A REVIEW OF THE SALMONOID FISHES OF ,)APAN.
By David Starr Jordan and John Otterbein Snyder,Of the Leland Stanford Junior University.
In the present paper is g-iven a descriptive catalogue of the Salmon
-
idse, Argentinidae, and Salangida^ known to inhabit the waters of Japan.It is based on material obtained by the writers in 1900, series of thespecimens being in the museum of Leland Stanford Junior Universityand in the United States National ^Museum.Family I. SALMONID.E.SALMON FAMILY.Bod}" oblong or elongate', covered with cycloid scales. Head naked.Mouth terminal, large or small, varying much in the ditierent genera;maxillary forming the lateral margin of the upper jaw, provided witha supplemental bone; premaxillaries not protractile. Teeth various,sometimes wanting. Gills4, a slit behind the fourth. Pseudobranchiiepresent. Gill rakers various; gill membranes not connected, freefrom the isthmus: branchiostegals 10 to 20. No barbels. Dorsalusually nearh' median, not greatly elongate, its rays 9 to 15, only oneor two of the anterior simple or rudimentary, the others branched;adipose lin present; caudal tin forked; anal fin moderate or rather long;ventrals moderate, nearly median ; pectorals placed low. Lateral linepresent. Abdomen rounded in outline. Parietals not in contact,separated at middle by the intervention of the supraoccipital, whichconnects with the frontals; epipleural appendages not developed. Airbladder large, stomach siphonal; pyloric cpeca ver}^ numerous. Ovalarge, falling into the cavity of the abdomen before exclusion. Asnow restricted, this is no longer one of the large families of fishes, butin beauty, activity, gameness, and qualit}' as food, and even in sizeof individuals, different members of the group stand easily with thefirst among fishes. The Salmonida? are confined to the northernregions, and north of about 40^ N. , everj^where abundant where suit-able waters occur. Some of the species, especiall}^ the larger ones, are
Proceedings U. S. National Museum, Vol. XXIV?No. 1265. 567
568 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MVSEUM. vol.xxiv.marine and anadromous, living and growing in the sea. and enteringfresh waters to spawn. Still others live in running brooks, enteringlakes or the sea as the occasion serves, but not haliitually doing so.Others again are lake fishes, approaching the shore, or entering brooksin the spawning season, at other times retiring to waters of consider-a1)le depth. Some of them ai-e active, voracious, and gamy, whileothers are comparatively defenseless and will not take the hook. Thelarge size of the eggs and their lack of adhesiveness, with the ease bywhich the eggs iw^lj be impregnated, render the Salmon and Troutespecially adapted for artificial culture. The Salmonidte are of com-paratively recent evolution, few of them occurring as fossils, exceptin the most recent deposits. The instabilitv of the specific formsand the lack of sharply defined specific characters may be in partattributed to their recent origin, as Dr. Giinther has suggested.
a. Mouth deeply cleft, the long lower jaw articulating with the quadi-ate bone behindthe eye, the maxillaries rather narrow.h. Salmoninse. Dentition strong and complete; conical teeth on jaws, vomer, andpalatines; tongue with two series of strong teeth (sometimes deciduous in veryold specimens) ; scales small.
c. Anal fin elongate, of 14 to 17 developed rays; gill rakers 20 to 40; branchios-tegals 12 to 16; vomer narrow, long, flat, with weak teeth; species spottedwith black, if at all Oncorhynchvs, 1.cc. Anal fin shorter, of 9 to 13 developed rays; gill rakers 10 to 15; branchioste-galsl0tol4.(1. Vomer flat, its toothed surface plane; teeth on the shaft of the vomer inalternating rows or in one zigzag row, those on the shaft placed directlyon the surface of the bone, not on a free crest; posterior vomerine teethsometimes deciduous; species black spotted Salmo, 2.dd. Vomer boat-shaped, the shaft strongly depressed, without teeth; hyoidbone with very weak teeth or none; species not anadromous.
e. Scales moderate, silvery; l)ody covered with small, black spots; headflattened above, the jaws long Hucho, 3.ee. Scales small (about 200); body with round, red, whitish or yellowishspots;' head not depressed Salvclinus, 4.aa. Plecoglossinfe. Dentition feeble; premaxillaries with a few pointed teeth; teethof maxillaries and of lower jaw broad, truncated, serrate lamell?e, movable,each in a fold of skin; inside of mouth behind lower jaw with folds of skin;tongue with minute teeth; vomer with few or none; scales very small.Pkcoglossus, 5.1. ONCORHYNCHUS Suckley.QUINNAT SALMON.Oncorhynchus SvcKh^Y, Ann. Lye. Nat. Hist. N. Y., 1861,' p. 312 (scouleri).II/ps{f(mo Gihh, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1862, p. 330 (l-ennerJi/i).Body elongate, subfusiform, or compressed. Mouth wide, the max-illary long, lanceolate, usually extending beyond the eye; jaws withmoderate teeth, which become in the adult male enorraoush' enlargedin front. Vomer long and narrow, Hat, with a series of teeth l)oth onthe head and the shaft, the latter series comparatively short and weak;
NU.1265. SALMONOID FISHES OF JAPAN?JORDAN AND SNYDER. 569palatines with a series of teeth; tongue with a marginal series on eachside; teeth on vomer and tongue often lost with age; no teeth on thehyoid bone. Branchiostegals more or less increased in number.Scales moderate or small. Dorsal tin moderate; anal tin comparativelyelongate, of 14 to 20 rays. Pyloric appendages in increased number.Gill rakers rather numerous. Ova large. Sexual peculiarities ver^^strongly developed: the snout in the adult males in summer and fallgreatly distorted: the premaxillaries prolonged, hooking over thelower jaw, which in turn is greath' elongate and somewhat hooked attip; the teeth on these bones also greatly enlarged. The body becomesdeep and compressed: a tieshy hump is developed before the dorsalfin, and the scales of the back become embedded in the flesh; the flesh,which is red and rich in spring, becomes dry and poor. Salmon,mostly of large size, ascending the rivers tributary to the North Pacificin North America and Asia, spawning in the autumn. The genus isvery close to Salmo, differing only in the increased number of certainorgans. The species never feed in the rivers and die after spawning.{oyKog, hook: pvyx<^s, snout.)
a. Oncorhynrhvx. Gill rakers comparatively short and few (20 to 30 in number)./>. Scales very small, more than 160 (160 to 210) in a longitudinal series above thelateral line.
c. Caudal tin large, with oblong black spots; liranchiostegals 11 or 12; anal rays15 (gorbuscha.^)lONCORHYNCHUS GORBUSCHA (Walbaum).HUMPBACK SALMON OF ALASKA.Salmo r/orbuscha Walbaum, Artedi Piscmm, 1792, p. 69; Kamchatka, after the Gorbuscha of Pen-nant and Krascheninnikow.Oncorliynchits gorbusclta Jordan and Gilbert. Synopsis, 1883, p. 305.?Jordax and EvermanxFishes X. and M. Amer., I, 1890, p. 478.Salmo gibber Bloch and Schneider, Syst. Ichth, 1801, p. 409; Kamchatka, after Krascheninnikow.Salmo proteus Pall.^s, Zoogr. Russo-Asiatica, III, 1811, p. 376; Bering Sea.?Suckley Monogr.Salmo, 1861 (1874), p. 97.Oncorhynchns scouleri Gt^THER. Cat., VI, 1866, p. 158.Salmo scoulcri Richardson, Fauna Bor.-Amer., Ill, 1836, p. 158; Observatory Inlet.Oncorhynchus proteus Gunther, Cat., VI, 1866, p. 157.Salmo tschaivytschij'ormis Smitt, I Riksmusceum Befintliga Salmonider, 1886. p. 161; Port Clarence.B. 11 or 12. Gill rakers 13-f 15. A. (developed rays) 15; D. 11; scales 215 (210-240), those of the lateral line larger, 170. Pyloric caeca very slender, about 180.Body rather slender, in the female plump and symmetrical, in the autumn malesvery thin and compressed, with the fleshy dorsal hump much developed and thejaws much elongated, strongly hooked, and with extravagant canines in front. Ven-tral appendage half the length of the fin. Color bluish; sides silvery; back poste-riorly, adipose fin, and tail with numerous black spots; those on the caudal finparticularly large and oblong in form; autumn males red, more or less blotched withbrownish; weight 3 to 6 pounds; Pacific coast and rivers of North America and Asiafrom Oregon northward, and southward to Kamti-hatka, not yet known from Japan;occasionally taken in the Sacramento. Known at once by the very small size of thescales, and by the coarse oblong spots on the tail. The fiesh is much inferior to thatof tschaurytsclia and nerka.{gorbuscha, the Russian vernacular name in Alaska.
)
570 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. voi.xxiv.
cc. Caudal fin pmall; unspotted; branchiostegals 14 or 15; anal rays about14 masou, 1.hh. Scales medium, about 145 (138 to 155) in a longitudinal series; pyloric ctecaabout 150.d. Anal rays 13 or 14; black spots small or obsolete; branchiostegals 13 or 14;caudal broad; body mottled blackish and silvery keta, 2.dd. Anal rays about 16; Ijack and upper fins with round l)lack spots; B. 15 to19 {tschawytscha '
)
bbb. Scales comparatively large, about 130 (125 to 135) in a longitudinal series;pyloric cseca 50 to 80; tip of dorsal black; black spots few kisutch, 3aa. Hijpsifario: Gill rakers comparatively long and numerous (33 to 40 in number);scales large, about 130; back in adults unspotted, clear blue in spring, red infall; young more or less spotted in front of dorsal; landlocked examples smalland more closely spotted nerka, 4lONCORHYNCHUS TSCHAWTSCHA (Walbaum).QUINNAT SALMON: TCHAVICHE; KING SALMON OR CHINNOOK SALMON.Salmo tschawytscha Walbaum, Artedi Piscium, 1792, p. 71; rivers of Kamchatka; after the Tschawitscha of Krascheninnikow, Desc. Kamchatka, 1768, p. 178, and the Tsciiawytscha of Pennant,1792.?Bloch and Schneider, Syst. Ichth., 1801, p. 407.Oncorhynchus tschaivytscha JoRDAii and Evermann, Fishes N. and M. Amer., I, 1896, p. 479.Salmo orientalis Pallas, Zoogr. Ross.-Asiat., Ill, 1811, p. 367; Kamchatka.Oncorhynchus orientalis GiJnthek, Cat., VI, 1866, p. 159.Salmo quinnat Richardson, Fauna Bor.-Amer., Ill, 1836, p. 219; Columbia River, and of manywriters.Salmo argyreus Suckley, Pacific R. R. Surv., XII, 1860, Pt. 2, p. 326, and Monogr. Salmo, 1861(1874), p. 110.Fario argyreus Giraed, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1856, p. 218; Cape Flattery, Fort Steilacoom.Oncorhynchus quinnat GtJNTHER, Cat., VI, 1866, p. 1.58.?Jordan, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 1878, p. 69.Salmo conflucntus Suckley, Ann. Lye. Nat. Hist. N. Y., December, 1858, and Pacific R. R. Surv.,XII, 1860, Pt. 2, p. 3;M; Puyallup River, near Fort Steilacoom (Coll. Suckley); and Monogr.Salmo, 1861 (1874), p. 109.Oncoi'hynchtis chouicha JORDAis and Gilbert, Synopsis, 1883, p. 306.Head 4; depth 4. B. 15 or 16 to 18 or 19, the number on the two sides alwaysunlike. D. 11; A. 16. Gill rakers usually 9 + 14 (i. e., 9 above the angle and 14below). Pyloric caeca 140 to 185; scales usually 27-146-29; the number in a longi-tudinal series varying from 140 to 155, and in California specimens occasionally aslow as 135. Vertebrae 66. Head conic, rather pointed in the females and springmales. Maxillary rather slender, the small eye behind its middle. Teeth small,longer on sides of lower jaw than in front; vomerine teeth very few and weak, dis-appearing in the males. In the males in late summer and fall the jaws becomeelongated and distorted, and the anterior teeth much enlarged, as in the relatedspecies. The body then becomes deeper, more compressed, and arched at the shoul-ders, and the color often nearly black. Preopercle and opercle strongly convex.Body comparatively robust, its depths greatest in its middle. Ventrals insertedbehind middle of dorsal, ventral appendage half the length of the fin; caudal, asusual in this genus, strongly forked, on a rather slender caudal peduncle. Colordusky above, often tinged with olivaceous or bluish; sides and below silvery; headdark slaty, usually darker than the body and little spotted; back, dorsal fin, andtail usually profusely covered with round black spots (these are sometimes few, butvery rarely altogether wanting); sides of head and caudal fin with a peculiar metal-lic tin-colored luster; male, about the spawning season (October), blackish, more orless tinged or blotched with dull red. Flesh red and rich in spring, becoming palerin the fall as the spawning season approaches. Length 2 to 5 feet. Usual weightin the Columbia River 22 pounds, in the Sacramento 16 to 18 pounds; in smallerrivers still less, but individuals of 70 to 100 pounds have been taken. Alaska, Oregon,and California, southward to Ventura River, and to northern China, ascending all
NO. 1265. SALMONOID FISHES OF JAPAN?JORDAN AND SNYDER. 571
I. ONCORHYNCHUS MASOU (Brevoort).MASU; YEZOMASU.Sahno mason Brevoort, Exped. Japan, 1856, p. 275, pi. ix, fig. 2; Hakodate;(description from a very bad drawing;Oncorhynchus yessoensis Hilgendorf, Monatsber. Ges. Ostasien, XI, 1876, p. 25;Hokkaido.Head 4 in length; depth 4; depth of caudal peduncle 3i in head;snout 4|; eye T; maxillary 2|; D. 13; A. 15; scales in lateral seriesabout 190; between lateral line and insertion of dorsal about 29. .Interorbital space convex, 3i in length of head; maxillary extendingconsiderabh^ be3'ond eye; gill rakers 12+17 on first arch, long andslender; branchiostegals 13. Teeth on jaws weak, a few very smallones on palatines and vomer. Opercle and preopercle strong!}' convexbehind; caudal lin forked, strong and short, contained about 5 timesin the length; pectoral If in head; ventral 2|; the ventral appendagealmost two-thirds the length of fin.Coloration rather dark; sides silver}' ; no distinct black spots onbod}' or fins; tip of dorsal and inside of pectorals and ventrals blackish.Here described from an immature female specimen in alcohol, 360 mil-limeters long, from Aomori. The accompanying figure is taken fromthis specimen.This species resembles the Humpback salmon of Alaska and BritishCohmibia {Oncorliynchus gorhuscha Walbaum). It seems to difl'er,however, in the larger scales (about 190) and the larger number ofbranchiostegals, 13 to 16 instead of 11 or 12 as in 0. gorhuscha. Thecaudal fin lacks the large oblong black spots seen in O. gorhuscJia.The species also resembles O. Iceta, but can be usually distinguished bythe smaller size, smaller scales, darker fins, and narrower caudal. Thetip of the dorsal and the inside of the pectorals and ventrals are verylarge streams; especially abundant in the Cohimbia and Sacramento rivers, where itis the principal salmon. The usual order of salmon running in the streams of Oregonand Washington is nerka, tschaioyisdia, kisuidt, gorhuscha, and keta. Those which startfirst go farthest. This species ascends the large streams in spring and summer, movingup, without feeding, until the spawning season, by which time many of those whichstarted first may have traveled more than 1,000 miles. It ascends the Snake Riverto the neighborhood of Upper Salmon Falls, where it spawns in October and Novem-ber. In the Salmon River of Idaho it ascends to the headwaters, more than 1,000miles from the sea, where it spawns in August and early September when the waterhas reached a temperature of about 54? F. After spawning, most or all of thosewhich have reached the upper waters perish from exhaustion. It is by far the mostvaluable of the species of salmon. It has lately been introduced into streams ofeastern North America, and should be introduced into the streams of Japan, whereas yet it is unknown.{tschau-yisdia, better spelled by earlier writers Tchaviche, the vernacular name inAlaska and Kamchatka.)
572 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. vol.xxiv.dark. A thii-d specimen, obtained in salt at Aomori, came from theIshikari River at Sapporo in Hokkaido. We have also young examplessaid to have been taken in the Daiya River at Nikko. The species isthus far known only from the island of Hokkaido, from the neighbor-ing shores of the province of Aomori, and from the Daiya River.The Japanese fishermen fail to distinguish the smaller salmon{nutsou, kisitteli) from the adult of the Japanese trout (Salmo perri/i),calling them all alike Masu, in opposition to the large salmon 0. keta,
Fig. 1.?Oncorhynchus masou.called Scd'e, and the young trout, which are called Yamabe. Thisconfusion extends to some of the published writings. The differentspecies are, however, correctlj^ distinguished by Hilgendorf. In hisaccount of 0. yessoemis Hilgendorf, however, counts 133 to 137 scalesin the lateral line. This leaves some doubt as to the specimen hehad in hand. He finds also 16 dorsal rays, doubtless including therudiments.{masu the Japanese name of small salmon; yeso is the old name ofthe great island now called Hokkaido, or " North Shore.")
2. ONCORHYNCHUS KETA (Walbaum).SAKE; DOG SALMON; CALICO SALMON.Salmo keta rel kayJco Walbaum, Artedi Piscium, 1792, jx 72; Rivers of Kam-chatka; after the Keta or Kayko of Pennant and Krascheninnikow.Oncorhynchus keta Jordan and Gilbert, Synopsis, 1883, p. 305.Salmo lagocephalus Pallas, Zoogr. Ross.-Asiatica, III, 1811, p. 372; Bering Sea.Oncorhynchtis lagocephalus GviiT-RER, Cat., VI, 1866, p. 161.Salmo japonensis Pallas, Zoogr. Ross.-Asiatica, III, 1811, p. 382; KnrileIslands; Amur River.Salmo dermatmus Richardson, Voyage Herald, Zool., 1854, p. 167; YukonRiver.Salmo consuetus RichARDSo-s, Voyage Herald, Zool., 1854, p. 168; Yukon River.Salmo canis Suckley, Ann. Lye. Nat. Hist. N. Y., 1858, p. 9; and Monogr. Salmo,1861, p. 101 (1874); Puget Sound.?Jordan and I^vermanx, Fish. N. and M.Amer., I, 1896, p. 478; San Francisco; Kamchatka; Bering Straits.Oncorhynchvs haheri Hilgendorf, Monatsber., Ges. Ost-Asien, XI, 1876, p. 25;Hokkaido.?IsHiKAWA, Prel. Cat., 1897, p. 20; Nishibetsu R., Yechigo,Matsushiro, Shinshin.Head 4; depth 4; D. 9; A. 13 or U; scales about 28-150-30; B. 13or l-l, rather broad; gill rakers 9+15; pyloric caeca 140-185. General
X0.1265. SALMONOID FISHES OF JAPAN?JORDAN AND SNYDER. 573form of 0. tschaufytscha, but the head proportionately longer, moredepressed and pike-like; the preopercle more broadly convex behind,and the maxillary extending- considerably beyond eye; gill rakers few,coarse, and stout as in the Quinnat; accessory pectoral scale short, nothalf the length of tin; caudal hn broad. Dusky above; sides paler,little lustrous; back and sides with no defined spots, but only finespecklings, which are often entirely obsolete; head dusky, scarcely anymetallic luster on head or tail; caudal dusk}', plain, or very finelymaculate, its edge usually distinctly blackish; fins all mostly blackish,especially in males; breeding males generally blackish above, with sidesbrick red. often barred or mottled. Weight 8 to 12 pounds. Hok-kaido to Kamchatka, and south to northern California, ascending allstreams in the autumn, and spawning at no great distance from the sea.At the time of its run the males of this species are much distorted andthe fiesh has little value. It is the common large salmon of northernJapan swarming in its rivers in the fall. It is known to all fishermen
FiG. 2.
?
Oncorhynchus keta.
as Sake. It ranges southward to Same and Noto, and the annual valueof the product is given b}^ Matsubara at $400,000. Salted salmon isvalued as a New Year's present in Japanese homes.This description is from specimens from Puget Sound. The figureis taken from an old male from Hakodate, much distorted and entirelyblack. The extreme lankness of this individual is not well shown inthe figure. Our specimens are from Ishikari River, Hokkaido, in themarkets of Aomori and Hakodate. One of these weighing 9 poundsshowed the foliowing characters: Scales 160; B. l-lto L6;.anal fin high,with concave edge, less falcate than in 0. mason/ its rays III, 14;(II, 15; III, 13 in other specimens); first anal ray 2 in head; head 41in length; depth 4. Coloration dirty silvery, blotched with darker,no black spots; pectorals, ventrals, and dorsals blackish, the pairedfins darker on the inner edge, the dorsals on its anterior half. Oldmales are still darker, almost black, and extravagantly distorted. Theflesh in this species is pale and past}', unfit for canning purposes, and
574 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. vol.xxiv.in all respects less A^aluable than in any of the other species of Onco-rhynchvff. The introduction of better species to the Japanese rivers isa matter of great economic importance.{Keta, a vernacular name in Kamchatka.)
3. ONCORHYNCHUS KISUTCH (Walbaum.)GINMASU, SILVER SALMON, KISUTCH.? Salmo milktschiich Walbaum, Artedi Piacium, 1792, p. 70; Bering Sea; afterMilktschutsch or Milktschitsch of Pennant and Krascheninnikow; probably theyoung of kisutch.Salmo kisutch Walbaum, Artedi Piseium, 1792, p. 70; rivers and lakes of Kam-chatka; after the Kisutdi. of Pennant.? Salmo striata Bloch and Schneider, Syst. lehth., 1801, p. 407; Kamchatka;after Milktschitsch of Krascheninnikow.Salmo kysutch Bloch and Schneider, Syst. Ichth., 1801, p. 407; Kamchatka;after Pennant.Salmo sanguinolenius Pallas, Zoogr. Ross.-Asiat, III, 1811, p. 379; Bering Sea.Salmo tsuppitch Richardson, Fauna Bor.-Amer., Ill, 1836, p. 224; ColumbiaRiver.?GtJNTHER, Cat., VI, 1866, p. 118.Oncorhynchns lycaodon GtJNTHER, Cat., VI, 1866, p. 155; in part.Salmo scouleri '&VCKVEY , Monogr. Salmo, 1861 (1874), p. 94.Oncorhynchus sanguinolenius GtJNTHER, Cat., VI, 1866, p. 160.Oncorhynchus tsuppitch Jordan, Forest and Stream, Sept. 16, 1880, p. 130.Oncorhynchus kisutch Jordan and Gilbert, Synopsis, 1883, p. 307.
?
Jordan andEvERMANN, Fish N. and M. Amer., 1896, p. 480.Oncorhynchus perryi Hilgendorf, Monatsb. Ges. Ostasien, 1876, p. 25 (not Salmoperryi Brevoort).
?
Ishikawa, Prel. Cat., 1897, p. 20; Arikawa, Toshima,Hakodate, Matsushiro, Shinshin.Head 4; depth 4; B. 13 or 14; pyloric ca^ca very few and large, 63(45 to 80); gill rakers 10 + 13, rather long and slender, nearly as long-as eye, toothed; scales 25-127-29; D. 10; A. 13 or 14 (developed rays).Bod}^ rather elongate, compressed. Head short, exactly conical, ter-minating in a bluntly pointed snout, which is longer and broader thanthe lower jaw; head shorter than in a young quinnat {tschavjytscha) ofthe same size. Interorbital space broad and strongly convex; opercleand preopercle strongly convex behind; the preopercle very broad,with the lower limb little developed; cheeks broad. Eye quite small,much smaller than in young quinnat of the same size. Suborbitalvery narrow, with a row of mucous pores along its surface; maxillaryslender and narrow, but extending somewhat beyond the eye. Teethvery few and small, only 2 or 3 on the vomer; those on tonguevery feeble; fins small; pectorals and ventrals short, the ventralappendage three-fifths the length of the fin; caudal strongly forked,on a slender peduncle. Bluish green, sides silvery, with dark punctu-lations; dorsal always tipped with black; this color usually conspicuousboth in the adult and the young; no spots, except a few rather obscureon top of head, back, dorsal fin, adipose fin, and the rudimentary upperrays of the caudal; rest of the caudal fin unspotted; pectorals dusky
NO. 1265. SALMONOID FISHES OF JAPAN?JORDAN AND SNYDER. 575tinged; anal with dusky edging; sides of head without the dark colora-tion seen in the quinnat; males mostly red in autumn, and with theusual changes of form. Length 15 inches; weight 3 to 8 pounds. Asmall salmon, ascending streams in the autumn to no great distance.Abundant from San Francisco northward, especially in Puget Soundand the Alaskan fjords; south on the Asiatic coasts to Japan. Heredescribed from Puget Sound specimens. A specimen from Otaru inthe museum at Hakodate seems to be t3^pical of the species, the tip ofthe dorsal black, as usual. Three others from the Otaru, two from UraRiver, and several from Osatsubo, sent by the museum at Sapporo,seem to be the young of this species. Four adult examples (325, 331,332, 337) were secured by us in the market at Aomori.(Kisutc/t. the vernacular name in Alaska and Kamchatka; called b}'the Russians Bielai/a Byha^ or whitetish).
4. ONCORHYNCHUS NERKA (Walbaum).BENIMASU (RED SALMON), BLUE BACK.Salmo nerka AValbaum, Artedi Piscium, 1792, p. 71; after the Nerka of Pennant,the Narka of Kraschininnikow, rivers and seas of Kamchatka.
?
Bloch andSchneider, Syst. Ichth., 1801, p. 417; after Pennant and Kraschininnikow.Salmo lycaodon Pallas, Zoogr. Rosso-Asiat. , III, 1811, p. 370; Ochotsk Sea,Kamchatka.Salmo paucidens Richard.sox, Fauna Bor.-Amer., Ill, 1836, p. 222; ColumbiaRiver.Salmo fapdisma Cuvier and Valenciennes, Hist. Nat. Poiss., XXI, 1848, p. 365;Kamchatka; on a drawing.Salmo arahaisch Citv^ier and Valenciennes, Hist. Nat. Poiss., XXI, 1848, p. 365;Kamchatka; on a drawing.Salmo melampterus CvYiER and Valenciennes, Hist. Nat. Poiss., XXI, 1848,p. 365; Kamchatka; on a drawing.Salmo kennerlyl Suckley, Ann. Lye. Nat. Hist. N. Y., VII, 1861, p. 307; Chilo-weyuck Lake (dwarf and landlocked) ; (Type, No. 2092. Coll. Kennerly) .
?
Suckley, Monogr. Salmo, 1861 (1874), p. 145.?GtJNTHER, Cat., VI, 1866,p. 120.Salmo cooperi Suckley, Notices New Species N. A. Salmon, New York, June,1861, and Monogr. Salmo, 1861 (1874), p. 99; Okanogan River. (Coll. Geo.Gibbs.
)
Salmo ivarreni Suckley, Notices New Species N. A. Salmon, June, 1861, andMonogr. Salmo, 1861 (1874), p. 147; Eraser River, British Columbia. (Type,Nos. 2070 and 2073. Coll. Kennerly.)Salmo richardi Suckley, Notices New Species N. A. Salmon, June, 1861, andMonogr. Salmo, 1861 (1874), p. 117; Eraser and Skagit rivers. (Type, No.2005.
)
'Hypsifario kennerlyl Gill, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1862, p. 330.Oncorhynchus lycaodon GtJNTHER, Cat., VII, 1866, p. 155.Oncorhynchus paucidens Gv^THY^R, Cat., VII, 1866, p. 158.Oncorhynchus nerka Jordan and Gilbert, Synopsis, 1883, p. 308.
?
Jordan andEvermann, Eish N. and M. Amer., I, 1896, p. 481.Oncorhynchus nerka kennerlyl Bean, Eorest and Stream, July 9, 1891.Head 4; depth 1. B. 13 to 15; D. 11; A. 11 to 16; scales 20-133-20;pyloric cteca 75 to 95; vertebra 61. Gill rakers about 32 to 10, usually
576 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. vol.xxiv.14 or 15 + 22 or 23, as long as eye. Body elliptical, rather slender.Head short, sharply conic, pointed, the lower jaw included. Maxillaryrather thin and small, extending beyond eye. Teeth all quite small,most of them freely movable; vomer with about 6 weak teeth, whichgrow larger in fall males, instead of disappearing. Preopercle verywide and convex; opercle very short, not strongly convex. Preoperclelargely free behind. Ventral scale about half the length of the fin.Caudal fin narrow, widelj^ forked; anal fin long and low; dorsal low.Flesh deep red. Males becoming extravagantly hook-jawed in the fall,the snout being then prolonged and much raised above the level ofrest of head, the lower jaw produced to meet it; mandible li in headin fall males. If in females; snout 2i in head in fall males, 3i infemales. Color clear bright blue above; sides silvery, this hue over-lying the blue of the back; lower fins pale, upper dusky; no spotsanywhere in adults in spring; the young with obscure black spotsabove.Color of breeding male, back blood red, with dark edges to some ofthe scales; middle of side darker red, but unevenly so, usually darkestat middle of body; vinder parts dirty white, with numerous fine darkdustings; head above and on sides pale olivaceous, some darker mot-tling on sides; tip of nose and side of jaws dark, under part of lowerjaw white; dorsal pale red, anal darker red; adipose fin red; ventralsand pectorals smoky, some red at base. Color of breeding femaleessentially the same, rather darker on the sides. Length 2 feet;weight 3i to 8 pounds. (Description from Columbia River specimens.)Two specimens, measuring about 270 millimeters, from Lake Akanin Hokkaido, show the following characters:Head -1 in length; depth 1^; depth of caudal peduncle 2f in head,eye 4|; snout li; maxillary 2; interorbital space 3^; scales in lateralseries 130; in transverse series 19+22; D. 11; A. 15. Teeth on jawssmall, immovable; those on palatines and vomer equal in size to thoseof jaws; interorbital space convex; preopercles and opercles decidedlyconvex posteriorly; branchiostegals 14, gill rakers on first arch longand slender 13+20. Caudal very broad, not deeply forked; ventralappendage short, contained about 2^ times in length of fin. Fins alldark, the pectorals and ventrals darker above than below; upper partsof bod}^ caudal fin and base of dorsal with round of oblong darkbrown spots.Another specimen has but one or two indistinct spots on base ofdorsal and on upper part of caudal; the caudal fin is more forked.The species ranges from Hokkaido to Kamchatka, Alaska, andsouthward to Oregon. It is abundant in Alaska, ascending streams inspring to great distances, and often frequenting mountain lakes infall, spawning in their small tributaries. It is one of the most grace-ful of the Salmonidse, scarcely inferior to the quinnat when fresh, but
Ko. 1-265. SALMONOW FISHES OF JAPAN?JORDAN AND SNYDER. 577the tie!?h more watery and less valuable when canned. It is the piin-cipal salmon of Alaska, and one which merits introduction into thelakes of Japan. This species is very rare in Japan. In the museumat Hakodate is a third specimen from Akan Lake in the Province ofKushiro. in northern Hokkaido. This specimen, about a foot long,is blue above, with a few faint dark spots, silvery below. D. 11, 10;A. 11, 1-1; scales 135; gill rakers 15+22= 37; B. 13. A specimen with-out spots in the same museum, labeled Benimasu or Red Salmon^also apparentlv belongs to this species. It is from Urup Island(Kuriles). The two described above from Lake Akan, a little largerand darker in color have been received from Professor Nozawa of themuseum at Sapporo. It is said that the species occurs in no otherlocality in Japan proper except about Kushiro Bay, into which AkanLake flows, and that it never reaches a larger size. Similar dwarfishvarieties, known as subsp. kennerlyi^ occur in lakes of Idaho andWashington. 2. SALMO' (Artedi) Linnaeus.Salmo (Artedi, Genera Piscium) Lixn.eus, Syst. Nat., 10th ed., 1758, p. 308,(salar, etc.).Truttfe LiNN.EUs, S,vst. Nat., 10th ed., 1758, p. 308 {trutta, etc.: ''Trutfa' corporerariegato'
'
)
.
Fario CuviER and Valenciexnes, Hist. Nat. Poiss., XXI, 1848, p. 277 {argenteus
^trutta).Salar Cuvier and Valenciennes, Hist. Nat. Poiss., XXI, 1848, p. 314 {ausonii
=fario)
.
Trutta SiEBOLD, Siisswasserfische Mittel Europa, 1863, p. 280 {iruiia).Body elongate, somewhat compressed. Mouth large: jaws, palatines,and tongue toothed, as in related genera; vomer flat, its shaft notdepressed, a few teeth on the chevron of the vomer, behind which is asomewhat irregular single or double series of teeth, which in themigratory forms are usually deciduous with age. Scales large orsmall, 110 to 200 in a longitudinal series. Dorsal and anal fins short,
1 SALMO FARIO Linnaeus.ANEMASU (FOREIGN TROUT); EUROPEAN BROOK TROUT.Salmo /arid Linn.eus, Syst. Nat., 12th ed., I, p 509, and of authors generally.Tliis European species has been introduced into Japan. A specimen taken inLake Chuzenji seems to belong to this species. It is said to have been introducedfrom America. Length 14 inches; liead 41; depth 4^; D. II, 11; A. I, 13; B. 13;snout 3J; eye 45; P. 1| in head; maxillary 2. Scales 120 in lateral line, not countingsmall ones at base of caudal; 130 oblique series. Anal low, short, white, its marginconcave, its longest ray 2| in head, 1|^ in base of fin. Color olive above, sides verysilvery; no dark specks or edgings to the scales; dorsal, caudal, and pectoral slightlydusky; anal all white; no parr marks, upper parts with scattered round black spots;spots on dorsal, adipose, and base of caudal. Caudal well forked, the middle caudalray from scales 3| in the longest ray. Nine pairs vomerine teeth, weak in a shorterrow. The species is said to reach a length of 3 feet. It is slenderer and paler thanthe Japanese trout, with the tail more deeply forked and the parr marks obsolete.Proc. N. M. vol. XXIV?01 37
578 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. vol.xxiv.usually of 10 to 12 rays each; caudal Hn truncate, emarginate or forked,its peduncle comparatively stout. Branchiosteg'als 11 to 13; gill rakersabout 20. Sexual peculiarities variously developed; the males in typi-cal species with the jaws prolonged and the front teeth enlarged, thelower jaw being hooked upward at the end and the upper jaw emargi-nate or perforate. In the larger or migratory species these peculiari-ties are most marked. Species of moderate or large size, black-spotted,abounding in the rivers and lakes of North America, Asia, and Europe;no fresh-water species occurring in America east of the MississippiValley; a few species, marine and anadromous. The nonmigratoryspecies are in both continents extremely closely related and difficultto distinguish. The excessive variations in color and form have givenrise to a host of nominal species. Those which ascend the rivers fromthe sea feed in the streams, and it is probable that not all die afterspawning.{salmo, the Latin name of Salmo salar, originally from satire, toleap). 5. SALMO PERRYI Brevoort.KAWA-MASU (RIVER SALMON) (ADULT); YAMABE (MOUNTAIN SIDE);YAMAME (MOUNTAIN THING); YAMABAI (MOUNTAIN MINNOW).Salmo perryi Brevoort, Exped. Japan, 1856, p. 273, pL ix, fig. 1; Hakodate.
?
Jordan and Snyder, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 1900, p. 349; Lake Biwa( Karasaki )
.
Salmo macrostoma GIinther, Shore Fishes, Challenger, 1880, p. 71, pi. xxxi, fig.A; Yokohama.
?
Ishikawa, Prel. Gat., 1897, p. 21; Tokadzu, Kushiro, Chi-chibu, Ojiro River, Kai, Ise, Tosa.
?
Jordan and Snyder, Proc. U. S. Nat.Mus., 1890, p. 743; Lake Chuzenji.Head 4| in length; depth 3|; D. Ill, 12; A. I, 11; eye 5 in head;snout 3i; B. 11; P. If in head; scales 140 (oblique rows). Analrather low, straight edged, the longest ra}^ 2^ in head, 1^ in base offin; caudal moderateh^ forked, the longest ray 2^ times length of mid-dle one measured from scales.Body rather deep with lirm scales, the black spots much the same,small, round, sparse, confined to the back, some on dorsal, adipose,and base of caudal; 3 to 5 distinct roundish dark spots along baseof dorsal alwa^'s present; none distinct on head; otherwise just asplain anteriorly as posteriorly; sides with 9 large parr marks orblackish bars under the scales; below these, numerous round darkspots of the same nature, each scale above with an edging of darkspots, making the fish duskj^; 6 pairs of teeth forming a short lineon vomer.This description from a specimen 11 inches long from Lake Chu-zenji, having been introduced there from the River Kinu, near Utso-nomiya, below the impassable fall of Kegon-no-taki. A smallerspecimen taken at the same place, about 7^ inches long, shows the fol-lowing characters: D. Ill, 11; A. I, 12; B, 14; scales about 130.
NO. 1265. SALMONOID FISHES OF JAPAN?JORDAN AND SNYDER. 579Longest ray of anal longer than base, 2^ in head; the fin straight-edged, high and short. Vomerine teeth in a longish row. Coloras above; parr marks 9; sides reddish; pectorals yellowish; ventralsblackish, with a little white at tip; anal blackish, with whitish tip;caudal dusky, flushed with red, scales dark-edged; dorsal spotted atbase; caudal unspotted.This black-spotted trout is common in clear waters throughout theislands of Hondo and Hokkaido. As ordinarily seen in the streams itis less than a pound in weight, with the parr marks or dark cross barsdistinct. These brook trout are known as Yamabe or Yamomi. Inthe large rivers, as the Kitakami, they reach a weight of 8 or 10 pounds.The parr marks are lost and the coloration is more silvery. In thewaters of Hokkaido they descend to the sea. In the small fish theteeth on the shaft of the vomer are about 12 in number in a long doubleseries. As the fish grows larger, the vomerine teeth are lost, until inthe adult only about 1 teeth are present. These large fishes are called
"Masu-' or salmon b}^ the fishermen. The dark spots vary much withindividuals, but apparently not with age, some being profusely spotted,others taken at the same time almost immaculate. Both extremes inthis regard are shown in our specimens from Lake Biwa, one of whichis as profuselj" spotted as is shown in Brevoorfs figure of Salmoperryi.Most specimens agree in this, as in other respects, with Giinther'sfigure of S. macrostoma. The black blotches along base of dorsal, 3to 5 in number, are almost always present and are diagnostic.Of the Yamabe, or young trout, we have specimens from Aomori,Niigata, Lake Chuzenji, Kinu River at Utsonomiya, Daiya River atNikko, Otani River near Nikko, Kamihana in Omi, Maebara on LakeBiwa, Karasaki on Lake Biwa, and Kawagiri in southwestern Rikuchu,on a tributary of the Kitakami.Of the adult trout, Kawamasu, we have specimens from the KitakamiRiver at Morioka, from Aomori and Hakodate, and from the Tokj'Omarket. The largest specimens from Hakodate reach a weight ofabout 12 pounds, and much resemble the salmon of the Atlantic.From SoJmo r/vi/kiss, of Kamchatka, which the species resembles, itis distinguished by the longer anal (12 or 13 developed rays) and bythe posterior insertion of the ventrals, which are rather behind themiddle of the dorsal and reach more than halfway to the vent. Salmomyl-is.s shows no trace of the distinctive spots at base of dorsal.The species is almost intermediate between the typical group ofSali)to and the group called Oneorhynehvx. It indicates the transitionfrom the former to the latter, and might with almost as much pro-priety be called a salmon as a trout.From our field notes at Morioka I take the following:Kitakami River at Morioka; a large, very plump trout with fewspots; large scales; verj^ high falcate anal of 12 rays; small head; no
580 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. vol.xxiv.red on sides or under throat; the lower fins yellowish in spawning-female. Abundant in the Kitakami at this season, also sent in fromAomori, It has no teeth on the shaft of the vomer, or almost none,as in Salmo salar. Its flesh is firm and red, as in the Atlantic salmon,and the flavor, is the same.One small spawning female taken at Morioka. Spent males seen inHakodate; two taken are blackish, very thin, with a red bar on sideinterrupted by black bars.(Named for Commodore Perry.)
S. HUCHO Glinther.Hucho GtJNTHER, Cat. Fish., VI, 1866, p. 125 {Imcho).Body slender, elongate, the head pike-like, with vertical sides, andflattened snout and frontal region; mouth large; vomer as in Sal/velhius,the shaft depressed below the head and without teeth; palatine teethstrong; strong teeth on the tongue, none on the hyoid region; scalessilvery, large or small, the body marked with small black dots; analfin short; branchiostegals 12; gill rakers few.Old World fishes, large pike-like trout, intermediate between thecharrs and the salmon.{hucho, an old name of Hucho hucho, from the German Huch orHuchen.) 6. HUCHO BLACKISTONI (Hilgendorf).ITO-UWO (STRING-FISH.
)
Salmo hlacl-istoni Hilgendorf, Monatsber, Gesellschaft Ostasien, 1876, p. 25;Hokkaido.?IsHiKAWA, Prel. Cat., 1897, p. 21; Hokkaido.Head 3i in length; depth 5; depth of caudal peduncle 3i in head;eye 5; interorbital space -li; snout 4; maxillary 2|^; D. 10; A. 9; scalesin lateral series 109, in transverse series 18 + 17; pores in lateral line
Fig. 3.?Hucho blackistoni.97. Head long, low, broad, pike-like, quadrangular in section; inter-orbital area broad, slightly convex; maxillary extending a little beyondeye. Teeth small, those on lower jaw longest; no teeth on shaft ofvomer, even in the young; tongue with a row of sharp teeth on each
N0.12G5. SALMOXOID FISHES OF JAPAN?JORDAN AND SNYDER. 581edge; branchiostegals 12; gill-rakers on first arch 6 + 11, long andslender. Height of dorsal lj% in head, anal 2^V? caudal deeply forked.If in head, ventral appendage about one-third as long as the fin,pectoral 2 in head.Color silvery, dark above, the head and body usually profuselycovered with small, brownish spots; dorsal fin with a few at its base.Streams of northern Japan, rather common in Hokkaido, reaching alength of 2i to 3 feet. Our description and figure are taken from aspecimen from Kushiro, presented by the Sapporo Museum. Wehave compared this with a larger example from Nemuro in the museumof Hakodate. Others were examined in the same museum fromNemuro, Chishima, Settsu and Shifto River, in Hokkaido, and fromHeigun River, in the province of Rikuchu, near Morioka.This singular trout seems to be closeh^ related to Huclio hucho ofthe Danube, differing from that species in its larger scales. The com-mon name ''Ito"' (string) is suggested by its slender form.(Named for Captain Blackiston, author of a treatise on the birds ofJapan, whose interest in natural history was largely responsible forthe growth of the museum of Hakodate.)
4. SALVELINUS- (Nilsson) Richardson.CHARRS.
^SaZtWmi NiLssoN, Prodr. Ichth. Scand., 1832, p. 7 {alpinus); group name.Salvelinus Richardson, Fauna Bor.-Amer., Ill, 1836, p. 169 {alpinus); after Nils-son.Baione De Kay, X. Y. Fauna; Fishes, 1842, p. 244 (fontinalis).Umhla Rapp, Fische Bodensee, 1854, p. 32 [umbla = alpinus).Bod}- moderateh- elongate. Mouth large or small. Teeth of jaws,palatines, and tongue essentialh^ as in Salino^ the h^^oid patch presentor not. Vomer boat-shaped, the shaft much depressed, without raisedcrest, with teeth on the head of the bone and none on shaft. Scalesvery small, 2?)0 to 250 in a lengthwise series. Fins moderate, thecaudal forked in the young, truncate in some species in the adult.Sexual peculiarities not strongly marked, the males with the premax-illaries enlarged and a fieshy projection at the tip of the lower jaw.Coloration dark, with round crimson spots, the lower fins sometimeswith marginal bands of black, reddish, and pale. Species numerousin the clear streams and lakes of the northern parts of both conti-nents, sometimes descending to the sea, where they lose their varie-gated colors and become nearly plain and silvery. The members ofthis genus are b}- far the most active and handsome of the trout, andlive in the coldest, clearest, and most secluded waters. "No higherpraise can be given to a Salmonoid than to say it is a charr."{fiulvelinvs^ an old name of the charr; from the same root as SdlbUngor Saihling.)
582 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. voi..xxiv,
7. SALVELINUS KUNDSCHA (Pallas).AMEMASU (RAIN SALMON); KUNDSCHA.Salmo kundscha Pallas, Zoogr. Rosso. Asiat., Ill, 1811, p. 250; Kamchatka.
?
Jordan and Gilbert, Rept. U. S. Fur Seal Comm., Ill, 1898, p. 438, \A. xlv;Petropaulsky.Salvelinus kundscha Jordan and Evermann, Fish. N. and M. Amer., Ill, 1898,p. 2823; Petropaulsky, Tareinsky.Salmo leucomienis Pallas, Zoogr. Rosso. Asiat., Ill, 1811, p. 250; Kamchatka.Brevoort, Exped. Japan, p. 276, pi. x, fig. 3; Hakodate.
?
Steindachner,Sitzber, Ak. Wiss. Wien, 1870, p. 15; Decastris Bay.
?
Ishikawa, Prel. Cat.,1897, p. 21; Shiribeshi, Hokkaido.6'aZmo cu?"i/?s Pallas, Zoogr. Rosso. Asiat., Ill, 1811, p. 251; Kurile Islands.Head -i^ in length; depth 4i; depth of caudal peduncle 2f inhead; eye 5; interorbital space 2^; snout 3^; maxillary 2; D. 11;A. 10; scales in lateral series 210, in transverse series 35 + 40, Maxil-lary projecting- beyond eye, opercles very convex posteriorly; teethon jaws and palatines weak, those of vomer restricted to a small ante-rior patch; branchiostegals 13; gill-rakers on first arch 5 + 10, ratherlong, compressed. Height of dorsal 1^ in head; caudal rather deeplyforked, its length l^V in head; highest anal ray 1| in head; ventralappendage small, about one-third the length of fin. Body dark aboA'e,the spots on sides somewhat larger than pupil, arranged in 3 more orless distinct rows; dorsal and caudal dusky, without spots, the latternarrowly tipped with black; anal, ventrals, and pectorals white, thepaired fins dusky above.This species, common in the streams of Kamchatka, is occasionallytaken in northern Japan. We have one fine specimen about 300 milli-meters long, from Nemuro, the northernmost point in Hokkaido, pre-sented by the museum of Sapporo. Another from Iturup Island wasexamined in the museum of Hakodate. A specimen from Shinbeshiis in the Imperial Museum.
8. SALVELINUS PLUVIUS Hilgendorf.AMENOUWO (RAIN FISH); IWANA (ROCKLING); OSOROKOMA;TOKOSISU./S'oZmo jLfZuOTMS Hilgendorf, Monatsber, Ges. Ostasien, 1876, p. 25; Nikko.
?
Ishi-kawa, Prel. Cat., 1897, p. 21; Iturup, Tokazu, Aomori, Kodzuke, Kiso,Chichibu, Kaga, Kamo R.Head 4 in length; depth li; depth of caudal peduncle 2^ in head;eye 5^; snout 3f ; interorbital space 3i; maxillary If; D. 10; A. 9;scales in lateral series 200, in transverse series 11+11; pores in lateralline 124. Head rather short, blunt, the interorbital space broad andconvex; mouth large, the maxillary extending past eye a distance equalto diameter of pupil. Teeth on jaws weak, a single row on the pala-tines, a small cluster on anterior part of vomer, none on the shaft;teeth on the tongue in 2 rows, somewhat stronger than those of the
NU.1265. SALMONOID FISHES OF JAPAN?JORDAN AND SNYDER. 583jaws, curved })iickward. Pseudobranchia? small; g'ill rakers on firstarch 6+9, rather long and slender. Dorsal and anal of equal height,the longest ra^'s contained li times in head; caudal rather deeplynotched, its length li in head; pectorals If in head; ventrals If.Supplemental appendage of ventral slender, its length 2| in the fin.Color in alcohol, body with numerous light spots about as large aspupil, ventral and anal fins edged anteriorly with bright yellow, uppersurfaces of pectorals and ventrals dusky.Described from an individual about 200 millimeters long from LakeChuzenji. Specimens in Lake Chuzenji are pale gray in life, thespots on the sides crimson, those on the back gra^nsh white; lowerfins scarlet, dusky, shaded with whitish edge; in streams the colorsare darker.This beautiful little charr is abundant in the mountain streams andlakes of Hondo and Hokkaido, It reaches but a small size, the largestspecimens seen by us not exceeding 2 pounds. Our specimens arefrom Lake Chuzenji, near Nikko (introduced), Chishima, Nemuro,Ohata River at Aomoi'i and Kawagiri in Rikuchu. Numerous othersfrom localities in Hokkaido are preserved in museums.The species is very close to Salvelinus malma of Kamchatka and theAleutian region, diflfering in the longer mouth and larger spots, traitswhich are constant in the material at our disposal.{plutu'us^ rainy, the Latin equivalent of Amenouwo.)
g. SALVELINUS MALMA yWalbaum.)MALMA.GoUra KRAScnExixxiKow, Descr. Kamch., 1768, p. LS3; Kamchatka.Malma Pennant, Arctic ZooL, Introd., 1792, p. 126; Bering Sea; after Steller, etc.Salmo mahna Walbaum, Artedi Piscium, 1792, }). 66; Kamchatka; based onMalma of Pennant.Salmo callaris Pallas, Zoogr. Rosso-Asiat., Ill, 1811, p. 35.3; Bering Sea.
?
GuNTHER, Cat., VI, 1866, p. 143.Sabno l;rrig<(tas Pallas, Zoogr. Rosso-Asiat., Ill, 1811, p. 385; Km-ile Islands.Salmo nummifer Cuvier and Valenciennes, Hist. Nat. Poiss., XXI, 1848, p. 365;Kamchatka; on a drawing by Mertens.Salmo eri/dtrorhynchos Cuvier and Valenciennes, Hist. Nat. Poiss., XXI, 1848,p. 367; Kamchatka.Salmo hides Cope, Proc. Anier. Phil. Soc. Phila., 1873, p. 24; Captains Harbor,Unalaska. (Coll. Prof. George Davidson.
)
Salvelinu>< malma Jordan and Gilbert, Synopsis, 1883, p. 319.
?
Everman, Bull.U. S. Fish. Comm., XI, 1891, p. 50, pi. xxv, fig. 1.
?
Jordan and Ever-MANN, Fish. N. and M. Amer., I, 1896, p. 508; III, 1898, p. 2823.?Jorda.vand Gilbert, Rept. U. S. Fur Seal Comm., Ill, 1898.Salmo fariopsis (Kner MS.) Steindachner, Sitz. Ak. Wiss. Wien, 1870, p. 17,pi. I, fig. 3; Decastris Bay, Manchuria.Head ii to 4i; depth 4i to -if; D. 11; A. 9; scales about 40-240-36; pyloric cteca large, 40 to 50; gill-rakers about 8 +12. Body ratherelongate, the head comparatively .small, the mouth small, the maxillar}'-usuall}' not reaching bej^ond line of eye. Caudal fin well forked:
584 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. vol.xxiv.lower fins short, the ventral reaching halfwa}' to vent. Olivaceousor gra3nsh, the sides with small, round red spots, much smaller thanpupil; })ack with small whitish spots; lower fins dusky with a palestripe in front followed by a dark one. Sea-run specimens silvery,with the spots faint or obsolete.Length varying with the waters from 5 to 20 inches or more. Large
.specimens in the sea reaching 12 pounds.Streams of Alaska and Kamchatka descending to the sea, veryabundant throughout the Aleutian region and extending its rangethrough the Kuriles to Okhotsk Sea. Probably S. plifvius is a south-ern variety of the species as is also the Dolly Varden trout, SalvelmusparJcii., Washington, Oreg"on, and northern California.The fish from the Japan Sea described and figured by Steindachnerunder the name of Salmo farlojisis agrees perfect!}" with the young ofSalvelinus malma, and diflers from the Japanese Salvelinusplumus inthe smaller size of the mouth and in the coloration. The northernspecies, Salvelhuis nialma^ has been already recorded from the KurileIslands.{malma^ a vernacular name in Kamchatka.)5. PLECOGLOSSUS Sehlegel.
P^eraj'/ossits ScHLEGEL, Fauiia Japoiiicus, Poiss., 1846, p. 229 {altivelis).Body moderate!}^ elongate, covered with very small scales. Mouthwide, the premaxillaries Avith a few, small, conical, pointed teeth.Maxillaries and lower jaw with teeth of a peculiar form, lamelliform,broad, truncate, serrate, movable, seated in folds of skin; mandibleseach ending in a small knob, not joined at the symphysis. Mucousmemln'ane of interior of mouth between terminal halves of the mandibleforming a peculiar organ, being raised in folds with two pouches infront and one behind. Tongue ver}^ small, with minute teeth, its toptoothless; no teeth on vomer, palatines with teeth. Pyloric cseca verynumerous. Eggs small. Small fishes inhabiting the clear streams ofJapan and Formosa, migratory like the salmon, and among the veryfinest of food fishes. One species is known.(TrAf/coiT, anything folded or plaited; y\ro(j(}(y. tongue).
lo. PLECOGLOSSUS ALTIVELIS Sehlegel.AYU; HIUWO (RED-FISH); KOAYU (YOUNG AY'U); NENGIO (ANNUALFISH); KOGIO (FRAGRANT FISH).Plecoglossus aliiix'Hs Schlegel, Fauna Japonica, Poiss., p. 229, pi. cv, fig. 1; nolocality.
?
Gunther, Cat. Fish., VI, 1866, p. 165.
?
Ishikawa, Zool. Mag.,Tokyo, VII, 1895, p. 129; Matsiibara, Maebara; Prel. Cat., 1897, p. 19;Musashi, Tama, Yechigo, Kaga, Hasa R., Katsiisa R., Mino, Uji R., Yama-shiro, Kamo R., Tanba, Osaka, Tosa, Fukuoka, Higo, Maebara, Lake Biwa.
?
Jordan and Snyder, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus.. 1900, p. 349, Lake Biwa; Proc.U. S. Nat. Mn?., 1900, p. 744; Numata, Tsushima.
NO. 1265. SALMONOID FISHES OF JAPAN?JORDAN AND SNYDER. -585Head 4| in length: depth 4^; depth of caudal peduncle 2i in head;eye 5; snout 2|; maxillary If; D. 10; A. 15; scales in lateral series156, between lateral line and insertion of dorsal 18.Head small, the snout pointed. Mouth oblique, maxillar}' extend-ing past eye a distance a little greater than diameter of pupil; thesheath of the upper jaw longer than that of the lower. Gill-rakers ontirst arch 10+19, short and very slender. Palatine teeth are present,though very small. Height of dorsal contained 6i times in length;anal 8i; length of caudal 5i; pectorals 7; ventrals 8. The above char-acters are shown by a specimen about 180 millimeters long. Largerindividuals, measuring 225 millimeters, have deeper bodies, shorterheads, and higher dorsal fins. A specimen from the market at Hiro-shima measures: Depth 3f in length; head -If; height of dorsal 5i;anal 8i; length of pectorals Of; ventrals 7i; caudal 5i. Occasionallythe dorsal when depressed reaches the base of adipose fin. The dorsal
Fig. 4.
?
Plecogi.ossus ai.tivei.is (from Formosa).
rays number 10. occasionally 11, the anal 14 to 10. Color olivaceous,silvery below; always a light yellow bar or blotch above the middle ofthe pectoral on side; adipose fin edged with scarlet, dorsal somewhatshaded with dusky, anal with reddish. The young, to at least thelength of 100 millimeters, have a broad silver}^ lateral band. The bodyis very elongate, the depth contained al)out Ti times in the length.Our specimens are from Ishikari River, Niigata, Aomori, Same,Matsushima, Sendai, Morioka, Tokyo, Tanagawa River at Tachikawa,Daiya River at Nikko. Gifu, Lake Biwa, Osaka, Wakanoura, Kobe,Hiroshima, Kurume. Nagasaki, and Tan Sin River at Taihoku, thecapital of Formosa. Specimens from Formosa are a little larger thanany from Japan, and with the anal possibh' a little longer as comparedwith the head. This form is apparenth' not diflerent specifically. AtGifu and Tachikawa, tame cormorants are largely in the capture ofthe Ayu, which is the most delicious of all eJapanese food-fishes.{alius., high; velurii^ sail.)
586 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. vol.xxiv.Family II. ARGENTINID^?^.THE SMELTS.Body elongate, covered with moderate or small scales, which areusually cycloid. Head naked. Mouth terminal, small or large, formedas in the Salmonidm, the maxillary forming the margin of the upperjaw. Teeth various, sharp-pointed. Gills 4. a slit behind the fourth.Gill membranes separate, free from the isthmus, with 6 to 10 branch-iostegals. No barbels. Stomach a blind sac, with the pyloric caecafew or none. Dorsal tin short, nearly median; adipose tin alwaj'^spresent; caudal forked; anal moderate; pectorals placed low; ventralsmoderate, nearly median; no spines in the fins. Lateral line present.No phosphorescent spots. Abdomen rounded. Air bladder large,single. Ova large, falling into the cavity of the abdomen beforeextrusion. Small fishes, marine or anadroiuous, some of them inhab-iting deep water; all but one genus confined to the waters of theNorthern Hemisphere. There are about ten genera and perhaps adozen species; reduced Sahnonidce, smaller and in every way feeblerthan the trout, l>ut similar to them in all respects except the form ofthe stomach. Most of them are very delicate food-fishes.
a. Branchiostegals 6 to 10; body not cylindrical, the sides more or less compressed; gillmembranes separate.h. Mouth large, with strong teeth in the jaws and on tongue,
c. Scales large, smooth, similar in both sexes; pectoral fin moderate, its rays10 to 12; ventrals inserted under front of dorsal; teeth strong, those ontongue enlarged, c-anine-like; scales moderate, loosely attached.. 0.s/h?'ms, 6.}>h. Mouth rather small, with weak teeth or none; scales large, smooth; ventralsbelow middle or front of dorsal.d. Jaws with minute teeth; similar teeth on tongue and palate; maxillaryreaching past front of eye Mesopm^, 7.(111. Jaws toothless, or very nearly so; vomer and palatines with small teeth;mouth very small, the maxillary not reaching past front of eye; tonguewith a curved row of small teeth on each side; scales usually more orless spinescent Argentina, 8.6. OSMERUS (Linnaeus) Lacepede.SMELTS.Osmeris Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., lOth ed., 1758, p. 310 {eperlanus).Osmerus Lacepede, Hist. Nat. Poissons, V, 1803, p. 229.Eperlanus Gaimard, Voy. Island and Greenland. 1851 {eperlanus).Spirinchus Jordan and Evermaxn, Fish. N. and M. Amer., 1896, I, p. 522(thaleichthys)
.
Body elongate, compressed. Head long, pointed. Mouth wide, theslender maxillary extending to past the middle of the eye; lower jawprojecting; preorbital and suborbital bones narrow. Maxillaries andpremaxillaries with fine teeth; lower jaw with small teeth, which arelarger posteriorly; tongue with a few strong, fang-like teeth, largest
NO. 1265. SALMONOID FISHES OF JAPAN?JORDAN AND SNYDEB. 587
at the tip; hyoid Ijone, vomer, palatine.s, and pter} g'oids with wide-.setteeth. Gill-raker.s long and slender. Branchio.stegals 8. Scales large,loose, 60 to 70 in the course of the lateral line. Dorsal small, aboutmidway of the body, over the ventrals; anal rather long. Vertebraeabout 40. Pyloric cteca small, few. Small fishes of the coasts ofEurope and northern America, sometimes ascending rivers; delicatein flesh and considerably valued as food.{off1^17}pOii^ odorous; the name is equivalent to the English ''smelt.")
II. OSMERUS DENTEX Steindachner.KUORI-UWO (CUCUMBER-FISH).Osmerus dentex Steindachner, Sitzungsb. Kais. Akad. Wiss. Wien, LXI, 1870,p. 429; Deeastris Bay, northern China.
?
Jordan and Snyder, Proc. U. S.Nat. Mus., 1900, p. 349; Tokyo Market, Hakodate.
?
Jordan and Gilbert,Synopsis, 1883, p. 293.?Turner, Contr. Nat. Hist. Alaska, 1886, p. 102, pi.X.?Nelson, Kept. Nat. Hist. Coll. Alaska, 1887, p. 313.Osmervs epcrlanus Ishikawa, Prel. Cat.. 1897, p. 19; Nemuro; Tokadzu. (not ofLinn?eus)
.
Head 4 in length; depth 6; depth of caudal peduncle 4| in head;eye 5; snout 3i; interorbital space 4i; D. 10; A. 15; scales in lateral
-cries 70; between latei'al line and dorsal 8. Body long, slender,compressed, caudal peduncle narrow; head long, sharp, pike-like.Snout long, pointed, the lower jaw slighth' projecting, maxillaryextending to posterior edge of orbit, its length contained about 2 timesin head. Teeth on maxillaries and premaxillaries minute; 2 to -4 largesharp teeth on anterior edge of vomer, a row of smaller teeth on thepalatines, and a similar row opposite the latter and extending fartherback on the pterygoids; lower jaw with a row of rather large teeth;tongue with fang-like teeth, the anterior ones largest. Pseudobran-chiaB present; gill-rakers on first arch 9 + 18, very long and slender.Scales large, cycloid, loosely attached. Lateral line straight, extend-ing along middle of bod3\ Dorsal inserted near middle of body, itslongest rays contained If in the head; height of anal 2f ; caudal deeplyforked, 1^ in head; pectoral rays 12, the longest If in head; ventralrays 8, 2 in head.Color in alcohol, brownish above, white below, the sides silvery;scales narrowly edged with brown except on the ventral surface ofbodv. In life back pale olive, the scales edged with darker; sidesabove lateral line purple, changing to blue, violet, and gold; bellysatin white; tins slightly golden. The above description is from aspecimen 250 millimeters long, collected at Kushiro. A somewhatsmaller specimen from Tokyo measures as follows: Head 3f in length;depth 11; depth of caudal peduncle 3f in head; eye 5; snout 3f;interorbital space 41; D. 10; A. 15; P. 12.A fish brilliantlv colored in life, the flesh of firmer texture than in
588 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. vol.xxiv.the rest of the genus. Coast of Alaska south to Manchuria and north-ern Japan, abundant northward; our specimens are from Kushiro,Hakodate, and the market of Tok^'o, whither they may have beenbrought from the north.{Dentea'., toothed.
)
7. MESOPUS Gill.(SURF SMELTS.)Mesopus Gill, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1862, p. 14 {pretiosa).^Hypomesus Gill, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1862, p. 15 (same definition, no typenamed )
.
Body rather elongate, moderately compressed, covered with thinscales of moderate size. Head rather pointed. Mouth moderate, theshortish maxillar}^ not extending quite to middle of eye; its outlinebelow broadly convex; lower jaw projecting. Teeth minute, on jaws,vomer, palatines, pterygoids, and tongue. Ventrals inserted undermiddle of dorsal or rather before it. Branchiostegals 6 to T. NorthPacific.{/ueffos^ middle; ttovs. foot; in allusion to the rather backwardposition of the ventrals.)
a. Ventrals inserted immediately l^elow or anterior to first ray of dorsal ; anal rays16; dorsal 8 or 9 oUdus, 12.aa, Ventrals inserted below second or third dorsal ray; anal rays 12 or 13, dorsal 10jcqwnicus, 13.12. MESOPUS OLIDUS (Pallas).CHIKA; AMASAGI (SWEET SAGI OR SMELT).Salmo {Osmerus) olidus Pallas, Zoogr. Ross.-Asiat., Ill, 1811, p. 391; lakesand rivers of Kamchatka.Mesopus olidus GtJNXHER, Cat., VI, 1866, p. 169, in part.Hypomesus olidus, Ishikawa, Prel. Cat., 1897, p. 19; Hitaka, Nemuro, Kaga,Tsuchiura.?Jordan and Evermann, Fishes N. and M. Araer., I, 1896,p. 525.Head -ii in length; depth 5i; depth of caudal peduncle 2| in head;eye 3f; interorbital space 5; snout 3f; D. 9; A. 16; scales in lateralSeries 57; in transverse series 13,This species closely resembles J/. >'\?^^6';n'c?/6', differing from it notice-ably in the longer anal fin, which has 15 or 16 rays, the shorter dorsalof 8 or 9 rays, and the more anterior position of the ventrals, whichare inserted below or anterior to first dorsal ra}'. The maxillary isusually longer in this species, extending to middle of pupil or as faras the posterior border. A careful study of more material ma}' provethis and the next species to be the same. Many specimens fromAomori have the dorsal rays 9, sometimes 8, the anal 16, the scales in
^ By inadvertence these two synonymous names were applied to this genus by Gill.Mesopus has priority of a page and has also a type indicated.
NO. 1265. SALMONOID FISHES OF JAPAN?JORDAN AND SNYDER. 589lateral .series 57 to 62; two specimens from Same have the dorsal rays9, anal 14 and 15, scales 57; one from Matsushima has dorsal 9, anal15, scales 56. Two specimens from Grantley Harbor and two fromPort Clarence, which we identify with this species, have the dorsalrays S or 9, anal 14, scales 57 to 60.Common in northern Japan, inhabiting the bays in large numbers.Our specimens are from Aomori, Same, and Matsushima. It rangesnorthward to Kamchatka and eastward to Alaska.{Olidus^ 0%-)
13- MESOPUS JAPONICUS Brevoort.CHIKA; WAKASAGI (YOUNG SAGI).Osmerus olidiis (called Osmerus japonicus on plate) Brevoort, Exped. Japan,1856, p. 278, pi. X, fig. 2; Hakodate.Osmerus oUgodon Kxer, Fische. Naturh. ^luseum, Godeffroy, 1865, p. 9, pi. xiv,fig. 1; Decastris Bay, Manchuria.Mesopns olidus GIinther, Cat., YI, 1866, p. 169; in part.Head 5 in length; depth 5i; depth of caudal peduncle 3 in head;eye 4; interorbital space 3i; snout 4; D. 9; A. 13; scales in lateralseries 65, in transverse series between ventral and dorsal 14.Body long, somewhat compressed, the head short and pointed.Interorbital space broad, flat, or slightly convex. Snout about equalin length to diameter of orbit, pointed, the lower jaw slightly pro-jecting; mouth small, the maxillary extending to a vertical throughanterior edge of pupil, lower outline of maxillary convex, roundedposteriorly. Teeth minute, on jaws, vomer, palatines, pterygoids,and tongue, those on the tongue largest. Pseudobranchite present.Gill-rakers on first arch 9 + 21, very long and slender. Scales large,smooth, easih" displaced. Lateral line not very conspicuous, passingalong the eighth series of scales below dorsal. Dorsal inserted nearmiddle of body, half way between tip of snout and base of caudal fin,the anterior rays highest, If in head. Anal low, the highest rays 2fin head. Caudal deeply forked, about equal to length of head. Ven-trals inserted below second or third dorsal ray, li in head. Pectoralravs 13; length If in head.Alcoholic specimens show a broad, silvery lateral band alongside ofbody, the scales on upper half of body edged with dusky dots, the topof head dark.The figure named Os7nerus japonicu^s by Brevoort, though crude,serves well to distinguish this species from Jfesojms olidus. Theposterior position of the vcntrals and the short anal base are dis-tinctly shown. In Mesopus olidus the ventrals are inserted immedi-ately below or anterior to the first ray of the dorsal, and the anal baseis longer, the fin having 16 rays.We have two specimens of Mesopus japonicus about 170 millimeters
590 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. vol.xxiv.long, the one from Kushiro, presented by Mr. Nozawa, naturalist ofthe Hokkaido Museum at Sapporo, the other from Aomori. Thespecimen from Kushiro has 67 scales in the lateral series and 12 analrays. The species is probabl}" less abundant in Japan than Jfesojjusolidtcs. 8. ARGENTINA (Artedi) Linnaeus.Argentina (Artedi) Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., 10 ed., 1758, p. 315 {spJtyrxna)./Sf'ius Reinhardt, Bemferkinger Skandinavisk Icththyol., 1833, p. 11 (.s/7?/,s).Acantholepis Kroyer, Danmarks Fiske, III, 1846-49, p. 98 (sllus).Body oblong-, covered with rather large cycloid scales, which aremore or less rough with spinous points. Mouth small, the maxillariesver}^ short, not reaching to the eye; eye very large. Jaws toothless;an arched series of minute teeth on the head of the vomer and on theforepart of the palatine; tongue with a series of small curved teethon each side. Dorsal fin short, in advance of the ventrals; caudal findeeply forked. Eggs small. Pyloric cseca present. Branchiostegals6. Fishes of deep or cold waters, never entering fresh streams.(Latin argentum, silver.)
14. ARGENTINA KAGOSHIMyE Jordan and Snyder, new species.Head 3i in length; depth 7i; depth of caudal peduncle 4^ in head;eyed^\ snout 3; interobital space 4; maxillary 5f; D. 9; A. 10; P. 15.Body elongate, somewhat compressed, the caudal peduncle short.Head very long, as wide and deep as body, flat above. Snout
Fig. 5.?Argentina kagoshim.k.pointed, jaws equal, maxillar}^ not reaching over halfway to e^'^e,mouth small. No teeth on jaws, a small patch of minute teeth onanterior end of vomer, a few large curved teeth near tip of tongue.Eye very large, the diameter about equal to length of snout, inter-orbital space broad, slighth^ concave in the middle. Pseudobranchia?well developed; gill-rakers on first arch reduced to a few mere eleva-tions. Body covered with large, loosely imbedded, smooth scales.The two specimens at hand are so poorly preserved that the numberof scales can not be told, nor can the shape or measurements of the finsbe given. Dorsal inserted anterior to ventrals, the latter innuediatelybelow the last ra}' of the former. Anal inserted a distance from base
NO. 1265. SALMONOID FISHES OF JAPAN?JORDAN AND SNYDER. 591
of caudal equal to space between tip of snout and posterior border oforbit. Adipose fin rather high, the base short, A silvery band aboutas -wide as the pupil extending- along middle of sides, opercle silvery,upper part of ej^es black, the iris silvery. Two specimens about 70millimeters long, from Kagoshima in Kiiisiu, presented by ProfessorMitsukuri. Type No. 685-t, Leland Stanford Junior UniversityMuseum, the cotype presented to the U. S. National Museum.Family III. SALANGID^.ICE-FISHES.Body slender, translucent, elongate, compressed, naked or with afew exceedingly thin, large, deciduous scales. Head elongate, muchdepressed, with long, flat, pointed snout. Eye small. Cleft of mouthwide; jaws and palatines with pointed teeth, some of those in frontbeing enlarged; no teeth on vomer; tongue with teeth; branchioste-gals4. Dorsal tin inserted before anal far behind ventrals; anal manj"rayed; adipose fin present, small; caudal forked; pseudobranchi?e welldeveloped; alimentary canal straight, without bend; no pyloric ca^ca;no air bladder; eggs small.Small translucent fishes somewhat resembling very young* salmon,running in the rivers of Japan. Korea, and China.9. SALANX Cuvier.Salan.v Cuvier, Regne Animal, Lst ed., 1817, p. 185; {ntvieri, "une espece encorenouvelle").Leucosoma Gray, Zoological Miscellany, 18ol, p. 4 (reevesi).SalangicMhys Bleeker, Act. Soc. Sci. Nederl., VII, Japan, VI, p. 100, {microdon).The characters of the single genus are included above. Two sub-genera maj'be recognized, Salcmx, the '"Chinese Whitebait," in Chinaand Korea, with two species {chinensis and hyalocranius)^ and Salang-ieJdJiys in Japan, with two ^-pecies {inicrodon and arial^ensis). Thelatter subgenus is distinguished mainly by its feeble dentition, thecanines being small. The head is shorter and less depressed inSalan fI 'x-h fh ys.{ffaXayZ^ name of some unknown fish; from GaXaffaoj, to crowdor cram.)
a. Salaxgichthys. Canines small; head short, relatively narrow.ab. Anal rays 23 microdon, 15bh. Anal rays 26 krlakensis, 1615. SALANX MICRODON Bleeker.SHIRA-UWO (WHITE-FISH); HIRAO (FLAT-TAIL); HIAGIO (ICE-FISH).Salanx {Scdangiclttlujs) microdon Bleeker, Act. Soc. Sci., Indo. Nederl., VII,Japan, VI, p. 100; Jeddo (Tokyo)
.
Salanx microdon Gtjnther, Cat. Fish., VI, 1866, p. 206; Jeddo.
?
Ishikawa, Prel.Cat. 1897, p. 19; Tokyo, Tsuchiura.
?
Jordan and Snyder, Proc. U. S. Nat.Mus., 1900, p. 350; Tokyo.
592 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. vol.xxiv.Head 6 in length; depth at insertion of anal 8i; depth of caudalpeduncle 4 in head; eye -if; interorbital space 5i; snout 3 jV^ D. 11;A. 23; P. 15. Body very elongate, cylindrical anteriorly, compressedposteriorly, especially in male specimens, where, in the region of inser-tion of anal, the depth is doulile that of the body immediately behindthe head; the females are more slender; caudal peduncle rather narrowand compressed. Head greatl}^ depressed, flat or slightly rounded ontop, snout spatulate; pointed when seen from the side. Maxillaryextending to anterior edge of orbit; lower jaw projecting slightlybej^ond the upper; teeth in a single row on jaws and palatines, noneon vomer, those on the premaxillaries enlarged; tongue with a fewsmall teeth. Gill-rakers on first arch 3+12, long and slender. Headand body naked, a single large, thin scale extending along body at baseof anal tin in the male, the width of the anterior part of the scale equalto distance between the eyes. Dorsal inserted on posterior third ofbody, the highest rays contained two times in head. Adipose fin low,the length of its base about equal to depth of caudal peduncle. Caudalfin deeply forked, the lower rays slightly longer than the upper, equalto length of head. Anal inserted below middle of dorsal, the length ofits base equal to length of head, the longest rays If in head. Ventralsinserted near middle of body, of 7 rays, the outer one longest, 1^ inhead, its tip somewhat filamentous. Pectorals falcate, 1^ in head.Color translucent, except for the eyes, the fish being almost invisiblein the water; two rows of black dots along the ventral surface.The straight alimentary canal, the distinct muscle segmentation, thever}" thin ventral wall of the abdominal cavit}^, and other characterssuggest a larval stage of development. Specimens about 100 milli-meters long are apparently mature, having large eggs in the ovaries.This little fish is found at certain seasons in the ba3"S of northernJapan in great abundance, probably ascending the streams to spawn.It reaches a smaller size than its allies Salanx chinensis of southernChina and Salanx hyalocranms of Korea and northern China. Ourmany specimens are from Mororan, Aomori, Same, and Tokyo.It is reported in Japan that the fish is annual, ascending the streamsin summer, and all individuals dying in the autumn after the depositionof the eggs. This alleged.fact needs verification.(/u/cpo's-, small; ocJous", tooth.)i6. SALANX ARIAKENSIS Kishinouye, MS.
"B. 3. D. 13. A. 26. P. 10. V. 7.
" Length of the head 5^ times contained in the total; head nearly twice as broadas high; the diameter of the eye is about one-seventh of the length of the head.Teeth subequal. Tongue toothless. Root of the ventral fin in the middle of thetotal length. Dorsal fin opposite to the anal. Adipose fin originates from the baseof the anal. Body scaleless and nearly colorless, except a few black spots in tworows along the ventral median line and the caudal fin, which is light brown.
NO. 1266. SALMONOID FISHES OF JAPAN?JORDAN AND SNYDER. 593
"This description is based upon two specimens about 16 cm. in length. Theywere collected from a weir in the Ariake Sea (Kiushiu) by Mr. Kamesaburo Toyama,on July 1^, 1901. I can not tell the sex of these specimens, as the sexual gland isnot yet ripe " . ( Kishinouye.
)
The above aeoount is from advance manuscript, kindly furnished tous by Dr. Kamekichi Kishinouye. chief of the Imperial FisheriesBureau in Tokyo. This description will also be published in Tokyo.RECAPITULATION.Family I. S.vlmoxid.k.1. Oncorhi/nchus Suckley.1. masou (Brevoort); Aomori, Ishikari R. at Sapporo, Daiya R. at Nikko.2. Irta (Walbaum); Ishikari River, Aomori, Hakodate.3. Jcisufrh (Walbaum); Otaru, Ura R., Osatsubo, Aomori.4. nerkit (Walbaum) ; Akan Lake in Kushiro, LTrup I.2. Salmo Linnteus.5. perry i Brevoort; Aomori, Niigata, Lake Chuzenji, Kinu R., Daiya R.,Otani R., Kamehani, Maebara, Karasaki, Kawagiri, Kitakami R., Hako-date, Tokyo market.3. Hucho Giinther.6. blackistoni (Hilgendorf); Nemuro, Chishima, Settsu, Shifto R., Heigun R.4. Salrelinus Richardson.7. kundscha (Pallas); Nemuro, Iturup I., Shinbeshi.8. pluvius Hilgendorf; Lake Chuzenji, Chishima, Nemuro, Ohata R.,Kawagiri.9. malma (Walbaum).5. I'lecoglossus Schlegel.10. aUirelis Schlegel; Ishikari R., Niigata, Aomori, Same, Matsushima,Morioka, Sendai, Tokyo, Tana R., Nikko, Gifu, Lake Biwa, Osaka,Wakanoura, Kobe, Hiroshima, Kururae, Nagasaki, Tan Sin R., Taihoku,Formosa. Family II. Akoentinid.e.6. Osmerus Lacepede.11. dentex Steindachner; Kushiro, Hakodate, Tokyo market.7. Mesopus Gill.12. olidus (Pallas); Aomori, Same, Matsushima.13. jupoincus Brevoort; Kushiro, Aomori.8. Arginitina Linnseus.14. /.v/r/o.s7(('Hirt' Jordan and Snyder; Kagoshima.Family III. Salangid.e.9. Salanx Cuvier.15. microdon Bleeker; Mororan, Aomori, Same, Tokyo.16. ariakeiisis Kishinouye: Ariake.Proc. N. M. vol. xxiv?01 88