E G), which name is hand-written onto their topo- graphic map and also indicated on their heavily an- notated road map (Mobil Southern Africa, Road Map South Africa, Section 2, 1:2,280,000). Taxa: Rhabdomys, Cryptomys; Myosorex. Somerset East, 5 mi [8.0 km] W, Cape Province (Map 20: 751). Coordinates: 32?44'S, 25?30'E M (WAG, Algoa Bay, 1:1,000,000). Collectors: A. V. W. Lambrechts and S. J. Liversedge (4-8 Apr 1968); A. V. W. Lambrechts (3-7 Sep 1968). Habitat: "Though the habitat seems to be the same as at Gradock .. . Small Fish River has only been flowing for a couple of days since the beginning of 1967" (AVWL). Remarks: From Somerset East (32?43'S, 25?35'E G), the team proceeded on the Pearston-Graaff-Reinet road and located a campsite situated between the road to Jansenville and the Small Fish (Klein Fish) River. They camped on the east bank of the river, about 0.5 mi [0.8 km] south of the road. Taxa: Elephantulus, Macroscelides; Procavia; Saccosto- mus, Dendromus, Mystromys, Gerbillurus, Aetho- mys, Mastomys, Mus, Rhabdomys, Otomys. Standerton, 10.7 mi [17.2 km] W, Transvaal (Map 20: 737). Coordinates: 26?54'S, 29?04'E G (for Rietkuil Farm; see Remarks). Collectors: O. F. Graupner, S. J. Liversedge, and J. J. L. Pretorius (2-6 Mar 1969). Habitat: "Sandy soil and cultivated lands with 'oulands' grass on the edges of the lands ... maize [corn]" (JJLP). Remarks: According to Pretorius' journal entry, the crew pitched their camp on the Rietkuil Farm, about 0.5 mi [0.8 km] south of the main road to Johannesburg and west of Standerton. The farm's name does not appear on specimen labels or in field catalogs, but we used those USBGN coordinates because they conform so closely to our map-based estimate in relation to Standerton (26?57'S, 29?15'E G). A single specimen of Mastomys bears the locality modifier 10.3 mi (16.6 km) W Standerton. Taxa: Mastomys, Mus, Rhabdomys. Sterkspruit, 12 mi [19.3 km] N, Orange Free State/Cape Province (Map 20: 760). Coordinates: 30?24'S, 27?20'E M (ONC, Sheet Q-5, 1:1,000,000). Collectors: A. V. W. Lambrechts, S. J. Liversedge, and H. W. Setzer (19-24 Feb 1968); A. V. W. Lambrechts (6-10 Aug 1968). Habitat: "Rocks with grass," "short grass on hilltop," "cultivated land," "rocks," "sparse grass," "rocks and shrubs" (specimen labels). 292 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY Remarks: The AMP team set up camp along the Zastron road, to the north of Sterkspruit (30?32'S, 27?22'E G) and on the north bank of the Orange River. Taxa: Elephantulus; Xerus, Dendromus, Malacothrix, Mystromys, Gerbilliscus, Aethomys, Mastomys, Mus, Rhabdomys, Pedetes; Suncus; Ictonyx. Stettynskloof, 22 mi [35.4 km] SWWorcester, Cape Province (Map 20: 739). Coordinates: 33?50'S, 19?15'E G. Collectors: O. F. Graupner, S. J. Liversedge, and J. J. L. Pretorius (5-8 Jul 1969). Habitat: "Below the dam wall a lot of mountain streams run into the main river. The sides of the streams are thickly covered with various riverine shrubs and grasses. Our camping spot is closely surrounded with high mountains . . . thick marshy area with riverine shrubs, bracken and grass" (JJLP). Remarks: Pretorius and crew drove to this site in the high- lands to the southwest of Worcester, just below the Stettynskloof Dam in Stettynskloof itself (some maps consulted [e.g., Acocks, Veld Types of South Africa, 1:1,500,000] refer to the town as Stettyn). The reservoir at Stettynskloof Dam lies approximately 18 airline miles [29.0 km] SW Worcester, along a tributary (the Stettyn- skloof River, according to the FAO) of the Breede River and in a gorge, features noted by Pretorius. Taxa: Dendromus, Acomys, Micaelamys, Mus, Myomys- cus, Rhabdomys, Otomys, Georychus; Crocidura, Myosorex; Genetta. Stolzenfels, Namibia/Cape Province (Map 20: 646). Coordinates: 28?31'S, 19M3'E G (as Schuitsdrift-Oos; see Remarks). Collectors: A. V. W. Lambrechts (30 Jun-3 Jul 1968); O. F. Graupner, A. V. W. Lambrechts, and J. J. L. Pretorius (17-21 Jan 1969). Habitat: "North survey line . . . flat, sandy area with shrubs and no rocks . . . open shrub land and . . . cul- tivated lands" (AVWL, Jan). Remarks: In Jun 1968, Lambrechts camped on the north bank of the Orange River on the Stolzenfels Farm, about 10-12 mi [16.1-19.3 km] south of Jerusalem. Both the north (see Stolzenfels, Namibia) and south (Cape Province) sides of the Orange were surveyed. In Jan 1969, Lambrechts and company camped across from Stolzenfels (Namibia), on the south bank of the Orange River in Cape Province. There they camped on the Schuitsdrift Farm, whose coordinates we adopted for the South African locus of their field activity, between Aughrabies Falls and Onseepkans, and again collected on both the north and south banks. Only "Stolzenfels" is recorded on labels as the collecting site. Taxa: Saccostomus, Desmodillus, Gerbilliscus, Gerbillu- rus, Micaelamys, Rhabdomys; Sauromys; Ictonyx. Tshipise, 1 mi [1.6 km] NE, Transvaal (Map 20: 673). Coordinates: 22?36'S, 30?11'E M (WAG, Shashi River, 1:1,000,000). Collectors: I. L. Rautenbach and A. R. Silberstein (7-16 Jan 1967). Habitat: "Sandy soil," "bank of Njelele River," "mopane bush" (specimen labels). Remarks: The locality near Tshipise (22?36'S, 30?10'E G) lies close to the Njelele River (Nzhelele G). The cited map uses the variant spelling "Chipise" for Tshipise. Taxa: Elephantulus; Papio; Paraxerus, Saccostomus, Ger- billiscus, Gerbillurus, Aethomys, Mastomys, Micaela- mys, Mus; Lepus; Chaerephon, Mops; Otocyon. Twee Rivieren, Kalahari-Gemsbok National Park, Cape Province (Map 20: 640). Coordinates: 26?27'S, 20?34'E G. Collectors: A. V. W. Lambrechts and S. J. Liversedge (4-7 Dec 1968). Habitat: "Sand dunes and . . . limestone ridge" (AVWL). Remarks: Our coordinates refer to the Twee Rivieren Farm, which, according to Lambrechts, is located at the ex- treme southern end of the park near the Nossob River. Taxa: Elephantulus; Desmodillus, Gerbillurus. Twee Rivieren, 30 mi [48.2 km] NNE, Kalahari- Gemsbok National Park, Cape Province (Map 20: 639). Coordinates: 26?10'S, 20?50'E M (ONC, Sheet Q-4, 1:1,000,000). Collectors: A. V. W. Lambrechts and S. J. Liversedge (5 Dec 1968). Habitat: "Acacia tree" (specimen labels). Remarks: This locality and that at 40 mi [64.4 km] NNE Twee Rivieren are on the Nossob River and were in- cidentally visited while the team was camped at Twee Rivieren (4-7 Dec). Taxon: Thallomys. Tzaneen, 6 mi [9.7 km] NE, Transvaal (Map 20: 670). Coordinates: 23M8'S, 30?14'E M (WAG, Shashi River, 1:1,000,000). Collectors: I. L. Rautenbach and A. R. Silberstein (5-15 Feb 1967). NUMBER 62,8 293 Habitat: "Long grass" (specimen labels). Remarks: Some specimens are labeled 6 mi "SE" or 6 mi "NW" Tzaneen, but we believe that these compass bearings are erroneous. The catalogs of both Rauten- bach and Silberstein have "SE" changed to "NE," so apparently the correction was not appUed to the al- ready written skin tags. On the same date (15 Feb) that Silberstein entered 6 mi "NW" Tzaneen in his catalog, Rautenbach's catalog entry indicated the di- rection as 6 mi "NE" Tzaneen. Taxa: Saccostomus, Steatomys, Gerbilliscus, Aethomys, Lemniscomys, Mastomys, Micaelamys, Otomys; Lepus; Crocidura; Taphozous. Tzaneen, 12 mi [19.3 km] N, Transvaal (Map 20: 669). Coordinates: 23?39'S, 30?10'E M (WAC, Shashi River, 1:1,000,000). Collectors: R. M. Davis, A. R. Hardy, H. J. Herbert, and A. L. Moore (14-18 Dec 1964). Habitat: "The country is very hilly (mountainous) covered with pine, eucalyptus and heavy bush. The open the fields are covered with brush about 3 feet [0.9 m] in height" (HJH). "Forest streams and in open field" (RMD). Remarks: Davis mentioned in his journal that the distance by road to this locality was 17 mi [27.4 km] from Tzaneen (23?50'S, 30?10'E G), so "12 mi N" was in- tended to be a straight-line direction. Taxa: Saccostomus, Aethomys, Mastomys, Rattus; Cro- cidura. Uitkomst Farm, 32 mi [51.5 km] W Pretoria, Transvaal (Map 20: 695). Coordinates: 25?54'S, 27?46'E G. Collectors: R. E. Cole and A. C. Risser (2-6 Nov 1963). Habitat: "Rolling hills, rocky kopjes and deep riverine kloofs . . . limestone caves . . . rocky, grass-covered slopes behind the camp and along the stream [Fig- ure 149] . . . rock outcroppings . . . densely vegetated FIGURE 149. South Africa, Uitkomst Farm: Johannes Seete (left) and Al Moore standing by a mist net over a stream, 32 mi W Pretoria (pho- tograph by A. C. Risser, Nov 1963). 294 ? SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY FIGURE 150. South Africa, Uitkomst Farm: Giraffes in bushveld, 32 mi W Pretoria (photograph by A. C. Risser, Nov 1963). banks of the stream . . . swampy, being fed from a spring or springs somewhere up the slope" (ACR). Remarks: From Pretoria, Cole and Risser traveled west to Uitkomst Farm, a private game reserve (Figure 150) owned by Colonel Jack Scott. There they intended to locate bat roosts in the reserve's well-populated caves. In his journal, Risser placed the farm in Krugersdorp District, where a gazetted Uitkomst Farm is situated at a plausible distance to the north of Krugersdorp and west-southwest of Pretoria. According to de Ruiter and Berger (2000), Uitkomst (also referenced as the Jack Scott Nature Reserve) is now part of the John Nash Nature Reserve and lies about 45 km N Johan- nesburg. The scenery along the journey to Uitkomst reminded Risser of southern Arizona. Taxa: Aethomys, Micaelamys, Otomys; Rhinolophus, Myotis, Miniopterus; Galerella. Collectors: A. V. W. Lambrechts (12-16 Jun 1968); A. V. W. Lambrechts and S. J. Liversedge (14-17 Nov 1968). Habitat: "Rocks and shrubs," "rocks and shrubs and sand," "rocks and bushes," "sandbank and shrubs" (specimen labels). Remarks: During the June survey, Lambrechts camped on an unidentified farm, on the north bank of the Orange River and along the Upington-Olifantshoek road. Only the north bank was surveyed as the south bank was heavily cultivated. In Nov, Lambrechts and Liversedge again set up camp 13 mi [20.9 km] east of Upington (28?27'S, 21?15'E G), but this time on the south bank of the Orange and opposite the settlement of Sultana-Oord (28?25'S, 21?27'E G). Taxa: Elephantulus; Desmodillus, Gerbilliscus, Gerbillu- rus, Micaelamys; Galerella. Upington, 13 mi [20.9 km] E, Cape Province (Map 20: 652). Coordinates: 28?23'S, 21?25'E M (WAC, Upper Orange River, 1:1,000,000). Upington, 35 mi [56.3 km] NE, Cape Province (Map 20: 653). Coordinates: 28?21'S, 21?49'E M (WAC, Upper Orange River, 1:1,000,000). NUMBER 628 295 Collectors: R. D. Hepplewhite and A. R. Silberstein (11 Mar 1966). Habitat: "Kalahari bushes" (specimen label). Remarks: While en route to Namibia from Pretoria, the AMP crew picked up a road-killed Otocyon. Taxon: Otocyon. Van Rhynsdorp, 5 mi [8.0 km] E, Cape Province (Map 20: 716). Coordinates: 31?38'S, 18?49'E M (WAC, Lower Orange River, 1:1,000,000). Collectors: R. E. Cole, P. J. Geldenhuys, and A. C. Risser (14-17 Dec 1963). Habitat: "Camped under some acacias along a semi dry stream bed . . . grassy field . . . riparian strip: aca- cias bordering grassy field . . . trees and shrubs by the stream" (ACR). "River (nearly dry, just stagnant pools here and there)" (REC). Remarks: The team camped on land owned by the Koch family, to the east of Van Rhynsdorp (31?37'S, 18?44'E G) and near an intermittent river. At the end of their stay, the team also collected at 2 mi W Klawer. Taxa: Desmodillus, Gerbillurus, Mus, Rhabdomys; Mini- opterus; Genetta, Galerella. Van Wyksvlei, 11 mi [17.7 km] E, Gannavloer, Cape Province (Map 20: 678). Coordinates: 30?23'S, 22?01'E M (WAC, Upper Orange River, 1:1,000,000). Collectors: R. D. Hepplewhite and A. R. Silberstein (15- 19 Aug 1966). Habitat: "Last time they had rain was in the floods of 1961. Most of the area is sandy with low bushes about a foot to 18 inches [30.0-45.7 cm] in height, rather densely scattered [sic]. There is a large open field which was plowed in preparation for planting but as the rain didn't come, it was never planted. About one mile [1.6 km] from camp are a range of rocky outcrops with black rocks and low bushes" (RDH). Remarks: Hepplewhite and Silberstein camped on a farm called Gannavloer. Because the USBGN lists two farms named Gannavloer in the region, either of which is plausible, we based the coordinates upon road miles relative to Van Wyksvlei (30?21'S, 21?49'E G). On 18 Aug, they trapped on a rocky ridge about 1 mi [1.6 km] from camp. Taxa: Elephantulus, Macroscelides; Procavia; Xerus, Des- modillus, Gerbillurus, Micaelamys, Mus, Rhabdomys, Parotomys, Hystrix; Lepus; Felis, Otocyon. Vereeniging, 10 mi [16.1 km] NE [SE], Transvaal (Map 20: 691). Coordinates: 26?43'S, 28?05'E G (for Lewensbron Farm; see Remarks). Collectors: O. F. Graupner, S. J. Liversedge, and J. J. L. Pretorius (21-24 Mar 1969). Habitat: "Mimosa trees, thorn shrubs and grass . . . marshy areas. Further back from the bank there is only open grasslands with scattered mimosas. . . alongside the river" (JJLP). Remarks: Although specimen labels and field books read 10 mi "NE," other landmarks mentioned by the col- lectors argue that their field activity was confined to the southeast of Vereeniging. Pretorius and crew journeyed to the Lewensbron and Badfontein farms, owned by a D. De Toit, and established camp on the south bank of the Klip River, from which they sur- veyed both the north and south sides of the river. A Lewensbron Farm (see above coordinates) and a Bad- fontein Farm (26M2'S, 28?06'E G) exist side by side, to the south of the Klip River and approximately 10 mi by road southeast of Vereeniging (26?40'S, 27?56'E G). "Farm?Lewensbron" appears as a locality modi- fier in Graupner's field catalog, but the name was not applied to skin tags. Taxa: Gerbilliscus, Mastomys, Micaelamys, Cryptomys; Galerella. Vlakfontein, 4 mi [6.4 km] N Vryburg, Cape Province (Map 20: 656). Coordinates: 26?54'S, 24?45'E G. Collectors: R. D. Hepplewhite and A. R. Silberstein (3-6 Sep 1966). Habitat: "The country is very similar to that around Kuru- man, but there are more bushes. The soil is very sandy with sparse grass but it is quite long. There are culti- vated fields here .. . About one half mile [0.8 km] north of us is a dry vlei with longish grass. . . ." (RDH). Remarks: The USBGN coordinates of Vlakfontein are for a farm that lies at the proper distance to the north of Vryburg (26?57'S, 24M4'E G). Taxa: Desmodillus, Gerbilliscus, Mastomys, Mus, Rhab- domys. Vrede, 15 mi [24.1 km] N, Rondebult, Orange Free State (Map 20: 736). Coordinates: 27?15'S, 29?08'E M (WAC, Vaal River, 1:1,000,000). Collectors: O. F. Graupner, S. J. Liversedge, and J. J. L. Pretorius (7-8 Mar 1969). 296 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY Habitat: "Stream flowing through the farm in marshy area . . . rocky hill" (JJLP). Remarks: Pretorius and team camped on a farm called Rondebult, situated about 4 mi [6.4 km] southeast of the Ascent Rail Station. Minor inconsistencies surround the distance of this farm relative to Vrede. Specimens taken on 7 Mar are labeled 10 mi [16.1 km] N Vrede. while those obtained on 8 Mar are la- beled 15 mi [24.1 km] N Vrede. In their field cata- logs, on the other hand, Liversedge recorded that all specimens were taken 15 mi [24.1 km] N, while Pre- torius indicated 17 mi [27.4 km] N Vrede. We geo- referenced this locality in relation to the Ascent Rail Station (27?14'S, 29?05'E G) and the nearest stream as represented on the AMP map cited above. As so interpreted, our coordinates fall approximately 20 km N Verde, rather than 24 km. Taxa: Mastomys, Rattus, Rhabdomys, Pedetes. Wagendrift, 19 mi [30.6 km] SSW Laingsburg, Cape Province (Map 20: 742). Coordinates: 33?21'S, 20?54'E G. Collectors: O. F. Graupner, S. J. Liversedge, and J. J. L. Pretorius (29 Aug-2 Sep 1969). Habitat: "There are high mountains on both sides of the camp with high rocky crests. Vegetation consists of thorn trees in the river bed as well as small thorny shrubs on the mountainsides, the main vegetation are succulents and small dry shrubs . . . karoo shrubs" (JJLP). Remarks: Pretorius commented in his journal that "We are camping 19 miles south-southwest of Laingsburg [33?12'S, 20?51'E G] on the farm Wagendrift on the Seweweekspoort [33?22'S, 21?25'E G] road and about 2 miles [3.2 km] from the Ladysmith bound- ary." The distance of the cited Wagendrift Farm from Laingsburg plots approximately 13 mi [20.9 km] SSE Laingsburg on available topographic maps (AMS, Cape Town, 1:1,000,000; ONC, R-4, 1:1,000,000). Nevertheless, the collectors' by-road calculation of 19 mi [30.6 km] seems reasonable considering the large scale of our maps, the rugged terrain they crossed, and allowance for many hairpin turns. The farm's coordinates would place their base camp near the Seweweekspoort road and in intimate contact with mountainous terrain, as described by Pretorius. However, this set of landmarks lies in a SSE direction from Laingsburg, not SSW. The mountains of interest are the Klein Swartberge, and the river is probably a tributary of the Groot River. Taxa: Elephantulus; Petromyscus, Micaelamys, Rhabdo- mys, Myotomys; Galerella. Wakkerstroom, 2 mi [3.2 km] E, Natal (Map 20: 780). Coordinates: 27?20'S, 30?10'E M (WAC, Vaal River, 1:1,000,000). Collectors: O. F. Graupner, S. J. Liversedge, and J. J. L. Pretorius (16-17 Oct 1969). Habitat: "Typical highveld vegetation but extremely marshy on the flats between the hills . . . area burnt recently and is now covered with short green grass" (JJLP). Remarks: The AMP team reached Wakkerstroom (27?21 'S, 30?08'E G) and camped on the Municipal Grounds next to the Wakkerstroom Dam. Our estimated by- road coordinates place their field site as northeast of the town, not directly east. On 16 Oct, they set traps in a marsh about 1 mi [1.6 km] N Wakkerstroom (not indicated on specimen labels), along a stream. Taxa: Mystromys, Rhabdomys. Wallekraal, 40 mi [64.4 km] WNW Garies, Cape Province (Map 20: 674). Coordinates: 30?23'S, 17?30'E G. Collectors: O. F. Graupner, S. J. Liversedge, and J. J. L. Pretorius (22-25 Jul 1969). Habitat: "The area in which we are camping varies from karoo vegetation to extremely sandy dunes with shrubs. A dry river bed passes through close to our camp" (JJLP). Remarks: Pretorius placed Wallekraal about 15 mi (24.1 km) from the Atlantic coast. Taxa: Cryptochloris, Eremitalpa; Desmodillus, Gerbillu- rus, Micaelamys, Rhabdomys, Paratomys, Bathyer- gus, Cryptomys, Petromus; Genetta, Suricata; Vulpes, Ictonyx. Warrenton, 2 mi [3.2 km] E, Vaal River, Orange Free State (Map 20: 686). Coordinates: 28?06'S, 24?52'E M (WAC, Upper Orange River, 1:1,000,000). Collectors: R. D. Hepplewhite and A. R. Silberstein (10- 13 Aug 1966). Habitat: "The Vaal River has a wide rocky bed with reed covered islands in it and patches of reed along the banks. Immediately above the banks are a series of rocky rantjies covered with bushes and long grass but after about 200 yards [182.9 m] the bushes become sparser and the grass shorter, giving way to sandy soil" (RDH). NUMBER 62,8 297 Remarks: A single Mastomys is labeled as collected 3 mi [4.8 km] E Warrenton. Taxa: Elephantulus; Saccostomus, Malacothrix, Desmo- dillus, Gerbilliscus, Aethomys, Mastomys, Micaela- mys, Mus, Pedetes, Cryptomys; Lepus; Atelerix. Weenkop, 20 mi [32.2 km] N Rouxville, Orange Free State (Map 20: 759). Coordinates: 30?11'S, 26?5VE G. Collectors: R. D. Hepplewhite, I. L. Rautenbach, and A. R. Silberstein (25-29 Jul 1966). Habitat: "Rocky hillside," "grassy plain," "sandy grass- land," "sandy riverbank," "short grass" (specimen labels). Remarks: The coordinates for Weenkop Farm, where the AMP crew camped, compare favorably with those derived from plotting road miles traveled relative to Rouxville (30?25'S, 26?50'E G). Taxa: Elephantulus; Xerus, Saccostomus, Gerbilliscus, Mastomys, Micaelamys, Rattus, Rhabdomys, Pedetes, Cryptomys; Crocidura; Cynictis, Proteles. Welgelee, 7 mi [11.3 km] W Virginia, Orange Free State (Map 20: 733). Coordinates: 28?11'S, 26?51'E G (as Welgelegen). Collectors: O. F. Graupner, S. J. Liversedge, and J. J. L. Pretorius (4-6 May 1969). Habitat: "Most parts are cultivated areas, sandy soil mostly with only grass vegetation" (JJLP). Remarks: Pretorius' journal description identifies the col- lecting site as the Welgelee Farm, located about 4 mi [6.4 km] to the left (east) of the main Virginia- Theunissen road. The USBGN coordinates of the farm approximate these directions and by-road mileage (as per WAC, Upper Orange River, 1:1,000,000), except that the true azimuth of the locality is south-south- west of Virginia (28?07'S, 26?54'E G). Taxa: Mystromys, Gerbilliscus; Raphicerus. Witbank Dam, 6 mi [9.7 km] E Witbank, Transvaal (Map 20: 701). Coordinates: 25?52'S, 29?18'E G (for Doringpoortdam; see Remarks). Collectors: O. F. Graupner, S. J. Liversedge, and J. J. L. Pretorius (12-14 Feb 1969). Habitat: "Grass and scattered rocks. There are no trees and a few scrubs . . . quite different from the surrounding high veld habitat?a typical middle veld habitat with growth consisting of mimosa trees, thick grass and a variety of other middle veld shrubs" (JJLP). Remarks: Pretorius and team camped on the bank of the Olifants River near the Witbank Dam. According to the FAO, the dam is located near the Doornpoort farm (25?52'S, 29?19'E) and known locally as Doringpoort- dam. The USBGN coordinates for the latter equate to a by-road plot to the east of Witbank (25?52'S, 29?14'E G). On 13 Feb, traplines were reset about 1 mi [1.6 km] downstream, north of the dam wall. Taxa: Elephantulus; Mastomys, Micaelamys, Rhabdomys; Crocidura. Witrivier (also White River), 11 mi [17.7 km] W, Transvaal (Map 20: 706). Coordinates: 25?19'S, 30?51'E M (WAC, Vaal River, 1:1,000,000). Collectors: I. L. Rautenbach and A. R. Silberstein (6-13 Dec 1966). Habitat: "Long grass," "waterberry tree," "banana tree," "long grass on mountain side," "long reeds in river bed," "long grass next to river," "open field" (speci- men labels). Remarks: The coordinates are based on azimuth and range off set from Witrivier (25?19'S, 31?01'E G). On 10 Dec, the AMP crew attempted to recover Sun- cus from old termite hills near Leggogot (Legogotu; 25?12'S, 31?02'E G), but after breaking down several hills, they succeeded in collecting only a small mamba (Silberstein's journal). Taxa: Graphiurus, Steatomys, Gerbilliscus, Aethomys, Dasymys, Lemniscomys, Mastomys, Mus, Rhabdo- mys, Otomys; Lepus; Crocidura, Myosorex; Epo- mophorus, Pipistrellus, Neoromicia. Wolmaransstad, 6 mi [9.7 km] N, 1 mi [1.6 km] W, Transvaal (Map 20: 687). Coordinates: 27?07'S, 25?58'E M (WAC, Vaal River, 1:1,000,000). Collectors: R. E. Cole, P. J. Geldenhuys, and H. W. Setzer (19-24 Oct 1963). Habitat: "Bush savannah . . . rock koppie . . . through grass and bush, up into a rocky hill. . . old corn field .. . trassie bush ... tall grass field ... Acacia bushes" (REC). Remarks: On 21 Oct, the team set traps on the farm of Mr. Firth, 7 mi [11.3 km] south of Wolmaransstad (27?12'S, 25?58'E G), although specimens taken there were labeled 5 mi [8.0 km] S Wolmaransstad. On 23 Oct, Setzer collected a Gerbilliscus labeled 1 mi [1.6 km] N, 1 mi [1.6 km] W Wolmaransstad. although his field catalog indicated the locality as 6 mi [9.7 km] N, 1 mi [1.6 km] W. On 24 Oct, Geldenhuys collected 298 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY three Rhabdomys in trassie (sic) bushes at Townlands Maquassie (Makwassie; 27?19'S, 25?59'E G). Taxa: Elephantulus; Gerbilliscus, Mastomys, Micaelamys, Rhabdomys, Pedetes; Lepus; Suricata. Wonderboom, Apies River, Pretoria, Transvaal (Map 20: 698). Coordinates: 25?42'S, 28?10'E G (as Wonderboom Rail Station). Collectors: R. D. Hepplewhite and T. N. Liversedge (26- 27 0ctl965). Habitat: No information available. Taxon: Micaelamys. Woodbush Forest Reserve, 15 mi [24.1 km] W Tzaneen, Transvaal (Map 20: 668). Coordinates: 23?48'S, 29?58'E G (for Dap Naude Dam; see Remarks). Collectors: R. M. Davis, A. R. Hardy, and A. L. Moore (9-11 Dec 1964). Habitat: "Vleis . . . dense growth along streams" (RMD). Remarks: In his journal, Davis remarked that their campsite was just below the Dap Naude Dam, which we adopted as the coordinates for this locality. According to the FAO, the dam is located on the Broederstroom River. Taxa: Graphiurus, Grammomys, Mastomys, Rhabdomys, Otomys; Myosorex. Zuurlaager, 6 mi [9.7 km] E Bergville, Natal (Map 20: 773). Coordinates: 28?44'S, 29?25'E G. Collectors: R. D. Hepplewhite and A. R. Silberstein (25- 27Junl966). Habitat: "The sides of the valley are very steep ... At the top of the valley the ground is undulating with occa- sional hills. The grass is generally long but has been grazed very short in places . . . stone walled kraal not far from camp . . . open field with long grass border- ing on some trees . . . cliff . . . vlei around some trees" (RDH). Remarks: The Zuurlaager Earm, where Hepplewhite and Silberstein camped, is located on the Tugela River. The coordinates cited closely approximate those (28?46'S, 29?26'E M) we extrapolated from available maps rel- ative to Bergville (28?44'S, 29?22'E G). Taxa: Elephantulus; Procavia; Mastomys, Micaelamys, Otomys; Lepus; Crocidura. Zwartkop, 10 mi [16.1 km] SSW Pretoria, Transvaal (Map 20: 697). Coordinates: 25?50'S, 28?08'E G. Collector: J. J. L. Pretorius (31 Mar 1969). Habitat: No information available. Taxon: Neoromicia. Appendix CARTOGRAPHIC SOURCES The following maps and aeronautical charts were consulted to provide geo- graphic coordinates or to corroborate a collector's original coordinates. Many of these documents were apparently used in the field by the AMP collectors as indicated by their dates and worn and creased condition. Furthermore, some maps contain x-marks and written notations that we believe were applied by the AMP collectors and that suppUed another line of evidence to help us localize a collecting site. ALGERIA Army Map Service. 1964. Colomb-Bechar (NH 30). 1:1,000,000. Washington, D.C. BENIN (DAHOMEY) Le Service Geographique de I'A.O.F. 1955. Carte de I'A.O.F. Bimbereke (NC- 31-XV), Djougou (NC-31-VIII). 1:200,000. Dakar, Senegal. LTnstitut Geographique National. 1955-1957. Carte de I'Afrique de I'Ouest. Kandi (NC-31-XXI), Lome (NB-31-XIV), Natitingou (NC-31-XIV), Parakou (NC-31-IX). 1:200,000. Paris. . 1963. Carte de I'Afrique de I'Ouest. Zagnanado 3c (Dassa-Zoume, NB- 31-XXI-3c). 1:50,000. Paris. . 1964. Fond Planimetrique de I'Afrique de I'Ouest. Porto-Novo (NB-31- XV). 1:200,000. Paris. BOTSWANA (BECHUANALAND OR BECHUANALAND PROTECTORATE) International Travel Maps. 1997. Botswana (ITM 855). 1:1,500,000. Van- couver, British Columbia: ITMB PublishingAVorld Wide Books and Maps. 300 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY Smithers, H. J. (n.d). Preliminary Plan of Nata Crown Lands. 1:500,000. Blue-lined draft. [Annotated.] . (n.d). Bechuanaland Protectorate and the Caprivi Strip. Approximately 1:1,267,200. Blue-lined draft, preprint facsimile of geopolitical base map used in Smithers (1971:5, map i). [Annotated.] (n.d). Bechuanaland Protectorate and the Caprivi Strip. Approximately 1:1,267,200. Photocopied re- duction (8.5 X 11 inches) of above map, hand-labeled "T. N. Liversedge Collecting Localities Botswana." [Annotated.] World Aeronautical Chart. 1947-1952. Lake Ngami {1274), Molopo River (1301), Okovango River (1178), Shashi River (1275), Vaal River (1300), Victoria Falls (1177). 1:1,000,000. Washington, D.C.: Aeronautical Chart Service, U.S. Air Force. [Annotated.] . 1959. Bulawayo (3275), Livingstone (3177). 1:1,000,000. Salisbury, Southern Rhodesia: Depart- ment of Federal Surveys. [Annotated.] . 1964. Kalahari (3274), Tsumeb (3178). 1:1,000,000. Pretoria: Government Printer. [Annotated.] BURKINA FASO (UPPER VOLTA) Le Service Geographique de I'A.O.F. 1954-1955. Carte de I'A.O.F. Hounde (NC-30-XXI), Leo (NC-30-XXII). 1:200,000. Dakar, Senegal. L'Institut Geographique National. 1960-1968. Carte de I'Afrique de I'Ouest. Arli (NC-31-XX), Banfora (NC-30-XIV), Dedougou (ND-30-III), Dori (ND-30- XVIII), Fada Ngourma (ND-31-I), Kaya (ND-30-XI), Pama (NC-31-XIX), P6 (NC-30-XXIII). 1:200,000. Paris. . 1967. Carte de I'Afrique de I'Ouest. Bobo-Dioulasso (NC-30-NO), Kandi (NC-31-NO). 1:500,000. Paris. CHAD Army Map Service. 1958. Darfur (NE 34-35/ND 34-35). 1:2,000,000. Washington, D.C. COTE D'IVOIRE (IVORY COAST) L'Institut Geographique National. 1959-1968. Carte de I'Afrique de I'Ouest. Dimbokro (NB-30-XIV), Gagnoa (NB-30-XIII), Guiglo (NB-29-XVII), Kong (NC-30- VIII), Tehini-Bouna (NC-30-IX-X). 1:200,000. Paris Pneu Michelin. 1967. Carte Michelin. Cote d'Ivoire (175). 1 cm pour 8 km [approximately 1:800,000]. Paris. GHANA Survey of Ghana. 1963-1966. Accra (North B-30R), Bole (North C-30/P), Daboya (North C-30/Q), Gambaga (North C-30/L and Part of F and Part of North C-31/A and G), Ho (North B-31/G), Kete Krachi (North B-30/ F), Kintampo (North C-30/Part V and W), Koforidua (North B-30/L), Kumasi (North B-30/K), Navrongo (North C-30/K), Prestea (North B-30/P and Part of V), Salaga (North C-30/Part V and W), Takoradi (North B-30/Q and Part of W), Tamale (North C-31/R), Wa (North C-30/J). 1:250,000. Accra. [Annotated.] . 1965. Road Map of Ghana. Northern Section, South- ern Section. 1:500,000. 5th ed. Accra. [Annotated.] LIBYA Army Map Service. 1942-1959. Bengasi (NI 34), Bengdsi- Augila (NH&NI 34), Cufra (NG 34), Sebha (NG 33), Tripoli (NI 33), Tripoli-Socna (NI 33/NH 33). 1:1,000,000. Washington, D.C. . 1958. Fezzan (NG 32-33/NF 32-33), Libyan Des- ert (NG 34-35/NF 34-35). 1:2,000,000. Washington, D.C. . 1958. Beda Littoria (NI 34-15). 1:250,000. Wash- ington, D.C. World Aeronautical Chart. 1951. Kriti (West) (424), Lib- yan Plateau (448), Tazerbo Oasis (542). 1:1,000,000. Washington, D.C: Aeronautical Chart and Informa- tion Service, U.S. Air Force. MAURITANIA Army Map Service. 1942. Port-Etienne (NF-28), St. Louis (NE 28). 1:1,000,000. Washington, D.C. L'Institut Geographique National. 1955-1965. Carte de I'Afrique de l=Ouest. Bouly (ND-29-XIX), Fort Gouraud (NF-28-XVIII), Kiffa (NE-29-I), Mbout (NE-28-VI), Nouamrhar (NE-28-XX-XXI), Selibabi (XXIV). 1:200,000. Paris. MOROCCO Defense Mapping Agency. 1989-1995. Operational Navi- gation Chart (ONC). Sheet H-1, Sheet G-1, Sheet H-2. 1:1,000,000. St. Louis, Mo. L'Institut Geographique National. 1954.Carte General du Moroc. El-Jadida, Hamada du Guir, Marrakech, Oua- razazate, Oujda, Rabat. 1:500,000. Paris. [Annotated.] NUMBER 62,8 301 MOZAMBIQUE NIGERIA Army Map Service. 1959. Beira (SE 36/6). 1:500,000. Washington, D.C. Brigada de Cartografia Geologia. 1962. Indambane- Inharrime-Homoine-Zavala (SUL-G-36/F), Panda- Homoine-Manjacaze-Inharrime-Zavala (SUL-G-36/E). 1:250,000. (Provisional.) [Annotated.] Empresa Moderna. 1960. Atlas de Mogambique. Sheet 1, Sheet 2, Sheet 3, Sheet 4, Sheet 6, Sheet 7.1:1,000,000. Lourengo Marques, Mogambique. [Annotated.] Imprensa Nacional de Mogambique. 1951. Provincia de Mozambique. 1:2,000,000. Reg. No. 36/1951. Instituto Geografico e Cadastral. 1938.Angonia-Macanga, Bdrue, Maputo, Mardvia (3), Mardvia-Chicoa. 1:250,000. International Travel Maps. 2001. Mozambique. 1:1,900,000. Vancouver, British Columbia: ITMB Publishing/World Wide Books and Maps. Servicos de Agronensura da Companhia de Mogambique. 1944. Manica-Chimoio-Buzi. 1:250,000. Manica e Sofala, (Provisional copy.) World Aeronautical Chart. 1948-1951. Delagoa Bay (1299), Mazoe River (1176). 1:1,000,000. Washington, D.C: Aeronautical Chart and Information Service, U.S. Air Force. [Annotated.] NAMIBIA (SOUTH WEST AFRICA) Army Map Service. 1958. South West Africa (SF 33-34/SG 33-34). 1:2,000,000. Washington, D.C. International Travel Maps. 1997. Namibia (60X). 1:2,000,000. Vancouver, British Columbia: ITMB PubUshing/World Wide Books and Maps. Mobil Oil Southern Africa. 1963. Road Map South Af- rica, Section 1. 1:2,280,000. Johannesburg: Map Stu- dio Production (Pty) Ltd. Jan. [Annotated.] World Aeronautical Chart. 1951. Lake Ngami (1274), Lower Orange River (1396), Liideritz Bay (1302), Pelican Point (1273). 1:1,000,000. Washington, D.C: Aeronautical Chart Service, U.S. Air Force. NIGER Army Map Service. 1942-1943. Agades (NE-32), Niamey (ND-31), Zinder (ND-32). 1:1,000,000. Washington, D.C. Army Map Service. 1942. Porto-Novo (NB-31), Zaria (NC-32). 1:1,000,000. Washington, D.C. . 1958. Nigeria and Part of Tchad (NC 32-33/NB 32-33). 1:2,000,000. Washington, D.C. Esso West Africa, Inc. 1960. Nigeria. 1:2,500,000. Con- vent Station, N.J. Shell-BP Petroleum Development Company of Nigeria Limited. 1960. NE Sheet, NW Sheet, SE Sheet, SW Sheet. 1:1,000,000. The Hague. [Annotated.] SENEGAL AND THE GAMBIA L'Institut Geographique National. 1960. Afrique de I'Ouest, Republique du Senegal. 1:500,000. Paris. [Annotated.] SOUTH AFRICA AND LESOTHO Acocks, J .P. H. 1951. Veld Types of South Africa. 1:1,500,000. Pretoria: Division of Botany and Plant Pathology, Department of Agriculture. Army Map Service. 1961-1963. Cape Town (SI 34), Up- ington (SH 34). 1:1,000,000. Washington, D.C. . 1958. Natal (SH 35-36/SI 35-36), Transvaal (SF 35-36/SG 35-36). 1:2,000,000. Washington, D.C. Chief Directorate, Surveys and Mapping. 1994. Nossob (2520). 1:250,000. 2nd ed. Mowbray, South Africa. Defense Mapping Agency Aerospace Center. 1982-1987. Operational Navigation Chart (ONC). Sheet P-4, Sheet P-5, Sheet Q-4, Sheet Q-5, Sheet R-4. 1:1,000,000. St. Louis, Mo. . 1985. Tactical Pilotage Chart (TPC). Sheet Q-4B, Sheet Q-5A, Sheet Q-5B, Sheet Q-5D. 1:500,000. St. Louis, Mo. [revised and reprinted 1993-2000]. Mobil Oil Southern Africa. 1963. Road Map South Af- rica, Section 1; Road Map South Africa, Section 2. 1:2,280,000. Johannesburg: Map Studio Production (Pty) Ltd. Jan. [Annotated]. World Aeronautical Chart. 1948-1953. Algoa Bay (1421), Cape of Good Hope (1422), Delagoa Bay (1299), Drakensberg (1398), Lower Orange River (1396), Molopo River (1301), Shashi River (1275), Upper Orange River (1397), Vaal River (1300). 1:1,000,000. Washington, D.C: Aeronautical Chart Service, U.S. Air Force. 302 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY TOGO Le Service Geographique de I'A.O.F. 1957. Carte de I'A. O.F. Palime (NB-31-XIII). 1:200,000. Dakar, Senegal. L'Institut Geographique National. 1955-1960. Carte de I'Afrique de I'Ouest. Fazao (NC-31-1), Lome (NB-31- XIV), Sansanne-Mango (NC-31-XIII). 1:200,000. Paris. ZIMBABWE (SOUTHERN RHODESIA) . 1948, 1952. Limpopo River (1276), Shashi River (1275). 1:1,000,000. Washington, D.C.: Aeronautical Chart Service, U.S. Air Force. . 1959. Bulawayo (3275). 1:1,000,000. Salisbury, Southern Rhodesia: Department of Federal Surveys. [Annotated.] World Aeronautical Chart. 1953. Mazoe River (1176). 1:1,000,000. St. Louis, Mo: Aeronautical Chart and In- formation Center, U.S. Air Force. References Allen, G. M. 1939. A Checklist of African Mammals. Bulletin of the Museum of Com- parative Zoology at Harvard College, 83:1-763. Auerbach, R. D. 1987. The Amphibians and Reptiles of Botswana. 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Abidjan, Cote d'lvoire, 122 Abidjan, 4-24 mi S, Cote d'lvoire, 122 Aburi, Gliana, 148 Aburi Hills, Ghana, 148 Aburi Scarp, Ghana, 150, 167 Accra Plains, Ghana, 148, 150, 155, 161 Achimota, Ghana, 148 Achimota. 2 mi N, Ghana, 148 Achimota Forest Reserve. Ghana, 160 Adamso, Ghana, 148 Adawaso, Ghana, 149 Adawso, Ghana, 149 Adawso. 1 mi E, Ghana, 149 Adawso. 1.9 mi NW, Ghana, 149 Adawso, 4.7 mi E, Ghana, 149 Adawso. 5.7 mi E, Ghana, 149 Adiopodoume, Cote d'lvoire, 122 Afon, Nigeria, 190 Agadez, 5 km NE, Niger, 84 Agadez, 70 km W, Niger, 84 Agadez, 140 km NW, Niger, 84 Agadir, 15 km E, Morocco, 45 Agadir, 35 km N, Morocco, 47 Agamachi, Nigeria, 190 Agbaja, Nigeria, 190 Agbesia, Ghana, 161 Agedabia, 4 km S, Libya, 85 Agedabia, 10 km S, Libya, 87 Agedabia. 10 km SW, Libya, 87 Agedabia, 20 km SW, Libya, 87 Ago Shasha, 6 mi N, Nigeria, 196 Agou, Togo, 169 Aguelmane Azigza, Morocco, 58 310 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY Aguennour, Morocco, 62 Agui, 11.7 km S, Mauritania, 72 Agui, 19 km S, Mauritania, 71 Aguleri, 1.5 mi E, Nigeria, 190 Alia Hills. Botswana, 217 Aha Hills, 10 mi N, Botswana, 217 Aha Hills, north edge. Botswana, 217 Ahiriso, Ghana, 149 Ain Benimathar, 10 km S, Morocco, 47 Ain el Gazala, 11 km E, Libya, 87 Ai'n Kahla, Morocco, 50 Ain-Leuh, Morocco, 50 Ain-Sefra, 30 km S, Algeria, 81 Ain Zueia, Libya, 87 Ait Mehammed, Morocco, 47 Aiyikuma, Ghana, 149 Aiyimensa, 0.5 mi N, Ghana, 148 Akjoujt [6 km W], Mauritania, 77 Akjoujt, 35 km SW, Mauritania, 72 Aknoul, Morocco, 47 Akosombo, Ghana, 150 Akwamu. Ghana, 150 Akwamu. 1 mi N, Ghana, 150 Akwamu, 5 mi W, Ghana, 150 Akwamufe, Ghana, 150 Akwapim Scarp, Ghana, 152 Akwapim-Togo Ranges, Ghana, 150, 161, 168 Aleg, 3 km S, Mauritania, 72 Aleg, 6.2 km S, Mauritania, 72 Aleg. 26.7 km S, Mauritania, 72 Algeria, 80 Al Hoceima. Morocco, 48 Al Hoceima, 9 km SE, Morocco, 47 Al Hoceima. 12 km SE. Morocco, 47 Alicecot, South Africa, 254 Aliwal North, 2 mi E, South Africa, 254 Aliwal North, 19 mi S, South Africa, 268 Amedzofe, Ghana, 150 Amichab Mountain. 2 mi E, Namibia, 213 Amimli River, Ghana, 168 Anambra River, Nigeria, 192 Anda, Cote d'lvoire, 122 Anie River, Togo, 175 Anima Krom. Ghana, 165 Anoual, Morocco, 48 Anti-Atlas Mountains, Morocco, 70 Anum, Ghana, 150 Anum, 4 mi S, Ghana, 150 Aouinet Torkoz, Morocco, 48 Aouinet Torkoz. 8 km W. Morocco, 48 Aouinet Torkoz. 12 km S, Morocco, 48 Aouinet Torkoz, 15 km W, Morocco, 48 Aouinet Torkoz. 20 km N, Morocco, 48 Aouinet Torkoz. 22 km SW, Morocco, 49 Aouinet Torkoz. 22 km W. Morocco, 49 Aoulouz, 16 km W, Morocco, 49 Apekki-Ogoun River, Nigeria, 196 Apies River, South Africa, 298 ApoUonia. 20 km E, Libya, 87 ApoUonia, 27 km E, Libya, 87 Arak, 7 km W, Algeria, 81 Arak, 30 km N, Algeria, 81 Arak, 112 km N, Algeria, 82 Ariamsvlei, 10 mi W, Namibia, 208 Arly, Burkina Paso, 137 Asaba, Nigeria, 192 Asaba. 4 mi W, Nigeria, 192 Asaba, 5 mi N, Nigeria, 192 Asaba, 8 mi W, Nigeria, 192 Ascent Rail Station, South Africa, 296 Ashaka, Nigeria, 192 Ashaka Catholic Grammar School, Nigeria, 192 Asif Amred, Morocco, 68 Asikuma, 1 mi N, Ghana, 150 Asni, 2 km N, Morocco, 49 Assa, Morocco, 50 Assamaka, 48 km SE, Niger, 84 Assamaka, 80 km SE, Niger, 84 Assaouas, Niger, 84 Atacora Mountains, Benin, 182 Atar, Mauritania, 72 Atar, 70 km SW, Mauritania, 72 Aub River, South Africa, 270, 276 Aughrabies, 7 mi W, South Africa, 255 Aughrabies Falls, 1 mi S, South Africa, 255 Aughrabies Falls National Park, South Africa, 255 Augila, Libya, 87 Aus, 3 mi W, Namibia, 212 Avetile, Ghana, 150 Awudome Mountain, Ghana, 150, 168 Axim, Ghana, 150 Ayitedjou, Benin, 177 Azrou, 5 km S, Morocco, 50 Azrou, 6 km SE, Morocco, 50 Azrou. 12 km SE. Morocco, 50 Azrou. 18 km S, Morocco, 50 Babandada, Nigeria, 193 Baden Baden, South Africa, 260 Baderoukwe Truin. South Africa, 267 Badfontein Farm, South Africa, 295 Badplaas, South Africa, 255 Bafilo, Togo, 176 Bahindi, 2 mi E, Nigeria, 196 Bahr el Tubat, Libya, 87 Bakel, 5 km S, Senegal, 106 Bame, 7 mi S, Ghana, 150 Banco Forest, Cote d'lvoire, 122 Banco River, Cote d'lvoire, 122 Bandama River, Cote d'lvoire, 129 Bangwon, Ghana, 150 Banikoara, Benin, 177 Banti Forest Reserve South, Zimbabwe, 233 Banti Reserve South, Zimbabwe, 233 Barberton, 2 mi SW, South Africa, 255 Barberton, 3 mi SW, South Africa, 255 Barberton. 4 mi SW, South Africa, 255 Barberton, 14 mi W, South Africa, 255 Bardia, 5 km W, Libya, 88 Barga, 9 km NE, Burkina Faso, 137 Bathurst, 8 mi W, The Gambia, 106 Bator, Ghana, 151 Bazaruto Island, Mozambique, 242 Bazilakoa, Burkina Faso, 139 Beaufort West, 17 mi NNE, South Africa, 260 Bechar, 53 km S, Algeria, 82 Bechar, 57 km NE, Algeria, 82 Bechar, 100 km SW, Algeria, 82 Bechuanaland (Protectorate), 215 Beira, 10 km N, Mozambique, 238 Belfast, 8 mi NNE, South Africa, 268 Beli River, Burkina Faso, 143 Bene, Mozambique, 246 Benga, Mozambique, 246 Benghazi, 8 km N, Libya, 88 Beni-Abbes, Algeria, 82 Benin, 176 Benin, 30 mi W, Nigeria, 192 Benin City, Nigeria, 192 Ben Slimane, 5 km N, Morocco, 50 Berekuso. Ghana, 152 Berekuso, 1 mi N, Ghana, 151 Berekuso. 2-3 mi N, Ghana, 152 Berguent, Morocco, 47 Bergville, 6 mi E, South Africa, 298 Berseba, Namibia, 208 Bethulie. 2 mi S, South Africa, 256 Bethulie, 3 mi S, South Africa, 256 Bichi, 1 mi W, Nigeria, 192 Bichi Training College, Nigeria, 192 Bida, 8 mi E, Nigeria, 203 Bignona, 5 km S, Senegal, 109 Bimbereke, Benin, 178 Biological Research Station, Mozam- bique, 242 Biological Research Station. 1 mi be- hind, Mozambique, 242 Biological Research Station. 1 mi NE, Mozambique, 242 Bir AUagh, 55 km SW, Libya, 88 Bir AUagh, 55 km W, Libya, 88 Bir Bu Seregha, Libya, 89 Bir Bu Seregha, 20 km N, Libya, 89 Bir el Gobi, 60 km S, Libya, 89 Bir el Harash, Libya, 90 Bismarckburg, Togo, 175 Bitterfontein, 3 mi NNW, South Africa, 256 NUMBER 62,8 31 1 Black Volta River, Burkina Faso/Ghana, 141, 144, 166, 168 Blekoum, Cote d'lvoire, 122 Bloemfontein, 15 mi N, South Africa, 264 Boane, 1 mi NE, Mozambique, 238 Boane. 2 mi S, Mozambique, 238 Boane. 10 km N, Mozambique, 238 Bochum. 25 mi NW, Soutli Africa, 258 Bochum. 26 mi NW, Soutli Africa, 258 Boegoeberg Dam, 1/2 mi E, South Africa, 256 Boghe, 8 km N, Mauritania, 72 Bogue, Mauritania, 72 Bokspits. 4 mi NNW. Botswana, 217 Bokspits, 6 mi NE, Botswana, 217 Bokspits. 11 mi NNW, Botswana, 217 Bonga River, Botswana, 229 Boomplaas, South Africa, 284 Bornu Plains, Nigeria, 200 Bornu Ranch, Nigeria, 200 Boroma, Mozambique, 243 Boronyi Krom, Ghana, 155 Bosbokrand, 20 mi N, South Africa, 270 Bossieslaagtespruit, South Africa, 273 Botanical Gardens (University of Ghana), Ghana, 160 Boteti River, Botswana, 222 Bothaville, 6 mi NW, South Africa, 256 Botletle River, Botswana, 222 Botswana, 215 Bouanane. 20 km NE. Morocco, 50 Bouanane, 30 km NE, Morocco, 50 Bouarfa, 9 km SW, Morocco, 50 Boubwonli, Burkina Paso, 145 Boudenib, 5 km E, Morocco, 50 Boulel, Senegal, 110, 114 Bouloutane, 5 km W, Morocco, 51 Bouna, Cote d'lvoire, 124 Bouna Reserve, Cote d'lvoire, 129 Bou Rjeimat, Mauritania, 80 Boussouma, 5 km N, Burkina Faso, 137 Brach, Libya, 90 Bragan^a, Mozambique, 238 Brakfontein, South Africa, 257 Brakrivier, South Africa, 258 Brakrivier Bridge. South Africa, 258 Brandvlei, 2 mi S, South Africa, 258 Breede River, South Africa, 272, 279, 292 Broederstroom River, South Africa, 298 Brucharos Mountain, Namibia, 208 Buffalo Range, Zimbabwe, 233 Buffalo Range Game Ranch, Zimba- bwe, 233 Buffelshoek, South Africa, 258 Buffels River, South Africa, 278 Buitepos Farm, Namibia, 213 Bu Ngem, 30 km S, Libya, 91 Burkina Faso, 137 Bussa, Nigeria, 202 Butre, Ghana, 152 Butre River, Ghana, 153 Buxton, South Africa, 263 Bzema Oasis, Libya, 91 Calabar, 15 mi N, Nigeria, 193 Calabar River, Nigeria, 193 Calgary. Zimbabwe, 236 Calvinia, 6 mi E, South Africa, 258 Camp I, South Africa, 267 Camp 3, Botswana, 218 Camp 4, Botswana, 218 Cape Coast, Ghana, 153 Cape Coast Castle, Ghana, 153 Cape Three Points Forest Reserve, Ghana, 165 Cap Rhir, Morocco, 47 Cap Spartel. 1 km S, Morocco, 51 Cap Spartel, 3 km S, Morocco, 51 Carnarvon, 1 1/2 mi E, South Africa, 259 Carnarvon River, South Africa, 259 Carolina, 30 mi E, South Africa, 255 Carter's Ridge, South Africa, 259 Cascas, Senegal, 107 Cavally River, Cote d'lvoire, 127 Cave of the Camel, Morocco, 63 Cella, 1 km N, Burkina Faso, 137 Cella, 6 mi S, Burkina Faso, 139 Central Kalahari Game Reserve, Botswana, 218 Chad, 104 Chalet Louis Neltner, Morocco, 62 Changara, Mozambique, 239 Changara, 33 km S, Mozambique, 239 Char, Mauritania, 74 Char, 40 km N, Mauritania, 74 Charley's Puty, Namibia, 208 Chechaouen, Morocco, 52 Chechaouen. 4 km W. Morocco, 52 Chetora B Farm, Zimbabwe, 233 Chichaoua, 20 km S, Morocco, 52 Chicia, 12 km S, Libya, 91 Chicoa, 14 mi ESE, Mozambique, 239 Chigubo. 2 km N, Mozambique, 239 Chigubo, 30 km WNW, Mozambique, 239 Chigubo Administrative Poste, Mozam- bique, 239 Chigubo Administrative Poste. 7 km S, Mozambique, 239 Chimonzo, Mozambique, 239 Chinguetti, 20 km NW, Mauritania, 74 Chioco, 8 km SW, Mozambique, 240 Chiredzi River, Zimbabwe, 233 Chirinda Forest, Zimbabwe, 233 Chirinda Forest, Zimbabwe, 235 Chiuta, Mozambique, 240 Chobe, Botswana, 221 Chobe (Game Reserve), Botswana, 220, 221 Chobe River, Botswana, 221 Chukutsa Pan, Botswana, 218 Clanwilliam, 2 mi N, South Africa, 259 Clanwilliam. 5. mi NW. South Africa, 284 Clanwilliam, 10 mi NE, South Africa, 283 Clanwilliam, 12 mi ENE, South Africa, 284 Clanwilliam. Pakhuis Pass, South Af- rica, 283 Coefia, 2 km N, Libya, 91 Coguno, Mozambique, 240 Coguno. 5. km ESE. Mozambique, 240 Coguno. 9 km ESE. Mozambique, 240 Coguno. 14 km ESE, Mozambique, 240 Coloniesplaats, South Africa, 259 Comer Farm, Zimbabwe, 234 Commisiondrift, South Africa, 259 Commisiondrift Dam, South Africa, 260 Cote d'lvoire, 122 Cradock, 8 mi N, South Africa, 260 Crocodile River, South Africa, 273 Crocodile Valley Citrus Estates, South Africa, 280 Cross River, Nigeria, 200 Cufra Oasis, Libya, 94, 95 Cussabat, 5 km W, Libya, 91 Cyrene, Libya, 91 Dada, Nigeria, 193 Dahomey, 176 Dahomey Gap, Benin, 183 Dakar, Senegal, 108 Dakar, 13.7 km N, Senegal, 109 Damango, Ghana, 153 Damango, [5 mi E], Ghana, 153 Damango Scarp Forest Reserve, Ghana, 154 Dana, 8 km S, Burkina Faso, 139 Dapango, Togo, 170 Dap Naude Dam, South Africa, 298 Dardinel. South Africa, 274 Dargle Station, 3 mi W, South Africa, 270 Dassa-Zoume, Benin, 188 Dautsa Flats, Botswana, 218 Davel, South Africa, 260 Dayi River, Ghana, 168 Dealesville, 9 mi N, South Africa, 260 Deba River, Ghana, 168 De Duinen (The Dunes), South Africa, 272 Deelfontein, 2 mi N, South Africa, 277 31 2 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY DeHoop, South Africa, 260 Demnate, 6 km SE, Morocco, 53 Denu, Ghana, 154 Denyau Shelterbelt Forest Reserve, Ghana, 148 Derg, 5 km E, Libya, 91 Derna, 3 km E, Libya, 91 DeRust Farm, South Africa, 269 Diakora, Burkina Faso, 143 Dialakoto, Senegal, 109 Diali, Cote d'lvoire, 125 Diamond Area No. 2, Namibia, 214 Die Langkioof, South Africa, 258 Die Mik, Namibia/South Africa, 213, 286 Dienkoa River, Burkina Faso, 144 Digomo de Kai, Botswana, 218 Diho, Benin, 179 Dikbaardskolk, 3 mi N, South Africa, 261 Dikwa, 31 mi NE, Nigeria, 193 Dio, Burkina Faso, 139 Diourbel, 17 km NE, Senegal, 115 Djab Farm, Namibia, 211 Djab River, Namibia, 211 Djipologo, Burkina Faso, 139 Dodo Cross Roads, 3 mi NNW, Botswana, 218 Dodo Cross Roads, 8 mi NNW. Botswana, 218 Dodo Cross Roads, 10 mi W, Botswana, 218 Dodo Cross Roads, 13 mi W, Botswana, 218 Dombi Forest Reserve, Ghana, 154 Dondo, Mozambique, 240 Dondo, 8 km NW, Mozambique, 244 Doornpoort, South Africa, 297 Doudodo River, Burkina Faso, 137 Douglas, 10 mi S, South Africa, 261 Doyum, Ghana, 154 Doyum Police Post, Ghana, 155 Drakensberg Garden(s), 2 mi N, South Africa, 261 Drakensberg Garden(s) Hotel, 2 mi W, South Africa, 261 Drakensberg Mountains, South Africa, 265, 286, 290 Drodsky's (Drotsky's) Caves, Botswana, 218 Drodsky's Caves, 10 mi NW, Botswana, 219 Duekoue, Cote d'lvoire, 125 Dunblaine, Zimbabwe, 233 Dunkwa, Ghana, 148 Edri, Libya, 92 Efeipo Krom, Ghana, 155 Ehania, Cote d'lvoire, 126 Ehania Forest, Cote d'lvoire, 126 El Abiad Oasis, Libya, 92 Elands River, South Africa, 290 El Barcat, Libya, 93 El Faidia, 10 km SW, Libya, 93 El Gatrun, Libya, 93 El Gezira, Libya, 94 El Gheddahia, 7 km S, Libya, 94 El Giof, Libya, 94 El Hauuari, Libya, 95 El Jadida, 6 km E, Morocco, 53 Ellisras, 5 mi NE, South Africa, 261 Elmina, Ghana, 155 Elmina Castle, Ghana, 155 Ermelo, 12 mi NW, South Africa, 260 Eshowe, 6 mi E, South Africa, 262 Eshowe. 15 mi E, South Africa, 263 Essaouira, 5 km NE, Morocco, 53 Essaouira, 13 km E, Morocco, 54 Essexvale Ranch, Zimbabwe, 234 Estcourt, 7 mi SE, South Africa, 286 Estcourt, 45 mi SW, South Africa, 264 Eye. The. South Africa, 273 Ezime, Togo, 171 Falaise de F6, Burkina Faso, 139 Farfell Farm, Zimbabwe, 234 Faya (Largeau), Chad, 104 Faya, 34 mi NE, Chad, 104 Felele, Nigeria, 193 Fetekro, Cote d'lvoire, 126 Field Moore Plantation. Nigeria, 196 Figuig, 5 km NW, Morocco, 54 Figuig, 41 km NW. Morocco, 54 Fika, Nigeria, 193 Fingoe, Mozambique, 240 Flabo River, Ghana, 161 EG, Burkina Faso, 139 Foley, Botswana, 219 Foley, 8 mi W, Botswana, 219 Foley Siding, 8 mi W, Botswana, 219 Foley Siding, 10 mi W. Botswana, 219 Foret Classee d'Agou, Togo, 170 Foret Classee de Kassas, Senegal, 110 Foret Classee de P6, Burkina Faso, 144 Foret Classee des CoUines de Kouande, Benin, 182 Foret Classee de Soubroukou, Benin, 187 Foret Classee de Wenou-Benou, Benin, 178 Foret Classee du Balam, Togo, 175 Foret de Mamora, Morocco, 62 Fort Arak, Algeria, 81 Fort Capuzzo, 10 km SW, Libya, 95 Fort Capuzzo, 60 km S[SW], Libya, 95 Fort Gouraud, Mauritania, 74 Fort Gouraud, 12.8 km SW, Mauritania, 74 Fort Hartley, Lesotho, 263 Fort Laperrine, Algeria, 83 Fort Menouarar, Algeria, 82 Fort Victoria, Zimbabwe, 234 Foum-el-Hassane, Morocco, 56 Foum Zguid, 4 km S, Morocco, 54 Fountains, South Africa, 263 Fountains. 2 mi S, South Africa, 263 Fountains Valley. South Africa, 263 Founzan, Burkina Faso, 141 Fraaiuitzicht. South Africa, 273 Francistown, 40 mi NW, Botswana, 219 Francistown, 45 mi SW, Botswana, 219 Francistown. 50 mi SW, Botswana, 219 Francistown. 57 mi SW, Botswana, 219 Frankfort, 9 mi N, South Africa, 263 Fraserburg, 3 mi NE [NW], South Africa, 263 Friedenheim Dam, South Africa, 280 Fuller Falls, Ghana, 168 Furancungo. Mozambique, 240 Furancungo, 10 km E, Mozambique, 240 Furancungo. 20 km E, Mozambique, 240 Furancungo, 30 mi NNW, Mozam- bique, 240 Furancungo, 30 mi NW, Mozambique, 242 Fure Forest Reserve, Ghana, 164 Gaberones, 5 mi W, Botswana, 219 Gaberones, 6 mi W, Botswana, 219 Gambaga, Ghana, 156 Gambaga River, Ghana, 156 Gambaga Scarp, Ghana, 156, 167 Gambia, The, 106 Gambia River, The Gambia, 114 Gamboru. Nigeria, 193 Gamon, Senegal, 109 Ganab Water Hole. Namibia, 213 Gangareme, Mozambique, 242 Gannavloer, South Africa, 295 Gansfontein, South Africa, 263 Garak, Mauritania, 75 Gardenia, South Africa, 280 Garian, Libya, 96 Caries, 40 mi WNW, South Africa, 296 Gasr es Sahabi, Libya, 95 Gatkoppie, South Africa, 258 Gbako River, Nigeria, 203 Gbatope, Togo, 172 Gbessarouperou, Benin, 179 Gebel el Harug el Asued, Libya, 95 Gebel Jefren, Libya, 99 Gebel Soda, Libya, 95 Gebel Uweinat, Libya, 87 General Store (Maputa), South Africa, 273 Gerdes, 10 km N, Libya, 95 Ghana, 147 Ghansi, Botswana, 220 NUMBER 62,8 313 Ghansi, 20 mi NE, Botswana, 220 Ghansi, 35 mi S, Botswana, 220 Gharian, 20 km N, Libya, 95 Gharian, 25 km N, Libya, 96 Ghat, Libya, 96 Ghat, 12 km N, Libya, 96 Ghat. 20 km N, Libya, 96 Gialo, 150 km S, Libya, 96 Gialo Oasis, Libya, 96 Gialo Oasis, Libya, 87 Giant's Castle Game Reserve, South Africa, 264 Giarabub, Libya, 96 Giarabub, 21 km ESE, Libya, 87 Giarabub, 24 km SSE, Libya, 96 Giarabub, 62 km N, Libya, 96 Giarabub, 120 km N, Libya, 96 Gibeon, 20 mi SW, Namibia, 211 Gimi River, Nigeria, 204 Glen, South Africa, 264 Gobabeb, Namibia, 209 Gobabeb. 1 mi E, Namibia, 210 Gobabeb, 36 km WNW, Namibia, 214 Gobabis. 3.5 mi SW, Namibia, 210 Gobabis, 4.5 mi SW, Namibia, 210 Goddua, Libya, 96 Goddua, 20 km SW, Libya, 104 Goddua, 26 km N, Libya, 97 Goden, Burkina Faso, 141 Goedehoop Earm, South Africa, 265 Goedgevonde, South Africa, 265 Goha Hills. Botswana, 220 Goha Hills, 10 mi E, Botswana, 220 Gomare, 5 mi S, Botswana, 220 Gona-Rhe-Zhou, Zimbabwe, 235 Goodhouse, Namibia, 210 Goodhouse, South Africa, 265 Gorangoza Park, Mozambique, 242 Gorgadji, 17 km E, Burkina Easo, 141 Gorongosa Mountain, Mozambique, 242 Goudebo, Burkina Easo, 142 Goudiry, Senegal, 109 Goudveld, South Africa, 265 Goulimine, 20 km SW, Morocco, 54 Goulimine, 28 km SW, Morocco, 54 Goulimine. 30 km SW, Morocco, 54 Goulimine. 38 km SW, Morocco, 55 Gouni, Burkina Easo, 138 Graaff-Reinet, 23 mi SE, South Africa, 265 Graaff-Reinet, 28 mi N, South Africa, 259 Graaff-Reinet. 30 mi N, South Africa, 259 Grahamstown. 10 mi S, South Africa, 267 Grahamstown, 11 mi SSW, South Africa, 266 Grand Bale River, Burkina Easo, 141 Great Eish River, South Africa, 260 Groblershoop, 2 mi NW, South Africa, 267 Groenkloof, South Africa, 267 Groenkloof Earm, South Africa, 267 Groot Kolk, 2 mi SE, South Africa, 267 Groot Letaba (Game) Reserve, South Africa, 267 Groot Letaba River, South Africa, 267, 275 Groot River, South Africa, 296 Grottes of Chiker, Morocco, 67 Grottes of Hercules, Morocco, 55 Gubba, 12 km NW, Libya, 97 Gudi, 3 mi E, Nigeria, 200 Guena, Burkina Easo, 144 Guene, Benin, 180 Guercif, 10 km E, Morocco, 55 Guerina, Senegal, 109 Guiers Lake, Senegal, 119 Guiglo, Cote d'lvoire, 127 Guitri, Cote d'lvoire, 127 Gulf of Guinea, Benin/Cote d'lvoire/ Ghana, 122, 153, 158, 183 Gulf of Sirte, Libya, 97 Gumare, Botswana, 220 Gunsfontein, South Africa, 268 Gwebi River. Zimbabwe, 236 Haenertsburg, 2 mi E, South Africa, 268 Hakos Mountains, Namibia, 211 Half-way Pan, Botswana, 220 Hamada du Guir, Morocco, 51 Hanahai Valley, Botswana, 220 Hana River, Cote d'lvoire, 130 Hann Park, Senegal, 109 Hardingdale, South Africa, 268 Haroni River, Zimbabwe, 235 Harrismith, 12 mi S, South Africa, 268 Hartbeespruit, South Africa, 268 Havenga Bridge, South Africa, 286 Hayfield B Earm, Zimbabwe, 234 Helmeringhausen, 20 mi W, Namibia, 212 Helvetia Farm, Zimbabwe, 234 Henderson Research Station, Zimbabwe, 234 Hendrick E, Verwoerd Dam, South Africa, 281 Hennops River, South Africa, 263, 289 Hex River, South Africa, 260 High Atlas Mountains, Morocco, 47 Hillside, South Africa, 268 Holfontein, South Africa, 256 Hopetown, 2 mi NE, South Africa, 269 Houtbosdorp, 2 mi E, South Africa, 269 Howick. South Africa, 270 Hun, 2 km SW, Libya, 97 Ibadan, Nigeria, 194 Icht. 3 km NW. Morocco, 56 Icht, 7 km NW, Morocco, 56 Idere, Nigeria, 196 Idoforo, Nigeria, 196 lella, Nigeria, 196 Ife University Earm. Nigeria, 196 Ifkern, 3 km E, Morocco, 57 Igbabon River, Nigeria, 202 Igbo Ora, Nigeria, 196 Igbo Ora. 2 mi W, Nigeria, 196 Igolo (Nigeria), Benin, 177 Ilashe, 4 mi S, Nigeria, 196 Imlil, Morocco, 57 In-Gall, 30 km S, Niger, 84 In-Gall, 120 km S, Niger, 84 Inhaca Island, Mozambique, 242 Inhaca Island, SE tip, Mozambique, 242 Inhambane. 24 km S, Mozambique, 243 Inhambane, 29 km S, Mozambique, 243 Inhambane. 35 km S, Mozambique, 243 Inharrime, 3 km NE, Mozambique, 242 Inharrime. 4 km SW, Mozambique, 242 In Salah, Algeria, 82 In Salah, 100 km SE, Algeria, 82 In Salah, 120 km SE, Algeria, 82 Instituto de Investigacao Cientifica de Mozambique. Mozambique, 238 Inyoka Mountains, Mozambique, 242 Irherm-n-Ougdal, Morocco, 58 Iseyin, Nigeria, 205 Ivory Coast, 122 Jacqueville, Cote d'lvoire, 127 Jamaa Forest, Nigeria, 204 Jangamo, Mozambique, 243 Jansenville, 8 mi NE, South Africa, 269 Jbel Iskou, Morocco, 54 Jebel Toubkal, Morocco, 62 Jemaa, Nigeria, 203 Jemaa, 2 mi N, Nigeria, 203 Jerusalem (Namibia), South Africa, 292 Jerusalem Earm, Namibia, 214 Jingar River, Nigeria, 197 Joal, 4 km N, Senegal, 109 Johannesburg, South Africa, 269 John Nash Nature Reserve, South Africa, 294 Jos Plateau, Nigeria, 197, 202, 203 Joverega. Botswana, 220 Joverega, 10 mi N, Botswana, 220 Jukskei River, South Africa, 269 Jukwa, Ghana, 156 July's Kraal, South Africa, 267 Kabwir, 1 mi S, Nigeria, 197 Kachikau, Botswana, 220 Kachikau, 12 mi SW, Botswana, 220 Kade, Ghana, 157 314 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY Kade, 6 mi N, Ghana, 157 Kade, 6 mi NW, Ghana, 157 Kadonda, Burkina Faso, 145 Kaedi, Mauritania, 76 Kaffrine, 15 km N, Senegal, 110 Kagoro, Nigeria, 190 Kahin, Cote d'lvoire, 127 Kahone, Senegal, 113 Kai Kai, Botswana, 221 Kai Kai, 25 mi SE, Botswana, 218 Kaiser Pan, Botswana, 220 Kaitzub Farm, Namibia, 211 Kalahari-Gemsbok National Park, South Africa, 261, 267, 269, 270, 276,281,292 Kalkrand, 6 mi S, Namibia, 212 Kalkrand, 17 mi N, Namibia, 212 Kameelsleep, 5 mi N, South Africa, 269 Kamkwa (Borehole), South Africa, 270 Kana River, Burkina Faso, 141 Kang, Botswana, 221 Kang. 7 mi W, Botswana, 221 Kang, 10 mi NW. Botswana, 221 Kang. 10 mi W, Botswana, 221 Kangyane Pan, Botswana, 231 Kano, Nigeria, 201 Kanyanbia River, Ghana, 165 Kanye, 30 mi W, Botswana, 221 Kaolack, 6 km E, Senegal, 111 Karaduwa, Nigeria, 197 Karaduwa River, Nigeria, 197 Karasberge, Namibia, 212 Karekui, Burkina Faso, 142 Kasane, Botswana, 221 Kasane. 1.5 mi E, Botswana, 221 Kasane. 1.5 mi W, Botswana, 221 Kasane. 2 mi S, Botswana, 221 Kasane. 2 mi W (Chobe Game Reserve). Botswana, 221 Kasane. 3 mi E, Botswana, 221 Kasane. 5 mi W, Botswana, 221 Kasane, 10 mi W, Botswana, 221 Katasi, Ghana, 152 Kbwai, Botswana, 222 Keetmanshoop, 62 mi E, Namibia, 212 Keimoes. 2 mi E, South Africa, 270 Keimoes Island, South Africa, 270 Kendrew Station, South Africa, 266 Kenhardt, 16 mi N, South Africa, 281 Kenitra, 11 km W, Morocco, 58 Kerzaz, 72 km SE, Algeria, 82 Keta, Ghana, 158 Keta Lagoon, Ghana, 158 Ketou, Benin, 180 Khabane, Botswana, 219 Khaudum Omuramba, Botswana, 229 Khenifra, 22 km E, Morocco, 58 Khuis, Botswana, 221 Khumaha, Botswana, 222 Khumaha. 7.7 mi N, Botswana, 222 Khweabe Hills, Botswana, 219 Kiffa, Mauritania, 76 Kihabe Hills, Botswana, 219 Kilgobbin, South Africa, 270 Kimberley, 1 mi W, South Africa, 259 King Williams Town, 12 mi NW, South Africa, 286 King Williams Town area. South Africa, 287 Kintampo Water Falls, Ghana, 168 Kkwebe Hills, Botswana, 219 Klaserie, South Africa, 270 Klawer, 2 mi W, South Africa, 270 Klein Aus Farm, Namibia, 212 Klein Brakrivier, South Africa, 279 Kleinfontein, South Africa, 271 Klein Letaba (Post Office), 8 mi W, South Africa, 271 Klein Swartberge, South Africa, 296 Kleinvlei. 6 mi N Clanwilliam. South Africa, 284 Klip River, South Africa, 295 Kluitjieskraal, South Africa, 272 Kluitjieskraal River, South Africa, 272 Knoffelfontein, South Africa, 272 Knysna, 10 mi N, South Africa, 265 Kobe River, South Africa, 259 Kobos, Namibia, 212 Kochena Farm, Namibia, 212 Koegas, 10 mi SE, South Africa, 272 Kofina Rock, Nigeria, 206 Kokofu, Ghana, 158 Kolda, 5 km N, Senegal, 113 Kolda. 40 km W, Senegal, 113 Komani Farm, Zimbabwe, 236 Komatipoort, 2 mi N, South Africa, 273 Komati River, Mozambique/South Africa, 245, 255 Komoe River, Cote d'lvoire, 124 Konankira, [2 km S], Burkina Faso, 142 Kong, Cote d'lvoire, 127 Korwe Pan (Bore Hole), Botswana, 230 Kosi Bay, South Africa, 273 Kotiare Naoude, Senegal, 113 Kouande, Benin, 182 Koul Peolgo, Burkina Faso, 144 Koumongou River, Togo, 175 Koungheul, Senegal, 114 Koussanar, Senegal, 114 Koutiala, Burkina Faso, 139 Koutoura, 5 km SW, Burkina Faso, 143 Kpeve, Ghana, 158 Kpodave, Benin, 183 Kraai River, South Africa, 273 Krobo Mountain, Ghana, 158 Kruger National Park, South Africa, 273 Ksar Douimeniat, Algeria, 82 Ksar-es-Souk, 6 km SW, Morocco, 58 Ksar-es-Souk. 20 km SW, Morocco, 58 Ksar-es-Souk. 25 km SW, Morocco, 58 Ksar Oulad Aid, Algeria, 82 Kubie, Botswana, 217 Kuche Pan, Botswana, 222 Kuche Pan, 10 mi SE, Botswana, 222 Kudang, The Gambia, 114 Kudu, Nigeria, 198 Kufena Hill, Nigeria, 206 Kuiseb River, Namibia, 209 Kuke Cordon, Botswana, 222 Kuke Gate, Botswana, 222 Kuke Veterinary Cordon Fence, Botswana, 222 Kuruman. 3 mi E, South Africa, 273 Kuruman, 6 mi E, South Africa, 273 Kuruman Cave, South Africa, 273 Kutswe Pan (bore hole and cattle post), Botswana, 230 Kwaai River Area, Botswana, 222 Kwa Falls Palm Oil Estate, Nigeria, 200 Kwahu Tafo, Ghana, 159 Kware, Nigeria, 198 Kwa River, Nigeria, 200 Kwebe Hills, Botswana, 223 Kwebe Hills, 18 mi NW, Botswana, 223 Kwechu, Botswana, 219 Kyle Dam National Park, Zimbabwe, 234 Kyle Game Reserve, Zimbabwe, 234 La brag. 4 km W, Libya, 97 Labrag, 5 km NW, Libya, 97 Labrag. 5 km SW, Libya, 97 Lady Grey, 12 mi SW, South Africa, 273 Ladysmith, 12 mi NE, South Africa, 291 Ladysmith, 12 mi W, South Africa, 290 Lagos, Nigeria, 205 Laingsburg, 19 mi SSW, South Africa, 296 Lake Chad, Nigeria, 193 Lamto, Cote d'lvoire, 129 Langeberg Mountains, South Africa, 279 Earache. 1 km N, Morocco, 59 Earache. 3 km NE, Morocco, 59 Earache, 20 km SE, Morocco, 58 Largeau (Faya), Chad, 104 Largeau. 30 km NE, Chad, 104 Largeau, 95 km NW, Chad, 105 Leber River, Namibia, 212 Lebombo Mountains, South Africa, 281 Lebombos Mountains, Mozambique, 243 Lebu Pan, Botswana, 229 Leggogot, South Africa, 297 Legon, Ghana, 159 Legon, 1 mi N, Ghana, 160 Legon, 2 mi N, Ghana, 161 NUMBER 628 315 Legon, 6 mi N, Ghana, 160 Legon, 10 mi N, Ghana, 148 Legon Hill (University of Ghana), Ghana, 160 Leklebi Agbesia, Ghana, 161 [Leklebi] Duga, Ghana, 161 Leopard Rock Hotel, Zimbabwe, 235 Leri River, Nigeria, 202 Les Mammels, Senegal, 109 Lesotho, 251 Letlaking, Botswana, 223 Letlaking, 10 mi W, Botswana, 223 Letlaking, 11 mi SE, Botswana, 223 Lewensbron Farm, South Africa, 295 Leyesa River, Burkina Faso, 145 Libya, 85 Lichtenburg. 15 mi Wj 4 mi N, South Africa, 275 Lichtenburg. 15 mi W, 7 mi N, South Africa, 275 Lichtenburg, 22 mi NNW, South Africa, 274 Lindley, 10 mi NW, South Africa, 275 Linguere, Senegal, 114 Lixus, Morocco, 59 Lobatsi, Botswana, 223 Loeriesfontein, 6 mi S, South Africa, 275 Lokoja, 3.6 mi NW, Nigeria, 193 Lokoja, 17 mi NW, Nigeria, 190 Louga, 8 km E, Senegal, 114 Louis Creek, South Africa, 276 Louis Gentil, Morocco, 70 Louisvale, 1 mi N, South Africa, 275 Lourenco Marques. 20 mi W, Mozam- bique, 238 Lovedale Farm, Namibia, 212 Luangua River, Mozambique, 246 Luckhoff, 16 mi S, South Africa, 272 Luenha River, Mozambique, 239 Lukas Ridge. South Africa, 263 Lusitu River, Zimbabwe, 235 Lusthoff, South Africa, 275 Mabele a Pudi, Botswana, 223 Mabele a Pudi, 50 mi E, Botswana, 224 Mabeleapudi, Botswana, 223 Maboane, 10 mi W, Botswana, 224 Mabote, Mozambique, 243 Mabote. 6 km S, Mozambique, 243 Mabote. 20 km S, Mozambique, 243 Mabua Sefubi Pan, Botswana, 224 Macoculombane. Mozambique, 246 Mada River, Nigeria, 200 Magoebaskloof, South Africa, 275 Magogopate, Botswana, 225 Magogopate Game Camp, Botswana, 225 Magude, 15 km SW, Mozambique, 243 Magude. 17 km SW, Mozambique, 243 Magude. 24 km SW, Mozambique, 243 Magude, 45 km SW, Mozambique, 242 Magiie (New) Boroma, Mozambique, 243 Magiie Novo, Mozambique, 243 Mahau River, Mozambique, 243 Mahupa, Botswana, 217 Maiduguri, 22 mi S, Nigeria, 200 Makatini Flats, South Africa, 275 Makhake Store, South Africa, 276 Malelane, 7 mi SW, South Africa, 276 Mamfe, Ghana, 161 Mamono, Botswana, 225 Mamono, 45 mi S, Botswana, 225 Mamono, 50 mi S, Botswana, 225 Mamono. 55 mi S, Botswana, 225 Mamono, 150 mi S, Botswana, 225 Manchester Farm, Zimbabwe, 235 Manchester Gardens, Zimbabwe, 235 Mankesin, vicinity of, Ghana, 161 Mapulanguene, 8 km E, Mozambique, 243 Maputa, South Africa, 273 Maputa, 12 mi E, South Africa, 273 Maputa aerodrome. South Africa, 273 Maraua, 7 km E, Libya, 97 Marble Arch, 15 km WNW, Libya, 97 Marhumbini, Zimbabwe, 235 Mariazell Mission, South Africa, 276 Marico River, Botswana, 228 Mariepskop Forest Reserve, South Africa, 276 Mariepskop Mountain, South Africa, 276 Maringue, Mozambique, 244 Markoye, 30 km N, Burkina Faso, 143 Marlow Agricultural School, South Africa, 260 Maro Reserve, Burkina Faso, 145 Marssassoum, 15 km SE, Senegal, 114 Martin Forest Reserve, Zimbabwe, 233 Masarwanyane Pan, Botswana, 225 Masba, Nigeria, 200 Massamba, 10 mi E, Mozambique, 245 Massamba. 14 mi E, Mozambique, 245 Massangena, Mozambique, 244 Massangena. 10 mi W. Mozambique, 244 Massinga, 2 km N, Mozambique, 244 Massinga. 2 km S, Mozambique, 244 Massinga. 3 km N, Mozambique, 244 Massinga. 4 km N, Mozambique, 244 Massinga, 9 km NE, Mozambique, 244 Massinga. 9 km NW. Mozambique, 244 Massubia, Botswana, 227 Matam, Senegal, 115 Matam, 13 km SW, Senegal, 115 Mata Mata, South Africa, 276 Matebe, 7 mi N, Botswana, 225 Maue River, Mozambique, 246 Maun, Botswana, 225 Maun, 6 mi N, Botswana, 226 Maun, 20 mi SSW, Botswana, 226 Maun, 35 mi SW, Botswana, 226 Maun-Ghanzi road, Botswana, 222 Mauritania, 70 Mazelspoort, South Africa, 265 Mazoe Dam, Zimbabwe, 234 Mazoe River, Zimbabwe, 234 Mazoe Valley, Zimbabwe, 236 Mechra Benabbou, 11 km SE, Morocco, 59 Mecito, Mozambique, 244 Medina, Ghana, 161 Meseguin Oasis, Libya, 98 Meseied, 40 km N, Morocco, 59 Messa. 13 km WSW, Libya, 104 Messa, 35 km W, Libya, 98 Mezimbite, Mozambique, 244 Midelt, 7 km E, Morocco, 60 Millwood Forest Station, South Africa, 265 Mischliffen, Morocco, 60 Missour. 8 km S, Morocco, 61 Missour. 15 km SW, Morocco, 61 Missour, 16 km W, Morocco, 60 Mizda, 5 km N, Libya, 98 Mkomazi River, South Africa, 276 Mkuze, 6 mi N, South Africa, 281 Mkuze, 20 mi E, South Africa, 275 Mkuze. 25 mi SE, South Africa, 276 Mkuze Game Reserve. South Africa, 276 Mkuze Game Reserve Headquarters. South Africa, 276 Mkuze River, South Africa, 276 Moamba, Mozambique, 245 Modderfontein, 2 mi N Deelfontein, South Africa, 277 Modderfontein, 7 mi W Springbok, South Africa, 277 Modder River, South Africa, 265 Mogol. South Africa, 261 Mogreine Copper Mine, Mauritania, 77 Mohembo, 55 mi W, Botswana, 226 Molopo River, Botswana, 217, 221 Mombane, Mozambique, 245 Mombane. 2 km NW. Mozambique, 245 Mombane. 4 km SE, Mozambique, 245 Mombane. 4 km WNW. Mozambique, 245 Mombane, 6 km NE. Mozambique, 245 Mombane. 8 km SE, Mozambique, 245 Montagu, 4 mi W, South Africa, 279 Montes Tchiputo, Mozambique, 250 Mooi River, South Africa, 288 Moordrift, South Africa, 279 316 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY Morago West Forest Reserve, Ghana, 167 Moremi Game Reserve, Botswana, 222 Morocco, 45 Morrumboze River Falls, Mozambique, 242 Mosselbaai, 9 mi N, South Africa, 279 Mosslands, South Africa, 266 Moulay-Bousselham, Morocco, 61 Mt. Missour, Morocco, 61 Mount Selinda, Zimbabwe, 235 Mount Selinda, 3 mi NE, Zimbabwe, 234 Mozambique, 236 Mpatutlwa Pan, Botswana, 226 M'Tuchira River, Mozambique, 249 Mualadze, Mozambique, 249 Mucanha River, Mozambique, 245 Muchena, Mozambique, 245 Mungari, 5 km N, Mozambique, 245 Murzuch, Libya, 98 Murzuch, 6 km N, Libya, 99 Murzuch, 28 km E, Libya, 99 Musapa River, Zimbabwe, 233 Musu, 12 mi W, Botswana, 226 Mzimkulu River, South Africa, 261 Nabogo, Ghana, 161 Nabogo River, Ghana, 161 Nador, 20 km SE, Morocco, 61 Nalut, 40 km ENE, Libya, 99 Namib Desert Research Station, Namibia, 209 Namib Desert Research Station. 3 mi S, Namibia, 210 Namibia, 207 Namib Park, Namibia, 213 Namicungo River, Mozambique, 240 Nandom Forest Reserve, Ghana, 151 Nankasi, Ghana, 161 Nata, Botswana, 226 Nata, 10.2 mi W, Botswana, 227 Nata, 13 mi W, Botswana, 227 Nata River, Botswana, 226 Natiaboani, Burkina Faso, 144 Nayoure, 3 km SE, Burkina Faso, 144 N'dobe, Botswana, 217 N'doulo, Senegal, 115 Ndumu Game Reserve boundary. South Africa, 279 Nelspruit, 4 mi E, 2 mi S, South Africa, 279 New Bene (Tambue), Mozambique, 246 Newcastle, 10 mi S, South Africa, 280 Newe Plaas, South Africa, 258 Newington. 3 mi NNW, South Africa, 254 Newington, 3 mi WNW, South Africa, 254 Newington, 7 mi ENE, South Africa, 281 Ngai-gai, Senegal, 119 Ngami. Lake (edge flood plain). Botswana, 223 Ngorima Reserve (East), Zimbabwe, 235 Ngoye Forest Reserve. South Africa, 263 Niamey, 45 km NW, Niger, 84 Niamey, 90 km SE, Niger, 84 Niassene, Senegal, 115 Niebe, Cote d'lvoire, 130 Nieman's Farm, South Africa, 261 Niger, 84 Nigeria, 188 Niger River, Niger/Nigeria, 84, 192, 193, 202, 203 Nikki, Benin, 183 Njelele River, South Africa, 292 Nkawkaw, Ghana, 161 Nkawkaw, 1 mi N, Ghana, 161 Nkonkoni, South Africa, 281 Nkwanta, 2 mi E, Ghana, 162 Nobere, 9 mi S, Burkina Faso, 144 Nokaneng, Botswana, 227 Nokaneng. 8 mi S, Botswana, 227 Nokaneng, 15 mi N, Botswana, 227 Nokaneng. 18 mi NE. Botswana, 227 Nokaneng. 25 mi NE. Botswana, 227 Noorsveld, South Africa, 269 Noro, Burkina Faso, 137 northern Africa, 44 Norvalspont, 8 mi E, South Africa, 281 Nossob Camp, South Africa, 281 Nossob Camp. 1 mi N, South Africa, 281 Nossob Camp. 2 mi N, South Africa, 281 Nossob (Nossop) River, Botswana/ South Africa, 217, 231, 270, 292 Nouakchott, 6 km E, Mauritania, 77 Nouakchott, 6 km W, Mauritania, 78 Nouakchott. 7 km E, Mauritania, 78 Nouakchott. 11 km N, Mauritania, 78 Nouakchott, 78 km S, Mauritania, 78 N'Ougas, South Africa, 281 N'Rougas Farm, South Africa, 281 Nsuaem, Ghana, 162 Num Num. South Africa, 282 Nyala State Lands, South Africa, 276 Nyamkwarara River, Zimbabwe, 235 Nyamkwarara School, Zimbabwe, 235 Nyan River, Ghana, 165 Nyingari River, Ghana, 156 Nyl River, South Africa, 279 Nylstroom, 4 mi E, South Africa, 282 Nylstroom. 10 mi E, South Africa, 283 Nylstroom golf course. South Africa, 283 Nylstroom Town. South Africa, 283 Nzi River, Cote d'lvoire, 127 Oban, 14 mi S, Nigeria, 200 Oboungouni, Burkina Faso, 144 Oda, Ghana, 162 Odomi, Ghana, 162 Odomi Jongo, Ghana, 162 Ogo, Senegal, 115 Ogun River, Nigeria, 205 Okavango River, Botswana, 228, 229 Okorasi, Ghana, 163 Okwenya, Ghana, 159 Olifants River, South Africa, 259, 271, 297 Onderdownes, South Africa, 259 Orange-Kraai confluence. South Africa, 255 Orange River, Namibia/South Africa, 210, 213, 214, 255, 256, 261, 263, 265, 267, 269, 270, 272, 275, 281, 286, 288, 292, 294 Orodara, 27 km ENE, Burkina Faso, 144 Otabango, Burkina Faso, 144 Oti River, Benin/Togo, 175, 185 Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso, 144 Ouale, Burkina Faso, 144 Ouarzazate. Morocco, 61 Ouarzazate, 5 km S, Morocco, 61 Ouarzazate. 5 km SE, Morocco, 61 Ouarzazate. 5 km SW, Morocco, 61 Ouarzazate. 6 km N, Morocco, 61 Ouarzazate. 7 km E, Morocco, 61 Ouarzazate, 9 km SE, Morocco, 61 Ouarzazate. 19 km E, Morocco, 61 Oued-Draa, Morocco, 48 Oued Ouerrha, Morocco, 65 Oued Saoura, Algeria, 82 Oued Sous, Morocco, 47 Oued Taquit, Morocco, 51 Oued Todra, Morocco, 69 Oued Zem, 5 km S, Morocco, 61 Oued Zem, 10 km S, Morocco, 61 Ouezzane, 10 km W, Morocco, 62 Ougarou, Burkina Faso, 145 Oule River, Togo, 171 Oulmes, 18 km S, Morocco, 62 Oulo, Burkina Faso, 145 Ounianga Kebir, Chad, 105 Oussouye, Senegal, 116 Oyo, 7 mi W, Nigeria, 200 Oyoko River, Ghana, 168 Paarde Kraal. South Africa, 267 Padori, Togo, 172 Pagala, Togo, 175 Pakhuis Mts., South Africa, 284 Pakhuis Pass, South Africa, 283 NUMBER 62,8 317 Panda, Mozambique, 246 Panda. 4 km N, Mozambique, 246 Panda, 5 km SE. Mozambique, 246 Panda, 6 km W, Mozambique, 246 Panda, 12 km W, Mozambique, 246 Panda, 14 km ESE. Mozambique, 240 Pandamatenga Road. Botswana, 230 Panisau, Nigeria, 200 Panyam, 2 mi N, Nigeria, 201 Panyam Fish Farm, Nigeria, 201 Papama. South Africa, 263 Papao, Ghana, 160 Parakou, Benin, 184 Parys, 5 mi ENE, South Africa, 284 Passe de Soufa, Mauritania, 78 Pella. 8 mi SW, South Africa, 286 Pella (Mission), 10 mi NW, Namibia, 213 Pella Mission, 10 mi NW, South Africa, 285 Pendjari River, Benin, 185 Perimetre de Reboisement de Parakou, Benin, 184 Petchaye, South Africa, 286 Peteguerse, Burkina Easo, 142 Petoye, Burkina Easo, 145 Petrusville, 12 mi W, South Africa, 286 Pewa, Togo, 175 Philippolis, 18 mi S, South Africa, 286 Pietermaritzburg, 7 mi NE, South Africa, 268 Piet Relief, 43 mi S, South Africa, 265 Piet Retief, 43 mi SW, South Africa, 265 Pink Pan, Botswana, 227 Pirie Forest, South Africa, 287 Pirie Trout Hatchery, South Africa, 286 Pirisi, Ghana, 163 Plage de Ouakum, Senegal, 109 Podor, Senegal, 117 Police post (Sandfontein), 1 mi S, Namibia, 213 Pongolo River, near. South Africa, 279 Porga, Benin, 185 Porga Lodge, Benin, 185 Port NoUoth, 2 mi S, South Africa, 287 Port NoUoth, 5 mi E, South Africa, 288 Port NoUoth. 5 mi ENE, South Africa, 288 Port St. Johns, 4 mi W, South Africa, 288 Posto Inhaca. Mozambique, 242 Potchefstroom, 3 mi ENE, South Africa, 288 Potgietersrus, 7 mi SW, South Africa, 279 Pout, Senegal, 120 Pra Suhien Forest Reserve, Ghana, 163 Prestea. 15 mi W, Ghana, 164 Prestea, 32 mi W, Ghana, 163 Pretoria, South Africa, 267, 289, 298 Pretoria, 5 mi S, South Africa, 263 Pretoria, 10 mi SSW, South Africa, 298 Pretoria, 32 mi W, South Africa, 293 Prieska, 1 mi E, South Africa, 288 Prince's Town, 6 mi N, Ghana, 165 Prince's Town, 7 mi N, Ghana, 165 Pulima, Ghana, 165 Qauaza, Mozambique, 242 Quithing, 10 mi NE, Lesotho, 263 Rabat, 11 km E, Morocco, 62 Rabat, 15 km SW, Morocco, 62 Rabat, 17 km SW, Morocco, 62 Ramatlabama, 10 mi W, Botswana, 227 Ramatlabama, 18 mi W, Botswana, 228 Ranerou, Senegal, 118 Ranerou. 7 km SE, Senegal, 119 Ranerou. 13 km NW. Senegal, 119 Ras El Oued, Morocco, 67 Reddersburg, 2 mi S, South Africa, 288 Redelinghuys, 6 mi WNW, South Africa, 288 Red Volta River, Burkina Easo, 144 Refuge Louis Neltner, Morocco, 62 Reggane, 40 km NE, Algeria, 82 Reggane, 80 km NE, Algeria, 82 Rehoboth, 4 mi N, Namibia, 213 Rehoboth, 38 mi SW, Namibia, 212 Reserve Totale de Fauna de Bouna, Cote d'lvoire, 129 Reserve Totale de Fauna de L'Arli, Burkina Fa so, 137 Reviibue River, Mozambique, 245 Rhenoster River, South Africa, 275 Richard ToU, Senegal, 119 Rietfontein, South Africa, 289 Rietfontein, 5 mi W, Namibia, 214 Rietkuil Farm, South Africa, 291 Rietvlei Dam, South Africa, 289 Rietvlei Water Scheme-Reserve, South Africa, 289 Rio Inhatouco, Mozambique, 246 Rio Liiia, Mozambique, 246 Rio Ponfi, Mozambique, 240 Rissani, Morocco, 62 Roggeveld, South Africa, 268 Rondebult, South Africa, 295 Rooiberg, 2 mi W, South Africa, 289 Rooidam, South Africa, 255 Rooineuwel Farm, South Africa, 279 Rosso, Mauritania, 78 Rouxville, 20 mi N, South Africa, 297 Rumia, 3 km W, Libya, 99 Rumia, 20 km E, Libya, 99 Rural Training College (Asaba), Nigeria, 192 Rustenburg, 2 mi E, South Africa, 289 Rustenburg, 5 mi W, South Africa, 289 Rustenburg. 8 mi Wj 2 mi S, South Africa, 289 Rustenburg. 8 mi W, 6 mi S, South Africa, 289 Rustenburg, 10 mi SW, South Africa, 259 Rydalmont, South Africa, 289 Sabie Post, Mozambique, 242 Sabie River, Mozambique, 242 Sabie-Sand Game Refuge, South Africa, 254 Sabi-Lundi Confluence, Zimbabwe, 235 Safi, 13 km S, Morocco, 63 St. Louis, 10 km SE, Senegal, 119 St. Patrick's College (Asaba), Nigeria, 192 Sakpa, Ghana, 165 Sak River, South Africa, 289 Salisbury, Zimbabwe, 236 Salisbury. 4 mi N, Zimbabwe, 236 Salisbury, 6 mi N, Zimbabwe, 236 Salisbury. 7 mi N, Zimbabwe, 236 Salisbury, 20 mi N, Zimbabwe, 234 Salisbury General Hospital. Zimbabwe, 236 Samaru, Nigeria, 206 San Antanio, Ghana, 150 Sandfontein, Namibia, 213 Sandfontein, South Africa, 263 Sand Sea of Rebiana, Libya, 91 Sandspruit, South Africa, 263 Sani Pass, Lesotho, 276 Sani Pass, South Africa, 290 San Jorge Castle, Ghana, 156 Sapoba, Nigeria, 202 Sapoba Forest Reserve, Nigeria, 202 Sare Sambourou, Senegal, 114 Saruwi River, Ghana, 157 Sassandra, Cote d'lvoire, 127 Sassandra River, Cote d'lvoire, 130 Satiri, 8 km NE, Burkina Easo, 145 Savalou, Benin, 188 Save River, Mozambique, 244, 245 School House (Massinga), Mozambique, 244 Schuitsdrift Farm, South Africa, 292 Sebha, Libya, 99 Sebha, 3 km NW, Libya, 99 Sebha, 4 km N, Libya, 99 Sebha, 7 km SW, Libya, 99 Sebha, 30 km NE, Libya, 101 Sebha, 60 km SW, Libya, 92 Sedhiou, Senegal, 119 Segbana, Benin, 185 Seguenega, 6 km SE, Burkina Easo, 145 Sehengo, Botswana, 229 Sehitwa, 5 mi NW, Botswana, 228 318 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY Sehitwa, 10 mi SW, Botswana, 228 Sehitwa, 14 mi W, Botswana, 218 Sehitwa, 45 mi SW, Botswana, 223 Sekhuma Pan, Botswana, 228 Senegal, 106 Senegal River, Mauritania/Senegal, 75, 76, 108 Sepopa, Botswana, 228 Sequane, Botswana, 228 Sequane. 5 mi W, Botswana, 228 Sequane. 9 mi W, Botswana, 228 Sequane, 10 mi W, Botswana, 228 Sequane. 14 mi W, Botswana, 228 Sequane. 18 mi W, Botswana, 228 Serdeles, 55 km SSW, Libya, 99 Serekunda, The Gambia, 106 Serir of Calanscio, Libya, 96 Seronga, Botswana, 228 Serowe. 12 mi NW. Botswana, 229 Serowe, 18 mi NW, Botswana, 229 Seruli, 9 mi W, Botswana, 229 Seruli, 16 mi W, Botswana, 229 Settat, 3 km N, Morocco, 63 Shagunu, Nigeria, 202 Shagunu Biological Research Station, Nigeria, 202 Shakawe, Botswana, 229 Shakawe, 7 mi N, Botswana, 229 Shakawe, 50 mi W, 12 mi S, Botswana, 229 Shakawe, 56 mi W, 28 mi S, Botswana, 230 Shashi River, Botswana, 232 Shashi River Area, Botswana, 225 Shika, Nigeria, 206 Shishe, Ghana, 166 Shorobe, Botswana, 230 Shugam's Kraal. South Africa, 267 Sideradougou, Burkina Faso, 146 Sidi Sibara, 3 km SW, Morocco, 63 Sienso, Cote d'lvoire, 131 Sinauen, 40 km N, Libya, 99 Sirte, 5 km E, Libya, 99 Sirte, 12 km W, Libya, 99 Sirte, 20 km E, Libya, 97 Sishen, South Africa, 290 Skaanskolk Earm, Namibia, 214 Slonta, 7 km NE, Libya, 100 Smalhoek, South Africa, 290 Small Fish River, South Africa, 291 Smithers Ranch, Zimbabwe, 236 Smithfield, 14 mi S, South Africa, 291 Sneezewood, 7 mi NW, South Africa, 291 Socna, 60 km S, Libya, 95 Sokoto, 12 mi N, Nigeria, 198 Sokoto, 14 mi N, Nigeria, 198 Sokoto River, Nigeria, 196 Somerset East, 5 mi W, South Africa, 291 Sorri River, Ghana, 154 Sossus Vlei, Namibia, 214 Soubre, 10 mi WNW, Cote d'lvoire, 133 Soubroukou, Benin, 187 Sous River, Morocco, 66 South Africa, 251 South African Police Station (Maputa), South Africa, 273 southern Africa, 206 Southern Edge Bushman Reserve, Botswana, 222 Southern Rhodesia, 232 Southern Scarp, Ghana, 161 Southern Scarp Forest Reserve, Ghana, 161 South Fountains. South Africa, 263 South Fountains Valley. South Africa, 263 South West Africa, 207 Sout River, South Africa, 263 Springbok. 1 mi S, South Africa, 278 Springbok. 4 mi ESE, Aerodrome. South Africa, 278 Springbok, 7 mi W, South Africa, 277 Springbok. 8 mi W, South Africa, 278 Standerton. 10.3 mi W. South Africa, 291 Standerton, 10.7 mi W, South Africa, 291 Stapleford, Zimbabwe, 235 Stapleford Forest, Zimbabwe, 235 Stapleford Research Station, Zimbabwe, 235 Sterkspruit, 12 mi N, South Africa, 291 Stettynskloof, South Africa, 292 Stettynskloof Dam, South Africa, 292 Stettynskloof River, South Africa, 292 Stolzenfels, Namibia, 214 Stolzenfels, South Africa, 292 Subinja, Ghana, 167 Subin River, Ghana, 167 Subin Shelterbelt Forest Reserve, Ghana, 148 Suhum, 2.4 mi E, Ghana, 167 Sukuta, The Gambia, 106 Sultana-Oord, South Africa, 294 Sundays River, South Africa, 266, 269 Susa, 11 km SW, Libya, 100 Sutherland, 15 mi SSW, South Africa, 268 Swartbank Mountain, Namibia, 214 Sweethome, South Africa, 273 Swellendam, 7 mi SW, South Africa, 272 Taforalt, 3 km NE, Morocco, 63 Taforalt. 3 km S, Morocco, 63 Taforalt. 9 km NE, Morocco, 63 Tafraoute. 5 km E, Morocco, 64 Tafraoute, 6 km SE, Morocco, 63 Tafraoute, 27 km SW, Morocco, 64 Tahoua, 25 km S, Niger, 85 Takatokwane, 15 mi SW, Botswana, 230 Takatokwane, 20 mi SW, Botswana, 230 Tamafupi, Botswana, 230 Tamafupi Game Camp, Botswana, 230 Tamanrasset, Algeria, 83 Tamanrasset, 8 km S, Algeria, 83 Tamanrasset, 16 km SE, Algeria, 83 Tamanrasset, 28 km NW, Algeria, 83 Tamanrasset, 33 km NW, Algeria, 83 Tamanrasset, 40 km NNW, Algeria, 83 Tamanrasset, 40 km NW, Algeria, 83 Tamanrasset, 44 km NNW, Algeria, 83 Tamanrasset, 55 km N, Algeria, 83 Tamanrasset, 70 km NW, Algeria, 83 Tamanrasset, 75 km S, Algeria, 83 Tamanrasset, 110 km NW, Algeria, 83 Tamanrasset, 160 km S, Algeria, 83 Tamanrasset, 170 km NW, Algeria, 83 Tamanrasset. 200 km S, Algeria, 83 Tambacounda, 27 km NE, Senegal, 113 Tambue, Mozambique, 246 Tambuti. South Africa, 261 Tamri, 8 km N, Morocco, 64 Tamri, 10 km N, Morocco, 64 Tangaza, Nigeria, 202 Tanger, 13 km W, Morocco, 55 Tano River, Ghana, 149 Tanpelga, Burkina Faso, 146 Tan-Tan. 4 km W. Morocco, 65 Tan-Tan. 10 km W, Morocco, 65 Tan-Tan, 11 km W, Morocco, 65 Taokhe River, Botswana, 227 Taounate, 15 km WSW, Morocco, 65 Tarfaya, 8 km S, Morocco, 66 Taroudant, 5 km S, Morocco, 66 Tata, 4 km S, Morocco, 67 Tata, 8 km N, Morocco, 67 Tata, 15 km S, Morocco, 66 Tatarko, Burkina Faso, 146 Taza, 13 km S, Morocco, 67 Taza. 16 km S, Morocco, 67 Taza, 18 km S, Morocco, 67 Taza. 23 km S, Morocco, 67 Taza, 28 km S, Morocco, 67 Tazarine. Morocco, 68 Tazarine, 3 km NW, Morocco, 67 Tazarine. 10 km SE, Morocco, 68 Tazenakht, 7 km NW, Morocco, 68 Tazenakht. 7 km SE, Morocco, 68 Tazenakht. 17 km NNW. Morocco, 68 Tazerbo, 340 km WNW, Libya, 104 Tazerbo Oasis, Libya, 100 Tazerbo Oasis, Libya, 94 Tegguiddan-Tessoun, Niger, 84 NUMBER 62,8 319 Telouet, 13 km W, Morocco, 68 Temenhint Oasis, Libya, 101 Tenbosch, Soutli Africa, 273 Tendi River, South Africa, 267 Tendrara, 15 km W, Morocco, 68 Teshi, Ghana, 168 Tete, 2 mi SE, Mozambique, 246 Tetouan, 13 km N, Morocco, 68 Thabazimbi, 6 mi NW, South Africa, 258 Thabazimbi, 16 mi SE, South Africa, 258 Thalmakane River, Botswana, 226 Thies, 10 km W, Senegal, 120 Thorn Park, Zimbabwe, 236 Tiflet. 10 km NW, Morocco, 68 liflet, 15 km W, Morocco, 68 Tiflet, 18 km NW, Morocco, 68 Tiflet. 21 km W, Morocco, 68 Tiguent, Mauritania, 78 Tilemsen, Morocco, 59 Tinerhir, 11 km SW, Morocco, 68 Tinezouline, Morocco, 69 Tinkong, 3 mi NW, Ghana, 168 Tivaouane, 6 km NW, Senegal, 120 Tizgui-Ida-Ou-Ballou, Morocco, 69 Tizi n'Tichka, Morocco, 58 Tizi-n-Tinififft, Morocco, 69 Tiznit, 8 km S, Morocco, 70 Tiznit, 15 km NE, Morocco, 70 Tiznit, 18 km S, Morocco, 70 Tobruch, 20 km E, Libya, 101 Tocra, 2 km W, Libya, 103 Tocra, 5 km W, Libya, 103 Tocra. 12 km W, Libya, 103 Tocra, 20 km SW, Libya, 103 Togo, 169 Togo Hills, Ghana, 150 Toniataba, The Gambia, 121 Toten, Botswana, 230 Tourou, Benin, 187 Townlands Maquassie. South Africa, 298 Toysse, Burkina Faso, 137 Traghen, Libya, 104 Transvaal escarpment. South Africa, 255 Triangle, 10 mi E, Zimbabwe, 233 Trooivlei. South Africa, 258 Tsanchaga, Nigeria, 203 Tsane, 25 mi ENE, Botswana, 230 Tsane, 78 mi SSE, Botswana, 225 Tsane, 84 mi SSE, Botswana, 226 Tsau, Botswana, 231 Tsau, 8 mi SE, Botswana, 231 Tsau, 21 mi SE, Botswana, 231 Tsau, 26 mi SE, Botswana, 231 Tsaugara Pan, Botswana, 231 Tshipise, 1 mi NE, South Africa, 292 Tsibu, 2 mi SSW, Ghana, 168 Tsibu, 7 mi N, Ghana, 168 Tsodilo Hills, Botswana, 231 Tugela River, South Africa, 298 Tuisgui-Remz, Morocco, 70 Tuisgui-Remz, 5 km N, Morocco, 70 Tuisgui-Remz. 10 km S, Morocco, 70 Tuisgui-Remz. 14 km S, Morocco, 70 Tuisgui-Remz. 22 km S, Morocco, 70 Tule, Cote d'lvoire, 133 Tumas Mountain. Namibia, 213 Tutu, Ghana, 168 Twee Rivieren, South Africa, 292 Twee Rivieren, 30 mi NNE, South Africa, 292 Twee Rivieren. 40 mi NNE, South Africa, 292 Tweevlei Farm, South Africa, 268 Twello Forest, South Africa, 256 Tyenko, Cote d'lvoire, 134 Tzaneen, 6 mi NE, South Africa, 292 Tzaneen, 6 mi NW, South Africa, 293 Tzaneen, 6 mi SE, South Africa, 293 Tzaneen, 10 mi W, South Africa, 275 Tzaneen, 12 mi N, South Africa, 293 Tzaneen, 15 mi W, South Africa, 298 Uanetze River, Mozambique, 244 Ubari, 75 km W, Libya, 104 Ugar Jabar, Nigeria, 203 Uitkomst Farm, South Africa, 293 Umm el Araneb, Libya, 104 University of Ghana, Ghana, 159 University of Ghana Experimental Farm, Ghana, 157 University of Ibadan, Nigeria, 196 University of Ibadan Farm. Nigeria, 196 University of Ibadan Zoo. Nigeria, 196 University of Lagos, Nigeria, 204 Upington, 13 mi E, South Africa, 294 Upington, 35 mi NE, South Africa, 294 Upper Ogun Ranch, Nigeria, 205 Upper Volta, 137 Usutu River, South Africa, 279 Vaal River, South Africa, 256, 263, 275, 288,296 Van Rhynsdorp, 5 mi E, South Africa, 295 Van Wyksvlei, 11 mi E, South Africa, 295 Velingara, Senegal, 121 Vereeniging, 10 mi NE [SE], South Africa, 295 Verlorenvlei, South Africa, 289 Veya, Ghana, 168 Vila Caldas Xavier, Mozambique, 246 Vila Caldas Xavier, 45 km S, Mozam- bique, 244 Vila Coutinho, Mozambique, 246 Vila Coutinho, 93 km S, Mozambique, 246 Vila de Manica, 3 km N, Mozambique, 247 Vila de Manica, 5 km S, Mozambique, 250 Vila de Manica. 10 km N, Mozam- bique, 247 Vila Gamito. 2 km N, Mozambique, 249 Vila Gamito, 10 km N, Mozambique, 247 Vila Gamito, 22 km S, Mozambique, 249 Vila Gouveia, Mozambique, 249 Vila Machado, Mozambique, 249 Vila Machado, 3 km SE, Mozambique, 249 Vila Machado. 10 km SE, Mozambique, 249 Vilanculos, 2 km W, Mozambique, 250 Vilanculos. 32 km SW, Mozambique, 250 Vilanculos, W edge, Mozambique, 250 Vila Paiva de Andrada, 4 km NE, Mozambique, 249 Vila Paiva de Andrada, 20 km N, Mozambique, 242 Vila Pery, Mozambique, 249 Vila Vasco da Gama, Mozambique, 249 Virginia, 7 mi W, South Africa, 297 Vlakfontein, South Africa, 295 Vloorskop, Botswana, 231 Volta reservoir, Ghana, 150 Volta River, Ghana, 151, 159, 168 Vrede, 10 mi N, South Africa, 296 Vrede, 15 mi N, South Africa, 295 Vrede, 17 mi N, South Africa, 296 Vredendal, South Africa, 271 Vryburg, 4 mi N, South Africa, 295 Vryuitzig. South Africa, 273 Vumba Mountain, Mozambique, 250 Vumba National Park, Zimbabwe, 235 Wadi Bel Hed An, Libya, 95 Wadi Ber el Chaib, Libya, 91 Wadi el Kuf, Libya, 104 Wadi en Nesciua, Libya, 104 Wadi er Rueis, Libya, 104 Wadi esc Sciati, Libya, 92 Wagendrift, South Africa, 296 Wakkerstroom, 2 mi E, South Africa, 296 Wakkerstroom, 3 mi S, South Africa, 267 Wakkerstroom Dam, South Africa, 296 Wallekraal, South Africa, 296 Walvis Bay, 191 km E, Namibia, 211 Warmbad, Namibia, 214 320 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY Warmbad, 47 mi S, Namibia, 214 Warrenton, 2 mi E, South Africa, 296 Warrenton. 3 mi E, South Africa, 297 Wase River, Nigeria, 197 Waterval. South Africa, 258 Weenkop, South Africa, 297 Weija, Ghana, 168 Weinek (or Weynek), South Africa, 289 Welgelee, South Africa, 297 Wenchi, 2 mi E, Ghana, 167 WENELA camp (Mabote), Mozam- bique, 243 Were River, Burkina Faso, 145 western Africa, 105 Wharftown, The Gambia, 114 Wheeler's Farm. Zimbabwe, 236 White Volta River, Burkina Faso, 137, 146 Wilge River, South Africa, 263 WiUiston, 14 mi W, South Africa, 289 Willowmore, 12 mi N, South Africa, 257 Windhoek, 11 mi E, Namibia, 215 Witbank, 6 mi E, South Africa, 297 Witbank Dam, South Africa, 297 Witrand, South Africa, 288 Witrivier (also White River), 11 mi W, South Africa, 297 Witzieshoek, 4 mi E, South Africa, 289 Wolmaransstad. 1 mi N, 1 mi W, South Africa, 297 Wolmaransstad. 5 mi S, South Africa, 297 Wolmaransstad, 6 mi N, 1 mi W, South Africa, 297 Wonderboom, South Africa, 298 Woodbush, South Africa, 268 Woodbush Forest Reserve, South Africa, 298 Woodbush Forest Reserve, South Africa, 268, 269 Worcester, 22 mi SW, South Africa, 292 Wulasi, Ghana, 168 Xade Pan, 4 mi E, Botswana, 232 Yabraso, Ghana, 168 Yabrasso, Cote d'lvoire, 134 Yama, Cote d'lvoire, 135 Yapo-Sud, Cote d'lvoire, 136 Yoff Airport, Senegal, 109 Youssoufia, 5 km NW, Morocco, 70 Zaakro, Cote d'lvoire, 136 Zagora, 10 km W, Morocco, 70 Zambeze River, Mozambique, 251 Zambezi River, Mozambique, 246 Zambue, Mozambique, 250 Zaria, 5 mi NW, Nigeria, 206 Zaria, 5 mi S, Nigeria, 206 Zaria, 7 mi NW, Nigeria, 206 Zaria, 15 mi NW, Nigeria, 206 Zbeyat, Mauritania, 79 Zebrakop. South Africa, 267 Zeerust, 20 mi NE, South Africa, 271 Zella, 200 km SE, Libya, 95 Zelu, 3 mi W, Botswana, 232 Zelu Hill, Botswana, 232 Zerouiet, Morocco, 51 Ziguinchor, Senegal, 121 Zimbabwe, 232 Zimbabwe Reserve, Zimbabwe, 236 Zimbabwe Ruins, Zimbabwe, 236 Zizonkame, Benin, 188 Zouar, Chad, 105 Zouar, 10 km NW, Chad, 105 Zouar, 18 km NE, Chad, 105 Zout River, South Africa, 275 Zuila, Libya, 98 Zumbo, Mozambique, 251 Zungeru, Nigeria, 206 Zuurlaager, South Africa, 298 Zwartkop, South Africa, 298 REQUIREMENTS FOR SMITHSONIAN SERIES PUBLICATION ALL MANUSCRIPTS ARE REVIEWED FOR ADHER- ENCE TO THE SISP MANUSCRIPT PREPARATION AND STYLE GUIDE EOR AUTHORS (available on the "Submis- sions" page at www.scholarlypress.si.edu). Manuscripts not in compliance will be returned to the author. Manuscripts in- tended for publication in the Contributions Series are evalu- ated by a content review board and undergo substantive peer review. 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