^epctvivnevxi of fhc inferior
U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM.
BULLETIN
OF THE
UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
PUBLISHED UNDER THE DIRECTION OF THE SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION,
WASHINGTON:
GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE.
1875.

CHECK-LIST
OF
North American Batrachia and Reptilia;
SYSTEMATIC LIST OF THE HIGHER GROUPS,
ESSAY ON GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION.
BASED ON
THE SPECIMENS CONTAINED m THE U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM.
By EDWARD D. COPE.
WASHIKGTO:sr:
GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE.
1875,
ADVEETISEMENT.
This work is the first of a series of papers intended to illustrate the
collections of Natural History and Ethnology belonging to the United
States and constituting the lliJational Museum, of which the Smithsonian
Institution was placed in charge by the act of Congress of August 10,
1846.
It has been prepared at the request of the Institution, and printed by
authority of the honorable Secretary of the Interior.
JOSEPH HENET,
Secretary Smithsonian Institution,
Smithsonian Institution,
Washington, November^ 1875.
TABLE OF CONTENTS.
Page.
Introductory remarks 3
Part I. Arrangement of the families and higher divisions of Batrachia and
Reptilia. [Adopted provisionally by the Smithsonian Institution.].. 7
Class Batrachia 7
Order Anura 7
Stegocephali 10
Gymnophidia 11
Urodela 11
Proteida 12
Trachystomata 12
Class Eeptilia 12
Order Ornithosauria - 12
Dinosauria 13
Crocodilia 14
Sauropterygia 14
Anomodontia l'^>
Ichthyopterygia 15
Ehynchocephalia 15
Testudinata 16
Lacertilia 17
Pythonomorpha 20
Ophidia 21
Part II. Check-list of the species of Batrachia and Eeptilia of the Nearctic or
North American realm 24
Class Batrachia 24
Order Trachystomata 24
Proteida 24
Caducibranchiata 25
Annra 29
Bnfoniform ia 29
Firmisternia 30
Arcifera 30
Eaniformia 32
Class Eeptila 33
Order Ophidia 33
Solenoglypha 33
Proteroglypha 34
Asinea 34
Scolecophidia 44
II TABLE OF CONTENTS.
Pa^e.
Part II. Check-list of the species of Batrachia and Eeptilia, &c.—Continued :
Class Eeptila—Continued
:
Order Lacertilia 44
Oplieosauri 44
Pleurodonta 44
Typhlophthalmi 44
Leptoglossa 44
Diploglossa 46
Iguania 47
Nyctisaura 50
Testudinata 50
Atliecse 50
Cryptodira , 51
Crocodilia 54
Part III. On geographical distribution of the Vertehrata of the Eegnum Nearc-
ticum, with especial reference to the Batrachia andEeptilia 55
I.—The faunal regions of the earth 55
II.—Number of species 58
III.—Eelations to other realms 61
IV.—The regions 67
Austroriparian 68
Eastern 70
Central 71
Pacific 72
Sonoran 73
Lower Californian 74
V.—-The Austroriparian region 76
VI.—The Eastern region 82
VIL—The Central region 88
VIIL—The Pacific region 89
IX.—The Sonoran region 90
X.—The Lower Californian region 92
XI.—Eelation of distribution to physical causes 93
Pari iV. Bibliography 97
A.—Works on the classification of Batrachia and Eeptilia 97
B.—Works treating of the geographical distribution of North American
Batrachia and Eeptilia 100
Alphabetical index 101
INTRODUCTORY REMARKS.
The present contribution to Nortli American Herpetology is a prodro-
nms of a general work on that subject, undertaken some years ago at
the request of the Secretary of the Smithsonian Institution. The mate-
rial which has been accumulating in the museum of that Institution
has offered great advantages for the investigation of the questions of
anatomical structure, variations of specific characters, and geographical
distribution. It is believed that these subjects are much elucidated by the
study of the Batrachia and Beptilia, since these animals are especially
susceptible to physical influences j since, also, they are unable, like birds,
and generally not disposed, as are mammals, to make extended migra-
tions, their habitats express nearly the simplest relations of life to its
surroundings.
In prosecuting these investigations, it has become necessary to adapt
the nomenclature to the results obtained by study of many specimens
as to the variation of species. It is a common observation that the
better a species of animal is represented in our collections, the wider do
we discover its range of variation to be, and the greater the number of
supposed distinct species does it become necessary to reduce to the rank
of varieties. The definition of a species being simply a number of indi-
viduals, certain of whose physical peculiarities belong to them alone,
and are at the same time exhibited by all of them, it is evident that,
since it is impossible, in the present state of our knowledge, to predicate
what those "certain peculiarities" shall be, the only test .of specific d'eli-
Bition is the constancy of those characters. Hence it is that the most
diverse forms of one species may differ more from each other than two
recognized species. In the investigation of ISTorth American cold-blooded
Vertebrata, I have observed that many species are represented by well-
marked geographical varieties, which, following the example of some
ornithologists, I have called subsveeies. Many of these have been here-
tofore regarded as species.
In illustration of these remarks, certain species of the genus Ophiholns
may be selected. The most northern and the most southern forms of the
genus, the 0. triangulum and 0. coccineuSj have always been regarded as
distinct species; and so numerous are their differential characters, in col-
oration, size, and squamation, that this view would seem to rest on a sat-
isfactory foundation. I find, however, that individuals exist which rep-
resent every stage of development of each character which distinguishes
them, although certain typesaypearto be more abundant than the interme-
diate ones. 0. triangulum is a species of larger size, with two temporal
plates, a row of large dorsal spots, and other smaller ones on the sides, on a
grayish ground ; with a chevron, and often other marks on the top of the
head, and a band posterior to the eye. 0. coccineusis a small snake with a
small loreal plate and one temporal shield ; color red, with pairs of black
rings extending round the body, and no markings on the head excepting
that the anterior ring of the anterior pair crosses the posterior edge of
the occipital shields, forming a half collar. The transition is accom-
plished thus : The lateral borders of the dorsal spots of 0. triangulum
break up, and the lateral spots become attached to their anterior and
posterior dark borders. The chevron of the top of the head first breaks
into spots, and then its posterior portions unite with each other. The
borders of the old dorsal spots continue to the abdomen, where the
remaining lateral portions finally meet on the middle line, forming a
black line. This breaks up and disapi)ears, leaving the annuli open;
and these are then completed in many specimens. The general colors
become more brilliant and the size smaller. The head is more depressed
;
in immediate relation to this form, the loreal plate is reduced in size,
and the two temporal shields of 0. triangulum are reduced to one. Every
form of combination of these characters can be found, which represent
six' species of the books (in North Auierica), viz: 0. triangulum, 0. doli-
atus, 0. annulatus, 0. gentilis, O. amaurus, and 0. coccineus. The oldest
name is the 0. doliatus, Linn. Another series of specimens resemble
very closely those of the subspecies coccineus ; in fact, are identical with
them in color. The loreal shield is, however, extinguished, and the rows
of scales are i educed by one on each side. These specimens simply carry
one degree further the modifications already described. Yet, on account
of the constancy of these characters, I am compelled to regard these
individuals not only as a distinct species, but, on account of the absence
of the loreal plate, as belonging to another genus. This is the Calama-
ria elapsoidea of Holbrook ; the Osceola elapsoidea of Baird and Girard.
It affords an illustration of the principle, which I have elsewhere insisted
on, " that adjacent species of allied genera may be more alike than remote
species of identical generic characters," whicb indicates that generic char-
acters originate independently of the specific*
The classification of the present list is illustrated by the above remarks.
I now briefly allude to the rules I have followed in adopting a nomen-
clature. These rules are those in general use in the United States, as
based on the revision of the rules of the British Association for the
Advancement of Science by a committee of the American Association,
and elaborated in more detail by W. H. Edwards,t after Thorell aud
Wallace ; in other words, the law of priority is followed under the fol-
lowing definitions
:
(1) A specific name given by an author must relate to a description
or plate of the object intended.
(2) A generic name of a species must be accompanied by a separate
definition of the genus intended, by reference to some of its distinctive
features.
Note.—These two rules are properly regarded as the safeguards of
nomenclature, since they ofter the only means by which the writings of
authors in the sciences concerned can be intelligible. The necessity of
these rules will become increasingly apparent, since, as the systematic
sciences become more popular, sciolists may publish pages of names in
any of their departments, with the efi'ect, should such names be author-
itative, of indefinitely postponing the cultivation of the subject. A
generic diagnosis is not necessarily perfect in the early stages of the
classification of a science, and may be found later to embrace more than
one generic type
J
hence, the following additional rule has been found
necessary :
(3) In the subdivision of a genus, names of the new genera are to be
adopted in the order of priority of the definition of the divisions to which
they refer; the remaining natural generic group retaining the original
name, unless the latter has been already given to one of the divisions,
as prescribed.
(4) Prloritj^ reposes on date of publication, and not on date of read-
ing of papers.
Of course, consistently with the above rules, as divisions of high rank
must be defined in order to be understood, names of these unaccompa-
nied by definitions are not binding on the uomenclator.
In regard to orthography, the same code of rules has been followed,
viz, in the Latinization of all words of Greek derivation. This has been
* Origin of Genera, Pliiladelphia, 1868.
t The Canadian Entomologist, 1873, p. 32.
6applied especially to the conipounding of family-Dames. Thus, if the
generic name is spelled according to Latin rule, the family-name derived
from it must be so also; hence, I write ScapMopidae, not Scaphiopodidae;
Bhinoceridae, not Ehinocerotidae.
lu the check-list, the correct name of each species and subspecies is
given with reference to a good description. To each is added its geo-
graphical range.
PA.RT I.
ARRANGEMENT
OF
THE FAMILIES AND HIGHER DIVISIONS
OF
BATRACHIA AND REPTILIA.
[ADOPTED PROVISIONALLY BY THE SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION.]
Class BATRACHIA.
Order ANUEA.
(Anura, Dumeril ; Salientia, Merrem, Gray.)
Eanifoemia.
(Eaniformia, Cope, Nat. Hist. Eev., y, 114, 1865.*)
Eanidae =Eanidae, Cope, 1^. H. Eev., v, 114-
119, 1865.'
Colostethidae = Colostethidae, Cope, P. A. 'N. S.
Phila., 1866, 130.'
1 Raniformia, partim, Dam. et Bib., Erp. G6n.
2 Ranidae, Cope, Jour. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., n. s., vi, 189, 1867 ; Banidae, Polypedati-
dae, and Cystignathidae, pars, Gthr., Cat. Bat. Salien., IS58, 4-26.
3 Colostethidae, Cope, Jour. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., n. s., vi, 197, 1867 ; " Calostethidae,"
Mivart, Proc. Zool. Soc. Loudon, 1869.
Firmisteenia/
(Bufonoid Eaniformia, Cope, Jour. Acad. Nat. Sc. Phila.,
n. s., vi, 190, 1867.)
Dendrobatidae — Dendrobatidae, Cope, 1^. H. Eev., v,
103-104, 1865.'
=: Phryniscidae, Cope, J. A. IS". S.
Phila., n. s., vi, 190, 1867.'
:= Engystomidae, Cope, J. A. N. S.
Phila., n. s., vi, 190, 1867.'
= Brevicipitidae, Cope, J. A. '^. S»
Phila., n. s., vi, 190, 1867.'
Phryniscidae
Engystomidae
Brevicipitidae
Gasteeohmia.
(Gastrechmia, Cope, J. A. N. S. Phila., n. s., vi, 198, 1867.)
Hemisidae = Hemisidae, Cope, J. A. K S. Phila.,
n. s., vi, 198-199, 1867.'
* Firmisternia. Believing the arciferous or raniform sterual structure to have about
equal systematic value with the presence or absence of teeth, I have separated the
toothless families with raniform sternum under the name of Firmisternia. It is not
impossible that this group may turn out to be inseparable from the Gastrechmia. The
toothed Aglossa must be distinguished on the same j)rinciple from Pipa, and the sub-
order is accordingly named Odontaglossa.
6 Hylaplesiidae, Gthr., Cat. Bat. Salien., 1858, 124-126.
^ Brachycephalina, pars, Gthr., Cat. Bat. Salien., 1858, 42.
'> Engystomidae, Cope, N. H. Eev., v, 100-101, 1865 ; Michrylidae, Brachymeridae,
Eugystomatidae, Hylaedactylidao, Gthr., Cat. Bat. Salien., 1858.
* Brachymeridae, Cope, pars, N. H. Eev., v, 101-102, 1865.
9 Hemisidae ; Ehinophrynidae, Cope, pars, N. H. Eev., v, 100, 1865 ; Ehinophiynidae
et Phryniscidae, pars, Mivart, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1869, 281-288.
9BUFONIFOEMIA.
(Bufoniformia, Dumeril et Bibron, partim ; Cope, partim.)
Ehinoplirynidae = Kliinoplirymclae, Gthr., Cat. Bat.
Sal. B. M., 127, 1858.^'^
Bufonidae r= Bufonidae, Cope, N. H. Bev., v, 102-
103, 1865."
Batracliophrynidse = Batrachophrynus, Peters, Monatsb.
Pr. Akad. Wiss., 1873, 411.
Aglossa.
Pipidae :=Pipidae, Gthr., Cat. Bat. Sal. B. M.,
2-3, 1858.'^
Odoi^taglossa.
Dactylethridae =: Dactylethridae, Gthr., Cat. Bat. Sal.
B. M., 1-2, 1858."
Aeoifeea.
(Arcifera, Cope, N. H. Eev., v, 104, 1865.")
Cystignathidae = Cystignathidae, Cope, 'N. H. Eev., v,
105, 1865.^'
'" Ehinoplirynidae, Cope, N. H. Rev., v, 100, 1865, pars, nee Mivart ; Cope, Jour. Acad.
Nat. Sci. Phila., vi, 189, 1867.
" (Bafonidae) Chelydobatraohus, Gthr., Cat. Bat. Salien., part., 1858, 51, 53-54.
"Pipidae, Cope, N. H. Eev., v, 98-99, 1865; Pipidae, Mivart, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lon-
don, 1869, 287, 295.
13 Dactylethridae, Cope, N. H. Eev., v, 99, 1865; Dactylethridae, Mivart, Proc. Zool.
Soc. London, 1869, 295.
"Arcifera, Cope, Jour. Nat. Sci. Phila., vi, 67-68, 1866.
1* Cystignathidae, Eanidae partim, Cystignathidae, Uperoliidae, Bombinatoridae
partim, Alytidae partim, Hylodidae, Gthr.; Eanidae partim, Polypcdatidae partim,
Discoglossidae partim, Mivart, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1869.
10
Hemiphractidae — Hemiphractidae, Cope, J. A. N. S.
Phila., n. s., vi, 69, 1866.
Hylidae > Hylidae, Gthr., Oat. Bat. Salien., 96,
1858.''
Scaphiopidae = Scaphiopodidae, Cope, J. A. JST. S.
Phila., n. s., vi, 69, 1866.''.
Pelodytidae = Pelodytidae, Cope, J. A. IST. S. Phila.,
vi, 69, 1866.'^
Asterophrydidae = Asterophrydidae, Cope, J. A. N. S.
Phila., n. s., vi, 79-80.'''*
Discoglossidae = Discoglossidae, Cope, N^. H. Eev., v,
105-107, 1865.'^
Order STEGOCEPHALL
(Stegocephah, Cope, P. A. 1^. S. Phila., 1868, 209.'°)
Labyrinthodontia.
Baplieiidae ^Baphetidae, Cope, MSS.
Anthracosauridae = Anthracosauridae, Cope, MSS.
Golosteidae
Ganocephala.
= Colosteidae, Cope, MSS.^
16 Hylidae, Cope, T. A. N. S. Phila., vi, 83-85, 1866.
" Scaphiopodidae partim, N. H. Eev., v, 107-108, 1865.
18 Pelodytidae. Scaphiopodidae pars. Cope, olim, Jour. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., vi, 69,
1866.
19 Discoglossidae, Cope, Jour. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., vi, 69, 1866; Discoglossidae partim,
34, Boaibinatoridae partim et Alytidae partim Gthr., Cat. Bat. Salien., 40, 57, 1858;
Mivart, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1869, 294-295
20 Stegocephali, Cope, Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. 1870, 6-7.
21 Colosteus, Cope.
Phlegethontiidae
Molgopliidae
Ptyoniidae
Tuditanidae
Peliontidae
11
MiCEOSAUEIA.
= Phlegethontiidae, Cope, MSS.
= Molgophidae, Cope, MSS.
= Ptyoniidae, Cope, MSS.^^
r= Tuditanidae, Cope, MSS.
= Peliontidae, Cope, MSS.
21a
22
24
Order GYMNOPHIDIA.
(Gymnophiona, Miiller.)
Caeciliidae — Caeciliidae, Gray, Cat. Bat. Grad. B.
M., 57, 1850.
Order UEODELA.
C Seiranotidae,
^
Gray, P. Z. S.
~ ( Pleurodelidae, ) London, xxvi,
137-143,1858.
= Salamandridae, Gray, P. Z. S, Lon-
don, xxvi, 142-143, 1858,
= Hynobiidae, Cope, J. A. N. S. Phila.,
n. s., vi, 107, 1866.
Desmognathidae = Desmognathidae, Cope, J. A. N. S.
Phila., n. s., vi, 107, 1866.
Tlioriidae — Thoriidae, Cope, P. A. N. S. Phila.,
1869, 111-112.
21*^ Phlegethontia, Cope.
22 Molgophis, Cope.
^^Lepterpetou, Huxl. ; Oestocepbalus, Cope; Urocordylus, HuxL
^* Pelion, Wyman.
2^ Salamandridae, Cope, Jour. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., vi, 107-108, 1866.
26 Hynobiidae, Cope; Molgidae, Gray, 1850.
Pleurodelidae
Salamandridae^^
Hynobiidae.26
12
Plethodonfcidae ^
Amblystomidae
Menopomidae
Amphiumidae
Cocytinidae
Proteidae
28
= Plethodontidae, Cope, J. A. N. S.
Phila., n. s., vi, 106-107, 1866.
= Amblystomidae, Cope, J. A. K S.
Phila., n. s., vi, 105-106, 1866.
— Protonopsidae, Gray, Cat. Bat. Grad.
.
B. M., 52-54, 1850.
=: Amphiumidae, Cope, J. A. JS^. S.
Phila., n. s., vi, 104-105, 1866.
:= Cocytinidae, Cope, MSS.^
Order PEOTEIDA.
— Proteidae, Gray, Cat. Bat. Grad. B.
M., 64-67, 1850.
Order TEACHYSTOMATA.
Sirenidae = Sirenidae, Gray, Cat. Bat. Grad. B.
M., 67-69, 1850.
Class REPTILIA.
Order OBNITHOSAUEIA.
(Ornithosauria, Bonaparte, Pitzinger, Seeley.''°)
Dimorphodontidae — Dimorphodontidae, Cope, P. A. A.
A. S. 1870, 234, 1871.'^
27 Plethodoutidae, Cope, Jour. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., vi, 106, 1866, partim Gray, 1850.
28 Aaiblystomidae. Plethodontidae partim. Gray, 1850.
29 Cocytiuus, Cope, Trans. Am. Philos. Soc. Phila., 1874.
20 Ornithosauria= Pterosauria, Owen.
31 Dimorphodontae, Seeley.
13
Pterodadylidae — Pterodactylidae, Cope, P. A. A. A.
S., xix, 234, 1871.'^
Order DINOSAUEIA. '
(Dinosauria, Owen, Cope, Seeley ; Pachypodes, Meyer
;
Ornithoscelida, Huxley.)
Symphypoba.
(Symphypoda, Cope; Compsognatha, Huxley.)
Compsognathidae = Compsognatliidae, Cope, P. A. A. A.
8., xix, 234, 1871'' (name only).
Ornithotarsidae = Ornithotarsidae, Cope, P. A. A. A.
S., 234, 1871 '^ (name only).
GONIOPODA.
(Goniopoda, Cope ; Harpagmosauria, Haeckel.)
Megcdosauridae = Megalosauridae, Cope, P. A. A. A.
S., xix, 234, 1871 (name only).''
Teratosauridae = Teratosauridae, Cope, P. A. A, A.
S., xix, 234, 1871 (name only).'*'
Oethopoda.
(Ortliopoda, Cope ; Therosauria, Haeckel.)
Scelidosauridae = Scelidosauridae, Cope, T. A. P. S.,
n. s., xiv, 91, 1869.''
2^ Rhamphorhynchae et Pterodactylae, Seeley, loc. cit.
3^ Compsognathidae= Compsognathus, Wag.
'* Ornithotarsidae= Ornithotarsus, Cope.
^^ Megalosauridae, Huxley.
^^ Teratosaurus, Plateosaurus, Meyer, etc.
=" Scelidosauridae, Huxley, Journ. Geol. Soc. Loudon, 1870.
14
Iguanodontidae = Iguanodontidae, Cope, T. A. P. S.,
n. s., xiv, 91, 1869.''
Hadrosauridae r= Hadrosauridae, Cope, T. A. P. S.,
n. s., xiv, 91-98, 1869.''
Order CEOCODILIA.
(Crocodilia et Thecodontia, partim, Owen, 1841.)
Paeastjchia.
Belodontidae =. Belodontidae, Cope, P. A. A. A. S.,
xix, 234, 1871 (name only).'"
Amphicoelia.
Teleosauridae = Teleosauridae, Cope, P. A. A. A. S.,
xix, 234, 1871 (name only).
Goniopliolididae = GoniophoUs, Owen, etc.
Peocoelia.
Thoracosauridae = Thoracosauridae, Cope, P. A. A. A.
S., xix, 235, 1871 (name only).''
Crocodilidae = Crocodilidae, Cope, P. A. A. A. S.,
xix, 235, 1871 (name only).'"'
Order SAUEOPTEEYGIA.
(Sauropterygia, Owen.)
^. Placodontidae — Placodontidae, Cope, P. A. A. A. S.,
xix, 235, 1871 (name only).''
38 IguanodoDtidae, Huxley, Jonrn. Geol. Soc. London, 1870.
^^ Hadrosauridae, Huxley, Journ. Geol. Soc. London, 1870.
40 Thecodontia, Owen, pt. ; Cope, Tp. A. P. S., 1869, 32.
41 Thoracosaurus, Leidy, Cope.
42 Crocodilidae + AUigatoridae, Gray, + Gavialidae, Gray, + Holops and Thecach-
ampsa, Cope, etc., Pr. A. A. A. S., xix, 235, 1871.
43piacodu8, Agass.
15
Plesiosauridae ^ Plesiosauridae, Cope, P. A. A. A.
S., xix, 235, 1871 (name only)."'
Elasmosauridae — Elasmosawidae, Cope, Tr. A. P. S.,
n. s., xiv, 1869, p. 47.'^'
Order AI^OMODONTIA.
(Anomodontia, Owen.)
Dicynodontidae = Dicynodontidae, Cope, P. A. A. A.
S., xix, 235, 1871 (name only)."''
Oudenodontidae :=. Oudenodontidae, Cope, P. A. A. A.
S., xix, 235, 1871 (name only)."'
Order ICHTHYOPTEEYGIA.
Ichthyosauridae z=z Ichthyosauridde, Cope, P. A. A. A.
S., xix, 235, 1871.
Order HHYNCHOCEPHALIA.
Protorosauridae = Protorosauridae, Cope, P. A. A. A.
S., xix, 235, 1871 (name only)."'
Sphenodontidae = Sphenodontidae, Cope, P. A. A. A.
S., xix, 235, 1871."'
Phynchosauridae — Bhynchosauridae, Cope, P. A. A. A.
S., xix, 235, 1870 (name only).''
^4 Nothosaurus, Pistosaurus, Plesiosaurus, Pliosaiirus, etc.
<5 Elasmosaurus, Cimoliasaurus, etc.
^^ Dicynodontidae, Owen, Paleontology.
^'' Cyptodontia, Owen, Paleontology.
^'^ Protorosaurus, Meyer (elongate sacrum).
^9 Hatteriidae, Cope, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sc. Phila., 1864, 225-7.
^0 Ehyucbosaurus, Owen.
16
Order TESTUDINATA.
Athecae.
(Atbecae, Cope, P. A. A. A. S., xix, p. 235, 1870.)
Sphargididae = Sphargididae, Gray, Ann. Philos.,
1825.'^
r= Protostega, Cope, Proc. A. P. S.,
1872, 413.
Protostegidae
Cheloniidae
Propleuridae
TrionycMdae
Emydidae
Chelydridae
Cinosternidae
Testudinidae
Cryptodiea.
r= Cheloniidae, Gray, Annals Philoso-
phy, 1825.''
:=: Propleuridae, Cope, Am. Jour. Sc.
and Arts, 1, 137, 1870.
r= TrionycMdae, Gray, Annals of Phi-
losophy, 1825.'^
— Emydidae, Agassiz, Cont. Nat. Hist.
TJ. S., i, p. 351.-^^
=r Chelydridae, Agassiz, Contrib. 1^. H.
U. S.,.i, 341.'^^
r= Cinosternidae, Agassiz, Cont. Nat.
Hist.U. S., i, 347.
=r Testudinidae, Cope, P. A. N. S.
Phil, 1868, p. 282.^'
^1 Spliargicliflae, Bell, Fitzinger, Agassiz.
62 Cheloniidae, Gray, Aun. Phil., 1825 ; Agass., Cope, P. A. A. A. S., xix, 235, 1871.
6' Trionychidae, Bell, Wiegmann, Dum. et Bibr., Agass.
^* Emydidae—Chelydridae, Cope, P. A. A. A. S., xix, 235, 1871 (name only).
e^^Chelydra, Cope, P. A. N. S. Phila., 1872.
6° Testudinidae, Gray, Agass.
17
Pleurosternidae =z Pleurosternidae, Cope, P. A. N. S.
Phila., 1868, 282 (name only).
Adocidae =Adocidae, Cope, P. A. P. S.,
1870, 547.
Pleurodiea.
(Pleurodira, Dum. et Bibron ; Chelyoidae, Agass.)
Podocnemididae = Podocnemididae, Cope, P. A. ]^. S.
Phila., 1868, 282.
Chelydidae = Chelydidae, Gray, P. Z. S. London,
1869, pp. 208-209.
Hydraspididae = Hydraspididae, Cope, P. A. N. S.
Phila., 1868, 282.
Pelomedusidae = Pelomedusidae, Cope, P. A. 'N. S.
Phila., 1865, 185; 1868, p. 119.
~
Sternothaeridae = Sternothaeridae. Cope, P. A. N. S.
Phila., 1868, 119.
Order LACEETILIA.
(Lacertilia, Owen ; Cope, P. A. A. A. S., xix, 236, 1870.)
Ehiptoglossa.
(A crodonta Ehiptoglossa, Wiegmann, Fitzinger, Cope
;
Chamaeleonida, Miiller.)
Chamaeleontidae = Chamaeleontidae, Gray, Cat. Lizards
B. M., 1845, 264 (name only).''
*fi Wiegmann, Gray, etc.
2h
18
Pachyglossa.
(Pachyglossa, Cope ; Acrodonta Pachyglossa, Wagler,
Eitzinger, Cope, P. A. K S. Phila., 1864, 226-227.)
Agamidae =Agamidae, Gray, Cat. B. M., 1845,
230.
Nyctisaura.
(IS'yctisaura, Gray, Cat. Lizards B. M. ; Cope, P. A. N. S.
Phila., 1864, 225.)
Gecconidae =Gecconidae, Gray, Cat. Lizards B.
M., 1845, 142.^'
' Pleueodonta.
(Pleurodonta, Cope, P. A. IN". S. Phila., 1864, 226.)
a. Iguania.
— Anohdae, Cope, P. A. ^. S. Phi|a.,
1864, 227, 228.
— Iguanidae, Cope, P. A. K S. Phila.,
1864, 227, 228.''
b. Diploglossa,
= Anguidae, Cope, P. A. N. S. Phila.,
1864, 228.
= Gerrhonotidae, Cope, P. A. N. S.
Phila., 1864, 228.^'
Anolidae
Iguanidae
Anguidae
Gerrhonotidae
" Cope, Pr. A. A. A. S., xis, 236, 1871.
^^ Iguanidae pars auctorum.
^^ Zonuridae, pt., Gray.
19
XeDOsauricke r= Xenosauridae, Cope, P. A. N. S.
Phila., 1866, 322.
Helodermidae := Helodermidae, Gray, Cat. Lizards
B. M., 1845.*^°
c. Thecaglossa.
(Thecaglossa, Wagler, Eitzinger, Cope.)
Varanidae — Yaranidae, Cope, P. A. A A. S., xix,
237, 1870.
d. Lejjtoglossa.
(Leptoglossa, Wiegmann, Pitzinger, Cope.)
Teidae = Teidae, Cope, P. A. A. A. S., xix,
237, 1871.*^'
Lacertidae r= Lacertinidae, Gray, Cat. Lizards B.
M., 26-44, 1845.^'
Zonmidae = Zonuridae, Cope, P. A. A. A. S., xix,
237-241, 1871.''
Clialcidae — Chalcidae, Gray, Cat. Lizards B. M.,
57-58, 1845.*^'
Scincidae = Scincidae, Gray, Cat. Lizards B. M.,
70-120, 1845.''
Sepsidae = Sepsidae, Gray, Cat. Lizards B. M.,
121-126, 1845.''
6" Helodermidae, Cope, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sc. Phila., 1864, 228 ; 1868, 322.
" Teidae and Ecpleopodidae, Peters, Cope (Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1864, 229) ;
Teidae, Anadiidae, Cercosauridae, Eiamidae, Gray.
«2 Lacertidae, Cope, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1864, 228; Lacertidae et Cricosauri-
dae, Peters ; Xantusiidae, Baird.
^ Zonuridae, pt., Gray ; Lacertidae pt., Cope.
6^ Chalcididae, Cope, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1864, 228.
S5 Scincidae, Cope, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1864, 228.
66 Sepsidae, Cope, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1864, 228.
20
e. Typhlophthalmi.
(Typhlophthalmi, Cope, P. A. N. S. Phila., 1864, 228.^^)
Feyliniidae =: Anelytropidae, Cope, P. A. N. S.
Phila., 1864, 230.'^'
Acontiidae = Acontiadae, Gray, Cat. Lizards B.
M., 126-127, 1845.''
Aniellidae — Aniellidae, Cope, P. A. N. S. Phila.,
1864, 230.
Opheosauei.
(Oplieosauri, Cope, P. A. K S. Phila., 1864, 226.'")
Amphisbaenidae = Amphisbaenidae, Gray, Cat. Tort.
Croc, etc. B. M., 69, 1844.'^
Trogonophidae — Trigonophidae, Gray, Catal. Tort.
Croc, etc B. M., 68, 1844.''
Order PYTHONOMOBPHA.
(Pythonomorpha, Cope, T. A. P. S., n. s., xiv, 175-182,
1870.'-^)
3Iosasauridae '> Mosasauridae, Cope, T. A. P. S.,
n. s., xiv, 182-211, 1870.
fi' Typhlophthalmi, pars., Dum. et Bib., Erp. Geu.
68 Typhliaidae, Gray.
69 Acontiidae, Cope, Proc. Acad. Kat. Sci. Phila., 1864, 230.
'0 Ophisauri, Merrem ; Aunulati, Wiegmanu ; Ptychopleures Glyptodermes, Dum. et
Bib. ; Amphisbaenoidea, Miiller.
" Amphisbaenidae, Wiegmanu.
72 Trogonophes, Wiegmann, Fitziuger.
"Pythonomorpha, Cope, Proc. Bost. Nat. Hist. Soc, 1869, 251; Lacertilia Natautia,
Owen, Paleontographical Soc. Cretaceous Reptiles.
21
TypMopiclae
Stenostomidae
Tortricidae
Uropeltidae
Order OPHIDIA.
SCOLBCOPHIDIA.
(Scolecopliidia, Dum. et Bib."^^)
= Typlilopidae, Cope, P. A. A. A. S.,
xix, 237, 1871 (name only).''
= Stenostomidae, Cope, P. A. A. A. S.,
xix, 237, 1871 (name only).''
TORTEICIFA.
(Tortricina, Miiller.'')
— Tortricidae, Cope, P. A. K S. Phila.,
1864, 230,
,
=z Uropeltidae, Cope, P. A. N. S. Phila.,
1864, 230.''
ASINEA.
(Asinea, Mliller, Cope.)
a. Peropoda.
(Peropoda, Miiller.)
= Xenopeltidae, Cope, P. A. IST. S.
Phila., 1864, 230.''
=: Pythonidae, Cope, P. A. K S. Phila.,
. 1864, 230.^'^
"Scolecopliidia et Catodonta, Cope, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1864, 230.
''^ Epanodontiens, Dum. et Bib.
'6 Catodontieus, Dum. et Bib.; Catodonta, Cope, olim.
"Tortricina, Cope, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1864, 230.
''^ Uropeltacea, Peters ; Rhinophidae, Gray.
''^ Xenopeltidae, Gthr., Reptiles British India.
^ Holodontiens, Dum. et Bib.
Xenopeltidae
Pythonidae
22
Boidae
Lichanuridae
Achrochordidae
Homalopsidae
Colubridae
Ehabdosomidae
Elapidae
^ajidae
r= Boidae, Cope, P. A. 'N. S. Phila.,
1864, 230.'^
=r Liclianuridae, Cope, P. A. 'N. S-
Phila., 1868, 2.
b. Coluhroidea.
— Achrochordidae, Cope, P. A. N. S.
Phila., 1864, 231.^'
= Homalopsinae, Cope, P. A. N. S.
Phila., 1864, 167.^'
zzCohibridae, Cope, P. A. A. A. S.,
xix, 238, 1870.''
z= Ehabdosomidae, Cope, P. A. A. A.
S., xix, 238, 1870.''
Peoteeoglypha.
a. Co7iocerca.
= Elapidae, Cope, P. A. ^. S. Phila.,
1864, 231.''
nl^ajidae. Cope, P. A. JST. S, Phila.,
1864, 231.''
*' Aproterodootiens, Duni. et Bib.
^2 Achrochordiens, Dam. et Bib.
83 Natricidae, pars, Gthr., Cat. Col. Snakes B. M., 1858, 50-84, Potamophilidae, Jan.
s-iAsinea, Group i3-hb, Cope, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1864, 231; Calamaridae,
Olgodontidae, Corouellidae, Colubridae, Dryadidae, Dendropbididae, Dryiopbididae,
Psammophididae, Lycodontidae, Scytalidae, Dipsadidae, etc., Gthr., Cat. Col. Snakes
B. M., 1858, et op. alt.
85 Calamaridae partim, Gtbr., Cat. Col. Snakea B. M., 1858, 2-22.
86 Elapidae (pars), Gthr., Cat. Col. Snakes B. M., 1858, 209-237.
s'' Elapidae (pars altera), Gthr., Cat. Col. Snakes B. M., 1858, 209-237.
23
b. Platycerca.
Hydrophidae — Hydridae, Gray, Cat. Snakes B. M.,
2, 35, 40, 1849.^'
SOLEISrOGLYPHA.^^
(Solenoglyplia, Dum. et Bib.)
Atractaspididae = Atractaspididae, Gthr., Cat. Snakes
B. M., 239, 1858.'°
Causidae = Causidae, Cope, P. A. IST. S., Phila.,
1859, 334.
Yiperidae =Vipendae, Gray, Cat. Brit. Miis.,
p. 18.''
Crotalidae = Crotalidae, Gray, Cat. Brit. Mus.'^
88 Hydridae, Gray ; Hydrophidae, Schmidt, Fischer ; Cope, Proc. Acad. Phila., 1859
333.
89 Viperidae, Cope, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1859, 333.
90 Atractaspidinae, Cope, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1859, 334.
91 Viperinae, Cope, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1859 ; Giiother.
9' Crotalinae, Cope, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1859 ; Giiuther, Cat. Col. Snakes B.
M. et auctorum.
i>jv:rt II.
CHECK -LIST
OF
THE SPECIES OF BATRACHIA AND REPTILIA
OF
THE NEARCTIC OR NORTH AMERICAN REALM.
BATRACHIA.
TRACHYSTOMATA.
SIEENIDAE.
Siren, Linn.
Siren lacertina, Linn. ; Holbrook, N. Am. Herpetology, vol. v, p. 101.
The Austroriparian region ; extreme points North Carolina, Florida,
Matamoras, Mexico, and Alton, Illinois.
PSEUDOBRANCHUS, Gray.
PseudohrancJiiis striatus, LeConte; Holbrook, American Herpetology,
vol. V, p. 109. Georgia.
PEOTEIDA.
PEOTEIDAE.
Necturus, Eaf.
Necturus lateralis, Say; Holbrook, Am. Herp., vol. v, pp. Ill, 115.
Eastern region except New England and eastern Middle States:
from a few points in the Austroriparian.
Necturus punctatus, Gibbes. Eastern South Carolina.
25
CADUCIBEANCHIATA.
AMPHIDMIDAE.
Amphiuma, Linn.
AmpJduma means, Linn.; Holbrook, Am. Herp., v, p. 89. Austrori-
parian region, from Nortli Carolina to Mississippi.
MuRAENOPSis, Fitzinger.
31uraenopsis tridactylus, Cuvier; Holbrook, Am. Herp., v, p. 93. Mis-
sissippi and Louisiana.
MENOPOMIDAE.
Menopoma, Harl.
Menopoma alleglieniense, Harl. ; Holbrook, Am. Herp., v, p. 95. All
tributaries of the Mississippi, and streams of the Louisianian dis-
trict to North Carolina.
Menopoma fuscum, Holbrook, Am. Herp., v, p. 99. Headwaters of the
Tennessee River.
AMBLYSTOMIDAE.
Ambltstoma, Tschudi.
Amhlystoma talpoideum, Holbrook ; Cope, Proceedings Academy Phila-
delphia, 1867, p. 172. Austroriparian region ; mountains of South
Carolina.
Amhlystoma opacum, Gravenhorst ; Cope, Proceed. Acad. Phila., 1867,
p. 173. From Pennsylvania to Florida, to Wisconsin, and to Texas.
Amhlystoma punctatum, Linn. ; Cope, loc. cit., 1867, p. 175. United
States, east of the plains ; Nova Scotia.
Amhlystoma conspersum, Cope, loc. cit., 1867, 177. Pennsylvania to
Georgia.
Amhlystoma bicolor, Hallowell ; Cope, loc. cit., 178. New Jersey.
Amhlystoma tigrinum, Green ; Cope, loc. cit., 179. United States, east
of the plains.
Amhlystoma mavortium, Baird ; Cope, loc. cit., 184. United States, in
the Central, Sonoran, and Pacific regions.
Amhlystoma mavortium, Baird; subspecies californiense, Gray; Cope,
loc. cit., p. 187. Pacific region.
26
Amhlystoma ohscurum, Baird ; Cope, loc. cit., p. 192. Iowa.
Amhlystoma xipMas, Cope, loc. cit., p. 192. Ohio.
Amhlystoma trisruptum, Cope, loc. cit., p. 194. New Mexico.
Amhlystoma jefferso7iianum, Green, subspecies jeffersonianum, Green;
Cope, loc. cit., p. 195. Pennsylvania and Ohio, and northward.
Amhlystoma jeffersonianum^ Green, subspecies laterale, Hallowell ; Cope,
loc. cit., p. 197. Canada and Wisconsin, and northward.
Amhlystoma jeffersonianum, Green, subspecies fuscum, Hallowell ; Cope,
loc. cit., 197. Indiana and Virginia.
Amhlystoma jeffersonianum, Gieen, subspecies jplatineum
',
Cope, loc. cit.,
p. 198. Ohio.
Amhlystoma macrodactyhtm, Baird ; Cope, loc. cit., p. 198. Pacific
region.
Amhlystomaparoticum, Baird ; Cope, loc. cit., j). 200. Vancouver's Island
and Washington Territory.
Amhlystoma aterrimum, Cope, loc. cit., p. 201. Northern Eocky Mount-
ains.
Amhlystoma tenehrosum, Baird and Girard ; Cope, loc. cit., p. 202.
Pacific region of Oregon and California.
Amhlystoma texanum, ^Matihes', CQ])e,\oc. cit,
-p. 204:. Texas.
Amhlystoma cingulatum, Cope, loc. cit., p. 205. South Carolina.
Amhlystoma microstomiim, Cope, loc. cit., p. 206. Austroriparian and
Eastern regions, west of the Alleghany Mountains.
DiCAMPTODON, Strauch.
Dicamptodon ensatus, Eschscholz, Zoological Atlas, part v, p. 6, pi. xxii.
Pacific region.
PLETHODONTIDAE.
BATEACHOSBi>s, Bonap.
Batraclioseps attenvatus, Eschscholz, Hallowell, Jour. Acad. Phila.,
1858, p. 348. Pacific region.
Batraclioseps nigriventris, Cope, Proceed. Acad. Phila., 1869, p. 98.
Fort Tejon, California.
Batraclioseps pacijicus, Cope, Proceed. Acad. 1865, p. 195. Santa Bar-
bara, Cal.
Hemidaotylium, Tschudi.
Eemidactylium scutatum, Schlegel ; Dumeril et Bibron, Erp. Gen^rale,
ix, p. 118-9. lihode Island to Illinois, and to the Gulf of Mexico.
27
Plethodon, Tschudi.
Pletliodon cinereus, Green, subspecies cinereus, Green ; Cope, Proceed.
Acad. Pbila., 1869. p. 99. Eastern region.
Pletliodon cinereus^ Green, subspecies erythronoius, Green ; Holbrook,
N. Am. Herp., v, p. 43. Eastern region.
Pletliodon cinereus^ Green, subspecies dorsalis, Baird, MSS. Louisville,
Ky. ; Salem, Mass.
Plethodon intermedins^ Baird, Proceed. Acad. Phila., 1857, p. 209.
Vancouver's Island.
Pletliodon glutifiosus, Green ; Cope, loc, cit., 1869, p. 99, Eastern and
Austroriparian regions.
Plethodon oregonensis, Girard ; Cope, loc. cit., p. 99. Pacific region.
Plethodon flavipunctatus, Straucli., Mem. Acad. Sci. St. Petersburg,
1871, xvi, 71. ? Nevv Albion, Cal.
Pletliodon croceater, Cope, loc. cit., 1857, p. 210. Lower California.
Stereochilus, Cope.
Stereocliilus marginatum. Hallo well ; Coi3e, loc. cit., 1869, 101. Georgia.
Manculus, Cope.
Manculus remifer. Cope, Eeport of Peabody Academy, Salem, Mass.,
1869, p. 84. Florida.
Manculus quadridigitatus, Holbrook, N. Am. Herp., v, p. 65. Xorth
Carolina to Florida.
Spelerpes, Eaf.
Spelerpes multiplicattis, Cope, Proceed. Acad. Pbila., 1869, p. 106.
Arkansas.
Spelerpes Mlineatus, Green ; Cope, loc. cit., p. 105. Eastern and Austrori-
parian regions, excepting Texas.
Spelerpes longicaudus, Green 5 Cope, loc. cit., j). 105. Eastern and
Austroriparian regions, except Texas.
Spelerpes guttolineatus, Holbrook ; Cope, loc. cit., p. 105. North and
South Carolina, Georgia, and Alabama.
Spelerpes ruber, Daudin, subspecies ruber, Daudin; Cope, loc. cit.,
1869, 105. Eastern and Austroriparian regions.
28
Spelerpes ruber, subspecies sticiiceps, Baird, MSS. Soutli Carolina.
Spelerpes ruber, Daudin/ subspecies montanus, Baird ; Jour. Acad.
Pbila., vol. i, p. 293. Alleghany Mountains, from Pennsylvania to
South Carolina.
Gyrinophtlus, Cope.
Gyrinopliilus porpliyriticu8, Green ; Cope, Proceed. Acad. Pbila., 1869,
p. 108. Alleghany Mountains, from New York to Alabama.
Anaidbs, Baird.
Anaides lugubris, Hallowell ; Cope, loc. cit., 1869, p. 109. Entire Pacific
region.
Anaidesferreus, Cope, loc. cit., 1869, p. 109. Oregon.
DESMOGNATHIDAE.
Desmognathus, Baird.
Besmognatlius ocliropliaea, Cope, Proceed. Acad. Pbila., 1869, p. 113.
Alleghany Mountains, from New York to Georgia.
Desmognathus fusca, Rafinesqne; Cope, loc. cit., 115 ; subspecies /i^sca,
Raf. ; Cope, loc. cit., 116. Essex County, Massachusetts, to Biloxi,
Mississippi.
Desmognathus fusca, Raf., subspecies auriculata, Holbrook ; Cope,
loc. cit., ]3. 116. South Carolina to Louisiana.
Desmognathus nigra, Green ; Cope, loc. cit., p. 117. Alleghany Mount-
ains, from Pennsylvania southward.
PLEURODELIDAE.
DiEMYCTTLUS, Rafiucsque.
Diemyctylus torosus, Eschscbolz j Girard, U. S. Expl. Exped., 1858, p. 5.
Pacific region.
Diemyctylus miniatus, Raf., subspecies miniatus, Raf.; Hallowell, loc.
cit.; Holbrook, N. Am. Herp., v, p. 57. Eastern and Austrori-
parian regions.
Diemyctylus miniatus, Raf,, subspecies viridescens, Raf.; Holbrook,
N. Am. Herp., v, p. 77. Eastern and Austroriparian regions.
29
AIURA.
BUFOOTFORMIA.
BUFONIDAE.
BuFO, Laurenti.
Bufo pimctatus, Baird; Girard, U. S. Mex. Bound. Surv., ii, p. 25.
Sonoran and Lower Galifornian regions.
Bufo dehilis, Girard; Baird, U. S. Mex. Bound. Surv., ii, p. 26 {B. insidior).
Sonoran region.
Bufo JialopMlus, Baird; Girard, U. S. Mex. Bound. Surv., ii, p. 26. Pacific
region.
Bifo columMensis, Baird ; Girard, Herpetology U. S. Expl. Exped., 77.
Pacific region and Montana.
Bufo alvarkis, Girard, U. S. Mex. Bound. Surv., ii, j). 26. Sonoran
region.
Bufo microscaphus, Cope, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Pliila., 1866, p. 301.
Sonoran region.
Bufo speeiosus, Girard, U. S. Mex. Bound. Surv., ii, p. 26. Lower Rio
Grande (Sonoran).
Bufo lentiginosuSy Shaw, subspecies frontosus, Cope, Proc. Acad. Phila.,
1866, p. 301. Sonoran region.
Bufo lentiginosus, subspecies cognatus, Say ; Holbrook, N. Am. Herp., v,
p. 21. Texan district.
Bufo lentiginosus, subspecies americanus, LeConte; Holbrook, Girard,
XJ. S. Mex. Bound. Surv., ii, p. 25. Eastern and Austroriparian
regions to the plains.
Bufo lentiginosus, subspecies lentiginosus, Latr. ; Holbrook, N. Am. Herr).,
V, p. 7. Austroriparian region.
Bufo lentiginosus, subspecies fowlerii, Putnam, MSS. Massachusetts to
Lake Winnipeg.
Bifo quercicus, Holbrook, N. Am. Herp., v, p. 13 ; Cope, Proc. Acad.
Phila., 1862, p. 341. Floridan and Eastern Lousianian districts to
North Carolina.
Bufo valUceps, Wiegmann; Girard, U. S. Mex. Bound. Surv., ii, p. 25,
pi. xl, figs. 1-4 {B. nebulifer, Girard). Texan district (also Mexico).
30
FIEMISTEENIA.
EIsTGYSTOMIDAE.
Engystoma, Fitzinger.
Engysfoma caroUnense, Holbrook, N. Am. Herp., v, p. 23. Austroripa-
riau region.
ARCIFERA.
HYLIDAE.
AORis, Dum., Bibr.
Acris gryllus, LeCoute, subspecies gryllus, Holbroolf, K. Am. Herp., iv,
p. 131. Austroriparian region.
Acris gryllus, LeConte, subspecies crepitans, Baird, U. S. Mex. Bound.
Surv., ii, p. 28. Eastern and Central regions.
Chorophilus, Baird.
Chorophilus triseriatus, Wied, subspecies clarkii, Baird, U. S. Mex. Bound.
Surv., p. 28. Texan district.
,
OhoropMlus triseriatus, subspecies triseriatus, Wied. Central and East-
ern regions.
Cliorophilus triseriatus, subspecies corporalis. Cope, MSS. New Jersey.
CJiorophilus nigritus, LeConte ; Holbrook, N. Am. Herp., iv, p. 107. South
Carolina and Georgia.
Choropliilus angulatus, Cope {Gystignathus ocularis), HolbrQok, N. Am.
Herp., iv, p. 137. South Carolina. t
Choropliilus ocularis, Daudin {CystignatJms ornatus), Giinther, Cat. Bat.
Salien. Brit- Mus., p. 29. South Carolina and Georgia.
Cliorophilus ornatus, Holbrook, K. Am. Herp., iv, p. 25. South Carolina;
Georgia.
Hyla, Laurenti.
Syla curta. Cope, Proc. Acad. Phila., 1866, p. 313. Lower Californian
region.
Hyla regilla, Baird ; Girard, U. S. Expl. Exped., p. 60. Pacific region.
Hyla eximia, Baird, TJ. S. Mex. Bound. Surv., p. 29. Sonoran region.
Hyla andersonii, Baird ; Cope, Proc. Phila. Acad., 1862, 154. New Jer-
sey to South Carolina.
31
Hyla squirella, Daudiu; Holbrook, N. Am. Herp., iv, pi. 30. Austrori-
l^arian region.
Hyla caroUnensis, Pennant; Holbrook, K. Am. Herp., iv, p. 29. Austro-
riparian region.
ffyla carolmensis, Penn., subspecies semifasciata, Hallowell, Proc. Acad.
Phila., 1856, 306. Texan district.
Hyla picJceringii, Holbrook, N. Am. Herp., iv, pi. 34. Eastern region.
Hyla femoralis, Daudin ; Holbrook, N. Am. Herp., iv, p. 31. Eastern
part of Austroriparian region.
Eyla versicolor, LeConte; Holbrook, N. Am. Herp., iv, p. 28. Eastern
and Austroriparian regions.
Hyla arenicolor, Cope'; Baird, U. S. Bound. Surv., 29* Sonorau region.
Eyla cadaverina, Cope ; Hallowell, U. S. P. E. E. Surv., x, Williamson's
Eeport, 21. Pacific region.
Hyla gratiosa, LeConte, Proc. Acad. Phila., 1856, 146. Florida; Lower
Georgia.
Smilisca, Cope.
Smilisca haudinii, Dum., Bibr. ; Baird, TJ. S. Bound. Sarv., p. 29, pi.
xxxviii, figs. 1-3. Lower Eio Grande, Mexico.
CYSTIGNATHIDAE.
LiTHODYTES, CopC.
LWiodytes ricordii, Dum., Bibr. ; Cope, Proc. Acad. Plaila., 1862, 153.
Southern Florida (Bahamas ; Cuba).
Epirhexis, Cope.
Upirliexis longipes, Baird, U. S. Mex. Bound. Surv., pi. xxxvii, figs 1-3.
Lower Eio Grande.
SCAPHIOPIDAE.
Spea, Cope.
Spea homhifrons, Cope, Proc. Acad. Phila., 1863, p. 53. Central region.
8pea hammondii, Baird; Cope, Proc. Acad. Phila., 1863, p. 53. Pacific
region to San Diego.
Spea multipUcata^ Cope, loc. cit., p. 52. linear city of Mexico.-
SOAPHiopus, Holbrook.
Scaphiopus varius, Cope, subspecies ^Y^r^Ms, Cope, loc. cit., p. 52. Lower
California.
32
Scapliiopm variuSj Cope, subspecies rectifrenis, Cope, loc. cit., p. 53.
Sonorau region.
Scaphiopus coucJiii, Baird ; Cope, loc. cit., p. 52, Sonoran region.
ScapMopus holbrooMi, Harlau; Cope, loc. cit., p. 54, Eastern and Aus-
troripariau regions.
EANIFOEMIA.
RANIDAE.
Eana, Linn.
Eana areolata^ Baird and Girard, subspecies capiio, LeConte, Proc. Acad.
Phila., 1855, p. 425. Floridau district.
Eana areolata, Baird and Girard, subspecies areolata, Bd. Gir., U. S.
Mex, Bound. Surv., 28, pi. xxxvi, figs. 11-12. Texan district.
Bana moyitezumae, Baird, U. S. Mex. Bound. Surv., p. 27. Mexican
plateau.
Eana halecina, Kalm ; Holbrook, N. Am. Herp., iv, p. 91 ; subspecies
halecina, Hallowell, Proc. Acad. Phila., 1856, pp. 141, 250. Eastern
coast-countries of Eastern and Austroriparian regions.
Eana lialeeina, Kalm, subspecies herlaiidieri, Baird, U. S. Mex. Bound.
Surv., p. 27. Entire Interior of Korth America ; Mexico.
Eaiia palustriSj LeConte 5 Holbrook, K Am. Herp., iv, p. 95. Eastern
region.
Eana septentrionalis^ Baird, Proc. Acad. Phila., 1854, p. 61 [E. sinuata^
Bd.). Canada to Montana.
Eana clamitans, Merrem.; Holbrook, IST. Am. Herp., iv, pp. 85-87. East-
ern region, Louisianian district.
Eana catesMa7ia, Shaw; Holbrook, K Am. Herp., iv, p. 77. Eastern and
Austroriparian regions.
Eana temporaria, Linn., subspecies atirora, Bd.; Gird., U. S. Expl. Exped.
Herp., p. 18.
Eana temporaria, Linn., subspecies silvatica, LeConte; Holbrook, N. Am.
Herp., iv, p. 24. Eastern region.
Eana temporaria, Linn., subspecies cantahrigensis, Baird, Proc. Acad.
Phila., 1854, p. 61. Canadian district of Eastern region to Kocky
Mountains.
Eana pretiosa, Baird; Girard, U. S. Expl. Exped. Herp., p. 20. Pacific
subregiou.
33
OPHIDIA.
SOLENOGLYPHA.
•
OKOTALIDAE.
Aploaspis, Cope.
Aploaspis lepida, Kennicott, Proc. Acad. Phila., 1861, p. 206. Western
Texas.
Grotalus, Linn.
Crotalus pyrrJms, Cope, Proc. Phila., 1866, p. 308. Central Arizona.
Crotalus mitcJiellii, Cope, loc. cit., 1861, p. 293. Lower California.
Crotalus cerastes, Hallowell; Baird, U. S. Mex. Bound. Surv., vol. ii, p.
14. Arizona.
Crotalus iigris, Kennicott, U. S. Mex. Bound. Surv., vol. ii, p. 14. Ari-
zona.
Crotalus enyo, Cope, Proc. Acad. Phila., 1861, p. 293. Lower California.
Crotalus Jiorridus, Linn. ; Holbrook, N. Am. Herp., iii, p. 9. Eastern and
Austroriparian regions.
Crotalus adamanteus, Beauvois, subspecies adamanteus, Beauvois; Baird
and Girard, IST. Am. Serpents, p. 3. North Carolina to Florida.
Crotalus adamanteus, Beauvois, subspecies atrox, Baird and Girard, Cat,
p. 5. Indian Territory and Texas to Souora and Southern and
Lower California.
Crotalus adamanteus, Beauvois, subspecies scutulatiis, Kennicott, Proc.
Acad. Phila., 1861, p. 207. Arizona.
Crotalus lucifer, Baird and Girard, Cat., p. 6. Pacific subregion ; mount-
ains of Arizona.
Crotalus yolystictus; Cope, Proc. Acad. Phila., 1865, p. 191. Table land
of Mexico.
Crotalus confluentus. Say ; Baird and Girard, loc. cit., p. 8. Central and
Sonoran regions, entering Texan district of the Austroriparian.
Crotalus molossus, Baird and Girard, Cat., p. 10. Sonoran region, enter-
ing the Texan district.
Caudisona, Laurenti.
Caudisona rava, Cope, Proc. Acad. Phila., 1865, p. 191. Table land of
Mexico.
3h
34
Caudisona miliaria, Liuu. ; Baird and Girard, Cat., p. 11. Austioriparian
region and Sonora.
Caudisona edicardsii, Baird and Girard, Cat., p. 15. Sonoran region.
Caudisona tergemina, Say; Baird and Girard, Oat., p. 14. Eastern region
west of the Allegheny Mountains ; Georgia..
Ancistrodon, Beauvois.
Ancistrodon piscivorus, Lacepede, subspecies piscivorus, Lac^p^de; Baird
and Girard, Cat., 19. Austroriparian region, except Texas.
Ancistrodon piscivorus, Lac6pede, subspecies pugnax, Baird and Girard,
Cat., p. 20. Texan district.
Ancistrodon contortrix, Linn. ; Baird and Girard, Cat., p. 17. Entire East-
ern and Austrorijiarian regions.
Ancistrodon atrofuscus, Troost.; Holbrook, N. Am. Herp., lit, p. 43.
Mountains of Tennessee and North Carolina.
PEOTEEOGLYPHA
ELAPIDAE.
Elaps, Schneider.
Maps fulvius, Linn., Baird and Girard, Cat., p. 21 ; subspecies fulvius.
Austroriparian region.
Elaps fulvius, Linn., subspecies tener, Baird and Girard, Cat., p. 22.
Texas.
Elaps euryxanthus, Kennicott, Proc. Acad. Phila., 1860, p. 337. Sono-
ran region.
Elaps distans, Kennicott, loc. cit., p. 338. Chihuahua ; Florida.
ASINEA.
COLUBRIDAE.
Caephophiops, Gervais.
CarpliopMops lielenae, Kennicott, Proc. Acad. Phila., 1859, p. 100. South-
ern Illinois ; Mississippi.
Carphophiops amoenus, Say ; Baird and Girard, Cat., p. 129. Massachu-
setts to Louisiana and Illinois.
OarpJiopMops vermis, Kennicott, Proc. Acad. Phila., 1859, p. 99. Mis-
souri; Kansas.
35
YrRaiNiA, Baird and Girard.
Virginia harperti, Dum., Bibr., Erpetologie G6n6rale, vol. vi, p. 135.
Texas; ? Georgia.
Virginia valeriae, Baird and Girard, Cat., p. 127. Maryland to Illinois
and IsTorth Carolina.
Virginia elegans, Kennicott, Proc. Acad. Phila., 1859, p. 99. Southern
Illinois; Arkansas,
Haldba, Baird and Girard.
Haldea striatula, Linn. ; Baird and Girard, Cat., p. 122. Virginia to
Texas.
Tantilla, Baird and Girard.
Tantilla planiceps^ Blainville ; Baird and Girard, Cat,, p. 154. Lower
California.
Tantilla gracilis^ Baird and Girard, Cat., p. 132. Texas.
Tantilla halloicellii, Cope, Proc. Acad. Phila., 1861, p. 7. Texas.
Tantilla nigriceps, Kennicott, Proc. Acad. Phila., 1860, 328. Texas;
New Mexico ; Arizona.
Tantilla coronata, Baird and Girard, Cat., p. 131. Georgia ; Mississippi.
Abastor, Gray.
Abastor erythrogrammus, Dandin ; Baird and Girard, Cat., 125. Ti^orth
Carolina to Alabama.
Paranoia, Gray.
Faraneia ahacura, Holbrook ; Baird and Girard, Cat., p. 123. Austro-
riparian region.
Chilomeniscus, Cope.
CMlomeniscus stramineus, Cope, Proc. Acad. Phila., 1860, p. 339. Lower
California.
CMlomeniscus epMppicus, Cope, Proc. Acad. Phila., 1867, p. 85. Owen
Valley, California (Sonoran subregion).
CMlomeniscus cinctus, Cope, Proc. Acad. Phila., 1861, p. 303. Sonora.
Chionactis, Cope.
CMonactis occipitalis^ Hallowell, U. S. Pacific E. E. Survey, vol. x, Will-
iamson's Eeport, p. 15. Fort Mojave, Arizona.
3G
Chionactis occipitalis, Hallowell, subspecies annidata, Kennicott, U. S.
Mex. Bound. Surv., vol. ii, p. 22. Colorado Desert, Arizona.
CoNTiA, Baird and Girard.
Contia mitis, Baird and Girard, Cat., p. 110. Pacific region.
Contia isozona, Cope, Proc. Acad. Phila., 1866, p. 304. Utah ; Arizona,
Contia episcopa, Kennicott, U. S. Mex. Bound. Surv., ii, p. 22. Texas.
Contia pygaea, Cope, Proc. Acad. Phila., 1871, p. 222. Florida.
SONOEA, Baird and Girard.
Sonera semiannulata, Baird and Girard, Cat., p. 117. Sonora.
LoDiA, Baird and Girard.
Lodia tenuis, Baird and Girard, Cat., p. 116. Washington Tet-ritory.
Gyalopium, Cope.
Gyalopium canum. Cope, Proc. Acad. Phila., 1860, 243. Arizona.
Cemophora, Cope.
Cemopliora coccinea, Blumenbach, Baird and Girard, Cat., p. 118. Aus-
troriparian region.
Ehinochilus, Baird and Girard.
Bhinochilus lecontei, Baird and Girard, Cat., p. 120. Sonoran and South-
ern Pacific regions.
Osceola, Baird and Girard. *
Osceola elapsoidea, Holbrook; Baird and Girard, Cat., p. 133. Virginia to
Florida.
Ophibolus, Baird and Girard.
Ophibolusdoliatus,Ijmn., subspecies coGcineus, Schlegel; Baird and Girard,
Cat., p. 89. Florida to New Mexico ; Kansas.
Ophibolus doliatus, Linn., subspecies amaurus, Cope, Proc. Acad. Phila^»
1860, p. 258.
Ophibolus doliatus, Linn., subspecies gentilis, Baird and Girard, Cat., p.
90. Arkansas.
Ophibolus doliatus, Linn., subspecies annulatus, Kennicott, Proc. Acad»
Phila., 1860, p. 329. Kansas; Arkansas and Texas.
37
,
OpJiibolus doUatus, Liun., subspecies doliatus, Linn.; Oope, Proc. Acad.,
1860, p. 256. Maryland and Virginia to Kansas; Arkansas, Louisi-
ana, and Texas.
OpMbolus doliatus, Linn., var. triangulus, Boie; Baird and Girard, Cat.,
p. 87. From Virginia northward to Canada, Iowa, and Wisconsin.
O^Mbolus multistratusy Kennicott, Proc. Acad. Phila., 1860, p. 328. Ne-
braska.
Ophibolus pyrrhomelas, Cope, Proc. Acad. Phila., 1866, p. 305. Arizona
and California.
Ophibolus getulus, Linn., subspecies boylii, Baird and Girard, Cat., p. 82.
Pacific and Sonoran regions.
Ophibolus getulus, Linn., subspecies conjunctus, Cope, Proc. Acad. Phila.,
1861, 301. Lower California.
Ophibolus getulus, Linn., subspecies splendidus, Baird and Girard, Cat., p.
83. Sonoran region.
Ophibolus, getulus, var. sayi, Holbrook ; Baird and Girard, Cat., p. 84.
United States, between the Allegheny and Eocky Mountains, from
the Gulf of Mexico to Illinois.
Ophibolus getulus, Linn.; subspecies getulus, Linn.; Baird and Girard,
Cat., p. 85. From Maryland to Florida and Louisiana, east of the
Alleghenies.
Ophibolus californiae, Blainv. ; Baird and Girard, Cat., p. 153. Lower
California.
Ophibolus rhonibomaculatus, Holbrook; Baird and Girard, Cat., p. 86.
North Carolina to Georgia.
Ophibolus calligaster, Say ; Cope, Proc. Acad. Phila., 1860, p. 255. Illi-
nois to Kansas and Arkansas.
DiADOPHis, Baird and Girard.
Diadophis punctatus, Linn., subspecies punctatus, Linn. ; Baird and
Girard, Cat., p. 112. United States'and Canada, east of the plains
and Texas.
Diadophis punctatus, Linn,, subspecies stictogenys, Cope, Proc. Acad.
Phila., 1860, p. 250. Texas.
Diadophis punctatus, Linn., subspecies amabilis, Baird and Girard, Cat.,
p. 113. Pacific and Sonoran regions ; occasional in Texan district
and Central and Eastern regions as far as Ohio.
38
DiadopMs dysopes, Cope, Proc. Acad., 1860, p. 251. Habitat unknown.
DiadopMs arnyi, Kennicott, Proc. Acad., 1859, p. 99. Illinois and Kan
sas.
DiadopMs regalis, Baird and Girard, Cat., p. 115. Arizona 5 Sonora.
CoNioPHANES, Hallowell.
Coniophanes imperialism Girard, U. S. Mex. Bound. Surv., vol. ii, p. 23.
Chihuahua.
Hypsiglena, Cope.
Sypsiglena oclirorJiyncM, Cope, Proc. Acad., 1860, 246. Lower Califor-
nia north to San Diego.
Sypsiglena ochrorhyncha, Cope, subspecies chloropliaea, Cope, loc. cit.^
1860, p. 247. Arizona.
SiBON, Fitzinger.
Sibon annulattim, Linn., subspecies septentrionale, Kennicott, U. S. Mex.
Bound. Surv., vol. ii, p. 16. Southwestern Texas.
Trimorphodon, Cope.
TrimorpJiodon lyrophanes, Cope, Proc. Acad. Phila., 1860, p. 343. Lower
California and Arizona.
Phimothyra, Cope.
Vhimothyra grahamiae, Baird and Girard, Cat., p. 104. Lower California
and Sonoran regions to Utah and Texas.
Phimothyra grahamiae, Baird and Girard, subspecies hexalepis, Cope,
Proc. Acad. Phila., 1866, p. 304.
Phimothyra decurtata, Cope, Proc. Acad., 1868, p. 310. Lower California.
Dromicus, Bibron.
Dromicus flavilatus, Cope, Proc. Acad. Phila., 1871, p. 223. Coast of
North Carolina.
Cyclophis, GUnther.
Cyclophis vernalis, DeKay; Baird and Girard, Cat., p. 108. Eastern and
Austroriparian regions ; rare in the latter.
Cyclophis aestivus, Linn. ; Baird and Girard, Cat., p. 106. Austroriparian
region, and the Eastern as far as New Jersey, Maryland, and South-
ern Illinois.
CoLUBEE, Linn.
Coluber emoryi, Baird and Girard, Cat., p. 157. Texas and the Missis-
sippi Valley to Kansas and Illinois ((7. calligaster, Kenn. ; C. rhino-
megas, Cope).
Coluber lindheimerii, Baird and Girard, Cat., p. 74. Texas and Arkansas,
Coluber vulpinus, Baird and Girard, Cat., p. 75. Massachusetts to Mich-
igan, Kansas and northward (C. spiloides, D. & B.).
Coluber quadrivittatus, Holbrook ; Baird and Girard, Cat., p. 80. Xorth
Carolina to Florida.
Coluber obsoletus, Say, Kennicott, Proc. Acad. Phila., 1860, p. 330 ; sub-
species obsoletuSj Say; Baird and Girard, Cat., p. 73. Entire Eastern
United States, from Middle Texas to Massachusetts.
Coluber obsoletus, Say, subspecies conjinis, Baird and Girard, Cat., p. 76
{C. rubricepSjD. SoB.). Austroriparian region ; Western MissousL
Coluber guttatus, Linn. ; Baird and Girard, Cat., p. 78. Austroriparian:
region to Central Virginia.
Spilotes, Wagler.
Spilotes couperii, Holbrook ; Baird and Girard, Cat., p. 92. Georgia.
Spilotes ereberinus, Cope; Baird and Girard, Cat., p. 158. Texas to Ala-
bama {Georgia obsoleta^ B. & G.).
PiTYOPHis, Holbrook.
PityopMs melanoleucus, Daudin; Baird and Girard, Cat., p. 65. New
Jersey to Soath Carolina and Ohio.
PityopMs sayi, Schlegel, subspecies sayi, Schlegel ; Baird and Girard,
Cat., p. 151. Illinois to Kansas and northward.
PityopMs sayi, Schlegel, var. mexicanus, Dum^ril et Bibron, Erp. G6n.,
vol. vii, p. 236. Sonoran and Central regions, entering the Texaa
district.
PityopMs sayi, Schlegel, var. bellona, Baird and Girard, Cat., p. 66.
Sonoran and Pacific regions, with Nevada and Utah.
PityopMs catenifer, Blainville; Baird and Girard, Cat., p. 69. Pacific,
region.
PityopMs vertebralis, Blainville ; Cope, Proc. Acad. Phila., 1860, p. 342
(P. haematois, Cope). Lower California.
PityopMs elegans, Kennicott, U. S. Mex. Bound. Surv., p. 18. Sonoran
region.
40
Bascanium, Baird and Girard.
Bascanium constrictor, Linn.; Baird and Girard, Cat., p. 93. Central,
Austroriparian, and Eastern regions.
Bascanium constrictor, Linn., subspecies vetustum, Baird and Girard,
Cat., p. 97. Pacific region.
Bascanium antliicum. Cope, Proc. Acad. Phila., 1862, p. 238. Loui-
siana (?).
Bascanium Jiagelliforme, Catesb., subspecies flagelliforme, Baird and
Girard, Cat., p. 98. South Carolina to Florida.
Bascanium flagelliforme, Catesb., subspecies piceum, Cope, MS. Camp
Grant, Arizona.
Bascanium flagelliforme, Catesb., subspecies testaceum, Say; Baird and
Girard, Cat., pp. 99 and 150. Lower Californian and Sonoran re-
gions, with Nevada, Utah, and Texas.
Bascanium taeniatum, Hallowell, subspecies laterale, Hallowell, Proc.
Acad. Phila., 1853. Sonoran and Pacific regions.
Bascanium taeniatum, Hallowell, subspecies taeniatum, Hallowell; Baird
and Girard, Cat., pp. 103 and 160. Pacific and Sonoran regions;
Utah and Nevada.
Bascajiium taeniatum, Hallowell, subspecies ornatum, Baird and Girard,
Cat., p. 102. Western Texas.
Bascanium aurigulum, Cope, Proc. Acad. Phila., 1861, p. 301. Lower
California.
Chilopoma, Cope.
Chilopotna rufopunctatum. Cope, Report on Eeptiles of Wheeler's Survey
west of one hundredth meridian, 1875 (MS.). Sonoran district.
EuTAENiA, Baird and Girard.
Eutaenia saurita, Linn.; Baird and Girard, Cat., p. 24. Austroriparian
and Eastern regions.
Eutaenia saclcenii, Kennicott, Proc. Acad. Phila., 1859, p. 99. Floridan
district.
Eutaenia faireyi, Baird and Girard, Cat., p. 25. Mississippi Valley, from
Louisiana to Wisconsin.
Eutaenia proxima. Say ; Baird and Girard, Cat., p. 25. Valley of the
Mississippi, from Wisconsin to Louisiana ; Texas ; Northeastern
Mexico.
Eutaenia radix, Baird and Girard, Cat., p. 34. Central region to Lake
Michigan ; Oregon.
41
Untaeiiia viacostemma, Kennicott, subspecies megalops, Kennicott, Proc.
Acad. Phi la., 1860, p. 330. Sonorau region.
Euiaeida hammondii, Kennicott, Proc. Acad. Phila., 1860, p. 332. Pacific
region.
Eiitaenia marciana, Baird and Girard, Cat., p. 36. Arkansas, Texas,
and entire Eio Grande Yalley.
Uutaenia vagrans, Baird and Girard, subspecies vagrans, Baird and
Girard, Oat., p. 35. Central, Pacific, and northern parts of Sonoran
regions.
Eutaenia vagrans, Baird and Girard, subspecies angustirostris, Kennicott,
Proc. Acad. Phila., 1860, p. 332. Southern Sonoran region.
Eutaenia elegans, Baird and Girard, Cat., p. 34. California.
Eutaenia cip^topsis, Kennicott, Proc. Acad. Phila., 1860, p. 333. Lower
Californian and Sonoran regions.
Eutaenia ornata, Baird, U. S. Mex. Bound. Surv., p. 16. Valley of the
Eio Grande del Norte.
Eutaenia sirtalis, Linn., subspecies dorsalis, Baird and Girard, Oat., p. 31.
Entire North America.
Eutaenia sirtalis, Linn., subspecies ordinata, Linn. ; Baird and Girard,
Cat., p. 32. Northern part of Eastern region ; Nova Scotia ; North
Alabama.
Eutaenia sirtalis, Linn,, subspecies sirtalis, Linn. ; Baird and Girard,
Cat., p. 30. North America, excepting the Sonoran, Lower Cali-
fornian, and southern half of Pacific regions.
Eutaenia sirtalis, Linn., suhs])Gcies parietalis. Say, Long's Exped. Eocky
Mts., 1, p. 186. Central and Pacific regions ; Illinois.
Eutaenia sirtalis, Linn., subspecies obscura, Cope, MS. Eastern subre-
gion north of Washington; northern part of Pacific region.
Eutaenia sirtalis, Linn., subspecies dorsalis, Baird and Girard, Cat., p. 31.
North America, except the Sonoran and Lower Californian regions.
Eutaenia sirtalis, Baird and Girard, subspecies picTceringii, Baird and
Girard, Cat., p. 29. Pacific region ; Minnesota ; Texas.
Eutaenia sirtalis, Linn., subspecies tetrataenia, Cope, MS. Pitt Eiver,
California.
Eutaenia atrata, Kennicott, Cooper and Suckley's Zool. Wash. Terr.,
p. 296. California.
Eutaenia cooperii, Kennicott, in Cooper and Suckley's Nat. Hist. Wash.
Terr., p. 296. Washington and Oregon.
42
Stoeerta, Baird and Girard.
^toreria occipitomaculata^ Storer ; Baird and Girard, Oat., p. 137. Eastr
em region 5 South Carolina ; Georgia.
Storeria dekayi, Holbrook; Baird and Girard, Cat., p. 135. Central, Aus-
troriparian, and Eastern regions.
Teopidoclonium, Cope.
Tropidoclonium storerio'ides, Cope, Proc. Acad. Phila., 1865, p. 190.
Plateau of Mexico.
Tropidoclonium lineatum, Hallowell, Proc. Acad. Phila., 1850. Kansas
to Texas.
Tropidoclonium Mrtlmidii, Kennicott, Proc. Acad. Phila., 1856, p. 95.
Illinois; Ohio.
Tropidonotus, Kuhl.
Tropidonotus clarMi, Baird and Girard, Cat., p. 48. Texas.
Tropidonotus graJiamii, Baird and Girard, Cat., p. 47. The Mississippi
Valley, from Louisiana to Wisconsin ; Michigan.
Tropidonotus leheris, Linn.; Baird and Girard, Cat., p. 45. Austroriparian
and Eastern regions, including Texas.
Tropidonotus rigidus, Say ; Baird and Girard, Cat., p. 46. Pennsylvania
to Georgia, east of the Allegheny Mountains.
Tropidonotus validus, Kennicott, subspecies validus, Kennicott, Proc.
Acad. Phila., 1860, p. 334. Lower Californian and Sonoran regions;
Utah.
Tropidonotus validus, Kennicott, subspecies celaeno, Cope, Proc. Acad.
Phila., p. 341. Lower California.
Tropidonotus compsolaemus, Cope, Proc. Acad. Phila., 1860, p. 368.
Florida.
Tropidonotus compressicaudus, Kennicott, Proc. Acad. Phila.^ 1860, p.
335. Florida.
Tropidonotus ustus, Cope, Proc. Acad. Phila, 1860, p. 340. Florida.
Tropidonotus fasciatus, Linn. ; Baird and Girard, Cat., p. 39. Austro-
riparian region.
Tropidonotus sipedon, Linn., subspecies sipedon, Linn. ; Baird and Girard,
Cat., p. 38. Eastern and Austroriparian regions, excepting Texas.
Tropidonotus sipedon, Linn., subspecies woodhousei, Baird and Girard,
Cat., p. 42. Texas to Missouri.
Tropidonotus sipedon, Linn., subspecies coucliii, Kennicott, Proc. Acad.,
1860, p. 335. Sonoran region.
43
Tropidonotus sipedon, Linn., subspecies erytJirogaster, Shaw ; Baird and
Girard, Cat., p. 40. Austroriparian region, except Texas ; Michigan
and Kansas.
Tropidonotus taxispilotus, Holhroobj Baird 'and Girard, Cat., p. 43,
North Carolina to Georgia.
Tropidonotus rhomMfer, Hallowell ; Baird and Girard, Cat., p. 43. Loui-
siana to Illinois and Michigan.
Tropidonotus eyclopium, Dum. et Bibron ; Cope, Proc. Acad., 1861, p. 299,
Florida.
Helicops, Wagler.
Helicops allenii, Garman," Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., 1874, p. 92,
rioridan district.
Heterodon, Beauv.
Meterodon platyrhinus, JjntreiWe
',
Baird and Girard, Cat., p. 51. Entire
Austroriparian and Eastern regions.
Meterodonplatyrhinus, Latr., subspecies atmodes, Baird and Girard, Cat.,
p. 57. North Carolina to Georgia.
Seterodon simus, Linn., subspecies simus, Baird and Girard, Cat., p. 59.
Austroriparian region, excepting Texas.
Seterodon simus, Linn., subspecies nasicus, Baird and Girard, Cat., p. 61.
Sonoran and Central regions and Texas.
BOIDAE.
Charina, Gray.
Charina bottae, Blainv., Nouvelles Annales Mus. Hist. Nat., iii, 1834, 57.
Lower Californian region.
Charina plumhea, Baird and Girard, Cat., p. 139. Pacific region
;
? Nevada.
LICHANURIDAE.
LiCHANURA, Cope.
Lichanura trivirgata, Cope, Proc. Acad. Phila., 1861, p. 304. Lower
California.
Lichanura myriolepis, Cope, Proc. Acad. Phila., 1868, p. 2. Lower Cali-
fornia.
Lichanura roseifusca, Cope, Proc. Acad. Phila., 1868, p. 2. Lower Cali-
fornia.
44
SCOLECOPHIDIA.
STENOSTOMIDAE.
Stenostoma, Wagl.
Stenostoma duloe, Baird and Girard, Cat., p. 142. Sonoran region j
Texas.
Stenostoma humile, Baird and Girard, Cat., p. 143. Pacific region.
LACERTILIA.
OPHEOSAURI.
AMPHISBAET^IDAE.
EHlNEtJRA, Cope.
EMneiira floridana, Baird; Cope, Proc. Acad. Phila,, 1861, p. 75.
Floridan district.
PLEURODONTA.
TYPHLOPHTHALMI.
AmELLIDAE.
Aniella, Gray.
Aniella pulcJira, Gray. Pacific region, from San Francisco southward.
LEPTOGLOSSA.
SCINCIDAE.
Oligosoma, Girard.
Oligosoma laterale, Say ; Holbrook, N. Am. Herp., ii, p. 133. Austro-
ripariau region; Northwest South Carolina.
EuMECES, Wiegmann.
Eimieces sejJtentrionalis, Baird, Proc. Acad. Phila., 1858, p. 256. Minne-
sota and Nebraska.
45
Eumeces egregius, Baird, Proc. Acad. Phila., p. 256. Florida.
Eumeces oiiocre^is, Cope, Report of Peabody Academy, Salem., 1869, p. 82»
Florida.
Eumeces tetragrammus, Baird, Proc. Acad. Phila., 1858, 256. Lower Rio
Grande.
Eumeces anthracinus, Baird, Jour. Acad. Pbila., i, p. 293. PeiiDsylvania
to Texas, iu mountains.
Eumeces inornatus, Baird, Proc. Acad. Phila., 1856, p. 256. Nebraska.
Eumeces onultivirgatus, Hallowell, Proc. Acad. Phila., 1857, p. 215.
Central region.
Eumeces le^togrammus, Baird, Proc. Acad. Phila., 1858, p. 256. Central
region.
Eumeces obsoJetus, Baird and Girard, Proc. Acad. Phila., 1852, p. 129.
Sonoran region, and borders of Central and Austroriparian.
Eumeces guttulatus, Hallowell ; Sitgreaves's Report on Zuni, p. 113. Sono-
ran region and Western Texas.
Eumeces sMltonianus, Baird and Girard; Baird in Stansbury's Report
Salt Lake, p. 349. Pacific region.
Eumeces fasciatus, Linn.; Holbrook, N. Am. Herp., ii, p. 117, and pp.
121, 127. Central, Austroriparian, and Eastern regions.
Eumeces longirostris, Cope, Proc. Acad. Phila., 1861, p. 313. Bermuda
Islands.
LACERTIDAE.
Xantusia, Baird.
Xantusia vigilis, Baird, Proc. Acad. Phila., 1856, p. 255. Pacific sub-
region.
TEIDAE.
Cnemidophorus, Wiegmann.
CnemidopJiorus maximus^ Cope, Proc. Acad. Phila., 1863, p. 104. Lower
California.
Cnemidophorus graliamii, Baird and Girard, Proc. Acad. Phila., 1852, p.
128. Eastern Sonoran region.
Cnemidophorus sexlineatus, Linn. ; Holbrook, l!f. Am. Herp., ii, p. 109.
Sonoran and Austroriparian regions, to Southeast Virginia.
Cnemidophorus inornatus, Baird, Proc. Acad. Phila., 1858, p. 255. South-
ern Sonoran region.
Cnemidophorus octolineatus, Baird, Proc. Acad. Phila., 1858, p. 255,
Southern Sonoran region.
46
Cnemidopliorus perplexus, Baird and Girard, Proc. Acad. Phila., 1852, p.
128. Rio Grande Yalley.
€nemidojphorus tessellatus, Say, subspecies tessellatus, Say j Baird, U. S.
P. E. E. Surv., X, Beckwith's Eej)ort, p. 18. Southern Colorado.
{JnemidopJiorus tessellatus, Say, subspecies tigris, Baird and Girard;
Stansbury's Eeport Salt Lake, p. 338. Pacific and Sonoran regions
to Utah.
Cnemidophorus tessellatus, Say, subspecies melanostethus, Cope, Proc.
Acad. Phila., 1863, p. 104. Southeast Arizona.
€nemidophorus tessellatus, Say, subspecies gracilis, Baird and Girard,
Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1852, 128. Southeast Arizona.
Yekticaria, Cope.
Verticaria hyperythra, Cope, Proc. Acad. Phila., 1863, p. 103. Lower
California to San Diego.
DIPLOGLOSSA.
ANGUIDAE.
Opheosaurus, Daudin.
Opheosaurus centralis, Daudin ; Holbrook, N. Am. Herp., ii, p. 139.
Austroriparian region ; Tennessee ; Kansas.
GEEEHONOTIDAE.
Barissia, Gray.
Barissia olivacea, Baird, Proc. Acad. Phila., 1858, p. 255. Southern
California.
Gerrhonotus, Wiegmann.
Qerrlionotus nohilis, Baird and Girard, Proc. Acad. Phila., 1852, p. 129.
Sonora.
Gerrhonotus principis, Baird and Girard, Proc. Acad. Phila., 1852, p. 175.
Northern Pacific region.
Gerrhonotus multicarinatus, Blainville {G. formosus), Baird and Girard,
Proc. Acad. Phila., 1852, p. 175. Pacific and Lower Californian
regions.
Gerrhonotus grandis, Baird and Girard, Proc. Acad. Phila., 1852, p. 176.
Pacific region.
47
Gerrhonotus scincicaudus, Skilton, Am. Jour. Sci. Arts, 1849, p. 202.
Pacific and Lower Californiau regions.
Gerrhonotus infernalis, Baird and Girardj Cope, Proc. Acad. Phila.,
1866, 322. Western Texas.
HELODEEMIDAE.
Heloderma, Wiegmaun.
Heloderma suspectum, Copej Baird, U. S. Bound. Surv., plate xxvi.
Sonoran region.
IGUANIA.
IGUANIDAE.
HoLBROOKiA, Girard.
MolbrooMa maculata, Girard, subspecies maculata, Girard j Stansbury's
Eeport, 1852, p. 342. Central and Sonoran subregions.
Holbroohia maculata, Girard, subspecies propinqua, Baird and Girard,
Proc. Acad. Phila. 1852, p. 126. Texas.
HolhrooMa texana, Troschel ; Baird and Girard, Proc. Acad. Phila., 1852,
p. 125. Sonoran region ; Western Texas.
Callisaurus, Blaiuville.
CalUsaurus dracontoides, Blainv., subspecies ventralis, Hallowell; Sit-
greave's Eeport Zuni, p. 117. Sonoran region.
Gallisaurus dracontoides, Blainv., subspecies gabMi, Cope, MS. North-
ern Lower California.
Callisaurus dracontoides, Blainv., subspecies dracontoides, Blainv., Nouv.
Ann. de Mus., p. 426. Southern Lower California.
Uma, Baird.
Uma notata, Baird, Proc. Acad. Phila., 1858, p. 253. Sonora region.
Sauromalus, Dumeril.
Sauromalus ater, Dumeril ; Baird, U. S. and Mex. Bound. Surv., p. 6.
Sonoran region.
Crotaphytus, Holbrook.
Crotaphytus colloHs, Say ; Holbrook, N. Am. Herp., ii, p. 79. Sonoran
region ; Central region to latitude 40°.
48
Crotaphytus wisUzenii, Baird and Girard, Stansbury's Eeport Salt Lake,
p. 340. Pacific and Sonoran regions ; Nevada, Utah.
Crotapkytus reticulatus, Baird, Proc. Acad. Phila., 1858, p. 253. Western
Texas.
DiPSOSAUKUs, Hallowell.
Dipsosaurus dorsalis, Baird and Girard, Proc. Acad. Phila., 1852, p. 126,
Lower Californian, Southern Pacific, and Sonoran regions.
Uta, Baird and Girard.
Uia thalassina, Gope, Proc. Acad. Phila., 1863, p. 104. Lower California.
Uta graciosa, Hallowell, Proc. Acad. Phila., 1854, p. 92. Pacific region.
Uta nifjricauda, Cope, Proc. Acad. Phila., 1864, p. 176. Lower Cali-
fornia.
Uta sclwttii, Baird, Proc. Acad. Phila., 1858, p. 253. Southern California.
Uta ornata, Baird and Girard, Proc. Acad. Phila., 1852, p. 126. Sonoran
region.
Uta stansMiriana, Baird and Girard, Stansbury's Eeport Salt Lq.ke, p.
345. Pacific, Lower Californian, and Sonoran regions ; Nevada,
Utah.
SoELOPORUS, Wiegmann.
Sceloporus ornatus, Baird, U. S. Mex. Bound. Surv., p. 5. Southeastern
Sonoran region.
Sceloporus jarrovii, Cope, MS., Zool. Wheeler's Expl. west of the 100th
merid., 1875. Sonoran region (Southern Arizona).
Sceloporus poinsettii, Baird and Girard, Proc. Acad. Phila., 1852, p. 126.
Sonoran region.
Sceloporus torquatus, Peale and Green, Proc. Acad. Phila., ii, p. 131.
Southern Sonoran region.
Sceloporus coucMi, Baird, Proc. Acad. Phila., 1858, p. 254. Southern
Sonoran region.
Sceloporus marmoratus, Hallowell, Proc. Acad. Phila., 1852, p. 178.
Sonoran region j Utah.
Sceloporus Mseriatus, Hallowell, U. S. P. E. E. Surv., x, Williamson's
Eeport, p. 6. ? Habitat.
Sceloporus undulatus, Harlan, subspecies imdulatus, Harlan ; Holbrook,
Am. Herp., ii, p. 73. North America, except Sonoran and Lower
Californian regions.
49
Sceloporus undulatus, Harhm, subspecies thaycrii, Baird and Girard,Proc.
Acad. Phila., 1852, p. 127. California, Utah, New Mexico, and Eio
Grande Valley.
Sceloporus co7isobrinus, Baird and Girard ; Marcy's Eeport lied Eiver,
1853, p. 237. Sonoran and Central regions ; Oregon and Texas.
Sceloporus scalaris, Wiegmann, Herpetologia Mexicana, 1834, p. 52. So-
nora.
Sceloporus Jloridanus, Baird, Proc. Acad. Phila., 1858, p. 254. Florida.
Sceloporus spinosus, Wiegmann, Herpetologia Mexicana, p. 50. Texas.
Sceloporus clarJcii, Baird and Girard, subspecies clarMi, Baird and Girard,
Proc. Acad. Phila., 1852, p. 127. Sonoran and Southern Pacific
regions.
Sceloporus clarMi, Baird and Girard, subspecies zosteromus, Cope, Proc.
Acad. Phila., 1863, p. 105. Lower California.
Phrynosoma, Wiegmann.
Phrynosoma modestum, Girard, Stansbury's Eept. Salt Lake, p. 365. So-
noran region.
Phrynosoma platyrMnum, Girard, Stansbury's Kept Salt Lake, p. 361.
Utah and Nevada.
Phrynosoma maccallii, Hallowell ; Baird, U. S. Mex. Bound. Surv., p. 9.
Desert of Gila and Colorado.
Phrynosoma regale, Girard, U. S. Mex. Bound. Surv., p. 9. Desert of
Gila and Colorado.
Phrynosoma planiceps, Hallowell, Proc. Acad. Phila., 1852, p. 178. South-
ern Sonoran region.
Phrynosoma cornutum, Harlan ; Girard, Stansbury's Kept. Salt Lake, p.
360. Texas.
Phrynosoma hernandezii, Girard, Herp. U. S. Expl. Exped., p. 395. New
Mexico ; Eio Grande Valley.
Phrynosoma douglassii. Bell, subspecies ornatissimum, Girard, Herp. U.
S. Expl. Exped., 1858, p. 396. Sonoran region.
Phrynosoma douglassii, Bell, subspecies douglassii. Bell ; Girard, Herp.
U. S. Expl. Exped., p. 398. Entire Central region; Oregon and
Washington.
Phrynosoma blainvillei, Gray ; Girard, U. S. Expl. Exped. Herp., p. 400.
Pacific region.
4 H •
50
Phry7iosoma coronatum, Blainville, Nouv. M6m. Museum, iv, p. 28. Lower
California.
Cyclura, Harlan.
Cyclura hemilopha, Cope, Proc. Acad. Phila., 1863, p. 105. Lower Cali-
fornia.
ANOLIDAE.
Anolis, Merrem.
Anolis principalis, Linn. ; Holbrook, N. Am. Herp., ii, 67. Austroripa-
rian region.
Anolis cooper ii, Baird, Proc. Acad. Phila., 1868, p. 254. ? California,
NYCTISAURA.
GECCONIDAE.
CoLEONYX, Gray.
Coleonyx variegatus, Baird, U. S. Mex. Bound. Surv., p. 12. Souoran
region.
Sphaerodactylus, Cuv.
Sphaerodactylus notatus, Baird, U. S. Mex. Bound. Surv., p. 12. Key
West, Fla. (Cuba).
Phyllodactylus, Gray.
»
Phyllodactylus tuherculosus, Wiegmann, Nova Acta. K. L. C. Acad., xvii,
p. 241. Sonoran region.
Phyllodactylus xanti, Cope, Proc. Acad. Phila., p. 102. Lower California.
DiPLODACTYLUS, Gray.
Diplodactylus unctus, Cope, Proc. Acad. Phila., 1863, p. 102. Lower Cal-
ifornia.
TESTUDIMTA.
ATHECAE.
SPHARGIDIDAE.
Sphargis, Merrem.
Sphargis coriacea, Eondelet ; Holbrook, X. Am. Herp., ii, p. 45. Atlan-
* tic coast to Massachusetts.
51
ORYPTODIRA.
CHELONIIDAE.
Thalassochelys, Fitz.
Thalassochelys caouana^ Linn. ; Holbrook, N. Am. Herp., ii, p. 33. En-
tire Atlantic coast.
Eretmochelys, Fitz.
Eretmoclielys imbricata, Linn. ; Holbrook, N. Am. Herp., ii, p. 39. South-
ern Atlantic coast.
Eretmochelys squamata, Linn. ; Agassiz, Cout. Nat. Hist. U. S., i, p. 382.
Pacific coast.
Chelonia, Brong.
Chelonia mydas, Schw. ; Holbrook, N. Am. Herp., ii, p. 25. Atlantic
coast south of Long Island.
Chelonia virgata, Schw. ; Agassiz, Oont., i, p. 379. Pacific coast.
TEIONYCHIDAE.
Amyda, Agassiz.
Amyda mutica, Lesueur, Mem. du Mus. d'Hist. Nat., xv, p. 263. Middle
and northern tributaries of the Mississippi, and the Saint Lawrence.
ASPIDONECTES, Wagl.
Aspidonectes ferox, Schweigger; Holbrook, N. Am. Herp., ii, p. 11
Georgia to Western Louisiana.
Aspidonectes spinifer, Lesueur, Mem. de Mus. d'Hist. Nat., xv, p. 258.
Middle and northern tributaries of the Mississippi, and Saint Law-
rence.
Aspidonectes aspet\ Agassiz, Cont. Nat. Hist. U. S., i, p. 405. Lower
Mississippi tributaries.
Aspidonectes nuchalis, Agassiz, Oont. Nat. Hist. TJ. S., i, p. 406. Cumber-
land and Upper Tennessee Kivers, Tennessee.
Aspidonectes enioryi, Agassiz, Cont. Nat. Hist. TJ. S., i, p. 407. Texas.
CHELYDEIDAE.
Chelydra, Schw\
Chelydra serpetitina, Linn. ; Holbrook, N. Am. Herp., i, p. 139. From
Canada to Ecuador. Wanting in the Pacific subregion.
52
Macrochelys, Gray.
Macrochelys lacertina, Schweigger; Ho] brook, N.Am. Herp., i, p. 147.
Tributaries of the Gulf of Mexico, from Florida to Western Texas,
extending to Missouri in the Mississippi.
CINOSTERNIDAE.
Aromochelys, Gray.
Aromoclielys odoratus, Latreille ; Holbrook, N. Am. Herp., i, p. 133. Aus-
troriparian and Eastern subregious.
Aromochelys carinatus, Gray ; Agassiz, Cont., i, p. 423. Louisianian dis-
trict.
OiNOSTERNUM, Wagl.
Cinosternum pennsylvanicum, Bosc, subspecies pennsylvanicum, Bosc;
Holbrook, N.Am. Herp., i, p. 127. Austroriparian (? Texas) and
Eastern subregions.
Cinosternum pennsylvanicum, Bosc, subspecies douhledayi, Gray, Cat.
Tort., Crocod., and Amphisb. B. M., p. 33. Southwestern United
States.
Cinosternum sonoriense, LeConte, Proc. Acad. Phila., 1854, p. 183. Ari-
zona.
Cinosternum Jlavescens, Agassiz, Contrib. Nat. Hist. U. S., i, p. 430.
Arizona.
Cinosternum Jienrici, LeConte, Proc. Acad. Phila., 1854, p. 182. Souoran
subregion.
EMYDIDAE.
PsEUDEMYS, Gray.
Pseudemys rugosa, Shaw ; Holbrook, N. Am. Herp., i, p. 55. New Jersey
to Virginia.
Pseudemys concinna, LeConte ; Holbrook, N. Am. Herp., i, pp. 119, 65.
Austroriparian region C? Texas).
Pseudemys moMliensis, Holbrook, N. Am. Herp., i, p. 71. Florida to the
Eio Grande of Texas.
Pseudemys hieroglypMca, Holbrook, N. Am. Herp., i, p. 111. Middle,
Western, and Gulf States.
Pseudemys scabra, Linn. ; Holbrook, N. Am. Herp., i, p. 49. North
Carolina to Georgia.
58
Pseudemys troostii, Holbrook, N. Am. Herp., i, p. 123. Valley of the
Mississippi to Illinois.
Pseudemys elegans, Wied. ; Holbrook, N. Am. Herp., i, p. 115. Central
region and Texan district.
Malacoclemmys, Gray.
Malacoclemmys geograpMcus^ Lesueur ; Holbrook, N. Am. Herp., i, p. 99.
Mississippi Valley to Pennsylvania and New York.
Malacoclemmys pseudogeograpMcus, Holbrook, N. Am. Herp., i, p. 103.
Mississippi Valley to Wisconsin and Northern Ohio.
Malacoclemmys palustris, Gmelin; Holbrook, N. Am. Herp., i, p. 87.
Coast from New York to Texas.
Chrysemys, Gray.
Chrysemys picta, Herm. ; Holbrook, N. Am. Herp., i, p. 75. Eastern
region ; Louisiana, Mississippi.
Chrysemys oregonensis, Harlan; Holbrook, N. Am. Herp., i, p. 107.
Central region.
Chrysemys reticulata, Bosc; Holbrook, N. Am. Herp,, i, p. 59. Gulf
States.
''"
Chelopus, Eafinesque.
Ghelopus guttatus, Schneider; Holbrook, N. Am. Herp., i, p. 81. East-
ern region east of Ohio.
Chelopus muhlenbergii, Schweigger ; Holbrook, N. Am. Herp,, vol. i, p. 45.
New Jersey and Eastern Pennsylvania.
Chelopus insculptus, LeConte ; Holbrook, N. Am. Herp., i, p. 93. East-
ern region east of Ohio.
Chelopus marmoratus, Baird and Girard ; Hallowell, U. S. P. E. E. Surv.,
X, Williamson's Eeport, p. 3. Pacific region.
Emys, Brong.
Umys meleagris, Shaw ; Holbrook, N. Am. Herp., i, p. 39. Alleghenian
district of Eastern region to Wisconsin.
CiSTUDO, Flem.
Oistudo clausa, Gm., subspecies clausa, Gm. ; Holbrook, N. Am. Herp.,
i, p. 31. Eastern region and Louisianian and Floridan districts.
Cistudo clausa, subspecies triunguis, Agass., Contrib., i, p. 445. Austro-
riparian region to Georgia ; Eastern Pennsylvania.
Cistudo ornata, Agass., Contrib., i, p. 445. Central region.
54
TESTUDINIDAE.
Testudo, Liim.
Testudo Carolina^ Linn. ; Holbrook, N. Ain. Herp., i, p. 25. Austroriparian
region, not north of South Carolina.
Testudo agasslzii, Cooper, Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci.* Southern Pacific and
Western Sonoran regions.
CROOODILIA.
CROOODILIDAE.
Alligatok, Cuv.
Alligator mississippiensis, Daudin ; Holbrook, N. Am. Herp., vol. ii, p. 53.
Austroriparian region.
Crocodilus, Cuv.
Crocoduus americanus, Seba. ; Dum. et Bib., Erp. Gen., iii, p. 119. Flori-
dan district.
Enumeration of genera and species.
Genera. Species.
BATEACHIA.
Trachystomata 2 2
Proteida 1 2
Urodela 15 49
Anura 11 48
29 101
EEPTILIA.
Ophidia.
Solenoglypha 4 18
Proteroglypha 1 3
Asinea 36 109
Scolecophidia 1 2
42 132
Lacertilta.
Opheosauri 1 1
Pleurodonta 22 76
Nyctisaura . 3 5
26 82
Testudinata.
Athecae 1 1
Oryptodira 16 40
17 41
Ckocodilia 2 2
257
Total species 358
* Referred to, vol. for 1870, p. 67.
PA.RT III.
ON GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION
OF THE
VERTEBRATA OF THE REGNUM NEARCTICUM,
WITH ESPECIAL EEFERENCE fO THE
BATRACHIA AND REPTILIA.
I.—THE FAUNAE REGIONS OF THE EARTH.
As is well known, the life of the different regions of the earth presents
marked peculiarities. The differences are, in some measure, connected
with the geographical and topographical relations of the continents.
To each of them, peculiar divisions of animals are found to be confined;
and the sum of these, or the " fauna," is found in each case to present
marked characters. The districts thus marked out are the Australian
(which includes Australia, Van Diemen's Land, New Guinea, etc.); the
Neotropical, including South America, the West Indies, and Mexico; the
Nearctic, or North America ; the Mhiopian, or Africa south of the Desert
of Sahara; the Palaeotropical, which embraces India and the adjacent
islands; and, lastly, the Palaearctic, or Asia north of the Himalaya,
Europe, and Africa north of the Great Desert. These six districts are
variously related by common forms, as well as distinguished by different
ones. The name of "realms" has been given to them.
The Australian realm is peculiar in the absence of nearly all types of
mammalia, except the Omithodelphia and the Marsupials ; in the pres-
ence of various Struthious birds ; in great development of the Elapid
serpents, and absence of the higher division of both snakes and frogs
{i. e.j Solenoglypha and Raniformia) ; in the existence of Dipnoi [Cera-
todus) and certain Characinid fishes. On the other hand, many of the
lizards and birds are ot the higher types that prevail in India and Africa,
viz, the Acrodonta and the Oscines.
The polar hemispheres each possess certain common forms which are
not found in the other. Thus, in the southern, which is here uuderatood
as embracing the three realms called Australian, Neotroi)ical, and
55
56
Ethiopian,* the Sirenian mammalia ; Struthious birds ; Elapid and Pero-
podous snakes ; JDipnoan, Chromid, and Characin fishes ; and Pleurodire
tortoises, are universal, and not, or very sparsely, found in the northern.
Of other groups peculiar to the Southern or Equatorial regions, the
Edentate mammalia belong to the Neotropical and Ethiopian ; the Osteo-
glossid fishes to the Neotropical, Palaeotropical, and Australian ; while
monkeys occur in the southern faunae, except the Australian, and in
the Palaeotropical. The Ethiopian shares many peculiarities with the
Northern. Thus, Insectivorous mammals, Yiperine snakes, and Eani-
form frogs, are only found here in the southern hemisphere.
The Neotropical realm only possesses exclusively the Platyrhine mon-
keys and the great majority of the humming-birds. It shares with
other Southern regions the Edentate and Tapiroid mammals ; Struthi-
ous, Pullastrine, and Olamatorial birds ; Elapid snakes 5 Arciferous
frogs; and Characin, Chromid, Osteoglossid, and Dipnoan fishes. It
has but few types of the Northern regions ; these are numerous pleuro-
dont Lacertilia, the Acrodonts being entirely absent ; and a few bears,
deer, and Oscine birds.
The Ethiopian realm is that one which combines the prevalent features
of the Palaearctic region with the southern-hemisphere types already
mentioned, together with some found elsewhere only in the Palaeotrop-
ical, and a very few peculiar. The two latter classes not being men-
tioned elsewhere, they may be here enumerated. This region shares,
with the Indian alone, the Catarrhine monkeys, the Elepliantidae Ehi-
nocerotidae, and Chamaeleous. Its peculiar types are the Lemuridae,
Hippopotamidae, and Gameleopardalidae, among mammals, and Polypter-
idae and Monnyridae among fishes.
The Northern realms of the earth agree in possessing all the earless
seals ; but most of its common characters are shared by India and
Africa. With these regions they possess most all of the Euminant and
Insectivorous mammals, and all the Raniform frogs. The Palaearctic
and Palaeotropical are very much alike, and ought probably to be
united. The latter differs in possessing monkeys, elephant, rhinoceros,
and tapir, Elapid serpents (cobras), and Osteoglossid fishes. In other
respects, as in mammalia generally, Oscine birds and fresh-water fishes,
and reptiles generally, it agrees with Northern Asia and Europe.
The Nearctic or North American realm is that with which we have
here to do. It extends from the Arctic regions to a line drawn across
Northern Mexico, and includes the peninsula of Lower California. It
* "Eogaea" of Gill, characterized in his article "On the geographical distribution of
Fishes", in the "Annals and Magazine of Natural History" (4), sv, 255.
57
agrees in mauy points with the northern fauna of the Old World, and
has been united with it by some authors ; but its peculiar types, and
those which it shares with South America, are too numerous for such an
arrangement. Its relations are exhibited in the following table :
Differs from Palaearctic in
—
Agrees with Palaearctic
in
—
Peculiar forms. Neotropical forme.
Mammalia in general Bassarididae.
Procyonidae.
Antilocapra . Megadermatidae.
Dicotyles.
Didelphys.
Mephitis
Birds except Cathartidae.
Tanagridae.
Icteridae.
Clamatores in general.
Trochilidae.
Meleagridae . Odontophoriuae.
Alligators.
Amivid and Gerrhonotid lizards.
Iguanid lizards.
Emyd tortoises Chelydra Cinosternidae.
Solenoglyph and Elapid venomous
snakes.
Raniform frogs Scaphiopodidae .... Arcifera.
Plethodontidae.
Amblystomidae.
Diemyctylus.
Megalobatrachus Trachystomata.
Necturns.
Amphiumidae.
Percid fishes Aphredoderidae Siluridae.
Cottidae.
Haplomi Hypsaeidae.
Accipenseridae.
Spatulariidae.
Cyprinidae Plagopterinae.
Catostomidae.Gasterosteidae.
Amiidae.
Lepidosteidae.
Petromyzon.
The special peculiarities of the Nearctic region are then chiefly seen
in the Fishes and Batrachia. In Birds and Mammals, its prominent
divergences from the northern regions of the Old World are seen in the
numerous representatives of forms which are characteristically South
58
Americau. Of these, the birds offer many genera peculiar to North
America, while the few Mammalia are of Neotropical genera. The
greatest resemblance between the North American and Palaearctic
region is seen in the Mammalia. Around the Arctic regions as well as
further south, several species, both of Mammalia and Birds, are
identical.
Among MoUusks there is also much resemblance. Anodonta^ JJnio,
and Succinea are common to both the northern faunae, but have no
common species; all three greatly predominate in numbers in North
America. The snails of the west coast are very European in character,
but there are but few Pupae in the Eegio Nearctica, and no Clausiliae, and
Bulinms is represented by few species.
II.—NUMBER OF SPECIES.
The numbers of the Vertebrata found in the Nearctic realm are nearly
as follows
:
Mammalia :
Monotremata
Marsupialia 1
JEdentatd 1
Rodentia 139
Insectivora 28
Chiroptera 23
Getacea .
.
42
Sirenia 1
Hyracoidea
Prohoscidea
Perissodactyla
i Onmivora 1
Artiodaetyla
^
/ Buminantia 14
Pinnipedia . 13
r Fissipedia 46 \
Primates 1
310
AVES:
( Oscines 306
Passeres
^ „, , oo
y Clamatores o6
Zygodactyli . - . 36
Syndactyli 20
Garnivora
59
AVES—Continued.
Psittaci 1
Accipitres ^
.
61
Pullastrae v- 12
Gallinae 22
Brevipennes
Grallae 81
Lamellirostres - 49
Steganopodes 13
Longipennes 71
Pygopodes 51
Eeptilia :
CroGodilia 2
Testudinata 41
Lacertilia 82
Ophidia 132
BATEACHIA :
Anura 48
Urodela 49
Gymnophidia
Proteida 2
Trachystomata 2
Pisces :
> Pharyngognathi 12
Labyrinthici
Distegi 178
Bhegnopteri 2
PercomorpMi Epilasmia 18
ScypJiobrancMi 77
Haplodoci 3
.Anacanthini 36
^ Heterosomata 22
Plectognathi 30
Pediculati 8
Hemibranchii - - - • 20
Lophohranclm - 7
Synentognathi 10
Percesoces 13
756
257
101
60
Pisces—Continued.
Haplomi 34
Isospondyli 70
Plectospondyli
-.
150
Scyphophori
NematognatM 27
Notacanthi
Glanencheli
Ichthyocephali
Holostomi
Mnchelycephali 2
Golocepliali 3
Halecomorphi 2
Ginglymodi 15
Glaniostomi 30
iSelachostomi 1
Holocephali 2
Plagiostomi 46
Dipnoi
816
Dermopteri 8
Leptocardii. * 1
Total species of Vertebrata - 1 - . 2, 249
This number is considerably below the truth, as many ot the fishes,
both of the ocean and of the fresh waters, remain undescribed.
It is more difficult to state the number of species of the inferior divis-
ions of the animal kingdom. It is asserted that 8,000 species of Cole-
opterous insects have been discovered in the iTearctic region, and that
this is probably about two-thirds of the whole. This would give 12,000
species of this the most numerous order, and the Lepidoptera, Hymenop-
tera, and Biptera will follow at no great distance. Probably 50,000 is
below the mark as an estimate of the number of species of insects of this
region. One thousand species are to be added for the remaining Arthro-
poda—say, 200 Myriopoda, 400 AracJmida, and 400 Crustacea. Of worms
of land and water there are numerous species, the greater proportion
of which are not yet known to science.
The number of the Mollusca and Molluscoida from the coasts and inte-
rior of the North American region is about 1,824, of which only 400 are
marine. Of the remainder, 1,034 live in the numerous rivers and lakes,
61
Prosobranchiata
and 400 are terrestrial and air-breathers. They are distributed among
the classes as follows:
Cephalopoda 25
pulmonata 400
!
Fresh-water 438
Marine 297
Heteropoda 28
Opisthobranchiata 53
Pteropoda , 25
scaphopoda 4
Fresh-water 596
Marine 377
MOLLXJSCOIDA.
Lamellibranchiata
Braohtopoda 10
ASCIDIA , 30
Bryozoa 39
The remaining divisions of the animal kingdom may be estimated to
number nearly as follows
:
ECHINODERMATA (123).
HOLOTHURroA.
ECHINOIDEA . . -
Crinoidea
ASTEROIDEA . .
East
coast.
32
50
2
17
Inte-
rior.
Weat
coast.
4
18
Medusae :
Discophora
.
.
.
SipJionophora
Ctenophora
Polypi
Hydroidea
COELENTERATA (144).
80 .. 22
3 .. .. 2
12 .. 2
13 ..,., 7
The divisions of Protozoa are well represented in our waters, but the
numbers of our Spongiida, Infusoria and Ehizopoda, have not yet
been ascertained.
III.
—
relations to other realms.
It has been already remarked that several species of Vertebrata are
common to our northern regions and Europe, Asia, etc. Thus, the
62
wolf extends throughout the northern hemisphere; the same maybe
said of the fox, the ermine, and, perhaps, of the beaver. It is not
improbable that our buffalo {Bos americanus) is a variety only of the B.
bison of the Old World, and that the grizzly bear ( JJrsus horribilis) bears
the same relation to the European brown bear (U. arctos). There are
also certain corresponding or representative species ; thus, our red fox
(Vulpesfulvus) is nearly related to the European fox {V. vulgaris), and
the red squirrel {sciurus Jmdsonicus) to the 8. vulgaris of Euroi)e. The
elk and moose {Cervus canadensis and Alces americanus) respectively
answer to the C. elapJms and Alces europaeus.
The majority of American deer belong to a peculiar group {Cariacus)
mainly characteristic of the Nearctic realm; while the species of the
orders Bodentia and Insectivora are mostly of characteristically distinct
species or higher groups.
Among birds, similar relations prevail. The singing-birds are the
most characteristic of any continent, and here we find in North America
the greatest number of species, genera, and families of birds which
differ from those of the Old World. Of the latter, true thrushes, swal-
lows, shrikes, and crows occur, but in limited numbers ; while the genera
of finches are mostly distinct, and the vireos, tanagers, wood-warblers,
Icteridae, and mock-thrushes, which form the bulk of our avifauna, do
not exist in the Old World. On the other hand, starlings, flycatchers,
and warblers are absent from North America.
As we direct our observation to birds of extended flight, as the
Accipitres and water-birds, cases of identity of species of opposite con-
tinents become more frequent. This is mostly confined here, also, to
the northern regions. The marsh-hawk {Circus cyaneus), peregrine
falcon, fish-hawk, and golden eagle are examples among Falconidae.
Among owls, the cases are still more numerous ; such are Nyctea nivea,
Surnia ulula, Otus brachyotus, Stria; Jlammea. Some of these present
geographical varieties. Corresponding species are common here, e. g.^
the American
—
Haliaetus leucocephalus to M. albicilla of Europe
;
Buteo swainsonii to B. vulgaris ;
Falco sparverius to F. tinnunculus ;
Falco columbarius to F. aesalon;
Bubo virginianus to B. maximus ;
Otus vilsonianus to 0. vulgaris ;
etc., etc.
63
The Nearctic realm possesses a peculiar family, the Cathartidae
(turkey-buzzards), which the Old World lacks, but has no vultures
properly so-called.
There are several wading-birds common to the two contineuts ; and
cases of identity among the ducks, gulls, and divers are relatively still
more numerous. The Gallinae are, on the other hand, entirely distinct,
though not without a few corresponding species.
Among lower Vertebrata, specific identity is unknown, except in one
frog {Bana temporaria) and a few marine fishes, with one of fresh-water,
the northern pike {Esoa; Indus). The numerous tortoises of Korth
America remind one especially of Eastern Asia and India, but the
western regions of our continent are as deficient in this form of animal
life as the corresponding part of the Palaearctic region. Ghelydra is
peculiarly North American, and the Cinosternidae are Mexican in
character.
The principal Crocodilian is our alligator, which presents only minor
differences from the South American caimans. The lizards are all
of Neotropical families, except the seines {Eumeces), which are found
elsewhere chiefly in Africa and Australia. The genera are nearly all
peculiar, or extend a short distance into the northern parts of the Neo-
tropical, Mexico, and the West Indies. Some families have, however, a
correspondence with those of the Old World, as follows : The Nearctic
—
Teiidae to Lacertidae
;
Gerrhonotidae to Zonuridae;
Iguanidae to Agamidae.
The Batracfiia present relations to the Europeo-Asiatic fauna in the
species of one genus {Rana) of frogs, and one genus (Roto'plithalmus)
of salamanders. In other respects, the Nearctic batrachiau fauna is
highly peculiar. The cosmopolitan genus Hyla (tree-frogs) exists in
numerous species, several of which are terrestrial. The burrowing-frogs
{ScapMopidae) are nearly all peculiar to this fauna. The toads are
of a peculiar division of the all but cosmopolitan genus Bufo. The
salamanders present the greatest i)eculiarities. The large family of
Plethodontidae is represented by various forms, mostly terrestrial ; while
the genei-a Desmognathus and Amhlystoma, each alone in its family,
present curious structural modifications. To the latter belong the Sire-
dons, or larval Aniblystomae, which reproduce without regard to their
metamorphosis, sometimes completing it and sometimes remaining
unchanged.
64
As permanent gill-bearing Batrachia, Necturus represents the Palae-
arctic Proteus, and Siren is quite peculiar to North America. The
Amphiuma, or suakelike Batrachia, calls to mind the similar extinct
forms of the Coal-Measures 5 while Protonopsis is represented by living
species in Eastern Asia, and by a fossil genus in the Miocene of Ger-
many.
The marine fishes embrace some species which range both coasts
of the North Atlantic. Such are the salmon, the haddock, the mackerel,
etc., which furnish food and occupation for a numerous population on
the northeastern coast. Farther south, the mullet [Mugil albula) is a
valued food-fish, and is caught and packed in great numbers. The
fishes of the Pacific coast are mostly distinct from those of the Atlantic,
except a few circumi^olar forms, as Gasterosteus aculeatus ; but several
(as Gadus vachna, Pall.) are found also on the Asiatic coast. On the
warmer coasts, a few species are common to both oceans, while others
exist which have a great range over several seas, noticeable among
which are certain species of Plectognathi, particularly of Diodon, Ba-
Ustes, etc.
The fresh-water fishes embrace many families characteristic of the
northern hemisphere, as the cods {Gadidae), Percidae or perch, the scul-
pins (Cottidae), pike {Esocidae), chubs {Cyprinidae), the salmon, and
herring, eel, sturgeon, and lamprey families. In the catfishes, the
region reminds us of the tropical and southern regions ; though it is a
singular fact that one of our genera (Amiurus) is represented by single
species in China.
The suckers [Gatostomidae) are very abundant and characteristic in all
fresh waters; but here, again, a single species {Garpiodes sinensis) has
been detected in China. This is paralleled by the genus Polyodon (pad-
dle-fish), of which one species is found in the Mississippi Valley, and
one in the Yang-tse-kiang. The most striking peculiarity of the Nearc-
tic waters is the presence of the family of Lepidosteidae, or bony gars,
which is represented by two genera and numerous species. No form at
all resembling these exists in any other country, excepting again one
species in China, and one other which is found in the adjoining Neotrop-
ical region. Not less peculiar are the species of dog-fish {Amia), type of
the order HalecomorpM, which have some remote affinities with South
American forms.
The relations to the Neotropical realm are in part indicated in the
table on page 57, But few species are common to the Nearctic and
65
Southern Neotropical realms. But one mammal (the cougar, Felis con-
color)^ and no reptiles, batrachians, nor fresh-water fishes, estend into
Brazil ; but a number of birds are permanent residents throughout both
realms. These are mostly waders, as follows
:
Rallus crepitans.
Limosa fedoa.
Tryngites rufescens.
Actiturus hartramius.
Heteroscelus hrevipes.
Symphemia semipalmata.
Ereunetes petrijicatus.
Aegialitis vilsonius.
Xyctlierodiiis violaceus.
To these must be added the turkey-vulture, Cathartes aura. Then
certain marine birds and a few fishes extend along the coasts of both
regions, but their number is comparatively small.
The number of species of the Nearctic realm which occur in the Mex-
ican region is rather greater. The red lynx and raccoon are examples
of mammals, and several species of wood-warblers, vireos, and hawks
represent the birds as far south as the Isthmus of Darien. The only
reptiles are the snapping-tortoise and the ringed snake OpMbolus dolia-
tKS ; the only batrachian is the Bana Jialecina herlandieri. A few other
species, as Eutaenia sirtalis, extend for a shorter distance into the same
region.
In the higher groups of the ^enus and family, we have greater com-
munity with the Neotropical realm. But few genera of Batrachia and
Beptilia &s.t&xiA to its Brazilian region, but there are a few common
genera of Mammalia {Mephitis, Procyon, Ursus, Sciurus, Sesperomys, and
Didelphys), and a number of birds, especially among the lower orders, and
the scansores, syndactyli, and clamatores, particularly the Tyrannidae.
The number of genera which enter Mexico and Central America is much
greater, and I select the following from the mammals, reptiles, and
batrachianS; as these are incapable of the migrations performed by birds.
Cosmopolitan genera and those common to both the American realms
are omitted.
5 H
66
Mammalia.
Lynx.
Urocyon.
Putorius.
Bassaris,
Geomys.
Thomomys.
Ochetodon.
Arvicola.
Neotoma.
Bigmodon.
Cariacus.
Antilocapra.
Eeptilia.
Crotalus.
Candisona,
Ancistrodon.
Tropidoclo7iium.
Tropidonotus.
Eutaenia.
Trimorphodon.
Hypsiglena.
OpMbolus.
PMmotJiyra.
PityopMs.
Coluber.
Tantilla.
Chilomeniscus.
Cinosternum.
Chelydra.
Pseudemys.
Chelopus.
Sceloporus.
PJirynosoma.
Heloderma.
Barissia.
Gerrhonotus.
Oligosoma.
Eumeces.
Cnetnidophorus.
67
Batrachia.
Amhlystoma.
Spelerpes.
Spea.
Rana.
Of fishes, the common genera of the fresh waters are few. They are
Giyardinus, Gamhusia, HaplocMlus, and Fundulus of Cyprinodontidae,
and Atractosteus of the bony gars. The southward distribution of the
above genera terminates at various points ; but those which belong to
the Austroriparian region, as distinguished from the Sonoran, are mainly
confined to the Mexican plateau. The presence of these, together with
a number of peculiar forms, indicates another region of the Nearctic,
which is in many respects allied to the Austroriparian. This subject
will be considered in a subsequent paper.
In comparing the Nearctic realm with the West Indian region of the
Neotropical, much less resemblance can be detected, especially in the
Eeptiles and Batrachia. The only identical species is the AnoUs prin-
cipalis, which is common to the Austroriparian region and Cuba, and
there are three others of West Indian origin found in the southern part of
riorida. The Anolis is the only reptilian genus of wide distribution in
the Nearctic realm which occurs in the West Indian region. The West
Indian genus Dromicus is represented by one species, a rare snake from
the coast of North Carolina. In Batrachia, there is no community of
species and none of genera, excepting in the case of the cosmopolitan
genera Bufo and Hyla.
«
IV.—THE REaiONS.
We may now consider the variations exhibited bj'^ the component
parts of the Nearctic fauna. The distribution of types indicates six
principal subdivisions, which have been called the Austroriparian^
Eastern, Central, Pacific, Sonoran, and Lower Californian. The Austro-
riparian region extends northward from the Gulf of Mexico to the
isothermal of 77° F. It commences near Norfolk, Ya., and occupies a
belt along the coast, extending inland in North Carolina. It passes
south of the Georgia Mountains, and to the northwestward up the Mis-
sissippi Valley to the southern part of Illinois. West of the Missis-
sippi, the boundary extends south along the southern boundary of the
high lands of Texas, reaching the Gulf at the mouth of the Eio Grande.
68
The Eastern is the most extended, reaching from the isothermal line of
770 Y. north and from the Atlantic Ocean to the elevated plains west
of the Mississippi Eiver. Manj^ of its forms extend up the bottoms of
the rivers which flow to the eastward through " The Plains." The Cen-
tral region extends from the limit of the Eastern as far west as the
Sierra l^evada, and south on the mountains of Nevada, and along the
mountains of New Mexico. The Sonoran includes parts of Nevada, New
Mexico, Arizona, and Sonora in M-exico, It does not cross the Sierra
Nevada, nor the Mojave desert, nor extend into the peninsula of Lower
California. It sends a belt northward on the east side of the Sierra
Nevada as far as, including Owen's Valley in Eastern California, latitude
37°, and enters other valleys in Nevada in the same way. It occupies
the lower valley of the Eio Grande, and extends into Texas as far as
the desert east of the Rio Pecos. It extends southward in Western
Mexico as far as Mazatlan. The Lower Califoruian region occupies the
peninsula of that name as far north as near San Diego.
The peculiarities of these regions are well marked. The two regions
included in Eastern North America differ from all the others in the
abundance of their turtles and the small number of their lizards.
Prolific of life, this area is not subdivided by any marked natural bar-
riers. Hence, though its species present great varieties in extent of
range, it is not divided into districts which are very sharply defined.
The warmer regions are much richer in birds, reptiles, and insects than
the cooler; and as we advance northward many species disappear, while
a few others are added. The natural division of the eastern part of the
continent is then in a measure dependent on the isothermal lines which
traverse it. In accordance with this view, the following districts have
been proposed, viz: The Carolinian; the Alleghanian ; the Canadian
;
and the Hudsonian.
The Austroriparian region includes the Floridan, Louisianian, and
Texan districts. It possesses many peculiar genera of reptiles not
found elsewhere, while the region north of it possesses none, its genera
being distributed over some or all of the remaining regions. The num-
ber of peculiar species in all departments of animal life is large.
It presents the greatest development of the eastern reptile life. Six-
teen genera of Reptiles and eight of Batrachia do not range to the
northward, while ninety-nine species are restricted in the same manner.
The peculiar genera which occur over most of its area are
—
6y
LlZAUDS.
Aoiolis.
Oligosoma.
Snakes.
Haldea.
Cemopliora.
Tantilla.
ISpilotes.
Ahastor.
Farancia.
Tortoises. »
Macroclielys.
.
Crocodiles.
Alligator.
Batrachia.
Ungystoma.
Manculus.
StereocMlus.
Muraenopsis.
Siren,
I have omitted from this list ten genera which are restricted to one or
the other of its subdivisions. The Siren, the Cemophora, the Anolis
(chameleon), and the Alligator, are the most striking of the above char-
acteristic genera. No genns of lizards is peculiar excepting Anolis and
Oligosoma, which have their greatest development in other than the
Nearctic continent. Among serpents, a few genera of Neotropical char-
acter extend eastward along the region of the Mexican Gulf, as far as
the Atlantic coast, which are not found in any of the Northern re-
gions
J
such are Spilotes, Tantilla (occurs in Lower California), and Maps
(also in the Sonoran). On the other hand, Celuta, Virginia, Saldea, and
Storeria, embrace small serpents which it shares with the Eastern
region.
This region is the headquarters of the Batrachia, especially of the
tailed forms. The majority of species of the tailless genera are found
here, especially of Syla (tree-toads), Rana, and ClioropMlus.
70
There are no less than nine genera cf birds which do not, or only
accidentally, range northward of this district. They are
—
Plotus.
Tantalus.
Platalea.
Elanus.
Ictinia.
Conurus.
Chamaepelia.
CampepMlus.
Helmitherus.
All these genera, excepting the last, range into South America or
farther.
Among mammals, but few species and one genus {Sigmodon) are
confined to it. Lepus aquaticus and L. palustris, the cotton-rat, the
Florida Neotoma, etc., and a few others, are restricted by it. The fish-
fauna is very similar to that of the Eastern region, under which it
will be considered.
The Eastern region differs from the Austroriparian almost entirely
in what it lacks, and agrees with it in all those peculiarities by which it
is so widely separated from the Central region, No genus of mam-
mals is found in it which does not range into the Central or other
region, excepting Condylura (star-nosed mole) ; but numerous species
are confined to it, not extending into the Austroriparian. These number
from twenty to twenty- five. Among birds, the following genera are shared
with the more southern region only : Quiscalics, JSeiurus, Oporornis,
Helmitlierus, Frotonotaria, Panda, Mniotilta, Ortyx. No genus of Eep-
tiles, and but one of Batrachians {GyrinopMlus), is confined to this
region ; but it shares all it possesses with the Austroriparian. It
has but three genera of lizards, viz, CnemidopJiorus, Eumeces, and iScelO'
porus, which are universally Nearctic. The Batrachian genera not found
in the Central are
—
ScapMopus.
GyrinopMlus.
Spelerpes.
Pleihodon.
Hemidactylium.
Desmatognathus.
Menoponia.
Nccturus.
71
The cliaracteristics of the fish-fauna of Eastern Xearctica are much
more marked; two entire orders, represented by the gar {Ginglymodi)
and dog-fish {Salecomorphi), are confined to it, and a series of genera of
Percidae, embracing many species, known as Utheostominae, have the
same range. The Siluridae all belong here, as well as a great majority
of the genera of Cyprinidae and Catostomidae. In all of these divisions,
the region is very rich in species, owing to the abundance of everflow-
ing rivers and streains which drain it. The Polyodontidae (spoon-bill or
paddle-fish) are not found in any of the other regions.*
The Central region is characterized by the general absence of forests,
as compared with the Eastern. It presents two distinct divisions, each
peculiar in its vegetation : the division of the plains, which extends from
the eastern border to the Eocky Mountains; and the Eocky Mountain
region itself, w^hich extends to the Sierra Nevada. The former is covered
with grass, and is almost totally treeless; the latter is covered with "sage-
brush" [Artemisia), a short stout bush, which forms extensive areasof tree-
less brush. The grass-covered plains are the range of the bison, though it
formerly sought also the tracts of grass occasionally found among the
Artemisia. The region, as a whole, is distinguished from the Eastern
by the possession of several genera of ruminating Artiodactyles, i. e., An-
tilocapra,Haplocerus, and Ovis, as well as certain species of the same group,
i. e., Caria'cus macrotis (black-tailed deer) and C. leucurus. Other genera
of mammals which distinguish it from the Eastern are Taxidea, Gynomys,
SpermopMltis, Blpodomys, Perognathus, and Lagomys. A few species
of Spermopliilus extend into the northwestern portion of the Eastern
;
while the extensive genus Geomys (the subterranean gophers) range
over the Central subregion, and into the Western and Gulf States
the Austroriparian as far as the Savannah Eiver. A great many species
of birds are peculiar to the Central region, and the following genera :
Oroscoptes.
Hydrobata.
Myiadestes.
Neocorys.
Salpinctes.
Picicorvus.
Chondestes.
Valamospiza.
Emhernagra.
Centrocercus.
Pedioecetes.
'Excepting the coui«e of the Mississippi, and perhaps the Rio Grande.
72
The game-birds of the Central region are larger tban those of the
Eastern. Such are the sage-cock, Centrocercus urophasianus ; the Fed i-
oecetes j)1iasi(m€lh(s, or cock, of the plains; the Tetrao ohscurus ; several
ptarmigan [Lagoj^vs)', and Bonasa ; the last three Palaearctic genera
also.
The reptiles are not numerous, and tortoises are especially rare.
Besides the genera of lizards characteristic of the Eastern district, it
adds Fhrynosoma, Crotaphytus, and JETolhrooMa. Among snakes, no
genus is peculiar, and the moccasins and Maps are wanting. There is
but one, possibly two, species of rattlesnake. Batrachians are few;
most of the genera of A7iura are found, except Eyla. Among sala-
manders, the only genus is Amblystoma; but this is abundant, its large
larvae developing in the temporary pools of many arid regions. The
burrowing- frog, Spea honiM/rons, ranges the same region, and breeds in
much the same way. ;N"o genus of Batrachians or Eeptiles is peculiar
to the Central region.
Fishes are few in families and species, largely in consequence of the
poverty of the region in rivers and streams. In the Western Colorado
and the Humboldt, perch, pike, Siluridae, herring, cod, eels, gar, dog-
fish, and sturgeon are entirely wanting. Cyprinidae, Catostomidae, 8al-
monidar, and Cottidae are the only families abundant in individuals and
species. The same remarks apply in great part to the Columbia Eiver,
where, however, the Salmonidae have a great development. These sal-
mon are principally marine species, which ascend the river to deposit
their spawn. They belong to many species, all peculiar to the region,
and embrace incredible numbers of individuals.
The Facific region is nearly related to the Central, and, as it con-
sists of only the narrow district west of the Sierra Xevada, might be
regarded as a subdivision of it. It, however, lacks the mammalian
genera Bos and Antilocapra, and possesses certain peculiar genera of
birds, as Geococcyx (ground-cuckoo or chaparral-cock), Chamaea, and
Oreortyx (mountain-ijartridge). Of marine mammalia, there are several
peculiar types, as the eared seals (Otariidae) and sea-otcer {Enliydra).
There are some genera of reptiles, e. g., Charina, related to the Boas,
Lodia, Amelia, Gerrlionotus, and Xantusia, which do not occur in the
Central subregion. There are three characteristic genera of Batrachia,
all salamanders, viz, Anaides, Batraclwseps, and BiGamptodon; while the
Eastern genera Flethodon and Biemyctylus re-appear after skipping the
entire Central district. The other types of Eastern Amira are found
here, there being two species of Hyla.
73 r
A single species of tortoise {Chelojjus marmoratus) exists in tlie Pacific
region.
The fresh- water fish-fauna is much like that of the Central district in
being poor in types. It adds the viviparous Pharyngognathi of the fam-
ily of Einbiotocidae, which is represented by a number of species. The
marine fauna differs from that of the east coast in the great number
of species of Salmo and Sehastes and the variety of types of Cotfidae. In
its northern regions, the genus Chiriis and allies have their peculiar hab-
itat. The singular genus Blepsias (related to Cottus) exists on the same
coast, and several valuable species of cods {Gadus auratus, G. periscopus,
and Brachygadus minutus), with the peculiar form Bathymaster, belong
especially to the northern coasts.
The Sonoran region is strongly marked among the faunae already de-
scribed. It is deficient in the species of ruminating Mammalia found
in the Central, and possesses a smaller number of species of mammals
than any of the others. Of birds, a few genera and several species are
different from those of the Central ; such are CalUpepla (partridge), Cich-
lopsis, 3IitrepJioms {Tyrannidae), Campylorhynchus, and Geococcyx. Most
of these genera occur in Mexico, and the last-named in California also.
It is in Eeptiles that the great peculiarity of this region appears. The
following genera are not found in any of the other regions described :
LiZAEDS.
Heloder7na.
Sauromalus.
,
Uma.
Coleonyx.
Serpents.
Gyalopium.
Chionactis.
^ Sonora.
EhinocJdlus.
Chilopoma.
Eight other genera of Eeptilia are peculiar to this fauna and that of the
Lower Californian region, under which they are enumerated. Heloder-
ma, Coleonyx, and allies of Gyalopiiwi of the above list are more largely
developed in species and individuals in the Mexican region of the Keo-
tropical realm. Every one of the five genera of serpents of the Sonoran
74
region is characterized by a peculiar structure of the rostral plate, which
is produced either anteriorly or laterally to an unusual degree ; two of
the genera {PMmothyra and Chilomeniscus), common to the Lower Cali-
fornian region, present the same peculiarity.
This region is the headquarters of the rattlesnakes, there being no
less than nine species found in it, of which six are peculiar. It also
possesses a majority of the species of horned toads (Fhrynosoma)
; only
four of the North American species being unknown there. The Testu-
dinate fauna is very poor, possessing a few species of Nearctic charac-
ter, and three Cinosterna, two of them of Mexican type.
The Batrachian fauna exhibits but one genus of Urodela, but several
of the Anura. Appropriately to its arid character, there is but one Eana,
but six species of toad {Bufo), this being the headquarters of that genus
in the Eegnum Nearcticum. The eastern genus Scaphiopus appears here,
instead of the Spea of the other western regions. There is one species
of tree-frog.
Two species of turtles of the Cinosternidae have been found. The
fresh-water fish-fauna is very poor, and but little known. In the Colo-
rado Eiver proper, the Salmonidae and Cottidae appear to be wanting,
leaving only Cyprinidae and Catostomidae. A strongly-marked division
of the former, the Plagopterinae, which embraces three genera, is mainly
restricted to the Colorado Eiver drainage, and is the most strikingfeature
of the fish-fauna of the Sonoran region.
,
The Lower Californian region much more nearly resembles the Sonoran
than the Pacific region. It possesses, however, many peculiar species
of birds and reptiles. Seines appear to be wanting, but other lizards
abound. The following genera of reptiles have been found here, which
do not occur in any other region of Nearctica
:
Lizards.
Verticaria.
Diplodactylus. •^
Cyclura.
Snakes.
Lichanura.
These, except the last, have been found in Mexico or South America.
It shares with the Sonoran only, the following:
75
LiZAEDS.
Dipsosaurus.
CalUsaurus.
Uta.
,
Phyllodactylus.
Snakes.
Trimorphodon.
Sypsiglena.
FMmotJiyra.
Chilomeniscus.
These genera coustitute the most characteristic feature of the two
faunae, not occurring in any other part of North America. Trimorpho-
don, Sypsiglena, and Phyllodactylus are well represented in Mexico.
Of Batrachians we have, like the Sonoran, Eyla, ScapMopus, and
Bufo, but, on the other hand, Plethodon, as in the Pacific and Eastern.
Of the fresh-water fish-fauna, nothing is known; the streams are few
and small. This region extends northward to the southern boundary
of California.
Among the Invertebrata, the Mollusca present facts of distribution
similar in significance to those derived from the study of the Vertebrata.
Thus the Eastern, the Middle, and the Pacific districts are plainly
marked out in the fresh-water and land Mollusca. To the former are
entirely confined the Streptopomatidae and the great majority of the
Unionidae, which together constitute more than two-thirds the species
of the Nearctic realm. Of land-shells, the great series of toothed snails
[Mesodontinae), which embraces many genera and species, is almost con-
fined to the Eastern subregion. The same is true of the snails of the
group of Gastrodontinae and of the genera Hyalina?iii6. Hygromia. The
Central subregion is characterized by its poverty in all that respects
Mollusca, while several genera of land-snails are peculiar to the Pacific
region, and are largely represented by species there. One hundred of
the four hundred land- shells described from the Eegnum Nearcticum be-
long to the western coast. Among snails, the genera Aglaja, Arionta, and
Polymita are represented by handsome species. Macrocyclis and Bin.
neya belong especially to this region.
As is to be supposed, the Insects indicate a greater number of subdi-
visions than the other animals. The fresh-water Crustacea have been but
sparingly studied. They seem, however, to have a wide distribution j
thus Cojnbarus (craw-fish) and Artemia are found everywhere where
physical conditions are suitable.
76
v.—THE AUSTEORIPAEIAN REGION.
V"*. Eeptiles whose distribution corresponds with the area of the
Austroriparian region—24
:
.
Tradhystomata.
Siren lacertina.
Anura.
Engystoma carolinense.
Acris gryllus gryllus.
Hyla squirella.
Hyla carolinensis.
OpMdia.
Caudisona miliaria.
Ancistrodon piscivorus.
Elaps fulvius.
Haldea striatula.
Farancia abacura.
Cemophora coccinea.
Ophibolus doliatus coccineas.
Coluber obsoletus confinis.
Coluber guttatus.
Trojiidonotus fasciatus.
Lacer'tilia.
Oligosoma laterale.
Cnemidophorus sexlineatus seslineatus.
Opheosaurus ventralis.
Anolis principalis.
Testudinata.
Macroclielys lacertina (except Atlantic slope).
Pseudemys mobiliensis (except Atlantic slope).
Pseudemys concinna.
Testudo Carolina.
CrocodiUa.
Alligator mississippiensis.
As aleady remarked, this fauna is composed of the Floridan, Louis-
ianian, and Texan districts.
77
The Floridan district contains either peculiar species of animals, or
those of West Indian or South American character. The characteristic
birds are chiefly of the latter character, hut among reptiles the follow-
ing are cpnfined to it
:
Y^ Species confined to the Floridan district of the above—18
:
^
UrodeJa.
Manculus remifer.
Anura.
Hyla gratiosa.
Lithodytes ricordii (Cuba ; Bahamas).
Eana areolata capito.
Ophidia.
Elaps distans (Sonoran also).
Contia pygaea.
Eutaenia sackenii.
Tropidonotus compsolaemus.
Tropidonotus compressicaudus.
Tropidonotus ustus.
Tropidonotus cyclopium.
Helicops allenii.
Lacertilia.
Khineura floridana.
Eumeces egregius.
Eumeces onocrepis.
Sceloporus floridanus.
Sphaerodactylus notatus (Cuba).
Crocodilia.
Crocodilus americanus (Cuba).
Of the above, the species of Crocodilus^ Sphaerodactylus, and Litlio
dytes only, have been found in the Antilles. The genera of the above
list which are peculiar to the Floridan district of the Nearctic fauna
are
—
Lithodytes.
Helicops.
Ehineilra,
Sphaerodactylus.
78
A venomous snake, the Ela;ps disians, is common to tbis district and
the Sonoran fauna.
Some small mammals are confined to this region also. The genera of
birds that do not range north of it are
—
Certhiola.
Zenaeda ^
Oreopelia > Pigeons.
Starnaenas j
Bostrhamus ) r^ j_
^ , T > -Kaptores.
Folyoorus )
Aramus ) .^ ^
. , ^ .
> Waders.
Auduoonia )
Phoenicopterus.
Haliplana )„
Anous )
The Louisianian district possesses the peculiarities of the austroripa-
rian fauna already pointed out, minus those of Florida and Texas. Of
Mammalia, the genera Alces, Mustcla, Jaculus, Arctomys, Fiber, and Condy-
lura are wanting, as well as the red-squirrel, Canada lynx, gray-rabbit,
etc. Its most remarkable birds are the nonpareil finch, ivory-billed wood-
pecker, parrakeet, etc., while its Mapsfulvius, or coral-snake, is one of the
most beautiful of the order. A large and dangerous rattlesnake is also
confined to it, viz, Gaudisona adamantea, and the well-known moccasin
Ancistrodon piscivorus does not range outside of its boundaries. A
species of the West Indian Dromiciis (serpents) has been found on the
Atlantic coast.
V«. Species confined to the Louisianian district—36 : (E confined to
the Eastern portion j W to the Western, as far as known).
Tracliystomata.
Pseudobranchus striatus. E.
Proteida.
Necturus punctatus. E.
TJrodela.
Amphiuma means.
Muraenopsis tridactyla. W.
Amblystoma talpoideum. E.
Amblystomn cingulatum. E.
79
Stereochilus marginatum. E.
Manculus quadridigitatus. E..
Spelerpes guttolineatus. E.
Anura.
Bufo lentiginosus lentiginosus.
Bufo quercicus.
Chorophilus nigritus.
Chorophilus augalatus.
Chorophilus oculatus.
I Chorophilus ornatus.
0][)liidia.
Crotalus adamanteus adamanteus.
Virginia harperti.
Virginia elegans. W.
Tantilla coronata.
Abastor erythrogrammus.
Osceola elapsoidea. E.
Ophibolus rhombomaculatus.
Coluber quadrivittatus. E.
Spilotes couperii. E.
Bascanium flagelliforme flagelliforme. E.
Bascanium anthicum. W.
Tropidonotus taxispilotus.
Heterodon simus simus.
Testudinata.
Aspidonectes asper. W.
Aspidonectes ferox.
Aromochelys carinatus.
Pseudemys hieroglyphica. (?)
Pseudemys scabra.
Chrysemys reticulata.
Cistudo clausa triunguis. (Penna.)
A number of the genera of the above catalogue are not yet known to
extend their range into the Floridan or Texan districts, as follows :
PseudobrancJms.
Muraeno'psis.
Virginia.
Abastor.
Osceola.
80
The genus Virginia occurs within the State of Texas, but whether
within the Texan district is not certain, as the line separating the latter
from the Louisiauian district is not well known. The Spelerpes multi-
plicatus, a rare salamander from Western Arkansas, is in the same way,
of uncertain reference.
The species of the following list have a peculiar range, some of them
(marked E) extending beyond the borders of the Austroriparian region
V^. Species which range along the Mississippi Valley and not east-
ward of it—13 :
Urodela.
Amblystoma microstomum (E.).
OpMdia.
Carphophiops helenae.
Virginia elegans.
Ophibolus calligaster (E.).
Coluber emoryi (E,).
Butaenia faireyi (E.).
Eutaenia proxima.
Tropidonotus grahamii (E.).
Tropidonotus rhombifer.
Testudinata.
Macrochelys lacertina.
Pseudemys troostii.
Malacoclemmys geographica (E.).
Malacoclemmys pseudogeographica (E.).
The Texan district of the Aiistroriparian region is not the range of
any genus not found elsewhere, but possesses the peculiar genera of the
Louisiauian district, many of which are represented by correspond-
ing and peculiar species. Seventeen such species of reptiles may be
enumerated, besides a salamander and a toad. Several species of mam-
mals are also peculiar to it, i. e., five rodents and two skunks. Of birds,
three appear to be, so far as known, peculiar, Ortyx texanus, Vireo
atricapillus, and Milvulus forjicatus. Many Mexican birds are found on
the Eio Grande, while a few enter Texas to a greater distance, as Icterus
parisorum. The high northwestern regions of the State should be
assigned to the Sonoran fauna, as the range of the two partridges
{Callipepla squamata and Cyrtonyx massena) and the linch [Peucaea
cassinii).
81
Several genera of mammals, birds, aud reptiles exist iu the Texan
region, which constitute its chief claim for distinction from the Louis-
ianian ; these are
—
Mammals.
Dicotyles (Jst.).
Bassaris (P. Nt.).
Birds.
Geococcyx (P. S.). •
Eeptiles.
EolbrooJcia (C. S.).
Phrynosoma (C. S. P.).
Stenostoma (Nt. P.).
None of these are peculiar: those marked (P.) being also found in the
Pacific; (C.) the Central; (S.) the Sonoran; and (Nt.) the Neotropical
region. Two striking species of mammals range through the Texan
district, viz, the jaguar aud the peccary.
V". Species confined to the Texan district—21
:
Cadiieibranchiata.
Amblystoma texanum.
Anura.
Bufo valliceps (also Mexico).
Chorophilus triseriatus clarkii.
Hyla carolinensis semifasciata.
Eana areolata areolata.
Ophidia.
Crotalus adamanteus atrox.
Ancistrodon piscivorus pugnax.
Elaps fulvius teuer.
Tantilla gracilis.
Tantilla hallowellii.
Tantilla nigriceps.
Contia episcopa.
Ophibolus doliatns anuulatus.
Diadoi)his punctatus stictogenys.
Coluber iindheimerii.
6 H
82
Eutaeuia marciana (extends W.).
Tropidonotus clarkii.
Tropidonotus sipedon woodhousei.
Lacertilia.
Holbrookia texana.
Phrynosoma cornutum.
Testudinata.
Aspidonectes emoryi.
VI.—THE EASTERN REGION.
This fauna presents four districts, viz, the Carolinian ; the Alleghe
nian ; the Canadian ; and the Hudsonian. These are distinguished by
the ranges of mammals and reptiles, and the breeding-places of birds.
The Carolinian fauna extends in a belt north of the Louisianian, and
south of the isothermal of 71°. Its northern boundary is said to extend
from Long Island, south of the hill-region of New Jersey, to the south-
eastern corner of Pennsylvania, and thence inland. It embraces a wide
belt in Maryland and Virginia, and all of central North Carolina, and
then narrows very much in passing round south of the Alleghenies of
Georgia. It extends north again, occupying East Tennessee, West Vir-
ginia, Kentucky, Indiana, the greater parts of Illinois and Ohio, and
the southern border of Michigan. It includes also Southern Wisconsin
and Minnesota, all of Iowa, and the greater part of Missouri. The
AUeghanian embraces the States north of the line just described,
excepting the regions pertaining to the Canadian fauna, which I now
describe. This includes Northern Maine, New Hampshire, and Vermont,
with the Green Mountains ; the Adirondacks and summits of the Alleg-
hany Mountains as far as Georgia. It includes Canada East and north
of the lakes. The Hudsonian fauna is entirely north of the isothermal
of 50°. It has great extent west of Hudson's Bay, and is narrowed
southeastward to Newfoundland.
VI^. Species peculiar to the Eastern region—34
:
Proteida.
Necturus lateralis.
Caducibranchiata.
Menopoma fuscum.
Amblystoma bicolor.
83
Amblystoma xiphias.
Amblystoma jeifersonianum.
Spelerpes ruber montanus.
Gyrinophilus porphyriticus.
Desmognathus ochrophaea.
Desmoguathus fusca fusca.
Desmognathus nigra.
Anura.
Bufo americanus fowlerii.
Chorophilus triseriatus corporalis.
Hyla pickeringii.
Eana palustris.
Rana temporaria silvatica.
Rana temporaria cantabrigensis
Eana septentrionalis (nearly).
Ophidia.
Caudisona tergemina.
Virginia valeriae.
Ophibolus doliatus triangalum.
Cyclophis vernalis (rare south).
Coluber vulpinus.
Pityophis sayi sayi.
Storeria occipitomaculata.
Eutaenia sirtalis ordinata.
Tropidoclonium kirtlandii.
Lacertilia.
Eumeces anthracinus.
Testudinata.
Aspidonectes spinifer.
Amyda mutica.
Pseudemys rugosa.
Chelopus guttatus.
Cbelopus mublenbergii.
Chelopus insculptus.
Emys meleagris.
84
The Carolinian fauua is not so marked among reptiles as among birds.
One genus of the former, CnemidopJiorus (swift lizard), does not range
north of it, with the genera Virginia, Cyclophis, Haldea, and Pityophis
among serpents. Species contined in their northern range by the same
limit are
—
OpMbolus doUatus doliatus.
Ophibolus getulus.
Tropidonotus sipedon erythrogast&r,
Pseudemys rugosa.
Malacoclemmys palustris.
Hyla andersonii.
Genera of birds restricted in the same way are^
Guiraca.
Helmitherus.
Mimus.
Polioptila.
Gallinula.
Herodias.
Florida.
Simantopus.
Eeeurvirostra.
The Alleghanian district includes nearly all of the remaining species
of Eeptiles and several Batrachians. The genera of these which do
not extend north of it are the following
:
Lizards.
Sceloporus.
Eumeces.
Snakes.
Carphophiops.
Coluber.
Cyclophis.
Tropidonotus,
Ophibolus.
Heterodon.
Gaudisona.
Crotalus.
Ancistrodon.
85
Batbachia.
Gliorophilus.
Hyla.
Hemidactylium.
Dismognathus.
Menopoma.
Necturus.
The species thus restricted number twenty-six. The genera of birds
which do not range north of this fauna are numerous. They are
—
Sialia.
Vireo.
Pyrmiga.
Harporliynchus.
Troglodytes.
Cyanospiza.
Pipilo.
Ammodromus.
Sturnella.
Icterus.
Zenaedura.
' Cupidonia.
Ortyx.
Meleagris.
Ardetta.
Ballus.
The catamouut, red-squirrel, juinpiug-raouse, gray-rabbit, star-nosed
mole, and elk, do not range south of this fauna.
The Canadian fauna is distinguished for its few reptiles (there being
only seven species) and Batrachia, as follows :
Tortoises.
Chelydra serpentina.
Chelopus insculptus.
Chrysemys picta.
Snakes.
Bascanium constrictor.
Eutaenia sirtalis.
DiadopMs punctatus.
Storeria occipitomaculata.
86
Frogs.
Bana temporaria cantahrigensis.
Bana septenirionalis.
Salamandees.
Desmognathus ochrophaea.
Desmognathus nigra.
Spelerpes ruber.
Spelerpes bilineatus.
Spelerpes lovgicauda.
This fauna extends south along the crests of the Alleghenies, where
we find the catamount, snow-bird, red-squirrel, and brook-trout {Salmo
fontinalis), and Desmognathus ocJirophaea, as far as Georgia.
Several mammals are restricted in northward range by the boundary
of this fauna; such are the buffalo, raccoon, skunk, wild-cat, panther,
star-nosed mole, etc. ; and the moose, caribou, wolverine, and fisher do
not range, according to J. A. Allen, south of it.
VP. Species confined to the Canadian district, or nearly so :
Urodela.
Amblystoma jeffersonianum laterale.
Anura.
Bufo lentiginosus fowlerii.
Rana septentrionalis.
Eana temporaria cantahrigensis.
In the Hudsonian district tiaere are no reptiles, and the fresh waters
begin to present various new species of Salmo and Coregonus (trout and
white-fish). The catamount, fisher, ermine, black-bear, red-squirrel,
ground-hog, etc., do not range north of it. The following singing-birds
breed there:
Anthus ludovicianus.
Saxicola oenanthe.
Ampelis garrula.
Aegiothus linaria.
Flectrophanes lapponica.
Plectrophanes nivalis.
Flectrophanes picta.
Leucostiete tephrocotis.
The first and last two are the only species not also found in Europe.
Numerous waders and swimming-birds breed in this region, the whole
87
number being thirty-six ; while ninety-six species of birds do not wander
north of it. To this category many of the common species of the Mid-
dle States belong.
!N^orth of this the species of vertebrates are circumpolar or arctic.
.
The ichthyological fauna of the two Eastern sabregious remains to
be considered. For the present, they will be united, though the distri-
bution of fresh-water fishes is governed by laws similar to those con-
trolling terrestrial vertebrates and other animals, in spite of the
seemingly confined nature of their habitat. With this general principle
in view, we may revert briefly to this distribution over this district of
the IsTearctic region. This large area is characterized by the distribution
of several species in all its waters, or nearly so, so far as yet exam-
ined—those of Semotilus, CeraticMhys, Hypsilepis, Catostomus, etc., or
by the universal recurrence of the same in suitable situations ; and by
the representation of these and other genera by nearly allied species in
its different portions. The fauna of the tributaries of the Mississippi
constitutes, it might be said, that of our district; while the slight vari-
ations presented by the Atlantic-coast streams might be regarded as
exceptional. The fauna of the great lakes combines the peculiarities of
both, possessing as a special peculiarity, (1), which belongs to the Lake
region, which, in the district, commences at latitude 42° and extends to
the Arctic regions, the range of the genus Coregonus. The peculiarity
of the Atlantic subdistrict (II) may be said to be the abundance of Esox^
Salmo, and Anguilla, and the absence of Haploidonotus. The first two
are abundant in the Lake region, while Anguilla and Haploidonotus have
but a partial distribution there. In (HI), the Mississippi basin, Esox is
represented by but few species, and remarkably few individuals. Salmo
occurs abundantly in the upper parts of the Missouri tributaries, exists
in the western mountain-streams of the Alleghanies, becoming rare in
those of the Kanawha, and only occurring near the highest summits in
those of the Tennessee, south to the line of South Carolina. It is
especially characterized by the paddle-fish [Spatularia or Polyodon), the
shovel-sturgeon {Scaphirhynchops), and the alligator-gar (Atractosteus)
;
also by the buffalo {Bubalichthys)^ the Oycleptus, etc., among suckers,
and the fork-tailed catfish (IcJitJiaelurus). Among Percomorphs, the Hap-
loidonotus is the characteristic genus ; and among those allied to the
herring, the genus Hyodon. Numerous species are confined to its afflu-
ents. The gradation from the Mississippi grouping of species to the
Atlantic is very gradual, and takes place in successional order from
88
those emptying into the Gulf of Mexico toward the east and northeast,
until we reach the rivers of Massachusetts and Maine, where the great-
est modification of the fauna exists. The latter fact has been pointed
out by Agassiz, who calls this region a "zoological island," and enu-
merates the characteristic Nearctic genera which are wanting there, i
give now a list showing the points at which Mississippi genera cease, as
we follow the rivers of the Gulf and Atlantic coasts, so far as our
present knowledge extends.
Gulf rivers : Haploidonotus has not yet been indicated from eastward
of these, except in the Lake area.
Boanoke : Carnpostoma ceases here.
James : Micropterus and Amhloplites cease.
Potomac : Pomoxys, according to Professor Baird (verb, commn.), ceases
here.
Susquehanna : Ceraiiehthys, Uxoglossum, Chrosomus, Carpiodes, cease.
Delaware : Clinostomus, Hypsilepis analostanus, Enneacantlmis, and Lepi-
dosteus cease.
Hudson : ^Semo^i^ws corporai^s, according toF. W.Putnam (verb, commn.),
ceases.
The types remaining in the Atlantic waters of the New England dis-
trict (IV) are first, then, Salmo, Esox, Anguilla, Perca ; and, secondly, the
general types Boleosoma. Semotihis, Sypsilepis, Stilbe, Hybopsis {hifre-
natus), Fundulus, and Amiurus ; and the Lake types Lota and Coregomis
VII.—THE CENTRAL REGION.
YIP. Species peculiar to the Central region—12 :
Anura.
Spea bombifrons.
Ophidia.
Ophibolus multiatratus.
Eutaenia radix.
Eutaenia vagrans vagrans.
Eutaenia sirtalis parietalis.
Lacertilia.
Eumeces septentrionalis.
Eumeces inoruatus.
Eumeces multivirgatus.
Holbrookia maculata maculata.
Phrynosoma douglassii douglassii.
89
Testudinafa.
Pseudeinys elegans.
Chrysemys oregonensis.
Cistudo oruata.
VIII.—THE PACIP'IC REGrlON.
VIII". Species confined to the Pacific region—44
:
Urodela.
Atnblystoma macrodaotylum.
Aml)l> stoma paroticum.
Amblystoma tenebrosum.
Amblystoma ateirimnm.
Dicamptodon ensatus.
Batrachoseps attenuatus.
Batrachoseps nigriventris.
Batrachoseps paciflcus.
Plethodon intermedins.
Plethodon oregonensis.
Anaides lugubris.
Anaides ferreus.
Diemyctylus torosus.
Anura.
Bufo halophilus.
Hyla regilla.
Hyla cadaverina.
Spea hammondii.
Rana temporaria aurora.
Eana pretiosa.
Ophidia.
Crotalus lucifer.
Contia mitis.
Lodia tenuis.
Pityophis catenifer.
Bascanium constrictor vetustum.
Eutaenia hammondii.
Eutaenia elegans.
Eutaenia sirtalis pickeringii.
90
Eutaenia siitalis coucinna.
Eutaenia sirtalis tetrataenia.
Eutaenia cooperii.
Eutaenia atrata.
Charina plumbea.
Stenostoma humile.
Lacertilia.
Aniella pulchra.
Eumeces skiltonianus.
Xantusia vigilis.
Barissia olivacea.
Gerrhonotus principis.
Gerrhonotus grandis.
Gerrhonotus scincicaudus.
Uta graciosa.
Uta schottii.
Phrynosoraa blainvillei.
Testudinata.
Chelopus marmoratus.
Gerrhonotus multicarmatus is common to the Pacific and Lower Cali-
fornia regions.
IX.—THE SONORAN REGION.
IX^. Species confined to the Sonoran region—68
:
A7iura.
Bufo alvarius.
Bufo debilis.
Bufo microscaphus.
Bufo speciosus.
Bufo lentiginosus frontosus.
Hyla eximia. (Mexico also.)
Hyla arenicolor.
Scaphiopus varius rectifrenis.
Scaphiopus couchii.
OpMdia.
Orotalus pyrrhus.
Crotalus cerastes.
Orotalus tigris.
91
Crotalus aclamanteus scutulatus.
Orotalus molossus.
Caudisoua edwardsii.
Elaps euryxauthus.
Chilomeniscus ephippicus.
Chilomeniscus cinctus.
Chiouactis occipitalis.
Contia isozona.
Sonora semiannulata.
Gyalopium canuru.
Ehinochilus lecontei.
Ophibolus pyrrhomelus.
Ophibolus getulus splendidus.
Diadophis regalis.
Hypsiglena ochrorhyncha chlorophaea.
Phimothyia graham iae.
Bascaniiim flagelliforme piceum.
Ohilopoma rutipunctatum.
Eutaenia macrostemma.
Eataenia vagraus angustirostris.
Tropidonotus validus validus.
Tropidonotus sipedon couchii.
Stenostoma dulce.
LacertiUa.
Eunieces obsoletus.
Euraeces guttulatus.
Cuemidophorus grahamii.
Ciiemidophorus inornatus.
Ouemidophorus octolineatus.
Onemidophorus tessellatus gracilis.
Cnemidophoriis tessellatus raelanostethus.
Gerrlionotus nobilis.
Gerrhonotus iufernalis.
Heloderma suspectum.
Callisaurus dracontoides ventralis.
Uma notata.
Sauromains ater.
Crotaphytus reticulatus.
TJta oruata.
92
Sceloporus oriiatns.
Sceloporus jariovii.
Sceloporus i)oiusettii.
Sceloporus torquatus.
Sceloporus couchii.
Sceloporus marmoratus.
Sceloporus clarkii.
Phrynosoma modestum.
Phrynosoma maccallii.
Phrynosoma regale.
Phrynosoma planiceps.
Phrynosoma hernandezii.
Coleonyx variegatus.
Phyllodactylus tAiberculatus.
Testudinata.
Cinosternum sonoriense.
Cinosternum henrici.
Ciuosternum flavesceus.
Testudo agassizii.
Phrynosoma platyrhinium has as yet been observed in Nevada only.
X.—THE LOWER CALIFORNIAN REGION.
X*. Species peculiar to the Lower Californian region—27 :
Urodela.
Plethodon croceater.
Anura.
Hyla curta.
Ophidia.
Crotalus enyo.
Orotalus mitchellii.
Tantilla planiceps.
Chilomeniscus stramineus.
Ophibolus californiae.
Ophibolus getulus conjunctus.
Hypsiglena ochrorhyncha ochrorhyncha.
Phimothyra decurtata.
Pityophis vertebralis.
Bascanium aurigulum.
93
Tropidonotus validus cclaeno.
Oharina bottae.
Lichanura trivirgata.
Lichanura myriolepis.
Licbanura roseofusca.
Lacertilia.
Pbyllodactylus unctus.
Pbyllodactylus xauti.
Cnemidopborus maximus.
Verticaria hyperythra.
Calbsaurus dracontoides.
CTta tbalassina.
Uta nigricauda.
Sceloporus clarkii zosteroinus.
Phrynosoma coronatum.
Cj'clura beniilopba.
XI.—RELATION OF DISTRIBUTION TO PHYSICAL CAUSES.
The first observation with regard to the Batrachian and Reptilian
fauna of North America is the usual one, viz, that the number of spe-
cific and generic types exhibits a rapid increase as we approach ^^he
tropics. Of the area inhabited by these forms of animals, less than one-
fourth is included in the three Southern regions—the Austroriparian,
the Sonoran, and the Lower Californian
;
yet these contain more than
half of the entire number of species, and all but eight of the genera are
found in them. Of this number, forty-two genera, or one-third of the
total, is confined to within their boundaries. It is a truism directly
resulting from the very small production of animal heat by these ani-
mals, that temperature, and therefore latitude, lias the greatest influ-
ence on their life and distribution. This is exhibited in other ways than
in multiplication of forms. It is well known, that although plainly-col-
ored reptiles are not wanting in the tropics, brilliantly-colored species
are much more abundant there than in temperate regions. Although
the Eegnum Nearcticum does not extend into the tropics, its south-
ern districts are the habitat of most of the species characterized
by bright colors. This is most instructively seen in species having a
wide range. Such is the case with the southern subspecies of Besmatog-
nathus among salamanders, and Ryla among frogs. So with snakes of the
genera Crotalus, Caudisona, Ophibolus, Bascanium, and Eutaeniu. It is
94
also true of the lizards of tbe genera Plirynosoma^ HolbrooJcia, aud See-
loporus. Uutaenia and Sceloporus become metallic in tbe Mexican sub-
region, as is also the case with the Anoles. The North American species
of AnoUs does not display metallic luster, while a large part of those of
Mexico and a smaller proportion of those of the West Indies exhibit it.
Another important influence in the modification of the life in ques-
tion is the amount of terrestrial and atmospheric moisture. In the
case of the Batrachia, this agent is as important as that of heat, since
a greater or less part of their life is, in most species, necessarily spent
in the water. The reptiles are less dependent on it, but, as their food
consists largely of insects, and as these in turn depend on vegetation
for sustenance, the modifying influence of moisture on their habits must
be very great.
The Central region combines the disadvantages of low tempera-
ture, due to its elevation above the level of the sea, and of arid atmos-
phere ; hence its poverty in Batrachia and EeptiUa. There are but nine
species of both classes peculiar to it, while a few others enter from sur-
rounding areas.
The distribution in the other regions is evidently dependent on the
same conditions. Thus the well-watered, forest-covered Eastern and
Austroriparian regions are the home of the salamanders, the frogs,
the tree-toads, and the turtles. The dry and often barren Sonoran and
Central regions abound in the lizards and the toads. The Pacific re-
gion, which is intermediate in climatic character, exhibits a combination
of the two types of life: it unites an abundant lizard-fauna with
numerous frogs and salamanders, while there is but one tortoise.
Another character of the reptilian life of arid regions is to be seen
in a peculiarity of coloration. This, which has been already observed
by the ornithologists, consists of a pallor, or arenaceous hue of the
body, nearly corresponding with the tints of dry or sandy earth. This
prevails throughout the Batrachia and Keptilia of the Sonoran re-
gion, although it is often relieved by markings of brilliant color, of
which red is much the most usual. This peculiaiity doubtless results
immediately from the power of metachrosis, or color-change, possessed
by all cold-blooded Vertebrata, by means of which they readily assume
the color of the body on which they rest. That a prevalent color of
such bodies should lead to a habit of preference for that color is neces-
sary, and as such habits become automatic, the permanence of the color
is naturally established.
95
Another peculiarity of the Sonoran regiou, and which it shares
with a part of Mexico, is the predominance of snakes which possess an
extraordinary development of the rostral shield either forward or out.
ward. This has also been observed by Professor Jan, who referred
such genera to a group he termed the ProhUtorMmdae, but which has
not sufficient definition to be retained in the system. Of ten genera of
suakes in the Nearctic region which possess the character, nine are
found in the Sonoran subregion, five are peculiar to it, and it shares
two with the Lower Californian subregion only. One of the latter
(Phimothyra) is closely imitated by a genus [Lytorhynchus) which occurs
on the borders of the African Sahara. The Heterodon of the Eastern
States, though not confined to the sandy coast-regions, greatly abounds
there ; and the South American species skip the forest-covered Amazon
Valley and reappear on the plains of the Paraguay and Parana. As
the Sonoran region embraces a number of desert areas, it is alto-
gether probable that the peculiar forms in question have a direct rela-
tion to the removing of dry earth and sand, in the search for concealment
and food. A modification of foot-structure, supposed to have relation
to the same end, is seen in the movable spines on the outer side of the
foot in the genus TTma, a character exhibited in higher perfection in the
South African genus Ptenopus. *
The abundance of Bufones is doubtless due in j)art to their adapta-
tion to life in dry regions. They are mostly furnished with tarsal bones
especially developed for excavating purposes.
* Proc. Acad. Phila., 1868, p. 321.

BIBLIOGRAPHY
Tbe present list only iuclucles tbe titles of works and memoirs which
embrace discussions of systematic or distributional relations of tbe
re])tiles of the Eegio jSTearctica. Those embracing descriptions of spe-
cies only will be added at a future time.
The subject of general geographical distribution has been especially
investigated by Sclater, Huxley, and the writer; while Baird, Agassiz,
LeConte, Verrill, Allen, and the writer have devoted themselves espe-
cially to the distribution of the animals of the fauna Kearctica. In 1856,
Dr. Hallowell remarked the rarity of salamanders and. turtles in the
Sonoran region,* and Professor Baird has especially demonstrated the
complementary relation exhibited in the distribution of lizards and turtles
in North America. Professor Verrill and J. A. Allen have defined the
faunal subdivisions of Eastern North America with great success,
basing their conclusions on the distribution of birds and Mammalia.
The writer subsequently defined the Sonoran and Lower Californian
regions, and elevated the Austroripariau area to the same value,
adopting, also, the districts of Verrill and Allen. In the present essay
I am greatly indebted to the learned work of J. A. Allen for information
on the distribution of birds, as well as to the previous essay of Professor
Baird on the birds and mammals.
A.— WorJcs on the classification of Batrachia and Beptilia.
1817. Cuvier. Eegne Animal. First edition. Paris.
1820. Merrem. Systema Amphibiorum.
1824. Wagler, in Spix Serpentes Brazilium.
1825. Latreille. Families Naturelles du Eegne Animal. Paris.
1825. Gray. Genera of Eeptiles in Anuals of Philosophy. London.
1826 (June). Fitzinger. Neue Classification der Eeptilien.
*Proc. Acad. Phila., 1856, p. 309.
7 H 97
98
1826 (October). Boie, H. Erpetologie vou Java in Ferrusac's Balletin
des Sciences Naturelles et Geologiques.
1827. Boie, F., in Isis vou Qkeu, p. 508.
]S30. Wagler. Natiirliches System der Amphibien.
1831. Miilier. Beitrage zur Anatomie der Amphibien, Tiedemann u
Treviranus' Zeitschrift fiir Physiologic, iv, p. 199.
1832. Wiegmanu and Rathe. Handbuch der Zoologie. Berlin.
1832. Bonaparte. Saggio di una Distribuzione Metodica degli Animali
Vertebrati. Eome.
1834. Dumeril et Bibron. Brp6tologie G^uerale, vol. i. General Clas-
sification and Anatomy. The Testudinata. Paris.
1834. Wiegmann. Herpetologia Mexicana. Berlin.
1835. Dumeril et Bibron. Erpetologie Generale, vol. ii. Testudinata;
Lacertilia, in general.
1836. Dum6ril et Bibron. Erpetologie Generale, vol. iii. Crocodilia,
Chamaeleontidae, Geeconidae, Varanidae.
1837. Dum6ril et Bibron. Erpetologie Generale, vol. iv. Sauriens
[Iguanidae and Agamidae). Paris.
]837. Schlegel. Essai sur le P|aysionomie des Serpens. Hague.
1839. Dum6ril et Bibron. Erpetologie Generale, vol. v. Lacertidae,
Chalcididae, and Scincidae.
1841. Dumeril et Bibron. Erpetologie Generale, vol. viii. Batrachia
Gymnophiona, and Anura.
1843. Fitzinger. Systema Reptilium. Vienna.
1844. Dum6ril et Bibron. Erpetologie Generale, vol. vi. Ophidia in
general; Scoleoophidia and Asinea, parts.
1844. Gray. Catalogue of Tortoises, Crocodiles, and Amphisbaeuians
in the British Museum. London.
1845. Gray. Catalogue of the Lizards in the British Museum. London.
1849. Gray. Catalogue of Specimens of Snakes in the British Museum.
London.
1849. Baird. Revision of the i!^orth American Tailed Batrachia, etc.
Journal of Academy, Philadelphia, vol. i, p. 281.
1850. Gray. Catalogue of the Specimens of Amphibia in the British
Museum. London.
1853. (January). Baird and Girard. Catalogue of the Serpents ofNorth
America. Washington.
1853. Dumeril. Prodrome de la Classification des Reptiles Ophidiens
Institut de France
99
1854. Dumeril et Bibron. Erp6tologie G6nerale. Tome vii, part 1,
OpMdta Asinea; part 2, Veuomous Serpents. Tome ix, Batra-
chia Urodela. Tome x, plates.
1854. LeConte, J. Catalogueof the North American Tesi7/(?inaia. Por-
ceedings of Philadelphia Academy, vol. vii.
1855. Gray. Catalogue of the Shield Eeptiles in the British Museum.
London.
1857. Agassiz. Contributions to the Natural History of the United
States, part ii. North American Testudinata, p. 233.
1858. Gray. On the Classification of the Old World Salamanders.
Proceedings of the Zoological Society, London, p. 235.
1858. Giinther. Catalogue of the Colubrine Serpents in the British
Museum. London.
1858. Giinther. Catalogue of the Batrachia Salientia in the British
Museum. London.
1859. Cope. Catalogue of the Venomous Serpents. Proceedings of the
Academy, Philadelphia, 1859, p; 330.
1860. Owen. Paleontology. London. (Arrangement of Extinct Eep-
tiles.)
1863. Jan. Elenco Sistematico degli Ofidi Descritti e Disegnati per
I'Iconografia Generale. Milan.
1864. Cope. Characters of the Higher Groups of Eeptilia Squamata.
' Proceedings of the Academy, Philadelphia, p. 224.
1864. Giinther. Eeptiles of British India. Eay Society.
1865. Cope. Sketch of the Primary Groups of Batrachia Salientia
Natural History Eeview. London.
1866. Cope. On the Arciferous Anura and the Urodela. Journal of
the Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia.
1867. Cope. On the Families of the Eaniform Anura. Journal of the
Academy, Philadelphia, p. 189.
1867. Giinther. Contribution to the Anatomy of ^<»*^ena. Philosophi-
cal Transactions.
1869. Cope. Synopsis of the Extinct Batrachia, Eeptilia, and Aves of
North America. Transactions of the American Philosophical
Society, vol. xiv.
1869. Cope. A Eeview of the Species of Pletliodontidae and Desmogna-
tliidae. Proceedings of the Academy, Philadelphia, p. 93.
1870. Cope. On the Homologies of some of the Cranial Bones of the
Eeptilia, and on the Systematic Arraugemeut of the Class.
Proceedings of the American Association for the Advance-
ment of Science, p. 194. Cambridge.
100
1870, Gray. Supplement to the Catalogue of Shield Eeptiles in the
British Museum. London.
1872. Huxley. Anatomy of the Vertebrata. London.
B — Works treating of the geographical distribution of North American
Batrachia and Reptilia.
1857. Agassiz. Contributions to the Natural History of the United
States, vol. i, part i, p. 449. On the Geographical Distribution
of North American Testudinata.
1806. Baird. The Distribution and Migration of North American Birds.
American Journal of the Sciences and Arts, p. 78, 184-347 (Jan-
uary).
1866. Verrill. Report of some Investigations upon the Geographical
Distribution of North American Birds. Proceedings of the Bos-
ton Society of Natural History, vol. x, p. 2^ (May).
1866. Cope. On the Reptilia and Batrachia of the Souoran Province
of the Nearctic Region. Proceedings of the Philadelphia Acad-
emy, p. 300 (October).
1869. Cope. On the Origin of Genera. Philadelphia.
1871. Allen, J. A. Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology,
vol. ii. No. 3, p. 404.
1873. Cope. Gray's Atlas of the United States, p. 32. Geographical
Distribution of North American Vertebrata (with map).
INDEX.
Page.
Abastor 35
Achrochordidae , 22
Acontiidae 20
Aeris 30
Adocidae 17
Agamidae 18
Aglossa 9
AUeghauian district 84
Alligator 54
Amblystoma 25
Amblystoniidae 12, 25
Amphicoelia 14
AmphisbaeDidae 20,44
Ampbiuma 25
Ampbiumidae 12,25
Amyda 51
Auaides 28
Ancistrodon 34
Auguidae 18, 46
Aniella 44
Aniellidae .... 20,24
Auolidae 18,50
Anolis 50
Anomodontia 15
Antbracosauridae 10
Anura 7, 29
Aploaspis 33
Arcifera 9,30
Aromochelys 52
Arrangement of tbe families and
bigber divisions of Batracbia and
Reptilia 7
Aspidonectes 51
Asinea 21,34
Asteropbrydidae 10
Atbecae 16,50
Atractaspididae 23
Austroripariau region 68, 76
Bapbetiaae 10
Barissia 46
Bascauium 40
Batracbia 7,24
Batracbopbrynidae 9
Balracboseps 26
Belodontidae 14
Bibliograpby 97
Boidae 22,43
Brevicipitidae 8
Page.
Bufo 29
Bufonidae 9, 29
Bufouiformia 9, 29
Caducibrancbiata 25
Caeciliidae 11
Callisaurus 47
Canadian fauna 85
Carolinian fauna 84
Carpbopbiops 34
Caudisona 33
Causidae 23
Cemopbora 36
Central region 71 , 88
Cbalcidae 19
Cbamaeleontidae 17
Cbarina 43
Cbeck-list oftbe species of Batracbia
and Eeptilia of tbe Nearctic or
Nortb American realm 24
Cbeloniidae 16,51
Cbelonia 51
Cbelopus -..
- 53
Cbelydidae 17
Cbelydra 51
Cbelydridae 16,51
Cbilomeniscus 1 35
Cbionactis 35
Cbilopoma 40
Cborophilus 30
Cbrysemys 53
Cinosteruidae 16, 52
Cinosternum 52
Cistudo 53
Cnemidopborus 45
Cocytinida,e 12
Coleonyx 50
Colosteidae 10
Colostetbidae 7
Coluber 39
Colubridae 22,34
Compsognatbidae 13
Coniopbanes 38
Contia 36
Crocodilia 14, 54
Crocodilidae 14
Crocodilus „ 54
Crotalidae.... 23,33
Crotalus 33
101
102
Page.
Crotaphytus 47
Cryptodira 16, 51
Cyclophis 38
Cyclura ^ 50
Cystignathidae 9, 31
Dactylethridae 9
Dendrobatidae 8
Desmognathidae 11, 28
Diadophis 37
Dicamptodon 26
Dicynodontidae 15
Diemyctylus 28
Dimorphodontidae 12
Dinosauria 13
Diplodactylus 50
Diploglossa 46
Dipsosaurus 48
Discloglossidae 10
Dromicus 38
Ea^stern region 68, 82
Elapidae 22,34
Elaps 34
Elasmosauridae 15
Emydidae 16, 52
Emys 53
Engystoma 30
Engystomidae 8, 30
Epirhexis 31
Eumeces 44
Eutsenia 40
Eretmochelys 51
Farancia 35
Faunal regions of the earth 55
Feyliniidae 20
Firmisternia 8, 30
Floridan district 77
Ganocephala 10
Gastrechmia 8
Gecconidae 18, 50
Geographical distribution in the
Kegnum Nearcticum, with special
reference to the Batrachia and
Eeptilia 55
Gerrhonotidae 18, 46
Gerrhonotus 46
Goniopholididae 14
Goniopoda 13
Gyalopium 36
Gymnophidia 11
Gyriuophilus 28
Eadrosauridae 14
Haldea 35
Helicops 43
Heloderma 47
Page.
Helodermidae 19, 47
Hemidactylium 26
Hemiphractidae 10
Hemisidae , 8
Heterodon 43
Holbrookia 47
Homalopsidae 22
Hudsonian district 86
Hydraspididae 17
Hydrophidae 23
Hyla 30
Hylidae 10,30
Hynobiidae 11
Hypsiglena 38
Ichthyopterygia 15
Ichthyosauridae 15
Iguania 47
Iguanidae 18
Iguanodontidae 14
Introductory remarks 3
Labyriuthodontia 10
Lacertidae 19, 45
Lacertilia 17,44
Leptoglossa 44
Lichanura 43
Lichanuridae 22, 43
Lithodytes - 31
Lodia 36
Louisianian district 78
Lower Californian region... 1 74,92
Macrochelys 52
Macrollemmys 53
Manculus 27
Megalosauridae 13
Menopoma 25
Menopomidae 12, 25
Microsauria 11
Molgophidae 11
Mosasauridae ; 20
Murseuopsis 25
Najidffi " 22
Necturus
.
24
Number of species 58
Nyctisaura 18, 50
Odontaglossa 9
Oligosoma 44
Ophibolus 36
Ophidia 33
Opheosauria 44
Opheosaurus 46
Ornithosauria 12
Ornithotarsidae 13
Orthopoda 13
Osceola 36
103
Page.
Oudenodontidae 15
Pachyglossa 18
Pacific region ,. 72, 89
Parasuchia 14
Peliontidae 11
Pelodytidae 10
Pelomedusidae 17
Phimothyra 38
Phlegethoutiidae 11
Phryniscidoe 8
Phiynosoma 49
Pliyllodactylus 50
Pipidse 9
PityopMs 39
Placodontidae 14
Piesiosauridae 15
Plethodon 27
Pletliodontidae 12,26
Pleurodelidae 11,28
Pleurodira 17
Pleurodonta 44
Pleurosternidae 17
Podocnemididae 17
Procoelia 14
Propleuridae 16
Proteida 12,24
Proteidae 24
Proteroglypha 22, 34
Protorosauridae 15
Protostegidae 16
Pseudemys 52
Pseudobranchus 24
Pterodactylidae 13
Ptyoniidae 11
Pythonidae 21
PythoQomorpha, 20
Rana 32
Ranidae 7, 32
Raniformia 7, 32
Relation of distribution to physical
causes 93
Relations to other realms 58
Reptilia 12
Rhabdosomidae 22
Rhineura 44
Rhinochilus 36
Rhinophrynidae 9
Rhiptoglossa 17
Rhynchocephalia 15
Rhynchosauridae 15
Salamandridae 11
Sauromalus..- 47
Sauropterygia 14
Page.
Scaphiopidae 10, 31
Scaphiopus 31
Scelidosauridae 13
Sceloporus 48
Scincidae 19, 44
Scolecophidia 21, 44
Sepsidae 19
Sibon 38
Siren 24
Sirenidae 12, 24
Smilisca 31
Solenoglypha 23, 33
Sonora 36
Sonoran region 73, 90
Spea 31
Spelerpes 27
Sphaerodactylus 50
Sphargididae 16, 50
Sphargis 50
Spheuodontidae 15
Spilotes 39
Stegocej)hali 10
Stenostoma 44
Stenostomidae 21,44
Stereochilus 27
Sternothaeridae 17
Storeria 42
Symphypoda 13
Tantilla 35
Teidae 19,45
Teleosauridae 14
Teratosauridae 13
Testudiuata 16, 50
Testudinidae --- 16,54
Testudo 54
Texan district 80
Thalassochelys 51
The regions of the Regnum nearc-
ticum 67
Thoracosauridae - 14
Thoriidae 11
Tortricidae 21
Tortricina 21
Trachystomata 12, 24
Trionychidae 16
Trimorphodon 38
Trogonophidae 20
Tropidoclonium 42
Tropidonotus 42
Tuditauidae 11
Typhlophthalmi 44
Typhlopidae 21
Uma 47
104
Page.
Qrodela H
Uropeltidae 21
Uta 48
Varanidae - 1^
Vertioaria 46
Viperidae 23
Virginia 35
Works on the classification of Ba-
trachia and Eeptilia 97
Page.
Works treating of the geographical
distribution of North American
Batr9,chia and Keptilia 100
Xo.ntusia 45
Xenopeltidae 21
Xenosauridae 19
Zonuridae 19
^cparfmcnt of fhc inferior
U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM.
BULLETIN
UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
ISTo. 4.
PUBLISHED UNDER THE DIRECTION OF THE SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION.
WASHINGTON:
GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE.
1876.
ADVEETISEMENT.
This work is the fourth of a series of papers intended to illustrate
the collections of Natural Historj' and Ethnology belonging to the
United States, and constituting the National Museum, of which the
Smithsonian Institution was placed in charge by the act of Congress
of August 10, 1846.
It has been prepared at the request of the Institution, and printed
by authority of the honora.ble Secretary of the Interior.
JOSEPH HENEY,
Secretary Smithsonian Institution.
Smithsonian Institution,
Washington, February, 1876. \
BIRDS
OF
SOUTHWESTERN MEXICO,
coll:^cted by
FRANCIS E. SUMICHRAST
FOR THE
UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
PREPARED liY
GEORGE K LAWEENCE.
WASHINGTON:
GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE.
1875.

CATALOGUE OF BIRDS COLLECTED BY PROF. FRANCIS SUMI-
CHRAST, IN SOUTHWESTERN MEXICO, AND NOW IN THE NA-
TIONAL MUSEUM AT WASHINGTON, D. C.
By George N. Lawrence.
A few years since, an arrangement was made by Prof. Joseph Henry,
Secretary of the Smithsonian Institution, with Prof. Francis Sumichrast,
for an extended exploration of the Pacific side of the Isthmus of Tehuan-
tepec, Southwestern Mexico, for the purpose of procuring specimens of
its natural history
At the request of Professor Henry, I undertook the examination of
the birds contained in these collections ; and they have been forwarded
to me from the Smithsonian Institution, from time to time, when received,
Daring the past four years, four instalments have been sent me, con-
taining 321 species, represented by more that 1,700 specimens.
Circumstances occurred which prevented quite so full an exploration
of the isthmus as was at first intended ; however, the specimens sent
(which are of a remarkably fine character) bear testimony to Professor
Sumichrast's efficiency as an industrious and energetic collector, and the
many valuable notes manifest his accuracy and intelligence as an
observer.
In answer to a remark in one of my earlier letters to him, expressing
my surprise that so few new species had been obtained, he says : " I am
not astonished at the small number of new species that my first two
collections contain. The region of the Pacific is comparatively much
poorer than that of the Atlantic. This must be attributed to the extreme
dryness of the soil 5 to the scarcity of vegetation and of insect life ; and
to the duration of the winds from the northeast and southwest, which
there prevail with great violence."
Professor Sumichrast sent me some valuable notes on geographical
distribution, which are given below.
He has sent also biographies of many species, which are in their
proper places in the catalogue. Finding that these biographies did not
b BIKDS OF SOUTHWESTERN MEXICO.
extend through all the families, I wrote him for an explanation, and got
the following reply: "I regret to be unable to tell you certainly which
are the biographies and notes that I forwarded to the Institution. Al-
most all my books and papers were carried off in 1871 during the pillage
of my house in Juchitan, and I cannot verify the dates of my invoices to
the Institution."
In December, 1871, Professor Sumichrast was obliged to leave Juchi-
tan on account of the revolutionary state of the country, and made his
residence at Santa Efigenia, which he writes me is " a hacienda thirty
leagues or so south of Tehuantepec, at the foot of the Oerro de la Gineta,
and on the border of the State of Chiapas." Tapana, a locality often
given, he says is " a village in the neighborhood of Santa Efigenia."
All communications from him are designated by quotation-marks.
"NOTES ON THE GEOGRAPHICAL DIVISION OF THE BIRDS IN THE ISTH-
MUS OF TEHUANTEPEC.
"The contraction of the American continent between the ninety-
fourth and ninety-fifth degrees of longitude west from Greenwich forms
what is called, quite improperly perhaps, the Isthmus of Tehuantepec,
whose width between the mouth of the Kio Coatzacoalcos and the Bay
of Ventosa is about one hundred and eighty miles.
" In a physical point of view, the isthmus may be considered as divided
into thyee parts, first, an eastern, extending from the Gulf of Mexico
to the Puerta ; secondly, a central, from the Puerta to the Chivela; and,
thirdly, a western, from the Chivela to the Pacific. The eastern part,
formed principally of alluvial land and watered by the Coatzacoalcos
and its affluents, has its largest portion covered with thick and damp
forests, whose vegetation rivals the greatest beauties of tropical nature.
The central region presents an undulating surface, embossed with innu-
merable lomas, or hills, which, rising gradually, unite on the western
side with the mountains of the Sierra de los Mijes, and, toward the east,
with those of the Sierra de Chimalapa. Although watered by numer-
ous streams, it presents, nevertheless, but a scanty vegetation, essen-
tially characterized by oaks on the side of Sarabbia, and palm-trees on
the plateau of Chinela. The western division, or plains of the Pacific,
is very dry, and its vegetable physiognomy presents a striking contrast
to the rich plains on the Atlantic slope. Of the few rivers which flow
through it, the most important are the Tehuantepec, Juchitan, Chicapa,
and the Ostula. These are so low during part of the dry season that
the inhabitants of the villages and ranchos situated on their banks have
BIRDS OF SOUTHWESTERN MEXICO. 7
no driuking-water but that which they draw out of holes dug in the
sand.
"From that it can be easily explained how the number of animal
forms, as well as the vegetable, decreases perceptibly in proportion as
you advance from the Atlantic to the Pacific.
" lu a zoological point of view, the preceding division into three
regions is modified in this sense, that the central part or mean does not
present any distinguishing forms which can characterize it.
"A line drawn on the map through the villages of Santa Maria, Chima-
lapa, and San Juan Guichicovi would indicate quite correctly enough
the boundary-lines between the two zoological provinces or regions
which divide the isthmus, and almost that of a division of the waters
which flow to the Atlantic and the Pacific. Several places situated on
the crest of this line present, as might be expected, a mixture of forms
belonging to each littoral; thus, in the neighborhood of Barrio, Conurus
aztec and petzi, Chrysotis autumnalis and alhifrons, PsilorMnus morio,
and Calocittaformosa, &c., are found together.
" It is to be noticed that, while the species belonging to the western
province seldom or never leave it to spread in the opposite direction,
several of those in the eastern province advance, on the contrary, to
w^ithin a short distance of the shores of the Pacific. To quote as ex-
amples : Turdus grayi, Attila citreopygia, Muscivora mexicana, Bhyncho-
cyclus cinereiceps, Oncostoina cinereigulare^ GhiroxipMa linearis, Chrysotis
levaillanti, Fteroglossus torquatus, Penelope purpurascens, Grax glohicera,
Tinamus sallcei, &c.; all of them species whose place of development is
without contradiction iu the limits of the Atlantic region, but which
are found in the immediate neighborhood of the Pacific, (Santa
Efigenia).
" The difference in the level of the ground, which exerts elsewhere in
Mexico such a great influence over the geographical distribution of ani-
mal species, only exists in a slight degree in the Isthmus of Tehuantepec
;
one of the culminating points of this territory, the Cerro de Mazahua,
is not elevated probably more than from 500 to 2,800 feet above the level
of the sea. We must not, therefore, expect to find in the isthmus prop-
erly so called any of the indigenous species which elsewhere charac-
terize alpine regions. The few species of that region which are found
in my collections have been gathered out of the isthmus ; some in the
Sierra of Oaxaca, others in the mountains of Gineta and of Zapotitlan.
" If, in order to establish a sort of parallel between the two ornitho-
8 BIRDS OF SOUTHWESTERN MEXICO.
logical liorizom of tbe isthmus, we seek what especially distinguishes
the western province from that of the Gulf, we will find
—
"I. That it is less remarkable for the number of forms that belong to
it than for the absence of others which predominate in the eastern part,
to which they give tbeir own physiognomy, and, if I may so express it,
one more essentially neotropical.
" II. That it presents, in relation to the preceding, a marked numerical
inferiority in the following families : Turdidce, Tanagridce, Fringillidce,
Ilomotidce, Trogonidce, Eamphastidce, Picidw, Columhidce^ Perdicido!, and
Tinamidw.
"III. That it is remarkable for the almost entire absence of the
families Dendrocolaptidce, FormicaridcB, and Pipridce.
" Up to this time, I have only found two native species of Thrushes
in the plains of the Pacific. The first, Turdus flavirostris, does not go
southeast of the city of Tehuantepec, where it appears at distant
intervals, at a period when certain fruits are ripe {Achras, Spondias,
&c.) It is probable, as Professor Baird indicates (Review of North
American Birds, p. 31), that its center of propagation is in the neighbor-
hood of Colima. The second, Ilinius gracilis^ is very abundant on the
dry plains which extend from Tehuantepec to Tonala. We can give an
account, it appears to me, of the numerical inferiority of the Turdidce
in the west of the isthmus by considering that Thrushes in general are
more especially attached to cold and mountainous countries, and, as it
has been seen, the same characteristics do not exist in the isthmus prop-
erly so called. Besides, the plains of the Pacific have but a scanty
vegetation, formed for the greatest part of leguminous plants, which
birds whose natural diet is berries (as for example Planesticus) seek for
but little. This latter circumstance explains also the absence of several
genera of Tanagridw, such as Ehamphocelus, Plianicotliraupis^ Lanio, &c.
" Trogon citreolus is the most common Trogon in the west of the
isthmus. It is less sylvicoline than its congeners ; and the yellow color
of its iris is not found, to my knowledge, in any other Trogon of Mexico.
" Rampliastos carinatus belongs to the eastern part of the isthmus,
in the terres chaudes. Aulacorhamphus prasinus is not found, from what
I am called upon to believe, in the isthmus proper, but only in the
mountainous and temperate parts, which border it on the northwest
and southeast. As to Pteroglossus torquatus,! have not found it else-
where than at Santa Efigeuia.
" Moniotus mexkanus is the only species of the family that is resident
BIRDS OF SOUTHWESTERN MEXICO. 9
in the province of the Pacific. M. lessoni and Eumomota superciliaris
occasionally appear; but they are considered to be wanderers from the
province of me Gulf, where Mylomanes momotula also occurs.
" The resident species of Picidce, on the plains of the Pacific, are
Cainpephilus guatemalensis, Dryotomus scapularis^ and Centurus aurifroyis.
" The genera Geotrygon, Lepidcenas, and Talpacotia, of the eastern
coast, are not found on the western shore of the isthmus.
"A species of Ortyx {0. coyolcos) represents the family of the Per-
dicidcB on the plains of the Pacific, which, in the eastern province, on the
contrary numbers several representatives.
" The specimen of Tinamus sallcei in my collection comes from Santa
Efigenia, a spot which may be considered as extra-isthmique.
" Notwithstanding my assiduous researches, I have been unable to
meet with but a single representative of Bendrocolaptidce, Bendrornis
ehurneirostris.
" GhiroxipMa linearis in my collection comes from Santa Efigenia.
" In exchange for the numerical inferiority in regard to the above-
mentioned families, we observe a greater development in those of the
Sylviidw, and perhaps also of the Tyrannidce, particularly the genera
FoUoptila and Myiarclms. The eastern coast of Mexico has furnished,
up to this time, but a single species of Polioptila (P. cwrulea), and,
moreover, it probably only resides there in winter; on that of the Pacific
we find, besides the preceding, two species with a black head, P. nigri-
ceps and P. alhiloris, both indigenous. Myiarclms lawrencii is the only
species of the genus which can be called common on the coast of the
Gulf of Mexico. On the opposite shore, the Myiarchi are abundant, and
are dispersed almost everywhere in the forests and on the plains.
"The following table, although very incomplete, will give a sort of
parallelism of the most characteristic species of each of the two orni-
thological regions of the isthmus.
"C6te orientalb.
-' Turdus grayi.
" Campylorliynchus zonatus.
" Thryothorus macuUpectus.
" Granatellus sallcei.
" Hcemophila rufescens.
" Cyanospiza parellina.
" Cassiculus prevosti.
"C6te occidentale.
" Turdus flavirostris.
" Campylorhynchus humilis.
" Thryothorus pleurostictus.
" Granatellus venustus.
" Hcemophila ruficauda.
" Cyanospiza leclancheri.
" Cassiculus melanicterus.
10 BIRDS OF SOUTHWESTERN MEXICO.
" Icterus mesomelas.
" Psilorhinus morio.
" Momotus lessoni.
" Trogon caligatus.
" Piaya cayana.
" Conurus aztec.
" Chrysotis autumnalis.
" Ortalida vetula.
" Ortyx pectoralis.
" Icterus pectoralis.
" Calocitta formosa.
" Mofnotus mexicanus.
" Trogon citreolus.
" Piaya mexicana.
" Conurus petzi.
" Chrysotis finscM.
" Ortalida poliocepliala.
" Ortyx coyolcos.
" The preceding remarks apply exclusively to indigenous species. It
would be interesting if 1 could record here some facts relative to the
distribution of the species which reside in the isthmus in the winter-
season, or only during their flight; but this study would require several
years of continued observations which were made simultaneously on
both coasts. This part of Mexico is, moreover, less favorable than any
other for observations of this kind. The shrinking of the continent, the
absence of natural barriers, there make the dispersion of traveling-birds,
from east to west and vice versa, very easy. Another cause, which must
bring several migratory species on the shores of the Gulf of Tehuantepec
in winter, is the prevalence of northeast winds in the isthmus. These
winds, which blow there with extreme violence from the month of Octo-
ber, undoubtedly force a large number of birds that are traveling along
the Atlantic shore toward Central America to swerve from this line,
and push them toward the opposite coast. An analogous cause, the
prevalence of southeast winds from the month of March, that is to say,
that the time that the emigrant species return to the north, operates
with an inverse action, by bringing the species coming from the south
along the eastern shore toward the coasts of the Gulf of Mexico. 1 will
limit myself to state here the presence in winter of Dendrceca gracice in
the mountains of Tehuantepec, and the extraordinary abundance at the
same time of Chondestes grammaca and Euspiza americana on the plains
of the Pacific.
" The shores of the Gulf of Tehuantepec, or, to speak more properly,
those of the salt-lakes communicating with the ocean, which extend
from Ventosa nearly to Tonala, are inhabited by a great number of
aquatic birds. Although belonging, for the most part, to northern spe-
cies, it is probable that a large number of them make their nests there.
I have found there in August, a time when the migratory birds have not
BIEDS OF SOUTHWESTERN MEXICO. 11
yet made their appearance in Mexico, examples of Nutnennis, Limosa.
Calidris, Ureunetes, &c.
" An interesting fact to be observed is that the greater part of the
Laridce which I have gathered on the shores of the Gulf of Tehuantepec
are identical with those of the Atlantic. I will give as examples Chroico-
cepJialus atricilla, Sterna anglica, Sterna antillarum, Hydrochelidon fissipes,
and Bhynchops nigra.
'' Professor Baird (Review of North American Birds, p. 267, and Dis-
tribution and Migration of North American Birds) has already men-
tioned, as a fact worthy of notice, the presence of the first three of these
species at Mazatlan. He speaks of the S. antillarum as a winter resident
at Mazatlan, Colima, and Manzauillo. It is curious that on the shores
of the Gulf of Tehuantepec the opposite appears to take place. At San
Mateo del Mar, a village eight leagues from Tehuantepec, I have not
seen, in the months of February and December, ISro, and February,
1870, a single bird of this species {S. antillarwn) ] while in August, 1869,
they appeared there in considerable numbers. The natives have assured
me that in the mouth of June this Sterna makes its nest on the sand-
banks which intersect the lakes in the neighborhood."
• Fam. TrMDIB^.
1. €atliai*u§ occMeifitafli^, Scl.
" Sierra Madre, pres Zapotitlan ; January, 1870."
2. TiirdMS iiiiastellmBS, Gm.
" Tehuantepec City.'^
3. Tufl*du§ §Tvaisi§oiBi, Cab.
" Tehuantepec (Tapana) ; April 14, 1869.
"Iris brown
I
bill black; base of lower mandible whitish ; feet pale
brownish."
4. Twrdit§ ^rayi, Bp.
" Tehuantepec (Santa Efigenia) ; December, 1868.
" Iris brown ; bill greenish-olive ; feet livid fleshy.
" I have only observed this species at Santa Efigenia, where it is not
very abundant, and where its presence is explained probably by the
neighborhood of the Sierra de Chimalapa."
5. Turdus llavirostris, Sw.
"Tehuantepec City; November, 1869.
" Iris ciunamou; bill yellowish, tip dusky; feet dull flesh-color."
12 BIRDS OF SOUTHWESTERN MEXICO.
This is an abundant species in Western Mexico, to which section it
seems to be restricted ; common at Mazatlan, and also obtained on the
Tres Marias Islands by Colonel Grayson.
6. MelaBBotis cserHlescens (Sw.).
" Sierra Madre, prds Zapotitlan ; January, 1870."
7. IffsirpoB'Iayiacliws CMrvirostris (Sw.).
" Tehuacan (Puebla) ; August, 1868.
" Iris orange; bill black; feet livid blue; vulgar nameCuitlacochi.'^
8. MiMiMS poly^lottms var. caudatu§, Baird.
" Tehuantepec City ; October, 1869.
" Iris orange-yellow ; bill and feet black."
9. MIiMiLis gracilis, Cab.
" Tehuantepec City ; October, 1869.
" Iris orange-yellow ; bill and feet black."
There are six specimens which I consider to be this species. They
fiiffer from examples from Yucatan in being rather smaller and more
slender; in having the wings and tail brownish black, and the color of
the upper plumage of a brownish ash. In Y ucatan specimens, the wings
and tail are deep black, and the upper parts bluish ash. These last
agree closely with Cabanis's description of M. gracilis. The specimens
under examination were collected in October. The differences iu color
may be seasonal.
Fam. SlTIiVIIB.^.
1®. folioptala caerulea, Linn.
"Tehuantepec (Santa Efigenia), Juchitan; August and December,
1868. .'
"Iris brown; upper mandible brownish, lower whitish; feet black.
" This species, which is not uncommon in the neighborhood of Santa
Efigenia, only resides there perhaps in winter, or 'during the flight. I
have not seen it there since the month of March."
1 fl . Folloptila a3Ml®ri§5 Scl.
*' Tehuantepec (Santa Efigenia), Tehuantepec City ; May and De-
cember.
" Iris dark brown ; bill black, except two-thirds of basal portion of
lower mandible, which is light plumbeous ; feet plumbeous."
IS. Folloptila laigriceps, Baird.
" Tehuantepec (Tapana, Santa Efigenia) ; Quiotepec (Oaxaca) ; April.
BIRDS OF SOUTHWESTERN MEXICO. 13
''Iris brown; basal half of lower maudible plumbeous, upj^er
mandible and tip black ; feet plumbeous.
"Common almost everywhere in the west of the isthmus and in the
dry and warm districts of the State of Oaxaca ; frequents the ravines
and the thin woods ; goes almost always in pairs."
Fam. TROGLOBYTI©^.
13. €anipyloB'liiyitchu§ zoBiatui^, Less.
" Tehuantepec (Guichicovi) ; September.
" Iris cinnamon-red ; upper mandible black ; lower horny ; feet yel-
lowish olive."
14. CaBnpylorhyiachus joco!iu§, Scl.
" Dondominguello (Oaxaca) ; August, 1868.
" Iris red brown ; bill blackish ; feet dusky ash."
15. Campylorhynclius huiiillis, Scl.
"Tehuantepec (Santa Efigenia); Tehuantepec City.
" Iris bright brick-red ; bill blackish ; basal half of lower mandible
and feet light plumbeous.
" This is the most common species of the genus that I have met with
on the shores of the Gulf of Tehuantepec. It advances toward the
northeast to San Carlos, on the route from Tehuantepec to Oaxaca. It
is a very lively bird, whose song at the time of mating is agreeable and
varied ; except at this time, when it lives in pairs, it is almost always
seen in small flocks."
16. Salpincfes ol>§oletus (Say).
" Tehuantepec (Cacoprieto) ; June, 1872."
1 7. Cyplaofimas leiicosticf«as, Cab.
" Tehuantepec (Guichicovi) ; September, 1869.
" Iris brown ; bill black ; feet dark plumbeous."
18. ThFyotliorii§ macislipectus, Lafr.
" Tehuantepec (Guichicovi) ; September, 1869.
"Iris brown; upper mandible black, lower horn-color; feet dark
ashy-blue."
19. TIiryothorii§ pIeiaro§tictMS, Scl.
"Tehuantepec (Santa Efigenia), Guichicovi, Tapana; March to
October.
14 BIRDS OF SOUTHWESTERN MEXICO.
" Iris brown ; upper mandible brownisb-black, lower light bluish-
fleshy ; feet light-brown."
"One of the indigenous birds, the most dispersed in the woody locali-
ties on the west of the isthmus, and the only sylvicoline wren that I
have there met with up to this time. Endowed with extreme vivacity,
it is continually in motion, running along the ground and climbing the
shrubs and creepers, in search of insects; and this occupation is always
enlivened by the cries of pleasure or the animated trills of the male
bird, which reveal his distant position in the interior of the wood.
Besides, it is quite tame, and may be easily approached ; the report of a
gun, even, does not appear to frighten it much. In very woody spots,
several couples of them are often seen devoting themselves with ardor
to the chase, or busy carrying materials destined for the construction
of their nests. This nest, made with skill, is woven with dry grasses,
whose stems are fine and elastic. It has the form of a retort, and is
fixed horizontally around the stem of a bush, often at the fork of two
branches. From the beginning of May to the middle of July, I have
found these nests, containing from 3 to 5 eggs of a beautiful greenish-
blue color, clear, and of a diameter of about 22 millimeters. The bottom
of the nest, where the eggs rest, is lined with hairs, mingled with the
fine down of certain seeds of Bomhaceesy
20. Thryotho]i[*ii§ toe^rickii var. leuco§^aster, Baird.
"Puente Colorado; August, 1868.
" Iris brown ; bill and feet dusky."
Fam. MOTACIIililD^.
21. Antlm^ ludovicianus (Gm.).
" Tehuantepec City ; November, 1869.
" Bill blackish; base of lower mandible dull yellowish; feet brownish.'^
Fam. II]lI©Tir.Tfl>iE.
22. 8eiiiru^ auricapOtus (Linn.).
"Tehuantepec (Guichicovi) ; September, 1869.
" Iris brown ; upper mandible blackish-brown, lower and feet light-
fleshy."
23. I§eiurus noTeboraceiisis (Gm.).
" Tehuantepec (Tapana) ; April, 1869.
"Iris brown; bill black; base of lower mandible paler; feet light-
brown."
BIRDS OF SOUTHWESTERN MEXICO. 15
24. Seiiirus ludoviciamis (Aud.).
" Tebuantepec (Barrio, Santa Efigenia); September and January.
" Iris brown ; bill blackish ; lower mandible paler ; feet pale-fleshy."
95. Maaiotilta Taria (Linn.).
" Tehuantepec (Gnichicovi) ; September, 1869.
"Iris brown; upper mandible black, lower fleshy; tarsi dark oli-
vaceous ; toes olivaceous yellow."
26. Parula americana (Linn.).
"Tehuantepec (Santa Efigenia), Tehuantepec City; October and
January.
" Iris brown; upper mandible brown, lower whitish-brown at tip ; feet
brownish."
27. Helmiiathophasa riificapilla (Wils.).
" Tehuantepec (Santa Efigenia) ; Decetnber and January.
"Iris brown ; bill bluish-ash, culmen dusky; feet olive-brown."
28. Helsniiitiaophaga pere§-rina (Wils.).
"Tehuantepec (Santa Efigenia); December and January.
" Iris brown ; bill ashy, culmen and tip dusky ; feet dull olive."
29. ©eflidreffisca sestiva (Gm.).
" Tehuantepec (Barrio, Chihuitan, Guichicovi, Santa Efigenia), Don-
domiuguillo (Oaxaca); August to December, January and February.
" Iris brown ; upper mandible black, lower light plumbeous ; feet
light brownish-yellow."
S<L Deiidrceca Tirens (Gm.).
" Tehuantepec (Santa Efigenia) ; December and January.
" Iris brown ; bill and feet brownish."
31. Jllendrccca coroeiata (Linn.).
"Tehuantepec (Santa Efigenia) ; December and January.
" Iris brown ; bill and feet black."
32. DeiidFceca MackburniSB (Gm.).
" Tehuantepec City."
33. DeiAdrcEca castanea (Wils.).
" Tehuantepec City ; October, 1869.
"Iris brown; upper mandible brownish, lower yellowish; feetbrowsa-
ish-yellow."
16 BIRDS OF SOUTHWESTERN MEXICO.
34. DendroBca maculosa (Gm.).
" Tehuautepec (Santa Efigeuia) ; December and March.
" Iris brown ; bill ashy ; culmen and a line along the lower mandible
dusky ; feet brownish, toes tinged with yellow."
35. Desidrocca clominica var. albilora, Baird,Am.Nat., 1873,
p. 606.
" Chiapas (Gineta Mountains) ; January, 1869."
36. ]>e]iclr(Eca graciae, Coues.
" Sierra Madre, prds Zapotitlan ; January, 1870."
37. Oporornis foriiiosus (Wils.).
" Tehuantepec (Guichicovi) ; September, 1869.
" Iris brown ; upper mandible brownish-black, lower brownish-black,
except at base, which, with the feet, are light fleshy."
38. Myiodioctes caerulescens (Gm.).
" Tehuantepec (Barrio, Guichicovi) ; September, 1869.
"Iris brown; upper mandible brownish, lower paler; feet light
brownish-yellow."
39. Myiodioctes pusillus^ var. pileolatus (Pallas.). See Eidg-
way, Am. Nat., 1873, p. 808.
" Tehuantepec (Guichicovi) ; September, 1869.
" Iris brown ; bill brownish, lower mandible yellowish ; feet light-
brown."
40. JBa§iBeutei*us rufifronis (Sw.).
" Tehuantepec (Guichicovi) ; September, 1869.
" Iris brown ; bill black ; feet fleshy."
41. $etophag:a ruticilia (Linn.).
" Tehuantepec (Santa Efigenia) ; April, 1871."
43. ISetophagra picta, Sw.
" Chiapas (Gineta Mountains) ; January, 1869."
43. S^etophag^a miniata, Sw.
" Sierra Madre, jpres Zapotitlan ; January, 1870."
44. Granatellus vemiistus, Bubus.
"Tehuantepec (Santa Efigeuia); January, 1869.
"Iris brown; upper mandible brownish black, lower plumbeous ashj
feet dull ashy-brown."
BIRDS OF SOUTHWESTERN MEXICO. 17
45. Creothlypi»$ Philadelphia var. inacg^illivrayi (A.ud.).
" Tehuantepec (Cbitiuitau) ; Tehuantepec City ; November, 1868.
"Iris browu
J
bill blackish, most of lower mandible pale; feet light
flesh."
46. Icteria vireiis (Liun.).
" Tehuantepec (Chihuitan, Santa Eflgenia) ; November and January.
" Iris brown : upper mandible blackish, lower whitish ; feet dull ashy."
Fam. HIRUHDIIVID^.
47. Prog^ne leucog^aster, Baird.
" Tehuantepec (Barrio) ; October, 1868.
" Iris dark-brown ; bill black ; feet brownish."
48. Hiriindo horreornm, Barton.
" Tehuantepec City ; October. Tehuacan (Puebla) ; August.
" Iris brown ; bill brownish-black ; feet brown."
40. Petrochelidon isivain^oni, Scl.
" Tehuantepec City ; October, 1869.
" Iris and bill dark-brown ; feet grayish-brown."
50. Cotyle riparia (Linn.).
" Tehuantepec City ; October, 1869."
Fanic VIREOIVID.*:.
«51. Vireosylvia flavoviridis, Cass.
"Tehuantepec (Tapana, Santa Efigenia) ; April and May.
" Iris red ; bill dusky above, light ash beneath ; feet light brownish-
ash."
59. Vireosylvia g'ilva var. swainsoni, Baird.
> " Tehuantepec (Santa Efigenia) ; January, 1869, April, 1871."
5S. Vireo noreboracemsis (Gm.).
" Tehuantepec (Santa Efigenia) ; December, 1868."
54. Vireo flavifroiis, Vieill.
"Tehuantepec (Santa Efigenia); Chiapas (Gineta Mountains); De-
cember and January.
"Iris brown; bill bluish-ash, culraen and tip of both mandibles
dusky ; feet bluish-ash."
2
18 BIRDS OF SOUTHWESTERN MEXICO.
55. f^anivireo solitarius (WHs.).
"Tehuantepec (Santa Efigenia) 5 Tehuantepec City 5 Chiapas (Gineta
Mountains) ; October and January.
"Iris brown; bill plumbeous, culmen and tip dusky ; feet plumbeous.'^
56. Vireo belli, And.
" Tehuantepec (Santa Efigenia) ; Tehuantepec City ; October and
December.
" Iris brown ; upper mandible brownish, lower and feet light plum-
beous."
57. Vireo liypocliryseus, Scl.
" Quiotepec (Oaxaca) ; August, 1868."
58. IlylopliiIii§ deciartatus (Bonap.).
" Tehuantepec (Chimaki'ia) ; March, 1869.
" Iris brown ; feet light-brown."
59. €yelorlii§ flaviventriis, Lafr.
"Tehuantepec (Guichicovi, Petapa) ; September, 1869.
" Iris cinnamon; upper mandible light-brownish fleshy, lower bluish
j
feet fleshy."
Fam. IjANIWJE.
60. Collurio ludoTiciauus var. excubitoroides (Sw.).
" Tehuantepec City ; October, 1869.
"Iris brown; bill black; base of lower mandible paler; feet dull
grayish-ash."
Fam. AMrFlIjTBJE.
61. Ampelis cedroruin (Yieill.).
" Tehuantepec."
.
Fam. TAI¥AORIDiE.
63. Euphonia affinis (Less.).
"Tehuantepec (Barrio); Tehuantepec City ; October, 1868.
" Iris brown ; bill black, bases of both mandibles light-bluish ; feet
dark lead-color."
63. Euphonia hirundinacca, Bp.
"Tehuantepec (Guichicovi) ; September, 1869.
"Iris brown; upper mandible and tip of lower black, rest of lower
bluish ; feet ashy-plumbeous."
64. Chlorophonia occipitalis (Du Bus.).
" Chiaj^as (Gineta Mountains) ; January, 1869." •
BIRDS OF SOUTHWESTERN MEXICO. 19
G5. Tana§^ra abbas, Licht.
" Tehuantepec (Guichicovi) ; September, 1869.
"Iris brown; bill black; feet dark-plumbeous."
66. Pyrang^a aestiva (Gm.).
" Tehuantepec (Ohihuitan, Santa Efigenia) ; November and January.
" Iris brown ; bill light tleshy-brown ; culmen dusky ; feet brownish."
There are four specimens (two of each sex), which do not differ from
specimens of P. cestiva from the Atlantic States. The variety named
P. cooperi by Mr. Eidgway thus appears to range farther to the north.
67. Pyrang^a hepatica, Sw.
" Tehuantepec (Guichicovi) ; Chiapas (Gineta Mountains) ; September
and January.
" Iris brown ; bill bluish, culmen and tip of lower mandible dusky
;
feet light brownish-ash."
68. Pyranga liidoTiciana (Wils.).
" Tehuantepec (Ishuatlan, Santa Efigenia) ; December and January.
" Iris brown ; bill yellowish, culmen dusky; feet dark ashy."
69. Phaenicothraupis rubicoides (Lafr.).
" Tehuantepec (Guichicovi) ; September, 1869.
" Iris brown ; bill and feet hazel-brown."
70. Pli£enicothraupi§ Aiscicauda, Cab.
" Tehuantepec (Guichicovi) ; September, 1869.
" Iris brown ; bill black, tip yellow ; feet light-brown."
71. tianio auraiitiu$$, Lafr.
" Tehuantepec (Guichicovi) ; September, 1869.
" Iris brown ; bill black ; feet grayish."
73. Saltator grandiis (Licht.).
" Tehuantepec (Santa Efigenia) ; January, 1869."
73. Saltator atrjcep§, Less.
' " Tehuantepec (Guichicovi, Santa Efigenia) ; September, December,
and February.
'• Iris brown ; bill black ; feet brownish."
Fam. Flill^GILLIB^.
74. Hedymeles ludovieiaiius (Linn.).
" Tehuantepec (Santa Efigenia) ; January, 1869."
20 BIBDS OF SOUTHWESTERN MEXICO
75. Cardinally TirginiaMn^ var. cariieii«, Le^s.,
" Huamelula."
76. Cruiraca caerulea (Linn.).
" Tehuantepec (Chihuitau) ; Huitzo, near Oaxaca ; August and No-
vember.
" Iris brown ; bill and feet dusky."
77. Ouiraca parellina (Licht.).
" Tehuantepec City, Huallago ; October and December.
" Iris brown ; bill and feet grayish-brown."
78. Yolatinia jacarina (Linn.).
" Tehuantepec (Guichicovi) ; September, 1869.
" Iris brown; bill black, most of lower mandible bluish; feet blackish."
79. Phonipara pusilla (Sw.).
" Dondominguillo (Oaxaca) ; August, 1868.
" Iris brown ; bill black ; feet light-brown."
80. €yano§piza cyanea (Linn.).
" Tehuantepec (Santa Eflgenia) ; December, 1868.
" Iris brown ; bill dull fleshy ; feet brownish."
81. Cyanospiza ciris (Linn.).
" Tehuantepec (Santa Eflgenia) : Tehuantepec City ; November and
December.
" Iris brown ; bill and feet brownish."
83. Cyanospiza leclaiichcri (Lafr).
" Tehuantepec (Tapana) ; Tehuantepec City ; April and October.
" Iris brown ; upper mandible brown, lower fleshy ; feet brownish."
S3. Cyanospiza rositae, Lawr. Ann. Lye. N. Y., vol. x, p. 397.
" Tehuantepec (Cacoprieto) ; January, 1872.
" Iris brown ; upper mandible blackish ; lower pale-bluish ; feet livid-
plumbeous. Total length, 14 centiimefcers ; wing, 72 millimeters ; tail,
55 millimeters."
Since my description of the male of this species, the missing speci-
mens, fortunately, have been received. An examination of the male
shows no point of difference from my description worthy of comment.
There is but a single specimen of the female (the only one as yet
obtained), of which a description is now given.
Plumage above of a dull ochreous-brown, tinged with blue on tbo
BIRDS OF SOUTHWESTERN MEXICO. 21
bead and lower back; rmiip and upper tail coverts dull light blue
;
mifldle tail-feathers dull blue, the outer webs of the other tail-feathers
siinilar in color, the inner webs blackish-brown 5 quill-feathers dark-
brown ; the smaller wing-coverts and the outer edges of the larger
quills pale-blue ; the other wing-coverts and the tertiaries have margins
the color of the back ; chin grayish ; under plumage of a dull brownish
rose-color, paler and clearer on the abdomen and under tail-coverts j
bill and feet similar in color to those of the male. Types in National
Museum, Washington, D. C.
84. Eiispiza americana (Gm.).
" Tehuantepec (Juchitan, Guichicovi) ; Tehuantepec City ; Septem-
ber and October.
" Iris brown ; bill brownish, tinged with yellow ; feet hazel-brown."
85. Pa$$«ei*culu^ savanna var. alaudinus, Bp.
'' Tehuantepec City ; November, 1869.
" Iris brown ; upper mandible brownish, lower mandible and feet
fleshy."
86. Zonotrichia mystacalis, Hartl.
" Tehuacan (Puebla) ; August, 1868.
"Iris reddish-brown; upper mandible black, lower light-blue; feet
fleshy."
87. Spizella socialis (Wils.).
" Chiapas (Gineta Mountains) ; January, 1869.
88. 8pizella socialis var. arizonae, Coues.
" Tehuantepec (Guichicovi) ; September, 1869.
"Iris brown; upper mandible brown, lower mandible lighter; feet
brownish flesh."
89. 8pizella atrig^ularis, Cab.
" Chapulco (Puebla) ; January, 1868.
" Iris brown ; bill brownish-orange ; feet brownish."
90. Peiicasa ruficeps var. boucardi, Scl.
" Puente Colorado (Puebla) ; August, 1868.
" Iris brown ; upper mandible horny-brown, lower bluish ; feet fleshy."
91.
€oturnicului§ pasiserinu§ (Wils.).
"Tehuantepec City; November, 1869.
" Iris brown ; upper mandible dusky, lower light-bluish ; feet fleshy."
22 BIRDS OF SOUTHWESTERN MEXICO.
" Huiiiiielula."
9«S. Hi^iiiOB'hila rufesceiii^, Sw.
" Teliuautepec (Guichicovi) ; September, 1869.
" Iris browu ; upper mandible black, lower bluish ; feet dark flesh-
color."
94. Hsemophila ruficauda (Bonap.).
" Tehuantepec (Juchitan, Santa Efigenia) ; Tehuantepec City.
" Iris light reddish-brown ; upper mandible black, lower bluish-fleshy;
feet fleshy- brown."
95. HaBmophiia sumichrasti, Lawr., Ann. N. Y. Lye, vol.
X, p. 6.
" Tehuantepec (Juchitan) ; September, 1868.
"Iris brownish-red; upper mandible blackish, lower mandible and
feet fleshy."
96. Pipilo maculatus, Sw.
" Cieneguilla (Oaxaca, alpine region)."
97. Pipilo albicollis^ Scl.
" Huitzo, near Oaxaca ; August, 1868.
" Iris brown ; upper mandible brownish, lower bluish-ash ; feet gray-
ish-brown."
98. Chondestes grrammaca (Say).
"Tehuantepec (Ghihuitan, Santa Efigenia); November, December,
and January.
" Iris brown ; bill bluish ; culmen and tip dusky ; feet fleshy."
99. Ciirjr^omitris notata (Du Bus.).
" Chiapas (Gineta Mountains) ; January, 1869.
"Iris brown; upper mandible blackish-brown, lower dull-ashy; feet
brownish."
Fam. ALArDID^.
100. Ereiuophila alpestris var. chrysolaema (Wagl.).
" Tehuantepec (San Mateo) ; August, 1869.
" Probably resident on the Pacific plains, where it seems to be abund-
ant in July and August.
BIEDS OF SOUTHWESTERN MEXICO. 23
» Fam. I€TERII>^.
101. Cas§icuUis nielauiicterus (Bp.).
"Tehuantepec (Barrio.^ Chihuitan) ; Tehuantepec City; October,
November, and December.
" Iris brown ; bill greenish-white : feet blackish-brown.
" This bird (called by the Creoles Tordo dejierro (Iron Thrush), and by
the Zapoteques bigoseguiba, which has the same meaning), although
proper to Western Mexico, often wanders from the coast. A few years
ago I found it near Tehuacan (State of Puebla). In the isthmus it is
especially abundant near Chihuitan and Huallaga. Like Cassicus pre-
vosti, it has a disagreeabl-e smell, and is generally infested with vermin."
lOS. Cassicus prevosti (Less.).
" Tehuantepec (Guichicovi, Santa Efigenia) ; May and September.
" Iris light-yellow ; bill yellowish-white; feet bluish-ash."
103. Icterus prosthemelas (Strickland).
" Tehuantepec (Chihuitan) ; December, 1868."
104. Icterus melanocephalus (Wagl.).
" Tehuantepec (Cuichicovi) ; September, 1869.
" Iris brown ; bill black ; base of lower mandible and feet bluish-ash."
105. Icterus mesonielas (Wagl.).
" Tehuantepec (Guichicovi) ; September, 1869.
" Iris brown ; bill black ; base of lower mandible and feet bluish-ash."
106. Icterus ^ularis (Wagl.).
" Tehuantepec (Barrio, Chihuitan, Juchitan, Santa Efigenia).
" Iris brown ; bill black, with the base of the lower mandible and
feet bluish-ash."
107. Icterus pectoralis (Wagl.).
" Tehuantepec (Juchitan, Santa Efigenia) ; June and September.
" Iris dark-brown ; bill black ; base of lower mandible bluish ; feet
bluish-ash."
108. Icterus I'ormosus, Lawr., Ann. N. Y. Lye, vol. x, p. 184.
" Tehuantepec (Santa Efigenia, Juchitan) ; June, September, and
December.
"Iris brown; bill black; base of lower mandible and feet light-
plumbeous."
24 BIRDS OF SOUTHWESTERN MEXICO.
109. Icterus spurius var. affinis, Lawr.
" Tehuaiitepec (Cbihuitan, Santa Efigenia) ; Tehuantepec City.
"Iris brown; upper mandible black, lower ashy-blue; feet dark
ashy-blue."
110. molothrus aeneus (Wagl.).
" Tehuantepec (Tapana) ; April, 1869.
" Iris red ; bill and feet black."
111. ]?Iolothrus pecoris var. otiscurus (Gm.).
" Tehuantepec City ; October, 1869.
" Iris brown ; feet black."
113. ISturnella mag^iia var. mcxicana, Scl.
" Tehuantepec (Barrio, Santa Efigenia) ; September and February*
" Iris hazel-brown ; feet light fleshy-brown."
113. Quiscaluf^ maerurus, Sw.
" Tehuantepec (Barrio, Juchitan) ; September and October.
" Iris pale-yellow ; bill and feet black."
114. Quiscalus mexicanus, Cass.
" Tehuantepec (Guichicovi) ; September, 1869.
" Iris brown ; bill and feet black ; inside of bill yellow."
Fam. CORVID.1:.
11^. Cyaiiocitta coronata (Sw.).
" Cieneguilla (Oaxaca, alpine region) ; August, 1868.
" Iris brown ; bill and feet black."
116. Cyanocitta califoriiica var. sumichrasti, Eidg.
" Nacaltepec (Oaxaca) ; August, 1868.
" Iris brown ; bill and feet black."
117. Calocitta formosa (Sw.).
" Tehuantepec (Juchitan) ; Tehuantepec City ; August, September,,
and November.
" Iris brown ; bill and feet black.
" This is the most widely scattered and the greatest busybody of all
the birds of the isthmus. You cannot take a step out of inhabited
localities without being assailed by the vexatious scoldings of these
Ghavis (that is the name which is given to them). Not content with
BIRDS OF SOUTHWESTERN MEXICO. 25
hooting at you as you pass, tbey tormeut you, follow you, cross the
road in front of you, and accompany these gymnastic performances by
clapping their bills, by whistling, by scolding in every tone and on
every key. Excessively bold, it does not fear to approach farms and
feed upon the meat which is put out to dry in the sun {tasajo), in com-
pany with species of Cathartes and Quiscalus. If an animal, a horse or
an ox, for example, should fall exhausted from the effects of a wound,
the Chavis make no scruple of attacking the wounded spot, either to
carry off the pieces of flesh which are loose, or perhaps to obtain the
larvae of carnivorous flies which are developed there."
118. Xanthura g^uatetnatenuis (Bp.).
" Tehuantepec (Santa Efigenia) 5 December and January.
" Iris yellow ; bill black ; feet ashy-blue."
119. Psjlorhinusi morio (Licht.).
" Tehuantepec (Guichicovi) ; September, 1869.
" Iris brown ; bill yellow ; feet black, mixed with yellow."
120. Corvus corax var. eamiTorus, Bartram.
"Tehuantepec (Barrio, Tapana); April, 1869.
" Iris brown ; bill and feet black."
Fam. DE.lfDRO€OIiAPTID.i:.
121. Dendrornis eburneiro§tris (Sw.).
" Tehuantepec (Guichicovi, Jshuatlau, Tapana, Santa Efigenia).
" Iris brown ; bill whitish horn-color ; sides of upper mandible brown
ish ; feet dull-olive."
Fam. TYRAI%I¥IDJE.
133. Attila citi*eopy§^ius (Bp.).
" Tehuantepec (Santa Efigenia) ; May, 1871.
" Iris cinnamon ; bill horny ; feet plumbeous."
133. iSayomis sayus (Bp.).
" Chapulco (Puebla) 5 August, 1868.
" Iris brown ; bill and feet black."
134. iSayornis nig^ricaiis (Sw.).
"Tanatepec."
26 I3IRDS OF SOUTHWESTERN MEXICO.
125. TodiFO!^triaiBft §chistaceiceps, Scl.
"TehuRDtepec (Guichicovi) ; September, 1869.
" Iris browu ; bill black, extreme tip whitish j feet light-bluish."
iS6. Oncostoiiia cinerei^iilare, Scl.
" Tehuantepec (Guichicovi, Cacoprieto, Tapana, Sauta Efigeuia)
j
April to September.
'^ Iris grayish-white; bill black ; medial face of lower mandible whitish;
feet fleshy."
1S7. Ornithioii incanescen!^ (Max.); (Caiiiptostoma im-
bertoe, Scl., see P. Z. S., 1873, p. 577).
" Tehuantepec (Santa Efigenia) ; December and January.
" Iris brown ; bill black ; base of lower mandible yellowish ; feet
blackish-ash ; commissure and mouth orange."
128. JHyiozetetes texens^is (Giraud).
" Tehuantepec (Juchitan, Barrio, Chihuitan, Santa Efigenia).
" Iris brown ; bill and feet black."
139. Rhynchocyclus cinereiceps (Scl.),
" Tehuantepec (Tapana, Santa Efigenia) ; January to May.
" Iris pearl-gray ; upper mandible blackish ; lower mandible and feet
dull flesh-color ; interior of mouth black."
130. Pitan^us derbianus (Kaup).
" Tehuantepec (Ohihuitau, Tapana, Santa Efigenia).
" Iris brown ; bill and feet black."
131. jflyiodynastes luteiveiitris, Bp.
" Tehuantepec (Tapana) ; April, 1869.
" Iris brown ; bill black ; extreme base of lower mandible dull-fleshy;
feet dark brownish-ash."
133. ITIegarhyiichus niexicanus (Lafr.).
" Tehuantepec (Guichicovi, Chihuitan, Santa Efigenia).
" Iris brown ; bill and feet black."
133. IIu§ciYora mexicana, Scl.
" Tehuantepec (Tapana, Santa Efigenia) ; June and December.
" Iris brown ; bill black ; central part of lower mandible yellowish
;
feet fleshy-yellow."
BIRDS OF SOUTHWESTERN MEXICO. 27
134. Pyrocephaltis riibineus var. inexicanus, Scl.
" TehaaDtepec (Santa Eflgenia) ; Tchuantepec City.
" Iris brown ; bill and feet black."
tS5. Enipidonax iniiiimiii^ (Baird).
" Tehuantepec (Ohihuitan, Santa Eflgenia, Tapana, Guichicovi) 5 Te-
huautepec City ; Chiapas (Gineta Mountains).
" Iris brown ; upper mandible brownish-black, lower dull-fleshy 5 feet
black."
136. Empidonax flaTiventris (Baird).
" Tehuantepec (Guichicovi, Santa Eflgenia) ; December and January.
" Iris brown ; uijper mandible brownish-black, lower yellowish ; feet
blackish."
137. £iiipidonax traillii var. piisillus (Sw. et Rich.).
"Tehuantepec City; October, 1869.
"Iris brown ; upper mandible black, lower light-brownish ; feet black."
138. Empidonax liainmondi (De Yesey).
" Chiapas (Gineta Mountains) ; January, 1869.
" Iris brown 5 upper mandible blackish, lower light-brownish ; feet
black."
139. Coiitopus borealis (Sw.).
" Tehuantepec (Icacoprieto) ; September, 1872."
140. €oiitopu^ pertinax, Cab. et Heine.
" Chiapas (Gineta Mountains) ; January, 1869."
141. Coiitopus Tireiis (Linn.).
" Tehuantepec (Tapana) ; April and May.
" Iris brown 5 upper mandible black, lower dull-yellow j feet black."
14S. Coiitopii§ virens var. richardsonii (Sw.).
" Tehuantepec (Tapana) ; Tehuantepec City ; April, May, and October.
" Iris brown ; upper mandible black, basal half of lower brownish-
yellow ; feet black."
143. ]?Iyiarchiis crinitus (Linn.).
" Tehuantepec City 5 October, 1869.
" Iris brown ; bill black, lighter at the base of lower mandible j feet
blackish."
28 BIRDS OF SOUTHWESTERN MKXICO.
144. Hyiarcliws crmititis var. cooperi (Kaup).
" Tehuantepec (Tapana, Sauta Etigeuia) 5 April and December.
" Iris brown ; bill black ; feet dark ashy-brown."
145. JHyiarchus cinerascens (Lawr.).
" Tehuantepec (Tapana, Santa Efigenia) ; Tehuantepec City ; Chiapas
(Gineta Mountains) ; April, October, November, and January,
" Iris brown ; bill black; extreme base of lower mandible dull-fleshy;
feet blackish."
146. Myiarchws lai^rencea (Giraud).
" Tehuantepec (Santa Efigenia) ; Dondominguillo (Oaxaca)."
147. IVIyiarchus flaiiiiiiiilatus, Lawr., Ann. Lye. N. Y., vol. xi,
p. 7L
" Tehuantepec (Cacoprieto) ; June, 1872."
148. Tyrannus melancliolicuis var. satrapa (Licht.).
" Tehuantepec (Chihuitan, Tapana, Barrio); Dondominguillo (Oaxaca).
" Iris dark-brown ; bill black ; feet brownish."
149. Tyraiinus cra§§Jrostris, Sw.
"Tehuantepec (Chihuitan) ; Los Cues (Oaxaca).
" Iris dark-brown ; bill and feet blackish."
150. Tyrannus carolinen^is (Gm.).
" Tehuantepec (Tapana) ; May, 1869.
" Iris brown ; bill black ; feet dark-plumbeous."
151. IVIilviilu!^ forficatus (Gm.).
"Tehuantepec (Chihuitan) ; Tehuantepec City.
" Iris brown ; upper mandible blackish, lower paler ; feet brown.''
Fain. COTIIVCJID^.
152. Tityra per§onata, Jard. and Selb.
" Tehuantepec (Tapana, Santa Etigenia) ; March, April, and January.
" Iris dull cinnamon-red ; bill black at end for half its length ; basal
half of bill, lores, and orbits pale-carmine ; feet ashy-brown."
153. HadrostoiiiiD^ ag^laise (Lafr.).
" Dondominguillo (Oaxaca) ; August, 1868.
" Iris brown ; upper mandible blackish, lower bluish horn-color; feet
ashy-blue."
BIRDS OF SOUTHWESTERN MEXICO. 29
Fam. PIPRID^.
1^4. Chiroxiphia linearis (Bonap.'-
" Tehuantepec (Tapana) ; June, 1869.
" Iris dark-brown ; bill black ; feet orange.
" This Manakin, the only one that I have found in the western part of
the isthmus, dwells only in certain localities, thickly wooded, at the foot
of the Cordilleras, on the banks of streams, and still it is only in the
solitary ravines and the most shady nooks that they need be looked for.
Very difficult to discover at any other time in the midst of the thick
forests that they choose for their dwelling, their retreat is easily dis-
covered in the breeding-season by the loud and continuous cries made
by the males during the greater part of the day. Two males are almost
always found together, perched side by side on the same branch ; a
curious fact which I have a long time wondered at, but the following
observation enlightened me. A female, pluming herself, is perched a^
few steps away from these two gallants, who, anxious to please her,
begin a loving joust the most diverting, ascending and descending with
their wings half-closed, their feathers disheveled, and their throats
inflated with pleasure and the effort of singing. This continues some-
times for more than a quarter of an hour, and recommences after a few
minutes' rest, during which the female shows her pleasure by the
trembling of her body and the fluttering of her wings. IS'othing can
be more graceful than this picture when a ray of sunlight, piercing the
dark vault of the forest, enlivens the scene and brings out the bright
tints of black velvet, of azure and purple that adorn the coats of these
little feathered actors. With an excessive natural confidence, the
'Chiroxiphia allow themselves to be approached very near without
showing any fear, and the sound of a gun hardly frightens them."
Fam. iTIO]?IOTlI>iE.
\55. Moniotus lessoiii, Less.
" Tehuantepec (Guichicovi, Chimalapa) ; March and September.
" Iris red ; bill black ; feet blackish."
156. jflonnotus mexicanus (Sw.).
" Tehuantepec (Chihuitan, Barrio, Santa Efigenia) ; Los Cues (Oaxaca)
;
August to December.
" Iris red ; bill black ; base of lower mandible whitish horn-color
feet dull- cinereous.
30 BIRDS OF SOUTHWESTERN MEXICO.
''This is very common in all the western regions of the isthmus from
Barrio to the Pacific, It comes from there through the State of Oaxaca
to Tehuacan (Puebla), where it is not rare. It is almost univ^ersally
called guarda-harranca or garde ravin, because it generally lives in
ravines, and digs its nest along the sides."
1^7. Sumoniota supercili»ris (Sandb.)-
" Tehuantepee (Tapana, Cacoprieto) ; April and May.
" Iris dark-brown ; bill black ; feet grayish-black."
Fam. AL.CEDI1\II>.E.
158. Ceryle torquata (Linn.).
" Tehuantepec (Ghihuitan, Santa Efigenia) ; November and December.
"Iris dark-brown; bill black; base of both mandibles grayish ; feet
light olive-green."
159. Ceryle alcyoii (Linn.).
" Tehuantepec (Santa Efigenia) ; December, 1868.
" Iris dark-brown ; bill black, basal half of lower mandible whitish
horn-color ; feet dusky."
160. Ceryle amazona (Lath.).
"Tehuantepec (Ghihuitan, Santa Efigenia); November, December,
and January.
" Iris dark-brown ; bill and feet black."
161. Ceryle americana var. cabanisi, Tsch.
Tehuantepec (Ghihuitan, Santa Efigenia) ; November, Decemb^,
and January."
162. Ceryle supercilioisa (Linn.).
" Tehuantepec (Santa Efigenia) ; April, 1871,
"Iris brownish-black; bill black; base of lower mandible fleshy;
feet dark-brown."
Fam. BIJCCOT¥ID^.
163. Bucco dysoni, Gray.
" Tehuantepec (Santa Efigenia) ; May, 1871.
" Iris dark purplish-red ; feet dull-plumbeous ; bill black."
BIEDS OF SOUTHWESTEEN MEXICO. 31
Fam. TM®CJ©1VII>JE.
164. Trogon puella, Gould.
•' TehuaDtepec (Guichicovi, Ghiraalapa) ; March and September.
" Iris brown ; bill yellow ; feet yellowish."
165. Tro^on braccatus, Cab. et Heine.
" Tehuantepec (Guichicovi) ; September, 1869.
" Iris dark-brown ; bill ashy-blue ; orbits yellow ; feet plumbeous."
166- Trogon citreoliis, Gould.
" Tehuantepec (Chihuitan, Ventosa, Tapana, Santa Efigenia).
" Iris yellow ; eyelids violet-blue ; bill bluish-ash ; feet cinereous."
Fam. CAFRimULGIDJB.
167. Chordeiles texen^is, Lawr.
" Tehuantepec (San Mateo, Santa Efigenia) ; August and January,
.
1869.
^' Iris dark-brown ; bill brownish; feet dull-brown.
"At Santa Efigenia, where I killed most of the specimens of this
Kight-hawk, they live during the day hidden at the foot of mountain
in woods and thickets. They come out a short time after sunset, and
then appear in great numbers above inundated places and savannas.
Their flight is easy and graceful ; but it is quite difficult to shoot them,
because they easily escape from sight on account of their dark color
and the feeble light of the twilight."
168. Antrostomus vociferus (Wils.).
" Tehuantepec City ; November, 1869."
169. IVyctidromus albicoUiis (Gm.).
" Tehuantepec (Chihuitan, Santa Efigenia) ; November, December,
and January.
" Iris dark-brown
; bill pale-brown, tip dusky ; feet dull-fleshy.
" This species is very common in all the warm and temperate lands
of Southern Mexico, where it is known under the name of Tapas camina
{conore cliemin) or Ataja camina [qui embarrasse le cliemin), derived
from the custom it has of lying flat on the roads. Its cry, which is of
two kinds, may be expressed by the syllable piou -piou - piou - piou—
pu - e - i - ou. The latter part, uttered with force, is probably a cry of
appeal (or challenge). The second, which it repeats from time to time,
is shorter, ou - i - iouJ^
32 BIRDS OF SOUTHWESTERN MEXICO.
170. nrycfifoiMs jaiiiaicefii$$is (Gm.).
" Tehnantepec (Santa Efigenia)."
Fam. CYPSEI^ID^.
171. Chsetiira vauxii (Towns.).
" Tehnantepec (Guichicovi) ; September, 1869,
" Iris dark brown ; bill black 5 feet blackish."
Fam. TUOCniliJlBM.
179. Campyloptcrus hemileucuruis (Licht.).
" Chiapas (Gineta Mountains) 5 January, 1869."
173. liampornis prevosfi (Less.).
" Tehuantepec (Santa Efigenia) ; December, January, and February.
" Iris dark brown ; bill and feet black."
174. Trocliilu8 colubris, Linn.
" Tehuantepec (Santa Efigenia) ; Tehuantepec City ; October, Novem-
l)er, and December.
" Iris brown ; bill and feet black."
17^. Helioneiaster pallidicep^ii, Gould.
" Tehuantepec (Santa Efigenia) ; December and January."
176. Helioiuaster leocadia (Bourc).
" Tehuantepec City ; October and November, 1869.
" Iris, bill, and feet black."
177. Heliomaster con^tanti (Delatt.). ^^
" Chiapas (Gineta Mountains) ; January, 1869."
1 78. Cyanomia cyanocephala (Less.).
" Tehuantepe«« (Guichicovi) j September and January.
"Iris black; upper mandible black, lower bright carmine, with the
tip black ; feet black."
179. Cyanomia violiceps (Gould).
"Tehuantepec (Tapana, Santa Efigenia); May, December, and Jan
uary.
" Iris brown ; bill rosy-red, tip black ; feet plumbeous."
180. Pyrrhoph^Bna cinnamomea (Less.).
" Tehuantepec (Santa Efigenia) ; December and January.
" Iris black; bill bright carmine red, tip black."
BIRDS OF SOUTHWESTERN MEXICO. 33
181, PyFrlaopEi^Bia devBlflei (Bourc.)-
" Chiapas (Gineta Mountains) ; January, 1869."
183. PyrnrhophaEiaa rieMferi (Bourc).
"Tebuantepec (Guichicovi) 5 September, 1869."
185. TlfiatimatBas caDididM§ (Bourc. et Muls.).
" Teliuantepec (Guichicovi) 5 September, 1869.
" Iris black 5 upper mandible black, lower light carmine, with the tip
black ; feet black."
184. Circe douMedayi (Bourc).
"Tehuantepec (Chihuitan); November, 1868."
A single specimen of this rare species is iu the collection, and the
only one I have ever seen. Mr. Gould, in his monograph of TrocMUdce,
says but two specimens were known. Since that time, however, others
may have been obtained. I wrote two years since to Professor Sumi-
chrast to endeavor to procure more examples, but he has not as yet
been able to do so. Its locality is now determined, wl ich, at the time
it was described by Mr. Bourcier, was thought to be the "Eio Negro,"
though Mr. Gould states that his specimen was marked as from "Chi-
mantla, Mexico," which he thought was correct, as its allies, "with
obscure tippings to their tails, such as latirostris, caniveti, auricens, &c,
were denizens of that country."
18^. ChloFolampi^ caiiaveti (Less.).
" Tehuantepec (Guichicovi) ; September, 1869.
" Iris and feet black ; basal two-thirds of bill carmine-red, terminal
third black."
FaiM. CUCUIilDJE.
186. Cr®t®phaga §Hlcir®strls, Sw.
"Tehuantepec (Juchitan); September, 1868.
" Iris dark brown ; bill and feet black."
187. DIplopteFUs mjKviM§ (Linn.).
" Tehuantepec (Santa Efigenia)."
188. Fiaya cayana (Linn.).
"Tehuantepec (Chihuitan, Barrio) ; September and November.
"Iris red; bill, lores, and orbits light olive-green ; feet bluish-ash."
189. Piaya iridibBiB^d«i§ (Gm.).
" Tehuantepec City."
3
34 BIRDS OF SOUTHWESTERN MEXICO.
19®. M®r«coccyx crythropy§ia (Less.).
" Tehuantepec (Chihuitan), Tehuantepec City ; October and Decem-
ber.
"Iris brown 5 bill orange-brown; culmen blackisli; orbital skin green-
ish-yellow before the eye and azure-blue behind the eye ; feet dull fleshy.
" Similar to Geococcyx mexicanus in its terrestrial habits. Indeed, it
never alights except on the lowest bushes ; woody places, les hejucales
(places full of entangled creepers), and hedges are its favorite spots.
It runs very quickly, and easily escapes from sight. Its flesh, like that
of the Geococcyx, has an unsavory and disagreeable odor."
191. CJeococcyx iBaexicaeiMs (Gm.).
" Tehuantepec (Juchitau) ; August and September.
" Iris brown, separated from the pupil by a narrow golden ring
;
orbital skin blue and red ; bill bluish-gray, culmen dusky ; feet livid-
bluish.
" This bird, quite common in the west of the isthmus, there bears
the name of Corre-camino (Spanish) or Cere-quidja (Zapotique)."
Fam. RAMPMASTlBiE.
19S. Ftero§^lo§sMs torquatos (Gm.).
" Tehuantepec (Santa Efigenia) ; January and March.
" Iris yellow ; orbital skin red ; feet greenish-olive.
" Common in the woods at the foot of the Cordilleras at Santa Efige-
nia, at Tapana, at Tanatepec, &c. I have been told that Baniphastos
carinatus is found at times in the same localities. I have not there met
with it." V
193. CampeplailMS giiateiiialeii§is (Hartl.).
"Tehuantepec (Chihuitan), Tehuantepec City; November and De-
cember.
" Iris light yellow ; bill horny-white ; feet ashy."
194. S>ry©c©pws scapMBari§ (Vig.)
" Tehuantepec (Chihuitan, Santa Efiigenia) ; November and December.
" Iris white ; bill white ; feet dark ashy-blue."
19tl. PiCMs scalaris, Wagl.
" Puente, Colorado (Puebla) ; August, 1868.
" Iris brown ; bill blackish ; feet greenish."
BIRDS OF SOUTHWESTERN MEXICO. 35'
I ©6. §p!iyB'api<CM§ variMS (Linn.).
" Tebuantepec (Santa Eflgenia), Chiapas (Gineta Mountains) ; Janu-
ary, 18G9.
"Bill horny; feet dull greenish."
197. ClBl©sr®Bierpeg aerMgiMosMs (Licht.).
"Tehuantepec (Tapana, Guichicovi); Chiapas (Gineta Mountains);
April, September, and January.
" Iris brown ; bill black ; feet bluish-ash."
198. MelaMei'pes forBMicivorMs (Sw.).
" Tehuantepec (Guichicovi) ; Chiapas (Gineta Mountains) ; September
and January."
199. CeffltMseMS aMFifFOHs (Wagl.).
" Tehuantepec (Chihuitan, Juchitan, Santa Eflgenia) ; September,
November, and January.
"Iris red; bill blackish; feet dull greenish-ash."
SO®. Ceiatiarug iaypop®IiM§ (Wagl.).
" Chapulco (Puebla) ; August, 1868.
" Iris brown ; bill blackish ; feet ashy-blue."
This seems to be a rare species, as there is but a single specimen in
the collection, and I have not met with it in collections from other parts
of Mexico or from Guatemala.
Fam. F§ITTACI®iE,
SOI. Ara laiacao (Linn.).
" Tehuantepec (Santa Eflgenia) ; Tehuantepec City, December.
" Iris yellow ; upper mandible whitish, lower black ; skin of cheeks
rosy-white ; feet black.
" Excessively common.in all the western part of the isthmus, especially
between Mltepec and Tapana. It ascends very high on the sides of the
Cordillera, where it is even seen in the pine-forests."
SOS. Ara militaris (Linn.).
" Mountains north of Tehuantepec."
^03. Conurus aztec, Souanc4.
" Tehuantepec (Guichicovi) ; September, 1869.
" Iris reddish-yellow ; bill whitish ; feet black."
36 BIRDS OF SOUTHWESTERN MEXICO.
S04. CoiiMrws petzii (Leibl.).
" Tehuantepec (Juchitan, Chihuitan, Santa Efigenia) ; September, No-
vember, and December.
"Iris and orbital skin yellow; bill yellowish-white; feet yellowish,
marbled with brownish.
" Everywhere abundant; this species lives indifferently in the woods,
on plains, and in the neighborhood of inhabited places. It is the same
with Chrysotis albifronsy
205, ISrwtogerys tovi (Gm.).
" Tehuantepec (Tapana) ; June, 1869.
" Iris brown ; cere whitish ; bill light brown ; feet fleshy.
" This little paroquet appears confined in the west of the isthmus to
the neighborhood of the villages of Zanatepec and Tapana, where it is
called Catarina or Gaclmjpina. It never leaves the thick woods, where
it keeps on the largest and highest trees, which makes its capture quite
difficult, because it is confounded with the foliage. It is sought as a
pleasure bird on account of its small size and the ease with which it
may be tamed. The Indians of the valley of Oaxaca, who come to trade
in the State of .Chiapas, bring a great number to sell in the interior."
^06. Clarygotis fariBa®§a (Bodd.).
"Santa Maria (Chimalapa).
" Another species of Chrysotis, although it may be rare, lives in the
neighborhood of Tapana (its body is entirely green, the nape of the
neck and at times the forehead are spotted with yellow, its beak is
blackish, its size that of C. ochroptera). I regret that l>have been una-
ble as yet to procure specimens of it. I have only seen it in captivity."
2© 7. CIftBcysoti§ awr®palliata (Less.).
" Tehuantepec (Santa Efigenia) ; May, 1871.
" Iris orange-red ; bill blackish ; cere black; feet grayish."
SOS. Chrysotis levaillanatii. Gray.
" Tehuantepec (Barrio, Petapa) ; October, 1868.
" Iris orange; bill and feet dirty white."
S09. Clarysotis autuiainalis (Linn.).
" Tehuantepec (Barrio) ; September, 1868.
"Iris orange-yellow; bill dull yellowish, blackish along the cutting-
edges ; feet light greenish-ash."
BIRDS OF SOUTHWESTERN MEXICO. 37
@fl®. Cliry§®ti§ altoii*r®ii§, Sparrm.
"Tebuantepec (Chihuitan, Juchitan); Tehuantepec City; October
and November.
" Iris yellowish-white; bill light yellow; cere and feet dull white."
^11. Chryi^otis fiiischi, Scl.
"Tehuantepec City; October, 1869.
" Iris orange ; bill dirty-white ; feet light gray."
'212, ^laaacidiuifii lei'Fu^Ifiiiuiii (Max.).
"Tehuantepec (Santa Efigenia); Tehuantepec City; Chiapas (Gineta
Mountains); October, January, and March.
"Iris yellow; bill, cere, and feet greenish yellow."
Si«l. ^SaascidiMBM g^iaoma (Wagl.).
"Tehuantepec (Tapana); Tehuantepec City; May and October.
" Iris yellow ; bill, cere, and feet greenish-yellow."
S14. Speotyt© cisBiicMfiaria var. hypogeea (Bp.).
" Tehuantepec (Juchitan) ; January, 1870."
215. Miiho vIs'g'fleiaBMis (Gm.).
" Tehuantepec City ; October, 1869.
"Iris yellow ; bill blackish ; feet dull grayish; nails blackish."
91®. Ciccaba EaigroSiBaeata, Scl.
" Tehuantepec City."
917. Clccal^a §qiBaBBmlata (Licht.).
" Tehuantepec City ; November, 1869."
Upper plumage dark brown, mottled with pale rufous; head, neck,
and upper part of back rather sparsely marked with small fulvous- white
spots ; tail blackish-brown, crossed with six white bars, which are more
or less clouded with light brown, ends of tail-feathers white
;
quills
blackish-brown, with faint lighter bars on the inner webs and pale ful-
vous bars on the outer ; inner webs of secondaries clear, very pale ful-
vous; under lining of wings dark reddish-fulvous; larger wing-coverts
ending with reddish-fulvous; under surface white, tinged with fulvous,
the feathers marked with conspicuous shaft-stripes of clear dark brown
;
sides and thighs of a light clear fulvous; bill dusky horn color, the end
light yellow ; toes brownish-yellow.
Length (skin), 14^ inches; wing, 9^; tail, 6i; tarsi, 2i.
38 BIRDS OF SOUTHWESTERN MEXICO.
I feel confident of being correct in referring the bird before me to
Syrnium squamulatum, and thereby establishing its validity. By late
writers, it has been considered identical with /S*. virgatum, Cass. This spec-
imen is clearly distinct from Mr. Cassin's species, in which the coloring is
much darker throughout, having the throat and breast of a dark brown,
which in ;S^. squamulatum are white ; the light markings ou the upper
plumage of 8. virgatum are rufous and in wavy lines, not, as in the
other, in distinct whitish spots ; the sides are dull fulvous ; the thighs
dark reddish-fulvous, with irregular narrow brownish bars ; in S. squor
mulatum the thighs are of a very pale clear fulvous and immaculate.
There are but five bars on the tail of 8. virgatum, the other having six.
The two species do not differ materially in measurements, except that
the tarsi of S. squamulatum are much longer.
The only description I have found of this species is by Bonaparte
(Cons. Av. i, p. 53), with which the specimen under examination agrees
closely. Bonaparte was not acquainted with S. virgatum, but probably
noticed in Mr. Cassin's description some similarity to that of S. squamu-
latum, as he has, I. c, " Quid Syrnitim virgatum, Cass."
218. Fwlsatrix t®r<ifiafa (Daud.).
" Tehuantepec (Santa Efigenia) ; January, 1869.
"Iris brownish-orange
J
bill light greenish-horny j last scutellse of
toes asby."
219. Strix flanintea var. pratisicola, Bp.
" Tehuantepec City."
Fain. FAIiC®MI®.E. ^
320. SpSza^tMS manduyti (Daud.).
" Tehuantepec (Santa Efigenia) ; January, 1869.
" Iris orange-yellow ; cere and lorum greenish-yellow ; toes yellow.
" Quite common in the large forests of the eastern coast of Mexico
;
it appears very rarely in the plains of the Pacific, where probably iso-
lated individuals alone are found. This bird has the habits of the
buzzards ; it never leaves the woods, awaits its prey perched, and lives
principally upon rats and other small quadrupeds."
221. ®piEafetu§ Biieia]jiLoieflicu§ (Vieill.).
"Tehuantepec (Santa Efigenia)."
2^2. Faia«^i©Ei BfijaliaBtHS var. caa'oIisaeii§i§ (Linn.).
"Tehuantepec (Chihuitan); Ventosa Bay; January, 1871.
" Iris yellow ; feet bluish-ash."
BIRDS OF SOUTHWESTERN MEXICO. 39
553. Tlira§aetiis liarssyia (Linn.).
" Teliuantepec (Almoloya); October, 1868.
"Iris dark brown ; cere and bill black ; feet yellowish- white.
" The Harpy Eagle is exceedingly rare in Mexico, of which there is
probably not a native bird ; and its capture is truly a work of chance.
The isolated birds which have been found there up to this time have
probably been brought --by some atmospheric disturbance, which has
driven them beyond the natural limits of the zone in which they live."
554. Mypotriorclais alfoigMlaFis (Daud.).
" Tehuantepec (Tapana) ; Oaxaca ; June and August.
" Iris dark brown ; bill blackish-blue ; cere, lores, and orbits yellow j
feet orange-yellow.
" Quite universally dispersed in the warm and temperate districts of
Mexico; this falcon mounts at times up to the cold regions. It is quite
rare in the dry plains which border upon the Gulf of Tehuantepec, and
becomes more common as you approach the mountains. It is a resident.
It mainly attacks other birds, and vigorously hunts pigeons."
555. Hypotri^fi'cliis femoFalis (Temm.).
" Tehuantepec City."
S2@. TiniMaBacMlssg 8paF"^eriM§ (Linn.).
"Tehuantepec City; October, 1869.
" Iris dark brown ; cere, orbits, and feet yellowish."
2^7. AstBiriiia plagiata (Licht.).
" Tehuantepec (Chihuitan, Santa Efigenia) ; Tehuantepec City
;
October to January.
" Quite common on the tw^o coasts. It frequents thin woods, shores
of rivers, and lives upon rats, birds, and insects."
S^8. IlHp®Fiii§; iMagEair®stris var. gTiseocamda, Ridg,, Proc.
Bost. Soc. of IsTat. Hist., xvi, 87.
"Tehuantepec (Chihuitan, Almoloya near Barrio, Santa Efigenia);
May, October, November, and December.
"Iris bright orange-red; cere and feet yellow; bill bluish-ash ; base
of lower mandible greenish-yellow ; feet yellow."
S®9. SS€raii®§plEa saigra (Du Bus).
"Tehuantepec (Santa Efigenia) ; June, 1871.
" Iris bright red ; upper mandible black, plumbeous at base, lower
mandible light plumbeous ; cere black; feet orange.
40 BIEDS OF SOUTHWESTERN MEXICO.
" Common enough on both sides of Mexico. This beautiful hawk
resembles in its colors the Urobitingas, and by the lightness of its shape
the Micrasturs, whose characteristics for the most part it possesses. It
never leaves the woods, where, gliding with rapidity among the thickets
of vines, it gives chase to the small lizards, tree-frogs, insects, &c. It
is bold enough, and will allow itself to be approached carefully, but if
slightly wounded it takes to flight on the ground with the greatest
rapidity."
@3®. Micra§tMr §eiBiitoir4|U£itiB§ (Vieill.).
" Tehuantepec (Santa Efigenia) ; Tehuantepec City ; April, July, and
November.
" Iris dark brown ; bill black ; cere, lores, and orbits, olive-green
;
feet yellow.
" This species, as one might judge at first sight from the shortness
of its wings and the length of its tarsi acd tail, is a very bad navigator.
It is found almost always in the midst of thickets in the interior of
great woods, never in exposed places. The only use he makes of his
wings is to fly from one tree to another. Diflerent from most birds of
prey, who seek for their victims sometimes whaling, sometimes perched
on the top of dead trees, this one rarely leaves the shelter of the thick-
est foliage. It has sometimes the habit of squatting aloug the branches
like the CaprimuJgidce. In this position, it is easily seen by the hunter.
Its voice is strong and its cry analogous to that of Herpetotheres cacliin-
nans ; resounding for a long distance, it sounds like the syllables 1m - lid- «,
Ted - lid • lid, given with the full strength of its voice. A popular preju-
dice makes the repetition of this cry an indication of a change of weather,
whence the common name of Llamanorte is given to M. bracliypterus,
the name which it shares on the Pacific coast with Ilerj). cacMnnans.
The name which they bear in common on the Atlantic coast is that of
Vaquero.
" The food of M. bracliypterus is composed principally of reptiles and
above all of saurians. Hidden in the foliage, he waits for the young
iguanas, lizards, &c. The Cyclures with the pointed tail {Ctenosaura
acantliura et quinquecarinata) seem to be favorite game for him ; his
gizzard and his stomach almost always contain the remains. He attacks,
also, young birds and insects.
" Notwithstanding the delicacy of his appearance, he is endowed with
remarkable tenacity of life. It is rare that the first shot kills him out-
right. If, wounded in the wing, he falls to the ground, he flutters away
BIEDS OF SOUTHWESTERN MEXICO. 41
at SO rapid a rate that a dog can scarcely follow liim ; and if he iinds in
his way a mass of dead branches, a hole, or a thicket of vines, he hides
himself so well that it is difQcult to find him.
"The young (of the first year?) are distinguished from the adults,
not only by the plumage barred with black underneath, but also by the
color of the bill. With the adults, this latter is black; with the young,
it is of a greenish-olive, darker on the culmen ; the cere and the lores
are of a yellowish-green, and the feet of the young are of a more lively
yellow. At all ages, the iris is of a reddish-brown."
S31. HcFpefotheres cacMiBMaisis (Linn.).
" Tehuantepec (Tai)ana) ; Tehuantepec City ; October and December.
.
" Iris dark brown ; bill blackish ; cere yellowish ; feet dull white.
" Dispersed on the two coasts of Mexico, this bird is known under
the name of Vaquero at Vera Cruz and Llama-norte at Tehuantepec. It
frequents with preference savannas, clearings, or the border of woods.
Its large head, the custom that it has of ruffling its plumage when some
object attracts its attention, and the grotesque gestures that it some-
times makes, give it a certain likeness in physiognomy to the owls. Its
cry, which is very loud, is heard from a distance, and in the opinion of
the natives forebodes the approach of rain or the north wind. Its food is
principally composed of snakes, lizards, and grasshoppers."
S3S. Accipiter fuscus (Gm.).
" Tehuantepec (Santa Efigenia) ; Tehuantepec City; November and
January.
" Iris reddish-orange ; cere greenish-yellow ; feet yellow."
SS3. Aecipitei* cooperi, Bp.
" Tehuantepec (Santa Efigenia)."
S34. Biateo boreali^ (Gm.).
" Tehuantepec City ; Cacoprieto ; January, 1872.
" Iris clear yellowish-brown ; cere olivaceous; bill plumbeous; tarsi
clear yellowish-green."
SS^. Seteo peiaBi§ylvaMicMs (Wils.).
" Tehuantepec (Santa Efigenia) ; December, 1868.
'' Iris hazel-brown ; cere yellowish-green ; feet yellow."
S§<S. ;^tite0 ptea'©cl€§ (Temm.).
'^Tehuantepec (Tapana) ; July, 1869.
" Iris hazel-brown ; cere greenish ; feet yellow."
42 BIRDS OF SOUTHWESTERN MEXICO.
S537. ESiiteo iMiEawtMs, Pelz. 1
" Tehuantepec City ; October, 1869.
" Iris brown ; bill black, extreme base of both mandibles bluish
;
cere greenish-yellow ; lores greenish ; feet yellow."
938. Anten®!* uniciMctMs var. liarrisi (And.)
" Tehuantepec City ; October, 1869.
"Iris hazel-brown; cere, lores, and orbits yellow; bill light bluish-
ash, tip dusky; feet orange yellow."
3S9. UriiMtinsa zonura (Shaw).
"Tehuantepec (Santa Efigenia^ Barrio); Tehuantepec City; Chiapas
(Gineta Mountains) ; October to February.
" Iris brown ; cere greenish-yellow ; feet yellow."
24®. UruMtiiig'a anthraciiaa (Licht.).
" Tehuantepec (Tapana, Santa Efigenia) ; December, January, Feb-
ruary, and May. s
" Iris brown ; cere and lores greenish-yellow ; feet yellow.
" These two species of Uruhitinga, of habits almost analogous, are
essentially river-birds, like the species of Cymindis ; that is to say, they
prefer the borders of rivers and of streams and wooded localities to all
other places. In Mexico, they never leave warm and temperate lati-
tudes, and even in the latter they are always rare. The kind of food is
varied; being naturally voracious, they despise no living prey, and I
have taken out of their stomachs small quadrupeds, young birds, rep-
tiles, Crustacea, and insects. They are fond of fish, and on the borders
of shallow brooks they easily catch the smaller kinds. When they are
at rest, their appearance is heavy and resembles that of the buzzards,
but on the wing their flight is easy and graceful. On line days, they
can be seen wheeling at a great height, sometimes together, describing
large circles and giving out sharp cries from time to time. On the
ground, they are not wild and are easily approached. They make their
nest, coarsely formed of small sticks, at the forks of the branches of
the highest trees. Toward the 15th of April I have found the young,
recently fledged and covered with a white down."
341. €ysiimdi§ cayenenisis (Gm.).
" Tehuantepec (Santa Efigenia) ; April, 1871.
" Iris brown
; upper mandible black, the lower, cere, lores, eyelids,
and feet bluish-ash, the cere spotted with black.
BIRDS OF SOUTHWESTERN MEXICO. 48
" This bird prefers the forest for its dwelling above all other places,
but it goes almost always near seas and rivers. It is evidently a resi-
dent of Central Mexico, for toward the middle of May of this year
1871) I killed a female, whose ovary contained eggs developed enough
to lead one to believe that they were just ready to be laid. It gives
preference to trees of the thickest foliage ; it is rarely seen on naked
branches. Very fond of mollusks, like others of his tribe, he hunts
often on the ground and on the damp soil of forests bordering the sea,
or the sides of brooks, searching for gastropods, either of land or water.
From this habit, his bill, his feet, and his feathers are often much soiled."
S4^. CyiBiindis usicmatu§ (111.).
"Tehuantepec (Chihuitan, Santa Efigenia) ; January and May.
" Iris white ; cere and lores green ; spot below nostril and the eye
yellow ; feet orange-yellow.
" Notwithstanding the great difference of plumage between the old
and young of this species, their identity is easily recognized, in a fresh
state, by the beautiful yellow appearance of the naked skin between
the eye and the bill. The habits of this species are almost identical
with those of C. cayenensis ; that is to say, that they prefer the woods
in the vicinity of water. Its food is composed principally of mollusks,
and I have found their stomachs almost always full of the remains of
a large species of Orthaticus, a land gastropod very abundant in the
woods of Western Mexico."
34^. IctiiMa pluml^ea (Gm.).
"Tehuantepec (Chimalapa); March, 1869.
" Iris brown ; bill horny ; feet brownish.
" It comes from Chimalapa, where, as on the coast of Vera Cruz, it is
only a bird of passage. I observed a few years ago, near San Andres,
Ticatla, several bands or companies of these birds traveling toward the
north."
^44, Circus Cyaiaeus var. Iaisdsi®iifliis (Linn.).
" Tehuantepec City ; winter."
S4^. P®lyfe®r«§ tliarus var. awdufeoiiiij Casa,
" Partout universel."
Fam. CATIIARTIfl>iE,
S4©. Catlisirtes papa (Linn.).
" Partout universel."
44 BIRDS OF SOUTHWESTEEN MEXICO.
S47. KliyiaogryplaMs s&ura (Linn.)„
" Partout uuiversel."
348. Cs^tharista atrata (Bartr.).
" Partout universe!."
Fam. COl^UMBIDiE.
S49. ColuBMba fflavirosfris, Wagl.
"Tehuantepec (Tapana); December, 1868.
"Iris reddish-orange; orbits and feet carmine; bill whitish, base
rosy-red.
" Common at the foot of the Gineta Mountains, Santa Efigenia,
Tapana, &c. Perches, always on the highest trees."
@5®. iZeiaaidMra car©IiiaeM§is (Linn.).
"Chiapas (Gineta Mountains); January, 1869."
3^1, Ctfie®BMep<8Ma pas§€Fma (Linn.).
"Tehuantepec City; November, 1869.
" Iris light brown ; bill dull carmine, tip dusky; feet light fleshy."
S5^. §caFcIaleIia iiaca (Less.).
" Tehuantepec City ; October, 1869.
" Iris bright red ; bill black ; feet carmine."
S5S, Melopelia IcMCopttera (Linn.).
" Tehuantepec City; October, 3869.
" Iris orange ; orbital skin bluish ; bill black ; feet dark carmine."
SS4. liCptoptiia alMfr^Bigi, Bp.
" Tehuantej)ec (Santa Efigenia); Tehuantepec City; October and
January.
" Iris orange ; bill black ; orbital naked skin bluish ; feet carmine.
" Quite common in the west of the isthmus ; frequents the woods with
preference; perches little, and goes almost always in pairs."
255, Crax g-S^Mcera (Linn.).
" Tehuantej)ec (Tapana) ; June, 1869.
" Iris brown ; feet ashy; cere yellow.
"Known throughout Mexico under the name of pheasant. It only
frequents the forests, and is seen only alone and in pairs."
BIRDS OF SOUTHWESTERN MEXICO. 45
S5@. Peeielope porperasceBig, Wagl.
" Tehuantepec (Santa Efigenia) ; December, 1868.
" Iris, lower part of gular skin, and acrotarsus carmine-red ; upper
part of gular skin, orbital, and loral skin violaceous-black ; bill black.
" Common name Pava at Tehuantepec, Faison griton or Cajolite at
Yera Cruz. Abundant in all the thick woods of the isthmus. It goes
generally in small flocks. It is good game, and the flesh is less dry and
more savory than that of the Hocco. Its bones, it is said, give attacks
of epilepsy to the dogs who have eaten them, and even kill them. Like
the Hocco, the Pava is easily tamed."
257, Orts&Sida poliocepfeaSa, Wagl.)
" Tehuantepec (Tapana, Barrio) ; Tehuantepec City ; April, Septem-
ber, and November.
" Iris hazel-brown ; orbits and gular skin carmine ; bill light plum-
beous ; feet ashy.
" This species belongs properly to the coast of the Pacific, where it
bears, as elsewhere, the name of Chachalaca. Is abundant everywhere."
558. Ortalida vettala, Wagl.
" Tehuantepec (Guichicovi) ; September, 1869.
" Iris brown
;
gular naked skin carmine ; bill and feet bluish-ash.
" This species is more abundant on the eastern coast of the isthmus."
Fam. PffiKBS€I©JG.
559. Ortys. c®y®l£®s, Gm.
" Tehuantepec (Tapana, Santa Efigenia); May, June, and December.
"Iris brown; upper mandible brownish, lower lighter; feet light
brownish-gray.
" Common in all the plains on the west of the isthmus, where it is
called Godorniz. It alights sometimes in trees when pursued."
Fam. CH^PTUmiBJE.
560. ]¥©th©c^rcMs salljei, Bp.
"Tehuantepec (Santa Efigenia); December, 1868.
"Iris hazel-brown ; ux)per mandible brownish, lower pale; feet red.
" Killed near Santa Efigenia. It never appears in the plains."
261. CEdiciieiiiiig Msta'iatMS, Wagl.
"Tehuantepec (Tapana) ; December, 1868.
" Iris greenish-yellow ; bill black, base of lower mandible yellowish-
green ; feet pale-greenish."
46 BIRDS OF SOUTHWESTERN MEXICO.
362. Sijatarola helvetiea (Linn.).
" Tebuantepec (San Mateo) ; February, 1869.
"Iris dark brown; bill black; feet dark ashy."
2&2, JEgialitis vociiera (Linn.).
" Tebuantepec (Santa Etigenia) ; January, 1869."
364. jagialitis semiiJalniata (Bp.).
"Tebuantepec (San Mateo) ; j^ugust and February.
" Iris dark brown ; bill black, extreme base orange ; feet dull yel-
lowish."
2G5, JEgialitis collar!^ (Vieill.).
" Tebuantepec City ; October and November.
" Iris dark brown ; bill black, extreme base of lower mandible fleshy;
feet light flesh-color."
FaiM. II^MAT®PI®^.
366. Meematopuis palliatii§, Temm.
" Tebuantepec (San Mateo, San Francisco) ; February and April.
" Iris chrome-yellow ; bill and orbits bright coral-red ; feet pale flesh-
color."
367. Strepsilas iiaterpsces (Linn.).
" Tebuantepec (San Mateo) ; August, 1869.
" Iris brown ; bill black ; feet orange-red."
368. IliiMaiatopMs Migi*icol!I§, Vieill.-
" Tebuantepec (San Mateo) ; August, 1869.
" Iris carmine-red ; bill black ; feet light carmine."
Fam. F^A£.AMOPI©iE.
369. I^®Mpes liypertooreiis (Linn.).
" Tebuantepec (Ventosa) ; October, 1869.
" Iris dark brown ; bill black ; feet dark plumbeous."
Fafiia. !SC®I>®rA€II>iE.
37®. MacrorhamphMs §-rs§eMs var. scolopacetis (Say.).
" Tebuantepec (Sau Mateo) ; August and February, 1869.
" Iris dark brown ; bill dull olivaceous, greenish at the base ; feet
greenish."
BIRDS OF SOUTHWESTERN MEXICO. 47
@71. Mica'opalama MMiaiat«>pM§5 Bp.
" Tehuautepec (San Mateo) ; February, 1869.
" Iris brown ; bill black ; feet yellowish-olive."
27Q, ErenBietes pii§illMS var. occidentali^, Lawr.
" Tehuantepec (San Mateo) ; Tehuantepec City ; August, October,
and February.
" Iris dark brown ; bill black ; feet dark olivaceous (nearly black)."
37S. ActodroBiias BifiiBiiBtiila (Vieill.).
" Tehuantepec City ; October, 1869.
" Iris dark brown ; bill black, its extreme base and feet greenish."
374. ActodroBiias BMaciilata (Vieill.).
" Tehuantepec City ; October, 1869.
" Iris brown ; bill blackish, dirty yellowish-green at base ; feet dull
yellowish-green."
275. Calidris arenaria (Linn.).
" Tehuantepec (San Mateo) ; August and February.
" Iris brown ; bill black ; feet dark olivaceous (nearly black)."
S76. liBDiBOsa icdoa (Linn.).
" Tehuantepec (San Mateo) ; August and February.
" Iris brown ; basal half of bill flesh-colored, apical half dusky ; feet
dark ashy."
377. !§yBMpheiMia §eBiilpafiBBBata (Gm.).
" Tehuantepec (San Mateo).
." Iris brown ; bill blackish, at the base grayish ; feet ashy."
378. CJaiiifoetta BiaelaBaoleeca (Gm.).
" Tehuantepec (San Mateo) ; February, 1869.
" Iris brown ; basal half of bill grayish, terminal half dusky j feet
yellow."
379. CJaBBBtoetta llavipes (Gm.).
" Tehuantepec (San Mateo) ; February, 1869.
" Iris brown ; bill black ; feet yellow."
380. MhyacophilBais sollfaFB!i&§ (Wils.).
" Tehuantepec (Tapana) ; Tehuantepec City ; October and April.
" Iris dark brown ; terminal half of bill black, basal half greenish ;
feet light olivaceous-green."
48 BIRDS OF yOUTHWESTEEN MEXICO.
381. TFiiagoIdes MBaoilariia§ (Linn.).
" Tehuantepec (San Mateo, Santa Efigeuia) ; Tehuantepec City
;
August. October, and December."
383. MuflJineiilMs IwngirostrSs, Wils. _ ,
" Tehuantepec (Juchitan) ; December, 1868.
" Iris brown ; upper mandible blackish-brown, lower mandible lighter;
feet ashy."
383. WtiBMeuBMS luffldsoiaiCMS, Latham.
" Tehuantepec (Ventosa Bay) ; December, 1869.
"Iris brown; bill black, basal half of under mandible fleshy; feet
ashy."
384. TamtalBis loculator, Linn.
" Tehuantepec (Santa Efigenia) ; December, 1868."
385. IMs alba, Linn.
" Tehuantepec (San Mateo) ; August, 1869.
" Iris light-blue ; naked skin of face fleshy-red ; bill and feet fleshy."
FaiM. CAMCII®I1I©JE.
386. CaiiCF®ma cocMearsa, Linn.
" Tehuantepec (Santa Efigenia) ; December and January."
Fam. Fl«ATA£<EI®iE. .
387. Platalea ajaja, Linn.
" Tehuantepec (Santa Efigenia) ; February, 1869.
" Iris and feet carmine-red."
Fam. AKI>FI]>^.
388. Ardea lBeF®dias5 Linn.
" Tehuantepec City."
389. CJar^eita caiididi§ssDiia (Gm.).
" Tehuantepec (Santa Efigenia) ; Oaxaca; August and December.
" Iris yellow ; bill black ; basal half of lower mandible light-bluish;
extreme base of upper mandible and lores orange-yellow ; tarsi black
toes yellow."
390. DeBMiegretta leMC®g'astFa var. IcMcopryiiiiaa (Licht).
" Tehuantepec City ; October, 1869.
" Iris straw-yellow ; lores yellow ; upper mandible black, lower clay-
yellow ; feet green."
BIRDS OF SOUTHWESTERN MEXICO. 49
291. ©eiasieg-retta rwfa (Bodd.).
'' TehuaD tepee (San Mateo) ; August, 1869.
" Iris yellow ; bill blackish, grayish at the base; feet black.''
392. ©eoaiegretta pealei, Bp.
" Tehuantepec City ; October, 1869.
" Iris yellowish-white ; lores light-yellow ; bill fleshy, along culmen
and at tip black ; feet black."
293. Florida cferislea (Linn.).
" Tehuantepec (Santa Efigenia)."
294. ISMt©Fide§ viresceiis (Linn.).
" Tehuantepec (Barrio, Santa Efigenia) ; Tehuantepec City ; October
and December.
" Iris yellow ; lores, orbits, and nearly all the lower mandible yellow;
upper mandible brownish-black ; feet olive-green."
295. Wyctiardea ^ri§ea var. iiaevia (Bodd.).
" Tehuantepec City ; November, 3 809.
" Iris red ; upper mandible and tip of lower black ; lores, most of
lower mandible, and feet greenish."
296. Ardelta exilis (Gm.).
" Tehuantepec City : October, 1869.
" Iris light straw-yellow ; bill yellowish, except upper surface ofupper
mandible, which is blackish ; upper surface of tarsus and toes greenish,
under surface yellow."
297. Ti§"Fis©BaEa catoiBii§i, Heiqe.
"Tehuantepec (Tapana, Chihuitan, Santa Efigenia); Tehuantepec
City ; Venta Salada (Puebla) ; April, August, October, and February.
" Iris yellow ; orbits, lores, gular sac, and feet greenish ; upper man-
dible black, lower greenish-yellow."
Fani. RA1L<]LI®^.
298. Ai(*aiiiu§ scoJopaceus var. gig-auteus, Bp.
" Tehuantepec (Santa Efigenia) ; February, 1869.^'
299. AraiKiides alMveaitrls, Lawr.
" Tehuantepec (San Francisco) ; April, 1869.
"Iris reddish; basal half of bill reddish, terminal half greenish;
feet carmine."
4
50 BIRDS OF SOUTHWESTERN MEXICO.
300. GalliiBfiilsa galeata, Licbt.
" Tehuantepec City ; ]S"ovember, 18G9.
'' Iris brown ; frontal plate and bill dark brownish-olive; apical third
of bill olive-green ; feer greenish."
«{©i. Feii«a asiDeFlcaBia, Gm.
" San Mateo."
S©@. Faa'pa gyEiiii©stoiiia, Wagl.
" Tehuantepec (Santa Efigenia, Zonatepec) ; March and April.
" Iris dark-brown ; bill, alar spurs, and frontal leaf bright-yellow
;
upper base of bill bluish-white, the space between it and the nasal leaf
dark carmine; feet greeuish."
303. ®eDidr©cygma afatMiaaiaalis (Linn.).
" Tehuantepec (Tapana) ; June, 1869.
" Iris brown ; bill bright-fleshy, tinged with yellow near the nostrils;
feet light-fleshy."
304. CairiEia anosclaata (Linn.).
" Tehuantepec (Tapana, Santa Efigenia) ; March, May, and December.
" Iris clear chestnut-brown ; bill bluish-white, with transverse black
spots ; nasal caruncle and sides of head black ; caruncles carmine-red
;
feet black."
305„ Pelecaiiiis fsisctis, Linn.
" Ventosa Bay,"
30@. Felecaiiti§ fpytlsF^FlsyiaclaBis, Gm.
" Tehuantepec (Sau Mateo)."
307. CJ-a^acail5.i§ Biaexicamtas, Brandt.
"Tehuantepec (Santa Efigenia); December, 1868.
" Iris green ; bill dark-fleshy ; culraen and tomia dusky
;
gular sac-
brownish ; feet deep-black."
308. Flotiis aeMiaga, Linn.
" Tehuantepec (Santa Bfigeuia) ; December, 1868."
BIRDS OF SOUTHWESTERN MEXICO. 61
309. Tacliypete§ faqniilfiss (Linn.).
"Tehuantepec (Ventosa Bay); November, 1869.
" Iris dark-brown ; orbits and gular skin dark-plumbeous, with a
tinge of violaceous ; feet carmine."
310. I^ai'tas dela^^ssspeiisis, Ord.
" Tehuautej)ec 5 February and March."
311. lifiriis calMorisicnas, Lawr.
" Tehuantepec (San Mateo) ; February, 1869.
" Iris hazel-brown ; bill grayish-white, behind the yellowish-white tip
a black vitta ; feet dull greenish-white."
SIS. OhroicoceplialM§ atrlcilla (Linn,).
" Tehuantepec (Juchitan, Yentosa, San Mateo) ; February, August,
November, and December.
"Iris dark-brown; bill and feet reddish, tip of bill bright-red, pre
ceded by a dusky spot or vitta; inside of mouth light-sanguine."
313. GeioclielisI®!! aiiglica (Montagu).
" Tehuantepec (San Mateo) ; August and February.
" Iris dark-brown ; bill black ; feet brownish-black."
314. Tliala§§eii§ fiiia:£iii£us (Bodd.).
"Tehuantepec (San Mateo); August and February.
" Iris dark-brown ; bill bright orange-red ; feet dark-brown ; under
surface of toes brownish-yellow."
315. Thala§sei,a§ caiitiacws (Gm.).
" Tehuantepec (San Mateo) ; August and February.
" Iris dark-brown ; bill black, with the tip yellow ; feet dtirk-browu
,
under surface of toes yellowish."
316. SteFBia i*0r§tea'°i, Nutt.
" Tehuantepec (San Mateo, Ventosa Bay) ; December and February.
" Iris dark-brown ; bill black, its extreme tip whitish ; feet dark-
orange."
3 IT. Steriaa d©ai§-a3It, Mont.
" Tehuantepec (Ventosa Bay)."
52 BIRDS OF SOUTHWESTERN MEXICO.
318. Sterna jantillarMMi, Less.
" Tebuantepec (Sau Mateo); August, 1869.
" Iris clark-browu ; bill yellow, tip dusky ; feet dull orange-yellow."
319. ISyclr®€laeMfil®M li§sipes (Linn.).
" Tehuautepec (Sau Mateo) ; August, 18C9.
" Iris dark-browu ; bill black ; feet dark.brown."
330. ISliyBBcli®p§ iSBgra, Linn.
" Tehuantepec (San Mateo) ; August, 1869.
" Iris brown ; basal half of bill coral-red, terminal half black ; feet
coral-red."
321. l§yltoe®eycla,B§ domlBiicws (Linn.).
" Tehuantepec (Juchitan) ; September, 1868.
'' Iris orange; bill black, tip whitish ; feet black, tinged with grayish."
ALPHABETICAL INDEX.
Page.
Accipiter 41
Actodromus 47
^gialitis 4G
AlaiulidiB 22
AlcediiiidiB 30
Ampelidse 18
Anipelis 18
Anatiche 50
Autenor 42
Anthus 14
Antrostomus 31
Ara 35
Aramides 49
Aramus 49
Ardea 48
ArdeidiB 48
Ardetta 49
Asturina 39
Attila 25
Basiltuterus 16
Brotogerys 3fi
Bubo 37
Bucco 30
Bucconidae 30
Buteo 41
Biitorides 49
Cairina 50
Calidris 47
Calocitta .... 24
Campephilns 34
Campylopterus 32
Campylorbynchus 13
Cancroma 48
CancromidsB 48
Caprimulgidi© 31
Cardiualia 20
Cassiculus 23
Page.
Cassicus 23
Catharista 44
Cathartes 43
Cathartidaj 43
Catharus 11
Ceryle 30
Ceiiturus 35
ChiBraepfclia -. 44
CbfBtura 32
CliaradriidiB 5
Cbiroxipbia 29
Cblorobimpis 33
Chlorouerpes 35
Cbloropboiiia 18
Cbondestes 22
Cbordeiles 31
Chroicocepbalns 51
Cbrysomitris 22
Cbrysotis 36
Ciccaba 37
Circe 33
Circus 43
Collurio 18
Coluuiba 44
Colonibidai 44
Coutopns 27
Connrus 35
Corvid£e 24
Corvus 25
CotingidEe 28
Cot-urniculus 21
Cotyle 17
CracidiB 44
Cras 44
Crotopbaga 33
CrypturidtX3 45
Cypselidie 32
54 INDEX.
Cuculidse
Cyauocitta ....,
Cyanomia
Cyauospiza
Cyclorhis
Cymindia
Cyplioriuus
Demiesretta..
.
Dendrocolaptidc
Dendrocygua ..
Dendrceca
Dendroruis
Page.
33
24
32
20
18
42
13
48
25
50
15
25
Diplopterus 33
Dryocopus
Embeniagra
Empidonax
Eremophila
Eremietes
Euiuoiuota
Eu]3bonla
Euspiza
Falconidfe ...
Florida
FriDgillidiB
Fulica
Galliuula
Gambetta
Garzetta
Gelochelidon
Geococcyx
Geothlypis
Geraiiospiza
Glaucidium
Graculidse
Gracnlus
Gninatellos
Guiraca
Hadrostomus
Hsematopodidaj
Ha3matopus
Hajmopbila
Harporbyiicbns
Hedymeles -
Heliomaster .
Eelmintbophaga
34
22
27
22
47
30
18
21
38
49
19
50
50
47
48
51
34
17
39
37
50
50
16
20
28
46
46
22
12
19
32
15
Herpetotberes .
Himantopus . .
.
HirundiuidtB .
.
Iliruudo
Hydrocbelidou
.
Hylopbilus
Hypotriorcbis .
Ibis
Icteria
Icteridse
Icterus
Ictinia
Lampornis
Laniidse
Lanio
Lanivireo
LaridsB
Larus
Leptoptila
Limosa
Lobipes ,
Macrorbampbns
Megarbyncbus..
Melaoerpes
Melanotis
Melopelia
Micrastur
Micropalama
Milvulus
Mimus
Mniotilta
Mniotiltidse
Molotbrus
MomotidiB
Moniotus
Morococcyx
Motacillidas
Muscivora
Myiarcbus
Myiodioctes
Myiodynastc's.-
.
Myiozetetes
Notbocercus - ...
Nu!iie;oiiis
Nyctiardea
'ago.
41
46
17
17
5>
17
39
48
17
23
23
43
32
18
19
18
51
51
44
'
47
46
46
26
35
12
44
40
47
28
12
15
14
24
29
29
34
14
26
27
16
26
26
45
48
49
INDEX. 55
Pago.
Nyctibius 32
Nj'ctidromus 31
CEdicnemus 4")
Oncostoma 2G
Oporornis IG
Ornithioii 26
Ortalida 45
Ortys 45
Pand ioQ 38
Parra 50
Parridse 50
Parula 15
Passerculus 21
PelecanidfB 50
Pelecauns 50
Penelope 45
Perdicidaj 45
Petrochelidon 17
Peucsea 21
Pbcenicothraupis 19
PhalaropodidfB 4G
Phonipara 20
Piaya 33
Picus 34
Pipilo , 22
Pipridsa 29
Pitaugus 26
Platalea 42
Plataleidas 48
Ploleidaj 50
Plutiis 50
Podicipidte 52
Polioptila 12
Polyborus 43
Progue 17
Psilorbinus 25
Psittacidse 35
Pteroglossus 34
Pulsatris 38
Pyrauga 19
Pyrocepbalns 27
Pyrrbophajna 32
Quiscalus 24
Rallidse 49
Recurvirostridse 46
Page.
Rnporcis 39
Rbinogrypbus 44
Rbyacopbilns 47
Rhyccbocyclus 26
Rbyncbops - 52
Salpinctes 13
Saltator 19
Sayornis - 25
Scardafella --- 44
Scolopacidse 46
Setopbaga 1*5
Seiurus 14
Speotyto 37
Spbyrapicus 35
Spizaetus 38
Spizella 21
Squatarola 46
Sterua 51
Strepsils 46
StrigidcB 37
Strix 38
Stornella - 24
Sylbeocj-clns 52
SylviidBB 12
Sympbernia 47
Tacbypetidte , - - - 51
Tauagra 19
Tauagridffi 18
Tantalus 48
Tbalasseus 51
Tbaumatias 33
Tbraaestus 39
Tbryotborus 13
Tigrisoma 49
Tinnunculus 39
Tityra 28
Todirostrnm 26
Tringoides 48
Trocbilidee 32
Trocbilus 32
Tioglody tidaj 13
Trogon 31
TrogonidtB , , 31
Turdidse H
Tardus H
56 INDEX.
Page.
Tyrannid.TB 25
Tyrannus 28
Urubitinsja 42
Vireo 17
VireoniclEe 17
Page.
Vireosyh'ia 17
Volatiuia 20
Xauthoura 25
Zenaidura 44
Zonotricllia 21
S^cparfmcnf of fKc inferior:
TT. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM.
BULLETIN
OF TITB
UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
IsTo. 5,
PUBLISHED UNDER THE DIllECTION OF THE SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION.
WASHINGTON:
GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE,
1876.
ADVEETISEMENT.
This work is the fifth of a series of papers intended to illustrate the
collections of Natural History and Ethnology belonging to the United
States and constituting the I^ational Museum, of which the Smithsonian
Institution was placed in charge by the act of Congress of August 10,
1846.
It has been prepared at the request of the Institution, and printed by
authority of the honorable Secretary of the Interior.
JOSEPH HENEY,
Secretary Smithsonian Institution.
Smithsonian Institution,
Washington, November, 1875.
CATALOGUE
FISHES OF THE BERMUDAS.
BASED CHIEFLY UPON THE COLLECTIONS OF THE UNITED
STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
By a. BROWN GOODE, M. A.
ASSISTANT CUUATOR U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM.
WASHINGTO?7:
GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE.
1876.

TABLE OF CONTENTS.
Page.
Introductory remarks 7
Topography of the islands 8
Fisheries and fish-markets ,. 9
The relations of tlie Bermndian fauna .- 11
Popular names 15
List of species 19
Maltheidae 19
Malthe vespertilio, (Linn.) Cuv. subsp. vespertilio 19
Antennariidse 20
Pterophryne picta, (Val.) Goode 20
Diodoutidse .... 21
Paradiodon hystrix, (Linn.) Bleeker 21
Chilomycterus reticulatus, {Linn.) Bihron 21
Tetrodontidee 22
Chilichthys Spengleri, (Block) Goode 22
Ostraciidse , 23
Ostracium triquetrum, Linn 23
Ostracium quadricorne, Linn 24
Balistidse 25
Balistes capriscus, Gm , 25
Alutera scripta, (Osi.) Bleeker 26
Hippocampidse 27
Hippocampus, sp 27
Syngnathidse 27
Syngnathus Jonesii, Giintlier 27
AulostomidsB 27
Aulostoma maculatum, Vol.... 27
Fierasferidse 27
Lefroyia bermudensis, Jones 27
Blenniidse 28
Labrosomus nuchipinnis, (Q. ^ G.) Poey 28
Salarias testilis, Q. 4" G 29
Trigliclse 31
Dactylopterus volitans, (Linn.) Cuv 31
Scaridse 32
Scarus radians, Val 32
Pseudoscarus vetula, (Schn.) Gill 32
Pseudoscarus ccerulens, (5Z.) Giintlier 33
Labridse 35
Choerojulis radiatus, (lAnn.) Goode 35
3
Page.
List of species—Continued.
Lachnolsenius falcatns, (Linn.) Vol ^ 36
Harpe rufus, {Linn.) Gill 37
PomacentridsB - 38
Glypbidodon saxatilis, {Linn.) Cuv 38
Gerridaj 39
Encinostomus gula, {C. ^ V.) Goode 39
Eucinostomus Lefroyi, Goode 39
TenthididsB 4l
Acauthurus nigricans, (Linn.) Gill 41
Acanthurus chirnrgus, (Bl.) Schn „ 42
Chaetodontidse 43
Sarothrodus bimaculatns, (Bl.) Poey *. .. 43
Holacantlius ciliaris, (Linn.) Lacep 43
Holacanthus tricolor, (Bl.) Lacep - 44
Xiphiidse 4.5
ScombridsB 45
Orcynus alliteratus, (Baf.) Gill 45
CarangidsB 46
Decapterus punctatus, (Ag.) Gill 46
Trachurops crumenophtbalmus, (Bl.) Gill 47
Paratractus pisquetus, (C. <^ V.) Gill 47
Naucrates ductor, Linn 48
Zonicbtbys fasciatus, (Bl.) Siv 48
Corypbaenidse 48
Corypbsena bippurus, Linn 48
Mullidfe 49
Hypeneus maculatus, (BL) Cuv 49
Berycidse 49
Holocentrum sogo, Block 49
ScisBnidse 50
Pareques acuminatus, (jSc/m.) Gill 50
SparidsB 51
Calamus megacephalus, (Sw.) Poey 51
Calamus orbitarius, Poey
- 51
Sargus variegatus, (Lac.) Goode ^ .
.
52
PimelepteridsB 52
Pimelepterus Boscii, Lac 52
Pristipomatidse 53
Hsemylum capeuna, (Licht.) Goode 53
Hsemylum cbrysopterum, (Linn.) Cuv 53
Lutjanus caxis, (Schn.) Poey 54
Lutjanus aya, (Block.) Gill 55
Serranidse , 55
Trisotropis undulosus, (Cuv.) Gill 55
Trisotropis guttatus, (Schn.) Gill 56
List of species— Continued.
Epinephelus striatus, (Block.) Gill 57
Epinephelus guttatus, (Gmel.) Goode 58
Enneacentrus punctatus, (Linn.) Poey 59
Hypoplectrus puella, (Cuv.) Gill 60
Echeneididse 61
Sphyrsenidae 61
Sphyrsena spet, {Haily) Goode 61
Sphyraina picuda, Schn 62
TrachypteridsB 63
Eegalecus gladius, ( Walb.) C. 4" ^ 63
Mugilidse ' 63
Mugil liza, Fal 63
BelonidsB 64
ScomberesocidsB 64
Hemirhamphus Pleii, Val 64
Exoccetus exiliens, Gmel 64
Cyprinodontidae 68
Fundulus bermudsB, Gthr 68
Synodoutidte 68
Synodus lacerta, ( Val.) Goode 68
ElopidsQ 68
Megalops thrissoides, ( Block.) Gthr 68
Clupeidse 69
Sardinella auchovia, Val 69
Harengiila niacrophthalma, (Ra^is.) 69
Opisrbonema thrissa, (Linn.) Gill 69
Engraulididse 70
Engraujis chcerostomus, Goode 70
CyprinidsB 71
Carassius auratus, {Linn.) Blkr 71
Angnillidae 71
Anguilla bostoniensis (Les.) Ayres 71
Mursenidae 72
Gymnothorax moringa, {Cuv.) Goode 72
Ecbidna catenata, (Block ) Blkr 73
Raiae 73
Lamnidai ; 73
Spbyrnidae a. 73
Scylliidse 73
GaleorbinidsB 73
Mnstelus cajiis, (Mitck.) DeKay 73
Appendix 75
Additional si^ecies observed by Mr. Jones 75
Index ............ 77

INTRODUCTORY REMARKS.
A visit to the Bermudas daring the months of February and March,
1872, afforded opportunities for collecting the notes and specimens upon
which the present paper is based. The enumeration of species here
attempted, although necessarily far from exhaustiv^e, is believed to indi-
cate, with some degree of accuracy, the character of the ichthyological
fauna of the group ; and it is hoped that this list, with its annotations,
may not be without interest as a contribution to geographical zoology.
Surprisingly little has been done by naturalists in the investigation of
the marine life of this region, interesting as it is likely to prove on
account of its isolated, mid-atlantic position, the peculiarities of its cli-
mate, and its proximity to the Gulf Stream, rendering so easy observa-
tions upon the influence of ocean-currents in the distribution of living
forms. The ichthyologist finds here the best of opportunities for the
study of pelagic and migratory species. A broad field lies before some
resident naturalist who will do for the ichthyology of the Bermudas
what Poey and Bleeker have done and are doing for that of the East
and West Indies. Comparatively little could be done in two months,
least of all in winter and early spring, wheu stormy weather rendered
explorations of the reefs impracticable, and often prevented the fisher-
men from leaving their moorings in the harbors. At the time of my
visit, only seven species of fishes had been recorded from this locality;
and the only authentic information regarding the fish-fauna was con-
tained in one chapter, which was unfortunately very short, of Mr. Jones's
admirable little work,* the author at that time not having turned his
attention to the study of this class. The list given by Godett should
*Tlie Naturalist in Bermada ; a sketch of the geology, zoology, and botany of that
remarkable group of islands ; together with meteorological observations. By John
Matthew Jones, esq. (of the Middle Temple), assisted by Maj. J. W. Wedderburn (late
42nd Roy. Highlanders) and J. L.Hurdis, esq.—With a map and illustrations.—" Every
kingdom, every province, should have its own monographer."—Gilbert White. London
:
Eeeve & Turner, 23S, Strand.—1859. 12mo, pp. xii, 200.
t Bermuda, its History, Geology, Climate, Products, Agriculture, Commerce, and Gov-
ernment. By T. L. Godet. London, 18G0. 12mo.
be ignored, as it is taken almost bodily from Gosse's "Naturalist in
Jamaica."
In the present list, I enumerate seventy-five species, most of which were
personally observed ; for convenience of reference, all species known to
occur in this locality have been included. In working up my notes, I
have endeavored to supplement previous descriptions by (1) descriptions
of the colors of the fishes while living, (2) notes on size and proportions,
(3) observations on habits, (4) hints in reference to the origin and mean-
ing of their popular names, (5) notes upon modes of capture and eco-
nomic value. The meaning of the specific names employed has been
defined by partial synonymies, to which critical notes are occasionally
appended. To make the list a more complete contribution to chorolog-
ical knowledge, a brief note has been given upon the geographical
distribution of each species.
The scheme of classification proposed by Professor Gill * has been
followed throughout. I am indebted to Professor Gill for valuable sug-
gestions and the identification of two or three of the more doubtful
species.
TOPOGRAPHY OF THE ISLANDS.
The general topography of the Bermudas is so well known that no
detailed account will be necessary. It may not be out of place, how-
* Arrangement of the Families of Fishes or Classes Pisces, Marsipobrauchii, and
Leptocardii. Prepared for the Smithsonian Institution by Theodore Gill, M. D., Ph. D.
Washington : published by the Smithsonian Institution, November, 1872. 8vo, pp. slvi,
50. (Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collections, 247.)
Catalogue of the Fishes of the East Coast of North America, by Theodore Gill. <
Eeport on the Condition of the Sea Fisheries of the South Coast of New England in 1871
and 1872, by Spencer F. Baird, Commissioner, &c. pp. 779-822.
Catalogue of the Fishes of the East Coast of North America, by Theodore Gill, M. D.
Ph. D. Washington. Published by the Smithsonian Institution, 1873. 8vo, pp. 50.
(Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collections, 283.—A reprint of the preceding).
On the Limits of the Class of Fishes. By Theodore Gill, M. D., Ph. D. < American
Naturalist, vol. vii, pp. 71-77, February, 1873. (Reprinted with repagination, 8vo, pp.
9 ; no title-page.)
The Number of Classes of Vertebrates and their Mutual Eelations, By Prof. Thedore
Gill. (Abstract ofa Communication to the National Academy of Sciences, made October
29, 1873.) < American Journal of Science and Arts, vi, December, 1873, pp. 432-436.
Reprinted with repagination, Bvo, pp. 4; no title-page;) also reprinted Annals and
Magazine of Natural History, (London,) xiii, pp. 71-73, Jan. 1874.
Article Fish and descriptions of the various families, prepared by Professor Gill, as
associate editor in the department of zoology, &c. < Johnson's New Universal Cyclo-
ptedia and Popular Treasury of Useful Knowledge. * * * A. J. Johnson & Sou, New
York.
ever, to refer to those features which bear more particularly upon the
homes of the fishes. The sunken atoll, which is the foundation of the
group, is shaped like an ellipse, its major axis twenty-five miles in
length, its minor axis thirteen. The major axis runs in a northeast and
southwest direction, the chain of main islands lying on the southeast
edge of the ellipse, and forming a nearly continuous line twenty-six
miles long, the lower or western end curving, nearly in the shape of a
shepherd's crook or a fish-hook, to the southernmost focus-of the sup-
posed curve. The main islands, five in number, are separated by narrow
channels, fifteen or twenty feet in depth, and their shores are deeply in-
dented by shallow bays and lagoons. The reef, which approaches within
a few hundred yards of the shore of the main i^ands on the south, is dis-
tant ou'the north and northwest from five to nine miles ; the intervening
space is crossed and recrossed by submerged reefs and ledges of coral
limestone, and dotted in the neighborhood of the main islands by smaller
islands and emerging ledges to the number of three hundred or more.
The harbors are not particularly calm, but there are many broad bays
whose surface the severest storms scarcely ripple. Within the encircling
reef the depth of water rarely exceeds twelve and fourteen fathoms,
while beyond this reef the bottom rapidly slopes to the level of the
Atlantic bottom. Twenty miles to the southwest by west are two or three
ledges, to which the fishermen resort for line-fishing in fine weather.
FISHERIES AND FISH-MARKETS.
The Bermudian fisheries have always been famous. A large number
of the poorer islanders, particularly the negroes, are professional fisher-
men, and are bold and skillful sailors, though their ambition only suffi-
ces to keep them at work when purse and larder show signs of exhaus-
tion. Every cottage has its little garden, where bananas and sweet-
j)otatoes grow for the trou1)le of planting, so that the fishermen are not
entirely dependent upon their occupation for support, and the supply of
fish often falls far short of the demand, and this is especially the casein
the winter, when the landing of a boat is the signal for a general rush
to the shore. The people of Bermuda, over twelve thousand in number,
are dependent chiefly upon the fisheries for their animal food. Large
shipments of cattle and sheep are received from the United States, bn.i
these are monopolized by the wealthier classes and by the garrison, so
that their flesh rarely finds its way to the tables of the negroes, who num-
ber over seven thousand, or of the poorer white colonists, who constitute
more than one-half of the remaining population.
10
The fisbing-boats are built in the English style, drawing five or six feet
of water, deep-keeled, sloop or schooaer rigged, and usually provided
with a large well in the hold, in which the fish are brought in alive.
The only market is the water's edge. In the large towns, Hamilton
and St. George's, the quay is lined nearly every morning at sunrise by
a long row of fish-boats. The fish swim in the wells until customers are
found for them ; when* one is selected, it is taken up in a landing-net or
by a gaff-hook, and quickly killed by thrusting a sharp awl iuto the base
of the brain ; it is then bled, skinned (rarely scaled), eviscerated, and
delivered into the hands of the purchaser, a loop of palmetto fiber
always being attached for convenience in carrying. At an early hour
the fares are disposed of, and the boats are under weigh for the fishiug-
grouuds. At almost any time, however, row-boats filled with small
seined fish may be found at the quay. Those who live in the country-
parishes watch the return of their neighbors' boats at night-fall, and
thus secure their supplies of fish.
Fish from such a market cannot fail to be fresh, and the excellence of
the Bermuda food-fishes is due to this, and to the fact that they arenever
allowed to die of suffocation in the air, but are killed quickly and bled.
The Angel-fish [Holacanthus cUiaris) is perhaps the most highly
esteemed ; next in rank are the various species of Fristipomatidce, Ser-
ranidce, and Sparidce, with the Elog-fish {Laclmolwmus falcatus). All
others are regarded inferior in quality. The price of fish is fixed by law
atfourpence apound, an advance of one penny having been made within
a few years.
Most of the line-fishing is done among the outer reefs or on the outer
banks, twenty miles distant. The favorite baits are the flesh of the
" Bermuda lobster" (Pa^mwrMs awmcawMs) and the " Spanish lobster "
{Scyllarus wquinoxialis), and that of some of the larger fishes, such as
the "Mackerel" {Orcynus alliteratus), and the-Morays [Murcenidce). The
Pilchard [Harengula macroplithalma), Shad {Eucinostomus gula and U.
Zefroyi), and the Eobiu {Decapterus punctatus), are used as "full-baits,"
as are also the various kinds of " fry " {Atherina and Engraulis sp.). The
" Scuttle," a large Octopus, very common on the reefs, is also frequently
used, its toughness making it a very lasting bait. Many of the choicest
and largest species, such as the Pristipomatidce, Serranidce, and Scorn-
bridce, are taken exclusively with lines.
The Sparidw, Lahridce, Scaridce, the smaller Serranidce, and many others,
with great quantities of the large crustaceans so much in demand for
bait, are captured in basket-work fish-pots constructed of split cane.
11
These are built on the same principle with the lobster-pots in use on the
New England coast, but are very peculiar in shape. A fair idea of one
of them may be gained by imagining two crockery-crates placed together,
with the ends at an angle so as to form a very thick capital letter V,
with arms about four feet square, "the entrance being through a funnel-
shaped aperture placed in the inner angle. Smaller and more portable
pots, made after the same model in annealed wire, are also in use.
Such pots are baited with fish or lobsters, and anchored in two or three
fathoms of water.
Shallow seines, a hundred yards or so in length, are plied in the bays,
and with them are taken vast numbers of the smaller school- fishes, such
as Sargus variegatus, Fimelepterus Boscii, Mugil Uza, JEucinostomus giila,
Eucinostomus Lefroyi, Keniirhamphus Fleii, Decapterus punctatus, &c.
These seines are usually tanned with the bark of the mangrove-tree,
{Bhizophora mangle.)
Circular casting-nets, ten feet in diameter, are used with much dex-
terity in capturing small fish for bait.
The " grains," a heavy, two-pronged instrument, resembling an ordi-
nary fish-spear or gig, is carried in every boat, and used in striking
large fish. The skillful grainsman seldom misses his mark, and in these
waters, clear as crystal, this instrument is effective at the depth of ten
or twelve feet.
During the winter months, recourse is had to the fish-ponds, which
are stocked with the surplus of the summer's catch. These are of simple
construction, usually natural pools in the rocks, or protected coves,
inclosed by loosely-laid stone walls. Hundreds, sometimes thousands,
of large fishes are here stored up for seasons when the severity of the
weather is such as to prevent the usual visits to the fishing-grounds.
The largest of these, the " Devil's Hole," on Harrington Sound, is visited
by almost all the strangers on the islands, a small fee being charged
for the privilege of seeing the fishes feed. Several hundred large Groupers
and Hamlets {Epinephelus striatus) are usually confined here; and, when
bait is thrown into the pond, the visitor can see only a close array of
widely-stretched hungry mouths, each sis or eight inches in diameter.
THE RELATIONS OF THE BEKMUDIAN FISH-FAUNA.
These islands, considered in reference to their marine fauna, lie
on the extreme northern and eastern boundary of the West Indian
"Region." All the more characteristic fishes of this "Region" are
represented in Bermudian waters, and the invertebrate fauna, as far
12
as investigated, appears to have very similar relations. The reef-
building polyps find here their farthest northern remove from the
equator. That the subtropical character of the marine fauna and
flora is determined to a great extent by the influence of the Gulf
Stream is rendered very evident by comparing the life on the land
with that of the surrounding waters. The latter is much the more trop-
ical and West Indian in character; while the former, although many
West Indian species are represented in the flora, is a curious assemblage
of forms brought together from various quarters by winds, ocean-cur-
rents, and the agency of man. Drift-wood and seeds from the Antilles
are cast up in great quantities with the flotsam and jetsam of the shore,
and many of the commonest plants of the Bermudas are supposed to
have found their way thither in this manner. Thus the transporting
power of the Gulf Stream appears to have been quite as important in the
introduction of tropical forms of life to this group as has been its thermal
effect in rendering it a suitable home for them. Since the Bermuda atoll
is comparatively recent in origin, it is not difficult to believe that it has
thus been supplied with living forms. Many fishes of the West Indian
fauna have been found in the waters of the Azores, Canaries, Madeira,
the Cape Verde Islands, and other points in the Eastern Atlantic; it
appears easy to account for their wanderings by an extension of the
action of the same transporting agent.
The occurrence of several strictly European species is also to be noted.
All of these appear to be powerful, rapid swimmers, with the exception,
perhaps, of Synodus lacerta.
The subjoined tables are intended to exhibit the geographical relations
of the fishes observed in Bermudian waters. Several of the species men-
ftioned in the paper are not included, since confusion in their synonymy
has rendered their limits of distribution doubtful.
The total number of species enumerated is 75. Of these, 18 are so
widely distributed as to be of little importance in a comparison of this
nature. Of the 57 remaining, 50, or 86 per cent. {QS, or 89 per cent, of
the whole number, 75), are common to the Bermudas and the West
indies ; 18 species, or 32 per cent, of the whole, or 37 per cent, of those
common to the two faunas compared above, occur on the coast of Bra-
zil, only 2, however, south of Bahia ; 8 species, or 14 per cent., are found
on the eastern coast of the United States north of Georgia ; 4 of these
are undoubtedly accidental there, while 2, Decapterus punctatus and Pa^
ratractus pisquetus, have a range along the coast from Eio de Janeiro to
Cape Cod, and the seventh, Anguilla hostoniensis, is not sufficiently
13
established in its specific relations to warrant generalizations; 13 species,
or 23 percent., occur in the Eastern Atlantic; 3 of these have not been
recorded west of the Bermudas, and I prefer for the present to consider
them as wanderers from the Mediterranean fauna. The relations, fau-
nally, of others, such as Balistes capriscus and Fimelepterus Boscii, are
somewhat problematical.
Four species of marine fishes and one inhabiting brackish water arc
known to be peculiar to the group.
Species common to the Bermudas and West Indies.
Ostracium triquetrum.
Pseudoscarus superbus.
Pseudoscarus coeruleus.
Ohoerojulis radiatus.
Lachnolsemus falcatus.
Eucinostomus Lefroyi.
Acanthurus coeruleus.
Sarothrodus bimaculatus.
Calamus megacephalus.
Calamus orbitarius.
Lutjanus caxis.
Mesoprion aya.
Epinephelus striatus.
Epinephelas guttatus.
Hypoplectrus puella.
Mugil liza.
Auostoma coloratura.
Hemirhamphus Pleii.
Exoccetus exiliens.
Megalops thrissoides.
Sardinella anchovia.
Harengula macrophthalma.
Echidna catenata.
Zonichthys fasciatus (South Caro-
lina).Trisotropis guttatus.
Common to the Bermudas, West Indies, and Eastern Atlantic.
Chilomycterus reticulatus (Saint Helena).
Chilichthys Spengleri (Madeira, Cape Verdes, and Western Africa).
Ostracium quadricorne (Saint Helena, Western Africa, Cape of Good
Hope).
Sphyrsena picuda (river Niger).
Common to the Bermudas, Brazil, Cape Verdes, and Ascension Island.
Salarias textilis.
Common to the Bermudas, West Indies, and Northern Brazil.
Malthe vespertilio. Pareques punctatus.
Scarus radians. Hsemylum capeuna.
Eucinostomus gula. Hsemylum chrysopterum.
Hypeneus maculatus (Rio de Janei- Trisotropis undulosus.
.
ro). Hemirhamphus Pleii.
Holocentrum sogo.
14
Common to the Bermudas, West Indies, Brazil, and the Uastern Atlantic.
Labrosomus nuchipiimis (Gorea).
Harpe rufus (Saint Helena, Eio de Janeiro).
Glyphidodon saxatilis (Cape Verde Islands; accidental in New Eng-
land).
Enneacentrus punctatus (Cape Verde Islands).
Gymnothorax moringa (Saint Helena).
Common to the Bermudas, West Indies, Brazil, and the east coast of the
United 8tates.
Acanthurus nigricans (South Carolina).
Decapterus punctatus.
Paratractus pisquetus.
Common to the Western Atlantic and Western Pacific??
Anguilla bostoniensis.
Common to the Bermudas, Mediterranean, and Eastern Atlantic.
Sargus variegatus (Madeira). Synodus lacerta (Madeira).
Sphyrsena spet (Canaries).
Common to the Bermudas, West Indies, Madeira, and the Mediterranean.
Pimelepterus Boscii (accidental at New York).
Common to the Bermudas, West Indies, east coast of United States, Ma-
deira, Mediterranean, and the Pacific.
Balistes capriscus.
Pelagic : Atlantic.
Hippocampus, sp. Exocoetus, sp.
Dactylopterus volitans (Mediterra- Mustelus cauis.
nean). Isuropsis punctata.
Pelagic
:
both hemispheres.
Paradiodon hystrix. Coryphtena hippurus.
Alutera scripta. * Leptecheneis naucrates.
Antennarius marmoratus. * Ptheirichtbys lineatus.
Trachurops crumenophthalmus. Eegalecus gladius.
Orcynus alliteratus. * Sphyrna zygaena.
* Naucrates ductor. * Eeniceps tiburo.
*Not personally observed.
15
Peculiar to the Bermudas.
Syngnathus Jonesii.
Lefroyia bermudensis.
Engraulis choerostomus.
Fundulus bermudse.
Acclimated.
Carassius auratus.
POPULAR NAMES.
The names in use among the fishermen afford some curious studies.
Where practicable, hints in regard to their origin have been given.
I observe that of the thirty-three names given by Oatesby* as in use
in the Bahamas at the time of his visit to those islands, one hundred
and fifty years ago (1724-25), twenty-six are applied to common species
in the Bermudas. Nearly all of these are applied to fishes of the same
family or genus, and most of them to the same species. This may per-
haps be explained by the common origin of the colonists of the two
regions. It is an interesting instance of the persistency ofcommonnames.
Many of these names are in use at the present time in the southern
Atlantic States, though usually applied to different species.
Subjoined is a list of names in use among the fishermen, to the appli-
cation of which 1 can give no clew :
—
Glare-eye Squirrel. Shad Porgy.
Scotch Porgy.
Eedtail.
Bone-fish.
Grabble.
Yellow Tang.
White Belly.
Blue Belly.
Permit.
Sand Shark.
Black Jack.
Deer Grouper.
Spanish Hog-fish.
Black Hog-fish.
Clucker.
Sand-eel.
E-unner.
Blue-bone Porgy.
White-bone Porgy.
Sunburnt Shark.
Eainbow.
Thumper.
Mermaid.
Skip-jack.
Slippery Dick.
Prickly Hind.
Sardine.
Sand Mullet.
* The Natural History of Carolina, Florida and the Bahama Islands ; containing The
Figures of Birds, Beasts, Fishes, Serpents, Insects and Plants : Particularly the Forest-
Trees, Shrubs and other Plants not hitherto described or very incorrectly figured by
Authors. Together with their Descriptions in English and French. To which are
added. Observations on the Air, Soil and Waters : With Remarks upon Agriculture,
Grain, Pulse, Eoots, &c. To the Whole is Prefixed a new and correct Map of the Coun-
tries Treated of. By Mark Catesby, F. R. S. London * * * * MDCCCXXXI-
XLIIL 2 vols, folio.
16
The English names given to the species in this paper are those which
are commonly applied to them by the islanders, and no others aro
employed.
The following identifications of Catesby's species are suggested in con-
nection with the plates of fishes given in the second volume. These
conclusions were reached after a careful examination of the synonymy of
thenames here proposed as adopted by later writers, especially Linn^, who
appears to have founded several species upon these figures and descrip-
tions. In many cases, comparative measurements have been made with
these plates and the fishes they are supposed to represent, so as to make
the identification as accurate as might be. A casual comparison will show
the reader how closely the local names correspond to those in use in the
Bermudas:
—
T. 1. JJmhla, va'moT, marina, &G. (Bakracvda) is Sphyrcena picuda.
Vulpis Bahamensis is Alhiila conorhynchus.
T. 2. Perca marina gibbosa, &c. (The Margate Fish) is (f ) Hcemylum chrysopterum.
Saurus ex cinereo nigricans (The Sea Sparrow Hawk) is Synodus foetens.
T. 3. Pei'ca marina, pinna dorsi divisa (The Croker) is Micropogon undulatus.
Perca marina rubra (The Squirrel) is Solcoeentrum sogo.
T. 4. Perca marina rhomboidalis (The Pork Fish) does not agree with Lagodon
rhomboides, to whicli it has been referred. The figure is too indefinite for deter-
mination and does not agree with the author's description.
Perca marina pinnis branchialibus carens (The Schoolmaster) is equally indef-
inite ; the pectoral fins were evidently an afterthought of the artist.
T. 5. Perca marina venenosa, &c. (The Eock Fish) is Trisotropis guUatus, or some
allied species.
T. 6. Perca marina capite striato (The Grunt) is some species of Hcemylum, perhaps
H. arcuatum.
Albula bahamensis (The Mullet) is Mugil sp.
T. 7. Perca marina puncticulata (The Negro Fish) is Enneacentrus ouaiaKM.
Perca cauda nigra (The Black-tail) is very like Ocyurus chrysurus.
T. b. Hirundo (The FiiYiNG Fish) is unidentifiable, but is probably the common
Barbados species, perhaps Exocostus Boberti, M. & T.
Perca marina sectatrix (The Rudder Fish) cannot be recognized, but is prob-
ably one of the Stromateidoe.
Perca fluviatilis gibbosa ventre luteo (The Fresh-water Pearch) is Pomotia
vulgaris.
T. 9. Turdus pinnis branchialibus carens (The Mangrove Snapper) is quite unrec-
ognizable, the grotesque figure without pectoral fins being evidently imagi-
nary.
T. 10. Turdus rhomboidalis (The Tang) is Acantharus nigricans,
Turdus Cauda convexa (The Yellow Fish) is prohahlj Enneacen'.rus ouaic.libi.
Compare T. 7, supra.
17
T. 11. Turdus flavns(THE HoG Fish) is perhaps Harpe rufus; is certainly a Labroid.
Turdus cinereus peltatus (The Shad) is a Eudnostomus, aud closely resemblea
the new Bermuda species E. Lefroyi.
T. 12. Turdus oculo radiato (The Pudding-wife) is a young specimen of ChmrojuUs
radiatus.
Alburnus americanus (The Carolina Whiting) is clearly Menticirrus alburnus,
with which its shape and the barbels on the chin would place it, in spite of the
manifest omission of the second dorsal fin.
T. 13. Mornnyrus ex cinereo nigricans (The Bone-fish) I am unable to identify,
though the name is in use at the present day in the Bahamas.
T. 14. Cugupuguacu B':azil (The Hind) is Epinephelus guttatus.
Saltatrix (Skipjack) is Pomatomus saltatrix.
T. 15. Suillus (The Great Hog-fish) is Lachnolcemus falcatus.
T. 16. Aurata Bahamensis (The Porgy) is probably Chrysojphrys auratus or C. orli-
tarius.
T. 17. Salpa purpurescens variegata (The Lane Snapper) I cannot place.
Petimbuabo Brazil (The Tobaccopipe-fish) is Fistulari tabaccaria.
T. 18. Novacula coerulea (The Blue-fish) is Pseudoscarus coeruleus.
T. 19. Unicornis, Piscis Bahamensis (The Bahama Unicorn-fish) is Alutera so'ipta.
T. 20. Mursena maculatus, nigra et viridis (The Muray) closely resembles Gymnothorax
rosiratus.
T. 21. Mursena maculata nigra (The Black Muray) is not clearly identified.
T. 22. Turdus oculo radiato (The Old Wife) is Balistes vetula.
T. 23. Bagre, «&:c. (The Cat-fish) somewhat resembles Noturus flavus.
T. 24. Harengus minor Bahamensis (The Pilchard) is some small Clupeoid,
T. 25. Anthea quartus, Eondeletii (The Mutton-fish) is a Lutjanus, perhaps X. aya
or some allied form.
T. 26. Eemora (The Sucking Fish) belongs of course to Echeneididw, though lack of
detail will not allow even generic identification.
T. 27. Solea lunata et punctata (The Sole) I do not know.
T. 28. Orbis laevis variegatus (The Globe Fish) is Chilichthijs turgidus.
T. 29. Psittacus piscis viridis, Bahamensis (The Parrot Fish) is Pseudoscarus Cateshyi.
T. 30. Acus maximus squammosa viridis (The Green Gar-fish) is Lepidosteus osscus.
T. 31. Acarauna major pinnis cornutis (The Angel Fish) is Holacanthus dliaris.
2f

FISHES OF THE BERMUDA ISLANDS.
LIST OF SPECIES.
MALTHEIDiE.
MALTHB YESPERTILIO, {Linn.) Cuv., subspecies VESPEETILIO.
Devil-fish.
LopUusfronte unieorni, Linne, Mus. Ad. Fried. 1, 1754, 55.—Artedi. Syn. Pise. 1788, 88.
Guaperva, Brown, Hist. Jamaica, 1756, 457, pi. 48, f. 3.
Bana piscatrix americana, Seba, Locup. Rer. Nat. Thes. Desc. 1, 1758, 118, tab. Ixxiv, f. 2.
LopUus vespertilio, LinnJ;, Syst. Nat. ed. 10, 1, 1758, 238, ed. 12, 1, 1766, 402.—Gmelin,
Linn. Syst. Nat. 1, 1783, 480 (jmrtim).—Block, Iclith. iv, 1787, 8, taf. cs. (on
a drawing by Plumier).—Schneider, Bloch, Syst. Ichth. 1801, 140.—Lace-
pfeDE, Hist. Nat. Poiss. 1, 1798, 302-315.
Maltlie vespertiUo, Cuvier, Eegne Aniin. 1817.—MCller & Troschel in Schoraburgk,
Hist. Barbados, 1848, 678.—GCnther, Cat. Fish. Brit. Mns. iii, 1861, 200 {par-
fim).—PoEY, Mem. ii, 1861, 382 ; Eep. Fis.-Nat. Cuba, ii, 1888, 406.—Cope,
Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. 1870, 480.—Gill in Baird's Rep. Sea Fisheries of New
England, 1873, 792.
Malthea vespertilio, Cuv. & Val., Hist. Nat. Poiss. xii, 1837, 440.—Storer, Syn. Fish. N.
Amer. 1846, 131.—Gill, Cat. Fish. E. Coast N. Amer. 1861, 47.—Lutken, Nat.
Foren. Vid. Med. 1865, 5,
Maltkcea vespertilio, DeKay, New York Fauna, Fish, 1842, 452.
A single specimen of this species was noticed in the collection of Mr.
John T. Bartram, of Stocks Point, Saint George's Island. It is recorded
from various poiuts iu the West Indies. Dr. Giinther has united all
described species, except Malthe cuhifrons, Eichardson, under the name
Maltlie vespertilio. The species thas limited is very variable in respect
to the length of snout, which in some individuals equals one-sixth of
the entire length of the fish, in others reduced to one-twentieth or one
twenty-fifth. Professor Lutken recognizes three species within these
limits ; Malthe vespertilio^ represented by the synonymy given above
;
20
Malthe longirostris, Cuv. & Val., Che Guacucuja of Marcgrave ;* and
Malthe notata, Cuv. & Val. These speoies seem to correspond with cer-
tain limits of variation, and are probably entitled to subspecific rank,
particularly since these limits of variation are correlated with their geo-
graphical distribution. The form designated as vespertilio corresponds
to section {d) of Giinther, having the snout one-ninth or one-tenth of
the total length, and is recorded from Cuba, Jamaica, Santo Domingo,
Porto Eico, and Martinique.
M. longirostris corresponds to section (a) of Giinther, having the
snout one-sixth of the total length, and is recorded from Bahia and
Para.
M. notata was described from Surinam, and, according to Dr. Giinther,
from young specimens. Dr. Giinther identifies it with a Demerara
specimen, and refers it to section (e), having the snout one-thirteenth
of the total length.
M. atigusta, corresponding to section {/]) of Giinther, with the snout
one-twentieth to one twenty-fifth of the total length, represents the
minimum development of snout, and is known from Brazil.
Malthe cuMfrons, Eichardson, is undoubtedly entitled to full specific
rank.
ANTENNAEIID^.
PTEROPHRYNB PICTA, {Val) Goode.
Devil-fish; Marbled Angler.
Lophius hisirio, var. h, pictus, Schneider, Bloch, Syst. Ichth. 1801, 124.
Chironectes pictus, Cuv. & Val., Hist. Nat. Poiss. xii, 293, pi. 364.
Antennarius marmoratus, var. a, picta, Gthr., Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus. iii, 1861, 186.
A single specimen was given me by C. C. Keane, esq., of Hamilton,
and I saw several others. The fish is pelagic, occurring only in the
warmer parts of the Atlantic. Its home is among the floating masses
of Gulf-weed {Sargassum hacciferum). It is often brought ashore in the
beds of this alga, which is thrown up among the rocks in great heaps
after the winter storms. I have seen its curious nest, consisting of a
bunch of eggs adhering in glutinous masses to the ISargassum, the
whole cluster large enough to fill a quart measure. One of these was
thrown ashore in February, and is now in the collection of J. Matthew
Jones, esq., of Halifax, Nova Scotia.
* Historia Naturalis BrasilijE, 1648, p. 143.
21
DIODONTID^.
PAEADIODON HYSTEIX, {Linne) Bleeker.
Sea Hedgehog; Sea Porcupine.
Guamajacu Guara, Marcgrave, Hist. &c. Brazil. 1648, 158.
Diodon Hystrix, Link:6, Syst. Nat. ed. 10, 1, 1758, 335; ed. 12, 1, 1766, 413 (not Gmeliu)
Linn^, Syst. Nat. 1, 1788, 449, according to Barneville, Eevue zoologique
1846, 141).—POEY, Mem. ii, 1861, 361.—Gunther, Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus., viii,
1870, 306.—Cope, Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. 1870, 480.
Paradiodon liysirix, Bleeker, Atl. Ichth. v, 1865, tab. ccvii, f. 2.
—
Poey, Eep. Fis.
Nat. Cuba, ii, 1868, 430.
Erizo, Parra, Desc. Dif. Piez. Hist. Nat. Cuba, 1787, 60, lam. xxix, f. 1-2.
Diodon atinga, Bloch, Ichth. iv, 1787, 75, taf. cxxv, (not Linn^). Gmelin, Linn6,
Syst. Nat. 1, 1788, 1449.—Schneider, Bloch, Syst. Ichth. 1801, 511.—Lace-
PtiDE, Hist. Nat. Poiss. ii, 1801, 1-3.—Shaw, Gen. Zool. v, 1804, 434.—MtJu..
& Trosch. in Schomburgk, Hist. Barbados, 1848, 677.
—
Kaup, Wiegmann's
Arch. Naturg. xxi, 1855, 227.
—
Jouan, Anim. Nouv. Caledonie, Mem. Soc.
Imp. Sci. Nat. Cherbourg, 1861-'63, 18.—Bleeker, Enum. Pise. Arch. Ind.
1859, 203.
Diodon attinga, Euppell. Verzeichn. Senckenb. Mus. Fisch. 182, 35.
Diodon Plumieri, Lacepede, op. cit. ii, 1, 1801, 1-10, pi. iii, f. 3.
Diodon Brachiatus, Schneider, op. cit. 213 (founded on Parra's figure No. 1, cited
above.)
Diodon punctatus, Cuvier, Mem. Mus. Hist. Nat. iv, 1818, 132, and E^gne Animal,
1817, p.—. —Bleeker, Verhaudl. Bat. Gen. xxiv, Blootk. Vissch. 1852, 19.
This species, commou in the West Indies, recorded also from the
Pacific and the Indian Archipelago, is occasionally found here, and, on
account of its bristly siiiu, is greatly prized by curiosity-hunters. It is
never eaten. I saw four specimens, each about eighteen inches long.
OHILOMYCTERUS RETICULATUS, {Linn.) Bibron.
Orhis murieaius et reticulatus, Willughby, Ichthyographia, 1685, 155, tab. J, No. vii.
—
Seba, Locup. Eer. Nat. Thes. Desc. iii, 1758, 58, tab. xxiii, f. 3.
Osfradon siiirotundus, aeuleis undique irevibus triquetris raris, Artedi, Gen. Pise. 1738,
52, No. 16.
Diodon reticulatus, Linne, Syst. Nat. 1, 1758, 334.
—
Gmelin, Linn^, Syst. Nat. 1, 1788,
1449.
Chilomycterus reticulatus, Bibron apud Barneville, Eevue Zoologique, 1846, 141.
Bleeker, Atl. Ichth. v, 1865, 54.
—
Gunther, Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus. viii, 1870,
313.
Diodon airinga j3, LiNNii, op. cit. ed. 12, 1, 1766, 413.
f Diodon atinga, Poey, Mem. ii, 1861, 361; Eep. Fis. Nat. Cuba, ii, 1868, 429.—Cope,
Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. 1870, 480.
22
Dr. Giinther records a single specimen from the Bermudas. Another,
in the University Museum at Middletown, Connecticut, is said to have
come from the same locality.
Additional data are necessary in order to determine the true relations
of Linne's Diodon atringa {atinga). Barneville and Bleeker consider it
identical with Diodon orbicularis of Bloch. Giinther does not commit
himself decidedly, although he cites, under CMlomycterus geometricus,
Marcgrave's Guamajacu atinga, upon which the species of Linne is pre-
sumably founded. The relations of the species D. atinga are important
as throwing light upon the relations of the genus Diodon, of which it
must be considered the type ; there can be little doubt, however, that
Bleeker is right is retaining in this genus those forms which have three
rather than two roots to their spines.
TETEODONTIDiE.
CHILICHTHYS SPENGLERI, [Blocli) Goode.
Swallow; Puff-fish.
Telrodon Spenglert, Bloch, Ichth. iv, 1787, 134, taf. cxliv.
—
Schneider, Bloch, Syst.
Ichth. 1801, 504.—LACl5Pi:DE, Hist. Nat. Poiss. i, 1798, 476-501.—Shaw, Gen.
Zool. V, 1804, 445.—GiJNTHER, Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus. viii, 1870, 284.—Cope,
Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. 1870, 479.
Tetrodon Pluviieri, LAciiP^DE, op. cit. 476-504, pi. xx, f. 3 (on a drawing by Plumier).
Tetrodon marmoratus, Ranzani, Nov. Comm. Acad. Bonon. iv, 1840, 72, pl.x, f. 1.
—
Lowe,
Trans. Zool. Soc. ii, 1841, 193.
—
Valenciennes in Webb and Berthelot, Hist.
Nat. Canaries, Poiss. 1836, pi. xx, f. 2.
A single specimen of two inches was found on the beach at Bayley's
Bay. The species ranges from Madeira and Northwestern Africa to the
Caribbean, and no doubt frequently occurs about the Bermudas. Bloch,
in his description, figures the species with the imperforate nasal tenta-
cles of the genus Arothron, giving the East Indies as its habitat. Mak-
ing due allowances for the notorious carelessness of early ichthyologists
in fixing the localities of specimens, and for the lack of detail in their
drawings, we believe that the present name should be retained, since the
fish figured by Bloch is unmistakably the one before us. Should time
render it necessary to adopt another name, that of Eanzani, who
described the species accurately, may be substituted.*
Color.—Above, light chestnut; beneath, clear white; a lateral band
* Tetrodon marmoratus, Eanzani, Novi Commentarii Acad. Sci. Inst. Bonon iv, 1840,
p. 72, pi. X, fig. 1.
2'6
of tawny white, from chin to base of caudal rays, where it is confluent
with a ring of the same color around the extremity of the caudal
peduncle ; beneath this lateral band a row of brown spots, of irregular
size and fifteen in number, three being on the caudal peduncle ; above
a similar row, often very obscure. Caudal brown, with broad, median
transverse band of yellow ; other fins immaculate.
When inflated with air, the diameter of the belly is considerably
greater than half the entire length of the fish.
Its habits are doubtless very similar to those of Ghilichthys turgidns
(Mitch.) Gill, common on the east coast of North America from Cape
Cod to the Antilles, which it much resembles, and which is very likely
to occur in the Bermuda waters.
OSTEACIID^.
OSTRACISM TEIQUETEUM, Linu.
Cuckold.
Oatracion triangulus, tuberculis, exiguis numeris aculeis carens, Artedi, Gen. Pise. 1738,
57 ; Syn. Pise. 17.38, 85.
Ostracion polyodon incnni8triqueter,'LiN^% Mus. Ad. Fried. 1, 1754, 60.
Ostracion triqueter, Linn£, Syst. Nat. ed. 10, 1, 1758, 330 ; ed. 12, 1, 1766, 407.—Bloch,
Ichth. iv, 1787, 106, taf. cxxx.—Gmelest, Linn^, Syst. Nat. 1, 1788, 1441.—Schnei-
der, Bloch, Syst. Iclith. 1801, 498.
—
Lac:^p£;de, Hist. Nat. Poiss. 1,444.—Shaw,
Gen. Zool. v, 1804, 420.
—
Mull. & Trosch. in Schomburgk, Hist. Barbados,
1848, 677.
—
Hollaed, Ann. Sci. Nat. 1857, 154.—GiirNTHER, Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus.
viii, 1870, 256.
Ostracion triquetrum, Poey, Mem. ii, 1861, 361 ; Eep. Fis.-Nat. Cuba, ii, 1868, 442.
Ostraciiim triquetrum, Cope, Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. 1870, 475.
Bhinesomus triqueter, Swainson, Nat. Hist. Fish. & Eept. ii, 1839, 324.
Common, as it also is throughout the West Indies and the Gulf of
Mexico. Its length seldom exceeds eight inches. Its habits are slug-
.gish, and it hugs very closely the bottom, where it is frequently taken
in fish-pots.
The locomotion of the trunk-fishes is very peculiar, and I found an
excellent opportunity for observing the movements of a Cuckold con-
fined in my aquarium. The propelling force is exerted by the dorsal
and anal fins, which have a half-rotary, sculling motion resembling that
of a screw-propeller; the caudal fin acts as a rudder, save when it is
needed for unusually rapid swimming, when it is used as by other fishes.
The chief function of the broad pectorals appears to be that of fanning a
24
current of water through the gills, thus aiding respiration, which would
otherwise be difficult on account of the narrowness and inflexibility of
the branchial apertures.
When taken from the water, one of these fishes will live for two or
three hours, all the time solemnly fanning its gills, and when restored to
its native element seems none the worse for its experiences, except that,
on account of the air absorbed, it cannot at once sink to the bottom.
The Cuckold is not valued for food, though I am unable to learn that its
use is ever followed by fatal results such as attend it in some of the West
Indies.*
The local name is not applicable, and has probably been transferred
from some other fish, as, for instance, the following species, which is
known in Jamaica as "the cuckold."
Color.—Dark brown, thickly studded with circular spots of yellowish-
white, each about two lines in diameter. The epidermis is often
abraded, leaving the shell uniform tawny-white.
OSTRACIUM QUADRICORNE, Linne.
Cow-fish.
Piseis triangularis cornutus Clusii, Willughby, Hist. Pise. 1686, xiv, tab. J.
Ostracion triangularis 2 aculeis &c., Artedi, Syn. Pise. 1738, 85, No, 9.
Ostracion quadricornis, Linn:^, Syst. Nat. ed. 10, 1, 1758, 331 ; ed. 12, 1, 1766, 408.
—
Bloch,
Ichth iv, 1787, 113, taf. cxsxiv—Gmelin, Linud, Syst. Nat. 1, 1788, 1442.—
Schneider, Bloch, Syst. Ichth. 1801, 499.—LACiSpiiDE, Hist. Nat.Poiss. 1, 1798,
442, 468.—Shaw, Gen. Zool. v, 1804, 424.
—
Kaup, Wiegraann's Arch. Naturg. xxi,
1855, 218.—HOLLARD, Ann. Sci. Nat. 1857, 148.—Bleeker, Poiss. Guinea, 1863,
20.—GtJNTHER, Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus. viii, 1870, 258.
Ostracion quadricorne, PoEY, Mem. ii, 1861, 362 ; Eep. Fis.-Nat. Cuba, ii, 1868, 439.
Ostracion (AcantJiostracion) quadricornis, Bleeker, Atl. Ichth. 1865, 32.
Ostracium quadricorne, Cope, Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. 1870, 474.
Lcetophrys quadricornis, Swainson, Hist. Nat. Fish. & Eept. ii, 1839, 324.
Chopin, Parra, Desc. Dif. Piez. Hist. Nat. Cuba, 1787, 31, lam. xvii.
Ostracion Lister, LAciiPilDE, op. cit. 468, pi. xxiii, f. 2.
Ostracion sexcornutus, Mitchill, Amer. Month. Mag. ii, 1818, 328.
Lactophrys sexcornutus, Storer, Syn. Fish. N. Am. 1846,246.
Ostracion cornutus, Mull. & Trosch. in Schomburgk, Hist. Barbados, 1848, 677 (not
Linn6 or Bloch).
Ostracion maculatus, Hollard, op. cit. 149.
Common ; its habits much like those of Ostracium triquetrum. Its
range is much wider, including Saint Helena, Guinea, the Cape of
* Schomburgk, History of Barbados, p. 677.
25
Good Hope, and Charleston, S. C. Its occurrence in the Indian Arch-
ipelago is extremely doubtful, as Bleeker himself admits. This spe-
cies is extremely variable, in length, breadth, and height of body,
length of tail, and length of caudal, and these variations seem to be
individual as well as related to age. Hollard's Ostracion maculatus *
and the various species duhia of Poey t will probably prove to be forms
of this species.
Thepresenceofplates upon the caudal peduncle isapparently accidental.
They may possibly have some relation to sex, but certainly none to age.
Out of fourteen specimens examined, five had plates above and below,
one had two above, and six had none. In none of the specimens can I
distinguish traces of the spine in the middle of the dorsal ridge men-
tioned by Dr. Giinther. The color of young specimens is well described
by Giinther ; the bands on the cheek are, however, of a bright blue.
Adult specimens are colored in a rich bright blue, which quickly van-
ishes after death. In some individuals, the color is worn from the ridges
of the carapace, leaving patches of light brown. The largest specimens
are twenty-one inches long.
The Cow-fish is, I was told, much esteemed for food, and is frequently
baked whole in its shell. The popular name, like the Cuban " ioro " and
the Jamaican " cuckold," refers to the two horn-like supra-orbital spines.
BALISTID^.
BALISTES CAPEISCUS, Gmelin.
TUEBOT.
Balistes capriscus, Gmelin, Linii6, Syst. Nat. 1, 1788, 1471.
—
Schneider, Bloch, Syst
Ichth. 1801, 476.—LacepJide, Hist. Nat. Poiss. 1798, 1, 372, pi. xiii, f. 3.—
Shaw, Gen. Zool. v, 1804, 411—Risso, Ichth. Nice, 1810, 51.
—
Yarrell, Brit
Fish, ii, 1841, 472.—Hollard, Ann. Sci. Nat. 1854, 309.—G€^nthp.r, Cat. Fish.
Brit. Mus. viii, 1870, 217.
—
Gill, in Baird's Rep. on Sea Fisheries of Southern
Now England, 1873, 793.
Balistes fuliginosus, DeKay, New York Fauna, Fishes, 1842, 339, pi. Ivii, f. 188.
—
Storer
Syn. Fish. N. Am. 1846, 243.
Capriscus fuliginosus, Gill, Cat. Fish. E. Coast N. Am, 1861, 56.
Common. Very erratic in its distribution, having been observed in the
Pacific at Panama, at Madeira, in the Mediterranean, and on the coast of
Great Britain. DeKay figures a specimen taken in NewYork Harbor j the
*Annales des Sciences Naturelles, vii, p. 148.
tRcpcrtorio Fisico-Natural de la Isla de Cuba, ii, j)p. 439-440.
26
United States National Museum has specimens from Wood's Hole, Mass.,
Charleston, S. C, and the Tortugas; it is not recorded from the West
Indies. The Turbot attains a weight of five or six pounds ; its flesh is
not unpalatable, and its tough, shagreen-like skin is used for polishing
purposes. It has a habit of swimming on its side, just at the surface,
like the Sunfish {Mola rotunda), and, from this habit as well as perhaps
a fancied similarity of its form to that of the European Turbot {RJiombiis
maximus), its name appears to have been derived. It no doubt breeds
in these waters ; I have seen young individuals not exceeding three
inches in length. The species should be compared with Batistes sohaco,
Poey. No other species of this subfamily were observed.
I suppose the "Old-wife," "Ocean-turbot," and."Black-turbot'' of the
fishermen to correspond respectively to Balistes vetula, Linne, Canthider-
mis maculatus, (Gmelin) Bleeker, and Melichthys buniva (Lac^pede), all of
which, as well as Balistes ringens, Linn6, are quite certain to occur in
ALUTEEA SCRIPTA, {OsbecJc) Bleelcer.
Unicornis Pisc'is Bahamcnsis, Catesby, Nat. Hist. Carol. Florida, and tlie Bahama Islands,
ii, 1743, 19, tab. 19.
Balistes scrij>tus, Osbeck, Iter. Sin. 1765, 144.
—
Gmelin, Linne, Syst. Nat. 1, 1788, 1463.
Aluteres scriptus, Bleeker, Ned. Tyds. Dierk. iii, 1865, 28 ; Ichth. 1865, 141, tab.
ccsxvii, 4.
Monacanihus scriptus, Guntiier, Cat. Fibb. Brit. Mus. viii, 1870, 252.
Lija Trompa, Parka, Desc. Dif. Piez. Hist. Nat. Cuba, 1787, 46, lam. xsii, f. 1.
Balistes Lcevis, Bloch, Ichtb. xii, 1797, 63, tab. ccccxiv.
—
Shaw, Gen. Zool. t. 1804,
405.
Aluterius lcevis, Cuvier, E^gne Animal, 1817.
—
Cantor, Cat. Malayan Fisb. 355.
—
Bleeker, Verbandl. Batav. Gen. ssiv (Balistidse), 21.
—
Hollard, Ann. Sci.
Nat. 1855, 15.—Day, Fisb. Malabar, 1865, 355.
Alutera lcevis, Swainson, Nat. Hist. Fisb. & Eept. ii, 1839, 327.
Aleuteres lcevis, Eichakdson, Voy. H. M. S. Sulpbur, 1845, 131, pi. Isi, f. 3.
Balistes Monoceros, var. Lcevis, Schneider, Blocb, Syst. Icbtb. 1801, 463.
Balistes ornatiis, ProcIi;, Bull. Pbilom. 1822, 131.
Aluteres pareva, Lesson, Voy. Coquille, ii, 1830, 106.
Aluterus venosus, Hollard, op. cit. 14, pi. 1, f. 3.
Alutera picturata, Poey, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Pbila. 1863, 183 ; Eep. Fis.-Nat. Cuba,
ii, 438.
Aleuteres picturatus. Cope, Traus. Am. Pbil. Soo., 1870, 476.
A specimen twenty-one inches long was taken off the islands in April,
1872, The occurrence of the species is so unusual that it has no common
name. It appears to be strictly pelagic, and is recorded from China,
the Indian Archipelago, Tahiti, New Ireland, Coromandel, the Cana-
ries, the West Indies, Brazil, and South Carolina.
27
HIPPOCAMPID^.
HIPPOCAMPUS, sjp.
Sea-hoese.
Two specimens, apparently of different species, were secured ; but,
owing to the unsatisfactory nature of the published descriptions, it is
impossible at present to identify them. One agrees tolerably with JBT.
antiquorum, Leach.
SYKGl^ATHIDiE.
SYNGNATHUS JONESII, Giinther.
Syngnathus Jonesii, Gunther, Ann. & Mag. of Nat. Hist. 1874.
This species was deservedly dedicated to J. Matthew Jones, esq., F.
L. S., who is doing so much toward elucidating the natural history of
these islands. Pipe-fishes are not uncommon. S. pelagicus, Osbeck, is
likely also to occur.
AULOSTOMID^.
AULOSTOMA MAOULATUM, Valenciennes.
Teumpet-fish.
Ti'ompetero Colorado, Parra, Descr. Dif. Piez. Hist. Nat. Cuba, 1787, 63, lam. xxx, f . 2.
Aulostoma maculatuiis, Valenciennes in Cuvier, Eegne Animal, 1817; ill. cd. Poiss.
1829, pi. xcii, f. 2.
Aulostoma coloratuw, MVsul. & Trosch. in Schomburgk's Hist. Barbados, 1848, 173.
—
GtJNTHER, Cat. Fish Brit. Mus. iii, 1861, 536.
—
Poey, Eep. Fis.-Nat. Cuba, ii,
1868. 386.—Cope, Trans, Am. Phil. Soc. Phila. 1870, 480.
A dried head of this species was shown me by C. C. Keane, esq., of
Hamilton. The fishermen speak of two Trumpet-fishes found here, one
of them designated the Black Trumpet-fish. One of these is proba-
bly Fistularia tahaccaria, Liun^. Mr. J. Matthew Jones informs me of
the capture, in 1874, of a specimen of Fistularia serrafa, Cuv., hitherto
known only from the Indian and Pacific Oceans.
HEEASFEEID^.
LEFROYIABERMUDENSIS, Jones.
Lefroyia Bermudensis, Jonks, Zoologist, Jan., 1874, 3838.
A single specimen four and one-half inches long was taken by Gov-
ernor Lefroy in the summer of 1873.
"Total length rather more than 4J inches. Greatest depth at the ver-
28
tical of the pectorals, three lines and one-half. The length of the head
is slightly more than one-seventh of the total length. The greatest
width of the head is rather less than one-third of its length. Body
naked, attenuate, compressed. Facial outline rugose. Eye moderate
:
horizontal diameter of the eye-cup, one and three-quarter lines; vertical
diameter, one and one-quarter lines. Gape of mouth wide. Lower jaw
shorter, and received within the upper. Cardiform teeth of irregular
size in both jaws, vomer, and palatines; those of the latter largest.
Branchiostegals seven, inflated, united below. Vent thoracic. Pec-
torals originating at the upper angle of the operculum, three lines in ex-
tent, of delicate soft rays. Dorsal indistinct, commencing in a groove
at about the vertical of the twentieth anal ray, continuous to caudal
extreme ; when in conjunction with the anal, it forms a small filamentous
tip. Anal prominent, commencing immediately behind the A^ent, in
advance of the vertical to the upper angles of the operculum, and extend-
ing to the caudal extreme. About its centre, it is equal in depth to that
of the body at the same position. Owing to the delicate texture of the
fins, it is impossible to determine the number of rays, but those of the
anal exceed one hundred and forty. Color when dried, out of spirit,
golden-yellow. The body transparent, showing the vertebra within, a
condition, according to General Lefroy, equally observable in life."
—
Jones.
The genus proposed by Mr. Jones has not yet been defined, and the
name Lefroyia can be adoi^ted only provisionally.
BLENNIID^.
LABROSOMUS NUCHIPINNIS, {Quoy & Gaimard) Poey.
Molly Millek.
Clinus nucliipinnis, QuOY &, Gaimakd, Voy, Uranie et Physicieane, Zool. 1824, 255.
GtJNTHER, Cat. Fish. Brit. Mas. iii, 1861, 262.
Labrosomus nuchipinnis, Poey, Eep. Fis.-Nat. Cuba, ii, 1868, 308.
CZin MS j?ec<i»i/er, Cuv.& Val., Hist. Nat. Poiss. xi, 18.36, 374 (female).—Mull. & Trosch.
in Scbomburgli's Hist. Barbados, 1848, 671.—Castelxau, Auim. Nouv. &c.
Am^rique du Sud, 1855, Poiss. 26.
Labrisomus pectinifer, Swainson, Nat. Hist. Fishes &c. 1839, 277.—Cope, Trans. Am.
Phil. Soc. 1870, 473.
Labrosomus pectinifer, Gill, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1860, 105.—Poey, Mem. Hist.
Nat. Cuba, ii, 1861, 381.
Climis capiUahts, Cuv. & Val., op. cit. 377 (male).-MtJLL. & Trosch., 1. c.
Labrisomus capillatus, Swainson, 1. c.
29
Labrosomus capillatus, Gill, op. cit. 107.
—
Poey, I. c.
Lepisoma cirrhosum, DeKay, New York Fauna, Fishes, 1842, 41, pi. xxx, f. 94.
—
Stoker.
Syn. Fish. N. Am. 49.
Yery common under stones in tide-pools and in crevices; their habits
closely resembling those of the " Rock-eel" [Murcenoides miwronatus),
so familiar to naturalists on the New England coast. Some individuals
are brilliantly colored with, red beneath, while others are gray. These
differences are most probably sexual. My largest specimens are four
inches long. The species is recorded from the Antilles, Bahia, Gorea,
and the National Museum has specimens from Florida.
SALARIAS TEXTILIS, Q. & G.
Salarias textilis, Quoy & Gaimard, MS. Cuvier & Valenciennes, Hist. Nat. Poiss.
xi, 307.
? Salarias vomerinus, Cuv. & Val., op. cit. 349.
Salarias vomerinus (Cuv. & Val. ?) Jenyns, Zool. Voy. H. M. S. Beagle, Fishes, 1842, 88,
pi. 17, f. 3.
This species, found in tide-pools in company with the preceding, ap-
pears to be identical with that brought by Quoy and Gaimard from the
Isle of Ascension. The measurements do not agree precisely with those
given by Valenciennes (which are expressed in very general terms); its
colors, however, are precisely the same. It agrees in many points with
the specimens collected by Darwin at Porto Praya, and provisionally
referred by Jenyns to Salarias vomerinus, C. & Y.
The Bermuda specimens have the vomerine teeth and the four ventral
rays, the omission of which in the description of Salarias textilis was
Jeuyn's chief reason for not referring the Cape Yerde specimens to that
species. The affinities of >iS^. textilis and S. vomerinus, always considered
close, have some light thrown upon them by the discovery of vomerine
teeth in the former. The question of their identity, however probable it
may seem, must be decided by the comparison of a larger series of speci-
mens. Such study will probably result in the establishment of a new
genus for the reception of the species at present referred to Salarias,
which possess vomerine teeth.
A detailed description of the Bermuda specimens is given for conve-
nience in future comparisons. The greatest height of the body, at the
beginning of the dorsal, is slightly less than one-sixth (0.16) of the
extreme length, and is four-fifths of the length of the head ; the height of
the lowest part of the caudal peduncle equals one-half the greatest
height of the body (0.08). The head measures one-fifth (0.20) of total
length. The eye is slightly elliptical, and its longitudinal diameter eqnals
the length of the snout, or one twenty-fifth (0.04) of the total length. The
interorbital space equals half the diameter of the orbit, and is concave.
The profile is very obtuse, and the eye is situated just within the angle
formed by profile and crown. There are two broadly-palmated supercil-
iary filaments, not so long as the diameter of the orbit; two similar but
smaller ones at the nostrils; also two short filaments, one on either side
of the nape. The lips are crenated at the sides of the mouth, though
not anteriorly. In addition to the row of numerous small movable teeth
common to all the species of the genus, there is a long recurved canine
tooth on each side of the lowerjaw, behind the series of small teeth; also,
a transverse row of minute teeth on the anterior portion of the vomer.
The dorsal fin originates just behind the nuchal filaments, at a dis-
tance from the snout (0.22) slightly greater than the length of the head
;
its spinous portion nearly equals its soft portion, the former measuring
0.30, the latter 0.31. A deep notch almost separates the two parts.
The anal fin originates at a distance from the snout equal to one-half
the length of the body exclusive of the caudal (0.42). Its first ray meas-
ures 0.07, its penultimate ray 0.12, its ultimate ray 0.05. The caudal is
four twenty-fifths (0.16) of the total length, and is slightly rounded at
the extremity. The pectorals equal the head in length (0.20), and barely
reach to the vent. The distance from the snout to the upper axilla of
the pectorals equals the distance to the origin of the ventrals, and also
the length of the ventrals (0.11).
The lateral line is faintly indicated by a delicate line,' arching above
the pectorals, then running straight along the middle.
The radial formula is as follows:—D., XII-15; A., II, 15} ; C, 3-6-
5-3; P., ]4; Y., 1-4.
The color is greenish above, becoming white beneath. Twelve or
fourteen brownish-violet cross-bands, arranged in pairs, and in part
interrupted by three series of whitish dots, so as to form a row of quad-
rate blotches just above the Literal line. The third row of white dots
is more pronounced, the dots becoming short lines, and is situated on
the lateral line ; a fourth series, less pronounced, may be seen near the
lower edge of the body.
A Y-shaped figure of brown upon the chin, the arms extending for-
ward, and three other fine brown lines on each side of the throat, extend-
ing transversely upward and backward, continued upon the cheek and
opercle by hues of fine brown dots. A row of similar dots may be seen
31
a little below the base of the anterior part of the dorsal. The fasciae
iipou the sides extend on the dorsal, where they take an oblique direc-
tion backward. They are most pronounced at the base of the dorsal,
forming a series of squares at the point of its junction with the body.
The caudal has five or six irregular vertical lines. The anal is pale at
its base, the tips of the rays dark brown, pectorals and ventrals dusky.
Measurements.
Extreme length, 0°>.062 1.00
Body : Greatest height 16
Head: Length 20
Greatest width 14
Length of snout 04
Width of interorbital area .„ 02
Eye: Diameter 04
Dorsal (spinous) : Distance from snout 22
Length of base 31
Greatest height 08
(soft) : Length of base 30
Greatest height 31
Anal: Distance from snout 42
Height at first ray 11
Height at last ray 05
Pectoral: Distance from snoujt at axilla 11
Length 20
Ventral : Distance from snout 11
Length 11
TEIGLID^.
DACTYLOPTERUS VOLITANS, (Linne) Cuv.
Pirajyebe or Miivipira, Marcgrave, Hist. &c. Brasil, 1648, 162,
Ti-igla volitans, Linn^, Syst. Nat. ed. 10, 1, 1758, 302 ; ed. 12, 1, 1766, 498.—Gjielin,
Linng, Syst. Nat. 1, 1788, 1346.—Bloch, Ichth. x, 1797, 93, taf. cccli.—Schnei-
der, Bloch, Syst. Ichth. 1801, 12.—Shaw, Gen. Zool. iv, 622, pi. xci.
Dactylopterus volitans, Cuv. & Val., Hist. Nat. Poiss. iv, 1829, 117.—DeKay, New York
Fauna, Fish. 1842, 49, pi. xvii, f. 46.—Mulj-er &, Troschel, Schomburgk,
Hist. Barbados, 1848, 667.
—
Guichenot, Explor. Scient. Alg6rie, Kept. &
Poiss. 1850, 41.—Castelnau, Anim. Nouv. &c. Am^rique du Sud, Poiss.
1855, 26.—PoEY, Mem. ii, 1861, 367; Eep. Fis.-Nat. Cuba, ii, 1868, 304.—Gill,
» Cat. Fish. E. Coast N. Am. 1861, 43 ; Baird's Eep. on Sea Fisheries of Southern
New England, 187.3, 799.—GUnther, Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus. ii, 1861, 222.—
Baird, Rep. on Sea Fisheries of Southern New England, 1873, 824.
Mordelago, Parra, Descr. Dif Piez. Hist. Nat. Cuba, 1787, 25, lam. xiv.
32
Pohjnemus sexradiatus, MncniLL, Ainer. Month. Mag. 1818, 323 (figured as " The Six-
.
rayed Polyueme," Trans. Lit. & Phi], Soc. N. Y. 1815, pi. iv. f. 10).
Dactylopterus communis, Owen, Descr. Cat. Ost. Series, Eoy. Soc. Surg. 1, 1853, 56.
Gonocephalus macrocephalits, Gronow, Cat. Fish. (1780), ed. Gray, 1854, 106.
Eare and without a common name. The Colonial Museum at Hamil-
ton and Mr. Bartram's collection at Saint George's each contain a dried
specimen. Mr. Jones secured one in Hamilton Harbor in October,
1851.
The species ranges from Newfoundland to Itio de Janeiro, through-
out the West Indies, and to the Cape Verde Islands, and the Mediterra-
nean, where it is comparatively common.
SOARIDiE.
SCAEUS EADIANS, Valenciennes.
Spanish Porgy.
Scarus radiants, Cuv. & Val., Hist. Nat. Poiss. xiv, 1839, 207.—Stoeer, Syn. Fish.
N. Am. 1846, 147.—Gunther, Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus. iv, 1862, 207.—Guichenot,
Mem. Soc. Imp. Sci. Nat. Cherbourg, 1865, 10.
—
Cope, Trans. Am. Phil. Soc.
1870, 462.
Lahrus radians, Castelnau, Auim. Nouv. &c. Am^rique du Sud, 1855, 29,
Common, occurring in large schools. The greatest length observed
was eight inches. Though seined in quantity, the Spanish Porgies are
not eaten, their flesh, lite that of the other members of this family,
being dry and flavorless.
The species is recorded from Bahia, Mexico, and Saint Martin's.
Specimens from Barbados and Jamaica are in the National Museum.
Bermuda appears to be the northern limit of its range.
Color.—Above, olive, tinged with reddish-brown ; beneath, rose-color;
head, upper part of body, and dorsal marbled with brown ; caudal
irregularly banded with black, the extremity and spots on the mem-
brane white; anal immaculate (in six specimens); base of pectorals
black ; chin white.
PSEUDOSCAEUS VETCJLA, {Schneider) Gill.
Mud fish.
Vieja, Parra, Descr. Dif. Picz. Hist. Nat. Cuba, 1787, 58, lam. 28. fig. 1.
Scarus vetula, Blocii-Schneider, Syst. Ichth. 1, 1801, 289 (description founded on
Parra's figures).—Cuv. & Val., Hist. Nat. Poiss. xiv, 1839, 193.—Storer,
S n. Fish, N. Amer. 145.—Muller & Troschel in Schomburgk's History
of Barbados, 184«, C74.—Cope, Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. 1870, 461.
33
Pseiidoscarus vetida, Gill, MS.
Scarus supcrlus, Poey, Mem. Hist. Nat. Cuba, ii, 1860, 218.
Pseiidoscarus superbus, Gctnther, Cat. Fish Brit. Mus. iv, 1862, 218.
—
Poey, Rep.
Fis.-Nat. Cuba, ii, 1868, 346.
Pseudoscarus ])sittacus, Guntheh, op. cit. 225.
The Mud-fish is very common, its gorgeous colors making it very
conspicuous as it swims. The young may be seen by the hundred in the
shallow rock-pools, while in the deeper waters the larger flsb are sailing
about with the precision and regularity of a squadron of cavalry under
drill. Though its flesh is not unpalatable, this fish is not often brought
to market) the enormous scales are much used in fancy work. The
species is recorded from several Antilles.
The young fish differ much from the adult in coloration, their markings
closely approximating those of Pseudoscarus sanctce-crucis (Schn.) Gthr.
Since no specimens of the latter species measuring more than eight or
nine inches are on record, and none of P. vetula, in adult coloring, less
than eighteen inches in length have fallen under my observ^ation, it
seems possible that the two species may be the same in different stages of
growth, particularly since botli are usually recorded from the same
locality. The question of their identity may be easily decided by the
Bermudian naturalists.
As is indicated in the synonymy, vetula is the specific name properly
belonging to this species. Parra (1. c.) gives an excellent figure of the
fish under the name Vieja, and on this figure Schneider founded his
Scarus vetula, the specific name being a translation of Parra's Vieja.
Of this fact, Yalenciennes was aware, and by it he was guided in adopt-
ing the name of Schneider. Professor Poey renamed the species with the
remark : " C'est a tort que M. Valenciennes rapport la figure de Parra
au 'Sc. vetula,^'' seemingly forgetful that Schn^eider's name was founded
not upon specimens, but upon Parra's figure solely. Dr. Giinther, adopt-
ing the views of Prof Poey, cites Scarus vetula as a synonym of Pseudo-
scarus psittacus, (Linn.) Gthr.
PSEUDOSCAEUS C^RULEUS, (Bloch) Giinther.
"OLAiMACOIiE" OE. " KiLMAGOEE."
NovacuLi ccerulea, CATESBYjNat. Hist. Carolina, Florida and the Bahama Islands, ii, 1743,
18, pi. 18.
Conjijlicma ccerulea, Bloch, Ichth. v, 120.
—
Gmelin, Linn^, Syst. Nat. 1, 1788, 1791.
Scarus caridcus, Schneidek, Bloch, Syst. Ichth. 1, 1801, 288.
3 F
M
Pseudoscarus cceruleus, GCnther, Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus. iv, 1862, 227
—
Guichenot, Proc.
Soc. Imp. Sci. Nat. Cherbourg, 1865, 24.—Poey, Eep. Fis. Nat. Cuba, ii, 1861,
348.
Trompa, Parra, Descr. Dif. Piez. Hist. Nat. Cuba, 1787, 57, lam. xxvii, f. 2.
Loro, Parra, 1. c. f. 1.
Scarus loro, Schneider, op. cit. 288.
Scai-us irilohatus, Lac£p£:de, Hist. Nat. Poiss. iv, 1803, 21.
Sparus liolocyanosus, LAciipiiDE, op. cit. 45.
The "Clamacore"or"Kilmagore"is very unusual in Bermudian waters;
a single specimen of thirty-six inches was taken outside the reefs in
April, 1872, and was an object of much curiosity. The color in life was
brilliant turquoise-blue, fading to olive-green in alcohol. The species
is recorded from Cuba and some of the adjoining islands.
Dr. Giinther suggests that this species is probably only the adult stage
of one of the other species, such as Pseudoscarus chloris,* but an ex-
* The study of the syuonymy of this species has brought to light an error, which
may be referred to here. It appears that Parra's Vieja, No. 3, and Schneider's Scarua
Moris, founded upon the figure of Parra, belong, not to Pseudoscarus, as is intimated by
Dr. Giinther, but to Scarus; such is the judgment of Professor Poey after consulting
the type of Parra's description, preserved in the Museum in Madrid. M. Guichenot,
after an examination of the types in the Mus6e d'Histoire Naturelle, Paris, retains in
this genus Scarus virens, Valenc. There now remains only Scarus quadrispinosus, Val.,
as a synonym of Giinther's Pseudoscarus chloris, and, of these names, that of Valen-
ciennes has undoubted priority. The reversed synonymy should stand then some-
what as follows :
—
SCARUS CHLORIS, Sclin.
Vieja, Parra, Descr. Dif. Piez. Hist. N.it. Cuba, 1787, 59, lam. 28, f. 3.
Scarus chloris, Schneider, Bloch, Syst. Ichth. 1801, 289 (on Parra's figure).—Cope, Trans. Am. Phil. Soc.
1870, 461.
Pseudoscarus chloris, Gunthee, Cat, Fish. Brit. Mus. iv, 1862, 227.
Scarus virens, Cuv. & Val., Hist. Nat. Poiss. siv, 1839, 203.—Storer, Syn. Fish. N. Am. 1846, 146.—
MtJLLER & Troschel in Schomburgk's Hist. Barbados, 1848, 674.
Scarus chrysopterus, Schneider, op. cit. 286, pi. Iviii.—Cuv. & Val., op. cit. 185. Stoker, op. cit. 143.
—
Cope, op. cit. 462.
Scarus lateralis, Poey, Mem. Hist. Nat. Cuba, 1860, ii, 219; Hep. Pis. Nat. 1, 1867, 337, 375.
Habitat.—Cuba, Santa Cruz, Saint Christopher's, Saint Thomas, Martinique, Porto
Rico, Barbados.
Pseudoscarus quadrispinosus, ( Ydlenc.) OuicJienot.
Scarus quadrispinosus, Cuv. & Val., Hist. Nat. Poiss. xiv, 1839, 197.—Stoeer, Syn. Pish. N. Am. 184C,
144.
Pseudoscarus quadrispinosus, Guichenot, Proc. Soc. Imp. Sci.-Nat. Cherbourg. 1865, 27.
? Scarus obtusus, Poey, Mem. Hist. Nat. Cuba, ii, 1860, 217; Eep. Fis.-Nat. ii, 1868, 349.
Pseudoscarus chloris (not Bloch), Gunther, Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus. iv, 1862, 227.—CoPE, Trans. Am. Phil.
Soc. 1870, 461.
Habitat.—Saint Thomas, Cuba, Jamaica, Bahamas.
35
amination of specimens has convinced me that this is not the case. In
the National Museum are two well-characterized specimens of Pseudo-
scarus cwruleus, measuring nine and fifteen inches respectively, both of
which have the hump upon the profile well developed, though not so
prominent as in the adult specimen of thirty-six inches. Parra's two
figures (lamina xxviii) named "Loro" and "Trompa" represent differ-
ent ages of this species, the prolonged caudal lobes as well as the addi-
tional size of the caudal lobe being characters of age.
LABEID^.
OHOBROJULIS RADIATUS, {Linne) Goode.
Blue-fish.
Tardus Oculo radiato (Pudding-wife), Catesby, Nat. Hist. Carol. «fee. 1743, ii, 12, tab. xii,
fig.l.
Sparus radiatus, Linn:^, Syst. Nat. ed. 12, 1, 1776, 472.—Gmelix, Linn6, Syst. Nat. 1,
1788, 1278.
Doneella, Parra, Desc. Dif. Piez. Hist. Nat. Cuba, 1787, 95, lam. xsxvii, fig. 1.
Jiilis cyanostigma, Cuv. & Val., Hist. Nat. Poiss. xii, 1839, 391 (type 6 inches long).
—
Mull. &, Trosch. in Schomburgk's Hist. Barbados, 1848, G73.—Storer, Syn.
Fish. N. Am. 1846, 139.
Platyglossus cyanostigma, Gunther, Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus. iv, 1862, 161.—Cope, Trans.
Am. Phil. Soc. 1870, 464.
Chcerojulis cyanostigma, Poey, Rep. Fis. Nat. Cuba, ii, 1868, 334.
Julis Prindpis, Cuv. & Val., op. cit. 402, (type 11 inches long).—Storer, op. cit. 140,
Platyglossus prindpis, Gunther, op. cit. 164.
Julis patatus (partim), Cuv. & Val. op. cit. 398 (types 13 to 15 inches long).—Storer
op. cit. 140.
The Blue-fish is frequently taken in the pots, though not valued as
food. My largest specimen measures sixteen inches. The common name
refers to the color of the adult fish. The species is recorded from several
of the West India islands. .
Color.—In the adult, a brilliant azure-blue, each scale edged with
bright pearly-green. A longitudinal band on anal and the margin of
the dorsal light blue. In the young, the prevailing hue is brownish, a
large light-blue spot on the base of each scale. Head with spots and
longitudinal stripes of light blue. Dorsal with broad margin, and four
lines of spots and blotches, longitudinally arranged, of the same color.
Caudal with broad white margin, outer rays blue to the extremity, the
base of the fin thickly spotted with the same. Anal with border and
two longitudinal lines of blue, the fin being thus divided into three
36
nearly equal parts, a large circular spot of the same color at the base of
each ray except the first. Pectoral with the first five rays and a nar-
row transverse line across the base from the fourth ray blue.
My notes on the colors of young and adult specimens of this species
'have led me to believe that the different ages have been described un-
der several different specific names, as the synonymy given above would
indicate. Julis cyanostigma was the name given by Cuvier and Valen-
ciennes to specimens six inches in length, Julis principis to those of
eleven inches, while those ranging from thirteen to fifteen inches are
included under Julis patatus. The specimens of larger size {''Vindividus
aplus de quinzes pouces'^), included under the latter name, probably belong
to another species. The 'Mudian fishermen recognize the difference in
color to be caused by age.* I have seen specimens with the colors of
immaturity, which had attained the length of ten inches. It will proba-
bly be found that the change of color is not restricted to any fixed
period in the growth of the fish. Should farther investigations sustain
the opinion of Dr. Giinthert that Linne's /S(parMS rarfia/MS is a different
species from that figured by Oatesby, the specific name cyanostigma
should be retained.
LACHNOL^MUS FALCATUS, {Linne) Val.
Hog-fish.
Suillus (Great Hog-fish), Catesby, Hist. Carol. Florida and the Bahama Islands, ii,
1743, 135, tab. xv.
Ifl&?-MS /a/cfliMS, Linne, Syst. Nat. ed. 10,1, 1758,284; ed. 12,1, 1766, 475.—Gmelin,
Linne, Syst. Nat. ed. 1, 1788, 1287.—Lac^pede, Hist. Nat. Poiss. &c. iii, 1803,
425, 463.
Lachnolaimus falcatus, Cuv. & Val., Hist. Nat. Poiss. xiii, 276.—Gunther, Cat. Fish.
Brit. Mas. iv, 1862, 87.—Poey, Rep. Fis.-Nat. Cuba,ii, 1868, 330.—Cope, Trans
Am. Phil. Soc. 1870, 464.
Lachnolaimus aigula, Cuv.'& Val., op. cit. 277, tab. 388 (type 11 inches long).—Storek,
Syn. Fish. N. Am., 136.
Lachnolaimus dux, Cuv. & Val., op. cit. 285 (type 8 inches long).
—
Stoker, 1. c.
Lachnolaimus suillus, Cuv. & Val., op. cit. 286 (type 24 inches long).—Storer, 1. c.
Lachnolaimus caninus, Cuv. & Val., op. cit. 288 (type 10 inches long).
—
Storer, I.e.
Lachnolaimus imttacus, Cuv. & Val., op. cit. 291.
—
Storer, 1. c.
Very common here, as it is throughout the West Indies. Hog-fish
* Since the above was written, I find that very similar conclusions have been reached
by Professor Poey, -who gives under Chcerojulis cyanostigma a synonymy much like the
above.
tCat. Fish. Brit. Mus. iv, p. 164, note.
37
Ledge, at the entrance to Hamilton Harbor, is marked by a pyramid of
stone, called the " Hog-fish Beacon," which is surmounted by a huge
iron image of a Hog-fish.
The long streamer-like appendages or continuations of the vertical
ijns give to the Hog-fish as it swims a singularly graceful appearance.
The beauty of those exposed in the market is frequently marred, how-
ever, by having had these ornaments bitten off by the craw-fish and
lobsters confined with them in the wells of the boats.
The Hog-fish attains the weight of twenty pounds, and is among the
choicest of table-fish; its hard, white, exquisitely-flavored flesh has
never been found injurious here, though in some parts of the West
Indies it is regarded with suspicion. The common name refers to the
swine-like profile and dentition.
HAEPE EUFUS, {Linne) Gill.
,
Spanish Lady-fish.
Fudiano vermellio, Marcgrave, Hist. &c., Brasil, iv, 1648, 145.
Tardus flavus (Hog-fisb), Catesby, Nat. Hist. Carol. Florida and the Bahama Islands,
ii, 1743, 11, tab. xi, f. 1.
Ldbrus rufus, Linne, Syst. Nat. ed. 10, 1, 1758, 284 ; ed. 12, 1, 1766, 475.
—
Gmelin, Liiin6,
Syst. Nat. 1, 1788, 1287.—Schneider, Bloch, Syst. Ichth. 1801, 244.—Lacepede,
Hist. Nat. Poiss. iii, 1803, 427.
Cossyphus rufus, Gunther, Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus. iv, 1862, 108.
—
Cope, Trans. Am. Phil.
Soc. Phila. 1870, 463.
Harpe rufus, Gill, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phil. 1863, p. 222.
Bodianus rufus, Poey, Kep. Fis.-Nat. Cuba, ii, 1868, 331.
Perro Colorado, Parra, Descr. Dif. Piez. Hist. Nat. Cuba, 1787, 3, lam. iii, fig. 1.
Bodianus bodianus, Bloch, Ichth. vii, 1797, 24, tab. ccxsiii.
Cossyphus iodianus, Cuv. & Val., Hist. Nat. Poiss. xiii, 1839, 103.
Lutjanus verres, Bloch, op. cit. tab. cclv.
Sparus verres, SiiAW, Gen. Zool. iv, 1803, 414.
Cossyphus verres, Castelnau, Anim. Nouv. ou Eares, Am^rigue du Sud, Ichth,
1855, 27.
Sparus falcaius, Block, op. cit. tab. cclviii.
Bodianus BlocMi, Lacepede, Hist. Nat. Poiss. iv, 1803, 279, 290.
Harpe coeruleo-aureus, LacepJide, op. cit. 426, 427, tab. viii. fig. 2.
Lalrus semiruber, LACiBPi^DE, op. cit. iii, 428.
Not common. The species is also recorded from various of the West
India Islands, the Gulf of Mexico, Bahia, Eio de Janeiro, and Saint Hel-
ena. Closely-related species are known in the Spanish and French An-
tilles under the names "Doncella" and " Demoiselle," and the Bermu-
38
dian name may perhaps be iucerpreted to mean " the fish which the
Spanish call Lady-fish." The name is not inappropriate, for the species
is remarkable for the grace of its form and the beauty and elegance of
its colors. My speciuiens measure eight inches.
Color.—Head and upper half of body to the third ray of the soft dor-
sal rich chestnut-brown ; the remainder, including the lower half of the
operculum, bright golden-yellow.
The lips have conspicuous folds. The pre-operculum is very percepti-
hly denticulated. The two anterior ventral raysand the soft dorsal and anal
and the caudal lobes are much produced, the dorsal and anal prolonga-
tions extending to the middle of the median caudal rays 5 the outer cau-
dal rays are twice as long as the median.
POMAOEl^TEIDJB.
• GLYPHIDODON SAXATILIS, {Linne) Cuvier.
Cow-pilot; SEnaEANT-MAJOK.
Ja^MacflgMare,MARCGRAVE, Hist. &c. Brasil. iv, 1648, 156.
Sparus fasciis ^uinque transversis fuscis, Linn:i^, Amoen. Acad, i, 1749, 312.
Chwtodon fasciis quinque albis, cauda Mfurca, Linne, Mus. Ad. Fried, i, 1754, 54.
ChcBtodon saxatilis, Linn:6, Syst. Nat. ed. 10, 1, 1758, 277 ; ed. 12, 1, 1766, 466.
—
Gmelin,
Linn^, Syst. Nat. 1, 1788, 1253.—Bloch, Ichth. vi, 1787, 71, tab. ccvi, f. 2.
Glypliisodon saxatilis, Cuv. & Val., Hist. Nat. Poiss. v, 1830, 446.
—
Mullee & Tkoschel
Schomburgk's Hist. Barbados, 1848, 674.
—
Castelnau, Anim. Nouv. 011 Eares,
Am^rique du Sad, 1855, 11.
GlypJiidodon saxatilis, Gunther, Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus. iv, 1862, 36.
—
Poey, Eep. Fis.-Nat.
Cuba, ii, 1868, 329.—Cope, Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. 1870, 461.
Chwtodon Marginaius, Bloch, op. cit. tab. ccvii.
—
LacdSpIide, Hist. Nat. Poiss. iv, 1803,
451, 463.
Chcetodon Mauritii, Bloch, op. cit. tab. ccxiii, f. 1.
—
Schneider, Bloch, Syst. Ichth.
1801, 234.—Lac^pIide, op. cit. 452, 470.
Chcetodon sarcjoides, Lac^p^ide, op. cit. 453,471, 472.
Very common in sheltered waters. The largest, six to eight inches in
length, frequent the shallow shaded coves in company with Pseudoscarus
vetula, HolacantJms ciliaris, and Sarotlirodus bimaculatus. The young may
be seen basking in every shallow tide-pool. The origin of the common
name is not apparent, unless it refers to some supposed relation between
this species and the Cow-fish [Acant^ostracium quadricorne), such as
Naucrates ductor is supposed by sailors to hold with the Sharks. The
fish is sometimes called the " Sergeant-major," in allusion to the chevron-
like bands of yellow on the sides. The species is very common through-
39
out the West Indies, and has been observed as far south as Bahia and.
east to the Cape Verde Islands. Its accidental occurrence at Newport,
E. I., has been recorded.
Color.—Adults golden-green, young golden-yellow,*with five black
cross-bands, which are not as broa^d as the interspaces between them,
the first from a point in front of the origin of the dorsal to the base of
the pectoral; the second below the third and fifth dorsal spines; the
third from the eighth and tenth dorsal spines toward the vent; the
fourth from the twelfth and thirteenth dorsal spines to the middle of
the anal ; the fifth below the end of the soft dorsal and continued on
the posterior rays of the dorsal and anal.
The ventrals, soft dorsal, and anal are produced ; the fourth and fifth
rays of soft dorsal and the fifth and sixth of anal longest. Dorsal and
anal prolongations in young reaching to a point half-way between the
posterior angle of dorsal and the base of caudal rays; in adults reach-
ing quite beyond the base of caudal rays. External caudal rays twice
the length of median.
EUOmOSTOMUS GULA, (Cuv. & Yal.) Ooode.
Shad.
Gerres gula, Cuv. & Val., Hist. Nat. Poiss. vi, 1830, 464.—Jenyns, Zool. Voy. H. M. S.
Beagle, 1842, 58.—GtJNTHER, Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus. iv, 1862, 255.—Muller &
Troschel, Schomburgk, Hist. Barbado8,.1848.—PoEY,Mem. Hist. Nat. Cuba, ii,
1861, 368.
Diapierus gula, Poey, Rep. Fis.-Nat. Cuba, ii, 1868, 323.
Common and secured in quantity in the shallow bays, with Decapterus
punctatus, Eucmostomus Lefroyi, and Traclmrops crumenoplithalimis. The
largest specimens seen, which were apparently adult, measure six inches
in length ; intermediate sizes down to one inch were observed.
The species has also been seen about Martinique, Santo Domingo,
Cuba, Jamaica, and Bahia. The " Turdus cinereuspeltatus " of Catesby,*
for which he gives the common Kiame of " Shad," seems to be identical
with this species or the closely-allied Eucinostomus aprion, if not with the
following species.
EUCINOSTOMUS LEFROYI, Goode.
Long-boned Shad.
Diapterus Lefroyi, Goode, Amer. Journ. Sci. & Arts, viii, 1874, (Aug.) 123.
This species is distinguished from all other members of the family and
genus by its relatively greatly-elongated form. The body is fusiform,
* Natural History of Carolina, Florida, and tbe Bahamas, ii, p. 11, tab. si, iig. 1.
40
compressed; its greatest height, at the thoracic region, being a little less
than one-fourth (0.23) of the total length, and a little more than one-
fourth (0,27) of the length without caudal (0.89). In Eticinostomus aprion,
the most elongated of the species hitherto described, the greatest height
is but one-third of the length.
The height of the body is uniform under tbe spinous portion of the
dorsal, sloping gently, and at a nearly uniform angle above and below,
to the middle of the caudal peduncle. The height of the body behind
the dorsal (0.10) is less than one-half, that of the least height of the tail
(O.OG) is one-fourth of the greatest height of the body.
The scales are large, measuring 0.03 and 0.04 in height, and 0.02 and 0.03
in length; they form about forty-five oblique transverse rows between the
head and the caudal, four and a half longitudinal rows between the
back and the lateral line, and ten longitudinal between rows the lateral
line and the belly.
The length of the head (0.22) equals the greatest height of the body,
and is double the greatest width of the head (0.11); the height at the
pupil (0. 14) is double the width of the interorbital space (0.07). The length
of the snout (0.06) equals the length of the operculum (0.06); when the
mouth is protruded, the length of the snout is doubled (0.12), and when
retracted, the posterior extremity of the intermaxillary process extends
to the vertical through the center of the pupil. The nasals are very
prominent, and the nostrils are nearer to the orbit than to the extremity
of the jaw. The orbit is circular, its diameter (0.08) one-third the length
of the head.
The origin of the dorsal is slightly behind that of the ventral ; its dis-
tance from the snout (0.31) twice the length of its base (0.16). The dorsal
spines are graduated nearly in the proportion (1= 0.02; II = 0.12; III
= 0.11; IV = 0.10; Y = 0.09; VI = 0.085; VII = 0.725; VIII = 0.05; IX
= 0.04). The notch between the spinous andsoft portionsis very deep, and
the connecting membrane barely perceptible. In the soft dorsal, the fifth
ray is the longest (0.09), and equals the fifth spine; the succeeding rays
diminishing regularly to the last, which equals the ultimate spine (0.04);
the length of its base (0.20) is greater than that of the spinous dorsals. The
anal begins behind the center of the body (0.56); the first spine is very
short (0.01), one-fifth the length (0.05) of the second, which is slender; the
first ray is the longest (0.08) ; the succeeding rays regularly diminishing
in length to the last (0.03), The lobes of the caudal are equal ; the outer
rays in length (0.21) five times the inner ones (0.04). The extremity of
the pectoral reaches the vertical froui the last dorsal spine; its distance
41
from tbe snout at the axilla (0.25) is nearly equal to the length of the
body. The ventral spine resembles the fifth dorsal spine in shape and
size. The length of the longest ray (0.11) slightly exceeds one-third of the
distance from the snout to the ventral axilla (0,30) ; the axillary append-
age consists of four lanceolate scales, the first and the longest as long
as the last ventral ray.
Color.—Silvery, with a bluish tint above ; axils of the pectorals and
extremity of snout brownish. Eadial formula:^ D. IX, 10; A. II, 8, P.
12 ; y. I, 5 ; C. 3, 9, 9, 3.
The unit of measurement used above is the one-hundredth of the total
length, which in an average specimen is 7.29 inches (0™.185). The
species is common in the protected inlets about the islands, in company
with the preceding species, the "Shad." The " Long-boned Shad" are
in much demand for bait, and are easily seined in large quantities.
The species is dedicated to his excellency Maj. Gen. J. H. Lefroy, F.
E. S., governor of the Bermudas, a gentleman of well-known scientific
attainments and reputation, who, while doing so much for the social and
political welfare of the islands, is also taking an active part in the devel-
opment of their natural history.
Since the i3ublication of the preliminary description of this fish, I
have had the opportunity of comparing specimens from the Bermudas
with others sent from Havana to the National Museum by Professor
Poey, by whom the species had been recognized as new, and described
in MS. under the name of JEucinostomus productus. The specimens are
precisely the same, and coincide in having only two anal spines ; a
character in which they diifer from the remainder of the genus, and
which may prove to be, as suggested by Professor Poey, an indication
of generic distinction.
TEUTHIDIDJE.
ACANTHURUS NIGEIOANS, {Linne) Gill.
Doctor-fish.
Turdus rJioniboidalis, Catesby, Nat. Hist. Carolina, Flor. and the Bahama Islands, ii, 1743,
10, tab. X, fig. 1.
Chcetodonnigriscens Cauda albescente wqali utrinqiie aculeata, Aetedi, Desc. Spec. Pise. 90.
CJi(etodon nigricans, Linn^, Syst. Nat. ed. 10, 1, 1758, 274 ; ed. 12, 1, 1766, 462.—Gmelik,
Liang, Syst. Nat. 1, 1788, 1245.
Acanthurus nigricans, Gill in Baird's Eeport Sea Fisheries of Southern New England,
1873,801.
42
Acanthurus cceruleus, Schneidek, Bloch, Syst. Ichth. 1801, 214.—Cirv. & Val.,
Hist. Nat. Poiss. s, 1835, 179.—Guichenot, Poiss. in Sagra, Hist. Nat. Cuba,
1845, 121.—Storer, Syn. Fish. N. Amer. 1846, 112.—Castelnau, Anim. Nouv.
ou Eares, Am6rique du Sud, 1855, 25,' pi. 12, f. 2.
—
Guxther, Cat. Fish. Brit.
Mus. iii, 1861, 336.—Poey, Eep. Fis.-Nat. Cuba, ii, 1868, 355.—Cope, Trans. Am.
Phil. Soc. 1870, 474.
ISTot uDCommon. The species extends through the West Indies, and
has also been observed on the coasts of Florida and South Carolina.
Its quick nervous movements, as it plays about the recesses in the reef,
are very characteristic. The local name has reference to the lancet-lilie
processes on the sides of the caudal peduncle. The "Barbero" and
"Barbeiro" of Cuba and Brazil, and the " Chirurgien-bleu," "Porte
Lancette," and " Saigneur" of the French Antilles, are names of similar
origiu.
Color.—Bluish-brown ; dorsal and anal with numerous obliquely lon-
gitudinal lines of light blue. Caudal spine amber-colored, glassy, pos-
teriorly half as long as anteriorly. A prominence in front of orbit j
profile of snout slightly concave. Operculum, pre-operculum, and scap-
ular bones with deep striae. Upper jaw with seven, lower with eight
five to eight lobed incisors.
ACANTHUEUS CHIRUEGUS, (Bloch) Schneider.
DOCTOR-FISH.
Chcetodon nigricans, Bloch, Ichth. vi, 1787, 60, tab. cciii (not Linn€).
Acanthurus nigricans, Schneider, Bloch, Syst. Ichth. 1801, 211.
Chcetodon chirurgus, Bloch, oj). cit. tab. ccviii.
—
Gmelin, Linu6, Syst. Nat. 1788, 1259.
Acanthurus chirurgus, Schneider, op. cit. 214.—Cuv. & Val., Hist. Nat. Poiss. x,
1835, 168.—Guichenot, Poiss. in Sagra, Hist. Nat. Cuba, 1845, 120.
—
Storer,
Syn. Fish N. Am. 1846, 112.
—
Castelnau, Anim. Nouv. ou Eares, Am^rique
du Sud, 1855, 24.—Gunther, Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus. iii, 1861, 329.—Poey, Eep.
Fis. Nat. Cuba, ii, 1868, 355.—Cope, Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. Phila. 1870, 474,—
Gill in Baird's Eep. Fisheries of Southern New England, 1873, 801.
Acronurusfuscus, Gronow, Cat. Fish. (1780), ed. Gray, 1854, 191.
This species undoubtedly occurs, associated as it always is with the
preceding. The name " Tang," found in the list of local names, is prob-
ably applied to one or both, if we can judge from the remarkable corre-
spondence of the local names in the Bermuda and Bahama groups.
43
CH^TODONTID^.
SAROTHRODUS BIMACULATUS, {Block) Poeij.
FoTJR-EYED Fish.
CJicetodon Mmaculatus, Bloch, Ichth. vii, 1797, tab. ccxix, f. 1.
—
Schneider, Bloch, Syst.
Ichth. 1801, 225.—Cuv. & Val., Hist. Nat. Poiss. vii, 1831, 67.—Storer, Syn.
Fish. N. Am. 1846, 86.—GtJnther, Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus. ii, 1861, 9.—Poey,
Mem. Hist. Nat. Cuba, ii, 1861, 37J.
Sarothrodus Mmaculatus, Poey, Eep. Fis. Nat. Cuba, ii, 1868, 353.
—
Cope, Trans. Am.
Phil. Soc. 1870, 474.
The "Four-eyed Fish" is usually seen in sheltered coves, lazily swim-
ming a few feet below the surface, under the shadow of some high rock.
Its local name has reference to the eye-like spots near the tail, which
the fishermen believe to be a true pair of eyes. The species is also
recorded from the northern West Indies.
Color.—Pearly-gray 5 snout, posterior edge of operculum, base of pec-
toral, the anal, caudal, and dorsal bright yellow, blendiug into the gray
of the body. A band, black, edged with yellow, extends from a point
in front of and below the first dorsal spine across the eye to the margin
of interoperculum ; soft dorsal with a large round indistinct black spot
at its base between the fifth and twelfth rays, and a small spot of deep
black at its angle ; soft dorsal with narrow marginal line of black ; soft
anal with narrow, submarginal band of light blue, anteriorly edged
with black ; caudal with terminal band of bluish-white, with bright-
yellow center ; base of ventrals blotched with yellow.
HOLACAXTHUS CILIARIS, [Linne) Lacepede.
Angel-eish.
Acarauna major finnis cornutis, Catesby, Nat. Hist. Carolina, Florida, and the Bahama
Islands, ii, 31, tab. xxxi, 1743.
Chcetodon griseus fasciis quatuor fuscis, LiNNfi, Mus. Ad. Fried. 1, 1754, 62, tab. xxxiii, f. 1.
Chcetodon ciliaris, Linn:^, Syst. Nat. ed. 10, 1, 1758, 276; ed. 12, 1, 1766, 465.—Gmelin,
Linn(5, Syst. Nat. 1, 1788, 1252.—Bloch, Ichth. vi, 1788, 83, taf. ccxiv.—
Schneider, Bloch, Syst., Ichth. ed. 1801, 218.
Holacanthus ciliaris, LAci;pi:DE, Hist. Nat. Poiss. iv, 1803, 527-534.—Cuv. & Val.
Hist. Nat. Poiss. vii, 1831, 154.—Gunther, Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus. ii, 1861, 46.—
Poey, Mem. Hist. Nat. Cuba, ii, 1861, 371 ; Eep. Fis.-Nat. Cuba, ii, 1868, 351.—
Gill, Baird, Eep. on Sea Fisheries of Southern New England, 1873, 802.
Gdbelita, Parra, Desc. Dif. Piezas Hist. Nat. Cuba, ii, 1787, 11, tab. vii, f. 1.
Chcetodon Farrce, Schneider, op. cit. 235 (on Parra's figure). •
44
Chcetodon squamulosus, Shaw, Nat. Misc.
,
275.
ChcBtodon Catetibeii, Shaw, Gen. Zool. iv, 1, 1803, 325.
Chcetodon cortmtus, Desmarest, D^c. Ichtbyol.
Chcctodon aculeatus, Gkonow, Cat. Fishes (1780), eel. Gray, 1854, 72.
Common. The species is found, also, in the West Indies, at Bahia,
and on the coasts of Mexico. The Angel-fish is partial to sheltered
parts of the reef, where it may be seen lazily and gracefully swimming
or floating a fevT feet below the surface. Its motions are very slow, and
it frequently swims upon its side, or, sinking to the bottom, swims per-
pendicularly to the surface, where its bright colors flash for a moment
as it floats broadside upward. I have frequently seen them grazing
upon the alga-covered rocks. The Angel-fish attains the weight of four
pounds, and as far surpasses all the other fishes of the region in its
delicious flavor as in its lovely hues. The largest I have seen measured
fifteen inches from snout to extremity of soft dorsal.
Color.—Brown with a shade of olive-green, each scale edged with a
lighter tint; on the dorsal and anal fins, the brown has reddish tinge.
Chin, nape, base of pectoral, borders, and spines of operculum and pre-
operculum, brigbt cobalt-blue. Extremity of pectorals, bright yellow.
Borders of dorsal and anal bright blue, passing through a vivid green to
bright yellow on the slender streamers formed by the prolongations of
the soft dorsal and anal fins. Caudal bright yellow, with narrow border
of greenish blue. Base of ventrals blue, passing through green into
yellow at the extremities. Young and half-grown individuals are orna-
mented with three or four broad transverse bands of blue and yellow.
My specimens, some twelve in number, differ from all descriptions in
the absence of the spot of brown, encircled with blue, on the nape. I
have examined numerous West Indian specimens and find it universally
present. Should this character prove constant, the Bermuda Angel-fish
may be considered a geographical variety, Solacanthus ciliaris, var.
Bermudensis.
HOLACANTHUS TEICOLOB, {Bloch) Lace^ede.
Black ANaEL-FisH.
Acarauna, Edwards, pi. 583, f. 4.
La Veuve Coquette, Duhamel, Trait. G^u. Pesoh. 1782, pt. 2, pi. 13, f. 1.
Catalineta, Parra, Descr. Dif. Piez. Hist. Nat. Cuba, 1787, 12, lam. vii, f. 2.
Chcetodon tricolor, Bloch, Ichth. xii, 1797, tab. 425.—Schneider, Bloch, Syst. Ichth.
1801, 219.
45
Eolacanthus tricolor, Lac^p^ide, Hist. Nat. Poiss. iv, 1803, 525-530.—Cuv. & Val., Hist,
Nat. Poiss, vii, 1831, 162.
—
Castelnau, Anim. Nouv. ou Eares, Am6r. du Sud,
1855, 19.—GtJNTHER, Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus. ii, 1861, 49.—Poey, Mem. Hist. Nat.
Cuba, ii, 1861, 371; Eep. Fis.-Nat. Cuba, ii, 1868, 352.
Occasional. Mr. Jones captured a specimen in 1871, and the name
occurs on the local list. The species occurs throughout the West Indies,
an d is also recorded from Bahia and Trinidad.
Chcetodon arcuatus, (Linn.) Cuvier, is also likely to occur in these
waters.
XIPHIIDJE.
The name of " Sword-fish " occurs on the local list. The common
Sword-fish {XipMas gladius, Linn.) must occur in Bermuda waters, and
probably also Tetrwpturus albidus, Poey, and Ristiophorus americanus,
Cuv. & Val.
The following reference to the Sword-fish occurs in " Newes from the
Bermudas," a pamphlet dated Burmuda, July, 1609, and reprinted in
'' Force's Historical Tracts," vol. ii.
Whale^ Sword-fish & Tlireaslier.—" The sword fish swimmes under the
whale, & pricketh him upward : The Threasher keepeth above him, &
with a mighty great thing like unto a flaile, hee so baugeth the whale,
that hee will roare as though it thundered, &doth give him such blowes,
with his weapon, that you would thinke it to be a crake of great shot."
—
(Page 22.)
SCOMBEID^.
OROYNUS ALLITERATUS, {Eafinesque) Gill.
Mackerel.
Scomber alliteratus, Eafinesque, Caratteri &c. Anim. Sicilia, 1810, 46.
Orcynus alliteratus, Gill, Baird, Eep. Sea Fisheries of Southern New England, 1373,
802.
—
Baikd, Eep. Sea Fisheries of Southern New England, 1873, 825.
Maquereaua Quatre Points, Geoffr. St. Hilarie, Desc, Egypt. Hist. Nat. 1813, pi. xxiv,
f. 3.
Thynnus Leachianus, Eisso, Hist. Nat. Eur. Merid. iii, 1827, 414.
Thynnus thunnina, Cuv. & Val., Hist. Nat. Poiss. viii, 1831, 104.
—
Bleeker, Verhandl.
Batav. Genootsch. xxiv, 1851, 36.— Temmc. & Schleg., Fauna Japonica
Poiss. 1850, 95, pi. 48.
—
Guichenot, Eept. et Poiss. Exp. Sclent. Alg^rie, 1850,
Poiss. 57.—GiJNTHER, Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus. ii, 1861, 364.
Orcynus thunnina, Poey, Eep. Fis.-Nat. Cuba, 1, 1867, 321; ii, 1868, 362.
Thynnus Brasiliensis, Cuv. & Val., op. cit. 110.
—
Poey, Mem. Hjst. Nat Cuba, ii, 1861,
373.
Thynnus vagans, Lesson, Voy. Coquille, Zool. ii, 1830, 162, pi. cxxxii.
46
Large scliools were observed in March. This large and powerful
pelagic fish has been observed in the Mediterranean, on the east of
Norway, in the East Indies, on the coasts of Brazil and Cuba, and was
found in 1871 by Professor Baird in large numbers at Wood's Hole,
Mass., and several have since been taken on the shores of Southern New
England. It is highly valued for bait, but is the only large fish which
is not thought good to eat ; though rather oily, I think it superior to
many of the Bermuda food-fishes. It attains the length of two feet and
a half.
OAEANGIDiE/
DECAPTEEUS PUNCTATUS, {Agassis) Gill.
Bound Eobin.
Scoviber hippos, Mitchill, Amer. Month. Mag. 1818, 246 (not Linn6), (figured as " The
Hippos Mackerel," Trans. Lit. & Phil. Soc. N. Y. 1815, pi. 5, f. 5).
Caranx punctatus, Agassiz, Selecta Gen. et Spec. Pise. Brasil, coil. Spix, 1829, 108, pi.
Ivi a, f. 2.—Cuv. & Val., Hist. Nat. Poiss. is, 1833-38.—DeKay, New York
Fauna, Fish, 1842, 122, pi. 73, f. 123 (copied from Mitchill).—Storee, Syn. Fish.
N. Am. 1846, 101.—Gunther, Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus. ii, 1861, 446.
Decapterus punctatus, Gill, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1862, 432 ; and in Baird, Eep. on Sea
Fisheries of Southern New England, 1873, 803.—Poey, Eep. Fis.-Nat. Cuba, ii,
1868, 368 (see, also, Mem. ii, 374).—Baird, Eep. on Sea Fisheries of Southern
New England, 1873, 825.
Very common. This species ranges along the coast from Brazil to
Cape Cod, and has been seen at Cuba and Martinique. The Bound
Bobin is seined in great numbers in Hamilton Harbor, in company with
the various species of Clupeidce and Gerridw, and is sold from row-boats
along the quay at the legal rate of four-pence a pound. The largest
measure six inches. "Jigging robins" is a favorite amusement of the
little negroes. A few bread-crumbs are thrown over the dock, and the
little fish collect in such numbers that a line with a bare fish-hook
jerked rapidly through the group seldom fails to impale one or more.
The local name seems to be fanciful in origin ; at Barbados, it is given
to the allied species Decapterus macarelluSj which perhaps also occurs
at the Bermudas.
Color.—Above, olive-brown; beneath, white, with pearly reflections.
A golden stripe along the lateral line, studded with small black spots,
which cease at the commencement of the lateral plates. Eye yellow,
with black iris.
47
TEACHUROPS CEUMENOPHTHALMUS, (BlocJi) Gill
GOGaLER; GoaGLE-EYE.
Scomber crumenophthalmus, Bloch, Iclith. x, 1797, 65, taf. cccxliii.
Caranx crumenophthalmus, Lac]£pJ:de, Hist. Nat. Poiss. iv, 1803, 107.—Cuv. & Vai.,
Hist. Nat. Poiss. ix, 1833, 62.—GtJNTHER, Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus. ii, 1861, 429.
Trachurops o'umenophthalmus, Gill, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1862, 432; and in Baird,
Eeps. on Sea Fisheries of Southern New England, 1873, 803.—Poey, Rep. Fis.
Nat. Cuba, ii, 1868, 367.
—
Baird, Rep. on Sea Fisheries of Southern New Eng-
land, 1873, 825.
Scoiriber ialantioplithalmua, Schneider, Bloch, Syst. Ichth. 1801, 29.
Scomber plumieri, Bloch, op. cit. tab. ccclxiv.
—
Schneider, op. cit. 30.
Caranx plumieri, Cuv. & Val., op. cit. 65.—MtJLL. &, Trosch., Schomburgk, Hist. Barba-
dos, 1848, 669.—GuiCHENOT, Poiss. in Sagra, Hist. Nat. Cuba, ii, 1845, 110.
Caranx Daubentonii, LAc:fipJ;DE, op. cit. iii, 59, 71.
Caranx macropMhalmus, Ruppell, Atlas, Reise Nord-Africaj Fische, 1828, 97, tab. xxv,
f. 4 (not Agassiz).
Caranx macropMhalmus, Agassiz, in Spix, Select. Gen. & Spec. Pise. Brasil, 1829, 107,
pi. Ivi a, f. 2 (not Ruppell).
Caranx maufitianus, QuoY & Gaimard, Voy. Uranie & Physicienne, Zool. 1824, 359.
Common ; the species, like the preceding, is found in the West Indies
and on the coast of the United States to Southern Massachusetts j it is
found also at Mauritius, in the Pacific and Indian Oceans, the Eed Sea,
and on the coast of Guinea. The Goggler reaches the weight of a pound,
is found with the preceding, and is used for food. The local names refer
to its great, staring eyes.
Color.—Above, bluish ; beneath, silvery white.
PAEATEACTUS PISQUETUS, {Cuv. & Val.) Gill.
Jack; Buffalo Jack.
Caranx pisquetus, Cuv. & Yal., Hist. Nat. Poiss. ix, 1833, 97.
—
Poey, Mem. Hist.
Nat. Cuba, ii, 1861, 373.
Paratractus pisquetus, Gill, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1862, 432; Baird's Rep. Sea
Fisheries of Southern New England 1873, 803.
—
Poey, Rep. Fis. Nat. Cuba, ii,
1868, 365.—Baird, Rep. Sea Fisheries of Southern New England, 1873, 825.
Caranx chrysos, DeKay, Fishes, New York Fauna, 1842, 121, pi. xxvii, f. 85 (not Scom-
ber chrysos, Mitchill).
—
Baird, Fishes New Jersey Coast, 1855, 22.
Carangus chrysos, Girard, Ichth. U. S. & Mex. Bound. Surv. 1859, 23.
Caranx hippos, Holbrook, Ichth. South Carolina, 1856, 88, pi. xii, fig. 2 (not Scom-
ber hippos, Linn6),
Carangus hippos, Gill, Cat. Fish. E. Coast N. Am. 1861, 36.
Trachurus sguamosus, Gronow, Cat. Fish. (1780), ed. Gray, 1854, 125.
The Jack, or Buffalo Jack, is common, occurring also in the West
48
Indies and on the coast of Brazil, and tTie United States as far north
as Cape Cod. Its habits closely resemble those of the preceding spe-
cies. My largest specimen is nine inches long ; the fishermen claim that
the species attains the weight of five or six pounds, but they probably
confound this with some other species of the same family.
Color.—Above, light slate: beneath, pearly white; snout and line over
the orbit blue. Second dorsal margined with black. Base of lateral
plates and tip of caudal light brown.
NAUCRATES DUCTOR, (Linne).
Pilot-fish.
Gasterosteus ductor, Linn£, Syst. Nat. ed. 10, 1, p. 295.
Naucraies ductor, Cuv. & Val., Hist. Nat. Poiss. viii, p. 312, pi. 332.
This universally-distributed species occasionally finds its way into
the hands of the Bermudian fishermen.
. ZONICHTHYS FASCIATUS, {BlocJi.) Swainson.
BONITO.
Sconiber fasciatus, Bloch, Ichth. x, 61, taf. cccxli, 17 ; Syst. Ichth. ed. Schneider, 29.
Seriola fasciata, Cuv. & Val., Hist. Nat. Poiss. is, 211, 1833.—GUnther, Cat. Fish.
Brit. Mus. ii, 464.
Zonichthys fasciatus, Swainson, Nat. Hist. Fish. & Rept.
—
Gill, Cat. Fish. E. Coast N.
Am. 1861, V, 36, and in Eep. U. S. Com. Fish. 1871, 803.
Ealatractus fasciatus, Poey, Eep. Fis. Nat. Cuba, ii, 373, 1868.
Not uncommon ; recorded also from Cuba and South Carolina. A
specimen was taken near New York in October, 1875, and is now in the
National Museum. The Bonito is an excellent table-fish, and reaches
the length of two feet or more.
The "Amber-fish," the " Guelly," or '-Cavally " (Caballa ?), the " Slip-
pery Dick," and the " Skip-jack " of the fishermen probably belong to
this family ; but, as I secured no specimens, they cannot be identified.
The " Skip-jack" is perhaps an Oligoplites, and the "Amber fish" is
doubtless a Seriola.
CORYPHJINID^.
CORYPH^NA HIPPURUS, Linn.
Dolphin.
CorypTicena kippurus, Linni^, Syst. Nat. ed. 12, i, 446.
I observed a Dolphin, measuring five or six feet, playing about our
steamer in the Gulf Stream, about two hundred miles northwest of the
Bermudas. The Dolphin is well known to the fishermen.
49
MULLID^.
HYPENEUS MACULATUS, {Block) Cuv.
Goat-fish.
Pira metara, Makcgrave, Hist. &c. Brasil, 1648, 156, 181.
Mullus maculatus, Bloch, Ichth. x, 1797, 79, tab. 348.—Schnkider, Bloch, Syst. Icbth.
1801, 78.
Ujieneus maculatus, Cuv. & Val., Hist. Nat. Poiss. iii, 1829, 478.
—
Storer, Syn. Fish. N.
Am. 1846, 48.—POEY, Mem. Hist. Nat. Cuba, i, 1853,223; ii, 1861,367.—Castel-
NAU, Anim. Nouv. «&c. AmtSrique du Sud, Pois. 1855, -6.
—
Gunther, Cat. Fish.
Brit. Mus. i, 1861, 408.—Cope, Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. 1870, 471.
Mullhypeneus maculatus, Poey, Eep. Fis.-Nat. Cuba, ii, 1868, 307.
I did not secure a specimen, but was told tbat a fish of this descrip-
tion is common among the reefs. Godet, in his " History of Bermuda,"
gives a description of color which is apparently taken from specimens
by him, which renders the identification sufQcieiitl ? certain. The spe-
cies is also recorded from Cuba, Jamaica, Martinique, and Eio de Ja-
neiro.
HOLOCENTRUM SOGO, Bloch.
Squirrel.
Jaquaraca, Marcgrave, Hist. &c. Brasil, 1648, 147.
Perca marina rubra, Catesby, Nat. Hist. Carolina, Florida, and the Bahama Islands, ii,,
1743, 2., tab. ii, f. 2.
Bodianus pentacanthus, Bloch, Ichth. vii, 1797, 29, tab. ccxxxv (a badly-distorted copy
of Marcgrave's figure).
Holocentrus sogo, Bloch, op. cit. 46, tab. ccxxxii.
Molocentnim sogfio. Gill, Cat.'Fish. E. Coast N. Am. 41, 186; and in Baird's Rep. on Sea
Fisheries of South. New England, 1873, 804.
Holocentrus rubellus laminis hranchiostegis serratis etc., Brown, Hist. &c. Jamaica, 1799,.
447.
Sogo holocentrus, Shaw, Gen. Zool. v. 1803, 555.
Bodianus jaguar, LACi^piiDE, Hist. Nat. Poiss. &c. iv, 1803, 286.
Sciceena rubra, Schneider, Bloch, Syst. Ichth. 1801, 82 (not Forskal).
Eolocentrum longipinne, Cuv. & Val., Hist. Nat. Poiss. iii, 1829, 181.
—
Storee, Syiu
Fish. N. Am. 1846, 46.—Gunther, Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus. i, 1861, 28.—Cope,
Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. 1870, 465.
Common; its bright color and nervous darting motions rendering it
one of the most conspicuous denizens of the rock-pools. It is found
4 F
50
throughout the West Indies and south to Brazil. Their voracity is very-
great, and the tyro in angling usually findshis first prize to be a " Squirrel."
They are not often eaten. They breed plentifully about the islands, and
reach a length of fifteen inches; the lobes of the vertical fins becoming
proportionally more and more produced with age. The local name is
the same as that given by Catesby, and refers to a grunting noise
uttered by them, which resembles the bark of a squirrel.
The Cuban form seems to be nearly the same; but Professor Poey
hesitatingly places it in a distinct species.
SCIJENID^.
Genus PAREQUES, Gill, MS.*
PAEEQUES AOUMINATUS, {Schneider) Gill.
Careub.
Grammistes acuminatus, Schneider, Bloch. Syst. Icbth. 1801, 184.
Egues acuminatus, Castlenau, Anim, Nouv. &c. Am^rique du Sud, Poiss. 1855, 11.
—
GtJNTHEE, Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus. ii, 1861, 280.
—
Poey, Mem. Hist. Nat. Cuba, ii,
1861, 370 ; Eep. Fis.-Nat. Cuba, ii, 1868, 325.—Cope, Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. 1870,
471.
Eques lineatus, Cuv. & Val., Hist. Nat. Poiss. v, 1830, 169.
Common here, though of rare occurrence elsewhere, having been
observed only at Cuba, Santa Cruz, and Bahia ; not valued for food. My
specimens measure eleven inches. The name "Carrub" is inexplicable,
unless it be a corruption of "Carp."
Color.—Tawny-yellow ; extremities of fins and base of pectorals and
ventrals blackish-brown ; head blotched with the same. Two specimens
have seven straight, longitudinal lines upon the side ; the third is with-
out any traces of such markings. Whether this difference is sexual, I
have no means of determining. The first dorsal is one-fourth the height
of the body, measured immediately below it.
* The genus Pareques is distinguished, according to ProfesBor Gill, by the develop-
SHent of the spines of the first dorsal fin in normal number, (ten or eleven,) as well as
other osteological characters.
51
CALAMUS MEGACEPHALUS, (Swainson) Poey.
Goat's HEAD PoRaY.
Pagellus calamus, Cuv. & Val., Hist. Nat. Poiss. vi, 1830, 206, pi. 152.—Poey, Mem. Hist.
Nat. Cuba, ii, 1861, 367.
Sparus calamus, Poey, Rep. Fis.-Nat. Cuba, ii, 1868, 308.
Calamus megacephalus, Swainson, Nat. Hist. Fisb, ii, 1839, p. 222.—Guichenot, Mem.
Soc. Imp. Sci. Nat. Cherbourg, xix, 1868, 112.—Poey, Ann. Lye. Nat. Hist, x,
1874,178.
.
,
Common; found also in the West Indies, reaching south to Bahia.
My specimens measure from six to eighteen inches.
CALAMUS ORBITARIUS, Foey.
Sheep's-head Poegy.
Pagellus orhitarius, Poey, Mem. Cuba, ii, 1860, 201 ; 1861, 367.
Sparus orUtanus, Poey, Rep. Fis.-Nat. Cuba, ii, 1868, 308.
Calamus orhitarius, Poey, Ann. Lye. Nat. Hist., N. Y., x, 1874, 79.
Common ; recorded also from Cuba. This species very closely resem-
bles tbe preceding in form and habits, but is easily distinguished by the
shortness of the snout, which gives it a very abrupt profile. In S. cala-
mus, the diameter of the orbit is contained twice in the distance from
the extremity of the snout to the perpendicular from the anterior border
of the orbit ; in 8. orhitarius, once and one-half. The height of the two
specimens before me is the same ; and, in 8. calamus^ the height is con-
tained in the length twice and three-quarters ; in 8. orhitarius, twice and
one-half. The specimens measure sixteen and fifteen inches, respect-
ively.
Color.—Both species, greenish-olive, with golden longitudinal stripes.
The names Goat's head and Sheep's-head no doubt refer to the enor-
mous pre-orbital bones which impart an ovine physiognomy to the fish.
The Porgies are taken with the hook in large quantity, and rank among
the most salable kinds. They live in deep water; and, when brought to
the surface, their bellies are greatly expanded from the removal of pres-
sure, giving them a very comical appearance.
52
SARGUS VARIEGATUS, (LacepMe,) Goode.
Chub.
S^arus S^rgus, LiNNjfi, Syst. Nat. ed. 10, 1, 1758, 278; ed. 12, 1, 1768, 469.—Gmelin,
Linne, Syst. Nat. 1, 1788, 1270.
—
Block, Ichth. viii, 1797, 31, tab. cclxiv.
—
Schneider, Bloch, Syst. Ichth. 1801, 270.
—
LacepJide, Hist. Nat. Poiss. iv,
1803, 27, 77.—Eisso, Ichth. Nice, 1810, 236.
Sargus variegatus, LacepJide, op. cit. iv^, 1803, 207 (from Hauy, Encyclop6die M6-
thodique.)
Sargus raucus, Geoffroy St. Hilaire, Descr. de I'figypte, Poiss. 1813, pi. xviii, f. 1.
Sargus BondeJetii, Cuv. &- Val., Hist. Nat. Poiss. vi, 1830, 14, pi. cxli.—Valenciennes.
Webb & Berthelot, Hist. Nat. Canaries, Poiss. 1836, 28.—Guichenot, Expl.
Scieut. Alg^rie, Poiss. 1850, 46.—GOnthek, Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus. 1861, 44.
Very abundant; occurring in large schools in company with Pimele-
pterus Boscii, which it closely resembles in form and habits. It is strictly
European, and is especially common in the Mediterranean, but has
not been found west of Madeira and the Canaries. 1 have carefully
compared Bermudian specimens with Mediterranean specimens in the
Bonaparte collection labeled Sargus Bondeletii. The Chub is seined in
vast quantities in Hamilton Harbor and other secluded bays. My spe-
cimens measure from ten to twelve inches.
PIMELEPTERID^.
PJMELBPTERUS BOSCII, Lacepede.
Bream.
Chcetodon cyprinacms, Broussonet, MS.
—
Gmelin, Linn^, Syst. Nat. 1, 1788, 1269, note
PimeUpterus Boscii, LacepIide, Hist. Nat. Poiss. iv, 1803, 429.—Cuv. & Val., Hist. Nat.
Poiss. vii, 1831,258.
—
Valenciennes, in Webb & Berthelot, Hist. Nat. Canaries,
1836, pi. xix.—DeKay, Zool. N. Y. Fishes, 1842, 100, pi. xx, fig. 56.—Storer, Syn.
Fish. N. A. 1846, 89.—Gunther, Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus. i, 1861, 497.—Gill, Cat.
Fish. E. Coast N. Am. 1861, 31.—Poey, Eep. Fis.-Nat. Cuba, ii, 1868," 323.—
Gill, in Baird's Eep. on Sea Fisheries of S. New England, 1873, 805.—Baikd,
Eep. Sea Fisheries of S. New England, 1873, 824.
Pimelepterus incisor, VALENCi:feNNES, op. cit. 805.
Common. The Bream is always found in company with the preceding
species, to which it is very like in size, shape, and habits, and is taken
with it in large numbers and brought to the market. It is easily dis-
tinguished from the Chub, as far as it can be seen under water, by the
large black spot just behind the dorsal. It is also recorded from Madeira,
53
the Canaries, Jamaica, and Cuba. A single specimen was taken in the
spring of 1873, at Staten Island, New York Harbor, by Mr. C. L. Copley,
and sent by him to the Smithsonian Institution.
Color.—Golden-brown, with a longitudinal stripe of gold along the
center of each row of scales, a silvery streak along the preorbital.
PEISTIPOMATID^.
H^MYLUM CAPEUNA, {LicUenstein) Goode.
White Grunt.
Capeuna BrasiUensibus, Makcgrave, Hist. &c. Brasil, i, 1648, 155, f. 163.
Grammistes irivittata, Schneider, Bloch, Syst. Ichth. 1801, 188 (on Marcgrave's figure)
Serranus capeuna, Lichtenstein, Abhandl. Berl. Akad. 1820-1, 288 (on Marcgrave's fig-
ure).
Hceniulon quadrilineatum, Cuv. & Val., Hist. Nat. Poiss. v, 1830, 288, pi. cxs.
—
Stoker,
Syn. Fish. N. Am. 1846, 7.5.—Gunther, Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus. i, 1861, 316.—
Poey, Eep. Fis.-Nat. Cuba, ii, 1868, 319.—Gill, in Baird's Eep. Sea Fisheries of
S. New England, 1873, 806.
Hwmulum quadrilineatum, Cope, Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. 1870, 471.
Hcemulon quinquelineatum, Poey, Mem. Hist. Nat. Cuba, ii, 1861,419; Eep. Fis.-Nat.
Cuba, i, 1867, 310; ii, 1868, 162.
Common, occurring in schools. My specimens measure four inches.
Cuvier's description of the color is excellent ; but Giinther, in quoting it,
fails to mention, either in generic or specific diagnoses, the brilliant red
of the lips aud mouth, which Cuvier thought of sufficient importance to
found upon it his generic name Hcemulon. I have made use of the
specific name capeuna, because it seems to have priority over that
usually accepted. The name trivittata can scarcely stand, since it is not
only inapplicable, but sure to mislead, as. is evident from the two other
names which have been given to the species, viz, quadrilineatum and
quinquelineatum.
The species is recorded from Brazil, San Domingo, and Cuba.
H^MYLUM CHRYSOPTERUM, {Linne) Cuvier.
Margate-fish.
Perca marina giibosa cinerea (Margate-fish), Catesby, Hist. Carolina, Florida, and
Bahamas, ii, 1743, 2, pi. ii, f. 1.
Perca chrysoptera, LiNNli, Syst. Nat. ed. 12, 1766, 485.—Gmelin, LiuniS, Syst. Nat. 1,
1788, 1314.
Luijanus chrysopterus, LACJepiiDE, Hist. Nat. Poiss. iv, 1803, 186, 226.
54
Hcemulon chrysopferon, Cur. &, Val,, Hist. Nat. Poiss. v, 1830, 240—DeKay, New York
Fauna, Fishes, 1842, 85, pi. vii, f. 22.—Storer, Syn. Fish. N. Am. 1846, 75.—
HOLLROOK, Ichth. South Carolina, 1855, 120, pi. xvii, f. 1.—Gunther, Cat.
Fish. Brit. Mus. i, 1861, 313.—Gill, in Baird's Kep. Sea Fisheries of S. New
England, 1873, 806.
The Margate-fish of the fishermen is probably this species. It is
common in summer, but was not to be found in the markets at the time
of my visit. The species is recorded from the West Indies and Brazil.
The fishermen recognize several others, as theYellow, Streaked, Spotted,
and Black Grunts, all of which probably belong to this family, if not to
this genus.
LUTJA;t^US CAXIS, {Schneider) Pocij.
Geay Snapper.
Caxis, Parra, Descr. Dif. Pie. Hist. Nat. Cuba, 1787, 14, lam. viii, f. 2.
Spams Caxis, Schneider, Bloch, Syst. Ichth. 1801, 284.
Lutjanus Caxis, Poey, Eep. Fis.-Nat. Cuba, i, 1867, 269; ii, 1868, 293.
—
Gill, in Baird's
Eeport on Sea Fisheries of S. New England, 1873, 806.
Bodianus Vivanet, LAClipiiDE, Hist. Nat. Poiss. iv, 1803, pi. iv, f. 3 (on a figure by
Plumier).
Sparus tetracanthus, Bloch, Ichth. viii, 1797, 279, 930 (on a figure of Plumier).
Cichla tetracantha, Schneider, op. cit. 338.
? Bodianus striaius {Fasciatus), Schneider, op. cit. 335, tab. Ixv.
Lutjanus acvtirostris, Desmarest, D^c. Ichth. pi. ii, f. 1 (fide Cuvier).
Mcboprion griseus, Cuv. & Val., His. Nat. Poiss. ii, 1829, 471.—Storer, Syn. Fish. N. Am.
1846, 34,—Gunther, Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus. i, 1861, 195.
Very common ; distributed, also throughout tlie Caribbean Sea and
the Gulf of Mexico, and, according to Giinther, who considers it
identical with Mesoprion goreensis Cuv. & Val., extendiug east to the
African coast. It breeds abundantly, and hundreds of individuals
from four feet to four inches in length may be seen in almost any sheltered
nook. It is one of the most delicious of food-fish, its flavor not unlike that
of the Blue-fish (Pomatomus saltatrix). Its extreme cunning renders it
very difficult to c<ipture with either hook, pot, or grains, and has gained
it the soubriquet of "Sea Lawyer". The market-name is ''Gray Snapper".
Color.—Dark gray, changing but sHghtly in spirits.
The synonomy of this and the allied forms is much ensnarled, and a
careful stiidy of a full series of specimens is desirable.
55
LUTJANUS AYA, {Block) Gill.
Yelting; Glass-eyed Snapper.
Acara aya, Marcgrave, Hist. &c. Brasil, 1648, 167.
Bodianus aya, Bloch Ichth. 1797, 33, tab. ccxxvii (on a figure by Prince Maurice).
—
LacepJide, Hist. Nat. Poiss. iv, 1803, 286.
Mesoprion aya, Cuv. & Val., Hist. Nat. Poiss. ii, 1829, 457.—? Guichenot, Sagra's Hist.
Nat. Cuba, Poiss. 1845, 24.—Gunther, Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus. i, 1861, 198.
Lufjanus aya, GiLt,, MS.
Bodianus ruber, Schneider, Bloch, Syst. Nat. ed. 1801, 330.
Common. It probably breeds, as individuals of all ages occur ; the
largest weigh ten j)ounds or more, and are much esteemed as food. Its
abrupt profile and large eyes give it a very sparoid appearance; to the
latter feature it no doubt owes one of its popular names, a similar epi-
thet being applied to the large-eyed SUzostedium americanum, the Wall-
eyed or Glass-eyed Pike of the great lakes and the Mississippi Valley.
The name "Yelting" is very puzzling.
Color.—Brilliant rose-red, fading in spirits to grayish-olive, with black
blotch along the base of the soft dorsal ; base of pectoral deep black.*
The species is peculiarly West Indian. Large specimens are some-
times brought in winter to the Washington market, in lots from Florida.
The Schoolmaster Snapper and Silk Snapper of the fishermen prob-
ably belong to this genus. The Spot Snapper and the Yellow-tail cor-
respond doubtless to Mesoprion uninotatus (Cuv. & Val.) Gill, and to
Ocyurus chrysurus (Bl.) Gill. Lutjanus cynodon (Cuv.) Gill probably also
occurs. All these species are peculiarly West Indian.
SEERANID^.
TEISOTROPIS UNDULOSUS, {Cuvier) Gill.
ROCK-FISH.
Ferca marina venenosapunctata (Eock-fish), Catesby, Nat. Hist. Carolina, Florida, and
Bahamas, ii, 1743, 15, tab. xv.—Cuv. & Val., Hist. Nat. Poiss. ii, 1829, 386.
Serraniis undulosus, Cuv. «fe Val., op. cit. 295.—Gunther, Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus. i, 1861,
143.
Trisotropis undulosus, Gill, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1865, 105.
Serranus irunneus, Poey, Mem. Hist. Nat. Cuba ii, 1860, 1314.
* Dr. Gunther, in the " Synopsis of the Species", which serves as a key to the genus
places this and the preceding species under the head " aa. Ground-color olive, with a
yelloio, green, or hrown shade." This is certainly very apt to mislead, and illustrates the
difiQculty of drawing correct ideas from the study of distorted and dibcolored museum-
Bpecimens.
56
Triwtropis irunneiis, Gill, 1. c.
—
Poey, Rep. Fis.-Nat. Cuba, ii, 1868, 150, ^34 ; Annals
Lye. Nat. Hist. N. Y. is, l»70, 305.
Seiranus arara, Poey (not Cuv. & Val.), Mem. ii, 1830, 132.
Serranus decimnlis, Foey, Mera. ii, 1860, 138.
Serranus cycJopomatus, Poky, Mem. ii, 1861, 353 ; Rep. ii, 1868, 284.
Sei'ranus latej}ictus, Poey, Mem. ii, 1861, 353.
Very common ; recorded also from the West Indies and the coast of
Brazil. The Rock-fish attains the length of four or five feet, and is one
of the choicest of table-fishes, though Catesby declares that his "Rock-
fish", which seems most probably the same, "has the worst character
for its poisonous quality of any other among the Bahama Islands".
Color.—Brown, thickly mottled with large, irregularly quadrilateral
spots of brownish-violet. The sides of the head are marked with wavy,
irregular lines of deep violet. Dorsal broadly margined with black
;
caudal, anal, and ventral tipped with deep black, which gradually
shades into the color of the body
;
pectorals tipped with orange.
It may be regarded as somewhat doubtful whether the species of
Cuvier is identical with that whose diagnosis is given by Dr. Giinther
under the same name, since the former makes no allusion to the yellow
tips of the pectorals. Professor Poey, after an examination of one of
Cuvier's types, pronounces it distinct from his Serranus hrunneus by reason
of a slightly-rounded caudal. The Serranus undulosus defined by Giin-
ther coincides withPoey's Serranus hrunrteus in its truncated caudal and
in other respects. I have provisionally accepted Giinther's identifica-
tion of Cuvier's species. Catesby's figure disagrees in its slightly-forked
caudal, but in other respects corresponds with the specimen before me;
and, since no conjecture has been offered as to its relations, I have,
after making allowances for the carelessness which the artist manifests
in many of the other plates, ventured to refer it to the same species.
TRISOTROPIS GUTTATUS, {Schneider) Gill.
Red Rock-fish.
Bonace cardenal, Parra, Descr. Dif. Piez. His. Nat. Cuba, 1787, 29, lam. xvi, f. 1.
Johnius guttatus, Schneider, Bloch, Syst. Iclith. 1801, 77 (on Parra's figure).
Trisotropis guttatus, Gill, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1865, 105.
Serranus cardinalis, Cuv. & Val,, His. Nat. Poiss. ii, 1829, 378 (on Parra's figure).
—
Storek, Syn. Fish., N. Am., 1840, 27.—GCxther, Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus.i, 1861,
57, note 19.—Poey, Eep. Fis.-Nat. Cuba, i, 1867, 200.
Trisotropis cardinalis, Poey, op. cit. ii, 282 ; Annals Lye. Nat. Hist. N. Y. ix, 1870, 303.
Serranus rupestris, Cuv. & Val., op. cit. ix, 1833, 437.—Stoker, op. cit. 29.—Gunther,
op. cit. 145.
57
With some doubt I refer to this species the Red Eock-fish of the Ber-
muda market. In habits, form, and dimension, it much resembles the
preceding. It is recorded from Saint Bartholomews, Cuba, and San Do-
mingo, and at the latter place is called by the same name as in Ber-
muda.
EPINEPHELQS STRIATUS, (Bloch) Gill.
Hamlet; Grouper.
Cherna, Parra, Desc. Dif. Piez. Hist. Nat. Cuba, 1787, 50, lam. xxiv.
AntJiias striatus, Bloch, Ichth. is, 1797,. 103, tab. 324 (on a figure by Plumier).
Lutjanus striatus, LACEPiiDE, Hist. Nat. Poiss. iv, 1803, 324.
Serranus striatus, Cuv & Val., Hist. Nat. Poiss. ii, 1829, 288.
—
Storer, Syn. Fish. N.
Am. 1846, 27.
—
Guichenot, Sagra's Hist. Nat. Cuba, Poiss. 1850, 12.—GtJNTiiER,
Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus. i, 1861, 110.
Epinephelus striatus. Gill, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Piiil^. 1865, 105.
—
Poey, Rep. Fis.
Nat. Cuba, ii, 1868, 285.—Cope, Traus. Am. Phil. Soc. 1870, 466.
Anthias cherna, Schneider, Bloch, Syst. Tchth. ed. 1801, 310 (ou Parra's figure).
Sparus chrysomelanurus, LAciiPilDE, op. cit. 160. (on a bad copy of Plumier's figure).
Very common; found also throughout the Caribbean Sea and the Gulf
of Mexico. The Grouper attains an enormous size ; and, on account of
its abundance and the ease of capturing, it is used as food more than any
other species. Its flesh is rather inferior in flavor and coarse in texture,
especially that of large individuals. Great numbers are caught off the
islands, and are brought in the wells of the smacks to the artificial ponds
along the shore, where they are kept for the market, and are fed on fish
and lobsters.
The " Devil's Hole" is a large natural pool near the center of the main
island, and about one hundred feet from the south shore of Harrington
Sound. Here a large number of Groupers may usually be found con-
fined, and the place is much visited by strangers. At feeding-time, when
one looks into the clear waters of the pool, nothing can be seen but an
array of great open mouths. When tlie food is thrown in, a scene of
indescribable commotion and splashing ensues. They are very fierce,
and rush savagely at anything which looks eatable. I have seen two
large ones, each four feet in length, seize the opposite ends of a cuttle-
fish arm tugging for several minutes at the tough morsel before the
question of ownership could be decided.
The young fish are called Hamlets; but, after reaching a length of
eighteen or twenty inches, are known as Groupers; the latter name is
a corruption of the Portuguese Garoupa, which is applied to a similar
fish found at Madeira.
58
Color.—Adult fishes range from a light-slate color to a deep chest-
nut-brown. In some individuals a narrow band of black extends from
the tip of the snout to a point between the eyes, where it divides ; the
branches extending, one to the origin of the dorsal and the other to the
angle of the operculum, and upward to unite with the first at the origin
of the dorsal. The lips and throat are bright vermilion.
A great variation is apparent in the color of difierent individuals,
which has not yet been satisfactorily explained, though it is no doubt
due to the depth of water or color of the bottom in the place where they
are taken, as is suggested below und^r Unneaocntrus punctatus. The
fishermen claim that the color of individuals confined in the ponds
changes from one extreme to the other within the period of a few weeks.
I have myself seen very considerable variation in color in the course of a
week in fishes confined in shallow fish-ponds. The young fish are always
' slate-color and are also marked with six or seven broad, transverse bands
of light brown and a large quadrangular black blotch across the back
of the tail behind the dorsal.
EPINEPHELUS GUTTATUS, {Gmelin) Goode.
Hind.
f Cugupuguacu, MarcgRave, Hist. &c. Brasil, 1648, 169.
—
Sloane, Voyage aux lies de
Madere, des Barbades, de St. Christophe, et de la Jamaique, 1727, tab. ccslvii.
—
Cugupuguacu Brazil, Catesby, Nat. Hist. Carolina, Florida, and Bahamas, ii, 1743, 14,
tab. xiv (the Hind).
Perca guttata, Gmelin, Linn6, Syst. Nat. 1, 1788, 1315 (on a figure by Catesby).—Cuv.
& Val., Hist. Nat. Poiss. ii, 1828, 372.
Bodianus apua, Bloch, Ichth. vii, 1797, 37, tab. ccxxix (on a figure by Prince Mau-
rice).—LAC:fipi:DE, Hist. Nat. Poiss. iv, 1803, 296.
? Serranus apua, Cuv. & Val., op. cit. 287 (citing as a synonym Piratiapia, Marc-
GRAVE, op. cit. 158).
Serranus apua, Gxjnther, Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus. i, 1861, 140.
Bodianus marginatus, Schneider, Blocti, Syst. Ichth. 1801, 331.
Very common ; recorded also from Jamaica, and probablj'^ from Bra-
zil. The Hind is readily sold in the market, where specimens two feet
in length are sometimes seen.
The name Hind perhaps refers to the spotted markings as similar to
those of the deer. The name is found in nearly all the English West
Indian islands, applied to the spotted species of this family.
Color.—Brownish, red, or rosy-white, with numerous small circular
spots of deep rose-color, fading to brown in spirits. Vertical fins
broadly margined with black.
59
The Hind is subject to great variations of color, specimens from the
"Whitewater", where there is a bottom of white sand, being nearly
white, while others have the ground-color a dusky reddish-brown.
The descriptions of Gmelin and Bloch were both founded upon draw-
ings, and their relations are somewhat doubtful. The former has been
preferred, since the figure of Catesby agrees precisely with the Bermuda
" Hind", except in the smaller number of dorsal spines, a matter of detail
not likely to have been noticed by Catesby, judging from his other fig-
ures. The Bermudian form is much more likely to be identical with that
from the Bahamas and Jamaica than that from Brazil, if, indeed, they
are not all identical. Gtiuther records from Jamaica his Serranus apua,
which is, beyond a doubt, the Bermuda species, thus furnishing another
argument for its identity with that figured by Sloane.
ENNEAOENTEUS PUNCTATUS, [Linne) Poey.
Butter-fish or Coney {yellow variety) ; NiaGER-FiSH {red variety).
Carauna, Marcguave, Hist. &c. Brasil, 1648, 147.—Lichtenstein, Abhandl. Akad.Berl.
1820-1, 278.
Perca marina puncticulata (Negro-fish), Catesby, Nat. Hist. Carolina, Florida, and Ba-
hamas, ii, 1743, 7, pi. vii.
Perca punctata, Linne, Syst. Nat. ed. 10, i, 1758, 291; ed. 12, 1766, 485 (on Catesby's
figure).
Enneacentrus punctatus, Poey, Rep. Fis.-Nat. Cuba, ii, 1868, 288.
Gnativere, Paera, Descr. Dif. Piez. Hist. Nat. Cuba, 1787, 7, lam. v, f. 1, 2.
Eolocentrus auratus, Bloch, Ichth. vii, 1792, 57, tab. ccxxxvi.
—
Schneider, Bloch, Syst.
Ichth. 1801, 314.
Gymnocephalus ruber, Schneider, op. cit. 346, tab. Ixvii (on a figure by Prince Maurice).
Serranus ouataliU, Cuv. «& VAL.,Hist. Nat. Poiss. ii, 1829, 381.
—
Storer, Syn. Fish. N.Am.
1846, 56.—GuiCHENOT, Sagra's Hist. Nat. Cuba, Poiss. 1845, 15.—Mull. &
Trosch., Schomburgh's Hist. Barbados, 1848, 665.—GCnther, Cat. Fish. Brit.
Mus. i, 1861, 120.—Poey, op. cit. 202.—Cope, Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. Phila. 1870,
446.
Epinephelus ouatalihi, Gill, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1865, 105.
Bodianus guaiivere, Schneider, Syst. Ichth. Bloch, 1801, 336 (on Parra's figures).
Serranus guativere, Cuv. & Val., op. cit. 383 (limited to Parra's f. 2).
—
Storer, 1. c.
—
MtJLL. & Trosch., 1. c.
—
Cope, 1. c.
Serranns carauno, Cuv. &l Val., op. cit. 384 (on a drawing by Prince Maximilian).
Castelnau, Anim. Nouv. ou Rares, Am^rique du Sud, Poiss. 1, pi. 1, fig. 1.
Common ; recorded also from the West Indies, Brazil, and the Cape
Verde Islands. Its small size and the softness of its flesh render it of
little economic value. In this species, as in the preceding, the range
of color is very great; some individuals are orange-yellow, with blue
60
spots confined to the heiad and anterior part of the body ; others are
red, slightly dingy above, and thickly studded throughout with black
dots, each of which has a blue center. The specimens examined were
not very fresh ; and, from the rapidity with which the colors change, I
can readily believe that in life they were as brilliant as is indicated in
the description of Cuvier.* The yellow form corresponds to the typical
Perca ])unctata or Serranus guativere, and is known as the Butter-fish or
Yellow Coney; the red form corresponds to Serranus ouatalibi, and is
known as the Nigger-fish,
Professor Poey suggests that the former inhabits shallow and the
latter deep waters, and thus explains the variations of color. These
would seem, however, to depend more upon the,color of the bottom
than uj)on the depth. On the coast of Maine, the bright-red variety of
the Cod {Gadus morrJiua, Linne) is found only on bottoms covered with
Red Algge, such as Ptilota scrrata, Delesseria sinuosa, and Rliodymenia
palmata.
The names Butter-fish and Nigger-fish are in use also at Barbados,
Saint Thomas, and the Bahamas, as applied to this and an allied species.
The first refers to the color and soft, oily feeling of the yellow variety;
the latter probably also to color.
The Black Hind, Prickly Hind, and Black Coney are probably allied
species, but not having seen them I can only surmise their character.
A " Soap-fish " also occurs, probably either Bhypticus saponaceus
(Bloch) Cuvier, or Fromicropterus maculatus (Holbrook) Gill.
HYPOPLECTRUS PUELLA, {Cuvier) Gill.
Cataphebe.
Plectropoma puella, Cuv. & Val., Hist. Nat. Poiss. ii, 1829, 405, pi. xxxvii.
—
Guiche-
NOT, Sagra's Hist. Nat. Cuba, Poiss, 1845, 18.—Stoeer, Syn. Fish. N. Am.
1846, 31.—Poey, Mem. Hist. Nat. Cuba, i, 1852, 62, lam. is, f. 2.~Gunther,
Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus. i, 1861, 165.
Hypoplectrus puella, Gill, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1862, 236.—Poey, Rep. Fis.-Nat.
Cuba, 11,1868,290.
Plectropoma vitulinum, Poey, Mem. Hist. Nat. Cuba, i, 1852, 68.
Common in the rock-pools ; recorded also from Martinique and Ja-
maica. My specimen measures three inches. The name seems to be
peculiar to Bermuda, audits origin is not apparent.
Color.—Olive, with six violet-black cross-bands ; the third very broad
and conspicuous and below the fourth and tenth dorsal spinos. A Hue
* Cuvier and Valenciennes, Histoire Naturelle des Poissons, 11, 38i
61
around the orbit, another from posterior nostril across anterior edge of
orbit to lower limb of preopercuhim, then broken, then continued to base
of ventral; and two others across the operculum;, the anterior extend-
ing over the base of pectoral to belly, blue. Several blue spots between
the orbit and snout. Fins yellowish.
ECHENEIDID^.
Fishes of this family are freqently taken, clinging to sharks or to the
shells of turtles.* The sharks thus encumbered are frequently much
emaciated. Lepteeheneis naucrates (Linn.) Gill, L. naucrateoidcft (Zuiew)
Gill, and Ptheirichthys Uneatus (Menz.) Gill are probably the most com-
mon species of " Suck-fish " found here.
SPHYEJENID^.
^PRYRM'RA SVET, {Haii!/)Goode.
Barracuda.
Esox dorso dipterygio LiNNjfi, Mus. Ad. Fried, ii. 1754, 100.
Esox S2}hyrcena, LiiNNt, Syst. Nat. ed. 10. i, 1758, 313, ed. 12; i, 1766, 115; Gmelin, Linn^,
Syst. Nat. i, 1768, 1389.—Bloch, Ichth. si, 1797.
Sphyrna sphyrcena, Bloch, Iclith. 1797, taf. ccclxxxix.—Schseidek, Blocb, Syst. Ichth.
1801, 109.—Eisso, Ichth. Nice, 1810, 332.
Esox spet, HAtJY, Encyclopddie M^thodiqne, iii, Poissons, 7187.
Sphyrcena spet LACfepfeoK, Hist. Nat. Poiss. v, 1803, 326-8.—? Bonaparte, Iconografia
della Fauna Italica, iii, Pesci, plate with part 152.
Sphyrcena becuna, LacepJidk, op. cit. 327-9, pi. ix, f. 1.—Cuv. & Val., Hist Nat. Pois.
iii, 1829, 340 (part) ; and vii, 1831, 507.
Sjihyrcena vulgaris, Cuv. & Val., op. cit. iii, 1829, 327.
—
Gunther, Cat. Fish. Brit.
Mus. ii, 1881, 334.
Sphyrcena viridensis, Cuv. & Val., sc, op. cit. 339.
Common
; frequently found in the markets, and eaten with impunity,
as far as 1 could learn. My specimens measured nearly two feet, and it
is said to attain a much greater size. This is not the Barracuda of the
West Indies, but the common species of the Mediterranean known by
the Spanish as Espeto and by the Italians as Sfireha and Luzzo. Its oc-
currence so far west has, I believe, never before been observed. GUnther
* All four species of the pelagic turtles of the Atlantic are common, and were ob-
served by me, viz :
—
Sphnrgis coriacea, Chelone myclas, Eretmocheli,s imhricaia, and Thalas-
sochelys caouana. These, with a small saurian, Eumeces longirostris, Cope, make up the
reptilian fauna of the Bermudas.
62
considers the SpJiyrwna horealis of DeKay,* described from specimens
eight inches long taken in New York Harbor, to be the same. This might
be inferred from the somewhat loose language of the description; but
the figure shows it to be closely allied to, if not identical with, Sphyrcena
picuda. The origin of the first dorsal is shown by the artist to be situ-
ated almost directly above the extremity of the pectorals and far in
front of the middle of the fish. The locality, New York, given by Dr.
Giiuther for his specimen "purchased of Mr. Brandt" must, I fear, be
placed in the same category with that of Lake Champlain given for
specimens of Chilomycterus geometricus and Tetrodon turgidus,i and with
some of the cases of reptiles described as North American by Dumeril
and Bibron from collections professedly North American.
SPHYR^NA PICUDA, Schneider.
Sennet.
Barracuda, Sloane, Voyage aux lies de Madfere et de la Jamaique, ii, 1727, 185, pi.
ccxlvii, f. 3.
TJnibla minor marina maxillis longiorihus (Barracuda), Catesby, Hisit. Carolina, Florida,
and the Bahamas, ii, 1743, 1, tab. 1.
Picuda, Pakra, Descr. Dif. Piez. Hist. Nat. Cuba, 1787, 90, lam. sxxv, f. 2.
Sphyrwna sphyroena, var. -picuda, Schneider, Bloch, Syst. Ichth. ed. 1801, 110, tab. xxix,
f. 1.—MtJLLER & Troschel, Schomburgk's Hist. Barbados, 1848, 667.—GCn-
THER, Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus. ii, 1861, 336.
Esox barracuda, Shaw, Gen. Zool. v, 1804, 105.
SpJiyrwna barracuda, Cuv. & Val., Hist. Nat. Poiss. iii, 1829, 343, pi. Ixvi.
—
Stoker, Syn.
Fish. N. A. 1846, 47.
—
Muller & Troschel, 1. c.
—
Cope, Trans. Am. Phil. See.
Phila. 1870, 472.
Common ; breeding plentifully. The young may be seen basking iu
the sun iu the shallows, where they are seined in large numbers. My
largest specimens measured over two feet in length. Both this and the
preceding species are eaten with impunity, though the former is regarded
with suspicion on the Mediterranean and the latter has to answer for
several well-attested cases of ciguatera, though in some of the West
India Islands it is eaten freely.
The popular name is also in use at Barbados, where it is applied to
the same or an allied species. Schomburgk spells it Sinnet.
The species of this genus are not yet very accurately defined. Pro-
fessor CopeJ takes exception to the supposed identity of S. picuda and
* Zoology of New York, Fishes, 39, pi. Ix, f. 196.
t Cat. Fish. Brit. Mns. viii, 285.
X Proc. Amer. Phil. Soc. Phila. 1870, 472.
63
8. barracuda. The latter may be easily distinguished from the preced-
ing by observing the situation of the first dorsal. In S. spet, this begins
in the middle of the body and far behind the extremity of the pectorals;
in S. picuda, on the anterior half of the body and above the extremity
of the pectorals. The first is much the slenderer, and has nearly double
the number of scales in the lateral line.
TRACHYPTEEID^.
EEGALECUS GLADIUS, {Walbaum) Guv. & Val.
Spada marina, Imphrati, 587.
Cepola gladius, Walbaum, Artedi Gen. Pise, iii, 1792, 617.
Begalecus gladius, Cuv. & Val., Hist. Nat. Poisa. x, 1835, 352, pi. ccxcviii
—
Gunther,
Cat Fish. Brit. Mus. iii, 1861, 308.
—
Hutton, Fishes of New Zealand, 35.
Gymnetrus longeradiatus, Risso, Hist. Nat. Eur. Merid. iii, 1827, 296.
? Gymnetrus capensis, Cuv. & Val., op. cit. 376.
Begalecus Jonesii, Newman, Zoologist, 1860, 7019.
This is the great " Sea-serpent" which came ashore at Hungary Bay
in the winter of 1860, the capture of which has been recorded by Mr. J.
Matthew Jones.*
Portions of this specimen, which measured IC feet and 7 inches in
length, are preserved in the British Museum.
This specimen is thought by Giinther to " probably belong " to the
species given above. The well-identified specimens of the species are
all from the Mediterranean, the largest 9^ feet long, while the relations
of the specimens from New Zealand and the Cape of Good Hope
are conjectural. The data are not sufficient to warrant the adoption of
Newman's species, founded on the Bermuda specimen as a good one.
MUGILIDiE.
MUGIL LIZA, Valenciennes.
Mullet.
Mugil tiza, Cuv. & Val., Hist. Nat. Poiss. xi, 1836, 86.—Jenyns, Zool. Voyage H.
M. S. Beagle, Fish, 80.—Gunther, Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus. iii, 1861, 423.—
POEY, Eep. Fis.-Nat. Cuba, ii, 1868, 388
Very common, especially in Hamilton Harbor and other shallow bays
;
breeding. They are seined, and brought to market in large numbers.
* Bermuda Royal Gazette, Jan. 24 and Jan. 31, I860.—Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1860, 185.
64
I have some hesitation in referring the Bermuda Mullet to this spe-
cies, though it appears to be identical with that taken at Bahia Blanco
and Monte Video by Darwin and described by Jenyns.* Poey consid-
ers his Mugil lebranchnsf separated from this species by characters of
doubtful value.
BELOMD^.
The Hound-fish of the fishermen is a Belone; but as I could get no
specimens for careful examination, it is not possible to say to which of
the nineteen West India species it belongs, or whether two or three
species are not confounded under the same name.
SCOMBERESOOID^.
HEMIRHAMPHUS PLEII, Valenciennes.
Gar-fish.
Eemirhamphus Pleii, Cuv. & Val., Hist. Nat. Poiss. xis, 21, 1846.—GtJNTHEE, Cat.
Fish. Brit. Mus. vi, 268.—Cope, Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. Phila. 1870, 481.
Common ; recorded also from various points in the West Indies and
from Bahia. The Gar-fish occurs in enormous schools, and is seined in
quantity for the market. I observed two sizes, the smallest averaging
eight inches, the larger twenty inches. The fish of different sizes swam
in separate schools.
The name Gar, applied so indiscriminately to fishes with long slender
beaks, is probably the old Saxon word gar, which means a weapon, a
lance. The name Half-beak usually given to fishes of this family is much
more appropriate.
EXOCCETUS EXILIENS, Gmelin.
Exoccetiis exiliens, Gmelin, Inuii^, Syst. Nat. 1, 178«, 1400.—Cuv. & Val., Hist. Nat.
Poiss. xix, 1846, 114.
—
Richardson, Fauna Boreali-Araericana, iii, 129.—GtJN-
THER, Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus. vi, 1861, 291.
—
Gill, in Baird's Rep, on Sea Fisheries
of Southern New England, 809.
Exocoetus fasciatus, Lesueur, Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. ii, 1821, 8, pi. iv, f. 2.
A single specimen was brought me March 1 by some negro fishermen
who had caught it in Hamilton Harbor by holding a tin pail ("kettle")
under it when it leaped from the water. I kept it alive for some hours,
* Zool. Voyage H. M. S. Beagle, Fish, 1842, 80.
tMemorias sobre la Historia Natural de la Isla de Cuba * * * ii, 1861, 260, tab.
18, f . 3 ; Rep. Fis.-Nat. Cuba, ii, 1868, 388.
65
and had an opportunity to observe its motions. Its favorite position
was on the bottom of the dish, where it would remain with its pectorals
and ventrals widely expanded, looking very like a large butterfly sun-
ning itself on a flower. When disturbed, it would fold its fins close to
the sides of its body, and swim about with great velocity by rapid, long,
sw^eeping strokes of the tail and posterior half of the body. The extent
to which it flexed its body was quite remarkable, almost reminding one
of the motions of a Shark. When much excited, it would rise into the
air with a sudden spring, its pectorals and ventrals expanded, seeming
to have no difliculty in leaving the water in a space less than a foot in
diameter: I am inclined to believe that the impetus from the action of
the caudal is all that is used in leaving the water, and that the motion
of the pectorals in flying-fishes is not begun until the fish is fairly in
the air. It seemed very timid and watchful, and any quick motion of
the hand within its sight would start it into rapid, nervous action.
The figures given by Lesueur and Edwards* are very accurate; but all
published descriptions fail to mention the most striking character,
viz, the deep notch in the membrane between the second and third
pectoral rays, which seems the more apparent from the fact that the
second ray is longer than the third, and projects in a spine-like process
;
the membrane between the third and fourth rays is slightly emargi-
nate. The fourth ray is much the longest and the rays posterior to
that regularly decrease in length.
The Bermuda fishermen recognize two kinds of flying-fish, the pelagic
variety and this, which they believe to live among the sea-weed and
seldom leave the water. The specimens of this species on record are
all quite small : Gmelin describes his as ^'at vlx digito longior^^', Lesueur's
was three inches long; Yalencienne's was ''petite''''', and Edwards^s figure
indicates that his was diminutive. They may prove to be the young of
some other species ; but this is not probable, since no other form has
pectorals of such peculiar form. The absence of barbels, if this be a
character of immature Exocoetidce, is also noteworthy.
A detailed description is given below:
—
Eadial formula : D. 12 ; A. 12 ; P. 18 ; V. 6 ; L. lat. 48.
The body is slender, its height being less than one-eighth (0.12) of the
total length. Viewed from above, its outline is that of a narrow wedge,
with its base at the nape and its apex at the extremity of the lower
c;iudal lobe. The greatest width of the body is at the nape, where it is
* Gleaoings in Natural History, pi. ccx.
5 F
66
equal to the greatest height, which occurs at the same point. The
length of the head is one-sixth (0.17) of total length, and its greatest
width equals that of the body. The orbit is circular, and its diameter
equals the interorbital space, which is half the length of the head. The
snout is very short, equaling one-sixth the length of the head ; the lower
projects far beyond the upper jaw. The interorbital space is deeply
concave. The dorsal and anal fins begin at a point slightly behind the
middle of the body, and are nearly alike in shape and in the length of
the base and of the longest rays. The pectorals measure three- fifths
(0.58) of the total length, extending nearly to the base of the caudal fin.
The first ray is half as long as the second, which projects far beyond the
margin of the membrane in a spine-like process; the third ray equals
the second, while the fourth is much longer. The membrane between
the second and third rays is deeply, between the third and fourth slightly,
emarginated. The rays succeeding the fourth gradually decrease in*
length. The ventrals begin slightly in advance of the middle of the
body, in length equaling a third (0.31) of total length. The five poste-
rior rays are bifid nearly to the base. The tips of ventral and pectoral
fins are equidistant from the snout. The upper lobe of the caudal
measures two-thirds the length of the lower lobe.
Color.—Back bluish, shading into the silvery white of the belly; five
broad lateral transverse bands. The snout transparent white. Two
yellow spots upon the nape. Pectorals and ventrals black at base and
at margin, and with broad, irregular bands and blotches of black and
dark blue; where unspotted, clear, colorless, and transparent. Caudal
lobes each with a terminal spot of black ; the lower with spot of same
color on its outer margin half-way from the body to its extremity.
Extreme length, 0™ .073 100
Body:
Greatest height 12
Greatest width 19
Height at ventrals 10
Height of tail behind dorsal fin 06
Head:
Length 17
Distance from snout to nape 15
Greatest width 12
Width of interorbital area 10
Length of snout 03
Eye:
Diameter 08
67
Dorsal
:
Distance from snout 56
Length of base ..-. 13
Greatest height 13
Anal:
Distance from snout 56
Greatest height „ 14
Caudal
:
Length of upper rays 15
Length of lower rays 23
Pectoral
:
Distance from snout at upper axilla .16
Length 58
Distance of tip from snout 80
Ventral
:
Distance of base from snout 45
Length 32
Distance of tip from snout -. 78
The JSxocoetus exiliens of Bloch is totally diflferent.
I observed numerous specimens of the pelagic species in the vicinity
of the islands, both on going and return. I take from my note-book
some observations on their flight.
" February 10, 1871.—Several flying-fishes were observed on approach-
ing the islands ; usually they were single, but often a school of half a
dozen or more started out from under the side of the brig. The dis-
tance of flight varied from six to one hundred yards. When they
leave the water, the pectorals assume a rapid vibration, reminding one
of the flight of a grouse, the tail also rapidly vibrating. The fins soon
assume a rigid position, and the fish rises over the crests and falls in
the trough of the waves, following their motion; sometimes it dashes
through the crest, and on re-appearing the fins are again in motion.
They seem unable to fly except in a straight line (I afterwards saw
them veering considerably from a straight line, taking a direction nearly
at right angles with their first course), but are not dependent on the
direction of the wind. The motion is very bird-like, but the illusion is
dispelled by the decidedly piscine splash with which the fish plunges
into the water. It was a truly beautiful sight as the fishes emerged from
the waves, their silvery fins quivering and glistening in the light."
I am convinced that at the moment the fish leaves the water the
mode of propulsion changes from a true swimming motion to a true
flying motion. The leap with which it leaves the water is due to the
former, and is analogous to the spring from the ground or from a perch,
made by some birds in the act of taking wing.
68
CYPMNODONTID^.
FUNDULUS BERMUDA, Gunther.
Fundulus BermudoB, Gunther, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist., 1874.
Very common in the brackish water of the swamps and in ditche?.
Attains the length of four inches.
SYNODONTIDJE.
SYNODUS LACERTA, {Valenciennes) Goods.
Snake-fish.
Salmo Saurus, LiNNfi, Syst. Nat. 2 ed. 11,511, 1766; Gmelin, Syst. Nat. 1, 1376.
Saurus lacerta, Cuv «& Val., Hist. Nat. Poiss. xxii, 463, 1849 (not Eisso).
Saurus griseus, Lowe, Trans. Zool. Soc. ii, 188, 1841.
—
Gunther, Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus.
V, 395.
A specimen, seventeen inches long, was taken oif the " ducking-stool ''
in March, by a line fisherman. Its occurrence in this part of the Atlantic
is very novel, but it agrees closely with a specimen of Saurus griseus
sent to the United States National Museum by Dr. Glinther. Its color
was dusky-gray above, yellow below. Its formulae are as follows :
—
Branchiostegals, 16-17 (on opposite sides). D. 12; A. 12. Lateral
line, 60. Transverse line,
-^.
ELOPIDJ].
MEGALOPS THRISSOIDES, {Bloch) GiintJier.
Takpum.
Camaripuciiagu, Marcgrave, Hist. &c. Brasil, 1648, 179.
Chqyea cyprinoides, Bloch, Ichth., xii, 1797, 24, tab. cccciii.
Clupea tlirissoides, Schneider, Bloch, Syst. Ichth. 1801^ 424.
Megalops thrissoides, Gunther, Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus. vii, 1868, 472.—Gill, in Baird's
Eep. on Sea Fisheries of Southern New England, 1873, 810.
Clupea apalike, Hauy, Encyclopedia M^thodique.—LacepJide, Hist. Nat. Poiss. v, 1803,
425, 461.
Clupea gigantea, Shaw, Gen. Zool. v, 1803, 173.
Megalops atlanticus, Cuv. & Val., Hist. Nat. Poiss. six, 1846, 398.—Muller & Tro-
SCHEL, Schomhurgk's Hist. Barbados, 1848, 676.—Poey, Rep. Fis.-Nat. Cuba, ii,
1868, 423.
Estremely rare; a single skin about six feet long was shown me
in the collection of John T. Bartram, of Saint George's. The species
69
is recorded from the Gulf of Mexico, Demerara, Trinidad, Guadaloupe,
Santo Domingo, Porto Eico, Martinique, and Cuba.
The species is very abundant on the eastern coast of Florida and in
the Saint John's Eiver, where it is known as the Jew-fish. Several
specimens were taken on the southern coast of New England and New
York in 1874.
The name is inexplicable, but may have some connection with the
name " Caffum ", which is given to the same fish in Barbados.
CLUPEID^.
SAEDINELLA ANOHOYIA, Valenciennes.
Anchovy.
Sardinella anchovia, Cuv. & Val., Hist. Nat. Pois. xx, 1847, 269.
Clupea anchovia, Gunther, Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus. vii, 1868, 421.
I refer with some doubt to this species a small fish which occurred
in great schools during the month of March, and were seined together
with Decapterus punctatus, and sold in quantities along the quay. Their
average length was about five inches.
HAEENGULA MACEOPHTHALMA {Ranzani).
Pilchard.
Chipea maa'ophthalma, Kanzani, Novi Commentarii Acad. Scient. Inst. Bononiensis, v,
1842, 320, tab. xxiii.—GGnther, Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus. vii, 1868, 421.—Cope,
Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. Phila. 1870, 483.
Harengula sardina, Poey, Mem. Hist. Nat. Cuba, ii, 1863, 310; Eep. Fis.-Nat. ii, Cuba.
1868, 418.
Common ; also recorded from various islands in the West Indies.
Great quantities were seined during the month of March, and sold from
row-boats at the water's edge. Their average length was nine inches.
Poey's Harengula sardina appears to be the same. The name is derived
from England, where an allied species, Clupea pilehardus, Walbaum, is
commonly known as ''the Pilchard".
OPISTHONEMA THEISSA, (Linne) Gill.
Herring.
Clupea minor, radio ultimo pinnw dorsalis longissimo. Brown, Civ. and Nat. Hist. Jamaica,
1756, 443.
f Clupea corpore ovaio, LinnIS, Amcen. Acad, v, 251.
70
Clupea thrissa, Linn£, Syst. Nat. ed. 10, 1, 1758, 318; ed. 12, 1, 1750, 524;
Gmelin, Linn6, Syst. Nat. 1, 1788, 1405 (part).
—
Beoussonet, Ichth. 1, tab.
X.
—
?Bloch, Ichth. xii, 1797, 27, taf. cccciv (from a drawing by Plumier).
—
Schneider, Bloch, Syst. Ichth. ed. 1801, 424.
—
Gunthek, Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus.
Yii, 18G8, 432.
Meletta thrissa, Cuv. & Val., Hist. Nat. Poiss. xx, 1847, 380.
Oj)isthonema thrissa, Gill, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1861, 37 ; Cat. Fish. E. Coast N.
Am. 1861, 54 ; and in Baird's Rep. on Sea Fisheries of S. New England, 1873,
811.
Opisthonemus tlirissa, Poey, Rep. Fis. Nat. Cuba, ii, 1886, 419.
Clupanodon thrissoides, Spix, Mull., &. Teosch., Schomburgk's Hist. Barbados, 1848,
676.
Megalops thrissoides, Agassiz, in Spix's Selecta Gen. et Spec. Pise. Brazil, 1829, 45, pi.
xxii.
Megalops oglina, Lesueur, Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1, 1817, 359.
Chatoessus oglina, Griffith, Cuvier's Animal Kingdom, s, 1835, 439.
—
DeKay, New
York Fauna, Fishes, 1842, 265.—Storer, Syn. Fish. N. Am. 1846, 209.
Chatoessus signifer, DeKay, op. cit. 264, pi. xli, f. 132.
—
Storer, op. cit. 210.
—
Baird,
Fishes of New Jersey Coast, 1855, 35.
—
Jones, Naturalist in Bermuda, 103.
Chatoessus eumorphus, GossE, Naturalist's Sojourn in Jamaica, 1851, 290 (notes).
This species was taken in great numbers during the month of March.
They occurred in schools in two distinct sizes; the smaller, perhaps the
young of the previous year, measured four inches on an average ; the
adults, ten. The species is common in the West Indies, and has been
taken as far north as ^Newfoundland.
EI^GEAULIDID^.
ENGEAULIS CHGEROSTOMUS, Goode.
HoG-MouTH Fry.
Engraulis chcerostomus, Goode, Amer. Journ. Science and Arts, viii, 1874 (Aug.), 125.
Common in the bays in large schools; used estensively for bait. Its
enormous mouth has given it the name of " hog-mouth fry."
This species closely resembles Engraulis surinamensis (Blkr.) Giinther»
differing from it, however, in several respects. The height of the body
(0.10) is a little greater than two-thirds of the length of the head, and
is contained six times in the total length, and slightly more than four
times in the length to the end of middle caudal rays (0.90); the height
at the ventrals is less (0.13). The scales are large, in thirty-eight
oblique rows between the head and the caudal. The length of the
head (0.22) is less than one-fourth of the total, and is double its height
at the pupil (0.11) ; its greatest width (0.08) is about one-third of its
71
length. The orbit is nearly circular, and its diameter (0.05) equals the
length of the snout (0.05) and the width of the interorbital area (0.05).
The snout i^rojects far beyond the lower jaw, the extremity of which
just passes the vertical from the anterior margin of the orbit. The
maxillary is dilated above the mandibular joint, rather tapering behind,
and extends to the gill-opening. The gill-rakers are fine, setiform, not
longer than the eye (0.05); about twenty -five on the lower branch of the
outer branchial arch.
The origin of the dorsal fin is in front of the middle of the body (0.45
from the snout), and directly above the extremities of the ventrals. The
length of the first ray (0.06) is half that of the second (0.12), which
nearly equals the length of the base (0.11). The origin of the anal is
at the middle of the body (0,51 from the snout), and below the posterior
dorsal rays; its greatest height (0.11) nearly equals that of the dorsal.
The length of the middle caudal rays (0.08) is two-fifths of that of the
outer rays (0.20). The length of the pectorals (0.11) equals the length
of the base of the dorsals (0.11), the extremities reaching to the origin
of the ventrals. Length of ventrals, 0.09 ; and their distance from
snout, 0.35.
Color:—Back and sides brownish; belly white; a broad, clearly-defined
lateral band of silver as wide as the diameter of the orbit (0.05).
Eadial formula:—D. 13-14, A. 23-24. Length, 2.68 inches (0-^.63).
CYPEIOTDiE.
CAEASSIUS AUEATUS, (Linne) Bleeker.
Gold-pish.
Cyprinus auratus, Linn:^, Syst. Nat. ed. 10, i, 1758, 323.
—
Jones, Naturalist in Bermuda.
1S^53, 103.
Carassius auratus, Bleeker, Cyprin. 255.
—
Gunther, Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus. vii, 1868,32,
Common in the brackish water of the ditches. Mr. Jones states that
it was introduced from Demerara many years ago.
AA'GUILLIDJE.
ANGUILLA BOSTONIEKSIS, (Lesueur) Ayres.
Eel.
Murcena iostoniensis, Lesueur, Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. i, 1817, 81.
Anguilla iostoniensis, Ayres, Boston Journ. Nat. Hist, iv, 1842, 279.
—
Gunther, Cat.
Fish. Brit. Mus. viii, 1870, 31.
—
Gill, in Baird's Rep. Sea Fisheries Southern New
England) 1873, 811.—Baird, Eep. Sea Fisheries Southern New England, 1871,
826.
72
Common in tlie ditches and dikes of the salt-marshes. Mr. Jones
states* that it attains the weight of two or three pounds, and is very
destructive to young ducklings. It is not eaten.
I obtained a specimen measuring five inches, which I refer with some
hesitation to the above species, as measurements made from speci-
mens contracted by strong alcohol are not satisfactory. The length of
the head is contained once and a half in the distance between the gill-
opening and the dorsal, twice in the distance between the gill-opening
and the vent. The distance between the origins of the dorsal and anal
is contained once and a half in the length of the head.
MUE^NIDiE.
,
GYMNOTHOEAX MORINGA, {Cuvier) Goode.
Speckled Maeay.
Murcena maculata nigra (Black Murey), Catesby, Nat. Hist. Carolina, Florida, and
Bahamas, ii, 1743, 21, tab. 21, 174.
Murcena moriw^ra, Cuvier, Regno Animal, 1817.
—
Stoker, Syn. Fish N.Am. 1846,235
Murcena moringua, Eichardson, Voy. H. M. S. S. Erebus & Terror, Ichth. 1846, 89.
—
Kaup, Cat. Apod. Fish. Brit. Mas. 1856, 89.
Gymnotliorax rostratus, Agassiz, in Spix's Selecta Gen. et Spec. Brasil, 1829, 91, tab. 1,
a.—Mull & Trosch., Schomburgk's Hist. Barbados, 1848, ()7G.
—
Poey, Eep.
ii, 1860-1, 259, 427.—Cope, Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. Phila. 1870, 483.
MurenopMs rostratus, Castelnau, Anim. Nouv. ou Eares, Am6rique du Sud, 1855, 80,
pi. xlii, f. 1.
MurenopMs curvilineata, Castelnau, op. cit. 81, pi. xlii, f. 2.
Occasional: the species occurs throughout the West Indies, atBahia and
at Saint Helena. My specimen measures three feet, and has the verti-
cal fins edged with white. These fishes are said to attain a length of five
or six feet, and are considered excellent food by the lower classes : I am
told, however, that serious cases of poisoning have been occasioned by
their use. The Speckled Maray is not rare, but by no means as common
as the Green Maray. I saw a single specimen of the latter, but as I could
not obtain it for study I was unable to determine its specific relations.
It resembles closely the " Muray " of Catesby,t which I have reason to
believe is not identical with his " Black Muray", as is generally sup-
posed.
* Naturalist in Bermuda, p. 103.
tNat. Hist. Carolina, Florida, and Bahamas, 20, pi. xx—IfMr^na maculata nigra
and viiidis.
73
ECHIDNA CATBNATA, {Block) Bleelcer.
Gymnoihorax catenatus, Block, Ichth. xii, 1797, 69, taf. ccccxv.
Murcena catenata, Richardson, Voyage H. M. S. S. Erebus & Terror, Ichth. 1846, 95.—
GtJNTHER, Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus. viii, 1870, 131.
Poncilopliis catenatus, Kaup, Cat. Apod. Fish. Brit. Mus. 1856, 100.
Echidna catenata, Bleeker, Ned. Tyds. Dierli. ii, 242.
Dr. Kaup {I. c. sup.) gives Bermuda as a locality for this species ; it
also occurs at many of the West India Islands^ at Trinidad, and on the
coast of Dutch Guiana at Surinam.
The names Sting Eay and White Eay would indicate the occurrence
of one or more species of this order, ^iobatis narinari (Euphrasen)
Miill. & Henle is likely to occur here.
LAMMDJ5.
Mr. Jones records a specimen nearly eight feet long taken in March,
1850, which he believes to be the Lamna punctata figured by DeKay.*
SPHYENIDiE.
The Hammer-head Shark known to the fishermen is probably the
Sphynia zygcena (Linne) Miiller & Henle.
SCYLLIID^.
The large Shark confined in the Devil's Hole is probably Ginglymo-
stoma cirratum (Gmelin) Miill. & Henle.
GALEOEHINIDiE.
MUSTELUS CANIS, {Mitch.) BeEay.
JSTuESE Shark.
Squalus canis, Mitchill, Trans. Lit. and Phil. Soc. N. Y., 1, 486, pi. Ixiv, f. 209.
Mustelus canis, DeKay, Zool. N. Y. Fish, 1842, 355, pi. Ixiv, f. 209.
—
Stoker, Syn. Fish.
N. Am. 253.
—
Baird, Fishes New Jersey Coast, 39, 1854 ; Eep. U. S. Com. Fish,
1871, 827.—Gill, Cat. Fishes E. Coast N Am. 59 ; and in Baird's Eep. U. S.
Com. Fish, 1871, 813.—Foey, Rep. Fis.-Nat. Cuba, ii, 453.
Common. My specimen measured three feet, and one of the oviducts
contained a young one eight inches long. It agrees exactly with speci-
mens of Mustelus canis from Wood's Hole, Mass.
The Nurse is considered excellent food ; after it has been boiled until
tender, and then fried in its own fat. The sharks are rarely eaten, how-
ever, except by the negroes.
'
* Zoology of New York, Fish, 352, pl. Ixiii, f. 206-207.
"

APPENDIX.
ADDITIONAL SPECIES OBSERVED BY MR. J. MATTHEW JONES.
After the preceding pages were in type, I received from Mr. Jones a
list of the species collected by liim in the Bermudas. In order to repre-
sent as fully as possible the present state of knowledge in reference to
the fish fauna of these islands, I venture to give below the names of
those species cited by Mr. Jones which have not fallen under my per-
sonal observation. Many species are of course included both in his col-
lection and my own. The specific names below are given on the author-
ity of Mr. Jones, who employs the nomenclature of Dr. Giinther's "Cata-
logue of the Fishes in the British Museum".
LIST.
Diodon maculatus.
Tetrodon rostratus.
Ostracion trigonus.
Balistes maculatus.
Monacanthus aurantiacus.
Syngnathus Jonesii.
Centriscus, sp.
Fistularia serrata.
Khomboidichthys lunatus.
Hemirhombus aramaca.
Lefroyia bermudensis.
Brotula barbata.
Centronotus, sp.
Blennius crinitus.
Gobius soporator.
Scorpsena Plumieri.
Scarus Catesbyi.
Pseudoscarus i^sittacus.
Pseudoscarus sanctse-crucis.*
Platyglossus bivittatus.
Glyphidodon cselestinus.
Acanthurus chirurgus.
Chsetodon capistratus.
Holacanthus tricolor.
Garaux dentex.
Caranx carangus.
Caranx chrysos.
Thyrsites j)rometheus.
Auxis Eochei.
Seriola Dumerilii.
Seriola zonata.
Trachynotus ovatus.
Coryphsena pelagica.
Coryphsena hippurus.
MuUus barbatus.
Sargus argenteus.
Mesoprion chrysurus.
Haemulon macrostoma.
[Probably the young of Pseudoscarus veiula; see discussion on page 32, siqira.']
75
76
HsBmulon xanthopterum.
Serranus coronatus.
Bhypticus saponaceus.
Apogon imberbis.
Priacanthus raacrophtbalmus.
Eegalecus gladius.
Belone hians.
Exoccetus lineatus.
Saurus fceteug.
Saurus myops.
Albula conorhynchus.
Ophichthys acuminatus.
Muraena miliaris.
Mursena maculipinnis.
Mursena sanctai-helenfB.
Acipenser sturio.*
Carcharias obscurus.
^tobatis narinari.
INDEX.
Acanthurus chirurgus 13, 42, 75
Acantliurus nigricans 14, 41
Acipenser sturio 76
JEtobatis narinari 73, 76
Albnla conorhynchus 76
Alutera scripta 14,26
Amber-fisli 48
Anchovy 69
Angel-fisb 10,17,43
Angel-fish, Black 44
AnguillidsB 71
Anguilla bostoniensis 12, 71
Antennariidse 20
Apogon imberbis 76
Appendix 75
Arothron 22
Atherina, sp 10
Aulostoma maculatum 27
AulostomidsB 27
Ausis Eochei 75
Bahamian names 15
Baits 10,11
Balistes capriscus 13, 14, 25
Balistes maculatus 26, 75
Balistes ringens 26
Balistes sobaco 26
Balistes vet ula 26
Balistidse 25
Banks, outer 9, 10
Barbeiro 42
Barbero 42
Barracuda 16,61
Bartram, John T 19,32
Beloue hians 76
BelonidsB 64
Berycidaj 49
Black Jack 15
Black-tail 16
Bleeker, Dr 7,22
BlenuiidiB 28
Blennius crinitus 75
Bloch 22
Blue Belly 15
Blue-fish 17,35
Bone-fish 15,17
Bonito 48
Bream „ 52
Brotula barbata 75
Buffalo Jack 47
Butter-fish 59
Caballa 48
Caflfam 69
Calamus megacephalus 51
Calamus orbitarius 51
Canthidermis maculatus 26
Carangidse 46
Caranx carangus 75
Caranx chrysos 75
Caranx dentex 75
Carassius auratus 71
Carcharias obscurus 76
Carelessness ofearly ichthyologists. 22
Carolina Whiting 17
Carrub 50
Casting-nets 11
Cataphebe 60
Catesby, Mark 13
Catesby's species 16,39
Cat-fish 17
Cavally , 48
Centriscus, sp 75
Centronotus, sp 75
Chcerojulis radiatus 13, 35
Chsetodon arcuatus 45
Chsetodon capistratus 75
ChsetodontidsB 43
77
78
Page.
Chilichthys Spengleri 13, 22
CbiliGhthys turgidus 23
Chilomycterus geometricus 62
Chilomycterus reticulatus 13, 21
42
52
33
15
69
32
...... 59
60
12
Chirurgien-bleu
Chub
Clamacore
Clucker
ClupeidsB
Colonial mnseum
Coney
Coney, Black
Confusion in synonymy
Coryphsena liippurus 14, 48, 75
Coryphsena pelagica 75
CoryphsenidsB 48
Cow-fish 24
Cow-pilot 38
Croker 16
Crustaceans 10
Cuckold 23
CyprinidsB 71
Cyprinodontidae 68
Dactylopterus volitans 14,31
Decapterus macarellus 46
Decapterus punctatus 10, 11,12, 14,39,
46, 69
Deer Grouper 15
Demoiselle 37
Depth of waters 9
Devil-fish 19,20
Devil's Hole 11,57
Doctor-fish 41,42
48
37
39
22
75
22
21
61
73
71
68
70
Dolphin
Doncella
Diapterus Lefroyi .
.
Diodon atinga .
Diodon maculatus .
Diodon orbicularis.
Diodontidse
EcheneididsB
Echidna catenata .
Eel
Elopidse ,
Engraulididse
Engraulis
Engraulis chcerostomus
Enaeacentrus punctatus
Enumeration of species
Epinephelus guttatus
Epinephelus striatus
Eucinostomus aprion
Eucinostomus gula 10, 11,
Eucinostomus Lefroyi 10, H,
Eucinostomus productus
European species
Esoccetus exiliens
Exocoetus lineatus
Fauna of the Bermudas
FierasferidsB
Fish markets
Fish ponds
Fish pots -
Fisheries
Fishing boats
Fistularia serrata
Fistularia tabaccaria
Flora of the Bermudas
Flying-fish
Four-eyed fish
Fry
Fry, Hog-mouth
Full-baits
Fundulus Bermudse
Galeorhinidse
Gar-fish
Garoupa
Gerridse
Gill, Prof. Theodore
Glare-eye Squirrel
Glass-eyed Snapper
Globe-fish
Gold-fish
Glyphidodon cailestinus
Glyphidodon sasatilis
Goat-fish
Gobius soporator
Godet.T.L
Goggle-eye =
Goggler
Page.
10
70
59
12
58
11.57
39
13,39
13,39
41
IS
64
76
11,12
27
10
11
. 10
9
10
27,75
27
12
16,64
43
10
70
10
68
73
17.64
57
39
8,50
15
55
17
71
75
14,38
49
75
7
47
47
79
Page.
Gosse's, naturalist in Jamaica 8
Grains 11
Gray Snapper 54
Grouper 11,57
Grouper, Deer 15
Grabble 15
Grunt 16
Gruut,Black 54
Grunt, Spotted 54
Grunt, White 53
Grunt, Yellow 54
Guacucuja 20
Guamajacu atinga 22
Guichenot, M 34
Guelly 48
Gulf Stream 7,12
Gulf-weed 20
Glinther, Dr 19, 20, 22, 25, 33, 34, 55
Ginglymostoma cirratum 73
Gymnothorax moringa 72
HiBmulon 53
Hgemulon macrostoma 75
Hsemulon quadrilineatum 53
Haemulon santhopterum 76
Hseraylum capeuna 53
Hsemylum chrysopterum 53
Half-beak 64
Hamlet 11,57
Harbors 9
Harengula macrophthalma 69
Harpe rufus 14, 37
Harrington Sound 11
Hemirhampbus Pleii 11, 64
Hemirbombus aramaca... 75
Herring 69
Hind 17,58
Hind, Black 60
Hind, Prickly 15,60
Hippocampidse 27
Hippocampus antiquorum 27
Hippocampus, sp 14, 27
Histiophorus americauus 45
Hog-fish 10,17,36
Hog-fish, Black 15
Hog-fish, Spanish 15
Page.
Hog-fish Beacon 37
Holacanthus ciliaris 10, 38, 43
Holacanthus tricolor 44, 75
Holocentrum sogo 13, 49
Hound-fish 64
Hypeneus maculatus 13, 49
Hypoplectrus puella 60
Introductory remarks 7
Jack 47
Jew-fish 69
Jigging 46
Jones, J. Matthew .... 7, 20, 27, 32, 45, 62, 75
Julis cyanostigma 36
Julis principis 36
Julis patatus 36
Keane,C. C 20,27
Killing fish 10
Kilmagore 33
Labridae 10,35
LachnoliBmus falcatus 10, 13, 36
Labrosomus nuchipinnis 14, 28
Lady-fish, Spanish 37
Lane Snapper 17
Lamnidse 73
Lamna punctata 73
Lefroyia 28
Lefroy, GeneralJ. H 28,41
Lefroyia bermudensis 15, 27, 75
Leptecheneis naucrates 61
Leptecheneis naucrateoides 61
Line fishing 10
List of species 19, 75
Lobster, Bermuda 10, 37
Lobster, Spanish 10, 37
Loro 35
Lutjanus aya 55
Lutjanus caxis 54
Lutjanus cyuodon 55
Liitken, Professor 19
Mackerel 10,45
Malthe augusta 20
Malthe cnbifrons 19,20
Maltheidse 19
Malthe longirostris 20
Malthe notata ., 20
80
Page.
Malthe vespertilio 13,19
Mangrove Snapper 16
Maray, Black 17
Marbled Angler .-
.
20
Margate-fish 16,53
Megalops thrissoides 68
Meliclithys buniva 26
Mermaid 15
Mesoprion chrysurus 75
Mesoprion goreensis 54
Mesoprion uninotatus 55
Middletown University 22
Molly Miller 28
Monacanthus aurantiacus 75
Moray 10, 17
Moray, Speckled 72
Mud-fish 32
Mugilidas 63
Mugil lebranchus 64
Magil liza 11,63
Mullet 16,63
Mullet, Sand 15
Mullidi© 49
Mullus barbatus 75
Mursena maculipinnis 76
Mursena miliaris 76
Mursena sanctse-helense 76
MursenidsB 10
Mursenoides mucronatus 29
Muray. (See Moray.)
Mutton-fish 17
Mustelus canis 73
Names used in United States 15
Naucrates ductor 14, 48
Negro-fish 16
Negroes, Bermuda 9
Newes from the Bermud as 45
Nigger-fish 59
Nurse Shark 73
Ocean Turbot 26
Octopus 10
Ocyurus chrysurus 55
Old names retained ,. 15
Old-wife 17,26
Oligoplites 48
Ophichthys acuminatus 76
Opisthonema thrissa 69
Orcynus alliteratus 10, 14, 45
Origin of Bermuda colonists 15
Ostraciidse 23
Ostracion trigonus 75
Ostracium quadricorne 13,24
Ostracium triquetrum 13, 23, 24
Palinurus americanus 10
Paradiodon hystrix 14, 21
Paratractus pisquetus 12, 14, 47
Pareques 50
Pareques acuminatus 13,50
Parrot-fish 17
Pearch 16
Permit 15
Persistency of common names 15
Pilchard
.10, 17, 19
Pilot-fish 48
Pimelepterus Boscii 52
Pipe-fishes 27
Platyglossus bivittatus , 75
Poey, Prof. Felipe 33, 34, 36, 41
Poisonous fishes 24, 37, 56, 62, 72
Pomacentridae 38
Popular names 15
Porgy 17,51
Porgy, Blue-bone 15
Porgy, Goat's-head 51
Porgy, Scotch 15
Porgy, Sheep's-head 51
Porgy, Spanish 32
Porgy, White-bone 15
Porte-lancette 42
Pork-fish 16
Pots 10
Priacanthus macrophthalmus 76
Price offish 10
Prickly Hind 15
Pristipomatidse 10, 53
Promicropterus maculatus 60
Pseudoscarus cseruleus 13, 33
Pseudoscarus chloris 34
Pseudoscarus psittacus 33, 75
Pseudoscarus quadrispinosus 34
81
Pseudoscarus sanctse-crucis 33, 75
Pseudoscarus vetala . . , 13, 32, 38
Puff-fish 23
Pudding-wife 17
Ptheirichthys lineatus 61
Pterophryne picta 20
Eaise 73
Rainbow 15
Eed Rock-fish 56
Red-tail 15
Reef-building polyps 12
Reefs 9
Regalecus gladius 63,76
Reptilian fauna of the Bermudas .. 61
Rhomboidichthys lunatua 75
Rhyptieus saponaceus 60, 76
Robin 10
Rock-fish 16,55
Rock-fish,Red 56
Round Robin 46
Rudder-fish 16
Runner 15
Saigneur 42
Salarias textilis 13, 29
Salarias vomerinus 29
Sand-eel 15
Sand-mullet 15
Sand-shark 15
Sardine 15
Sardinella anchovia 69
Sargassum 20
Sargus argenteus 75
Sargus Rondeletii 52
Sargus variegatus 11, 52
Sarothrodus bimaculatus 13, 38, 43
Saurus foetens 76
Saurus griseus 68
Saurus myops 76
ScaridsB 10,32
Scarus Catesbyi 75
Scarus chloris 34
Scarus radians 13,32
Scarus virens 34
School-fishes 11
Schoolmaster 16
6 F
Schoolmaster Snapper.
Scisenidse
ScomberesocidsB
ScombridaB ,
Scorpsena Plumieri ....
Scuttle
Scyllarus sequinoxialis
Scylliidse
Sea-hedgehog'.
Sea-horse
Sea-porcupine ........
Sea Lawyer
Sea-serpent
Sea Sparrow Hawk
Seines
Sennet
Sergeant Major
Seriola
Seriola dumerilii
Seriola zonata
Page.
55
50
64
....... 45
75
10
10
73
21
27
21
54
63
16
11
63
38
48
75
75
Serranidse 10, 55
Serranus apua 59
Serranus brunneus 56
Serranus coronatus 76
Shad 10,15,17,39
Shad, Long-boned 39
Shark, Sand 15
Shark, Sunburnt 15
Sheep's-head Porgy 51
Silk Snapper 55
Skipjack 15,17,48
Slippery Dick 15,48
Snake-fish 68
Snapper, Lane 17
Snapper, Mangrove 16
Snapper, Schoolmaster 55
Snapper, Silk 55
Snapper, Spot 55
Soap-fish 60
Sole 17
SparidsB 10, 51
Spams radiatus 36
Speckled Moray 72
Sphyrsena borealis 62
•^nhyrsena picuda 62
82
Page.
Sphyraena spet 61
SphyraenidsB .............. 61
Sphyrnidse 73
Sphyrna zygsena 73
Spot Snapper 55
Spotted Gruut 54
Squirrel 16,49
Sting-ray 73
Streaked Grunt 54
Suck-fish 61
Sucking-fish •.... 17
Sunburnt Shark 15
Swallow 23
Sword-fish 45
Syngnathidae 27
Syngnathus Jonesii ...15,17,25
Syngnathus pelagicus 27
Synodontidse 68
Synodus lacerta 12,68
Tarpum 68
Table of contents 3
Tang 16,42
Tetrapturus albidus 45
Tetrodon marmoratus 22
Tetrodon rostratus 75
Tetrodon turgidus . 62
TetrodoDtidae 22
Teuthididge 41
Thumper 15
Thyrsites prometheus 75
Tobaccopipe-fish 17
Topography of the islands 8
Page.
Trachurops crumenophthalmus . . 14, 39, 47
Trachynotus ovatus 75
Trachypteridse 63
Transporting power of Gulf Stream
.
12
TriglidsB 31
Trisotropls gutfcatus 56
Trisotropis undulosus 55
Trompa 35
Trumpet-fish 27
Trumpet-fish, Black 27
Turbot 25
Turbot, Black 26
Turdus cinereus peltatus 39
Unicorn-fish 17
Valenciennes 33
Vieja 33
West Indian region 11
White-Kay 73
White Belly 15
White-bone Porgy 15
White Grunt 53
Whiting 17
Whiting, Carolina 17
Xiphias gladius 45
Xiphiidae ^ 45
Yellow-fish 16
Yellow Grunt 54
Yellow-tail 55
Yellow Tang 15
Yelting 55
Zonichthys fasciatus 13, 48