SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTIONBUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGYBULLETIN 162GUAYMI GRAMMAR AND DICTIONARYWITH SOME ETHNOLOGICAL NOTES By EPHRAIM S. ALPHONSE UNITED STATESGOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICEWASHINGTON : 1956 NOV 2 9 1956 LETTER OF TRANSMITTAL Smithsonian Institution,Bureau of American Ethnology,Washington, D. C, June 16, 1956.Sir: I have the honor to transmit herewith a manuscript entitled"Guayml Grammar and Dictionary, with Some Ethnological Notes,"by Ephraim S. Alphonse, and to recommend that it be published as abuUetin of the Bureau of American Ethnology.Very respectfully yours, M. W. Stirling, Director.Dr. Leonard Carmichael,Secretary, Smithsonian Institution. For Bale by the Superintendent of Documents, U. S. Government Printing OfficeWashington 25, D. 0. ? Price 65 cents (paper cover) (tiy^ ' PREFACEIn February 1953, while conducting an archeological reconnaissancein the region of Almirante Bay, I had the good fortune to meet theReverend Ephraim S. Alphonse at Bocas del Toro, In the course ofconversation with him, I learned that he had prepared a grammar andvocabulary of the Guaymi language. He showed me the materialthat he had at hand, and on my expression of interest he volunteeredto put it in shape for publication. This he did promptly, and shortlyafter my return to Washington I received the completed manuscript.Since it would not be practicable to attempt to change the method ofpresentation, I have decided that the material would be most valuableif published essentially as written rather than to make it conform tomore orthodox linguistic forms. The phonetic system used is essenti-ally that of the Spanish language.Rev. Mr. Alphonse was sent as a Wesleyan Methodist mission-ary to the Valiente Indians in April 1917 after which he livedamong them for 21 years and learned to speak their language fluently.Wishing to publish text material in Guaymi in furtherance of hiswork, he spent much time and labor in analyzing the language gram-matically. Leaving his work in the field, he spent the next 10 yearsin Jamaica ; he visited England and France and retiuned to the Guaymiin 1948. Since then he has spent most of his time living among theIndians.A citizen of Panama, the Reverend Mr. Alphonse is to be congratu-lated for this important contribution to the study of American Indianlinguistics. The Valiente Indians, whose dialect is covered by thepresent publication, live on the Valiente Peninsula, which forms thesouthern boundary of the ChiriquI Lagoon, and in the valley of theCricamola River and adjacent territory. Toward the east border ofthe Vahente territory are the Murires, or Bogotas. Toward the westare the Terebes in the Changuinola-Sixaola River valley. Althoughthe tribes inhabit lands only a few miles apart, they speak differentdialects and are distinct in their customs and methods of self-govern-ment.Guaymi, at the time of the conquest, was spoken in Panama fromthe Chagres River to southern Costa Rica and extended across theIsthmus from coast to coast. There is some evidence that it was alsothe language of the aboriginal inhabitants of the islands in the Gulfof Panama.The Guaymi group of languages has been divided by Jij6n yCaamano, as reported by Mason,* into nine dialects: Murire, Muoi, ? Mason, J. Alden. The languages of South American Indians. In Handbook of South American Indians,vol. 6, pp. 157-317 (Bur. Amer. Ethnol. Bull. 143, vol. 6). 1950. See p. 182. m IV PREFACEMove, Valiente, Penonomen, Changuena, Dorasco, Chumula, andGualaca. Guaymi, in turn, is a member of the Chibchan stock, oneof the major linguistic stocks of South America.There is considerable disagreement among authorities as to whethersome of the marginal groups in Costa Rica and eastern Panama shouldnot also be included in the Guaymi dialects. According to Johnson: ^The situation in regard to the members of the Chibchan Stock to be found insouthern Central America is deplorable. With the exception of the people inCosta Rica and the surrounding regions whose political and, to a considerable ex-tent linguistic, aflBliations were determined by Lothrop,' very little trustworthyinformation has been published. In the great work of Lehmann * there is to befound a considerable amount of information but, unfortunately, this does notstand up under minute analysis.Material on the Guaymi languages has also been published byThomas and Swanton,* J. Alden Mason,^ Lucien Adam,^ and Rivet.*All of these studies appear to be based on the vocabularies of A. L.Pinart,^ who visited the Cricamola River region south of the ChiriquiLagoon in 1883. In short, no adequate study has ever been made ofany of the Guaymi dialects. It is hoped that the present publicationwill go far toward filling this important gap. Pinart's material isbased primarily on a vocabulary collected at the beginning of the 19thcentury by Padre Bias Jose Franco. Franco's manuscript vocabularywas published by Pinart in 1882.^?A small vocabulary was collected in 1850 by Berthold Seemann"and published by him in 1853. Such other fragments of informationas are available, as well as the works referred to above, have beenassembled and pubUshed by Lehmann.^^ Mr. Alphonse has alsopublished two works in Guaymi text ^^ and a general book on hisexperiences as a missionary among the Guaymi.^* ' Johnson, Frederick. The linguistic map of Mexico and Central America. In The Maya and theirneighbors, pp. 88-114. New York and London. 1940. ? Lothrop, Samuel Kirkland. Pottery of Oosta Eica and Nicaragua. Mus. Amer. Indian, Heye Found.2 vols. Contr. No. 8. New York. 1926. ? Lehmann, Walter. Zentral-Amerika. Die Sprachen Zentral-Amerikas. 2 vols. Berlin. 1920. ? Thomas, Gyrus, assisted by Swanton, John R. Indian languages of Mexico and Central America.Bur. Amer. Ethnol. Bull. 44. 1911. ? See footnote 1. ' Adam, Lucien. Examen grammatical comparfe de seize langues amfiricaines. Extrait du Oompterendu des travaux du Congr. Int. Amfir.. sess. 2, Luxemburg, 1877, vol. 2, pp. 161-244. Paris. 1878. ' Rivet, Paul. Les limites orientales de la familia Chibcha. Joum. Soc. Amer., n. s., vol. 12, p. 199.Paris. 1920. ? Pinart, A. L. Vocabulario Castellano-Guaymie, dialectos Move-Valiente, Nortefio, y Quaymie-Penono-meflo. Paris. 1892. '? Franco, Padre Bias Jos6. Noticias de los indios del departamento de veragua y vocabulario de laslenguas guaymi, nortefio sabanero y dorasque. In Coleccion de lingiifstica y etnograffa Americanas, publi-cada par A. L. Pinart. Vol. 4. San Francisco. 1882." Seemann, Berthold O. The aborigines of the Isthmus of Panama. Trans. Amer. Ethnol. Soc, vol. 3,pt. ], pp. 173-182. New York. 1853. See pp. 179-181." See footnote 4.M Alphonse, Ephraim S., Translator:Nun Kobobuye Jesukristo Kuke Koin Mateowe Tikani Nor?. Toroe Kultanl Kiro Cipriano de ValeraweUkaninteta Ngwe Griego Kuke Kone Jiyebiti. Cristobal. 1924. (Guaymi and Spanish in parallelcolumns.)Kuke Koin San Juanwe Tikani Nore. New York and Cristobal. [1932.JX Alphonse, Ephraim S. Among the Valiente Indians. London. N. d. PREFACEAccording to Pinart there were three principal dialects: the Move-Valiente, called the Norteno by the Spaniards; the Murire-Bukueta,called Sabanero by the Spaniards; and the Muoi.Lucien Adam gives six dialects, arranged in two groups: Muoi,Murire, Sabanero; and Valiente, Guaymi, Norteno.Thomas and Swanton point out that Adam's arrangement is reallythe one followed by Pinart in his vocabularies despite his preliminarystatement as to three dialects. M. W. Stirling,Director, Bureau of American Ethnology.June 15,1956. CONTENTS PAGEPrefaceBasic elementsThe alphabetThe syllableParts of speechNounsPronouns 2Adjectives 2Verbs 2Adverbs 2Prepositions (postpositional terms) 2Conjunctions 2Interjections 2General rules 2Formation of plurals 2Gender 3Case 3Idioms 3The article 3Words denoting gender 3Adjectives 4Pronouns 4Verbs 4Adverbs 4Prepositions (postpositional terms) 4Conjunctions 5Interjections 5Capitalization 5Nouns 5Various kinds 5Formation of plurals 6Gender 6Inflection to denote tense 6Case 7Pronouns 7Declension of personal pronouns 7How to use pronouns 8Reflexive pronouns 9Examples of usages of pronouns 9Demonstrative pronouns 10Relative or conjunctive pronouns 11Masculine or feminine 11Neuter 11Interrogative 11Examples 11Adjectives 12Proper 12Descriptive 12Quantitative 12 Vni CONTENTS Adjectives?Continued pageNumeral 12Indefinite numerals 12Definite cardinal numerals 13Examples of forms 13Syntax of numeral adjective 15Demonstrative adjective 16Indefinite demonstrative 16Interrogative 16Distributive 16Articles 16Comparison of adjectives 17Vocabulary __ 17Examples 18Usage of numerals 18Adverbs 18The simple adverbs 18Interrogative adverbs 19Relative or conjunctive adverbs 20Comparison of adverbs 20List of adverbs 21Adverbial phrases 22Prepositions 22List of prepositions 22Phrase prepositions 23Conjunction 23How to use the conjunctive _ 23Conjunctive phrases 24Subordinate conjunctions 25Examples of conjunctions 25Verbs 25Moods - 25Verbal forms or gerunds 26Tense or time 26Vocabulary 27Use of vocabulary 27Inflection of verbs for tense 28Number 30Auxiliary verbs 30Conjugation of verbs 31Conjugation of auxiliary verbs 36Etymology or the history of words 41Rules for the arrangement of words, or syntax 48Miscellaneous 48The pronoun 50The verb 51The adverb 53Conjunctions 55Usage of certain words 56Peculiar Guaymf phrases and miscellaneous 56Series of "Don'ts" 57Passive voice 58Method of commanding 58Figures of speech 59 CONTENTS IXPAGEModels of Guaymf texts 60Narrative 60Didactic 60Hortatory 61Models of phrases 61Vocabulary 62Appendix. Customs of the Guaymf 118Dreams 118Boiene 120Puberty 120Marriage 120Medicine cult 121Burials 122Twins and mubais 122The balserfa- 122Folklore 125The Ulikron 125Ciri Klave 125Index 127 GUAYMt GRAMMAR AND DICTIONARYWITH SOME ETHNOLOGICAL NOTESBy Ephraim S. AlphonseBASIC ELEMENTSTHE ALPHABETVowels: a, e, i, o, 6, 6, u, ii6, a deep guttural 66, more like o in "core" or Spanish "coro"o, like in "hoe" (ju houseii, like a grunt -with the air pushed up from the chests ...[]u spleenu, like the u sound in "brew"1. a?as a in Spanish 13. ng?a deep nasal ng as in2. b?as h in Spanish "sing"3. ch?as ch in Spanish 14. o?as o in Spanish4. d?as d in Spanish 15. 6?as a deep guttural 65. e^?as e in Spanish 16. 6?as o in English6. g'?as g in Spanish 17. r?as r in Spanish7. j?as J in Spanish 18, s^?as s in Spanish8. k?as k in Spanish 19. t?as t in Spanish9. 1?as I in Spanish 20. u?as u in Spanish10. m?as m in Spanish 21. ii?as u in French11. n?as n in Spanish 22. w?as ui in Spanish12. fi'?as n in Spanish 23. y^?as y in SpanishTHE SYLLABLE1. Words are divided between a vowel and a consonant.Ngo-bo, Godngo-tri, root2. When the ng sound precedes a vowel, the vowel must be pro-nounced as though it has an n attached.ngongo, daughter: ngo-ngo?the first o is pronounced ngyon, not ngongo-mi?pronounced ngonmiPARTS OF SPEECHThere are eight principal parts of speech. I. Nouns(1) Names of things?jo (rock)(2) Names of persons?6chor6(3) Names of places?Nutibi 2 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY [Bull. 162 II. PronounsA Pronoun is a word used instead of a noun.(1) Ti, I(2) mo, you(3) niara, he III. AdjectivesA word that describes a noun is called an Adjective.brare wenye, white mankri notare, dry tree IV. VerbsA word that expresses being or action is a Verb.tau, to bemete, to strikemiti, struck V. AdverbsAn Adverb is a word that modifies a verb to tell how the action wasperformed , mete dibl, strike hardmete doko, strike easyVI. Prepositions (postpositional terms)A word placed at the end of a phrase and having the function of apreposition in other languages is called a postpositional term,noin mo ben, go you with (go with you)VII. ConjunctionsA word that joins one word to another is a Conjunction.awane, andTi awane mo, I and you (you and I)VIII. InterjectionsAn Interjection is a word that reveals excitement, surprise, wonder,pain, or affection.ayyire (expression of pain)jene! (expression of surprise)GENERAL RULESFORMATION OF PLURALS1. The Plurals of nouns signifying persons are formed by adding thesuflBx tre. This sufl&x can be deprecatory if not used with care. Alphonse] GUAYMI GRAMMAR AND DICTIONARY 32. In the case of animals or inanimate things the plural is eitherunderstood or the descriptive adjective of quantity is used.3. Pronouns change form to indicate number.GENDER1. The Masculine gender is distinguished from the Feminine by adifferent word, not by any change of sound or letter.kwi nidan, cockkwi more, henslota brare, boyslota merire, girlngobo, sonngongo, daughter2. A baby girl jukutari (or ucha) kain urinateA baby boy ngintrain kain urinateCASE1. The Nominative case with a verb in the present is used withoutany inflection.2. The Nominative case with a verb in the past takes the inflectionwe only if the Nominative refers to a person or living creature.3. The Objective case takes the inflection ye.4. The Possessive case takes the inflection we.5. The Vocative case is the same as the Nominative.IDIOMSN. B.Brother: eteba, when a brother is addressing a brotherSister: 6teba, when a sister is addressing a sisterNgwaye: brother, when a brother is addressing a sisterNgwaye : sister, when a sister is addressing a brotherTHE ARTICLE1. The article ni is used either with the Masculine or Feminine ofpersons.2. The article is never used with the Masculine or Feminine of anything.3. When used with any name other than that of a person, thearticle denotes possession and becomes a Possessive Article.WORDS DENOTING GENDERbrare, man slota merire, girlslota brare, boy moloe, grandmotherdoa, grandfather bun, granddaughterbro, grandson nurau, niecenurau, nephew bi or bicho or mey^reta, aunt or anygru, uncle other older womanmerire, woman 4 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY [Bull. 162ADJECTIVESAdjectives describe or qualify persons; places; things; ideas,thoughts, or any other abstract concept.1. bonuore, beautiful 7. deme, gentle 13. kome, filthy2. bolore, round 8. koin, well 14. kome, unwell3. bulekuo, bellied 9. nuore, happy 15. kuaka, bitter4. koin, good 10. ulire, sad 16. krubote, rough5. koin, clean 11. dobun, angry6. bolen, sweet 12. kome, badPRONOUNS1. Pronouns are words used instead of nouns, and they change inform to indicate number. ti, I nun, wemo, you mun, youniara, he niaratre, they2. When a thing is inanimate or neuter, the form is "noko" for "it"; otherwise the name of the thing intended is called.VERBSVerbs describe what is done or to be done, when an action is done,or how completely done.Toke, strike tokowuna, commands to strikeblitani, spoke blitata, speakingkoroi, shall call koroni, calledADVERBSAdverbs qualify actions and are generally the same in form as thosethat quahfy nouns.Toke bonuore, strikes beautifullyElite kome, talks filthilyTike koin, writes cleanPREPOSITIONS (POSTPOSITIONAL TERMS) 1. Words that show position or relation are prepositions.te, in Alphonse] GUAYMI GRAMMAR AND DICTIONARY 5-CONJUNCTIONSConjunctions are words that form a link between one word andanother and one sentence and another, etc.awane, and akua, butawane, if dboto, or, bydbukon, (so) that noire, thenasiafioa, whether INTERJECTIONSInterjections are words thrown in, generally to express (a) surprise,(6) sorrow, (c) fear, (d) disappointment, or any excitementjotobala! (to express surprise)ea! (to ask if anything is true)umbo! (to give overwhelming assent)ye! (to express scorn or doubt)6 kurr6! (to satirize)ya! (to express being satiated)CAPITALIZATION 1. Write with a capital letter:(a) Names of the Deity, of persons, and of places.(6) The first word of a sentence.NOUNSVARIOUS KINDSProper nouns?names of persons : Hecha, Neoleta, Nuore chi, Tuole, Hiti, Hichi, Bule, Okochi, Okuosi,Yuli, Siri klave, Soraana kingini, Jora, To dobu, Jirai rawe kud^buProper nouns?names of places:No kri biti, Irikote, Mokonikote, Weanikote, Kearikote, Dobo brukuo,Obatu biti, Koko kroNouns referring to things:ko, string ko, oil ko, nameko, place so, moon so, tobaccoju, house ju, spleen to, mindNouns referring to ideas : tare, love tarere, lovejaduyere, hate yaire, scornNouns referring to a group of persons or objects: ni, people (jondron) b6toko, cattlenitre, many people nf kabrd, crowd 6' BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY [Bull. 162FORMATION OF PLURALSHow names change from singular to plural : (1) Add tre to names denoting persons to make the plural number.merire, woman meriretre, womenbrare, man braretre, menslota, child slotatre, children(2) Proper nouns take the inflection tre to make the plural sense.Ni Kearikobutre The Cusapinians(3) Common nouns do not change to form plurals.GENDERNames change to denote sex.nidan, male more, female(1) Sometimes nidan or more goes with a name to distinguish thesex.mtu nidan, boar chib6 nidan, he goat (ram)mtu more, shoat chib6 more, she goat (ewe)nibf nidan, bull muala nidan, drakenibf more, heifer muala mgre, duck(2) Sometimes a different word is used.antalan, cock (kwi) more, henNote.?Males of all fowls are distinguished by the word "antalan."(3) Names used to distinguish sex of persons.doa, grandfather moloe, grandmotherbro, grandson btin, granddaughterdun, father mey^, motherngobo, son ngongo, daughteru, father-in-law m6, mother-in-law(4) Some names are common to a class.dunmen, father (it also includes kwi, fowlmothers) nukuo, birddite or ditemen, relatives jondron kudebiti, things thatmoroko, relative, friend (male walk, crawl, or creepor female) nobokr6, babykukdmuko, companion wau, fishslota, child uli, orphanmonso, child daira, twinni, people koboua, father-in-law or mother-b6toko, beast in-lawINFLECTION TO DENOTE TENSE(1) we is added to any name if the verb is in the past tense.Ti etebdwe nebare, My brother said it.Hechawe nebare, Hecha said it.Nibiwe bare, The cows did it. Alphonse] GUAYMI GRAMMAR AND DICTIONARY 7(2) When the action is present or continuing the name is notinflected.Nibi kite, The cows come.Hecha kitrata, Hecha is coming.Hecha kite, Hecha comes.CASE(1) Ye is added to a name when the name is the object of anaction.Gloria Ngoboye, Glory to God.Hechawe biani mamaye, Hecha gave it to mama.(2) When the Objective case follows the Nominative, or firstname, the mark of the objective ye is dropped.Chowe tata fiokoni, Cho cursed father.Ngobowe ko dotebare, God made the world.(3) When two names follow the first name, ye is added to thelast.Tiwe kunti biani Choaye, I gave a dollar to Choa.(4) When the preposition is expressed in a sentence carryingthree names, ye is omitted.Niarawe nu mentani dokuo te, He dog struck head in (on) . (5) e and we are used with names to show possession.Toro ne tatawe, This book is father's.(6) e is used when the name ends in the vowel i.Toro Ishbili-e, This book is Ishbih's.(7) When, however, two or more names occur in a sentence wherepossession is denoted, the possessing name takes no inflec-tion.Tiwe Ishbili toroe biani iwe, I gave him Ishbili's book.(8) When a name is used in direct address, the name does notchange.Hecha' kumu ne denye Hecha, take these two dollars.Meri! dre noaine tiwe mo ben? Woman, what have I to do withthee?PRONOUNSA word used in place of the name of a person or thing is called aPronoun. DECLENSION OF PERSONAL PRONOUNSFirst Person Singular:ti, tie, tiwe, te Nominative Itiwe, ja, jawe, ti Possessive myti, tie, jae, tiye Objective metie Dative me349563?56 2 8 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY [Bull. 162 First Person Plural:nun, nunwen Nominative wenunwen, ni, niwe Possessive ours, usnun, nunyen Objective usnie Dative usSecond Person Singular:mo, moe, mowe Nominative youmo, mowe, mon, jan, ja Possessive yourmo, moe, moye Objective youmoe Dative youSecond Person Plural:munwen, mun Nominative youmun, munwen, ja Possessive yourmun, munyen Objective youmunyen, mun, munen Dative youThird Person Singular:niara, niarawe, iwe, kwe Nominative he, she, or itniarae, niaraye, iwe Objective him, herniara, kwe, niarawe, iwe Possessive his, hersiwe, niaraye, jae Dative him, herThird Person Plural:niaratre, niaratrewe, iwetre Nominativeniaratreye, iwetreye Objective or Accusativeniaratrewe, kwetre, iwetre Possessive or Genitiveniaratreye, iwetre DativeHOW TO USE PRONOUNS1. The Nominatives tiwe and te are used alternatively with verbs ofthe past tense.Tiwe fiebare or te nebare, I said2. Ti is used with all verbs in the present or in the future tense.Ti tau blite, I am speaking.Ti dikiai j6tebe, I shall go tomorrow.3. The Nominative tie is used with verbs in the present, the verbalways preceding.Gare tie mo tau nete, I know you are here.Mo gare tie, I know you.4. The Genitive or Possessive tiwe is used when it is separated fromthe noun by a verb or an adjective or when a noun is not expressed.Toro ne tiwe. This book is mine.Ne tiwe. This is mine.Toroe drune ne tiwe. This black book is mine.5. The Possessive ti is used when it precedes a noun.ti toroe, my bookti uyae uhre, my soul is sad Alphonse] GUAYMI GRAMMAR AND DICTIONARY 9 6. Ja is interchangeable with any of the Pronouns.Ti noin ja konti, I am going to my place.Ti ja gare kaibe, I know myself alone. (It becomes reflexive.) _Ti bike ja toroe denye, I am (going to) taking my book.Mo bike ja toroe denye, You are (going or about) to take your book.Niara bike ja toroe denye, He is (going) to take his book.7. Ja follows its antecedent in number and person. If the preced-ing pronoun is niara, then the ja is equal to he.8. The pronoun kwe is interchangeable with niara or iwe.kwe fiebare, He said itoriwe fiebare, He said it.9. Kwe denotes possession in a special way.Tore ne kwe, This is his book.REFLEXIVE PRONOUNS1. The Reflexive Pronoun jene is used with the form tiwe, as intiwe jeiie?my own.2. Ara is equal to selj and is used with any pronoun or noun.Ti ara, I myselfMo ara, you yourselfNiara ara, he himselfNote.?Ni is equal to "that person" and when ara is addedit becomes "that person himself" for "he."3. ^-w^e is equal to any of the reflexive pronouns in this language. Itsometimes is pronounced akule and awe.Aule, akule, or awe agrees with any pronoun used as its antecedent.Niarawe biama aule tie, He gave it to me himself.Meri awe dini, She took it herself.EXAMPLES OF USAGES OF PRONOUNS1. Ti dteba tiwe jene ngontani. My own (brother or sister) is dead.2. Niara dun jene jataba, His own father came.3. Ti dabd ne noaine awe, I can do this myself.4. Tie gare, ti etaba dababa nere, I know my brother would tell me.5. Toro ne tiwe borl koin mowe ngwon. This book of mine is cleaner (or better)than yours.6. Tiwe (or te) fiebare moe, niara nakare dababa mo n6kwite, I told you hewould not deceive you.7. Nun fian dabd dure niara boto, We cannot fight against him.8. Mun fiakare ja mike ni ngwore-ja-boto-juturie erere, You shall not be asthe hypocrites.9. Ju ne kwe kua niara biama ni se, This is his house but he gave it to thatone (man or person).10. Ti nakare dabd ja kwite awane kaintote awule, I cannot repent and beheveof myself.11. Ti 6taba tiwe jene ne jaduyere ti ben. My own brother hates me. 10 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY [Bull. 162DEMONSTRATIVE PRONOUNS1. The Demonstrative pronouns are:ne this or theseye that or thosenoko that or thosese that or thosedrewe that or thoseitj one (if it refers to a person)2. When a question is asked, the inflection raya is added.ne, neraya? Is this it? or he?nokoraya? Is that it? or he?3. When the antecedent of the Demonstrative one is not referringto person, then the form must be according to the numeral form ofthe antecedent.krati?one (the form used for numbering cattle)Krati kite?One is coming (implies a cow or "one" of such a numeral form)Krati ne bori bonuore se ngwon?This one is more beautiful than that(implies a cow, a horse, a goat, or any one thing implied by the speaker) . 4. (a) ]^i nakare, none or itibe nakare, none, when the antecedentor reference is to a person.(6) In order to give emphasis to a statement, the phrase is:ni nioe-nakare, none or no oneorni Itibe fiakare, none or no one5. The rule of the usage of all pronominal forms, adjectival oradverbial where quantity or numeration is concerned, is that the thingreferred to must be according to the definite cardinal numeral formof the thing so numbered. N. B.?See cardinal numeral forms.6. The indefinite demonstratives are ni, nise, iti, krati, etc.Nise or ni ti kotaiba They laughed at me.Iti nakare dabd ja ngubuore aule One cannot save himself.EXAMPLES1. Monso ne bori dite se ngwon, This boy is stronger than that.2. Ne koin se ngwon, This is better than that.3. Ja tau mobe bori koin wenyan ngwon: ne nakare dabd ni mike nuore seerrere?Health is better than money (wealth): this cannot give (make) happinessas that.4. Guetd noin ni kaintori d6 dare kaintori nore, gare ni seye?Death followslife as night follows day, they know.5. Mowe ja koboye ngubuobare, ne be ngrobe ti dibebare moe?That you keepyour promise, this was all I asked.6. Toro nok6 wen tie, ne mikete ja konti?Bring me that book, leave this whereit is.7. Ni iti Juan neta kowe jamoroko to iwe ye yudabare, ay6 jamoroko metre ? One John helped his friend in what he wanted, he was a friend indeed. Alphonse] GUAYMI GRAMMAR AND DICTIONARYRELATIVE OR CONJUNCTIVE PRONOUNS 11MASCULINE OR FEMININENominative: nir^ or nir^we whoGenitive: nir6, nir^we, ja, nie whoseAccusative: ne nie, nir^ye, nie whomDative: nir6ye whomNEUTERNominative: drekua, med^n whichGenitive: med^nwe whose, of whichObjective: drekua whichINTERROGATIVENominative: nir6? nirdwe? who?Genitive: nire? nir^we? whose?Accusative: nir6? nir^be? whom?dre? der6? or guer6? what? (neuter)Examples1. Ni6 ti kaintote or nenie ti kaintote or I know whom I have beh'eved.nir6ye ti kaintote gare tie.2. Ngobo niara ben tare ne nie ja noente God loves those who try to obeyniara kuke ngubuore. His word.3. Gloria Ngoboye nir6 tokorae tau koin _ Glory to God Whose seat is on high.4. Nie dun ngontani tau nete He whose father is dead is here.5. Nok6 ara toani nunyen ye te That is the man (whom) we sawthere. (The pronoun is sup-pressed.)6. Ja dabd,, dabd doin me, nie ye dabd He who believes he can, can surelykuorobe. conquer.7. Muke (drekua) toabare kwetre koderi The star which they saw in the eastara jataba toen koin. appeared in the heaven.8. Ne ju ara tiwe dotebare This is the house which I made(built).9. Mo ara borisi ngontani no te You are the man who was almostdrowned.10. Ngobo juye ara tiwe ja toye kwitani This is the house (church) of Godkukuore. in which I was converted.11. Nir6 tau blite? Who is speaking?12. Niara tau nir6ye blite? Of whom is he speaking?13. Niara tau nir6 ben blite? With whom is he speaking?14. Nir^we nebare mowe? Who told you?15. Dre blitaita mowe? What are you saying?16. Dre kodrieta'^mowe? What are you talking about?17. Med6n bori ngwe? Which is more handsome?18. Nire toroe ne? Whose book is this?19. Toro nok6 nir^we? Whose book is that?20. Medenwe ganama? Which of them won? 12 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY [Bull. 162 . Ne nie, drekiia, and errere:ne nie, thatne nie, asdrekua, thaterrere, as Examples(o) Ne nie dorebare Judios Reye tau Where is he that is born King ofnio? the Jews?(b) Nenie konomane nunyen dukaba__ The man that we sought has come.(c) Toroe ne mowe errere This book is tlie same as yours.(d) Drekua mo tau konone tau nete That which you are seeking is here.(e) Niara fiakare ni toboto mo nore He is not such a wise man as youare.ADJECTIVESPROPER1. Adjectives make no changes in either number or gender to qualify-any word.2. Adjectives take bu to distinguish a class,Ni Orikobu slotaye A Tibobian childNi Igl6bu toroe An Englishman's bookSulya Spanish Sulyabu Spaniard (man)Franc6 French (man) Franc6bu French (man).Kusapinbu KusapinianMrusarabu Grapepointian balientedrunebrenngankri erekabr6ngojukrochi Alphonse] GUAYMI GRAMMAR AND DICTIONARY 13DEFINITE CARDINAL NUMERALS1. Distinguish shape of object.(a) If round, use numbering with the o sound dominating.(6) If long or oblong, use numbering with a and r sound dominat-ing.(c) If persons, use numbering with i sound dominating.(d) If bulky objects, use numbering with e sound dominating.2. AU numberings take ti for one, bu for two, mo for three, huko ordouble two for Jour, riguie for Jive, ti for six, kugu for seven, kuofor eight, jonkon for nine, and joto for ten.3. After ten all numbering is repeated ten and one, etc. till twenty.4. Twenty is gre and means one score.5. After gre all numbering is gre biti and the repetition of one to nine.thirty gre biti krojoto 20 plus 10forty gre-ketebu two 20'sfifty gre-ket6bu-biti kuojoto 40 plus 106. Every score is repeated as so many scores.sixty greketamo or three scoreseighty greketabuko or four scoresone hundred greketarigui^ or five scoresEXAMPLES OF FORMS 1 . When counting how many times a thing is done, use bati.bati one or oncebgbu two or twicebomon three or thriceb6boko four or fourthboriguie five or fifthboti six or sixthb6kugu seven or seventhbokuo eight or eighthbojonkon nine or ninthbojoto ten or tenthbojoto biti bati eleven or eleventhboj oto biti bobu twelve or twelfthbojoto biti bomon thirteen or thirteenth, etc.bogr6 twenty or twentieth2. When numbering plants or bunches like bananas, etc., use dati.dati one dokugu sevendobu two dokuo eightdomon three dojokon nined6boko four dojoto tendorigui6 five dojoto biti dati elevendoti six dggrg twentyN. B.^?Note that in 20 the first syllable alone is attached to the 20.ho and do and so kun-gre, etc. for $20.00. 14 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY [Bull. 162 nikugu seven personsnikuo eight personsnijonkon nine personsnijoto ten personsni gre 20 persons 3. When numbering persons, use iti.iti one personnibu two personsnimon three personsnibuko four personsniriguie five personsniti six persons4. When numbering things hke leaves, use kati.kati one kotf sixkobu two kokugu sevenkomon three kokuo eightk6boko four kojonkon ninekorigui6 five kojoto ten5. When numbering things that are long, use krati.N. B.?Things like cattle, as well as sticks and snakes, are considered long things.krati one krokugu sevenkrobu two krokuo eightkromon three krojonkon ninekrobogo four krojoto tenkrorigui^ five kro gr^ twentykroti six6. When numbering things that are round, use kuoti.kuoti one kuokugu sevenkubu two kuokuo eightkomom three kuojonkon ninek6bogwo four kuojoto tenkuorigui^ five kuo-gre twentykuoti six7. When numbering moneys, use kunti if it is whole dollars?or ifthings are flat.kunti $1.00 orone flatthingkunti onekunmun twokunmon threekumbuk6 four kiinriguie _ fivekunti sixkiinkugu sevenkunkuo eightkunjonkon ninekunjoto tenkun-gr6 $20.008. When numbering small coins, menani is used.menani lOfimenamu 20{imenamo 300menambuko 400menarigui6 500When numbering cloth, use otoiti.otoiti oneotQbu twootamon threeotdbuko fourotarigui6 fiveotati six menantf 600menankugu 700menankuo 800menanjonkon 900noienanjoto 10 dimes otakugu sevenotakuo eightotajonkon nineotajoto tenotagre twenty Alphonse] GUAYMf GRAMMAR AND DICTIONARY 1510. When numbering heaps, use keteiti.keteiti one ketakugu sevenketebu two ketakuo eightketamon three ketajonkon nineketabuko four ketajoto tenketarigui^ five keta gre twentyketati six11. When numbering days, use koboiti.koboiti one day kobokugu seven dayskobobu two days kob6kuo eight dayskobomon three days kob6jonkon nine dayskoboboko four days kobojoto ten dayskoboriguie five days kob6 gre twenty dayskob6ti six days12. When numbering "hands" of any fruit or branches of trees,use kudeiti.kudeiti one hand of kud6kugu seven handsbanana of bananakud^bu two hands of kud^kuo eight handsbanana of bananakud^mon three hands kudej6nkon nine handsof banana of bananakudebuko four hands kudejoto ten hands ofof banana bananakuderiguie five hands of kud6 gr6 twentybanana hands ofkud^ti six hands of bananabanana13. When counting by spans, use taiti.taiti one span takugu seven spanstabu two spans takuo eight spanstamon three spans tajonkon nine spanstdbuku four spans tajoto ten spanstarigui^ five spans ta gre twentytati six spans spansNote.?Use biti to join numbers,tajoto biti taiti eleven14. When numbering by fathoms, use ungraiti.ungraiti one fathom ungrakugu seven fathomsungrabu two fathoms ungrakuo eight fathomsungramon three fathoms ungrajonkon nine fathomsungrdbuko four fathoms ungrajoto ten fathomsungrarigui6 five fathoms ungra gre twentyungrati six fathoms fathomsSYNTAX OF NUMERAL ADJECTIVE1. The object numbered must precede the number specifying.Ni gre kitrata Twelve men are coming 16 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY [Bull. 162DEMONSTRATIVE ADJECTIVE1. The Demonstrative Adjectives are:ne, this nokg, thatara, the same ye, thatne, these se, thatnoko, those2. When the Demonstrative Interrogative is intended, add raya tothe word.Neraya? Is this it? Are these they?Nokoraya? Is that it?Seraya? those?Araya? the same?INDEFINITE DEMONSTRATIVE3. The Indefinite Demonstrative adjectives:med^n erere, anyNi med^n erere dabd, noaine?Any one can do itni iti, a certainni sobrd, a certain one or that one in a deprecatory senseni duore, somemedan, other INTERROGATIVE4. The Interrogative adjective:dre? what?Dre toroe se? What book is that?DISTRIBUTIVE5. Itire-itire; katire-katire:(a) To get a distributive, repeat the first of each definite cardinalnumeral adjective.(6) ni jukro Itire-itire, every (literally, all one by one),(c) meden erere, either,{d) dre added to the end of a word brings out the sense of "Thisis he of whom or of which."Mubaidre ne This is the first-born.Ti judre ne This is the house of which{or This is my sister-in-law of which),Ti dundre ne This is my father or uncle.ARTICLES1. Each unit of the definite cardinal numeral adjective is equal tothe Article a or an.(o) kwi kuati, a chicken (because chicken is "kuati, kubu," etc. whenbeing numbered.) (See forms of numbering, pp. 13-15.)(6) kunti, a dollar. Alphonse] GUAYMI GRAMMAR AND DICTIONARY 17 2. The article ni is equal to an or a if the reference is to persons.When ni is used with objects other than persons it gives a pronounmeaning we or us.3. Ni precedes all adjectives which refer to persons when thenoun is suppressed.ni dfun, the wickedni koin, the goodni krire, the justni bori, the greatning nganten, the dead(a) But ni konsenta is not said for "the forest"?simplysay "konsenta."(6) When ni is added to an inanimate thing it denotespossession. ni lamarae, our, your, or their lamp,ni jutoe, our city.(c) When the word following ni begins with a gutturalnasal sound, then ni becomes ning.4. The Article is omitted when abstract ideas are implied.bokoi diun, an evil spiritkuke bio, evil newsCOMPAKISON OF ADJECTIVES1. There are two Degrees of Comparison: (a) Positive and(b) Comparative(a) The Positive denotes the thing as it is.(6) The Comparative denotes the thing in its higher form.2. The word bori is the mark of the Comparative.3. To get a Superlative idea, add bitita to bori, which means "overand above":koin, good; bori koin, better; bori bitita koin, bestPositive ComparatiBechi, small bori chi, smallerngnimo, shallow bori ngnimo, shallowerbaliente, brave bori baliente, braverngire, hot bori ngire, hotterVOCABULARYkuore, free metre, true nuore, happynotare, dry kome, bad trore, brightmenten, far kia, little krubote, fiercebolen, nice jorae, tame bonuore, beautifulmuriere, jealous ngwarobo, idle mane, sweetkri, big bolore, round kuatare, flat 18 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY [BuU. 162EXAMPLES1. Ni iglebuwe blitabare ti ben?An Englishman spoke to me.2. Kurd, dob6n gotobitibare slota bori baliente ben kodrunente?A fierce tigermet a (braver) very brave boy in the night (dark).3. Niarawe brete ngo biama tie, no chi, dikima otare, akua sukara nan chi, ngrinan chi?He gave me a whole bread (loaf of bread), a little water, a half of banana,but no sugar or meat.4. Ni jukra bikadre bori, akua ni braibe bori 6?All men would be great, butonly a few are really so.5. Slota duore kome, kabr6 dfun, akua bori kabr6 koin?Some children are badmany are wicked, but very many (most) are good.USAGE OF NUMERALS6. Weyain kunti namani tie, ti tonamani kiteko borigut^ kore, akua mor6 wanreji ngrabare, ni durubonko konti, te koko kubu koani, tiwe kuosoba ngitrd biti,nimo jantani, moro bonkon krobogo biama tie, kriko kobu te, miniante duonte, jondron morora ye namani deb6 tie, ti janamaninta tote no kud6 kromon teta?I had a dollar, I wanted to spend it five times, but at length I came to theshopman's place. I found two coconuts, I husked them with a machete. Threepersons met me and gave me four plantains in two leaves wrapped in a cloth.Having enough food, I returned, crossing three streams.Note.?Seven different numerals are used.7. Slota brare ne, meri ye, nitre noko awane chiwitre s6 toata kore waire?Thisboy, that girl, those fellows, and these foreigners are always seen together.8. Ni Ngobowe tau nuore ja gwirete, bori nuore ja (Ngobo preyasie) juye teawane bori bitita dobo koe te?The man of God is happy at home, happier inGod's house, and happiest in the grave.ADVERBSTHE SIMPLE ADVERBS1. Of Quality or Manner.kroro, sobatoreko, slowlybonuore, beautifullyN. B.?Some adverbs are used in the same descriptive adjectival form as thedescriptive adjective.2. Therefore: Words do not change forms for Adverbs.Meri ken bonuore, She sings beautifully.3. Of Quantity or Degree.The descriptive intensity word bori tells the quantity.bori, very chitanli, tinily (very little)borisi, almost bren chitanli, small illness (not very sick)4. Of Number.(c) The first form of each definite Nvimber or Numeral Adjective is also anadverbial form of number.bati, oncebobu, twice Alphonse] GUAYMI GRAMMAR AND DICTIONARY 19 (&) kaibe, singly or alone(c) kuatire kuatire one by one (if this is of round things) , etc.(d) koboitire koboitire day by day(e) mantr^n daire the whole day(/) mantran j6tebe daily5. Of Time.kone, first j'^tebe, tomorrowkena, before time bron, readykoboi, soon daire, lengthily, long timebitfn, lately metare, todaykira, long ago biare, nowbiikube, suddenly noire, placedotro, quickly noire dabe, immediatelykira, long ago6. Of Place.nete, here kodokuore, landwards (towardsete, there the river head)k6nime, near motokuore, toward the northmenten, far (the outside or sea)kunkuore, upward jatokuore, toward the landkoin tubri, upside down botorikiri, the outside (of a housementonkuore, far away or anywhere)neo, far away terikiri, inside (of anywhere)ddnkuore, in that direction jubore, outside (of a house)koteri, inside (of a house)7. Of Affirmation or of Denial.jon, yesnakare, no6, indeed, certainly, surely, truly, perfectlyfian, naka, nakare, nanchi, no, never, not one whitnan-jon-yan, most certainlyINTERROGATIVE ADVERBS1. Of Quality.nio? how?2. Of Quantity.nuoi? how much? (of quantity, either of things like water or watery sub-stances and money)3. Of Number.bomonkore? how often?bobe? how many times?kuabe? kume? krobe? ngrame? ketame? how many? (Depending on thedefinite Cardinal Numeral form of the thing which is asked "Howmany?" Hence, when we say "Ungrame?" we mean "How many fath-oms?" since fathoms are counted "ungraiti.") 20 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY [Bull. 162 4. Of Time.koniowane? niowane? when?konooira?(a) koniowane? when? (in the past).(6) niowane? when? (or at what time, or by what shape,manner, or form; or by what means).(c) konooira? when? (in the future).daire? longtime?dotroya? quickly? shortly?5. Of Place.medente? where?med6nte? whence?6. Distributive.med6n? which?7. Of Cause.ni6boto? why? wherefore?amare? where?N. B.?The use of debe and nibira debi, enough (both of things and of action),nibira, enough (time to quit, or of having given or done enough),nibira debS, quite enough (for emphasis)RELATIVE OR CONJUNCTIVE ADVERBS1. Ni6boto, why.2. Meden, where. (It is the word medente with te dropped off andused thus: "Ko ne ara meden nun tau"?This is the place where we are).3. The Relative or Conjunctive Adverb always requires an ante-cedent. The verb it modifies is sometimes suppressed.COMPARISON OF ADVERBS1. Adverbs are modified by the word bon.2. When bori is used alone it is equal to most.3. When bori precedes a word it modifies, it is an Adjective.4. When bori follows a word it modifies, it is an Adverb.Ti bori koin mo ngwon, I am better than you. (I am a better man, etc.)Ti gare bori mo ngwon, I know more than you. (The quality of theknowing or degree.)drekebe bori, faster (adverb),bori dibf, harder (adjective),dibi bori, harder (adverb). Alphonse] GUAYMI GRAMMAR AND DICTIONARY 21LIST OF ADVERBSOf Qualitybonuore, beautifullybatore, slowlykrubote, fiercelydibi, hard(ly)dibtre, forcefully, urgently, passionatelydr6kebe, swiftlyguorore, hastilykome, badlytoboto, wiselytiwire, secretlyngwarobo, foolishlygdrobo, foolishlynuore, cheerfully OfNumberbati, oncebobu, twicebomon, thricekore, alwayskore, everkgre, lastmddn, againkore, behindkone, firstly Of Time (past)metare, todayjondeni, yesterdaymuki, two days agomadera, three days agomkoiral , ,mok6 |f?^^ days agoniki6 (ra), five days agoti (era) , six days agokugu or] ,kukierar^^^ ^^^^ ^^^kuo or kuoira, eight days agojonkon or]jonkoina Jgre or grera, twenty days agonine days agoNannan, surelynan, don'tnakare, no medente? where? Nibe? How many persons? koniowane, whenkonooira, when Of Degreeborisi, almost (nearly)chi ngwarobo, almostchi, smallchitanli, little (or just a little)deb6, enoughnibira, enoughdiki,, too muchdikaruore, too muchjukro, allngrobe, onlyotare, halfkuoro, halfmini mini, little by littlenuore, happily Of Placekunkuore, upwardtim6nkuore, downwardkronane, sidewaysngri^kire, front waysk6nime, nearmenten, farneo, far awayne kukuore, hitherse kukuore, thitherOf Time (future)jdtebe, tomorrown6bunken, two days hencemorobo, three days hencemok6, four days henceniki6 (ra), five days henceti or tiera, six days hencekugu, seven days hencekuo, eight days hencej6nkon, nine days hencejoto or\, ,jotoiraf'^^^y^^S^joto, ten days hence Of Affirmation and Denialjon, yese, certainlyfianchi, neverOf Placeaye? where?Of QuantityKrobe? How many things?Of Timekonooi, whenamare, later 22 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY [Bull. 162 Of QualityNio? how? bo nio? How are (etc.)? How does it look?Of QuantityNuoi? How much? (What is the price?)ADVERBIAL PHRASESduorengwa sometimesdbukon I do not know, doubtful, maybe I know,perhaps, apparently problematic, etc.6 kurd Is that so?umbore Yes, manSe nio bro di? What is that?nan jon nan? of coursekoin tubu upside downkuorire the other sidekuorita the other side, over the other sidemdkera long, long agokira of old timenio erere nio in any way somehownakri, nakrita over yonder, on the other sidenengwane and thendiinkuore northerly, a little way offjatori backward, behindnote betweenPREPOSITIONS ''1. When "of" is intended it is involved in the noun described,niara ya kain koin He is fond of play.2. When "from" is intended, use kon at the end of the sentence.Ti deainko kon I will take it from him.kon from (him). The noun or pronoun is understood in the preposition.LIST OF PREPOSITIONSte, in, into kisete, for. (Elite Ngobo, kisete ti tauta, through, across kukdnoin?"Speak, Lord, for I amteta, through listening.")boto, on or by ken, nearbiti, upon or over or above, at ngrabare, along, besidebitita, above or over bore, around, along. (Tau merenkonti, at bore?They are along the seashore.ben, with Janamane jo bore?They went aroundbitini, over the rock.)toni, under ngotoite, amongtrokiri, back note, betweenteri, behind koin, upkone, before timon, downkukuore, before (in that direction) boreta, aroundkroke, for (the sake of) boto, besideboto, againstkoteri, inside, within " What are named prepositions in other languages are in Quayml properly postpositions, as they followthe nouns which they govern. Alphonse] GUAYMI GRAMMAR AND DICTIONARY 23PHRASE PREPOSITIONSto biti, afterteta, in spite of, across. (Used when a command is violated.)CONJUNCTION1. A Conjunction is a word that joins words, phrases, or sentences,akua, but, through; awane, and; awane, if(a) Awane is abbreviated a'n*, a'n'e(b) Akua is abbreviated 'kuaTi a'n' mo. You and ITi awane mo, You and IMo noin 'kua batore. You are going but slowly.2. Sometimes the Conjunctive is suppressed.Ti dunwe toro ne tiwe nere, My Father says this book is mine.N. B.?"Mo" is pronoimced "Ma" by the Indians of the Interior.HOW TO USE THE CONJUNCTIVE 1. Kisete, becauseTjwe niara kuke kanitote ktsete niara blite metre?I believe his wordbecause he speaks the truth.Sometimes Kisete is pronounced Kisote; but Kisole means "put fist on."2. Awane, ifTi noin a'n' mo noin siba?I will go if you \\ill also go. (To make thisclear depends on your voice intonation; otherwise it means only "I amgoing and you are also going.")3. Asianoa, whetherTi tau kuore asianoa ti todabd gare?I wish to know whether I am freeor not.4. Nane a'n', lestNomane batoriko nane a'n' ngiti^konti?She went slowly lest she should fall.5. Awane, unlessNiara noaine awane mo ketete?He would do it unless you hinder him.6. Kisete, sinceMun dabd noin kunken kisete nu nibirako?You may go out since therain has held up.7. Wane, whenTo mikaninte ngiwana kite koin wane?He left his bed when the sun rose.Mo noin ti ben ti dukaita wane?You are going with me when I return. 349563?56- 24 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY [Bull. 1628. Ngwon, thanTi sribire mo ngwon?I (can) work more than you9. Medente, whence, whitherTi noin medente mo nakare dabd neh6?I go whence you cannot come(I go whither you cannot reach.)10. Awane, until; or wane, untilMo ngubuoi nete (awane) ti dukaita?You wait until I return.Mo ngubuoi nete ti dukaita wane?You wait here until I return.11. Nioboto, why, whereforeNi6boto ni duore jondron metre kaine jae fian gare tie?I do not knowwhy or wherefore some men despise truth.12. Nio, how or whereNi tau noin nio ti todaba gare?I want to know how (you, we, or theyjare going. Or I want to know where you are going?13. Kisete, forDrore kisete janama k'buyen?He is gone to sleep for he is tired.14. Ngomi, before, yetJuye botete ti ngomi nuketa wane?Wash the house before I return.15. Niokua, howeverNi riko niokua guetadre?However rich one may be he will die.16. Biti, afterMoroko nikiani juke tokoni biti?He shut the door after his relative left.17. Awane, yet; amare, yetTi noin nuore awane ti tote ulire?I am going happily, yet I am sad.Te biama iwe amare tote korore?I gave him, yet he is begging.CONJUNCTIVE PHRASES1. noire wane as soon as2. awane dbukon else, though3. nan awane else4. awane dbukon if through5. akua abukon but and if6. d,bukon kisete or kisote therefore7. dbukon kore for this reason8. nan nakare neither, nor9. d or a'n' or awane either, orWhen in English a word is connected by "nor" or "neither," useawane. Alphonse] GUAYMI GRAMMAR AND DICTIONARY 25SUBORDINATE CONJUNCTIONSnoire awane while, asnan a'n' lest, or fian awane lestawane dbukon thatdbukon kore so, so that, in order thatja kroke if so be, or unless, in that caseEXAMPLES OF CONJUNCTIONS1. Chikon awane Tikon nakare dun Neither Chikon nor Tikon knows hisgare. father.{Awane joins the nouns and thenegative, nakare gives thesense of "neither" and "nor.")2. Anoin nun ben awane mo dab^ Go with us and you will see him.niara toen.3. Tinoinakua nakare dabdnemenye. I am going, but I will not remain.4. Ti awane niara nakare dabd noin. Neither he nor I will go.5. Mo awane ti iti daba noin Either you or I will go. (Literally,"You and I, one must go.")6. Kampana ngrukaninte noire a'n' The bell rang as we entered the church.nun dababa iglesia te.7. Muri6 namani notoko ganin kwe__ He perceived that the wind was lulling.(The conjunction "that" is sup-pressed in Valiente.)8. Ye nan dabd, dabd a'n', Ngobo That is impossible unless there is nonan. God.9. Niara ti k6mike akua ti kaintote__ Though he slay me I believe (in Him).10. Noire awane ti namani iioke While I was reading, the padre came.toroboto padre jantani.11. Niara nere kroro awane dabadre If he says so, it must be true.metre.12. Ti weyandre ti Ngubuoko, nan Lead me (my) Saviour lest I stray.a'n' ti neyete. VERBS1. Transitive:mete, strike, hit, slap tikeko, cut, sheartoke, strike, hit guiteko, pushkite, throw, model, shape joke, haul2. Intransitive:kabuyen, sleep tokodre, sitngiti^konti, fall muriiS joke, breatheMOODS1. Indicative:Noin, to goTi eteba noin metare?My brother goes today. 26 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETEDSTOLOGT [Bull. 162 2. Imperative:Non, go(a) Imperatives are formed by omission of a vowel.Noin, non goes, go(6) Imperatives are formed by a change of last letter.blite, blitd speaktoke, toko strikekorore, kor6 call3. Transferred Imperative:(a) This is formed by the Imperative of the verb and the additionof the suffix wunamane. Thus:toke striketoko strike (imperative)Tok6wunamane (I) command it to be struck.4. Subjunctive:(a) The Subjunctive is introduced by awane or any of the Con-junctive phrases.Mo nan dabd noke kroro awane niara namani nete?You wouldnot speak so were he here.5. The Infinitive:(a) Verbs do not change their roots to form the Infinitive.VERBAL FORMS OR GERUNDS1. nene, runneyente, running2. kite, to fishkitara, fishing. (As in wau kitara?a fishing rod (or something tocatch fish with.)3. m'nk6n, walking stick4. Sometimes the verbal form remains in the Infinitive mood.Ti toro tike (to write) drore I am tired of writing.Ti noko kome gaire I am ashamed of cursing.Ti blitd ngwarobo gaire I am ashamed of talking idleness.5. Ti tau juben kain koin I am fond of swimming (juben) orbathing.Ti nain kobo kone I am tired of sleeping.TENSE OR TIME1. Present:Ti blite, I speak.2. Immediate Past:Ti blitani, I spoke.3. Past:Tiwe blitaba?I spoke. Alphonsel GUAYMI GRAMMAR AND DICTIONARY 274. Complete Indefinite:Tiwe blitabare?I have spoken.5. Complete Definite:Tiwe blitabarera?I have already spoken.6. Future:tiwe bUtailti blitai [l shall speak.te blitai JThe Immediate Past Tense is used when an action is done withinthe limits of a day.Ti tori?I struck it (today, etc.).Tiwe tokoba?I struck it (yesterday, etc.).The Complete Indefinite is used for any action completely donewithout any qualifying.Tiwe korobare?I have begged.The Complete Definite takes ra to show that the thing is not onlydone but done "already."Tiwe korobarera?I have called already. 28 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY [Bull. 162 15. Kuk^noin mun Hear yel16. Ya oto Break up the play.17. Ti kaintote ja brukuo biti I believe in my heart.18. Mo duon neaninko kwe He has torn your clothes.19. Niara kabuyen ngwaka errere He sleeps like the dead.20. Tore ye wen tie Fetch me that book.21. Diablu grukeko mo preyasfe nere The devil trembles when you pray.wane.22. Mo tau ken bonuore You sing sweetly.23. Merire tau kojukeya? Is that a woman whistling?24. Noin nete tare Walking here is painful.INFLECTION OF VERBS FOR TENSE 1 . When verbs end in e the future is formed by the inflection ai.Drop the last vowel and add ai.tike (p;es.) , tikai (/uf.) write, shall writeblite (pres.), bUtai (fut.) speak, shall speaktorotike (pres.) write (a letter)torotikal (fut.) shall write (a letter)2. When the verb is of three or more syllables, insert ai before thelast syllable and drop the vowel of the preceding syllable.trekete, break (pres.) nguduyete, melttrekaite, shall break (fut.) nguduaite, shall meltmikete, to leave kiti, come, shape, model, trimmikaite, shall leave kitai, shall come, shape, 'model, trim3. Some words change theu' form completely, but take ai for theFuture tense.ngiti6konti, fall deaite, shall loseguitiaikonti, shall fall nganten, dieneyete, lose guetai, shall die4. When a verb ends in a consonant, it drops the consonant andtakes ai for the Future.ken, sing dien, cook or boilkai, shall sing dial, shall cook or shall boil5. The verbs Men, krien, nien retain the consonant n.bien, give kriain, shall prybiain, shall give nien, sendkrien, pry niain, shall send6. When o is the dominant vowel or sound in a word, the Future isformed by the inflection oi.toke, strike koroi, shall calltokoi, shall strike morore, to feed, to eatkorore, call moroi, shall feed or shall eat Alphonse] GUAYMI GRAMMAR AND DICTIONARY 29 7. When e is the dominant sound in a word, the Future is indicatedby ex. dibere, to beg fiere, telldibei, shall beg fiei, shall tell8. When u is the dominant sound in a word, the Future is formedby ui.suru, blow sukui, shall blow9. When the combinations ai, oi, oa, are found in a word, the Futureis formed by dropping the last syllable and adding di.koboire, cause juritaire, to get (with a view tokoboidi, shall cause return the thing got in kindnoaine, do and quality)noaindi, shall do juritaidi, shall getduroire, to distribute bokone, to possessduroidi, shall distribute bokondi, shall possessImmediate Past Tense:1. To form the Immediate Past Tense change the last syllable toni if the word ends in re, or ke; to n if the word ends in te or ke.korore, call koroni, calledtorotike, write torotiri, wrotetike, write tiri, wroteblite, speak blitaniri, spokeguite, push guitaniri, pushedmike, put miri, putdike, sew diri, seweddike, paint (face) diri, painted2, This form is used only when the action is not yet a day old.Verbs of the Regular Conjugation form the Past Tense by addingani, ha {hare), ma, ni, mane, ra.munyen cry muyani criedmete strike metaba strucknoaine (aux.) do bare didbien give biama gavekotaire laugh kotaini laughedwenye carry wenyama- wenya- carriedgare know manegarera or gabare knewFor the complete Conjugation of Verbs, see pages 31-37.1. Some verbs make no changes for the tense:nuoi, costThis verb is used only in an interrogative sense:Nuof? How much it costs?2. Some verbs are reflexives when ja is on the stemjatikeko, to cut oneself. 30 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY [Bull. 162 3. The verb nankwenko means to "jump" or "spring," and nankwenwhich means "fly" changes to dankwain for the Future Tense.4. The "Transferred Imperative" has a Future and a Past Tense:tokowunain (command it to be struck) . tokowunamane (commanded it to be struck).5. The verb "niere" meaning "wet," takes nihi, the auxiHary, toform its tenses.6. Some verbs change their forms entirely:ontonibiti, meetnunenko, stand NUMBER1. Verbs do not change for Number:ti tau, I amnun tau, we arenun bro, we areniara tau, he isniara bro, he ismo tau, you are gotobiti, metdakro or naninkro, stood mo bro, thou artmun tau, you aremun bro, you areniaratre tau, they areniaratre bro, they are 1. dabd, will2. dabd, shall3. dabd, may AUXILIARY VERBS4. dabd, can5. daba, must6. tau, am 7. toro, have8. noaine, doThese auxiliary verbs do not change form for number or person,but they do change form for Tense.The Past Tenses of dabd, tau, toro, are the same, q. v. Alphonse] GUAYMI GRAMMAR AND DICTIONARY 31 V >^ 03 Ws s .?S ? . S 6 s> a s 6 ^ 03 .^, ^ ?. I i?i a& Iil B ^ a a C5 OSs a03 CS 03 03 ?a a -9? y -?i9?^ j3 T) 'rt !-! 1-1 Ti T-i T1 .5 S Ki ir? ti t? _^ T-t aXi ^i'OTi'C'O'V'rS'OS, Si Sc bD -^ -^ "O :::^^^^^ ^ ^'?a ?3 OS 5 il 5 03 2 .SS3_a>-2oooo5fe?33S-a!3:o, 0303 ^ cC CO rt o3 rt cvO ^ rt D 03 c3 +^.M X> .M ? .M ? ? 2 fl a S g 2m w p Jr tj fc* ^S g S ? p g a) -? fl CI S U( (- u? g .? ? 3 ^ _ ._ 03 a L>- 03 >^, 2 S ? .3 S 0? ojE H Hllliilllilslills2 ?S3 3 53 .2 I " . "O . 03n 32 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY [Bull. 162 g >C ^ '^ ? s i ?Man o S ? ? ^ fe ^ 2 M ?=3^ .-S -2 - fl "S q08 Oj 4i!?, M M ^= d c3 a> ^ S S S S2 a ^ S^ fc 9 S 2 g^ I I ?O Q 03 ^Af d g aO te S 3a 1 ^ ^2 05 ?-a j^ .-s'2 ? 3 .oS J^bs . a c3 _ CO 03 bJO tD O ?*-> -t^ bt> a a ^ 5 ? ta -^S I -^P is ^ 3 S " -2a ^ 11w. S 3_ o S 3 03 J UiUi CO ?o ? ? S ?> CS? "1 03 ij ^; -^ -? I O O O c3 ea , .???22 -S S ? ?2 -3 03 S3 S -3 -9K "t; 03 03a ? iS =2 -w ?4-> bfi -^ :3 .s i=loO I o??aos X3 -Q IM w CQ ? ngutuoekongruyen valleykongruyen the steeps Jjutoe place of houses, a cityju a houseko place ^ta across Ikotdbiti the worldbiti byoroverfnio wherever jkoniobiti universedru conch (shell) , , mruoroe pearloro gold J , "" .miobadd charcoalbada a coal J " - 8 >niotrako keroseneko oil J ~ja selfdo smell "1mikara to make[jadomikaramane perfumemane sweet Jja self "Ibo body (shape or form) [jabosokara ointmentsokara rub Jr g kurukuata_- rubberkuata skmf ., ., . , ,,mbikuata.- a beltnibi cow Jtoro book torokuata paperkri tree kringuata lumberg [ngubuyeduye a steamshipduye canoe Jno water] , ,..- , ya channel]iye road Jngutuo a hill]no water [ngutuoenote islandte in Jmeren salt]okuo eye [mer6nokuokrf oceankri big J (15)1. Certain words are used both as nouns and as verbs:sribire work mrore foodkobpre dream yen playkotu smile ngite... sintgmana thirst 48 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY [Bull. 162ExamplesTi sribire metare I work today.mo sribi toroya? Do you have work?Ti kobpni bio I had a bad dream.Tiwe kulebra turi kobore I saw a snake in my dream.Mrore dotro Eat quickly.Mro ne fiakare koin This food is no good.Kotu chi ti ben Smile with me.Kgtu bonuore Your smile is beautiful.Tomana tie I thirst or I am thirsty.Mo tomana nainya? Did you quench your thirst?Mun tau yen nio? What play is this?Naka yen meri se ben Don't play with that woman.Ti ngite Ngobo okuobiti bro kri_ My sin in God's sight is great.S'akare ngite Ngobo boto Do not sin against God.(16)1. Certain verbs and nouns are not interchangeable without theaddition of a word or a change of syllable:muri6 air brasoku bottlesoku blow kringu boxngonfnke fear tare loveExample: Tiwe mo tare I love you.To be able to say: "My love for you is great," add ja to tare.Example: Tiwe ja tare mo ben kri I am greatly in love with you.nankwenko fly toen lookjaduyere hate du warjioro iron osulin thundertikeko cutIn English we say, "It thunders" or "The thunder rolls."In Valiente, for "It thunders". _ osulin kite (literally, "The OldMan throws", that is, "Thethunder rolls."dikeko walk bucha knifedriere show ngubuore keepngrukete shake ketete holdja k6mfke murder to mindRULES FOR THE ARRANGEMENT OF WORDS, OR SYNTAXMISCELLANEOUSExamples(1) Mo koroni kwe You called he. (He calls you.)(a) Object, verb, nominative.(2) Mo noin ti ben You go me with (You are going withme.)(6) Nominative, verb, object, preposition. Alphonse] GUAYMI GRAMMAR AND DICTIONARY 49 (3) Mad6 bokonko kite sere Horse owner comes there. (The ownerof the horse comes.)(c) Nominative, possessor, verb, adverb.(4) Mo tau dre noaine? You are what doing? (What are youdoing?(d) Nominative, verb, interrogative pronoun, gerund.(5) l^eni kwe mowea? Told he you? (Did he tell you?)(e) Verb, pronoun, pronoun (object).Rules :1. When Nouns are used to describe another Noun, they are saidto be in apposition and of the same case.(1) Okrichi ni donkinye dukaf nete Okrichi the Sukya will come herej^tebe. tomorrow.(2) Herodes ni reye Juan komikani- Herod the King killed John.(3) Ja kuoroe Herodias kroke For the sake of his wife Herodias.2. When the verb "to be" (tau) takes the same case after it asbefore it, the form is bro.(1) Mo bro slota kome You are a bad boy,(2) Ciri Klave bro Donkin 6 Ciri Ivlave is a real Sukya.3. The Verbs driere (show appointment), kodekadre, nemenye(remain) , bo (seems) , nune (live) , nirien (grow) , ngotani (die) take thesame form after them as before.(1) Okrichi nemenye sukyare Okrichi remained a Sukya just thek6ntibe. same.(2) Niara didiaba (past tense of He grew up like a saint, but died likenirien) ni koin erere, akua the wicked,ngontani ni diun erere.(3) Ti kodekani Gobranye kwe He appointed me governor.4. A word or phrase can stand out as a Nominative apart fromthe nominative of the sentence. This is the Nominative Absolute.Mroni uno wane, nun janamane Having breakfasted, we went.5. When "it" is intended as the Nominative Absolute, it is expressedin the descriptive word.(1) !53"oko kome bio It is wrong to curse.(2) Nika tare koko boto It is hard to climb a coconut tree.(3) Non tare kaibe It is hard to go alone.(4) !]?5^edre bro dibi It is hard to tell him.(5) Bio ti kroke It is wrong to me. It is wrong in myconception.(6) Preyasie kurera wane nun The service over, we went away.nikiani.(7) Kampana ngrukata, ari noin__ The bell is ringing, let us go.(8) J6tebe Bomon kri, nun nan Tomorrow is Good Friday, we are notnoin. going.(9) Mo ara toani nunyen It was you the very person we saw.(10) Kotimobiti nioe jutrare, ari Hell's fire is hot, let us escape it in fear.ngiti6 ngoninkairi. 50 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY [BuU. 1626. The Imperative mood needs no Nominative expressed.Ekuere Come. blite Speak.Non Go. Guekro Raise it up.Anoin Let us go. Nonguo Go in.Ari noin Let us go. Non kobore Go away.Nene ja nire Run for youi Juen Drive them orkroke. life. it away.Nene kobore Run away. Nosoku Paddle.Joke Haul.7. The thing possessed, not the possessor, is put in the Possessivecase. Juan toroe John's book.8. When the possessor is put last, add e ot we.Toroe ne ni kakowe This is the singer's book.Du ne moe This canoe is yours9. RedupHcate the first number of each definite Cardinal NumeralAdjective to get the sense of "each," "every," etc.10. To give the sense of "neither," reduplicate the definite CardinalNumeral Adjective after the prefix "Ni jukro itire" and also add thesuffix nakare.Ni jukro itire-itire nakare dabd None (one by one) can do it.noaine.11. To give the sense of "either," say "Ni meden-erere-iti."Ni meden erere iti dabA noin Either one or the other must go.12. The following adjectives are used predicatively with nouns:mobe wellngoninkaire afraidulire sorryNiara tau mobe He is well.Ti non ngoningkaire I am afraid to go.Ti namani Ulire mo kroke I was sorry for you.THE PRONOUN13. Pronouns have no gender to distinguish them.niara he, she, or it.(1) To distinguish a Pronoun, reference must be made tothe antecedent.Niara dike ngwe She or he sews nicely.(2) The Pronoun must agree with the person for which itstands.Mun namani medente? Where were you?Nun namani don nokote We were down yonder.Mo namani medente? Where were you?Ti namani don nokote I was down yonder. Alphonse] GUAYMI GRAMMAR AND DICTIONARY 5114. The unexpressed pronoun is "it."Ti kuotani ngotote It bit me on my foot.Niarawe mentani dokuo te He struck it on the head.15. nir6 "who" used in the Nominative case.nenie "who," used in the Objective case.nenie "who," used in apposition with anynoun that precedes it with refer-ence to person."Ni brare nenie ti mentani "The man who struck me is here."tau nete."16. ay6 as; nore as, likeerere same (as)kroro such,kurere so, as (in this way), "such as" (inthat way) follow the antecedent forwhich they stand.Toro ne nan ay6 erere This book is not the same as that.Nie jondron dfun ne kurere He who does evil things such asnoaine awane nakare toen- these and will not forsake doingmetre nakare dabd, neb6 them shall not enter into heaven byko koin biti chi fiobe. any means.Ne tau noko erereya? Is this the same as that.MuyA ne muyata bokoi This cry is like the cry of ghosts.erere.Ni mo kroro nakare dabd Such as you are cannot conquer,kuorobe.Niarawe nebare tie kroro He told me so.Awane ne kurere namani ni And such were some of you.duoreye. THE VERB17. Finite verbs make no change in niunber, but simply agree withthe noun in question.(1) Ni kabr6 tau nete Many men (people) are here.(2) Ti ken I sing.(3) Ti tau nete I am here. Niaraken He sings.(4) Ti blite kisete tie gare I speak because I know.(5) Slotatre tau nete The boys are here.(6) Minchiya, nukroya, meden- The cat or dog which has stolen, oneerere goibare nakare dabd can never know,gare tori.(7) Ni nebetaniko kuoro-kuoro The people were scattered abroadkotabiti. over the whole earth.18. With an Active Transitive Verb, put the Nominative first, theObjective next, and the Verb last.Tiwe niara miti I struck him.19. When a Preposition is used, put the Nominative first, the Verbgoes next, and the Objective next before the Preposition.Tiwe mentani dokuo te I struck him (in) on the head.Tiwe ja toani niara ben I saw him. (Literally?"I self sawhim with.") 62 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY [Bull. 16220. If the main sentence is in the past tense, the Participle is putin the past.Nu toani, bot "> ti jantaninta Seeing the rain I returned. (Literally,"Having seen the rain" or "saw therain.")21. The Complement. The following take one object and some-times require some word or words to make the predication complete.Mike make kodeke namedenye take korore ask or begExamples(1) Ngobowe ni mikani ja bo erere_ God man made His own image like.(2) Mo sribi ne kodeke mowe You work this call yours.(3) Ni rey Israel deani klabure The King Israel took slave.(4) Tiwe niara koani go boto I him found stealing.(5) Ni sewe korobare nukroye He (that person) called (him) a dog.(6) Nunwen niara konomane borisi We him found almost dead.nganten.(7) Nunwen niara toani nganten no We him saw die water in.te.(8) Donkin ti mikani gro biti The Suyka me put power in.22. Some verbs take a Direct and an Indirect Object.bien give nomonondre askt6tike teach driere shownere tellThe Indirect Object is in the Dative Case and the mark is e. Thepronoun Iwe is used as a Nominative, Objective, or Dative.(1) Tiwe toroe biama iwe I gave him the book.(2) Mowe nebare iwe You told him.(3) Iwe nebare moe He told you.(4) Ti dunwe kunti biama iwe My father gave him one dollar.(5) Ju dotere ngutuoe kongruyen The house is built in the valley.te.(6) Niarawe kuru kokani niarae He bought the gun from him.(7) Du bien iwe nono jae Give him the boat with which to go.23. When the Subjunctive is expressed without awane. The wordnuri expresses a wish. Instead of saying:(1) "Namani tie (awane) te biani If I had I would give you.moe," say "Namani tie tebiani moe. [(2) Wenyan nuri tiwe I wish I had money.(3) Garera tie nakare ti dabd nere.. Had I known I would not tell.(4) Mo noin bori koin ti kroke If you go it is better for me.(5) Guet^ nuri tie I wish to die.(6) Mo to mo dabd ti mike ngo If you wish you can make me whole,.(7) Mo nemenye nete ti dukaita... If you remain here I will return. Alpbonse] GUAYMI GRAMMAR AND DICTIONARY 53(8) Ti nebare (wane) ti fiakare If I had said it I wovild not be ashameddabA jagaire, neret8. to confess it.(9) Dobo kot^biti nun ngite juye, Though the whole earth cover our sins,Ngobowe den kunkenta. God would bring them back tolight.(10) Non, mo nakare nuketa dotro Go; if you do not return quickly I willmo debeadre tiwe. leave you.(11) Ti komikadre 'kua ti kaintote. Though he slay me, yet I believe.24. (a) The Infinitive Mood can be used as the Subject or the Ob-ject of another verb.(1) Niara non gaire He is ashamed to go.(2) Mo tau jubd gare You are learning to swim.(6) When the Infinitive is used as a Substantive, the form changes.(1) Non dekobe bori koin It is better to go early.(2) Kuata met^ jdnkunu bio To flog often is bad.(3) Kotd, ngwarobo ni mike ngite_- To laugh foolishly gets one in trouble.(4) Ti fi6 gaire I am ashamed to say it.(5) Toibikaba dibi ga kore kwe He studied hard in order to know.(6) Guetd bro gand To die is gain.(7) Go bro ngite Ngobo okuobiti To steal is sin in God's sight.(8) Nikd, tare It is hard to climb.(9) Noko kome bio, bori bio To curse is wicked, very wicked.(10) Tod bro ga To see is to know.25. The Gerund as Noun and Verb,(1) Kokoototareninikako kroke-- Pulling coconuts is painful to theclimber.(2) Ko joke konsen fian nuore Hauling withe in the bush is not easy.(3) Do nain bio Drinking rum is wrong.(4) Wau kain bro nuore Catching fish is good sport.(5) Mtii kiinken munteare ni brai Hunting wild hog is for the clever.kroke.(6) !5foke kuk6 biti nan deb6, ku- Scolding is not enough, flogging onlyata metadie bro 6. will do.(7) Jaduyere ni medan ben ni bru- Hating others hardens the heart.kuo mik6 dibf.Note.?When an action is in the past and the appositional koweis used, the Noun that precedes does not take the inflection we.Juan kowe nebare tie It is John who (kowe) said it to me.kowe who, she, he (is used appositionally) . THE ADVERB26. There is no change in the ending of Adverbs.bonuore beautiful.(1) Niara ken bonuore He sings beautifully (ngwe) graceful.(2) Mo dikeko bori ngwe You walk gracefully. 54 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY [Bull. 16227. There is only one adverb of comparison ? bori; and it may bearranged either before or after the word that it modifies.(1) Mo noin bori dr^kebe niara You walk much quicker than he.ngwon.(2) Ti noin dr6kebe bori mo ngwon. I walk much quicker than you?or Iwalk more quickly than you do.(3) Sribibare bori bonuore mo He works more quickly than you.ngwon.28. Noun and Adjective phrases may be used as Adverbs.(1) Ngubuore ken wait a bit(2) Korore ken borrow awhile(3) Chi tidro one whit, a wee bit(4) Nobe (Any adverbial that denotes intensity)Niara nan noin chi nobe He is not going "a foot."(5) Niara mokete ben ngo Bind him (ben ngo?entirely) handand foot.(6) Kointubu Head over heels, upside down(7) Chi gotare One tiny drop(8) Chi nobe __ One bit, one tittle, in no caseExamples(1) Nun noin bori dekobe We are going very early(2) No ngeyente nondre bonkon Gently glides the stream(3) Nikiani kunken bori dobiin He went out very angrily(4) Mo fiakare dabd, gare tori You never will know one whit(5) Mo fiakare noin chi nobe You are not going one bit(6) Noin batoriko, blite doko, ko kira Tread softly, speak low, the old yearbikera nganten. is dying.(7) Ngubuore ken Wait a bit(8) Kobo-ni-nio (How did you dream?) Good morning(9) Nan tore (Never had a dream.) The responseto the salutation "Koboninio"29. Adverbs modify Prepositional phrases.(1) Niarawe neabare ti kukuore He ran up to me or toward me.(2) Neabare kobore ti kon He ran away from me.(3) Ti bi nikien mo kukuore j6tebe_ I am going in your direction,tomorrow.(4) Nun janama kudolo jiy^biti We went after the fox up to its hole.nuke komukuo te.(5) Nunankoba ti kukuore brare He stood before (up to me) me like aerere. man.(6) Nomani nun jiy6biti neb6 He followed us almost to your place.borisi mo konti.(7) Ni niani toroboto He sent them off to school.30. An Adverb always stands as close as possible to the word itmodifies.(1) Niarawe ktintibe ngrobe biani He gave me only one dollar.tie.(2) Niarawe dubare baliente du He fought bravely (up?right) to thejata krute wane. war's end. Alphonse] GUAYMI GRAMMAR AND DICTIONARY 5531. Adverbs before Prepositions. Prepositions last in a sentence.biti with, on kuorokri beyondte ta against kroro thusboreta around te innakare cannot boto by, onmenten from (afar) ngobiti againsttoni underExamples of Adverbs with the above-listed Prepositions(1) Robo kani kis6 krobu biti He caught the rope with both hands.(2) Ngo kri jatadre menten; ni nibi juen "From afar the lowing comes ofguo. cattle driven home."(3) Nibita nune kore ju te Bats live always in houses.(4) Du nakare dabd, noke; muri6 nun The boat cannot make any headway;ngobiti. the wind is against us.(5) Noin dibi ti kuke te ta He is going hard against my advice.(6) Nun janamane dotro ngutuoe note We went swiftly around the island.boreta.(7) Mutdngoto drune jubani kore ti uyae A dark cloud hovered constantly overbore. my soul.(8) Bokoi dfun neyeko ngutuoe kuorokri _ The demon disappeared beyond thehills.(9) Niarawe ni se ketaninte kroro kloa He held him thus by his beard.biti.(10) Nikren te, nikren bitita, nikren toni. Look within, look over, look under,gare (gare) tie mo koain mor6. I know you will find it at last.(11) Toro tiwe mikani kringu te koin; ne I put the book in the box on top; howa'n' nio kringu toni? is it now under the box?32. When a Verb is in the Past Tense, add the suffix we to theNominative.33. When an action is done within the limits of a day, use theImmediate Past Tense.Okrichiwe bare Okrichiwe did it (yesterday).Okrichiwe niri Okrichi did it (sometime today).Ti miti kwe He struck me (today).Ti mentani kwe He struck me (yesterday or a month 34. Participial Forms. Verbs take the Auxiliary.(1) Ti bike nikien I am going.(2) Ti tau bailare I am dancing.(3) Ti tau mrusaire I am viewing.(4) Mun namani noin You were going.(5) Nun jababa nikien We were about to go.CONJUNCTIONSConjunctions join words:Ti awane mo noin You and I are going.Conjunctions join sentences:Ocho awane Juklibu noin, akua Ocho and Juklibu (are) going, butOkuobu awane Kuami fian noin. Okuobu and Kuami (are) notgoing.349&63?56 5 56 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY [Bull. 162USAGE OF CERTAINlWORDS "Either," "neither," "nor," "or."Unchi & (or) Olon iti dabd noin Either Unchi or Olon must go.Unchi awane Olon itibe fiakare Neither Unchi nor Olon will go.dab^ noin.&.. ora'n' (hyphenated) anda'n'_ - (is an abbreviation of 'awane) 'kua but (is an abbreviation of "akua")PECULIAR GUAYMl PHRASES AND MISCELLANEOUSu doin tare restlessd _. _- spleendoin __ feeltare painHence, "Just as I am though tossed about", K6ntibe kroro ti d dointare.Literally, Just as I am with an aching spleen.Idea: The swollen aching spleen is indicative of a man with a fever.Noko ju ngure ko ngure One who is versed in all thingsfioko talkju housengure foundationko worldngure foundationNi kdnken outsider, uncircumcised personMot6 tokoni kena or mot6 from the beginningtoke.Drore toke wearydrore tiredtoke strikeNibi noin ja bitibe going over the top, i. e. dyingJand mukoire bugger (homosexuality)Ni tiwiyere whoreGodobiin sex act by those under agego stealdobiin temper, passionNi ja debeye a shirkerKo torore dawnKo nubre darkness, chaosNi jiboko the road watcherJibako an idlerNi juturuture one who connives Alphonse] GUAYMI GRAMMAR AND DICTIONARY 57Ni ngwore ja boto juturuye.. hypocriteni personngwore faceja selfboto byjuturuye oppositeNi gro biti one in authority ni persongro handlebiti by (the person with the handle)Merenbiti turtle fishingKj-ikuo a carkri a treekuo a seedMetre mobe true afar (a He)fi se very true (not true)^ bore true indeed (apparently)fi kure? Is it so really?Bo 6 bore apparently trueNa krit over on the other sideDiinkuore over yonder?a little way offBukube in the twinkling of an eyeSERIES OF "DON'TS" 1. Do not put the Verb before the Object.Ti toen niara (wrong)Niara ti toen (right) or Ti niara toen.If in the Past tense say:Niara turi tiwe (Immediate Past Tense)Tiwe niara toani (if Complete Past tense)2. Do not put the Auxiliary Verb after the Object.Ti toroe ne dabd noke My book can speak.Toro ne ti daba noke I can read this book.Ti dabd ja toen mo ben j6tebe. I can see you tomorrow, or I will, etc.3. Instead of trying to make a Noun plural, describe it by addingkabrd?kri?kuati?krati?iti:wau iti many fishesko waure many fishes in this place4. Do not omit e at the end of the Dative case.Niarawe krinti biama tie He gave me one dollar. 58 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY [Bull. 1625. Do not put a Preposition before a Noun or a Pronoun or beforethe end of a sentence?a Preposition is a correct word to end asentence with.Nun noin mo ben We are going with you.6. Do not put the Definite Article ni before any noun that does notrefer to person. The Article before an inanimate object makes theni a personal possessive pronoun.7. All objects are numbered according to shape.When numbering:(1) Persons, use "iti," "nibu," etc.(2) Round objects, use "kuati," etc.(3) Flat objects, use "kunti," etc.(4) Long objects, use "krati," etc.(5) Spanning objects, use "taiti," etc. (measuring)(6) Fathoms, use "ungraiti," etc. (measuring)(7) Days, use "koboiti," etc.(8) Money (large), use "kunti," etc. (counting)(9) Money (small), use "menani," etc. (counting)8. Do not express the word "it"?it is understood in the verb.Mtii dabd kwete The hog will eat it.Sribl tare It is hard work.Ye kome It is bad.Trekanina tiwe I split it (already) . Toani tiwe I saw it.Barera kwe He did it.Garera tiwe I knew it.PASSIVE VOICE1. When the Passive sense is intended, put the object of the actionfirst, the verb next, and the doer of the act last, thus:Ti miti kwe I am struck by him.Mtu gwari kwe The hog is struck by him.Ti mentanina kwe I have been struck by him.Ti tunimetre kwe I am left by him.2. When the Passive Voice is used, the subject of the action takesthe inflection "we."Mtu miti tiwe The pig is struck by me.METHOD OF COMMANDING1. A command is generally expressed in the verb with which itis given.(a) When the command is given for a future act, the form is "wunain."(6) When the command is in the past tense, the form is "wunani,""wunamane."Tiwe nokowunain moe _. I command you to read it (future).Tiwe nokowunamane moe I commanded you to read it (past). Alphonse] GUAYMI GRAMMAR AND DICTIONARY 59N. B.?The Present Continuous is expressed by dropping the "in"from the future.Ti tau nokowuna toroboto moe I am commanding you to read.Examples of commands(a) kakauna To command to lift up (from kainko,to lift up)(6) ketateuna to command to hold up (from ketete,to hold up) Root(c) kojukauna to command to whistle kojuke(d) diriuna to command to show. dirire(e) nomonouna to command to beg, ask nomonone(/) suruwuna to command to blow suru(g) ngetrakauna to command to shriek ngetreko(h) mouna to command to dig moin(i) kuekebeuna to command to be still kuekebe(j) korouna to command to beg korore(fc) kodridwuna to command to preach kodriere(Z) deauna to command to take denye(m) dikauna to command to sew dikeFIGURES OF SPEECHThe common Figures of Speech are ii'ony, hyperbole, sarcasm, para-leipsis, synecdoche, simile, metaphor, and allegory.Irony:Any phrase or sentence can become ''ironical." It is naturalfor Indians to speak with double meanings to their words.Mo toboto ari You are a wise man. (He may mean"You are a fool.")The words "bo," "bore," and "bo se" are the terms used whenirony is intended without dissimulation.Mo koin bore You are good; (aside) as if you are.(All this is involved in "bore.")Ne bro ni 6 bo se This is the real thing (as if it isreal indeed) . Hyperbole:Niara dr^kebe mrotro ngwon awane He is swifter than lightning anddite molo ngwon. stronger than a tapir. (Elephant.)Mo okuo tro te ngiwana ngwon. Your eyes are bright as the sun andawane mo kuke dibi osulim your speech louder than thunder,ngwon.Sarcasm: ^an mo ara koboite ti tau nire? Is it not you who cause me to bealive?N. B.?The tone of voice, the curl of the Ups, the cut of the eyereveal whether sarcasm is intended.Mo kuk6 biti ti tau noin I am acting on your advice. 60 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY [Bull. 162Paraleipsis:Mowe ti mentani awane ti don6 That you struck me, drew my blooddeani, awane borisi ti komikani and almost killed me?no it is notkonooira ye flan ay6 kodri6ta that I am talking about,tiwe.Synechdoche:Vela kitrata sere A sail is coming.Jondron botoko 'kua dukaba Even cattle came. (The concoursewas great.)Simile:This is always introduced by "erere" or "nore."Niara dikeko bokoi erere He moves like a ghost.Gore tuki6 erere He steals like a rat.Metaphor:Ni se kudolo That man is a fox.Tuki6 He is a rat. (Rat is all that isnecessary, to say he is a thief.)Allegory:Utu ngwiki modonaue nukuo jukro From that single golden-winged pi-b6toko jantani gota tori geon all the other birds gathered totake their feed.(They all came to be fed by the one Gospel Message.)MODELS OF GUAYMl TEXTSNARRATIVE(From II Samuel 12: 1-7)Awane Jehovawe Natan niani Davidye. Awane niara (jantani awane nebareiwe; "Nibu nunamane jutoe kudtibe. Iti namani riko iti namani bobre. Ni rikojondron botoko kri namani, akua ni pobre ye jondron fiakare namani jire akuakarnero ngob6 ben ngrobe krdtibe; ne kokani kwe awane ngubuani awane dubu-abare ben waire awane slotatre ben ererauto. Duorengwa jukaba motroro botomro jenie biti bukani, awane namani ngongo gwi erere kroke.Awane ni nonko kro jantani ni rikoe basare, awane ni rikowe nan jondron krikwe deani mike ni basako iwe kuotadre, akua jananiane ni bobreye, karnero ngob6kratibe kwe ye, deani ja dibiti kon, ay6 komikani awane sribiebare ni basakonukani iwe kroke ye kuotadre."Awane David namani dobun ni riko kroke, boto niarawe nebare Natanye."Ngobo Jehovd, Okuobiti ni kroro komikai tiwe. Ne iwe ne kurere bare guetadre,awane Karnero ngob6 krobogo nore biainta utiore ni bobre ye iwe, kisete ni kroronan ulire ni bobre kroke.Natan kowe fiebare iwe, "Mo ni riko diun ara ye."DIDACTIC{From I Corinthians IS)Ti blite ni tibien kuk6 biti, awane ni angeles kuke biti, amare ti fiakare nimedan ben tare ja brukuo biti, nengwane ti tau kobre ngo erere, awane jioro ngomikara nore. Tiwe blitaidi ni kukeneko erere awane jondron tiwire nio jukro Alphonse] GUAYMI GRAMMAR AND DICTIONARY 61 gare, awane noko jungure-kongure; awane to kri ngutuoe mikara nene ti koneamare ti fiakare ni medan ben tare, ja kroke ti tote ngwarobo. Tiwe ja tribe ngojukro deny6 'a'n ni bobre buke te, awane tiwe ja ngotore biain kukadre ngis6 kore,amare fiakare tiwe ja tare ni medan ben, nengwane ti nan dre ganaindre ye biti.Nie ja tare, ngi6 nik^ daire awane tote brukuo koin; nie ja tare, fiakare ja towen ni jenena jondron-e boto; fiakare bike kri, fiakare ja wen krubote, fiakarejondron ja webe konone, fiakare dobiin dotro, fiakare jondron diun toibikaidre;fiakare ja wen nuore ni jamikako ngite ben, akua ja weanta nuore ni jondron metrekoboikotre ben; Ni ja tare ye, drekua noadre, drekua katatote, jondron koin koboikukuore todekata kwe ye boto; awane drekua koboidre boto noadre bonkon kwe.Ja tare ye fiakare deaiko: Ni donkinye deaite; ni blite tidro jene biti deaite, nifioko jiingure-kongure deaite. Metare jondron gare kia-kia nunyen, awanekia-kia kodri6 ta nunyen. Akua jondron ngo koe kuain wane, nengwane jondronkia-kia deainkodita kobore mike krute.Ti namani monso kia wane, monso kia erere tiwe blitabare, monso kia ereretiwe jondron dukaba gare, monso kia erere tiwe toibikabare: akua ti jantani unowane tiwe ni unlane jondrone mike kobore.Metare nun tau ja tro toen fioya bukere te erere; akua noire nun daba ja trotoen ja ngwore boto metrere; koe noire ti troe nio metre tod bik6 ti nore, noretoadre.Awane metare n6be nemenye, fe, (ja kaintote ye) jondron 6 koboi ye, awane jatare ye, kromon ne ay6 nemen nie; akua ja tare ye ngwon bori kri jukro ne ngwon.HORTATORY "Mo tau dre noaine yere?" "Ti tau ju dotere, fian toen moeya?""Akua; fio kuain kri wane ju ne jon noin fiowe. Uman ne fian noadre. Kian-goto ne awane kri ne bfntin tau. Bori koin mo ju dotere jateta ko dibi biti.""Mo tau blite ngwarobo. Ko ne dibi deb6 awane tau fio kur6 boto, t6nkennunana tie.""Tau deb6, amare mo muyaire." Ko krobu wane ni ye namani nune, kuekebedoin iwe, akua fio jantani kri awane ju deainko kon."Nan te fieba moe fio dabai mo juye deyenko kobore?"TRANSLATION "What are you doing there?" " Don't you see I am building a house?"" But when the river floods it will wash away your house. This sand does not last. The grass here and thetrees are only recently grown. It is better to go Inland and build on the firmer ground.""You are talking foolishness. This land is firm enough, and it is beside the river, it is easy for me to livehere." "All right, later on you will cry."Two years later when he thought he was living comfortably, the river rose and swept his house away."Did I not tell you the river will (sweep) take your house away?"MODELS OF PHRASES 1. Neyete ti kon lost from me2. Mobe sete far away from there3. Nakrit over there4. Dabd doin tie seems so to me; I deem it so; I believeso.5. Jon toni mider the floor6. Jon koin aloft 62 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY [Bull. 162 7. Tibi^n down, humbled8. Tikaninkonti cut down, put out of power9. Kotebi^n biti on the earth10. Ko driebare noire at the appointed time11. No kuro biti by the river's brink12. Kore-kore for ever and ever13. Don round yonder14. Dunkuore some ways ahead or yonder15. Ko mihUbe cleaned of trees, land cleared up16. Gotota wake is on17. Mongone see menses for first time18. Mike kl te put in a fence. (When a girl reachespuberty she is put inside a fenceand initiated into womanhood.)19. Ka kuete eat spinach (the feast for a girl nowmarriageable).20. Ab6kon or abukon maybe; I do not know; perhaps, heher, him; in doubt; by the way; forthis reason, cause, purpose.VOCABULARY Guayml English Spanish a, conj. dboto, advdbukon, dbokon, adv. adj. abuk6n ab6k6n, pronabukonkis6t, abukonki-s?te abukonkore, advl.phrase. acero, n achi, na6? ad? aed? adv. inter. or (a connective thatmarks an alternative;an abbreviation of theword "awane").whereupon, for this reasonor cause, that,expression of doubt; donot know, no certainty ; probably, probable, byall appearances.he, she, that personfor this reason, this is thereason why, so that,therefore cutlass, machete (a shortcutlass) . peniswhere? what shall we do?(it is said of a voyage,or any decision that hasto be made) is that it?is this the same? o (conjunci6n disyuntiva;abreviaci6n de la pa-labra "awane")- asi que, por esta raz6n. expresi6n de duda; no s6,no estoy seguro, puedaser, probable, que puedasuceder; segiin todas lasapariencias.61, ella, aquel.per esta raz6n, esta es laraz6n, asi que, de talmodo, de manera que,per esto.machete, acero.picha.d6nde? que hacemos? (sedice de un viaje 6cualquier cesa que van ahacer) que de este? estees? el mismo? Alphonse] GUAYMI GRAMMAR AND DICTIONARYVOCABULARY?Continued 63 Ouayml English Spanish a6-awane, adva6be, {adj.) pron. a6bea? pronaedre, aedr^bote, adv a6kore, ay6kore, advagu, nainta, nakua, conjakua-dbukon, conjakure, akuere, jakuie, v.alta, namd,? advamare? advdme? amare? amare-ae?.dn, conj angoanka, nanno, awane nio adv.anoin, vantaldn, n anya, nanyakrikude, n.ara, adjara, pronardbe, pronara-mobe, pron. ardwe, pron. ari^, intaro, nasianoa, conjasoa, nawane, conj. since it is so, if it is sothe same, by whom, onlythis or these, "aebebiti ni tau"?"fromwhom we derive our ex-istence."is it he? is it he who?for this reason, for thiscause, wherefore.for this reason, so thatneedlea bird that eats waspbut, yetbut and if it is socomealtarwhere?where? althoughwhere? where is it, where-about?or, except, if (abbrevia-tion of the word "awane").a birdanchoryes, why not?go, to go, let us gocock (the cock of anyspecies of birds).apteryxadjutantyes, why not?the same, he, her, himselfsameexactly the same; it is heby all means. his, her, he or she (everyverb in the past tensedemands that the nounor the pronoun whichprecedes take the suffixwe.)alas! woe is me!ricewhethersnailand, if, except siendo esto asi, si es asi.el mismo, la misma, sola-mente eso o esa, o esas oeses, per el cual, etc. es 61?per este motive, per estacausa,per esta raz6n.aguja.pdjaro que come avispa.pero, empero.pero si es asi.ven.altar,donde.d6nde? aunque.d6nde? d6nde estd? 6, u, fuera de (abreviaci6nde la palabra "awane"). un pdjaro.ancla.si, como no.vaya, ir, vamonos.gallo (el gallo de cualquierespecie de aves).apterix.garza.el mismo, la misma.le, d 61.id6ntico.exactamente lo mismo; esel mismo de todosmodes,el, o, ella (el pret6rito decada verbo demanda queel nombre o pronombreque precede lleva elsufijo we.) ay de mi! ay Iarroz.si, se que.babosa, carac61.y, e, si, aunque, supuestoque. 64 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGYVOCABULARY?Continued [Bull. 162 Ouayml English Spanish awane-bitibe. awe, awule, akule, lyron.reflex. awera, n ay6ay6be, pron baba, nbaba-kons^n, nbabW, nbablure, adjbachi, n badre, nbaibil, nbaila, vbailako, nbailare, vb&lan, nbaljente, adj. bani, nbani-kuata, n.Bapaum, nbari, nbasako, n.basare, v..basorebate, nbdti-1, bobu-2, bomon-3,b6boko-4, b6rigui6-5,boti-6, b6kugu-7,bokuo-8, boj6nkon-9,bojoto-10, bojoto-biti-bati-11, etc. only in this case, onlythen, onl}^ so.of myself, or himself, orherself, of themselves. gill net see "a6"that by whichBturkeywild turkeyflowerflowerypanti (the bark of a treewhich the women beatto a fine texture till itbecomes softer thancloth; a squared strip2 or 3 inches wide and 2feet long is used as aloincloth by women).father, minister, priestbibleto dancedance hall, dancerto dancestaff, spearbrave, worthy, capable(advancing in stature ? rikiadre baliente).tin, panzincking of the Deko Indians,now extinct.bai-relone who goes on a visit,or a walk,to visit, go for an outing,for a walk.an insectbowlone (form used for num-bering times a thing isdone) . solamente en ese case,entonces si.de si mismo, de 61 mismo,o de ella misma, deellos mismos, de ellasmismas.aparejo de mallas parapescar, red.v^ase "a6".por el cual. pavo.pavo silvestre.flor.floreciente.panti. padre, ministro.biblia.bailar.baile lugar donde, bailador.bailar.vara.valiente, bravo, digno (a-vanzando a la juven-tud?rikiadre baliente) . lata, estano.zinc,rey de los Indios extintosllamado Dekos.barrll.el que anda en visita opaseo.pasear. un insecto.bata.uno, o una (refiere a lasveces que hacen algo). Alphonse] GUAYMI GRAMMAR AND DICTIONARYVOCABULARY?Continued 65 Guayml English Spanish bdtibe, advbatore, adjbatoreko, advbatr6n, n be, nbeka, nbeko, Vbeko timon, vbekrie, nbela, nben, prepbenchi, nbensil, nbentrdn, nbeo, adjbesini, nbeteko, v hi, nbi, Vbian, braire, bianbrai, vbian, vbiandre, vbianko, nbiare, advbiare-dabe, advbicho, nbien, vbien, nbien ken, vbienta, vbike, vbike, Vbfke, nbike bonkon, adjbik6ra, v once onlyslow, or slowly, patience. little by littleemployer, busher, onewho employs, the bossof a gang.pumpkinname of personto fall (warning that itwill fall).fall to the grounda treesail (to put up sail, tosail) . with, with him or withher.benchpencilname of person; an insectwise (the wise Sitini) cup, basinto splash, to plunge ahead,to jump at.grandmotheris, am, art, arepromiseto giveto give, may give, shouldgive.givernowat oncetitle of respect to anelderly woman.givea birdto borrowrestore, return, give backagain.is, am, art, etcpretend (is pretending)..pretension, pretentious. .pretend to be big, boast-ful,am about to una sola vez.despacio, pacito, pacien-cia.poco a poco.el amo, patron, el manda-dor. ullama, uyama.nombre de persona,caer, cae. caer al suelo.un drbol.vela (poner vela). con, con 61 6 ella.banca.lapiz.nombre; un insecto.sabio (Sitini Beaba-ElSabio Sitini).vaso, taza.brincar, saltar. abuela.es, eres, sois, son.(promesa) prometer.dar.para dar.dador.ahora.ahora mismo.abuela.dar.un pdjaro.prestar.restituir, devolver. es, eres, etc.pretender (est6 preten-diendo) . pretensi6n, pretensioso.pretende ser grande, jac-tancioso, fanfar6n.listo para ir o hacer algunacosa. 66 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGYVOCABULARY?Continued [Bull. 162Quaymt English Spanish bilbod, nbile, nbil6n, n binkin, nbfnkin-bete, nbinle, nbintfn, adv birao, nbisi, n bfsira, n bfti, n biti, prep bitini, prepbla, nbldntdn, nbles, blesdre, vbleto, nblitako, n blite, Vblite, V. (fut. blitai, pret.blitani, blitaba, blita-bare, blitamane, pos.pret. blitabarera, imp.trans, blitawunamane) . bio, adjblowaro, blowara rnnii, nblu, n blure, nbo, n name of a persona pilla pestle, a mortar inwhich to beat corn orrice,vein, a plant used formedicine.pulsepinrecently, not too longago, lately, of late. craft, a large canoea family of the tucanspecie of curved billbirds,name of a place along thebanks of the Crica-mola River,the frigate bird on, by, after, over, above. above, over, on top of,upon, up above.flask plantainname of a placeto blessplatethe one who speaks, thespeaker.to speakto talk (see Conjunctionin Grammar). wrong, unjust, injustice,twisted.flourflower (abbreviation ofthe word flower "ba-blii").bluecolor, appearance nombre de una persona,pfldora.pil6n, mortero para ma-chacar. vena, una planta medici-nal.pulso.alfiler.reciente, recientemente, nohace mucho tiempo, unrato hace.navichuelo.una especie de tucdn, avetropadora americana quetiene el pico arqueado.nombre de un lugar a laorilla del rio Cricamola.pdjaro del mar vulgar-mente Uamado Tijeras.sobre, por, d, con, cerca,despufe, tras, seguidade, segun.sobre, arriba. una clase de pldtano.nombre de un lugar.bendecir.plato.el que habla.hablar.hablar. mal, incorrecto, injusticia,injusto, torcido.harina.abreviaci6n de la palabra "bablii"?flor. anil, azdl.color, apariencia. Alphonse] GUAYMI GRAMMAR AND DICTIONARYVOCABULARY?Continued 67Guayml English Spanish bo, V. bobe? advbobo, n...b6bota, n.boiene, i?_ boke, nbokof, nbokolore, n_bokon, adj.. b6kon, adv--b6kone, v bokrien, v bokroin, n__bokrondo, n.bokukara, n.bokuke, v bokukako, n seem as, (conj.) as if, (v.)resemble, (n.) resem-blance (an ironicalphrase denoting dis-dain; in that case it isan interjection: bo I asif it is so! or true! orreall "bo metre bore!true it seems!")how many times?frogfrogto fast (abstention fromfood cooked on fire thatis used by others in thehut under the orders ofthe Sukya; the sick aretabooed from thingscooked on that fire,especially if used by apregnant woman andthe male responsiblefor her condition, (n.taboo.)name of a manspirit (bad) duppy, aghost.twingentle, faithful, honor-able, honest, loyal,trustful, sincere.gentlytake unjustly, adultery,to take the woman ofanother man; possess,to grow the young of anyanimal, chickens, pigs,etc.mossa bird; the rupicolaointmentto anoint, to cauterize awound, to burn one'sself with a cauterizer.what is used to cauterizea wound, the one or thething used to cauterizea wound. parece asi, como, seme-jante a, semblanza (ex-presi6n de desprecio). cuantas veces?sapo.sapo.ayunar, observar el ayunaque los Sukyas imponenpara evitar el empeo-ramiento del enfermo.Entonces el enfermo nopuede comer de cosascocidas sobre fuego deque comen otras per-sonas, especialmentemujeres encinta y delmarido de ella. nombre de un hombre.fantasma, espiritu, algocurioso.gemelo, mellizo.gentil, fi61, honrado, ho-nesto, leal.gentilmente, etc.tener injustamente, cogermujer de otro, adul-terio, poseer.para criar o cuidar, criadade polios, o de puereosu otra cosa.musgo.un pdjaro.unguento.para ungir, cauterizer unaherida, quemar a simismo.lo que usa para cauterizaruna herida, restanar unaherida con caustico. 68 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGYVOCABULARY?Continued [Bull. 162Quayml English Spanish bola, nboldn, adjboloko, adjbolore, adjbomeuta, nbomoinbare, vb6mon, adjb6in6n, nbomonkri, nbom6ute, nbomontik6, v, nbon, adjbondokuo, nbonen, nb6ngokuo, n b6nkon, advb6nkon, adjb6non, nbononoin, v. (Jut. bononoai, pret. bononnuri)b6nton, nbontr6n, nb6ntr6n mik6, vbonuore, adjbonwae, nbore, adj.bore, advbori, adj bori, advborirasi, adv borisi, advbose, Vbosi, nbosQka, bosukata, v ballniceshort and fat, chubbyround, rotundpomade, vaselineobserved the Sunday, orrested on it.three timesSunday, weekGood FridaySundayto keep a feast, and alsothe feast itself.grey or graylilycabbagea kind of seed used by theIndians to remove theirbeard,just so without premedi-tation,honorable, real confiden-tial.tasteto tastebuttongrowlto groan..beautiful, pretty, lovely. _ gray fisharoundas if it is truemore, greater, bigger(used with all adjec-tives to indicate degreeof comparison; a thingcan only be "good" and "bori good").very, muchvery much more, all themore, more so, in spiteof.almostlick, sucksister-in-law, daughter-in-law.to anoint bola.sabroso.corto y gordo.redondo.pomada, vaselina.observ6 el Domingo, odescansaba entonces.tres veces.Domingo, semana.Viernes Santo.Domingo,para observar una fiesta,y la fiesta misma.gris.liiro.remolacha.una especie de semilla queusan los Indios para quitarla barba.asi sin premeditaci6n.honorable, digno. sabor.saborear.bot6n.grunido.grunir.bello, bonito, bonita.una especie de pescado.alrededor.como si fuere la verdad.com. mds, mayor, masgrande, mejor, 6ptimose usa con adjetivospara hacer comparaeion muy, mucho.mucho mas, mas intenso. casi.(chupar) mamar.cufiada, yerna. ungir. Alphonse] GUAYMI GRAMMAR AND DICTIONARYVOCABULARY?Continued 69 Guayml English Spanishbosukako, nbosukara, nbota, ftbQto, ftboto, boto kri, n boto, prep botoeko, Vb6toko, adjb6toko, nbotokri, nbotokus, nbotori, advbotorikiri, nbrai, adj braibe, adjbraiko, adjbraire, vbrance, adjbrare, nbrare, adjbrdsuko, nbrea, nbren, adjbren, nbrene, advbresentere, adv. . brete, nbreyasie, ftbrimo, adjbro, Vbro, ftbro, ftbrokuo, ftbron, advbrukuo, ftbrurare, adjbrutu, ft ointment, that whichanoints,ointmenta kind of plantain, itiotiplantain,bark, vessela plant used by Indiantherapeutics to inducevomiting.on, by, over, near (for thisreason or cause).to splash, to beatall kindsall kinds of animalsa medicinal plant .. a kind of yamoutsidethe outside of any thing. . cheap, smart, clever, ac-tive, a smart fellow (nibrai) . fewsmall, shortchallengeFrenchman, a brave onebravebottle, flask plantainwaxsicksicknesssicklygratisbreadprayerslipperyis, am, aregrandsonsproutgallreadyheartnakedbreast con que se unge, el queunge.unguento.especie de pldtano.barco.especie de planta que usanlos Indies come em^tico. sobre, por, encima, cerca(per esta raz6n) botod,bukon.brincar.toda clase.toda clase de bestias.planta que usan paramedicina,una especie de yame.parte de afuera.el lado de afuera de algunacosa.barato, active, vivo, ligero. poco.pequeno.desafiar.Frances.hombre, persona de valen-tfa.valiente.botella.cera, lacre.enfermo.enfermedad.enfermizo.gratis,pan.oraci6n.resbaladizo, resbalozo.es, eres, estar.nieto.v^stago.hiel.listo.coraz6n,desnudo.pecho. 70 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGYVOCABULARY?Continued [Bull. 162Quaymf English Spanish bu, n. bucha, nbuchu, buchuru, nbui, nbukd, V. impbukd.be, adjbukddre, vbukdko, nbukara, nbukata, nbukata, vbuke, Vbuke, Vbukere, buk6re, adjbiikete, vbiikube, interj bule, nbulekuo, bulekuo kri, adjbumu, nbun, nbura, nburachi, nbur6, nbur6, adjburere, advburo, nbusunlin, nbuti, nbuti6, nbutiere, adj chaba, nchacha, nchakdn, n guava, a kind of locusplant, the pods con-taining seeds wrappedin soft cottonlike cov-ering that is sweet.knifeprimitive bananabuoygive to eatlazyfeedfeederthat in which one eatsa trough made from theleaf of a palm tree.feedingfeedto fandimto lighta sudden crashing sound,anything that happenssuddenly.bellybellied, big belly, a glut-ton.boomgranddaughterdeera bird that lives in thegrassy swamplands,the young of any peopleor race.fine, dustfine to powdera palm from which boardsare made for huts,secretary birdjugvaginanaked Chhatchet (hammer)kingfishera kind of toad 'tama-tama", tamarindo,guava. cuchilla.especie de guineo primi-tive.boya.dar de comer.perezoso.dar de comer.el que da de comer a otro.con lo que se da de comer.una artesa hecha de la hojade la jira.dando de comer.dar de comer,abanicar.oscuro.prender.sonido que viene de re-pente.barriga.barrig6n, que come mucho.botal6n.nieta.venado, ciervo.un pajarito que vive en lasyerbas del fango.prole de alguna raza. fino.fino hasta polvo.palma de que hacenmadera para casas.gavilan.jarro.chucha.desnudo. hacha (martillo).abubilla.una clase de sapo. Alphonse] GUAYMI GRAMMAR AND DICTIONARYVOCABULARY?Continued 71 Guaymi English Spanish chambra, n chami, nchan, nchan, nchanka, n che, nchen, chengro, nchi, adjchi, advchibd, nchibo, nchib6ngoto, nchib6-ngob6, nchichik6n, chichikoli, nchiko, chik6n, nchina, nchino, nchiri, nchiroli, nchirr^, nchiwi, ncho, ncho, chokuata, nchoa, nchoba, nchobrd, 71chokuo, ncholi, ncholube, cholibu, nchoma, nchonchon, n chotri, nchube, n churd, chrii, n Ciri Klave, n plant called locust; stink-ing toe.name of a womanname of a womancrowname of a man or a wo-man; a small kind oftoad,excrement of a girl baby_Negrosmalllittlename of a mangoatmuttonkidname of a manname of a manname of a womanname of a mansore, ulcername of a womanname of a manforeignername of a mana fishname of a womanname of a womanname of a manname of a womanname of a manibisname of a mana small kind of ibisname of a manthe horsefly; name of aman. a seashell according to their folk-lore, Ciri Klave couldread and write andcould make gun andneedle; a mythologicalfigure. canafistula. nombre de mujer.nombre de mujer.Cuervo, gallinaso.nombre de mujer o hom-bre; una clase de sapo. excremento de una ninita.negro.pequeno.poco.nombre de un hombre.chivo, cabrito.came de oveja.cabrito.nombre de un hombre.nombre de un hombre.nombre de una mujer.nombre de un hombre.Uaga, ulcera.nombre de una mujer.nombre de un hombre.extranjero.nombre de un hombre.un pescado.nombre de una mujer.nombre de una mujer.nombre de un hombre.nombre de una mujer.nombre de un hombre.garza.nombre de un hombre.una especie de garza muypequefia.nombre de un hombre.una mosca que pica caba-llos, nombre de unhombre.carac61. segun foklorico dicen queCiri Ivlave era un indioque sabia letras, podiahacer aguja y escapeta. 349563?5 ( 72 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGYVOCABULARY?Continued [Bull. 162 Guayml English Spanish da, V.dabd, V. (Jut. del vbo,deber, tener, hacer). dababa, vdabMirata, v. dai, n_ dain, v. daiota, ndaire, advdaiun, advdaite, vdani, vdare, ndati, adj. (dobu 2, domon3, d6boko 4, d6rigui65, doti 6, d6kugu 7,d6kuo 8, dojonkon 9,jojoto 10).d4, advdeb6, advdeb6ko, v. (imp. n. de-beadreko) . Dto cause a sick person tohave a relapse.auxiliary verb which de-notes the future of theverb; will, shall, may,can, etc.the past tense of the verb "dabd".expresses the future of theverb "to be" in an im-perative sense. a fork, a lance with threepoints, a three-prongedspear,when a pregnant womansees a sick person or theman who is responsiblefor her condition, thesick is said to have been "dain" and is likely tobecome worse and evendie; to cause a sick per-son to have a relapseaccording to their su-perstitious beUef.a demonlong timea long distance awaypast tense of the verb "dain."past tense of the verb "dain".dayone (when countingbunches, like a bunchof plantain or bananas) . lateenough, sufficientlet loose, let go, loose, torelinquish. causar el empeoramientode un enfermo.aux. del vbo; tene, poder. el preterito del vbo dabd.que expresa la combina-ci6n del verbo ser en eltiempo futuro, con laidea de un imperative omando.tenedor, una lanza contres puntas.danar a un enferno en unamanera supersticiosa. un demonio.largo tiempo.larga distancia, muy dis-tante.pret. del verbo "dain." pret. del verbo "dain."dfa.uno (como un racimo deplatano o de guineo). tarde.suficiente, bastante.soltar, afiojar, desencade-nar, permitir, dejar. Alphonse] GUAYMI GRAMMAR AND DICTIONARYVOCABULARY?Continued 73Quayml English Spanish d6ko, n. dek6be, advdeme, adjdeme, advden, V. (deyenko, imp. de-yenko kobore, take a-way or take out, Uevaafuera; deyenkokon,take away from, tomarde; deyen guo, takehome, lleva a la casa;denyen jaben, takewith, lleva con; den-yen ja di biti, take byforce, Ueva por lafuerza; denyen gore,immorality, imoral-idad.)dend^nkuata, ndeo, ndera, adj. (n.) (ni d6ra,the ancient, losancianos) . dera, nderabe, advder^?, pron.d6re, ndereko, adv.df, ndiablu, n.dibd, dibdn, n. (dibantreor dibauntre, plur.).dib6, dib^re, v. (dibedre,may ask, should ask;dib^i, shall ask; (n.)dibeko, pleader, beg-gar). the first day, age, ormorning; early, soon,(doubling the word em-phasizes or stresses howearly; Indian tribe nowextinct, Escudo deVeraguas) . very early in the morning.meek, affable, placidtenderly, gently, easily,softly.take sea fan used as a seive . nightancient, olden, old a birdolden time, of old, longtime ago, hours ago.what?eveningtoward eveningforce, power, might,strength,satan, the devil, any evilspirit or thing,the woman taken in afterthe first wife; rival.plead, supplicate, ask,beg. el primer siglo, manana,temprano, madrugada;tribu indfgena. muy temprano.suave, con ternura, manso.tiernamente, suavemente.tomar, coger. cedazo del mar, tamfz.noche.anciano, antano, viejo. un pdjaro.antiguamente, hace tiem-po, horas j'a.qu6?tarde.por la tarde.fuerza, poder. satanas, el diablo, espiritumalo.rival; nombre de la otramujer de un mismohombre.pedir, rogar, orar, suplicar. 74 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGYVOCABULARY?Continued [Bull. 162 Ouayml dibf , adjdibire, adv dibiriko, vdibo, ndien, v. (dial ? fut., diri ? imp., d i a n i?p.,d i a d r e?p r e s.,dluni?that which isboiled, diawunaincommand it to beboiled) . dikd, adv. (dikaruore) _ _dikd, Vdike, Vdike, n -_.dik6ko, Vdlkima, ndime, adjdinan, adjdinanmen, ndineyeko, adjdiore, adjdiri, ndirioe, ndirire, v dirire, adj diririte, vdite, adjdite, dit6men, nditeko, Vdo, ndo, ndo (sdo), n English Spanish hard, difficulturgently, with all ve-hemence, constantly. ceased (since today)a trap to catch armadillo.to boil, to seethe, cook too muchimp. of the verb "dike,"to sew.sew, calk, paint faceface paintto walk about, to be ableto move about or stir.bananafirm, stiff, tight, sourweak, has no strengthdebility, weakness, feeblefolk,languid, faint, loss ofstrength, feeble, weak.dimspecies of moUusk com-monly called sea beef.a signto show, to guide, todirect,of a reddish color, soundcoming in with per-sistence.meltstrongrelativemeet, to cause to joinsmell, foamiguanarum, alcohol, chicha;name of a person. fuerte, duro, dificil.con toda urgencia, urgen-t e m e n t e, constante-mente.hace cesar, ces6.trampa para coger arma-dillo.hervir, cocer, buUir. muy, mucho, muy mucho,repleto.imp. del verbo "dike,"coser.coser, galafatear, pintar lacara.pintura que usen para lacara.caminar.guineo, banano.firme, tirante, tieso, agrio.d6bil, no tiene fuerza.debilidad, los enfermizos.Idnguido, abatido, p^rdidade fuerza, d6bil.oscuro.una especie de molusco. sena.ensenar, dirigir, guiar.de color rojo, sonido queviene con persistencia.derretir, fundir.fuerte.familia.juntar, encontrar.olor.iguana.ron, alcohol, chicha;nombre de un persona. Alphonse] GUAYMI GRAMMAR AND DICTIONARYVOCABULARY?Continued 75Quaymf English Spanish doa, ndoana or duana, ndoanane or duanane, ?_doba, or droM, vdobe?, adjdobien, vdobienta, vdobo, TOdob6, prepdoboa (kuita doboa) {n.)doboba, adjdobobi, n doboimetako, ndoboimete, vdoboko, adjdobdnea, inter, v d6boro, nd6boro drunyen, ndob6ro, d6bor6, ndodo, ndogd, ndoin, V. (jaroa, fut.;dosoba, pret; jaroani,past.).doke, Vdokete, vdoko, advdokoite, vdokoko, n d6kora, n dokora, ndokote, V grandfatherson-in-lawto courtdrunkhow many?wantto desire againearthbehindsardine, spratcolored, variegated, dif-ferent colors,the person who admitsinto the mysterious ritecalled "gwur6."graveyard, burying place,sepulcher.to bury the deadheavyas in the sentence: I won-der if he is going. Theidea conveyed is ironi-cal.?Is there any cer-tainty about that or ofwhatever thing is beingspoken of.threadcottonmud, dirt, swamphorned owlmacawto hear, to feel, to suck.. to beatto sting, to piercesoftly, gentlyfuture tense of doketethe one who beats outanything, or the thingin which it is beaten,a large bird with whiteand black feathers; eatssnakes,vessel in which anythingis beaten,draw out abuelo.yerno.solicitar, enamorarse.borracho.cuantos?desear, quiere.desea otra vez.barro.detrds.sardina.rayado, variado.la persona que admite enel misterioso rito 11a-mado "gwur6."entierro. enterrar el muerto.pesado.(como en la frase) noindub6nea, el va? Conironia. ilo.algod6n.lodo, fango, basura, cieno,basura.lechuga.papagayo, ara.oir, sentir, mamar, chupar. batir,picar.pacito.fut. de dokete.el que batea alguna cosa,o la cosa en que bateaalgo.halcon que come culebratiene plumas negras yblancas.cosa en que batea algo. extraer. 76 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGYVOCABULARY?Continued [Bull. 162Quayml English Spanishdokuo or dokua, ndokuo kro, ndokuo kuata, ndokuo otore, ndokuore, conj. adv.dol6n, adj. partdon, adv donkin, n dooi, adjdoredor6, V. (doredre?beborn; naciere doreni,pret.; dorebare, pret.;dorei, fut.) . d6rebe, adjdori, dori6, ndorire, adjdori6 den, v. (dorie ni-mien?bleed, echarsangre) . doro, n. (doro kro?neckbone, cerviz).dorore, vdose, Vdota, V dotako, n dote, adjdote, V. (botoi, fut.;botoni, pret.; dotoba ordotobare, pret.; doto-barera, pos. pret.).dotere, v. (dotedre) head.skuU.scalp. a demonfor this reason, for thiscause.cookedthe other side Sukya, medicine man,prophet; the man whopreserves in his mem-ory the traditions, cus-toms, and practices ofthe tribe.wiseease, ceasmg pam.to be born soft, easy...bloodbloodydraw blood. neck, throat.to wade in the water,to swim,to smellto make straight, tostraighten (to drain, todr)'^ fish or meat; draina swamp, etc.).one who straightens any-thing; the place wherea thing is put to dry.ofiFensivetrample (this verb changesits ending to "o" for itsconjugation). to weave, to build, todress, to spin. cabeza.craneo.tegumento que cubre elcrdneo.un demonio.por esta raz6n, por estacausa,cocido.al otro lado, aM en laotra playa 6 el otrolugar.Sukya, curandero, pro-feta; el que guarda lastradiciones cuentos ylas costumbres del tribu. sabio.cesar, cesa de doler.nacer. liso, suave,sangre.sangriento.sangrar. cuello, pescuezo, garganta. vadear hasta el pescuezoen el agua, nadar.oler.hacer recto, hacer secar(como carne o pez sobreel fuego). Secar elfango.el que hace recto algunacosa; el lugar donde sepone algo para secarse.Oloroso.pisotear, hollar (este verbocambia en "o" para laconjugacion). tejer, construir, fabricar,vestir. Alphonse] GUAYMI GRAMMAR AND DICTIONARYVOCABULARY?Continued 77 Guayml English Spanish dotro, advdotuko, Vdotuko, adjdrdnku^n, vdrankuane, adjdre? jprondre, frondre-boto, conjdr^kebe, advdreke-dreke, advdrekore?drekua, 'prondrewe, pron ?dr^wetre, n. (plu.)dribe, ndrieko, ndriere, v. (driedre)drigd, ndrin, ndriridi, ndroa, ndroare, ndrobdnike, ndrobanoako, ndrobare, vdrochi, ndroi, ndrore, vdrore, ndru, ndrukuata, ndru-oro, ndrun, ndrune, adjdrunien or drunyen, ndu, ndua or dualeka, nduana, nduanane, vdubudubua, ndubiin, adjdiiburu, n quick, quickly, swiftly... to bendbentfeverfeverishwhat?whatfor what reasonquickin a hurrywhereforewhich, whatsoeverthat, that thing or personthose persons or childrenscorpionteacher; one who shows.show; teachtarponyampia whistlewhite face monkeyany food carried on a voy-age,to go on a drunk; revelry.drunkarddrunk a small monkeyglandto tirefatigue, wearinessconch, shoulderconch shella pearlyamblackhaircanoe, ship, warpelicanson-in-lawto courtspratspratangry, vex, fiercefish scale ligero, pronto, ligera-mente.torcer, desviar.torcido.fiebre.calenturiento.que?que, aquello que.por que raz6n.ligero, pronto,con ligereza.porque.cual.aquel, eso, esa, aquello,aquel cosa.aquellas personas, o nifios.escorpi6n.el que enseiaa, maestro,ensenar.tarp6n, sdbalo.yampi.un silbo.mono (cara blanca).pufiado de comida que selleva en viaje.borarchera.borracho.emborrachado, emborra-char, para emborrachar.un pequeno mono.gMndula.cansar.cansancio.carac61, hombro.concha,perla.yame.negro,pelo.cayuco, canoa, vapor, gue-rra.pelfcano.y^rno.enamorar.sardina.sardina.bravo, enojado, feroz.escama de pescado. ^ -.h 78 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGYVOCABULARY?Continued [Bull. 162 Guayml English Spanish dui, nduiti, n duiti, adj dukd, ndukd, V. (dukadre, pot.mood) . duko, n. (dukodre, likea soldier).duko kobobuye, nduku, ndukuna, ndumoine, vdun, ndunenta, ndunkune, n.dunkuore, advdunmen, dundre n.duon, nduore, adjduore, adjduorengwa, advduorengwane, adv^dura, ndura, Vdure, w___dur6, adj.duroire, vdurub6n, ndurumoine, duroboindre,duruboine, v.durumoinko, durubonko, n_duti, n 6, adj. a small birdfish roasted in palmleaves; food carried inleaves.one (see form of countingin Grammar). cedar, pearto come (part of theverbs dukadre, jatadre,kite, etc.).soldier, warriorgeneral, captaingannet boobycrest, topknotto kissfathernear father, uncle, step-father,grand master of Gwur6-_.in that directionparentscloth, clothes, suit, dress.,some, a few, equal alikesometimessometimesbastard cedarpast tense of the verb tohear, heard,to war, to go by boat, toembark,young, unfit fruitdistributewater dog, the otter.seU trader, merchant,crab E true, right, certain, per-fect, correct, sure, gen-uine. un pdjaro pequeiio.pescado asado en hojas depalma; comida en pa-quete hecha de hojas.uno, etc. (la manera decontar cosas llevadas enpaquetes hechas dehojas) . cedro, aguacate.venir, ha de venir (partedel verbo dukadre, ja-tadre, kite).soldado, guerrero (comoun soldado).general, capitdn.zote.fontanche, cresta.besar.l^adre.padre, tio, padrastro. Jefe de la logia secreta delos Indios.en esa o aquella direcci6n.padres, parientes.ropa, tela, vestido, traje.algo de, un poco, algunos,igual.lo mismo.a veces.a veces.cedro macho,pret. del verbo oir, doin.luchar, pelear, ir a laguerra.fruta que no esta hecha omadura.distribuir.nutria,vender. comerciante.cangrejo. cierto, real, genuine, pro-pio, correcto, seguro. Alphonse] GUAYMI GRAMMAR AND DICTIONARYVOCABULARY?Continued 79 Ouayml English Spanish 6, adv68,7, inter j 6bo!, interj^bore!, interj6kure! interjelenkan, nelenkan mike, V-- ene, adjera, adverara, adverara bokone, advere, adj., adv erere, adjerere, adv6se?, pron. interj.esleti, n6teba, n ga, V. (gai, fut.; gani,pret.; gaba, pret.; ga-bare, pret.; gari, pret.).gain, vgain, Vgainte, v gaire, vgand, n. (gand yae)gandn, nganane, ganaine, vgare, v. (gare, pret.; gani,pret.; garera, se sabej^a; gabare, pret.).gdrobo, ng6,ngobe, ngobi, Vgobrdn, ngoko, n truly, etcis it true? etclooks like true! (irony)true man! true friend!yes man (irony)necromancyto practice necromancy orobeah.ailing, peevishof a truth, trulysurelyvery trueplenty, much (said ofbulky objects).same, equallike as, alsois it so?slatesister (when a sister isaddressing another sis-ter); brother (when abrother is addressinganother brother). prove, tempt, solicit, know. watch, spy upon (to temptdeliberately) . to seeto lose, to cause to be lost(anything, or person) . to be ashamedgamblegainto gain, to winto know nothingrobbery, theftname of a personintention to robgovernment, governorthief ciertamente, etc.es cierto?, etc.parece cierto! (ironia).cierto amigo! (ironia).si hombre! (ironia).brujeria.practicar brujeria. enfadoso, mimada.de veras, verdaderamente.seguramente.muy cierto.mucho, abundante (se usacon objetos en bultos).mismo, igual, semejante.asi mismo, tambi^n.es asi?pizarra.hermana (cuando una her-mana estd hablando aotra hermana) , hermano(cuando un hermanoesta hablando a otrohermano) . probar, tentar, solicitar,saber. aguaitar, velar. perder, perecer, causar lap^rdida de alguna cosa.avergonzar.juego.ganancia.para ganar, veneer,saber. nmguna cosa.robo.nombre de una persona.intenci6n para robar ohurtar.gobierno, gobernador.Iadr6n. 80 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGYVOCABULARY?Continued [Bull. 162 Ouayml English Spanish gokoko, V. (gokakoba,preL; gokaiko, fuL;gokariko, pret.', gok-dninko, pret.).gore, Vgota, ngracia, ngr6, n. (30 gr6-biti-kuo-joto, etc. ; 40 gr^ket6bu(dos veintenas, or twotwenties or scores);50 gr6keteboku-biti-kuojoto (dos veintenasmas diez or two scoresand ten) . grera, ngrine, adjgro,wgrobiti, adjgrotadreko, vgru,ngrukeko, vgu, ngua, v..gudike, Vgueb6, adj.. guedd, adjguedd, V. (guedai, fuL;guedani, pret.; guedd-ba, pret.) .guer^?, interj. pronguetaguetd, nguetadre, v. (guetai, fut. ;ngetani, pret.; guetaba,pret.). to hang __ to rob, to stealprovision, subsistencethanksone score, numbering isdone in scores. the twentieth daysharphandlein power, having author-ity,to run ashore, aground,or on a sand bank.uncleto cause to tremble, toshake.a hole, an owlto flog, to scourgeto mendwithout food, meatless(to eat food withoutmeat) . angry, coleric, iri-itated__the act of being angry orirritated. what? what relation?the dead, deaththe dead, deathdie colgar. robar, hurtar.provisi6n, subsistencla.gracia.veintena, las numeracionesse hacen de veintena enadelante. adelante. el dfa veinte.afilado.manecilla.tiene poder, o autoridad. aterrar, ir a tierra, secarsobre un banco,tfo.hacer temblar, temblar,sacudir, temer.un hueco, lechuza, agujero.castigar, azotar.remendar.sin carne, sin comida(comida sin carne). caliente, irritado, enojado,colerico.el acto de ser colerico oenojado.que? que pariente?la muerte.la muerte. Alphonsej GUAYMI GRAMMAR AND DICTIONARYVOCABULARY?Continued 81Quayml English Spanish guet6, n. A religious wake of theGuaymi. It is theirbelief that by meansof this wake the Suk-yas can exorcise evilspirits. Generally thewakes begin on Sun-days and end 5 dayslater. During thenights of the wake noIndian there will sleep.During those days theywill not work. Theyare watching for thespirit that caused thesickness, or that causedthe dream which thesick person has had.Across the entrances tothe huts where thewake is thej' put a vinewith nooses to catchthe spirit that causedthe sickness or thedream. They makearches of wild canesand beside the wildcane arches they putcrosses of balsa wood.At the foot of thecrosses they burn thenest of termites, andthe leaves of a vinethat give off a disagree-able smell when thesmoke begins to rise.During the nights themedicine men drop in-to the eyes of the wakekeepers a preparationto prevent their dream-ing. The object of thewake is to avoiddreams. When an In-dian dreams, he be-lieves that he willsurely die, and thestrange thing about itis that he really dies. Velorio religioso de estatribu. Es creido quepor medio de este velo-rio los Sukyas puedenexorcisar demonios.Generalmente el velorioempieza los Domin-gos y termina cinco dfasdespu6s. Dui'ante estasnoches del velorio losindios no duermen.Durante esos dfas notrabaJan. Estan velan-do por el fantasma,causa del mal o elsueno que ha tenidoel enfermo. A trav^sde las entradas de lacasa d6nde estd, el Velo-rio, se ponen bejucoscon nudos para coger elespiritu causante de laenfermedad o el sueno.Se hacen arcos de canassilvestres, y al lado delas canas que forman losarcos, se aiTeglan crucesde balsa. Al pie de lascruces queman nidos depiojo y las hojas deunos bejucos que tienenun olor muy desagrada-ble cuando empieza asubir el humo. Durantelas noches, los curan-deros hechan una pre-paraci6n en los ojos delos que estan velandopara evitar el sueno.El objeto del velorio espara evitar el sueno.Cuando el Indio suenael cree que morird se-gui'amente, y lo ex-trano es que pasa lomismo como sofiaba. 82 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGYVOCABULARY?Continued [BU11..162Quayml English Spanish gui, nguiteko, Vguo, adv..guo, ngute, adj.gwo, ngwur6, n_ gwurore, adv. I, nibid, nibiii-tali, nicha, nigl6, nigl6bu, nikadre, ikako, nike, Vikuirri, niman, nimante, adjinchonkro, inchinkro, nins6n, nins6n gu, nintrain, nintrainkain, vIril, nIridikibe, niriratro, niriwi, n house, home, domesti-cated, not wild,to push, to shove not long ago, a little whileago, this very minute.homehaving holeshomethe ceremony by whichneophytes are intro-duced into the mys-teries, liturgies, andsacred rites of thetribe.quickly, with no inten-tion to delay. maize or Indian cornsugarcanea snake not regarded asvenomous.an apparitionan English-speaking per-son.an Englishmanburnt crustto burn in the pot as thecrust.a little birdsandsandynose bridgenosenostrilsurineurinatename of a womanAlmighty God (languageof a neighboring tribe) . the suncurassow (wild turkey) _ _ casa, hogar, de casa, no essilvestre.empujar, estoquear, estro-pear.ahora mismo, este me-mento, un rato.casa.ladrado entre si, tienehueco.casa.la ceremonia por la cuallos ne6fitos estan intro-ducidos en las costum-bres y reciben ensenan-zas en las liturgias, loscdnticos y cosas sagradasde la tribu.ligeramente, para no de-morar. mafz.cana.una culebra no venenosa.fantasma.un ingl6s.persona que habla ingles, ypertenece a Inglaterra.secado y quemado.pegado a la oUa. un pajarito.arena.arenoso.caballete de la nariz.nariz.canon de la nariz.orina.orinar.nombre de mujer.Dios Todo Poderoso. el sol.pavo (silvestre). Alphonse] GUAYMI GRAMMAR AND DICTIONARYVOCABULARY?Continued 83 GuaymJ English Spanish iroli, n. iti, adj. nibu, nimon, ni-buko, nirigui^, nitf,nfkugu, nikuo, nijon-kon, nijoto.itire-itire, adj Ito, niwe, pron. ]a, pron.jaba, V. (jabadre, atre-verse, jababa, pret.;jababare, pos. pret.).Jabdla, njaboerebe, adjjabokukara, njab6n, njabosukara, njabuke, vjaddinko, v. (jad^nko,jadariko, pret.; jadd-ninko, pre^; jaddkoba,pret.; jadaninanko,pos. pret.).jadikaire, vjadikako, njadinoin, vjadomikaramane, njadotere, v..jaduore, adjjaduy4, jaduyeko, njaduyere, vja ] again, v. a bench, a stool one (the manner used forcounting persons). every, one by onename of a manhe, she, it, him, her, they,them. the equivalent for all pos-sessive pronouns,attempt, venture name of a manof the same appearance. _.ointmentsoaplinimentfeed, cohabit (the sexact, especially on thepart of a woman) . to make fun or jokes; toplay vdth a womanwith a view. boasta boaster. wi'estle, try strengthperfume (literally, tomake me smell sweet),to dress oneself, to adornoneself,in the same case, a sharerin, partner in.enemyhate, to hold enmityagainst,to test one, to prove, to 'M. tempt.o, n ^1 tempter, one who puts to?^ the test another. banquillo, un asiento,banca.uno (la manera que se usapara contar personas). uno por uno, cada uno,cada.nombre de un hombre.61, ella, lo, los, ellos, ellas,etc. el equivalente de todos lospronombres posesivos.atentar, atreverse, ven-turarse. nombre de un hombre.de la misma apariencia.ungiiento.jab6n.ungiiento,comer, cohabitar. hacer chistes, acariciar,hacer chuscada. jactarse.uno que habla en unamanera jactanciosa.probar fuerza.perfume.para vestirse, poner ropa,vestirse.en la misma condici6n, enel mismo caso.enemigo.odiar, tener odio.probar, tentar.tentador, el que prueba aotro. 84 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGYVOCABULARY?Continued [Bull. 162 Guayml English Spanishjagaire, vmike jagaire, v.jakaiiibori, vjakaintori, njakara, njakore, vjakrienko, vjakroke, prepjakroke, conjjakunkiene, njama, njamaka, njamikebori, vjaminienko, vjamokete, vjamokote, njamokoteko, njamoroko, njamorokore, vjan! interjjanamukoire, njangi^bien, vjdnkunu, advjare, njaroa, vjata, Vjate, njateri, njateta, jatrita, prep. jatikeko, vjato, jatota, njatQkaintori, vjatote, njatote, advjatote, jatotekore, v to shameto make one feel ashamedto boastracesomething to hold onto make a thing one's ownto hold back oneself, torestrain, to shrink,phrase that indicates foroneself,for this cause, so then,after all.two persons having thesame birthday; sameage.hammerhammockto exalt oneselfto swing-. _to marrymarriagethe place and the personthat celebrates matri-mony.friend, relativeto befriendan expression that pre-cedes anger,sodomy, homosexuality. _ to revengeconstantly, continually..a relativeto hear, to feelto comethe shore, the land, theinterior, the south,one who comes from theinterior,by the interior, along thecoast.to cut oneselfinlandto restrain oneself; tem-perate.my fireside, my homebackwardto go back avergonzar.hacerle pasar vergQenaa.jactarse.carrera.algo para agarrar.para poseer.detenerse, restrinir.frase que indica para simismo.por esta causa, asi que, enfin.dos personas que tienen lamisma fecha de naci-miento; contemporaneo.martillo.hamaca.ensalzar a si mismo.mecer.casar, celebrar matrimonio.casamiento.el lugar, 5' la persona quecelebra matrimonio. amigo, familia.amigar.expresi6n que precede larabia.homosexualidad.vengar.constantemente.una familia.oir, sentir.venir.a tierra, hacia la tierra, in-terior, el sur.uno que viene del interior.por el interior, cerca de laplaya, o de la ribera, porla costa.para cortar a si mismo.tierras interinas.para restrinir a si mismo,templanza.hogar.tras, detrds.noin jatote. ir atrds. Alphonse] GUAYMI GRAMMAR AND DICTIONARYVOCABULARY?Continued 85Guaymf English Spanishjawe, pron.jayaire, advjazukako, njazuke, t?...jene, adj?jenena, n__jenena, adj.jefie, adjj6tebe, adv. j^tebete, advji, njiali, njialire, adjjibd, nji6biti, prepnoin ji6bitiji^bore, vjikibd, njire, adj jirere, adj. (jirere ja tori)jir^kobe, advjirfikore, advjisa, njitrate, njlimante, njlimone, n possessive pronoun of the3d person masculine orfeminine.to scorna resting placeto reststrange, differentstrangerbelonging to another per-son,own, something that be-longs to me; my own.tomorrow. (The formsshow the way days arereckoned. See Span-ish.) on the morrowroad, street way, passrustrustyidlerafterto follow afterto waita fierce tribe which is nowextinct,with intensity, com-pletely, with fervor.in a straight line, in order.just so, without any en-cumbrance,on the way, by the way,in passing.brainnam? of a placewhalecollection posesivo de las tres per-sonas masc. or fern. asco.lugar de descanso.descansar.extrano, diferente.extranjero.de otra persona.propio, mio, cosa que per-tenece a mi.manana; la manera denumerar los dfas sonlos siguientes (n6bunk-en?pasado manana;morobo?el dia pasadomanana; mok6?cuatrodfas de hoy; niki^ ? cinco dias de hoy; t?seis dfas de hoy; kugusiete dias de hoy; kuoocho dfas de hoy; jon-k6n?nueve dfas de hoy;joto?diez dfas de hoy).en la manana.camino, calle, paso, via.orfn, moho, mohoso, 6xido.oxidado.holgazdn.detrAs de, despu^s.sigue detrds.esperar, aguardar.una tribu feroz pero ahoraextinto.con fervor, completa-mente, con toda inten-sidad.en una Unea recta, enorden.asi mismo, sin algun em-barazo.en el camino, por el camino. cerebro.nombre de un lugar.ballena.oferta, ofrenda. 86 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGYVOCABULAKY?Continued [Bull. 162 Guaymf English Spanish o, nobe, joben, nobo, no droae, nogu, njoigle, njoke, Vjokete, Vjoketa, nome, adjon, advona, njondeni, advjondenina, advondreni, jondrini.ondron, njondrone, vjoniki^n, ?_jonkoina, adv.j6n-iatadre, v.jore, adjjorion, norokuo, njoto, adjjotoira, adv. rock, stonedownpoura plummonkeya hole in a rocka ghostto haulsieve, straina sievetameyesa fishyesterdaysince yesterdayyesterdaything, a thing, somethingdoing of anything (that isnot good),to lead away, to carrj^away, to carry along.nine days agoto bring away, to bringalong.rocky, stonya grass (razor grass)edge or side of a steepplace.ten, ten daysin ten days' time. (SeeSpanish for method ofnumbering days.) ]u, njuanko, juandreko, vjuben, vjubenko, vjuboin, n jubore, n.. house, the spleenshake, rustle, shake toand fro.bathe, swimto dart, to splashthe moss that grows onthatched houses.the outside of a house,around the house. roca, piedra.chorro (como Uuvia).un ciruela.mono titi.hueco en una roca.un fantasma.halar, arrastrar.cerner, colar.cedazo.manso.si.un pescado.ayer.desde ayer,ayer.cosa, algo, la cosa.haciendo alguna cosa que(no es bueno).llevar, alzar. nueve dias hace.quitar, traer. rocallosa, pedregoso.zizanas.el lado de un lugar esca-broso.diez, diez dfas.en diez dIas (jotojetebeonce dfas, jotonobunk-en?12 dfas, jotomorobo ?13 dfas, jotomok6 ? 14 dias, jotoniki6?15dfas, jototi?16 dfas,jotokugu?17 dfas, joto-kuo?18 dfas, jotojon-kon?19 dfas).casa, el vaso.bambonear, sacudir, em-pellar, temblar, agitar,mover.banar, nadar.saltar, (como el pez).el musgo que aumentasesobre el techo de lascasas.la parte de afuera de lacasa (prep.) alrededor,exterior. Alphonse] GUAYMI GRAMMAR AND DICTIONARYVOCABULARY?Continued 87Quayml English Spanishjubu, njud6, njud6, njuen, Vjuenguo, juentori, vjukd, njukd, Vjuke, Vjuke, njuke dob6, p. fjuketibien, vjuketikara, njuko, njukuble, njukiira, njiikutarikain, vjume, adj., advjumu, njungurek6ngure, n.. house ghostdaughter-in-law.end jural interj. (adv.)jurako, njure, njure, adj, n jurfn, njurindoe, njurion, njuritaire, jurite, v. to drive awaydrive home, drive away_ a thatch palmlie downto paintdoorbehind the doorlie down on the ground. _ keythe edge of a housecrocodileoriole, a specie of birdto urinate (said of a girlchild).hardthe eaglethe heavens above andthe earth beneath (fig-uratively, one who issufficiently versed tospeak of things celes-tial as well as terres-trial) .quick, hurry, quickly iur6, n. thatchthatch, sickness of theliver.suffer from the spleen;materials used for roof-ing, mantilla.baboona demona black snake that eatsfowls.bargaining for vegetables,especially, or any otherthing with a view to re-turn of the same kindwhen one's crop of thatkind comes in; barter-ing.itch demonio.yerna.punta, fin (jud6 mor6?elultimo dfa).empeler, arrojar.corretear, mandar a lacasa.techo de palma.acuestese.pintar.puerta.detrds de la puerta.acuestese en el suelo.Have.el filo de una casa.cocodrilo.una especie de pdjaro.orinar (de una niiiita) . fuerte, fuertemente, duro.el aguila.el dosel arriba y la fun-daci6n abajo (figura-tivamente quiere deciruno bien preparado parahablar de todas cosascelestiales como terres-triales) . pronto, ligero, ligera-mente.paja.paja, enfermedad del hi-gado.sufre del vaso, paja queusan para hacer techo dela casa, gualdrapa.cinocefalo, monograu.un denaonio.una culebra negra que comegallinas, no venenosa.regatear, pedir prestadocon el intento de de-volver. picaz6n, pica.349563?56 7 BUREAU OF .\MERICAN ETHNOLOGYVOCABULARY?Continued (Bull. 162 Guayml English Spanishjuron, njurore, vjur6uyae, njurowenjaboto, vj dto, adjjut6, jutoe, jutate, n jutrd, njutrare, adjjuturuture, jutruture, v. ka, nkako, nkabr6, adjkabullen, kbyen, kibien, vkada, nkadakuata, nkadreko, kadreko koin, vkae, adjkaibe, adjkain, v __kainko, vkaintote, vkalara, nkalete, nkalinero, nkampana, nkd,nki, nkara, n kare, adjkati, adj. (kati-1, kobu-2, komo-3, k6bogo-4,korigui(5-5, koti-6, ko-kugu-7, kokuo-8, ko-jonkon-9, kojoto-10).kayd, n mosquitoitch. _rashto have fear, to fearlight, ready, state of pre-paredness,village, town (a placewhere there are naanyhouses) . flame, incenseflamingmake strife E a song, spinach singer, catcher, the manin the thunder.dear, much, manyto sleep {n. to sleep)mouthlipto lift upwaterishalone, bachelor, sterile orbarren,to win, to ease oneself, toget, to cohabit, catch.to lift upbelieveflag, bannermagistrate, judgesheepbelljack (fish), macawa hymn book, receptaclein which to hold any-thing.greenone (used for countingsuch things as theleaves of trees) . the cry they use at thestick dance game. mosquito.picar.roncha.tener temor, temer.liviano, leve, el estado deser preparado.aldea, pueblo (lugar dondehay muchas casas) . llama, incienso.flamante.hacer rinas, quejas, re-yerta. canci6n, legumbre de unaclase, espinaca.cantante, receptor, elhombre en el trueno.caro, mucho.dormir (n. suefio) . boca.labio.alzar.aguado, sancochado.solo, soltero, esteril. coger. alzar, levantar.creer, poner confianzabandera.alcalde, juez.oveja.campana.burel, papagayo.cancionero, receptdculopara contener algo. verde.uno (se usa de cosas comolas hojas de un arbol). el grito que usan en labalcerla. Alphonse] GUAYMI GRAJVIMAR AND DICTIONARYVOCABULARY?CoDtinued 89 Ouaymf English Spanish k6, V.keadre v.keai, n--kean, nkean-bien, v.kean-doin, v.keansukara, n.keare, adjkeb6, nkebe-utuye, n-keblii, n imperative of the verbkeadre, "to pour."to pourthe inside of a cup or pot. . milkto suckle, to give thebreast,suck keke, vkeki, nkekla, nken, prepken, Vken, advken, nkena, adjkena, advkenko, prepkenko, nk^nmu, nkerd, adjketd, ketdra, nketdboto, keteboto, vketadreko, vketako, keteko, vketeiti, adjketete, vkeyako, nkeye, vki, nkiala, nkidngoto, n broomplain, levelshrimp, lobster, termite _.pouter pigeona South American bird;easily domesticated andis used to protect thehenroost by its alarms;runs very fast but fliesvery badly.to scratchcakesea grapes found along theseaside.nearto singnearbyname of personfirstof old time, ancient times. nearbyconchshellfishhawkbrave, smart, clever, dex-terous.a screento steer, to keep offto screen offto stick togetherone (of heaps of things)to hold, to supportanything used for pouringwith.to pourwall, fencetucangrass imperativo del verbo kea-dre, keye.echar.el fondo de una copa opaila.leche.mamar, dar la teta. chupar leche de la madre,mamar.eseoba.piano, llano, llanura.langosta, comejen.paloma.agami (pajaro silvestre dela A. del Sur; es amansa-do con facilidad y avisael gallinero de peligro;corre con ligereza pro novuela bien).rascar, aranar.pan dulce.uva de playa. cercacantar.cerca.nombre de persona.primero.antiguamente, autanokenan deko.lugar cerca.concha.halcon que coje pescado.valiente, punzante, agudo,vivo,un biombo.guiar.para cerner o abrigar.pegar.uno (un bulto de muchascesas) . sostener, agarrar.lo que se usa para echaralguua cosa como agua.echar.muralla.tucdn.hierba. 90 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGYVOCABULARY?Continued [BuU. 162Qn&ymi English Spanish kidrf nkidrire, adjkie-kie, n_.kiga, n kiko, V.-kimo, n. kingye, nkingye koe, nkira, adv kire, nkiri, nkirire, adjkise, nkis6krokia, nkisere, adjkisete, conj kis6, nkis6kuo, niiukite, t> kiteko, Vkit^ngise, t;klabo, nkldbure, nkloa, nkloare, kloate, adjklon, nklosae, nklosomukue, nko, n ko, nko, pron itchcovered with itcha demonthe silkgrass, the rind ofwhich is used by theIndians to make theirnets, fishing line, andrope.past tense of the verbnankuen, "to fly."the leaf of a palm usedby the Indians to pro-tect their luggage fromweather.kingkingdomlong ago, of old sidingside, partytwistedhandfingersbloomingbecause, for, that, for thisreason.fistpawto string, to shape, trim,fling, throw, pitch,bowl, spin.to throw, awaybetraynailslavebeardbeardyporcupinedimpledimpleplace, land, name, year,day, time, border,limit.oil, fathe, she sarna.Ueno de sarna.un demonic.hierba, el filamento delcual se usan los indiospara hacer chacaras. pret. del verbo "nankuen," "volar."la hoja de una palma quese usan los indios paraprotejer sus trastes de laUuvia o de la intem-perie.rey.reino.hace mucho tiempo, an-tano.foro.lado, partido.de lado, torcido.mano.dedos de la mano.florecer.porque, per, per el motivo.puno.puno de tigre u otro ani-mal.encordar, formar, tejer,aparejar, echar, tirar.botar, echar afuera.traicionar.clavo.esclavo,barba.barbade.gato cutaro.hoyuelo.hoyuelo.lugar, tierra, nombre, ano,dfa, tiempo, bordo,lindero.aceito, cuerda (gordo).61, ella. Alphonse] GUAYMI GRAMMAR AND DICTIONARYVOCABULARY?Continued 91 Guayml English Spanishkobe? advkobo, nkobo, kobonibi, adjkob6kob6 jene, advkobobu, kobobuye, ko-bobuyeko, n.koboi, advkoboibare, vkob6 kuete, vkoboin, nkoboi bio, adjkoboita, vkoboite, nkoboiti, advkoboitire, koboitirekobokonko, nkobomike, vkobona, nkobore, nkobota, n kobotikS, V. (jakob6tik6)kobotori, nkobre, nkobutu, nkodabadrenuore, adjkod6, advkodek6, vkoderi, n., advkoderi, adv kodo, advkodo, nkodota, kodokuerekodriere, vkodrune, adjkoduore, advkoe, n how many leaves?promise, sleepsleepyarm, one's own strength.by my own skilllord, chief, headman soonfrom the verb to cause __eat of your own catchthread of the fiber usedfor making nets, etc.pregnantwill soon comethe causeone daydaily, day by dayowner of the place, owner,lord.to make a promisemother-in-law or father-in-law.a dreamalways, as long as theearth lasts.fto have an evil dream\a dream that causes deathoutside, verandacoppera river islandhappylateto name, appointeast, in an easterly direc-tion,in the direction fromwhence the river takesits rise,from whence the riverflows.barracudaas kodoto talk, to preach, talkabout anything.darknessmidday, midnightaccusative of "ko" cuantas hojas?premesa, sueno.adormecido.brazo, propia fuerza.por mi propia fuerza.jefe, mayordomo, senor.presto, pronto.causar.comer de su propia esco-gencia.ilo de la hierba que usanpara tejer.encinta.viene pronto,causa, la causa,un dia, dia tras dia.dia tras dia, diariamente.dueno del lugar, patrono.hacer promesa.suegra 6 suegro. un sueno.siempre, lo largo que durala tierra.sena, un sueiio malo.sueno que causa la muerte.afuera, antesala.cobre.una isla en el rfo.feliz.tarde.nombrar.este, en la direci6n deleste.en la direci6n hacia lacabecera de un rfo. en la direci6n de dondeviene el rfo.picua.como kodo.hablar, predicar. oscuridad.medio dia, media noche.acus. de "ko." 92 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGYVOCABULARY?Continued [Bull. 162Quaymi English Spanish koekiteko, vkoen, Vkogu , nkoidikuitadreko, vkoin, prepkoin, adjkoin, nko koin biti, nkointa, pi'epkointubu, advkokiteko, vkoko, nkoli, nkolikite, vkote, adjkra, nkrad^kradenkuo, nkraiko, nkraire, vkrati, adj. (krobu-2,krome-3, kroboge-4,kroriguie-5, kroti-6,krokugu-7, krokuo-8,krojonkon-9, krojoto-10, etc.).kren, krene, adjkrendre, adv kri, adjkri, nkribu, nkriko, nkri-kud6, nkrikuo, ?ikringu, nkringuata, nkringuna, nKrio, nkrioto, nkrioto, adjkrire, adjkrire, adv praise, acclaimto finda holeforgetupgood, clean, sanitarj'heaventhe heavenoverhead, above upside down, overturn. _to clean up lands; praise - coconutspit, salivaspitfatnetnetelbowwaylayer, one who am-bushes another,to watch, to lay in am-bush, waylay,one (like a rod or a canoe);abundance of the thingsthat can be counted be-ginning with this nu-meral form.lazytired of, weary ofbig, plenty, mucha treea demonleaf of a treebranch of a treea coach, a cart, a car,wheel.a paddle, a box, a valise. _lumber, boarda stickname of Punta Valiente__logvery large _-just, somewhat largemerely, only just, thisminute. alabar, aclamarencontrar, hallar.un hueco.olvidar.arriba.bueno, limpio, aseado.el cielo.el cielo.encima, en lo alto, en laaltura.boca bajo.limpiar tierra; alabar.coco.saliva.escupir.gordo, grueso.chacara.chacara.c6do,asechador, el que poneasechanza.velar, asechar, poner ase-chanzas.uno (como una vara o uncayuco); abundancia delas cosas que pueden sercontados en esta forma. perezoso.cansadode, fatigado, abu-rrido.grande, mucho.un d,rbol.un demonic,hoja de un drbol.rama de un drbol.un coche, carretilla, carro,rueda.un caj6n, una caja, unavalija, canalete.madera.un palo.nombre de la punta Va-liente.palo grande.algo grande.justo, un poco grande.apenas, solo un rato. Alphonse] GUAYMI GRAMMAR AND DICTIONARYVOCABULARY?Continued 93Quayml English Spanish kro, nkrobe? kroke, 'pronkroke, -prep kroko, nkrona, nkr6nime, adv kroro, advkroro, nkrote, adjkru, n krube, adjkrubori, nkrubori ngiti6, vkrubote, adjkruzoota, nku, ftkua, ftkuain, vkuainko, vkuainte, vkuaka, adjkuaran, kuarane, adjkuata, adjkuatare, adjkuben, nkubdtik^, Vkuboin, nkubu, adj.kubuoire, adjkude, ftkudeiti, adj. (kud6bu-2kuderao-3, etc.). bone, meagerhow many? (used of thingscounted by "krati").for him, or her for, in so far, so far as,since it is so, as a re-sult, the sake of.medicineside, ribshamefully, with spite, tothe last ditch, ex-tremely,thus, in this way, afterthis manner.kingfisherbonya stone used for rubbingor crushing maize orcocoa beans.warmsweatto sweatfierce, cruel, ugly, terri-ble, desperate.a demonslothcocoafuture of the verb "jata-dre," come.to wring, to drj'to pinchbitterripe (as plantain or ba-nana) .skinsquare, flat, plainhorsefly, the foreheadto wash handsthread of the silkgrasstwostingyarma hand of plantain or ba-nana or something sim-ilar. hueso, flaco.cuantas, cuantos? (de lascosas que cuentan conla forma "krati").por 61, para 61, de 61, oella, etc.por, para, lo largo que, aresultado, a causa de. medicina.lado, costilla.vergonzosamente, con ren-c6r, sin piedad, al ultimoextremo.asi, de este modo, de estamanera.martin pescador.huesudo.piedra para moler mafzo chocolate. tibia.sudor.sudar.feroz, cruel, feo, terrible. un demonio.perico.cacao.future del verbo "jatadre",venir.torcer, encorvar, secar.penizcar.amargo.maduro (como guineo oplatano) . pellejo.cuadrado, piano,moscarda, el frente,lavar las manos.ilo de la hierba que usanpara tejer. ,-^^,dos. f'mesquiuu.brazo.un racimo de pldtano o deotra cosa^semejaute. 94 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGYVOCABULARY?Continued [Bull. 162 Guaymi English Spanish kudete, nkudolo, nkudrere, vkudruma, nkugu, advkui, nkui antaMn, nkuimuye, nkuiso, nkuita, nkuitete, vkuiyanyankukJlngisebike, vkuke, nkuke, Vkukeko, vkukemuko, nkukere, n kukiera, advkukiete, advkukuore, prepkukwolo, nkulebra, nkulebra bonkon, nkulebra ngubule, nkul^n, nkulere, nkuleto, nkumalantro, nkiin, nkunken, adjkunkeni, advkunkuon, nkunkuone, adjkunkuore, prepkiinti, adj. (kumun-$2;kumun-$3; kumbuko-$4; kunrigiiie-$5; kuntf-$6; kunkugu-$7;k(inku6-$8; kiinjon-kon-$9; kunjot6-$10;kun gr6-$20.kiinton, nkiinton sublii, n fountain, sourcefoxilltreat, rough handleafishseven daysfowlcockhawka birdsardineturnword of another tribeburn, consumeword, language, idiom,speech, dialect.burnto insultcompanion, "word-fellow"parable, form of speech,tradition, difficultspeech, folklore.seven days agoon the seventh daybefore, in the directionof, in the presence of.a birda snaketommy goffetarantulaa l>ird, the guinea fowl.-a birdcrocusthe sunlousewild; outside (prep.)from outside, from with-out.pieceroasted, in piecesup, upwardone dollar (usually half adollar $). fuente, raudal.zorra.maltratar.un pez.siete dias.gallina.gallo.halc6n.un pdjaro.sardina.voltear.palabra de otra tribu.quemar, consumir.palabra, lenguaje, idioma,dialecto, verbo.quemar.insultar.companero.pardbola, tradici6n. siete dias hace.en el septimo dia.delante, ante, en la presen-cfa de.un pdjaro.culebra.vibora, terciopelo.tarantula.un pajaro, el perdiz.un pdjaro.heneqiien.el sol.piojo.silvestre; prep., afuera.de afuera.pedazo.asado, en pedazos.arriba, hacia arriba.un peso (medio Balboa) . squirrela small squirreL ardiUa.una pequeua ardiUa. Alphonse] GUAYMI GRAMMAR AND DICTIONARYVOCABULARY?Continued 95 Guaymf English Spanish kuo, nkuoite, advkuore, adjkuoro, adjkuoroe, nkuoro-kuoro, advkurd, nkurd, nkurdko, nkure, adjkiirera, vkurete, vkurere, advkur6, nkuroro, nkurowae, nkuru, Vkuru, TOkuru-kuata, tokuriingoto, tokuso, TOkut6kro, tokutu, TOkwojuke, V lakd, TOlakdmruk^, toliimara, tolancha, tolianlin, to libra, nlibrere, tolima, TOlimon, TOlimone, to cocoa, chocolate; seed, tes-ticleseighth dayfreehalfhusband, oi- wifein a disorderly manner. _trumpet treetigercastor oiloffensive, stinkfinishedfinishedin this way, in that case_border, brink, edge, mar-gin, anotto.jawsnapperpast tense of the verb"koku"?"to buy."gunrubberdynamitefistshouldersheet, blanketwhistle, make noise thatis shrill. alligatorthe egg of the alligatorlamplaunchdisease of the scalp,mainly amongst chil-dren.a pounda rich persona filelimeoffering cacao chocolate; testiculos. el dfa ocho.libre.mitad.esposo, esposa.en una manera desorde-nada.drbol silvestre.tigre.aceite castor,ofensivo, mal olor.terminado.terminado.de esta manera, en estamanera.borde, orilla, esquina, ore-Uana, achiote, margen.mejilla.pardo (un pez).pret. del verbo "koku" ? comprar.escopeta.caucho.dinamita.puno.espalda, hombro.sdbana, presada.silbar. lagarto.el huevo del lagarto.Idmpara.lancha.enfermedad del tegumen-to del craneo especial-mente entre los nifios.una libra.un hombre rico.lima.Iim6n.ofrenda. 96 BUREAU OP AMERICAN ETHNOLOGYVOCABULARY?CoDtinued [Bull. 162 Ouaymf English Spanish ma, -pron. machi, nmaddn, m'dan, adj.mdde, n mad^ra, advmad6, m'do, n.mad6kuata, n.mai, nmako, n mdkula, nmalan, nmalemalego, maleweri, ma-mdnko, o ebigo, n.malii, nmdma, nmanawara, n..mane, adjmansulun, n mantdn, n. manteomi, adjmantrdn-daire, adv.mare, advmasi, nmate, v m6, nmean, nmean-mean, n.mechi, nmed6, n med^n?, pron.med^n, adj... medlneaire, vmed^nte, advm^kera, mekdra, adv. M a corruption of the pro-noun "mo."name of personother, else, another, next,job's tear four days ago. _ __.horsedevilfishturbota fierce bird that devourssnake.mousemoth, a kind of butterfly. . thunderthunder sucking fishmother _.man of warsweetthe tender bud of thebanana.puflF; many (as a flock)generous, plentifuldailylatermastbounce, dash against mother-in-lawbobwoodthe seagullname of a womanmeat, any kind of meat which?any, anyone, whichever,either.hunt, fish, trapwhere, in what placelong ago corrupci6n del pronombre"mo."nombre de una persona,otro.la semilla de una yerba.Se usan para hacercuentas.cuatro dfas hace ya.caballo.un pez.rombo, rondaballo.un ave feroz que devoraculebra.ratoncillo.una especie de mariposa.trueno.trueno.lamprea de mar.mama.vapor de guerra.dulce.yema del guineo. venturr6n, muchas (comoun rebano) . generoso, abundante.diariamente.luego.mastfl.arremeter, asaltar, saltar,pegar.suegra.un arbol . la gaviota.nombre de una mujer.came, cualquier clase decame sea que es paracomer,cual?cualquier o cualquiera. montear, pescar, cazar.d6nd3, en que parte,hace tiempo. Alphonse] GUAYMI GRAMMAR AND DICTIONARYVOCABULARY?Continued 97 Ouayml English Spanish meli, nmema, nmer, nmena, nmerdia, nm6ndio, n. (menani-lO;menamu-20; menamo-30; menambuko-40;menarigui6-50; men-antf-60; menankugu-70; menankuo-80;inenajonkon-90;menjoto-$1.00).m^nten, advmentdni, nmer^be, adj mer6n, nmerln biti, mer^nmiti,advbl.merenie, nmer^n-okuo-kri, nmeri, n merire, adjmeri mayuli, n meribo mrib6, adjmerikini, n., adj merubiri, n mesa, nm^sel^, nmesel6n, nmetare, advmete, vmetdko, Vmetre, adj mey6, n.-mi, nmia, miya, nmichf, nmichild,, n name of a manlizardbearname of a womanmerinofive cents farstrangerclear, transparent, bathedin light, expressed withclarity, limpid.salt, the seaon the sea salt waterthe oceanwoman, sweetheart, mis-tress.pertaining to womanterm of endearment to agirl.fullAmerican; pertaining toAmerican,name of the ValientePeninsula.tablea kind of crabthe seven starstodaystrike, hit, ringscatterstraight, correct, true,right.motherpotatoporridge, papthe hummingbirdporridge made from ripebananas. nombre de un hombre.lagartijo.oso.nombre de mujer.camiseta.cinco centavos. lejos.extranjeroclaro, banado de luz, puro,limpio, expresado sinrebozo.sal, la mar.sobre la mar. agua salada.oc^ano.mujer, querida.perteneciente a una mujer.manera de Uamar en care-cidamente a una nifla.lleno, maduro.Americano, perteneciente aun Americano.nombre de la punta Va-liente.mesa.especie de cangrejo.las siete estrellas.hoy.pegar, topar, tocar,esparcir.verdad, cierto, correcto. madre.patata.masamora.colibrf.especie de masamorahecha de guineo maduro. 98 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGYVOCABULARY?Continued [Bull. 162Quaymf English Spanish michiwa, nmidf, nmidid, nmie, miete, kurii mie, n.-miete, adjmikako, nmik6, nmikeko, v mikete, vmini, adjmini-mini, advminienko, vmintu, nmio, nmira, n mir6ra, nmiritadre, v misili, drankudn bete, n_miti6, m'tuo, n mitro, adjm'ko', nm'ko're, adjmnk6n, nmnk6ne, adj mo, pronmo, advmoa, moabian , nmobe, adv mobe, interj mobeta, adjm6cha, n modona, modonane, adj.mogu, nmoin, Vmok6, advmokodre, vmok6ninkote, nmolo, nmominko, nmonso, n monsolore, n guard fishname of a persondovecartridgeloadedcreator, makerto make, to putto go away from (tocarry and leave at).to leavea littlelittle by littleto swingtop of a hill, the high spot,cricketa tropical tree used by theIndians to make canoes.medicine for biliousness-.to mix, commit adultery.. measleswhatever goes with any-thing else to eat.crisp, brittlefleaabounding in fleaswalking stickwhat is used as a walkingstick.you, thouin a horizontal positioneunuch, virginfar, afar, distant, better(as from illness),expression of excellence,afar.better from an illnessanything shortened, amember lost,fine black, brilliant black.a jug, a mugto digfour days henceto tiename of a placetapirthunderchild, servant, a youngperson,partridge, guinea fowl pez aguja.carga de escopeta.nombre de persona.paloma.cargado.creador, hacedor.hacer, poner.dejar (llevar y dejar a unlugar) . dejar atrds.un poquito.poco poco.mecer.cumbre, lugar alto,cigarra.drbol tropical. medicina para la bills,mezclar, cometer adul-terio.serampi6n.algo que va con otra cosapara comer,crespo, rizado.pulga.abunda en pulgas.palo.lo que se usa como un palode caminar.tu, usted.en manera horizontal,eunuco, virgen (moabidn).lejos, distante, mejorado. expresi6n de excelencia,lejo.mejorado.mocho. negro fino, brillante.un jarro.cavar.cuatro dfas de hoy.amarar.nombre de un lugar.machomonte.trueno.moso, nino, nina, joven-cito.perdis. Alphonse] GUAYMI GRAMMAR AND DICTIONARYVOCABULARY?Continued 99 Guaymf English Spanish more, adjmoren, adj (ko nioren)--moro, adj morobo, advmosiki, musikf, nmota, n mot6, nmoto-nobe, nmot6 toke o mot6tokoni,V. motrita, nmotrore, motroro, n. andV.mra, nmrate, v mro, nmro bonkon, nmroko, nmrore, vinrotro, nmru, nmruke, nmrukete, adjmrukeko, v mrukobu, n mrukro, n mrukro-jutoemrusaire, v mrutro, nmruvria, nm'tu, nm'tu ngob6, nm'tiiwau, nmu, nmuala, nmugli, 71muke, n of the female sexgood weathernew fresh, last, firstthree days from todaythe Moskito Indiansoutside, seaside, river side,etc. liver, stomachnauseathe first act of God whenHe called the worldinto existence.along the coastthe chest, to reprovemothretaliate, return withdouble force.foodplantainfamilyto eatlightninggourd, calabashegghaving eggsto burrow, spoil withholes.pair of hawksbill turtleduring the mating,spirit, ghost, duppy, placewhere they live.haunts of spiritsto view, observe, toscrutinize.rainbowminthogpigporpoisehawkduckjiggerstar del sexo femenino,buen tiempo.nuevo, fresco, ultimo, pri-mero.tres dias de hoy.los Indios Moskito.afuera, ribera del rio o delmar, o la parte afuerade algun lugar.higado, est6mago.nausea.el primer hecho de Dioscuando El llam6 almundo a existir.por la costa.el pecho, reganar, mosca.talionar, volver con doblefuerza.comida.pMtano.familia.comer.reMmpago.tutuma, calabazo.huevo.que tiene huevo.hacer huecos pequenoscomo hacen los come-genes en la madera.par de carey o de torgugacuando estan copulando.espiritu, fantasma, lugarde los espiritus.el mundo de espiritus.mirar, ver observar, es-cudrinar.arco iris,yerba buena.puerco.lechon.bufeo.halc6n.pato.jigoe.estreUa. 100 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGYVOCABULARY?Continued [Bull. 162Quayml English Spanish mukf, advmukingintraiu, n mukuo, nmukutuori, n mula, adj mularemuma, nmun, pron mun, 71munkin, nmunko, nmuukuo, nmunteare, nmuntrun, n. muo, nmur^, nmuria, nmuri6, nmuri6 dibu, nmuri^re, adjmurire, n murowae, nmuruotu, nmusamusa, adj-. muta, nmutd,ngotomutu, nmuya, nmuyd, Vmuyako, nmuyen, t; nain, adjnainkro, vnainte, vnakd, vnakako, v two days agourine of the stars or dew. . a knot, a noosea hawk that is speckled.. rumpled, name of awoman (n.).the same as mulabeans, peasplural of the pronoun "mo."bee.twinshoneyfly-hunta weapon of war used bythe ancient Indians.falcona coldpaca ("cony")vdnd, breezename of a personjealousname of another dialectwhich the Indians ofthe Interior use.parrot fisha demonrough, unkempt, rumpled. cloud, skysee mutatender bud or sproutpineapplecrya criercry N weary, tired ofstand, stand upslipcatch (pret.)catch, lift, coming toview. dos dias hace.oi'ina de las estrellas orocio, relente.nudo.halcon que tiene las plu-mas tintoreadas.arrugada, nombre de unamujer (?.).viase mula.frijol.plural del pronombre"mo."abeja.mellizos, gemelos.miel.mosca.cazar, montear.un instrumento de guerrade los Indios antiguos.halc6n.resfriado.conejo, fieke.viento.nombre de una persona,zeloso.nombre de otro dialectoque usan los Indios delInterior,un pez.un demonio,aspero, de una maneramala,nube, cielo.v6ase muta.yema de una planta.piua.Uorar.el que llora.llorar. cansancio, aburrido.pongase depie, en pie.resbalar.coger.coger, dakaka (comonakd), alzar, Uegandosobre el horizonte. Alphonse] GUAYMI GRAMMAR AND DICTIONARYVOCABULARY?CoDtinued 101 Guaymt English Spanish nakrf, nakrit, nnan, v nane, adv naneawane, con nane'a'n _.nankenko, v ndnkuen, v; (adj.) (tunankuen, the edge isdull, no afilado).naran, nne, adjnea?, adjned, V neb6, V neb^ko, v nebera, vnebete, vnebeteko, vnebio, nnedeente, vned6nkuore, n _ nek^nkuata, n neketete, v _.nekukuore, advnemente, vnemenye, vnenden, to nendeni, advnendeni kiri, advnengwane, con nefie, vnenie, pron the other side of a place .imp. mood of the verb "nain," tire, to beweary of, to be fed up.what happens uninten-tionally, by chance,mistake, or slip.lest, if careful, lestfulfilled, happened, tookplace,fly; dull, not sharp orangethis, that, these; (v.) takeis this it?imp. of the verb "nene"-to run.can penetrate, fit, fallinto,fall on, tangled up, lodgedup, drop oflf.leave offforget, leave behindspill, scatter, dropthe devilfishextract, draw outthe West; in a westerlydirection,a tree commonly called "sand box," used formaking canoes.stick, unitein this directionforget, leave behindcease, leave, hang (up)..the West, the place thatlies in a westerly direc-tion.toward the west.on the western sideif so be, if it be so, then_ runthat, who, he who, which el otro lado de un lugar.m. imp. del verbo "nain,"cansar, aburrido. algo pasa pero no inten-cionalmente, chance. si, si acaso, ten cuidadoque no.con cuidado.pasa, pas6, aconteci6, paraque se cumpliese.volar; {adj.) algo no afil-ado. naranja.este, esta, aqui; (v.) toma.es este? ete.imp. del verbo "nene-correr.puede, penetrar, suceder,entrar, caer.agachar, caer.dejar.olvidar, dejar atrds.esparcir, botar.un pez.extraer, sacar.el Oeste; (adv.) en ladirecci6n del Oeste.un drbol con que se hacencayucos.pegar, unir.en esta direcci6n.olvidar, dejar atrds.cesar, dejar, bastar.el oeste, el lugar quequeda en esa direcci6n.hacia el oeste.al lado del oeste.siendolo asi, siendo asi,entonces, asi pues.correr.aquel, aquello, aquella,quien, cual. 102 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGYVOCABULARY?Continued [Bull. 162Quaymi English Spanish neo, adj, advnere, advneri?nete, advnete, v netete, vnewane, v neyeko, v neyenko, vneyete, vngadabare, n, adj ngan {see nga)-_.nganden, adjngandentenganmunkain, v.ngansulunkuo, nnganten, adj nganuntu, nnga o ngan, adj.ngeddn, nngedeenko, vnged^n, adjvnged^nye, vngegdsulu, nngetebo, adjngeyente, vngi, ngin, nngibd, nngi-badd, nngidienko, vngi6, nngi6bien, vngi^bienta, v far, far away, distantin this placeis this it? is it here?herefrom the verb to lose, "neyete," to butcher. trim, to cut up meatsuppose, if, should vanish, fade away, lostfrom view.tearlose; (adj.) losta person bitten by asnake; a person who isill and suffers a relapseon account of one ofthe many things thatcause relapses (such aperson, once bitten bya snake must not toucha tree in its firstbearing).longangrysee ngadabareto faut, to emit gaswartdeadthe tail of a birdlongbrother-in-lawdrop off, losetired, wearyget, catchchosena kind of antthickopenwood, worm, nervesandfly, peppercharcoalopenpunishmentpunishrevenge lejos, lejano.en este lugar.es este? es esta? es aqui?aqui.del verbo "neyete"?per-der; cortar algo paracomer (como ganado).pelar, cortar camesupongo, suponer, por su-puesto.desaparecer. romper.perder; (adj.) perdido.persona cjue fue mordidopor una culebra; per-sona que fue enfermo ysufre retraso alguno acausa de un acto quesegun sus creenciascausa el empeoramientode la enfcrmcdad. largo.enojado.v^ase ngadabare.pear.verruga.muerte (parte del verboguetadre) . la cola de un pdjaro.largo,cunado.caer, soltar.cansado, rendido.coger.escogido (escoger).una especie de hormiga.espeso, grueso.abrir.lena, lombriz, nervio.sancudo, pimienta.carbonabrir.castigo.castigar.vengar, revancha. Alphonse] GUAYMI GRAMMAR AND DICTIONARYVOCABULARY?Continued 103Quayml English Spanish ngi(5noin, vngienten, adjngienteni, nnginimo, adj ngin-no, nnginse, advnginsulin, nginsulun, n_- ngintrain, ngintrani, nngintrainkain, vngintrente, v ngire, adjngirere, nngise, kit6 ngise, mik6ngite, V ngite, n ngiti(5, Vngitieko, v ngitiekonti, vngiti6te, vngitrd, n ngiwana, nngiwanoukuo, nngiwnantro, nngo, adjngobe, nngobere, nngobere, nNgobo, nngobo, nNgob6-ngob6, 7ingobrion, nngodotoko, vngokadre, v ngokodobiti, vngokodokuo, nngolota, nngolonngolorikote, ngolowe kuo-tani, n.349563?56 8 to suffernumbnumbnessshallow mongooseon the firethe last child of a family. urineto urinateto stutter, stammer, tobutt up against,hota neophyte of the Guor6-to put on the fire, betray sin, trouble, prison, pris-oner.escapeget away, cut in two parts,split.fallpenetratemachete, large knife, cut-lass.the suna watch, clocksunbeamholy, entire, perfectIndianIndianthe language of theIndians.Godson or the young of anyanimal or person.the Son of Godchildren, offspringbendto lie, to rock, to pet, tocaress.to kneelthe kneea demonname of personname of a place sufrir.entumecer.entumecimiento,bajo, de escasa profun-didez.un animal que come culebra.sobre el fuego.el ultimo nino de unafamilia.orina.orinar.cancanear, chocar. caliente.un ne6fito del Guor6.poner en el fuego, o sobreel fuego, insultar, trai-cionar.pecado, molestia, preso,carcel.escapar.partir, escapar, zafar. caer.penetrar, entrar.machete, cuchillo grande. el sol.reloj . rayo del sol.santo, entero, perfecto.Indio.Indio.la lengua de los Indios.Dios.hijo o chiquillo de unapersona o animal,el Hijo de Dios.hijos, prole,torcer.mentir, mecer, acariciar. arrodillar.rodilla.un demonio.nombre de persona.nombre de un lugar. 104 BUREAU OF AJVIERICAN ETHNOLOGYVOCABULARY?Continued [Bull. 162 Ouayml English Spanish ngomi, adv. (jomi)ngon, nngondoeko, adj ngongo, nngoninkaire, adj ngoninke, adjngonfnke, nngon kain, vngonkro, nngontente, adj ngosote, Vngote, nngotebiti, vngot6, nngot6, nngotoboite, n ngot6kuo, n.- _ngotote, adjngotri, nngotro, adj ngrabare, prepngraiti, adj. (ngrabu-2;ngramo-3; ngrdbuko-4;ngrarigui6-5; ngratf-6;ngrakugu-7; ngrakuo-S;ngrajonkon-9; ngrajoto-10).ngrf, n _ngriolo, nngriteko, adjngrukete, vngrun, nngrunsi, n ngubd, ngubuy6, nngiibule, nngubuo, Vngubuoko, n ngubu6n, n yet, beforefilthrolling, rough, troubled,absence of peace,daughterfearful; (v.) to be afraid;(adv.) fearfully, timidly, afraid, coward, fearful.-fear, timidityto go to the toiletscrotumchanging color, chame-leonlike,to rub off, erase, slipped.see Guet6._to meetflesh, body _footthe dirt caused by per-spiration.instepfleshyrootyoung, tender; (n.) nameof a woman,along; (adv.) lengthwise.,one fathom meat, turtleturtle (green turtle)crippleto ring, to shake ._necromancy, obeahred bananasmokespiderbeware, take caresavior, he who cares foranother, or for some-thing; one who keeps,saves, guards,monkey todavia.esti^rcol.turbulento, confuso, al-borotado.hija.temeroso, (v.) tener miedo,(adv.) timidamente, tem-erosamente.tfmido, cobarde.temor, timidez.obrar, ir al escuado.escroto.que cambia de color.borrar.viase Guet6.juntar, llegar a, topar con.came, cuerpo.pie.el sucio causado por elsudor,empeine.carnoso.raiz.nuevo, tierno; (n) nombrede una mujer.por, cerca, a la orilla de.una braza. carne, tortuga.tortuga.cojo,tocar, sacudir.necromancia, nicromancia.banano que tiene el cascorojo.humo.arana.ten cuidado, cuidese bien.Salvador, el que cuida porotro, o por alguna cosa. Alphonse] GUAYMI GRAMMAR AND DICTIONARYVOCABULARY?Continued 105 Guayml English Spanish ngubu6n-kud6, n ngu-bu6n-krikud6, n. ngubuore, v ngubuore, v _.ngubuoreken, vngubuy6 duy? nngudre, nngudroko, ngudroeko,ngudroreko, n.ngudrokota, nngure, n._ngurie, nnguri6bluy6, nngurdn o nurun, nngutuoe, nngutuoe note, nngutuoe, nngutuoete, ngotoite, prepngutuote, phrase ngututu, adj ngutuye, nngutuyete, adjngwai^, n (or ngwaye) _ _ . ngwaka, n ngwan, nngwarobo, ngwarebe, ga-robo, adj. ngwata, ngwatakuete, n.ngw6, adj ngwike, nngwo, n ngwon, conngwone, v ngwore-ja-boto-juturie, n the long-hand MonkeyGhost which causesthose who see him toget ill and even die.keep, guard, save, deliver,preserve, rear, raise.to waitwait a momentshipslopetrouble, troublemaker,maker of quarrels.quarrelingleg, base, foundationshin, shankcalf of the lega treemountainisla _ --.hillamong __.in the hill, in the moun-tain (inside of),old, decayed, very used,ragged.rotrottensister, brotherdead body of anything orperson.a kind of owlidle, foolish, nothing todo, not occupied, donot know, perhaps,doubtful, probably, whoknows,awake, {v.) to keep awake.,handsome, beautiful (per-son) gracious.wingvessel, receptacle, thewomb.thancrow, shout, whoopperson with one face at-tached to the back aswell as one in front;hypocrite. un demonio que hacen en-fermo a los que le ve, yhasta matarlos.guardar, salvar, cuidar,preservar.esperar.espere un momento.vapor,colina.rinas, hacer perequeo, pere-quero.riila.pierna, fundaci6n, base,espinilla.pierna.un drbol.montana.island,loma.entre.en la loma, adentro delmonte.viejo, muy usado.podrido.podrido.hermana, hermano.cadaver. una especie de lechuza.holgazan, no s6, no en-tiendo, nada. velorio (v.) velar.bello, beUa (persona) gra-cioso.ala.vaso, valde, calabaso,plato, vientre.mas que.cantar (como el canto delgallo), gritar.hip6crita (persona quatiene dos caras). 106 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGYVOCABULARY?Continued [Bull. 162 Guayml English Spanish ngwon, nngwote, v., (jatete)ni, nni, pron niara, pronniarabe, pronniaratre, pronnibe? nnibi, nV nibira, adv nibira, v nibirako, vnibitd, nnibitd wane, nftibiteko, vadjnibrenko, v nibrentenibrinko, vnibukako, nnidan, adjnien, vnienta, vniera, adv niere, adjni itibe fiakareni jukra-itire-itire, adjnikd, nnikara, nikako n nike, i;nikeko, v nikren, vnikrenko, v nikf, adj the gum of a treeawake, to wakenpeople, nation, personthou, you, he, she, our,they, their.he, shehe alonetheyhow many persons?cowpart of the verb "tau" ? "to be," I believe so, Isuppose so, I guess so.sufficient, enough, al-ready,become, beginning, tohave got, tohave caughton (to an idea).cease (like the rain)bat, chiropteraflying fishswellswollento shrink up, to roll up, towhirl, to shake orshaken, rustle.see nibrenkoscamper awaynourishermaleto sendpardon, forgivewith intention, naturallyso, bad temper.wetnoneeverj^troublethat which causes trou-ble, one who troublesanother.troubleto dry up, to stick to thebottom of a pot.seefit, paroxysm, cramp raw jugo de algun drbol.despertar, despierto.pueblo, naci6n, persona,tu, usted, 61, ella, nuestro,nuestra, ellos, ellas, etc.61, ella.61 solo,ellos, ellas.cuantas personas?vaca.parte del verbo "tau" ? ser, creo, supongo,pieiiso.suficiente, ya, basta.hacerse, empieza de ser,obtenido, empieza aentender.cesar (como la Uuvia).murci61ago.pescado volante.hincharse.hinchado.encogerse, rodar, girar,crujir, reclinar. v6ase nibrenkoescapar, huir.alimentador.macho.enviar, mandar.perdonar.con intenci6n, asi. mojado.ninguno.cada uno.molestia.lo que moleste a uno,el que molesta a otro. molestar.enjugar, desecar. ver, mirar.paroxismo, ataque, ca-lambre.crudo. Alphonse] GUAYMI GRAMMAR AND DICTIONARYVOCABULARY?Continued 107Quayml English Spanish niki6, advnikien, vnikiko, vnikite, n nikuite, vnikuiteko, v ninioe, adjninioerere, adjnfngoko, v ni ngwarobo, nninkuata, n nio, advnio', nnfo, n6, nnfo'badii, nniobrodi?nioekri, adjniokua, adjnio'kuo, nniori? advniotra, nnire, nnir6?, pronliirien, vnitre, nni ubone, n ni uyae, ngi uyae, nn6, 71noadre, v noaine, vnobe, advnobokr6, nnobunken, advnoin, v noinko, nnointa, vnointeta, v noire, advnoire awane, adv in five daysgoflewants that invade housesoccasionally.to change overto turn over, to break (asthe waves).anyoneanyone, anyto lie; (n.) lie, liar fool, stupid persona crustacean that lives onthe rocks by the sea-shore.howfirewaterlive coalhow is that sir!pregnantwhoeverfireplace, hearthhow?lightlifewhoto growpeoplea person that has a Jinxon, unlucky person.erysipelasleechto endure, last, abidedoone whitbabyafter tomorrowgo, to feel, to caress wavecease, pass away, go back,to shrink; to go acrossthen(in the) meanwhile, mean-time. de hoj' en cinco dfas.ir, andar, vaya.(volar) vol6.hormiga de una clase. cambiar, hacer frente.romper (como las olas). cualquier.cualquier.mentir; (n.) mentira, men-tirosa.tonto, estiipido.crustaceo. como.fuego.agua.carbon que estd ardiendo.como es eso senor!prenada enciente.quien quiera.fuego, fogon, hoguera.como?luz.la vida.quien.crecer.personas, gente.persona de mala suerte. erisipelas.sanguijuela.aguantar, durar, per-manecer.hacer.nada, ni una gota.nene, chiquito.pasado maiiana.ir, vaya, sentir, acariciarcon la mano, andar.ola, onda.pasar, vuelve atrds, andar.retirarse; pasar al otrolado.entonces.mientras tanto, entre tan-to. 108 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGYVOCABULARY?Continued [Bull. 162Quayml English Spanish noire dabe, adv n6ku, noko, vn6kuitako, nn6kuite, vnomonondre, vnomonouna, t; non, V nonko, n nononkoin, nnore, norerauto, adjd5so, nnosori, prep notare, adjnote, V noto, Vnotote, Vnu, nnubaire, v nukeko, ?__nukreko, vnukro'nukuatro, n__ nuk^, Vnukid, Vnukuo, nnun, pronnunana, nunana koe, n nunandreko, vnundon, n_._ _nune, vnuni6? phrasenunenko, vnufiu, ngufiu, nnu6i? nool, pnuore, adj at once, in that moment..plant, to inbreathehe who deceives another. _deceiveto beg, to plead, to askto ask you b}' the com-mand of another.imp. mood of the verb "noin"?to go.one that is going; theywho are goinga ladderequal, same, similarthe valleyin the direction of thevalley.dry.broken (something brokenoflf).fall --to put outarmadillo, dog; (v.) came.to invito to work as in a "junta" communalwork.to creakboilingdogthe bark of a tree usedfor making protectivegarments for women.comeburn, burntbirdweplace where one lives,house in which one lives,a living place.stand uptortoiselivewhat have you done?standbeadshow much?happy. imediatamente, al memen-to.sembrar, soplar.el que decepciona a otro.decepcionar.pedir, rogar, preguntar.pedir rogar, mandar apedir hacer una cosapor otra persona.imp. del verbo "noin"?ir. el que va, los que van. una escalera.igual, semejante, parecido.en el valle.en la direcci6n del valle. seco.romper (rompido). caer.apagararmadillo, perro; (v.) Ileg6.invitar para trabajar jun-tos. . crujir.hirviendo.perro.la casca de un iirbol usadopara hacer ropa (delan-tales) . venir.quemar, quemado.pAjaro.nosotros.lugar d6nde uno vive, casaen que se vive.ponerse en pie.tortuga.vive.que has hecho?depi6.cuentas,cudnto?feliz. GUATMI GRAMMAR AND DICTIONARYVOCABULARY?Continued 109 Guaymf English Spanish nura, v nurarenurau, nuro, nnurotu, n nuru, V fia, V. fiain, Vfiakare, advfian, advfian, 'a'n, fian awane,con.fian jona? nanan, adv...fianchi, advfiandain, advflanri? fiandi?fiara, n fiere, vnobe, nfiori, nfio, ni'o, nno okuo, nfio, nfio jiye, nfioke, Vfioke toroboto, vfionoinko, nfiote, prep ?fioya, nfill, nfiiingot6, nfiurun, nnone, nfiote, noin note, v 5, n6bd, 6. just came; (n.) plant,seed, garden.to plantnephewthe tail of a fish or ascorpion,past tense of the verb"noko"?to plant. imp. of the verb "fiain"?to drink.drinknonolest, except, else is it not so?neversuppose, ifis it not so (friend or man).a vessel, that which maybe drunk, drinkingwater.tell, repeatnausea, seasicknessmark (v.) measurewaterlake --paca ("cony," tepescuintle).channeltalk, reprove, cursereadwavesbetweenmirror, glassrain -icekind of ants, a volcanoname of a personto go to the latrine; inthe water. yuca, cassava-wasp lleg6 horita; (n.) planta,semilla, mata, jardfn.sembrar.sobrino.la cola de un pescado o unaescorpi6n.pret. del verbo "noko" ? sembrar. imp. del verbo "fiain"beber.beber.nunca.no.para, que no, sine. no es asi? cierto que si?nunca.acaso, y si acaso, si.no es asi amigo.algo con que se bebe, elvaso, para beber.decir, repetir.nausea, mareado.marca, (v.) medir.agua.lago.conejo.canal.hablar, insultar, maldecir.leer.olas.entre.espejo, vidrio.Uuvia.hielo.arrielas, volcdn.nombre de persona.en el agua, ir al escusado. la yuca.avispa. no BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGYVOCABULARY?Continued (Bull. 162 Ouaymf English Spanish obate, adj okrichi, nokuoblu, noku6drun, n..okuoli, 71olan bian, n__.olo, noloko, nolomie, nore, norena, norewae, norikote, n oro, norore, adjoso, n osulin, n Otalia, r?otare, adjoto, Votobraiko, adjotochi, n otoiti, adj. (otobii-2,otamo-3, otdbuko-4,otdrigui6-5, atdti-6,otdkuku-7, otdkuo-8,otdjonkon-9, otajoto-10).otoftibe, adjotokia, notOre, adj eye, n. rabare, iigrabare, prep-..ramra, nremo, nrey, nrikia, rikiadre, v having many wasps, woodthat is inflammable,ablaze.name of a personcrowe jack; jackfishkind of antname of a pei'sona ghostthe earlielperearringparrotgonorrheaparrot fishTobobo (name of a place) . goldgoldenname of a little fish thatsticks to the rocks,thunder, an old man, toaffect feebleness.name of a womanhalfbreakshortname of a person, short,too small (adj.) one, whole one onlycooing dovehalf of (like half of ahand) . gullet (of the throat)R along, beside, near-lanceoarking que tiene muchas avispas,lena que arde mucho. nombre de una persona.burel.especie de hormiga.nombre de una persona.un demonio.la oreja.auxiliador.arete.loro.goxiorrea.un pescado.Tobobo (nombre del lugarasi denominado).oro.aureado, aurifero.nombre de un pescadillo.trueno, un viejo, nono. nombre de una mujer.mitad.romper.chiquito.nombre de un hombre(adj.) muy chiquito,corto.entero, uno. uno solo.paloma.mocho, parte, mitad.garganta. cerca de, junto, adjunto?chuzo.remo.rey.to go I ir, andar. Alphonse] GUAYMI GRAMMAR AND DICTIONARYVOCABULARY?Continued 111Quayml English Spanish riko, adjrini, n robali, nrobo, n sa, n sabada, nsabadawae, nsabo, n sae, nsaete, adjsako, nsalare, adjsankan dokuo sapata, nBare, adjsatu, nsbrure, subrure, adjsdain, sdani, v sdin, nsdo, n sdokare, vse, adj sea?, adjsebd, nseda, nsekukuore, advsem, n richa large wasp that killsthe tarantulas.a stoolrope S corn crushed and boiledto a stiff pudding.sword, a spadeswordfisha fruit commonly calledby the natives"monkeyhead."musclemusculara sackstiffa poisonous lizard with ahead like a snake?thegalliasp. shoegray,greymulletyellowa word used when a sickperson relapses as a re-sult of eating anythingcooked on the same fireof M^hich a woman in adelicate state or herhusband also eats, or ifone once bitten by asnake also eats. weevilliquor, rum, warapo, chi-cha.to preservethat; (adv.) therethat?name of a personsilkin that directiontortoise, land turtle nco.una avispa grande quemata las tarantulas,un asiento.soga. boyo. espada.pez espada.nombre de una fruta. musculo.muscular.saco.tieso.escorpion tobobo un la-garto vene nofo que herela cabeza como unaculebra?patoco coral.zapata, calzado, botines.griz.mugil.amarillo.palabra que usan cuandoun enfermo come algoque hace retroceder elenfermo, y cuando comeun enfermo del mismofuego del cual come unamujer prefiada o sumarido, u otra personaque hi6 mordido poruna culebra.gorgojo.licor, ron, guarapo, chi-cha.preservar.eso, aquello, aquel; (adv.)alii.eso?, etc.nombre de persona.seda.en esa direcci6n.quelonio o tortuga terres-tre. 112 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGYVOCABULARY?Continued [Boll. 162Quaymf English Spanish s^rd,, nserd, adjsere, n sete, adjs^we, nsiaiioa, conslba, advsfba, Ji siblf, nsibritu, nsibunu, nsfkemensikl6, nsiri, nslota, nso, nsobro, nsoeko, nsoko, n sola, nsolan, nsore, nsoron, nsosora, nsribi, nsribire, vsukadre, vsukara, nsukla, nsukote, Vsuld, n sule, nsulf, nSuliA, Sulyd, n.. suline, sulin, adj sulfnkua, nsuliwae, nsulun, nsuru, V tortoisethat?_._name of an itch, name ofa tree.therequail __whetheralsothe youngest of any fam-ily.a crustaceanspreetspoona birdwoodpeckeropossum, oysterchildthe moon, tobaccohatsign, tokena leaf used for smoking astobacco.straw.soretokensour sapsperamwork ._work, to workto paddle, to clean, scrapesu garmatter from the eyeto cleanred opossumyawsparrokitea Spaniardwhen tubers begin tosprout or spring, water-ish.old man, a demonan old womanparrokite fishthe armpitblow galdpago.eso? etc.nombre de un drbol, nom-bre de una rasgura.allf.codorniz.asi o no.tambi^n.el mds joven de unafarailia.Crustacea,palo de vela,cuchara.un pajaro.picamadero, carpintero.zorra.nino, uina, criatura.la luna, tabaco.sombrero,sena.hoja que usan para fumarcomo tabaco.paja.Uaga.sena.guanavana.lepidoptero.trabajo.trabajar.halar canalete, limpiar.azdcar.mucuo de los ojos.limpiar.zorra de color rojo, tapacara.buba.lorito.espanol, oriundo de Espa-fia.se usa de planta solandceo cuando empieza a seracuso o a renacer.viejo, un demonic,vieja.una especie de pescado.sobaco.soplar. Alphonse] GUAYAII GRAItlMAR AND DICTIONARYVOCABULARY?Continued 113Guaymf English Spanish ta, prepta, tail, Vtabd, ntabd ngokuo, ntaba ko, ntabe?, adjtabSa, n tachi, n tain, adjtaiti, adj. (tabu-2,tamo-3, tdbuko-4,tarigui6-5, tatI-6,tdkugu-7, tdkuo-8,taj6nkon-9. tajoto-10)tdraalan, n__tami, ntani, n tani, adjtantu, ntara, n tare, vtareko, ntata, ntau, Vte, prepteblu, nteduore, teta, prepten (tenyen, teyen boto,tenyente) v.teo, nteraterebe, n acrossto be, is, am, areneesberry treefruit of the neesberry tree.the leaf of the taboahow many?tree from which hats aremade,papa (a pet name forfather) . ripe, full, redone span a calabash used for drink-ing liquor,a kind of yamthe withe used for killingfish in the little streams.to make foolish by abuse . fireflya round net with a hoopto the mouth and along handle attachedto the hoop, used forscooping fish from theriver,to love, pain, to hurt;(n.) love.lover, sweetheartpapato be, is, are, amintableacross, through; {adv.) inspite of.spinthe third child of anyfamily,insidethe Indians of Changui-nola. atraves, sobre.ser, estar.nispero.fruta del nispero.la hoja del tabfia.cudntos?drbol, de las hojas hacensombreros,papacito. maduro, rojo.uno, un mano. calabaso que usan parabeber licor.una clase de yame.el bejuco que se usan paramatar peces en losriachuelos.hacer tonto, estdpido pormedio de abusos.cucuyo.una red redonda con uncerco a la boca, y un mangolargo al aro; las usanpara eavar pescados delrio. amar, doler, el amor. amor, enamorador, querida.papa.ser, es, eres, estar.en.mesa.atraves, sobre, por lamitad; {adv.) aunque.tejer. el tercer nino de unafamilia.adentro.los Indios de Changui-nola. 114 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGYVOCABULARY?Continued [Bull. 182Quaymf English Spanish terejo, nteri, prepterikiri, prepteritubu, vtewelo, nti, prontf, adjtibid6, ntibo, adjtidera, ntidera nukuoe, ntfdibe, adjtidro, n tike, torotike, v. tik6, V tikeko, Vtikon, ntik6n, ntfmara, ntimon, preptim6nkuore, adv.tindro, n tire, ntiti, ntiwire, adjadvtiwiyere, nto, nto, nVt6bike, vtoboto, adjtode, ntode, toden, vtodeb6, advtodeke, v thunderinsidethe insidefalling insiderabbitIsix, six daysa small poisonous lizard.coldscissorsrazor billquiet, still, silenttongue, very tiny, on thepoint of death.to mark, to scratch, towrite, inveigle, carryaway,solicit and inveigle awayanother person withone.to cutname of a personmy dear, my darlingtimbersdowndownwardstrong withe used forbinding wood to makehouse.farm, gardensmall frysecretsecretly, privatelya whore, a prostitutefootprint; cocomind, willwant, desire, needfret, worry, thinkwisea birdpunish (literally, takeyour mind).all rightto rest one's mind upon,hope for or in a thing. trueno.adentro.la parte de adentro.cayendo hacia adentro.conejo.yo.seis, seis dias.un lagarlijo venenoso.frio.tijera.un pd,jaro.quieto, silencio.lengua, (adv.) muypequeno, lentamente,punta de muerte.marcar, escribir, llevar(con mala intencidn). solicitar y llevar consigootra persona. cortar.un nombre.mi querido o queridaumbrales, gambotas.abajo, bajo.hacia abajo.bejuco fuerte que usanpara amarrar los paloscon que hacen suschozas.finca, jardfn.pequena sardina.secreto.scretamente.puta, prostituta.ot6, huella, tania, coco.mente, el deber.quiere, desear, necesitar.rozar, afligir, pensar.sabio.un pdjaro.castigar.bueno pues, pues bien.espera en, hacer descansarla mente sobre unapersona o cosa. Alphonse] GUAYMI GRAMMAR AND DICTIONARYVOCABULARY?Continued 115 Guayml English Spanish todi, adv t66, ntoen, Vtoenmetre, vtoibikaire, toibikaidretoke, V tok^biti, Vtokora, ntolen, n tolene, adjtomana, advton, ntone, adjtoneo, adjt6ngiti6, Vtoni, preptoni, V tore, n tori, V torio, advtoro, Vtoro, Vtorokuata, ntorotikara, n torotike, vtote, advtotik^, Vtotikako, n trekete, vtribe, n trimen, ntrimentoke, vtro, ntro, ntrokro, n still behind, linger behind,lag behind, remain.desiresee, lookleavethink, studysit, strike, hit shuta seat, a bench, a stool,one of the constellationscalled the Plough; abig bird.twisted, irregularthirstycormorantripeningpensivelearnunderto put under, as under ahen for hatching,bedding to look for, seek after,strike.in the third placeto have; (n) bookremind, rememberpaperthat with which onewrites.to writestillto teachteacher (literally, one whocuts into the mind;mind engraver),to split, to rend, to breakthat which belongs to aperson, his possessions,goods.strength, powerfightshadowshark, backbackbone queda atrds.deseo.ver.dejar.pensar, estudiar.sentar, sientese, pegar,chuzear.cerrar.un asiento, banca.una de las constelaciones,ave grande. torcido.sed.cuerva marino.madureciendo.pensativo.aprender.debajo.hacer sentar. cobertura, ropa de camacomo por un reci^nnacido.buscar, detrds de, seguir,tocar.en el tercer lugar.tener; (n.) libro.accordar, recordar.papel.con que se escribe. escribir.todavia.ensenar.maestro, maestra; el queescribe sobre la mente. partir, romper.lo que pertenece a unapersona, posesi6n, bi-enes, trastes.fuerza, poder.pelear.sombra.tibur6n, espalda.espalda, espinaso. 116 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGYVOCABULARY?Continued [BuU. 162 Ouayml English Spanish trore, adv __trore, adjtu, ntub6, ntubti, ntuchi, ntuki6, ntukl6, ntukuo, ntukuore, ntukuore, adj., (kotukuore,kotukuo).tun, ntuore, adj tura, n_.tuwae, n. u, n. ub6n, adj. uboneukakro, ukekro, v_uke, n uke, Vukete, VuU, nUlikr6n, n. ulie, nulire, adj..numbo!, advuno, adj... unsdn, n...urd, n backwayshinetootha treehawksbill turtle _ . a nameratnavelthornpneumoniabushy, virgin soil. crookbrilliant, flowery, bloom-ing.gillsnook U ax; father-in-law; a kindof bug that burrowsinto woodwork.bad luck, one who misses. see ub6ngathera stone used for crushinggrain.hide, regulatejudge, regulate, fixorphanOnly Begotten, person ofIndian mythology; Heis supposed to havetraversed the Americaslong ago and said thathe would come again,Orphan of the Virgin.the legsorrowfulsorrowyes manmaturity, finished grow-ing.a fishmanwood blocks por detrds.brillante.diente.un drbol.carey.un nombre.rat6n, rata.ombligo.espina.neumonia.montanoso, tierra nueva.gancho.brillante, floreciente, flo-rido.agalla.un pez. hacha, suegro, un bichoque hace hueco enmaderas.mala suerte, falta de tiroseguro.viase ub6n.recoger.molej6n. esconder, moler.jugar, componer.hu^rfano.Unig^nito, persona demitologia indfgena;Huerfano de la Virgen. pierna.triste.tristeza.si sen or.no crece mas, madurez. un pez.viga. Alphonse) GUAYMI GRAMMAR AND DICTIONARYVOCABULARY?Continued 117Quayml English Spanish urdota, nuru, V _urn, niisia, nutio, nutiote, adjutio bien, vutiodre, vutio nooi, advutrd, nutu, nuwae, nuyae, nuyae ngo, n.uj'ara, n wa, wau, nwaisuk u, nwa,iTe,adi< wane, adv 'wane, conwara, ngwara, nware, adjwari, V wayara, n _wen, weyandre, vwentori, vwenyan, wenyain, nwenye, adjwiguird, nwiki, nwisiliri, nwisisi, nwitori, nwonen, ngwonen,ngwonenko, v.wononkuk6, n ya, nya, adv a spiritgroundbarbetmousereward, pricevaluable, precious, costlypaytrust, credithow much?flamepigeonthe shoot of the banana-spiritholy spiritgrater W fishharpoontogether, in concert, inunison,when, till, until, provided,should in case.and, ifwhipray, stingrayabounding in fishto pen, to pursue tocatch.wirecarry, bringaskmonej', silverwhite --a stoolwicksnipecurlewsouth, interiorto shout a shout Yplay--sufficient, enough, hold,stop. un espfritu.pret. del verbo "uke."un pdjaro.rata.premio, precio.apremiado.pagar.fiar, credito.cuanto?flama, llama.paloma.la yema del guineo.espfritu.espfritu santo.raya. pez, pescado.arp6n.junto, en concierto, enarmonia,cuando, hasta que, si acaso. y, si.raya.abunde en pescado.perseguir de cerca, en-jaular.alambre.llevar, traer.preguntar.plata, moneda.bianco,asiento.torcida.agachadiza.ave aquatico, chorlito.sur, el interior.gritar. grito. ]uego.suficiente, basta. 118 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGYVOCABULARY?Continued [Bull. 162 Guaymi Alphonse] GUAYMI GRAMMAR AND DICTIONARY 119To liim (The Sukya) the dream is retold by a friend of the sickperson who has had the dream. Careful retelling of the dream leadsto the finding of the weed, bark, or plant that will be effective againstthe evil spirit.Having received his present and fees, the Sukya proclaims a "wake"for the dreamer's hut. The wake is called Gueto, Goto, Ngote, orNgwote. Among other things the Sukya receives with his present arecocoa beans. These are sanctified by the Sukya when he blows onthem. They are carried along with the medicine he gives, and, at thehut, are parched and ground and made into a drink. For five nightsand as many days they gather at the hut of the dreamer and drinkcocoa diluted to a thin mixture slightly more colored than water; thisis served all night. None must sleep. The Ghost (the evil spirit) isthus kept away, giving the soul of the sick person a chance to comeback to him and so enable him to recover.The wake is aided by a ceremony at which the local medicine manis the impressario. Crosses of balsa wood are put on either side of themain roads leading to the hut. A kind of vine is set up as an archunder which the Ghost must pass. A noose is in the middle of thevine arch. This will catch the Ghost.Into the eyes of all the guests a kind of Sukya-made preparation isdropped. In the hut are crosses. Balsa sticks are carved to representhuman heads and faces and made hideous with charcoal marks.The person who has had the dream is put inside a fence made arounda raised platform. Two crosses are put one on either side of thisfenced off platform. The fence is made of wild canes. Ghosts arereputed to be afraid of wild canes.The family of Ghosts is as follows:jubu, House Ghostkribu, Tree Ghostngo-loota (no translation)kruzoota (no translation)chen dokuo, Nigger Headngubuon kri kud6, Long-Hand, Monkej' Ghostchibo do, Goat-Smell Ghost.On these the local Sukya, or medicine man, bases his song of exorcism:Jubu, kribu ngwarobo, dikeko, ko nio biti, ko kri biti, jakain bori, akuaabokon, nan dabd, kuorobe chi nobe?House Ghost, Tree Ghost, foolishGhost, walks over all the earth, boasting, but in spite of this, he cannotwin one little bit.During the ceremony there is a heavy smoke caused by the burningof wood termite nests, a stink vine, and pepper. These, burningtogether, fumigate the Ghost. 849563?56 ? 120 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY [Bull. 162BOIENEThe word "boiene" may be translated "fast." It is the commandof the Sukya to a sick person to abstain from certain foods; fromcontact with certain persons; and from cooking or eating anythingcooked on the fire on which those certain people cook. Consequentlytwo fires will be used in the same house, one for the patient and onefor the rest of the household.The kinds of food tabooed may have a scientific as w^ell as a super-stitious basis. The persons with whom the sick person must makeno contact are (a) a woman who is pregnant, and (b) the man by whomshe conceived. Also any person who was once bitten by a snake mustnot see the patient. If this taboo is unwittingly broken, i. e., if aman whose wife is pregnant goes into a hut where there is a sick person,a certain procedure must follow. He must return to a spot wherethe road intersects; a calabash of water is brought; he washeshis mouth with some of the water and spews back some in the calabash.This water is used to bathe the joints of the sick person. Somehowthis stops the process of a relapse, called "sdani," on the part of thesick person. PUBERTYWhen young men are ready to enter into the full manhood of thetribe they are initiated by the ceremony called "Gwuro." A clearingis made in the dense forest. All the eligible young men are gatheredat this spot for several da3^s. The older men sing the tribal songs ofthe exploits of heroes of the past, and the young men are made toendure the utmost hardships and punishments. After this they areconsidered to be men.When a girl reaches puberty, a special old woman is appointed toattend her. (1) The girl is put into a pen made of wild cane, so thatshe is shut off from others in the hut. She is taken to the stream bythe attendant and is given a bath. Then (2) she is crowned with akind of weed woven into a headpiece. (3) She is taught to spin andto make the net in which she is to carry her child when it arrives.(4) If she is impertinent, the attendant takes a nettle and dabs herover with it. She will then be docile to her husband. (5) She is nowehgible for marriage. To proclaim this fact the parents arrange forher debut, a spinach feed. Many relatives from far and near gatheron a given night and eat spinach boiled in water. They call this "ka kuete." MARRIAGEThere is no set marriage ceremony. Women are bartered (a) forcattle, (6) for pigs, or for an amount equivalent to so many cattle or Alphonse] GUATMI GRAMMAR AND DICTIONARY 121 pigs. This dowry is paid either to the parents or to the woman'sbrothers, (c) The man barters his service in perpetuity to the girl'sparents. He moves home to them and is their servant. If he is aclever fellow he will come off in the end with two or more sisters forwives.Daughters are exchanged for sons. This exchange, however, isarranged by the parents. "Your son takes my daughter, and auto-matically my son gets yours in exchange." This custom is called "kunkiene.''When a man intends to marry a girl, the first sign of his intentionis that he deliberately will not come face to face with his prospectivefather-in-law or mother-in-law or any of his wife's relatives; nor canany of his brothers. When the girl is taken, her husband is not per-mitted to face her parents. Their faces are tabooed to him and hisbrothers for life.The men are polygamists. The more wives they have the greatertheir prosperity and influence. They generally take sisters. Thewomen encourage polygamy. The more wives her husband acquires,the less a woman works. The first wife owns all the children.MEDICINE CULTThere are weeds, vines, roots, and barks connected with dreamsand sickness. If a man dreams of being butted down by a bull, andif the bull butts him in the chest, he is given "the bull bush."If a snake bites a man, after the preliminary treatments the bushthat has the color of the snake is boiled and the brew is given thepatient to drink till he recovers. The preliminaries are:(1) Not to be touched or seen by a pregnant woman or her spouse,(2) If the snake is killed, cut off the head and parch it and mix the ashes withgunpowder; give the mixture to the patient after the gall of the snakeis swallowed whole.(3) The wound is opened with a knife and gunpowder is put in it; a matchis set to it, and it is burned. To kill a really bad snake, tobacco ischewed to an odorous paste, wrapped in a thin leaf, and put on the endof a long stick; with this the snake is teased till it snaps at the tobacco.Instantly it is paralyzed and can be handled with the bare hand.The knowledge of herbs is handed down to children. When amedicine man dies, a relative whom he has instructed in his knowledge,steps into his place after a period of mourning. Eventually a casewiU come up to test the skill of this relative. Once a cure is effectedhis fame spreads, and he encourages this with boasts of spiritualrevelations; once fear and confidence are inspired, he is established.He now sings the chants of the heroes and the words that exorcisethe House Ghosts, etc. 122 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY [Bull. 162For a pain in any part of the body a kind of pain diversion methodis adopted. Toothache is treated by attaching a nail to a bit of woodand heating it till red, then briskly touching the parts around theswollen area 9 or 10 times. The same is done for gallstone or liver orspleen pains. When there is a swelling in which there is pus, the nailis heated in the same way and thrust in till the pus drains out. Thewound generally heals in a few days.Certain sores, like yaws (yoz), are smoked. A hole is dug in theground, the nest of the wood termite is broken and put in, and a fireset; this gives off a heavy smoke which rises for hours. The leg isheld over the smoke for a whole day while the patient lies quiet andprostrate till evening. The sore generally dries up after this treatment.When midwives attend at births, as soon as the cord is severed,they burn a cork and rub the carbon on the severed cord. As soonafter the birth as possible the mother goes to the water place.These facts are culled by observation. The Guaymi guard theirmedicine secrets more carefully than the whereabouts of gold.BURIALSWhen a man dies, his body is handled by specially appointedpersons?"mubai." The body is wrapped in cloth, and with the bodyare placed the weapons used for the hunt. The bow and arrows,clothes, and a diinking gourd of the deceased are put on the grave.The mourners weep aloud every morning from 5 to 6 o'clock for 9days.When those who dig the grave and bury the body return home, theychange their clothes at the water place, bathe and wash their handswith "mruvria," a scented plant commonly called "culantro." Thenthey may return to their homes, and the hut from which the bodywas taken is abandoned for a long time.TWINS AND MUBAISTwin babies forebode evil to parents. The only way to offset thisis to cause one to die. This is usually done at birth. At other timesone is allowed to perish slowly. Twins are called "munkin" or "bokolore."By "mubai" is meant "first-born." Sukya or a medicine person isalways the first-born of his family. He is allowed to handle the sickand give medicine. He is supposed to be endowed with specialspiritual favor and the power to heal.THE BALSERf A The great tribal game is called "krunkite," in Spanish "balseria."This is a game of stick dancing. Usually the dry September season Alphonse] GUAYMI GRAMMAR AND DICTIONARY 123 is the time for stick dancing. It is also the time when food is mostabundant and the "pisba" or "pejebaya" palm?the most importantfood after corn and rice?is ripening its fruit.When a man chooses to hold a balseria, he assumes the name of "kobobu." He prepares to lead the game by choosing a site andgetting up a store of provisions for the "etebali," or man he choosesto challenge, and his group. Immediately a band of followers gatheraround him, and the date is set.A cord is knotted to show the number of days before the game willcome off. His messengers go out to "krun braire", or to challenge,with the cord and a horn or conch shell, which is blown in a peculiarway. Instantly everyone who accepts the challenge answers thehorn with a similar challenging blast, and the forthcoming balseria isestablished.Everybody now begins to crush sugarcane and put away the juiceto ferment. The women boil and chew the fruit of the pisba, whichthey put into a vat, and then eventually into gourds for fermentation.Immense quantities of food are secured by hunters and fishermen.From the traders they acquire bread and rum in large quantities.(The traders encourage the games to increase their business.)The site having been chosen, the "kobobu" and his helpers clear it,and build small huts around the clearing. To these they bring theirprovisions, their women, and their children. The women are spec-tators; they applaud the men.On the eve of the balseria, the kobobu feeds the "etebali" and hisdefenders. During the night, the men let loose all passions?as thehorse is let to gallop unreined. Few, including the women, keep sober.Fights and old grudges are settled then, and never successfully tillblood drawn by fist mauling settles it. Shirt bosoms are bespatteredwith blood?that ends a fight and that only. When a man throughdrunkenness gets unmanageable, his favorite wife will hold on to himand keep wetting his head with cold water and hitting him on hishead with the palm of her hand to bring back his senses.For the balseria the men paint themselves as fancy dictates, withpaint made from the fat of a roach called "kuron." This roach istrained to infest especially a tree called by the same name, from whichit derives its fat. The roaches are gathered when pink with fat andare boiled to a paste, which hardens. The paste is then mixed withanotto (Bixa orellana) for red; with blue from the shops and alsofrom the fruit "sule"; with soot for black; and with the root of a treefor yeUow. The actual painting of the face is called "ja-mike,"The headdress is called "nurin" and is made of feathers of wildbirds. The feathers form a sort of circular crown, fitted to a bandaround the head. The headdress is held in place by a black bandunder the chin. 124 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY [Bull. 162Over their shoulders are worn the skin of animals killed in thehunt. The braver man will wear a stuffed jaguar skin?he is a "tiger" man. So down the scale, little boys will wear squirrel skin.From the skin of the peccary are made drumheads for the scooped-out wooden drums. Horns of the long-horned cattle are bought foras much as $40 each to make music. When the horn is not largeenough, two or more are put together and bound with wax. Theblowing end is fitted with a mouthpiece that looks like the small endof a cotton-thread spool cut in two and fitted to the horn.Whistles are made from the bones of deer. From the shells oftortoises a sort of cello is made that gives a monotonous screech.What with indiscriminate sounds of drums, cow horns, conch shells,whistles, tortoise shells, and yells and screams in a dense forest where1,000 or more are gathered, all doing the same thing at the same time,the picture of a balseria night is complete.The game consists of dancing while balsa wood sticks 5 feet inlength are thrown at the dancer, who performs with his back turnedto his opponent. The sticks are cut months ahead and put to drybefore a fire. They become light and hard, the ends being slightlyrounded off. On the morning of the ceremony, a great ring is formedwith men and women in their finery of paint, beads, necldaces, andclothes. The kobobu is at one end and etebali and his group are atthe other. The sticks are stacked nearby on a specially constructedplatform. The kobobu chooses 12, and the etebali a like number.The kobobu comes out with empty hands and turns his back to theman challenged and begins his rhythmic dance, singing the while: "Brani! Brani!" meaning "Man you say you are." To which theetebali coming out with a stick aimed at the other's legs and dancingrhythmically back and forth replies, in a challenging tone, "Man Iam," and he lets drive with both hands as hard as he is able. Thedancing target is supposed to open his legs and close them. Often itis a clear miss; the dancer maneuvers his legs gracefully, and awaitsthe next. When, however, the etebali makes a hit and the chal-lenger falls, he runs back for another stick crying out, "Wau ki sha!Wau ka-sha!"?"I struck! I caught a fish!"When these are through, the opposing side falls in and repeats thesame procedure; thus both teams belabor one another for a wholeday. At the end of the contest hundreds of bruised legs are seen.When the balseria is concluded, the ring is formed again, but thistime the women chant a song of parting, and all leave. At home thebruised, bloody and swollen legs are cauterized with hot nails. Afterthese wounds are healed, a local stick dance is held to appease theghost of the stick dance that caused the swollen legs. Alphonse] GUAYMI GRAMMAR AND DICTIONARY 125FOLKLORETHE ULIKRONThey sing:The Ulikron, Ngobo Ulikron (Ulikron means the orphan of the Virgin) traveledfrom the north, the far, far north, the cold, cold north. He talked to stout littlemen, to tall red men, to men in huts, to men in tall houses made of stone, to menwho make broad roads and wear fine soft clothes, and pearls and silver and gold,to men who look like the sun in their dress and wisdom and might. Yes, theUlikron passed among them long, long ago and told the men to be good, to dogood, to love good. The Ulikron passed and talked; the Ulikron was lovely; hiseyes were soft and seeing; his eyes saw through men; the Ulikron's eyes saw andsaw and saw, and men looked on and wept and stopped their wars; they stoppedtheir hate; their bows and arrows shot the deer, but never man again; and longthey walked the Ulikron way and talked of him till one great chief began to warand build big houses of stone. Yes, the Ulikron went down to the end of theearth. He went to the far south and talked. He saw the land of gold and theland of great waters and great stone houses and men who dressed in gold and softclothes and built long roads?men of great wisdom born of the stars.The Ulikron pointed to the stars. He talked of the Meselen (the Crab), theTolen (the Plough), the Men (the Great Bear). He talked of the God abovethose stars, and he told men to be good and that He would come again for allgood men; and men began to be good.All Indians wait for the "Ulikron."CIRI KLAVEThey sing:The Ciri Klave came in a great canoe. His oars were studded with great pearls.His canoe was splendid in the sun, splendid on the water; his slaves that rowedhim were splendid in dress, in beads, and in shells of beauty, and the gold of theconch. Their arms were strong and their arrows shot far and straight. Theynever missed a bird; they never missed a deer; they never missed a man. TheCiri Klave beat our chief; his arms were stronger; his sense was greater; they triedto stop him, but he knew their mind; he knew their skill; and he beat the chiefs ? the big bad chief Jora To Dobu; Jirai Mue Kudebu; yes, he beat Somana Kingini;and this is how he beat Deko, the wisest chief.The wise Deko made friends with him but separated his island by a wise trick,for his mind was strong and his will was powerful. He talked to the sea, he talkedto the land, and the piece of land moved with him, like a ship, far into the sea.And the Deko lived with his tribe and laughed at the Ciri Klave on the mainland.He lived on the turtle and he lived on the fish, for the turtle and the fish cameplentiful to his island and gave themselves for food. And he laughed at the CiriKlave and he thought that he was safe in his laughter. But Ciri Klave called abridge out of the sea from Sulitikua and Bole, and the narrow bridge grew up andCiri KHave walked with his men across the sea and he told the bridge to sink lestDeko should escape. When the sun got high and Deko was boasting that healone beat Ciri Klave with his wits, Ciri Klave shouted with his men and sur-rounded the hut, Deko tried to be sweet and gave Ciri lOave a seat and a stoolthat had poisoned thorns underneath. If he sat on it he would quickly die, butCiri Klave blew on the seat, he blew again, and the spines of the thorns like porcu-pine quills bent down, and he sat and he did not die; but now he made Deko sit,an arrow aimed at his heart, and Deko sat and the spines penetrated him, andDeko jumped and turned to a stone. INDEX Adjectives, 2, 4, 12-16comparison of, 17demonstrative, 16demonstrative interrogative, 16descriptive, 12distributive, 16examples, 18general rules, 4indefinite demonstrative, 16interrogative, 16numeral, examples of forms, 13-15,18numeral, indefinite, 12numeral, definite cardinal, 13proper, 12quantitative, 12syntax of numeral, 15vocabulary, 17Adverbial phrases, 22Adverbs, 2, 18-22comparison of, 20general rules, 4, 53-55interrogative, 19-20list of, 19, 21-22relative or conjunctive, 20simple, 18Allegory, 60Alphabet, the, 1pronounciation of, 1Animal skins, worn by dancers, 124Articles, general rules, 3, 16-17Balserfa, the, (game), 122-124Body painting, 123Boiene, meaning of, 120Burial, customs attending, 122Capitalization, general rules, 5Case, general rules, 3, 6, 7nominative, 3, 7objective, 3, 7possessive, 3vocative, 3Cello, tortoise-shell, 124Ciri Klave, folklore, 125Commanding, method of, 58-59Conjunctions, examples of, 2, 25general rules, 5, 23-25, 55-56how to use the conjunctive, 23-24subordinate, 25Conjunctive phrases, 24Dictionary (Guaymf, English, Spanish),62-118"Don'ts," series of, 57-58 Dreams, beliefs regarding, 118-120, 121Drums, wooden, 124Etebali (defender), 123, 124Etymology or history of words, 41-48Fasts, ordered by Suyka, 120Figures of speech, 59-60Folklore, Ciri Klave, 125The Ulikron, 125Food, taboos regarding, 120Gender, general rules, 3, 5words denoting, 3, 5, 6Gerund, 53Ghost (evil spirit), 119, 124Guaymi, customs of, 118-125Guaymi texts, didactic, 60-61hortatory, 61models of, 60-61narrative, 60Headdresses, worn at Balserfa, 123Herbs, knowledge of, 121Horns, of long-horned cattle, 124Hyperbole, 59Idioms, general rules, 3Interjections, general rules, 2, 5Irony, 59Kobobu (challenger), 123, 124Marriage, customs relating to, 120-121Medicine cult, 121-122Medicine man, see Sukya.Metaphor, 60Mood, 25-26imperative, 26indicative, 25subjunctive, 26, 52the infinitive, 26, 53transferred imperative, 26Mubais (first-born), 122Nouns, 1, 5-7case, 6formation of plurals, 5gender, 5inflection to denote tense, 6various kinds, 5Numeral adjectives, examples of form,13-15Numeral adjectives, syntax of, 15(127) 128 BUBEAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY (Bull. 162] Paraleipsis, 60Parts of speech, adjectives, 2, 4, 12-16adverbs, 2, 18-22, 53-55conjunctions, 2, 5, 23-25interjections, 2, 5nouns, 1, 5-7prepositions (postpositional terms),2, 22-23pronouns, 2, 7-12, 50-51verbs, 2, 25-30Passive voice, 68Peculiar Guaymi phrases and miscella-neous, 66-57Personal pronouns, declension of, 7-8Phrases, conjunctive, 24models of, 61-61peculiar Guayrnf, 56-57Plurals, formation of, 2, 6Polygamy, custom of, 121Prepositions, list of, 22phrase, 23Prepositions (postpositional terms) , 2, 4,22-23Pronouns, declension of personal, 7-8demonstrative, 10examples of relative or conjunctive,8, 11-12examples of usage, 2, 9, 10, 11general rules, 50-51genitive, 8how to use, 2, 8-9interrogative, 11masculine or feminine, 11neuter, 11nominative, 8possessive, 8reflexive, 9relative or conjunctive, 11rules, 50-51Puberty, rituals concerning, 120Rules, arrangement of words, or syntax,48-56conjunctions, 6, 65-56form.ation of plurals, 2-3, 6miscellaneous, 48-60of grammar, general, 2-5the adverb, 4, 53-55 Rules, arrangement of words, etc.?Con.the pronoun, 4, 50-51the verb, 4, 51-63usage of certain words, 66Sarcasm, 69Simile, 60Snake bite, treatment for, 121Spinach, ritual use of, 120Stirling, M. W., preface by, iii-vSukya (Medicine man), 118, 119, 120Syllable, the, 1Synechdoche, 60Taboos, 120Tense, inflection to denote, 6-7, 28-30Texts, models of, 60-61Twins and mubais, customs regarding,122Uhkron, folklore, 125Verbs, 2, 25-30auxiliary, 30conjugation of, 29-30, 31-35 (table)conjugation of auxiliary, 30, 36-41general rules, 4, 61-53inflection of for tense, 28-29intransitive, 25number, 30rules, 51-53tense or time, 26-27transitive, 25use of vocabulary, 27-28verbal forms or gerunds, 26, 40-41vocabulary, 27-28Vocabulary, tense or time, 27-28Vocabulary, Guaymi, Enghsh, Spanish,62-118Vowels, 1pronunciation of, 1Wake (seance), 119Whistles, bone, 124Words, arrangement of, or syntax, 48-56etymology or the history of, 41-48usage of certain, 56denoting gender, general rules, 3 U. S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE: 1956 SMrTHSONIAN INSTITUTION LIBRARIES 3 9088 01421 9117