SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION LIBRARIES 3 9088 01645 4373GENERAL HEARINGSBEFORE THESUBCOMMITTEE ONLIBRARY AND MEMORIALSOF THECOMMITTEE ON HOUSE ADMINISTRATIONHOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVESNINETY-FIRST CONGRESSSECOND SESSION HEARINGS HELD IN WASHINGTON, D.C., JULY 1970 VOLUME I f SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTIONGeneral Background?Policies, Purposes, and Goals From1846 to Present THURSDAY, JULY 16, 1970House of Representatives,Subcommittee on Library and Memorialsof the Committee on House Administration,Washington, D.G.The subcommittee met, pursuant to notice, at 10:10 a.m., in room2257, Rayburn House Office Building, Hon. Frank Thompson, Jr.,chairman of the subcommittee, presiding.Present: Representatives Thompson, Brademas, and Bingham.Also present : John d'Amecourt, subcommittee staff director.Mr. Thompson. The subcommittee will be in order.Today is the first day of hearings on the Smithsonian Institution.Our first witness will be Dr. S. Dillon Ripley, who has been chiefadministrative officer of the Smithsonian since 1964.Before his testimony, I would like to reply to the question that hasbeen most often asked with reference to these hearings ; namely, whyare they being held?The fundamental reason is the responsibility of Congress to overseeall Federal activity and spending. The Smithsonian, although rela-tively independent compared to other Federal organizations, is essen-tially a Federal responsibility. It was established by act of Congressin 1846, and over the years the bulk of its growth and its annual operat-ing budget has come from Congress.What we want to begin today is a comprehensive look at the Smith-sonian. I might add that this has not been done by Congress for wellover 100 years.We hope to obtain a better understanding of how the Smithsonianoperates, of its structure, of how it develops and carries out its policies,of how its activity benefits the public and, of course, we want to findout what its goals are for the future.Only when we have this knowledge can the subcommittee and theCongress pass confidently on legislation requested by the Smithsonian.For instance, the subcommittee now has a bill before it to authorize$2 million to plan and acquire a site for a gigantic radio-radar telescopewhich would be the largest in the world and which would aid theNation's overall scientific effort immensely.We have another bill which would amend the Smithsonian's exist-ing appropriations authorization to permit them to build sophisti-cated storage and retrieval systems.(l) We also have a bill to authorize the creation of a National ArmedForces Museum and Park, and a number of other bills, all of whichwould expand the scope of the Smithsonian and increase its activities.The Congress cannotjudge the relative merits of all these hills with-out a clear picture of what the Smithsonian is in the context of thetotal effort in this country in the area of art, history, the humanities,and science.These hearings will serve another important purpose. In recentmonths and, indeed, throughout the history of the Institution, therehas been criticism from outside the Smithsonian directed toward it-management, its financial activity, and its policies. No large orga-nization is ever free of criticism, founded or unfounded. This sub-committee cannot weigh criticism of Smithsonian activities withoutfirst knowing both sides.Hopefully, these hearings will provide the subcommittee with acontext in which criticism, whether good or bad, can be judged andaction taken accordingly.I do not know w7hether any new legislation will stem from thesehearings, but I feel the subcommittee will come out of them betterequipped to handle existing proposals more knowledgeably andefficiently.I believe, and I am sure most people will agree, that the Smith-sonian has contributed heavily to all fields of study and has. throng iits exhibits, done much to further its original purpose, which is,simply put : "For the increase and diffusion of knowledge among men."I believe the Smithsonian is a viable organization, and that its futuregrowth is related to this Nation's growth in culture and scienceWhile the Congress should routinely oversee the activities of theSmithsonian, these hearings should not be construed as a lack of con-fidence in the purposes or the leadership of the Smithsonian. In thesame sense, we should encourage criticism, without allowing it toobscure our goals.With that, I would like to introduce Dr. S. Dillon Ripley, the Sec-retary of the Institution.STATEMENT OF S. DILLON RIPLEY, SECRETARY. SMITHSONIANINSTITUTION; ACCOMPANIED BY JAMES BRADLEY, UNDERSECRETARY, AND PETER POWERS, GENERAL COUNSELDr. Ripley. Good morning, Mr. Chairman.Good morning, Congressman Brademas.I am very pleased to have this opportunity to come before youthis morning and to begin testifying about the origins and purpoof the Smithsonian Institution. Wie welcome this opportunity becausewe feel that it is entirely consonant with our purpose to he in closetouch with your committee and to have an opportunity for an exchangeof views, especially in regard to pending legislation, hut also inregard to the purposes and programs of the Institution.We feel we have far too few opportunities to perform this task, andit is a very hopeful and helpful sign of the continuing interest of theCongress of the United States, which has since the beginning debatedand discussed and encouraged the Smithsonian mightily. I should say that I am happy to quote the fact that, in my recentSmithsonian annual report of 1969, I said as follows:The Smithsonian has not been invaded by angry protesters or disrupted bydissidents, but it cannot escape the need, which is becoming so general in ourtime, to subject its activities to the most searching review and to reappraiseits objectives in the light of the more rigorous expectations of the day. No institu-tion is too venerable or too valuable to be exempted from such scrutiny. Ingovernment jargon the phrase is, "Let us get back to the base." An "open" uni-versity such as ours should thrive on self-examination.In previous discussions of the scope of this set of hearings, youhave suggested that I begin today with a resume of the background,origins, and governance of the Institution, and that I should thenproceed to some discussion of the present activities and my particularinterest at present, and should conclude my testimony for today witha discussion about, the future as we see it and, of course, the possi-bilities that we feel are embodied in our construct.So I would like to proceed on this basis, if I may.I have a statement, sir, which I would like to submit for the record,and I would like to highlight and outline that statement and thenproceed with individual remarks.Mr. Thompson. Without objection, the statement will be printed infull in the record at this point.Dr. Ripley. Thank you, sir.(Dr. Ripley's prepared statement follows :)Secretary S. Dillon Ripley's Introductory Statement on the Origins,History, and Legislative Record of the Smithsonian Institution, July 16,1970 introductionGood morning, Mr. Chairman. Let me begin by saying that we welcome thisopportunity to appear before you and that the Smithsonian has, in fact, beengiving increasing thought in recent years to the need and desirability of moreCongressional review of its activities. We commented on this need, especiallyduring this time of rapid social change, in my opening statement to the re-cently published Smithsonian Year 1969, or our annual report to the Congress ; as follows : "The Smithsonian has not been invaded by angry protesters or disrupted bydissidents but it cannot escape the need, which is becoming so general in ourtime, to subject its activities to the most searching review and to reappraise itsobjectives in the light of the more rigorous expectations of the day. No insti-tution is too venerable or too valuable to be exempted from such scrutiny. Ingovernment jargon the phrase is, 'let us get back to the base.' An 'open' uni-versity such as ours should thrive on self-examination."To do this, or "to get back to the base" in terms of these hearings, I thinkit would be useful to begin with a brief attempt at a definition of the Smith-sonian. Indeed, it is my impression from our previous meetings, Mr. Chairman,that you would specifically welcome some basic information on what the vari-ous and seemingly diverse elements of the Institution are and Avhat holds themall together.Having said this, I am aware that it is not an easy task. The Smithsonianis a unique organization, and it does seem difficult at first look to find any uni-fying force or any common purpose in an institution whose interests rangefrom the Anacostia Neighborhood Museum to the National Zoological Park.I remember that a British critic writing in Punch magazine put the questionthis way a few years ago:"What is the common factor linking an island in the Panama Canal, thetrilithons of Stonehenge, and a Victorian Gothic building in blood red sand-stone on the central axis of Washington, D.C.?"Well, the critic agonized over this question for a page and a half and finallycame to the conclusion that there was none?no common factor, really?otherthan the unusual last will and testament of James Smithson, the English sci- entist or natural philosopher and the illegitimate son of the first Duke OfNorthumberland, whose munificence created the 'Smithsonian.We don't necessarily agree with our British writer friend, but. leaving asidefor a moment the subject of Smithson's will, his remarks do perhaps offer aconvenient starting point for a definition of the Smithsonian and something ofits history.Mr. Chairman, you probably recognize the reference to the Gothic buildingin blood red sandstone as our original Smithsonian building on the south sideof the Mall, or the "castle" as we call it. This was for many years the Smith-sonian's only building and the first home of the National Museum, about whichI will have more to say later. Today it is the administrative heart of the In-stitution, so to speak, providing office space for many of us here with you today.You may not, however, recognize the reference to the trilithons of Stonehengeas an activity of the Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory in Cambridge. Mas v.In addition to its better known tasks in radio astronomy, satellite geodesy andorbit predictions, the Observatory is also a great center for theoretical workand basic research in the broadest sense.It happened that a few years ago one of SAO's leading astronomers, Dr. GeraldHawkins, got extremely interested in the great stone slabs at Stonehenge, inEngland, previously thought to be religious monuments of some unknown peoplewho dwelled there around 2,000 B.C. Using a computer and modern analyticaltechniques, Dr. Hawkins found that the positioning of the stones and the lineof sight slots they made showed a distinct and remarkable correlation with theposition of celestial bodies?the sun, moon, certain stars and planets -as theyrose and set over a great span of years, especially during the times of equinoxes.He also discovered that the many white stone rings on the ground surroundingthe dolmens could have been used for eclipse prediction. Dr. Hawkins thusconfirmed what others had only vaguely suspected ; namely, that Stonehenge was,in fact, a highly sophisticated astronomical center.This is a good example of the kind of research activity, so much a i*irt of theSmithsonian, that is difficult to put in PERT and PPB charts, or in terms of fiveor ten year goals, since it really depends on the individual interests of our scien-tists. It is true, of course, that we have many programmatic research efforts,complete with task forces and definable objectives, but we have also been andshould continue to be a stronghold of basic research in the purest sense. By this Imean that the Smithsonian should continue to be a center where scholars andscientists can pursue their individual research interests in the freest possiblecircumstances.We say this because such individual research efforts generally produce as manydiscoveries or significant contributions to knowledge as our more programmedor mission oriented efforts do. Dr. Hawkins is a case in point. His Stonehenge dis-coveries have helped to found a new science, generally referred to as astro-archeology, since a number of unusual archeological sites, such as the stone lineson the Nasca deserts of Peru, are now being restudied in the Stonehenge context,or in relation to their possible use as astronomical centers.But to get back to the arcane references of our British critic, the island inPanama Canal is, of course, Barro Colorado island in Gatun Lake, which is thecenter or major study area of the Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute itwas set aside as a tropical wildlife reserve in 1940, at first as an independentagency governed by various cabinet heads and later, through an executive re-organization plant in 1946, as a bureau of the Smithsonian, with the generalcharge that the island's "natural features be left in their natural state for scien-tific observation and investigation."Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute or STRI, as we call it. illustratesanother long standing principle of Smithsonian research activity; that [s, toconcentrate on what is relatively neglected, or to do the long term, demandingand often unglamorous basic research on which applied research, to be produc-tive, must be firmly based.To explain STRI, Mr. Chairman, it is necessary to bear in mind that ecologistshave long concentrated on arctic, sub-arctic and temperate zones. This is becausethe ecology of these zones is easy to understand compared with the tropics. Tobe more charitable, instead of "easy," i should say that the principles ofecology?the delicate interrelationships of all living things?can be more readilydiscerned in the Arctic, where there are very few species, but enormous popula-tions within the species, than in the tropics, where the number of differentspecies, if not their populations, may be enormous.So the tropical ecosystems are very complex and difficult. We say, nonetheless, that they must be better studied. They comprise, after all, two-thirds of the landsurface of the globe, and every day we hear of new schemes, sometimes forwardedby our own foreign aid planners, for converting supposedly lush and fertiletropical rainforests to agriculture, or for turning the Amazon basin into a vastinland sea in the name of better communications, which action, incidentally,would have a drastic effect on hemispheric and world weather conditions.The fact is that we do not yet know enough to assume automatically thatagricultural productivity will be high in tropical forest systems. Experienceto date suggests the contrary. What is needed, therefore, is more basic knowledgeof tropical ecosystems. We have to take complete biological inventories of thesesystems, determine what they are now through what is called benchmark studiesand then try to measure changes and determine what may happen in the future.This is the basic task of the Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute. It hasby now a reputation as the most convenient and most thoroughly studied pieceof tropical rainforest in the world, and we hope that it will continue to playa major role in encouraging greater efforts in tropical biology.With these two examples of Smithsonian research efforts in mind, let us goback quickly to the legislative basis of it all, or Smithson's will and the actionwhich Congress took on it. HISTORY(1) James Smithson's WillIn the year 1826, James Smithson, the natural philosopher, man of science,and specialist in mineralogy, who had never set foot in the United States, normaintained contacts with American scientists, wrote an unusual last will andtestament.Essentially, he bequeathed almost his entire fortune to a nephew, but with thestipulation that should his nephew die without leaving any children, he wouldthen bequeath the whole of his estate : "... to the United States of America, to found at Washington, under thename of the Smithsonian Institution, an Establishment for the increase and diffu-sion of knowledge among men/'These are the exact words and the only words James Smithson employed togive direction to the institution that today bears his name.Smithson died in Genoa, Italy, some three years later, on June 26, 1829.Then, six years later his nephew, Henry James Hungerford, did in fact diewithout issue. An alert Secretary in the American Embassy in London notedthis fact, and advised the United States Government that it was entitled to theSmithson bequest. Less than a year later, Richard Rush, the eminent diplomat,former Attorney General of the United States, and son of Benjamin Rush ofPhiladelphia, signer of the Declaration of Independence, was sent to England toprosecute the will. This he did successfully. By 1838 the British Court of Chan-cery had decided the suit in favor of the United States, and eleven boxes of goldsovereigns were deposited with the United States Mint in Philadelphia. Thesesovereigns were subsequently recoined into American money, with a resultingvalue of $508,319.46.There then followed some eight years?eight extremely interesting years, ifnot entirely productive?in the history or, to be more accurate, the pre-historyof the Smithsonian.The phrase "increase and diffusion of knowledge among men" was succinctand it had a definitive ring. But, it must be admitted, it was also subject toa wide array of interpretations, so wide, in fact, that the Congress spent eightyears of debate on the subject of its true intent.Many proposals were forwarded. Some favored a university, the like of whichneither the United States nor Europe had ever seen. Others argued for a nationallibrary, there being no Library of Congress at the time. Still others, notablyCongressman Robert Dale Owen of Indiana, proposed a bill embracing a kindof national teachers college or normal school.Through it all, John Quincy Adams, then serving as an ex-President and theCongressman from Braintree, Massachusetts, gave thoughtful advice and keptthe question open, since there were many times when discouragement and weari-ness over the matter of the Smithson estate almost won the day.(2) Organic Act of 18Jt 6The debate ended and the Smithsonian was officially established by Act ofCongress on August 10, 1846.Some historians say Congress evaded any real interpretation by providing aSecretary and a Board of Regents and letting them best decide the intent of 6Soiithson's will. Another point of view is that Congress had the foresight toseethe need for a center for basic research and public education with just sucha broad charter as "the increase and diffusion of knowledge among men," wit-ness the fact that Smithson's mandate was written into the bill, both in thepreamble and in the firs! section on the establishment <>f the institution.The principal provisions of the organic act of 1S46:(a) Provided that, the President, the Vice President, the various cabinel heads,the Commissioner of the Patent Office and the Mayor of Washington constitutedan "Establishment" by the name of the Smithsonian Institution.(h) Authorized private funding of the Institution by having the principal ofSmithson's gift deposited with the Treasury, with six percent annual interestto the Smithsonian.(c) Provided that the business of the Institution be conducted by a Secretaryand a board of Regents, the general composition of which has been maintainedto the present day.(d) Provided for an Executive Committee to be formed by members of thehoard of Regents.(e) Instructed the Regents to choose a site and erect a building "of plain anddurable materials and structure . . . and with suitable rooms and halls for thereception and arrangement, upon a Liberal scale, of objects of natural history.including a geological and mineralogical cabinet; also a chemical laboratory, alibrary, a gallery of art and the necessary lecture rooms."(f) Authorized the transfer to the Institution of "all objects of art and offoreign or curious research, and all objects of natural history?belonging, orhereafter to belong, to the United States," as well as the minerals, books, manu-scripts and other properties of James Smithson.(g) Provided for the gradual establishment of a Library.(h) Authorized the managers of the Institution to spend income of the Smith-son fund "as they shall deem best suited for the promotion of the purpose of thetestator."(3) The Henry AdministrationJoseph Henry of Princeton University, the most eminent physical scientist ofhis day and the discoverer of the principles of electro-magnetism, along withFaraday of England, was appointed by the Regents as first Secretary of theSmithsonian.When he arrived in Washington, he had already prepared at the suggestion ofthe Regents a plan for the general purposes and organization of the Smith-sonian.The objectives of the Institution, he maintained, were very clear: ?first, toincrease, and, second, to diffuse knowledge among men. Increase meant originalinvestigations or research in any field, inasmuch as Smithson's will did notdefine or restrict fields of knowledge. As Henry expressed it "Smithson was wellaware that knowledge should not be viewed as existing in isolated parts, but asa whole, each portion of which throws light on all the other, and that the ten-dency of all is to improve the human mind, and to give it new sources of powerand enjoyment."To increase knowledge, Henry provided grants for men of talent to makeoriginal researches and, in effect, converted the original Smithsonian Buildingto a residential center for scholars. lie himself engaged in meteorological ob-servations, which later led to the formation of the Weather Bureau, and he en-couraged studies in archeology, anthropology, and natural history.Henry also gave equal weight to the diffusion of knowledge ami thereforeinstituted : (a) "Smithsonian Contributions to Knowledge," with the first Smithsonianpublication coming out within two years of the founding of the Institution.(b) A Library, which was later to be transferred to the Library of Congress,(c) The international exchange of scholarly research and publications, withthe foundations of the Smithsonian's International Exchange Service well estab-lished by 1852.(d) "Smithsonian Lectures."(4) Origins of Federal AppropriationsSecretary Henry did not at first give primary importance to creating a museum,since it was his view that the Smithsonian should concentrate its activities inmatters of benefit to all mankind, in keeping with Smithson's will, rather thanmatters of local interest.But, of course, the Museum role was ordained by the Congress in the 1846 organic act. Henry did not oppose it. By the late 1850' s, the Smithsonian was hous-ing in its new building a large amount of natural history specimens collectedthrough government sponsored exploration of our western frontiers. By then, too,it had been proposed that the Smithsonian receive and take care of the collectionsof the Patent Office, which included models of inventions, a section known as theAmerican Museum of Arts, and also some natural history collections, notablythose from the expeditions of Captain Charles Wilkes to South America, Antarc-tica and the Pacific.Faced with this proposal, the Board of Regents and Secretary Henry estab-lished a principle that is essential to the understanding of the Smithsonian andits subsequent growth.They held that:(a) Limited income from the Smithson fund should be reserved for increaseand diffusion of knowledge "of a world-wide benefit" and not spent on earetakingor maintenance of museum property and collections.(b) But if the Congress wished the Smithsonian to take on the public responsi-bility for a national collection and in effect, a national museum, in accord withthe 1846 act, then the Smithsonian should do this for the people of the UnitedStates with appropriated funds. In this spirit, Patent Office collection was ac-cepted in 1858 and the first federal appropriation was made to the Smithsonian,through the Department of Interior, in the amount of $4,000 annually so that,in Henry's own words, the Smithsonian could "become the curator of the nationalcollections."(5) Special Purpose AppropriationsHenry was among the first men of his time to realize scientific importance ofour far West and held it as a firm principle that qualified scientists should formpart of land or railroad surveys and general exploration parties. Because of this,Major John Wesley Powell received a Smithsonian grant to explore the Coloradoregion.Powell thereafter proposed a major expedition on the Colorado River, togo through the Grand Canyon. In 1809, Congress approved this proposal andappropriated funds through the Department of Interior, to the Smithsonian,for direction of the project.This in turn led to many more government-sponsored surveys, some compet-ing or overlapping. In 1879, Congress, at Powell's suggestion, reorganized andconsolidated all federal exploration, assigning geological investigation to De-partment of Interior, creating the U.S. Geological Survey. At the same timeappropriations for anthropological investigations were made to the Smithsonianfor its Bureau of Ethnology.(6) Spencer Baird and the National MuseumThe second Secretary of the Smithsonian, Spencer Baird, was a biologist, anavid collector and an enthusiastic proponent of the Smithsonian's early effortstowards museum exhibitions.His work on the U.S. Fish Commission, further exploration parties, the workof the Bureau of Ethnology?all were adding much to the national collections.Then came the 1876 Philadelphia Centennial Exposition. The Smithsonianreceived a federal appropriation to participate in the Exposition, and SpencerBaird was made a member of the board appointed by President Grant to planthe Government's participation.Both Henry, who died in 1878, and Secretary Baird long had it in mind thatif the Congress by its action of 1858 in providing federal funds for the nationalcollections did indeed want the Smithsonian to serve as the National Museum,then the Smithsonian was the logical recipient of the best materials from thisgreat Exposition.And, considering that the Philadelphia Exposition materials were enormousand the original Smithsonian building already crowded, a new building, to bethe formal home of the U.S. National Museum, seemed essential.A request was made to this effect in 1876.In 1879 Congress appropriated $250,000 for construction of a new buildingfor the National Museum. It was, in effect, a reaffirmation of the museum pro-vision in the organic act of 1846, with the following language : "All collections of rocks, minerals, soils, fossils, and objects of natural history,archeology, and ethnology made by the Coast and Interior Survey, the Geo-logical Survey, or by any other parties for the Government of the United States,when no longer needed for investigations in progress, shall be deposited in theNational Museum." 8This legislation and the accompanying appropriation reaffirmed the uniquenature of the Smithsonian as a non-government a 1 institution created by theCongress to which additional public responsibilities within the mandate for theincrease and diffusion of knowledge have, with the consent of the Board OfRegents, been legislated and supported in substantial part by appropriatedfunds. SUBSEQUENT GROWTH AND LEGISLATION(1) National Zoological ParkThe National Zoological Park had its origin in the National Museum as adepartment of living animals, literally "in the backyards" of the SmithsonianInstitution Building. The naturalist William Hornaday's concern for preservingbison and other North American hig game species and educating the public aboutthem led Secretary Langley to consider a "zoological garden" in Rock CreekValley.Congress authorized the National Zoological Park in 1889 and then in 1890appropriated $200,000 for the purchase of land. This Act placed the NationalZoological Park under the direction of the Regents of the Smithsonian, who wereauthorized to transfer to it any living specimens of animals or plants, to acceptgifts, to make exchanges of species, and, generally, to improve the Park "forthe advancement of science and the instruction and recreation of the people."Initially, the maintenance and operation of the Zoo were attached to the Dis-trict of Columbia appropriations bills. Beginning in 1962, however, the Smithsonian has been allotted increasing funds by the Congress for construction andfinally, in the current fiscal year, for the operations and maintenance budget.(2) Astrophysical ObservatoryIn 1890, Secretary Langley rekindled John Quincy Adams' idea of an observa-tory and sought to give the Smithsonian more balance in the physical sciences,as opposed to natural history. With contributions from James Kidder and Alex-ander Graham Bell, he started a modest observatory in the Smithsonian's hackyard. The next year Congress appropriated $10,000 "for the maintenance of theAstrophysical Observatory and the making of solar observations at high alti-tudes". Annual federal support has continued ever since. For many years Mr.John A. Roebling directly supported the research of Secretary Abbott in theAstrophysical Observatory.(3) New National MuscmIn 1903, the Congress authorized funds, not to exceed $3,500,000, for a newNational Museum building. This structure eventually came to house the Museumof Natural History.(4) Freer GalleryDuring the winter of 1905-1906, Charles Lang Freer offered the Smithsonianhis collection of Oriental art and $5,000,000 for a building to house it, in trust.The Regents accepted the offer, and in 1915 Freer waived the condition that thecollection was to remain in his possession during his lifetime and offered$1,000,000 if the Smithsonan would go ahead with construction of the FreerGallery of Art.I should like to note at this point, Mr. Chairman, that the foregoing outlinehas focused almost entirely on the public responsibilities and federal financingof the Institution's development. All through this time, of course, the Smith-sonian was receiving many significant gifts and building up its private endow-ment. The Freer Gallery is the outstanding example.(5) National Gallery of A rtOn January 24, 1865, a fire in the Smithsonian Building destroyed ouroriginal art gallery. Thereafter, the Smithsonian turned over works of artgiven it to either the Library of Congress or the Corcoran Gallery of Art, forsafekeeping.But the Philadelphia Centennial brought much new art material. TheCorcoran and Library of Congress deposits were recalled in 1896 and thecast wing of the original Smithsonian Building was made an art gallery.This gallery's existence was officially recognized through a gift of Mrs.Harriet Lane Johnston, President Buchanan's niece. When Mrs. Johnston diedin 1903, she left her valuable private collection to the Corcoran Gallery butwith the stipulation that should the United States Government ever establisha national gallery of art, her collection should be transferred to it and becomeits absolute property. 9The Corcoran Gallery declined the gift under such conditions and therebycreated a dilemma.In 1906, after two years of deliberation, the Supreme Court of the Districtof Columbia decided that the Smithsonian's gallery was in effect a nationalgallery of art and the Johnston collection came to the Smithsonian Building.In 1937, Andrew Mellon made his remarkable gift to the nation. By act ofCongress, the designation of National Gallery of Art was transferred to thebuilding which was to house the Mellon collection. The National Gallery ofArt was established as a bureau of the Smithsonian, but with its directiongiven to a Board of Trustees, to include ex officio the Chief Justice, the Sec-retaries of State and Treasury and the Secretary of the Smithsonian, plus fivegeneral or citizen members.During approximately the same time (1938) a companion piece of legislationwas enacted to take care of the art collections of the Smithsonian itself, (nowknown as the National Collection of Fine Arts) and authorized a commissionto search for a suitable building for it. It provided that the National Collectionof Fine Arts "display (ing) the national collections of fine arts, comprisingpainting, sculptures, bronzes, glass, porcelain, tapestry, furniture, jewelry, andother types of art ; to display portraits of eminent American men and women,and to exhibit the works of artists deserving of recognition".The act thus gave to the National Collection of Fine Arts a preeminentlynational or American character, as opposed to the universal values of the Melloncollection. It also contained some far-sighted provisions to foster a growingappreciation of both past and contemporary art "by public exhibitions from timeto time in Washington and other parts of the United States" and by award ofscholarships and staff positions to artists.(6) National Advisory Council on AeronauticsIt should be mentioned for the historical record that the enabling act of thisprogenitor of the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) inMarch 1915 was an outgrowth of the work of Langley's Aerodynamical Labora-tory and the work of the Smithsonian's fourth Secretary, Charles D. Walcott.(7) Canal Zone Biological AreaIn 1940 the Congress authorized and directed the President to set aside withinthe Panama Canal Zone an area in Gatun Lake known as Barro Colorado Islandwhich should be left as nearly as possible, in "a natural state for scientific observ-tion and investigation". The following year additional legislation made morespecific the purpose of this natural reserve as "a place where duly qualified stu-dents can make observations and scientific investigations for increase of knowl-edge, under such conditions and regulations as may be prescribed by the Smith-sonian Institution". The act provided further that the Smithsonian should "beresponsible for the construction and maintenance of laboratory and other facili-ties" and, at its discretion, fix charges for the use of the facilities.(8) National Air and Space MuseumThis Smithsonian bureau was established as the National Air Museum by actof Congress in August 1946 to "memorialize the national development of aviationand space flight; collect, preserve, and display aeronautical and space flightequipment of historical interest and significance ; serve as a repository for scien-tific equipment and data pertaining to the development of aviation and spaceflight ; and provide educational material for the historic study of aviation andspace flight." (The act was amended in 1966 to include references to "space flight"and "space flight equipment".)(9) John F. Kennedy Center for the Performing ArtsThe John F. Kennedy Center for the Performing Arts (formerly the NationalCultural Center) was established as a bureau of the Smithsonian Institution tol>e directed by a Board of Trustees by legislation enacted in September 1962 (andlater amended), which provides for construction of a cultural center on the banksof the Potomac River as the "sole national memorial to the late John FitzgeraldKennedy. . . ." Funds for the Center are to be raised by voluntary contributionsand by Congress. Construction began in the spring of 1966.The duties of the Board of Trustees are to :(a) Present classical and contemporary music, opera, drama, dance, and poetryfrom this and other countries.(b) Present lectures and other programs, 10(c) Develop programs for children and youth and the elderly (and for otherage groups as well) in such arts designed specifically for their participation,education, and recreation,(d) Provide facilities for other civic activities at the Center,(e) Provide within the Center a suitable memorial in honor of the late Presi-dent, John F. Kennedy.The Board of Trustees is composed of ex officio trustees designated by the actand thirty general trustees who are appointed by the President of the UnitedStates and serve for 10-year overlapping terms.(10) National Armed Forces Museum Advisory BoardThe National Armed Forces Museum Advisory Board, established by the actof August 30, 1961, advises and assists the Board of Regents of the SmithsonianInstitution on matters concerned with portraying the contributions which theArmed Forces of the United States have made to American society and culture.The Board conducts studies of lands and buildings suitable for a proposed Na-tional Armed Forces Historical Museum Park and Study Center ; plans the con-cept of the Park ; performs research on the contributions of the Armed Forces ; and collects and preserves materials for exhibition and study.(11) National Portrait GalleryIn April 1962 the National Portrait Gallery was established by the Congressto "function as a free public museum for the exhibition and study of portraitureand statuary depicting men and women who have made significant contribu-tions to the history, development, and culture of the people of the United Statesand of the artists who created such portraiture and statuary."(12) National Museum ActThe National Museum Act of 1966, passed by the Congress and approved bythe President in October 1966, reaffirmed the Smithsonian's role of assistance tomuseums and authorized appropriations to meet needs and to study problemscommon to all museums. In the Act, Congress recognized that museums are im-portant elements of the cultural and educational development of the UnitedStates.The Act provides that the Director of the National Museum, under the direc-tion of the Secretary of the Smithsonian, shall "cooperate with museums andtheir professional organizations in a continuing study of museum problems,"conduct training programs for museum employees in museum publications, con-tribute to the development of museum techniques, cooperate with Federal or-ganizations concerned with museums, and report annually to the Congress onprogress in these activities.(13) Joseph H. Hirshhorn Museum and Sculpture GardenThis public museum and sculpture garden was established within the Smith-sonian by legislative act, approved November 7, 1966, and will upon completionhouse sculpture and painting and a program of exhibition, education, researchand publication devoted principally to art of the twentieth century.The Act establishes a Board of Trustees, consisting of the Chief Justice of theUnited States, the Secretary of the Smithsonian, and eight members appointedby the President, which will advise and assist the Smithsonian Regents on mat-ters concerning administration, operation, maintenance, and preservation of themuseum and sculpture garden.(1/f) Woodrow Wilson International Center for ScholarsThe Center was established within the Smithsonian, by act of October 24, 1968,as a bureau of the Smithsonian under guidance of a Board of Trustees. TheCenter will serve as a living memorial to Woodrow Wilson, "symbolizing andstrengthening the fruitful relation between the world of learning and the worldof public affairs."Dr. Ripley. Also, we have recently issued a publication which ac-tually lists comprehensively our subdivisions within the Smithsonian,and I would appreciate it very much if this could be incorporated inthe record.Mr. Thompson. It will be so incorporated.(The publication follows :) INCREASE AND DIFFUSIONA Brief Introduction to theSMITHSONIAN INSTITUTIONWashington, DC. (11) 12 INCREASE AND DIFFUSIONA Brief Introduction to theSMITHSONIAN INSTITUTIONWashington, D.C. ^SQ^^f OFFICE OF PUBLIC AFFAIRS 'SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION 'WASHINGTON, DC. 1970 13 MEET THE SMITHSONIAN This brief introduction to the Smithsonian Institution is intended to provide ashort, basic volume of facts about one of America's oldest institutions?a com-plex of science, history, and art museums, research organizations, and educa-tional programs centered in Washington, D.C., but stretching to many otherparts of the United States and indeed around the world.Increase and Diffusion, its title taken from the bequest establishing theSmithsonian, is designed to meet the needs of the press, the general public, andmembers of the many specialized communities here and overseas whose concernsbring them into contact with the Institution.This booklet covers only the major elements and activities of the Smithsoniantoday, set against the background of a history that began in the early days ofthe Republic. Here, then, is the great and broad and complex and inspiring na-tional institution known as the Smithsonian. Frederic M. PhilipsDirector, Office of Public AffairsSmithsonian Institution February 1970 49-484 O - 71 - pt. 1 14THE SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION THE SMITHSONIAN TODAYThe Smithsonian Institution is an independent establishment devoted to publiceducation, basic research, and national service in the arts, sciences, and history.Centered on the Mall in Washington, D.C., it also operates major facilities andactivities elsewhere in Washington, across the country, and overseas.One of the world's leading research centers, the Smithsonian is as well one ofthe world's largest museum complexes, attracting upward of fifteen millionvisitors yearly. It possesses a cataloged inventory of more than sixty-two millionobjects and specimens, only about three percent of which is on public display atone time.The Smithsonian complex includes as major components four history andscience museums (the combined National Museum of Natural History and Na-tional Museum of Man, the National Museum of History and Technology, andthe National Air and Space Museum). A fifth (the National Armed Forces His-torical Museum Park) is in the planning stage under an advisory group estab-lished by Congress.There are five art museums (the Freer Gallery of Art, the separately admin-istered National Gallery of Art, the National Collection of Fine Arts, the Na-tional Portrait Gallery, and the Cooper-Hewitt Museum of Decorative Arts andDesign in New York). Another art museum (the Renwick Gallery) is beingreadied, and a seventh (the Joseph H. Hirshhorn Museum and Sculpture Garden)is being constructed on the Mall. Under a deed from Mrs. Marjorie MerriweatherPost, the lovely northwest Washington estate known as Hillwood, with its greatRussian and French collections, will in the future become an eighth public artmuseum.There are a number of other major components of the Smithsonian in Wash-ington. The Radiation Biology Laboratory plays a unique role in the study ofthe effects of solar radiation. The National Zoological Park, with facilities in 15Rock Creek Park, annually attracts millions of visitors. A national cultural cen-ter, the John F. Kennedy Center for the Performing Arts, is nearing completionalong the Potomac River; the Center will be a separately administered bureauof the Smithsonian.Also in Washington, the highly innovative Anacostia Neighborhood Museumoperates in a low-income area of the city in cooperation with the local com-munity. There is an oceanographic sorting center at the Washington Navy Yard.And in the development stage by the Smithsonian is a center for advancedstudy, the Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars.Smithsonian facilities and activities stretch across the nation and the world.Chief among these installations elsewhere is the Smithsonian AstrophysicalObservatory in Cambridge, Massachusetts, which itself operates major installa-tions in other parts of the United States and field stations in several nationsaround the globe.Major elements in the Smithsonian further include a conference center innearby Maryland; a biological research center on the Chesapeake Bay; officesin New York and Detroit supporting the work of the Washington-based Archivesof American Art; an oceanographic sorting center in Salammbo, Tunisia, whosework parallels the programs of the Institution's oceanographic center in theWashington Navy Yard; and one of the world's leading tropical research in-stitutes, centered in Panama.A wide range of programs is conducted in cooperation with other institutions,universities, and government agencies here in the United States and on everycontinent. The Institution offers its massive facilities and vast intellectual re-sources for research and education, from the elementary to post-graduate levels,in hundreds of areas of Smithsonian scientific and cultural interest.More than two thousand scientific expeditions, many of them major ones, tothe far corners, of the world have been sponsored or participated in by staffmembers over the decades. The Smithsonian participates in continuing researchprojects in many nations abroad, in some cases using United States governmentsurplus commodity funds for this purpose.For more than a century, the Smithsonian has circulated research and otherpublications here and abroad in voluminous quantities. Today, a number of itscomponents are engaged in varying aspects of publication, distribution, ex-change, and information-retrieval services. Communications activities also in-clude radio, television, and motion picture programs.At the same time, the Smithsonian's performing arts activities cover a widespectrum?puppet shows to classical concerts to a college drama festival. Duringthe Fourth of July holidays, a Festival of American Folklife is presented on theMall with representation from every region of the country.All told, the Smithsonian has more than three thousand one hundred em-ployees including a staff of more than three hundred professional scholars andscientists, many of them leading experts in their fields. A dues-paying member^ship program set up in 1965, the Smithsonian Associates, has a sizable total ofmembers in the Washington area and in other parts of the nation.The Smithsonian is a national institution that receives substantial supportfrom the federal government as well as essential funding from private sources,including an endowment that traces to the very beginning of the Institution. 16HISTORYThe Smithsonian owes its origin to James Smithson, a wealthy English scientistwho never visited this country. Smithson, who died in Italy in 1829, willed hisentire fortune to the United States "to found in Washington, under the nameof the Smithsonian Institution, an establishment for the increase and diffusionof knowledge among men." The bequest totaled more than half a milliondollars, a great fortune in that day.Receipt of the bequest in America in 1838 precipitated a lengthy debate inCongress on whether the nation should or indeed legally could accept the fundsand the accompanying trust. Congress ultimately determined, in 1846, that thefederal government did not have authority to administer such a trust directly.Consequently, it created by enactment a discrete corporate entity, "The Estab-lishment," to undertake the charge of the Smithson will. This body, in effectconstituting the Smithsonian Institution, consists of the President of the UnitedStates, the Vice President, the Chief Justice, and heads of the executive depart-ments.The Board of Regents was created to govern the Institution thus established.Fittingly, reflecting the origins and the dual public and private nature of theInstitution, it was to be composed of the Vice President and Chief Justice,three members of the Senate, three members of the House of Representatives,and six citizen members. The Vice President and Chief Justice were named bothto The Establishment and the Board of Regents. Of the citizen members, it wasstipulated that two must be residents of the District of Columbia and no two ofthe remaining four may be from the same state.The position of Secretary of the Smithsonian Institution also was establishedat the outset, the incumbent serving as well as Secretary of the Board ofRegents.The Smithson bequest was lent by law to the United States Treasury. Thefederal government agreed to pay six percent interest on it to the Smithsonianin perpetuity.Provision was made in formal creation of the Smithsonian for work in theareas of concern that have since occupied the Institution through succeedinggenerations? art, science, and history, research, museum and library operation,the dissemination of information.Congress, in taking action on the Smithson bequest, stated its purpose was toprovide "for the faithful execution of said trust agreeable to the will of theliberal and enlightened donor." The United States thus solemnly bound itself tothe administration of a trust, and the relations of the federal government to theSmithsonian Institution became as a guardian to a ward. Probably never has anyward found so powerful a guardian.Very eminent men have served on the Board of Regents through the years,among them Presidents Fillmore, Andrew Johnson, Garfield, Arthur, TheodoreRoosevelt, Coolidge, Truman, Lyndon Johnson, and Nixon, as well as thePresident of the Confederacy, Jefferson Davis, when he was a United StatesSenator. Others have been Louis Agassiz, Dwight W. Morrow, William B. Astor, 17Richard Rush, Vannevar Bush, Overton Brooks, Arthur H. Compton, StephenO. Douglas, Henry Cabot Lodge Sr., Robert A. Taft; also Alexander DallasBache, George Bancroft, Rufus Choate, James Dwight Dana, Asa Gray, Gen.Montgomery C. Meigs, Noah Porter, Gen. William Tecumseh Sherman, andAlexander Graham Bell, as well as the Chief Justices of the United States.Current Regents are Chief Justice Warren Burger,Vice President SpiroAgnew, Senators J. William Fulbright, Clinton P. Anderson, and Hugh Scott;Representatives Frank T. Bow, Michael J. Kirwan, and George H. Mahon; andcitizen members John Nicholas Brown, William A. M. Burden, Crawford H.Greenewalt, Caryl P. Haskins, and Thomas J. Watson Jr. One vacancy exists inthe citizen membership following the death of Robert V. Fleming of Washing-ton, D.C.The Smithsonian's facilities have grown with the passage of time along withthe national collections, the range of responsibilities and programs, the size ofthe staff, and, indeed, with the City of Washington and the Nation itself. Thefirst Smithsonian building was the "red castle" on the Washington Mall designedby architect James Renwick. Constructed between 1847 and 1855, the structureis now known as the Smithsonian Institution Building. The Arts and IndustriesBuilding was opened nearby in 1881, the Natural History Building in 1911, theAir and Space Building in 1920, the Freer Gallery of Art in 1923, the NationalGallery of Art in 1941, the National Museum of History and Technology in1964, and the Fine Arts and Portrait Galleries in 1968. The Fine Arts andPortrait Galleries Building houses the National Collection of Fine Arts, theNational Portrait Gallery, and the Archives of American Art.The Cooper Union Museum for the Arts of Decoration, in New York City,became a part of the Smithsonian in 1968, and was later renamed the Cooper-Hewitt Museum of Decorative Arts and Design. The Smithsonian assigned alimited number of staff members to office space in the massive old PensionBuilding in downtown Washington in 1968, itself one of the most architecturallyinteresting, historic buildings in Washington.Plans call for the Renwick Gallery, devoted to American crafts, to be openin 1970, the John F. Kennedy Center for the Performing Arts in 1971, and theJoseph H. Hirshhorn Museum and Sculpture Garden in 1971. Hillwood, a 25-acreestate in northwest Washington, was deeded to the stewardship of the Smith-sonian in early 1969 to become a public art museum and gardens. Planning isalso moving ahead at Congressional direction for development of a NationalArmed Forces Historical Museum Park, construction of a great new NationalAir and Space Museum, and establishment of the Woodrow Wilson InternationalCenter for Scholars. 18ADMINISTRATION S. Dillon Ripley, as Secretary of the Smithsonian, serves as its chief executiveofficer. He was appointed in 1964 and is the eighth Secretary since 1846.A biologist, ecologist, and authority on the birds of the Far East, Dr.Ripley previously served as Director of Yale University's Peabody Museum ofNatural History for four years, and as a member of the Yale faculty for eighteenyears. He has been on the staffs of the Academy of Natural Sciences in Phila-delphia, the American Museum of Natural History in New York, and HarvardUniversity, and was also a staff member of the Smithsonian's National Museumof Natural History at an earlier stage in his career.Dr. Ripley holds degrees from Yale and Harvard and has been the recipientof a number of fellowships. During World War II, he served in the Office ofStrategic Services. He is the author of eight books, and is a member or officerof numerous distinguished honorary and professional groups here and overseas,including the National Academy of Sciences.His innovations at the Smithsonian since taking office have been many andfar-reaching, broadening and extending the Institution's responsibilities andparticipation across a broad spectrum?including education, research, publicservice, community activities, conservation, and the performing as well as visualarts. Bureaus and other major divisions have been added or revivified. An addi-tional number of distinguished scholars have joined the staff. Internationalsymposia and other significant events of international scope have been held.Rigorous emphasis has been placed on scholarship and research withinSecretary Ripley's concept of the Smithsonian as a kind of open university inthe manner of the earliest museums of classical times, an approach that alsoaccords with the Institution's traditions from the days of the first Secretary,Joseph Henry. At the same time, his determination that museums should servea wide public in imaginative ways has provided livelier exhibit techniques andexhibitions; a new, imaginative use of the Mall through such events as theFestival of American Folklife, which annually draws more than half a millionvisitors; and a greatly expanded range of activities that has brought into beingsuch units as the Anacostia Neighborhood Museum, the Smithsonian Associates,and the Division of Performing Arts.Administration of the Smithsonian under the Secretary is the responsibility ofa central Secretariat and the Directors of the bureaus and offices of the Institu-tion.The Secretariat includes the following positions: Assistant Secretary, DirectorGeneral of Museums, Assistant Secretary for Science, Assistant Secretary forHistory and Art, Assistant Secretary for Public Service, Treasurer, GeneralCounsel, the Directors of the Offices of Academic Programs, Personnel andManagement Resources, Public Affairs, International Activities, and Develop-ment, and the Executive Assistant to the Secretary.A body of boards and commissions also plays a major role in connection withthe Smithsonian and its components. Members of these groups, in the manner 19 of the Board of Regents, include some of the most distinguished men and womenin the United States. These groups include:Smithsonian CouncilNational Collection of Fine Arts CommissionNational Gallery ofArt Board of TrusteesJohn F. Kennedy Center for the Performing Arts Board of TrusteesNational Portrait Gallery CommissionCooper-Hewitt Museum of Decorative Arts and Design Advisory BoardNational Air and Space Museum Advisory BoardNational Armed Forces Museum Advisory BoardSmithsonian Foreign Currency Program Advisory CouncilsWoodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars Board of TrusteesJoseph H. Hirshhorn Museum Board of TrusteesIn addition to members of these groups, primary contributions in all Smith-sonian disciplines are made by the Institution's Senior Scientists and ResearchAssociates.The Smithsonian comprises a major complex of buildings and grounds.Physical responsibility for this complex is assigned to the Buildings ManagementDepartment. 20BUREAUS ARCHIVES OF AMERICAN ARTThe Archives of American Art is the nation's largest collection of materials docu-menting the history of the visual arts in the United States.This great archival collection makes primary sources widely and easily availablefor research and publication.The Archives preserves and makes accessible for scholars the papers of artists,craftsmen, collectors, dealers, critics, historians, museums, societies, and institu-tions. The Archives collection consists of original and secondary source material,manuscripts, letters, notebooks, sketchbooks, clippings, exhibition catalogs, pub-lications of societies, rare and out-of-print material, recorded interviews, andphotographs of works of art and artists.The microfilm library of the Archives, which now exceeds three thousandrolls, or some three million photographic frames, includes large bodies of ma-terial not belonging to the Archives but recorded by it with permission of theowning museums, art groups, dealers, collectors, educational institutions, andso forth.After becoming a bureau of the Smithsonian in 1 970, the Archives of Ameri-can Art established its central repository and reference center in the Smithson-ian's Fine Arts and Portrait Galleries, where it shares library and office facilitieswith the joint library of the National Collection of Fine Arts and the NationalPortrait Gallery. Additional archival material is housed elsewhere in the Wash-ington area.Tne Archives' executive office, along with another collection and referencecenter, are located in New York. A branch office and study-collection centerare also located in Detroit, where the Archives was founded in 1954 andcentered until it became a component of the Smithsonian. In the planningstage are offices on the West Coast and in other parts of the country. Thedirector of the Archives divides his time among the three centers, with pri-mary headquarters in New York. Archivists administer the Washington andDetroit facilities. 21The Archives was founded in 1954 as a non-profit, independent nationalresearch institution when E. P. Richardson, then Director of the Detroit In-stitute of Arts, and collector Lawrence Fleischman found themselves at a lossfor biographical material on many artists who interested them. Dr. Richardsonwas conducting research for lus book, Painting in America-The Story of450Years. Fleischman sought documentation on artists whose works he had bought.Faced with similar problems, they conceived the idea of establishing a researchcenter with the fundamental goal of encouraging research and publication onart in the United States. With generous support in the Detroit community, andbroad cooperation throughout the country, the concept came to fruition andflowered in subsequent years.Microfilm permitted the collection of historical records maintained in otherrepositories, as well as the orderly recording of collections of original papersthat quickly began to be offered as donations to the Archives. Additionaladvantages springing from the use of microfilm were more intensive cata-loging efforts, preservation of old, often delicate records, and the easy trans-mission of copies of papers through the mails on interlibrary loan.The earliest original item owned by the Archives is a 1 743 letter from JohnSmibert, one of the few well-trained European painter emigrants. Much otherearly material was obtained when the Archives in a two-year project filmedthe records of seventeen historical society, museum, college, and other librariesin the Philadelphia area. A similar undertaking was later carried out in thevast holdings of the Manuscript Division, the Art Division, and the PrintsDivision of the New York Public Library.Copies of the sixteen thousand known art auction catalogs published inthis country from 1785 to 1950 have been made by the Archives. A similarcompilation of art exhibition catalogs is under way. Tape-recorded inter-views have been energetically collected and now total more than sevenhundred, some running as long as twelve hours.The reminiscences and comments of artists ranging in time from AbrahamWalkowitz and Charles Sheeler to Robert Rauschenberg and George Segalhave been gathered and transcribed. Edward Hopper, Adolph Gottlieb,Helen Frankenthaler, Ben Shahn, Barnett Newman, Louise Nevelson, ClaesOldenburg, Jacques Lipchitz, Robert Indiana, Roy Lichtenstein, and Sey-mour Lipton are among the artists who have been interviewed. HenriCartier-Bresson did commissioned photographic essays on six artists, in-cluding Marcel Duchamp, for the Archives.Important holdings include the Macbeth Gallery records, constitutingmore than 150,000 items from the first gallery to devote itself exclusivelyto American art and covering the years 1892 to 1954; the Rehn Galleryrecords, covering the decade following World War I; Walt Kuhn's records ofthe historic Armory Show in 1913; records of the Whitney Museum ; the MaxWeber and Abraham Walkowitz papers; the correspondence and writing ofKenneth Hayes Miller; a major collection of papers belonging to adminis-trators and artists active in federally sponsored art projects during the NewDeal era; and the papers of painter Franz Kline and sculptors Louise Nevel-son and David Smith. 22FREER GALLERY OF ARTThe Freer Gallery of Art presents one of the world's most distinguished col-lections of Oriental art. Including works of art from China, Japan, Korea,India, and the Near East, the collection covers paintings, sculptures and otherobjects in stone, wood, lacquer, jade, pottery, porcelain, bronze, gold, andsilver.West also meets East at the Freer. Although primarily devoted to Orientalobjects, the Gallery has an important American collection that includes worksby Dewing, Hassam, Ryder, and Sargent. Most important in this field is thelargest collection in any one place of paintings, prints, and other works by theAmerican artist James McNeill Whistler. Included are more than three hundredoils, pastels, and drawings, as well as some seven hundred prints. Whistler'sPeacock Room, designed for a prosperous British merchant in 1877, is one ofthe museum's most striking displays.Only a fraction of the Freer's more than 10,000 cataloged items can be dis-played at once in the nineteen galleries. The oldest exhibit is a collection ofChinese bronzes, the earliest of which date from the twelfth century B.C.The Freer Gallery of Art collections were deeded to the nation by CharlesLang Freer, a Detroit industrialist, in 1906. The Gallery, built in FlorentineRenaissance style, was completed in 1921 and opened to the public two yearslater. President Theodore Roosevelt hailed the gift as "one of the most valuablecollections winch any private individual has ever given to any people."The deed of gift included a generous endowment for the study, care, anddevelopment of the collection, as well as funds to construct the building. Thecollection has been continuously and importantly augmented by purchasethrough the years.Together with the collections, the Gallery library of some 40,000 volumes(about half of which are in Chinese and Japanese) serves to make this a leadingcenter of research in the various fields of Oriental art. The Gallery's publica-tions, numbering some thirty volumes by members of the staff and other out-standing scholars, are distributed to museums and libraries all over the world.The Gallery also collaborates closely with the University of Michigan in thetraining of graduate students majoring in Oriental art; and graduate studentsfrom such universities as Harvard, Princeton, New York University, and else-where pay regular visits to the Gallery to study the collections at first hand.According to the terms of Mr. Freer's will, objects in the collection are notpermitted to leave the building on loan, nor is the Gallery allowed to exhibitanything it does not own.The Gallery is located on the south side of the Mall at Twelfth Street. 23INTERNATIONAL EXCHANGE SERVICEThrough the Smithsonian's International Exchange Service, public and privateinstitutions in the United States transmit their publications to other countriesand receive publications from foreign institutions.The service was begun in 1849 by the Smithsonian's first Secretary, JosephHenry. The previous year Secretary Henry had started publication of the series,Smithsonian Contributions to Knowledge. He wanted these research paperswidely distributed as a means of "entering into friendly relations and cor-respondence with all the learned societies in the world." In return, he askedthat the societies send the Smithsonian their publications.So successful was the program that five years later he expanded its operationsto other American libraries, scientific societies, and educational institutions.Later Congress designated the Service as the agency through which officialUnited States publications would be exchanged for official printed materialsof other countries.This system grew rapidly and the quantity of material transmitted has steadilyincreased through the years. Today many libraries are dependent upon the ex-change program for their foreign publications.In a recent year, publications were received from some four hundred organi-zations in the United States for transmission to more than one hundred coun-tries. Approximately 345,000 pounds of official United States publications weresent out to foreign depository libraries in exchange for official publications ofother countries.Included in this vast exchange, which comes to more than a million poundsof publications in a typical year, are daily issues of the Federal Register andthe Congressional Record, sent in exchange for the parliamentary journals ofother countries. United States patent specifications are sent to patent officesin other countries in exchange for foreign patent specifications. Bulletins, jour-nals, reports, and transactions of universities, observatories, societies, govern-ment agencies, agricultural experiment stations, and Congressional committeesare transmitted to libraries throughout the world in exchange for publicationsof similar foreign organizations. 24JOHN F. KENNEDY CENTER FOR THE PERFORMING ARTSOrganized in 1958 as the National Cultural Center and renamed in 1964 as amemorial to the late President Kennedy, the John F. Kennedy Center for thePerforming Arts is under construction in the Foggy Bottom section of Washing-ton along the Potomac River. It is scheduled for completion in 1 97 1 . Construction of the Center is being financed by contributions from privatecitizens, matched by federal appropriations and a loan from the United StatesTreasury. In addition, gifts of construction materials have been received fromforeign governments. The total cost is estimated at over $60 million.The building's 630-foot grand foyer will extend the length of its front onthe river. Opening onto the foyer will be a concert hall, opera hall, and theater,with respective seating capacities of 2,770, 2,300, and 1,150. On the roofterrace will be two large restaurants, a playhouse and film theater, and anatrium gallery for exhibitions and receptions. Underground parking for 1 ,600cars will be provided.By Congressional mandate, the Center will present classical and contempo-rary music, opera, drama, dance, and poetry from this and other countries. Itwill also present lectures, foster participation in educational and recreationalprograms for people of various age groups, and provide facilities for other civicactivities. It is anticipated that several performing companies will be in residence.As representatives of a major national cultural institution, these resident com-panies will be charged with maintaining the highest standards of artistic achieve-ment and of doing innovative work of a highly creative order.The Center is an independently administered bureau of the Smithsonian. 25JOSEPH H. HIRSHHORN MUSEUM AND SCULPTURE GARDENUnder construction in the area of Washington's Mall bounded by Seventh andNinth Streets, Independence Avenue, and Madison Drive?just east of theSmithsonian's Arts and Industries Building?the Joseph H. Hirshhorn Museumand Sculpture Garden will be the permanent home of the magnificent collec-tion of painting and sculpture donated to the United States in 1 966 by theGreenwich, Connecticut, financier Joseph H. Hirshhorn.Secretary Ripley called the Hirshhorn gift "one of the three outstandingcultural events connected with Washington in this century." The other twowere the gifts made in connection with the National Gallery of Art and theFreer Gallery.The Hirshhorn Museum will be a circular building supported by four hollowpiers. It will float fifteen feet above a broad paved plaza. The sunken sculpturegarden, extending northward across the Mall, will include a reflecting pooleighty feet wide and four hundred fifty feet long. Monumental sculpture willbe displayed on the broad walks bordering the pool.Born of one man's unique passion for art, the Hirshhorn Collection is com-mitted to major developments in painting and sculpture. The superlative col-lection of over 2,000 sculptures is international in scope, ranging from antiq-uity through Benin bronzes of the sixteenth to nineteenth centuries to thework of today's young creators. A focal point is its outstanding sculptures,both European and American, from the nineteenth and twentieth centuries.More than a hundred of these, including such world-renowned sculpturesas Rodin's The Burghers of Calais, Matisse's four bas-reliefs The Backs, andMoore's King and Queen, will be on view in the museum's open court andalong the walks bordering the reflecting pool of the sculpture garden.The painting collection, comprising over 4,000 works, focuses on the cur-rent century. From the works of precursors such as Thomas Eakins andWinslow Homer to the canvases of the 1960s, the course of modern paintingin America is covered in depth.Complementing the United States section is a strong selection of paint-ings by modern European masters of the past three decades.Because of the size and range of its collections, the Hirshhorn Museum willpermit the study and exhibition of many major artists in a manner rarelypossible elsewhere. Eakins, Gorky, De Kooning, Matisse, Moore, Miro, andGiacometti are among the outstanding artists represented by large holdings inthe permanent collection.Upon its formal opening the Hirshhorn Museum will offer the public alternat-ing exhibitions of its permanent collections, a varied schedule of educationalprograms, and a series of special rotating exhibitions devoted to major develop-ments in the fields of contemporary painting and sculpture. Plans call for theopening of the museum and sculpture garden in 1971. 26NATIONAL AIR AND SPACE MUSEUMThe National Air and Space Museum possesses an unparalleled collection tracingthe history of man's aviation and space achievements from the dawn of flightto the exploration of space.Now in the planning stage at Congressional direction is a major new NationalAir and Space Museum on Washington's Mall to present this collection andcarry forward programs of education and research. This building will be locatedbetween Fourth and Seventh Streets, Independence Avenue, and Jefferson Drive.Pending this construction, the museum exhibits a range of selected items inthe Arts and Industries Building and the adjacent temporary Air and SpaceBuilding. Included are the Wright Brothers' Kitty Hawk Flyer, Lindbergh'sSpirit of St. Louis, John Glenn's Friendship 7 space capsule, the X-15 experi-mental rocket plane, Wiley Post's globe-circling Winnie Mae, the Bell X-l(first plane to fly faster than the speed of sound), other historic airplanesand gliders, space vehicles, model airplanes, missiles, rockets, engines, trophies,and memorabilia. The remainder of the collection is stored at a Silver Hill,Maryland, restoration center not open to the public.The planned National Air and Space Museum will be 784 by 250 feet andcontain over one million square feet of floor space. It will contain a library, alaboratory, and study facilities for research by staff and visiting scholars onthe history and technology of flight.The Smithsonian's involvement with flight goes back to 1861 when JosephHenry, the first Secretary, recommended to President Lincoln that balloons beused for aerial spotting in the Civil War. Other key dates have been 1887-1903,when active research in aerodynamics by Samuel P. Langley, third Secretaryof the Smithsonian, resulted in successful flights of unmanned model aero-dromes; 1915, with establishment at the Smithsonian of the National AdvisoryCommittee for Aeronautics, which was to evolve into the National Aeronauticsand Space Administration; 1917, when Dr. Robert H. Goddard was grantedSmithsonian funds for research in rocket propulsion; 1920, when a WorldWar I temporary building, the present Air and Space Building, was opened tothe public to display the aeronautical collections; 1932, when a Section ofAeronautics was established at the Smithsonian; 1946, in which year the Na-tional Air Museum was created; and 1966, when the National Air Museum wasrenamed the National Air and Space Museum to recognize its role in the fieldof space flight and an appropriation of funds was authorized by Congress forconstruction of the new building. In 1967, the museum took formal respon-sibility, in agreement with the National Aeronautics and Space Administration,for preservation and selected display of space craft and related materialsproduced in the national space program. 27NATIONAL ARMED FORCES MUSEUM ADVISORY BOARDThe National Armed Forces Museum Advisory Board's principal work is toadvise and assist the Board of Regents on matters relating to the establish-ment of a National Armed Forces Historical Museum Park and Study Centerto portray the contributions of the armed forces to American society andculture. A site on the Potomac River in the Fort Foote area of Maryland'sPrince Georges County, within a short distance of downtown Washington,has received preliminary approval for the outdoor museum.Envisioned for the historical museum park are outdoor displays tracingthe evolution of warfare from the Revolutionary War period up to recenttimes; a visitor center and exhibit hall; a study center, the Dwight D.Eisenhower Center for Historical Research, for scholarly study into themeaning of war and its effect on civilization; a ship basin containing his-torically significant vessels; a large parade ground to accommodate parades,tattoos, and similar events; and exhibits showing historical contributions ofthe armed forces in a range of areas including aviation and space, polarexploration, and technological development.The board is engaged in collecting materials?especially unique items thatmight disappear if not acquired immediately?for use in the projected histor-ical museum park. Recent acquisitions include Trieste I, the bathyscaphewhich explored the Challenger Deep near the island of Guam; the UnitedStates Testing Machine, built in 1879 and used by Army Ordnance tomeasure with extreme accuracy tensile and compressive forces ranging fromone to 800,000 pounds; and the last operational flying boat in the UnitedStates Navy, a P5M patrol plane.The Advisory Board has also turned its attention to armed forces ma-terials other than hardware. Recent acquisitions include original dormitoryfurniture from the United States Military Academy at West Point. Postersand other artwork also form a sizable portion of the collections. The firstpublic exhibition sponsored by the Board was "The Armed Forces of theUnited States as Seen by the Contemporary Artist," art works depictingthe American serviceman at work and leisure around the world, com-sioned by and on loan from the United States military forces.The U.S.S. Tecumseh will offer Civil War historians an unprecedentedresource if current salvage operations are successful. This Union vesselwas sunk in Mobile Bay in 1 864 within a minute of striking a Confederatemine, carrying with her most of her crew. By raising her intact, theBoard hopes to gain a unique opportunity to examine in detail a UnitedStates man-of-war of a century ago as she appeared in battle-ready condi-tion.In addition, the Board is building a reference library of military-relatedgraphics photographs, drawings, and maps?as well as technical manuals andother resource books. 28NATIONAL COLLECTION OF FINE ARTSThe National Collection of Fine Arts traces its beginning to the establishment ofthe Smithsonian, when it was conceived as a respository for all art donated tothe federal government. It became known by law as the National Gallery ofArt m 1 906 and was renamed the National Collection of Fine Arts in 1 937when Andrew Mellon's great gift of art to the nation assumed the designationof the National Gallery of Art.After years as a tenant in the Smithsonian's Natural History Building, theNational Collection of Fine Arts moved into a permanent new home in Washing-ton's Old Patent Office Building at Eighth and G Streets, NW, a few blocks northof Washington's Mall, in May of 1968. The Old Patent Office Building, renamedthe Fine Arts and Portrait Galleries, is one of Washington's most monumentaland beautiful structures. The National Collection of Fine Arts shares the buildingwith the National Portrait Gallery, a new Smithsonian art museum. Constructedbetween 1836 and 1867 and partially rebuilt in the late nineteenth centuryafter a fire, the Greek Revival-style building served as a Civil War hospitaland was the scene of Lincoln's second inaugural ball. The great marble-pillaredhall where the ball was held is now known as the Lincoln Gallery.Strongly emphasizing American art, the National Collection's body of morethan 1 1,000 paintings, sculptures, and prints includes the John Gellatly, HenryWard Ranger, William T. Evans, and the C. S. Johnson & Co. 'Art: USA" collec-tions; 18 oils by Albert Pinkham Ryder, the largest single holding of his work;and the 445 paintings of George Catlin's famous Indian Gallery. There are majorcollections of sculpture by Paul Manship, William Zorach, and Hiram Powers,whose Florence, Italy, studio will be reconstructed by the museum.A large, representative selection of contemporary art, thousands of graphics,and a large collection of miniature paintings are other areas of museum strength.The museum also has deposits of works of the government-supported art programof the 1930s. In addition to a series of major temporary exhibitions, the NationalCollection of Fine Arts surveys in permanent exhibitions the scope of Americanart from its beginnings to the present.Under Congressional mandate, the National Collection of Fine Arts is chargedwith inventorying, studying, and conserving art belonging to other branches of th(government (WPA murals, for example); encouraging the development of art ona national scale through exhibits and educational materials designed for schools,art councils, and other organizations at the state and community level; maintain-ing an art research library; aiding the Art-in-Embassies program which putsAmerican art in the United States embassies abroad; advising on a national crafts 29program ; and lending works of art to government agencies, including the WhiteHouse, where curatorial assistance is given as well.A major division of the National Collection of Fine Arts is the InternationalArt Program, which brings to audiences all over the world the considerable artis-tic achievement of the United States. This division organizes the official Americanrepresentation at the large recurring international exhibitions, such as the Veniceand Sao Paulo biennials, circulates around the globe touring exhibitions ofAmerican art, has organized a print workshop staffed by an American expertthat travels from country to country teaching techniques and providing theequipment with which to make prints, produces and circulates catalogs in manyforeign languages to foster the understanding of American art, conducts artresearch for foreign groups, and acts as a liaison between overseas and Americanart organizations. 49-484 O - 71 - pt. 1 30NATIONAL GALLERY OF ARTFounded in 1937 when financier Andrew Mellon gave his remarkable collectionof Old Master paintings and sculptures to the nation, along with funds for thebuilding, the National Gallery of Art is widely recognized as one of the world'sgreat art museums. A major masterwork collection is on permanent exhibitionand a continuing series of temporary exhibitions is presented.The original Mellon bequest included Raphael's Alba Madonna, Botticelli'sAdoration of the Magi, and Jan Van Eyck's Annunciation.Four other great private collections soon joined that of Andrew Mellon- -thecollection of Peter A. B. Widener and his son Joseph E. Widener, and those ofSamuel H. Kress, Chester Dale, and Lessing J. Rosenwald. Among the Widenergifts were Vermeer's^l Woman Weighing Gold, Titian's Venus and Adonis, andfourteen of the Gallery's twenty-four Rembrandts. Kress bequests have includedTlie Adoration of the Magi by Fra Angelico and Fra Filippo Lippi, and Bellini'sFeast of the Gods. The Chester Dale Collection specializes in the most brilliantworks of modern French art of the past century and a half, with particularattention to Impressionism. The Rosenwald Collection consists of more than20,000 prints assembled with unsurpassed esthetic and technical selectivity.An important recent accession by the gallery was Leonardo da Vinci's beautifulGinevra de ' Benci, the only painting in America generally acknowledged to beby Leonardo.The Gallery now owns upward of 1,600 paintings and 1,700 sculptures.Besides its permanent and temporary exhibitions, the National Gallery spon-sors lectures, maintains a research service, circulates reproductions and printedmaterials around the world, administers fellowships for scholarly research, andmaintains its own orchestra.A center for Advanced Study in the Visual Arts is planned by the Gallery. Itwill be housed in a new facility, designed by I. M. Pei and Partners, to the eastof the present museum. As well as housing the Center, the east building, sched-uled to be opened in 1973, will contain extension services and additional ex-hibition facilities.Located on the Mall at Sixth Street and Constitution Avenue, NW, the Na-tional Gallery of Art is an independently administered bureau of the Smith-sonian with a separate board of trustees. The Center for Advanced Study isbeing constructed at the junction of Pennsylvania Avenue and the Mall. 31NATIONAL MUSEUM OF HISTORY ANLTTECHNOLDGY"The National Museum of History and Technology tells the story of America andstudies the story of America. From household goods the colonists brought fromtheir native lands?to weapons, military and otherwise, that made them free-to technology that helped make them wealthy and strong?to memorabilia ofmen and women who led them?the museum's collections comprise a tangiblebiography of the Republic. The depth and scope of these collections are unpar-alleled.Visitors to the museum can see the American flag that inspired Francis ScottKey to write "The Star Spangled Banner," the gowns of every First Lady fromMartha Washington onward, the desk at which Thomas Jefferson drafted theDeclaration of Independence. Reflecting the heroic image Americans hold oftheir first President, Horatio Greenough's monumental statue of a toga-cladGeorge Washington surveys the surveyors of the American scene.Tourists can watch a Foucault pendulum demonstrating the earth's rotation.They can see the only surviving gunboat from the Revolutionary War, the Phil-adelphia. They can see the clothes their ancestors wore, the beds they slept in,and the plows they used to till their land. They can see a torchlight politicalrally of the last century, visit a Victorian confectionery shop and smell thefragrance of chocolate and vanilla drifting around them, or be awed by a 300-ton Southern Railway locomotive complete with the nostalgic sounds of hissingsteam and shrieking whistle.A talented and imaginative exhibits staff works closely with the curators tomake these objects come alive for today's viewers. This staff is adept not onlyat creating a total environment, such as a diorama of underwater explorationthat makes the viewer feel he is under the sea, but also at preserving or restor-ing historic objects to make them more meaningful to scholars.While tourists are absorbing the visual panorama of American and scientifichistory, curators and other scholars behind the scenes, using the vast number ofobjects and archival materials at their disposal, pursue continuing programs ofresearch and publication.The National Museum of History and Technology is located at FourteenthStreet and Constitution Avenue on the north side of the Mall. The museum isorganized into five departments and an office of special programs, as follows: 32Department of Applied ArtsThe Graphic Arts and Photography Division of the Department of Applied Artsis concerned with the history and technology of photography, commercial print-ing, and hand-printing processes. The collection of approximately 50,000 speci-mens consists of prints of all periods, with particular emphasis on photomechan-ical prints of the pioneer period 1850-1900; approximately 250 photographiclenses and shutters; 1 ,500 still- and motion-picture cameras; 300 Patent Officemodels covering the period 1840-1905, and related materials in each of the sub-ject areas. In addition to its exhibit and research programs, the division is respon-sible for a continuing program of restoration of old photographs by nuclear ac-tivation.The Division of Numismatics is concerned with the general history of moneyand monetary art, medallic art, the history of banking, and financial history. Itsholdings are extensive and worldwide in scope. A recent acquisition was theJosiah K. Lilly, Jr., Collection of 6,125 gold coins. It supplements the UnitedStates Mint and Paul A. Straub Collections of United States coins, giving analmost complete series of official issues of the Philadelphia and five branchmints and an unparalleled series of pioneer and territorial issues. Other particu-larly important holdings are the collections of eighteenth- and nineteenth-cen-tury Russian coins and medals donated by Willis H. duPont; the series of foreignpaper currencies and scrip, which is the largest of its kind in the United States;and the study collections of ancient Greek and Roman as well as medieval coins.All aspects of American and foreign mail service, from the beginning to thepresent, are included in the broad field of activity of the Division of PostalHistory. Research and study of American and foreign postal history are facili-tated by one of the world's most comprehensive philatelic libraries, as well asthe National Postage Stamp Collection. This vast philatelic treasure consists ofalmost 12,000,000 specimens. In addition to stamps, the holdings include pre-stamp envelopes, postal markings, United States certified plate proof sheets,postal stationery, specialized collections, postal history material, three-dimen-sional objects, and study material of the postal issues of virtually all countries.The Division of Textiles includes collections of fabrics and the raw materialsand the implements and machines used to produce the fabrics. American textiles-both those of domestic production and the imported fabrics in common use-are the substance of the collection. The period covered is the seventeenth cen-tury to the present. The popular collections of samplers, quilts, coverlets, shawls,laces, spinning wheels, hand looms, and sewing machines are of continuing in-terest to scholars, collectors, and the casual visitor. The important historicalholdings include Whitney's cotton gin, the Slater cotton carding and spinningmachines of 1790, the Howe and Singer sewing machines, and the first pair ofnylon stockings. Staff researches include the historical and technical aspects ofthe collections and the development of scientific methods of cleaning and con-serving the historic fabrics. 33Department of Cultural HistoryThe Costume and Furnishings Division includes the collection of Americancostume, wearing apparel and personal adornment, as well as the furnishings ofthe post-Civil War period, including furniture and related household materials.The museum has a large collection of garments and accessories of dress, includingan important selection assembled by the Copp Family of Stonington, Connect-icut. An outstanding specimen on display in the Hall of American Costume is the "freedom suit" of an apprentice cabinet maker of the late eighteenth century;a freedom suit was the clothing given an indentured servant when he fulfilledhis term of bondage and became a free man. Important parts of the collectionsof Victorian furnishings are exhibited in period rooms in the Hall of EverydayLife in the American Past. The Victorian scene also may be examined in TheHarry T. Peters "America on Stone" Lithography Collection housed in thisdivision.The Ethnic and Western Cultural History Division includes collections relatingto Spanish American, Afro-American, and Western American cultural history.Among the earliest materials collected in the nineteenth century were ritual andsecular objects relating to Spanish culture in the American Southwest, many ofwhich are now displayed in the Hall of Everyday Life in the American Past. Afro-American history collections are being gathered, exhibits are being prepared, anda center of bibliographical source materials is being developed. The material cul-ture of the frontier and settlement periods of the Midwest and the Far West is anew subject area recently added by the Department.The Musical Instruments Division is concerned with performance as well asresearch exhibits relating to its collection of musical instruments from WesternEurope and America. The collection is especially notable for its fine examplesof keyboard instruments of the seventeenth through the nineteenth centuries. Awell-equipped conservation laboratory provides facilities for restoring most typesof instruments, for studying the techniques of instrument making and for con-structing reproductions. A comprehensive and continuing restoration programmakes it possible for a wide variety of instruments to be played in frequent publicperformances and demonstrations. Maintained in the division's reference libraryis a growing iconographic file, including the Hugo Worch Collection of photo-graphs of keyboard instruments and advertisements.The Preindustrial Cultural History Division includes three areas of collectionsand research: preindustrial crafts, including hand tools and processes of historiccrafts as well as an important collection of tools and implements of the 1 9th-century whaling industry; northeastern preindustrial cultural history, which isconcerned with the traditton of handcrafts in New England, New York, and NewJersey from the Colonial period into the nineteenth century; and southeasternpreindustrial cultural history covering the same categories of materials of thestates from Pennsylvania southward. These collections of furniture, silver, pewter,woodenware, pottery, educational materials, and folk art are displayed in a seriesof period rooms in the Hall of Everyday Life in the American Past. This divisionalso administers the museum's interdisciplinary Growth of the United Statesexhibit halls. These contain chronologically-grouped displays and objects ofoutstanding historical, cultural, and technological interest, ranging from a 17th-century house frame to the first locomotive in America, and exemplifying impor- 34 itant aspects of national development. In collaboration with the city of Alexandria,Virginia, a long-range archeological salvage project is being conducted in urbanrenewal areas of Alexandria from which significant artifacts have been acquired. Department of IndustriesThe Agriculture and Mining Division has 1,500 American agricultural implementsand machines in its collections, with particular emphasis on the evolution of 19th-century plowing and harvesting equipment. The Division holds a large collectionof 20th-century gasoline tractors. A collection of tools and equipment and spec-imens relating to forest products and the coal mining industry is augmented byphotographs and annual reports, with current emphasis on Pennsylvania's an-thracite. The Dewey Collection of 19th-century mining and metallurgical productsand the Grant Wheat mine-lighting collection are significant components of themining collection.The Ceramics and Glass Division includes examples of American and OldWorld glass from 1 500 B.C. to the present, European and American ceramicsranging from the fourteenth through the twentieth centuries, and Oriental exportceramics and wares which influenced American and European production. Theresearch effort involves archeological excavation, and research and classificationon recovered materials in collaboration with government and private scholarlyinstitutions. Studies are also conducted of production techniques currently usedin glass and ceramics factories and by individual artisans. Outstanding individualcollections are the Hans Syz Collection of 18th-century European porcelain, theLarsen Collection of 19th-century transfer-printed English earthenware, and theMcCauley Collection of English Liverpool-type earthenware, early Americanglass, and late- 19th and early-20th-century American art glass.The Manufacturing Division is concerned with the collection and documenta-tion of machines, equipment and artifacts related to American industrial develop-ment, including the history of petroleum, iron and steel, metallurgy, and generalmanufactures. The collection consists of several major groupings of archivalmaterials and artifacts, including more than a thousand Patent Office models.Another major research interest is business and industrial history, for which theWarshaw Collection of Business Americana provides a basis.The Transportation Division holds a rich collection of ship plans and approx-imately two hundred half-models relating to the evolution of American merchantship types as well as specialized craft from' 1650 to the present day. Other col-lections include a large number of restored road and railroad vehicles, fire-fight-ing equipment, and important associated archival materials. 35Department of National and Military HistoryThe Historic Archeology Division coordinates programs in areas that includehistoric site archeology, industrial archeology, and underwater exploration. Fieldresearch in some of these activities is also carried on by curators in other divisionsand coordinated here. The Underwater Exploration Program is administered bythis Division. The programs of the Division are directed to the increase of ourknowledge of economic, social, and military history through the exploration ofhistoric sites, both on land and under water.The Military History Division holds particularly rich collections of Americanfirearms, edged weapons, heavy ordnance, military dress and equipment, heraldry,and military graphics?presenting broad opportunities for research in the militaryhistory of the United States from the establishment of the first colonies to thepresent day. The weapons collection includes a wide variety of developmentalmodels and patent models, representing the evolution of the firearm from itsprimitive state to the modern period. The uniform collection is the largest singlegrouping of American regular Army dress in existence, supplemented by a signi-ficant selection of European uniforms for comparative study. The heraldry col-lections are extensive and include United States Army decorations, service medals,and distinctive insignia. Many items in the collections of the Division are asso-ciated with distinguished American soldiers.The Naval History Division maintains a varied collection of materials whichreflect the intellectual, material and operational history of the United StatesNavy, Marine Corps, and.Coast Guard. The role of all the services in the develop-ment of the United States is presented in a unified way through exhibits, whichhighlight service in past wars as well as the peacetime work of diplomacy andexploration, including expeditions to the polar regions. The Division maintainsreference collections of uniforms, equipment, models, manuscripts, and otheritems which mirror the role of the Navy in the life of the nation. An extensivecollection of plans and half-models is in constant use by scholars and otherinterested persons studying the evolution of the warship.The Political History Division collections are composed of objects associatedwith material, social, and intellectual aspects of American history. The collectionsof political memorabilia are rich and diversified and illustrate comprehensivelythe growth and development of the process of campaigning for office and of theimpact of political and social movements. Also in the Division are collections ofmemorabilia of historic Americans including Presidents, governmental officials,and other intellectual and social and political leaders of our nation.Another aspect of American history in this Division centers on the First Ladiesof the United States. The gowns worn by these ladies and the objects they ownedshow the influence that the nation's First Family has always had on social cus-toms, and other aspects of social history. 36Department of Science and TechnologyThe collections and research activities of the Division of Electricity and NuclearEnergy relate to telegraphy, telephony, radio, and nuclear energy. Comprehen-sive collections of instruments, motors, generators, and meters are supplementedby important archival holdings. The most significant materials are displayed inthe Hall of Electricity and the special exhibit on nuclear energy.The Mechanical and Civil Engineering Division's extensive collections oforiginal objects, models, and archival materials represent the historical develop-ment of mechanical and civil engineering. Included are a great variety of hand andmachine tools, power machinery, clocks, watches, typewriters, and phonographs.As in other Divisions, materials on exhibition and in the reference collectionsprovide the basis for scholarly research being conducted by the staff and visitingscholars and students.The Medical Sciences Division is concerned with the historical development ofmedicine, dentistry, surgery, pharmacy, health, and related sciences. Among thedivision's resources are reference collections of drugs, apothecary jars, and otherartifacts of pharmaceutical history, dental and surgical instruments, and a refer-ence library of professional journals and works on the history of medicine, phar-macy, dentistry, and public health.The Division of Physical Sciences embraces chemistry, astronomy, surveying,and the several branches of physics, such as acoustics, thermodynamics, meteor-ology, oceanography, and optics. Among the apparatus preserved are importantAmerican telescopes, a collection of 1 8th-century chemical glassware, and abroad selection of geodetic surveying instruments and science-teaching apparatusfrom the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries. Office of Special ProgramsThe Office of Special Programs of the National Museum of History and Techno-logy encompasses four individual programs.An extensive collection of trade catalogs, instruction manuals, and price listsrelating to industrial products of the nineteenth and twentieth centuries providesa valuable source of data for technological and statistical studies in the AmericanBusiness and Industrial History Program. The material is supplemented by aunique collection of business memorabilia consisting of upward of a milliontrade circulars, brochures, price lists, pamphlets, and letterheads covering everyaspect of American business. This collection provides valuable information abouttechnical development, especially in the field of consumer goods, in the past aresearch field greatly neglected by historians.Thanks to the support of the American Federation of Information ProcessingSocieties, a special Computer History Program is currently under way. In thisproject software and other forms of documentation are being supplemented withtaped interviews of participants in the development of the modern computers. 37 The Section of Mathematics, under which this program is conducted, is con-cerned with the history of mathematical instruments and machines. This involvesinstruments such as simple counting and calculating aids, astrolabes and gnomonicinstruments, calendrical computing devices, and miscellaneous mathematicalscales, including sectors. Among the more modern items are adding and calcula-ting machines, modern computers, cash registers, tabulators, slide rules, plani-meters and other simple integrators, harmonic and differential analyzers, andruling and dividing engines.In addition to maintaining the national collection in this field and conductingthe special computer program, this section presents exhibits and conducts researchon the technological and mathematical aspects of these objects.The Industrial Archeology Program?involving on-site investigation of physicalremains of industries, civil engineering works, and such mechanical engineeringcreations as canal locks and power plants?has in recent years become a majorconcern of the Smithsonian. The emphasis by the unit of the Office of SpecialPrograms concerned with this study is on field recording, an important contribu-tion because only a small portion of the finest and most important industrialmonuments stand a chance of being preserved. Among the surveys conductedhave been studies of the C. P. Bradway Machine Works in Connecticut, a builderof water turbines; Dudley Shuttles Inc., in Wilkinsonville, Massachusetts, which "manufactures wood shuttles and power looms; a series of iron bridges builtbetween 1850 and 1875; textile mills in New England, the first of a series todetermine how the physical plant that housed the machine evolved; and entirevillages central to the history of the textile industry in New England. The indus-trial archeology group, by the example of its work, is seeking to foster similarsmall and large studies of American technology across the nation by specialistsand students in this relatively new discipline.The Underwater Exploration Program performs research in underwater explora-tion techniques and documentation of historical underwater sites. Field surveysusing electronic gear have been conducted primarily in the Bermuda area, theStrait of Florida, and at Port Royal, Jamaica. A number of shipwreck remainshave been located and are being investigated in connection with the study ofearly shipping in the New World. The staff also studies methods of preservation ofmaterials recovered from underwater sites.The National Museum of History and Technology opened to the public in 1964. 38NATIONAL MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORYAND NATIONAL MUSEUM OF MANThe National Museum of Natural History and National Museum of Man togethercomprise one of the world's major centers for the study of natural sciences? interms both of collections and programs of research on plants, animals, rocks andminerals, fossil organisms, and man himself.Both museums are located in the Smithsonian's Natural History Building onthe Mall at Tenth Street and Constitution Avenue. The building was completed in1911, and wings were added in 1 963 and 1 965 . Caretaking of the national col-lections of natural history?in excess of fifty million specimens? is a major re-sponsibility. This includes not only the acquisition and maintenance of thesecollections, which are the largest in the nation, but also making them availablefor study by Smithsonian and outside scientists.In addition, the scientific staff conducts research on the collections in orderto develop a better understanding of the natural world and the processes that moldit. The plants, animals, and fossils of the world are described so that they may berecognized by systematic biologists and other scientists concerned with learningabout the world's environment for the benefit of man.These studies involve descriptions of not only the external characteristics, butalso the internal ones, the interrelationships of the species, their geographic range,and their ecological interactions with the total environment. This work providescritical data for further studies of pollution, medicine, development of foodsources, and extraterrestrial materials.The museum exhibit halls, which display only about one percent of the col-lections, are visited by millions of persons each year, many of them schoolchildren for whom the displays supplement classroom work.In the halls are exhibits of physical anthropology; osteology; minerals, gems,jade, and meteorities; Latin American archeology; birds of the world; life inthe sea; the world of mammals; dinosaurs and other fossial reptiles; fossilplants and invertebrate animals; fossil fishes and amphibians; North Americanarcheology; American mammals; the age of mammals in North America; andprehistoric peoples of North America.The old-fashioned style of exhibits, in which specimens were displayed inrows of mahogany and glass cases, has given way in large measure in recent yearsto modernized exhibits that make use of a wide variety of techniques (visual,auditory, and olfactory) to add interest and immediacy to the explanation of thebiological principles governing the development of the natural world.Among the most popular exhibits is the Fenykovi elephant in the building'srotunda, a twelve-ton African giant that is the largest land animal in modern 39 records. A short distance away are two other monsters: in the Hall of FossilReptiles, the 70-foot skeleton of a giant diplodocus, a 135-million-year-olddinosaur whose bones were dug up in Utah; and in the Hall of Life in theSea, arched in a diving position thirty feet above the floor, the life-sizemodel of a 92-foot blue whale that took the museum's staff more thantwo years to construct. Inside one main entrance to the museum is poisedan Indian tiger, menacing in appearance and of record size.The Gem and Mineral Hall features the world's finest mineral collectionand the most extensive collection of gems ever put on display. One of theHall's highlights is the 44.5-carat Hope Diamond, which because of itslong and dramatic history and its rare and deep blue color is probably thebest known diamond in the world.The anthropological halls use life-size plaster figures and a broad rangeof artifacts and specimens to depict a panorama of human customs through-out the world, from an American Indian making pottery to an eskimo hunt-ing for seal. These displays can be seen in the halls of the Native Peoples ofthe Americas, the Cultures of the Pacific and Asia, and the Cultures ofAfrica and Asia.Exhibits such as these are painstakingly prepared by close coordinationbetween the skilled exhibits staff?which includes designers, illustrators,cabinet makers, painters, model makers, plastic specialists, and graphicproduction men?and the curators. Among the newest exhibits beingdeveloped is a dramatic ecological exhibit, The Hall of Living Things,planned by the author and naturalist Peter Farb. This hall will explorethe interrelationships and mutual dependence of all forms of life on earth.Behind the scenes, using refined laboratory techniques, the approxi-mately one hundred scientists of the staff perform research based on col-lections and on field observations made throughout the world. Since itsinception the Smithsonian has been actively involved in the explorationand study of little-known areas of the world and with the collection ofspecimens and data from such areas. Famous expeditions have includedthe Theodore Roosevelt African Expedition in 1 909 and 1910 thatbrought back a rich collection of African fauna. Other notable expeditionshave been the polar expeditions, exploration of prehistoric Indian ruins inthe Southwest and in Latin America, and former Smithsonian SecretaryDr. Charles D. Walcott's studies of Cambrian fossils in the Canadian North-west.The museums are organized into eight component parts?^even depart-ments and one special program office encouraging interdisciplinary com-munication and research in systematic biology. 40Department of Anthropology In an age of rapid change and ever-increasing need for understanding man, theopportunity to study various cultures, past and present, and to apply theknowledge thus gained is fading. The Department of Anthropology studiesmankind as both a cultural and biological species, from the earliest to present-day human beings, on a worldwide basis. Man's role, past, present, and future,in the ecosystem is vital to our understanding of current problems of worldconcern such as pollution, over-population, and use of resources.The Department consists of the Divisions of North American Anthropology,Latin American Anthropology, Old World Anthropology, and Physical Anthro-pology. Available to the staff and visiting scholars are archeological andethnological collections containing about one million specimens from allparts of the world, as well as some 1 5,000 human skulls and 7,000 completeskeletons. The National Anthropological Archives, dealing with the AmericanIndian, contains thousands of manuscripts and photographs dating from 1848 tothe present covering languages, ethnology, history, and archeology.One of the Department's major programs involves ancient technology. Teamshave gathered collections and obtained data in various parts of South Asia ontraditional crafts, industries, and technologies, which will soon be lost to in-dustrialization. These constitute a unique historical recording of the beginningsof modern technology. New world pre-Columbian metal artifacts have beenanalyzed by means of metallographic and spectrochemical techniques, revealingimportant information concerning aboriginal methods of working metals whichhave been shown to be as technically advanced and sophisticated as those usedtoday. In Africa and Asia, staff members are conducting a number of ethnologi-cal and archeological studies?among the southwestern Bantu, in rural Korea, inSyria. In North America continuing projects include ethnography, cultural his-tory, material culture, and linguistic studies of eastern Indians.Other important staff projects include a long-range archeological program inSaudi Arabia, in areas never before visited by archeologists; continued excavationof American Indian village sites; direction of comprehensive archeologicalresearch and training programs in Brazil and in the highlands of Peru; com-pilation of a dictionary of a Mexican native language; study of the ethno-history and of the seafaring traditions of Caroline Island natives; and studieson forensic osteology, human aging, microevolution, paleopathology, and newmethods for dating human burials using decay of proteins as an index. Department of BotanyThe Department of Botany is involved in a broad range of collection and researchactivities on a worldwide basis.The United States National Herbarium, located within the Department, has acollection that includes more than three million dried specimens of plants. It isespecially rich in specimens from North and South America, but Asia, Africa,Australia, and the Pacific Islands are also well represented. 41 Research in the Department is concerned with plant systematics in thebroadest sense: classification, identification, and nomenclature; cytology;palynology; plant geography; ecology; and economic botany. Most studiesare aimed at elucidating evolutionary development.Under way at present in the Department is a monumental, definitiveproject on North American plants called "Flora North America." This isa fifteen-year survey of plant life of North America in which many botanistsfrom the United States and Canada are participating. The results will be pub-lished in a four-volume work.Historically, the Department has been deeply involved in collection andresearch in the tropics, where a large percentage of the plants still remainunknown to science. Department of EntomologyThree quarters of the world's animal species are insects. The classificationand understanding of them are the responsibilities of the Department ofEntomology, whose reference collections contain more than nineteenmillion specimens, a large part of the entire Smithsonian collection ofcataloged specimens and objects. Nonetheless, the Department's task ofcollecting and classifying has hardly begun. It is estimated that of the twomillion different insect species in the world, perhaps a third have not beenstudied.Research emphasis in the Department is on classifying the multitude ofknown insect species. This work is supplemented by studies of the life his-tory, ecology, and behavior of insect groups.Administratively the Department consists of the Divisions of Coleoptera(a group that includes beetles and weevils) Hemiptera and Hymenoptera(including bedbugs, water bugs, lice, aphids, wasps, bees, and ants); Myriapodaand Arachnida (including millipedes, centipedes, spiders, scorpions, ticks,and mites); Neuropteroids (including lacewings and ant lions); andLepidoptera and Diptera (including butterflies, moths, flies, and gnats). Department of Invertebrate Zoology Increasing interest in oceanography and the necessity of developing sourcesof food from the sea are reflected in the research activities of this Depart-ment, which is primarily concerned with aquatic invertebrate animals fromboth ocean and fresh-water habitats. One of the largest departments of itskind in the world, it has collections of twelve million specimens to drawupon for its investigations.The Department is comprised of the Divisions of Crustacea, Echinoderms,Worms, and Mollusks. Its collections of crustaceans and mollusks (the latternumber more than ten million), accumulated in over a century of exploration,are considered the finest in the world. 42 Invertebrate animals are still so little known with respect to their kinds anddiversity, their distributions, and the mechanisms that control these distribu-tions that much of the Department's research is necessarily fundamental andexploratory, with strong emphasis on fundamental classification and second-ary emphasis on aspects such as community structure and evolutionary his-tory.The staff is at work on diverse projects that include studies in compara-tive anatomy, embryology and larval development, biochemistry as it relatesto systematics, biology of plankton, ecology of warm temperate com-munities, biology of deep-sea invertebrates, and the evolution of parasitesin relation to their hosts. Department of Mineral Sciences Well known for its displays of the Hope Diamond and other beautiful gems, theDepartment is also engaged in broad basic research, so broad and basic as tocover not only the formation of the earth but also the origins of the extra-terrestrial matter that has fallen upon it or been brought back from the Moonby Apollo program astronauts. Of the world's 2,000 known meteorites, theDepartment has specimens of some 1 ,200, making it one of the world centersfor research in this field. Research now under way in Department labora-tories includes studies of the composition and origin of meteorites bymeans of sophisticated equipment such as an electron microprobe. Thisactivity is expected to expand in scope as the exploration of space ad-vances.In addition to its meteorites, the Department has a collection of over 1 50,000 minerals and gems, one of the largest and most complete referenceaccumulations in the world.The Department has made major contributions in petrology research inrecent years, especially in its study of the rocks of the oceanic crust in themid-Atlantic Ridge. Findings tend to support the theory that the sea floorin this area is spreading, causing the continents on both sides of the Atlanticto drift apart.The Department's volcanologists have made on-the-scene observation ofvolcanic eruptions and in another case studied an extinct submerged oceanvolcano in an attempt to reconstruct its development. Department of PaleobiologyCalled by a distinguished British paleontologist "one of the great worldcenters in paleobiological research," this Department studies both plantand animal fossils, the keys to understanding evolutionary development andthe forces of erosion, sedimentation, and upheaval that have shaped the faceof the earth. 43 The Department has over thirteen million specimens of fossil plants andanimals in its study collections. Its vertebrate fossil collections are especiallyextensive with rich and important finds from North America like the O. C.Marsh dinosaur bone collection. The collection of fossil plants is also excellent,with fine representatives of the Mesozoic and Tertiary period plants of theWestern Hemisphere. The staff continues to conduct collection expeditions allover the world.Projects in the Department include electron microscope scanning of deep-seafossil microorganisms, a paleobiological study of 25 O-million-year-old brachio-pods that have been processed in acid baths to separate them from rock mat-rices, and X-ray examination of deep-sea sediment cores.Though studies of the Department tend to deal primarily with the preservedhard parts of animals and plants, a number of members of the staff go onunderwater diving expeditions because they have found that the study of livinganimals undersea makes it easier to understand the physical and biological en-vironment, evolution, and characteristics of fossil animals. Department of Vertebrate ZoologyA center for research on the ecology, life histories and behavior of fish, am-phibians, reptiles, birds, and mammals, this Department's collections havemillions of specimens as a basis for its investigations.The Bird Division collections include some 500,000 specimens, representinga majority of the world's 8,600 bird species. Since it is unlikely that anyonewill discover many new bird species to be described, the Division's ornitholo-gists are free to explore other kinds of biological problems like the complexrelationship between the birds and their environments and functional anatomy.Staff projects include ecological studies of marine and tropical forest birds.Current research of the Division of Reptiles and Amphibians, with its exten-sive collections, includes the systematics, zoogeography, and ecology of Northand South American reptiles and amphibians, as well as collection-basedecological studies.Research in the Division of Fishes, based on what is probably the largest fishcollection in the world, is directed mainly toward the comprehensive systematicstudies of natural groups of marine and freshwater fishes, involving theirmorphology, classification, relationships, evolution, and distribution.The collection of mammals, numbering more than 350,000 specimens, is oneof the largest in the world. Research of this Division currently centers on theanimals of the American tropics, Africa, the Middle East, and eastern Asia.Studies include definition and nomenclature of species, generic revisions,zoogeography, ecology, and epidemiology.Two new facilities initiated in 1967 will provide unique opportunities for thestudy of marine mammals and primates. A Marine Mammal Study Center inAlexandria, Virginia, about ten minutes from the Museum, will eventually have 44 facilities for preparation, storage, and study of the largest marine mammals. ThePrimate Biology Program in the Division is a multi-disciplinary approach tosystematics, ecological and behavioral research, and teaching. Office of Systematics This special Office was established in 1965 as a focus for efforts to catalyzeprogress in systematic biology and its study within the Smithsonian Institutionand elsewhere. Although it seeks to develop support for conventional approaches,it is increasingly concerned with projects of an interdisciplinary, problem-orientednature and with the introduction of new techniques, new facilities, and newattitudes in systematic biology.The most important achievements have been in the areas of education and theapplication of automatic data-processing techniques and technology to sys-tematic problems. Annually, a Summer Institute in Systematics brings togethertwenty-five highly qualified young teaching-researching systematists from theacademic community with fifteen of the most stimulating speakers obtainableon the many facets that comprise systematic biology. This program is designedto combat the ever-present threat of obsolescence among the practitioners of arapidly evolving, interpretive science.Since its inception, the Office has been concerned with the application ofcomputers to the problems of retrieving information from growing numbers ofbiological collections and the burgeoning systematic literature. In identifyingthis need and in the resolution of it, the Office works closely with the NationalMuseum of Natural History and its scientific staff. More recently, the Office hassupported the development of facilities for the inclusion of behavior in studiesof Smithsonian systematists. Planning for the future includes the addition ofbiostatistics, palynology, cytotaxonomy, and biochemistry to the classicalmethodology.In general, the Office will provide leadership and support for broader involve-ment of systematics and systematists in solutions of current and future biolog-ical, ecological, and socio-economic problems. 45NATIONAL PORTRAIT GALLERY Established in 1 962 by an Act of Congress and opened to the public in 1 968,the National Portrait Gallery occupies the southern portion of the Fine Arts andPortrait Galleries (the Old Patent Office Building) at Eighth and F Streets, NW,north of the Mall. The Greek Revival-style structure is one of the most monu-mental and distinguished in Washington, occupying a site that Pierre L'Enfanthad designated as the location of a national pantheon in his original plan for theCapital of the United States.Portraits of men and women who have made significant contributions to thehistory and culture of the nation are exhibited in the National Portrait Gallery,which is the only major museum in the Western Hemisphere devoted exclusivelyto portraiture and one of only four such galleries in the world.Included on permanent exhibition is the Presidential Gallery, an assemblageof portraits from George Washington onward. A Presidential Alcove at the endof the stately hall in which the presidential likenesses hang is reserved for aportrait of the incumbent President, if available, or of the most recent formerPresident.In the galleries, the National Portrait Gallery shows a portion of its permanentcollection of portraits in a survey of the character and history of the Americanpeople. These cover a broad range of personalities and portraits from theseventeenth century to the present day?from Pocahontas to Mary Baker Eddy;from Daniel Webster to Chief Joseph to General George Custer; from Billy Roseto John Calhoun to Joe Louis.Important temporary shows augment the permanent exhibitions. They focuson aspects of American portraiture never before explored.Painters represented in the galleries include John Singleton Copley, GilbertStuart, Charles Willson Peale, Thomas Sully, John Singer Sargent, EastmanJohnson, and such moderns as Douglas Chandor, William F. Draper, Thomas E.Stephens, Augustus Vincent Tack, and Edmund C. Tarbell.Portrait sculptures, miniatures, and reliefs are also exhibited or held in thelarge and growing study collection, a valuable adjunct to the Gallery open tostudy by scholars and students.Through its substantial and expanding library of books on portraiture andAmerican history, the Gallery has become a major study center for scholars,students, and the public seeking information on distinguished Americans and theartists who portrayed them down through the history of our country. 49-484 O - 71 - pt. 1 46NATIONAL ZOOLOGICAL PARK The National Zoological Park is located in a beautiful woodland tract of 175acres in Washington's Rock Creek Valley. About three thousand animals makeup the population of the National Zoo, many of them rare creatures not shownelsewhere in the country.Samuel Pierpont Langley, third Secretary of the Smithsonian, established theNational Zoo. Having in mind the saving of the American bison from extinctionat a time when this species was at low ebb, he interested Congress in providinga site where these animals, and others of equal interest, could be protected anddisplayed to visitors in natural surroundings. A bill was passed in 1 889 providingfunds for purchase of land, and the tract in Rock Creek Valley was acquired thefollowing year. Washington's great Rock Creek Park had not been establishedwhen the Smithsonian established the Zoo in its present location. Among theanimals first shown in the Zoo was a sizable herd of bison.Under plans laid out by Frederick Law Olmsted, the renowned landscapearchitect, the National Zoological Park was built with an eye to future de-velopment. A collection of live animals that had been kept near the SmithsonianBuilding was transferred to the new buildings and enclosures, and many otheranimals were added by gift, exchange, and purchase. By 1926 the collectionnumbered 1 ,700 and in that year the figure was nearly doubled by the additionof animals brought back by the Smithsonian-Chrysler African Expeditionheaded by Dr. William M. Mann, former head of the National Zoological Park.This was the largest collection of animals ever imported for the National Zooat one time. It included several kinds of monkeys, five leopards, thirty-fiveantelopes, and many other rare animals and birds.In 1937 the National Geographic-Smithsonian Expedition brought back 879specimens from the East Indies, and a few years later the Smithsonian-FirestoneExpedition obtained many rare and interesting animals from Liberia. The col-lection has continued to grow through gifts and exchanges with other nationsand zoos throughout the world, as well as through collecting activities.The Zoo's present population includes Mohini Rewa, a rare white tiger;Smokey the Bear; and the only real dragon in the Western Hemisphere, akomodo lizard from Indonesia.In 1961 , the Zoo embarked on a comprehensive program' of physical rede-velopment. A soaring and airy free-flight cage, which allows the visitor to walkin among the birds, has received acclaim for its architecture. An outdoorhoofed-stock area allows an almost unobstructed view of a variety of animalsfrom antelopes to rhinos.New additions, including a modern animal hospital and climate-controlledresearch buildings, give the Zoo staff excellent facilities for continuing researchon the conservational maintenance of wild populations and in long-term captivebreeding and care of animals. Special attention is paid, in both research andexhibition, to species that face possible extinction. The cages of about 30 speciesbear the dramatic "Vanishing Animal" symbol adopted by the Wild AnimalPropagation Trust and the American Association of Zoological Parks andAquariums. Among them are such crowd favorites as the polar bear and theorangutan. 47RADIATION BIOLOGY LABORATORYThe Radiation Biology Laboratory studies the effects of sunlight on livingthings. Its scientists are interested, above all, in the intricacies of plant life, andhow and why plants respond to the different quantities and qualities of radiantenergy.Their research seeks to understand the processes by which sunlight, throughthe low-energy process called photoregulation, can alter the structure andbehavior of plants. Another vitally important and basic quest is to understandhow the sun's radiant energy is converted by green plants into chemical energyin the form of carbohydrates which, with proteins, are the basic food of allcreatures on earth.In the Laboratory greenhouses, researchers record the influence of humidity,of light intensity, and of atmospheric content on growth and developmentcycles of plants.Changes in quantities and qualities of light, for example, produce interestingphotoregulatory effects in plants. Laboratory experimenters have postponedthe flowering of "short day" plants and thus manipulated the most rudimen-tary habits of nature.In its efforts to understand photosynthesis, the process by which lightstimulates plants to take up carbon dioxide from the air and transform it intosugar, the Laboratory has shown that various portions of the spectrum can bemore effective than others in promoting the process?red light, for example,makes wheat plants assimilate the greatest quantities of carbon dioxide.The Laboratory has been credited with major contributions in photobiology?which includes such diverse responses as photosynthesis, photocontrol of seedgermination, the induction and reversal of photomorphogenesis, and photo-tropism. Another achievement has been the purification and characterization ofthe plant pigment photochrome, a photoreceptor that absorbs light energy anduses it to regulate growth and development in plants.Recently developed in the Laboratory is a sophisticated instrumentationsystem for acquiring a continuous series of solar energy measurements. For thepast several years the Laboratory, continuing its pioneering tradition, has beencollecting physical measurement data in a long-term program to correlate dailyand seasonal variations in spectral quality of natural daylight with biologicalresponses of growth and development. During the course of recording thesemeasurements, it has been observed that solar energy incident to the earth'ssurface has decreased some sixteen percent since measurements were taken 48 about sixty years ago by Dr. Charles G. Abbot, the fifth Secretary of theSmithsonian.A carbon-14 dating section is maintained by the Laboratory as a servicefacility and also for original research. Ages of samples of archeological andbiological materials are determined for Smithsonian scientists and for otheragencies. An improved system has been developed for quantitatively removingradioactive radon from samples, now making it possible to count samples im-mediately without the thirty- to forty-day delay previously necessary.Studies are also in progress to determine the influence of ionizing radiationon processes of cell division and growth and development in plants. Modifyingeffects of non-ionizing radiation (light) on the influence of ionizing radiation(gamma or X-rays) on biological responses are also being studied.Research facilities of the Radiation Biology Laboratory include chemicallaboratories, constant environmental condition rooms, a radioisotope labora-tory, environmental greenhouses, solar energy measurement facilities, thecarbon-14 dating laboratory, and instrument shops.The Laboratory dates back to 1 929 when Secretary Abbot founded aDivision of Radiation and Organisms within the Smithsonian AstrophysicalLaboratory. It became an independent bureau of the Institution in 1965.Housed in the basement of the old Smithsonian Institution Building formany years, the Laboratory is moving into a new building in the Rockville,Maryland, area in 1970. 49SCIENCE INFORMATION EXCHANGEThe Science Information Exchange provides for the national research commu-nity a comprehensive, computerized source of pre-publication informationabout research programs that are planned or actually in progress in the bio-medical, social, behavioral, physical, and engineering sciences.The Exchange, located at 1730 M Street, NW, in downtown Washing-ton, was founded in 1948 by a number of federal agencies for the purpose ofcoordination and communication in research programming.The number of participating agencies has grown steadily through theyears. Most federal research programs as well as those of a substantial numberof private foundations, professional organizations, industries, and local govern-ments are now included.. Both federal and nonfederal users pay a nominal feefor services.More than 1 00,000 notices of research projects are received and processedannually. These records in most cases are prepared by principal investigators andupdated each year. Registration of foreign research is limited but growing.Each record fed into the Exchange's computer data bank contains a brieftechnical summary of the program in question together with other essential in-formation?who the principal investigators are, where the work is taking place,pertinent dates, and sources of support.The subjects of research recorded in this continually updated system coverbasic and applied work across a full spectrum of subject areas including mattersof broad, general interest such as nuclear fuel technology, oceanography, publichealth, highway technology, linguistics, crime and delinquency, agriculture, andwildlife conservation.Scientists make thousands of requests each year for information about whois currently working on specified problems or projects in these fields. Often theywant to know about others working in their specialties in order to avoid over-lapping research.Such requests, for example, might call for all current research on hemato-poiesis in the fetal egg yolk sac; electron microscopy of damaged muscle andcerebral edema tissue; and sterility agents and sex attraction in insects.Another type of request handled by the Exchange comes from administra-tors or managers who want compilations, collations, or tabulations of data thatshow how a research program is distributed over a broad subject field, over geo-graphical areas, or among different types of research organizations. 50For instance, an administrator might want to know how many dollarswent for cancer research in Pennsylvania in 1966, 1967, and 1968. One recentrequest asked for a list of all research overseas in a number of areas, sorted bycountry, by university or research institute, and by supporting agency.Quite often there are requests for the tabulation of all work in a broad sub-ject field, such as pesticides or rehabilitation cardiology sorted into meaningfulsub-specialties or categories as specified by the requester. Generally they areused for program analysis in order to gain some insight as to whether specialareas are being over-emphasized or perhaps neglected.These requests might be further complicated by the specific needs or view-points of the individual administrator. For example, one may want all studies onpesticides, sorted out according to the chemical nature of the pesticide. Anothermay want to look at these programs from the viewpoint of the toxicological andphysiological effects.Overall, such information helps research directors, administrators, and re-search scientists to reach informed decisions in establishment and conduct ofresearch programs and in allocation of available resources. 51SMITHSONIAN ASTROPHYSICAL OBSERVATORYThe Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory pursues a broad program of re-search in astrophysics and related space sciences. The Observatory is located inCambridge, Massachusetts, where it works in close association with the HarvardCollege Observatory, and maintains scientific facilities elsewhere in the UnitedStates and overseas.More than sixty Observatory scientists are concerned with investigations innine general areas.Research in planetary studies includes geodesy and geophysics, the physicsof the upper atmosphere, celestial mechanics, planetary environments, and exo-biology. One program involves laboratory efforts to simulate planetary environ-ments, particularly that of the early Earth. The work in celestial mechanics haspioneered in the development of high-speed computer programs for the calcula-tion of the orbits of bodies in the solar system. A worldwide network of Baker-Nunn camera stations, which plays a role in a number of Observatory programs,provides data for measuring the Earth's shape, size, and gravitational potentialand for determining the density, temperature, and structure of the upper atmos-phere.Comets and meteors are also studied through the Baker-Nunn network.Concerning these it provides data for the photometric study of the structure ofcomet heads, for the confirmation of cometary orbits, and for the analysis ofthe motion and development of comet tails. In addition, a laboratory projectsimulates cometary models. The Observatory maintains a network of sixteenautomatic cameras in the Midwestern United States for photographing brightmeteors, determining their orbits, and facilitating recovery of fallen meteorites.A radar network, also in the Midwest, measures the speed, trajectory, and dis-tribution of micrometeoroids and also the velocity and direction of winds in theupper atmosphere.The Observatory is an important center for the analysis of meteoritic mat-ter. Several research groups are studying the composition, distribution, and his-tory of meteoritical material in space, in orbit around the Earth, and in theEarth's atmosphere. The Observatory also maintains laboratories for the radio-isotopic analysis of meteorites, cosmic dust, and recovered satellite material, aswell as facilities for the study of the metallurgy, mineralogy, and petrology ofmeteorites.Among these investigations are studies in high-energy physics and the de-velopment of gamma-ray detection and measurement instruments for balloonand satellite flights. The Observatory is expanding its ground-based gamma-ray 52 research with the construction of a 34-foot light collector designed to registerthe Cherenkov radiation generated by the particle shower resulting when pri-mary gamma rays strike the upper atmosphere.Current flight experiments emphasize satellite instrumentation to observeultraviolet radiation from stars, galaxies, and other celestial sources. Develop-ment of this satellite package, called Project Celescope, is part of the NationalAeronautics and Space Administration's Orbiting Astronomical Observatoryprogram. It should yield new information unobtainable from ground-based ob-servatories. Smithsonian scientists have also taken part in the analysis of datafrom NASA's Orbiting Solar Observatory program.Theoretical astronomy and astrophysics investigations comprise studies ofthe history and evolution of the solar system, stellar atmospheres, atmosphericphysics, and other subjects. Observatory scientists pioneered in the applicationof high-speed digital computers to the analysis of the physical processes thatcreate the spectra of stars. By comparing predicted stellar spectra with actualobservations, they have already developed important new theories concerningthe structure, composition, and evolution of stars.The radio astronomy program at the Observatory includes, in addition tothe radar network, the joint use with Harvard College Observatory of an 84-footradio telescope for the investigation of atomic and molecular constituents of theinterstellar medium.In the optical astronomy program are such diverse activities as the trackingof artificial satellites, the study of comets, and the observation of flare stars andstellar spectra. The Baker-Nunn camera is one primary observing instrument.The Observatory is constructing on Mt. Hopkins, Arizona, a multi-purpose ob-servatory that will add to the program several conventional telescopes, includ-ing a 60-inch one chiefly for stellar observations.Historical astronomy and astroarcheology are studied by Observatory sci-entists who have used computers to check astronomical theories of the past andto develop new theories about the possible astronomical uses of megalithicstructures and monuments. For example, one scientist has found that the align-ment of stones and stone holes at Stonehenge in England with important posi-tions of the sun and the moon indicates the mysterious monument may havebeen used as a calendar and a computer for predicting celestial events such aseclipses.Established in 1890, the Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory was reor-ganized in 1955 and moved to Cambridge. Two years later, as its part of the In-ternational Geophysical Year (1957-58), the Observatory assumed responsibi-lity for optical tracking of artificial satellites, launched during that period. TheBaker-Nunn camera network was designed and constructed for that purpose,with stations in Spain, South Africa, India, Argentina, Peru, Curacao, Florida,New Mexico, Hawaii, Iran, Japan, and Australia. In more recent years, NASAhas provided funds for network tracking operations in support of the nationalspace program. 53SMITHSONIAN TROPICAL RESEARCH INSTITUTE IThe Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute in Panama is a research organiza-tion devoted to the study and support of tropical biology, education, and con-servation. Its research focuses broadly on the evolution of patterns of behaviorand ecological adaptations. The tropics offer the richest natural laboratory forthese purposes. Panama further offers unique zoogeographic characteristics?itis a land bridge to terrestrial life forms of two continents and a water barrier tomarine life of two oceans.Within a range of a few hours, field studies in Panama can be conducted onan extraordinary array of habitats?rain forest, montane cloud forest, savannah,mixed grassland and second growth, Pacific Ocean, Atlantic Ocean, Gatun Lake,a multitude of living coral reefs, sandy bottoms, rocky shores along both oceans,great untouched stands of mangrove swamp, estuaries, and the offshore islandsof San Bias and Las Perlas.The Institute operates Barro Colorado Island, which was set aside for sci-ence in 1923 as a 55-square-mile tropical forest research preserve in Gatun Lake,which is the great freshwater lake formed when the Panama Canal was built.Having a very rich fauna of at least 465 species of land vertebrates, the islandprovides an undisturbed laboratory for use by scientists and students. The In-stitute also operates a mainland laboratory in Ancon which includes one of theworld's finest tropical biology libraries.The latest additions to the Institute's research complex are two marinebiology laboratories on the Caribbean and Pacific sides of the isthmus, at GaletaIsland and Fort Amador, respectively. These offer unique opportunities forsimultaneous research in two oceans separated by five million years of substan-tially independent evolution but fifty miles of land. The Institute's staff, fellowsand interns conduct research in these areas as well as in other parts of Centraland South America, the Pacific, Asia and Africa where comparative studies areclarifying the distinctive biological role of the tropics.The Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute provides a base of operationsand an intellectual center for exploring the frontiers of biology across the variedland and sea scapes of the tropical world. 54WOODROW WILSON INTERNATIONALCENTER FOR SCHOLARS "An institution of learning that the 22nd century will regard as having influ-enced the 21st," as President Nixon expressed it, the Woodrow Wilson Interna-tional Center for Scholars is being developed as the official national memorial tothe twenty-eighth President of the United States.Congress established the Woodrow Wilson Center in 1968 as a resource forleading scholars from around the world.President Johnson called for establishment of the Center in a speech at theJames Smithson Bicentennial Convocation in 1965, when he said that "The In-stitution financed by Smithson breathed life into the idea that the growth andthe spread of learning must be the first work of a nation that seeks to be free.We support Secretary Ripley's dream of creating a center here at the Smithson-ian where great scholars from every nation will come and collaborate."The concept of the Woodrow Wilson Center was embodied in a report bythe Woodrow Wilson Memorial Commission published in 1966. Faced with thechallenge of proposing a suitable memorial to a President who was also ascholar, a university president, and a leading advocate of international under-standing, the Commission sought to express in a living institution the ideals andconcerns of President Wilson. Their proposal for an advanced study center wasexpanded by the President's Temporary Commission on Pennsylvania Avenue,which President Johnson had asked to develop the Center proposal in greaterdetail.After reviewing numerous proposals, the Pennsylvania Avenue Commis-sion concluded that "an international center for scholars in the Nation's Capi-tal would be both useful in itself and appropriate as a memorial to PresidentWilson." They proposed that it should be a component of the Smithsonian withits history of advanced scholarship and international programs.Joseph Henry, first Secretary of the Smithsonian, fashioned the Institutionas an advanced study center at a time when there were few graduate schools. Athis request, the first Board of Regents established as basic policy that "the in-crease of knowledge by original research shall form an essential function" of theSmithsonian.In Henry's day, and for years thereafter, visiting scholars were frequentlygiven living accommodations in the Smithsonian building. Interestingly, tem-porary headquarters for the Woodrow Wilson Center were established in thesevery rooms at the start of 1969. 55The Center's independent Board of Trustees, a distinguished fifteen-mangroup of top government officials and private citizens appointed by PresidentsJohnson and Nixon, thus began the process of bringing into being a center thatCongress visualized in its enactment as "symbolizing and strengthening the fruitfulrelation between the world of learning and the world of public affairs." FormerVice President Hubert H. Humphrey was named chairman of the first Board ofTrustees. An acting director was also named to head a small initial staff.The board includes the Secretary of State; the Secretary of Health, Educa-tion and Welfare; the chairman of the National Endowment for the Humanities;the Secretary of the Smithsonian; the Librarian of Congress; the Archivist of theUnited States; one official appointed by the President from within the FederalGovernment; and eight appointed by the President from private life. The boardhas invited the advice of several hundred persons in the United States and abroadin setting up the Center, and is making an inventory of the programs of otheradvanced studies centers to avoid duplication and utilize relevant experienceelsewhere.A site north of Washington's Mall has been proposed for the center, withtemporary quarters remaining in the Smithsonian Institution Building until apermanent headquarters is established. Congress granted the Center's board widepowers to appoint scholars from all over the world and, where appropriate, pro-vide stipends for them; to solicit and to accept gifts of funds and property; andto seek government funding. A grant of $45,000 from the Ford Foundationhelped to meet the Center's initial expenses. 56OTHER PROGRAMS AND ACTIVITIES ARTCOOPER-HEWITT MUSEUM OF DECORATIVEARTS AND DESIGN This famous New York City decorative arts collection and library, previouslyknown as the Cooper Union Museum for the_Arts of Decoration, was facedwith discontinuance in the early 1960s because of lack of space and financialproblems. It was saved by a major fund-raising drive by supporters of themuseum, coupled with transfer from the Cooper Union for the Advancement ofScience and Art, a tuition-free educational institution, to the Smithsonian.The transfer agreement, made final in 1968, provides for the permanentretention of the Museum in the City of New York. The Smithsonian will, be-fore mid- 1971, move the collection to its new home in the historic CarnegieMansion at Fifth Avenue and Ninety-First Street. The mansion has been pro-vided rent-free by the Carnegie Corporation with an option to buy in 1981. The64-room mansion was built in 1901 at a cost of a million and a half dollars.Of a scope and quality unequalled in this country, the Cooper-Hewitt col-lection consists of more than 85,000 decorative arts items. The Museum, openedin 1897, is not only a major assemblage of these materials but also a researchlaboratory serving professionals and students of design.Major elements of the collection are textiles, drawings, prints, wallpaper,metalwork, woodwork and furniture, ceramics, and glass. There are small col-lections of costume accessories. The library contains some 13,000 volumes, ofwhich nearly 2,000 are rare books.Of the woven fabrics, the Spanish and early medieval weaves are the mostextensive anywhere, while the lace collection surpasses that of any other mu-seum in the country. The drawing collection totals more than 30,000 items and 57includes old-master drawings, more than 300 works by Winslow Homer, andnearly all the sketches of the Hudson River School artist, Frederic Church.Major collections of Rembrandt and Durer prints are supported by a large hold-ing of architectural and ornamental prints numbering more than 10,000 works.The Cooper-Hewitt is the only American museum that supports a specialdepartment of wallpaper. Its holdings are rivaled only by the DeutschesTapeten-Museum in Cassel, Germany. Supplementing this collection is one ofmore than one hundred hatboxes, an important facet of Americana. The Mu-seum's small but select holdings of silver, pewter, brass, and tole supplementoutstanding collections of gilt-bronze ormolu, large ironwork pieces, andJapanese sword fittings.Examples of French 18th-century room paneling in the Museum's collectionare unmatched elsewhere in this country. The furniture collection containsinteresting examples of European and American pieces. While the ceramics andglass collections are small, they are of first quality. The Meissen porcelain fig-ures and tiles rank among the finest of collections. The small collections ofcostume accessories, including fans and jewelry, leather and lacquer work,enamels and other minor arts, help to convey an understanding of material,technique, and ideas concerning their creation.A major private fund-raising drive is now being undertaken by the Museumand its friends to help meet the expenses of future development of this impor-tant public collection. HILLWOOD Hillwood is a strikingly beautiful 25-acre estate in northwest Washington.There Mrs. Marjorie Merriweather Post has brought together very major col-lections of Imperial Russian and French art works. Mrs. Post, in early 1969,deeded Hillwood to the Smithsonian Institution subject to a life estate.Under the terms of the title transfer, Hillwood will become a public artmuseum. Mrs. Post's gift also included a monetary bequest to provide for allexpenses of the museum and gardens.A red brick Georgian structure, Hillwood is surrounded by carefully keptformal and informal gardens. It houses the finest collection of Imperial Russianart of the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries anywhere outside the SovietUnion, as well as a collection of superb 18th-century French furniture andworks of art.Among the treasures of Hillwood are dozens of creations by Faberge,jeweler to the Czars; Sevres porcelain; Beauvais tapestries; portraits of Frenchnobility; Imperial Russian portraits; and 18th-century French furniture. 58A full room is dedicated to Russian porcelain. Another, the Icon Room,which contains the major portion of the Russian works, houses a unique collec-tion of chalices made in Moscow and ranging in date from the seventeenththrough the nineteenth centuries. One of the most recent items to enter thecollection, the nuptial crown made for the marriage of Marie Alexandrovna tothe Grand Duke Alexander Alexandrovitch, later Czar Alexander III, is also ondisplay in this room. It is the only Imperial Russian crown outside the SovietUnion.As a charming addition to the estate, a colorfully painted Russian dachawas constructed on the property by Mrs. Post to house the Russian collectionof Mrs. Augusto Russo, of Washington, widow of the former Italian ambassadorto Moscow. The collection has been given for permanent display at Hillwood.It includes paintings, furniture, and objects of art.Items from the Hillwood collection are made available for special exhibi-tions, and Hillwood itself is frequently opened to students and scholars. RENWICK GALLERY Located at Pennsylvania Avenue and Seventeenth Street NW, the RenwickGallery is expected to open in 1970, after extensive structural renovation. Thebuilding, constructed before and after the American Civil War, was madeavailable to the Smithsonian in 1966. Designed as the original Corcoran Galleryof Art, Washington's first public art gallery, the ornate structure for most of itshistory housed the United States Court of Claims. The Gallery will exhibitAmerican design and decorative arts. It will serve as an exhibition showcase fordistinguished international guests next door at Blair House, and will be availablefor certain Presidential ceremonial activities. The major renovation has faith-fully restored the intricate detail of the building, while returning it to the pur-pose for which it was designed. 59 HISTORY JOSEPH HENRY PAPERSThe Smithsonian is undertaking publication of the papers of Joseph Henry(1799-1878), a pioneer of physics in America and the first Secretary of theInstitution. A select but extensive series of perhaps twenty volumes as well as amicrofilm edition of all the known Henry manuscripts is projected. Research onthe Henry papers, formerly widely scattered, will consider the history of phys-ics, the history of higher education, development of Federal policy in regard toscience, the origins of ethnology in America, American attitudes toward learn-ing, and concepts of the relationship of theory and practice. All are topics rel-evant to a study of Henry's far-ranging career. OFFICE OF AMERICAN STUDIESThe Office of American Studies was established in 1965 to develop and main-tain a bond of common goals and purpose between the various Smithsonianactivities related to American studies and the academic community under theAssistant Secretary for History and Art. The Office fulfills its responsibility foradvancing and diffusing knowledge of American history and culture in a varietyof ways: by the encouragement of research and publication in neglected areas ofAmerican history by scholars both inside and outside the Smithsonian; by aprogram of graduate education emphasizing the material culture of the UnitedStates, given in cooperation with affiliated universities and the Smithsonian'sOffice of Academic Programs; and by conferences of invited scholars convenedfor the purpose of dealing with problems in the field of American studies.The Office is charged with the responsibility for making use of all the In-stitution's resources in the field of American history, culture, technology, andart in its programs, in close cooperation with Bureaus and Offices in the re-spective subject areas. 60SMITHSONIAN ARCHIVES The official correspondence of Smithsonian Secretaries, including many lettersto and from the world's leading scientists, constitutes a primary source for thehistory of science in this country and Europe since the middle of the nineteenthcentury. Private correspondence of several of the Smithsonian's early Secretaries,as well as notes, field books, and correspondence of many of the eminent sci-entists who have worked for the Smithsonian, supplement this unique sourcematerial held by the Archives. Material of particular interest includes papersconcerning numerous surveys of the American West, records of the SmithsonianAstrophysical Observatory, manuscripts and records of Samuel P. Langley'searly experiments in flight, and a collection of papers and correspondence be-tween the Smithsonian and Robert H. Goddard concerning support of his earlywork on rockets. The bulk of the Smithsonian archival material concerns itselfwith science. Also covered, however, is the whole range of Smithsonian interestsin history, art, and the humanities. 61 OFFICE OF ACADEMIC PROGRAMS The Office of Academic Programs helps to place the Smithsonian's vast re-sources at the disposal of schools and scholars from the pre-kindergarten topost-doctoral levels. The Office conducts a broad range of programs for thispurpose.Visiting research appointments, some of which include stipends, areawarded through competitive selection on the undergraduate, graduate, andpost-doctoral levels. These visiting researchers?and other students and scholarswho come to the Institution under cooperative agreements with universities, onfoundation grants or on their own?work in their fields of interest in close asso-ciation with Smithsonian professional staff members. An individual preparing athesis in an area of the material culture of the United States, for example,might be given access to the study collections and be assigned desk space anda curatorial adviser from the staff of the National Museum of History andTechnology.The Smithsonian's resources for scholars are outlined in Smithsonian Re-search Opportunities, published by the Office of Academic Programs. The bookdetails the visiting research appointments available, the subject areas covered atthe Smithsonian, and the backgrounds and academic specialties of the profes-sional staff.Cooperative agreements with universities make the resources of the Insti-tution available to even more students. With some schools the Smithsonian hasset up actual degree-conferring programs, such as a doctorate in American mate-rial culture offered jointly by the Institution with the George Washington Uni-versity. In other instances staff members may spend a semester on the facultyof a university.Symposia and seminars bring together not only the Smithsonian's ownscholars and visiting students, but also distinguished minds from every area ofintellectual accomplishment. A Division of Seminars organizes an annual inter-national symposium of the world's top scholars in a given field to discuss a sub-ject of urgent interest. Two recent topics have been "The Quality of Man's 49-484 O - 71 - pt. 1 -- 5 62Environment" and "Man and Beast: Comparative Social Behavior." The divi-sion also organizes inter-disciplinary seminars on a smaller scale within thebroad spectrum of Smithsonian interests.Elementary and secondary school teachers find the Smithsonian an inval-uable resource for bringing their subjects to life. The Office of Academic Pro-grams Division of Elementary and Secondary Education makes it easier forteachers to use this resource effectively. The division provides educationaltours of specific halls for thousands of school children each year. In additionthere are broadly-structured tours on subjects that might be treated in part inseveral halls, such as the Industrial Revolution.The division offers a considerable number of services to schools andteachers. A junior natural science library provides the opportunity for studentsat the intermediate level to perform simple research on several projects. Out-standing high school science students in the area are invited each year to spendpart of the Christmas holiday at the Smithsonian listening to and questioningnotable scholars or teachers. Special teaching materials of various sorts areoffered.The Academic Calendar, another service of the office, provides a generalliaison among the local academic community. The twice-monthly bulletin listslectures, meetings, exhibits, and other events of interest to scholars taking placethroughout the Washington area. And, through workshops, experimentation, andcontinual evaluation, the Office of Academic Programs seeks an understandingof the educational process and how it can be applied most effectively tomuseums. 63 OFFICE OF THE DIRECTOR GENERALOF MUSEUMS CONSERVATION ANALYTICAL LABORATORYThe Conservation Analytical Laboratory serves the various SmithsonianMuseums. It provides continuing technical advice on the environment of museumobjects during storage, transport and exhibition, and on processes safe forapplication to specific objects.Analytical facilities adapted for application to museum problems includechemical microscopy, optical emission spectrography, X-ray fluorescence analy-sis, X-ray diffraction analysis, infra-red spectrophotometry, and the preparationand examination of cross-sections. Laboratory technicians are also experiencedin neutron-activation methods. NATIONAL MUSEUM ACTUnder the National Museum Act, passed by Congress in late 1 966, the Smith-sonian acts as a clearinghouse for advice and assistance to other museumsthroughout the nation and the world. The Institution, through the Office of theDirector General of Museums, fills about 5,000 widely varying requests a year,from information on the role of museums in the life of a city to help in datinga burial.Museums large and small are aided in training personnel, setting up exhi-bits, and finding sources of funds. The emphasis of the Act is on advisory pro-grams, and on cooperative efforts with such groups as the American Associationof Museums and the Federal Council on the Arts and Humanities. 64OFFICE OF EXHIBITS In consultation with museum scientists and historians, a skilled staff of 165 inthe Office of Exhibits designs, prepares, and installs exhibitions in Smithsonianmuseums, and occasionally for the Smithsonian Institution Traveling Exhibi-tion Service.New techniques such as freeze-drying of animal and plant specimens andnew methods of presentation are developed. Many staff innovations have beenwidely copied around the world. By counseling visiting experts and by sendingits experts elsewhere in the world, the Office has had a significant effect onmuseum installations in many countries.Continuing staff research focuses on basic factors in the viewer's involve-ment with museum objects and his perception of exhibits. There is considerableemphasis on the use of audio-visual devices, touch, and appropriate odors toenhance the visitor's participation and to contribute to his learning experience. OFFICE OF THE REGISTRAR The Office of the Registrar records accessions and preserves the original docu-ments for all objects and specimens in the National Museum of Natural History,National Museum of Man, and National Museum of History and Technologycollections. It routinely handles such cargo as 16,000 pounds of whale bonesand skulls from California, an insect collection from Peru, or a 40-ton iron sculp-ture from Paris; and annually it receives, sorts, and delivers more than 1,500,000pieces of mail, including many thousands of requests from the general publicfor information. SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION TRAVELINGEXHIBITION SERVICE Exhibitions for art and science museums, community colleges, and other edu-cational institutions are organized and circulated around the United States andCanada by the Smithsonian Institution Traveling Exhibition Service. 65Receiving no federal funding, this unit obtains its main source of incomefrom rental fees charged to exhibitors on the basis of actual costs incurred inproducing the shows. Help in organizing exhibitions comes from members ofthe various Smithsonian staffs, the Library of Congress, National GeographicSociety, galleries, private lenders, and foreign governments either at home orthrough their embassies in Washington. Originally focusing on paintings, sculp-ture and graphics, the Service has expanded its exhibition range to include de-signs and crafts, architecture, history, natural history and science, photography,technology, and reproductions. More than one hundred twenty-five exhibitionsare on continuous tour, with fifty or sixty openings of these shows occurringmonthly across the country. 66 PUBLIC SERVICE ANACOSTIA NEIGHBORHOOD MUSEUMAn innovative experiment in public education in one of the poorer neighbor-hoods of Washington, this capsule museum in a converted movie theater isoperated in close cooperation between the Smithsonian and the local commu-nity. Permanent exhibits include a reproduction of an 1890 Anacostia store anda small zoo. Among the museum's most successful projects has been an exhibiton African culture, featuring art, foods, and fashion. Special exhibits on topicsof interest to the community are organized periodically. An exhibition entitled "This Thing Called Jazz," organized by the museum and featuring live demon-strations, recordings, artifacts, and an environmental room that put the viewerin the middle of a simulated New Orleans jazz parade, was widely acclaimed. ANegro History Week exhibition focused on one of Anacostia's best known resi-dents, Frederick Douglass, a former slave who became a noted journalist, orator,and abolitionist. Included in the exhibit was the world premiere performance of "The Ballad of the Black Dragon," a play on the life of Douglass. By taking itsexhibit ideas from an advisory committee of neighborhood residents, the Ana-costia Neighborhood Museum has linked its activities directly to the needs ofthe community and has assured a fresh, nontraditional approach to the role ofthe museum generally. BELMONT CONFERENCE CENTERAn 1 8th-century estate at Elkridge, Maryland, thirty-five miles north of Wash-ington, Belmont serves as the Smithsonian's conference center. It was opened in1967. Meetings there focus on the Institution's fields of special interest? science,history, art, and education. Conferences of educators and others devoted to theincrease and diffusion of knowledge in any field are welcomed. Belmont is a non-profit component operating under the aegis of the Smithsonian as a private edu-cational agency. 67DIVISION OF PERFORMING ARTSBy staging such events as the annual Festival of American Folklife, which in1969 drew more than 600,000 persons to the Mall over a six-day period, thisdivision undertakes to extend and further enliven the Smithsonian's service tothe public.At the Festival, more than two hundred weavers, tub makers, brick makers,egg decorators, distillers, cooks, log rollers, and traditional dancers and musi-cians from many regions of the United States demonstrated the survival ofAmerican folklife in performances which reminded visitors of their still-flour-ishing cultural heritage.Other Division of Performing Arts activities have included concert programs,modern and folk dance programs, a Christmas Mummers Play, the JapaneseKyogen Theater, and a wide variety of outdoor activities on the Mall, includ-ing a summer children's tent theater.The Smithsonian Puppet Theater, which had performed during the summermonths on the Mall, was so popular it began year-round performances indoorsin the National Museum of History and Technology. The Division producedthree performing programs as part of the official United States participation inthe Cultural Festival of the Olympics in Mexico and provided production sup-port for the first American College Theater Festival in 1 969.The Division offers a variety of touring performances such as lectures, thea-ter, and musical concerts, which are available to other museums, universities,and cultural centers throughout the United States. NATIONAL READING IS FUNDAMENTAL PROGRAMAn outgrowth of a District of Columbia experiment to motivate children toread by providing them with free books of their own choice, the Reading-Is-Fun-damental Program helps underprivileged communities across the countryset up and maintain their own local projects modeled on the pilot project. TheProgram was established within the Smithsonian under a Ford Foundationgrant.The Program operates as an independent unit in association with the Smith-sonian. One Smithsonian facility, the Anacostia Neighborhood Museum, hasbeen actively involved in the District of Columbia portion of the project. Themuseum has been a distribution point for books selected to relate to itsexhibits. 68OFFICE OF INTERNATIONAL ACTIVITIES This Office has as its primary role initiation and coordination of internationalprograms and activities.As administrator of the Foreign Currency Program, the Office awards re-search grants for programs abroad by American researchers and institutions ofhigher learning. This program provides major support for the Smithsonian's ownscientific work overseas. Funds come from the appropriation of the nation's ex-cess currencies abroad arising from the sale of agricultural commodities underPublic Law 480. Programs have operated in Burma, Ceylon, Egypt, Guinea,India, Israel, Morocco, Pakistan, Poland, Tunisia, and Yugoslavia. Anthropology,archeology, systematic and environmental biology, astrophysics, ecologicalstudies, radiation biology, history, art, and museology are among the disci-plines that have been supported.The Office also coordinates travel and research plans of the many foreignscholars visiting the Smithsonian.It coordinates certain cooperative programs as well, one of which involvednegotiations between the Department of Defense, the National Academy ofSciences, and the British Royal Society in establishing the Indian Ocean islandof Aldabra as an international conservation area. Another negotiation, betweenthe United Fruit Company and the Organization for Tropical Studies, a con-sortium of twenty-two universities and the Smithsonian, resulted in the estab-lishment of formal courses in tropical biology at the Botanical Gardens ofLancetilla, Honduras. OFFICE OF PUBLIC AFFAIRS This Office is charged with serving visitors to the Smithsonian and the public atlarge through a range of activities in the fields of information and public edu-cation?radio, television, documentary films, news releases, guide pamphlets,tours, public functions and ceremonies, automatic telephone information serv-ices, publications, photography, a public inquiry desk, and other programs.The Smithsonian Film Theatre presents a weekly program of documentarymotion pictures and arranges special showings of movies for interested groups.Still photographs, slides, and films are available to educational organizations andothers on request. Institution documentary film production is centered in theSmithsonian Institution Motion Picture Unit, a component of the Office. "Fes-tival in Washington," a documentary produced by this group, has been an awardwinner and an entrant in a number of foreign film festivals. 69The Torch newspaper and the Smithsonian Calendar of Events are widelycirculated monthly publications. News releases in all areas of Smithsonian acti-vity are distributed regularly. Current information on daily events and exhibitsis provided on the recorded telephone service Dial-a-Museum. From informationfurnished by the Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory, Dial-a-Satellite serv-ice provides information enabling callers to locate and observe artificial satel-lites as well as to identify celestial bodies. "Radio Smithsonian," the Office's radio component, develops educationaland public service program materials. A weekly half-hour broadcast is heard onStation WGMS in Washington. SMITHSONIAN ASSOCIATESBy transforming spectators into participants, the Smithsonian Associates hasreached the public in a new and personal way. More than 15,000 membersparticipate in a program of great breadth?lectures, demonstrations, choral,folk and chamber concerts, exhibition previews, films, theater, field trips,tours, presentations and other activities. The Kite Carnival on the Mall has be-come an annual favorite, as have Zoo Night and the Potomac Cruise. "CreativePerson," "New Film and Producer," and "Young Composers" series have beeninitiated. For young people, puppet shows, concerts, talks, and a sketch-in atthe Zoo were organized in conjunction with other components of the Institu-tion. Several thousand young people and adults have taken seminars and work-shops in which subjects ranged from antiques to zoology. The curriculum in-cludes workshops in painting, photography, and puppet- and film-making.Workshops on ancient crafts revived have taught stained glass, bookbinding,raku (a kind of rough Japanese earthenware), mosaic, and batik (cloth-dyeing)techniques. A Japanese Drama Festival, presented by twelve Japanese accordedrecognition as "national treasures" by their government, was staged. Walkingtours in Washington and trips out of town to major museums, historic houses,and private collections have been organized. Camping trips and field trips insearch of fossils, industrial archeological sites, rocks, and mushrooms have beenundertaken in a flexible program that both responds to the members' interestsand encourages the broadest participation in the diverse activities of theInstitution. For its membership, the Associates publishes Smithsonian,a monthly magazine of the arts, sciences and history. 70SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION LIBRARIES Smithsonian library holdings are divided between the 750,000 volumes in theworking collections of the Institution and the Smithsonian deposit of more than500,000 items housed in the Library of Congress. Scientific publications, re-ports, proceedings, and transactions of the learned societies and institutions ofthe world constitute the bulk of the collection.The library system consists of a central library in the Natural History Build-ing, several branches, and a number of departmental collections.Many of the specialized holdings are without parallel in the world. Facilitiesof the entire library system are made readily available to all qualified scholars.Research in reference accessibility is being pursued by the Libraries. SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION PRESS For almost a century and a quarter, the Smithsonian has achieved its "diffusionof knowledge" aim principally through its voluminous publications, issued byor in collaboration with the Smithsonian Institution Press. In these volumes arerepresented most of the branches of science?anthropology, ethnology andarcheology, botany, zoology, mechanics and aeronautics, physics, chemistry,geology, astronomy and astrophysics, meteorology? as well as art history, thehistory of science and technology, and the history of American institutions.In all, many millions of publications have been distributed to institutions andprivate individuals. The Institution's publications are widely known abroad andhave given great impetus to scholarly pursuits.In his design for the Institution, Joseph Henry, the first Secretary, elaboratedschemes both for scholarly and popular publications. In the former, he put theemphasis squarely on basic research. This has been adhered to in the serial re-ports which commenced in 1848 with the Smithsonian Contributions to Know-ledge. Eight series are currently active: Smithsonian Annals of Flight, Smith-sonian Contributions to Anthropology, Smithsonian Contributions to Astro-physics, Smithsonian Contributions to Botany, Smithsonian Contributions tothe Earth Sciences, Smithsonian Contributions to Paleobiology, SmithsonianContributions to Zoology, and Smithsonian Studies in History and Technology.In these series, the Institution publishes original articles and monographsreporting newly acquired facts, interpretations of data, or original theory inthe specialized fields of research and collections of its museums and labora-tories, and of professional colleagues at other institutions of learning. By this 71 means, the Press, a member of the Association of American University Presses,discharges its obligation to scholarship.Unlike its fellow academic publishers, the Press responds to the needs of thegeneral public by publishing museum guides, pamphlets, exhibit catalogs, andinformation leaflets. It is also collaborates with commercial publishers.Secretary Henry's plan called also for the publication of "separate treatiseson subjects of general interest." In 1 966, the Press began a program of tradebook publishing in art, history, and science.Operations are financed from the Institution's private income and fromfunds appropriated by Congress. Publications funded by the federal governmentare distributed by the Press to selected scholars and libraries throughout theworld. Many are available from the Superintendent of Documents, UnitedStates Government Printing Office, as well as from the Press. Popular guidesand booklets are sold directly by the Press, and privately funded books are soldin the United States and Canada by Random House.The current output of the Press exceeds one hundred titles annually. SMITHSONIAN MUSEUM SHOPS The Smithsonian Museum Shops offer for sale to visitors a wide range of edu-cationally and culturally oriented objects as an extension of Smithsonian edu-cational-cultural activities. They feature examples, for sale to visitors, of arts,crafts, and science objects displayed in Smithsonian collections. The range isfrom mineral specimens to model airplanes, from weavings to toys, from sculp-ture to sea shells. The vanishing hand-skills of American and other craftsmen ofthe world receive vital support through the sales.There are nine shops in five museum buildings, five of which devote them-selves exclusively to the sale of publications, cards, and slides. A continuingprogram of sales exhibitions is pursued. In the past two years, more thantwenty-four special exhibitions have been given, including "Tribal Arts ofAfrica," "American Movie Posters of the '40s," "Eskimo Sculpture and Prints," "First Annual Aerospace Modeling Exhibition," "Arts and Crafts of Mexico," "Folk Arts from the Netherlands," and "American Printmakers."The long-range goal of the Museum Shops is a definitive survey of Americancontemporary craft products manufactured by machine and hand, with em-phasis on ceramics, glass, textiles and graphics. 72 SCIENCE CENTER FOR SHORT-LIVED PHENOMENAFounded in early 1968, the Center for Short-Lived Phenomena provides theinternational scientific community with a reporting and information service onsuch phenomena as volcanic eruptions, earthquakes, animal migrations, tidalwaves, the fall of meteorites, or apparent biological or ecological changes any-where in the world.The Center makes it possible for expeditions to mobilize and travel to areaswhere momentous but short-lived environmental changes are occurring. Funda-mental data can thus be obtained in a timely manner.Event reports are received by mail, cable and telephone from a network ofmore than four hundred correspondents located in seventy-one countries.Sources include news media, private citizens, individual scientists and scientificorganizations. Similarly, reports then go to scientists concerned within theSmithsonian, elsewhere in the United States, and overseas.Scientists and scientific organizations in the network may also be asked toobtain additional information about events that occur in their areas, and pro-vide assistance to research teams that might go to investigate.The Center's Administrative Office in Cambridge, Massachusetts, maintains alog of events reported to the Center, notifies correspondents of these events andof significant developments in event areas and in some cases further coordinatesinvestigations. It issues periodic status reports on each active event and finalreports when activities are concluded.Phenomena with which the Center has been concerned in its first years ofoperation have covered a broad scientific spectrum: a fireball over Mexico, oilspills in the various oceans of the world, the short-lived "birth" of an island inthe Pacific, a massive migration of squirrels in the Appalachians, an earthquakein the Middle East, volcanoes in the Philippines and Costa Rica, a "floatingisland" of earth and trees in the Caribbean, and deaths of large numbers ofshearwaters along the east coast of the United States. Information on hundredsof phenomena are provided on a regular basis. 73CENTER FOR THE STUDY OF MANThe Center for the Study of Man coordinates a concerted worldwide programof interdisciplinary studies in the human sciences. Its primary focus is onspecies-wide problems to which the human sciences can contribute valuableknowledge. Members of the Center include anthropologists and other scholarsfrom around the globe.Programs under development include a major encyclopedic work on NorthAmerican Indians that might serve as a prototype for similar works on otherpeoples and cultures of the world, a research film archive, and manuscriptarchives.The staff is also placing special emphasis on urgent anthropology, with initialemphasis on the identification of research problems that must be consideredimmediately because of pressures for rapid social, cultural, and economicchange. A small grants program has been instituted and has supported a numberof urgent research projects throughout the world.Also being developed is an information exchange system to include currentresearch and publication and data on anthropological research institutions andindividuals in all parts of the world as a means of coordinating and providingimpetus and direction for enhanced research on a worldwide scale.Smithsonian-based members of the Center meet regularly as an executivecommittee of the whole Center and report to the body on working activities. Itis expected that membership in the Center will be further broadened in terms ofdisciplines and international representation as the range of present and plannedprograms moves forward. CHESAPEAKE BAY CENTER FOR ENVIRONMENTAL STUDIESThe Chesapeake Bay Center for Environmental Studies , seven miles south ofAnnapolis, Maryland, is a 700-acre outdoor research laboratory. It is operated jointlywith Johns Hopkins University and the University of Maryland. Smithsonianresponsibility resides in the Office of Environmental Sciences.The Center is situated on the western shore of Chesapeake Bay, a terrestrialsetting ranging from marshes, abandoned pastures, and upland hardwood foreststo land still in cultivation. Directly across the estuary from the Center aredensely populated residential communities, a contrasting type of land usevaluable for comparative study. 74The Center's diverse natural life, reflecting the varied conditions of the Cen-tral Atlantic region, makes it an excellent site for ecologically oriented researchand education dealing with the changing environment of man in the easternUnited States.The primary general objective of the Center is to advance existing knowledgeof the area's biological populations, communities and ecosystems, and theirenvironmental relationships, through:(1) Methodically inventorying plants and animals?on land and inadjacent estuaries?to provide a scientific base for the study of allaspects of the natural environment.(2) Conducting appropriate studies of water quality, diseases ofaquatic plants, distribution of fish populations, ecology ofaquatic birds like ducks, geese and swans, and underlying mech-anisms of vegetation change.(3) Using the Center as an outdoor laboratory to teach ecology onboth the undergraduate and graduate levels.(4) Sponsoring seminars, colloquia, public talks, and demonstrationsin ecology for both participating students and the general public.(5) Using the personnel, research, and facilities of the Center toassist local county and civic organizations in planning rationalland use for the community. INFORMATION SYSTEMS DIVISION This office was established in 1 966 in response to the growing awareness withinthe Smithsonian that it had to take advantage of computer technology or facethe possibility of losing access to masses of information associated with itscollections. The Division serves as an interpreter and diagnostician of infor-mation processing problems, it develops information retrieval systems for usewithin the Smithsonian, and to the extent that its resources permit, it pro-vides expertise to the museum community in general.In addition to operating a variety of automatic data-processing equipment,the Division has telecommunications access to the computer at the SmithsonianAstrophysical Observatory in Cambridge, Massachusetts. Additional support isavailable at the Smithsonian's Science Information Exchange in Washington,D.C., and at the Center for Computer Sciences and Technology at the NationalBureau of Standards in Gaithersburg, Maryland. 75The Information Systems Division is comprised of an information retrievalsection, a mathematical computation section, and a management systemssection.The staff contains experts in various areas of information processing, organ-ized to bring a broad range of capabilities to bear on specific problems. The re-cently developed Global Reference Index, by which geographic location datafor any given area may be retrieved, is an example of such collaboration. Tech-niques used are not those usually associated with the natural sciences. It wasthe knowledge of mathematics, of algorithm structure, and of computer tech-niques, combined with the traditional means of identifying a point on the globe,which produced this international index.The Division offers training programs to Federal personnel in computerprogramming, provides self-study material for the scientific and curatorialstaffs, and has established a library of statistical programs. Museums and uni-versities around the world have a keen interest in the technological aspects ofdata-processing and information-storage techniques developed at the Division.Specific technical advice has been provided to major museums in Canada,England, Mexico, and Sweden on computer techniques for museum purposes. OFFICE OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES-ECOLOGY PROGRAMThe web of interdependence connecting all living things to each other and theirenvironment is the ecological balance of nature. In the modern world, this canbe in many respects a delicate balance.The primary responsibility of the Ecology Program is to develop meaningfulopportunities for ecological studies by Smithsonian and cooperating sci-entists.The foundation of such studies has existed for some time in the extensivebiological collections and programs of research of the National Museum ofNatural History, the Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, the RadiationBiology Laboratory, the Chesapeake Bay Center for Environmental Studies,and the National Zoological Park.In the past ecological research and theory has to a substantial extent beenbased on Europe and North America. However, with rapid increases in worldpopulation and technological development in recent years, there has been agrowing realization of an increasingly urgent need for basic applied research onecosystems in all parts of the world.Accordingly, the Program has given attention to the development of researchprograms in Ceylon, India, Tunisia, Indonesia, and the Mekong Basin. There hasalso been development of opportunities in Poland, Morocco, and Brazil. 76The Program constitutes a focal point for Smithsonian staff participation inthe International Biological Program (IBP), a major multi-nation effort in thisarea.In conjunction with the IBP, the Smithsonian is concerned with develop-ment of an international program in terrestrial conservation, one of the objec-tives of which is to create a world network of nature reserves. When suchreserves are established, the Smithsonian will help with inventories of the bio-logical components and general descriptions of the ecosystems preserved. OFFICE OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES-OCEANOGRAPHY AND LIMNOLOGY PROGRAMThe Oceanography and Limnology Program conducts aquatic research, oper-ates or maintains liaison with vessels used for oceanographic research, supportsscientists engaged in collecting biological and geological materials, operatessorting centers for marine biological and geological materials, and providescoordination and technical assistance for marine scientists of other Smithsoniancomponents and other organizations.Smithsonian scientists participate in expeditions to all oceans. The Programparticipates in projects such as the International Indian Ocean Expedition, theInternational Cooperative Investigations of the Tropical Atlantic, the GuineanTrawling Survey and the International Decade of Ocean Exploration.The Smithsonian receives a substantial portion of the marine specimensgathered by some eighty United States vessels engaged in part- or full-timeoceanographic research. Also, as repository for collections made with federalfunds, the Smithsonian receives specimens from the Coast Guard, the NationalScience Foundation, the Geological Survey, the Bureau of Sports Fisheries andWildlife, the Navy Department, the Army Coastal Engineering Research Center,the Atomic Energy Commission, the Public Health Service, the Department ofState, and other agencies and universities.The Smithsonian Oceanographic Sorting Center, located in the WashingtonNavy Yard with a second unit in Carthage, Tunisia, coordinates collections ofmarine specimens gathered by governmental and non-governmental scientistsand insures that collections are processed for the benefit of science.Center specialists sort out the specimens, identify and inventory them, labelthem with the proper environmental data, and store them in preservatives. Theyare then shipped to more than 350 scientists around the world for research inpopulation and interrelationships of marine organisms. Geological specimensare processed in a similar manner. To date, more than twenty-five millionspecimens have been sorted by the Centers and nearly ten million of these havebeen shipped to specialists for study. 77In addition to research on the biology and geology of the oceans, staffmembers of the Oceanography and Limnology Program and other Smithsonianscientists working in these areas are encouraged to supplement existing collec-tions, report unusual findings such as the presence of cancer and other abnor-malities, develop field guides for identification of marine specimens, test basiccollecting gear for use in studying marine organisms, and improve curating,preservation, and storage techniques. 49-484 O - 71 - pi. 1 78FORMER SECRETARIES JOSEPH HENRY, 1846-1878The first meeting of the Smithsonian's Board of Regents was held on7 September 1846. The Board elected Joseph Henry Secretary on 3 Decemberof that year. At that time Henry was a professor at Princeton who was knownfor his valuable discoveries on the electromagnet and other subjects relating toelectricity. His name is perpetuated in the term "henry," the internationalstandard unit of electrical induction. He served as Secretary from 1846 untilhis death in 1 878. Secretary Henry was the principal organizer of the work ofthe Smithsonian. It was under his guidance that the Smithsonian Building wasconstructed between 1847 and 1855.The work of the Smithsonian at first consisted largely of the publication oforiginal research findings, contributions to knowledge, and their free distribu-tion to important libraries throughout the world; the presentation of popularlectures in Washington and their publication and distribution to libraries andindividuals; the stimulation of scientific work by providing apparatus and bymaking grants of money to worthy investigators; and cooperation with govern-ment departments in the advancement of work useful to the federal govern-ment. These were the principal methods used by Henry to carry out Smithson'spurpose?the increase and diffusion of knowledge.Certain studies were initiated at the Smithsonian that became more fruitfuland resulted in important government work. Several of the present scientificactivities of the government grew out of these investigations or were stimulatedby them, as, for example, the Weather Bureau. Cooperation in library workhad its beginnings at the Institution. Experiments in fog signaling, in acoustics,in the ventilation of public buildings, and in numerous other fields were in-augurated. With only a few exceptions, the Smithsonian during that periodwas the sole representative of active scientific work directly or indirectly con-nected with the United States government. Its influence upon the character ofprivate scientific work, too, was very great. The Smithsonian was the first 79institution in America to undertake general scientific work with a full-timestaff. SPENCER FULLERTON BAIRD, 1878-1887 In 1850, Spencer Fullerton Baird, a distinguished naturalist, was elected As-sistant Secretary of the Institution. After Henry's death in 1878, Baird becameSecretary and he continued in that office until his own death in 1887.Secretary Baird was for thirty-seven years continually in the scientific serviceof the Smithsonian and the government. He developed the museums of theSmithsonian. An opportunity never to come again was presented by the manygreat expeditions sent by the government about this time into virgin areas.Railroads were being built, territories surveyed, and Arctic and Antarctic ex-plorations undertaken. In addition, the Army had numerous outposts in thewilderness of the West. Baird seized on these opportunities to arrange for theamassing of outstanding collections. He trained young men, as enthusiastic ashimself, to whom was due the continued development of the museums in theyears that followed.Secretary Baird was especially instrumental in developing the system ofinternational exchange of publications, a service that remained under his directcharge until his death. He was the moving spirit in the establishment and or-ganization of the United States Fish Commission, and was its Commissionerfrom its founding until his death. Methods that he invented for fish culture andthe studies of the natural history of our waters that he inaugurated were epochmaking. He originated the marine biological station at Woods Hole, Massachu-setts. SAMUEL PIERPONT LANGLEY, 1887-1906 Dr. Samuel Pierpont Langley, who succeeded Baird as Secretary, was a pioneerof the new astronomy. His most important contribution to astrophysics wasthe invention of the bolometer, an extraordinarily sensitive thermometer, andits application to the study of the energy of the sun and the distribution of thesun's radiation in the spectrum. Secretary Langley also made similar investiga-tions of the radiation of the moon. He established the Astrophysical Observatory 80 at the Smithsonian Institution to carry on such investigations of the sun andmoon.To the public, Secretary Langley has long been best known for his studies onaviation. He performed careful investigations of the physics of mechanicalflight. As early as 1896 he built steam-driven aircraft models with thirteen-footwingspreads that made successful unmanned test flights of one half to threequarters of a mile. Although his contributions to aerodynamics were many, hewas not successful in launching his full-scale aircraft intended to carry a man.The historic achievement of the first manned, heavier-than-air flight was ofcourse recorded by his contemporaries, the Wright brothers.Dr. Langley's interest in the preservation of rapidly disappearing forms ofthe larger animals of the United States led to the establishment during his ad-ministration of the National Zoological Park. CHARLES DOOLITTLE WALCOTT, 1907-1927 The fourth Secretary, Dr. Charles Doolittle Walcott, elected in 1 907, had beenin the service of the United States Geological Survey for over a quarter of acentury, from 1891 as its Director. His researches covered many fields butwere preeminent in Cambrian and pre-Cambrian geology and paleontology.Knowledge of the earliest fossil forms of life is indelibly associated with thename of Walcott.Dr. Walcott exercised a highly salutary and important influence on the de-velopment of forestry and reclamation. He was also the moving spirit in theestablishment of the Carnegie Institution of Washington, and was for manyyears a member of its board of trustees.During World War I, Dr. Walcott served on numerous committees engaged incoordinating scientific activities. He took a prominent part in the organizationof the National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics, serving as chairman ofits executive committee from its establishment in 1915. From 1917 to 1923he was president of the National Academy of Sciences, and in 1923 was presi-dent of the American Association for the Advancement of Science. DuringSecretary Walcott's administration, the National Museum of Natural Historyopened to the public, the National Collection of Fine Arts was made a sepa-rate branch of the Institution, and the Freer Gallery of Art was added as abureau. 81CHARLES GREELEY ABBOT, 1928-1944 Dr. Charles Greeley Abbot, who became Secretary in 1928, came to the Smith-sonian in 1 895 as an aide in the Astrophysical Observatory. On the death ofSecretary Langley, he became Director of the Observatory. In 1918 he wasdesignated Assistant Secretary of the Institution and served in this positionuntil election as Secretary in 1928.Dr. Abbot engaged principally in researches on the sun. Besides publishingseveral books relating to the sun and the stars he made many contributions toscientific and technical journals on solar radiation, solar power, and kindredsubjects. He established and was first Director of the Division of Radiationand Organisms, which later became the Radiation Biology Laboratory, for thestudy of the effect of light on plant and animal life.The National Gallery of Art was added to the bureaus of the Institutionduring his administration.Dr. Abbot retired as Secretary in 1944, at the age of seventy-two, but con-tinues his solar investigations as a research associate of the Institution. ALEXANDER WETMORE, 1945-1952Upon the retirement of Dr. Abbot, Dr. Alexander Wetmore, who had beenAssistant Secretary since 1925, became Acting Secretary. In 1945 he waselected Secretary. Dr. Wetmore's studies in ornithology in many parts of theworld are well known. To the broader aspects of his science he contributed aSystematic Classification for the Birds of the World, monographs on the fossilbirds of North America, and monographs and smaller papers on birds of variousregions, particularly of Latin America.Dr. Wetmore came to the Smithsonian as the administrative head of theNational Zoological Park in 1924, serving in that capacity until the followingspring. Throughout his twenty years as Assistant Secretary he directed theUnited States National Museum. During this time the number of specimens inthe Museum's collection increased from ten million to more than eighteenmillion, and the annual count of visitors rose from one million to two and ahalf million.During Dr. Wetmore's administration as Secretary of the Smithsonian, twobureaus were added to the organization?the National Air Museum and theCanal Zone Biological Area, now known as the Smithsonian Tropical ResearchInstitution. It was also during Dr. Wetmore's administration, in 1 946, that theSmithsonian celebrated the 100th anniversary of its founding. 82Following retirement as Secretary, Dr. Wetmore also continued his sci-entific work at the Institution as a Research Associate. LEONARD CARMICHAEL, 1953-1964 Dr. Leonard Carmichael became the seventh Secretary of the Smithsonian In-stitution in 1953. Before coming to the Smithsonian, Dr. Carmichael wasPresident of Tufts University and also director of its laboratories of sensorypsychology and physiology. A prominent physiological psychologist, he hadformerly been a member of the faculties of Princeton and Brown and dean atthe University of Rochester.In Dr. Carmichael's administration two bureaus were added to the Smith-sonian organization. These were the John F. Kennedy Center for the PerformingArts and the National Portrait Gallery. The Museum of History and Technologywas opened. Exhibit halls in the Museum of Natural History were modernized.A new east wing of the Natural History building, adding 214,000 square feet,was completed. The number of cataloged objects in the Smithsonian increasedfrom 34 million to over 57 million, and the annual number of visitors to theSmithsonian buildings on the Mall increased from three and a half million tomore than ten million.Dr. Carmichael retired in 1 964. As had his distinguished predecessors, hecontinued his scientific work at the Smithsonian as a research associate. 83MAJOR PUBLIC BUILDINGS SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION BUILDINGSouth side of the Mall at Tenth Street This original building of the Smithsonian Institution, the so-called Castle onthe Mall, was designed in the Norman, or Lombard, style of architecture byJames Renwick, who also designed Grace Church and St. Patrick's Cathedral inNew York. Built of red sandstone from nearby Seneca Creek, Maryland, thestructure consists of a two-story central building and two wings joined to it byconnecting ranges. It is 447 feet long and has a maximum depth of 160 feet.The tallest of its nine towers is 1 45 feet.The cornerstone was laid on 1 May 1 847 at a gala public ceremony precededby a parade of local dignitaries, militia, and Freemasons. The building was notcompleted until 1855, but it was partially occupied in 1849 when the east wingwas opened for public lectures. During the Smithsonian's early years the build-ing housed all operations of the Institution. It contained a museum, whichopened in 1858, a lecture hall, an art gallery, research laboratories, adminis-trative offices, and living quarters for the Secretary and his family.Major reconstruction was undertaken following a fire that destroyed theupper story of the main building and the north and south towers on 24 January1865. The east wing was enlarged in 1883.In recent years, the interior has been partially reconstructed to reflect thehigh style of the Victorian era that produced the structure. The tomb offounder James Smithson is located in the north foyer.In addition to being the administrative center of the Institution, the buildinghas facilities for visiting scholars. A research and study center along with im-proved office space are planned for the building in coming years. 84ARTS AND INDUSTRIES BUILDINGSouth side of the Mall, east of Smithsonian Institution Building This structure of red brick and Ohio sandstone was designed by Washingtonarchitects Cluss and Schulze in a modernized Romanesque style. Constructionbegan on 7 April 1879. It was first used on 4 March 1881 for the inauguralball of President James A. Garfield, and was opened to the public later thatyear.The building was designed to meet the Smithsonian's need for more exliibitspace after acquiring material from the Centennial Exposition at Philadelphiain 1876. The one-story plan, with a central rotunda from which radiated fournaves, was at that time well suited for the exhibit of museum collections be-cause it provided large halls having natural light.The Arts and Industries Building, approximately 325 feet square, today con-tains exhibits of the National Air and Space Museum, as well as temporaryexhibitions of a varied nature.Plans call for the building to become a center for temporary exhibits andother activities, at which time it will be renamed the Smithsonian ExpositionHall. NATURAL HISTORY BUILDING(national museum of natural history and national museum of man)North side of the Mall between Ninth and Twelfth Streets Authorized by Congress in March 1903, the original, or central, portion ofthis granite-faced building was designed in the classical style by the architec-tural firm of Hornblower & Marshall, of Washington. Construction beganshortly after the groundbreaking ceremonies were held 15 June 1904. Thebuilding was completed in 1911, but was first used in 1908, and some exhibitswere opened to the public on 17 March 1910. This central part of the buildingmeasures approximately 561 by 365 feet, has an octagonal rotunda 80 feetsquare and 1 24% feet high, and contains almost ten acres of floor space onfour floors. 85Construction of the east and west wings of the building were authorized byCongress in 1930. Funds were not appropriated, however, until 1958. TheWashington architectural firm of Mills, Petticord & Mills drew plans for theadditions. Construction began in 1 96 1 , and both wings were completed andoccupied by 1965. These additions brought the building's total floor area tomore than twenty acres.The building houses the Smithsonian's natural history collections and pro-vides laboratory space for research programs. It also houses exhibits labora-tories, shops, and the main Smithsonian Library. AIR AND SPACE BUILDINGIndependence Avenue at Tenth Street This hangar-like steel structure was erected in 1917 as a temporary building tobe used by the United States Signal Service during World War I as a testinglaboratory for the Liberty aircraft engine. It was acquired by the SmithsonianInstitution in November 1919 and, upon completion of repairs and renova-tions, was opened to the public 7 October 1920 to exhibit aircraft and acces-sories. The building contains about 14,000 square feet of floor space. Today itis used to display a portion of the collections of the National Air and SpaceMuseum. FREER GALLERY OF ARTSouth side of the Mall at Twelfth Street Charles Lang Freer of Detroit gave the funds to erect this building to house thecollection of Oriental and American art and art objects that he had given to theSmithsonian Institution. Designed by Charles A. Piatt of New York in the styleof a Florentine Renaissance palace, the Freer Gallery of Art is built of pinkgranite quarried near Milford, Massachusetts. It measures approximately 228by 185 by 46 feet and has a central open court 65 feet square. 86Groundbreaking ceremonies were held on 23 September 1916. The buildingwas structurally completed in 1921 and was formally opened to the public on2 May 1923. In addition to paintings and sculpture from the Orient, India, andNear East, works by American artists including Sargent and Homer are shownin the exhibition halls. NATIONAL GALLERY OF ARTNorth side of the Mall between Fourth and Seventh StreetsAndrew Mellon gave the funds to construct this building to house the artcollection he gave the American people. Congress accepted the gift and auth-orized construction of the building on 24 March 1937. Completed in December1940, the National Gallery of Art was dedicated on 17 March 1941, and wasopened to the public the following day.Designed by John Russell Pope in the classical style, the National Gallery ofArt is built of rose-white Tennessee marble, and measures approximately 829by 350 feet. The interior walls of the rotunda and east and west sculpture hallsare of Alabama rockwood stone. Its two garden courts are of Indiana limestone.Monolithic columns of dark-green Italian marble surround the rotunda, whichhas a dome that rises almost 150 feet. The building contains more than a halfmillion square feet of floor space and, in addition to the art galleries, housesadministrative offices, a library, research facilities, and a public cafeteria. NATIONAL MUSEUM OF HISTORY AND TECHNOLOGYNorth side of the Mall between Twelfth and Fourteenth Streets Designed in a modified Classical style by the architectural firm of McKim,Mead & White of New York (succeeded in 1956 by Steinmann, Gain & White),this building is faced with rose-white Tennessee marble. Groundbreaking cere-monies were held 22 August 1958, and the cornerstone was laid 19 May 1961.The completed building was dedicated by President Johnson on 22 January1 964 and was opened to the public the following day. 87 Built to provide additional space for the care and exhibition of Smithsoniancollections illustrating the cultural and technological development of our na-tion from colonial times, this vast building contains dozens of exhibit halls,storage areas for the collections, and offices for the use of the curatorial staffand visiting scholars, as well as an auditorium and a public cafeteria. FINE ARTS AND PORTRAIT GALLERIESIn the block bounded by F, G, Seventh, and Ninth Streets, NW Built for the Patent Office, this building was designed by William Parker Elliotof Washington in the Grecian Doric style of architecture, with details modeledafter the Parthenon in Athens. It is constructed of marble and granite fromMaine, Massachusetts, Connecticut, and Maryland, is quadrangular in shape,and has over-all measurements of 413 by 280 feet. An open central court gracedby two Civil War era elms measures 270 by 1 12 feet.The Building occupies a site Pierre L'Enfant had designated as the locationof a national pantheon in his original plan for the Capital of the United States. .Construction was begun in 1836 under the supervision of Robert Mills, archi-tect of several major federal buildings, and the original or south front portionof the building was completed in 1 840. The east, west, and north front portions,also included in the original plans, were begun in 1 849, but the Civil War de-layed their completion until 1867.The Patent Office moved into the building in 1 840, and the national collec-tions were housed there until they were transferred to the Smithsonian Institu-tion in 1858.During the Civil War, portions of the building were used as a military hos-pital and barracks for the Rhode Island militia. President Lincoln's secondinaugural ball was held there on 4 March 1865, and the great pillared hall inwhich it was held is now known as the Lincoln Gallery.A fire partially destroyed the building in 1877 and necessitated a major re-construction. Much of this work was done in a highly ornamental late VictorianEra mode, creating in the enormous Model Hall on the third floor of the southwing an elaborately decorated room that is considered one of the architecturalsights of Washington.In addition to the Patent Office, which used the building until 1932, theagricultural, Indian, land, pension, and other bureaus of the Department ofInterior had offices in it between 1847 and 1917. The structure was taken overby the United States Civil Service Commission in 1932. Acquiring the building in the early 1 960s after it was saved from threateneddemolition, the Smithsonian restored the monumental structure as a permanenthome for two art museums, the National Collection of Fine Arts, in the northwing, and the National Portrait Gallery, in the south wing. Renamed the FineArts and Portrait Galleries (although the name "Old Patent Office Building"still is often used), the building opened in 1968 to the public. The Ar-chives of American Art moved into the building along with the two mu-seums after becoming a bureau of the Smithsonian in 1970. RENWICK GALLERYPennsylvania Avenue and Seventeenth Street, NW This structure was designed by James Renwick Jr., architect of the originalSmithsonian Building, to house the collection of paintings and art objects thatW. W. Corcoran presented to the city of Washington. It is reputed to be thefirst building in this country designed in the French Renaissance Revival styleof architecture as well as the first American building built especially for use asan art gallery.Construction began in 1857, but after the Civil War began, Montgomery C.Meigs, Quartermaster General of the Union Army, took over the unfinishedbuilding in 1861 and used it to house his staff and supplies for the Army. Itwas returned to the trustees of the Corcoran Gallery in 1 869. Constructionwas completed in 1874.The Corcoran Gallery occupied the building until 1 897 when it moved toits present home at Seventeenth Street and New York Avenue. The old gallerywas purchased by the Government in 1901 and was occupied by the UnitedStates Court of Claims from 1899 until 1964.The Smithsonian Institution acquired the Renwick Gallery in 1 966 and isnow renovating it for the display and study of American arts, crafts, anddesign. The museum is expected to be opened in late 1970. 89CARNEGIE MANSION (NEW YORK CITY)Fifth Avenue and Ninety-First Street, New York Future home of the Smithsonian's Cooper-Hewitt Museum of Decorative Artsand Design, the historic Carnegie Mansion with its sixty-four rooms and ela-borate facilities is a notable architectural showcase in its own right. The Smith-sonian leased the mansion from the Carnegie Corporation, effective 1 July,1970, with plans to move the Cooper-Hewitt collection there before 1 July,1971 , from the Cooper Union Building at Third Avenue and Seventh Street, inNew York City. The rent-free lease provides an option to purchase the mansionin 1981.Built for Mr. and Mrs. Andrew Carnegie in 1 901 at a cost of about $1 .5million by architects Babb, Cook & Willard, the Carnegie Mansion was pre-viously leased to the Columbia University School of Social Work followingMrs. Carnegie's death in 1 946.The mansion as it exists today is one of New York's finest examples of apost-Victorian style of life notable for its elegance and graciousness.The house is elaborate in its detail. Handsome paneling and a beautifulceiling are to be seen in the main hall. This wood, Scottish oak, was selected,carved and prepared in Scotland and brought over ready to be installed. Thesame is true of the large wooden stairway which extends to the third floor.The dining room was used as a banquet hall, with many notable guests-Presidents of the United States, Mme Curie, Paderewski, and Booker T.Washington, to name a few.Pump and water filter machinery are housed in a remarkable pump room.Two large Babcock & Wilcox steam boilers were installed when the house wasbuilt, and they are still in use. There are tracks and a turntable upon which acoal car, holding three quarters of a ton of coal, conveys the coal from coalbunker to the furnace.The garden, which was the pride of Mrs. Carnegie, has chestnut, crabapple,and other varieties of trees, as well as azalea bushes, rhododendron, ivy, andnumerous other plants. The wisteria and Boston ivy vines are almost as old asthe building itself. A doll house was built in the garden for their daughter.The pavements around the entire property are of Vermont granite and willlast indefinitely. 90NATIONAL AIR AND SPACE MUSEUMSouth side of the Mall between Fourth and Seventh Streets This projected building is expected to be completed and opened to the publicin the 1970s. Designed by Gyo Obata of the architectural firm of Hellmuth,Obata, & Kassabaum of St. Louis, it will be the first building of its scope de-signed especially to house exhibits tracing the evolution and principles of airand space flight.To be constructed of textured stone, glass, and anodized aluminum in astyle intended to harmonize with the neighboring buildings, the new museumwill measure 784 by 250 feet and contain over one million square feet of floorspace. By using a combination of varying exhibit levels suspended betweengreat columns, the architect has created a spaciousness appropriate for theexhibition of large aircraft, space vehicles, and rocket boosters, as well as aflexibility which will permit the display of the sub-miniaturized instrumentsimportant in aerospace developments.In addition to its exhibit halls, the National Air and Space Museum will con-tain administrative offices, libraries, conference rooms, reading rooms, andother facilities for the use of the curatorial staff and visiting scholars and re-searchers interested in the history and technology of air and space flight. JOHN F. KENNEDY CENTER FOR THE PERFORMING ARTSOn bank of Potomac River along Rock Creek and Potomac Parkway Designed by the American architect Edward Durell Stone, the John F. KennedyCenter for the Performing Arts is under construction on an eighteen-acre set-ting on the east bank of the Potomac River on the edge of Georgetown inNorthwest Washington. The cultural complex is being built partially of marbledonated by the Italian government. Groundbreaking ceremonies were held 2December 1964; completion is expected in 1971.The Center's main entrance hall, the Grand Foyer, will measure 630 by 40feet and extends the entire length of the building. Opening onto it will be aconcert hall, an opera hall, and a theater, with respective seating capacities of2,770, 2,300, and 1,150. Underground parking for 1 ,600 cars will be provided.The roof terrace level will house other facilities of the Center. Two largerestaurants will occupy one end of the area. An atrium gallery, a 225-by-40-footarea running through the center of the roof terrace level, will connect therestaurants, with a playhouse and a film theater at the opposite end of thebuilding. .91Tapestries, chandeliers, and other decorative furnishings for the halls androoms of the Center have been donated by foreign governments. Constructionof the Center is being financed by contributions from private citizens, matchedby federal appropriations and supplemented by a loan from the United StatesTreasury. JOSEPH H. HIRSHHORN MUSEUM AND SCULPTURE GARDENSouth side of the Mall between Seventh and Ninth StreetsThe Hirshhorn Museum, now under preliminary construction on the Mall witha projected 1971 completion date, will house financier Joseph H. Hirshhorn'sgreat gift to the nation of more than 6,000 paintings and sculptures. The giftwas made on 17 May 1966, at a White House ceremony.On 7 November 1966, Congress provided a site and voted statutory auth-ority for the appropriation of construction and operating funds. The NinetiethCongress on 26 July 1968, appropriated the initial $2 million of the total $15million authorization for the Museum, and ground was broken at the site on8 January 1969.Designed by architect Gordon Bunshaft of the firm of Skidmore, Owings &Merrill, of New York, the building will be a large cylinder containing threelevels of gallery space and a central sculpture court. The height of the structurewill be 60 feet, the outer diameter 231 feet, and the diameter of the innercircle defining the sculpture court 1 1 5 feet. Four massive piers will support thecircular form over a plaza level.The circular form is designed to express the circulation within the museumand to permit space to flow around and under the building so as to extend thevisual limits from the Mall to Independence Avenue. The architectural solutionof a circular design also blends the new building with existing Smithsonianbuildings, particularly the adjacent and colorful Arts and Industries Building.The Hirshhorn Sculpture Garden will bisect the Mall to form a cross-axisparalleling the cross-axis extending from the White House to the JeffersonMemorial. Anchoring the new cross-axis will be the Department of Transporta-tion Building on the south and the National Archives on the north. TheSculpture Garden will be nine feet below the level of the Mall, so as to permitan unbroken vista. In its center will be a large reflecting pool 80 feet by 450feet, and monumental sculpture will be displayed on the broad walks borderingit. Access to the sunken Sculpture Garden will be from the ground floor of thebuilding and by wide stairways leading down from the Mall on the east andwest sides.In addition to gallery space, the building will house offices, library, seminarroom, study area, museum shop, an auditorium seating 500, conservationlaboratories, workshops, painting and sculpture storage areas, and a restaurantscaling 170 people. 92SMITHSONIAN MEDALS The Smithsonian awards four medals for distinguished achievement in majorareas of Institutional concern.The Hodgkins gold medal honors important contributions to the knowledgeof the nature and properties of atmospheric air, or practical applications ofexisting knowledge in this field to the welfare of mankind. Established in 1 89 1 it has been granted to nine men:James Dewar, Royal Institution, London, and the University of Cambridge,England, 1899 J. J. Thompson, University of Cambridge, England, 1902Sydney Chapman, University of Alaska, 1965Joseph Kaplan, University of California at Berkeley, 1965Marcel Nicolet, Centre Nationale de Recherche de l'Espace, Brussels,Belgium, 1965John Grahame Douglas Clark, University of Cambridge, England, 1967Frits S. Went, University of Nevada Desert Research Institute, 1967Jule Gregory Charney, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 1969Arie Haagen-Smith, California Institute of Technology, 1969The Langley Gold Medal for Aerodromics was established by the Board ofRegents in 1909 "to be awarded for specially meritorious investigations in con-nection with the science of aerodromics and its application to aviation." It hasbeen awarded twelve times:Wilbur and Orville Wright, 1909 93Glenn H. Curtiss, 1913Gustave Eiffel, 1913Charles A. Lindbergh, 1927Charles Matthews Manly (posthumously), 1929Richard Evelyn Byrd, 1929Joseph S. Ames, 1935Jerome Clarke Hunsaker, 1955Robert H. Goddard (posthumously), 1960Hugh Latimer Dryden, 1962AlanB. Shepard J.r., 1964Wernher von Braun, 1967The Smithson Medal, the Smithsonian's highest award, was instituted in 1965in memory of the founder of the Institution. It has been awarded twice. Thefirst recipient was Lord Howard W. Florey, who accepted it on behalf of theRoyal Society of London, of which he was then President. It was granted to theSociety for its outstanding contributions to "the increase and diffusion ofknowledge among men." The second recipient was Edgar P. Richardson,. in 1968, "for helping to shape the course of art scholarship in this country, interweavingthe two streams of history and of men into effective unity." Dr. Richardsonformerly directed the Detroit Institute of Arts and Winterthur Museum, andserved as Chairman of the Smithsonian Art Commission.The Henry Medal, honoring Joseph Henry, the first Secretary of the Smith-sonian, is awarded for outstanding service to the nation. The Medal was designedfollowing Secretary Henry's death in 1879. Although never officially presenteduntil 1967, a few Medals were struck and given to Henry's friends and associatesin 1879 on the first anniversary of his death. It was granted in 1967 to David E.Finley, first Director of the National Gallery of Art and a moving force in thecultural life of Washington and of the United States. Dr. Finley was cited forthirty years of service as "an arbiter of taste, a moulder of form and a con-servator of all that is eclectic." The second recipient in 1968 was Frank A.Taylor, the Smithsonian's Director-General of Museums and Director, UnitedStates National Museum. Taylor, a career employee for forty-seven years, wascited for "unique services to this institution, and through the National Museum,to the Nation." 49-484 O - 71 - pt. 1 94A SELECT BIBLIOGRAPHY Carmichael, Leonard. "The Smithsonian, Magnet on the Mall." National Geographic Magazine, (June1960) volume 117, number 6, pages 796-845, illustrated.Carmichael, Leonard and Long, J. C.James Smithson and the Smithsonian Story. New York: G. P. Putnam's Sons,1965. 316 pages, illustrated.Garber, Paul E.Tfie National Aeronautical Collections: Smithsonian Institution National AirMuseum. Washington, D.C.: The Smithsonian Institution, 1956.Goode, George Brown (editor)The Smithsonian Institution, 1846-1896; The History of its First Half Cen-tury. Washington, D.C.: The Smithsonian Institution, 1897. 856 pages,illustrated.Hellman, Geoffrey T.Tlie Smithsonian: Octopus on the Mall. New York City: J. B. Lippincott.1967. 224 pages. Jones, Bessie Zaban.Lighthouse of the Skies: The Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory : Back-ground and History, 1846-1955. Washington, D.C.: The Smithsonian Institu-tion. 1965. 339 pages. 95Karp, Walter.The Smithsonian Institution: An Establishment for the Increase and Diffusionof Knowledge among Men. Washington, D.C.: The Smithsonian Institutionand American Heritage, 1965. 125 pages, illustrated.Ketchum, Richard M.National Portrait Gallery. American Heritage, (August 1968) volume 19,number 5, illustrated.Oehser, Paul H.Sons of Science: The Story of the Smithsonian Institution and its Leaders.New York: H. Schuman, 1949. 220 pages, illustrated.O'Faolain, Sean. "The Smithsonian: Biographer to the World." Holiday, (August 1967) vol-ume 42, number 2, pages 45-48, 97-98, illustrated.Rhees, William J.James Smithson and His Bequest, in: Annual Report of the Board ofRegents of the Smithsonian Institution . . . for the Year 1879. Washington,D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1880. pages 143-210. (Also with illustra-tions in Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collections, (1879) volume 21 . Rhees, William J. (compiler and editor)Tlie Smithsonian Institution, Documents Relating to its Origin and History,1835-1899. 2 volumes. Washington, D.C.: The Smithsonian Institution, 1901 . 1,857 pages.Smithsonian Institution Centennial Issue. Science. (9 August 1946) volume 104,number 2693. (Articles on history and work of the Institution by members ofthe staff.)Smithsonian Centennial Issue. Scientific Monthly, (November 1946) volume 63,number 5. (Articles on history and work of the Institution by members of thestaff.) True, Webster P.Vie Smithsonian: America's Treasure House. New York: Sheridan House,1950. 306 pages, illustrated. True, Webster P.The First Hundred Years of the Smithsonian Institution. Washington, D.C.:The Smithsonian Institution, 1946. 64 pages, illustrated. This brief introductory volume was prepared by the Office of Public Affairs,Smithsonian Institution. Principal contributors to its compilation, preparation,and production were: Benjamin Ruhe, Jewell B. Dulaney, Thomas Harney,Mary Krug, and Dolores Baldauf. Portions of the pamphlet Tlie SmithsonianInstitution, published in 1959, have been incorporated in this volume. Coverdesigner: Janet Halverson. 96Dr. Ripley. In order to attempt a definition of the Smithsonian,I would like to begin from the beginning, if I may, and discuss some-thing about its purposes.The Smithsonian is a unique organization, and it does seem dif-ficult at first to find any unifying force or common purpose in an in-stitution whose interests range so widely within the spectrum of cur-rent concerns, from the Anacostia Naval Museum, on the one hand,to the National Zoological Park.A British critic writing in Punch put the question this way afew years ago: "What is the common factor linking an island inthe Panama Canal, the trilithons of Stonehenge, and a VictorianGothic building in blood red sandstone on the central axis of Wash-ington, d,c, rOf course, the critic agonized about this and came back to someof the origins which have been so celebrated in stories about theSmithsonian's founding.We know little about James Smithson except that he was anEnglish scientist and a natural philosopher, the illegitimate son ofthe then first Duke of Northumberland, and that on his death heleft a will in which he distributed his money which he had in-herited essentially from his mother, who was an heiress descendedindirectly from Henry VII, to his immediate relatives. He had an-other illegitimate brother, and that brother had one son. Should theserelatives die without issue, the entire sum of his residuary estate wasto be left to the United States to found in Washington, D.C., aninstitution for the increase and diffusion of knowledge among men,to be known as the Smithsonian Institution.The will was probated during the term of President Andrew Jack-son, and subsequently the money was received by the interventionof Richard Rush, who was a prominent citizen in Philadelphia, theson of a signer of the Declaration, a one-time Minister to the Courtof St. James and the Quai d'Orsay, and who by perseverence anddiplomatic skill managed to extract the fund from the courts ofchancery where they then were held, in record time, I think within8 or 9 months?within a period of a year. Everybody predicted hewould be dead before his task was completed, but he managed toget it.The sum he brought and put in the Mint in Philadelphia trans-lated to something under $550,000, a considerable sum in the 1830'S.The President of the United States requested an opinion of theCongress about how to dispose of these funds and enact the will,and a very considerable amount of debate ensued in the Congress.The history of this is revealing and interesting.It seems quite obvious that there were as many opinions as therewere Members of the Congress at that time who had the slightestinterest in the will and bequest. We had examples of people, suchas John Quincy Adams, a retired President who was serving inthe Congress, requesting a national observatory. We had others whowanted to have a normal school, a school for teachers, an agricul-tural college, a great library, and so on.It took some time, in fact nearly 11 years, for the debates and dis-cussions to produce an effective solution. Finally, the Congress voted 97in 1846 to set the Smithsonian Institution up under an independentBoard of Regents. The interpretation of this Board of Regents hassubsequently been maintained by various Chief Justices as being inde-pendent. That is to say, the Board is to consist of three Members of theHouse and three Members of the Senate who, in their capacity asRegents, are to act as private citizens?these Members are to be ap-pointed, in turn, by the current Speaker of the House and the Presi-dent of the Senate?the Chief Justice ex officio, the Vice President ofthe United States ex officio, and six citizen Regents.In 1846 the population of the United States was about 10 percentof the present population, and there were approximately half of theexisting States of the Union. That is why we recently appeared beiforeyour subcommittee, Mr. Chairman, with the suggestion carried fromthe Regents and proposed as a bill before the Congress, that the privatebody of the Regents should be enlarged by three, a modest incrementto a private representation of six citizens of individual States.Under the original legislation, two of these private citizens were tobe citizens of the District of Columbia and members of the NationalInstitute, an important organization, semiprivate in character, whichconstituted the foundation of the National Museum. That Institutewas housed in the basement of the U.S. Patent Office, and a number ofthe then Members of the Congress, particularly Mr. Poinsett, wereinterested in somehow or other applying the funds of the Institutionto support of the National Institute.That subject I will touch on again. It has come up consistently inthe organization of the Smithsonian Institution.In any case, the concept was based on the fact that communicationsand travel were difficult in those days, and it was assumed that aquorum should always be present for meetings of the Board ofRegents to decide the business of the Institution, and, therefore, twomembers of the Board should be resident in Washington.It was also understood, even from the beginning, that those memberswho represented the Congress, who were to act as Regents, wouldoccasionally find it difficult even to attend Regents' meetings, and itwas hoped that the Chancellor of the Institution would be chosen fromeither the Vice President or the Chief Justice of the Supreme Courtsitting in Washington and, with his authority, meetings of the Boardcould be constituted frequently.Under the act, the p ;owers of administration of this Institutionwere entrusted, through the Regents, to a person known as the Secre-tary of the Board of Regents and Secretary of the Institution. I assumethe title was chosen because of the fact that there were then in Wash-ington people who were heads of Government agencies known asSecretaries, but the Secretary of the Institution does not carry Cabi-net rank and has consistently since the beginning been a private citi-zen, not sworn in or under the civil service, but chosen by the Boardof Regents and considered to be an administrative, fiscal, and execu-tive officer of the Institution.I suppose it is unique to find me, a private citizen, sitting before youtoday, Mr. Chairman, as the chief executive of this venerable, tradi-tional establishment as provided in the original Act of Incorporationof the Institution. 98In the years since 1846, there have been eight Secretaries of theSmithsonian Institution. In the hearings in 1855, there was a discus-sion by the congressional committee about why the Secretary wascalled professor. Of course, all the Secretaries of the Institution havebeen professors, anyway, in the sense that they have come from uni-versities or held professorships, but it was decided in the beginningthat the Secretary of the Board of Regents would be titled Profes-sor, and his assistants would be titled Assistant Professor, becausethey were considered to be eminent and learned men, and they rep-resented, therefore, chosen people selected by the Board for theiracademic distinction and because it was assumed that the Institutionwould act like a kind of college. So, Professor Henry was called Pro-fessor Henry, not because he had been professor at Princeton, butbecause he was Professor in the Smithsonian; Professor Baird wascalled Professor Baird, not because he had been a professor at Dickin-son College, but because he was a Professor at the Smithsonian ; andProfessor Langley was called Professor Langley, not because he hadbeen a professor at Western College in Pittsburgh, Pa., but, rather,because he was Secretary of the Smithsonian.So, I would like to take this occasion to introduce, besides myself,Professor Bradley, here, the Under Secretary of the Smithsonian;Professor Blitzer, Assistant Secretary for History and Art; Profes-sor Warner, Assistant Secretary for Public Affairs; Professor Wheel-er, the Treasurer of the Institution ; and Professor Powers, the GeneralCounsel.Mr. Thompson. I would like to introduce former Professor Brade-mas. You know Professor Bingham.Dr. Ripley. This Institution was set up by an organic act, as I say,on August 10, 1846. Some historians say that Congress evaded anyreal interpretation by providing a Secretary and a Board of Regentsand letting them best decide the intent of Smithson's will. I think tosome extent this is true, as shown by the debate at the time, becauseit proved almost impossible to determine effectively how Congressitself was to increase and diffuse knowledge. Rather, this enigmaticand mysterious phrase could only be acted upon in the sense of settingup an organization and saying, "Let it increase and diffuse knowledge."Another point of view, of course, is that Congress had the foresightto see the need for a center for basic research and public educationwith just such a broad charter as "the increase and diffusion of knowl-edge among men." This is true in the sense that, from George Wash-ington's time on, there had been urgings in the public and speeches inthe press that in the Nation's Capital there should be a center for theincrease and diffusion of knowledge, but how that center was to beconstituted evaded the final decision of the most learned men of thetime.However, Smithsoirs mandate was accepted and was written intothe bill in the preamble and in the first section on the establishment.The principal provisions of the Organic Act of 1846 provide thatthe President, the Vice President, the Cabinet heads, the Commissionerof the Patent Office, which is where the National Institute was lo-cated?that is a particularly important point?and the mayor ofWashington, constituted an establishment by the name of the Smith-sonian Institution. 99In the beginning, it was assumed that the establishment would meetfrom time to time and meetings were attempted to be held, but fromthe letters of Joseph Henry, the first Secretary, and from the annualreports and from the subsequent discussions, it became apparent thatattempting to convene a meeting of the establishment was almost asimpossible in the 1840's and 1850's as it would be, indeed, today. Onlyon the rarest occasions, culminating in 1878 and again in 1927, wereinformal meetings of the so-called establishment held. Failing that,the routine and pattern quickly developed that the Regents wouldmeet regularly and conduct the business of the Institution.The act also authorized private funding by having the principal ofSmithson's gift deposited with the Treasury at 6 percent annual inter-est to the Smithsonian.It provided that the business of the Institution be conducted by aSecretary and a Board of Regents, the general composition of whichhas been maintained to the present day.It also provided for an executive committee to be formed by mem-bers of the Board.It instructed the Regents to choose a site and erect a building "ofplain and durable materials and structure * * * and with suitablerooms and halls for the reception and arrangement, upon a liberalscale, of objects of natural history, including a geological and min-eralogical cabinet ; also a chemical laboratory, a library, a gallery ofart, and the necessary lecture rooms."It authorized the transfer to this Institution of "all objects of artand of foreign and curious research, and all objects of natural his-tory?belonging, or hereafter to belong, to the United States," as wellas the minerals, books, manuscripts, and other properties of JamesSmithson.It provided for the gradual establishment of a library, and author-ized the managers of the Institution to spend the income of the Smith-son fund "as they shall deem best suited for the promotion of the pur-poses of the testator."The search for a first administrator or Secretary of this Institu-tion quickly narrowed to Prof. Joseph Henry, who was the mosteminent physical scientist of his day, a discoverer of the principle ofelectromagnetism, who along with Faraday worked in this area andprovided some of the seminal research which resulted in the discoveriesof Morse in telegraphy.After some serious cogitation, he decided to accept the invitation ofthe Regents to become the first Secretary of the Institution, and arrivedwith a plan for the general purposes and organization of the Smith-sonian which we have attempted to adhere to to this day.The objectives of the Institution, Henry maintained, were veryclear?first, to increase and, second, to diffuse knowledge among men."Increase" meant original investigation or research on any subjectin any field, inasmuch as Smithson's will did not define or restrictfields of knowledge. In the subsequent hearings in 1855, considerablediscussion was held on whether or not the research had to be originalor new research, and it was determined by the committee, andacceded to by Henry, that in fact research did not always have tobe original research, but it could be the illumination of truth. In other 100 words, it could be continuing; research, on collections or objects, thegeneral outlines of which might already have been known.As Henry expressed it :Smithson was well aware that knowledge should not be viewed as existingin isolated parts, but as a whole, each portion of which throws light on allthe others, and that the tendency of all is to improve the human mind, andgive it new sources of power and enjoyment.To increase knowledge, Henry provided grants?then called "pre-miums" instead of research grants as they are today?for men oftalent to make original research and, in effect, converted the originalSmithsonian Institution and its subsequent building to a residentialcenter for scholars. He himself engaged in his own research (a tradi-tion which has been maintained by every one of the seven subsequentSecretaries) which, I might add, later led to the formation of theWeather Bureau; and he encouraged studies in archeology, anthro-pology, and natural history.I may say, Mr. Chairman, I think every one of the Secretaries hasattempted to adhere to this mandate and attempted to incorporate,and, at the same time, judiciously, to prune or select objects and areasof research which will follow this mandate without confusing or con-tracting or expanding too much the original issues involved.Secretary Baird, who followed him, was a naturalist, an ornitholo-gist essentially, like myself. Secretary Langley, who followed him,was an astrophysicist, in the terms of the day, of the 1870's. SecretaryWalcott was the outstanding geologist of his time, who became thefourth Secretary. The remaining four Secretaries that I would liketo mention in passing are all alive. Secretary Abbot, who succeededWalcott, and retired in 1945, is 98 and still continuing his researchon solar tables, and has a laboratory in the Smithsonian. SecretaryWetmore, who retired in 1952, is still continuing his seminal researchon the birds of Panama, and has a laboratory in the Smithsonian.Secretary Carmichael, a specialist on infant psychology and tropisms,is still continuing his research and has a laboratory in the Smith-sonian. I, for my sins, am still continuing my research, and spenda day in my laboratory each week as best I can.This tradition is an honored one, and one which the colleagues ofours in the Smithsonian, I think, like and respect because it estab-lishes a continuing feeling that, although we are weighted with ad-ministrative tasks, we still, as Secretaries, are part of the academicfraternity.Henry gave equal weight to the diffusion of knowledge as thesecond aspect of the increase and diffusion, and therefore institutedthe "Smithsonian Contributions to Knowledge" with the first publi-cation coming out within 2 years of the founding of the Institution.He instituted a library, but this responsibility was later to be trans-ferred largely, by congressional legislation, to the Library of Con-gress.He instituted the international exchange of scholarly researchand publications, with the foundations of the Smithsonian's Interna-tional Exchange Service established in 1852.Of all the acts of Henry, I think the International Exchangewas one of the most important for scholarship of the time. In the 10119th century, scientists and academicians in this country were con-fined in their work, not to colleges, where we now assume they arelargely rinding a happy home for research, but, rather, to a very fewinstitutes. The American Philosophical Society, the American Acad-emy of Arts and Letters in Boston, and one or two other institutesof the time, were the only recourse that persons concerned with ad-vanced research had for the outlet of their publications and theirresearch and their communication with scholars in this entire Nation.In the mid-19th century, the scholarly output of the United Stateswas minuscule and confined to a very few institutions. In the colleges,as John Quincy Adams pointed out, the need was to train young menand women, as he once tenned it, to "plow a straight furrow in life."The colleges then were to be staffed by teachers rather than originalresearch workers, and the transition to, and the evolution of, the grad-uate school arena, as it were, in the United States was largely insti-tuted and developed by organizations such as the Smithsonian, asWilcomb Washburn has pointed out in his book.This indeed was a seminal act, and a way by which those scholarsin this country, lacking facilities to travel abroad, could get aboutthrough the mails, as it were, through the International Service andthe exchange procedures established by the Smithsonian, and tradetheir wares back and forth with scholars abroad.In fact, at one point Henry proposed to the Secretary of State thatthe Smithsonian should establish agents abroad in the United Statesministries. These agents might be roughly equated to cultural or scien-tific attaches of today. The idea was that these agents of the Smith-sonian would be in close touch with Bibliotheques Rationales, RoyalSocieties, and similar organizations, with coordinating and assemblingscholars and scholarly publications abroad. But nothing came of that.In any case, the International Exchange continues today.Finally, Henry instituted the Smithsonian Lectures because, as acounterpart to his work in the Institution, he felt that public instruc-tion was of the greatest importance; and the lecture series, popularespecially in those days of atheneums and lecture series in Bostonand other places, became extremely popular.It was Henry's hope that the annual lecture series would be at-tended by Members of the Congress, members of the Government, andothers concerned with the Federal establishment in Washington, D.C.,and that this would afford them an opportunity to be in touch with thenew findings and new discussions of the times. This we have tried tocontinue down to the present day with our colloquia and seminars.Henry at first did not give primary importance to creating amuseum, since it was his view that the Smithsonian should concentrateits activities on matters of benefit to all mankind, in keeping with thewill, rather than matters of local interest. But, of course, a museumrole was ordained by the Congress in the 1846 act, and we believe thatit was particularly put into the act by the sponsors of the NationalInstitute, like Mr. Poinsett, whom I mentioned, who were so concernedwith its fate.By the late 1850's, the Smithsonian was housing in its new buildinga large amount of natural history specimens collected through Gov-ernment-sponsored exploration of our Western frontiers. By then, too, 102 it had been proposed that the Smithsonian receive the collections ofthe Patent Office, which included models of inventions, a section knownas the American Museum of Art, and also natural history collections,notably those from the expeditions of Captain Wilkes to the Pacific.Mr. Thompson. That patent collection is still in your possession, isit not?Dr. Ripley. It is.Mr. Thompson. It originally had been housed in the Patent Officebuilding ?Dr. Ripley. In the basement of the U.S. Patent Office, right.The Regents and Henry established a principle, as a result of theincrease of collections, that is essential to the understanding of theSmithsonian and its subsequent growth. They held that limited incomefrom the Smithsonian fund, which in these days totaled $30,000 to$33,000 a year, should be reserved for increase and diffusion of knowl-edge of worldwide benefit, and not spent on caretaking or maintenanceof museum property and collections. But if the Congress wished theSmithsonian to take on the public responsibility for a national col-lection and, in effect, a national museum, in accord with the 1846act, then the Smithsonian should do this for the people of the UnitedStates, but with appropriated funds.In this spirit, the Patent Office collection was accepted in 1858, andthe Congress acceded, and the first Federal appropriation was made tothe Smithsonian through the Department of the Interior in the amountof $4,000 annually so, in Henry's own words, the Smithsonian could"become the curator of the national collections."' This is the origin andthe beginning of the annual Federal appropriation system as far as theSmithsonian is concerned.Many special-purpose appropriations soon followed, because Henry,and especially his successor, Spencer Baird, were greatly interested inthe development of the West, and Baird especially, who was somethingof a diplomat and something of a negotiator?I suppose you mightcall him a science administrator today?was influential in interestingthe Secretary of War and the Secretary of the Interior in the long-term results of the surveys being undertaken by the Coast and GeodeticSurvey and other surveying organizations throughout the West, andfelt that unless parallel collections and observations were made in twoimportant areas?one, the general area of natural history, geology,and paleontology; and the other, the area of anthropology?the speci-mens and records would be lost, and the Nation would inevitably sufferin a long-term way from the loss of invaluable and unique material.It was because of this that Maj. John Wesley Powell received aSmithsonian grant to explore the Colorado region, and in 1869 em-barked on his famous trip down the Colorado, which we celebratedwith a centennial last year at the Green River junction where the newUnion Pacific tracks crossed the river, and discovered the Canyon ofthe Colorado.His essential purpose, aside from mapping and geological studies,was a study of the Indian tribes. As a result. Congress subsequentlyapproved Powell's activities and in 1879 reorganized and consolidatedall Federal exploration, assigning geological investigation to the De-partment of the Interior, creating the U.S. Geological Survey, and 103 at the same time establishing anthropological studies within theSmithsonian, which were to be called the Bureau of Ethnology.John Wesley Powell, a one-armed veteran of the Battle of Shiloh,an extraordinary explorer, became a Smithsonian employee in 1879,and continued until his death as director of this Bureau of AmericanEthnology.Quite aside from his far-reaching discussions and writings aboutthe dangers to the Western Badlands and the fragile environment ofthe desert in parts of the West and Southwest, he, more than anyoneelse, rallied and coalesced public opinion about the decline of theAmerican Indian and the importance of making studies of Indianlanguage, customs, and tribal activities before they vanished from thescene as rapidly as the antelope and the buffalo from the prairie.Anthropology owes a continuing debt to Powell and, indeed, to theSmithsonian Institution, which founded the study of anthropologyessentially in this country in the 1840's.The second Secretary of the Smithsonian, Spencer Baird, whom Ihave mentioned, was a biologist, an avid museum man, what myformer mentor at Harvard would call a "pack rat," and an enthusi-astic proponent of the Smithsonian's early efforts toward museum ex-hibitions. When he came down to assume his post as Assistant Secre-tary of the Smithsonian, Professor Baird carried with him some eightfreight-car loads of his personal collections, which were afterward in-corporated in the Institution. So, you can see that he was well suitedto enhance the museum role of the Institution.At the same time, Baird was greatly interested in the fishes, especi-ally of the Atlantic Coast, and his efforts were responsible for the cre-ation of the U.S. Fish Commission, now a part of the Department of theInterior, perhaps soon to be legislated into another part of the Gov-ernment organization. Baird essentially was the founder of the U.S.interest in fisheries and in oceanography. He was one of the foundersof the Woods Hole Biological Laboratory in Massachusetts, and hewas farsighted enough to have stated in the 1870's that it was quitelikely that the food requirements of the growing Nation?the UnitedStates?would be such in the 20th century that harvesting the seawould have to be done in a highly sophisticated manner. So, he wasprescient and an extraordinarily interesting biological organizer aswell as a pioneer biologist himself.One of the great things which Baird seized upon was the 1876Philadelphia Centennial Exposition. The Smithsonian received aFederal appropriation to participate in the exposition and, in fact,was what might be called today the lead agency in this regard. TheSmithsonian organized five separate exhibits, coordinating work ofthe Department of the Interior especially, and Spencer Baird wasmade a member of the board appointed by President Grant to planthe Government's participation.If Federal funds were applied for the national collection and if theSmithsonian was to serve as a national museum in being, then theSmithsonian was to be the logical recipient of materials from thisgreat exposition. Actually, the work was so well organized and theunderstanding so implicit in the exhibits prepared by the Smith-sonian that, as a result, some 85 freight-car loads of materials from 45 104 nations and a number of States were brought back to Washington atthe end of the Philadelphia Centennial Exposition.It was quite obvious, in the characteristic overflow manner of mu-seums, that we did not have space in 1877-78 to house all these ex-traordinary collections. Therefore, a proposal was made to the Congressthat a new building should be erected to be known as the U.S. NationalMuseum. In 1879, Congress appropriated $250,000 for construction oia new building for the National Museum. It was in effect a reaffirma-tion of the museum provision in the Organic Act of 1846 with the fol-lowing specific language : All collections of rocks, minerals, soils, fossils, and objects of natural history,archeology, and ethnology made by the Coast and Interior Survey, the GeologicalSurvey, or by any other parties for the Government of the United States, whenno longer needed for investigations in progress, shall be deposited in the NationalMuseum.This legislation and the accompanying appropriation reaffirmedthe unique nature of the Smithsonian as a nongovernmental institutioncreated by the Congress to which additional public responsibilitieswithin the mandate for the increase and diffusion of knowledge have,with the consent of the Board of Regents, been legislated and sup-ported in substantial part by appropriated funds.In that regard, Mr. Chairman, as you know, we have before yourcommittee a bill approved by the Regents and suggested in part by ourcurators in the U.S. National Museum, for the extension of this prin-ciple in the sense that, with the continuing amassing and developingof collections in the Institution since 1876, partially housed by a sub-sequent building in 1911, the Natural History Building, and a stillsubsequent building planned in the 1940's and 1950's and finally openedin 1964, the Museum of History and Technology, this continuing ac-cretion of objects, which Henry so often complained about as finan-cially draining the Institution, requires that a more sophisticated typeof storage and research ability be thought about seriously and in depth.It is in this connection that we have requested this bill asking for studyfunds for the depository facilities in Maryland.Mr. Thompson. What is the approximate rate of acquisition of ob-jects under this section, Dr. Ripley ?Dr. Ripley. It is difficult to say exactly. I suppose perhaps 1 millionobjects a year, something of this sort. This consists of everything un-der the sun ; from collections of insects, which can be relatively easilyhoused in small trays and generally tend to be small ; to potsherds fromarcheological excavations in this country or the new world in general,which are aggregates of fragments of bone and pottery from excava-tions, often collected by the Department of the Interior, and whichmust be held for a certain period of time and then, indeed, may be dis-posed of; to paleontological fossil specimens which vary from tinymicro-organisms to huge bones of fossil animals, reptiles mostly; toanthropological objects and collections; to art objects; and to mete-orites, which rarelly, and happily?appear?and of which we obtained awonderful specimen weighing about 25 kilos in February of this year.The rate of accretion is not constant nor, indeed, do we keep all thematerial. By selective processes we exchange or trade off many of thesematerials, particularly in the oceanographic field where we have as- 105sembled a list of some 230 specialists around the world in 38 countrieswith whom we deposit collections taken in trawls, under the interna-tional oceanographic and geological programs.NATIONAL COLLECTIONS?LISTING BY ORGANIZATION UNIT 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969Museum and gallery collections:1. National Museum of NaturalHistory 48,965,103 50,246,165 51,224,353 52,161,392 52,916,3132. National Museum of History andTechnology.. 10,484,251 10,615,468 10,868,867 12,383,974 12,472,4823. National Air and Space Mu-seum i 11,929 12,143 12,351 12,826 13,1844. National Collection of Fine Arts-. 10,440 11,190 11,890 12,440 13,2005. Freer Gallery... 10,139 10,174 10,202 10,279 10,3076. National Armed Forces MuseumAdvisory Board 128 473 842 8897. National Portrait Gallery 189 207 255 317 3678. Hirshhorn Museum and Sculp-ture Garden 7,000 7,500 8,0009. Cooper-Hewitt 3 _._ _ 100,000Zoological Park collections:10. National Zoological Park 2,628 3,223 3,076 3,076 2,726Library collections:11. Smithsonian Institution Librariessystem 594,113 606,646 624,585 640,642 656,143Archival and related collections:12. Smithsonian Archives 830,000 830,000 830,000 1,160,000 1,630,00013. Joseph Henry papers 3,000 11,000 14,00014. National Air and Space Museum. 4,160,000 7,530,000 8,330,000 10,330,000 15,000,000Museum and Gallery collection 59,482,051 60,895,475 62,135,391 64,589,570 65,534,742National Zoological Park collections 2,628 3,223 3,076 3,076 2,726Library collections 594,113 606,646 624,585 640,642 656,143Archival collections .._. 4,990,000 8,360,000 9,163,000 11,501,000 16,644,000Total (rounded) 65, 000, 000 70, 000, 000 72, 000, 000 77, 000, 000 83, 000, 000 1 NASM states it was unable to accession instruments, uniforms, and navigational equipment since 1965 because oflack of curator and space.2 Joined Smithsonian Institution in fiscal year 1967.3 Joined Smithsonian Institution in fiscal year 1969.Note.?The Archives of American Art joined the Smithsonian Institution in fiscal year 1970 so its collections were notincluded in the above breakdown. The growth of their collections prior to fiscal year 1970 is: 1965, 90,000; 1966, 120,000;1967, 380.000; 1968, 556,000; 1969, 766,000.Detailing very briefly the subsequent growth and legislation, if Imay, I would like just to list briefly some of our subsequent bureaus.The National Zoological Park had its origin in the fact that theNational Museum had a Department of Living Animals which wasmaintained for a number of years on the Mall near the originalSmithsonian Building. There was a fence and it was possible to seebuffalo in the middle of the Mall in those days. Some of this materialwas gleaned by Dr. William Hornaday as potential subjects for histaxidermy, but much of it was gleaned by him because of his increas-ing concern and interest in conservation. Much of this material wasinvolved in the West?buffalo, for example. Hornaday in the 1880'swas concerned about the extinction of the symbol of America's West,the buffalo, along with the bald eagle, the most popular and currentsymbol of America. He was much concerned that the American publicshould be educated before it was too late in the imminent decline ofcertain large game species of animals.He joins the ranks, therefore, with Gifford Pinchot, with SecretaryLangley, who was then the Secretary of the Smithsonian, with Theo-dore Roosevelt and others in foreseeing the potential decline of greatmammal and bird species in this country. 106Congress authorized the National Zoological Park in 1889 and in1890 appropriated $200,000 for the purchase of land in what was thenknown as Rock Creek Valley. This was before the creation of RockCreek Park. This act placed the National Zoological Park under thedirection of the Regents, who were authorized to transfer to it anyliving specimens of animals or plants, to accept gifts, to make ex-changes of specimens, and generally to improve the park "for the ad-vancement of science and the instruction and recreation of the people."Conservation and public education were watchwords in the develop-ment of the zoo and were among the basic interests of Langley andDr. Hornaday.Incidentally, Hornaday subsequently went to New York to becomethe director of the New York Zoological Society, and in 1912, as I wasable to point out to Congressman Albert recently, was able to send 12buffalo on flatcars from New York City to the Ouachita Reserve ineastern Oklahoma where they formed the nucleus of the subsequentherds of wild buffalo which now again roam parts of the Southwest.Initially, the maintenance and operation of the zoo were attachedto the District of Columbia appropriations bills. This was because thezoo legislation had finally been passed as a rider to an appropriationbill for the District. Beginning in 1962, however, the Smithsonianhas been allotted increasing funds by the Congress, first for construc-tion and finally, in the current fiscal year, for the entire operation andmaintenance budget of the zoo.The visitations to the zoo total over 3 million people a year, of whichmore than 50 percent come from outside the District. In fact, it is closeto 80 percent. This means that the concept of its being a national enter-prise, a national resource, has become a reality.In 1890, Secretary Langley rekindled John Quincy Adams' ideathat the Smithsonian should concern itself with an observatory, andsought to give the Smithsonian more balance in the physical sciencesas opposed to its increasing concern with natural history, with ecologyas we call it today, and with conservation. With contributions fromJames Kidder and Alexander Graham Bell, who was a Regent of theSmithsonian, he started a modest observatory in the Smithsonian'sbackyard. The next year, Congress appropriated $10,000 "for the main-tenance of Astrophysical Observatory and the making of solar obser-vations at high altitudes." Annual Federal support has continued eversince, but many private donations have been made along the way. Formany years, John A. Roebling of New Jersey directly supported theresearch of Secretary Abbot in the Astrophysical Observatory.This Astrophysical Observatory in 1955, under the prescient intui-tion and direction of my predecessor, Dr. Carmichael?Professor Car-michael, I should say?was relocated at Harvard with the idea thata totally integrated situation would better advance the cause of astro-nomical, astrophysical, and geodesic research.I hope the committee will have an opportunity to hear from Dr.Whipple?Professor Whipple?who occupies two roles, both as Di-rector of the Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory and as a pro-fessor on the faculty of Harvard, in this combined and integrated jointlaboratory which is maintained through the constant supervision lx>thof the Regents and the Secretary of the Smithsonian, and the presidentand fellows of Harvard University. 107In 1903, the Congress authorized funds, not to exceed $3,500,000, fora new National Museum Building. This structure eventually came tohouse the U.S. National Museum of Natural History, which, as youknow, lies on Constitution Avenue at 10th Street and was completed,as I recall, in 1911.During the winter of 1905-06, Charles Lang Freer approachedthe Smithsonian. Through the intervention of President TheodoreRoosevelt, the Regents visited Mr. Freer in Detroit to see his collectionof oriental art which he would like to present to the Nation. He alsosuggested that he give money to house it in trust. Finally, the Regentsaccepted the offer, and in 1915 Freer waived the condition that thecollection was to remain in his possession during his lifetime. It sub-sequently came to the Smithsonian in sections during the latter part ofhis life. He offered $1 million if the Smithsonian would go ahead withthe construction of the Freer Gallery of Art.I would like to note at this point, Mr. Chairman, that the foregoing-outline has focused almost entirely on the public responsibilities andFederal financing of the Institution's development, with only paren-thetical references to the fact that all through this time the Smith-sonian was receiving many significant gifts and building up its privateendowment. 108 i = TO M CO ttj'oo oCQ ?" to cmo r-. co o* ??? WHO?'CO cm co co r-^m cr>in o^^coCO ^-? 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'co ' ' itoI?I -CT I I I lOOco 'en ' ' ' 'COCO ' > ' I nDNinocoh-rococnofOCM!???oooocor-.oo^a-O'????'cocmCOH rHCOr )Mnotorsroooo)Of2?icooocor^oo^o^j^oocMooir> co.?? ,?icor-^ooco iNtoomciooooh.rsotOt^"1tOOOOCM^-pHOP^^CDCOCOgr;^'3-(OCDCn*3-CMLncOCMOOCM cn c . __,r-??*r cD*a-oo cjcOr-<>-iorsrs.^t-i ocoo*3-o?*o?=i-CMLr>cn^r"-.oo:00 *3" CD ^r CM l >cncM oooorCM 00 CD OO* OQOOCM CD 2 E :oo-o_oiccccQia:cE:c>ocvOty3cy)c/5h->rM E5 rt J ' CD.Q c-o >a>coo ?8?<" < 2 1 < SB, ?? i?_ ? 3u ? a ? = ?S E.sl 'i5?53?S / Sg < ? ^ i3 ?SS ISHills 125???2* c ? s &s t I || |f ?sill; E2 e CO CO iiililist i t S3S t ? i ? i** g 353S ?5at?::eajjss.; 8ssg s s 3 ? t te f. 3 ** ? ? ? ' ill t s i 1 1 1 ii?is'islsB. !SS 28: ?s?-_ Si?Z3 S| 'Ml1 III 116Mr. Thompson. First of all, I would like to thank you, Dr. Ripley,for a very comprehensive and enlightening statement. As you know,we discussed this matter in my office, and you certainly did exactlywhat I had in mind, which I feel will be of great benefit not only tothe members of this committee, but the full committee and eventually,I hope, in the form of a report to the Members of the House.I have learned a great deal here this morning. This is the first timein a long time that there has been any comprehensive history inchronological order of the establishment of the Institution. It willbe extremely valuable to us.Next week and following, we will have a number of interestingwitnesses, and by the time we have finished, it is my hope, using thissplendid statement as the base, we will have an extremely compre-hensive view of the Institution in sufficient detail that we can pro-ceed.You referred to the fact that there is some legislation already pend-ing. It is my understanding that the other body is now ready to acceptthe enlargement of the Board of Regents which passed the Housesome time ago. I hope we shall be ready soon to take up the bill toextend the Museum Act, because we consider that to be extremelyimportant.I think I will defer to my colleagues at this time, and then come backlater for any questions which I might have.Mr. Brademas ?Mr. Brademas. Thank you very much, Mr. Chairman.Dr. Ripley, I want to join the chairman in expressing appreciationto you for a really first-class statement detailing the origins and devel-opment of the Smithsonian Institution. I have great admiration andrespect for you and the splendid members of your staff, as I think youare aware, but that admiration in no way diminishes my desire to putsome questions to you.In looking at the July 1 GAO Report to Congress on the Smith-sonian Institution, I notice that there is a breakdown of the sourcesof financial support for the Smithsonian. Those sources are not sobroken down as to make possible an exact judgment, as I read thechart, on Federal as distinguished from non-Federal financial support.However, I roughly calculate?if you have an annual budget in thearea of $50 million?that approximately $35 million of that can beascribed to Federal sources.Mr. Bradley, perhaps you will straighten me out if I am not accuratein that judgment.Mr. Bradley. Sir, that is approximately correct. We could tightenup on it, but the essential facts are correct there, recognizing that thisreport is based on the years 1968 and 1969. We have now moved into1970 and 1971 fiscal years and those figures sometimes get into the dis-cussion, also. For 1969, that is approximately correct. I will supplyfor the record a list of the amounts involved.[List follows:] 117The Basic Sources of Funds for the Smithsonian InstitutionFor operating purposes : Fiscal yearFederal appropriations : 197 oSalaries and expenses?operating funds $29, 965, 000Special foreign currency program 2, 316, 000District of Columbia?operations of the National Zoo 2, 802, 000Research grants and contracts (Federal and private) 10, 600, 000Private Funds : Gifts?excluding gifts to endowment funds (entire amountrestricted to specific projects and hence unavailable forgeneral operating expenses) 2,000,000Income from endowments and current fund investments 1, 400, 000Total support for operations 49, 083, 000For construction:National Zoological Park 600, 000Restoration and renovation of buildings 525, 000Toward construction of the Joseph H. Hirshhorn Museum andSculpture Garden 3, 500,000Total construction 4, 625, 000This information appears on pages 1 and 2 of the statement entitled "Smith-sonian Finances and Financial Management," prepared by Mr. T. Ames Wheeler,Treasurer of the Smithsonian Institution.Mr. Brademas. As I understand the recommendations of the GeneralAccounting Office, one of them goes to the question of the internalaudit on activities that are funded with Federal funds. Is that correct ?Mr. Bradley. It does.Mr. Brademas. So, what the GAO has really raised questions aboutconcerns the great bulk of the Smithsonian's funds.Mr. Bradley. I would interpret it really to run to both sides, butcertainly to include the Federal side.Mr. Brademas. I am just looking at page 26 of the GAO report,which concludes that "we believe that expansion of internal auditeffort by the Smithsonian on activities financed from Federal fundswould result in a more effective audit of its operations," and thengoes on to say that "the policies and practices discussed demonstratethe need for increased internal audit of activities financed with Federalfunds."I take it the point made by the GAO report is that you have hadpretty good auditing with respect to private money, but that the GAOhas not been too pleased with the auditing and its effectiveness withrespect to Federal funds. Is that accurate?Mr. Bradley. That is accurate.Mr. Brademas. The point I am trying to get at is that most ofthe money that you spend is Federal money.Mr. Bradley. That is right.Mr. Brademas. Therefore, it takes on a rather different cast thanif most of the money you were spending were private money.Mr. Bradley. Of course.Mr. Brademas. I also understand, as I read through this report,that you have responded, as it were, affirmatively to the recommenda-tions of the GAO. There does not seem to be any disagreement between 118you at the Smithsonian and the General Accounting Office with respectto your following through on the recommendations they have made;is that correct '.Mr. Bradley. That is correct as to internal audit ; yes, sir.Mr. Brademas. Is there any difference in opinion between the Smith-sonian and the GAO with respect to any recommendations they mayhave made to you?Mr. Bradley. Yes, sir. The principal recommendation, as we see it,that the GAO suggested be considered by the Congress, related to theuse of $336,000 appropriated for the reconstruction of the central partand the addition of monumental wings to the Natural History Build-ing, which happened some years ago but the final expenditures weremade in this later fiscal year and so came under their purview. Then-point was that the funds normally appropriated for construction shallnot be used for anything that is not attached to the building. We haveconsistently?and so have other agencies?sought to produce a turn-key building complete with everything in it, including furniture,furnishings, book stacks, storage cases, and so on, all ready to go asnecessary parts of a new structure. It would have made no differenceto us whatsoever if we had not used construction funds for such thingsas these furnishings and equipment but, rather, had reduced that fromthe construction appropriation and then gone over to the "Salariesand expenses'' operating account and obtained the same money.So, we justified to our two appropriations committees, in the Houseand Senate, in some detail that we would like to have as a part of theconstruction appropriation, which totaled $13,500,000, an amount forfurnishings and equipment along with a lot of other things?lightbulbs, landscaping, diversion of a sewer, air conditioning, and so forth.We detailed and outlined it in the budgetary justifications, and weshowed that justification to the General Accounting Office. We are at aloss to understand why there is any question about the expenditure offunds justified for furniture and furnishings and equipment whenwe expended it for the very purposes for which we justified it to theCongress and for which it was so appropriated, without dissent.Mr. Brademas. I do not mean to pursue this particular question ingreat detail. It seems to me obvious that one ought always to be on theside of expending funds for the purpose for which they were intended.But I must say as I look at the first page of the GAO report and readthe sentence under "Findings and Conclusions" observing that theSmithsonian misused $40,095 and that the Smithsonian also misusedanother $3,835, and GAO is upset about that?when 1 think of whatgoes on over in the Department of Defense, my blood does not boilvery much about the Smithsonian's shortcomings.That is, of course, not to say I am endorsing inappropriate expendi-tures of public funds. Obviously not, but I do hope that some of thezeal which is displayed in the GAO report on the Smithsonian can alsobe pointed in other directions where the payoff might be far richer.from the taxpayer's viewpoint.Mr. Thompson. If the gentleman will yield, later in the hearings, asa matter of fact next week, we will hear from representatives of Peat,Marwick & Mitchell, the auditors of private funds of the Smithsonian.and, as indicated, we will hear from the GAO as well. We will get acomprehensive picture of this. 119Mr. Brademas. Dr. Ripley, I wonder if you could comment on thepresent status of the Woodrow Wilson International Center forScholars.Dr. Ripley. The present status of the Center is that after the legis-lation incorporating it in 1968, and the setting up of the Board ofTrustees, the Trustees proceeded to meet and discovered that they hadno particular funds to operate with. However, they were anxious tocontinue and develop the momentum which had appeared in the hear-ings and discussions in which Secretary Rusk and a number of propo-nents of a memorial to Woodrow Wilson had taken part, and in whichI had proffered the services of the Smithsonian to attempt to coordi-nate the efforts to find a setting and a site for the Center, feeling itwas within the traditional purview of the Institution.Funds became available in the form of $100,000 the first year, anda subsequent grant from the Ford Foundation of $40,000 gave us abudget of $140,000. With this we were able to secure a director, whowas an acting director, Benjamin H. Read, and to attempt to set up aprogram.There were no physical facilities except those that existed withinthe Smithsonian. Fortunately, some 2 or 3 years before, we had askedfor reconstruction funds for the Smithsonian parent building, thecastle, in order to set up additional facilities for research scholars.This program had been continuing during this period of time and hadbeen the direct result of the moveout of some of the staff into theMuseum of History and Technology and some into the newly con-structed wings of the Natural History Museum. Under the circum-stances, it seemed only appropriate for us to make some of the newlyconstituted research quarters available to the Nation's Woodrow Wil-son Center so their program could get underway.We have done so. With the concurrence of the Board of Trustees,we have participated in trying to set aside some research space forvisiting scholars if and when they come.The deliberations of the Trustees have produced a program for fel-lows, schematically organized to concern itself not only with the in-terests of Woodrow Wilson himself, which were broad and which wecan only assume that, were he alive today, would be still broader, butalso with the siting of the Center in Washington, D.C., where facilitiesand resources already exist in the Library of Congress, in adjacentGovernment bureaus, in the Archives and in the libraries, collections,and centers already here?they exist but are not, as it were, being capi-talized as forming a core group of advanced scholars.The Trustees have set up two schematic approaches. One is in thearea of the law of the sea : International studies which have a directrelation not only to law itself, to the Nation's laws and to internationallaw, but also to the uses of the sea in connection with marine ecological,developmental, environmental studies, and the programs of the Na-tional Council on Marine Resources. The other program is in what 1have termed social biology; that is, the interface where sociologycomes up against the biological components of the environment. Thesetwo areas seem to be seminal ones, and ones which are concernedlargely with the current thrust of thinking in certain parts of Wash-ington and could be therefore captured. 120We have advertised, as it were, through the academic fraternity,for possible scholars, people who might be willing to be fellows, andwe have asked for a budget. In fiscal 1971, the Congress has allocatedfunds approximately equal to the proposed budget, and it remainsto be seen whether this will be accepted within the President's program.Mr. Bradejmas. Thank you.Let me put a couple of other questions to you, and let me expressthe hope that you will give me rather briefer replies, because I wantto be sure my colleagues have a chance to put questions to you. Weare children of the House here, not of the Senate, and we impose timelimits on ourselves.I understand, Mr. Secretary, that you have characterized some ofthe recent publicity concerning the proposed Hirshhorn collection asa smear, if I do not misrepresent you. I am sure you will straightenme out if I have.Could you comment on the role of the Smithsonian in obtainingthat collection, give us your judgment on its significance, and perhapscomment on the naming of the building? I am sure you are awarethat this matter has been the subject of some discussion in the pressand I raise the question also in view of the experience of the Smith-sonian with the National Gallery of Art and the relationship betweenthe Gallery and Mr. Mellon.Dr. Ripley. Mr. Brademas, I did not characterize the particularpublicity incident to the discussion of the Hirshhorn affair as a smear.In our house publication, I characterized some of the general spateof publicity which has come out in the past year as a smear, whichincluded other things.However, the role of the Smithsonian has been to encourage theacceptance of the gift of the Hirshhorn collection by the Nation, andin connection with that I am very happy to accede to the concept thatthe building should be named the Joseph H. Hirshhorn Museum andSculpture Garden.We have many examples of equivalent buildings on the Mall andin other parts of the Nation which have been named after a donor.There is constant discussion and argument in the press and amongaficionados of this sort of thing as to whether or not this is noble orignoble in any instance, whether or not it will add to the collectionor depreciate the collection, whether or not it will serve the generalpurposes of the public,James Smithson is memorialized in the form of the SmithsonianInstitution Building. We have the Freer Gallery and the Freer col-lection, which was accepted by the Regents of the Smithsonian forthe United States on a far more narrow and restrictive basis thananything in the present legislation regarding Hirshhorn. Except forthe sole surviving member of the friends of Mr. Freer who werethought to have his esthetic tastes in mind?namely, Mrs. EugeneMeyer?it lis impossible for any other person to give anything to theFreer collection. It is not impossible for people to give things to theHirshhorn collection, and they already have been doing so, and I willsumbit a list of such gifts.[List follows:] 121oo ooooc oooooooooooooooJOO too toe JOOOOOO.OOOOOOOO)OH0)SO 3Z aocn co -\csj ._ SN?> > > 5 2inwooobfi s^cm.c .=? 2?OOo co^ CO CD >m?< t?t r-* < o "^ o o o -Qot c ^-t?in^ ? *;- ^Ec^; oo:qsu.= o?- zzj- toco'jc |5 13 ** -3 5: C1 -^TCT'^j.tig-ESiS- ^"gS~-'~~'-' -i3 M J2 ? O .?5.0 CO CO' 'l ? ? _2 _ Scl?o'oMDQZZ I eSrDo_ Ln <->x; i qj Q ?j^ a> CO ' c 5"'c cm .O CO CIz^-aoS -S3z 55 E 'ooo "? <00'|| 2 ?ols arid colleges of a realcan perform.Mr. Bbadbmas. Thai much, Dr. Ripley Jshall have an opportunity to have you for another day of tesl J ould like to near you at greater length onof what the Smithsonian has in mind for theJ hope somebody thei tiking in terms ojI am also interested in hearing from you at ?last point to which you made reference; name relationship be-tween the Smithsonian Institution and elementary ane of the Smithsonian's activitiJ have the impression, not so much from your statement as fromwhat J have read and heard in the last few year:-, that during yourire the Smithsonian has been an extraordinarily lively and ptive and dynamic institution as contrasted with the some iffyatmosphere that pervaded its activities in earli'-. I ould notexpect you to comment on that because J am sure you would not wantto reflect on your predecessor-., bur that is my impression Ied from time to time the bulletin e therange and scope are extraordinary. Also. I thhquite clearly in your administration a remarkable degree o;and imagination.Mr. Brademas ha ome of the points I had wanted Uabout, f have one oi hers that J would like to rake up at thistime.I do hope we will have further opportunity, Mr. Chairman, becausethere are a number of mat?'-: .11 want to go into. 124Mr. Thompson. If the gentleman will yield. I think T have alreadyindicated that we would like more of Dr. Ripley's time. I think itmight be best following today, after the development of the hearings,for him to come back at a later date for a Avrapup.Mr. Bingham. I do think that would be appropriate.I would like to know a little more at this time of your relationshipwith the John F. Kennedy Center. I did not realize that this was apart of the Smithsonian. I wonder what degree of supervision youhave, and specifically I would like to know to what extent you wereinvolved in the plans for the building. Were they submitted for yourapproval ?Dr. Ripley. Thank you very much. Mr. Bingham, for that question.I am able to say that the month I arrived on the scene. January, priorto my assuming office in February?January 24, 1964, I think thedate was?the Regents had a meeting at the Smithsonian, and at thatmeeting they reported that two or three of them had just come from ameeting in the White House at which the bill had been signed renam-ing the National Cultural Center the John F. Kennedy Center for thePerforming Arts.During the ensuing months, I discovered that, except for the ques-tion of the size of the auditorium, the building itself was planned indetail. So, I was able to take no personal part in any redesign or in thequestion of the design of the building. My hope, expressed to the chair-man, who was also the cultural adviser to the President, Mr. Stevens,was that a strong educational component be introduced into the ac-tivities of the building, and a strong contact with the people be intro-duced into the activities of the building, because I felt this was con-sonant with the purposes of the Smithsonian Institution, and that itwould behoove the Secretary of the Institution to be able to speak tothese issues.However, the construction of the building presupposes that it willessentially be for performing arts and performances, and except forthe small theater on the roof which could house not only film showingsbut other kinds of demonstrations and talks, and except for guidedtours and the possibility of certain gallery-like facilities in the build-ing in the great halls, there is at the moment relativelv less oppor-tunity for direct educational involvement than one might expect.The fact that it is a bureau of the Smithsonian is essentially nominal.It is under its own board. I merely sit as a member of the trustees andon some of the select committees. Therefore, I take part in the deliber-ations. The only constituent legislative requirement to the setting upof the incorporation was that the Regents of the Smithsonian shouldfind at a certain date that there were funds in hand to complete thebuilding. They found these funds were in hand, I may add parentheti-cally, before it was discovered that the bids, and so on, required addi-tional funds. The Regents were not involved in the subsequent testi-mony and hearings held on the need for more funds. By that time theyhad satisfied their legislative requirement.Mr. Bingham. Would you tell us a little bit about the publicationthat you inaugurated this year, and what the status of that publicationis?Dr. Ripley. This is a magazine which has been developed as aneffort to reach associates more than 50 miles from Washington. We havedeveloped an organization called the Smithsonian Associates. This 125 organization already encompasses some 30,000 people in the immediateenvirons of Washington, with some 11,000 paid individual or familymemberships. The programs of the associates in the Washington areaare essentially only visible to those who are within motoring or walk-ing distance of the buildings.It had been the intention from the beginning to attempt to set up anational organization of associates. So we started this fall, after 2 yearsof study, a National Associates magazine by soliciting member-ships inthe National Associates. At the present time we have something over180,000 members of this National Associates organization. We have abeginning board for the National Associates. The chairman is oneof our Regents, Mr. Marvin Watson.The magazine has gotten off to an interesting and, I think, very suc-cessful start. The purpose of the magazine is to create a first link be-tween someone living more than 50 miles from Washington and theSmithsonian itself.Mr. Thompson. Is there any significance in the fact that that earlyissue has two elephants on the cover ?Dr. Ripley. I have been asked that before, Mr. Chairman. It seemedlike a fortuitous accident.Mr. Thompson. It is very attractive. I like it.Mr. Bingham. Is this the publication that was advertised at onetime in the New York Times, I believe, in a full-page advertisement?Dr. Ripley. We had a full-page ad in the New York Times, lastautumn I believe it was, about the formation of the National Associatesand about the fact that this would be the first direct benefit to the Na-tional Associates. We plan subsequsntly, as the organization of theNational Associates develops, not only to offer the magazine, and trips,and facilities when a person visits Washington, but also special publi-cations of the Institution including, I hope, eventually educational kitswhich will be related to the basic activities of the Institution, rangingfrom minerals to American history.Mr. Bingham. Have there been other advertisements in other pub-lications? Have you had an advertising program, or just the one ad?Dr. Ripley. As far as I know, that was the only case.Mr. Bingham. Would you say the results from that advertisementhave brought more than reimbursement for its expense?Dr. Ripley. Yes ; at present our funds in hand have covered the in-vestment in setting up the magazine.Mr. Bingham. Do you find that the response to this effort indicatesthat there is a demand for such a publication in light of the fact thatthere are so many publications of various kinds?Dr. Ripley. We have done one or two test mailings on the kinds ofpeople who become national associates. The magazine was started asthe first link on the basis of a hunch that there were many people at asort of professional level in the country who would be interested in amonthly account of this sort which embraces art, history, science, andso on, the manifold interests of the Institution. The response from thesetest mailings show that over 60 percent of the people who have becomenational associates are people at a high professional level or capacity.This is expressed in the answers concerning their careers and the kindsof income they have, and so on. This is an astonishing response so faras the magazine is concerned. 49-484 O - 71 - pt. 1 126Mr. Bingham. Do you consider this primarily an educational ac-tivity, with a secondary purpose being to raise funds ?Dr. Ripley. We consider it, as I say, the first goal to develop a na-tional associates group. The national associates group will be offerededucational and cultural facilities because they are national associatesand because of their interest expressed by having become so.At the same time, as I pointed out in my little editorial in the Juneissue, the Society of Friends that was envisaged by the Regents andSecretary Charles Walcott in 1827, was to spin off, as a side effect,knowledge of the Smithsonian, and inferentially perhaps some privatesupport. One of the things that worried the committee of the Regentsand the development committee that was set up in 1927 was the veryfact pointed out by Mr. Brademas and Mr. Thompson. In 1927, con-gressional appropriations to the Smithsonian had grown to 63 percentof its small budget. Federal support has since grown faster than incomefrom endowment funds. But as a private establishment we have hadmore research contracts, Government and private. In 1969 our sup-port was about 68 percent Federal and 25 percent grants and contracts,and only 7 percent endowment funds.It seemed to us that the original concept of the Smithsonian em-bodied the thought that we would not only come to the Federal Govern-ment annually for appropriations for the support of the museum-likefacilities, but we would also seek to interest the American public insupporting this valuable Institution.Mr. Bingham. One final question. Do you have a program today ofencouraging bequests and legacies in a systematic way ?Dr. Ripley. Yes, but not in a systematic way as yet. We have a smallprogram. I write letters. I have been encouraged to do so by theRegents, I may say. Senator Saltonstall was particularly concernedduring his tenure as a Regent about the fact that the resources ofthe U.S. Government were finite and that the programs of the U.S.Government were so varied and multifarious that the share that couldpotentially be allotted to support of Smithsonian activities wouldcontinue to be very limited, and that the support of the buildings andthe public services involved required that we attempt somehow orother to interest the public in supporting it.Mr. Bingham. Thank you.Thank you, Mr. Chairman.Mr. Thompson. Dr. Ripley, how often do the Regents meet ?Dr. Ripley. The Regents meet regularly three times a year as abody, and they may meet inbetween for exceptional circumstances,but under the Organic Act the possibilities of inbetween meetingshas been taken care of by the setting up of an executive committee.Mr. Thompson. How many members are on the executive committee ?Dr. Ripley. The executive committee consists of the Chief Justiceex officio as Chancellor, and three other members and myself as amember of the permanent, or fiduciary committee.Mr. Thompson. Is the executive committee empowered to act forthe Regents in interim periods?Dr. Ripley. With appropriate information.Mr. Thompson. Do they have a set of bylaws under which theyoperate ?Dr. Ripley. Yes, they do. 127Mr. Thompson. Will you make that part of the record?Dr. Ripley. Yes, I will.(The document follows:)Functions of the Executive CommitteeNeither the Board of Regents nor the Executive Committee thereof have everadopted by-laws as such. Instead, they have exercised their authority in accord-ance with the procedural provisions of the original Act of August 10, 1846, andresolutions adopted or amended from time to time by the Board. In addition,certain practices and traditions, such as the election of the Chief Justice asChancellor of the Board, have grown up and are now accepted as customary.The Act of August 10, 1846, provides that the Board of Regents shall electthree of their own body as an Executive Committee ; and also that the ExecutiveCommittee may act for the Board of Regents in the certification of paymentsfor debts or the certification of claims on contracts. Joseph Henry identifiedthe duties of the Executive Committee to consist of executing the acts of theBoard generally and examining and certifying appropriations necessary tooperations of the Institution. In 1903, a study committee defined the duties ofthe Executive Committee as including : auditing the accounts of the Institutionand its branches ; advising the Secretary upon matters of new policy ; andreporting to the Board upon all matters referred to it. Essentially these havecontinued to be the duties of the Executive Committee.On January 24, 1894, the Board of Regents passed the following resolution : Resolved, That the Executive Committee and the Secretary are hereby con-stituted a permanent committee, with authority to accept for the Institutionany property, real, personal, or mixed, that may be given to it for its purposes,"the increase and diffusion of knowledge among men," with power to sell orconvert such property, and to invest the proceeds in such manner as may appearto them for the interests of the Institution : Provided, That no deposit be madeof such proceeds with the permanent fund in the United States Treasury otherthan by special resolution of the Regents.Resolved, That the income derived from the property administered by thecommittee constituted by the preceding resolution be appropriated for the serviceof the Institution, to be expended by the Secretary under the conditions of theresolution relative to income and expenditure adopted by the Board of Regents.Thereafter the Permanent Committee has been responsible for the financialoversight of gifts, bequests, and investments. On December 14, 1916, the Boardof Regents : Resolved, That the American Security and Trust Company of Washington,D.C., and the firm of Spencer Trask and Company of New York City, are herebyappointed the fiscal advisers of the Smithsonian Institution; Provided, that noexpense is incurred thereby.Resolved, That the Secretary of the Smithsonian Institution is requested tonotify the members of the Permanent Committee when funds are availablefor investment, or it appears desirable to make changes in securities alreadyin the possession of the Institution, and to make such recommendations to theCommittee, after consultation with the fiscal advisers, as may in his judgmentbe desirable.Resolved, That the Permanent Committee adopt the policy of a consolidatedfund for the various funds of the Smithsonian Institution now or hereafter inits charge, other than the one million dollars deposited in the United StatesTreasury as authorized by law, or where the conditions of the gift are such thatit must be invested as a separate fund.Resolved further, That the percentage of income paid on each fund enteringinto the consolidated fund shall be the same.On December 11, 1919, the Board of Regents :Resolved, That the Board of Regents of the Smithsonian Institution herebyauthorizes and directs its Permanent Committee to represent the Board in allmatters pertaining to the receipt and installation of all gifts from the lateCharles Lang Freer, and in carrying out the provisions of his will, datedMay 13, 1918, and of the codicil thereto, dated May 4, 1919, so far as they relateto the Smithsonian Institution. 128On December 8, 1921, the Board of Regents :Resolved, That the Permanent Committee is hereby authorized and em-powered to accept, provided such acceptance, in its judgment, be advantageousto the Institution, gifts or bequests of property, real, personal, or mixed, theincome from which shall not be available for the use of the Institution untilafter the termination of a certain period defined in the gift or bequest, duringwhich period said income shall be paid to some beneficiary named therein ; Provided, further, that such acceptance shall not involve the Institution in thepossibility of financial loss of any kind.On January 5, 1925, the Board of Regents :Resolved, That the matter of securing an endowment of One Million Dollarsfor the Smithsonian Institution through the plan proposed by Messrs. Tamblyn &Brown be approved, and referred to the Permanent Committee Of the Boardof Regents with power to act.On December 8, 1927, the Board of Regents :Resolved, That the membership of the Permanent Committee be increasedto six, to consist of the Executive Committee, the Secretary, and two othermembers of the Board.In practice, since 1954, the Permanent Committee (consisting of the ExecutiveCommittee, the Chancellor, and the Secretary) has participated in the delibera-tions of the Executive Committee in the examination of the assets of the In-stitution. It has served also as an interim steering committee on matters ofpolicy between meetings of the Board of Regents, and it has served to reviewthe agenda and the policy issues to be laid before the Board of Regents.At the Board of Regents meeting in May 1965, the following resolutions wereamended : Resolution adopted January 24, 1894, as amended May 19, 1965:Resolved, That the Executive Committee and the Secretary or Acting Secre-tary are hereby constituted a Permanent Committee, with authority to acceptfor the Institution any property, real, personal, or mixed, that may be given toit for its purposes?the increase and diffusion of knowledge among men ? with power to sell or convert such property, and to invest the proceeds in suchmanner as may appear to them for the interests of the Institution ; . . .Resolution adopted December 12, 1918, as amended May 19, 1965 : Resolved, That the Board of Regents of the Smithsonian Institution herebygrants authority to the Secretary or Acting Secretary of the Institution totransfer any property, and to execute deeds conveying title to any real estate.which may hereafter be disposed of, with approval of the Permanent Commit-tee on behalf of the Smithsonian Institution.Dr. Ripley. In this connection, the body of activities of the Smith-sonian is so great that we instituted in 1966 a regular newsletter tothe Regents which attempts not only to amplify the regular cor-respondence, but also to keep them informed or all public and privateactivities of the Institution.Mr. Thompson. How frequently do you send that to the Regents?Dr. Ripley. The newsletter comes out, I would say, eight times ayear; and in addition, of course, I can give you an example of the last3 months' correspondence with the chairman of the executive com-mittee. Each letter sent by me to the chairman on any matter, anaverage of one or two a week, is replied to by the chairman of theexecutive committee.Mr. Thompson. Who is the current chairman ?Dr. Ripley. Dr. Caryl P. Haskins.Mr. Thompson. The Smithsonian Institution answers for appropria-tions to the Subcommittee on Interior.Dr. Ripley. That is right.Mr. Thompson. The chairman is our colleague, Mrs. Julia Hansen.In the Senate, which subcommittee?Dr. Ripley. The Subcommittee on the Interior under Senator Bible.Interior and Related Agencies, it is called. 129Mr. Thompson. As you know, the subcommittee hearings are in-variably closed hearings.Dr. Ripley. The Senate hearing is open.Mr. Thompson. The House hearings are invariably closed for avariety of reasons which we hope to correct in the next day or so. Noteven Members of Congress, except if they are to testify, are allowedin those hearings. Therefore, to a very large extent we have to relyupon our colleagues on those committees, and we have to listen verycarefully to them when they bring their bills to the floor, but we donot have available to us complete copies of their hearings.I refer to this, not to grind an ax, but simply to explain in theevent of any duplication before these open hearings, it is inadvertenton our part because we are not privy to all the information that theyhave.Dr. Ripley. The hearings are published, are they not, Mr. Chair-man?Mr. Thompson. Long after the enactment or the passage of the bills.They are not generally available. The hearings of the Subcommitteeon the Interior were available, however, 14 days before the bill cameup. Representative Julia Butler Hansen is chairman. Of course, thethree House Members on the Regents?Mr. Bow, Mr. Kirwan, andChairman Mahon?are all members of the Committee on Appropria-tions. Historically, have the House Regents been members of the Ap-propriations Committee?Dr. Ripley. Not in every case. I would say that is coincidental.Mr. Brademas. I would express the hope?it is only a hope becauseI am sure there is little we can do about it?that the Regents wouldbe drawn, so far as Regents from the House of Representatives areconcerned, from a somewhat broader spectrum than the Committeeon Appropriations. I know Mr. Kirwan has announced that he willnot seek reelection, thereby creating a vacancy. Who appoints theRegents ?Dr. Ripley. Under the act, the Speaker appoints them.Mr. Brademas. We do not know who the new Speaker will be, buteducated guesses can be made in that respect. I would express thehope that a Member of the House?I say this with no disrespect, ob-viously, to any of the three distinguished members of the Committee onAppropriations who presently sit as Regents?that someone not ofthat committee might be named as the member to fill Mr. Kirwan'svacancy, for reasons that I think need not be elaborated on.Mr. Thompson. In connection with the appropriations process, ofcourse, although the hearings are printed, a great deal of the testi-mony before the subcommittees on appropriations is off the recordand is not printed. In some instances it is because of classified militarymaterial. In other instances it is just that there has developed a pat-tern of tolerance by the subcommittee chairmen on appropriations totruncate their record. They are very conscious, of course, of the ex-penditure of Federal money, and they like to save printing costs ina great many instances, thereby leaving the rest of us in the dark.The House is in session now. So I shall defer a number of questionswhich I have, Dr. Ripley, since we must adjourn. I do again want tothank you for your splendid cooperation in connection with the set-ting up of these hearings, and again ifor your statement. 130There are really a great many questions which we will want to ask.Of course, a number of them will be asked, I would assume, of yourfellow professors and your counsel with respect to personnel prac-tices and, as Mr. Brademas pointed out, with respect to the next threedecades of planning in which we have a great interest because it hap-pens that both Mr. Brademas and I sit as members of the Committeeon Education and Labor and have a vital interest in educational mat-ters. Mr. Brademas chairs the subcommittee which handled spectacu-larly, a few days ago, the arts and humanities legislation and all othermatters relating to Federal activity in the arts in the United States.The next hearing date is Tuesday, July 21, at 10 a.m., in this room.We hope then to cover the Air and Space Museum on which SenatorBarry Goldwater has asked to appear before us, and the Smithsonian'sadministrative structure and operation. We hope on that date to be-gin looking into some of the detail of the management of the Smith-sonian public and private funds.Mr. Powers. It was our understanding we might continue this after-noon. I gather that is not the case.Mr. Thompson. I am afraid not.Mr. Powers. Would you have any objection to our submitting addi-tional statements about the present and future plans of the Smithson-ian at the end of today's hearing ?Mr. Thompson. Without objection, they will be made a part of therecord. We will look it over. I am sure Mr. Brademas and I willhave questions about it.With that we will adjourn, to meet on Tuesday.(Whereupon, at 12:15 p.m., the subcommittee adjourned, to recon-vene at 10 a.m., Tuesday, July 21, 1970.) 131SMITHSONIAN YEAR 1969Statement by the Secretary In an age of fragmentation, when there seem to be more nationsand nationalities than ever before, when scientists and artists alikeare concerned with myriad specialties and subsects, how may theSmithsonian live up to its mandate? There are curious countervailingcurrents at large in the world today. On the one hand the knowledgeof things?technological and scientific?is growing exponentially andforcing all of us apparently to live more and more in an homogenizedstate as we become universally more dependent on our crutches, in-dustrial and private power, communications and transportation. Onthe other hand the spirit of independence, of "doing your own thing"at all levels from individuals to communes, tribes and on to nations, ishaving a strong revival. Beyond producing discontent and tension, willthese antagonistic currents finally clash, or will they seek out an integra-tive middle course? Can man live with himself and still be part of aworld community?At the Smithsonian we seek to study and hope to explain areaswhich can increase man's knowledge of his environment as well as hisknowledge of himself. From the point of view of environment the singlemost important need of humans today is a grasp of the patterns, thefunctioning of ecosystems, the total environmental milieu in any one ofour major climatic zones. On this understanding our physical futuredepends.The nature of man continues to evade definition, although we seemto come closer each year. It is worth pointing out in this regard, asCaryl Haskins, the President of the Carnegie Institution, did recently,that man's innate mental equipment is still superior to any knowncomputer and that no one has been able to invent a single interlockingsystem with as many as ten billion discrete units, or the equivalent ofthe neural potential of a single human brain.In many ways this Institution's history of research and study has beenhelping to set the stage for some of the most engrossing and enthrallingachievements of the present. Let us at least as Americans take creditfor some triumphs in this age of questioning and confusion. We cansingle out one supreme feat of the past year, the flight around themoon?the dawn of a new age?followed in July by a very tangible 132triumph indeed. That prescient moment this past year was the one dur-ing which perhaps half the world's human population watched, in ap-parently full realization of what was happening, while a foot in a clumsyshoe and then a leg encased in wrappings, but obviously a human leg,emerged from the bulky shadows in the television screen, and edgedits way downward into bright light toward what moonground,grayish-white and staring as if in some deathly lamplight. The light ? twenty times brighter than that we see at the time of the full moonwas earthlight. And so man touched the lunar surface and the rest ofus saw it and felt it palpably. Through the astronauts all of us havenow somehow touched the moon.There was a new truth in all this besides the touch, the contact. Thatwas the screen. It was more real to watch it than to read about it.We are perhaps in the beginning of an age when the printed wordwill suddenly be less like holy writ. All of us have been brought up tobelieve printed words. From the Bible, or religious writing of some sortright on, we are educated to believe what we read. In the welter ofignorance in which we exist, we still feel that to obtain facts one onlyneed use his training, and so we read history as written by historians, andwe read newspapers for instant facts. We use words in the same way,words like "war," "love," and "country." We use words like "environ-ment," "race," and "enemy," and we think they have a meaning eventhough they are incapable of providing one to our senses. When we usesuch words?even though they are mere ideas or generalities?andwhen we believe exactly what we read we are proving a rather sadpoint about education and textbooks today, namely that, as Jules Henryputs it, much of education serves to confirm us in a state of legitimatesocial stupidity. It is hard to conceive of this as a goal of education,even though Henry appears to believe this is all some sort of plot.At the same time, constant repetition of slogan phrases?like so manysieg heils?as well as the numbing belief that what we read is trueeven if our senses tell us otherwise, does tend to create a penumbra,a twilight zone in which the reassurances of conformity can dwell.When they turned homeward the astronauts affirmed that our planetearth had a warm and receptive look. Not only was it this earth of ours, "this precious stone set in a silver sea," but it was the only planet aroundwhich looked colorful and homey. Home is the hunter, home fromouter space. Neil Armstrong reminded us in a moving phrase that theeffect of that noble adventure for him had been to generate the hopethat as man sets out to know more about space, he may come in theprocess to learn somewhat more about himself.In this moment of shared pride and renewed dedication, we of theSmithsonian have our own small part. We can identify ourselves as 133concerned with the origins of this whole vast achievement. Charles D.Walcott, fourth Secretary of the Smithsonian, worked for the passageof the National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics enabling act of1915, served as Chairman of its first executive committee until 1917, andas a member of the committee until his death in 1927. The NationalAdvisory Committee was transformed into the National Air and SpaceAdministration in 1958. From such small beginnings, organized by Wal-cott as a mark of scientific respect to his predecessor, former SecretarySamuel P. Langley, have sprung the whole vast panoply of nasa?thiscreator of the "Spirit of Appollo" as President Nixon has termed it.We live in a biological universe, that of the earth, and so far as weknow it is the only one we will ever live in. Our own age of enlighten-ment, our own mastery of facts as distinct from ideals or slogans, hasshown us that everything in the cosmos?from heavenly bodies tohuman beings?has developed and continues to develop through evo-lutionary processes. Thus theoretical biology now pervades all of west-ern culture indirectly through the concept of progressive historicalchange. Man and his culture have evolved simultaneously, certainlyafter some finite point, if not before. Increases in brain size must haveoccurred simultaneously with the unfolding of patterns of social behav-ior. Primitive forms of art, of religion and even forms of scientific dis-covery also must have played their part in affecting the development ofneural processes and capacity, and their integration. New reaction pat-terns provide physiological adaptations to man's own evolving culture.What would seem to be almost certain is that the various componentsof human culture are now required, not only for the survival of manbut also for his existential realization. In our biological universe, man'scontinuing evolution helps create his evolving culture, and thereby thetwo become interdependent, even as they continue to evolve.A truism in evolutionary studies is the presence of diversity at alllevels of systems. In this past year, the Smithsonian opened the first Na-tional Portrait Gallery, a long-awaited event, achieved only with the will-willing cooperation of some of the Nation's great art galleries, andfriendly private collectors, for famous portrait paintings have long sincebeen gathered up largely into state and local historical collections or pri-vate institutions. The successful opening exhibition of the Gallery wascentered around the theme?what is the American, this man evolved in aNew Land? What is this new creation, this "promiscuous breed," asOscar Handlin called Americans in his introduction to the catalogue ofthe exhibition? Only a few were left out in this rich brew of portraits.There were few poor men, no beggarmen to speak of, and perhaps onlya thief or two. 134But the exhibition did give a clue to the student of populations. Avariety of disparate types of populations, set down in a variety of hetero-geneously diverse environments, has demonstrated another truism inevolution theory. Even though the original individuals may have sepa-rate origins, there is a tendency for a continuing interplay both withinand without, so that segregated, small groups tend to develop smallcultural as well as physical resemblances, These resemblances aggregateinto regional resemblances. These last may eventually aggregate intotraits of culture, or character, which do in fact produce recognizablecharacteristics. So subspecies are born, of geographical isolation, andresulting cultural and physical resemblances in spite of a wide diversityof original genetic combinations. At the same time other changinginfluences may be at work to break down and recombine these combi-nations, and so the melting pot continually forms and reforms, blendingand blurring the evolving differences.Looking at this splendid panorama of Americans, one does receive animpression that at least in past years our people had developed a certainseries of recognizable types with regional overtones. The New Eng-lander has some shared resemblances with northeasterners. The south-eastern mountains have their types, and the Texans are characteristicwith shared resemblances to the southwest in general. The differingnationalities have preserved many of their customs as well as certainmorphological minor differences. Racial differences seem to have beenon a submerging course. Indian tribes have been slowly and steadilylosing their distinctness, sometimes stampeding themselves in the raceto be like everyone else. Negroes, following the predictions of RaymondPearl, have been gradually integrating and assimilating themselves intothe rest of the general population, especially in cities as they migratedfrom the farms until recently. Now it remains to be seen if this gradualevolutionary process can be arrested by a conscious effort of will byracists among the blacks. Our great new National Portrait Gallery, soably started under the direction of Charles Nagel, and now to be con-tinued under his talented successor, Marvin Sadik, is thus a scholarlyresource for the other branches of the Smithsonian in history andanthropology as well as in portraiture. Its exhibits and its collectionsextend in cross currents throughout the Institution.In the meantime it would seem as if a portrait gallery or any art mu-seum is in some ways more closely akin to what people accept nowadaysas the new inculcation by television, than it is to the previous learning byreading and writing. Perhaps TV and museums are more closely alliedthan we think. The new generation's familiarity with ingestion by TVmay serve to habituate them to museum-like education. If this be so,let us hope that museums realize it before someone else takes them over. 135The two basic themes which can be demonstrated in a museum settingare perhaps central to our survival on our homey planet. On the onehand there is man's evolving culture, so closely tied in with man's ownphysical evolution. That culture can be demonstrated more effectivelyby the use of objects than in almost any other way. And it is that veryculture which plays such a fundamental role in our second great theme,man's relation to his environment and the biosphere?that small existingenvelope of available land, water, and air within which we can survive.For the present phenomenon is that our culture and our environment areno more at war with each other on terms of rough equality, but thatrather our material culture is in danger of destroying our old presumedenemy, nature.Americans especially have been brought up to be at war with nature,beginning with a European heritage in which it was assumed that natureitself was an enemy against whose onslaughts one built houses and walls,made fires, hunted wild animals, and ate whatever could be wrenchedout of the soil. Having hacked and burned our way across the frontier,having been prompted to do this by everything from poetry and Englishliterature (whose word pictures constantly remind us to fear nature)to our new technological culture, we have at last turned the scales.As Ian McHarg and others have recently reminded us, we are aboutto dominate and subjugate nature and in the process destroy it. Can wedemonstrate these facts through visual means, so long as people aremore or less unimpressed by reading about them? Can we teach peopleto care about their future enough to stop the present relentless pro-gression into war, starvation, or suffocation? How can we learn enoughabout ourselves to stop in time?During this past winter, the Smithsonian celebrated the third of itsannual symposia, this one on recent advances in the understanding ofsocial behavior of higher animals. The implications to be drawn from thesymposium, titled "Man and Beast," were fairly clear, even though noone assumed that primate behavior research can tell us all we need toknow about man's behavior. Quite obviously it cannot, and yet the con-ference was a fine escape from anthropocentrism. There are many thingsthat other creatures from ants to birds to baboons can tell us, which canserve as guides along the way to knowing ourselves. The event was asplendid one, well attended, and the speakers were greeted with enthusi-asm not always reserved for such occasions. Much of the credit for all ofthis must go to Wilton Dillon who took over the complex organi-zation of seminars for us during the past year.This seminar revealed a characteristic of the Smithsonian. A meetingsuch as this, assaying relations between human social behavior and prin-ciples drawn from the scientific study of animal behavior, seems instantly 136 to knit together so many common concerns from within the Institution'sdisparate bureaux. The field is one in which the Smithsonian's TropicalResearch Institute in Panama has done leading work for many years. Inaddition the Office of Ecology, the National Zoological Park, and thePrimate Biology Program of the Museum of Natural History have allbeen involved creatively.From 13 through 16 May the eleven speakers, several hundred in-vited participants, and staff members widely drawn from the Smith-sonian explored the extent to which aggression, cooperation, competition,and territoriality were common to man and other species. The sympo-sium yielded a rich perspective on the emergence of cultural factorswhose operation attenuates the influence of our biological heritage, cor-recting an overemphasis attributed to innate behavior by a number ofpopular writers. The opening academic procession represented sym-bolically the fulfillment of the ideal of a scholarly community which thesucceeding days of seminars, colloquia, formal papers, and social eventsrealized in strikingly tangible manner. We are most grateful to theRussell Sage Foundation, The Grant Foundation, the Alfred P. SloanFoundation, The Commonwealth Fund, and other contributing sponsors,and also to the inspiring chairmanship of Dr. Alex A. Kwapong, ViceChancellor of the University of Ghana, who so ably presided. The pro-ceedings of the symposium will shortly appear from the SmithsonianInstitution Press under the title Man and Beast: Comparative SocialBehavior.An aspect of the Smithsonian's ideal of functioning as a communityof scolars consists of improving communication among the complex ofuniversities and research establishments in the Washington area. InJuly 1968 we inaugurated a regular bulletin, The Washington AcademicCalendar, listing seminars and lectures being given throughout themetropolitan area. This bulletin is mailed as a service to university andindependent laboratory staff members. The mailing list for the Calen-dar, which now contains more than 6,000 names, will serve as the nu-cleus of a continuing file of Washington area academic interests, listingrecipients by discipline and institutional affiliation. We hope eventuallyto be able to correlate the pattern of academic events with the array ofinterests in the city and its institutional patterns?a study, as it were, ofthe academic ecology of an urban area.As a visible manifestation of our function as a community I can thinkof no better indication than the award, in a pleasant ceremony beforethe Joseph Henry statue, on 5 June 1969, of Certificates of AcademicAchievement to postdoctoral associates and graduate students on ap-pointments from the Office of Academic Programs. Not a degree, andawarded with advance approval of each student's university, the Cer- 137 tificate attests to the satisfactory completion of an assignment chosenby the student himself in consultation with a supervisor. Professor Henryunderstood the Smithsonian to be a "College of discoverers," with stu-dents participating intensively in its work. To the extent that we havehelped to perpetuate his concept of the Institution as an auxiliary aca-demic establishment we have helped to underscore one very importantobjective of the Institution. Despite the monolithic tendency of ourfederal government to wish to centralize and combine efforts and fundscontinually in the name of efficiency, the administration of pure researchtends to elude such neat solutions. In connection with work on thePresident's Marine Sciences Council, all the members were asked tocomment on the council report at the end of 1968. I was struck by thereference to the importance of small independent institutions such asthe Marine Biological Station at Woods Hole, Massachusetts. Like thembs, as it is called, the Smithsonian operates independently on its ownsmall budget, but serves as part of an interlocking network of a nationalcommunity of scholars. Dr. Leland Haworth, then Director of theNational Science Foundation, when writing to Vice President Agnewon 10 March 1969 in regard to oceanographic research, said (speakingof Woods Hole) ; "we can see merit in having such independent researchorganizations." The same seems to apply to the Smithsonian.Our symposia can thus serve as points of focus for a wide range ofassociated Institution activities, from seminar series to exhibits, fromproductions for the media to special publications. The coming year willbe devoted in large measure to studies of cultural change and displaysbearing upon this theme. In the year following we hope to conduct anintensive examination of the impact of technology upon society, in-cluding a major exhibition on technology and art, the preparation ofcurriculum materials for educational institutions, and a large numberof scholarly sessions devoted to detailed aspects of this general theme.In this way we begin to bind together the different parts of the assem-blage and orchestrate a theme uniting their efforts toward a given end.A second major goal is to achieve reinforcement within our arrays ofreference resources. A curator's expertise and personal knowledge, builtup over a lifetime of study, represent an information resource, as do thebooks and reprints he has gathered around himself; then, as in an outerconcentric circle, come the ordered materials of a collection. We arepurposefully seeking ways to conduct these activities so that each rein-forces the others to the maximum practical extent. Not books separatefrom objects; not specialized information services separate from either,but rather integrated reference systems which can unite all three. TheSmithsonian's uniqueness and value depends upon our success in beinga different kind of marshalling center where recorded knowledge gives 138 wide access to pertinent inquiry and is not regarded as a burdensomeencumbrance or permitted to weigh down our ventures into ideas.Out of this springs a kind of neo-economy. Our collections in biolog-ical and geological materials?often gathered at random?may by theirvery size and multiplicity end up being our single most important asset.Our data bank of specimens, even though we may not today be able toextract the ideal information we need, may turn out in a hundred yearsto represent four or five times the genetic diversity then available to us,for by that time seventy-five to eighty percent of the species of livinganimals or plants may be extinct.The very variety of resources of the Institution may have begun towork against effectiveness in our exhibits. Too many aspects of a givensubject may be out of sight in other buildings where they are excludedfrom consideration in preparing exhibits. This year I have appointed aspecial commission to reappraise the exhibits function within the Insti-tution and seek ways to unify our presentations, to make them moreresponsive to visitors' interests and more appealing to all of our citizens.Exhibits that merely display objects from the collections, individuallylabeled and placed behind glass, reinforce the fragmentation of theSmithsonian, while those whose aim is to interpret a wider domain ofknowledge help to realize its converging interests.Cohesive programs must be given concerted management. This yearan enormously important step was taken in re-establishing the positionof Treasurer of the Institution as a central office to oversee budgeting,control, planning, development, and fiscal management. The Office ofProgramming and Budget has begun an intensive analysis of the useof Institution resources-?both public and private?in the context of astatement of objectives and the analysis of functions. We have been for-tunate indeed that T. Ames Wheeler, formerly of the Allegheny-Ludlum Steel Corporation, joined the Smithsonian staff as Treasurer inSeptember 1968. Under his care both public and private funds can bemarshalled to achieve true effectiveness.This has been a year of continued questioning in America?insistent,sometimes shrill, penetrating, skeptical, above all, iconoclastic. Criticscharge the entire educational system with grave deficiencies, doubt thewisdom of our acceptance of technology, and find all too small a returnfrom massive social investments in government programs. The Smith-sonian has not been invaded by angry protesters or disrupted by dissi-dents but it cannot escape the need, which is becoming so general inour time, to subject its activities to the most searching review and toreappraise its objectives in the light of the more rigorous expectationsof the day. No institution is too venerable or too valuable to be exemptedfrom such scrutiny. In government jargon the phrase is, "let us get back 139to the base." An "open" university such as ours should thrive onself-examination.The first thing we must expect from any institution is that it framesocially valuable objectives and conduct its affairs in accord with them.Yet charitable and governmental establishments are shaped in largemeasure by past legacies. Once-plausible aims may shrink with timeinto nostalgic obsolescence. Bureaux, divisions, working groups, com-mittees, and a host of other administrative entities are set up withininstitutions, given separate charters, and thereafter pursue independentand conflicting courses until what was meant to be an orderly flotillacomes to resemble a park basin cluttered with children's toy boats ofevery conceivable description in total disarray. The word institutioncomes from the Latin verb statuere, to set up, implying an end in view.Only as ends are served can an institution be maintained as a viablewhole whose parts, like those of any functioning organism, must beinterdependent.To many people the Smithsonian Institution must seem improbablyheterogeneous, built up over the years like a midden heap of collectedobjects, many priceless and all interesting. As I have suggested, thecollections may be priceless but they are not the institution any morethan buildings are a university. It is the scholars who for one reason oranother have been attracted to us, full time or part time, as permanentor transient workers, who can perhaps learn to grasp the meaning of thecollections. By being in touch with real objects and by being attentive tothe real situations in which these objects were placed or developed,perhaps our scholars can develop what Kant, speaking of the spon-taneous interplay of our own intellectual powers, called the "syntheticunity of aperception." This is learning, and curators are capable of thiseven if teachers are not always so. But if a curator understands such asituation in nature or in a culture coherently and wholly, then he isbetter as a teacher than most teachers.The whole problem of teaching today revolves around whetherteaching really teaches people how to learn, or whether it comes downto getting people out of schools fast, having coerced them through fearand competitive pressure into getting meaningless diplomas. Recentlygraduate students in a survey conducted by the American PoliticalScience Association have been complaining about college work per-formed under a climate of "threat and fear." Learning to learn mustcertainly be a failure if it merely means aping the teacher, becoming an "apple-polisher," or picking up the innate structure of a teacher'sbehavior. Or is that really what we all should do in order to get on inlife? I am inclined to think not, as I doubt that we can survive this way.Museums teach us about real things, which is one reason why young 140people like them. They also tend to put things in perspective, in a his-torical context, which young people tend not to learn in other ways. Onefailure of teaching in the social sciences has been to eliminate dates ashaving any contextual value. Thus the steppingstones which an earliergeneration memorized, from the defeat of the Persian fleet at Salamisright onward, tend to be left out. The Persian fleet might have beendefeated at the Battle of the Coral Sea for all young people today know.One of the failures of TV is also in the scale of time. Everything isinstant. It is happening now in an existential manner, which fails toconvey reality.Museums offer an opportunity for training in reality which fewpedagogues suspect or know. Musuems are open universities. Only ex-amples really count, especially when they can be grasped in the round.How then can young people plan for the future without tenable exam-ples and a historical context? Planning is probably the most importantaspect of the future, along with the understanding of ecosystems. Itwould seem that we may be heading into a form of civil war as far asplanning is concerned. Education today being reductionist in emphasis,technology being dominant and reductionist in principle, there can per-haps be no solution so long as our economics persists as it does. The quietvoices of rational and studious students of the environment will prob-ably not suffice. We may well be swept aside by the groundswell of opin-ion of those?from militant students on through the middle-aged mid-dle class living in quiet desperation?who, mindful of the futility ofgrowing old, finally reject our social and economic goals based on sub-jective private initiative.One major task of this Institution should be to experiment withlearning techniques. If this research could ever produce a method tocreate a sense of reality, and to awaken interests in. people, then theSmithsonian would indeed have lived up to its mandate.HISTORY AND ARTAnother notable event of this year besides the opening of the PortraitGallery has been the ground-breaking ceremony for the Joseph H. Hirsh-horn Museum and Sculpture Garden. Authorized under the 90th Con-gress, the building with its sculpture garden should be completed inanother two years. The ceremony was performed 8 January 1969 byPresident Johnson, the Smithsonian's Chancellor, Chief Justice EarlWarren, and the Secretary before a distinguished audience of membersof Congress, the Administration and the world of art. 141To the superlative collection of fine art he has donated to the UnitedStates for the benefit of the people, in 1969 Mr. Hirshhorn's continuedgenerosity resulted in the addition of more than five hundred newpaintings and sculptures?an average of over ten new works each weekreceived, cataloged, and stationed by Abram Lerner and his staff of three.Since November 1966, the date of Mr. Hirshhorn's gift, his generosityhas led to the acquisition of outstanding new paintings and sculpturesvalued at over one million dollars each year, in addition to the one mil-lion dollars he has agreed to donate for future purchases upon theopening of the Hirshhorn Museum.In this first year since its opening, exhibitions have been a majorpart of the activity of the National Collection of Fine Arts in trying outits new space. The first of these areas to be developed has been the low-vaulted, crypt-like spaces of the Granite Gallery, which proved ad-mirably suited to the bronze sculpture of an exhibition of the works ofAlexander Archipenko.A major achievement of the year was the retrospective exhibition ofpaintings, drawings, and photographs by Charles Sheeler organized bythe ncfa staff, with its full and richly documented catalog as a per-manent reminder of the exhibition and as a scholarly reference. TheSheeler exhibition continued with showings at the Philadelphia Museumof Art and at the Whitney Museum of American Art in New York.During the year David Scott?who had done so much to help in theinstallation of the National Collection in its new quarters and who had,with the ncfa staff done a great deal to attract interest to the collec-tions?resigned. Robert Tyler Davis, a new member of the staff as assis-tant director, took over as acting director, until late summer 1969, whenthe appointment of Joshua Taylor, Professor of the History of Art at theUniversity of Chicago and a specialist in the history of American Art,was announced.During the year negotiations have proceeded to bring the Archivesof American Art to a new headquarters within the Smithsonian inWashington, part of a proposed network of art historical referencecenters to be planned across the nation. This enormous resource, whenadded to the holdings in the Smithsonian, will go far toward makingthe National Collection what it should be, the heart of a documentationand research center in the history of our own indigenous art.Efforts of the Museum of History and Technology to expand thescope of our activities beyond those traditional to museums have beenreflected in a number of directions. Under contract the Museum hasundertaken the collection of data on Afro-American history, and hasmade a small beginning in the collection of materials for exhibitionin this field. A 19th-century sharecropper's cabin has been acquired and 49-484 O - 71 - pt. 1 -- 10 142 is presently being installed as part of an exhibit of the history of AmericanNegro culture. In other areas of ethnic cultural history our staff hasconducted research on the church of San Xavier del Bac (circa 1783)near Tucson, Arizona, and on early pottery making in California. Ashopfront from a gold-rush period community near San Francisco ispresently being put on exhibit. The Museum has undertaken a programof research and recording in the folk music of an eastern mountain com-munity at Galax, Virginia.The Computer History Project, supported by the American Federa-tion of Information Processing Societies, is now in its second year, underthe direction of Dr. Uta Merzbach. This project comprehends thecollection of documents and tape-recorded interviews with personsimportant in the development of the computer. Another major projectin its second year is the New England Textile Mill survey. A report ofthe first summer's work, chiefly at Manchester, New Hampshire, waspublished this year.This year our National Museum of History and Technology wel-comes a new Director, Professor Daniel Boorstin, Preston and SterlingMorton Distinguished Service Professor of Ancient History, of theUniversity of Chicago, and one of our most eminent living Americanhistorians. The pleasant coincidence that Professor Boorstin has alsobeen reappointed to President Nixon's Commission on the AmericanRevolution Bicentennial, affords us additional opportunity to cooperateclosely with the Commission on plans for the Nation's observance ofrenewed dedication to our founding principles of liberty and equalitybefore all men.This has been a year of program formulation for the Cooper-HewittMuseum of Design in New York. A lease has been arranged with theCarnegie Corporation, owner of the Andrew Carnegie mansion onFifth Avenue at Ninety-first Street, and it is hoped that the Museumwill be installed there in its own quarters by 1971 . The kinds of programs and services offered by the Cooper-HewittMuseum bring to the Smithsonian new educational opportunities inthe world of design. In today's ever-rapidly evolving concept of fashionand beauty, the need for a museum showcase, in which an endlesslyrich variety of historical decorative arts material can be drawn upon,utilized, and enjoyed, provides a springboard which the Smithsonian canbe influential in offering guidelines to more beautiful design in everydaylife. The Museum's future move to upper Fifth Avenue will place uson New York's "Museum Row." Thus we hope the Cooper-HewittMuseum will be able eventually to assume its proper place as a show-case of international reputation in the world of design. Particular thanksare owing to the newly formed Advisory Board under Mrs. Alice M. 143Kaplan, in recognition of the hard work, enthusiasm, and generous con-tributions, both in time and money, that it has made in reestablishingthe Cooper-Hewitt Museum as a new, visible entity in New York.One of the ways in which the Smithsonian increases knowledge is bystimulating those not on its staff to work on intellectual problems thatneed solving. The Smithsonian is able to do this not only by offeringvisiting appointments to outside scholars but by training graduate stu-dents from universities with whom it maintains a relationship. TheSmithsonian has for many years guided small numbers of graduate stu-dents in the sciences. More recently it has provided advanced trainingfor graduate students in the humanities, most notably through its Amer-ican Studies Program, now in its fourth year of operation. Graduatestudents in American history and American studies from four univer-sities are this year pursuing courses of study under Smithsonian advisors.Most of them are not receiving fellowships or scholarships from theSmithsonian. Some are writing dissertations which when completedwill enlarge important areas of human knowledge and, in many cases,interpret Smithsonian collections to the scholarly world for the firsttime. By such means the Smithsonian with a minimum expenditure canobtain a maximum effect in carrying out its historic mission.Under the direction of our discerning editor, Nathan Reingold, theJoseph Henry Papers staff has come nearly to the end of its extensivesearch, in domestic and foreign archives, for documents on the life andwork of the first Secretary. Some 16,000 documents are in hand. Thestaff is now beginning to edit material for the first volume (of an antici-pated twenty on Henry's years in Albany, New York (1797-1832),where he educated himself, began his teaching career, and carried outsome of his most important work in electromagnetism.In April 1969 Congressional Regent Frank T. Bow introduced Housebill H.R. 10001 incorporating the Smithsonian's legislative proposal toprovide for the establishment of a National Armed Forces HistoricalMuseum Park and study center to be designated the Dwight D. Eisen-hower Center for Historical Research. The proposal also includesauthority for the Board of Regents and the Secretary of the Interiorto enter into an agreement for the joint use of lands now under thejurisdiction of the Department of the Interior as the site for the museumpark. This legislation seeks to fulfill the goals of three presidentiallyappointed panels of distinguished Americans, including the currentNational Armed Forces Museum Advisory Board, dedicated to the con-viction that an armed forces museum can be, as the late PresidentEisenhower put it, "a dynamic educational venture . . . [making] . . . substantial contribution to our citizens' knowledge and understand-ing of American life." 144The choice of President Eisenhower's name for the proposed studycenter is most appropriate in that it was he who in 1958 convened thePresident's Committee on the Armed Forces Museum under the chair-manship of former Chief Justice Earl Warren. The recommendationsof this Committee led to enactment of Public Law 87-186, establishinga permanent Advisory Board and providing the concept on which thepending legislation is based. Indeed, only a few weeks before his death,President Eisenhower in a letter to our Chancellor reiterated his com-mitment to a national armed forces historical museum and study center.Our hopes for the Eisenhower Center received a most substantialboost during the year, when the American Military Institute placed onlong-term deposit with the Smithsonian its large and valuable library.The collection contains more than 15,000 volumes concentrated onmilitary history and other areas of social sciences having relevance tomilitary affairs. The ami collection will serve most admirably as thenucleus around which to build the sort of reference library which willbe indispensable to the Center.Two major events in the areas of air and space during the year focusedpublic attention on the National Air and Space Museum. The first wasthe celebration?in collaboration with the United States Navy?of thefiftieth anniversary of the first transatlantic flight by the NC-4, in Mayof 1919. The second was the build-up of activity throughout the yearof the Apollo Program in preparation for the moon landing, includingthe successful circum-lunar flights of Apollo 8, 9, and 10.Although the NC-4 had been in the Smithsonians' custody for manyyears, it has recently been in protective storage, pending the avail-ability of a new building large enough to house it. The Navy's requestfor its public display during the month of May 1969 necessitated anaccelerated restoration program. The job was completed, and the air-craft was ready for public display on the Washington Mall for the entiremonth. Many thousands of visitors were thus reminded of its famousflight across the Atlantic, now fifty years ago.With the accelerating interest in the Apollo program as it approachedits great objective of a manned lunar landing our 1 967 Agreement withnasa began to pay significant dividends. The opportunity to see full-scale Saturn and Apollo artifacts?including Apollo 4 (with the relatedF-l and J-2 engines), plus "Surveyor" and the Lunar Orbiter?all ofwhich would have been impossible without our close cooperation withnasa?attracted thousands of visitors to the South Hall of the Artsand Industries Building. These large hardware items were exhibited ina setting of space-oriented TV display, photography, paintings andsculpture which were continuously updated to keep visitors informedof significant events as they occurred. 145 In addition the operation of the nasa agreement has brought intothe Air and Space Museum's inventory a large amount of material forfuture use, from which can be drawn display material for loans to othermuseums. During the year such Smithsonian artifacts were on displayin London, Lucerne, Barcelona, Munich, Tokyo, and Brisbane, as wellas in a number of cities of the United States.SCIENCE Scientific activities of the Smithsonian commence locally with theNational Museum of Natural History and spread out widely in fieldsas superficially diverse as astrophysics and ecology. In this past year,the Natural History Museum has acquired a Scanning Electron Micro-scope (sem) a major step in the planned research activities of ourstaff. This marvelous new instrument is able to magnify the imagesof tiny objects from 20 to 140,000 times and with several hundred timesgreater resolution than the conventional light-optical system. For thefirst time, the basic architecture of thousands of species of organisms,can be seen and studied as whole individuals, whereas formerly elabo-rate sectioning and replication techniques were required.The sem which was developed at Cambridge University in Eng-land represents a major breakthrough in the field of microscopy. Inonly four years since it became commercially available, it has becomea dominant research tool in such diverse fields in biology as pollenanalysis, microfossil identification, and textile fiber-wear studies. In onearea of basic research being done at the Smithsonian, Dr. R. H. Ben-son is using the sem for the study of the history of a minute fossilcrustacean, the ostracode, which has lived on the floor of the deepocean basins. His recent discovery of these microfossils in the rocks ofthe Alps suggests new dimensions to the ocean that once separatedEurope from Africa during the time when dinosaurs dominated thelandscape. The sem allows for much greater precision in the identi-fication and analysis of the living as well as fossil deep-sea ostracodes.Through their study it is hoped that massive movements of the oceanfloor, which took place during the formation of mountain systems, canbe discovered. This instrument will be available for use, when needed,by scientists in all departments of the Museum, many of whom havealready made plans to use it in their research.One does not ordinarily imagine collaboration between researchersin volcanology and archeology but a joint field effort of the Depart-ments of Anthropology and Mineral Sciences is underway to establishthe historical background for the eruption of Mt. Arenal in Costa 146Rica last year, as well as to study the volcanic phenomena it presented.Similarly, the sedimentologists in the Department of Paleobiologyhave collaborated with Mineral Sciences to contribute to a rapidlygrowing accumulation of evidence favoring the theory of continentaldrift. The spatial relationships between sedimentary rocks and thecrustal ones along the mid-Atlantic Ridge have clearly indicated thephenomenon of sea-floor spreading.Meanwhile two teams of Smithsonian investigators, one at Cam-bridge in the Astrophysical Observatory, the other at the Natural His-tory building in Washington are preparing for interdisciplinary researchon lunar samples, one of soil, the other of rock, jointly to be studied bygeochemists, meteorists, petrologists, and physicists.A signal triumph this year has been that of G. Arthur Cooper whohas successfully devised means of sampling the entire brachiopod faunaof the Glass Mountain beds of the Permian era. His work will havesignificant consequences for all students of population biology as wellas for paleontologists. ECOLOGYThe Smithsonian's concern with ecology spreads across a numberof scientific disciplines as well as organizations and finally comes hometo rest in the social sciences, within the purview of our new concernin post-doctoral research. The Office of Ecology participates directlyin research, sponsors other research, and is related to other departmentsand offices through interdisciplinary programs. On its own, the Officehas participated in investigations of the ecology and ethology of wildelephants in Ceylon.In the past year emphasis was placed on studies of the populationdynamics, inter- and intra-specific competition, food habits, patternsof movement and land use, reproduction state, and the density ofhabitat usage. Also in Ceylon, the basic structure of the domesticelephant reproductive cycle was worked out for the first time.As Smithsonian participants in the International Biological Program(ibp), Lee Talbot and Raymond Fosberg assisted with an inventoryof Pacific islands and parts of islands as preserves of rare scientificresources. Areas are being listed for conservation where they have beenrelatively uninfluenced by human activity and contain unique floraand fauna. As a result of the ibp conservation section meetings on Palauand Guam, data have been assembled and will be published.Requests for advice and consultation on ecological problems wereanswered from the National Park Service and the United States Fish 147and Wildlife Service of the Department of Interior; the Pacific ScienceBoard, the Environmental Sciences Board, and the Division of Behav-ioral Sciences of the National Academy of Sciences and the NationalResearch Council; the Office of Science and Technology, the Depart-ment of Defense, the Department of Agriculture, the Congress, andsuch international organizations as the International Union for Con-servation of Nature and Natural Resources, the International Councilfor Bird Preservation, the World Wildlife Fund, the United Nations,and the Pacific Science Association.The Chesapeake Bay Center for Field Biology completed one levelof its laboratory building and operated as a research arm of the Smith-sonian through a consortium with the Johns Hopkins University andthe University of Maryland. Studies of the physical conditions and thepopulations of organisms in the estuary continued. Dr. Charles South-wick of the Johns Hopkins University found that the Rhode Riverestuary apparently was heavily enriched in September. Drs. WilliamD. McElroy (on leave as Director of the National Science Foundation),Howard H. Seliger and William G. Fastie, also of Johns Hopkins Uni-versity, began measurements of the night and day patterns of bio-luminescence as an index of primary productivity. In the past year afurther effort to raise funds for land acquisition for this most valuablefield station has met with remarkable success. Nearly fifty percent ofour goal of $800,000, to increase our holdings on the western shore ofChesapeake Bay to some 2000 acres, has been met. We are deeplygrateful to the farsighted foundations; the Ford Foundation, The Re-search Corporation, the Scaife Foundation, the Old Dominion Foun-dation, the Fleischmann Foundation, and the Prospect Hill Foundation ; all of whom have helped us in our project to create a national resourcein ecological research, not only near Washington but also as part of anetwork of comparative study areas, an environmental consortium ofuniversities and private and public institutions from Massachusetts tothe Caribbean and Panama. Dr. George Watson completed a three-year study of the productivity of breeding ospreys at Poplar Island,a Chesapeake Bay Center property near the eastern shore of the Chesa-peake Bay. The osprey population is believed to be holding its ownin the Bay despite its susceptibility to pesticides. Whistling swans mean-while are being studied by Dr. William J. L. Sladen of Johns Hopkins.More than half of the North American population of these birds wintersin the bay. Studies of their local and long distance movements, feedingecology, social behavior, and diseases are being achieved by observationof unmarked, conspicuously dyed, and radio-tagged birds. 148HYDROBIOLOGYIn oceanography and limnology, direct observations of plants andanimals living on the bottom of the shallow ocean and in the upperpelagic areas received considerable attention during the year. A widespectrum of activities ranged from sponsorship of a special Edwin A.Link lecture on underwater man by Jon Lindberg and Dr. Joseph B.Maclnnis and the offering of diver-training courses to field investigationsusing scuba apparatus, submersible diving chambers, and small researchsubmersibles. A multidisciplinary study of sharks and the coral reefenvironments was undertaken under the sponsorship of Edwin A. Link,Seward Johnson, William Mote, Ocean Systems Inc., and the Smith-sonian Institution in February and March of 1969. Five small vesselsand a submersible diving chamber were assembled off British Hondurasfor the project known as shark 1969.Sponsorship through working group 23 of the Scientific Committeeon Ocean Research of the International Council of Scientific Unionsresulted in a definitive study of plankton preservation being under-taken at the Smithsonian. Dr. Hugh Steedman of the University ofBath spent the months of July, October, November, March, and Juneplanning and conducting experiments at the Smithsonian Oceano-graphic Sorting Center. Plankton preservation has sometimes beenexcellent and sometimes unsatisfactory using the traditional preserva-tives under differing field conditions. Histochemical and other work oncarefully preserved collections will provide information on the causesof the variable results.- Tests will be made to attempt to find betterpreservatives.An "Ocean Acre" research program has been initiated by Drs. WilliamAron, Robert Gibbs, and Clyde Roper in cooperation with the NavyUnderwater Sound Laboratory, the University of Rhode Island, andthe Naval Oceanographic Office. Four cruises, using navy ships Gilliss,Sands, and Trident of the University of Rhode Island, were undertakenduring this fiscal year. The area selected for achieving a fuller under-standing of its total biology is southeast of Bermuda in water depthsgreater than 2000 meters. Preliminary analyses of the distributions ofcephalopods and fishes reveals variations in their migratory behaviorpatterns which may be associated with sound-scattering layers.This year was one of great progress in converting the older manualrecords of the Smithsonian Oceanographic Sorting Center into an auto-matic data-processing system. Specimen labels are prepared in an auto-matic typewriter system which simultaneously produces duplicate labelsand punches the data on paper tape. This tape is converted to magnetictape automatically and goes into storage with a minimum of error. 149Nearly all of the several years production of Antarctic data coveringthirteen million specimens has been entered in the machine system.Installation of basic petrographic laboratory equipment was com-pleted in the Sorting Center. A specimen inventory has been preparedto meet the needs of specialists interested in specific mineralogic, tex-tural, or lithologic features of oceanic rocks. As a backup for the speci-mens being distributed, a major catalog of oceanic rocks has been pro-duced to include all that have been described in the scientific literature.Specific mineral groups and lab information in the literature may befound through the catalog.RADIATION BIOLOGY AND ASTROPHYSICSThe Radiation Biology Laboratory of the Institution has participatedactively in interdisciplinary ecology during the year. Under the Labora-tory, the third seminar series sponsored by the Smithsonian Institutionand the Consortium of Universities of the Washington MetropolitanArea was introduced on 6 February by Dr. Sidney Galler, AssistantSecretary for Science. The Seminar in Environmental Biology was pre-sented for graduate credit and attracted large audiences of students andother interested people from the community. Thirteen lectures werepresented by authorities in ecology and environmental biology fromall over the United States, with topics ranging from arid-land to arcticecology and from fresh-water productivity to aspects of controlledenvironments for space biology.For the past year the Smithsonian Radiation Biology Laboratory hasrecorded continuous daily measurements from sunrise to sunset ofseveral color components of the white-light spectrum in those wave-bands that control growth and development of plant and animal orga-nisms. This is the only complete set of data of this kind obtained forbiologists to use in studying photobiological responses. Under the jointsponsorship of the Smithsonian Institution and the National PhysicalLaboratory of Israel, a station in Jerusalem has begun operation toobtain similar information for that latitude. The measurements fromthe two stations will provide comparative records on ratios of colorbands present in natural incident daylight and resultant cycles of growthand reproduction, leading to new interpretations of the effects oflight stimuli as a factor in the environment controlling physiologicaldevelopment.In the course of recording measurements of normal incident solarradiation at the Smithsonian, it was discovered that the amount of thesun's energy falling on Washington, D.C., now is approximately fifteen 150percent less that that measured and recorded here by Dr. C. G. Abbotin 1907 at the same time of the year. Measurements are continuing tobe taken and efforts are in progress to confirm the preliminary data.The results should be of the greatest interest to those ecologists con-cerned with the energy-exchange phenomena between biological sys-tems and the atmosphere, as well, indeed, to urban planners concernedwith human health.During the past year the Center for Short-Lived Phenomena, anorganization set up by the Astrophysical Observatory, participated in127 geological, astrophysical, and biological events including 21 majorearthquakes, 18 volcanic eruptions (one involving the birth and disap-pearance of an island), 21 fireballs, 11 major oil spills, 9 fish kills, 4rare-animal migrations, 3 freshly fallen meteorite recoveries, the dis-covery of a stone-axe tribe, and several dozen other land and marineecological events.The Center assisted in the coordination of activities for reconnais-sance missions and scientific field expeditions to the Fernandina Calderacollapse in the Galapagos Islands, the Mt. Arenal volcanic eruptionin Costa Rica, the Cerro Negro volcanic eruption in Nicaragua, theApplachian squirrel migration in the eastern United States, the Mt.Merapi volcanic eruption in Indonesia, and the Pueblito de Allendemeteorite shower in Mexico.During the Apollo 1 1 Manned Lunar Mission, the Center arrangedcommunications between 207 astronomical observers in thirty countriesand maintained daily contact with the Manned Spacecraft Center,nasa, at Houston, Texas. Reports from ground-based observers wererelayed to the msc for transmittal to the astronauts en route to andorbiting the moon ; this mission provided an opportunity for astronautsto confirm (by observation and photography) ground-based observa-tions of transient lunar events.The Center has established an effective global reporting networkof 1510 scientists in many disciplines and from 118 countries.During the past year the Center issued 127 event notification reports,764 event information reports, 16 final event publications, and 11preprints of scientific papers on the preliminary results of fieldinvestigations.By all odds it would seem the Center for Short-Lived Phenomena(a Giibertian title if ever there was one) is here to stay. In additionto its brainchild, the Smithsonian's Astrophysical Observatory has hada notable year. On 23 October 1968, the Observatory opened its MountHopkins, Arizona, facility, a celebration presided over by RepresentativeMorris K. Udall of Arizona. The station will have a tracking camera,a pulsed ruby-laser ranging system, a 12-inch telescope already installed 151preparatory to a 60-inch telescope for investigation of stellar andplanetary atmospheres, and a 10-meter light collector designed for thedetection of gamma rays from celestial sources. In conjunction withnasa, experiments have been started at Mount Hopkins to establishcriteria for the selection of sites for future ground-based astronomyresearch.On 7 December 1968, the National Aeronautics and Space Admin-istration launched the second Orbiting Astronomical Observatory(OAO-2) from Cape Kennedy, Florida. The two-ton satellite con-tained two major scientific experiments, including Project Celescope,a Smithsonian-designed, television-telescope system for observing stars inultraviolet light.One week later, at 2:49 a.m., 14 December, the Celescope camerasmade the first ultraviolet photographs of the heavens, showing three6th-magnitude stars in the constellation Draco.Between launch and the end of June 1969, the Celescope experi-ment obtained nearly 2500 photographs of stars. Although one camerahas stopped operating and the three remaining systems are experiencingsome loss of sensitivity owing to prolonged exposure to space radiation,the Celescope experiment is expected to continue to return valuablescientific data for several more months.An early evaluation of the photographic data indicates that very fewof the stars measured by Celescope are appreciably brighter thanexpected. Also, about twenty percent of the objects found by Celescopenear the plane of the Galaxy do not appear in identification atlases,whereas nearly every object more than ten degrees from the planedoes. Presumably, the extra stars are mostly faint O and B stars; but,additional ground-based observations may be necessary to confirm thistheory.The optical tracking network of the sao participated in all theApollo manned-spacecraft missions during this period.The most spectacular result of this participation occurred on 21December 1968, when the sao camera station at Maui, Hawaii, photo-graphed the burn of the booster rockets that injected the Apollo 8spacecraft into the translunar phase of its flight to the moon. The sameday, the sao tracking station at San Fernando, Spain, photographedthe cloud of excess fuel dumped by the Apollo 8 spacecraft some 30,000miles from earth.On 4 March 1969, the sao stations at Hawaii and Mount Hopkinsagain photographed an Apollo 9 fuel-release cloud at a distance ofapproximately 70,000 miles from earth. The photographs of these fueldumps proved highly valuable to nasa engineers and scientists attempt-ing to understand the behavior of liquids in space. 152TROPICAL BIOLOGYEnvironmental studies continued at an increased rate at the TropicalResearch Institute in Panama. The nation's unique tropically basedlaboratory has been working on interspecific and intraspecific competi-tion in terrestrial and marine organisms. An event of the past year,tragic yet perhaps fortuitous was the grounding of oil tanker Witwateroff the Galeta Station of the Institute on the Atlantic coast of the CanalZone. Research on recovery rates of marine organisms subjected to oil,may prove to be beneficial in the long run to studies of oil spills, boundto become more frequent round the world as time goes on. Meanwhilecomparative base-line studies in tropical ecosystems remain our primarygoal for this Institute.For many years a large but rather scarce impressive looking, spiny,poisonous, multi-armed starfish has been observed from the coral reefsof the Indian and Pacific Oceans, and from the Red Sea to Hawaii.Little was known of its habits, life history, or ecology. It is commonlyknown as the Crown of Thorns Starfish, zoologically as Acanthasterplanci.In 1960, near Green Island on Australia's Great Barrier Reef, asudden population explosion occurred. Acanthaster began to swarm inlarge numbers over the reefs, and was seen to feed on the living coralanimals, leaving nothing but the bare limestone skeletons. Under thestress of hunger, as their food supply diminished, the starfish changedfrom nocturnal habits to venturing out in broad daylight in their searchfor food.Large areas of the famous Great Barrier Reef were changed fromliving animal communities to masses of bare dead limestone skeletons.All of the multitudes of animals that depend directly or indirectly onthe corals for food were starved out of the affected areas. These includelarge numbers of fish, lobsters, crabs, and other economically importantreef animals.Two years ago a similar outbreak occurred on the reefs that line thecoast of Guam in the western Pacific. Here it spread rapidly until atlast report, an area twenty-six miles off the Guam coast was practicallystripped of living corals. More recently outbreaks have been reportedfrom a number of other areas in the Trust Territory of the PacificIslands administered by the United States.The citizens of Guam, fearing the loss of the reefs, brought the catas-trophe to the attention of an International Biological Program meetingon island conservation problems (November 1968), which included twoSmithsonian biologists. Subsequently the Interior Department under-took a crash survey of the situation in Micronesia to develop a synoptic 153picture of the phenomenon and try to isolate the causal factors. Thisinvestigation now being conducted by Westinghouse Ocean ResearchLaboratory, includes three Smithsonian marine scientists, Dr. PorterKier, Dennis M. Devaney, and Thomas F. Phelan, as well as otherUnited States and foreign experts. These men are specialists, some ofthe very few in the nation, and the Smithsonian is proud to be able toparticipate in such an important study. Potentially a starfish explosioncould undermine and destroy fringing reefs throughout the Pacificthreatening the entire economy of the area. Fortunately present evidenceindicates that the starfish can conquer coral reef animals only in areasthat have been disturbed by dynamiting. Controls can presumably beworked out to prevent man's wreaking further hardship upon himselfand his environment for short-term gains.Interdisciplinary research continues to develop effectively within theNatural History and Anthropology disciplines. Not only has primatebiology proved a useful bridge between these broad areas of science, butalso geology and paleoclimatology are closely related to archeologicalresearch in Central and South America.Of great interest in this connection is the work of Drs. Evans andMeggers of the Anthropology staff, with Dr. Melson of the MineralSciences division, in dating volcanic ash falls and determining specialcharacteristics and age of volcanic activity at El Arenal, Costa Rica,and Quijos Valley, eastern Ecuador, with the archeological specimensfrom levels in the sites that had been covered by volcanic materials.Similarly petrographic studies have been made, especially by electronmicroprobe analysis, of obsidian artifacts that had been used in obsidiandating of the archeological cultures from sites in the Quijos Valley todetermine unique features of composition that might be affecting thehydration rates. Through this technique new information on dating forarcheology and volcanology has been obtained.NATIONAL ZOOLOGICAL PARKOne of the aims of the National Zoological Park is to have a trulyprofessional staff. The addition of a pathologist, Robert M. SauerVMD, has been a step toward achieving this goal. We now have atrained zoologist at the head of the department of living vertebrates,another in charge of the bird collection, another heads the reptiledivision, and still another has been appointed as assistant to Dr. JohnF. Eisenberg in the scientific research department.The National Zoo has continued its efforts to protect and conservewildlife and natural resources. In addition to cooperating with national 154and international organizations devoted to wildlife protection, the Zoohas made its special contribution. The International Union for theConservation of Nature publishes a list of rare and endangered speciesthroughout the world. The list mentions golden marmoset, orangutan,scimitar-horned oryx, Pere David's deer, Laysan duck, Hawaiian duck,and Swinhoe's pheasant. Each of these has been born or hatched atthe National Zoological Park during the past year.PUBLIC SERVICESThrough the impetus established several years ago by the Institution'sundertaking to direct and coordinate research for United States anthro-pology and biology programs overseas, using dollar equivalents of statedexcess currencies, the Smithsonian has been able to help more thanforty-four American learned institutions and universities in the conductof original research.The initial implementation of the Smithsonian's role as executiveagent for the Iran-United States science cooperation agreement occurredthis year with the exchange of visits between Dr. Faryar, Underministerof Science and Education in Iran, and the Director of the Office ofInternational Activities. Methods of disseminating research plans ofscientists from each country interested in cooperative work have beenestablished and efforts are now underway to locate funding sources.The Smithsonian's expertise in assessing the environmental conse-quences of an isthmian sea-level canal was recognized by the appoint-ment of Dr. David Challinor of our Office of International Activitiesto the National Academy of Sciences special Committee on EcologicalResearch for the Interoceanic Canal.During the past year Morocco was added to the list of "excess" cur-rency countries and already several projects have been initiated bySmithsonian scientists for work there. The addition of Morocco hasbeen particularly welcome because of the pending removal of Tunisiaand Ceylon from the list of countries in which the Smithsonian's ForeignCurrency Program operates.The Smithsonian Associates membership now stands at 9,200 com-pared with 6,500 a year ago. This includes individuals, double andfamily membership, meaning that our memberships serve approximately20,000 people. Our renewal average stands at a phenomenal 89 percent.Some of the Associates activities have included luncheon talks oncollecting (painting, sculpture, prints, drawings, ceramics, glass, andfurniture) now in its third year. Once again this has proved extremely 155popular with 375 members attending the talks each month over aperiod of six months.The Ancient Crafts Revived series was oversubscribed. Our work-shops included batik, weaving, mosaic, stained glass, bookbinding, pastepaper, marble-and-paste, cloisonne, enamel, plique-a-jour, decoupageand tole. For the first time this series was offered to young people (tento thirteen years) . The classes included enameling, puppet making,papier mache, wire sculpture, Egyptian paste, and paper weaving.A particularly memorable event was that of the New York ChamberSoloists' performance of music from the Court of the Sun King, LouisXIV, with recitations from Moliere, Racine, and La Fontaine givenby Jean Louis Barrault and Madaleine Renaud.This year marks the signing of an official agreement between Mrs.Merriweather Post, to whom the Institution owes so much, and theSmithsonian on the maintenance of her wonderful house, "Hillwood."The tours to Hillwood have had a continuous waiting list and arerepeated as often as possible.One of the most popular activities in which the Smithsonian hasengaged continues to be its division of Performing Arts. To bring theinstruments out of glass cases, to evolve the magic of folk crafts andmusic, all this is to communicate directly to all people. How better canour Institution demonstrate the worth of collecting things.Our highlight of the year was the Festival of American Folklifewhich was enhanced this past year by the addition of several continuingprograms. To the half million people who attended the four-day festivalof craft demonstrations and concerts we added five programs con-ceived for the National Park Service's "Summer in the Parks." Thesemobile art demonstrations, jazz concerts, folk concerts, puppet theater,and film theater, traveled to twenty different city parks over a periodof ten weeks.The Smithsonian libraries continue to command a high priority inour efforts to increase the Institution's research and education capability.Many times throughout the year various departments of the Institutionassisted in financing the purchase of library materials vital to the sup-port of their research programs. The professional staffs of the museumsand the libraries displayed their mutual concern for maintaining thehigh quality of the libraries' collections by working diligently togetherto use their limited funds for the purchase of only those titles that wereof immediate and long-term importance to research. The same coopera-tion, along with strong policy guidance and management by the officeof the Director of Libraries was applied to the negotiations and acquisi-tions of five gift collections of research materials that contribute directlyto current bureau programs. This ability to attract donors remains one 156 of the most essential characteristics of the libraries. Even without a full-time team of specialists, the libraries have been able to continue theinevitable introduction of automation of library processing routines,albeit rather slowly.The libraries' training program concentrated on improving the data-processing skills of their staff members at various organizational levels.With the assistance of the Information Systems Division, the librariesattained a design for an automated serials purchase system and havebegun data input for the creation of machine-readable records. Stillahead, but very much in the libraries future, is work on a system for theintegration of files of information in the literature with those pertainingto specimens and artifacts in the museums, to create a totally responsiveand integrated computerized information storage and retrieval system.Computers comprise one of the most important frontiers of sciencetoday. The science of computer technology offers a means whereby thestorage of data accumlating throughout the museum complex may bereduced to useful information. In recognition of this fact, the Informa-tion Systems Division has continued to develop computerized systemsand techniques to make information more available. The expandingvolume of information, the increasing complexity of concepts, and thedemands for rapid application of knowledge to useful ends require anincreasing coordination of effort in the management of information.Efforts this year revolved around enlarging the area in which theInformation Systems Division's technology could be put to use. In acooperative effort with historians, researchers, and scientists ourcomputers and the technical expertise of our staff are joined to solveproblems. Like all technical contributions thus far invented by man,computers represent an extension of man's physical and mental capabili-ties. Calculations, comparisons, and in-depth analysis that wouldordinarily cost many man hours, or even years of toil, can now beaccomplished in seconds with the help of a computer programmed tothe particular need. A few examples of this may be seen in the systemsdeveloped this year for resarch in the fields of biology, paleobiology,anthropology, botany, and the fine arts where time consuming tasks ofsorting, analyzing, and coordinating have been conducted by the com-puter, freeing scientists and researchers to pursue more intellectualactivities based upon the information supplied by the automated process-ing of data.This was a year of major progress, for the Institution as a publiccommunicator. It began with establishment of the si motion pictureunit through a contract with Eli Productions. At the end of the yearwe were engaged in discussions with the Corporation for Public Broad-casting to support a number of productions, including our long-sought 157definitive visitor's orientation film. This obviously flowering relationshipwith the cpb is built upon a foundation with threeprimary components:intellectual resources, the national collections, and a demonstratedfilm-making capability.Another aspect of film and television programs was represented bythe continuing conversations in which the Institution has been involvedover a period of months with regard to increasing our contribution topublic television in Washington and throughout the nation. Public tele-vision, which itself is in an early stage of development in most parts ofthe United States, appears to be moving toward a real accomplishmentwith the support of the new Corporation for Public Broadcasting, aswell as from foundations and private companies. The Smithsonian,with a continuing concern for the diffusion of knowledge dating to itsvery origin, looks with great interest on future developments in thisarea.In the closely related field of educational radio, the Smithsonianmoved energetically during this year, once again combining an enhance-ment of its own in-house capabilities and a most gratifying relationshipwith the public broadcasting community. An educational radio servicedesignated "Radio Smithsonian" was established and began the con-tinuing process of producing and making available recorded materialcovering the full range of the Smithsonian's enlightening and excitingactivities.Coupled with development of the Smithsonian magazine, this evolu-tion of our radio, television, and film programs helps to bring a newdimension to the Institution in its ability to create channels from its vastacademic-cultural reservoir to people in their homes throughout thenation.Turning to another aspect of our public affairs, I believe it is clearthat the Smithsonian has during the past several years once againassumed the central status within the Washington community, andindeed the national community, that it occupied at least until the endof the 19th century. There is a broad body of evidence that this is thecase. The Inaugural Ball for President Nixon in January, for example,echoed the earlier inaugural festivities for President Garfield at theA & I Building. Not only was the Museum of History and Technologythe scene of one of this year's Inaugural Balls and other such celebra-tions marking the start of a new administration, but the Institution wasalso the scene of a number of farewell events for top officials in theoutgoing administration, including several members of the Cabinet,and an unofficial farewell for President and Mrs. Johnson themselves.Every department in the Cabinet held at least one, and in most casesseveral, conferences, meetings or other events at the Smithsonian this 49-484 O - 71 - pt. 1 158year, as did fourteen other governmental agencies ranging from theFBI to the Weather Bureau to the Peace Corps. Fourteen foreignnations?geographically ranging from Ceylon to Brazil to the Nether-lands?sponsored or played a principal role in exhibitions or otherevents. A considerable number of major national corporations, par-ticularly in the areas of advanced technological and communicationfields, sponsored events in relation to Smithsonian exhibits or otheractivities.Can it be that the Smithsonian has a mission to make a real contri-bution toward public understanding through a union of exhibits andTV, as I have suggested earlier? Once television can be related toeveryday learning, once open education is understood for what it is, Isuspect that pedagogues will realize that like a mystical third eye ? the Buddhist concept of the survival of the pineal neural apparatuswe may be able to translate aperceptive techniques into reality.At present TV is merely floating on the edge of aperception, andmaking money. But perhaps, that pale cyclopean staring eye, possessedsubjectively by everyone, in kitchen, bedroom, or parlor can be realizedto be merely in its infancy, the tin lizzie of what it could be for thefuture, wedded to a continuing series of object-oriented exercises in aneighborhood museum.It is the mission of the Smithsonian Institution Traveling ExhibitionService (sites) to make the museum experience a living one to mil-lions who do not come to the central setting.A recent check of contracts with educational institutions in theUnited States revealed that sites had sent exhibitions to 240 schools,universities, or junior colleges in all of the fifty states in the last eighteenmonths. It is becoming increasingly clear that sites could render muchgreater service all over the country if some subsidy could be found tofinance exhibitions for very small communities which cannot securethe prorated costs of the most modest exhibitions. As a conservativeestimate, however, more than three and a half million people sawSmithsonian traveling exhibits in the United States and Canada in1969. These exhibits were of painting, sculpture, architecture, photog-raphy, history, science, decorative arts, and children's art.An extension of the Mall institutions has been the Anacostia Neigh-borhood Museum, described in detail in last year's report.This concept of neighborhood museums located in large urban cen-ters where massive social, economic, and political problems abound,gives direction and purpose to every division previously situated in thecentral museum complex. The natural scientist, historian, anthropol-ogist, and ethnologist can make their research and exhibits relevant 159to current human situations. The neighborhood museum must meet thepractical needs of its community; indeed, its existence is predicatedupon the proposition that there are close-up, person-to-person tech-niques to meet critical neighborhood needs. The neighborhood museummust attract a significant number of neighborhood people at all levelsto insure its involvement and strengths. It should also make every effortto analyze and interpret the history of its community.This past year the educational programs, directed by Miss ZoraMartin, covered a broad spectrum from guiding children and adultsthrough exhibits and workshops for Community Reading Assistants ofthe Anacostia Model School Project to special science units led by apart-time teacher on loan from the District of Columbia Board ofEducation.In February of this year, the educational staff provided a well-organized series of lectures, discussions, films, and dramatic perform-ances for our celebration of Negro History Week. In addition to this,the staff provided guided tours for the exhibit "The Sage of Anacostia,"a graphic history of the Afro-American featuring the life of FrederickDouglass. This was the most successful exhibit executed by the AnacostiaMuseum and, undoubtedly, one of the most informative. It was attendedby approximately twenty-seven thousand metropolitan area schoolchildren.This year also saw the establishment of the museum's Research Centerand Library for the purpose of furthering the development of the neigh-borhood museum concept. The center will serve not only the needs ofAnacostia but a wider area as well. The Research Center and Libraryis directed by Larry Erskine Thomas, the museum's research and designcoordinator. The development of this research facility will enable thecommunity, the general public, and all who make use of its services tounderstand the true significance of the black man's social and culturalenvironment and his influence on the progress of a great nation. TheCenter has already consulted with and provided services to a widevariety of museums and organizations as they seek to reshape theirprograms and exhibits.ASSOCIATED ACTIVITIESThe Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars was estab-lished by Act of Congress (P.L. 90-637) on 24 October 1968, to bebe "a living institution expressing the ideals and concerns of WoodrowWilson. . . . symbolizing and strengthening the fruitful relation 160between the world of learning and the world of public affairs." Congressplaced the Center in the Smithsonian Institution under the administra-tion of its own fifteen-man Board of Trustees, subsequently appointedby President Johnson and President Nixon.The Trustees met at the Museum of History and Technology on6 March 1969, and created an executive committee consisting ofMessrs. Humphrey, McPherson, Moynihan, Ripley, and Rogers. Inaddition, they approved the selection of Mr. Benjamin H. Read, for-merly Executive Secretary of the Department of State, as actingdirector, and accepted with thanks temporary quarters in the Smith-sonian Institution Building.Concurrently, a contract has been let with Smithsonian Institutionplanning funds under which the Urban Design and Development Cor-poration, a new District of Columbia nonprofit corporation establishedby the American Institute of Architects and headed by Mr. Ralph G.Schwartz, will explore the feasibility of the recommended site for theCenter on the future Market Square at 8th Street and PennsylvaniaAvenue. The feasibility study is due on 1 September 1969.The Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars has obtaineda $45,000 grant from the Ford Foundation to permit it to get started,and an initial appropriation request of $100,000 for fiscal year 1970has been submitted to the Congress.A milestone in the life of our affiliated Institution, the NationalGallery of Art, has been the retirement, after thirty years of devotedservice of John Walker, the Gallery's second Director. The Smithsonianthrough its Secretary has served on the Gallery's guiding Board sinceits inception, and has watched with marvelling eyes, sometimes tingedwith human envy, the remarkable development of the collections underhis able hands. Would that other art collections in this city had beenable so to increase their holdings!To his ability, must be added Mr. Walker's prescience in the guidanceof the Gallery's assistant director, Carter Brown, who now succeeds him.We salute Carter Brown as a brilliant successor to the indefatigableJohn Walker.The "topping out" of the Kennedy Center's massive steel frameworkin September launched a year of continuing tangible progress for theJohn F. Kennedy Center for the Performing Arts. As the steel contractwas completed, the contract for the erection of hundreds of tons of themarble from Italy for the building's facing began, and the Center tookon a new look.Although construction proceeded at a good pace, the Kennedy Centerhas not been immune to the meteoric rise in construction costs. In 161October, Roger L. Stevens, Chairman of the Board of Trustees,announced that an additional $15 million was needed in order to com-plete the building. In the spring, after a private fund-raising campaignwas well along, Representative Kenneth Gray introduced H.R. 11249in the House of Representative providing for an increased matchingfederal grant to the Kennedy Center and an increased loan from theUnited States Treasury.Plans for the Center's opening early in 1971 progressed as GeorgeLondon assumed his position as Artistic Administrator last September.In December it was announced that the American Ballet Theatre, oneof world's foremost dance groups, would be the Center's resident balletcompany.Perhaps the most historic moment of the year was the announcementlast October that the Center's Theater would be named in honor ofGeneral and Mrs. Dwight D. Eisenhower. It was President Eisenhower,of course, who initiated the Center in 1958.More than a score of ancillary activities will be reported on in laterpages, not least of which is the development of the museum shops pro-gram, the continued planning for a conservation-analytical laboratoryof major national proportions and our traditional program of exchangeof information through the publication of books and research reports,the shipping of documents, and the maintenance of a conference centerat Belmont.To the vital participation of the Regents this past year should beadded the special news of the reappointment for a six-year term of Mr.John Nicholas Brown, citizen of Rhode Island, and the new appoint-ment of Mr. Thomas J. Watson Jr., citizen of Connecticut.These multifarious extensions of a central theme to "increase anddiffuse knowledge" are part of the Smithsonian. They form a coreof the knowledge industry which we attempt to generate. It will beimperative in years to come that young people keep up with the chang-ing world of technocracy. But this cannot be done by slave drivingpedagogical means. It must be done by waves of ambient illumination.I do not know that this principle has been grasped as yet by sociologistsor economists. It has been intuitively grasped by the so-called "media"professionals, but without a strong sense of commitment, except thelaws of individual enterprise. These are to some extent outmoded, how-ever, hence the conflict and the tension of everyday life. It is our hopein the Smithsonian to bridge this intelligence gap, for this surely weowe, as a consequence of our original creation. 162THE BOARD OF REGENTSThe annual meeting of the Board of Regents was held on 15 January1969 at Hillwood, the home of Mrs. Marjorie Merriweather Post. Hill-wood has been deeded to the Smithsonian Institution and the transferof the property and collections was formally accepted on this date bySecretary Ripley on behalf of the Board of Regents of the SmithsonianInstitution.The spring meeting of the Board of Regents was held on 21 May1969 in the Fine Arts and Portrait Galleries Building. This meetingwas the last one to be attended by Earl Warren, retiring as Chief Justiceof the United States and Chancellor of the Board of Regents. TheRegents unanimously voted the following resolution, a copy of whichwas presented to Mr. Warren: Earl Warren, Chief Justice of the United States and Chancellor ofthe Smithsonian Institution: Your fellow regents wish to express theirdeepest appreciation for your devoted friendship and extend to youtheir warmest good wishes for the years ahead. /s/ S. Dillon RipleySecretary 163Memorandum Submitted by S. Dillon RipleyI would encourage you, Mr. Chairman, and other members of the Committee,in the course of these hearings and in future, to request information from thedirectors of our bureaus, heads of programs, and other officers of the Institution.I have encouraged them to make themselves available to Members of the Con-gress in the public interest. Dr. Whipple is a member of the advisory panel of theCommittee on Science and Astronautics, for example. Dr. Boorstin testifiedvery eloquently before that Committee earlier this year. Last year Dr. Cowanprovided an insightful summary of biological aspects of endangered species fora Senate Subcommittee. At this time may I offer to you and to the Committeea list of the directors of the bureaus of the Smithsonian, members of the Sec-retariat, and the heads of a number of other programs, with an express invitationto call upon them or others for information about the Smithsonian?Officers and Staff Members of the Smithsonian Institution Who MightBe Consulted for Information About the History, Programs, and Charac-ter of the Institution and Its Bureaus i. bureau directors and year of appointmentNational Museum of History and Technology, Director (1969) : Daniel J. Boor-stin, graduate of Harvard, Yale, and Oxford Universities. Held numerous visitingprofessorships and served as Preston and Sterling Morton Distinguished ServiceProfessor of American History, University of Chicago. Author : The Americansand numerous other books.National Air and Space Museum (Acting Director, 1969) : Frank A. Taylor,Director, United States National Museum since 1959. Graduate of MassachusettsInstitute of Technology and Georgetown University. Member of the staff of theSmithsonian Institution since 1922. Author of numerous articles on the historyof technology, biography, museum planning.National Armed Forces Museum Advisory Board, Director (1963) : Jlohn H.Magruder, III, Colonel, U.S. Marine Corps (Ret.) Graduate of U.S. Naval Aca-demy, Organized the underwater salvage of U.S.S. Tecumseh. Author of numerouspublications on the U.S. Navy and Marine Corps.Pational Portrait Gallery, Director (1969) : Marvin S. Sadik, graduate ofHarvard University. Formerly Director, Bowdoin College Museum of Art andthe Museum of Art of the University of Connecticut. Speciality : Americanpainting.National Collection of Fine Arts, Director (1970) : Joshua Taylor, Graduateof Reed College and Princeton University. Served as William Rainey HarperProfessor of Humanities and Professor of Art, University of Chicago. ReceivedQuantrell Award for excellence in undergraduate teaching. Extensive writingin art.Freer Gallery of Art, Director (1962) : John A. Pope, graduate of Yale andHarvard Universities. Member of Freer Gallery of Art staff since 1943. Authorityon Chinese and Japanese art, including museum and private collections in Europeand the East ; excavations in Borneo. Author : Chinese Porcelains from theArdebil Shrine and numerous other works.Joseph H. Hirshhorn Museum and Sculpture Garden, Director (1968) : AbramLerner, graduate of New York University. Accomplished artist. Author : "TheHirshhorn Collection" and other publications in art.Cooper-Hewitt Museum of Design, Director (1969) : Mrs. Lisa Suter Taylor,Studied at Johns Hopkins University, Corcoran School of Art, and GeorgetownUniversity School of Linguistics (Chinese). Former Director of SmithsonianSociety of Associates.Science Information Exchange, Director (1961) : Monroe E. Freeman, graduateof the University of Minnesota. Wide experience in university and governmentalorganizations. Extensive writing in chemistry and biochemistry.National Museum of Natural History, Director (1958) : Richard ect of starting construction atthe earliest possible date. We consider that an appropriation for redesign wouldnot be in conflict with the previously stated position of the Senate Committee onRules and Administration. We base this statement on the fact that the referenceto the then pending legislation, H.R. 6125, was related to an authorization forconstruction of the building. Planning had been authorized earlier by the Act ofSeptember 6, 1958. Accordingly, I am writing to the Chairman of the SenateCommittee on Rules and Administration, asking his concurrence in this inter-pretation and for his support of our proposed request for planning funds.In order to provide additional exhibition space for the National Air andSpace Museum, pending the construction of a proper museum building forthis purpose, a substantial part of the Arts and Industries Building lias beenassigned to the Air and Space Museum. The exhibitions in this area are ofgreat interest to our visiting public and serve admirably to complement theexhibitions in the adjoining Air and Space Museum hangar.A number of potential candidates for the position of Director of the NationalAir and Space Museum have been interviewed. The search continues and wehave called upon several of the Regents to assist in suggesting names and in 181 evaluating applicants. The recent appointment of Mr. James E. Webb as amember of the Board of Regents by the Act of May 18, 1970, will provide an-other Regent with a strong interest in the Air and Space Museum and in theselection of a Director.In the meantime, Mr. Frank A. Taylor, the senior museum director in theInstitution, is serving as Acting Director.In regard to the proposed Museum of Man, let me say that it was myhope that we could re-establish the Institution's primacy in the field of anthro-pology that prevailed from the late nineteenth century through the 1930's. Iundertook, therefore, to consolidate the Bureau of American Ethnology andthe Department of Anthropology to form an intellectual critical mass. In late1968, sufficient progress had been made in evolving our anthropological pro-grams to warrant the conversion of the transitional Office of Anthropology tothe Center for the Study of Man. The Center reinforces and supports the moretraditional, collection-based, scholarly activities that go on in the Departmentof Anthropology with an infusion of scholarship by distinguished ethnologists,social biologists and the like from outside the Smithsonian, including scholarsfrom abroad.A National Museum of Man would further strengthen the Smithsonian'scontributions in the broad area of anthropology, a field that is rapidly under-going a fundamental change both in the attitudes of its practitioners and intheir sightings of new scholarly objectives.Concerning the personnel of the National Museum of Natural History, Ishould say that when I came to the Smithsonian I was concerned with ourinability to compete with other institutions for highly qualified scientists be-cause of salary levels. Now we have succeeded in attracting a number of high-ly competent, indeed distinguished scientists to the professional staff in theNational Museum of Natural History.In 1965 we were able to convince both the Bureau of the Budget and theCongress of the merit of providing the Smithsonian with a direct appropriationfor research. The appropriation was designed to offset the decline in supportthat we had been receiving from the National Science Foundation. Since thattime, Congress has continued to appropriate funds for scientific research, butunfortunately the level of support has remained static. Nonetheless, the largestpercentage of funds from that appropriation has been awarded to scientists inthe National Museum of Natural History. In addition, our scientists have beenthe principal beneficiaries of funds brought into the Institution through ourOffice of Environmental Sciences, including the units in ecology and oceanog-raphy. Also, they have benefitted from the Institution's Foreign Currency Pro-gram. Finally, there has been the support for research and curation that I havebeen able to provide from the Institution's limited private resources.With gratitude, I recall that the Congress provided $18,636,000 for the addi-tion of 512,000 square feet of laboratory space to the National Museum ofNatural History. These additions, completed in 1963-65, provided a major expan-sion in the facilities for scientific research in this museum.I am most grateful for your interest in the National Air and Space Museumand I would indeed welcome an opportunity to discuss with you the developmentof a new museum at the earliest possible time.With all good wishes.Sincerely yours, S. Dillon Ripley, Secretary.P.S.?A copy of my letter of October 10, 1969, to Senator Jordan on this subjectis enclosed. October 10, 1969.Hon. Claiborne Pell,Chairman, Subcommittee on the Smithsonian Institution, Committee on Rulesand Administration, U.S. Senate, Washington, D.C.Hon. B. Everett Jordan,Chairman, Committee on Rules and Administration,U.S. Senate, Washington, D.C.Dear Mr. Chairman : Widespread public interest in our Air and Space pro-gram has been further enhanced by the historic flight of Apollo 11 to the Moonand its return to Earth.It appears to be appropriate therefore to recall that Public Law 89-509 whichwas favorably reported by the Senate Committee on Rules and Administration 182 on June 28, 1966, authorizes construction of the National Air and SpaceMuseum. Funds for construction have not been appropriated. In its report tothe Senate, the Committee included the following provision :"In reporting favorably on H.R. 6125, the Committee on Rules and Adminis-tration noted with satisfaction the letter of May 13, 1966, from Secretary Ripley,giving assurances that funds would not be requested in this session of Congresspursuant to the authorization in H.R. 6125. The committee expressly recom-mends that funding for the National Air and Space Museum should be deferredeven further, if need be, and that appropriations should not be requested pur-suant to H.R. 6125 unless and until there is a substantial reduction in ourmilitary expenditures in Vietnam."Current actions to reduce the scale of military operations by the United Statesin Vietnam now being reported in the press, together with evidence of the strongpublic interest in the air and space program, lead me to ask for your furtherconsideration of the possibility of initiating construction of the National Air andSpace Museum in the fiscal year 1971 or 1972.The President's deferment of certain Federal construction in the fiscal year1970 is recognized as a present barrier to Federal construction in general. Never-theless, the message from the Bureau of the Budget on this subject does not atthis time project the deferment beyond the fiscal year 1970.Construction when started will require four or more years, so that the budgetaryeffect of the estimated cost of about $60 million will be spread over a time spanof five years. The development could be achieved also through successive physicaland funding stages, thereby avoiding budgetary peaking. Under this plan ofdevelopment, there would be undertaken first the substructure, largely occupiedby a garage, which could be utilized for public parking as soon as completed, ona fee basis. As a second stage, the central bays of the superstructure of the build-ing could be erected and utilized by the public as a major exhibition and educa-tional hall for air and space achievements. As a third stage, the end bays ofthe superstructure could be undertaken to complete the building as now designed.Another possibility would be a total redesign to produce plans for a differentbuilding of smaller proportions costing less than $40 million.We are convinced that this great exhibition and educational center will bevisited by more than five million of our citizens each year. When constructed, itwill serve admirably to record for our people, especially the young, the history ofthe air and space age as it is being made.With all best wishes.Sincerely yours, S. Dillon Ripley, Secretary.P.S.-?The visitation to the specimen of Moon Rock now in our old exhibitionbuilding amply confirms the vast public awareness and excitement of our spaceaccomplishments. Smithsonian Institution,Washington, D.C., July IS, 1970.Hon. Barry Goldwater,U.S. Senate,Washington, D.C.Dear Senator Goldwater: Thank you for your letter of June 17, 1970, towhich I would like to respond in the same spirit of constructive and helpful criti-cism you have presented.I, too, am deeply interested and committed to the goal of achieving a balancedprogram for the Smithsonian.I have been concerned since joining the Smithsonian with the need to strikea balance by reasserting the Institution's leadership in a number of fields ofscholarship and public service in which I believe we have strong historical re-sponsibilities and potential for the future. I believe that in the long term we willbe able to achieve the level of recognition and support from both the private andpublic sectors for our research and curatorial activities that are so badly neededand so well deserved. It has been difficult to win essential budget increases forour fundamental scientific research. It is this fact, I believe, that led the Smith-sonian Council to formulate a supporting resolution that was touched on in yourletter ; we welcome this resolution. 183At the same time that we have been trying earnestly to make progress in thesciences, as well as in history and art, the Congress during the last decade hasenacted some 20 pieces of major legislation which place additional responsibilitieson us. lor ail of these we are grateful and intend to strive ever harder to support.In addition to supporting the National Museum of Natural History and theNational Air and Space Museum, we have had to stretch our resources to helpalleviate some of the very serious problems confronting other scientific units ofthe Smithsonian, including the Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, theSmithsonian Radiation Biology Laboratory, and the Smithsonian AstrophysicalObservatory. In fact, the portion of available funds applied to our scientific pro-grams is very substantially greater than the amounts made available for pro-grams in history and art.In any event, I heartily concur in your estimation that the Museum of NaturalHistory needs a sizable increase in the number of professional and technicalaides and for associated expenses.With regard to the Institution's relationship with the National Science Foun-dation, let me state clearly that the Smithsonian did not initiate any plan to dis-continue the National Science Foundation's grant support for the scientists in theNational Museum of Natural History or any other unit of the Institution. On thecontrary, this action was initiated in the National Science Foundation, with theconsent of the Bureau of the Budget, as a direct consequence of NSF's interpre-tation of the Independent Offices Appropriation Act for the Fiscal Year 1964. Iam enclosing copies of several letters and memoranda to document this fact, in-cluding a copy of a personal letter that I sent to a representative of the NationalScience Foundation while I was still the Director of the Peabody Museum atYale. That letter was but the first of many efforts on my part to re-establish afull financial relationship between the National Science Foundation and theSmithsonian Institution. In all fairness to the NSF, I need to point out that theInstitution has been the recipient of substantial sums annually from the Founda-tion, despite the restrictive interpretation that has persisted in regard to indi-vidual research projects. Currently, we are preparing several additional, care-fully conceived programs for consideration by NSF.Concerning employment at the National Air and Space Museum, I offer thefollowing table and explanation. POSITIONS Service provided by Office End of the year employ-Allowed by Apportioned by of Exhibits (equivalent ment (exclusive of summerFiscal year Congress the Smithsonian to man-years) tempos) 1968.. 41 41 45, including 6 on privateroll.1969.. 42 42 8 34, including 5 on privateroll.1970.. _.__ 41 33 V/2 31. (1) On July 1, 1968 (start of FY 1969) the National Air and Space Museum(NASM) had a staff (exclusive of temporary summer employees) of 39 full-timeFederal employees and 6 private roll employees.The private roll employees were engaged on the program to select, assemble,and circulate historical spacecraft and related NASA materiel. This was sup-ported by a grant from NASA.The staff included 10 persons engaged on the design, production, and mainte-nance of exhibits. During FY 1969, it was decided to transfer the NA'SM exhibitspersonnel to the 'Smithsonian Office of Exhibits (OB) with the understandingthat the OE would perform exhibits work for NASM in volume equivalent to orgreater than the capability of the section transferred. It was also agreed that inFY 1970 the OE would assume the payment of the salaries of these employees outof the OE budget. The salaries and benefits funds remaining in the NASM as theresult of this transfer would be used to convert the private roll employees of thespace program to Federal employment at the planned termination of the NASA'ssupport of the program in 1969. 184The transfer of the NiASiM exhibits personnel was made in the interest of effi-ciency. The immediate supervision of the OE supervisory personnel and thecloser scheduling of the services of the central OB shops and supporting unitsare estimated to have resulted in more work produced.A museum education specialist in NASM was also transferred to the Office ofAcademic Programs with the understanding that he would work on educationalprojects of the NASM.At the end of FY 1969, the employment of the NASM was down 11 positionsfrom the start of the year as the result of these transfers.(2) The apportionment of positions to the NASM by the Smithsonian at thestart of FY 1970 was 33 positions which included 28 former Federal positionsand 5 new positions funded from savings to the NASM from salaries and benefitsformerly paid the transferred exhibits workers.During FY 1970, the personnel of the Office of Exhibits worked on 12 exhibitionprojects of the National Air and Space Museum including the continuing replace-ment of units in the Air and Space Building, counted as one project. These proj-ects absorbed 8y2 man years of effort and cost $112,000. It should be mentionedthat two men on the payroll of the Office of Exhibits are now assigned full timeto the maintenance of NASM exhibits which are the best maintained exhibits inthe Mall museums.(3) Through most of FY 1970, the NASM had 31 employees at work and 2vacancies (the Director and the Director's Administrative Officer). However, asshown, the exhibits work performed at no cost to the NASM means that in 1970the NASM had the equivalent of 39 positions filled and 2 vacancies.I fully expect that a new director of the National Air and Space Museum willbe selected in the near future. He should begin immediately to plan research andeducational programs which can be placed high on the Institution's list of prior-ities and for which we plan to request appropriations beginning with fiscal year1972.Your interest is most welcome and we hope sincerely that you will help us inour efforts to provide adequate support for both the National Air and SpaceMuseum and other scientific bureaus of the Institution.Sincerely yours, S. Dillon RrpLEY, Secretary.Mr. Thompson. Senator, thank you very much for an extremelycomprehensive statement.You have raised a great many questions which we shall put to theSecretary and the Under Secretary and the others from whom we willhear later.With respect to the Air and Space Museum, I might point out thatthe prohibitive language tying the matter in with the war in Vietnamwas added on the Senate side.Senator Goldwater. I wasn't here at that time. I was taking mysabbatical at that time.Mr. Thompson. If indeed it constitutes a continuing restriction, itwrould have to be lifted over there. Is my recollection correct thatsome years ago Senator Clinton Anderson introduced the legislationwhich set aside space on the Mall for the construction of the AirMuseum ?Senator Goldwater. Yes ; I believe that is correct.Mr. Thompson. And then subsequently the Congress approved ofthe design ?Senator Goldwater. That is correct.Mr. Thompson. The situation now is that because of this restrictionand perhaps other matters, the design hasn't gone forward; that is,the construction hasn't gone forward.Senator Goldwater. I think the only reason is that the restrictionsstill stand which were placed on by the Senate. It is not Dr. Ripley's 185fault. There is no way of determining when expenditures in \ letnamdecrease or to what level do they decrease before they become accept-able.What I would hope would come out of these hearings would be anindication of the need to try again in the Senate?and I will certainlylead the pack in trying to get that done, because I don't like to see usextend the time with inflation growing the way it is. We think it willtake $60 million now to build this building. I have a hunch that isshort.Mr. Thompson. I hardly think that this body is bound by any suchlanguage as that. The proponents of the museum perhaps should takesome action on this side. Certainly they would receive a hearing early,if it were in our jurisdiction, which I believe it to be. And I don'tthink that it would receive the same fate here.I don't know whether it would pass in view of President Nixon'sstatements with respect to the amount of spending we are doing, nordo I know whether the President would sign such a bill. But that wouldbe his problem, if it reached him, rather than ours. I don't think thatwe should be inhibited by such statements, do you ?Senator Goldwater. I don't think so. I would be very happy to seewhat I could do in that respect, with what meager influence I have.Mr. Thompson. I had just one or two comments with respect tostorage of the Air Museum's artifacts and other things at Silver Hill.It has come to our attention that some of these items are in a state ofdisintegration, some are deteriorating and others are actuallydisintegrating.It would seem to me that either those in charge of the Air Museum,the temporary director and so on, ought to properly preserve theseexhibits or they should be properly disposed of. Dr. Ripley said theother day that the institution is in a continuous process of disposing ofthings no longer needed, because they do get such a fantastic numberof items.For instance, the aircraft, the Enola Gay is out there. She was theone used in the atomic attack on Hiroshima. I am not sure that sheshouldn't belong to the Air Force rather than to the Air Museum.Senator Goldwater. We have visited Silver Hill. I have been inter-ested in it for many years. I would say that the aircraft that the Smith-sonian will ultimately want are under cover. They are very few innumber.I would agree with you that in the case of the Enola Gay and manyothers that they probably should go to the Air Force Museum that hasnot been started in Dayton, where we have a duplication of models.They can be made available to museums that we find all across Amer-ica, devoted only to aircraft.What we are interested in here are the truly historic aircraft. Iwouldn't consider the one that dropped the bomb on Japan as belong-ing to that category.Mr. Thompson. No, neither would I.The facts that you have given us with respect to increase in person-nel in some areas of the Smithsonian and the decrease in other areas,are somewhat startling. We are going to ask the Smithsonian person-nel people to explain those to us very carefully. 186It seems to me obvious that the Air Museum situation in particularneeds a most careful review. It is tragic to have things which mayhave historical value, either at Dayton or elsewhere, or be wanted byState or local museums to be allowed to disintegrate at Silver Hillwhen ultimately they won't be used here.Senator Goldwater. I agree with you.Mr. Thompson. I was also fascinated by the attempt to move theair and space exhibits out of the tin shed over to the Pension Building.I suppose the purpose was to get rid of that ancient tin shed, but hadthat happened. I don't know whether, as you raised the question, thosethings would ever have come back on the Mall where so many visitorssee them.Senator Goldwater. I might comment there. I think there is anoverwhelming attendance at the Air and Space Museum. I think if youtook a census count by age, you would find the explanation immedi-ately. Young people are more than ever in this country air and space-minded.I call this generation, like my grandchildren, the space generation.I have more intelligent questions asked me about space from fifth,sixth, seventh and eighth graders than I have from some collegestudents or their fathers and mothers.I think if you walk through the Air and Space Museum at anytime, the overwhelming number in there would be younger people.That is the great reason why I think this is so important. When weboil it all down, America's real contribution in the material fieldshas been technology, and aviation and space represent the peak ofthat and it will be the magnet that will pull young people along andthe steam that will drive the older people with them.Mr. Thompson. I can hardly imagine, Senator, having a young boyin Washington go through the Smithsonian and not insist upon goingthrough the air part. Everyone that I have ever known does.I am not going to take any more time except to thank you againfor your statement and especially to thank you for your tremendousassistance in supporting the continuation and enlargement of theNational Foundation on the Arts and Humanities, something that israther dear to me as its original author. As a matter of fact, I mightcomment that many years ago I lost a battle with my friend, SenatorAnderson, when he wanted the Air Museum on the Mall and I wantedthe National Cultural Center on the Mall.I learned the meaning of senatorial power in that. But I am satisfiednow, extremely so, because we are going forward with the John F.Kennedy Center for the Performing Arts, which is to be our nationalshowplace.Mr. Schwengel ?Mr. Schwengel. Thank you, Mr. Chairman.Senator, it is good to see you again and greet you. Welcome to thisside.I am impressed with your statement. It is very well done, very in-clusive and you touch on something that is very close to my heart,the Air Museum. I think this is so important for us to give seriousconsideration to now. It involves one of the great freedoms, maybe 187in many respects and more importantly for any one of the other fourthat we speak of, freedom of movement of men and goods.As an air enthusiast you know, of course, that the United States ofAmerica has led the way and is continuing to lead the way in publicand private contributions in explorations, research, studies and soforth.We at this level have cooperated very well in its development, asCongress has in the development of all other transportation facilities.So I appreciate your coming here and testifying in behalf of theAir Museum. I think it is a must as far as involvement and develop-ment is concerned.I was impressed also with your statement on arts and humanities.I am interested in this area. I think if there is an area that we oughtto stress more in America today, it is this area, to help our people tounderstand where we came from. I think it was Sandberg who saidthat whenever you forget the early hard beginnings, there is beginningof decay. There is evidence of decay in America.You mentioned about youth being interested in the air. I have agrandson who doesn't have a mother now that lives with us. He can tellme about the names of all the planes. Before I rode in the brandnew747, he told me all about what to see, what to look for and what I wouldfind and so on. He wanted me to check on it and tell him, which I did.Mr. Thompson. You mean you didn't take him with you ?Mr. Schwengel. No, I was journeying to the Far East at that time.It was his suggestion that I do that, though.So I am glad to join you in this objective. I think your testimony wasvery well done, and presented very well. I have one question on thisair museum. I think somebody with your depth of thinking and un-derstanding maybe ought to help us.I have not seen what I would call a Gettysburg-like statement on thekind of story you would have this museum tell.Senator Goldwater. I think it would be the continuing story ofAmerica, the fact that America has been built by hard work, by youngmen not afraid to try. If it hadn't been the Wright Brothers, it wouldhave been the Jones Brothers or the Smith Brothers. Somebody wasgoing to fly.We can see the story as we look at man walking on the moon and re-member the day that President Kennedy suggested this as our goaland many Members of the Congress said, "It can't be done." I don'tthink there is anything that can't be done if we provide encouragementto the development of ambition, intelligence, and education.I think of the men that I have known through the 40 years I havebeen in aviation, men who never had a formal education and yet havemade tremendous contributions to the technology of aviation just be-cause of that drive of being in an endeavor that requires drive.And I think all American endeavors do this. I don't think anybodycould ever write a Gettysburg speech for the museum. I think it hasalready been written by the Wright brothers and the Lindberghs,the Doolittles, Jackie Cochran, Amelia Earhart. Those are the storiesthat are going to inspire my grandchildren and my great-grandchil-dren into doing things that I will admit can be done, but I don't knowhow the devil to do it. 188Mr. Schwengel. My question was prompted by your testimony cer-tainly now, but earlier by a book I read by a Frenchman. He was agreat political scientist and recently elected to the Assembly over there.If there is a man to the left of you anywhere, this guy is it.But in this book there are some magnificent observations aboutAmerica. You touched on this, and that is technology. This book is awarning to Europeans that unless they get on the ball, Americanmanagement is going to take over Europe and is doing it now to thetune of billions of dollars a year. It states the reason that America be-lieves in education and in technology and is willing to adjust itselfto take advantage of it.So the question was prompted because I think here is a way and aplace where more than any other area we can point to where we havetaken advantage of technology. The story I would like to see told isnot the military story, but the story of service to humanity.That is a magnificent story told through transportation. Withoutthe facilities for transportation we have, this magnificent thing wecall free enterprise in America wouldn't work.Senator Goldwatek. You are right.Mr. Schwengel. I am impressed with your statement and I amimpressed also with the observation you have made on the opera-tion of the Smithsonian. It is a great institution. It has made magnifi-cent contributions in many ways and still is great today, but we arehere in this setting to be sort of a custodian, the guide, the buffer orthe communication or the feeler for the public and it is up to us. Untilnow we have done a pretty good job in Congress of responding to theobjective of the original $400,000 given to us by Mr. Smithson. TheEnglish wouldn't take it, then in this act we outsmarted the brilliantEnglish.We took and built on it and have done a great job. A better job may-be can be done. With the help and guidance and influence of people likeyou and from others, in the hearings we have had here, with thecooperation of Dr. Ripley, we can do a better job.I want to thank you for the help you have given us for the S. Capi-tol Historical Society. Without your help and others on the Senateside, it would be impossible to make the contribution we are makingtoday.Senator Goldwater. That is the major reason I am a conservative.What is past is prologue. We can learn by a study of the past.Mr. Thompson. Mr. Bingham ?Mr. Bingham. Thank you, Mr. Chairman.Senator, I would like to join in welcoming you before this commit-tee and we certainly appreciate the great degree of time, effort andinterest that you have devoted to this matter and have shown in yourstatement.I am impressed with the fact that at several points in your statementit does come out that the Secretary of the Smithsonian and the topstaff there have been trying to rectify some of the points you mention.However, they have not succeeded in persuading the respective bodiesof the Congress to that point of view.There are some points by which you indicate specific disagreementor criticism of the regents and of the management. I would like to askyou about one or two. One is just a point of fact. 189At the bottom of page 2 of your statement, and then at the top ofpage 3, you refer to the numbers of visitors to these various buildings.You state that approximately 2.3 million persons came to see theexhibits at the Arts and Industries Building and another 1.8 millionwent through the Air and Space Building.Your implication is that tiiose are all different people, but I wonderif that is a fair conclusion. In other words, is it proper to total thoseand say that 4 million people came to the exhibits or is there probablyquite a lot of duplication in the figures for those two buildings ?Senator Goldwater. I would have to assume that there is duplica-tion. I don't know of any way that you could accurately count thedifferent persons actually going through. I know from my own expe-rience, whenever I visit the museum, it is usually for a whole day andit takes in more than just one exhibit.Mr. Bingham. It would seem to me, then, that Dr. Ripley's state-ment that about 2 million people a year visit those displays would bea fair guess and that I would say that in general administrators ofinstitutions don't understate the number of people that come to seetheir exhibits.Senator Goldwater. I also based the figures on a poll. Again, youcan't tell much about these polls. I doubt that they were taken by ac-cepted polling standards, but in the next paragraph or two I point outsurveys that were made and questionnaires that were collected thatwould indicate some discrepancy between the two sets of figures.I wouldn't want to base a courtroom argument on it.Mr. Bingham. In the middle of page 5, you do refer to a disagree-ment with the Smithsonian management and the Regents, I take it, inregard to the flight museum, but I don't understand the nature of thisdisagreement. Does this have to do with a proposal for redesign ?Senator Goldwater. Yes. That is my disagreement. The originaldesign has been approved by the Congress, and not that it needed it, butit has been approved by architects generally and by planners partici-pating in the general planning for the city.Mr. Thompson. Will the gentleman yield ?Mr. Bingham. Yes.Mr. Thompson. Had the Fine Arts Commission approved thedesign ?Senator Goldwater. Yes, it had, to my knowledge.Mr. Thompson. That isn't technically under the law required, butit has become sine qua non, and without their approval, which thisoriginal design has, it would hardly be possible,I refer, for instance, to their refusal to approve the most recentdesign of the Franklin D. Roosevelt Memorial. It makes impossible,really, acceptance of that design by the Congress.Do I understand, as Mr. Bingham was referring to, that somewherealong the line someone wants to go over this again and redesign it ?Senator Goldwater. This is true. I can say that within the last dayor two I have seen some mention in the paper that a recommendation isbeing made that a new design be sought.I think this would be a mistake. It would be a waste of money be-cause the design has been approved. There has been no changes in theinterim that would require any different planning, in my opinion. 49-484 O - 71 - pt. 1 -- 13 190Mr. Thompson. Thank you. Mr. Bingham ?Mr. Bingham. Thank you. I think that this building, if I am not mis-taken, was authorized through this committee's activity and the chair-man and I were both members of the committee. I don't know as far asthis committee is concerned whether any redesign has been proposed.Mr. Thompson. I have heard nothing in any official sense, even inwriting, to the effect that there is a proposal to redesign it. I may haveoverlooked something, but I don't think so. But I agree with SenatorGoldwater that in having achieved the approval, which isn't easy todo, it would be not only difficult, but extremely expensive to design.Architects don't do those things overnight.Mr. Harvey ?Mr. Harvey. Senator Goldwater, we welcome you here this morning.I would like to say that I think you have performed a very great publicservice in coming here and in giving us the benefit of your personalglimpse of the Smithsonian Institution, how it operates and how it canbe improved.I listened very carefully to the observations made here just a fewminutes ago as to whether President Nixon might approve or might notapprove of a new building in light of his recent statements about con-gressional spending, but the thought occurred to me that it was Presi-dent Nixon and his administration that has led the way in increasingthe budget on the National Council of Arts from $20 million up to the$37 million which the House just recently approved.I might say that he made a recent convert out of me in that regard,not with perhaps the enthusiasm of some of my colleagues, but I cansee the wisdom of the expenditure and I went along with him and Ithink most of us did. And I think the majority of our side of the aislewould see the same wisdom in the museum that you are talking about.The thought occurred to me, as you were presenting this, that, No. 1,those were my thoughts as far as the building itself was concerned, butinsofar as the operating funds were concerned, I was impressed by thefact that you point out that the National Air and Space Museum re-ceives only 1.7 percent of the budget.Is there any way in the congressional budgeting system that in-creased funds can be earmarked so as to make sure that they get moremoney than that? I am not as avid a supporter of air and space as youhave been in your lifetime, but I am an old Air Force veteran myself.I have always been interested in the air.This shocks me as well as it does you. I would like to talk to some ofmy colleagues on the Appropriations Committee and see if some meanscan't be found to make certain that funds are earmarked in this regard,to make certain that this thing is corrected immediately.The building is something that will take some time, but surely weought to be able to do something about the operating budget imme-diately and be sure that is rectified. 'Senator Goldwater. I am not well enough acquainted with the ap-propriations schedule to suggest how far the Congress should go. Ido know Congress had appropriated much more for this generalactivity in 1970, but the cut was made within the Smithsonian itself.I think usually the Congress can show by discussions such as this andby discussions on the floor the interest of the Congress, and that thedirector of any expenditures would be wise to listen. 191Dr. Ripley and I have not had extensive discussions on this, but Ihave touched base and I have put two of his letters in answer to minein the record. I feel Dr. Ripley is moving in this direction. I think I canunderstand the situation having been on several museum boards inmy life and being a president of a historical foundation myself.It is very easy for the Board of Regents or the Board of Directors topush interest in a direction that the majority of that board feels itshould go in.I might recite an experience on the Phoenix Art Museum, where wecame to a very bad division because there were those people whowanted Western art and there were those people who didn't thinkWestern art was worthy of being in any art collection. So we almosthad to start a separate museum, it was so divided.We have settled it. But from this experience I can see where Dr. Rip-ley would be influenced by his Board of Regents or other advisers ifthey were inclined to disregard air and space, not being air- andspace-minded, but more inclined toward the preservation of art or thepreservation of national dress and so forth.So while I might sound critical of Dr. Ripley, I think that I under-stand his position to a greater extent than most people would becauseI have lived through it myself, and I am hopeful that Dr. Ripley willgive the attention that we feel is needed to these two museums.Mr. Harvey. I gather you would personally not recommend anymore specific earmarking than what has been done, but rather, agreater expression of opinion?Senator Goldwater. I think a man in Dr. Ripley's position, who isasked to run the Smithsonian, should have pretty much the say-soof how it is done, but if he continues to disregard areas of great in-terest to the public, then I think the Congress has to call his atten-tion to it.If I were asked to run an institution like that, I would certainly wantcarte blanche in what I would do with the funds. But I would also ex-pect the Congress to keep an eye on me to see that I did it right.Mr. Harvey. I think you are probably right. I never really believedin the specific earmarking process myself. I have always felt the bestjob could be done if you don't use that method.Once again, let me say we thank you for your statement. This is cer-tainly one of the most thorough and best that I have read in my timein Congress, and certainly on the Smithsonian.Senator Goldwater. You ought to be thanking my assistant, TerryEmerson, who does this work for me.Mr. Thompson. He does a very good job.Mr. Schwengel ?Mr. Schwengel. Senator, I noticed on page 8, particularly the para-graph in the middle of the page, beginning "The situation is this. Allthe editors at the Smithsonian Press are on the Federal payrolls. Yetthe same people are required to devote a portion of their time to work-ing on books that are for sale by the private side of the Smithsonian."There may be an area of criticism there. You are not suggesting herethat you keep completely separate all the activities that are supportedby Federal funds versus those supported by private funds, are you? 192Senator Goldwater. No. When Dr. Carmichael was head of theSmithsonian, there was a division. I can't bring full criticism to themaking of money in any area. Whether it is proper to use Federalfunds to make money for the private sector might be defensable. Idon't know. I just wanted the question to be asked of Dr. Ripley whenhe testifies to see what his feelings are about it.Mr. Schwengel. Has your study indicated that under previous man-agement that there was that clear break and there was no coopera-tion between those in the private research projects and those on Federalpayroll ?Senator Goldwater. There was a clear break as to how they gotpaid, but whether or not the break was so clear that there was no co-operation, I can't say. I doubt that there was that clear a break.Mr. Sohwengel. If there weren't cooperation, it would seem to meit would be an unfortunate situation. Let's take the Lilly Foundationcontribution. We worked with you in getting the law changed so theycould accept that.Senator Goldwater. If they can make a little money off their ef-fortsMr. Schwengel. First, I want to establish the matter of workingtogether. On the matter of making money, it ^ould be another aspect.Senator Goldwater. They would work together, but some would bepaid with private funds. At present none are.Mr. Schwengel. You would agree they should work together?Senator Goldwater. Yes, I think that is up to the director to de-cide, but I wanted to have this brought out as a part of the record.I might say I think it is a wonderful thing you are holding this hear-ing. I don't think there has been one held in years and years.Not that Ave have any suspicions about the Institution, but it issuch a valuable part of our lives and the lives of our children thatwe should keep, I think, in almost annual touch with it.Mr. Schwengel. On this question of writing books, you don't believethat the Smithsonian ought to go out of this business?Senator Goldwater. No.Mr. Schwengel. Having had experience in the historical society,we make a slight profit on that. It is plowed back into the history andso forth and things we are doing and plan to do, so if these funds thatcome from this profit go into this area, rather than to the individual,it would be in the public interest, wouldn't it?Senator Goldwater. Yes. In my experience with museums or withhistorical foundation, you do write books. Our little foundation haswritten eight books and we use the money that we make?it is notmuch?to help run the museum. We pay the author, but we don't payhim an exorbitant fee and we assume the printing costs and then wetry to make money out of it to help us run.Mr. Thompson. If the gentleman will yield, the Senator is correct.No legislative committee in 100 years has had these types of hearings,although the Smithsonian people report regularly to the two appro-priations committees.Some questions have been raised publicly which gave rise to con-versations between Dr. Ripley and myself," and as a result of whichhe welcomed rather enthusiastically these hearings, so we can havean understanding of how the Institution operates. We can't very well 193legislate with regard to it without understanding it. We will go intothe question at some lengths of the handling of the public funds, vis-a-vis, the handling of the numerous private funds. So that the answersto a great many questions which the Senator has raised will be gottenin the course of these discussions.You have made a great contribution. Your staff man has obviouslydone a very thorough job and should be congratulated.Thank you very much.Senator Goldwater. It has been a real pleasure.Mr. Thompson. Our next witness will be Mr. James Bradley, UnderSecretary of the Smithsonian Institution, accompanied by Mr. FrankTaylor, Acting Director, Air and Space Museum.Mr. Bingham is going to preside for a while, while I make a quorumin another committee.Mr. Bingham (presiding). Gentlemen, you may proceed in any waythat you wish.STATEMENT OF JAMES BRADLEY, TINDER SECRETARY, SMITH-SONIAN INSTITUTION, ACCOMPANIED BY FRANK TAYLOR, ACT-ING DIRECTOR, AIR AND SPACE MUSEUMMr. Bradley. Mr. Chairman, my name is James Bradley, and I amthe Under Secretary of the Smithsonian. This is Mr. Frank Taylor.Frank Taylor is the Senior Museum Director of the Smithsonian andis here this morning as the Acting Director of the Air and SpaceMuseum.Let me, sir, please establish my reason for being here, in addition tobeing a representative of the Secretary, as his Under Secretary. InJanuary of 1959 I was brought into the Smithsonian as a special as-sistant to Dr. Carmichael, then Secretary, for 1 year. Then I wasmade an Assistant Secretary and subsequently during this past yearmade Under Secretary.In all of this time, 11% years, I have had the pleasure to work par-ticularly on the Air and Space Museum. I was given three assignmentswhen I arrived, assignments in addition to administrative manage-ment in general. One was the National Air Museum, as it was thencalled, Sputnik just having gone into orbit about 2 years earlier. Laterit became the National Air and Space Museum.The other two issues that were particularly in difficulty were, first,the Astrophysical Observatory, where we were being funded by theNational Science Foundation in connection with satellite tracking andwe had to make a transition over to the National Aeronautics and SpaceAdministration funding. The other matter was to get the NationalCollection of Fine Arts and the National Portrait Gallery moved intothe old original Patent Office Building.So, I have been with this Air and Space Museum as a representa-tive of Dr. Ripley, and Dr. Carmichael before him, for over 11 years.I remember very vividly the efforts that had been made to get it off theground, no pun intended.Others had sought, before I got there, such as Senator Anderson? I think it was Congressman Bob Jones in the House and before that itwas Congressman Jennings Randolph in the House, who later was 194 elected to the Senate. They sought to get the public and the Congressto accept first the function and then the building.There was authorized initially a site, which we today have by actof Congress: from Fourth to Seventh, along Independence Avenueand north to Jefferson Drive; and authorization was enacted forplanning, but not for construction, on the contention. "Well, we havenot had an air museum, let's see what it is going to look like." This iswhy we had this split authorization : for site and planning, the au-thorization for construction to follow.We obtained planning funds in the amount of about $1,875,000.We got the site. We received from the National Capital PlanningCommission and the Fine Arts Commission their approvals. Thenwe came back to the Congress for the construction authorization.The first time around in 1965 we got through the Senate but adjourn-ment overtook us in the House. We later went back and it was thiscommittee in the House that put through the authorization bill.Regents Kirwan, Mahon, and Bow were yeomanly effective on thefloor and we secured the authorization for an appropriation for con-struction.In the Senate it was Senator Jordan and Senator Pell with SenatorRandolph and Senator Anderson, all right in there.Now, we have that authorization and we have tried to get construc-tion appropriations. In 1966 we asked for $40 million, repeated thatin 1967. Then we thought that perhaps we could phase this project,because we kept running into this block about "You mean to tell methis is going to cost over $40 million ?"We had an architect prepare recently some costing on differentassumptions, as to in what years do we think we are going to be ableto get under contract. The prices we have to assume will continue togo up simply because we are projecting what has happened recently.If these projections are true, we could be in the $65 million costbracket. Thus we are trying to get a costly but very necessary build-ing, one that I certainly am close to, and I know the Secretary is closeto, and trying to get it off the ground.In 1968 we dropped our budget request down to $9.5 million on thetheory that perhaps we could build the garage and get that into serviceand obtain some parking fees, and then build the superstructure later.We tried that in 1968. We tried it again in 1969, but no luck. In 1970we had a letter from the Bureau of the Budget that said "no Federalconstruction." So there we were.In the meantime, as you have heard and discussed by our good friend,Senator Goldwater, there was a restrictive rider at the time of theauthorization put in by the Senate Committee on Rules and Admin-istration, which declared that there should be no construction untilVietnam expenditures had materially reduced.(The report follows:)In reporting favorably on H.R. 6125, the Committee on Rules and Adminis-tration noted with satisfaction the letter of May 13, 1966, from Secretary Ripley,giving assurances that funds would not be requested in this session of Congresspursuant to the authorization in H.R. 6125. The committee expressly recom-mends that funding for the National Air and Space Museum should be deferedeven further, if need be, and that appropriations should not be requested pur-suant to H.R. 6125 unless and until there is a substantial reduction in our mili-tary expenditures in Vietnam. 195Mr. Bradley. We have since written?we went over that legisla-tive history very carefully?and we have a response from SenatorPell and Senator Jordan representing that committee, to the effectthey do not consider that there would be any objection to a replanningappropriation as distinguished from a construction appropriation,the latter they feel is not prudent at this time.Out of that history and background came the idea to replan. Itwould be a more plausible project to lay before the Congress and, ofcourse, we have to go through the Bureau of the Budget also, if wecould show that we had attempted to redesign in order to reduce aprojected $65 million cost down to the $40 million level. 'Granted, redesign is going to cost some money. On the other hand,we would reduce the construction cost by $25 million if we were suc-cessful in getting money to replan. The plans would not be wasted,if as I assume, and this is only an assumption, the same architect wereemployed. He has spent a number of years studying the problem ofaccommodating very large air and space craft and very substantialcrowds of people, starting initially with probably well over 5 millionannually, and so he has had a sort of a postgraduate course in thedesign of an Air and Space Museum.The choice of an architect has not been decided and it would bepresumptuous for me to say so, but if we stayed with the same firmof architects, there would be a great deal of our investment that wouldcome back to us in the way of a quicker design and I think some savingin cost.Mr. Chairman, I wanted to recite this personal involvement with theAir and Space Museum and without taking more of the committee'stime, I can tell you it has been a long road. We have done everythingthat we can think of to try to get this building under construction.Most recently, in spite of the refusal of the Bureau of the Budget,the Board of Regents liked the idea of possibly scaling down thebuilding and we went to the White House this time. If my friendsfrom the Bureau of the Budget were here, I think that they wouldscold me a bit because we decided that we should really get this onan appeal basis to the Chief Executive.A letter was written that outlined some of this history. It did re-ceive attention right at the top. We still didn't make it, but we tried.We speak of the second effort. This was the third and fourth and fifthefforts. We tried but we didn't make it.Mr. Thompson (presiding). I gather, then, that the President up-held the position of the Bureau of the Budget, is that correct?Mr. Bradley. That is correct.Mr. Thompson. Do you have copies of that correspondence?Mr. Bradley. Yes.Mr. Thompson. I think it would be valuable to have that as a matterof the record so that in addition to the senatorial impediment, thereis also the Bureau of the Budget, and the White House itself at thistime, is that correct ?Mr. Bradley. That is correct.(The letters referred to follow :) 196 Smithsonian Institution, ?Washington, D.C., November 19, 1969.The President,The White House,Washington, D.C.Dear Mr. President : As Chancellor of the Smithsonian Institution, I mostrespectively call to your attention the tremendous surge of interest among allAmericans engendered by the historic flight of Apollo 11. Their interest hasappropriately been paralleled by your personal interest and delight in these un-rivaled American achievements.Under Public Law 89-509 the National Air and Space Museum, the showcaseof our history of accomplishment in air and space, is authorized to be con-structed on a reserved site on the Mall. The project has been held in abeyancesince 1966 because of a provision in the Senate Report on this authorizationwhich stated that "appropriations should not be requested pursuant to H.R. 6125unless and until there is a substantial reduction in our military expenditures inVietnam."The Board of Regents of the Smithsonian Institution believes that it is nottoo soon to begin planning for this great educational and exhibition center whichwill show the Nation and the world our ability to develop technological skilland to perfect inventive engineering for the benefit of all mankind.This project could be considered as a determined effort by your Administrationto place America's scientific and technological achievements on record in abuilding to be completed by 1976. In order to meet this schedule, the SmithsonianInstitution would like to proceed with redesign of the building so as to comein with a smaller construction budget than soaring costs would ordain for thepresent design.Rather than the estimated projected cost of $65 million for the building aspresently designed, we would hope to streamline the design to cost no more than$40 million. It would be necesssary, therefore, to obtain an appropriation of $2million in fiscal year 1971 in order to initiate the redesign.Construction when started would require four or more years, so that thebudgetary effect of the estimated cost would be spread over a span of five years,thereby avoiding budgetary peaking. Under our plan of development, therewould be undertaken first the underground garage which would be utilizedfor public parking on a fee basis. As a second stage, the remainder of the build-ing would be erected and thereafter enjoyed by millions of Americans as themajor exhibition and educational hall for air and space history.The Smithsonian Board of Regents on November 5 approved the followingresolution :Voted that the Board of Regents of the Smithsonian Institutions recognizesthe intense interest of the American people in the national air and space pro-grams and in the historic flight of Apollo 11 to the Moon and return. TheRegents recognize that by Public Law 89-509 the Nation's Air and Space Museumis authorized to be constructed on the Mall on a site designated by Act of Con-gress. The Regents further recognize that because of substantial increases inconstruction costs, the building as now designed should be scaled down from itspresent level of $65 million to a cost level not to exceed $40 million. The Regents,therefore, most respectfully and most urgently request that the President in-clude in his budget for the fiscal year 1971 an amount of $2 million to financethe necessary redesign of this great educational and exhibition center for ourair and space exploration.We are convinced that this educational center will serve admirably to recordfor our people, especially the young, the history of the air and space age as it isbeing made.Respectfully yours, Warren E. Burger,Chancellor, Smithsonian Institution. 197 The White House,Washington, December 10, 1969.Hon. Warren E. Burger,Chancellor of the Smithsonian Institution,Washington, D.C.Dear Mr. Chief Justice : The President has asked me to reply to yourletter of November 19, 1969, in which you request an appropriation of $2 mil-lion in FY 1971 for redesign of the National Air and Space Museum.While we consider the Board of Regents' proposal to be meritorious, we arefaced with the reality of serious budgetary constraints. It is for this reasonthat the Bureau of the Budget has not included funds for the redesign ofthe Air and Space Museum in the tentative 1971 budget. Your request, how-ever, will be included in the list of appealed items presented to the Presi-dent during his budgetary review.Although initiation of this project may have to be deferred, we believe itshould be considered for inclusion in the budget just as soon as conditionspermit.Sincerely, John D. Ehrlichman,Assistant to the President for Domestic Affairs.January 6, 1970.The President,The White House,Washington, D.C.Mr. President : I would deeply appreciate the opportunity to see you in Wash-ington upon your return from California. Should there be any possibility,I would like to see you during the last week in January.My principal concern in wishing to see you is in my capacity as a Re-gent of the Smithsonian Institution. For this purpose, I would appreciateit if you would graciously allow me to bring with me the Secretary of theInstitution, Dr. Dillon Ripley.My concern arises from our intense desire to complete the National Airand Space Museum within the years of your incumbency as President. Inorder to complete such an historic structure in time for 1976 at the earliest,it will be necessary to commence planning for a rescaling downwards in costof the present approved structure. The nation can save perhaps more than $20million in completed costs by spending $2 million for replanning now.This was what the Chief Justice wrote you about after our November Re-gents' meeting, and we continue to feel that this small expenditure in theFY '71 Budget will more than justify itself in future savings.Mindful of the vital need which your Administration faces in cutting costs,it seems to me that this planning item, which could be inserted as an amend-ment to your Presidential Budget, would be viewed as a prudent investment forthe future.Respectfully yours, William A. M. Burden.January 6, 1970.Mr. John D. Ehrlichman,Assistant to the President for Domestic Affairs,The White House, Washington, D.C.Dear Mr. Ehrlichman : I was so happy that you and your wife could getto our dinner for the new Chancellor of the Institution. Since then I have beenbedded with a series of colds and out of action.On returning to the office I find from the Chief Justice, a copy of your letterto him of December 10 about the Regents' desire to include a small planningitem for the National Air and Space Museum in the Fiscal Year '71 budget. Asyou know, they believe it a wise investment in order to save dollars in thefuture construction of that building. 198Another of our Regents, Mr. William A. M. Burden of New York, who is afriend of the President's tells me he will be writing the President asking foran appointment to see him on various matters, and that he too will be anxiousto see if the $2 million planning money could not be included as an amendmentto the President's Fiscal Year '71 budget, as it is called technically, falling withinsome of the contingent funds of that budget. Congressman Bow continues to begreatly interested as does our Subcommittee Chairman, Mrs. Hansen.I wanted to apprise you of the fact that Mr. Burden tells me he will bewriting, as I know how pressed for time everyone is these days.Cordially yours, S. Dillon Ripley, Secretary.The White House,Washington, D.C., January 20, 1910.Mr. S. Dillon Ripley,Secretary, Smithsonian Institution,Washington, DC.Dear Mr. Ripley : For reply to your letter of January 6th, my checking withthe Bureau of the Budget has developed the information that the $2 millionrequested for the proposed Air and Space Museum will not be included inthe 1971 budget.As you may know, the Senate requested in 1966 that appropriations for thispurpose not be sought "unless and until there is a substantial redirection inour military expenditures in Vietnam." While the military effort in Vietnam iscurrently redirected, unfortunately the military expenditure level has notlessened appreciably. The President has directed very drastic cuts in all budgetsfor FY 1971, and I'm afraid there is no possibility of reinstating this requestunder the circumstances.I wish I could bring you better news.Yours sincerely, John D. Ehrlichman,Assistant to the President for Domestic Affairs.Mr. Schwengel. Mr. Chairman, I have a question here. First, I amglad to have this review of the legislative history and your involve-ment.Has the Smithsonian always depended on public funds, tax moneyto build their facilities, or have you been able to use, in certain in-stances, money from your private sources, from your foundation ?Mr. Bradley. Mr. Schwengel, to give you a direct answer, appro-priated funds are used primarily for plant expansion. Exception No.1 was the original Smithsonian Building that was built from theproceeds of the Smithson bequest. As interest came in, the buildingwas progressively put into place. That was the first exception.Perhaps another exception you would be interested in would bein Cambridge, Mass., where we used the proceeds of grants and con-tracts for scientific research to enter into a long-term agreement withHarvard. Harvard put up the building for our Astrophysical Observa-tory and we repaid them by rental charges each year coming out ofthe NASA funds as a necessary expense in connection with satellitetracking.(The table referred to follows :) 199 Building Cost 1 Source of funds 1. Original Smithsonian Institution Bldg., constructed 1847-1855 $205,250 Smithson bequest.2. Arts and Industries Bldg., constructed circa, 1880 276,000 Federal appropriation.3. Natural History Bldg., constructed 1910 2,150,000 Do.4. Freer Gallery of Art, constructed 1923 500,000 Freer bequest.5. National Gallery of Art, constructed 1937-40... 15,035,597 Mellon bequest.6. Museum of History and Technology, constructed 1959-64. 36,000,000 Federal appropriation.7. Fine Arts and Portrait Gallery [ construction began in 1836, completed in 3,000,000 Patent fees.1866. Transferred to the Smithsonian in 1958.Cost for renovation and restoration _ _ 6,465,000 Federal appropriation.8. National Air and Space Bldg., constructed in World War I NA Do. 1 It should be noted that the amounts stated above represent costs in terms of the date of construction. Because of thesubstantial changes in the value of the dollar, these data are not comparable. 1. From the Smithsonian Institution, 1846-96, p. 254.2. From W.J. Rhees, the Smithsonian Institution: Its Origin and History, Vol. I., pp. 778, 834.3. From Minutes of the Board of Regents, 1907, p. 21.4. From SI Annual Report, xvi, 1905.5. From SI Annual Report, 1941, p. 35.6. SI Annual Report, 1957, p. 5.Mr. Thompson. Mr. Schwengel was at another committee meetingthe other day where Dr. Ripley testified. Freer Gallery was also builtby moneys donated by Mr. Freer, the Mellon Gallery, and the NationalGallery by Mellon, and most recently Mr. Hirshhorn has donated $1million toward the cost of construction of the Hirshhorn Museumand Sculpture Gardens.Mr. Schwengel. I want to thank the chairman. I will yield backthe balance of my time.Mr. Bradley. Mr. Chairman, I do thank Senator Goldwater forthis remarkable show of support, particularly for the Air and SpaceMuseum and for other parts of the Smithsonian.We did not have an advance copy of his testimony this morning. Wedid have two exchanges of letters, commenting on his speech on thefloor, and I can, if you care to, highlight many of the same topicsarising from our earlier correspondence that he alluded to thismorning.I will tackle it if you say so, but there is so much I would like toanswer in his very detailed presentation to you this morning.Mr. Thompson. The Chair might say, Mr. Bradley, that we first sawthe statement this morning. We had no advance copies of it. It is avery impressive one. It gives rise to a great many questions, so I thinkit is only reasonable in light of that fact and the fact that you hadn'tan advance copy of it, that you prepare for us answers to as manyof the questions which he raised as possible.We will take that up at another time.Mr. Bradley. Thank you, Mr. Chairman. If you like, I can, as Isay, highlight.Mr. Thompson. If you would like to highlight, and then we will getinto the specific details later, that would be useful. It is rather difficultto answer, I suppose, right off the top of your head the statementby the Senator that the Air and Space Museum and the NationalMuseum of Natural History are victims of a shocking lack of atten-tion by the Smithsonian top brass. However, why don't you make suchcomments as you feel free at this time ? 200Mr. Bradley. In a letter to the Senator that he has offered to put intothe record, we mention that the history going back to 1846 when theAir Museum was established as a function, and then we quicklybrought forward these other acts that I mentioned, the act of 1958,12 years later.Mr. Thompson. You mean 1946.Mr. Bradley. Did I say 1846 ?Mr. Thompson. Yes.Mr. Bradley. We do deal in old things, but it is not that old. It is1946.Mr. Schwengel. You can go back to the Civil War time in thisair interest, you know.Mr. Bradley. Oh, yes.Then in 1958, the Congress designated the site on the Mall that Ialluded to. One of the first official acts that the present Secretaryperformed was in testifying in support of one of those planningappropriations for the fiscal year 1965 when he first arrived here. Hewafked right into an appropriation hearing.The Senate committee in authorizing constitution in 1966 put in thatstop order about Vietnam. In the meantime, we have secured lettersfrom the same committee saying that a planning or replanning appro-priation would be without objection.Meanwhile, costs have gone up. As I mentioned earlier, we think thatwe are far above the $40 million mark now. It depends on when youassume you are going to sign the principal contract.Mr. Thompson. There have been some questions raised which arecurrent respecting the preservation projects in the existing facilities.Under Dr. Johnston, who retired, there had been few, if any pres-ervation projects, is that right?Mr. Bradley. Mr. Chairman, I am unable to answer that. I can cer-tainly obtain an answer for you, but I have no idea that Paul Johnstonstopped preserving objects. I realize that an employee of the Air andSpace Museum, and a man of integrity, has told me that he believesthat to be the case. I don't have the first hand knowledge to adviseyou of it. I would have to inquire.Mr. Thompson. The subcommittee has some information accom-panied by photographs taken by one of our staff people on an informalbasis. For instance, here is a photograph of a Douglas jet bombercalled the Versatile, which has a door open. The door was on the planewhen it was originally acquired. When it rains or snows, it is out in theopen and it rains or snows inside, which rather dramatizes the needfor some sort of preservation work and/or some storage facilities,which obviously are rather desperately needed. 201 Douglas Jet Bomber ?Photo taken July 20, 1970, at Silver Hill Storage Facility by subcommittee staff. It is not that it would be useful to perhaps dispose, make some deter-mination as to what the future of your present holdings are, and dis-pose of those which can't be preserved or which aren't going to beshown ultimately ? These are at Silver Hill.Mr. Bradley. I understand.Mr. Thompson. There are a number of these showing heavy articlesin wooden crates set on uneven ground, and the weight inside causesthe crates to break and otherwise damage the articles, the historicalvalue of which I am in no position to judge.Mr. Bradley. Mr. Chairman, I think this is one of the first thingsthat the new director should consider, and I should say that we haveinterviewed 31 potential directors. We have been diligent, we havebeen looking for an extremely capable man, and we don't yet have him,but we are zeroing in and we think we soon will have a director.Mr. Thompson. The acting director, of course, in the interim, hasresponsibilities and if Senator Goldwater is correct, he just doesn'thave the people with which to do the things that he should do or wouldlike to do.While you are pursuing diligently your search for a director, and Icommend you for doing that, for looking for just the right person,there is the matter of maintaining that which exists so that the newdirector won't come into total chaos.Mr. Bradley. Sir, I can certainly testify to this committee that totalchaos does not exist at Silver Hill. You can accept, I think 202Mr. Thompson. I didn't mean to indicate that it does now. But un-less something is done, to modify my statement, a highly undesirableset of conditions do exist.Mr. Bradley (continuing) . Mr. Chairman, 2 months ago the Air andSpace Museum Advisory Board visited Silver Hill and toured theproperty and quite voluntarily offered a resolution which they spreadon their minutes, saying that the place was orderly and it was doing agood job.I suppose they all have the mental reservation that we are doing thebest we can with what we have to do with, but it has been visited byexperts and found to be in good order.Mr. Thompson. [Photos projected on screen.] We will look at one ortwo of these pictures. The photographs which you have in your hands,Mr. Bradley, were taken yesterday. These are some of the storage facil-ities. There are some of the crates in which articles?we don't knowwhat all of them are?are stored. Damaged crate containing aircraft parts ?Photo taken July 20, 1970, at Silver Hill, Md., by subcommittee staff. 203 Damaged crates seen frotro rear ?Photo taken July 20, 1970, at Silver Hill by subcommittee staff. ;j .--?r- Crates containing aircraft parts ?Photo taken July 20, 1970, at Silver Hill, Md., by subcommittee stnff. 204 |WW i Damaged crate ?Photo taken July 20, 1970, at Silver Hill, Md., by subcommittee staff.Outside you can see the weeds in the lower right-hand one, whichprobably aren't doing any particular damage, but the condition of thecrates is alarming, I think.(The material follows:) 205 Photographs of stored aircraft parts in the open or in damaged and partlyexposed crates at the Smithsonian storage facility, Silver Hill, Md. ?Photos taken summer 1970 by Smithsonian employee. 49-484 O - 71 - pt. 1 -- 14 206 * ? ' 207 208 l,1R? ?-.& ,** ? = :i^M? ?1*Ts3Sorting Center, and the 'Center for Short-Lived Phenomena.An increase of over 300 positions and $4,000,000 has been appropriated to theInstitution for the Buildings Management Department to meet the needs of agreatly expanded physical plant (now in excess of three million square feet)and the research and exhibit collection programs these buildings house. Newadditions to the buildings of the Smithsonian included the National Museumof History and Technology (opened to the public in 1964), Additions on theNational Museum of Natural History, the Fine Arts and Portrait Galleriesbuilding housing the National Collection of Fine Arts and the National PortraitGallery (opened in 1968), the just renovated original Smithsonian InstitutionBuilding, and the Renwick Gallery now undergoing restoration and renovation.The balance of about 150 positions and $3,000,000 has been applied to theestablishment of the Institution's higher and elementary and secondary educa-tion programs, the supervision of the foreign currency program and otherinternational activities, the establishment of the Folklife Festival, and thestrengthening of the Smithsonian's libraries, publications, and computer pro-grams, and its financial, personnel, and supply management services.In fiscal year 1970, the Smithsonian had less than 1,000 private roll employees.The majority of these employees are restricted to grant and contract or otherrestricted fund activity of the Institution, or are paid from overhead fundsresulting from grant and contract projects. Included in this total are approxi-mately 300 employees at the Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory paid fromNASA funds and 100 at the Science Information Exchange funded by theNational Science Foundation. Smaller numbers of private fund employees areattached to the Freer Gallery, the Smithsonian Museum Shops, the SmithsonianPress, and the Smithsonian Associates.Subject.?Senator Goldwater concluded that Smithsonian management hasneglected two of its major components : the National Air and Space Museum andthe National Museum of Natural History ; that management has little comprehen- 225 sion of the pressing needs of the nation's flight museum or the Natural HistoryMuseum ; and that neither the funding nor the personnel of either museum isadequate.Smithsonian Comment.?The Secretary has continued to make every possibleeffort to acquire an appropriation for construction of the National Air and SpaceMuseum. Starting in 1966, the Smithsonian requested appropriations in theirannual budget submissions to the Bureau of the Budget as follows : 1966, $40,-045,000; 1967, $40,331,000; 1968, $9,500,000; 1969, $9,500,000; 1970. Letter fromthe Bureau of the Budget deferred Federal construction ; 1971, $2,500,000 plan-ning funds for redesign of museum building to reduce total costs not to exceed$40,000,000.The Chief Justice of the United States and Chancellor of the Board of Regentsof the Smithsonian wrote to the President on November 19, 1969, urging thatthere be included in his budget presentation to the Congress an amount for re-design of the Air and Space Museum. A subsequent response from the President'sAssistant for Domestic Affairs denied this request. Regent William A. M. Burdenalso requested that the President meet with him and Mr. Ripley to discuss theNational Air and Space Museum construction. Copies of these letters follow. Secretary Ripley sent letters to Senator B. Everett Jordan, Chairman, Sen-ate Committee on Rules and Administration, as well as Senator Claiborne Pell,Chairman, Subcommittee on the Smithsonian Institution, concerning the de-sire of the Smithsonian to request redesign funds. Both Senators respondedthat a request by the Smithsonian Institution for redesign funds would beconsistent with the 1966 recommendation of the Committee. I have attachedthose letters also.Hon. Claiborne Pell,Cliairman, Subcommittee on the Smithsonian Institution, Committe on Rules andAdministration, U.S. Senate, Washington, D.C.Hon. B. Everett Jordan,Chairman, Committee on Rules and Administration,U.S. Senate, Washington, D.C.Dear Senator Jordan : Thank you for your kind letter of June 29, 1970, relat-ing to the redesign of plans for the construction of the proposed National Airand Space Museum.I am delighted to know that you concur with our desire to seek redesignfunds for the eventual construction of the National Air and Space Museum andthat you believe that the request for redesign funds would be consistent with the1966 recommendation of the Senate Committe on Rules and Administration.We plan to seek an appropriation in our budget submission for fiscal year 1972.I shall keep you advised.With all best wishes.Sincerely yours, S. Dillon Ripley, Secretary.U.S. Senate,Committee on Rules and Administration,Washington, D.C, June 29, 1970.Dr. S. Dillon Ripley,Secretary, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C.Dear Doctor Ripley : This will acknowledge your letter of June 5, 1970, con-cerning the desire of the Smithsonian Institution to request two million dollarsin the fiscal 1972 budget for the redesign of plans for the construction of theproposed National Air and Space Museum.Upon receipt of your letter, I communicated directly with Senator ClaibornePell, in his capacity as Chairman of the Subcommittee on the Smithsonian In-stitution. In pertinent part, Senator Pell commented as follows : It is my understanding that the redesign of the proposed Museum buildingwould result in plans for a smaller building costing not more than $40 million,compared with the estimated cost of more than $G0 million for the Museum asnow planned.I continue to hold the view that it would be imprudent to begin constructionof the Museum while expenditures for the war in Vietnam continue at a highlevel. 226 I believe, however, that a request by the Smithsonian Institution for redesignfunds would be consistent with the 1966 recommendation of the Committee.In my opinion, Senator Pell's remarks accurately express the position of theCommittee on Rules and Administration and I am glad to join in them.With all best regards,Sincerely, B. Everett Jordan, Chairman.Hon. B. Everett Jordan,Chairman, Committee on Rules and Administration,U.S. Senate,Washington, D.C.Dear Mr. Chairman : On October 10, 1969, I wrote to you about the pro-posed National Air and Space Museum indicating that the presently designedbuilding would cost over $60 million and that costs could be reduced by a totalredesign to product plans for a different building of small proportions.The Board of Regents of the Smithsonian Institution has endorsed the redesignrecognizing that the cost of $2 million for new plans would result in a substan-tial reduction in ultimate construction costs. Although the Administration couldnot approve a request for $2 million in the fiscal 1971 budget, we now proposeto repeat this request for funds in the fiscal 1972 budget.You will recall that the Senate Committee on Rules and Administration in-cluded in its report to the Senate on June 28, 1966, as follows : "In reporting favorably on H.R. 6125, the Committee on Rules and Adminis-tration noted with satisfaction the letter of May 13, 1966, from Secretary Ripley,giving assurances that funds would not be requested in this session of Congresspursuant to the authorization in H.R. 6125. The committee expressly recom-mends that funding for the National Air and Space Museum should be deferredeven further, if need be, and that appropriations should not be requested pursu-ant to H.R. 6125 unless and until there is a substantial reduction in our militaryexpenditures in Vietnam.Because the above restriction applies specifically to construction, we believethat our request for redesign funds is not in conflict with the Committee'sposition.We would indeed appreciate your assistance in approaching the Committeeon Rules and Administration in support of this request for funds for redesignin the forthcoming budget for the fiscal year 1972.Sincerely yours, June 5, 1970.S. Dillon Ripley, Secretary.U.S. Senate,Committee on Rules and Administration,Washington, D.C, June 22, 1970.Hon. S. Dillon Ripley,Secretary, Smithsonian Institution,Washington, D.C.Dear Dillon : Thank you for your thoughtful letter regarding the proposal toredesign the National Air and Space Museum building. Senator Jordan, to whomyou sent a similar letter, has requested my comments on the redesign proposal.I have advised Senator Jordan that I continue to hold the view, that it wouldbe imprudent to begin construction of the Museum while expenditures for thewar in Vietnam continue at a high level.I have also expressed to Senator Jordan my opinion that a request by theSmithsonian for funds to redesign the Museum building would not be inconsist-ent with the recommendation by the Committee on Rules and Administration inits report on the National Air and Space Museum Act of 1966.All best wishes.Ever sincerely. Claiborne Pell,Chairman, Subcommittee on the Smithsonian Institution. 227 June 5, 1970.Hon. Claiborne Pell,U.S. Senate,Washington, D.C.Dear Claiborne : On October 10, 1969, I wrote to you about the proposed Na-tional Air and Space Museum indicating that the presently designed buildingwould cost over $60 million and that costs could be reduced by a total redesignto produce plans for a different building of small proportions.The Board of Regents of the Smithsonian Institution has endorsed redesignrecognizing that the cost of $2 million for new plans would result in a substan-tial reduction in ultimate construction costs. Although the Administration couldnot approve a request for $2 million in the fiscal 1971 budget, we now propose torepeat this request for funds in the fiscal 1972 budget.You will recall that the Senate Committee on Rules and Administration in-cluded in its report to the Senate on June 28, 1966, as follows :"In reporting favorably on H.R. 6125. the Committee on Rules and Adminis-tration noted with satisfaction the letter of May 13, 1966, from Secretary Ripley,giving assurances that funds would not be requested in this session of Congresspursuant to the authorization in H.R. 6125. The committee expressly recommendsthat funding for the National Air and Space Museum should be deferred evenfurther, if need be, and that appropriations should not be requested pursuant toH.R. 6125 unless and until there is a substantial reduction in our military expend-itures in Vietnam."Because this restriction applies specifically to construction, we believe thatour request for redesign funds is not in conflict with the Committee's position.We would indeed appreciate your assistance in approaching the Committee onRules and Administration in support of this request for funds for redesign in theforthcoming budget for the fiscal year 1972.Sincerely yours, S. Dillon Ripley, Secretary.RS.?Thanks so much for your kind words about the Smithsonian last night.They were very encouraging indeed ! Secretary Ripley wrote to Senator Goldwater on June 5, 1970, a letter whichserves to explain our efforts in behalf of the National Air and Space Museumconstruction. That letter is attached also. Smithsonian Institution,Washington, D.C, June 5, 1970.Hon. Barry M. Goldwater,U.S. Senate,Washington, D.C.Dear Senator Goldwater : I have read your long statement about the Smith-sonian and in particular about the National Air and Space Museum, with verygreat interest. I regret that I did not have an opportunity to discuss with youyour concerns before you delivered your speech. I would have been able to tellyou of our continuing efforts in seeking to move forward on this front, and ofsome of the concrete steps we have taken.The ultimate construction of a suitable building to house the Nation's air andspace collections will be the successful culmination of 24 years of Congressionalencouragement and legislative action in the interest of air and space scienceand history.Starting with the Act of August 12, 1946, the Congress established the NationalAir Museum as a part of the Smithsonian Institution. The Congress includedprovisions for selecting a site for a National Air Museum building to be locatedin the Nation's Capital. By the Act of September 6, 1958, the Congress designateda site for a building to be on the Mall from Fourth Street to Seventh Street,Independence Avenue to Jefferson Drive. Planning appropriations in the amountof $511,000 and $1,364,000 have been made available to the Smithsonian by theCongress for the fiscal years 1064 and 1965, respectively. One of my first officialacts as Secretary was to testify before the Congressional Committees in supportoTthe planning appropriation for the fiscal year 1905. 228 I recall with pleasure that at the time of my letter of May 25, 1964, on-S. 2602,88th Congress, addressed to Senator Pell, the Chairman of the Subcommittee onthe Smithsonian Institution, ''5i appeared that the building might soon beapproved for construction, it was so recommended but the bill was not passed bythe House after it had been approved by the Senate.The Congress subsequently enacted legislation approved on July 19, 1966,authorizing the construction of the National Air and Space Museum.In connection with this authorization, P.L. 89-509, the Senate Committee onRules and Administration in its report to the Senate stated : "In reporting favorably on H.R. 6125, the Committee on Rules and Administra-tion noted with satisfaction the letter of May 13, 1966, from Secretary Ripley,giving assurances that funds would not be requested in this session of Congresspursuant to the authorization in H.R. 6125. The committee expressly recom-mends that funding for the National Air and Space Museum should be deferredeven further, if need be, and that appropriations should not be requested pur-suant to H.R. 6125 unless and until there is a substantial reduction in our mili-tary expenditures in Vietnam."Rather than assume the responsibility for interpreting the wording, "substan-tial reductions in military expenditures in Vietnam," the Smithsonian Institu-tion continued to seek appropriations for the Air and Space Museum. Funds forconstruction were then requested in the fiscal year 1966 and fiscal year 1967budget submissions to the Bureau of the Budget in the amount of $40,045,000and $40,331,000 respectively, as estimated by the General Services Administra-tion. Both requests were deleted by the Administration prior to submittal of thebudget to the Congress. During preparation of the fiscal year 1968 budget, it wasdecided that an incremental request for construction funds for the foundationand underground parking garage might be more acceptable, following the prece-dent used by the Public Buildings Service of the General Services Administra-tion to start the FBI Building and the new Labor Department Building. Fundsin the amount of $9,500,000 were therefore requested for this purpose in boththe fiscal year 1968 and fiscal year 1969 budget submittals to the Bureau of theBudget and each time the item was deleted and not submitted to the Congress.With the passage of time and unusually sharp increases in construction costs,the GSA was requested to update the construction cost estimate. In January1968 we were advised by GSA that the building would now cost nearly $56,000,000and in the next few years would increase to $65 million, if the then planned plane-tarium were added to the project. This substantial increase in cost led to con-sideration of reducing the cost by reducing the size of the building and even com-pletely redesigning if necessary.The Chancellor of the Smithsonian Institution then wrote to the President onNovember 19, 1969, to inform him of the resolution approved by the Board ofRegents on November 5, 1969. as follows :Voted that the Board of Regents of the Smithsonian Institution recognizes theintense interest of the American people in the national air and space programsand in the historic flight of Apollo 11 to the Moon and return. The Regents recog-nize that by Public Law 89-509 the Nation's Air and Space Museum is authorizedto be constructed on the Mall on a site designated by Act of Congress. The Re-gents further recognize that because of substantial increases in construction costs,the building as now designed should be scaled down from its present level of $65million to a cost level not to exceed $40 million. The Regents, therefore, mostrespectfully and most urgently request that the President include in his budgetfor the fiscal year 1971 an amount of $2 million to finance the necessary redesignof this great educational and exhibition center for our air and space exploration.The Assistant to the President for Domestic Affairs responded to the Chan-cellor's letter on December 10, 1969, and stated that funds for redesign had notbeen included in the 1971 budget by the Bureau of the Budget because of budget-ary constraints, but that it would be included in a list of appealed items to bepresented to the President during his review.After a discussion of these effort s 1wtth=merRegent William A. M. Burden wroteto the President, urging that redesign funds be inserted as an amendment to thePresidential Budget. He stated that his concern "arises from our intense desireto complete the National Air and Space Museum within the years of your incum-bency as President. In order to complete such an historic structure in time for1976 at the earliest, it will be necessary to commence planning for a rescalingdownwards in cost of the present approved structure. The nation can save per- 229haps more than $20 million in completed costs by spending $2 million for re-planning now.""Mindful of the vital need which the Administration faces in cutting costs, itseems to us that this planning item, which could be inserted as an amendmentto the Presidential Budget, would be viewed .as a prudent investment for thefuture."In the interim, the architect has been authorized to prepare a feasibilitystudy to show in outline form the maximum size and arrangement for a build-ing estimated to cost $40 million. This study will^be completed in June 1970.The Smithsonian was subsequently advised that the Senate had requested in1966 that appropriations for this purpose not be sought "unless and until thereis a substantial redirection in our military expenditures in Vietnam." Whilethe military effort in Vietnam is certainly redirected, we were advised, unfortu-nately the military expenditure level has not lessened appreciably. We werefurther advised that the President has directed very drastic cuts in all budgetsfor FY 1971 and that there is no possibility of reinstating this request underthe circumstances.In our submission of the fiscal year 1972 budget to the Bureau of the-Budget.we wi& again request^ an appropriation of $2^007000 for planning. We-believethat *fhe investment of redesign costs will result in a substantial decrease inultimate construction costs and thereby increase the prospect of starting con-struction at the earliest possible date., We -eonsider-_that-an.-appropriation -forredesign would not be in conflict with the previously stated position of theSenate Committee on Rules and Administration. We base this statement onthe fact that the reference to the then pending legislation, H.R. 6125, was relatedto an authorization for construction of the building. Planning had been au-thorized earlier by the Act of September 6, 1958. Accordingly, I am writingto the Chairman of the Senate Committee on Rules and Administration, askinghis concurrence in this interpretation and for his support of our proposedrequest for planning funds.In order to provide additional exhibition space for the National Air andSpace Museum, pending the construction of a proper museum building forthis purpose, a substantial part of the Arts and Industries Building has beenassigned to the Air and Space Museum. The exhibitions in this area are ofgreat interest to our visiting public and serve admirably to complement theexhibitions in the adjoining Air and Space Museum hangar.A number of potential candidates for the position of Director of the NationalAir and Space Museum have been interviewed. The search continues and wehave called upon several of the Regents to assist in suggesting names andin evaluating applicants. The recent appointment of Mr. James E. Webb as amember of the Board of Regents by the Act of May 18, 1970, will provide anotherRegent with a strong interest in the Air and Space Museum and in the selectionof a Director.In the meantime, Mr. Frank A. Taylor, the senior museum director in theInstitution, is serving as Acting Director.In regard to the proposed Museum of Man, let me say that it was my hopethat we could re-establish the Institution's primacy in the field of anthropologythat prevailed from the late nineteenth century through the 1930's. I undertook,therefore, to consolidate the Bureau of American Ethnology and the Departmentof Anthropology to form an intellectual critical mass. In late 1968, sufficientprogress had been made in evolving our anthropological programs to warrantthe conversion of the transitional Office of Anthropology to the Center for theStudy of Man. The Center reinforces and supports the more traditional, collec-tion-based, scholarly activities that go on in the Department of Anthropologywith an infusion of scholarship by distinguished ethnologists, social biologistsand the like from outside the Smithsonian, including scholars from abroad.A National Museum of Man would further strengthen the Smithsonian's con-tributions in the broad area of anthropology, a field that is rapidly undergoing afundamental change both in the attitudes of its practitioners and in their sight-ings of new scholarly objectives.Concerning the personnel of the National Museum of Natural History, I shouldsay that when T came to the Smithsonian I was concerned with our inability tocompete with other institutions for highly qualified scientists because of salarylevels. Now we have succeeded in attracting a number of highly competent,indeed distinguished scientists to the professional staff in the National Museumof Natural History. ft 230In 1965 we were able to convince both the Bureau of the Budget and theCongress of the merit of providing the Smithsonian with a direct appropriationfor research. The appropriation was designed to offset the decline in supportthat we had been receiving from the National Science Foundation. Since thattime, Congress has continued to appropriate funds for scientific research, butunfortunately the level of support has remained static. Nonetheless, the largestpercentage of funds from that appropriation has been awarded to scientists inthe National Museum of Natural History. In addition, our scientists have beenthe principal beneficiaries of funds brought into the Institution through ourOffice of Environmental Sciences, including the units of ecology and oceanography.Also, they have benefited from the Institution's Foreign Currency Program.Finally, there has been the support for research and curation that I have beenable to provide from the Institution's limited private resources.With gratitude, I recall that the Congress provided $18,636,000 for the additionof 512.000 square feet of laboratory space to the National Museum of NaturalHistory. These additions, completed in 1963-65, provided a major expansion inthe facilities for scientific research in this museum.I am most grateful for your interest in the National Air and Space Museumand I would indeed welcome an opportunity to discuss with you the develop-ment of a new museum at the earliest possible time.With all good wishes,Sincerely yours, S. Dillon Ripley, Secretary.P.S.?A copy of my letter of October 10, 1969, to Senator Jordan on this subjectis enclosed. October 10, 1969.Hon. Claiborne Pell,Chairman, Subcommittee on the Smithsonian Institution, Committee on Rulesand Administration, U.S. Senate, Washington, B.C.Hon. B. Everett Jordan,Chairman, Committee on Rules and Administration,U.S. Senate, Washington, D.C.Dear Mr. Chairman : Widespread public interest in our Air and Space pro-gram has been further enhanced by the historic flight of Apollo 11 to the Moonand its return to Earth.It appears to be appropriate therefore to recall that Public Law 89-509 whichwas favorably reported by the Senate Committee on Rules and Administration onJune 28, 1966, authorizes construction of the National Air and Space Museum.Funds for construction have not been appropriated. In its report to the Senate,the Committee included the following provision :"In reporting favorably on H.R. 6125, the Committee on Rules and Administra-tion noted with satisfaction the letter of May 13, 1966, from Secretary Ripley,giving assurances that funds would not be requested in this session of Congresspursuant to the authorization in H.R. 6125. The committee expressly recom-mends that funding for the National Air and Space Museum should be deferredeven further, if need be, and that appropriations should not be requested pur-suant to H.R. 6125 unless and until there is a substantial reduction in our mili-tary expenditures in Vietnam."Current actions to reduce the scale of military operations by the United Statesin Vietnam now being reported in the press, together with evidence of the strongpublic interest in the air and space program, lead me to ask for your furtherconsideration of the possibility of initiating construction of the National Air andSpace Museum in the fiscal year 1971 or 1972.The President's deferment of certain Federal construction in the fiscal year1970 is recognized as a present barrier to Federal construction in general. Never-theless, the message from the Bureau of the Budget on this subject does not atthis time project the deferment beyond the fiscal year 1970.Construction when started will require four or more years, so that the budget-ary effect of the estimated cost of about $60 million will be spread over a timespan of five years. The development could be achieved also through successivephysical and funding stages, thereby avoiding budgetary peaking. Under thisplan of development, there would be undertaken first the substructure, largelyoccupied by a garage, which could be utilized for public parking as soon as com-pleted, on a fee basis. As a second stage, the central bays of the superstructure 231 of the building could be erected and utilized by the public as a major exhibitionand educational hall for air and space achievements. As a third stage, the endbays of the superstructure could be undertaken to complete the building as nowdesigned.Another possibility would be a total redesign to produce plans for a differentbuilding of smaller proportions costing less than $40 million.We are convinced that this great exhibition and educational center will bevisited by more than five million of our citizens each year. When constructed, itwill serve admirably to record for our people, especially the young, the historyof the air and space age as it is being made.With all best wishes.Sincerely yours, S. Dillon Ripley, Secretary.P.S.?The visitation to the specimen of Moon Rock now in our old exhibitionbuilding amply confirms the vast public awareness and excitement of our spaceaccomplishments.Subject.?Senator Goldwater stated that the National Air and Space Museumreceived an extremely meager share of the Smithsonian's Federal Budget ? about 1.7%.Smithsonian Comment.?The National Air and Space Museum budget com-pared to the total Smithsonian budget is as follows : SmithsonianNASM S. & E. S. & E. 19641965_.196619671968 _1969 _1970 As has been stated, the NASM in fiscal year 1970 had 31 positions and 2 vacan-cies. One of the vacancies is that of Director for which recruiting is proceeding.The other is for the Director's Administrative Assistant, who, it is believed,should be selected by the Director. As has been stated, the NASM received ap-proximately 8% man-years of work from the Smithsonian Office of Exhibits towhich 7 exhibit workers were transferred from the NASM in order to improvethe efficiency of operation. ? * Subject.?Senator Goldwater stated that an in-house survey reveals that 9 outof 10 visitors interviewed at the Mall had been to see the Air and Space Museuma shocking contrast with the miniscule share of funds and employees which theMuseum receives.Smithsonian Comment.?The visitors counted entering the 4 buildings are asfollows : NASM $301, 000 $13,191,000308, 500 15, 540, 000384, 000 18,921.000438, 000 22, 523, 000488, 000 24, 340, 000505, 000 26. 443. 000570, 000 29,965,000 A & I A. & S.Building Building NMHT NMNH Fiscal year 1969 1,493,141 1,225,959 4,174,071 2,916,749Fiscal year 1970. 2,557,155 1,939,373 5,483,555 3,269,791These figures show that nearly half as many visitors are counted in the Artsand Industries Building which contains the moon rock and air and space craftas are counted in the National Museum of History and Technology.We are greatly encouraged, however, that our current utilization of the Artsand Industries Building for air and space exhibitions has drawn so great a re-sponse from the public.Subject.?Senator Goldwater said that the Museum has had no Director fornearly a year, even though it has been 24 months since the last Director gavenotice of his planned retirement. 232Smithsonian Comment.?It was testified that nearly 30 candidates had beeninterviewed. The delay in appointing a director is the result, in part, of the timespent on 2 candidates. One of these had accepted the position at the time of theformer director's retirement but subsequently asked to be released from his com-mitment. The other, a military officer, received a substantial promotion and as-signment to a command of National importance which caused him to withdraw.Interviewing of candidates is continuing and results are encouraging.Subject.?Senator Goldwater stated that for many years the Air and SpaceMuseum was not considered to be one of the Institution's science and technologycomponents. Rather it was put into the arts and humanities wing of the Institu-tion.Smithsonian Comment.?The NASM has both strong historical objectives aswell as scientific and technological aspects. It might have been assigned logicallyto be administered by either the Assistant Secretary for History and Art or theAssistant Secretary for Science. The National Museum of History and Technologyhad previously been assigned to the jurisdiction of the Assistant Secretary forHistory and Art and it seemed equally appropriate to assign the NASM to thesame office. This proved to be arguable, so a change was made, not under pres-sure, but in the interest of testing another organizational arrangement.Subject.?Senator Goldwater stated that it can be proven that in 1969 the Smith-sonian management threatened the Flight Museum and its exhibits with expul-sion from the Mall. The Assistant Secretary for History and Art proposed to "get rid of the tin shed" and "get the missiles out of our view."Smithsonian Comment.?The Assistant Secretary for History and Art did in-deed once suggest, in a private memorandum to the Secretary, that we shouldconsider the possible use of the Pension Office Building as a temporary locationfor Air and Space Museum exhibits. This informal suggestion was based upontwo premises: (1) the fact, recognized also by Senator Goldwater, that NASMexhibit facilities on the Mall are sadly inadequate; (2) the fact that, in view ofthe restraint placed upon us by the Senate Committee, we could hardly expectto have our great new Air and Space Museum on the Mall in less than five or per-haps ten years.Given these circumstances, and given the fact that the future of the PensionOffice Building was then under discussion with the GSA, the Assistant Secre-tary for History and Art believed that we should explore the possibility of usingthe lnagnifieant inner court of that building, with its vast open space and sur-rounding galleries, as an interim home for NASM exhibits. The proximity of thePension Office Building to the proposed National Visitors Center made thispossibility seem even more attractive.The proposal may or may not have been a sensible one, hut there is simplyno doubt that it was made in an effort to improve the situation of the NationalAir and Space Museum during the considerable period of time before it couldhave its own building on the Mall. The notion that this was an attempt to exilethe National Air and Space Museum permanently to an inferior part of thecity is simply not true.Historically, the Pension Office Building has been considered as a possibleAir Museum at frequent intervals over more than 25 years, at the request ofmuseum personnel. It has the advantage that the large central space would permitthe exhibition of a number of historical aircraft too large to be shown in thebuilding on the Mall. All such suggestions have foundered on the fact that verycostly remodeling of the building would be required to provide access of largeobjects into the building.Subject.?Senator Goldwater stated that most Flight Museum exhibits arebadly housed, and deteriorating rapidly. The building labeled "National Airand Space Museum" is actually a World War I "temporary" hangar erected in1917 and the other building used for Air and Space exhibits is 90 years old.Smithsonian Comment.?The exhibitions of the National Air and Space Mu-seum are in the Arts and Industries Building and the Air and Space Building (acorrugated steel building erected in World War I). Of the total exhibition spacein the Arts and Industries Building, i.e., 58,000 s.f. in 13 halls, the NationalAir and Space Museum exhibits occupy 41,000 s.f. in 9 halls. The exhibits in thisbuilding are well maintained, they are not deteriorating, but are being im-proved almost daily. The exhibits in this building from the Wright plane toApollo are in very good condition. These were visited by Prince Charles andPrincess Anne. 233National Air and Space Museum exhibits occupy all of the Air and SpaceBuilding, about 18,000 s.f. In fiscal year 1970 a new floor was laid over thewhole area. The free standing exhibits of full-size planes, engines, and visitor-operated flight simulation devices, are in good condition. The wall panels depict-ing the history of flight have been worn by the crowds. One fifth of these werereplaced with new exhibits in fiscal year 1970 and this work is continuing.Subject.?Senator Goldwater stated that the visitor survey pointed out that87.2% had been to the Air and Space Building as compared to 54.4% who hadvisited the Museum of History and Technology, and 47.1% who had visited theMuseum of Natural History.Smithsonian Comment.?These figures mean that a visitor interviewed in theMuseum of History and Technology was asked what other museums he hadvisited. The MHT was naturally not mentioned though the Air and SpaceMuseum was. The same question was asked in the Museum of Natural History,which was not mentioned but the Air and Space Museum was. So the Air andSpace Museum had two chances to be named as another museum visited, whilethe two most attended museums each had only one chance in this particularquestion. The figures for the actual attendance at each of the museums men-tioned appear previously on page 32.Subject.?Senator Goldwater claimed that the study was openly biased infavor of visitors to the two museums where persons were being interviewed.Even so, he stated, almost 9 out of every 10 persons questioned said they hadbeen to the Air and Space displays. In other words, the Flight Museum haddrawn more visitors than either of the two museums where the questions wereasked.Smithsonian Comment.?It is clear that the buildings of the Air and SpaceMuseum have not drawn more visitors than the National Museum of Historyand Technology or the National Museum of Natural History. If, however, thefiscal year 1970 attendance of the Air and Space Building and the Arts andIndustries Building are added they total 4,396,528 visitors counted enteringeach building. This total exceeds the number counted at the Museum ofNatural History in the same year. The difficulty of knowing how many individualsare represented in the total number of visitors entering two buildings side byside as in the case of the Arts and Industries Building and the Air and SpaceBuilding has been discussed many times. The attendance at the National Museumof History and Technology in each fiscal year 1969 and 1970 exceeds even thetotal of the two National Air and Space Museum buildings in the same year.We are greatly encouraged, however, that our current utilization of the Artsand Industries Building for air and space exhibitions has drawn so great aresponse from the public.Subject.?Senator Goldwater again voiced his disturbance that the FlightMuseum does not have a full-time director and claimed that the Smithsonianhas never said what requirements have been set for the position.Smithsonian Comment.?There is a recruiting letter which solicits applicationfor the position, and also describes the type of person desired. Qualificationsfor a "rare bird" position of this type are kept flexible. There follows a copyof that letter : Smithsonian Institution,Washington, D.C.The Smithsonian Institution is seeking a Director for its National Air andSpace Museum. The purposes of the National Air and Space Museum are tomemorialize the national development of aviation and space flight; collect,preserve, and display aeronautical and space equipment of historical interestand significance ; serve as a repository for scientific equipment and data per-taining to the development of aviation and space flight ; and, provide educa-tional material for the historical study of aviation and space flight.The Director will oversee an expansion program which will result in the con-struction and equipping of a new mu'ti-million dollar museum and concomitantlya major expansion in the existing exhibits and educational program.He will have the personal satisfaction of managing a national program of aero-space historical research and archival activities in addition to planning, or-ganizing and directing the curatorial, collections and exhibits functions ofthe museum. 234The person sought is someone who has achieved a position of eminence inthe field of aviation and space, a person who is challenged by the opportunityto direct a national program whose ultimate achievements will reflect his crea-tivity, knowledge and ability. This program offers such an individual the op-portunity to contribute in a highly personal and direct way to this nation'scommitment to aerospace.The present Director of the National Air and Space Museum will retire inSeptember 1969. The Institution, therefore, is interested in recruiting his re-placement as soon as possible. Individuals who feel their education, experience,and interests have equipped them to assume the responsibilities of the posi-tion should forward a resume to Dr. S. Dillon Ripley, Secretary, SmithsonianInstitution.The present salary range authorized for the position is $28,976 to $32,840per annum.Subject.?Senator Goldwater stated that if the Congress had allowed theproject for construction of the Air and Space Museum to start in 1966 when itwas authorized, the total cost would have been around $40 million. He believesthat there are new and persuasive reasons for moving ahead with the newfacility now and that the American people want to have a decent home for theNational museum where the country's exciting story in air and space canbe told.Smithsonian Comment.?Senator Goldwater's strong statement of justificationfor proceeding with the construction of a new building for the Air and SpaceMuseum is strongly endorsed by the Smithsonian. The Smithsonian hasendeavored to share the responsibility for determining when the reduction inthe war effort in Vietnam has been reduced sufficiently to satisfy the restrictionimposed by the Senate Committee on Rules and Administration and accordinglyhas asked for appropriation since 1966.Subject.?Senator Goldwater commented that if the building were to be re-designed, all the questions of its size, its relationship to other structures on theMall, and, perhaps even its very location at the Smithsonian Park, would, bereopened. He stated that it will require encouraging Congress to recognize that$60 million is not too Large an investment for our Government to make in pre-serving the heritage of our people in the mainstream of aviation, rocketry, andspace history.Smithsonian Comment.?'Senator Goldwater proposed that the Smithsoniancontinue to request appropriations for the construction of the new building as nowdesigned. The following are the estimates of the cost to construct the building asnow designed, from 1965 to the present, taking into consideration the escalationof costs since that time : 1965, $40,950,428 ; 1969, $51,352,627 ; 1970, $57,277,930 ;1971, $&3,334,906 : 1972 $69,655,230, earliest possible date ; 1973, $74,527,131 earliestprobable date ; 1974, $79,728,229.The decision comes to one of judgment of the probability of obtaining anappropriation of $70 to $75 million for the building.Though the building design has been accepted by the Fine Arts Commissionand the Planning Commission a number of opinions have been expressed thatthe building as designed is too high and massive for the site. It is said that itwould overshadow and diminish the National Gallery of Art and the officebuildings to the south on Independence Avenue. This opinion is expected to beraised against appropriation for the construction of the building as designed.Opposition to the present design is expected to take notice also of the fact thatthe building design was completed 5 years ago based on concepts developed over5 to 10 years before 1965. It could oppose a building that would have a built-inold age of 5 to 15 years when started.The Chairman of the Senate Committee on Rules and Administration and theSmithsonian subcommittee have agreed that a request for an application torestudy and redesign the building would not be considered in violation of therestriction against construction. These letters have been submitted for the record.A feasibility study has been made by the architect for the character of thebuilding which could be constructed for $40,000,000 in 1970, using the presentdesign but reducing it in size and eliminating features such as parking spaceand the cafeteria. 235Excerpt from Space Reduction Feasibility Study, National Air and SpaceMuseum, prepared by Hellmuth, Obata, and Kassabaum, Inc., Mills, Petticord,and Mills, Inc. Marcb 2, 1970.To fulfill Part 1 of the National Air & Space Museum reduction feasibilitystudy, we have analyzed four schemes for reducing the cost of the Air Museumas follows : Scheme A?includes the following reductions : (1) Reduced cubage of the building by lowering the overall building 13'-26'(see attached building profile comparison and revised plans bound in this report).(2) Omit all parking on Level A (retain mechanical room).Scheme B?includes the following reductions(1) Reduced cubage of the building by lowering the overall building 13'-26'(see attached building profile comparison and revised plans bound in this report).(2) Omit all parking on Level A (retain mechanical room) . (3) Omit all parking on Level B (retain museum shop) . Scheme C?includes the following reductions :(1) Reduced cubage of the building by lowering the overall building 13'-26'(see attached building profile comparison and revised plans bound in this report).(2) Omit all parking on Level A (retain mechanical room).(3) Omit all parking on Level B ( retain museum shop) . (4) Omit the east 90' bay of the museum (which includes cafeteria and a por-tion of the library) (revised plans bound in this report) . Scheme D?includes the following reductions : (1) Reduced cubage of the building by lowering the overall building 13'?26'(see attached building profile comparison and revised plans bound in this report).(2) Omit all parking on Level A (retain mechanical room).(3) Omit all parking on Level B ( retain museum shop) . (4) Omit the east 90' bay of the museum (which includes cafeteria and a por-tion of the library ) ( revised plans bound in this report )(5) Omit the west 90' bay of the museum which omits exhibit space plus aportion of the library (revised plans bound in this report). 236 cm *frOjr-^o>odod?~c\Too -ot= ?S ?? a> ^*o?tooo> r** ~- octj to S * rocNio oorotocn?" " JC_ _>oortnafcmr-* c cy>cy>LtOU">Lfefl- tO CO OO O^ COOfO^OOO ? j; MCO 0OCT> *3" CMfnVdrNin O ?2g,?^ S'e^O^ COCO OOLTJ ** OO |f so>cm ^- cor-NO*U)V"-? E?f?. torn ^s-r-csj *- wfii ,352, ,850, ,184, ,627, 751,?^?? -o"a oE ?? '= o.E^" CT> CD ?1 f^. 3o jen to visiting scientists andstudents ; by directing and supporting the education and training of students at 260 all levels from undergraduate to postdoctoral ; and by providing technical andscientific information and counsel to other institutions, both private and Gov-ernmental.Public Law 89-280, approved on October 20, 1965, increased the amount of theauthorization for annual appropriations, essential to the administration of thelaboratory and other educational and research facilities.By an Act approved on July 18, 1966, Public Law 89-503, the Attorney Generalwas authorized to transfer to the Smithsonian Institution title to objects of artformerly in the custody of the Attorney General, from the Von der Heydtcollection.The National Air Museum was established by Public Law 79-722 on August12, 1946, to memorialize the national development of aviation ; collect and dis-play aeronautical equipment of historical interest and significance ; serve as a re-pository for scientific equipment and data pertaining to the development of avia-tion ; and provide educational material for the historical study of aviation.By Act of July 19, 1966, the original law was amended to add the field of spaceflight and space* history to the province of this Museum and to change the nameto the National Air and Space Museum. The Act also authorized the appropria-tion of funds for the construction of the Museum.This Museum is the Nation's center for exhibition, education, and researchin the history and principles of air and space flight and represents an unparalledresource for research in aviation and aerospace history ; in flight science andtechnology ; in the contributions of flight to the economy and culture of theUnited States ; and in the pioneering efforts of early aviators and astronauts.It is continuously acquiring, preserving, and documenting historically and tech-nologically important objects and records resulting from air and space research,development, and exploration. Drawing upon its collections, the Museum pro-duces exhibits and displays portraying the past, present and future of aero-nautics and astronautics in America.Funds have been appropriated for the preparation of plans and specificationsfor the Museum, for which a three-block site on the Mall has been reserved byAct of Congress.The National Museum Act of 1966 recognized the cultural and educationalimportance of museum's to the Nation's progress and the need to preserve andinterpret the Nation's heritage for the enrichment of public life in U.S. com-munities. It authorized the Smithsonian Institution to undertake cooperativestudies of museum problems and opportunities, engage in cooperative trainingprograms for career museum employees, prepare and distribute significant mu-seum publications, research and contribute to development of museum techniquesand cooperate with Federal agencies concerned with museums.On November 2, 1966, the President approved Public Law 89-734 which providesfor compensation at Executive Salary Act levels for four administrative posi-tions of the Smithsonian Institution. This Act fixes the compensation of the posi-tions of Assistant Secretary (Science) and Assistant Secretary (History andArt) at the rate for level IV of the Federal Executive Salary Schedule, andfixes the compensation of the positions of Director, U.S. National Museum, andDirector, Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory at Level V. These positions arenow classified at the levels of comparable positions in Federal agencies.By an Act approved on November 6, 1966, the Smithsonian Institution was au-thorized to negotiate agreements granting concessions at the National ZoologicalPark to nonprofit scientific, educational or historical organizations. The netproceeds of such organizations gained from these concessions are to be used ex-clusively for research and educational work and to provide "for the advancementof .science and instruction and recreation of the people" in keeping with thestatutory charter of the National Zoological Park.By the Act of October 4, 1961, the Board of Regents was authorized to under-take a capital improvement program at the National Zoological Park. The im-provement program will modernize the exhibition facilities, eliminate automobiletraffic through the Park, and provide facilities for a program of zoological re-search. The redevelopment plan is now in its seventh year.The Joseph H. Hirshhorn Museum and Sculpture Garden will be the perma-nent home of the collection of art donated to the Smithsonian Institution forthe benefits of the people Of the United States. This museum will be used for theexhibition, study, and preservation of a unique collection of art, including 7,000 261paintings, drawings, and sculptures. The gift consists of American paintingsfrom the latter part of the 19th century to the present and American andEuropean sculpture of the 19th and 20th centuries.By the Act approved on November 7, 1966, the Congress authorized the useof a prominent part of The Mall in Washington, between 7th Street and 9thStreet, Independence Avenue and Madison Drive, as the permanent site for theHirshhorn Museum and Sculpture Garden. The same Act authorized the con-struction of the museum and sculpture garden.On accepting the Hirshhorn collection, the President said :"Washington is a city of powerful institutions?the seat of government for thestrongest Nation on earth, the place where democratic ideals are translatedinto reality. It must also be a place of beauty and learning. Its buildings andthoroughfares, its schools, concert halls, and museums should reflect a peoplewhose commitment is to the best that is within them to dream."History will record that Joseph H. Hirshhorn has now joined the select com-pany of James Smithson, Charles Freer, and Andrew Mellon, whose earlier con-tributions to the Smithsonian Institution have so enriched the cultural life ofthe Nation and its Capital City."Funds were appropriated in the fiscal year 1968 for the preparation of plansand specifications for the Museum and Garden. Public Law 90-425 approved onJuly 26, 1968, provided an appropriation for the first phase of construction ofthe museum and also provided contract authorization to complete construction.Josiah K. Lilly died in May, 1966, leaving a substantial estate. Included in theestate of Josiah K. Lilly was a unique and valuable numismatic collection of ap-proximately 6,125 gold coins. This collection has been described as the greatestgold coin collection ever assembled by one person or ever likely to be assembledagain. It contains superb examples of coinage of practically all nations from an-cient to modern times. The collection includes the following principal categoriesof coins : United States Colonial, Territorial and Confederate items, including examplesof every gold com minted by the United States with the exception of one $3.00gold piece, of which only one exists. About 1200 individual items.Central and South American coinage comprising about 1200 items.Coinage with European origin from the age of Pericles in Greece through theRoman Empire ; the British sovereigns, and examples of coinage of other Euro-pean countries, comprising about 3500 items.Chinese and oriental coinage consisting of about 300 items.Following Mr. Lilly's death in May 1966, it was suggested that acquisition ofthe gold coins by the Smithsonian would be most appropriate in view of thenational character of its complex of museums, its dedication to the history andscholarship of numismatics, and the millions of citizens who come to its edu-cational and cultural exhibits each year. It was determined that the only feasiblemeans of preserving this unique collection for the Nation was the enactment oflegislation by the Congress to permit the Smithsonian to acquire the collectionthrough a reduction of the estate's Federal estate tax liability in the amount ofthe fair market value of the collection.Private Law 90-250 provides such a credit to the Lilly estate against its obli-gation for Federal estate tax and for delivery of the collection to the Smith-sonian. The collection was received on June 13, 1968.The addition of the Lilly collection to the Smithsonian's numismatic displaysmakes the national collection second to none in the world. The collection will beof the greatest interest and educational value to the millions of citizens whovisit the Mall now and in he future. It will also be preserved as an invaluableand irreplaceable part of the scholarly resources which contain the clues to theunsolved mysteries in the history of man in society.Enactment of legislation to establish a National Memorial to Woodrow Wilsonrepresents the culmination of an effort which began when Congress, by a JointResolution in 1961, established a Commission to recommend a permanent memo-rial to Woodrow Wilson in the District of Columbia.Since 1985, President Johnson has supported the efforts of the SmithsonianInstitution and of other interested scholarly organizations, universities, andpublic agencies to establish in the Nation's Capital an International Center forScholars. At the Smithson Bicentennial celebration in September of 1965, thePresident stated : "We must move ahead on every front and every level of learn-ing. We can support Secretary Ripley's dream of creating a center here at theSmithsonian where great scholars from every nation will come and collaborate." 262Encouraged by this support, the Secretary of the Smithsonian Institutionjoined with the Secretary of State, the president of Princeton University, and anumber of others in testifying before the Woodrow Wilson Memorial Commissionand urging that such a Center should be the Nation's memorial to WoodrowWilson.In 1968, at the request of the President, the Smithsonian Institution submittedlegislation to establish within the Smithsonian Institution the Woodrow WilsonInternational Center for Scholars as a living national memorial to the 28th Presi-dent of the United States. It provides for the appointment of scholars from theUnited States and abroad, for fellowships to such scholars, for the operation ofthe Center, and for the preparation of plans for the development of necessarybuildings and other facilities. The legislation authorizes the establishment andadministration of the Center as suitable memorial to the spirit of WoodrowWilson, symbolizing and strengthening the fruitful relations between the worldof learning and the world of public affairs. The authorizing legislating. PublicLaw 90-637 was approved on October 24, 1968.The Act of July 4, 1966, which established the American Revolution Bicen-tennial Commission, included among the ex officio members of the Commission,the Secretary of the Smithsonian Institution. Poised on the middle of the Mall,the Smithsonian has great opportunities to develop programs pointing towardsthe bicentennial in 1976. We also have invaluable assets for this celebration in ourdepartments of history, in our collections of historic objects, and in our tradi-tional concerns with improving the Nation's cultural and social life. We mustdo all we can to utilize these assets for the benefit of all but especially for ouryoung people in these troubled times.Mr. Bradley. The effective administration and management are nec-essary, axiomatically, to provide the foundation for the SmithsonianInstitution to get on with its program of education, exhibition, andresearch. The diversity of these programs, the importance of thenational collections, and the unrivaled complex of museums and artgalleries to millions of our visitors, and the dedication of the institu-tion to works of scholarship?all demand that its administrative man-agement be equally responsive and progressive.We find that the administrative and supporting services includingthe libraries and publications, and automatic data processing, shouldbe carefully directed in order to facilitate accomplishment of the mainpurposes, the programmatic purposes.So we have designed a system wherein only a minimum of adminis-trative action is required of the professionals, the scholars and thescientists, and others.We have a saying that a scientist is not required to resign fromscience in order to head a scientific organization in the Smithsonian.Mr. Chairman, I would like to outline rather quickly the nature ofthe Smithsonian in other terms. The Smithsonian was established as acharitable, nonprofit corporation to carry out the trust responsibilitiesof the United States, but independent of the Government itself.It receives the support and assistance of each branch of the Gov-ernment without becoming a part thereof.The acceptance by the Institution of increasing amounts of directlyappropriated funds has affected its administrative procedures but hasnot changed the basic independent authority of the Board of Regents.We have here a number of quotes.Chief Justice Taft at the Conference on the Future of the Smith-sonian back in 1927 said : I must make it clear, gentlemen, that the Smithsonian is not and has neverbeen considered a government bureau. It is a private institution under the guard-ianship of the government. 263Chief Justice Stone, in 1943?referring to the Civil Service?said : I am of the opinion that to make the retirement coverage mandatory mightjeopardize the private status of the Smithsonian and the National Gallery of Art,and might have the effect of invalidating the trust which are administered for thebenefit of those institutions.Those trusts contemplate that the private character of the Smithsonian andthe National Gallery shall continue and that certain of their employees shallremain private employees.To place those employees mandatorily under the Retirement Act might beconstrued as amounting to a change in their legal status and, to that extent, aninvalidation of the trust provisions.May I just refer to the others ?Chief Justice Vinson said somewhat along the same lines.President Harding, in 1923, suggested the inclusion of the Smith-sonian in a new Department of Education and Welfare, but the JointCommittee on Keorganization concluded that : The Smithsonian Institution is one of the chief educational establishmentsunder the Government, and the suggestion that it should be incorporated in theDepartment of Education and relief seems at first blush to be entirely logical.But the Institution is effectively a corporation established under the termsof a private bequest. It is only quasi public in character. Its growth and itssplendid success have been due not less to private benefactions than to publicsupport ; and there is every reason not to endanger its development by altering itsrelationship to the Government or by superseding the arrangements under whichit has so greatly prospered.And others, including Senator Allison and the Comptroller General,Joseph Campbell, have spoken in a similar vein.(The excerpt follows :)Excerpt From Memorandum Concerning Independent Status of SIThe Smithsonsian was, and is, explicitly established as a charitable nonprofitcorporation to carry out the trust responsibilities of the United States independ-ent of the Government itself. It receives the support and assistance of each ofthe branches of the Government without becoming a part thereof. The acceptanceby the Institution in recent years of increasing amounts of directly appropriatedfunds has affected its administrative procedures but has not changed the basicindependent authority of the Board of Regents. This independence has beenconsistently reasserted on numerous occasions, of which the following are charac-teristic :Chief Justice Taft, at the Conference on the Future of the Smithsonian Institu-tion, in 1927 : "I must make clear, gentlemen, that the Smithsonian Institution isnot, and has never been considered a government bureau. It is a private In-stitution under the guardianship of the Government That point was clearlymade in the first report of the House Judiciary Committee in 1836, when it said?The sum given to the United States by Mr. Smithson's will is no wise and nevercan become pa rt of their revenue. They cannot claim or take it for their own bene-fit. They can only take it as trustees to apply to the charitable purpose for whichit was intended by the donor.' "Representative James A. Garfield, a Smithsonian Regent, during a debate in1878: "In regard to the position of Regent of the Smithsonian Institution, * * *that Institution is a private corporation and the House is invited, merely as amatter of courtesy, to help that private corporation, organized for a public pur-pose, by assigning men to serve as its trustees or Regents. But a Regent of theSmithsonian Institution does not become a United States officer at all."Chief Justice Stone, in a letter to the Civil Service Commission, in 1943 : "I amof the opinion that to make the retirement coverage mandatory might jeopardizethe private status of the Smithsonian Institution and the National Gallery ofArt and might have the effect of invalidating the Trusts which are administeredfor the benefit of those institutions. Those Trusts contemplate that the privatecharacter of the Smithsonian Institution and the National Gallery of Art shall 264 continue and that certain of their employees shall remain private employees. Toplace those employees mandatorily under the Retirement Act might be con-strued as amounting to a change in their legal status and to that extent aninvalidation of the Trust provisions."Chief Justice Vinson, in reply to the Civil Service Commission's assertion ofjurisdiction over Smithsonian private roll employees (including the Secretary).in 1953:"Absolute control over the appointment, compensation, direction and removalof the trust fund employees of the Smithsonian Institution is vested in theRegents of the Institution by the [following] provisions of its charter: . . ."In 1923, President Harding suggested the inclusion of the Smithsonian in a newDepartment of Education and Welfare, but the Joint Committee on Reorganiza-tion concluded : "The Smithsonian Institution is one of the chief educationalestablishments under the Government, and the suggestion that it should be in-corporated in the department of education and relief seems at first blush, to beentirely logical. But the institution is effectively a corporation established underthe terms of a private bequest. It is only quasi-public in character. Its growthand its splendid success have been due not less to private benefactions than topublic support ; and there is every reason not to endanger its development byaltering its relationship to the Government, or by superseding the arrangementsunder which it has so greatly prospered."Senator William B. Allison, Chairman of the Senate Committee on Appropria-tions, in a memorandum to the Comptroller General, in 1933 : "The SmithsonianInstitution is not a Government institution. It is controlled by Regents ap-pointed * * * by the President of the Senate and * * * by the Speaker of theHouse of Representatives and others * * * ; and the expenditures of the Smith-sonian Institution are not even under the control of Congress * * *. The Smith-sonian fund is perpetually in the Treasury drawing a fixed rate of interest andthe income is under the control of the Regents."The Comptroller General, Joseph Campbell, in a letter to the Secretary of theSmithsonian Institution on September 1, 1961 : "However, there is for con-sideration in this instance the unique nature of the Smithsonian Institutionand of the property appropriated for its uses and purposes. * * * From time totime the functions of the Smithsonian have been increased by laws placing underits control additional establishments or authorizing it to extend its activitiesinto additional fields, but its organization and powers with respect to the subjectmatter of its creation have remained substantially unchanged. (See 20 U.S.C.41-57). * * * By the act of June 28, 1955, 69 Stat. 189, the Congress authorizedthe construction of 'a suitable building for a Museum of History and Tech-nology * * * for the use of the Smithsonian Institution,' at a cost not to exceed$36,000,000. While the cost of this building is covered entirely by appropriationsfrom the general treasury, we find nothing in the act to indicate any intentionthat the building when complete shall not be as much the property of theInstitution, and subject to its control to the same extent, as the buildingsoriginally constructed from funds of the Smithson trust. In effect, thebuilding is appropriated to the Institution and dedicated to the trust purposes,without qualification or restriction. Cf. 20 Comp. Gen. 581 ; 16 Comp. Gen. 887.In the absence of any limitations in the authorizing act upon the powers andauthority of the Regents with respect to the completed building, we conclude thatthe Regents have plenary authority to enter into whatever leases or concessionagreements they may deem proper for the accommodation of the public forwhose benefit the Museum is provided, and are not in that respect subject to anylaws requiring advertising of Government contracts."Now as to the salient facts, Mr, Chairman, of Smithsonian opera-tions, looking at the fiscal year 1970, we had Federal funds in roundfigures of $39,700,000. The' estimate for the year coming up, and wejust had our conference allowance today, is between $35.7 million and$35.8 million for the salaries and expenses part of the $39 million.Mr. Thompson. I would gather that this represents approximatelya $4 million cut in your request ?Mr. Bradley. I think that is about right.Mr. Thompson. $39.7 million. The conferees have finished theirwork, have they not ? 265Mr. Bradley. They finished today, yes. We didn't get the report yet.We get it tomorrow. I was trying to point out that the $35.7 millioncompares to the first line, the $29.9 million, which is Salaries andExpenses only.The reason that went up in very substantial part was the assump-tion by the Smithsonian, with the approval of Congress, of the operat-ing expenses of the National Zoological Park which, in itself, is $3million. Heretofore this had been carried in the budget of the Districtof Columbia government.Mr. Thompson. For those persons receiving salaries under the Fed-eral funds, are they part of the Civil Service Retirement Act?Mr. Bradley. Yes, sir.Mr. Thompson. Are they under the act ?Mr. Bradley. Yes, sir.Mr. Thompson. What provision do you have for retirement bene-fits for the private employees ?Mr. Bradley. Under the Teachers and Insurance Annuity Associa-tion, known as TIAA in the trade and nationwide among the univer-sity groups, we have as nearly parallel a retirement system as mancan devise so that the private roll man is treated the same as the Fed-eral man.Mr. Thompson. With approximately the same benefits for years ofservice ?Mr. Bradley. Exactly.Mr. Thompson. The high 3 years would it now be ?Mr. Bradley. It is certainly at least the high three. I think it ishigh three, yes.Mr. Thompson And 20 years of service ?Mr. Bradley. If one decides to retire under TIAA and really meansit, and is not just retiring to take another job, he can retire with 20years of service, yes, sir.(The information follows :) February 20, 1970.MemorandumToIn carrying out our established policy of maintaining personnel benefit plansfor our private roll employees comparable to those available to our Civil Serviceemployees, we have recently conducted a study of the retirement plans. Thisstudy indicated that changes in the Civil Service plan effected over the past fewyears have caused the retirement annuities to exceed those afforded by the TIAAretirement plan.To remedy this disparity, we are making two changes in the TIAA plan. Thetotal annual contribution rates are being raised, effective March 1, 1970, from10% of the Social Security wage base of $7,800 and 15% of regular salary inexcess thereof, to 12% and 17% respectively. The second change is to hold the12% contribution at a fixed level of regular salary up to $7,800, with no increaseabove this $7,800 figure should the Social Security wage base be raised in thefuture. The employee cost of the combined TIAA-Social Security plans willremain at 7% of regular salary, the same as the present cost of the CivilService Retirement plan. The 2% increase in contribution rates will be borneby the Smithsonian Institution.These changes will bring your TIAA retirement annuities up to a comparablelevel with those afforded by the Civil Service Retirement plan for equal serviceat equal salary rates. S. Dillon Ripley,Secretary. 266Your Annuity Companies?TIAA and CREFTIAA and CREF are your annuity companies. You, as a policyholder, partici-pate in the selection of four members of the Board of Trustees of each companyin which you own an annuity. Both companies benefit greatly from the servicesof college professors and administrators who bring to the Boards the pointsof view of the policyholders and the colleges.TIAA is a nonprofit, legal reserve life insurance and annuity company incor-porated in the State of New York. Founded in 1918 by the Carnegie Foundationfor the Advancement of Teaching, TIAA provides annuities and life insurance forthe college world at low costs.Today there are more than 200,000 participants, most of whom are employedby the 1,500 educational institutions that have TIAA retirement or insuranceplans.CREF is a separate nonprofit corporation, companion to TIAA, established in1952 by a Special Act of the New York State Legislature to provide a new andunique type of annuity for educators.Policyholders can invest the full annuity premium with TIAA or they canallocate not less than 25% nor more than 75% of each premium to either TIAAor CREF, with the balance to the other company. Any allocations, of course,are subject to the retirement plan provisions of each participating institution.TIAA and CREF employ no agents and pay no commissions. A modest chargecovers operating expenses. Eligibility is limited to employees of colleges, univer-sities, private schools and certain other nonprofit research or educational orga-nizations.This booklet is designed primarily for those participating in TIAA or TIAA-CREF annuities under a retirement plan at an institution, but it will also beof interest to educators who buy these annuities on their own.The statements apply to all annuities issued after June 30, 1941. For olderannuities, information may be obtained from your employing institution orfrom TIAA. ?Teachers Insurance and Annuity Association 1966.AN INCOME YOU CAN'T OUTLIVE !An annuity is a truly remarkable device? a pooling of resources by manypeople in order that each may be protected against the financial risk of "livingtoo long." Without annuities, retired persons might try to live on only the in-terest earned by their life's savings, keeping the principal intact ; or they woulddraw on both principal and interest, apprehensive that they might live too long ? using up all the principal. An annuity company, working with thousands ofannuitants, can spread both principal and interest over the lifetimes of all re-tired persons no matter how long they live, assuring them a much larger incomethan they could receive from interest earnings alone.The mortality tables tell us that out of each group of, say, 100,000 peopleof the same age, definite percentages are expected to die each year, year afteryear. The company doesn't know which individuals will live through each year,but it does know about how many will live. The company can therefore rely onthe "law of averages" in guaranteeing a lifetime income for each annuitant.Your annuity is a contractual agreement between you and the annuity com-pany. In return for the premiums you and your employer pay during your work-ing years the company promises to pay you a lifetime income during your re-tirement. TIAAPremiums to your TIAA annuity purchase a definite amount of future retire-ment income for you. To make sure you will receive this guaranteed income,TIAA invests your premiums almost exclusively in fixed-dollar obligations? a broadly diversified group of bonds and mortgages.Your TIAA annuity money accumulates at compound interest during yourworking years. When you retire, TIAA sends you a check each month as longas you live. The amount remains the same from year to year except for divi-dends as declared. Working with thousands of annuity owners, your Associationpromises to pay each one a fixed-dollar income consisting of both principal andinterest, no matter how long he lives. 267 This new approach to retirement income is called a variable annuity, or unitannuity. Together with TIAA, it is designed to provide annuitants an opportu-nity for reasonably stable purchasing power during retirement. Your share inCREF allows you to participate in the development of a cross-section of the na-tional economy during your working years and after you retire.During your working years premiums to CREF buy accumulation units (likeshares of ownership) in a broadly diversified common stock fund. The earningson your portion of the common stock fund are reinvested for you, buying addi-tional units for your account.During your retirement CREF pays you, each month for life, the current valueof a certain number of annuity units?your retirement shares in the Fund. Thenumber of annuity units to be "paid out" to you each month is determinedactuarially when you retire and remains the same as long as you live. Thedollar amount you receive changes, however, from year to year, reflecting pri-marily changes in the market prices and dividends of the common stocks ownedby the Fund. Thus OREF links retirement income to the investment experienceof common stocks so that you can receive an income based on common stockvalues and dividend earnings without any danger of outliving your income.TIAA AND CREFThe TIAA-CREF system permits a portion of annuity premiums to be invested,through CREF, in common stocks ; the balance is invested, through TIAA, infixed-dollar obligations. Not less than 25% nor more than 75% of each premiummay be allocated to either TIAA or CREF, with the balance allocated to theother company, subject, of course, to the retirement plan provisions of eachparticipating institution. The CREF retirement income rises and falls with theinvestment experience of CREF's common stocks. Historically, common stockprices have risen during most periods of inflation. The TIAA retirement incomedoes not vary except for dividends, thereby providing a solid base of incomeduring reirement, and moderating the effect of a rise or drop in the CRE1Fincome. Thus the purpose of the TIAA-CREF system is to provide a combinedincome that is more responsive to changes in the cost of living than a fixed-dollarannuity alone and less volatile than a variable annuity alone.The "normal retirement age" is usually stated in the college retirement planand that is the age when payments usually begin. However, as far as yourannuity contract is concerned, you may begin to receive your annuity incomeat retirement or at any time after premium payments stop. This may be eitherearlier or later than the date you originally chose, but not later than age 71. Itneed not be the date on which you retire from employment.Of course, the later you begin to receive payments, the larger they will be:in TIAA, more dollars each month for life; in CREF, more annuity units eachmonth for life.If you participate in CREF you may, at or after age 60, use the value of yourCREF accumulation to purchase a TIAA annuity. This may be done at onetime or year by year until you begin to receive your annuity payments. Youwould make this change only if you wanted a fixed-dollar income from yourannuity, instead of participating in the common stock fund through the CREFvariable annuity during your retirement.Federal Income Tax.?Under present law, the part of your annuity incomethat represents a return of your own contributions will not be taxed as youreceive it. The balance of your annuity income?the part attributable to em-ployer contributions and to investment earnings?will be subject to federal in-come tax as you receive it.While you are paying periodic annuity premiums (monthly, quarterly, etc.),you may make extra payments to TIAA-CREF annuities at any time.The easiest way to increase your premium payments, at most colleges, isto ask the college business office to have the additional amount taken fromyour salary and sent in with the regular premiums. You may allocate extrapayments between TIAA and CREF in any ratio, provided the amount beingallocated to each company?retirement plan premiums plus any extras?is notless than 25% nor more than 75% of the total being sent concurrently to bothcompanies. The college does not match extra payments made beyond the con-tribution rates specified in its retirement plan. 268You may also pay additional single premiums of .$100 or more to your TIAAannuity or $200 or more if to a TIAA-CREF annuity. These additional premiumsmay be paid whenever you wish.You take your TIAA and CREF annuities with you, if you leave your presentemployer, including all benefits purchased by your own and your employer'scontributions. Under other types of retirement plans, you would normally for-feit all benefits purchased by your employer's contributions if you left beforeretirement or before a specified number of years of service.Ownership of TIAA and CREF retirement and survivor benefits is fullyvested in you. This full vesting allows teachers, research personnel and scientiststo move freely among more than 1,500 educational institutions that have TIAAplans, all the while accumulating retirement benefits. Even if you move to acollege having no TIAA plan or if you leave the educational world, you take yourannuity with you and may continue premiums on your own, at the same or adifferent amount.The annuities do not provide for loans or cash surrender. No future changeof a retirement plan, differences of opinion with a college, or other such circum-stances can deprive you of the retirement income that has already been setaside for you. In turn, your employing institution is assured that these fundswill be used solely for their intended purpose?providing retirement or deathbenefits for you and your family.Vesting and transferability of benefits are vitally important for your futuresecurity, and help in making higher education an attractive career. In consider-ing any change of employment, one factor you should weigh carefully is the typeof retirement system available.You will continue to own your annuity, including the portion purchased byyour employer's contributions.The sums already set aside for you in TIAA and CREF continue to participatein earnings even though no further premiums are paid.If you subsequently wish to resume premiums to your annuity you may do sounder current TIAA-CREF practice without paying omitted premiums.During leaves of absence with pay some institutions continue premiums.If your institution does not, you may continue premiums on your own, increaseor reduce them, or stop them entirely. After a leave you may re-enter theretirement plan without paying any premiums omitted.The full current value of your annuity accumulation, including the portionbought by your employer, will be paid as income to the beneficiary you havenamed if you die before retirement.TIAA and CREF will report to you each year, among other figures, the valueof your annuity accumulation. Naturally, the accumulation will be small atfirst, but it will become an increasingly important part of your security programas you pay premiums over the years.You may choose one of the following income options for payments of theannuity death benefit, or you may leave the choice to be made by your beneficiary :1. Income for her (or his) lifetime, payments ceasing when she dies.2. Income for her lifetime, with a minimum number of payments guaranteedin any event. The period of guaranteed payments may be either 10 or 20 years,as selected.3. Income for a fixed period of years.A single sum will be paid if your beneficiary is a corporation, associationor your estate. BENEFITS AFTER RETIREMENTJust before you retire you will choose a type of retirement income fromthe several options available. All of these options provide a lifetime incomefor you, and all but one provide income for your beneficiary in event of your earlydeath. TIAA provides a fixed-dollar income, and CREF a variable dollar income,called a unit annuity. 269These are the options available :A Single Life Annuity.?Pays you an income as long as you live. This methodprovides a larger monthly income for you than the other options, with all pay-ments ceasing at your death. If you have no dependents when you retire, youmay want to select this method.A Survivor Annuity.?Pays you a lifetime income, smaller than the Single LifeAnnuity, and if your wife (or husband) lives longer than you, she continuesto receive an income for the rest of her life. The amount continuing to thesurvivor depends on which of these three options you choose :Two-thirds Benefits to Survivor With 10-Year Guarantee. At the death ofeither you or your wife, the payments are reduced to % the amount that wouldhave been paid if both had lived, continuing to the survivor for life. If bothannuitants die within the first 10 years of payments, the % amount is con-tinued to a named beneficiary for the balance of the 10-year period.Full Benefit to Suvivor.?The full income continues as long as either you oryour wife is living.Half Benefit to Second Annuitant.?The full income continues as long as youlive, and if your wife survives you she receives for life one-half the income youwould have received if you had lived. If she dies first, the full income continues toyou for life.For a man aged 65 whose wife is about 2 years younger, the % to Suvivor optionpays about 13% less than the Single Life Annuity would pay the husband alone.The Full Benefit option pays about 21% less; the Half Benefit option 12% less.10 or 20 Years Certain and Life.?Pays you an income as long as you live withinstalments guaranteed to continue during the first 10 or 20 years, as selected,whether you live or die. If you die during the guaranteed period, payments arecontinued to your beneficiary for the rest of the period. If you live beyond theperiod, payments go right on for the rest of your life. For a man aged 65 the 10Years Certain and Life option pays about 5% less than the Single Life Annuity ; the 20 Year Certain and Life option about 16% less.Instalment Refund (available in TIAA but not in CREF).?Pays you an in-come as long as you live. If you die before having received total payments equalto the full accumulation you had when annuity payments began, the income willbe continued to your beneficiary until the sum of all payments equals that ac-cumulation amount For a man aged 65 this option would pay about 12% less thanthe Single Life Annuity.Individual guidance in the selection of an option is always available. A fewmonths before you retire, TIAA will send you specific figures for all options, aswell as helpful material discussing the factors to be weighed in making yourchoice. TO ESTIMATE ANNUITY INCOMEBach year TIAA sends you a statement of annuity premiums paid during theyear and of benefits purchased to date, and CREF sends a similar report. Thesereports include an illustration of the annuity income you would receive at retire-ment under certain assumptions as to future premiums, your retirement age.the income option selected, TIAA dividends, and CREF investment experience.A TIAA-CREF annuity pays two kinds of retirement income: (1) A fixed-dollar income from TIAA, plus (2) A variable income from CREF, if you partici-pate in CREF. The dollar amount of your CREF income will change once eachyear during retirement, reflecting primarily changes in the market values anddividend earnings of CREF's common stock investments.The amount of your retirement income will depend on the number of years youparticipate in the plan, the amount of premiums paid each year during your par-ticipation, your age at time of retirement, the experience of TIAA and CREF, theincome option you select at retirement and other factors. Although it is not pos-sible to predict the effect of each of these factors upon your retirement income,the remaining portion of this booklet should be helpful in calculating the benefitsthat would be produced under certain conditions. '49-484 O - 71 - pt. 1 -- 1? 270CREF BENEFITSBusiness activity has its ups and downs?the investor in common stocks mustexpect them?but in the long run an accumulating share in the growth and earn-ings of the major American industries seems a good way to assure a healthy re-tirement income, much as industrial growth helps assure the continuing economicwell-being of the nation as a whole.The investment experience of CREF's common stocks presumably will differmaterially from the experience of the TIAA fund, which is invested almost en-tirely in mortgages, bonds and other fixed-dollar investments. CREF's experiencemay be more favorable than TIAA's in some years and less favorable in others.Because CREF benefit amounts depend on common stock performance and can-not be predicted, the tables and example presented in this booklet assume that theentire monthly premium is paid to TIAA.TIAA BENEFITSEach premium paid to TIAA purchases a guaranteed amount of future annuityincome, which may be increased by dividends but cannot be decreased. The follow-ing abbreviated table illustrates the TIAA benefits produced for several ages ofentry and retirement on the basis of current TIAA Minimum Rates, exclusive ofdividends : YEARLY SINGLE LIFE ANNUITY PURCHASED BY PREMIUMS OF $10 MONTHLY Male annuity eachal year?incomeage starting Fe nale annui ty each year?incomeat age startingAge when monthlypremiums begin 65 68 70 65 68 70 30 $439 $549 $639 $385 $479 $55535 351 444 520 308 387 45240. 273 351 416 239 306 36145 204 270 323 179 235 28150 143 197 242 125 172 21055 _ 89 133 169 78 116 147TIAA will be pleased to prepare estimates upon request at any time, based onyour exact age, premium amount and anticipated retirement date.The table and example on the next two pages illustrate TIAA benefits in-cluding an allowance for dividends, since additional benefits resulting fromdividends credited over the years can be substantial. Dividend scales are ofcourse subject to change from year to year and are therefore not guaranteedfor the future. 271 ILLUSTRATIVE YEARLY RETIREMENT INCOME PURCHASED BY PREMIUMS OF $10 MONTHLY CONTINUED FROMAGE IN LEFT COLUMN TO RETIREMENT AT AGES SHOWN IN OTHER COLUMNSSINGLE LIFE ANNUITY (PAYMENTS CEASE AT DEATH)(This table illustrates TIAA benefits on the assumption that dividends based on the current dividend scale are addedto the benefits provided by current TIAA minimum rates] Annuity each yearMale: Income starting at age?65 68 Female: Income starting at age?65 68 Age when 1st premiumis paid:25 $1,110 $1,40326 1,052 1,33227 997 1,26428 944 1,19829 _ 893 1,13630 845 1,07631 799 1,01932.. 754 96533 712 91234.. 671 86235 632 81536 595 76937 560 72538 526 68339... _ 493 64340... _ _. 462 60441.. 432 56842.. 403 53243... 376 49944 350 46745 325 43646 301 40647 278 37848 256 35149 235 32550 __ 215 30051 196 27752 178 25453 160 23254... 143 21255 __ 127 19256.. 112 17357 -.. 97 15558 83 13759 69 12160 56 10561 44 8962.. 32 7563 21 6164 10 4765 3566 -... 2267 1168...69 $1,647 $997 $1,253 $1,4651,564 945 1,189 1,3911,486 896 1,129 1,3211,410 848 1,070 1,2541,338 803 1,015 1,1901,269 759 961 1,1291,203 718 910 1,0701,140 678 862 1,0141,079 640 815 9601,022 603 770 909966 568 727 859913 535 687 812863 503 647 767814 472 610 724768 443 574 683723 415 540 643681 388 507 605640 363 475 569601 338 445 535564 314 417 501528 292 389 470494 270 363 439461 250 338 410430 230 313 383400 211 290 356372 193 268 331344 176 247 306318 159 227 283293 144 207 . 261269 129 189 239246 114 171 219224 100 154 199203 87 138 181183 74 122 163164 62 108 146145 51 93 129128 39 80 113111 29 67 9895 19 54 8479 9 42 7064 31 5750 20 4537 _ 10 3324 .- 2111 10 NotesCalculations are based on age to last completed month.This table assumes that all premiums are applied under the current TIAA Minimum Rates and includes currentdividends, which are subject to change in the future. 272Mr. Thompson. Is military time computed as in the militarysystem ?Mr. Bradley. I would like to verify that, but since we set out tomake the two just as nearly identical, I would say yes.Note.?Military service is not credited toward retirement under TIAA.Mr. Thompson. Well, that isn't of any great consequence. In otherwords, they are as closely alike as a private fund can be made withrelationship to the Civil Service Retirement System?Mr. Bradley. Exactly, sir.Mr. Thompson. Thank you.Mr. Bradley. The non-Federal funds available in the fiscal year1970 were about $15,500,000. These are derived from income frominvestments, gifts, overhead earned on contracts and grants primarilyfor scientific research, restricted and unrestricted funds, and thenthe contracts and grants themselves for scientific research as distin-guished from the overhead.Mr. Bingham. Could you give us a rough breakdown of what isincome and what is gifts, and so forth? How much comes from yourendowments ?Mr. Bradley. The endowment fund, sir, of $33 million, has anincome of approximately $1.4 million.Mr. Bingham. So you have, then, some $13.5 million of income fromgifts and other sources that you can't be sure of from year to year?Mr. Bradley. That is correct. Contracts and grants represent avery substantial part of that, primarily from NASA, the spaceagency, some from Atomic Energy, some from the National ScienceFoundation.But these, as you say, are not guaranteed year after year.Mr. Thompson. That is a relatively modest income from $33 mil-lion, is it not ?Mr. Bradley. Yes, Mr. Chairman. The matter has been very care-fully weighed by investment counsellors and by the Board of Regentsin order to balance income with growth and with the security that isinherent in investing these kind of funds for this kind of an institu-tion.Mr. Thompson. Who is your principal investment counselor? Doyou have a financial institution ?Mr. Bradley. Yes. Scudder, Stevens & Clark are the investmentcounselors in principal part.Mr. Thompson. What financial institution do you use primarily?Riggs?Mr. Bradley. Riggs National Bank.Mr. Thompson. Thank you.FINANCIAL INSTITUTIONS (LIST SUBMITTED BY SI)United States :American Security & Trust Co., Washington, D.C.Riggs National Bank, Washington, D.C.Chase Manhattan Bank, New York, N.Y.Chemical Bank & Trust Co., New York, N.Y.Michigan State Bank, Detroit, Mich.Maryland National Bank of Pocomoke City.Busey First National Bank, Urbana, 111.First National Bank of Hawaii.Valley National Bank, Tucson, Ariz.Havana National Bank, Havana, 111. 273Harvard Trust Company, Cambridge, Mass.Annapolis Banking & Trust Co., Edgewater, Md.Chevy Chase Bank & Trust Co., Chevy Chase, Md.Foreign : Banco de Brasil.First National City Bank of NY. (Athens, Greece branch) . The Standard Bank of South Africa.Commercial Bank of Ethiopia.Banco de Credito del Peru.Banco de Bilbao, Spain.Mr. Bradley. The current employment, the Federal roll, whichincludes several hundred at the Zoo, is 2,233 ; the non-Federal, whichincludes 301 employees up in Boston, in Cambridge, technically, atthe Astrophysical Observatory, are 933, for a total of a little over3,100. Smithsonian Institution "salaries and expenses"Report on the number of permanent positions by organization unit, 1970Unit:United States National Museum 214National Museum of History and Technology 155National Museum of Natural History 258National Air and Space Museum 41National Zoological ParkNational Armed Forces Museum Advisory Board 7Anacostia Neighborhood Museum 8Freer Gallery of Art 7National Collection of Fine Arts 56National Portrait Gallery 27Joseph H. Hirshhorn Museum and Sculpture Garden 13Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory 57Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute 38Radiation Biology Laboratory 36Office of Ecology 5Office of Oceanography and Limnology 18Center for the Study of Man 2Center for Short-Lived PhenomenonOffice of Academic Programs 18American Revolution BicentennialEnvironmental Sciences ProgramInternational Activities 15Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars 2Administrative and Central Support Activities 243Buildings Management Department 857Grand total 2, 077Employees on the Private Roll of the Institution as of June 1970Individual grants, contracts, and gifts 152SIE 109Freer 28Supporting services divisions 96Museum shops 87Trust funds 8Summer 6SAO 301Cooper Hewitt Museum and Archives of American Art 31Research Foundation 46General 121Total ? _ 985 274The Federal employees are financed through Federal appropriationsand are under Civil Service. The non-Federal employees are financedby these gifts and contracts and other non-Federal sources and are notunder civil service.As to the organization that we are responsible for, the Smithsonianhas five museums including notably the Museum of History and Tech-nology, and the Museum of Natural History, the Air and Space Mu-seum, the Smithsonian Institution building, itself, and the AnacostiaPark.We do administer and have for many years, the National ZoologicalPark. We have five art galleries, including the Freer, the National Col-lection of Fine Arts and the National Portrait Gallery which live to-gether in the old original Patent Office ; the Hirshhorn Museum andSculpture Garden under construction, and the Cooper-Hewitt Museum,located in New York City.We have seven research laboratories and scientific centers.Mr. Thompson. Excuse me. The Renwick Gallery, is that under con-struction ?Mr. Bradley. Sir, that is under reconstruction. It was the originalCorcoran Gallery of Art, built over a century ago.Mr. Thompson. The red brick building?Mr. Bradley. Yes, right on the corner across from the White House.It was built as an art gallery.Mr. Thompson. Is that staffed at the moment?Mr. Bradley. Practically not at all. We have ia guardian over there,a watchman, and an occasional visit by a steam engineer to make sure inthe wintertime that the building doesn't freeze up. But it is essentiallya holding operation until we can get a little more money.Mr. Thompson. Thank you.Mr. Bradley. The research laboratories and scientific centers in-cludes the Astrophysical Observatory in Cambridge, Mass., the Trop-ical Research Institute in the Canal Zone; the Radiation Biology Labwhich is out near Rockville; the Office of Ecology and the Office ofOceanography ; the Center for the Study of Man and the Center forShort-lived Phenomena.We have a number of special programs including the academic pro-grams, the American Revolution Bicentennial, Environmental Sci-ence program, International Exchange Service, the Woodrow WilsonInternational Center for Scholars, and the Science Information Ex-change.We are responsible for a physical plant that includes eight exhibi-tion buildings and nine support facilities. They are listed here andI need not read them unless you want me to.Mr. Thompson. No.Mr. Bradley. As I mentioned, the AstrophysicalMr. Thompson. I might ask you about the Pension Building. Isthat the building up around Eighth or Ninth Street with the friezearound it ?Mr. Bradley. Yes, sir; at 5th and G with the famous soldiersmarching frieze around the entire building.Mr. Thompson. What is that being used for now ? 275Mr. Bradley. A variety of purposes under GSA, not under theSmithsonian. We have 20 rooms in there. We are in there with ouroverflow. But it is essentially under GSA. Word has it that it isheaded to be a courts building under the District of Columbia govern-ment.Mr. Thompson. So that you really have very little part in it orresponsibility for it at the moment ?Mr. Bradley. That is correct, at the moment.Mr. Thompson. That building was characterized this morning asbeing in a state of disrepair or not of much value. It doesn't appear tobe that to me. But you have no ultimate plans for it for the Smith-sonian Institution, I gather ?Mr. Bradley. We have not at the present time. At one time we did,but it looks like events have overtaken the destiny of that building.I think it will go to the courts.Mr. Thompson. Thank you.Mr. Bradley. In respect to broadening of the programs, Mr. Chair-man, I want, if I may, please, to call to your attention that the Con-gress has been very generous and has added about 20 programs tothe Smithsonian.Rather than recite all of those, I would like to include as a partof this statement a rundown summary of the recent legislative enact-ments that have given us a broadened base.Among other programs that have been added are the Museum ofHistory and Technology, which is not only a building but also a pro-gram of scholarship and exhibition ; and the same goes for the PortraitGallery ; and then the foreign currency program.Mr. Thompson. What is the foreign currency program ?Mr. Bradley. Foreign Currency, sir, is the program primarily inarcheology and biology but not entirely, including some in oceanog-raphy, in those countries abroad where there are landlocked cur-rencies that must be spent in that country.Mr. Thompson. Counterpart funds, do you mean?Mr. Bradley. Counterpart funds, exactly.Mr. Thompson. In how many nations is this program active?Mr. Bradley. Nine.Mr. Thompson. This is for overseas archeological work, environ-mental biology, astrophysical studies, museum programs for Amer-ican institutes of higher learning; outgoing research based on pro-gressively broader authority to employ the funds now consumingthe entire appropriation.Do you get the authority to use these counterpart funds from theCommittee on Foreign Affairs or from the Appropriations Com-mittee ?Mr. Bradley. Sir, that came through the Committee on Appropria-tions with the approval of the Bureau of the Budget who found thatthe President could approve the inclusion of certain programs inthe request to Congress.It has to go through the whole appropriation process and the Appro-priation Committees have accepted that.Mr. Thompson. How much of this foreign currency is used ?Mr. Bradley. The going amount for 1971 is $2.50 million. 276SMITHSONIAN FOREIGN CURRENCY PROGRAM-GRANT EXPENDITURES BY COUNTRY Fiscal year-Country 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 Totals Ceylon _ $73,204 $255,955 $200,459 $657,235 $1,186,853India $76,850 222,485 481,439 368,310 393,568 1,542,652Israel 230,200 856,315 538,598 402,803 934,616 2,962,532Morocco _ - 25,000 66,840 91,840Pakistan 16,229 25,128 23,211 23,400 87,968Poland _ 22,454 47,071 118,437 11,658 199,620Tunisia.... 237,090 121,393 305,149 620,362 1,283,994U.A.R. (Egypt) 330,850 379,196 311,534 307,830 144,591 1,474,001Yugoslavia 2,030 210,870 353,425 508,422 ? 1,074,747Multicountry 31,685 75,301 9,540 75,000 191,526Total 637,900 1,840,688 2,067,289 2,114,164 3,435,692 10,095,733 Note: Burma and Guinea are also listed on the Treasury Department's list of excess foreign currency countries, but theprogram has made no grants for work in these 2 countries. Cey'on was removed from the Treasury's excess currency listin June 30, 1970; Israel is expected to be removed at the end of fiscal year 1972.Mr. Thompson. I would assume that in some measure, at least wherethere is necessary foreign travel involved, that arrangements are madeto purchase tickets with counterpart funds in the place of destination,as is done in other programs ?Mr. Bradley. That is correct; yes, sir.Mr. Thompson. To what committee do you account for suchexpenditures ?Mr. Bradley. In the House and in the Senate it is the Departmentof Interior and Related Agencies Appropriation Committee, withthe Subcommittee on the Smithsonian under Mrs. Hanson and Sena-tor Bible, respectively.Mr. Bingham. Mr. Chairman, I have a question on that point.I thought that all expenditures of foreign currencies were underMr. Rooney's Subcommittee on Appropriations.Mr. Bradley. Mr. Bingham, I can only say that I believe we havehad this now since about the time Mr. Ripley came. That would be6 years. So far it has worked very well.Mr. Bingham. So the same subcommittee deals with the dollar ex-penditures as foreign currency ?Mr. Bradley. That is right.Mr. Thompson. This year you requested $4.5 million for fiscal 1971.Last year the Congress provided $2.3 million. Why so dramatic anincrease in request?Mr. Bradley. The increase in the request was a direct reflection ofthe interest and the applications from American universities andother learned societies that we were not able to fill. So we justified anadditional amount to the Congress and had a modest increase of about$200,000.Mr. Thompson. I rather approve of the concept. As you know, thereare tremendous amounts of moneys available. In some cases the interestbeing received exceeds the expenditures.Under a somewhat analogous program, some years ago I and sev-eral others caused the construction of a pediatrics hospital in Polandfrom the use of these funds. It is a very successful thing.Please go on. I am sorry to keep interrupting you, but it will savetime later. 277Mr. Bradley. Thank you, sir.As we have said, the management of the Smithsonian is entrustedby the Congress to a Board of Regents and to the Secretary. Youknow the makeup of the Board of Regents, so I wouldn't pause onthat.It is of interest that the Secretary of the Smithsonian is appointedby the regents and is directly responsible to them in managing theInstitution, and is compensated traditionally from the trust endowmentof the Smithsonian. The heads of bureaus and the principal staff mem-bers are appointed by the Secretary whether they are under civil serv-ice or not, with the consent of the regents, all on a nonpartisan basis.Mr. Thompson. In that connection, they are appointed by the Secre-tary but do I assume that the Secretary uses Standard Federal CivilService Form 57 applications for those who are going to be under thecivil service system ?Mr. Bradley. Yes, sir.Mr. Thompson. Does the Secretary have to consult with the CivilService Commission with respect to these appointees?Mr. Bradley. Yes, sir.Mr. Thompson. If the Secretary wants to enlarge the staff by, letus say, five members in one area or another, to whom does he go to getauthority to enlarge that staff ?Mr. Bradley. Essentially to the Appropriations Committee, if it isgoing to be, as I assume for the moment, from appropriated funds.If it were not going to be from appropriated funds, he would haveto go and see Mr. Wheeler, the Treasurer, and make sure that the pri-vate funds budget would accommodate such an increase in staff.Mr. Thompson. In other words, really the increase or decrease inpersonnel is contingent upon available moneys rather than on a, justifi-cation of the need for a particular type person, is that correct ?Mr. Bradley. I am trying for accuracy, of course, Mr. Chairman.May I just enlarge on that a little bit to explain that we have a singleoperating appropriation which excludes construction.Legally, this is just one entity. This is that $29 million or $35 mil-lion we were looking at, called the Salaries and Expenses Appropria-tion. This is available for all 41 line items, these being identified activ-ities such as many of these on the organizational chart.Legally, the funds are available, but we have a committee on eitherside of the Congress that stipulates frequently in their reports howthey think the money should be applied.Mr. Thompson. Do they stipulate with respect to specific personnel ?Mr. Bradley. Frequently, yes, and to the number of personnel. Thatis to say, they are more interested in our respecting the total numberof positions that they give us than the dollars that go with thosepositions.If we have a pay raise act, as we have had almost every year for thelast 6 or 7 years, and we can find any money to put into payroll out of"other objects," that is all right. But we must respect the number oftotal positions.Then if there is any serious adjustment?and that depends onjudgment?if there is any material divergence from the way they markup the bill as they report it in their respective reports, then we must 278go back and get what is called a reprograming, which amounts totheir agreeing to a change in the way we allot the $35 million or $30million among these 41 different applicants.Mr. Thompson. So, in effect, the two Appropriations Subcommit-tees are at once those responsible for granting you the funds whichyou must justify before them and, in a further sense, they have aresponsibility for the personnel.Mr. Bradley. Yes, sir.Mr. Thompson. To use an old cliche, let us assume that the AirMuseum were to get off the ground, although from the condition ofsome of those aircraft that might be a miracle if it were to happen,and whoever becomes the permanent director decides that he needs14 more people.What process do you go through to get those 14 people ? Do you askfor x number of dollars or 14 specific positions ?Mr. Bradley. Both, but we would have to do it out of availablefunds. A supplemental appropriation would not be considered in ourexperience.We would have to first decide, with Mr. Taylor or the other Director,and the Secretary would have to come to grips with the decision onwhether he can afford to take those 14 jobs from somewhere else,because we have to live within the total of what we have, and thenif he thinks we have a good case, we write up both the need for theaddition and where we are going to get that money from. Then wesubmit it to the two committees.Mr. Thompson. Let us assume that you need 14 and that the Secre-tary somehow or other finds the money available right now withouthaving to go to the subcommittee to request additional funds.Is he then free to appoint the 14 people without coming and askingfor specific permission ?Mr. Bradley. I would say not, Mr. Chairman, because 14 is a verysubstantial number relatively to the size of the Air Museum. If thiswere 14 in buildings management we might arrive at another decision,where they have over 800 employees.Mr. Thompson. Fourteen wouldn't be as visible there as theywould doubling the size of an existing organization.Mr. Bradley. Exactly.Mr. Thompson. But were the funds not available, would the Secre-tary then go to the committee and say, "I want to add 20 supportpersonnel to buildings management and I don't have the money"?Would he ask for them by specific position or would he ask by thetotal amount of money he needed to pay them ?Mr. Bradley. He would ask for them as specifically as we couldmake it in order to be convincing. But if he didn't have the money,he wouldn't go there in the first place.In my experience, we simply do not get supplemental appropria-tions through unless it is for something like a pay act.Mr. Thompson. I am not assuming that they are necessarily sup-plemental, Mr. Bradley. I am assuming they are positions requestedin the first instance rather than in the supplemental case.Mr. Bradley. If they were positions that we could find the moneyfor, then we should go with as much in the way of specifics as pos-sible to justify them to the two committees. 279Mr. Thompson. Maybe I am belaboring the point, but my impres-sion is that were there money to be available without the need for anextra amount of money in the original appropriations bill on in thesupplemental, then the Secretary would be free to hire those per-sonnel, would he not ?Mr. Bradley. If it were in accordance with the way we last showedit to the Congress, substantially in accordance, yes. We used the ex-ample of 14 people in the Air Museum versus 14 in buildings manage-ment.Mr. Thompson. That would indicate a considerable degree of lati-tude on the part of the Secretary.Mr. Bradley. All right, sir. I was troubled by the words "consider-able degree of latitude." We have some degree of latitude.Mr. Thompson. Some degree. Thank you.Mr. Bradley. The discretion of the bureau heads is sometimes amatter of inquiry. The major bureaus that are financed by Federalappropriations are those that were founded pursuant to statute.Their functions are described in the statutes. The bureau heads areappointed to be active, day-to-day managers of their respective pro-grams. In my opinion?and this is subjective?a substantial amount ofindependence exists in the bureau heads to administer the programsthey are charged with.For example, they are responsible for preparing budgets and execut-ing financial programs, preparing exhibitions, undertaking researchand publications, acquiring acquisitions, conservation of collections,studies, lectures, operating libraries, and personnel administration.Because of the diversity of the Smithsonian, we have a number ofadvisory boards and commissions. I referred to some of those lastweek, if you will remember. I don't want to be repetitious. We haveput up on the board the principal boards and commissions that areadvisory to the Secretary.You asked me, sir, if I would supplement that with any others.I would like to offer a secondary list additive to those for the record,if you care for them.Mr. Thompson. Fine.(The document to be furnished follows :)BOARD OF REGENTS, SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION Original AppointmentMembership appointment expires Chief Justice of the United States, Chancellor (ex officio)Vice President of the United States (ex officio) . _Clinton P. Anderson 1949 1974J.William Fulbright 1959 1974Hugh Scott 1966 1971Frank T. Bow 1959 1971George H. Mahon 1964 1971John Nicholas Brown 1957 1975William A. M. Burden.. 1962 1974Crawford H. Greenewalt ._ 1956 1974Caryl P. Haskins 1956 1974JamesE.Webb. 1970 1976Thomas J. Watson, Jr... 1969 1975 196819681968 19701970197019681968 197019701968 19701968196819681968 1970197019701970 280EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE (PERMANENT COMMITTEE)Chancellor, Board of Regents.Members : Clinton P. Anderson, Caryl P. Haskins, James E. Webb, and S. DillonRipley. ADVISORY BOARD OF THE COOPER-HEWITT MUSEUM OF DESIGN[Henry Francis duPont chairman; Mrs. Jacob M. Kaplan vice chairman] Original AppointmentMembership 1 appointment expires Mrs. Vincent Astor, 405 Park Ave., New York, N.YMr. William A. M. Burden, 630 5th Ave., New York, N.YHenry Francis duPont, Winterthur, DelMr. Albert Edelman, care of Javits, Trubin, Sillcocks Edelman, and Purcell, 375 ParkAve., New York, N.YMrs. Jacob M. Kaplan, 53 East 80th St., New York, N.Y...Mr. William Katzenbach, care of American Federation of Arts, 41 East 65th St., NewYork, N.YMr. William C. Pahlmann, care of William Pahlmann Associates, 136 East 57th St., NewYork, N.YMrs. Howard J. Sachs, 3 East 71st St., New York, N.YMrs. Calvin Stillman, 171 West 57th St., New York, N.YMr. John B. Trevor, 15 East 90th St., New York, N.YMr. Charles Van Ravenswaay, Henry Francis duPont Winterthur Museum, Winterthur,Del 1968 1970 1 2-year term.Ex Officio : S. Dillon Ripley, Secretary, Smithsonian Institution, Washington,D.C. 20560; and Miss Margaret Nelson, Secretary to the Board (non-voting),c/o Stroheim & Roman, 41 Park Avenue South, New York, N.Y. 10016.Chesapeake Bay Center for Environmental Studiesscience advisory committeeMembers : Dr. Vagn Flyger, Natural Resources Institute, University of Maryland,College Park, Md. 20742.Dr. Wolfgang Schleidt, Department of Zoology, University of Maryland,College Park, Md. 20742.Dr. William J. L. Sladen, School of Hygiene & Public Health, Johns HopkinsUniversity, 615 North Wolfe Street, Baltimore, Md., 21205.Dr. George F. Watson, chairman, Department of Vertebrate Zoology, Smith-sonian Institution, MNH 369, Washington, D.C. 20560.Dr. Stanwyn G. Shetler, Department of Botany, Smithsonian Institution,MNH W401, Washington, D.C. 20560.Dr. Howard H. Seliger, Department of Biology, Johns Hopkins University,33rd & North Charles Streets, Baltimore, Md. 21205.Dr. Francis S. L. Williamson, Director, Chesapeake Bay Center for FieldBiology, Smithsonian Institution, Box 622, Route 4, Edgewater, Md.21037.Dr. Loren D. Jensen, Department of Geography & Environmental Science,Johns Hopkins University, 33rd and Charles Streets, Baltimore, Md. 21205.Dr. Carleton Ray, School of Hygiene and Public Health, Johns HopkinsUniversity, 615 North Wolfe Street. Baltimore, Md. 21205.Members are appointed for an indefinite period of time.Meetings are called at the discretion of Dr. George F. Watson, Chairman.BOARD OF TRUSTEES, JOHN F. KENNEDY CENTER FOR THE PERFORMING ARTSChairman : Roger L. Stevens.Ex Officio : Assistant Secretary of State for Educational and Cultural Affairs ; Secretary, Smithsonian Institution; Commissioner, US Office of Education;Chairman. Commission of Fine Arts ; Secretary of Health, Education, and Wel-fare ; Chairman, Recreation Advisory Board (D.C.) ; Commissioner of the Dis-trict of Columbia ; Librarian of Congress ; and Director, National Park Service. 281U.S. Senate: J. William Fulbright, Charles H. Percy, and Ralph W.Yarborough.U.S. House of Representatives: Frank Thompson, Jr., Peter H. B. Freling-huysen, and James C. Wright, Jr.General : Richard Adler, Floyd D. Akers, Robert O. Anderson, Ralph E. Becker,K. LeMoyne Billings, Edgar M. Bronfman, Mrs. George R. Brown, Robert W.Dowling, Ralph W. Ellison, Abe Fortas, Mrs. George A. Garrett, Leonard H.Goldenson, Mrs. Rebekah Harkness, Senator Edward M. Kennedy, Thomas H.Kuchel, Mrs. Albert D. Lasker, Mrs. Michael J. Mansfield, Harry G. McPherson,Jr., Sol Myron Linowitz, George Meany, Robert I. Millonzi, Richard Rodgers,Arthur M. Schlesinger, Jr., Mrs. Jouett Shouse, Mrs. Stephen E. Smith, Roger L.Stevens, Jack J. Valenti, Lew R. Wasserman, and Edwin L. Weisl, Sr.OFFICERSHonorary chairmen : Mrs. Richard M. Nixon, Mrs. Lyndon B. Johnson, Mrs.Aristotle Onassis, and Mrs. Dwight D. Eisenhower.Chairman, Roger L. Stevens ; Vice Chairman, Robert O. Anderson ; Vice Chair-man, Sol M. Linowitz ; General Director, William McC. Blair, Jr. ; Administra-tor, Phillip J. Mullin ; General Counsel, Ralph E. Becker ; Music Advisor, JuliusRudel ; Artistic Administrator, George London ; Secretary, K. LeMoyne Billings ;Treasurer, Robert C. Baker ; Assistant Treasurer, John L Bryant ; Assistant-Treasurer, Kenneth Birgfeld ; Assistant Treasurer, Paul J. Bisset ; and AssistantTreasurer, L. Parker Harrell, Jr.SMITHSONIAN FOREIGN CURRENCY PROGRAM ADVISORY COUNCILSARCHEOLOGY AND RELATED DISCIPLINES Original AppointmentMembership appointment expires Cora DuBois, 20 Coolidge Hill Road, Cambridge, Mass.. 1969 1972Richard Lieban (observer), program director for anthropology, National Science Founda-tion, 1800 G St. NW Washington, D.C 1965Nicholas Millet, Department of Near Eastern Languages and Literature, Harvard Univer-sity, Cambridge, Mass .. 1969 1972Allan H.Smith, vice president, academic, Washington State University, Pullman, Wash 1965 1971Gus W. VanBeek, associate curator, Division of Old World Anthropology Office of Anthro-pology, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C 1968 1971Rodney S. Young, University Museum, University of Pennsylvania, 33d and Spruce Sts.,Philadelphia, Pa __ .... 1969 1972Fraser Wilkins (observer), inspector general, Foreign Service Inspection Corps, Depart-ment of State, Washington, D.C 1965Kennedy B. Schmertz, director, foreign currency program, Office of International Activi-ties, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C --- SYSTEMATIC AND ENVIRONMENTAL BIOLOGY Kenton Chambers, Department of Botany, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oreg 1969 1971Charles F. Cooper (observer) program director ecosystem analysis program NationalScience Foundation 1800 G St., NW., Washington, D.C. 20550 1969John 0. Corliss (observer) director, systematic biology program, National Science Founda-tion 1800 G St., NW., Washington, D.C. 20550 1969John D. Costlow, director, Duke University Marine Laboratory, Beaufort, N. C. 28516 1969 1971Michael R. DeCarlo (observer) acting executive secretary, U.S. National Committee of iheInternational Biological Program National Academy of Sciences 2101 Constitution Ave.NW., Washington, D.C 1969William Hamilton III, Department of Zoology, University of California, Davis, Calif 1969 1972Paul D. Hurd, Jr., 112 Agricultural Hall, University of California, Berkeley, Calif.. 1969 1972Richard F. Johnston, Department of Systematics and Ecology, Museum of Natural History,University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kans - 1969 1971Kenneth Thimann, Division of Natural Sciences, University of California, Santa Cruz,Calif 1969 1972Kennedy B. Schmertz, director, foreign currency program, Office of International Activities,Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C -- 282Memorandum January 12, 1970.To : Bureau Directors.From : Russell Shank, Director of Libraries.Subject : Library Advisory Committees.S.I. Office Memorandum 733 called for the creation of several advisory com-mittees to work with me on the consolidation of library collections. I am usingthese committees, of which there are two, for more general advisory purposes.The names of the committee members are listed below for your information.LIBRARY ADVISORY COMMITTEE IN SCIENCEDr. George Watson, Department of Vertebrate Zoology ; Dr. David Pawson,Department of Invertebrate Zoology ; Dr. Maurice Margulies, Radiation BiologyLaboratory ; Mr. John T. Schlebecker, Department of Arts and Manufactures ; and Dr. James A. Peters, Department of Vertebrate Zoology.LIBRARY ADVISORY COMMITTEE IN HISTORYDr. Gordon Gibson, Department of Anthropology ; Dr. Melvin Jackson, Depart-ment, of Science & Technology: Mr. Ernest Robischon, National Air & SpaceMuseum ; Mr. Robert Stewart, National Portrait Gallery ; Mr. Jon Eklund, De-partment of Science & Technology ; and Dr. Elizabeth Harris, Department of Arts& Manufactures.NATIONAL AIR AND SPACE MUSEUM ADVISORY BOARDChairman ; Secretary, Smithsonian Institution.Membership and original appointment : Maj. Gen. Nils O. Ohman, USAF, Commander, Headquarters Command,USAF, Boiling Air Force Base, Washington, D.C. 20332 (July 1968).Vice Admiral Thomas F. Connolly, Deputy Chief of Naval Operations (Air),Department of the Navy, Washington, D.C. 20350 (January 1967) . Brig. Gen. James L. Collins, Chief of Military History, Department of theArmy, Washington, D.C. 20310 (August 1, 1970) . Brig. Gen. H. S. Hill, USMC, Deputy Chief of Staff (Air), United StatesMarine Corps, Washington, D.C. 20380 (February 1970).Rear Adm. Roderick Y. Edwards, Chief, Office of Public and InternationalAffairs, United States Coast Guard, Washington, D.C. 20591 (July 1967).Mr. Julian Scheer, Assistant Administrator for Public Affairs, NationalAeronautics and Space Administration, Washington, D.C. 20546 (October1966).General Gustav Lundquist, Acting Associate Administrator for EngineeringDevelopment (FAA), Department of Transportation, Washington, D.C.20590 (August 1970).Mrs. O. A. Beech, Wichita, Kan. (November 1969).Mr. Elwood R. Quesada, 990 L'Enfant Plaza, SW., Washington, D.C. 20024(November 1969).LTG William E. Hall, USA (retired), 2139 Wyoming Avenue, NW., Wash-ington, D.C. 20008 (November 1969).NATIONAL ARMED FORCES MUSEUM ADVISORY BOARD (CHAIRMAN: MR. JOHN NICHOLAS BROWN) Original AppointmentMembership appointment Expires? Hon. Earl Warren, Chief Justice of the United States (retired), Supreme Court Bldg., Wash-ington, D.C _. _ 1962 1974John Nicholas Brown, Regent of the Smithsonian Institution, 50 South Main St., Providence,R.I 1962 1974Robert C. Baker, president, American Security & Trust Co., 15th and Pennsylvania Ave.,Washington, D.C 1968 1974Secretary of the Army (Stanley R. Resor), the Pentagon, Washington, D.C -Secretary of the Navy (John H. Chafee), the Pentagon, Washington, D.CSecretary of the Air Force (Robert C. Seamans, Jr.), the Pentagon, Washington, D.C _Ex officio: Secretary of Defense, the Pentagon, Washington, D.C - 283NATIONAL COLLECTION OF FINE ARTS COMMISSION, MAY 1970Dr. Charles H. Sawyer, chairman ; Mr. Walker Hancock, vice chairman ; andMr. S. Dillon Ripley, secretary.Mr. S. Dillion Ripley, ex officio, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C.20560.Mr. Leonard Baskin (1966) 1912, Department of Art, Smith College, North-ampton, Massachusetts 01060.Mr. William A. M. Burden (1968) 1912, 630 Fifth Avenue, New York, N.Y.10020.Mr. H. Page Cross (1963) 1912, 157 East 75th Street, New York, N.Y. 10021.Dr. David E. Finley (1937) 1912, 3318 O Street, NW., Washington, D.C. 20007.Mr. Martin Friedman, director (1968) 1912, Walker Art Center, 1710 LyndaleAvenue, South, Minneapolis, Minn. 55403.Mr. Lloyd Goodrich, advisory director (1946), 1911, Whitney Museum of Amer-ican Art, 945 Madison Avenue, New York, N.Y. 10021.Dr. Walker Hancock (1951) 1911, Lanesville, Gloucester, Mass. 01930.Mr. Bartlett H. Hayes, Jr. (1954) 1911, American Academy, Via AngeloMasina 5, Rome, Italy.Mr. August Heckscher (1968) 1912, 830 Fifth Avenue, New York, N.Y. 10021.Mr. Thomas C. Howe (1968) 1912, 2709 Larkin Street, San Francisco, Calif.94109.Mrs. J. Lee Johnson, III (1968) 1912, 1200 Broad Avenue, Fort Worth, Tex.76107.Mr. Samuel C. Johnson (1968) 1912, 1525 Howe Street, Racine, Wis. 53403.Dr. Wilmarth S. Lewis (1958) 1913, Farmington, Conn. 06032.Mr. Henry P. Mcllhenny (1957) 1913, 1914 Rittenhouse Square, Philadelphia,Pa. 19103.Mr. Ogden M. Pleissner (1957) 1913, 35 East Ninth Street, New York, N.Y.10003.Dr. Edgar P. Richardson (1962) 1912, 285 Locust Street, Philadelphia, Pa.19106.Dr. Charles H. Sawyer, director (1953) 1912, University of Michigan ArtMuseum, Ann Arbor, Mich. 48103.Mrs. Otto L. Spaeth (1968) 1912, 120 East 81st Street, New York, N.Y. 10028.Executive committee : Dr. Finley, chairman ; Mr. Mcllhenny, Mr. Pleissner,Dr. Sawyer, ex officio, Dr. Hancock, ex officio, and Mr. Ripley, ex officio,.Honorary members : Dr. Alexander Wetmore, Dr. Leonard Carmichael, Dr.Gilmore D. Clarke, Mr. Paul Mellon, Mr. Stow Wengenroth, and Mr. AndrewWyeth.Date of election shown in parentheses.Date for re-election shown in italic.NATIONAL GALLEBY OF ART BOARD OF TRUSTEESChairman, Chief Justice of the United States.Members : Paul Mellon, Franklin D. Murphy, Lessing J. Rosenwald, StoddardM. Stevens, and John Hay Whitney.Ex officio : Chief Justice of the United States, Secretary of State, Secretary ofthe Treasury, and Secretary of the Smithsonian Institution.NATIONAL PORTRAIT GALLERY COMMISSION?CHAIRMAN, MR. JOHN NICHOLAS BROWN Membership Original Appointmentappointment expires Mrs. Catherine Drinker Bowen, 260 Booth Lane, Haverford, Pa.Mr. John Nicholas Brown, 50 South Main St., Providence, R.I...Mr. Lewis Deschler, 101 Lucas Lane, Bethesda, Md...Mr. David E. Finley, 3318 St. NW? Washington, D.CMr. Wilmarth S. Lewis, Main St., Farmington, Conn._Dr. E. P. Richardson, 285 Locust St., Philadelphia, PaDr. Whitfield J. Bell, Jr., 106 South Fifth St., Philadelphia, Pa...Mr. Andrew Oliver, 120 Broadway, New York, N.YMr. Jules D. Prown, Box 2120, Yale Station, New Haven, Conn. 1963 19711963 19721963 19721963 19731963 19731963 19721968. 19741968 19741968 1974 284NATIONAL PORTRAIT GALLERY COMMISSIONHon. Warren Earl Burger, Chief Justice of the United States, ex officio.Mr. J. Carter Brown, Director, National Gallery of Art, Washington, D.C., exofficio.Mr. S. Dillon Ripley, Secretary, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C..ex officio.BOARD OF TRUSTEES, W00DR0W WILSOiM INTERNATIONAL CENTER FOR SCHOLARS[Chairman, Hubert H. Humphrey, Vice chairman, Allan Nevins] Original AppointmentMembership appointment expires James MacGregor Burns, Massachusetts Oct. 24, 1968 Oct. 23, 1972Ernest Cuneo, New York_ do Oct. 23, 1970Charles A. Horsky, Maryland - -do Oct. 23, 1972Hubert H. Humphrey, Minnesota... do Oct. 23, 1974Harry C. McPherson, Jr., Texas.. _ do Do.Allan Nevins, California do Oct. 23, 1972John P. Roche, Massachusetts do _ Oct. 23, 1974Kevin Roche, Connecticut do Oct. 23, 1970Daniel P. Moynihan, counselor to the President... (i)Ex officio:Secretary of State (>)Secretary of HEW (')Chairman of the National Endowment for the Humanities (i)Librarian of Congress (')Archivist of the United States ( l )Secretary, Smithsonian Institution (') 1 Not available. SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION COUNCIL(January 16, 1970)Mr. H. Harvard Arnason, Vice President for Art Administration, Solomon R.Guggenheim Foundation, 1071 Fifth Avenue, New York City, N.Y. 10028. Phone : (212) 722-8542.Mailings to: 1075 Park Avenue, New York Citv, N.Y. 10028. Phone: (212)EN 9-5110.Dr. Herman Branson, president, Central State University, Wilberforce, Ohio45384. Phone: (513) 376-6332.Prof. Fred R. Eggan, Department of Anthropology, University of Chicago.1126 East 59th Street, Chicago, 111. 60601. Phone : (312) 643-0800.Professor Donald S. Farner, chairman, Department of Zoology, Universityof Washington, Seattle, Wash. 98105. Phone: (206) 543-1620.Professor N. B. Garvan, chairman, Department of American Civilization, Uni-versity of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pa. 19104, Phone : (215) MI 6-3310 (home).Dr. Murray Gell-Mann, California Institute of Technology, 1201 East Cali-fornia Avenue, Pasadena, Calif. 91109. Phone: (213) 795-6841.Dr. Philip Handler, president, National Academy of Sciences, 2101 ConstitutionAvenue NW, Washington, D.C. 20418. Phone : 961-1231.Prof. G. Evelyn Hutchinson, Sterling Professor of Zoology, Yale University.New Haven, Conn. 06520. Phone: (203) 432-4711.Professor Jan LaRue, Department of Music, Graduate School of Arts andSciences, New York University, New York City, N.Y. 10003. Phone: (212)598-3431.Mailings to: 15 Edgehill Drive, Darien, Conn. 06820.Mr. Clifford L. Lord, president, Hofstra University, Hempstead, N.Y. 11550.Phone: (516) 560-3271.Professor Charles D. Miehener, Watkins Distinguished Professor of Entomol-ogy, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kans. 66044. Phone: (913) 864-2700.Dr. Peter M. Millman, National Research Council of Canada, Ottawa 7, Canada.Phone: (616) 993 9245.Mr. Elting E. Morison, acting master, Timothy Dwight College, Yale Univer-sity, 63 Wall Street, New Haven, Conn. 06520. Phone: (203) 436 2039.Professor Norman Holmes Pearson. Department of English and AmericanStudies, 2731 Hall of Graduate Studies, Yale University, New Haven, Conn. 06520.Phone: (203) 436 0621. 285Mr. Gordon N. Ray, president, John Simon Guggenheim Memorial Foundation,90 Park Avenue, New York City, N.Y. 10016. Phone : (212) 687 4470.Mr. Andre Schiffrin, managing director, Pantheon Books, 201 Bast 50th Street,New York City, N.Y. 10022. Phone : (212) 751 2600.Professor Cyril Stanley Smith, institute professor, Room 14N-321, Massachu-setts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Mass. 02139.Phone: (617) S64 3722.Professor John D. Spikes, College of Letters and Science, University of Utah,Salt Lake City, Utah 84112. Phone : (801) 322 6517.Professor Stephen E. Toulmin, Department of Philosophy, Michigan StateUniversity, East Lansing, Mich. 48823. Phone : (517) 353 9383.Professor Warren H. Wagner, Jr., Department of Botany, University of Mich-igan, Ann Arbor, Mich. 48105. Phone : (313) 764 1168.Dr. Rainer Zangerl, Field Museum of Natural History, Roosevelt Road andLakeshore Drive, Chicago, 111. 60605. Phone : (312) 922 9410.ADVISORY COMMITTEE ON THE PAPERS OF JOSEPH HENRYThis joint committee consistsi of two representatives from the SmithsonianInstitution, two from the American Philosophical Society and two from the Na-tional Academy of Sciences. The agreement to form a joint committee was madein 1964, and several organizational meetings were held during that year. Thefirst joint committee meeting was held in 1965.There is an annual meeting.There are no formal dates of appointments. Committee representatives areas follows : American Philosophical Society : Dr. Whitfield J. Bell, Jr., and Dr. H. D. Smyth.National Academy of Sciences : Dr. J. H. Van Vleck, Miss Lee Anna Embrey.Smithsonian Institution : Mr. S. Dillon Ripley, Mr. Charles Blitzer.Mr. Thompson. Some of these advisory boards are composed ofpersons, in the case of the John F. Kennedy Center, with the Speakernaming some, the President of the Senate, the President, and others.So the Smithsonian, itself, is, in a sense, a housekeeping agency forthem. It dosen't appoint these advisers, nor does it exercise any sub-stantial degree, if any, of control over their activities. Is that correct ?Mr. Bradley. That is certainly correct, particularly in the case ofthe Kennedy Center. It does vary, Mr. Chairman, as a point of accu-racy. There are some boards that are appointed by the Smithsonian.Mr. Thompson. Yes, but I said some are not. The National PortraitGallery is another where they are not, isn't that so ?Mr. Bradley. That is appointed by the Regents.Mr. Thompson. And the Woodrow Wilson Center would be another ?Isn't that appointed by the Speaker, the President of the Senate andthe White House ?Mr. Bradley. Ex officio and by the White House ; yes, sir.Mr. Thompson. Former Vice President Hubert Humphrey is theChairman of that, is he not ?Mr. Bradley. That is right ; yes, sir.Mr. Thompson. Thank you.Mr. Bradley. Mr. Chairman, I have elsewhere in this statement, andI don't want to exceed my time so I think I better go more quicklysince you permitted me to offer this for the record, the highlights ofprograms set forth under the main fields of history and art, science,public service, libraries, the general counsel's participation, informa-tion systems and exhibits.We are also offering for your consideration this recent legislativehistory of additions to our programs. 49-484 O - 71 - pt. 1 -- 19 286I thought it might be of some interest, if I may, and this stems fromyour earlier agreement with the Secretary when he was talking lastweek, if we might have the Secretary continue with his statementhaving to do with the management of the Institution.If 1 may offer that for the record and then highlight it, I wouldcertainly appreciate it.Mr. Thompson. Without objection, it will be made a part of therecord.(The document to be furnished follows :)Smithsonian Institutionmuseum of history and technologyThe Museum of History and Technology was designed and constructed to houseand exhibit the Nation's collections relating to American cultural, civil, andmilitary history and the history of science and technology The Museum maintainsreference collections and interpretive exhibitions concerning all aspects ofAmerican life in times past. Its professional staff and other historians form allparts of the world perform research leading to the discovery and documentationof materials of historic significance.By an Act approved June 28, 1955, the 84th Congress authorized the Regentsof the Smithsonian Institution to construct a new Museum of History and Tech-nology at a cost not to exceed $36,000,000. The cornerstone for the new buildingwas laid on May 19, 1961, with appropriate ceremonies.On January 22, 1964, President Johnson dedicated the new Museum of Historyand Technology at impressive ceremonies attended by distinguished Members ofCongress, scholars and scientists, and patrons of the arts and humanities.Extracts from the President's dedication address follow :"The gathering of knowledge is the supreme achievement of man."Four hundred years ago, Francis Bacon could immodestly declare: "I havetaken all knowledge to be my province.' Bacon would find this new Museum ofHistory and Technology of the Smithsonian Institute to his taste, and to his aims."For I believe this new Museum will do that which causes us all to celebrate ; it will excite a thirst for knowledge among all the people."My earliest predecessor, George Washington, in a letter to the officers of theAmerican Philosophical Society, founded in Philadelphia by Franklin, wrotethese words : 'If I have a wish ungratified, it is that the arts and sciences maycontinue to flourish with increasing lustre.'"The more we understand the meaning of the past, the more we appreciatethe winning of the future. "If this Museum did nothing more than illuminate our heritage so that otherscould see a little better our legacy, however so small the glimpse, it would fulfilla noble purpose."I am glad to be here. "I am always glad to be where America is."NATIONAL COLLECTION OF FINE ARTSThe National Collection of Fine Arts, an original Bureau of the SmithsonianInstitution, is dedicated to presenting American creative genius in the field offine arts. It stimulates national pride in American cultural achievements by pro-grams of exhibitions, lectures, and publications which develop public awarenessand appreciation of this heritage. The international stature of American art isbeing enhanced by United States participation, organized by the National Collec-tion of Fine Arts, in major international art exhibitions and through extensivecirculation of American art abroad.The Act approved on March 28, 1958, provided for the transfer of the existingCivil Service Commission Building, formerly known as the Patent Office Building, to the Smithsonian Institution and authorized the remodeling of the build-ing to house the National Collection of Fine Arts and the National PortraitGallery. 287In 1962, an appropriation of $400,000 was made for planning the restorationand renovation of the building and in 1964 and 1965 appropriations totalling$6,465,000 were approved for the contract work.On May 3, 1968, President Johnson presided at the opening ceremonies of thismagnificent gallery of American art. The following are President Johnson'sremarks : Distinguished Regents of the Smithsonian, Secretary Ripley, Dr. Scott, ladiesand gentlemen, this is a proud moment. I wanted to say that dedicating the newhome of this National Collection makes me feel like a proud father, but on theplane this evening coming back from Kansas City, Mrs. Johnson said that wouldsound boastful.So then I thought I might say that I felt like a proud grandfather. But somepeople, she told me, think I already talk too much about my grandson.So tonight, my friends, I am authorized to tell all of you that I do feel verymuch like a proud uncle of the National Collection.I think you know how an uncle is. He doesn't visit very often, but he likes hisrelations to do well and it is good to see that the National Collection is doingwell.If I will never be remembered as a patron of the arts, I should be delightedto be known as an uncle of the arts.Truly, this is a historic night for all of us. Until now, the United States wasthe only great country which had no national museum devoted to its own art.The American collection was shunted about our Capital like a cultural step-child. It was always in search of a home. Tonight it has a home, a great, historichome whose sandstone came from quarries that were first operated by GeorgeWashington, and whose halls welcomed Abraham Lincoln on the night of hisInaugural Ball.So tonight, thanks to the tireless dedication of many, many Americans, we seelaid out before us the creative history of our great Nation.From the beginning, America was known as a very vigorous and a very dynamicnation. It grew quickly in size, in population, and in wealth. From the beginning,America was a wonder of the world, and also a hope for the world.And it would have been most unusual, I think, if all of this energy had notbeen accompanied by great artistic outpouring. As we can see here this evening,it was, and it is.Through art, it is said, the soul of a nation is revealed. This new museumis a great resource for America, and for all the world, for that matter.I am proud that I can be here with you to open this museum. I am very proudof the patrons who have made it possible. I am proud to wish it a long, a happy,and a prosperous life.Let me add another word.This is a day that we shall remember for another reason. It was 1 o'clock thismorning that I was awakened and informed that Hanoi was prepared to meetus in Paris, to talk about peace.We often think about peace as an absence of war. But, in fact, peace is astruggle, an achievement, an endless effort to convert hostility into negotiation,bloody violence into politics, and hate into reconciliation.I have sought this moment for more days and nights than you will ever credit,and in enough places for all the historians to judge that we were fully crediblewhen we said "any time, anywhere."Now we shall begin. The days, the weeks, and the months ahead are going tobe very hard and hazardous and trying, and exact the best from all of us. Butwith every fiber of my being, I shall try to move us from fighting to peace, fromenmity to brotherhood, and from destruction to common efforts on behalf of themen and women and children of all of Southeast Asia.In all of this, I ask all of you for your prayers.Thank you, and goodnight.Note.?The President spoke at 10 :09 p.m. in the interior courtyard of therenovated Old Patent Office Building, now galleries for the Smithsonian Institu-tion's National Collection of Fine Arts. The building, renamed the Fine Artsand Portrait Galleries Building, will also contain the National Portrait Gallery,scheduled for opening at a later time. 288THE JOHN F. KENNEDY CENTER FOR THE PERFORMING ARTSThe following is a chronological account of the history of the John F. KennedyCenter for the Performing Arts (formerly, the National Cultural Center).The authorizing legislation for the National Cultural Center passed theUnited States Senate unanimously on June 20, 1958. The National CulturalCenter Act was signed by President Eisenhower on September 2, 195S.As President of the U.S. Senate, Lyndon Johnson reappointed SenatorsJ. William Fulbright, Joseph S. Clark and Leverett Saltonstall to the CulturalCenter's Board of Trustees in 1961 and 1963.Amending legislation to extend the fund raising deadline of the CulturalCenter was enacted on August 19, 1963. This legislation also authorized anadditional 15 Trustees for the Center's Board.President Johnson sent an administration request to the Congress on Decem-ber 11, 1963, which expressed support of legislation to rename the NationalCultural Center in honor of President Kennedy (Exhibit A?Letter).The John F. Kennedy Center Act passed Congress and was signed into lawon January 23, 1964 (Exhibit B?John F. Kennedy Center Act.) This legislationauthorized an unprecedented appropriation for a project in the arts : a Federalgrant of $15.5 million for construction provided that an equal amount couldbe raised privately.On August 26, 1964 President Johnson appointed the 15 new Trustees author-ized by the 1963 amendment to the National Cultural Center Act. The newTrustees were Richard Adler, Robert O. Anderson, Mrs. George R. Brown.Abe Fortas, Leonard Goldensen, Robert F. Kennedy, Erich Leinsdorf, Sol MyronLinowitz, Edwin Wendell Pauley, Arthur Penn, Richard Rodgers, ArthurSchlesinger, Jr., Mrs. Jean Kennedy Smith, Edwin L. Weisl, Sr. and Robert W.Woodruff.On December 2. 1964 President Johnson spoke at the ground breaking cere-mony for the Kennedy Center and wielded the ceremonial spade. The 15 TrusteesPresident Johnson had appointed the previous summer were sworn in on thatoccasion by Mr. Justice White.On October 20, 1965 legislation was enacted which authorized the showing ofthe U.S. I. A. film "John F. Kennedy: Years (if Lightning?Days of Drums" tothe American public and the transfer of six copies of the film from the U.S.I.A.to the Kennedy Center. All profits from the film were to benefit the KennedyCenter.On February 23. 1!>(>7 reappointed were Roger L. Stevens, Chairman, RichardAdler and Arthur Schlesinger, Jr. and appointed Robert Lehman, Jack Valentiand Ralph W. Ellison to ten-year terms on the Center's Board of Trustees.Robert I. Millonzi was appointed to fill a two-year term.As First Lady, Mrs. Johnson serves as honorary chairman of the KennedyCenter with Mrs. Dwight D. Eisenhower and Mrs. John F. Kennedy.Exhibit A(Letter of President Johnson to the House and Senate Committees on Public-Works expressing support of legislation to rename the National Cultural Centerin honor of President John F. Kennedy, as reprinted in the Hearings before thejoint session of these two committees dated December 12 and 16, 1963.)The record at this point, without objection, will contain the letter addressedto the chairman of the House and Senate committees from the President.(The letter referred to follows :) The White House,December 11, 196,3.Hon. Charles A. Buckley,Chairman, Committee on Public Works,House of Representatives, Washington, B.C.Dear Mr. Chairman : I should like to take this opportunity to express mywholehearted support for the joint resolution (S.J. Res. 136 or H.J. Res. 828)presently before tbe Congress to rename the National Cultural Center in honorof President Kennedy. It seems to me that a center for the performing artson the beautiful site selected would be one of tbe most appropriate memorialsthat a grateful nation cou'd establish to honor a man who bad such deep andabiding convictions about tbe importance of cultural activities in our national 289 life. In this connection, it is my understanding that the Kennedy family wouldprefer to have the Center named '"The John F. Kennedy Center for the Perform-ing Arts" in order to indicate more specifically the nature of the memorial tohim.In a speech a month before his death, President Kennedy said, "I see littleof more importance to the future of our country and our civilization than fullrecognition of the place of the artist." He understood that history remembersnational societies less for the might of their weapons or for the mass of theirwealth, than for the quality of the artistic legacy they bequeath to mankind.By carrying forward the project of a national cultural center, we can all helpstrengthen the traditions and standards of the arts in American society. And indoing this we carry forward the spirit and concern of John F. Kennedy.That the Federal Government should participate in this undertaking by pro-viding funds to match the contributions which have already been made, andwill be made in the future, by people throughout this Nation and the world isentirely fitting. This action should insure prompt completion of the Center towhich President Kennedy gave his full support and which he saw as an embodi-ment of our Nation's interest in the finest expressions of our cultural activity.I hope that the Congress will take early action on this resolution.Sincerely, Lyndon B. Johnson.Exhibit B.John F. Kennedy Center ActPublic Law 85-874, 85th Congres, 72 Stat. 1698, September 2, 1958Amended September 21, 1959, Public Law 86-297, 73 Stat. 573Amended August 19, 1963, Public Law 88-100, 77 Stat. 128Amended January 23, 1964, Public Law 88-260, 78 Stat. 4AN ACT To provide for a John F. Kennedy Center for the Perfoming Arts whichwill be constructed, with funds raised by voluntary contributions ; on a .sitemade available in the District of Columbia.Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representatives of the United States ofAmerica in Congress assembled.Section 1. This Act may be cited as the "John F. Kennedy Center Act".BOARD OF TRUSTEESSec. 2. (a) There is hereby established in the Smithsonian Institution a bureau,which shall be directed by a board to be known as the Trustees of the John F.Kennedy Center for the Performing Arts (hereafter in this Act referred to as the"Board") , whose duty it shall be to maintain and administer the John F. KennedyCenter for the Performing Arts and site thereof and to execute such other func-tions as are vested in the Board by this Act. The Board shall be composed asfollows : The Secretary of Health, Education, and Welfare, the Librarian ofCongress, the Assistant Secretary of State for Public Affairs, the Chairman ofthe Commission of Fine Arts, the President of the Board of Commissioners of theDistrict of Columbia, the Chairman of the District of Columbia RecreationBoard, the Director of, the National Park Service, the Commissioner of theUnited States Office of Education, the Secretary of the Smithsonian Institution,three Members of the Senate appointed by the President of the Senate, and threeMembers of the House of Representatives appointed by the Speaker of the Houseof Representatives ex officio ; and thirty general trustees who shall be citizens ofthe United States, to be chosen as hereinafter provided.(b) The general trustees shall be appointed by the President of the UnitedStates and each such trustee shall hold office as a member of the Board for a termof ten years, except that (1) any member appointed to fill a vacancy occurringprior to the expiration of the term for which his predecessor was appointed shallbe appointed for the remainder of such term, (2) the terms of any membersappointed prior to the date of enactment of the National Cultural Center Amend-ments Act of 1963 shall expire as designated by the President at the time of ap-pointment, and (3) the terms of the first fifteen members appointed to the Board 290pursuant to the amendments made by the National Cultural Center AmendmentsAct of 1963 shall expire, as designated by the President at the time of appoint-ment, three on September 1, 1964, three on September 1, 1966, three on Septem-ber 1, 1968, three on September 1, 1970, and three on September 1, 1972.(c) There shall be an Advisory Committee on the Arts composed of such mem-bers as the President may designate, to serve at the pleasure of the President.Persons appointed to the Advisory Committee on the Arts, including officers oremployees of the United States, shall be persons who are recognized for theirknowledge of, or experience or interest in, one or more of the arts in the fieldscovered by the John F. Kennedy Center for the Performing Arts. The Presidentshall designate the Chairman of the Advisory Committee on the Arts. In makingsuch appointments the President shall give consideration to such recommenda-tions as may from time to time be submitted to him by leading national organi-zations in the appropriate art fields. The Advisory Committee on the Arts shalladvise and consult with the Board and make recommendations to the Board re-garding existing and prospective cultural activities to be carried on in the John F.Kennedy Center for the Performing Arts. The Advisory Committee on the Artsshall assist the Board in carrying out section 5(a) of this Act. Members of theAdvisory Committee on the Arts shall serve without compensation, but eachmember of such Committee shall be reimbursed for travel, subsistence, and othernecessary expenses incurred by him in connection with the work of suchCommittee. JOHN F. KENNEDY CENTER FOT THE PERFORMING ARTSSec. 3. The Board shall construct for the Smithsonian Institution, with fundsraised by voluntary contributions, a building to be designated as the John F.Kennedy Center for the Performing Arts on a site in the District of Columbiabounded by the Inner Loop Freeway on the east, the Theodore Roosevelt Bridgeapproaches on the south, Rock Creek Parkway on the west, New HampshireAvenue and F Street on the north, which shall be selected for such purpose by theNational Capital Planning Commission. The National Capital Planning Com-mission shall acquire by purchase, condemnation, or otherwise, lands necessary toprovide for the John F. Kennedy Center for the Perfoming Arts and relatedfacilities. Such building shall be in accordance with plans and specificationsapproved by the Commission of Fine Arts.DUTIES OF THE BOARDSec. 4. The Board shall?(1) present classical and contemporary music, opera, drama, dance, andpoetry from this and other countries,(2) present lectures and other programs,(3) develop programs for children and youth and the elderly (and forother age groups as well) in such arts designed .specifically for their partici-pation, education, and recreation.(4) provide facilities for other civic activities at the John F. KennedyCenter for the Perfoming Arts,(5) provide within the John F. Kennedy Center for the Performing Artsa suitable memorial in honor of the late President.POWERS OF THE BOARDSec. 5. (a) The Board is authorized to solicit and accept for the SmithsonianInstitution and to hold and administer gifts, bequests, or devises of money, securi-ties or other property of whatsoever character for the benefit of the John F.Kennedy Center for the Performing Arts. Unless otherwise restricted by theterms of the gift, bequest, or devise, the Board is authorized to sell or exchangeand to invest or reinvest in such investments as it may determine from time totime the moneys, securities, or other property composing trust funds given, be-queathed, or devised to or for the benefit of the John F. Kennedy Center for thePerforming Arts. The income as and when collected shall be placed in such deposi-taries as the Board shall determine and shall be subject to expenditure by theBoard.(b) The Board shall appoint and fix the compensation and duties of a director,an assistant director, and a secretary of the John F. Kennedy Center for the 291Performing Arts and of such other officers and employees of the John F. KennedyCenter for the Performing Arts as may be necessary for the efficient administra-tion of the functions of the Board. The director, assistant director, and secretaryshall be well qualified by experience and training to perform the duties of theiroffice.(c) The actions of the Board, including any payment made or directed to bemade by it from any trust funds, shah not be subject to review by any officer oragency other than a court of law. ADMINISTRATIONSec. 6. (a) The Board is authorized to adopt an official seal which shall bejudicially noticed and to make such bylaws, rules, and regulations, as it deemsnecessary for the administration of its functions under this Act, including, amongother matters, byiaws, rules, and regulations relating to the administration of itstrust funds and the organization and procedure of the Board. The Board mayfunction notwithstanding vacancies and twelve members of the Board shall con-stitute a quorum for the transaction of business.(b) The Board shall have all the usual powers and obligations of a trustee inrespect of all trust funds administered by it.(c) The Board shall submit to the Smithsonian Institution and to Congress anannual report of its operations under this Act, including a detailed statement ofall public and private moneys received and disbursed by it.(d) The Board shall transmit to Congress a detailed report of any memorialwhich it proposes to provide within the John F. Kennedy Center for the Perform-ing Arts under authority of paragraph (5) of section 4 of this Act, and no suchmemorial shall be provided until the Board of Regents of the Smithsonian Insti-tution shall have approved such memorial.TERMINATIONSec. 7. (a) This Act shall cease to be effective, and all offices created by thisAct and all appointments made under this Act shall terminate, if the Board ofRegents of the Smithsonian Institution does not find that sufficient funds to con-struct the John F. Kennedy Center for the Performing Arts have been receivedby the Trustees of the John F. Kennedy Center for the Performing Arts withineight years after the date of enactment of this Act.(b) If the offices of Trustees of the John F. Kennedy Center for the PerformingArts terminate under the provisions of subsection (a), all funds and property( real and personal ) accepted by the Trustees of the John F. Kennedy Center forthe Performing Arts under section 5(a), and income therefrom, shall vest in theBoard of Regents of the Smithsonian Institution and shall be used by the Boardof Regents of the Smithsonian Institution to carry out the purposes of the Actentitled 'An Act to provide for the transfer of the Civil Service CommissionBuilding in the District of Columbia to the Smithsonian Institution to housecertain art collections of the Smithsonian Institution," approved March 28, 1958,and for the acquisition of works of art to be housed in the building referred toin such Act ; except that such funds or property, and the income therefrom, shallvest in an organization designated by the donor of such funds or property at thetime of the making of the donation thereof, if, at such time, such organizationdescribed in section 501(c) (3) of the Internal Revenue Code of 1954 and is ex-empt under section 501(a) of such Code, and if, at such time, a contribution,bequest, legacy, devise, or transfer to such organization is deductible under sec-tion 170, 2055, or 2106 of such Code.APPROPRIATIONSSec. 8. There is hereby authorized to be appropriated to the Board for use inaccordance with this Act, amounts which in the aggregate will equal gifts, be-quests, and devises of money, securities, and other property, held by the Boardunder this Act, except that not to exceed $15,500,000 shall be appropriated pur-suant to this section. 292BORROWING AUTHORITYSec. 9. To finance necessary parking facilities for the Center, the Board mayissue revenue bonds to the Secretary of the Treasury payable from revenues ac-cruing to the Board. The total face value of all bonds so issued shall not be greaterthan $15,400,000. The interest payments on such bonds may be deferred with theapproval of the Secretary of the Treasury but any interest payments so deferredshall themselves bear interest after June 30, 1972. Deferred interest may not becharged against the debt limitation of $15,400,000. Such obligations shall havematurities agreed upon by the Board and the Secretary of the Treasury but notin excess of fifty years. Such obligations may be redeemable at the option of theBoard before maturity in such manner as may be stipulated in such obligations,but the obligations thus redeemed shall not be refinanced by the Board. Each suchobligation shall bear interest at a rate determined by the Secretary of the Treas-ury taking into consideration the current average rate on current marketableobligations of the United States of comparable maturities as of the last day of themonth preceding the issuance of the obligations of the Board. The Secretary ofthe Treasury is authorized and directed to purchase any obligations of the Boardto be issued under this section and for such purpose the Secretary of the Treasuryis authorized to use as a public debt transaction the proceeds from the sale of anysecurities issued under the Second Liberty Bond Act. as amended, and the pur-poses for which securities may be issued under the Second Liberty Bond Act, asamended, are extended to include any purchases of the Board's obligations underthis section. GIFTS TO UNITED STATESSec. 10. The Secretary of the Treasury is authorized to accept on behalf of theUnited States any gift to the United States which he finds has been contributedin honor of or in memory of the late President John F. Kennedy and to pay themoney to such appropriation or other accounts, including the appropriation ac-counts established pursuant to appropriations authorized by this Act, as in hisjudgment will best effectuate the intent of the donor.NATIONAL MEMORIALSec. 11. The John F. Kennedy Center for the Performing Arts, designated bythis Act. shall lie the sole national memorial to the late John Fitzgerald Ken-nedy within the city of Washington and its environs.Note.?Public Law NS-260 entitled "Joint Resolution providing for renamingthe National Cultural Center as the John F. Kennedy Center for the PerformingArts, authorizing an appropriation therefor and for other purposes." approvedJanuary li.'i, 1964, contained the following preamble and section: "Whereas the late John Fitzgerald Kennedy served with distinction as Presidentof the United States, and as a Member of the Senate and House of Representa-tives : and"Whereas the late John Fitzgerald Kennedy dedicated his life to the advance-ment of the welfare of mankind ; and"Whereas the late John Fitzgerald Kennedy was particularly devoted to theadvancement of the performing arts within the United States ; and"Whereas by his untimely death this Nation and the world has suffered a greatloss ; and"Whereas it is the sense of the Congress that it is only fitting and proper that asuitable monument be dedicated to the memory of this great leader; and"Whereas the living memorial to be named in his honor by this joint resolutionshall be the sole national monument to his memory within the city of Washing-ton and its environs : $ $ $ $ $ $ *"Sec 2. In addition to the amendments made by the first section of this Act,any designation or reference to the National Cultural Center in any other law,map, regulation, document, record, or other paper of the United States shall beheld to designate or refer to such Center as the John F. Kennedy Center for thePerforming Arts."Compilation by Ralph E. Becker, General Counsel, John F. Kennedy Centerfor the Performing Arts. 293Exhibit C January 23, 196^.REMARKS OP THE PRESIDENT UPON SIGNING S.J. RES. 13 0, THE JOHN F. KENNEDYCENTER FOR THE PERFORMING ARTSMembers of the Kennedy family, Members of the Congress, ladies andgentlemen : It gives me great pleasure to approve this Bill which renames the NationalCultural Center the John F. Kennedy Center for the Performing Arts, andauthorities Federal participation in its financing.President Kennedy was actively concerned in the progress of the plans for thisproject. He was, himself, a man of a very inquiring mind, a distinguished his-torian, a master of language, and a lover of excellence wherever it appeared. Hedelighted not only in the classic forms through which our civilization has foundexpression, but also in the popular arts of today, with their variety, their humorand their capacity to touch the lives of all of our people. He and Mrs. Kennedyoften talked to me about this Center, and I participated in many meetings withthem concerning it. They approved the design of the building.The President expressed the hope that he might see it completed during histerm of office.It is, therefore, I think, entirely fitting that the Center should be named inhis memory, and should be dedicated anew to the great purposes for which itwas originally concerned. By this Bill, Federal funds are provided to matchmoney donated by private sources. The Center will become a fine example ofcooperation between citizens and their government. Thousands of Americansacting as individuals, as members of corporations or labor units, or trustees offoundations, at the President's request and at the request of many others, havealready made substantial contributions. Foreign governments have also sharedthe cost. I am told that the Board of Trustees will continue their fund raising-efforts and that they hope to start construction this year so that the Center maybe completed late in 1966 or early 1967.The Kennedy Center for the Performing Arts is not simply a Washingtonbuilding. It is a National institution. The vitality and the well-being of the peopleis closely related to their capacity to always produce a high level of art and toenjoy it, and to appreciate it.In signing this Act, I am aware of its far-ranging consequences. I am confidentwe have chosen well that the institution now given the breath of life will havea long and distinguished future. All those who worked in this cause can nowknow that they are not only honoring the memory of a very great man, but theyare enriching our whole American life.Personally, I would like to express my own deep gratitude for the promptnesswith which the Congress acted on this matter. It give me great satisfaction tosign this bill this morning.Now if I may have your attention, I am going to ask the very able JuniorSenator from Massachusetts to make a brief response. Exhibit DRemarks of the President at the Ground Breaking Ceremony for the JohnF. Kennedy Center for the Performing Arts(As actually delivered)Bishop Hannan, Mr. Justice White, Mr. Kennedy, Mr. Stevens, Trustees of theKennedy Center, My Fellow Americans, distinguished members of the DiplomaticCorps, Ladies and Gentlemen : John Kennedy once said, "I look forward to an America which will steadilyraise the standards of artistic accomplishment and which will steadily enlargecultural opportunities for all of our citizens."As I sat here on the platform this morning, I reviewed some of the effortsthat were made as a result of his inspiirng leadership to make possible the ground-breaking that will take place here today. I recalled that we all met in the WhiteHouse under the leadership of his mother-in-law, and we used the First Houseof this land one of the first times to raise funds to make this event possible. 294 I remember going to Mrs. Post's home and meeting with patriotic and dedicatedcitizens who in their generosity were willing to come there and spend the eveningto try to add their bit to this great effort. I recall the contribution of the membersof the Congress, and, through them, .all the people of the United States who tookthe funds from the farmer and the laborer, the banker and the artist, to appro-priate them so that we might be here today and participate as we are.We are taking a very important step toward that dream that President andMrs. Kennedy had, and to which most of you have contributed your bit. ThisCenter will brighten the life of Washington but it is not just, as I have said,a Washington project. It is a national project and a national possession, and itbecame a reality, as Mr. Kennedy has observed, because of the willingness of allthe representatives of all the people to make it possible. It is dedicated to thecommon awareness of all men. It was conceived under the Administration ofPresident Eisenhower. It was inspired and encouraged and led by the imag-ination and the purpose of President Kennedy. And after his death, the Con-gress, realizing that, named it in his memory and generously, and I think wisely,provided the matching funds so that we could get on our way.If it fulfills our hopes, this Center will be, at once, a symbol and a reflectionand a hope. It will symbolize our belief that the world of creation and thoughtare at the core of all civilization. Only recently, in the White House, we helpedcommemorate the 400th anniversary of Shakespeare. The political conflictsand ambitions of his England are known to the scholar and to the specialist.But his plays will forever move men in every corner of the world.The leaders that he wrote about live far more vividly in his words than inthe almost forgotten facts of their own rule.Our civilization, too, will largely survive in the works of our creation. Thereis a quality in art which speaks across the gulf dividing man from man andnation from nation, and century from century. That quality confirms the faiththat our common hopes may be more enduring than our conflicting hostilities.Even now men of affairs arc struggling to catch up with the insights of greatart. The stakes may well be the survival of civilization. The personal preferencesof men in government are not important?except to themselves.However, it is important to know that the opportunity we give to the arts is ameasure of the quality of our civilization. It is important to be aware thatartistic activity can enrich the life of our people ; which really is the centralobject of government. It is important that our material prosperity liberate andnot confine the creative spirit.The role of government must be a small one. No act of Congress or ExecutiveOrder can call a great musician or poet into existence. But we can stand on thesidelines and cheer. We can maintain and strengthen an atmosphere to permitthe arts to flourish, and those who have talent to use it. And we can seek toenlarge the access of all of our people to artistic creation.As a veteran of 24 years in the Congress, I am not a prophet but I do want tosuggest to my friend, the new Senator from Xew York, he is in for listeningto more poetry than he would surmise in some of the morning sessions of theSenate.Last September, I signed a bill establishing the National Council on the Arts.Versions of this proposal had been under consideration since 1877. I intend toconsider other ways in which government can appropriately encourage the arts.I want to, as the leader of this country, express my personal gratitude to thepersons on the platform with me, and particularly to the persons like Mrs.Auchincloss and others that I see in the audience, for the sacrifices in time andeffort they have made to encourage, lead and direct this effort.This Center will reflect the finest artistic achievements of our time. It is ourhope that it will house the leading artists and performers. Almost every indus-trialized nation in the world, on both sides of the Iron Curtain, has one or morenational centers for the arts. Washington has lagged behind. Far too often,American actors and singers and musicians must travel to foreign countries toeven be heard. Now, because of President Kennedy's leadership and your efforts,they will have a stage here in the capitol of their own country.I expect this Center to be a living force for the encouragement of art. Wash-ington needs new theaters and new concert halls. But if that is all that we arebuilding, we will have fallen far short of today's expectation and promise.This Center will have a unique opportunity to bring together worlds of poetryand power?and bring it to the benefit of each of us. It must give special atten-tion to the young ; to increasing their interest and stimulating their creativity. 295 It can serve as a model and instructor to other cultural centers around ourNation. It should open up new opportunities to be heard to young singers and film-makers and playwrights. It must take the lead in bringing the best in the per-forming arts to every part of our beloved and rich country ; so that theater andopera are not the privilege of the lucky citizens of just a few metropolitancenters.Yes, this is our ambitious program. But so was the vision of the man in whosememory this Center is today named.Pericles said, "If Athens shall appear great to you, consider then that herglories were purchased by valiant men, and by men who learned their duty."As this Center comes to reflect and advance the greatness of America, con-sider then those glories were purchased by a valiant leader who never swervedfrom duty?John Kennedy. And in his name I dedicate this site. Smithsonian InstitutionMUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORYThe Museum of Natural History is an international center for the naturalsciences, maintaining the largest reference collections of anthropological, biologi-cal, and geological materials in the nation and conducting a comprehensive pro-gram of original research on man, plants, animals, rocks and minerals, and fos-sil organisms?their classification, distribution, and relationship to the environ-ment. The reference collections and the resident scientists provide an importantfocal point for cooperative research and educational activities among Federalagencies, universities and other scientific institutions. Its studies of living andfossil plants and animals provide critical data for problems of pollution, medi-cine, development of food sources, and earth sciences pursued by Federal agen-cies and private research groups. Through its exhibits and public activities itinterprets the natural sciences to the nation.During fiscal year 1958 an appropriation of $800,000 was provided for planningfor two additional wings to the existing museum building and in fiscal years 1961and 1962 appropriations totaling $17,836,000 were approved for the contractwork. Both additions were ready for occupancy in 1965 and provided in excessof 400,000 square feet of space which is devoted exclusively to the housing ofthe growing national collections, laboratory, and office space.THE NATIONAL ARMED FORCES MUSEUM ADVISORY BOARDThe National Armed Forces Museum Advisory Board is a Presidentially-appointed body established in the Smithsonian Institution under the provisions ofPublic Law 87-186, 87th Congress, approved August 30, 1961, to provide adviceand assistance to the Regents of the Institution on matters concerned with theportrayal of the contributions which the Armed Forces of the United States havemade to American society and culture.The Congress also authorized expansion of the Smithsonian Institution's facili-ties for portraying the contributions of the Armed Forces and directed theSmithsonian Institution's Board of Regents, with the advice and assistance ofthe Advisory Board, to investigate lands and buildings in and near the Districtof Columbia suitable for the display of military collections. The Board of Regentswas further directed to submit recommendations to the Congress with respect tothe acquisition of lands and buildings for such use.The National Armed Forces Museum Advisory Board is composed of elevenmembers, consisting of the Secretary of Defense and the Secretary of the Smith-sonian Institution, both of whom serve ex officio, and nine members appointed bythe President, three of whom are recommended by the Secretary of Defense torepresent the Armed Forces and two of whom are appointed from among personsrecommended by the Regents of the Institution.The present membership of the Advisory Board is as follows :Hon. Earl Warren, Chief Justice of the United States, continuous service since1962 ; reappointed by the President in 1968.John Nicholas Brown, continuous service as chairman from 1962 to 1968;reappointed by the President in 1968.David L. Kreeger, continuous service since 1962 ; reappointed by the Presidentin 1964. 296William H. Perkins, Jr., appointed by the President in 1964.James H. Cassell, Jr., appointed by the President in 1964.Robert C. Baker, appointed by the President in 1968.Hon. Clark Clifford. Secretary of Defense, ex officio from entrance into officein 1968.Hon. Stanley R. Resor, Secretary of the Army, appointed by the President in1965 upon recommendation of the Secretary of Defense.Hon. Paul R. Ignatius, Secretary of the Navy, appointed by the President in1967 upon recommendation of the Secretary of Defense.Hon. Harold Brown, Secretary of the Air Force, appointed by the President in1966 upon recommendation of the Secretary of Defense.Hon. S. Dillon Ripley. Secretary of the Smithsonian Institution, ex officio fromentrance into office in 1964.Tbe Advisory Board has recommended to the Board of Regents that the Smith-sonian Institution's facilities be expanded to include a National Armed ForcesMuseum Park and that the Institution seek to acquire lands in the Fort Footearea of Prince George's County as a site for the museum park. The Board alsohas recommended thai the Institution arrange with the Department of the In-terior for joint use of certain facilities of Fort Washington, Maryland, as ele-ments of t he museum park.The Board of Regents has given its approval to the foregoing recommenda-tions and on January 2.~>. 1967, in view of rising land values and the threat posedby private development, voted that the Institution move without delay to seeklegislative authority for acquiring the necessary lands in the Fort Foote area.On October <'.. L967, at the request of the Smithsonian Institution, SenatorClinton ". Anderson i for himself and Senator J. W. Fulbright), introducedSenate Bill S. 2510, which would authorize the Board of Regents of the Institu-tion to acquire the necessary lands. Similarly, on January 25, 1968, Representa-tive Michael J. Kirwan introduced House Kill II. R. 14853, seeking similar au-thority. Congressional action on both hills is now pending.PRESERVATION OF HISTORIC AND ARTISTIC CONTENTS OF THE WHITE HOUSEThe Act approved September 22. 1961, provides that articles of furniture, fix-tures, and decorative objects of the White House, when declared by the Presidentto he id' artistic or historic interest shall he considered to he the property of theWhite House The law provides further that any .such article when not in useor on display in the White House shall he transferred by direction of the Presi-dent as a loan to the Smithsonian Institution for its care or exhibition. Sucharticles are returned to the White House from the Smithsonian on notice by thePresident. NATIONAL PORTRAIT GALLERYThe National Portrait Gallery functions as a free public museum for the study,research, and exhibition of portraiture and statuary depicting men and womenwho have made signficant contributions to the history, development and cultureof the people of the Tinted States and of the artists who created such portraitureand statuary. This gallery, the only such institution in the United States, has thepotential to become of major importance as a repository of historical and bio-graphical iconography.By an Act of the 87th Congress approved on April 27, 1962. the gallery was es-tablished in the Smithsonian Institution and authorization was provided forthe appropriation of funds necessary to carry out its functions.The Act approved on March 28, 1958, provided for the transfer of the existingCivil Service Building, formerly known as the Patent Office Building, to theSmithsonian Institution and authorized the remodeling of the building to housethe National Collection of Rue Arts and the National Portrait Gallery.In 1962, an appropriation of .$400,000 was made for planning the restoration andrenovation of the building and in 1964 and 1965 appropriations totalling $6,465,-000 were approved for the contract work.During October 1968 the National Portrait Gallery is scheduled to be openedto the public in the newly restored Fine Arts and Portrait Galleries Building. 297POLICING OF BUILDINGS AND GROUNDS OF THE SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTIONPublic Law 88-391 approved August 1, 1964, amended the Act of October 24,1951, relating to the policing of the buildings and grounds of the SmithsonianInstitution and its constituent bureaus. The Act authorized furnishing specialpolice equipment ; described the buildings, grounds and areas in the Smithson-ian's jurisdiction for such police activities and added special police enforce-ment powers.EMPLOYMENT OF ALIENS IN A SCIENTIFIC OR TECHNICAL CAPACITYPublic Law 88-549 approved August 31, 1964, provided that the Secretary ofthe Smithsonian Institution, subject to adequate security and other appropriateinvestigations, and subject further to a prior determination by him that noqualified United States citizen is available for the particular position involved,is authorized to employ and compensate aliens in a scientific or technical capacityat authorized rates of compensation without regard to statutory provisions pro-hibiting payment of compensation to aliens.FOREIGN CURRENCY PROGRAMIn 1965 the Smithsonian Institution received authority from the Congress tomake use of certain foreign currencies held by the United States abroad in ex-cess to its needs. The impetus for granting this authority was the lack of regularsources of support for American archeological work in foreign lands and thefact that American archeologists had distinguished themselves in some of thevery countries where these "excess" foreign currencies were available. TheSmithsonian's authority for the use of the funds provided for the award ofgrants to American institutions of higher learning for research in "archeologyand related disciplines."An initial appropriation of $1.3 million enabled the Simthsonian to providesupport to such American archeological efforts as the Hebrew Union College'sBiblical School of Archeology in Jerusalem. This organization serves the prin-cipal training ground for American biblical scholars in Israel. Support wasprovided also to the Carnegie Museum's excavations at the Philistine city ofAshdod, recently expanded to include underwater archeology work in the area ; the project of the Lawrence Radiation Laboratory of the University of Califor-nia for "X-raying" the Egyptian pyramids in an effort to discover any hiddenchambers ; a project of the University Museum, University of Pennsylvania, tosort out and match by using modern computer techniques the thousands of stoneblocks which once formed the massive Temple of Akhnaten in Egypt ; and theAmerican Academy of Benares, a research center in India devoted to work inarcheology and art history in India.In subsequent years the Congress increased the appropriation to $2,316,000and broadened the authority to use the funds for "museum programs and re-lated research," especially research in systematic and environmental biology.Projects undertaken under this authority include the establishment of an ocean-ographic sorting facility at Salammbo, Tunisia, which aims to accelerate theidentification of the marine organisms of the Mediterranean ; a University ofGeorga study in collaboration with the Polish Academy of Sciences which aimsto study the flow of energy in small rodents who consume food which wouldotherwise be available to man ; a study of the Ceylonese elephant in its naturalhabitat which is now being threatened by the increase of the human populationand the expansion of agriculture in Ceylon.More than forty institutions of higher learning in America have benefited fromgrants in excess currencies abroad ; more than 100 research projects had beencompleted or are active; many books, monographs in scholarly and professionaljournals, and studies have enriched the cultural and scientific scene not only inAmerica but in the world at large.In its fourth year, the Smithsonian Foreign Currency Program has becomea major source of support for American universities, museums, and researchinstitutes carrying out such work overseas. 298RENWICK GALLERYOn June 23, 1965, President Johnson approved the transfer to the Smith-sonian Institution for use as a museum and art gallery, the building locatedat Pennsylvania Avenue and 17th Street, N.W., This building housed the Courtof Claims for many years and was originally designed as an art gallery for W. W.Corcoran by James Renwick, who also designed the Smithsonian InstitutionBuilding. It was occupied by the Corcoran from 1869 to 1897 and was acquiredby the United States in 1901.In a letter dated June 23, 1965, addressed to Dr. S. Dillon Ripley, Secretary,Smithsonian Institution, President Johnson said : "I am enthusiastic about your suggestion that the Smithsonian Institutiontake over the old U.S. Court of Claims Building and establish it as a gallery ofarts, crafts and design."No more appropriate purpose for the building could be proposed than toexhibit, in the restored gallery, examples of the ingenuity of our people and topresent exhibits from other nations, whose citizens are so proud of theirarts."Restoration and renovation of the building is well under way and is expectedto be completed during 1968. The White House,Washington, June 23, 1965.Dr. S. Dillon Ripley,Secretary, Smithsonian Institution,Washington, D.C.Dear Mr. Ripley : I am enthusiastic about your suggestion that the Smith-sonian Institution take over the old U.S. Court of Claims Building and estab-lish it as a gallery of arts, crafts and design.No more appropriate purpose for the building could be proposed than to ex-hibit, in the restored gallery, examples of the ingenuity of our people and topresent exhibits from other nations, whose citizens are so proud of theirarts.I would hope that tours of this Gallery might play a memorable part in theofficial Washington visits of foreign heads of State, offering them not only aglimpse of our art but an opportunity to enjoy the friendliness and hospitalityof our people.I have therefore approved your recommendation, and am instructing Mr. Law-son Knott, Administrator of the General Services Administration, to transferthe building to the Smithsonian Institution under existing authority. This iscontingent, of course, upon your obtaining authorization for the funds necessaryto renovate the building for use as a gallery.Sincerely, Lyndon B. Johnson.SMITHSONIAN BICENTENNIAL CELEBRATIONIn accordance with the terms of a Joint Resolution approved August 13. 1965,President Johnson, as the presiding officer of the Smithsonian Institution, issueda proclamation to announce the occasion of the celebration of the bicentennial ofthe birth of James Smithson and to designate September 17 and 18, 1965, as spe-cial days to honor James Smithson and the accomplishments of the Institutionwhich bears his name.In his remarks at the Bicentennial Celebration. President Johnson said : ''Yet James Smithson's life and legacy brought meaning to three ideas morepowerful than anyone at that time ever dreamed."The first idea was that learning respects no geographic boundaries. The In-stitution bearing his name became the first agency in the United States to promotescientific and scholarly exchange with all nations in the world."The second idea was that partnership between Government and private enter-prise can serve the greater good of both. The Smithsonian Institution starteda new kind of venture in the country, chartered by act of Congress, maintainedby both public funds and private contributions. It inspired a relationship whichlias grown and flowered in a thousand different ways. 299 "Finally, the Institution financed by Sniithson breathed life in the idea thatthe growth and the spread of learning must be the first work of a nation thatseeks to be free. "We must move ahead on every front and every level of learning. We can sup-port Secretary Ripley's dream of creating a center here at the Smithsonian wheregreat scholars from every nation will come and collaborate. At a more juniorlevel, we can promote the growth of the school-to-school program started underPeace Corps auspices so that our children may learn about?and care about ? each other. "Together we must embark on a new and a noble adventure : "First, to assist the education effort of the developing nations and the develop-ing regions."Second, to help our schools and universities increase tehir knowledge of theworld and the people who inhabit it."Third, to advance the exchange of students and teachers who travel and workoutside their native lands."Fourth, to increase the free flow of books and ideas and art, of works ofscience and imagination."And, fifth, to assemble meetings of men and women from every discipline andevery culture to ponder the common problems of mankind."In all these endeavors, I pledge that the United States will play its full role."SMITHSONIAN TROPICAL RESEARCH INSTITUTEThe Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, located in the Panama CanalZone, conducts and supports basic biological research, education, and conserva-tion in the tropics. It performs these functions in several ways : by the scientificresearch of its own staff ; through the maintenance of a natural biological reserveon Barro Colorado Island ; through operation of research facilities, includingboth terrestrial and marine laboratories, open to visiting scientists and students ; by directing and supporting the education and training of students at all levelsfrom undergraduate to postdoctoral ; and by providing technical and scientificinformation and counsel to other institutions, both private and governmental.On October 20, 1965, President Johnson approved Public Law 89-280 whichincreased the amount of the authorization for annual appropriations from $10,000to an amount not to exceed $350,000. These funds are essential to the maintenanceof laboratory and other educational and research facilities.VON DER HEYDT COLLECTIONBy an Act approved on July 18, 1966, Public Law 89-503, the Attorney Generalwas authorized to transfer to the Smithsonian Institution title to 44 pieces ofjade, stone, and bronze objects of art formerly in the custody of the AttorneyGeneral. NATIONAL AIR AND SPACE MUSEUMThe National Air Museum was established by Public Law 79-722 on August 12,1946, to memorialize the national development of aviation ; collect and displayaeronautical equipment of historical interest and significance ; serve as a reposi-tory for scientific equipment and data pertaining to the development of aviation ;and provide educational material for the historical study of aviation.By an Act of July 19, 1966, President Johnson approved an amendment to theoriginal law to add the field of space flight and space history to the province ofthis Museum and to change the name to National Air and 'Space Museum. TheAct also authorized the appropriation of funds for the construction of theMuseum.This Museum is the nation's center for exhibition, education, and research inthe history and principles of air and space flight and represents an unparalleledresource for research in aviation and aerospace history ; in flight science andtechnology ; in the contributions of flight to the economy and culture of the UnitedStates ; and in the pioneering efforts of early aviators and astronauts. It is con-tinuously acquiring, preserving, and documenting historically and technologicallyimportant Objects and records resulting from air and space research, development, 300 and exploration. Drawing upon its collections, the Museum produces exhibits anddisplays portraying the past, present and future of aeronautics and astronauticsin America.Funds in amounts of $511,000 and $1,364,000 were appropriated during fiscalyears 1964 and 1965, respectively, for the preparation of plans and specificationsfor the Museum. NATIONAL MUSEUM ACT OF 1966The National Museum Act of 1966 recognized the cultural and educationalimportance of museums to the Nation's progress and the need to preserve andinterpret the Nation's heritage for the enrichment of public life in U.S. communi-ties. It authorized the Director of the U.S. National Museum of the SmithsonianInstitution to undertake cooperative studies of museum problems and opportuni-ties, engage in cooperative training programs for career museum employees, pre-pare and distribute significant museum publications, research and contibute todevelopment of museum techniques and cooperate with Federal agencies con-cerned with museums.The National Museum Act of 1966 was reported out of the Senate on October11. 1966, and signed into law on October 15, 1966. as Public Law 89-674. The lawcarried an authorization for a total $1 million for the first four years of operationto initiate the programs it advocates.SMITHSONIAN EXECUTIVE SALARY ACTOn November 2, 1966, the President approved Public Law 89-734 which pro-vides for compensation at Executive Salary Act levels for four administrativepositions of the Smithsonian Institution. This Act fixes the compensation of thepositions of Assistant Secretary (Science) and Assistant Secretary (History andArt i at the rate for Level IV of the Federal Executive Salary Schedule, andfixes the compensation of the positions of Director, U.S. National Museum, andDirector. Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory at Level V. These positions arenow classified at the levels of comparable positions in Federal agencies.NATION AI. ZOOLOGICAL PARKSimc 1890, the National Zoological Park has been administered by theSmithsonian "for the advancement of science and instruction and recreation ofthe people".By an Act approved on November (>, 1966, Public Law 89-772, the Board of Re-gents of the Smithsonian Institution was authorized to negotiate agreementsgranting concessions at the National Zoological Park to nonprofit scientific,educational or historical organizations. The net proceeds of such organizationsgained from these concessions are to be used exclusively for research and edu-cational work and to provide for the advancement of science and instruction andrecreation of the people in keeping with the mission of the National ZoologicalPark.Reorganization Plan No. 4 of 1966 transmitted to Congress on June 13, 1966,transferred to the Smithsonian Institution all those functions of the Board ofCommissioners of the District of Columbia which were vested in the municipalarchitect of the District with respect to the buildings of the National ZoologicalPark, and all the functions of that Board which were vested in the engineer ofbridges of the District of Columbia in respect to bridges of the National Zoolog-ical Park.By the Act of October 4, 1961, the Board of Regents was authorized to under-take a capital improvement program at the National Zoological Park. The im-provement program will modernize the exhibition facilities, eliminate automobiletraffic through the Park, and provide facilities for a program of zoologicalresearch.The redevelopment plan is in its seventh year and has been funded in theamount of $7,688,000 through the fiscal year 1968.JOSEPH H. HIRSHIIOhX MUSEUM AND SCULPTURE GARDENThe Joseph II. Hirshhorn Museum and Sculpture Garden will be the perma-nent home of the collection of art donated by Mr. Hirshhorn to the SmithsonianInstitution and accepted on May 17, 1966, by President Johnson for the benefit 301 of the people of the United States. This museum will be used for the exhibition,study, and preservation of a unique collection of art, including 7,000 paintings,drawings, and sculptures. The gift consists of American paintings from the latterpart of the 19th century to the present and American and European sculptureof the 19th and 20th centuries.By the Act approved on November 7, 1966, the Congress authorized the use ofa prominent part of The Mall in Washington, between 7th Street and 9th Street,Independence Avenue and Madison Drive, as the permanent site for the HirshhornMuseum and Sculpture Garden. The same Act authorized the construction of themuseum and sculpture garden at an estimated cost of $15,000,000.Excerpts from remarks by President Johnson concerning the Joseph H. Hirsh-horn gift : "From the days of his youth in Brooklyn?when he first began collecting re-productions of art work?until this hour, Joseph Hirshhorn has been driven by apassion for painting and sculpture. Throughout the world he has sought the greatart of our time?those expressions of man's will to make sense of his experienceon earth, to find order and meaning in the physical world about him, to renderwhat is familiar in a new way."Many suggestions were made to Mr. Hirshhorn about the disposition of hiscollection, as well there might be?for among private collections it is virtuallywithout parallel in its field. That he has chosen the Nation's Capital is a cause forcelebration, pride and deep gratitude."Washington is a city of powerful institutions?the seat of government forthe strongest Nation on earth, the place where democratic ideals are translatedinto reality. It must also be a place of beauty and learning. Its buildings andthoroughfares, its schools, concert halls, and museums should reflect a peoplewhose commitment is to the best that is within them to dream."History will record that Joseph H. Hirshhorn has now joined the select com-pany of James Smithson, Charles Freer, and Andrew Mellon, whose earlier con-tributions to the Smithsonian Institution have so enriched the cultural life of theNation and its Capital City."Mr. Hirshhorn, we accept your splendid gift to the American people. We shalltreasure it and use it well?in giving pleasure and enlightenment to men andwomen of every age, from every walk of life."Funds in the amount of $803,000 were appropriated in the fiscal year 1968 forthe preparation of plans and specifications for the Museum and Garden.Public Law 90-425 approved on July 26, 1968, authorized an appropriation inthe amount of $2,000,000 for the first phase of construction of the museum andalso authorized the Administrator of the General Services Administration toenter into contracts in an amount not to exceed $14,197,000 for such construction.ACQUISITION OP A COLLECTION OF GOLD COINS FROM THE ESTATE OF JOSIAII K. LILLYJosiah K. Lilly died in May, 1966, leaving a substantial estate. Included in hisestate is a unique and valuable numismatic collection of approximately 6,125 goldcoins. This collection has been described as the greatest gold coin collection everassembled by one person or ever likely to be assembled again with superb exam-ples of coinage of practically all nations from ancient to modern times. The col-lection includes the following principal categories of coins :United States Colonial, Territorial and Confederate items, including examplesof every gold coin minted by the United States with the exception of one $3.00gold piece, of which only one exists. About 1200 individual items.Central and South American coinage comprising about 1200 items.Coinage with European origin from the age of Pericles in Greece through theRoman Empire ; the British sovereigns, and examples of coinage of other Euro-pean countries, comprising about 3500 items.Chinese and oriental coinage consisting of about 300 items.Private Law 90-250 provides that upon delivery within thirty days followingthe approval of this Act to the Smithsonian Institution by the executor of theestate of Josiah K. Lilly of the collection of gold coins left by Mr. Lilly and com-prising approximately 6,125 coins, the estate shall be entitled to a credit againstthe obligation for Federal estate tax in the amount of $5,534,808.After examining the collection, Dr. V. Clain-Stefanelli, Smithsonian curator ofnumismatics, stated : 3-484 O - 71 - pt. 1 -- 20 302 "It surpasses any other collection of gold coins ever assembled by one person.The number of coins it comprises is, in itself, extraordinary, but even moresignificant is the historical and geographical scope of the collection. One of itsmost important parts is the United States section, which is virtually complete."Every part of the collection evidences unusual numismatic knowledge as wellas a most discriminating taste. Mr. J. K. Lilly succeeded in assembling a collec-tion which is without any doubt the largest and historically most important of itskind in private hands. Actually, there is no museum in the United States or forthat matter in the entire Western World which 1ms a comparable collection ofgold coins. The possible dispersal of the Lilly collection may well be comparedwith the loss of an irreplaceable work of art or historical monument."Following Mr. Lilly's death in May 1966, discussions of the preservation ofthe gold coins as a national collection took place among representatives of theexecutor, the Treasury Department, the Smithsonian Institution, and Congress-men Bray and Jacobs of Indiana. It was suggested that acquisition of the goldcoins by the Smithsonian would be most appropriate in view of the nationalcharacter of its complex of museums, its dedication to the history and scholarshipof numismatics, and the millions of citizens who come to its educational andcultural exhibits each year.The executor had advised that Mr. Lilly's will did not give him discretion tomake a gift of the collection to the Smithsonian and that it was his legal dutyto liquidate the assets of the estate promptly at their fair value. In these cir-cumstances it was determined that the only feasible means of preserving thisunique collection for the Nation would be the enactment of legislation by theCongress to permit the Smithsonian to acquire the collection through a reductionof the estate's Federal estate tax liability in the amount of the fair market valueof the collection.In order to insure that the terms of transfer would be equitable to all parties,an independent appraisal of the collection was carried out by two internationallyrecognized exi>erts in numismatics who determined the fair market value of thecollection to be $5,534,808. The qualifications of these experts have been recog-nized by the Treasury Department and the instructions given to the appraisersby the estate were in accordance with the principles prescribed by the InternalRevenue Service for determination of the fair market value for estate tax pur-poses generally.The curator of numismatics of the Smithsonian examined the appraisal andconcluded that the deailed research and methods of evaluation employed by theappraisers support their determinations as to the indvidual pieces, significantgroups, and the collection as a whole. In this connection, it is pertinent to notethat the Treasury Department in a report dated March 28, 196S, to the HouseCommittee on the Judiciary stated that "it is virtually certain that the InternalRevenue Service would not accept a value for the coin collection less than$5,534,808."In summation, Private Law 90-250 provides a credit to the Lilly estate againstits obligation for Federal estate tax in the amount of $5,534,808. The Lilly estatewill pay a Federal estate tax on the coin collection to the United States Treasuryestimated in the amount of $3,376,233. and to the State of Indiana a tax esti-mated in the amount of $885,569, in all an estimated estate tax of $4,261,802.riic Lilly estate will receive no greater financial return than it could reason-ably expect to realize by sale in the open market. The Federal Government willreceive, in the form of the gold coin collection, the full value of the estate taxcredit. The Smithsonian Institution will receive on behalf of the Americanpeople Mr. Lilly's irreplaceable gold coin collection. Note : The collection wastransferred to the Smithsonian Institution on June 13, 1968.The addition of the Lilly collection to the Smithsonian's numismatic displaysmakes the national collection second to none in the world. The collection will beof the greatest interest and educational value to the millions of citizens who visitthe Mall now and in the future. It will also be preserved as an invaluable andirreplaceable part of the scholarly resources which contain the clues to the un-sloved mysteries in the history of man in society.WOODROW WILSON INTERNATIONAL CENTER FOR SCHOLARSEnactment of legislation to establish a National Memorial to Woodrow Wilsonrepresents the culmination of an effort which began when Congress, by a JointResolution in 1961, established a Commission to recommend a permanent me-morial to Woodrow Wilson in the District of Columbia. 303Since 1965, President Johnson has supported the efforts of the SmithsonianInstitution and of other interested scholarly organizations, universities, andpublic agencies to establish in the Nation's Capital a great International Centerfor Scholars.At the Smithsonian Bicentennial celebration in September of 1965, the Presi-dent stated : "We must move ahead on every front and every level of learning.We can support Secretary Ripley's dream of creating a center here at theSmithsonian where great scholars from every nation will come and collaborate."Encouraged by this support, the Secretary of the Smithsonian Institutionjoined with the Secretary of State, the president of Princeton University, and anumber of others, in testifying before the Woodrow Wilson Memorial Commis-sion, and urging that such a Center should be the Nation's memorial to WoodrowWilson. In 1966 the Commission submitted its final report to the President andthe Congress recommending an International Center for Scholars. Followingreceipt of this report. President Johnson directed the Temporary Commission onPennsylvania Avenue to conduct a study to develop a plan for the Center.In 1968, at the request of the President, the Smithsonian Institution submittedlegislation incorporating the recommendations of both Commissions whichwould establish within the Smithsonian Institution the Woodrow Wilson Inter-national Center for Scholars as a living national memorial to the 28th Presidentof the United States. It provides for the appointment of scholars from theUnited States and abroad, for fellowships to such scholars, for the operationof the Center, and for the preparation of plans for the development of necessarybuildings and other facilities. The bill provides also for the establishment of a15-member Board of Trustees with authority to plan, maintain, and administerthe Center as a suitable memorial to the spirit of Woodrow Wilson, symbolizingand strengthening the fruitful relations between the world of learning and theworld of public affairs.Public Law 90-637 was signed by the President on October 25, 1968. Continuation of the Statement of S. Dillon Ripley, Secretary of theSmithsonian Institution July 21, 1970.Mr. Chairman, so much for history and legislation, except to say that I thinkthe history of the Smithsonian in part illustrates the history of all Americanmuseums and cultural institutions. By this I mean that through the latter partof the nineteenth century and the early part of this one, museums drifted intotwo positions which gradually became separate, or almost polarized.Many museums came to exist purely as storehouses, as catchalls. Theirprimary duty was conceived to be to guard, to protect, to curate and to exhibitthat which they were fortunate enough to acquire.Others, especially the science museums, understood that they had an obligationto engage in research, research based largely on their collections, which univer-sities were not equipped to carry out.The Smithsonian took on the latter character from the beginning. It waswritten into its legislative charter, as we have seen, and research, or the increaseof knowledge, was the principal element in the foundations which SecretaryHenry laid down for the Institution.In Henry's view the Smithsonian existed to stimulate research in pursuit ofnew truths and to make these truths available to both the public and to pro-fessionals, in the arts, sciences and cultural history. His favorite phrase todescribe the Institution's ultimate aim was a "College of Discoverers".Mr. Chairman, I think this is the unifying force, the common factor in all thediverse bureaus and museums of the Smithsonian : the Institution as a "Collegeof Discoverers" which : First, keeps records of knowledge through its collections ; Second, serves as a stimulus to research, largely through its collections ; Third, and perhaps most important, uses the collections and the results of re-search for public education.These three elements may be found to a greater or lesser degree in all thebureaus of the Smithsonian, as they are today. I would like to move on at thispoint to what we are trying to do today?our most recent objectives and our pres-ent management program, if you will. 304MANAGEMENT PROGRAM 1964-1970When I returned to the Smithsonian as Secretary in 1964, the Institution wascompleting a major cycle of facilities development undertaken to increase itscapacity as a research institution. The National Collection of Fine Arts and Na-tional Portrait Gallery were readying new quarters with ample study space, inaddition to new exhibition and storage spaces. A renovation of the historicSniuhsonian Institution Building was in prospect. Fourteen floors of modern re-search and collection storage space were being completed for the National Museumof Natural History. The splendid new National Museum of History and Tech-nology had just opened, with two floors of scholarly studies and collection stor-age areas. A research building was being considered as a step in the ten-yearconstruction program of the National Zoological Park. The staff of our tropicalresearch laboratory was preparing to move from restricted quarters on BarroColorado Island onto the mainland and to establish strategically situated marinebiology facilities as their sphere of inquiry widened to include the diversehabitats of Panama and the tropics as a whole. But the administrative and fiscalrequirements tor the expanded research effort allowed by physical expansionhad barely begun and there was little understanding within the wider commu-nity id' the character and extent of the Smithsonian's interests in research. I feltthat my first effort should be to deepen the Institution's emphasis on research,in order to attain the advantages of the building program so successfully carriedforward by my predecessor. Dr. Carmichael. So our professional research staffon fulltinie appointments has grown, from 243 in 1965 to 310 today. sil'PORT FOR RESEARCHWithout strong supporl from technical assistants and support divisions suchan expansion of tne research effort could not be effective since all of these nec-essary functions would otherwise have to lie borne on the shoulders of the re-search staff.I have been deeply concerned about the scale of services available from theSmithsonian Institution Libraries, an indispensable auxiliary of all of our re-search. A distinguished librarian. Dr. Russell Shank, was recruited from theforefront of the library profession, given senior standing, and a pledge of con-tinued support until our Libraries could be judged adequate to the needs of theresearch enterprise. That day still seems far off. for the constriction in federalfunding and freezes on employment, worsened by steadily rising costs for sub-scriptions and monographs, continues to limit severely the service capacity ofour Libraries. This must serve only to double our determination, for the Smith-sonian Institution Libraries are unique reference systems in specialized areasnot duplicated elsewhere, closely related to the national collections which theycomplement.We have sought to increase research support in the form of technicians inour research laboratories and support for field investigations. The oceanographysupport group, ably led by Dr. I. Eugene Wallen, has been notably successful inexpanding opportunities for staff members to go to sea. helping to overcome avery serious lack of ship-time which severely hampered our unique effort inmarine biology. An automatic data processing support group has been built upin both Washington and Cambridge to meet needs for computation and informa-tion storage. THE PROFESSIONAL COMMUNITYScientists and scholars must lie treated as professionals, accorded the latitudethey must have in order to act responsibly as masters of their domains ofsubject matter knowledge. One of my first aims as Secretary was to providethat department chairmen serve in rotation "from the ranks" so to speak, andfor limited terms, in order to minimize the hazard of an internal seniority sys-tem that might block initiative and convert scientists into permanent administra-tors. Research support is made available to staff members in the form of grants.and from appropriated funds, so that they will act responsibly as principalinvestigators treating scarce resources as wisely as they would funds of theirown. I put an end to pre-publication review by the Secretary of professionalpublications, preferring to read them as reprints from colleagues rather thansubmissions for administrative clearance. We cancelled a burdensome annualreport required of each staff member about his research because it served un-necessary and merely administrative purposes. Burdensome formal reportingcan be no substitute for consultation and constant awareness by supervisors. 305Evaluation of professional accomplishment is now conducted by committees ofpeers formed in the major research units, known as "Professional Accomplish-ment Evaluation Committees". Staff members were encouraged to teach in uni-versities on official time (without added compensation) and to request changesof their duty stations at intervals so as to be able to spend a year in study andresearch without the distractions of daily office routine. Travel to professionalmeetings was encouraged.The Bicentennial of the birth of James Smithson took the form of an academicconvocation, which we still repeat upon convening our occasional internationalSymposia, conspicuously celebrating our character as a community of scholars.The Smithsonian Institution Press was reconstituted as a scholarly publishingarm for the Institution and more dignified formats were chosen for the serialsin which staff members' papers are published. Most important of all, among ourbureau directors and professional staff members, we have sought to maintainshared respect for the individualistic pursuit of excellence, whether in research,collection development, or the presentation of knowledge to the public. Theprofessionalization of our research community is manifested in many ways and,of course, constitutes one of the greatest strengths of the Institution.COOPERATIVE PROGRAMS IN HIGHER EDUCATIONIn keeping with the professional character of our staff and in a spirit of serv-ice to the Nation, we have sought closer ties with the universities. We have in-augurated programs whereby students and other qualified investigators arefreely given access to Smithsonian facilities to conduct their own investigations.Younger visitors and Ph.D. candidates receive supervision from professionalstaff members. Direct budgetary support for stipends for visiting scholars wassecured for the first time from federal appropriations to the Institution. Anadvisory council, drawn mostly from the universities, was constituted to serveas a visiting committee to advise on the development of general Institution-widepolicies affecting basic research and higher education. Control of stipend awardswas delegated to committees of professional staff members. These efforts, care-fully designed to be cooperative rather than competitive, do not duplicate theefforts of universities but serve to make our facilities and staff capabilities avail-able to them to the extent that funding permits. A strong program of highereducation contributes to our research environment and invigorates our institu-tional life through lively exchanges with universities. The specialized areas ofknowledge represented by our highly skilled staff are thus guaranteed survivalat a time when many of the disciplines of greatest concern to us have beenneglected by many colleges and universities.HIGHER STANDARDS FOR THE EFFECTIVENESS OF EXHIBITSWe have not allowed ourselves to rest with static presentations of objectsin our collections. In order to be successful in conveying knowledge to the widerpublic, exhibits must involve the viewer actively, reward curiosity, invite ex-ploration. We have sought to raise our standards for the effectiveness of exhibits,to guard against being content merely to show an object and to seek insteadto elicit from more of our visitors those active responses and attentive regardthat betray a more affirmative understanding or comprehension of the contextof the object and its meaning for the citizen. Programs of school tours have beenexpanded. The number of children on escorted tours has grown from less than25,000 in 1967 to about 75,000 this year and our corps of volunteer docents hastripled in size. The experimental development of a neighborhood museum inAnacostia, in Washington, showed that museum-like operations may be carriedout in the crucible of the inner city, that children may learn with delight andadvantage, and that the residents of the area will treat with respect what theyregard as their own center for learning and recreation.We have held annual conferences on the use of museums as educational re-sources. We created a membership organization, the Smithsonian Society ofAssociates, in order to permit more people to participate more directly in theofferings of our museums such as popular study and craft courses, special events,and guided field trips. We commissioned the first general survey of visitors to ourmuseums. Much more, needless to say, remains to be done, but unless museumsask of themselves what their visitors have learned they will have no way togauge tbeir effectiveness. Internal dissatisfaction with the educational impactof our exhibits is healthy and serves to increase our determination to improvethem. 306INFORMING THE PUBLIC ABOUT THE SMITHSONIANA well informed public is the best source of constructive criticism, which weencourage to insure that the Institution does not become insulated from thepublic it serves.We changed the Annual Report from a collection of articles written by others,often interesting but not informative about the Institution itself, into a full anddetailed statement about all of our activities, the publications of staff members,the results of research, and the expenditure of funds?full disclosure, if youwill, in a manner intended to allow any reader of the Report to form his own(.pinion of our effectiveness and objectives. We established a public informationoffice to facilitate inquiries from external sources. We have had numerous ac-tivities reviewed by ah hoc committees drawn from outside the Institution. AVehave encouraged visits by Members of Congress and others to become informedabout the Institution. An example that comes to mind was an evening openhouse to which we invited the entire Congress to view the exhibits presentedin the National Museum of History and Technology. Our new magazine, SMITH-SONIAN, will function as an educational benefit of membership in the Societyof Associates and also serve the vital function of helping to inform the publicabout the purposes and operations of the Institution.INCREASE SUPPORT FROM PRIVATE SOURCESTo widen sources of support from private donors has been another aim ofmanagement in recent years. We established an Office of Development and havedoubled and redoubled our efforts to secure support from commercial sourcesand major foundations. A contribution of $375,000 from the Ford Foundation in1965 to buy land for our biological field station in Maryland was a hopefulaugury for the future and 1 am pleased to report that more than one milliondollars has been raised from private sources for this purpose. Given the com-petitiveness of the quest for private support these days, we feel that our successis an endorsement of the timeliness and quality of our endeavors. The funds soraised are a vital supplement to income from endowment which is inadequateto permit the Smithsonian to respond to the many needs of social service, educa-tion, and the experimental phase of new program development. One of the rea-sons for increasing the Dumber of citizen Regents is to enlist their aid in wideningsupport from the private sector.STRENGTHEN MANAGEMENTWith the increase in responsibilities and higher performance standards hascome a need for strengthened management. To enter personnel and payroll infor-mation or address lists on our computer was an obvious step, but one whichtook some years of intensive effort. We created an Office of General Counsel forthe first time in the Institution's history and constituted the Office of the Treas-urer at the senior level. Service divisions have been brought into closer relationwith the units they support. Here is another area wherein our own dissatisfac-tion with ourselves is the surest safeguard of the public interest. In a period ofcomplex growth we may have given insufficient attention to certain kinds of pro-cedures simply l>ecause they showed less sign of strain. I have been enormouslypleased by the cooi>eration we have received from the Office of Management andBudget, the Civil Service Commission, the General Accounting Office, the Gen-eral Services Administration, this and other Committees of the Congress, and ahost of helpful advisors. We need all the help we can get.At. the same time, technical procedures are no substitute for a shared and in-tense dedication to the public good, through a system of maangement whereinmanagement responsibility is vested in the very l>est i>eople one can find, oper-ating with clear warrants to seek and produce the best results attainable. Wehave sought to develop a concept of shared responsibility rather than to second-^m'vs our bureau and program directors on and on up an endless hierarchy. I havebeen strongly concerned about the quality of our decision-making and havesought ways to create shared .judgments through the establishment of our Secre-tariat (meeting weekly) and council of bureau directors (meeting monthly). Butwe are still not satisfied and this hearing is a welcome opportunity to pledge aredoubled effort in the improvement of our management systems. 307INTERNATIONAL COOPERATIONPermit me to touch on a very important aspect of all of our programs?theirinternational character. The pathways followed by knowledge and culture do notobserve national boundaries. The quality of research, collection development,and education cannot be maintained without regard to the work of kindred in-stitutions overseas, just as our investigations must be prosecuted around theglobe. We inaugurated a major program to apply excess currencies to the needsof scholarship and field research. We created an Office of International Activitiesto foster cooperation with scholars and institutions in other nations, aided by aTravel Services Office to help staff members in their overseas pursuit. The effectsof this renewed international emphasis in our programs of education, conserva-tion, and research have been salutary. The establishment of the Woodrow WilsonInternational Center for Scholars is a further realization of the Congress'srecognition of the Smithsonian's international role. The tragic failures of inter-national understanding which so mar the recent history of our world surelycall for a redoubling of effort by all institutions to seek to increase internationalunderstanding through scholarly exchanges and cooperation.SERVICES TO OUR COMMUNITYWe have attempted to be mindful of our responsibilities as an establishment ina troubled urban area, through services to schools and the Anaeositia neighbor-hood experiment. The annual Festival of American Folklife recently served as anexample of an inspiring presentation that appealed to young and old alike.Groups that confronted one another angrily in other settings enjoyed the expe-rience of a common heritage side by side. I believe it is incumbent upon the Smith-sonian to take seriously its obligations as a good citizen of the District of Colum-bia and to be increasingly mindful of a public service responsibility to educationaland governmental programs underway here.COOPERATION WITH GOVERNMENTAL PROGRAMSAnother objective of management which has become increasingly well estab-lished is to maintain strong cooperative links to those programs of major govern-ment agencies that the Smithsonian can assist as a performer of research or pro-vider of services. The Satellite Tracking Program conducted on behalf ofNASA by the Astrophysical Observatory is a noteworthy instance, or the scien-tific advisory services we provided the Corps of Engineers regarding pollutionin New York Harbor. We have assisted the Atlantic-Pacific Interoceanic SeaLevel Canal Commission in ecological studies related to plans for a new sealevel canal. For many years we assisted the Department of Interior with salvagearcheology in the Missouri River Basin. The Fish and Wildlife Service andBureau of Sport Fisheries, as well as the Geological Survey and etomologydivision of the Department of Agriculture, are allotted office space and collectionstorage facilities in the Natural History Building. Cooperative projects offer anexcellent format for the attainment of timely or urgent objectives without ourhaving to build a permanent staff which might outlive the aims of the programunder which they had been drawn together.PLANNINGAs one last theme in this review of our management program let me mentionplanning. Growth must be brought into effective relation to the availability ofresources, especially for an establishment such as ours with forty line items inthe budget, each of which could very readily be expanded to meet some externalor internal need. We recently constituted an executive steering committee ofour Secretariat to guide the development of the planning function within theInstitution and consider ways to maintain a balance between our pattern ofcommitments and the resources we may expect. It was my judgment in 1964 thatthe Institution would have to inaugurate some new programs and achieve orderof magnitude increases in some support activities in order to function success-fully for the 1970's?in order to be judged worthy of more financial supportfrom the Congress and private sources. While we have had some very consider-able success much remains to be done. In 1964, our federal budget was able tomeet only 70 percent of basic research and support needs. Now it meets morethan 90 percent, but the elimination of remaining shortages is a priority ob-jective in planning. 308This concludes a brief review of what might be termed a management programfor the Smithsonian, toward which most of my efforts have been directed duringmy tenure as Secretary. I would now propose to turn, Mr. Chairman, to a sketch,in very abbreviated form, of our objectives for the next six years.PLANS FOE THE PERIOD 1970-76OneThe central concerns of the Smithsonian represent national needs for the kindof sustained commitment that can be made only by an institution with a strongsense of continuity, tradition, and concentrated purpose. We believe that ourfirst responsibility is to continue the general lines of endeavor to which mypredecessors, with the support of the Congress, committed the Institution : basicresearch in selected areas of national interest: development and maintenanceof the national collections in biology, anthropology, history and the arts; andenlightenment of the public through exhibitions and related activities. Thefields of primary concentration would continue to he astronomy, biology, anthro-pology, and the study of American civilization.TxcoAn overriding concern should continue to be the quality of the professionalstaff effort within the Smithsonian and. I cannot too strongly emphasize, theachievement of an adequate level of support of that effort. I have repeatedlyappealed to the President and Congress to remedy deficiencies in support of re-search and scholarly programs. While virtually half of the growth in appropri-ations since 1964 has been devoted to staffing and operating new facilities au-thorized by the Congress, an equal effort has been made to sustain the basicscholarly program: support for field work, instruments, libraries and againlibraries, automatic data processing, improved personnel procedures, techniciansupport, related higher education activities, better access to colleagues throughscholarly publishing, and unremitting emphasis on the professional characterof staff appointments, all against a background of increasing costs. Much re-mains to be done on this score. We are now documenting the character andextent of thest support Shortages in even greater detail for the President'sbudgel in the future. < tur budgel henceforth will proceed on two tracks?thefirst a phased elimination of these shortages and the second to provide for thecontinued development of programs entrusted to us by the Congress.ThreeThere ar a number of courses we should avoid. We repeatedly decline re-quests to assume responsibilities which we believe to be too extensive. TheInstitution is an establishment, somewhat akin to a university or researchacademy, not a public pro-ram agency with massive national operations, fieldoffices, or extensive granting programs. It was once suggested that the Institu-tion assume management of international educational and cultural exchangesfunded by the Government, for example, but we could not agree. The Board ofRegents has followed a consistent policy against distant museum operationssuch as regional museums or national museums in cities other than the Capital.Professor Henry's principle, that the Smithsonian should nol bear responsi-bilities thai others are willing to assume, still applies today. While cooperatingwith universities we should not seek to assume their distinctive functions ofgeneral instruction or degree-granting. While cooperating with museums else-where we should not interpose this Institution in their relations with one an-other or with the national Government.FourWithout infringing the autonomy of our bureaus and their distinctive objectives we shall seek the advantages of existence as a community of scholarswherein scientists and scholars learn from one another. Whether by tracingbiochemical relations from one -roup of organisms to another or studying thebehavior of a -roup of vertebrates first in the tropics and then following onwith observations in the setting of the zoo and close anatomical and distribu-tional studies in museum collections, we benefit from association with our col-leagues. Similarly scholars working with portraits, genre painting, lithographs,and historical objects can pursue together their mutual interests in the docu-menting of the American past. Our desire to maintain unity of outlook and pro.Sessional endeavor suggests that the Smithsonian should avoid program devel-opments that do not in some way reinforce some of its other activities. 309FiveThe museum as an institution in society is one focus for Smithsonian concern ; the other focus is on the vigorous prosecution of lines of study which, if left tothemselves, would not receive the attention that the national interest requires.Sometimes we move beyond the museum setting to develop laboratory investiga-tions. When we constitute a museum it is with due emphasis upon its scholarlyresponsibilities in adding to the store of man's knowledge. These two foci of con-cern should continue to determine the Smithsonian's course, rather as two pointsgenerate an ellipse : neither museums without scholarship nor scholarship with-out concern for communicating with the public at large, but as in the beginningthe increase and the diffusion of knowledge.SixBeginning this year the observance of the bicentennial of the American Revolu-tion will become a predominant factor in the development of Smithsonian pro-grams. Within the settings of our history and art museums members of the publicmay seek a reappraisal of our national experience with due reference to its inter-national setting. Fresh insights of historians should be interwoven with superbofferings of objects and art works that portray our Nation's course over the pasttwo centuries and suggest paths for our continued development.SevenFrom the studies of the sources of energy and means for its use by living sys-tems to the explanation of biological diversity the Smithsonian represents anunexcelled multi-disciplinary array of information resources and professionalscientists which bear upon critical needs to improve our understanding of thephysical environment upon which human society depends. We anticipate increas-ing demands upon our efforts in systematic biology, anthropology, astrophysics,and environmental studies as important resources in the national effort inenvironmental improvement.EightOne of the most important unfulfilled hopes for the Smithsonian is that a greatnational museum might be developed on the Mall to recreate the experience ofman's greatest adventure : flight and space exploration. We also aspire to presentinsights about the significance of the space age for everyday life and to com-municate an understanding of the scientific discoveries originating from spaceexploration. Thus we are coming to appreciate that it is not only machines, orrelics of the past, or evidences of the skills of craftsmen that concern us, but manhimself. Thus we propose also to continue to study the idea of a museum of manwhich could convey something of the ever-widening insight into man and societythat characterizes the progress of knowledge today.NineThe birthright of today's citizen is an understanding of the forces shapinghimself and his world. It is to museums that many people look for access to theworks of artists, an appreciation of the past, an awareness of the scientific viewof nature, and for portents of- the future. All museums must experiment with newtechniques of exhibition and embark upon research aimed at improving theireffectiveness in popular education. The quality of our response to this democraticvista will continue to be a matter of overriding concern to the Smithsonian inyears to come.TenFrom the amassing of great national collections will arise difficult questionsabout how to guarantee access to the information they contain. This will callfor innovative designs of indices, catalogues, and ways to manage vast resourcesof information. Perhaps some of the techniques developed for the management ofvoluminous flows of data from satellite observations or oceanographic stationsmay be adapted to the needs of the future. If man is not to be engulfed by arising tide of reports, paper, data, computer printout, and memorabilia, organi-zations such as the Smithsonian must pioneer in winnowing and selecting fromthe spate of messages that now fill the communications channels of our advancedtechnological civilization."! wonder if the Smithsoni-^Hi-does"not" occupy a salientor -point of vantage from which this concern figures very prominently. In ourrole as custodian of the Nation's collections we must try to serve the publicinterest in improved management of scientific and scholarly information. 310FinallyIn eras of decisive historical change all institutions undergo trials : the chal-lenge of changes in purpose, efforts to adapt to changing circumstances, and per-haps even lapses of confidence from within or without. This is a time of testingand of trial for the university, for the museum, indeed, for our society as a whole.The occurrence of this hearing is evidence, if any were needed, that the Smith-sonian is not immune from searching inquiry into its objectives and character.Without such inquiry and without audacious questioning of any comfortablepresuppositions, the Smthsonian would lose its value to the people and to futuregenerations. Every institution must be receptive to change, to new patterns ofcommunication, to the concerns of new groupings in society, and to new expecta-tions. If the Smithsonian is to deepen its services to our society we must con-tinue to strengthen our administrative structure, to seek new sources of support,to enlist men and women of principle and insight as officers and staff members,and to hold our performance to ever higher standards of quality and meaning-fulness. I submit that the Institution must increase its ability to adapt to chang-ing circumstances, shifting patterns of public needs, and widening horizons ofleadership within the Congress and the Executive Branch. Without hesitationon behalf of myself and my colleagues I may say that we welcome your interestand concern and that <>f this Committee, Mr. Chairman, and are confident thatthe net effect of your deliberations will be to strengthen the Institution to meetthe challenges which the future holds for us all.Mr. Bradley. In this presentation, the Secretary reveals his concernabout the scale of service made available by the Smithsonian Institu-tion libraries, and that he succeeded in getting a distinguished librar-ian, Dr. Russell Shank", to come with us.We decided that we certainly needed additional technicians as youhave heard, in our research laboratories, and we are tryingtoget those.We have a wonderful opportunity for the application of automaticdata processing, having so many specimens and objects and artifacts inour collections. It seems to be a natural for handling these throughautomatic data processing.In order to treat onr scientists and scholars as the professionals thatthey are, the Secretary adopted a way of making the departmentchairmen serve in rotation, so that they would not become a built-inblock to any given individual in his pursuit of his own research.The Secretary decided to cancel burdensome annual reports thatearlier had been required of each staff member about his research.He provided that the evaluation of professional performances andaccomplishments should be conducted by committees of peers formedin the various major research units, known as Professional Accom-plishment Evaluation Committees.The Secretary, starting with the bicentennial of Smithsoivs birth,found the value of academic convocations or symposia, and these seemto be in keeping with our character as a community of scholars.We have inaugurated programs whereby students and other quali-fied visitors are freely given access to Smithsonian facilities and staff.The Advisory Council, drawn mostly from the universities, wasconstituted to serve as a visiting committee to advise on the develop-ment of general institution-wide policies affecting basic research andhigher education. 311A strong program of higher education contributes to our researchenvironment and invigorates our institutional life through lively ex-changes and universities.We have sought to raise the standards for the effectiveness of ex-hibits.There has been created a membership organization known as theSmithsonian Associates, in order to permit more people to participatemore directly in the programs and offerings of our museum.Mr. Thompson. Do those who join that subscribe to or receive thenew magazine ?Mr. Bradley. Yes, sir.Mr. Thompson. What is the size of their contribution to become anassociate ? Does it vary ?Mr. Bradley. It varies just a little bit. In my case, I have a husband-and-wife membership and it is $15. For a family group it is $25 [con-fers with counsel].The three levels are $10 for an individual, $15 for a couple and $25for family.Mr. Bingham. Do you have with you, or could you submit, a copyof the advertisement that appeared in the New York Times on that?Mr. Bradley. Certainly, sir ; if I may submit that.Mr. Thompson. That will be made a part of the record.(The document to be furnished follows:) 312 A new magazine/mm the Smithsonian InstitutionSmithsonian \111l I am escaped with the skindI my teeth."Thus spakeJob l the righteous suf-Thus also said Thorntori Wilderin his profound and witty pla\ Thi142) It showedman surmounting all kinds of perilsby dumb luck and adaptabilityIn this age of doubt about thefuture ol Man we must be able to do i nan men-Is es< ape by the .km ol oui teethThe Smithsonian Institution man-date is foi the "in. rease & diffusionol Know ledge." Thus the d< ?publish Smithsonian, a new nationalmonthly magazineA magazine must have a charac teiand coherence of us ov\ n, so Smi i ii-soni \s will In- a magazine ol Manand what alii . iMan is, alter all. the most plastii olanimals. Net badgered as h\ the frequentlydeteriorating quality of his lift Man ;i ts shot t sin ilt hum fashionable handwringers and naWe ai Smithsonian will dial im-portantly with urban Man. whotoday represents the majoi ity.We "ill tell ol Man's staggeringproblems, his struggles, Ins scan h forsolutions and his progress in findingthem Through the i yi ol si ience wewill disc ei n the alternatives in Man'sfuture. From the history ol yester-day's events we will fashion guide-posts foi today and n imorrim the world of art we will discovei anew those moments of glory andation that still raise manabove the level of hrs environment.In our payes these great fields ofinterest become the settings lor thegreater drama of toda\ 's Man srder superior writing arrdaph) to be essentiamonth our pages will contain thefresh selected work of the world'stop pn ifessionals, bat ked by all theexpertise ol out remarkable Institu-tion ( im artit les will probe Man'sdisasters, from oil spills to famine, i larif\ his predii aments, from over-population to poll mi. hi, and joinbattle for his improvement We willhe blind growth ol technologybin ne\ ei lose sighi ol the Bad < lidl)a\s thai technology bettered.Always we will give our readers ana. un sense ol participation in theareas explored by Smithsonian.\.bi i\ e all, wc .vill keep oui eyesfirmly upon tins harassed bipedshow ing how lie . an reestablish con-trol ovei his environment. For, in thepasi Man has reached peaks of de-velopment when tus honesty of pur-pose, his sense ol responsibility, andhis love ofbeauty combined to createw hat we call civilization.We think the bonk is by no meansclosed on Man Here al Smith-si >\i w we are helping write it Weare basically pragmatii yea-sayers 1 he Secretary, of the SmithsonianInstitution, S. Dillon Riplistand, "We arc far more than one i .1 the world's greatest museum com-plexes Our charter provides thebroadest conceivable base ... tocarry on research and educationalprograms."Smithsonian is long overdue.Although the Smithsonian is a na-tional institution, it is known mostlyto those Americans who make a briefpan i. .11 1 pilgrimage to the capital.( )nly in the Washington area has itbeen possible, through the activitiesol the Smithsonian Associates, towiden this acquaintance. Now build-ing on a solid achievement of the\ssi>, lat.s. the magazine will enableall Americans to join, if vicariously.in an editing exploration of subjectsin which the Smithsonian is inter-ested. It will speak not only of theInstitution, but more frequently, forthe Institution on many vital matters. So. again, Man.\\ ho he is, what he is. how he gothere, where he's going; how he livesand dies; what he does and what isdone to him; Man in his presentstate? untidy, often demoralized,evci hopeful, solving problems andcreating new ones, crowding thisplanet but reaching beyond themoon, both violently destructive andendlessly creative; he is the mostinteresting subject in the world.For Man is, as Protagoras saidnearly twenty-five hundred yearsago, "the measure of all things."All things. We shall use Man as theyardstick to tell about the world as itis. will be or should be. Edward K. ThompsonEditor, Smi i hsoni \nSmithsonian InstitutionWashington, D.( '.. 20560 Thomas H Blai kAdvei tising 1 >ire< toiAdvei i ising and Cin ulation i iffit es420 Lexington AvenueNew York, New York 10(117 Subs, i iption en. ulationguarantee: IT'Subscription: $11First issue: April 1970and monthly thereafter 313Mr. Thompson. What disposition is made from these SmithsonianAssociate membership funds?Mr. Bradley. They are plowed back into Associate activities inorder to finance the activities themselves. For example, a bus to godown to the Chesapeake Bay Center for field biology or something ofthat sort. So they are essentially plowed back into the program, usual-ly the same program that generates the revenue.SMITHSONIAN ASSOCIATES RECEIPTS AND DISBURSEMENTS FROM INCEPTION THROUGH JUNE 30, 1970 Fiscal year Receipts Disbursements Income (loss) 1966 - $50,642.00 $30,854.00 $19,788.001967 114,685.87 92,374.26 22,311.611968 _ 207,689.22 182,282.93 25,406.291969.... 298,787.72 278,068.55 20,719.171970 340,681.64 347,152.10 (6,470.46)Total _. 1,012,486.45 930,731.84 81,754.61 Note: The Smithsonian Associates were established Sept. 18, 1965.Mr. Thompson. Do these become part of the private funds ?Mr. Bradley. They do.Mr. Thompson. Who is the fiduciary officer?Mr. Bradley. Mr. Wheeler, sir.Mr. Thompson. And these are segregated from the publicly appro-priated funds ?Mr. Bradley. They are.Mr. Thompson. And from the other trust funds ?Mr. Bradley. Yes.Mr. Thompson. They don't become a trust fund, do they?Mr. Bradley. ISTo. They retain their identity.Mr. Schwengel. How many subscribers have you ?Mr. Bradley. 180,000 subscribers to the magazine.Mr. Schwengel. That is to the magazine ?Mr. Bradley. Yes, sir.Mr. Schwengel. It is very good, too. I think I subscribed to the $10one.Do you have the number of different categories ? Could you give usthose from the top of your head, the $10, $15, and $20 ?Mr. Bradley. I don't have those, but I can certainly submit themfor the record.(The information to be furnished follows:)CATEGORIES AND NUMBERS OF MEMBERS OF THE SMITHSONIAN ASSOCIATES(1) Resident Members.? (Live in the Washington area, receive invitations tospecial events and first option and reduced rates to lecture courses, workshops,craft courses and guided tours, for both adults and young. Also have option tosubscribe to Smithsonian magazine at reduced rate) . CurrentMembership number ofCategory fee members Single.. $10 3,483Double (husband and wife)... 15 3,016Family _ _ _ _ 25 1,746Total members (based on average of 3 children in family unit memberships) 18,245 314National Member* (Receive Smithsonian magazine and membership for*10 a year. Membership privileges include special discounts on Smithsonian Pressbooks and Museum Shop articles, international and domestic study tours, andter in the Smithsonian Building, designed to aid the Na-tional Members in planning their visit to the Smithsonian and to the Nationalcapital in general, when they come to Washington.)Total National Members. 170.04."..Mr. Schwengel. I am intrigued with the varied fees. "What do the$15 members get that the $10 members do not \Mr. Bradley. Two people against one. It is for a husband and wife.Mr. >< hwengel. Does it cost any more to serve two people than one '.Mr. Bradley. My wife goes when I don't go. I think it would, yes,sir.Mr. Schwengel. If your wife goes to the meetings, there would betwo people instead of one. But as the advantages, there are noother advanl iges. You get one publication, is that right, for eachfamily '.Mr. Bradley. 5Mr. Schwengel. What is your average attendance at these meeting- \Mr. Bradley. It varies so much, Mr. Schwengel. It may be a smallwork group of no more than 12 and it might be a lecture or a movie orMr. Thompson. Would the gentleman yield \Mr. S< hwengel. YiMr. Thompson. Let us assume there was a movie in one of yourauditoriums with a capacity of 500. Is this restricted only to sub-scribers of the Smithsonian fund \Mr. Bradley. In that particular case it would be, yes, sir.Mr. Thompson. In other words, by joining, either as an individual,ouple or a family, then they have privileges with respect totheln-stitution that others do not have, is that conMr. Bradlei I - correct.Mr. Thompson. So in addition to getting the magazine, they haveand other things that the general public doesnot have access to '.Mr. Bradley. Sir; 1 need to say that they have to -ome thingsat a .-lightly reduced rate. It is possible for a nonmember, let us say,ke the bus trip down to the Chesapeake Bay Center that I was re-ferring to awhili _ Smithsonian Associate would getthat at a slightly reduced rate.In other words, the Smithsonian Associate matters are not entirelyexclusively for Smithsonian AssociateMr. Thompson, f . le the bus trip because that involves thechartering of a vehicle and extraordinary expense. Let us talk aboutsomething that a member of the Smithsonian friends would get usingthe Institution's existing facilities that a nonmember would not beable to go to.Mr. Bradley. One thing that comes to mind. Mr. Chairman, is wehad a "Behind thi - -'" night where the staff volunteered to come towork, and the exhibit worker- and technicians showed people aroundbehind tl,' where normally the public is not admitted.That turned out to be a rather popular thing.I ask Mr. Warner to supplement this or to correct me? He isAssistant Secretary for Public Affairs. 315STATEMENT OF WILLIAM W. WARNER, ASSISTANT SECRETARY(PUBLIC SERVICE). SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTIONMr. Warner. Mr. Chairman, the membership of the associates is asMr. Bradley described it. But just to clear up, we do give some eventsfor the associates which are for associates only and are free of charge.These are most often openings or preopenings of exhibits.Then there are other categories of events which, as Mr. Bradleyexplained, are offered first to the associates at a reduced rate?thesemay be classes, field trips, lectures, theatrical performances?and ifthey do not fill up with our membership at a reduced rate, then we alsoput them before the public later.Mr. Thompson. And you have 185,000 ?Mr. Warxer. "We have 180,000 subscribers to the magazine, who arenational members of the Smithsonian Associates.Mr. Thompson. "What do they pay ?Mr. Warxer. They pay $10 for the membership per year, and that isall. They receive the magazine and certain other benefits, such as dis-counts to museum shop articles, discounts on press books. Also, weoffer study trips. We can't offer all 180,000 members across the Nationeverything we offer our resident members here.Mr. Thompson. Does the resident associate pay more than thenonresident ?Mr. Warner. Yes. He pays $10 for the single membership, $15 forhusband and wife, and $25 for a family. They are the ones that go tothe openings, for whom we give special classes and so on.The national members receive only the magazine and a few othersmall fringe benefits such as I have described.Mr. Thompsox'. Have you projected such things as chartered air-craft trips abroad ?Mr. Warxer. We have never taken a total charter as yet. We haveavailed ourselves of group fares and we have conducted foreign studytours. There is one going in Greece right now, for example.Mr. Thozmpsox". Are invitations to such a trip issued only to thosewho are associates?Mr. Warner. That is correct.Mr. Schwexgel. A member who lives in California, would hepay $10 ?Mr. Warxer. Yes. We do have a few California members, Mr.Schwengel. When the associates were formed, the resident or localassociates, that is, 4 years ago, some few people from California choseto join. We didn't return their checks. Obviously, up to the point whenthe magazine was started, about 95 percent of our membership in theassociates was from the Washington area. We didn't refuse out-of-towners, but most of our membership was local.Then, with the birth of the magazine in April, we created two cate-gories, resident members and national members.Mr. Schwexgel. What does the national member pay iMr. Warxer. The national member pays only $10, sir. for the mag-azine, and these other fringe benefits that I described.Mr. Thompsox". And sell advertisements in the magazine ?Mr. Warxer. Yes: we do. sir. We have from the beginning. 316Mr. Thompson. What is your profit and loss figure on these mem-berships?Mr. Warner. The resident associate program lias been self-sustain-ing almost since the beginning and has shown a slight profit. Weactually had a small loss this year in the resident program of around$23,000. But most of the years it makes money.On the returns from national membership, that is, the magazine, Ithink we project that we will turn the corner and start making aprofit in about a year from now.Mr. Thompson. You have this in a segregated fund, do you?Mr. Warner. Yes; we keep it in a separate account. Mr. Wheeler,the treasurer, keeps a separate account on the magazine expendituresand how the returns are coming in.Mr. Thompson. Suppose yon were to incur a loss of $50,000 in ayear or over a period of '2 or ."> years. How would you recoup that loss?Mr. Warner. I think probably we would have to take a good lookat whatever the activity was. and either cancel it or seek to strengthenit. But so far nothing of this kind lias happened with the Associates,sir.Mr. Thompson. And the Regent^ decided to embark on this program ?Mr. Warner. Yes ; they did. We discussed the magazine over four ofthe biannual Regents* meetings and they voted decisively to go aheadwith it at their meeting of last January.Mi-. Thompson. Yes: 1 have seen the most recent issue, with theelephants on it. which was very attractive.Mr. Bingham. This is a tiny point, but do the Regents meet twice ayear or every 2 years?Mr. Warner. Normally, they meet twice a year but lately we havetaken to having two regular meetings and one informational meeting.Mr. Bradley. Last year they met three times and we have a thirdmeeting scheduled for this year so it appears that the answer fromhere on out will be at least three times a year.Mr. Bingham. Someone spoke of biennial meetings, which wouldlie every ?! years.Mr. Warner. I meant to say semi-annually, or twice a year. I begyour pardon.Mr. Bingham. I am not clear whether the resident associate paysthe $10 and gets the magazine or does he pay another $10?Mr. Warner. lie pays another $8. We offered the magazine to ourexisting resident associates here in Washington who have been with usall along on an option basis. They got it at $8, a $2 reduction, if theywanted it. It was optional.Mr. Schwengel. How many times a year do you publish the maga-zine?Mr. Warner. It is a monthly.Mr. SchwenCxEl. It is a monthly and goes to 180,000 people?Mr. Warner. That is the current circulation, yes, sir.Mr S< :hwengel. Who does the printing on this ?Mi'. Warner. Sir; the printing is done outside, by Fawcett Presshere in Washinerton. 317Mr. Schwengel. Do you have bids on this with other printers ?Mr. Warner. Yes.Mr. Schwengel. How many pages are in this item ?Mr. Warner. This issue, which is just now in the mail, the fifth issue,has 64 pages.Mr. Schwengel. What does that cost you ?Mr. Warner. The per issue cost, sir ?Mr. Schwengel. Yes.Mr. Warner. I would have to break that down for you.Mr. Schwengel. Do you have a financial statement on this opera-tion?Mr. Warner. Yes. Mr. Wheeler has a financial statement.Mr. Schwengel. Is there any objection to having it in the recordhere ?Mr. Warner. No, sir.Mr. Schwengel. I ask unanimous consent to have it put into therecord, Mr. Chairman.Mr. Thompson. Very well.It is a very exemplary magazine and very interesting.Smithsonian magazineInception to June 30, 1970:Advertising income $67, 700Subscriptions earned 574, 900Other (gifts, etal.) 54,900Total income 697, 500Mr. Bradley. That concludes just about everything we wanted tooffer.I do have an organizational chart with me. You said last week weshould reduce this photographically. This we shall do.If you will recall, we emphasized that these are the programmaticefforts of the Institution, broken down into academic programs, publicservice programs, the field of history and art, science, National Museumand the Woodrow Wilson Center.Then we have the supporting activities which represent adminis-trative and in some cases technical services.I don't know, sir; if you wanted to take a quick look at the Smith-sonian in statistical and graphical terms. Starting back in 1957, here itis on this chart, up to 1971. These various symbols represent appro-priations?well, this one, for example (indicating), was when Smith-sonian first turned the corner with an appropriation for the Museumof History and Technology.This particular bar, the vertical stripe, represents the growth inthe visitor load. 49-484 O - 71 - pt. 1 -- 21 318 if) u-OZ OiUJ o o8 ? ? ? 5 1r* o 8 8 " 8s -' * aO 8 o 8 r- 8O o or> 8 V " 8CT> U3? ~ CMos ? ? o8 ? ? 8o8 8 r^ !? N 8id ? ~ 2!o O O K8 8 8 8 o (7> 9o S 8 OCD 2 _ enT - ~8 8 8 8 c* O? g CT>" tf> - o" ~ ? 3 CD*O ' o f^ ?V8 8 8 8 M ? a) Ml rt inCD? ? ? CDot ? CD? 8o O8 CD jjS IS id - K2 - "" *o ? cns r- - ~ ?28O ? O om - ?n - hi mffl V ?8O ? i CO S o? X ?Ol COCOKs o"ooCO 1 OCO 1r?- o" en o _? oo K 0>oo(a 319Mr. Harvey. Why would the zoo be included in there ?Mr. Bradley. Sir; the zoo has just this year, for the first time, beenincluded within the budget of the Smithsonian Institution. Startingback in 1962, we had the Capital improvement program under theSmithsonian, but the operating budget was in the District of Colum-bia budget.Going back to 1890, the zoo was created under Secretary Langley asa bureau of the Smithsonian but was split for financing, partly Fed-eral and partly by the District of Columbia.Mr. Harvey. If I can ask one question, I notice on the other chartthat you had, the National Gallery of Art and the Kennedy Centerwere also listed with sort of a dotted line.What is their relationship here?Mr. Bradley. Legally, the law says there is created in the Smith-sonian the Kennedy Center and the National Gallery of Art. Theyhave identical acts to begin with.Mr. Thompson". I can perhaps answer that as the author of the Ken-nedy Center legislation. It had to be put somewhere for housekeepingpurposes, and the Smithsonian was most logical and at the time theleast controversial.Mr. Harvey. Is the National Gallery of Art also located in theSmithsonian ?Mr. Thompson. Yes.Is the Director of the National Gallery selected by the Regents?Mr. Bradley. No, sir. He is selected by the trustees of the NationalGallery.Mr. Thompson. That is the continuous quasi-thing that you are re-sponsible for, in a sense, for housekeeping purposes ?Mr. Bradley. To some extent ; yes, sir.That concludes what I had to offer, Mr. Chairman, unless there arequestions.Mr. Thompson. I have one or two questions. As I understand thechart, I notice that the level of visitors has sort of evened off sinceabout 1959, is that right?Mr. Bradley. Well, sir, it continues to climb, really.Here is the line (indicating) , and then we did have trouble in 1968with the social unrest situation. That curtailed tourism. But now it hasgone back up and it looks like it is going as shown here.There is a leveling off shown.Mr. Thompson. The blue bar represents the number of permanentpositions ?Mr. Bradley. Yes, sir.Mr. Thompson. I notice a rather heavy rise.Mr. Bradley. This is not entirely, but primarily, weighted by tak-ing the zoo into this appropriation.Mr. Bingham. What about attendance at the zoo, is that reflected ?Mr. Bradley. That is in here, yes, sir.Mr. Thompson. Is it lumped in with the general attendance ?Mr Bradley. Yes, sir ; it is lumped in.Mr. Harvey. Is it only in the last 2 years?Mr. Bradley. It has been spread back through. The zoo was alwayslegally a bureau of the Smithsonian Institution. It is just that we gotthe operating money from the District of Columbia Government. 320Mr. Thompson. Who appoints the director of the zoo ?Mr. Bradley. The Secretary, with the consent of the regents.Mr. Thompson. Mr. Bingham.Mr. Bingham. I would like to pursue a little further this matter ofthe National Gallery and the Kennedy Center. Frankly, it troublesme a little hit and I would think it would trouble the Smithsonian.What precise functions do you perform, if any ?Mr. Bradley. For the Kennedy Center there was a requirement inthe law that the regents first make a finding?this was critical and thishas been done?that there were sufficient funds to go into construction,and on the basis of certified fund availability by the certified publicaccountant and certified costs by the General Services Administration,the regents made that finding and notified the Speaker and the Presi-dent of the Senate. They were not responsible after that.There is also a requirement that a memorial to former PresidentKennedy he approved in its design by the Board of Regents beforeit i< added to the Kennedy Center. That has not yet been done.There is a requirement that the Secretary serve ex officio as one ofthe trustees, as in the past have other members of the Board of Regentsserved.There is a requirement that the Kennedy Center make a report,an annual report, to the Smithsonian and it is incorporated in Ola'sand goes in the same report to the Congress. They write the report;we receive it.Mr. Bingham. If they have budget requests, and I don't supposethey do at the moment, would that go through the Institution?Mr. Br\dley. It would not go through the Institution, no. TheSecretary would be exposed to it as a member of the board of trustees,as an individual.Mr. Bingham. Do they now submit any request for appropriations?Mr. Thompson. Yes: they do, and they go through, I believe, thePublic Works Appropriations Subcommittee. We did that as recentlyas last year.Mr. Bingham. Does the National Gallery submit a budget request?Do they have an appropriation?Mr. Bradley. Yes. Every year they obtain an annual operatingappropriation from the Congress for the building, the NationalGallery of Art on Constitution Avenue. It does not come through theSmithsonian Institution. But, again, the Secretary is exposed to it asa member of the board of trustees.Mr. Thompson. Thank you very much, Mr. Bradley. That willconclude your testimony, except when you prepare the answers to thequestions raised by Senator Goldwater we may need to elaborate,which I hope we don't have to do.Mr. Bradley. Very good, sir.Mr. Thompson. Our next witnesses are Dr. Ripley, the Secretaryof the Smithsonian, and Mr. T. Ames Wheeler, the Treasurer, whowill describe the financial management in general along with regula-tions and procedures.Dr. Ripley. My purpose here this afternoon essentially is to intro-duce Mr. Wheeler as the Treasurer, and to express to you our personalsatisfaction that we have been able to lure Mr. Wheeler to workfor the Smithsonian. 321During the past 2 years of his incumbency as Treasurer, he hasperformed notably in attempting to bring together problems of audit,of preparation of budget, of planning for the budget, and of theconstant supervision, both of the Federal and of the private side.Mr. Thompson". You are very welcome, Mr. Wheeler.Before going further, I would like to thank Mr. Bradley for hisvery comprehensive and well done statement. I look forward now tohearing from you.STATEMENT OF T. AMES WHEELEE, TREASURER, SMITHSONIANINSTITUTION; ACCOMPANIED BY JOHN JAMESON, DIRECTOR,PROGRAMING AND BUDGET; BETTY J. MORGAN, ASSISTANTTREASURER; AND ALLAN GOFF, CHIEF, ACCOUNTING DIVISION,SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTIONMr. Wheeler. Thank you, sir.First, may I introduce three members of my staff who will supportme, if necessary : Mrs. Morgan, Assistant Treasurer ; Allan Goff , ourChief Accountant ; and John Jameson, behind me, head of our Officeof Programing and Budget.Mr. Chairman, I have a prepared statement.If possible, I would like to have it printed in the record.Mr. Thompson. Without objection, it will be printed in full at thispoint and you may proceed.(The document referred to follows :)Statement of T. Ames Wheeler, Treasurer op the Smithsonian InstitutionSMITHSONIAN FINANCES AND FINANCIAL MANAGEMENTMr. Chairman, Members of the Subcommittee, as the Committee alreadyknows, the Smithsonian Institution is supported by both private and federalfunds. The origin of the private funds and the circumstances leading to theinitiation of and growing support from federal appropriations have alreadybeen outlined by Secretary Ripley. In order to discuss the finances and financialmanagement of the Institution, however, I would first like to present a moredefinite and comprehensive picture of sources of current support for the In-stitution.For this purpose there is submitted herewith a table of the sources of financialsupport for the fiscal year 1970.For operating purposesFederal appropriations : Salaries and expenses?operating funds $29, 965, 000Special foreign currency program 2, 316, 000District of Columbia?operations of the National Zoo 2, 802, 000Research grants and contracts (Federal and private) 10, 600, 000Private funds : Gifts?excluding gifts to endowment funds (entire amountrestricted to specific projects and hence unavailable for gen-eral operating expenses) 2,000,000Income from endowments and current fund investments , 1, 400, 000Total support for operations 49, 083, 000In addition, Federal appropriations to finance construction projects were re-ceived as follows : 322For constructionNational Zoological Park $600, 000Restoration and renovation of buildings 525, 000Toward construction of the Joseph H. Hirshhorn Museum andsculpture garden 3, 500, 000Total construction 4, 625, 000Concerning the above FY 1970 construction appropriations, the $3,500,000 forthe Hirshhorn Museum was an addition to the total of $2,803,000 already appro-priated in FY 1968 and FY 1969 for this project ; for FY 1971 an additional $5,-200,000 has been voted by both the House and the Senate toward continuationof construction. The $600,000 appropriation for the Zoo provided for essentialmodernization, safety and preventive maintenance projects of its heating plantand other structures. The remaining $525,000 appropriation was principally forrelocation of our Radiation Biology Laboratory and continued renovation ofthe old Court of Claims building for the Renwick Gallery.For operating purposes, federal appropriations for FY 1970 totalled $29,965,000,including supplemental appropriations toward the cost of federally legislatedwage and salary increases during the year. In addition, $2,802,000 was receivedthrough the District of Columbia to provide for operations of the National Zoo.In the current FY 1971 this financial support for Zoo operations is being in-corporated in the regular Smithsonian appropriation from Congress rather thanbeing provided by the District of Columbia. Thus the total of these federalappropriations for salaries and expenses amounted to $32,800,000 in FY 1970.It appears that for current year FY 1971 the corresponding figure may approxi-mate $36,750,000, again including assumed supplemental appropriations for wageand salary increases.In addition to this support, Congress provided $2,316,000 for implementationof the Smithsonian Foreign Currency Program under which we administer aprogram of grants in U.S.-owned "excess" foreign currencies to more than fiftymuseums and universities in the United States for the purpose of carrying onresearch in the "excess" currency countries.As has been mentioned by Secretary Ripley, the Smithsonian receives a sub-stantial amount of research grants and contracts, which in FY 1970 totalled about$10,600,000. This type of support has been reduced in the past year, reflectingprimarily cutbacks by NASA for the Satellite Tracking Program at our Smith-sonian Astrophysical Observatory. The full extent of these cutbacks will not berealized until FY 1971, and the total of this type of support will therefore belower in the current year, more like $8,000,000. These cutbacks have caused adrastic reduction in forces at our Astrophysical Observatory in Cambridge, Mass.Private funds support comes from two sources. One source is current contri-butions. In recent years these have been made almost entirely for specific cur-rent projects such as the purchase of additional land for our Chesapeake BayCenter for Environmental Sciences or the installation of the Calder Stabile atthe Museum of History and Technology. Such gifts do not become a part ofour endowment funds, nor are they available, of course, for the general operatingexpenses of the Institution. In FY 1970 these contributions totalled about$2,000,000.The other source of private support is the income from our endowment fundinvestments and certain additional investments included in our current funds.Both of these have been built up over a long period of years, principally fromgifts to the Institution, including, of course, Mr. Smithson's original bequest.The largest single endowment fund is the Freer Fund. As originally receivedfrom Mr. Freer in 1915, this fund had a value of just under $2,000,000. TheFreer Fund, which is maintained separately botli for investment and account-ing purposes, and whose income is restricted to the support of the Freer Gallery,now has a market value of about $16,000,000, despite recent severe declines inbond and stock prices. 323 .Another large endowment fund dedicated to underwater research and explora-tion has been established within the past year from two related contributionstotalling about $6,000,000. A few of the earlier important contributions makingup our overall endowment funds include the Charles D. and Mary Vaux WalcottFunds for geological research ; the Sprague Fund for studies of the physicalsciences; the Admiral and Mrs. DeWitt Clinton Ramsey Fund for research andeducation relating to U.S. Naval flight history in the United States. The twoRoebling Funds, incidentally, which were referred to previously by Mr. Ripley,are now valued at approximately $220,000 and $45,000 respectively. The totalvalue of all of our endowment funds as of June 30, 1970 was approximately$33,000,000.By Congressional legislation it is provided that $1,000,000 of these funds,known as the Permanent Fund, is maintained in the U.S. Treasury at 6% annualinterest, while additional monies are invested as directed by the Institution itself.The total income received by the Institution from these $33,000,000 of endow-ment funds, and from some $2,500,000 of investments included in our currentfund accounts, was $1,400,000 in FY 1970. All of these funds, whether designatedby the donor to support restricted or unrestricted purposes of the Institution,are of tremendous benefit. It should be noted, however, that of the total annualinvestment income of $1,400,000, only about $340,000 in FY 1970 was for un-restricted purposes?a pitifully small amount in relation to our needs. It is ourhope that this type of income can be increased substantially over the next fewyears.As has been stated before this Committee, the private funds of the Institutionare audited annually by independent public accountants. Prior to 1909, theExecutive Committee of the Smithsonian Board of Regents performed this audit ; from 1909 to 1947 the audits were conducted by Mr. William L. Yaeger, CPA.Since 1947 these audits have been performed regularly by Peat, Marwick,Mitchell & Co., one of the largest and best known auditing firms, not only inthis country but also the world over. These audit reports are, of course, presentedregularly to our Board of Regents along with semiannual explanations of currentfinancial developments. A somewhat condensed version of the Peat, Marwick,Mitchell & Co. report is included regularly in our Smithsonian Yearbook, whichis distributed quite widely and of which I hope you have already received copies.I would like to submit to this Committee at this time a copy of the latest com-plete report of the auditors, namely, for FY 1969. It includes, of course, completefinancial balance sheets and statements of changes in fund balances during theyear for both current funds and endowment funds, with detail as to the break-down of the restricted funds and the endowment funds. We shall, of course, beglad to answer any questions you may have with respect to these statements.I believe it is evident from this broad picture of the Smithsonian's financesthat the accounting problems of the Institution are indeed complicated. Weoperate, in effect, with six different kinds of monies, namely : Federal funds for current operating purposes.Federal funds for construction projects.Private unrestricted funds.Private restricted funds.Grant and contract moneys.Foreign currencies.At the same time, our activities are spread over some forty different bureaus,offices and activities of the Institution. These operations are carried out in sixdifferent locations in the United States as well as in Panama, with additionalresearch projects being conducted under grants and contracts in many foreigncountries. Many of the most diversified of these operations have come into beingin fairly recent years. The result from a financial and accounting standpoint isthat we have outgrown our previous relatively simple accounting system.To meet this situation the Smithsonian has been striving with the utmostvigor over the past two years or more to revise its financial and accountingmethods so as to provide the modern management information and control sys-tem needed to give proper guidance for the direction of this diversified Institu-tion. Allow me to outline these for you briefly. 324For management control purposes we must, from a financial standpoint, beable to answer three questions: Where have we been? Where are we now? Andwhere are we going?On the private funds side we have accomplished the following improvementsin order to achieve these goals :Completely revised the previous form of balance sheet and statement ofchanges in fund balances to supply more meaningful and more easily under-stood financial facts.Designed and installed a new system of monthly reports of income andexpenditure for all of our offices or activities for which we budget privatefunds. These also give us monthly our overall financial results for our un-restricted funds and the status of our various current restricted fundsand endowment funds.Established annual budgets for these individual offices and activities,which are then monitored on a monthly basis with the division heads.Established 12-months' forecasts of cash flow, thereby enabling us to doa more intelligent job of investing any available surplus private cashbalances.On the federal funds side we have been providing regularly to each of ourbureaus and offices a statement of disbursements, monies obligated against al-lotments, find remaining balances of federal appropriations. Our system providesfor certification by the fiscal and supply departments, prior to issuance of pur-chase orders, that the necessary funds are both available and properly chargeableto the related appropriation allotment. With these reports and controls, wehave, to the best of my knowledge, never overspent or overobligated any of ourannual federal appropriations. Nevertheless, we are making improvements i*>the area of federal fund accounting as follows :The form of these monthly reports of federal disbursements, obligations,and fund balances is being revised, effective July 1970, to improve theirclarity and timeliness.Our annual budgetary requests to Congress for federally appropriatedmonies have been vastly improved to the point that we have been compli-mented by the Appropriations Subcommittees of the Senate and the Houseupon the current type of presentation.During the past year we have begun placing greater emphasis upon iden-tification of the relative priorities of the Institution's already-establishedactivities with the objective of minimizing or eliminating support to lowpriority programs and thereby making possible more worthwhile projectswith minimum additional support from Congress.In the process of implementing these new and improved procedures, we havealso undertaken some fundamental revisions necessary to accomplish the changeslisted above and at the same time introduce greater efficiency in our accountingpractices. These include : Reorganization of the Fiscal Division. The previous separate "Federal"and "Private" fiscal departments were merged in May 1960. By this actionit has been possible to eliminate duplicate supervision of certain accountingsections, achieve better cooperation between the two sides of our financialhouse, introduce better opportunities for advancement of our employees, andgenerally upgrade the calibre and training of our employees.A comprehensive new uniform coding system for all accounting trans-actions, both federal and private, has been adopted.A new computer program for the combined requirements of our Payrolland Personnel departments has been designed and installed, thereby provid-ing substantially more useful information while eliminating duplication ofeffort.Xew procedure manuals have been issued governing our procurement prac-tices and the control of property items acquired by the Institution.Witli the assistance of Peat. Marwick, Mitchell & Co.'s advisory services,we are just completing a survey of the fundamentals of our accounting sys-tem in which we have obtained a complete revision of the fundamental Chartof Accounts, which will eventually make it possible to obtain automaticallyfrom the computer our regular monthly management control reports as 325 opposed to the present difficult and time-consuming manual preparation.From this consulting study we are also able, beginning July 1, 1970, toinitiate a full system of accrual accounting, for both private and federalfunds, which the Federal Government has been promoting for a number ofyears. Finally, this survey will give us the framework for further improve-ments in our procedures, which will lead to complete modernization of ouraccounting system over the next year or two.Finally, I should mention that in July 1969 we reinstituted internal audit-ing procedures, although on a minimum basis dictated by limited funds andauthorized number of positions. As of July 1970 this internal auditing depart-ment, which will provide continuing surveillance of federal and privateactivities alike, has been expanded to four internal auditors and a secretary.In summary, then, it can fairly be stated that our financial and accountingcontrols have been adequate to prevent overspending or misspending of the In-stitution's federal appropriations. Our private funds are independently auditedeach year and disclosed fully to the Institution's Board of Regents at the Board'sregular meetings, with further annual disclosure to the public in the SmithsonianYearbooks. At the same time, it has been fully recognized that by reason of therapid growth of the Institution, improvements were needed both in our accountingoperations and in our codification of internal procedures. Strenuous efforts toachieve these improvements have been underway for over two years, with majorsegments of the program already accomplished and the remaining portion sched-uled to be completed as rapidly as possible in the next year or so.Mr. Wheeler. In order to introduce this subject, I have includedin this statement a table showing a comprehensive picture of our finan-cial support in the fiscal year 1970.Some of these figures will duplicate some you have already heardfrom Mr. Bradley and perhaps others, so I will try and keep themshort.It shows in this table that our total support for operations was justover $49 million in fiscal year 1970, and that in addition, we received$4,625,000 of Federal appropriations for construction.The construction moneys are totally Federal?$4,600,000 includedabout $3.5 million for continuing the construction of the HirshhornMuseum, $600,000 for the zoo, and $525,000 principally for the reloca-tion of our Radiation Biology Laboratory and for continued renova-tion of the old Court of Claims building for the Renwick Gallery.Included in the $49 million of operating funds is a total of Federalappropriations for salaries and expenses of $32,800,000. That indicatesthe money for the zoo.I have put it together with the Federal appropriation, even thoughit came through the District of Columbia, because I would like to makea comparison that this year, I believe, the corresponding figure for1971 will rise to about '$36,750,000. That is a little more than Mr.Bradlej^s figure because it includes assumed supplemental appropria-tions for the continued salary and wage increases that will be con-tinuing on a full year basis in 1971.Mr. Thompson. That was made necessary by statutory enactment.Mr. "Wheeler. That is correct.Mr. Thompson. And they apply, I would assume, only to the Federalemployees, is that correct ?Mr. Wheeler. That is correct, yes, sir. Private salaries went up, too,but they are not in that figure.Mr. Thompson. In connection with the two, as the treasurer, areyou responsible at once not only for the handling and disposition of theFederal monies, but those of the private funds as well, all of the trustfunds and so on ? 326Mr. Wheeler. Yes, sir.In addition to those figures which I have cited, Congress providedthe $2,316,000 which was discussed in the foreign currency program,and I believe the figure this year will be about $2.5 million.As has been mentioned, we also receive a substantial amount of re-search grants and contracts, and in fiscal 1970, that totaled $10,600,000.This type of support has been reduced in the past year, primarilyreflecting the cutbacks by NASA in our satellite tracking program upat the Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory in Cambridge.The full extent of these cutbacks will not be seen until the cur-rent fiscal year, and the support from grants and contracts will prob-ably be closer to $8 million this year, down from $10.6 million.These cutbacks, incidentally, have caused a very drastic reductionin the forces at our atrophysical observatory in Cambridge.Mr. Thompson. Were they temporary forces needed because of thetracking programs?Mr. Wheeler. Well, they had been on that program so long thatthey really didn't feel they were temporary, no, sir.Now turning from Federal to private fund support, the privatefund support comes from two sources. The first one I will mention iscurrent contributions.In recent years these have been almost entirely for specific proj-ects, such as funds to acquire additional lands out at our ChesapeakeBay Center for Environmental Sciences. These gifts do not becomea part of our endowment funds and they are not available for thegeneral operating expenses of the Institution.They are available only for the specific purpose for which theywere given.In fiscal year 1970, these contributions totaled about $2 million.The other source of private support in income from our endow-ment fund investments, which has been mentioned here. These en-dowment funds and certain investments included also in our cur-rent funds both have been built up over a long period of years, prin-cipally from contributions.They include, of course, Mr. Smithson's original bequest, also.The largest single endowment fund is the Freer Fund. This wasorginally received from Mr. Charles Freer in 1915. At that time, ithad a value of just under $2 million. This fund is maintained sepa-rately for investment and accounting purposes, and the use of itsincome is restricted entirely to the support of the Freer Gallery.Mr. Schwengel. To pursue that investment, I wasn't here butI understand some questions were answered on investment and thefunds, the private foundation funds, are handled largely by RiggsBank, is that right ?Mr. Wheeler. The holding of the securities? They are held byRiggs in a depository account over there, yes, sir, but the invest-ment is managed by Scudder, Stevens & Clark in New York.Mr. Schwengel. What is your investment policy? What kindsof things do you invest in?Mr. Wheeler. The investment policy is one, I should say, thatis approved by the Board of Regents, or at least by the executivecommittee. They authorize Scudder, Stevens to recommend invest-ments in both stocks and bonds pretty much at their discretion now ? no, it is within limits generally set by the executive committee. 327But there are growth stocks included in their selection as well asincome stocks.Smithsonian Institution?Endowment Fundsstatement of investment policyObjectiveThe objective of the investment assets of the Smithsonian is to provide import-ant financial support to the Institution to assist it in its efforts to obtain its goals.In view of the substantial and expanding responsibilities of the Institution, itsinvestment assets must serve not only current but inevitably larger future needs.This will require that all capital, other than that needed for short-term workingcapital purposes, be invested to :1. Preserve principal in terms of purchasing power and achieve long-termcapital appreciation.2. Earn a reasonable but growing income.PoliciesLong-term investment results are more important to the Institution than im-mediate income or near-term market price changes. Investments should seek toemphasize those securities which are likely to produce an above average returnover a long period of time as measured by cumulative income payments and fu-ture market valuations.In order to achieve the objectives outlined above, the permanent funds of theInstitution will use the following guidelines : 1. Equity investments will normally account for the major portion of invest-ment holdings. Equities at market value presently account for between 60% and65% of the total and they might range as high as 80% under conditions favorablefor their purchase and retention.2. In the selection of investments emphasis will be plaoed on basic meritsand long-term value at current prices rather than upon current yield or pastperformance. The major portion of investments should be of generally highquality and marketability with a reasonable, but not extensive, diversificationamong selected industries and companies. Investments may include a prudentparticipation in smaller and newer companies of outstanding investment attrac-tion, and it is desired that investments be oriented toward those industries whichare judged to have the potential of participation effectively in our growingeconomy.3. Fixed income investments will be acquired for purposes of investment re-serves, current income and occasionally for possible conversion into commonstocks.4. Investment guidelines will be subject to continuing review by the investmentcounsel which shall report to the Investment Committee of the Institution.Mr. Schwengel. The Board of Kegents, you say, sets the policy.Do you have people who are knowledgeable and experienced in invest-ments on the board that have special talents for this that can be help-ful in guiding your investment policy ?Mr. Wheeler. We do have such people on the board, sir. Actually,we have this whole question under review right now. At Mr. Ripley'srequest, at the last meeting of the Board of Regents, the Board ap-pointed a small ad hoc subcommittee which will meet in Septemberand review a number of suggestions for procedures for our investingof funds, the endowment funds, and I hope it will cover any questionsthat they themselves may have in mind about these funds.Mr. Schwengel. Do you have a committee, or does Mr. Ripley oranybody have the assignment, for seeking out additional funds thatmight be available for the Smithsonian to add to your endowmentfrom year to year or from time to time ?Mr. Wheeler. Your committee will be hearing shortly from Mr.Kautz, who is head of our newly formed development office. It is his 328function to engage in this business of helping us gain additional pri-vate funds. [Mr. Kautz did not testify in person, but did submit astatement.]Mr. Schwexoel. I think this is a good idea. I want to pursue this.Have you done this before? Have you just gotten money because some-body gave it to you or did you pursue it or seek it ?Do you have any plans, for instance, that you can present to a pos-sible donor ?Mr. Wheeler. There have been somewhat abbreviated steps taken inthe past by previous Secretaries to get this sort of work started, butthere was not much done about it until very recently when Mr. Ripleyhas again initiated this and. as he said in his testimony, has writtena few letters.Well, he has done more than that. Mr. Kautz will outline for youhis program, which is a fairly extensive one.Mr. Schwexoel. On investment policy, do you deal with one firmor do you deal with a number of firms?Mr. Wheeler. Do you mean as far as brokers are concerned?Mr. Schwexoel. Yes.Mr. Wheeler. We deal witli a number of firms.Mr. Schwex'gel. You deal with several firms?Mr. Wheeler. Yes.Mr. Sciiwex'oel. Has that always been the policy ?Mr. Wheeler. I am not too familiar with what the policy was beforeI came here. I think there was somewhat more concentration.Mr. Schwengel. Arc those firms that you deal with local firms?Mr. Wheeler. A good many of them, yes. It depends on the se-curity and on the state of the market as to which firm is selected byScudder, Stevens, because they placed these orders now under somegeneral policy instructions from me as to some firms that we wouldlike to see get some of the business because they have given us someassistance.Mr. Schwexoel. If you buy the same stock, it doesn't really make .in v difference where you buy it.Mr. Wheeler. It does in some instances. If it is a large block ofstock, then it does make a difference these days. In bonds, in somecases bonds, or stocks, even, are traded on a net basis without commis-sion. That is the kind of special instance where it does make a differ-ence. Or some bonds are on sort of an arbitrage basis and may onlybe basis for 20 minutes at a time when you could make an advantageousswitch.In that case, you deal with the people who have the securities.Mr. Schwext.el. Do you ever buy government bonds on short term ?Mr. Wheeler. Yes. Particularly for what we call our general fund.It is part of our current investments. We have currently about $1 mil-lion worth.Mr. Schwengel. I will iiot pursue it any further, but I think itmight be well, because certain things have been said, that you list thenames of the firms you have been doing business with in recent years.Mr. Bingham, (presiding). Without objection, that may be done.(The information to be furnished follows :) 329Memorandum July 27, 1970.Subject : Brokers with whom the Smithsonian Institution has done business dur-ing the past two years.Merrill, Lynch, Pierce, Fenner & Smith, Inc.?NYC.H. C. Wainwright & Co.?NYC.J. W. Redmond & Co.?Wash., D.C.Mason & Co., Inc.?Wash., D.C.The First Boston Corp.?NYC.N. Y. Hanseatic Corp.?NYC.American Securities Corp.?NYC.Hoppin Bros. & Co.?NYC.Haas Securities Corp.?NYC.Piper, Jaffray & Hopwood?NYC.Levien, Greenwald & Co.?'NYC.John Nuveen & Co.?NYC.Rand & Co., Inc.?NYC.The Dominion Securities Corp.?NYCSpencer Trask & Co.?NYC.Laird, Inc.?NYC.Burnham & Co.?NYC.?Hornblower & Weeks?Hemphill, Noyes?Wash., D.C.Weeden & Co., Inc.?NYC.Folger, Nolan, Fleming & Co.?Wash., D.C.Reynolds & Co.?Wash., D.C.Eastman Dillon, Union Securities & Co.?Wash., D.C.White, Weld & Co.?NYC.Salomon Bros. & Hutzler?NYC.Stuart Bros.?NYC.L. Greenwald & Co.?NYC.Smith, Barney & Co.?NYC.Pipen, J. & H.?NYC.Goodman & Son.?NYC.Evans & Co., Inc.?NYC.Mason & Co., Inc.?NYC.Goldman, Sachs Co.?NYC.Glore Forgan, Win. R. Staats, Inc.?NYC.Loeb, Rhoades & Co.?NYC.Equity Research Associates, Inc.?NYC.William Hutchinson & Co.,, Inc.?NYC.H. N. Whitney, Goadby & Co.?NYC.W. E. Hutton & Co.?NYC.G. S. Grumman & Associates, Inc.?Boston, Mass.Shields & Company?NYC.Mr. Bingham. Mr. Harvey ?Mr. Harvey. I have no questions, Mr. Chairman.Mr. Bingham. Would you like to comment on the broad programof grants and contracts that you have? I notice a reference here toapparently a large contract with NASA.Could you give us some idea of the programs in a general way andsubmit a comprehensive list to us ?Dr. Ripley. I would be happy to, such as the program which NASAessentially initiated, following the emphasis by the Congress that ap-propriations to NASA should attempt to match the space applica-tions being made abroad, particularly in Russia in the post-Sputnikyears.At that time, NASA realized very sensibly that the Smithsonianhad, for many years, a primacy in two particular areas, one ingeodetics, attempting to derive accurate measurements of the size ofthe earth, and the other in meteoritics. 330They asked us to undertake a program with a camera, known as theBaker-Nunn camera, which the Institution had been instrumental inperforming research on, which would not only be able to make accurateobservations on meteorites, but also would be able to clock the passageof satellite or satellite fragments.For some years subsequently we have maintained a running censusof all objects introduced from the earth floating about in space. It isquite possible to see this running census ticking off in our observatoryin Cambridge, Mass. This work was expanded as the needs of NASArequired and our contract, therefore, was expanded, in order to servicethis.We have some 12, or have had some 12, orbital tracking stationsaround the world maintained on a contract basis through NASA withour contract employees servicing them. These are optical, and the de-vices are optical devices, the Baker-Nunn camera, essentially.More recently we have begun to go into developing a laser technique,using laser beams which we have been working on in connection withthe inventors of lasers, who, as you know, were at Stanford and MIT.We have supplemented some of the optical tracking devices withthe laser tracking devices. It was thought from the beginning thatthe chronometric analysis capable by the use of these cameras wouldbe a kind of assay or technical stopwatch system to check variationsin the radar observatory, which was also going on, the radar tech-niques of monitorings satellites.So it has been very effective.That is the nub of the Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory con-tract situation with NASA.Mr. Bingham. Are there other grants and contracts of a size withinthis figure ?Dr. Ripley. There arc essentially NASA ones in this case, and haveto do with the geodesy program, the accurate measurements of theearth. We have produced a geodesic series of measurements by geodosywhich are now producing the standard earth, on which we hope toeventually come down to variations as critical as the 1 meter range.We have in addition, of course, some programs still remaining inspite of the restrictions which came into effect with the Appropria-tions Act of 1963 with NSF for contract work. NSF is our principalcontracting grantor. That is the National Science Foundation. Thishas to do with the maintenance of the Science Information Exchangewhich was developed by the Smithsonian in the 1940's, just at the endof the war, and which, since the early 1950 ?s, has been administeredfirst under a committee of grant agencies, and more recently, sincethe late 1950's, under NSF directly by delegation of the Federal Coun-cil on Science and Technology.Mr. Thompson. Do you have any defense contracts?Dr. Ripley. We don't have any specific defense contracts as such.We have from time to time undertaken contracts which involve thingslike migratory bird studies.Mr. Thompson. That was called the Pacific Oceanic Laboratory ?Dr. Ripley. That is right.Mr. Thompson. Didn't that involve some studies relating to germwarfare ?Dr. Ripley. Not as far as we were concerned. 331Mr. Thompson. It did not, in fact, as alleged ?Dr. Ripley. As far as we know, we had no access to any such ac-tivities of this sort at all, and we specifically explained at the timethat?I think it was the television or someone brought this issue up ? this was not part of the mandate of the Smithsonian for the increaseand diffusion of knowledge.We were not active in warfare research and this was not our con-cern.Mr. Thompson. Was anyone associated with that grant activity insuch studies ?Dr. Ripley. A young man testified over the television, much to thesurprise of all of us, that he was actually a cryptic operative for somekind of organization of this sort, but it was news to us.Mr. Schwengel. Will the chairman yield ?Dr. Ripley, you once did research for the Defense Department,didn't you ?Dr. Ripley. I once worked for OSS. [Office of Strategic Services.]Mr. Schwengel. No ; I mean the Smithsonian did.Dr. Ripley. When was that, Mr. Schwengel ?Mr. Schwengel. In 1963. That was when you tested the balloon.Dr. Ripley. You mean Thaddeus Stevens' experiments. Yes, indeed,of course we did.Mr. Schwengel. And the President was the recipient of the firstwire message sent from the balloon.Dr. Ripley. That is right.Mr. Schwengel. What I would like to have you establish and I wouldlike to be able to prove is the New York Times article saying thatPresident Lincoln took a ride in a balloon. It would be very interestingif we could prove that Lincoln was the first astronaut President.Mr. Thompson. I think every President, even before Lincoln, wasexpert in floating balloons at some point. I think we can take judicialnotice of that. Whether they rode in them or not is another question.Do you want to proceed ?Mr. Wheeler. I was discussing the Freer Fund. I would like tomake the final point that whereas the value started at just under $2million in 19115, it currently has a market value of about?$16 milliondespite the recent severe declines both in the bond and the stockmarkets.Another large endowment fund that we received in the last year isone dedicated to underwater research and exploration. That is about$6 million, a very substantial addition to our endowment funds.I won't mention the other many funds we have except the twoRoebling funds were mentioned in testimony the other day. They arenow valued at approximately $220,000 and $45,000 respectively.The total value of all our endowment funds as of June 30 wasapproximately $33 million.Mr. Thompson. You must have quite a number of relatively smallones.Mr. Wheeler. Yes ; that is true.Mr. Thompson. $16 million is your largest.Mr. Wheeler. That is right.Mr. Thompson. These are funds which accompany specific gifts toendow the gifts, as Dr. Ripley said the other day. 332Mr. Wheeler. They are not all restrictive, but most are. About $6million is unrestricted, of the total.By congressional legislation, it is provided that $1 million of thesefunds, known as the permanent fund, including the original Smithsongift, is invested in U.S. Treasury and we receive 6 percent annualinterest on that.It has been mentioned that the total income from the $33 million ofendowment funds and from some $2.5 million of investments includedin our current fund accounts was $1,400,000 in fiscal year 1970.The observation was quite properly made that that is not a verylarge return on that amount of money.I should point out that the $33 million includes the $6 million wejust received, and we did not get the income from that.I think it was $7,000 we received in fiscal year 1970. Furthermore,those funds are invested entirely in a very high multiple low dividend,low yield growth stock, so that that particular income is quite low.Mr. Schwengel. I think the record ought to show the reason forthis. Can you tell us? Tell us why you didn't buy securities withhigher income.Mr. Wheeler. The gift was given to us in this form, sir. Wereceived many thousands of shares of stock in this particular com-pany. That is why it is still in that form.Mr. Schwengel. You don't have the privilege of cashing andreinvesting ?Mr. Wheeler. Yes; we do, for a portion of it, but only a portion.I think around three-quarters of it we can reinvest. But I think wereceived the shares yesterday in the bank.Mr. Schwengel. What is your average income on the funds thatyou control?Mr. Wheeler. The total here is a little less than 5 percent, basedon current values.Mr. Thompson. That isn't bad for the last year.Mr. Wheeler. Yes, sir. The yield is higher now than it was.Going on, naturally the income that we get from these privatefunds, both restricted and unrestricted, is of tremendous benefit tothe Institution. It should be noted, though, that of that total of $1.4million, only about $340,000 in 1970 was for unrestricted purposes,and I might say that is a pitifully small amount in relation to ourneed for such funds.It is our hope, as has been mentioned here, that this type of incomecan be increased substantially over the next few years.It has been stated to this committee also that the private fundsof the Institution are audited annually by independent publicaccountants.Prior to 1909, this was done by the executive committee of theregents. From 1909 to 1947, it was done by a Mr. William L. Yeager,a C.P.A., and since 1947, these audits have been performed annuallyby Peat, Marwick, Mitchell and Co., one of the largest and best knownauditing firms, not only in this country, but the world over.Representatives of that firm are in the audience in case you wishto speak to them at any time. 333These audit reports are presented regularly to our Board of Regentswith semiannual explanations about current financial developments,and a somewhat condensed version is published every year in ourSmithsonian Yearbook.This is distributed quite widely, and I hope that the members of thiscommittee have already received copies.I would like to submit to you at this time a copy of the latest com-plete report of the auditors. This is the complete report, not the con-densed version. This is for the year 1969, the latest one available.Mr. Thompson. Without objection, that will follow your testimony.[See testimony of Anthony Natelli of Peat, Marwick, Mitchell & Co.,CPA's.]Mr. Wheeler. If you have any questions on those statements, ofcourse, we would be glad to answer them.I believe it is evident from this broad picture of the Smithsonianfinancing that the accounting problems of the Institution are indeedcomplicated.We operate, in effect, with six different kinds of moneys; namely,Federal funds for current operating purposes, Federal funds for con-struction projects, private unrestricted funds, private restrictedfunds, grants and contract moneys and foreign currencies.At the same time we spread these over 40 different bureaus, officesand activities, and we operate in six different locations in this countryas well as in Panama, and at the same time have many grants and con-tract operations all over the world.The result from a financial and accounting standpoint is that we haveoutgrown our previous relatively simple accounting system.To meet this situation the Smithsonian has been striving with theutmost vigor over the past 2 years or more to revise its financial andaccounting methods so as to provide the modern management infor-mation and control system needed to give proper guidance for the di-rection of this very diversified institution.Let me outline briefly what we have been trying to do. First, fromthe management control standpoint we have to answer three questions : Where have we been ? Where are we now ? Where are we going ?To meet these goals on the private side, we have done the followingthings : We have completely revised the form of this statement so asto make it simpler to understand and more meaningful.We have designed and installed a new system of monthly reportsof income and expenditure for all of our offices and activities forwhich we budget private funds.This also gives us monthly the picture of our overall financial resultsfor both unrestricted funds and the status of our current restrictedfunds and the endowment funds.We have established annual budgets for each of these individualoffices and activities which are then monitored on a monthly basis bythe division heads.Finally, we have established a 12-month forecast of our cash flowwith the results of which we are able to do a more intelligent job ofinvesting any surplus cash we may have available.Mr. Thompson. These reforms, I gather, have taken place in thelast 2 years ? 49-484 O - 71 - pt. 1 334Mr. Wheeler. Yes, sir.Mr. Thompson. How many accounting firms were involved beforethis?Mr. Wheeler. In auditing ?Mr. Thompson. Internal accounting of the various funds.Mr. Wheeler. Well, we always did our own accounting. We hadcertain help in making surveys, but mostly from Peat, Marwick,Mitchell, I believe.Mr. Thompson. Since 1947, Peat, Marwick, Mitchell has done it?Mr. Wheeler. Yes, sir.On the Federal side, we have been providing right along to each ofour bureaus and offices statements of disbursements of the moneys theyhave obligated against their allotments and the remaining balances ofFederal appropriations.Our system provides for certification by the fiscal and supply de-partments prior to the issuance of purchase orders that the necessaryfunds are both available and properly chargeable to the related ap-propriation allotment.As a result, we have never overspent or overobligated any of ourFederal appropriations.Nevertheless, we recognize the need for improvements and we aremaking these on the Federal side.The form of our monthly reports of Federal disbursements, obliga-tions, and so forth, is being revised effective this month, to improveclarity and timeliness.Our annual budgetary requests to Congress for federally appro-priated moneys have been vastly improved, thanks principally to Mr.Jameson, I might say, to the point where we have been complimentedby the Appropriations Subcommittees of both the Senate and theHouse upon the presentation.During the past year, in our budgetary process we have begunplacing greater emphasis upon identification of relative priorities ofthe Institution's already established activities, with the objective ofeliminating support for lower priority programs and making possiblemore worthwhile projects with minimum additional support fromCongress.In the process of making these improvements on both the Federaland private side it has been necessary also to make some fundamentalchanges.The first of these is that we completely reorganized the fiscal divi-sion and eliminated the separation between private and Federal. Thismade it possible to eliminate some duplicate supervision. It eliminatedthe conflict between the two sides of our own fiscal house and madebetter cooperation.It gave better opportunities for advancement and generally resultedin upgrading the training of our employees.We also put into effect a comprehensive new uniform coding sys-tem for all accounting transactions, both Federal and private.We have a new computer combined payroll-personnel program.With the personnel department it has been worked out so that wehave just one program for payroll and personnel, thereby eliminatingduplication of effort and getting much more useful information. 335We have issued new procurement manuals and property adminis-tration manuals, which I have with me. We are just now with Peat,Marwick completing a very important survey of our fundamentals ofaccounting whereby we are obtaining a complete new chart of ac-counts. If that is a term that is not familiar to you, it is the designa-tion of the fundamental accounts and how they fit together in youraccounting system.With this new chart of accounts, it will eventually be possible toobtain automatically from the computer our regular monthly man-agement control reports, instead of doing them manually on a verytime-consuming and difficult basis.Furthermore, we will get on to a full system of accrual accountingbeginning this month.As you may recall, this is something that the Federal Governmenthas been pushing very vigorously for several years.Finally, it will give us a framework for further improvements thatwill completely modernize our accounting system within the nextyear or two.Finally, I should mention that in July of 1969 we reinstituted in-ternal auditing procedures, originally on a very minimal basis be-cause of the lack of money and the lack of authorized positions. Butas of this month, this has been expanded to four internal auditorsand one secretary.To summarize, I think it can be fairly stated that our financial andaccounting controls have been adequate to prevent overspending ormisspending of the Institution's Federal appropriations.Our private funds are independently audited each year and dis-closed fully to the Institution's Board of Regents at the Board's reg-ular meetings, with further annual disclosures to the public in theSmithsonian Yearbooks. [See statement of Peat, Marick, Mitchell &Co.]From a management standpoint, I can assure you that we can nowanswer those three questions of where we have been, where we are,and where we are going.At the same time, it has been fully recognized that by reason ofthe growth of the Institution, improvements were needed in our ac-counting operations and in our codification of internal procedures.Strenuous efforts to achieve these have been underway for two yearsand major segments of the program have already been accomplished.The remaining portion is scheduled to be completed as soon aswe can.Mr. Thompson. Thank you very much. This is very illuminatingtestimony, from which I have learned a great deal. 1 think it is ex-tremely valuable that we learn your methods of operation. I commendyour recent efforts at reorganization.Have you your own computer ?Mr. Wheeler. Yes, sir.Mr. Schwengel. I am impressed with your comprehensive report.It will be of assistance to us.The Smithsonian is a great educational institution that helps usunderstand where we came from, how we developed, with the sinewsof industry and so forth. I am very proud of the Institution. 336Mr. Thompson. Thank you very much, Mr. Wheeler.At this time we will hear from Mr. Anthony Natelli and PeterGates of Peat, Marwick, Mitchell & Co.Without objection, we will put Mr. Kautz's statement into the record.If any questions arise subsequently, we will call him back.(The document referred to follows:)Statement of Lynford E. Kautz, Director of the Office of Development ofthe Smithsonian Institutionsmithsonian endowmentsMr. Chairman, Members of the Subcommittee, as far back as 1926, under thethen Secretary Charles D. Walcott, the need for additional private endowmentsand operational funds to support the growing responsibilities of the Smithsonianwas considered by the Regents. Secretary Walcott proposed, for this purpose, thecreation of a society "to befriend the Institution." Secretary Walcott died beforethe farsighted proposal could be placed in effect. He had, however, set up aSpecial Committee to seek general endowment funds. The Committee, in 1927, re-ported that the Institution should emulate the universities by driving hard fora central endowment, and, like any university president, the Secretary shouldhave an appropriate staff.The efforts of this Special Committee were, in large part, frustrated by thehard times following 1929. However, the Institution has continued this effort,and a few substantial capital gifts have been received such as the Forrest be-quest (1964) and the Sprague bequest (1965) amounting to approximately .$2,000,000 each.In 1965, Secretary Walcott's "Society of Friends" became a reality in theform of the Smithsonian National Associates when approved by the Board ofRegents. At the same time, the Regents approved the recommendation of theSecretary to organize the Development Office of the Smithsonian Institution. AsSecretary Ripley reported on the first day of testimony : "It seemed to us thatthe original concept of the Smithsonian embodied the thought that we would notonly come to the Federal Government annually for appropriations for the sup-port of the museum-like facilities, but we would also seek to interest the Ameri-can public in supporting this valuable Institution."The Development Office views the National Associates organization as asignificant opportunity to inform the American public of the many projects andprograms underway at the Smithsonian. Visitors see the Museums but cannotsee our research. There is the misconception that the Smithsonian is completelydependent upon Federal funds. In fact, some people are not aware that the In-stitution even qualifies for private funds. It is expected, through the NationalAssociates, that key donors will be developed and a new financial interest in thetotal Institution will ensue.Recent Development Office activity has been to assist the Secretary in hisquest to increase the endowment. Over the past fiscal year $6,000,000 has beencontributed for Oceanography. In another priority area, more than a milliondollars has been contributed to the Chesapeake Bay Center for EnvironmentalStudies. Participating foundations included the Ford Foundation, the Fleisch-mann Foundation, the Old Dominion Foundation, the Scaife Foundation, theR. K. Mellon Foundation, the Prospect Hill Foundation, the Laurel Foundation,and the A. W. Mellon Foundation.It appears that the Smithsonian can be a prime example of good Institutionalfunding through the combination of Federal Appropriations, research grants(both Federal and private), and private trusts. At present an imbalance iscreated by too little on the private side.There is a definite need for unrestricted money to fund projects that areSmithsonian priorities and not the priority of the donor. Towards this end, theDevelopment Office has assisted the Secretary with meetings in two cities topromote funds of a general nature from corporations as well as individuals. Itis anticipated that other cities will be visited where the Smithsonian story canbe told to key community leaders. The goal of the Development Office is toassist the Secretary in obtaining private funds over a broad sector, creating abetter balance among the major funding sources available. 337STATEMENTS OF ANTHONY NATELLI AND PETER GATES, OF PEAT,MARWICK, MITCHELL & CO., CPA'S, AUDITORS OF PRIVATEFUNDSMr. Natelli. I have been requested in the letter I received from youyesterday, Mr. Chairman, to present a brief statement in several copiesregarding our association with Smithsonian and to describe our pro-cedures in auditing private funds.Mr. Thompson. Thank you.Mr. Natelli. I am partner in charge of the Washington office ofPeat, Marwick, Mitchell, and I am here kind of pinchhitting with theshort notice that we did have.We were advised the latter part of last week of your desire that webe present today. It was not possible for me to have here the partnerwho is the client partner and has been for a number of years on theSmithsonian engagements, as he is out of the country on vacation andwill not be returning until next week.I spoke to Mr. d'Amecourt about this, suggesting that we couldappear at a later date. But it was the desire to keep within the contextof today's session that someone be here, so I am pinchhitting.Mr. Thompson. It may or may not be necessary.At this point, your letter will be made a part of the record. I don'tthink it is necessary to read it, except that it does identify your firm'sassociation, that you are public accountants independent of the Smith-sonian Institution, and your procedures are those generally acceptedauditing standards, including tests of the accounting records and suchother procedures as you consider necessary.(The document referred to follows :) 338Peat, Marwick, Mitchell & CoCERTIFIED PUBLIC ACCOUNTANTS1025 CONNECTICUT AVENUE. N. W.WASHINGTON. D C S0036 The Board of RegentsSmithsonian Institution: We have examined the balance sheet of private funds of SmithsonianInstitution as of June 30, 1969 and the related statement of changes in fundbalances for the year then ended Our examination was made in accordancewith generally accepted auditing standards, and accordingly included suchtests of the accounting records and such other auditing procedures as we con-sidered necessary in the circumstancesIn our opinion, the accompanying statement of changes in fund bal-ances presents fairly the operations of the unrestricted funds of SmithsonianInstitution for the year ended June 30, 1969, in conformity with generallyaccepted accounting principles; and with respect to all other funds, subjectto the matters referred to in note 1, the accompanying balance sheet of pri-vate funds and the related statement of changes in fund balances presentfairly the assets and fund balances of Smithsonian Institution at June 30,1969 and changes in fund balances resulting from cash transactions of theprivate funds for the year then ended, all on a basis consistent with that ofthe preceding year (f&ai. ^th^c^s ?/)jfaJ/' SfOctober 27, 1969 339 i c ^I O (0 i *o o I 3 C Xi O B *J ^ C wI U T3 0) 0J > < HZ C O ? OH 340 O r-? O -J O m -a- O -3" X) co O ? i O r- O <-* CO O O r-\ OC^cm ooCO r-? CO ON vO COO m -- --cm r* Ot-t coMvonai-J^n, CN COCM .-* 0\0?HrJOHO vO O I S-JfM 004 O *-> C TJ ? o cC ^ - h * o ? H i c o c ^ < as i-E w a to a. i C3 ? O O O ?IT3 ec < Ol o 341 o| o H C ?' - c ^ C >-< H H H? 342SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTIONPRIVATE FUNDSNotes to Financial StatementsJune jJOj. 1969 t[l) Basis of AccountingThe accounts for unrestricted funds are maintained on the accrual basis of ac-counting. Accounts for other funds are maintained on the basis of cash re-ceipts and disbursements, except that reimbursements for work performed pur-suant to a grant or contract are accrued and certain real estate is carriedat cost or appraised value as explained below.Except for certain real estate acquired by gift or purchased from proceeds ofgifts which are valued at cost or appraised value at date of gift, land,buildings, furniture, equipment, works of art, living and other specimens,and certain other similar property, are not included in the accounts of theInstitution; the amounts of investments in such properties are not readilydeterminable. Current expenditures for such properties are included amongexpenses. The accompanying statements do not include the National Galleryof Art, the John F. Kennedy Center for the Performing Arts, nor other depart-ments, bureaus and operations administered by the Institution under Federalappropriations.(2) CommitmentPursuant to an agreement, dated October 9, 1967, between the Institution andThe Cooper Union for the Advancement of Science and Art, the Institution ac-quired, on July 1, 1968, all funds belonging to The Cooper Union for use ex-clusively for museum purposes, and certain articles of tangible personalproperty as defined in the agreement.The agreement provides, among other covenants, that the Institution will main-tain a museum in New York City and has pledges in excess of $800,000 for thesupport of such a museum. During the year pledges of $200,000 were collected 343Peat, Marwick, Mitchell & CoCERTIFIED PUBLIC ACCOUNTANTS1025 CONNECTICUT AVENUE, N. W.WASHINGTON, D C 20036 ACCOUNTANTS' REPORT ON SUPPLEMENTARY DATA The Board of RegentsSmithsonian Institution: We have reported separately herein on the basic financial state-ments of private funds of Smithsonian Institution. The current year's sup-plementary data included in Schedules 1 through 6 were subjected to the sameauditing procedures and, in our opinion, subject to the same exceptions asstated in our opinion to the basic financial statements, are stated fairlyin all material respects when considered in conjunction with the basicfinancial statements taken as a whole./f&*? ?})asHi^/? I'/jU^fOctober 27, 1969 344 SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTIONPRIVATE FUNDSSummary of Investments - Stocks and BondsYear ended June 30, 1969 Schedule 1 Current funds :Bonds :GovernmentPublic utilityIndustrialTotal bonds Book value Marketvalue 1,521,672 1,422,675201,500 150,500742.925 703.8002.466.097 2.276.975Stocks : PreferredCommon Total stocksTotal current funds investmentsdowment and similar funds:Bonds.:GovernmentPublic utilityIndustrialTotal bondsStocksPreferredCommon Total stocksTotal endowment and similarfunds investmentsTotal investments 52,586731.622784.208 49,200703.949753.1493.250.305 3.030.124 4,140,693 3,570,6993,652,233 2,636,1304.750.091 3.755.48812.543.017 9.962.317878,151 586,84210.534.534 18.732.67811.412.685 19.319.52023.955.702 29.281.837$ 27.206.007 32.3T1.961 345 O r-- so cr> O i O 00 m O < ls|3 ,? -?O u u ^J 346 H t/1 3 Xr- O U. 01HZ Cz E ?*>-< -oW V cZ H 00 eg3 < cz >- x mo oi u -oa: ^ iH o u.? 4. I- . c-i r? O O -J? -4 ' - ? ~ O IT ? ! ? 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I have several questions to ask you and, if neces-sary, later by correspondence we could ask you other questions, espe-cially when the gentleman who is generally responsible for this ishere.Mr. Natelli. Certainly.Mr. Thompson. What is the scope of the public accounting auditsof the Smithsonian's activities?Mr. Natelli. We are engaged to examine and report upon the pri-vate funds of the Smithsonian Institution. This does involve exam-ination on test basis in accordance with generally accepted auditingstandards of the private fund balances and transactions and, of course,culminates in a report, which I believe you have been given a copyof.The primary purpose of the work is to form an opinion on the fair-ness of presentation in the balance sheets and statement of fundtransactions as developed by the Treasurer of the Smithsonian In-stitution.Mr. Thompson. I gather that you are involved only with the privatefunds and not with all of the Smithsonian's operations, is that correct?Mr. Natelli. That is correct, Mr. Chairman.Mr. Thompson. So that internally they do their own auditing workwith respect to the Federal funds, and you do the private funds.Mr. Natelli. I believe it might be correct to state there is internalaudit of both the private and Federal funds internally.Mr. Gates. Yes; as far as the internal audit is concerned.Mr. Thompson. But your company doesn't involve itself at all withthe auditing of the public funds.Mr. Natelli. That is correct. I was simply clarifying that internalauditors, within the Smithsonian, not our firm, as Mr. Wheeler justexplained, with a recently expanded staff audit internally the privateand Federal funds.Mr. Thompson. Does your work include any recommendations withrespect to the prices paid by the Smithsonian for goods and services?Do you advise as to whether or not they are getting the most for theirmoney ? Or do you simply review what they have done with the pri-vate funds?Mr. Natelli. We simply review by various test procedures andexamination what has transpired. We attest to what has transpired.We do not, in a sense, second-guess management as to whether theyshould or should not have made certain purchases.Mr. Thompson. You have nothing to do with efficiency controlswithin the Institution itself?Mr. Natelli. Not directly. I would say that as a normal course ofour work, of course, we do generally make observations on matters ofaccounting procedures and, therefore, would discuss them with theTreasurer. But not in the sense, I think, in which you are directingthe question to. 357Mr. Thompson. Are you familiar with the efforts that the Institu-tion is making internally to computer program its accounting proce-dures ?Mr. Natelli. Yes, I am.Mr. Thompson. Do you consider them to be modern and soundprocedures ?Mr. Natelli. Very much in tune with the Institution's needs as itgrows, right.Mr. Thompson. Thank you very much. I think that is all we needto know from you for the moment. Thank you very much for comingon such short notice.Mr. Natelli. My pleasure, Mr. Chairman.Mr. Thompson. With that, I think we will conclude for the day, thesubcommittee to meet Thursday next in this room at 10 a.m.Thank you very much.(Whereupon, at 3 :55 p.m. the subcommittee recessed, to reconveneat 10 a.m., Thursday, July 23, 1970, in room 2257.) SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTIONGeneral Background?Policies, Purposes, and Goals From1846 to Present THURSDAY, JULY 23, 1970House of Representatives,Subcommittee on Library and Memorials!of the Committee on House Administration,Washington, D.O.The subcommittee met at 10 a.m., pursuant to recess, in room 2257,Kayburn House Office Building, Hon. Frank Thompson, Jr. (chair-man of the subcommittee) presiding.Present : Representatives Thompson, Bingham, and Harvey.Staff member present : John d'Amecourt, staff director.Mr. Thompson. The subcommittee will be in order.Other members have other committee commitments and will be com-ing in and out.Our first witness this morning is Mr. Allen R. Voss, the regionalrepresentative of the General Accounting Office, to discuss with us themanagement of Federal funds and the GAO's report of July 1, 1970.He is accompanied by John Moore, the Assistant General Counsel.Also present are other representatives of the General Accounting Of-fice; Mr. Eugene L. Pahl, Mr. Donald Scantlebury, and Mr. OwenKane.STATEMENT OF ALLEN R. VOSS, ASSOCIATE DIRECTOR, CIVIL DIVI-SION, GENERAL ACCOUNTING OFFICE; ACCOMPANIED BY JOHNMOORE, ASSISTANT GENERAL COUNSEL; EUGENE L. PAHL, AS-SISTANT DIRECTOR, CIVIL DIVISION; DONALD SCANTLEBURY,WASHINGTON REGIONAL OFFICE MANAGER; AND OWEN A.KANE, LEGISLATIVE ATTORNEY, OFFICE OF LEGISLATIVELIAISONMr. Thompson. Good morning, Mr. Voss.Mr. Voss. Good morning, Mr. Chairman.I have a prepared statement, if I may read it for the record. It isvery short.Mr. Thompson. Please do. Proceed as you wish.Mr. Voss. Mr. Chairman, we are pleased to appear before this sub-committee today to discuss the work of the General Accounting Officeat the Smithsonian Institution. (359) 360Our work at the Smithsonian has consisted primarily of audits ofactivities financed with appropriated funds. Our authority to performthis work stems from the Budget and Accounting Act of 1921 whichrequires the General Accounting Office to settle the appropriated fundaccounts.While we have issued a number of audit reports relating to the settle-ment of the Smithsonian's accounts, we recently issued one reportwhich was concerned with the need for improvements in the financialmanagement activities of the Smithsonian Institution and a secondreport which was concerned with the control over, and disposition of,art works at the National Collection of Fine Arts. [See Charles Blit-zer testimony, July 28.] 361REPORT TO THE CONGRESS Improvement Needed In FinancialManagement Activities Of TheSmithsonian Institution,3snin?iun f u,u, b.? 33332 BY THE COMPTROLLER GENERALOF THE UNITED STATES JULY 1.1970 362 COMPTROLLER GENERAL OF THE UNITED STATESWASHINGTON. D.C. 20548 B-133332 To the President of the Senate and theSpeaker of the House of RepresentativesThis is our report on the need for improvement in fi-nancial management activities of the Smithsonian Institution.Our review was made pursuant to the Budget and AccountingAct, 1921 (31 U.S.C. 53), and the Accounting and AuditingAct of 1950 (31 U.S.C. 67).Copies of this report are being sent to the Director,Bureau of the Budget, and to the members of the Board ofRegents and the Secretary of the Smithsonian Institution. JsUt|uiri> that organizationalunits neediii)', supplies f services, or equipment must submitpurchase requisitions to the Supply Division, which has theresponsibility for buying (after determination by the FiscalDivision thai funds are available). We found, however, thatmany purchases were made directly by other Smithsonian divi-sions, Under such practices: ? statutory provisions requiring competition were notbeing complied with and, therefore, the Smithsonianmighl not have been obtaining the best prices forits purchases and --records on the status of funds were not current and i here fore could not provide control to ensure thatappropriated funds were not overobligated.The following sections discuss in detail the question-able procuremeni practices noted during our review.PROCUREMENT BY THE SUPPLY DIVISIONCOULD RESULT IN OBTAINING MORE FAVORABLE PRICESA Smithsonian study of procurement practices duringthe flr.Ni quarter of fisca] year 1968 disclosed that staffelements were mal Lng commitments and placing orders withvendors For the purchase of services, supplies, and equip-menl Lnstead of processing the required requisitions throughthe Fiscal Division and the Supply Division. This practice ii 378 resulted in contracts and purchase orders being issued sub-sequently by the Supply Division in confirmation of ordersalready placed by operating elements. The study showedthat, during the period reviewed, 206 purchase orders total-ing $57,902 were issued by the Supply Division in confirma-tion of informal orders placed by other Smithsonian ele-ments.As a result of this study, the Secretary issuedSmithsonian Institution Office Memorandum 730, dated Decem-ber 29, 1967, which directed that all procurements would bemade, following verification by the Fiscal Division of theavailability of funds, by the Supply Division or througharrangements made by a contracting officer of the SupplyDivision.A Smithsonian study, covering the 2-month period Octo-ber 3 through December 3, 1968, indicated that the situationhad not improved. In this 2-month period, 111 confirmingpurchase orders totaling $42,429 were issued.Our review of selected procurement transactions dur-ing fiscal years 1967-69 confirmed the findings of theSmithsonian studies and showed that the situation still ex-isted. We found 71 instances in which orders for goods andservices totaling $172,000 were placed directly with ven-dors by Smithsonian operating units for which contracts andpurchase orders were later issued by the Supply Division.In practically all these instances, the unit which placedthe order did not obtain competition but made purchaseswithout obtaining price quotations from more than onesource . Example l- -0n June 24, 1968, the Smithsonian awarded acontract in the amount of $5,200 for conducting orientationand technical familiarization courses for selected Smith-sonian personnel in the field of documentary motion pic-tures. Invoices submitted by the contractor show that hisservices commenced on May 27, 1968, approximately 1 monthbefore the contract was awarded. Smithsonian files indi-cated that the unit which made the arrangements for the con-tractor's services was the Office of Exhibits of the Museumof History and Technology. Smithsonian records indicatethat the contractor was the only source solicited. 15 379 The Office of Exhibits did not prepare a purchase req-uisition for these services until June 5, 1968, 9 daysafter the services had commenced. After the availabilityof funds had been certified by the Fiscal Division onJune 7, 1968, a contract was awarded by the Supply Divisionon June 24, 1968, effective May 27, 1968. The contractualdocuments show that the contract was negotiated on a sole-source basis. The contracting officer prepared a determina-tion and findings which stated that the contractor was con-sidered to be the sole source for the procurement becauseof his knowledge in the field and his knowledge of Smith-sonian needs acquired as a result of his prior survey ofthe Smithsonian Institution Motion Picture Film Unit.Example 2 - -The Smithsonian's Office of Education andTraining engaged the services of a general consultant toassist the Director of Education and Training in the develop-ment of the Anacostia Neighborhood Museum. Although theconsulting services began on August 1, 1967, a purchaserequisition for these services was not prepared by the Of-fice of Education and Training until September 29, 1967.The sole-source procurement was justified by the requisi-tioning office on the basis that the consultant, by virtueof education, training, experience, and background, ap-peared to be the only source for the required services.After the availability of funds had been certified bythe Fiscal Division on October 3, 1967, a purchase orderwas issued by the Supply Division. Because of the delayin the preparation and processing of the requisition, thepurchase order was not issued until October 17, 1967, morethan 2-1/2 months after the services began. The order pro-vided for 166 hours of services at the rate of $15 an hour,for a total of $2,490.Example 3?On July 18, 1968, the Division of Perform-ing Arts prepared a requisition for the installation ofelectrical power and lights by a Maryland electric companyfor the Second Annual Festival of American Folklife whichwas held on the Mall during the period July 3-7, 1968. Aninvoice for these services in the amount of $3,652 was sub-mitted by the vendor on July 12, 1968. The vendor indicatedthat the company's employees began this job on or beforeJuly 1, 1968. 16 ;;so The availability of funds was certified by the FiscalDivision on July 18, 1968, and a contract was awarded bythe Supply Division for the invoiced amount. The statementand certificate of award was dated July 1, 1968, 17 daysbefore the date of the requisition. The Supply Divisionofficial who signed the award document was unable to explainthe discrepancy between the award and requisition dates.The Chief of the Supply Division, however, stated that thiswas another instance of a confirming contract for a procure-ment in which the Smithsonian requiring activity had by-passed the Supply Division in the ordering process and thatthe Supply Division had to prepare the papers necessary topay the vendor for services rendered.In a supporting determination and findings datedJuly 1, 1968, the Smithsonian contracting officer statedthat negotiated procurement was justified because it wasimpracticable to secure competition by means of formal ad-vertising. The stated basis for this determination wasthat the Smithsonian did not have adequate specificationsand data with which to prepare an invitation for bids forformal advertising because of insufficient time and thevarying and changing requirements of performers . Supply Division officials agreed that, with betterplanning and more timely requisitioning action by the re-quiring activity, specifications probably could have beenprepared which would have permitted the solicitation of com-petitive bids by formal advertising with the result that amore favorable price might have been obtained. We believe that in the circumstances discussed abovethere was no assurance that other qualified sources of sup-ply were not available because solicitation of thesesources was not attempted. Therefore, there was no reason-able assurance that the most favorable prices for the re-quired services had been obtained. We believe that the mostdesirable means of obtaining supplies and services at trulycompetitive prices is to make procurements on a competitivebasis, preferably by formal advertising. 17 381 Generally, lower prices will be obtained by makingprocurements on a competitive basis. We believe also thatthe procurement of goods and services without effectivecompetition may foster inefficient and uneconomical prac-tices and tends to circumvent a basic policy of the Con-gress that all qualified suppliers shall have an equal op-portunity to compete for the Government's business.In the absence of price quotations from other poten-tial sources of supply, it was not possible for us to de-termine whether savings might have been realized if competi-tion had been obtained in the procurements we reviewed.However, we did note an instance which illustrates the po-tential savings obtainable. This procurement involvedcarpeting for the First Ladies Hall of the Museum of His-tory and Technology. The Design Office of the Museum ofHistory and Technology, which required the carpeting, ob-tained price quotations from two vendors and prepared arequisition requesting the Supply Division to purchase thecarpeting at the lowest quoted price it had received, $8,099.A Smithsonian official stated that the Supply Division, bysoliciting competitive price proposals, obtained carpetingof the same type and quality for $5,078, a saving of morethan $3,000.PROCUREMENT OF GOODS AND SERVICESPRIOR TO CERTIFICATION OF THEAVAILABILITY OF FUNDSThe law provides that no officer or employee of theUnited States make or authorize an expenditure or create orauthorize an obligation under any appropriation or fund inexcess of the amount available therein (31 U.S.C. 665). Toassure compliance with this provision, it is imperativethat Government funds not be obligated or committed untilthe availability of such funds has been established. Suchassurance does not exist in situations where liabilitiesare created by virture of procurement commitments madeprior to certification of the availability of funds. Innumerous instances noted in our review, such situations oc-curred because Smithsonian organizational units placed or-ders with vendors before obtaining certification from theFiscal Division that funds were available for such purposes. 18 49-484 O - 71 - pi. 1 -- 25 382 In many instances, a certification of the availabilityof funds was not obtained until after the supplies had beenreceived or the services performed. For example, in a 1967procurement, the Design Office of the Museum of History andTechnology arranged to have a New York firm prepare andfurnish drawings and specifications for an air-conditionedand humidified storage area for musical instruments. Aninvoice submitted by the vendor on July 28, 1967, in theamount of $1,192, showed that the ordered services wereperformed during June and July 1967. A purchase requisi-tion for this procurement was not prepared by the DesignOffice until August 17, 1967, and a certificate of theavailability of funds was not obtained from the Fiscal Di-vision until August 28, 1967, almost 2 months after the per-formance of the services had begun and 1 month after itscompletion.In another instance, the Division of Performing Artsarranged with a Virginia supplier for the rental, installa-tion, and operation of stages, scaffolds, screens, andlights for the Second Annual Festival of American Folklifeheld on the Mall during the period July 3-7, 1968. A pur-chase requisition for these services in the amount of$4,297 was prepared by the requiring Smithsonian activityon July 24, 1968. A certification of the availability offunds was not obtained from the Fiscal Division untilJuly 25, 1968--17 days after the services had been com-pleted.As a result of the procurement of goods and servicesprior to the certification of the availability of funds,the Smithsonian's records on the status of procurementfunds are not current and therefore have not provided thecontrol over obligations of appropriated funds necessary toensure compliance with the requirements of 31 U.S.C. 665.SPLITTING OF PURCHASE ORDERS TOAVOID THE "OPEN MARKET LIMITATION"The Federal Property and Administrative Services Actof 1949, as amended (41 U.S.C. 252), provides that, withcertain exceptions, all purchases and contracts for propertyand services shall be made by advertising. One of the ex-ceptions to this requirement is that purchases and contracts 19 383 may be negotiated without advertising when the aggregateamount involved does not exceed $2,500. This exception iscommonly referred to as the open market limitation.Our review of 65 purchase orders negotiated in fiscalyears 1968 and 1969, totaling about $120,000, revealed sev-eral instances where the open market limitation was exceeded.In some instances the limitation was exceeded because ofsuccessive purchases of like items by the same operatingdivision. For example, in confirmation of orders placed bythe Division of Performing Arts, the Supply Division issuedfour purchase orders, each under $2,500 but totaling morethan $8,000, for the rental of tents for the Second AnnualFestival of American Folklife held in July 1968. The Smith-sonian might have been able to obtain a lower price if ithad advertised for bids for the total requirement.We also noted instances where the open market limita-tion was exceeded because operating divisions did not co-ordinate their procurement of common-use items. For ex-ample, two divisions, the National Portrait Gallery and theNational Collection of Fine Arts, purchased certain itemsof furniture from the same vendor at approximately the sametime. The furniture was acquired for joint use in an areaused by both divisions. Although the amount of each pur-chase was less than the open market limitation, the com-bined purchases exceeded the limitation by about $1,500.AGENCY COMMENTS AND GAP'S EVALUATIONWe discussed the questionable procurement practiceswith Smithsonian officials who generally agreed with ourfindings. The Acting Secretary observed that unauthorizedpurchases had been a chronic problem with most scientificand research organizations. He stated that this problem hadbeen recognized by the Smithsonian's management and that,in an effort to alleviate the problem, the Smithsonianplanned to issue a new requisitioning handbook for use byits staff members.In a report draft which we submitted to the Secretaryof the Smithsonian for advance comments, GAO agreed that aproposed requisitioning handbook might be of some help inreducing problems in the Smithsonian's procurement practices 20 384 by providing a ready reference source for procurement rulesWe expressed the opinion, however, that the issuance of thehandbook would not correct procurement problems because thehandbook would be essentially a reiteration of existing in-structions?instructions which, as we have shown, Smithso-nian personnel had not consistently observed. In this re-spect, as stated on page 15 of this report, the Secretaryissued specific instructions to staff members in December1967, directing that all procurements were to be madethrough the Supply Division following verification by theFiscal Division of the availability of funds. As shown byour review, these specific instructions had not been fol-lowed in a number of instances. We concluded that appro-priate administrative controls were needed to enforce com-pliance with such instructions.Therefore, we proposed that the Secretary instruct thecertifying officers not to approve for payment any voucheror invoice for goods or services without the Secretary'sapproval when the procurement transaction does not includean advance determination of the availability of funds fromthe Fiscal Division and when the purchase is not processedthrough the Supply Division.In commenting on our draft report, the Secretary ex-pressed the opinion that the proposed requisitioning hand-book would be beneficial for improving control over procure-ment practices. Additionally, he indicated his intentionto reissue positive instructions requiring that, except incases of public exigency, all procurements be made throughthe Supply Division after verification by the Fiscal Divi-sion of the availability of funds.AGENCY ACTIONThe Secretary subsequently issued a memorandum onApril 1, 1970, on the subject of procurement practices andpolicies, addressed to all principal professional and admin-istrative members of the Smithsonian staff. In this memo-randum the Secretary stressed the need for compliance withthe established procedures to provide assurance that goodsand services for Smithsonian activities were procured atreasonable prices and within the funds available. Addition-ally, he pointed out that staff members were subject to 385 statutory and administrative penalties for the violation ofprocurement regulations and for exceeding available fundi.The memorandum further provided that any procurementsmade without following the prescribed procedure- would bereferred to the Assistant Secretary of the Smithsonian orother appropriate authority; that these officials would in-vestigate the matter and recommend to the Chief of the Sup-ply Division whether the improper procurement should beratified or canceled; and that the Secretary reserved theright to refuse payment for any such improper procurements.CONCLUSIONWe believe that the additional administrative controlsestablished by the revised procedures should, if properlyadministered, be effective in improving the Smithsonian'sprocurement practices. 22 386 CHAPTER 4REVENUE-PRODUCING ACTIVITIESThe Smithsonian Institution engages in several revenue-producing activities, including the sale of books and otherarticles, concessions, and special events for which fees arecharged. According to Smithsonian officials, these activi-ties are carried on by authority of the Smithsonian Boardof Regents in furtherance of its educational mandate. Ourreview showed that the Smithsonian's revenue-producing ac-tivities had been supported partly from Federal appropria-tions and partly from Smithsonian private funds; however,all revenue had been considered as private funds by theSmithsonian. According to the privately audited financialstatements included in the Smithsonian's annual report tothe Congress, expenditures of private funds for these activ-ities in 1968 totaled $1.9 million; revenues from these ac-tivities covered $1.7 million of these costs and the balanceof approximately $200,000 was provided from the Smithso-nian's unrestricted private funds.In our audit, we did not develop information concerningthe amounts of income derived from individual revenue-producing activities and the nature of such activities.The extent to which direct and indirect costs relating tothe activities were paid from Federal funds could not bereadily determined because the accounting records of theSmithsonian do not segregate the appropriated funds used forsuch activities. We did note, however, that appropriatedfunds were used to pay for certain direct expenses and cer-tain indirect expenses, such as heat, light, maintenance,repairs, janitorial services and supplies, guard service,and other costs relating to the operation, maintenance, andadministration of the Smithsonian Institution's buildingsand grounds . CONCLUSIONFurther information is being developed by Smithsonianand GAO regarding the financing of revenue-producing activ-ities, in whole or in part, from appropriated funds when allincome from such activities is considered to be privatefunds. Consideration will be given to the question of 23 387 whether an acceptable arrangement could be developed to re-port to the Congress the nature of these revenue-producingactivities, specific amounts of revenue accruing from eachof them, the extent to which the costs thereof are paidfrom Federal funds, and the extent to which the Institutionapplies its own funds to these public service activities. 24 388 CHAPTER 5NEED TO REAPPRAISE INTERNAL AUDIT ACTIVITIESSection 113 of the Accounting and Auditing Act of 1950(31 U.S. C. 66) requires that the head of each executiveagency establish and maintain systems of accounting and in-ternal control, including internal audit, designed to pro-vide, among other things, effective control over and ac-countability for all funds, property, and other assets forwhich the agency is responsible. Our review revealed thatthe Smithsonian had made only limited use of internal audit-ing as an element of management control.In an April 1965 letter report to the Secretary on theresults of a GAO audit of Smithsonian payroll activities,we commented on the need for the Smithsonian to establishinternal auditing procedures to test the adequacy of itsinternal controls. In its reply of May 20, 1965, the Smith-sonian agreed that there was a need for an effective inter-nal audit function and assured GAO that action would betaken to develop an independent internal audit staff whichwould report to the Secretary through the Assistant Secre-tary. Our review showed that many activities and programshad not been subjected to any regular program of internalaudit and that there was no internal audit manual or otherwritten guidelines which stated the objectives of internalaudit, the scope of the audit work, to be performed, or stan-dards of an internal auditor's performance. During thegreater part of our review, the Smithsonian's internal auditstaff consisted of one auditor who was employed in July1968. Prior to that time, the Smithsonian had had no in-ternal audit staff for several years. One additional audi-tor was employed shortly before our review was completed.Most of the work of the internal audit staff had beenon private fund activities which were also audited annuallyby a national firm of certified public accountants. Wefound that only a limited amount of the internal audit ef-fort had been directed to the federally funded activitieseven though salaries and expenses paid from Federal 25 389 appropriations had increased from about $4.4 million in fis-cal year 1957 to about $26 million in fiscal year 1969.The Acting Secretary stated that the internal audit ef-fort had been concentrated on private funds because theproblems in that area had been more pressing than those in-volving Federal funds. He indicated, however, that the audi-tors were turning their attention to Federal operations andthat the audit staff would be expanded as constraints werelifted on the Smithsonian's Federal employment ceilings.CONCLUSIONWe believe that expansion of internal audit effort bythe Smithsonian on activities financed with Federal fundswould result in more effective audit coverage of operations.We believe also that the various questionable policies andpractices discussed in the previous chapters of this reportdemonstrate the need for increased internal audit attentionto activities financed with Federal funds.RECOMMENDATION TO THE SECRETARYOF THE SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTIONWe recommend that the Secretary continue efforts todevelop an internal audit staff of sufficient size and com-petence to perform effective audits of all activities, in-cluding those involving Federal as well as private funds.AGENCY COMMENTSThe Secretary concurred in our recommendation andstated that the Smithsonian would undertake to recruit acompetent and adequate internal audit staff. 26 - - _. ..'. :-t *rr.a : -.-.?---. -. - the - pi I - : : - . : - : - - : 5 ' '- : - -- ' ' -'. : -. pr O- ?- r : '&' '. -. '.: V* ? ; ? ' ----- ;. . - - : '. ....... ^.^ , . . . ... . . : . . _ ... - ; - - - ' ' ' : ' ; - ' '- ' 3^1 afffnteces , N N ^ . \ Mx v. ;- ? Et ' .->>A $ so c ia ta DirectorG .-.?.?' <-?..?.; .V . .? .-. .- ? ?>; . - ? . : : ? -.- .V.-.t S.U Vojj: ?- -.v % .-v. .-: .".- -?-??-? - .???'..?a .t -J ;,"\:-v: l< .-;?.- \ S '. -.- ? .1 ? -i i ;??.-? .?- .'?:.? s .? . . in s .- ?? . .? .? .- . .. ? . r: .-.- 0A0 not* ' .??..?.-...?..-.? i . ? itei ''.' .-.??.. - .??. <.->- .w - ??. .? s -?p^mt'-mf.".! Vh<- .??.-. .-.- .'.-. --? U- ; <- .? :>.*- ".V ? .-. v -. ?.? .- . .- -i-.-.J. K <'..;:.- . ; . \>;.- ?.. .? > X .-.?.? . ..>..?'.? .- .? ?. < .? ' > . >.i" V?V. I .>.- .- .- s .- ,;.??.-.?;.? v .'.'.?;.-. : .- - ? .? .? ? .?$ '. ; ? .' ,' .' vV. A .< v .- .; . . ? . .? .- ;.??-> v. .< - -? . ".-.- ?. e? ..'.'.... . .' :.-. . ?. .- " - - <. ." ' > V ' .?.-."?'.- :s )1 392 Use of construction funds for equipment and furniture (continued)Estimate:1. New construction $5,822,0002. Special foundations 300, 0003. Elevators 280,0004. Air-condition extension! 1,200,0005. Remodeling in existing building 1,739,0006. Air-condition existing building! 1,860,0007. Furniture and equipment 685, 0008. Divert large storm sewer 450, 0009. Ventilate basement area 30, 00010. Reservations 208,00011. Contingencies 570,000General expenses:Drawings and specifications. $731,000Supervision 180, 000Office expense 45, 000Smithsonian Institution. 200, 000 1, 156,000 Total estimated limit of cost 14, 300, 000Appropriated under Public Law 85-77,approved Sept. 1 , 1957 800, 000 Additional to be appropriated 13, 500, 000This climatic control is required in Washington to preservethe irreplaceable national collections. [See GAO note. ] 32 393 Inclusion of furniture and equipment in other construction appro-priationsThe inclusion of an amount in a construction appropriationto provide necessary furniture and equipment may be found in otherappropriation acts, as outlined in the paragraphs below.Example 1 .The Smithsonian appropriation for "Restoration and Renovationof Buildings" for fiscal year 1968 was based on a justification printedin the House Hearings on the Department of Interior and RelatedAgencies Appropriations, starting on page 1006. Included in thejustification for completing renovation of the Smithsonian InstitutionBuilding is the following statement: "It is now proposed that improvements bemade at the western end of the first floor,comprising the old Chapel, west range, andthe library. Improved lighting, flooring,partitioning, book stacks, display cases, andappropriate furnishings can convert this areainto a study and discussion hall and library.This portion of the project is estimated to cost$200,000."Example 2.In the same Hearings, on page 1008, reference is made to therenovation and modification to the old Civil Service Building to accom-modate the National Collection of Fine Arts and the National PortraitGallery. The following statement is submitted: "The building is being fitted with shelves,display cases, equipment and other itemsnecessary to receive the collections. "In both of the preceding examples, the appropriations wereapproved by the Congress either in the full amount requested or withspecific reductions not involving furnishings and equipment.Example 3 . It has been learned from Mr. William A. Schmidt, formerCommissioner of the Public Buildings Service, General ServicesAdministration, that in the years prior to the lease -purchase program 33 394 ^?ve.rr.ple 3. ^continued )for the construction of public buildings throughout the country,items for furnishings and equipment were included in the buildingconstruction appropriations for that Service.Example 4.The "Memorandum of Understanding and Agreement forDesign and Construction Services," No. PBS-67-5, transmitted tothe Smithsonian Institution by letter dated March 20, 1967, by theActing Commissioner of the Public Buildings Service, GeneralServices Administration, included in the total estimated cost of$15, 000, 000 an amount of $500, 000 for furnishings for theHirshhorn Museum and Sculpture Garden. Example 5 . We note in the House Hearings for the Department of Interiorand P.elated Agencies Appropriations for 1969, for the Bureau ofIndian Affairs, starting on page 730, that construction and furnitureand equipment funds are requested under the same heading,Construction. "In consideration of the foregoing statements, it is submittedthat the expenditure for furniture and equipment as a part of theproject for the Natural History Building Additions was in accordancewith the intent of Congress and was also consistent with the practiceof the Institution and of other agencies. Use of funds appropriated for one building to pay for alterationst& another buildingYour draft report states that the Smithsonian had no legalauthority for charging the appropriation for the construction of theNatural History Building Additions with the cost of alterations to theSmithsonian's Arts and Industries Building in order to accommodatea dispossessed tenant of the former building. It is submitted, to the contrary, that this appropriation wasjustified to the Congress specifically describing the necessity ofincluding such alterations and improvements as may be necessaryto integrate the Additions with the existing building.^/ The justifica- a/ House Hearings on the Department of the Interior and RelatedAgencies Appropriations for 1961, page 237. 34 395 Use of funds appropriated for one building to pay for alterationsto another building (continued)tion specifically included the amount of $570,000 for contingencies,that is, those exigencies of construction -which may be expected inorder to carry out properly the purposes of the construction project.The relocation of the Office of the Registrar from theNatural History Building to the Arts and Industries Building wasjudged to be essential as a part of the objective of the improvementof the Natural History Building. To make this relocation possible,it was necessary to make alterations to the Arts and IndustriesBuilding. Since the purpose of this expenditure was to improvespace utilization within the Natural History Building, it is ourjudgment that the expenditure for the necessary alterations withinan adjoining Smithsonian building was necessary and proper. Thisopinion is believed to be consistent with Section 4. 5 of the GeneralAccounting Office Policies and Procedures Manual, Title 7, whereit states: "Where an appropriation is made fora particular purpose, it confers, byimplication, authority to incur expenseswhich are necessary or incident to theproper execution of the purpose, Control sove_r the procurement of goods and servicesYour comments and recommendations in regard to controlsover the procurement of goods and services have been reviewedcarefully. It is noted that you recommend that the Secretaryinstruct the certifying officers not to approve payment for anyvoucher or invoice for goods or services without his specificapproval if the transaction did not include an advance determinationof the availability of funds from the Fiscal Division and if thepurchase was not processed through the Supply Division.As you recognized, the Supply Division with the support ofthe Secretary has endeavored to maintain control over procurementin the interest of improved administration. The RequisitioningHandbook for use by Smithsonian staff members should be helpfulin providing a ready reference source of procurement rules. TheSecretary has already issued and will now reissue positiveinstructions to all concerned members of the staff that allprocurements are to be made through the Supply Division, followingverification by the Fiscal Division of the availability of funds. Thisprocedure will be subject to exception only in the case of publicexigency. 35 396 [See GAO note. ] Reappraisal of internal audit activitiesIncluded in the comments on the need to reappraise theinternal audit activities of the Institution, there is a recommenda-tion that the Secretary continue his efforts to develop an internalaudit staff of sufficient size and competence to perform effectiveaudits of all functional areas, including those involving Federalas well as private funds.The Smithsonian concurs in this recommendation and willundertake to recruit competent and adequate staff for this importantfunction. ****************************** It is felt that the above given information satisfactorilyclarifies and answers the points raised in your recent report.I would like, however, to add the further related statement. TheSmithsonian welcomes constructive criticism of the type you havegiven us. At the same time, for a balanced picture of our situation,the record should carry a statement of the intense efforts whichhave been carried on for the past year or more, and are nowcontinuing, to bring about improvements in our financial andaccounting affairs. This includes such fundamental steps as thereorganization of the Fiscal Division, upgrading of personnel,complete and uniform coding of accounting transactions, changesto accrual accounting methods, automation and computerizationof certain procedures including a new combined payroll-personnelprogram, and current efforts to prepare regularly more meaningfulmonthly reports to aid executives in the management and directionof their resources. These efforts have been supplemented by theissuance of a new procedural manual on the subject of propertymanagement. A new manual on procurement procedures will beissued in the near future and a new manual on auditing is inprocess also. Only the elements of time, manpower, and moneyare restricting these improvement efforts. They will be continuedat maximum levels within the resources available to us.Sincerely yours, S. Dillon RipleySecretary iGAO note: Deleted comments pertain to material presentedin the draft report which has been revised orwhich has not been included in the final report.36 397 APPENDIX II PRINCIPAL OFFICIALS OF THE SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTIONRESPONSIBLE FOR THE ADMINISTRATION OFTHE ACTIVITIES DISCUSSED IN THIS REPORT TenureFrom 1?BOARD OF REGENTS:Earl Warren Chief Justice of the UnitedStates, Chancellor 1953 1969Warren E. Burger do. 1969 PresentHubert H. Humphrey Vice President of the UnitedStates 1965 1969Spiro T. Agnew do. 1969 PresentClinton P. Anderson Member of the Senate 1949 1974J. William Fulbright do. 1959 1974Hugh Scott do. 1966 1970Frank T. Bow Member of the House of Rep-resentatives 1959 1970Michael J. Kirwan do. 1962 1970George H. Mahon do. 1964 1970John Nicholas Brown Citizen of Rhode Island 1969 1975William A. M. Burden " " New York 1962 1974Crawford H. Greenewalt " " Delaware 1956 1974Caryl P. Haskins " " Washington, D.C. 1956 1974Jerome C. Hunsaker " " Massachusetts 1949 1968Thomas J. Watson, Jr. " " Connecticut 1969 1975James E. Webb " " Washington, D.C. 1970 1976SECRETARY:S. Dillon Ripley 1964 PresentUNDER SECRETARY:James BradleyASSISTANT SECRETARIES:James Bradley (Adminis-tration)Charles Blitzer (Historyand Art)Sidney R. Galler (Science)William W. Warner (PublicService) 1970 Present 1961 19701968 Present1965 Present1968 Present 37 49-484 O - 71 - pt. 1 398Mr. Voss. Although copies of these two reports were made availableto this subcommittee, I believe it would be useful to quickly summarizethe more significant matters discussed in the reports.IMPROVEMENTS NEEDED IN FINANCIAL MANAGEMENT ACTIVITIESIn our report to the Congress dated July 1, 1970, we questionedthe Smithsonian's use of funds appropriated by the Congress for theconstruction of additions to the Natural History Building.Our review of selected transactions showed that $40,000 had beenused by the Smithsonian Institution to finance the cost of alteringthe Arts and Industries Building and that $340,000 had been used topurchase equipment, supplies, and furniture for the Natural HistoryBuilding.It was our opinion that the Smithsonian Institution had no legalauthority for charging the Natural History Building constructionappropriation with the cost to alter the Arts and Industries Buildingsince under the law appropriations are available only for the purposesfor which they are made.We therefore recommended that the Smithsonian seek anothersource for financing the $40,000 expenditure and reimburse theappropriation.Although the Secretary of the Smithsonian Institution has ex-pressed the view that the charges were proper, we remain of the opin-ion that the charges were not legal.Therefore, unless the Smithsonian Institution can finance this costfrom other legally available funds, the General Accounting Office willhave to take formal exception against the accountable officer for the$40,000 expenditure.The situation was not as clear-cut with respect to the $340,000 spentby the Smithsonian to purchase equipment, supplies, and furniturefor the Natural History Building.Our review of the record of congressional approval of the fiscal year1961 appropriation request for the construction of the Natural His-tory Building showed that an amount of $685,000 was included forfurniture and equipment. The record does not contain any furtherelaboration regarding this provision.Funds from the construction appropriation were spent for suchitems as microscopes, laboratory equipment and supplies, typewriters,calculators, office supplies, and so forth.However, since the Smithsonian's annual appropriations for salariesand expenses are made for these types of items, we are unsure as towhether the Congress would have expected that the provision forfurniture and equipment in the Smithsonian's budget estimate forconstruction would have included provision for many of these items.The Secretary of the Smithsonian Institution advised us that cer-tain supplies costing about $4,000 were not authorized by the appro-priation and that other funds were available for reimbursing the ap-propriation for these charges.It was the Secretary's view, however, that the remaining chargesof $336,000 were proper. Since we could not determine Congressionalintent on this matter, we reported it to the Congress for itsconsideration. 399Also included in our report to the Congress were findings concern-ing (1) the need for management to strengthen controls over the pro-curement of goods and services and (2) the need to reappraise theinternal audit activities of the Smithsonian Institution.The Secretary of the Smithsonian Institution concurred in our find-ings and recommendations and has taken, or has promised to take,certain actions which, if properly implemented, should improve thefinancial management activities of the Smithsonian Institution.In addition, our report to the Congress stated that Federal fundsare used to partially support revenue-producing activities of theSmithsonian Institution. However, revenues received from these activ-ities are considered to be private funds by the Smithsonian.According to the privately audited financial statements included inthe Smithsonian's annual report to the Congress, expenditures forthese activities in 1968 totaled $1.9 million while revenues totaled$1.7 million.The remaining $200,000 to cover those costs not paid for fromrevenues was provided from the Smithsonian's unrestricted privatefunds.The extent to which direct and indirect costs of these activities werepaid for from Federal funds could not be readily determined by usbecause the Smithsonian's accounting records do not segregate theappropriated funds used for such activities.However, we do know that appropriated funds were used to payfor certain direct expenses and certain indirect expenses, such as heat,light, supplies, and other costs relating to the operation, maintenance,and administration of the Smithsonian Institution's buildings andgrounds.In view of the unique status of the Smithsonian Institution and thelegal provision that all revenues are to be credited to the Smithsonianbequest, we cannot conclude that moneys received from revenue-pro-ducing activities must be deposited in the Treasury as miscellaneous re-ceipts.However, we believe that it is important that the Smithsonian Insti-tution provide the Congress with information concerning the natureof these activities, specific amounts of revenue accruing from each ofthem, the extent to which the costs thereof are paid for from Federalfunds, and the extent to which the Smithsonian applies its own fundsto these public service activities.The handling and reporting of revenue-producing activities is beinggiven further consideration by Smithsonian and GAO officials.NATIONAL COLLECTION OF FINE ARTSOur review of the control over, and disposition of, art works at theNational Collection of Fine Arts was made in response to a requestby Congressman Hastings Keith.At the completion of our review, we reported to Congressman Keithon July 16, 1970, that : 1. The national collection had, in the last 6 years, disposed of fourpaintings by European artists for the purpose of acquiring Americanart works. 400 2. The Smithsonian Board of Regents had not established a formalwritten policy on whether art works; in the national collection shoulddor exchanged.3. The practice followed by the national collection in valuing paint-ings being considered for disposition has been less stringent than ap-peared desirable.4. The national collection's records of the location of its paintingsin many instances were inaccurate, or did not adequately describe theLocation of the paintings.5. The method of storing certain paintings subjected them to the riskof damage.After we discussed these matters with Smithsonian officials, the fol-lowing corrective measures were taken : Tli'- Board of Regents went on record to permit the sale orexchange of art works bur established a requirement that, de-pending upon the value of the art work, prior approval of the saleor exchange would be obtained from top management officials ofthe Smithsonian or from the Board of Regents itself.The Secretary of the Smithsonian established a requirement forappraising the value of each art work to be -old or exchanged,with one professional, independent appraisal being required ifthe estimated value was likely to exceed $1,000, and two appraisalsif the value was likely to exceed $50,000.Also, the Secretary has suggested to the Director of the NationalCollection that he solicit the views of the National Collection of FineAit- Commission on the method to be followed in establishing themarket value of these art objects.We believe that these actions of the Smithsonian will provide sig-nificant improvement in the controls over the sale or exchange of artworks of the National Collection.In our report, however, we expressed the belief that the NationalCollection should consider the views of more than one art expert inthe. value of an art work to be sold or exchanged. Such a procedurewould be comparable to that followed by the Art Dealers Associationof America. The Association requires that an appraisal be the com-bined judgment of more than one of itsmember dealers.Mr. Chairman, this concludes my prepared statement. We shall tryto answer any questions you have on these matters.Mr. Thompson. Thank you very much, Mr. Voss.I ha -. e 3everal questions.Doefi the GAO audit concern itself mainly with funds appropriateddirectly to the Smithsonian by Congress IMr. Voss. Our audit generally IS just of those funds appropriateddirectly, yes, sir.Mr. Thompson. In fiscal year 1970, my figures indicate that $2!9,9G5,-ooo. not including the foreign currency program and operating ex-penses for the zoo, were appropriated. 1- that accurate \Mr. Vbss. Fes, sir. About $30 million is correct. This would be thesalaries and expenses, basically, of the Smithsonian Institution.Mr. Thompson. Without regard to moneys from other Federalsources? 401Mr. Voss. Yes, sir. The Smithsonian received about $11.5 million infiscal year 1969 and about $10.6 million in fiscal year 1970 from grantsand contracts, basically from NASA and the National Science Founda-tion.Mr. Thompson. And do you audit those funds as well 3Mr. Voss. This was not a part of our audit of the Smithsonian.However, depending upon the individual grants and individual con-tracts that may be given by NASA and NSF, we may have accessto those funds, the expenditure of those funds, through those con-tracts.But that job would be done when we make reviews at NSF or atNASA.Mr. Thompson1- . In other words, you go to the source of origin iMr. Voss. Yes, sir.Mr. Thompson. Then, if necessary, from the source of origin yougo out to the various areas to which those original funds flowed.Mr. Voss. We presently, for instance, have an audit going on at theNational Science Foundation concerning certain grants that theymake. It is a functional type audit. As part of that audit, one of thegrants that has been selected for review was a grant made by NSF toSmithsonian. So that particular grant will be covered in that audit.Mr. Thompson. In 1965, GAO made certain recommendations to theSmithsonian with respect to improving its auditing and accountingprocedures.What were those recommendations ? Mr. Voss. Basically, the 1965 report was an audit of the civilianpayroll activities of Smithsonian. We found several errors in the cal-culations for salaries and sick and annual leave. These were minor, Iwould say.However, the one recommendation which we felt was significant wasthe recommendation that dealt with internal audit. We felt at that timethat there was very little, if any, internal audit being made of the ap-propriated funds, and we recommended that such be done.Subsequent to the issuance of that report in 1965, we received a replyfrom the Secretary of the Smithsonian where he agreed that additionalauditing of public funds was desirable and he was going to implementthat recommendation.However, during1 our audit in 1969, we found that basically therewas still a. need for increased emphasis on internal auditing and therewas a need for additional stalling in internal audit activities.Mr. Thompson. For additional staff?Mr. Voss. For additional staff.Mr. Thompson. Are you familiar with the statement made to thecommittee the other day by the Treasurer of the Institution, Mr.AVheeler, in which he reflected some changes that he had undertaken?Mr. Voss. Not in any detail, Mr. Chairman. I do know that he didmention that there was a stall', 1 believe, of four internal auditors now,and that (here was one internal auditor up to about 1969, and then asecond was hired in 1969, and I understand two more have been hiredin 1970. 402Mr. Thompson. He described in some detail the changes underwaynow or that have been underway for a period of about 2 yearsinvolving the use of computers and a general speedup.I would assume there would be a much faster retrieval system andsoon.Mr. Voss. Yes ; the ADP equipment. We did not get into that in thisrecent audit because the increased use of ADP equipment has come intobeing just very recently. I believe within the last 6 months theyhave instituted some additional controls, internal controls, by use ofthe ADP equipment. But we did not get into that phase during ouraudit. Explanation of ADPSUBMITTED BY, SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTIONAutomatic Data Processing is a generic term for the operations carried out oncomputing and auxiliary equipment. The Smithsonian Institution is equippedwith a Honeywell 1250 computer on the Mall which is connected over tele-com-munications line with a CDC-6400 computer at the Smithsonian AstrophysicalObservatory in Cambridge, Massachusetts. The Information Systems Divisionprovides support to the Smithsonian administrative, curatorial, and researchactivities. It supports needs in information storage and retrieval, scientific appli-cations, library systems, and management systems.The Management Systems section has implemented new accounting systems forthe federal and private accounting offices to provide timely, accurate and con-trolled accounting data. The Buildings Management Department is being pro-vided with methods of reporting and accumulating cost and work data for laborand materials at all management levels.A combined payroll and personnel system is being completed. Reporting require-ments are being revised while manual intervention is being simplified or elimi-nated. The new system will simplify payroll procedures. An up-to-date auto-mated personnel system will replace the present manual procedures.The Information Storage and Retrieval Section, in cooperation with membersof the National Museum of Natural History, has developed the Natural HistoryInformation Retrieval System (NHIR) that permits an investigator to directquestions to a data bank consisting of specimen records and related bibliography.The Scientific Applications Section has several programs to fulfill the needs ofvarious departments. For example : tables on the velocities of free-falling par-ticles in a viscous fluid ; an analysis of faunal relationships without prior knowl-edge of ecological parameters, mathematical approaches to study the microstruc-ture of bone by electron probe processing ; and mathematical analysis of data onteeth from areheological finds.The Information Systems Division established an inventory file for the Smith-sonian libraries. The system supplies the staff with up-to-date information onpublished monographs.The Smithsonian Subscription Fulfillment Program maintains control overmailings and Smithsonian Associates' accounts. The member file contains theaddresses of over 37,000 people to whom more than 300,000 individual mailingsare provided.Another project?provides an automated information collection and dissemina-tion system for botanical type specimens The information is reported by cooper-ating herbaria who receive distribution records in return.The UCLA Biomedical Computer Programs library of mathematical routineshas been installed on the Astrophysical Observatory computer system. A tele-communications line to the CDC 0400 has provided the capability to performvarious special projects for scientists that otherwise would have been too largeto handle.A postcard-size questionnaire has been prepared to collect information frommuseum visitors from which statistical analyses of the data will be made.An automated bibliography prepared for the Flora North America Project willproduce a concise diagnostic manual of all vascular plants north of Mexico.The Smithsonian Libraries serial purchase file on the computer will automaterenewals and orders and alert librarians to actions to be taken on them. 403 Activities of the Information Systems Division have been characterized by acontinuous effort to coordinate new data-processing techniques with existingmuseum resources, to design additional systems capable of aiding scientists andresearchers in their tasks, and to disseminate the products and techniques ofthese activities throughout the museum community.Mr. Thompson. What comparison would you draw between theSmithsonian audit groups and the audit groups of the other Govern-ment bodies with which you are familiar ?Mr. Voss. We have issued, Mr. Chairman, about 20 or 25 reports onour reviews of internal audit activities in various departments andagencies in the Executive branch. Most of those reports were dealingwith very large departments and it would be very difficult to draw acomparison there.In addition, I might mention that in trying to determine an adequatesize of an internal audit staff for an agency you would have to look atthe agency's activities.Given an equal budget between two agencies, an agency with onlyone activity would be much easier to audit than another agency whichmay have a lot of activities.I consider the Smithsonian to be very diversified in its activities.But I do know, for instance, that the Government Printing Office,with a budget of approximately $30 million, employs four internalauditors. The Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation, with a budgetof approximately $30 million, employs seven internal auditors.The National Foundation on Arts an'd Humanities, which had abudget of approximately $15 million in 1969, employs one auditor.The Smithsonian Institution, which had a $50 million budget in1969, employed one auditor at that time. So it was obvious to us thatthe number of auditors, internal auditors, that they had, and the othertypes of internal controls that they were using, was not sufficient tohandle the job that was needed by management.Mr. Thompson. Of course, the Smithsonian is unique in that it hasthese private funds.How does your audit of public funds differ from the audit of theprivate funds of the Smithsonian made by Peat, Marwick & Mitchell ?Mr. Voss. Peat, Marwick & Mitchell have been employed by theSmithsonian to attest to the financial statements, which means thatthey perform an audit of the expenditures for a given year and look atthe balances or the financial condition of that institution at the endend of the year.Mr. Thompson. But they don't look beyond that ?Mr. Voss. They do not. They could, of course, be employed formanagement consultant purposes, but with respect to the Smith-sonian, they are only employed to attest to the accuracy and validity ofthe financial statements. They do not make, for instance, reviews of howefficient or economical the Smithsonian was in disbursing funds.Mr. Thompson. Do you have any particular problems when you at-tempt to learn the complete financial structure of the Smithsonian?Mr. Voss. Yes. If you are only allowed to look at a piece of an oper-ation, it would be very difficult to appraise how efficient and how effec-tive and how economical that operation was being handled.Mr. Thompson. Your responsibility differs from that of the privatefirm in that part of your responsibility is, in a sense, to look beyondthe mere statistical data, into the use of it. 404Mr. Voss. Yes.Mr. Thompson. When you review Peat, Marwick & Mitchell's audit,you simply look at it as a stockholder would the report of a corporationand analyze it on that basis, don't you '.Mr. Voss. Exactly. The financial statements that are published byPeat, Marwick & Mitchell covering their audit of the private fundtransactions of Smithsonian would be similar to the financial state-ments which would be published by any CPA firm auditing a commer-cial operation, where the investor is merely looking at how the opera-tion came out, profit and loss wise, and what the balances are withrespect to such items as cash, accounts receivable, and inventories.Mr. Tin m rsox. With respect to your July 1 report, it is obvious thatthe Smithsonian disagrees over the legality of certain ways in whichappropriated construction money is used.Mr. Voss. Yes. I realize that we are talking about a $40,000 expendi-ture which may appear small when you consider the total cost of oper-ating the Smithsonian Institution, or the total cost of constructing thebuilding or addition to the building that we have been looking at, suchas the east and west wing addition to the Natural History Building.However, there is a principle involved here, and that principle is thatthe law says appropriations shall not be used for any other purposeexcept that which it is appropriated for, whether it be $40,000 or $40million. We are talking about a principle.The Smithsonian Institution in this case does not agree that whatthey used those funds for were illegal under the law. We do feel thatthey were illegal expenditures and we will be forced to take exceptionsto those expenditures. But the main point is the principle.Mr. Thompson. What is the result or would be the result of youtaking an exception to a $40,000 item?Mr. Voss. We would take the exception against the accountable of-ficer, the certifying officer, in the Smithsonian Institution. He wouldbe responsible for actually repaying that or finding ways to repay it.It could be repaid through the private funds of the Smithsonian, reim-bursing the appropriation, or there could be a special bill introduced toalleviate the responsibility of the certifying officer repaying thosefunds.Mr. Thompson. You are much more clear on this point than vouare on the $300,000 item.Mr. Voss. The $340.000Mr. Thompson. Is that because of the vagueness of the legislativehistory IMr. Voss. We could find nothing in the legislative history, the appro-priation hearings, or the reports, which indicates just what the intentof the Congress was with respect to the $340,000. 'Mr. TiioMrsox. That is something of a difficult question because, asyou know, under the Rules of the House the Appropriation Commit-tee is forbidden to legislate in an appropriations bill. They often doit or try to do it, or do it and try to get rules waiving points of order.Rut in that instance, my research shows that the committee did notask for a ride waiving points of order, nor can I find in my researchthat they had any authority to or. indeed, that they did legislate insuch a wav that this would be clear. 405Mr. Voss. I would agree with this, Mr. Chairman. We could not findany clear-cut authority here either. It is vague to us.But I would bring in this matter : The construction of the east andwest wings was essentially complete in April 1965. Constructionmoneys were appropriated in 1957, 1960 and 1961. However, sincecompletion of the construction of the building in 1965, approximatelya half million dollars was expended from an appropriation accountcalled Construction; subsequent to completion we are still spendingmoney. In fact, as of March 1969, there was still about $20,000 in thataccount unobligated.It would appear that in constructing a building, shortly after thebuilding is completed most of the money would have been expendedfor construction, including the furniture, fixtures and equipment.However, procurement of furniture and equipment has gone on foryears after the building was complete and, in fact, in fiscal year 1968,about $100,000 was spent for furniture and equipment.Mr. Thompson. Construction having been completed, wouldn't thenormal procedure be for the unused funds to be returned to theTreasury ?Mr. Voss. Except for the one item and, as I say, this is a gray area,except for the one item that the Smithsonian brings up, and it is cor-rect, that they had made available to them $685,000 for furniture andequipment for the Natural History Building extensions.Mr. Thompson. And apparently that wasn't enough.Mr. Voss. Yes. They have been using it for years. They are stillusing it.Mr. Bingham. Will the chairman yield ?Mr. Thompson. Yes.Mr. Bingham. Now that you get to that point, I don't understandthe question that you raise, and I haven't since I saw the reference inyour report.Since that item was included, apparently, $685,000 for furniture andequipment, why is there a question about the $340,000? I don't under-stand it.Mr. Voss. Congressman Bingham, generally speaking?this is notalways the case, but generally speaking?funds made available forconstruction and for furniture and equipment are used to buy the typeof furniture and equipment which is attached to the realty.In many cases, funds for furniture and equipment are made avail-able for those types of items which are not attached to the realty;but we usually find an expression of this during the appropriationhearings, where this is discussed. We could not find that expression inthis particular appropriation.Mr. Bingham. That being the case, and since the words in theirnormal meaning, furniture and equipment, would not mean necessarilyfixtures?"fixtures" would be the word to be used in the sense that youare talking about, I don't see how you raise the question about it.Mr. Voss. Furniture could also be permanently attached to thebuilding.Mr. Bingham. Yes, but the normal use of the words "furniture" and"equipment" suggests things that are not attached.If you are talking about things that are attached, you would use theword "fixtures." 406Mr. Voss. No. I find in some of the appropriations when they talkabout furniture, fixtures, and equipment, and are making it clear to thecommittee what they intend to do with those funds, they bring outboth types, that which is attached and that which is not attached.As I say, we don't mean to take the positionMr. Bingham. I don't understand how, with that language in thereand with nothing to suggest that the words "furniture*' and "equip-ment" were intended to mean items to be attached to the building? I don't understand the basis for the question that furniture and equip-ment should not be included.Mr. Voss. I think the real basis for the question is that when youlook at an appropriation for construction and for furniture and equip-ment, you feel that the moneys that were made available for construc-ing and equipping the building should be expended shortly afterthe building has been constructed.In this particular instance, funds have been spent for furniture andequipment for 4 and 5 years subsequent to the completion of theconstruction of the building, even though the annual appropriationthat is made available to the Smithsonian, for salaries and expensesprovides for the procurement of equipment and furnishings.Mr. Bingham. They are raising a different question. It seems to methey are raising the question of whether they were going beyond theprovision for the original furniture and equipment required to equipthe building for its original purposes, but were carrying on someform of either replacement or something that you could not charac-terize a pari of the original process.Hut that is a different point. You didn't raise that in your report, asfar as I know.Mr. Voss. In the report itself the $340,000 that we have included thereare expenditures made subsequent to June 1965, when the building es-sentially was completed.If that was not made clear, thai is what we intended to bring out.After the building was essentially completed funds were spent toprovide furniture and equipment for the building.Mr. Thompson. I understand that point. I think this colloquy andthis lack of understanding, and I share Mr. Bingham's question aboutit, arises from a lack of clarity in the legislation. You say that youhaven't been able to find any language under which this could be done,nor any prohibition, and neither can I.Mr. Voss. Yes, sir.Mr. Thompson. So this just demonstrates to me, really, that thiscommittee, the Committee on House Administration, and the Sub-committee on the Library and Memorials, must accept a degree ofresponsibility for not having done irs legislative work. Rather, fortoo long we have been in a sense allowing the Committee on Appropria-tions to do it.With all due respect to them, they just love to legislate wheneverthey can. There are all sorts of prohibitions in recent appropriations.bills which really do amount to legislation.Have you found any instances in which the Smithsonian receivesincome from private sources as a result of activity paid for by Federalfunds? , 407Mr. Voss. The revenue-producing activities of the SmithsonianInstitution, which would be, for instance, their museum shops, ortheir folk festivals, are financed partially from Federal funds andpartially from private funds.In the museum situation, where you have shops within the museum,the funds that are generated from the sales of the various articles thatthese shops are selling are deposited into the private fund account.However, the indirect costs, such as the heat, light, the cost ofconstruction of that portion of the building applicable to these shops,those costs come from appropriated funds. All revenues are depositedin the private account.Mr. Thompson. So it would be very difficult to determine exactlythe profit and loss situation, wouldn't it ?Mr. Voss. It could be determined on an allocation basis, but since,under the present accounting system at the Smithsonian, the costs arenot allocated to these cost centers. If you would, it would be verydifficult under the present system to determine those costs.Mr. Thompson. On page 4 of your statement, you say that Federalfunds are used to partially support revenue-producing activities, andthat the revenues received from these activities are considered to beprivate funds by the Institution.Then you indicate that the expenditures were $1.9 million andrevenues $1.7 million, a loss of $200,000 which was made up fromprivate funds.Is that your understanding ?Mr. Voss. Yes, sir ; that is correct.Mr. Thompson. And yet further, as I understand it, you don't havetotal access to the handling or to the manner in which the private fundsare handled except to look at Peat, Marwick's audit, is that correct ?Mr. Voss. That is correct. By law, we do not have access to thoseaccounts. "^?IP*"Mr. Thompson. When the Smithsonian receives income or is reim-bursed as a result of any Federal expenditures, how should thisincome be handled?Mr. Voss. Would you repeat that question, Mr. Chairman ?Mr. Thompson. I suppose what I am asking is wherever Federalfunds are involved, do you agree that the Smithsonian should keepthose in such a manner as to be able to account fully for them and theirusetotheGAO?Mr. Voss. Yes. They do actually account for the Federal funds thatthey received through the appropriations in such a manner that weare able to audit the expenditures of Federal funds.But if you get to the point of telling how much of those Federalfunds specifically are allocated to various activities, they do not keeptheir records in such a manner that you can determine, for instance,how much of the overhead costs should be allocated to museum shops.Mr. Thompson. Did you make any suggestions or were such sug-gestions included in your recommendations for improving the internalaudit system ?Mr. Voss. Yes. We felt that greater emphasis was needed to pro-vide better coverage of the auditing of the Federal funds. The oneauditor that was there, and he was hired, I believe, in 1968, had spentmost of his time, as of 1969, in auditing the private funds. 408Mr. Thompson. Was he a publicly paid auditor ?Mr. Voss. He was paid from appropriated funds; yes, sir. We feltthat more time should be devoted on the appropriated funds, and thatthere would be a need to increase the staff in order to do the job.The Smithsonian felt that there were more problems, I must men-tion at that time, in the private side of their accounts. This is why theinternal auditor was spending most of his time on the private side.Mr. Thompson. The very nature of the Institution is such that it isnatural, I suppose, that such practices would exist and it is probablyproper. It is very difficult to separate within the Institution, itself,the private and public functions.One could raise a question as to whether or not it is proper for aFederal employee to be working any time at all, any substantial time,on the private funds over which, in a very real sense, the FederalGovernment has no control, and, in a further sense, has no real rightto look over in minute detail.Mr. Voss. Of course, this works both ways, Mr. Chairman. Therewere about 3,500 employees on the Smithsonian payroll, both privateand public, in 1969, of which about 1,200 were on the private payrolland about 2,300 on the public payroll.And yet. those that are on the private payroll also spend timehandling activities which are financed with appropriated funds.The Secretary of the Smithsonian himself has to be involved inboth sides, yet his total pay comes from the private funds.Mr. Thompson. I don't really question these methods, because ob-viously, you can't run two separate institutions under one roof withboth private and public funds.To my mind, at least, the Secretary and his staff should have con-siderable latitude in the operation of the Institution, it being sototally unique.Mr. Voss. I think what we were attempting to do in our report tothe Congress was to disclose to the Congress that what is needed inthis unique type operation, really, is better disclosure to the Congressby the Smithsonian of its total operations. This can be done annually,in their annual report both to legislative and appropriation committees.It would show specifically the total cost of the operations and thetotal revenues of the operations, and possibly even including anallocation of costs to various operations.Mr. Thompson. That would be very useful. At least it wouldeliminate a number of the type of questions that have come to myattention, and the attention of my colleagues.I am reasonably sure that they don't have anything to hide. However,if they wanted to hide something in the private sector, they certainlycould, beyond their audit.In a sense, they are responsible for the administration of privatemoneys under a number of private trusts or other arrangements.They have an obligation to do with the Smithsonian money whatMr. Smithson said ; with the Freer money what Mr. Freer said ; withthe Roebling money what Mr. Roebling said, "Don't touch anythingbut my minerals," and on it goes.So it is no doubt difficult for the Smithsonian and difficult for theCongress. But I do concur with you that it would be useful for areally full disclosure to the appropriations and the legislative com-mittees. 409I have one question with respect to the report which you sent ourcolleague, Mr. Keith on the sale of the paintings.When the inventory was done on the art works by GAO, by whomwas it done?Mr. Voss. By professional staff members of our Washington regionaloffice. We went out to locate the art works that we selected for review.We did, of course, have National Collection of Fine Arts peoplewith us.Mr. Thompson. In other words, you had someone there who wasexpert in the field?Mr. Voss. Yes.Mr. Thompson. I think for the moment that is all I want to askyou. Thank you very much for being here this morning, and for yourvery helpful report and testimony.Although I don't expect any legislation to arise out of these hear-ings, our committee report will include some recommendations to theCommittee on Appropriations. Maybe we will learn from the nextwitness who is going to come up with that $40,000, or, as they sayu!p home, the 40-G's, being the track season.Mr. Voss. Thank you, Mr. Chairman.Mr. Thompson. Our next witness is Mr. James Bradley, the UnderSecretary of the Smithsonian, accompanied by Mr. John Jameson,director, Office of Programing and Budget; Mr. Fred Barwick, thechief of the supply division, and Peter G. Powers, general counsel.STATEMENT OF JAMES BRADLEY, UNDER SECRETARY,SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION?ResumedMr. Thompson. Mr. Bradley.Mr. Bradley. Thank you, Mr. Chairman.The essence of our comments on the General Accounting Officereport of July 1, 1970, has very conveniently been included as anappendix, in pertinent part, to the report itself, and I believe you havethat report, Mr. Chairman. So we did not prepare another statementof comments.If I may highlight our submission to the General Accounting Officeand talk first about the furniture and the equipment items, since thathas come up, we certainly share Mr. Bingham's reaction that it isdifficult for us to understand why there is a question being raised forthe expenditure of those funds, and funds, may I add, that therewere appropriated by the Congress to remain available until expended.In my years of construction experience, I have not heard of anypractice or of any prohibition or any rule of thumb that says that fundsthat are available until expended are not available until expended.It is perfectly true that in the case of the Museum of History andTechnology, which adjoins the buildingMr. Thompson. Are you alluding to the question I asked Mr. Vossto the effect that the construction having been completed, unexpendedfunds should be returned ?Mr. Bradley. I was alluding more particularly, Mr. Chairman, toMr. Voss' statement, not to your question.Mr. Thompson. I didn't understand that these funds were madeavailable until expended. In that case, I agree with you. 410Mr. Bradley. Thank you, sir. Now, referring to the furniture andequipment item, in our practice with the Appropriation Committeewe spell it out, and as Government appropriations go, ours is rathera modest appropriation, in very great detail. In fact, sometimes thethought is that perhaps we go into too much detail.Mr. Thompson. You are talking now about the Federal funds?Mr. Bradley. Yes, sir. In the published hearings for the fiscal year1961, there was included in full a statement of our justification for theconstruction funds, and it included not only Item 7 for furniture andequipment, but a number of other things that were equally importantto the reconstruction of the central part of that building and theaddition of these monumental wings on the west and east ends ofthe building, things that were equally as important. Included were airconditioning and diverting a large storm sewer. The storm sewer hadto be moved. It was not part of the building, but it was made necessaryby the reconstruction and the additions to the building.We had other items such as reserves and contingencies that year,in a total appropriation of $13.5 million. The total improvement waspretty close to $19 million, funded in the 2 different years.Mr. Thompson. If I may interrupt for a minute, would you com-ment on Mr. Voss' statement with respect to the $40,000? He verycandidly stated that the furniture and equipment item, and the differ-ence there, arises out of either a misunderstanding or a lack of specificand categorical legislative history.We are really not bickering about that. It is a matter of practice.As I recall, you said the other day that you didn't consider it to be,on the larger amount, particularly significant since you felt you couldhave gone in and asked for that as a specific item for furniture any-way, paraphrasing you.Mr. Bradley. Yes, sir.Mr. Thompson. Your view is that it is a legitimate expenditure inthe absence of any specific authorization or prohibition.So we caivt really bicker about that, except perhaps we will suggestto the Committee on Appropriations, if they will be kind enough tolisten to us, that they might tighten up some of their practices. Theyare always making suggestions to us.Mr. Bradley. Thank you. Mr. ( Jhairman.Referring to the $40,000, the GAO report said that the Smithsonianhad no legal authority to spend money appropriated for reconstruc-tion and additions to the Natural History Building on the Arts andIndustries Building.Mr. Chairman, we believe that when this appropriation was justifiedto the Congress, we specifically described the necessity of includingsuch alterations and improvements as may be necessary to integratethe additions with the existing building.What those words mean to us?and I guess I wrote them myself?isthat here we have an exploratory type of construction project, wherewe were putting seven-story additions onto a three-story existing cen-tral structure.We couldn't be entirely sure of all contingencies. It Avas an ex-ploratory operation. So we had to include in there some contingencyfunds. 411Mr. Thompson. Do you mean in case the sixth additional storywas all the first three could take, or something like that?Mr. Bradley. Well, they had to match up, Mr. Chairman. We hadto get massive air-conditioning ducts around in a building that wasbuilt in 1910, things of that kind.It later became apparent to us that in order to bring back from theoutlying location up on Lamont Street a certain department of scien-tists, known as entomology, it would be prudent and good planning tomove the Registrar, who has to do not only with natural history, thebuilding we are talking about, but also the adjoining building, historyand technology accessions, to move her out and give the communityof scientists a chance to work together.We believed that there was just as much essentiality to that moveas there was to move, let us say, the large combined system sewerdown on a part of the lot where we were going to put the foundationin. That, too, had to be moved, as did the Registrar's office.It is common practice to make way for construction by providing,when necessary, a relocation of items that are in the way of construc-tion. We feel that this type of exigency is consistent with a manualput out by the GAO for the guidance of Government people, whereinit states : Where an appropriation is made for a particular purpose, it confers, by im-plication, authority to incur expenses which are necessary or incident to theproper execution of the purpose.Mr. Thompson. I would like to make it clear, Mr. Bradley, I don'tquestion that you had good reason to do what you did. I am a littleconfused between the relationship of the storm sewer, the entomol-ogists, the additional stories and so on, and the $40,000.It is the method that I question. Obviously, you have reached animpasse. You take the position and are restating it now, that you usedthe $40,000 properly. The method is in question and that is all.GAO takes the position that you did not and that somebody willhave to come up with $40,000 from somewhere. How are you going tosolve that problem ?Mr. Bradley. The first try that we are going to make is to talkafter this hearing and in the light of whatever this committee hasto tell us, with the Appropriation Committee.It happens that we have an appropriation which was passed yesterdayin the amount of a half million dollars for the very type of constructionin the Arts and Industries building that we used the $40,000 for.This consists essentially of flooring over certain two-story areasin order to develop necessary office space. This is precisely what Avedid with the $40,000. We now have $500,000 to do more of the same.We would proceed back to the Appropriation Committee, if it isindicated that we are wrong in this particular case, and ask for theirpermission to reprogram, as we use the term, that is to say, to redirectfunds that are legally available for this purpose. These funds areavailable for any building for the reconstruction, repair, and alteration.Such funds would be available equally for the Arts and IndustriesBuilding, for which it was justified, the $500,000 that we now have,and it would be legally available also to do alterations or repairs inthe Natural History Building, if the committees agree. 412If this were considered to be a solution, Ave would get the $40,000from the $500,000, if the committees approved.Mr. Thompson. That is just a bookkeeping change.Mr. Bradley. I know it is.Mr. Thompson. Do you have anything left of that $570,000 con-tingency item ?Mr. Bradley. Sir, it has pretty well been worked down.That is where the $40,000 came from.Mr. Thompson. That is where it came from ?Mr. Bradley. Yes, sir.Mr. Thompson. I guess I am really not qualified to do this. On amuch smaller scale, I go through this on a monthly basis with my wife,and invariably I attest to her good intentions, her honesty and so on.But I can never find the money.She says, "Well, that is all right, I will get it from here and put itthere. "It is like reading the late Senator Taft's book on foreign policy.It reminded me when I read it, with all due respect to him, of theAustralian bushman who bought himself a new boomerang and spent2 years trying to throw the old one away. ,?But go on. Maybe you can straighten me out. I don't mean toharass you. Really, I am admitting my ignorance.Mr. Bradley. Mr. Chairman, I appreciate your good humor, indeedI do.My last comment is that the particular pieces of paper that author-ized this expenditure of $40,000, for the record, were proposed by thebuildings management department, were approved by the Adminis-trative Officer of the Natural History Museum, and were certified asto availability by an employee of the fiscal division, in the person ofa Mr. Doar. Neither of the last two employees is with the Smith-sonian right now.If we have to get a relief bill through the Congress, we would haveto find out where they are first, because I suppose they have somepersonal interest, if not liability.I am hoping, therefore, Mr. Chairman, that we can secure the ap-proval of the Appropriation Committees to reprogram the $40,000from the current appropriation and repay Natural History out ofmoney now available to Arts and Industries. But, as you say, it is abookkeeping transaction.Mr. Thompson. I think it is probably indicated, however, in orderto clarify the situation. Then GAO would take another look at it andwe would hope they would be satisfied, or else you will have to findthose two fellows.Mr. Bradley. Mr. Chairman, if you want to proceed to the next itemin the GAO report, it has to do with the controls, and they feel weshould improve the controls over the procurement of goods andservices.This is our buying operation. Mr. Fred Barwick is our experiencedsupply chief. With your permission, he would like to make a state-ment on that.Mr. Thompson. I would like him to comment on Chapter 3 of theGAO report.Mr. Barwick. Mr. Chairman, I have a prepared statement I wouldlike to read or present for the record. 413STATEMENT OF FRED BARWICK, CHIEF, SUPPLY DIVISIONThe Smithsonian Institution conducts its procurement and purchas-ing function pursuant to the Code of Federal Regulations, title 41,Public Contracts and Property Management, chaper 1.These regulations, sometime back, were implemented by the Smith-sonian Manual which, through time, became obsolete and out of date.They have recently, on April 8, updated and designated theSmithsonian Staff Handbook on Requisitioning, Purchase of Suppliesand Services. I have appended to this statement a copy of the docu-ment. 49-484 O - 71 - pt. 1 415SMITHSONIAN STAFF HANDBOOK REQUISITIONING -PURCHASE OF SUPPLIES AND SERVICES - ISSUED BYOFFICE OF THE SECRETARY 416 FOREWORD This Staff Handbook was prepared to provide adequate and up-to-date information covering the requisitioning for outside procurement ofsupplies, materials, equipment, and services. The policies and guide-lines in the Handbook apply to all purchases, Federal and Private, andI must insist that they be followed by all Smithsonian employees andofficers.Basic principles of good requisitioning practices are given withsufficient detail for effectively preparing and processing purchaserequisitions . The Handbook does not attempt to cover unusual requirements.Such cases must continue to be settled on an individual basis with theChief of the Smithsonian Supply Division.The provisions of the Handbook are based on appropriate Federallaws and regulations and on Smithsonian policies and guidelines, butlegal and regulatory citations generally are not included. Requiredinterpretations will be provided by the Chief, SI Supply Division and/orthe Smithsonian General Counsel. S. Dillon RipleySecretary NOTE: Internal requests for services such as photography, BuildingsManagement Department work, in-house reproduction ( printing /multi-lithmg, xeroxing), automatic data processing services and procurementof library materials are not included in this Handbook. 417 Chapter 1GENERAL PROVISIONS 1. IntroductionThis Handbook provides general policies and detailed proceduresprimarily for the guidance of staff members who initiate outsidepurchase requests. To the extent it will assist this process, subse-quent actions by the SI Accounting Division and by the SI Supply Divisionalso are outlined. 2. CoverageThe policies, forms, and guidelines in the Handbook cover allpurchase requisitioning, Federal and Private, for all Smithsonian unitsand staff members. Where exceptions are in effect, they are coveredin the text or in delegation of authority letters signed by the Secretary. DefinitionsASPR: The regulations approved by the Department of Defense forContracts and Grants awarded by organizations within that Department.The full title, "Armed Services Procurement Regulations," is referredto as ASPR in this and related SI Handbooks. Some NASA contractsalso are covered by these regulations.Contracts: All types of agreements and orders for the procurementof supplies or services.Equipment: Personal property of a durable nature which retainsits identity throughout its useful life and has a significant unit acquisi-tion cost of $50.00 or more. (See Smithsonian Staff Handbook onProperty Management--530, for special conditions covering DOD/NASAproperty costing less than $50.00.)Excess Property: Any property under control of the SI which isnot required for its needs, and any such property of Government agenciesacquired by the SI at no cost other than transportation charges. (Federalside only; Private usually cannot acquire. ) 418 Ex Post Facto Requisition: A requisition form prepared after goodsor services have been ordered. Except where emergency purchasingprocedures are available and have been followed. Ex Post Facto requisi-tions are illegal and payment by the Smithsonian Institution may be refused.Federal Procurement Regulations: The regulations prescribed by theAdministrator of General Services Administration to govern and guideFederal executive agencies in procuring goods and services.Federal Specification: A description of a material or servicepromulgated by General Services Administration or other Federal agency.Federal Supply Schedule: Vendors' catalogs showing the prices atwhich goods and services are available to Government agencies as aresult of negotiations between GSA and vendors.Federal Supply Service: A unit of General Services Administrationresponsible for negotiating with vendors for Federal Supply Schedulecontracts.General Services Administration: The agency of the FederalGovernment chiefly responsible for procurement, property manage-ment and utilization, disposal, and records management. GSApromulgates regulations which govern and guide procurement, propertymanagement and other related activities of Government agencies.Invoice: A "bill." An itemized list of good6 and services providedby a vendor, showing quantities delivered and their prices.Nonexpendable Equipment: An article of personal property whichis complete in itself, is of durable nature with an expected service lifeof one year or more and does not lose its identity or become a com-ponent part of another article when put into use. For this classifica-tion, property which will be considered as nonexpendable also must besignificant as a unit price, quantity, or nature. A unit acquisition costof $50.00 shall be considered as a reasonable guideline as to unit pricebut some articles of lesser value may come within the nonexpendableproperty classification. Examples of articles which may be significantbecause of quantity or nature are: filing cabinets, radios, cameras,and firearms. All personal property subject to capitalization shallbe considered nonexpendable. 419 Personal Property: SI- or Government -owned, borrowed, or rentedproperty of any kind or any property in which the SI or the Governmenthas an interest except real property and records. Property personallyowned by an employee but used for official business is not "personalproperty. "Receiving Report: The Receiving Report copy of the SF-147, or of theSI-Supp-704; a pink copy of the SF-44; or an SI-Supp-700, describing whatwas received from a vendor, when it was received, condition on receipt,related accounting data, and the signature of the receiver.Smithsonian Property: Property purchased on the Private side ofthe Smithsonian from Contract and Grant funds, title to which has beentransferred to the Smithsonian; and property purchased from otherPrivate funds of the Smithsonian.Stores Stock: Stores of articles of personal property principallyconsisting of expendable items but sometimes including nonexpendableitems stocked in the SI Supply Division for redistribution to orderingactivities.Supplies: Items of personal property of minor value of nondurablenature which ordinarily are consumed within one year after beingplaced in use, or which are used to form a minor part of equipmentor fixed property and are, therefore, expendable.Surplus Property: Any excess property not required for the needsand the discharge of the responsibilities of all Federal agencies, asdetermined by the Administrator, General Services Administration.(This does not include Smithsonian property, q.v r .) 420 Chapter 2GENERAL POLICIES 1. Federal Fund Purchasing It is Smithsonian policy to obtain supplies, materials, equipment;building construction, alteration, or repairs; and services, purchasedwith Federal Funds, in full compliance with the Federal ProcurementRegulations prescribed by the Administrator, General ServicesAdministration. This requires that, unless otherwise provided by law,purchases and contracts using Federal Funds may be made or enteredinto only after advertising proposals sufficiently in advance. Thisrequirement is excepted when justified within the guidelines of theFederal Procurement Regulations. The small purchasing methodsdescribed in Chapter 3 are among the authorized exceptions. It isinherent in this policy that no procurements shall be made prior tothe Accounting Division certifying to the availability of funds. Afurther requirement is that only the SI Supply Division or properlyappointed Contracting Officers may place orders which commitSmithsonian funds.2. Private Fund PurchasingWith few exceptions, the policies and procedures which apply toFederal Fund purchases also apply to purchases from Private Funds.In addition, the provisions of the Armed Services Procurement Regu-lations (ASPR) and regulations of other Federal contracting/grantingagencies will apply to procurements made under Federal Contractsand Grants awarded to the Smithsonian.3. Cost-conscious Purchasing and Use of Supplies and Equipment a. Increased Smithsonian activities in research, education,exhibits, and public service require adequate resource support.Nevertheless, the Institution must obtain only what is essential toeffective program accomplishment. Once obtained, these resourceswhether Federal or Private must be used wisely and efficiently.Responsibility for effective purchasing must rest with bureau andother personnel who identify needs and initiate and approve purchaserequisitions . b. To assist requisitioning units in meeting this responsibility,Contracting Officers are required to review all purchase requisitions 421 with particular care and, where opportunities may exist for cost reduc-tion with no diminishment of quality or other criteria, to suggest theseto the units concerned. c. In addition, the following conditions are in effect:(1) Class A executive -type furniture and filing cabinetswill not be purchased or leased with Federal Funds whether for addi-tional or replacement purposes. Similarly rugs, carpets, and draperieswill not be obtained except where essential for exhibit or other publicareas. Unless provided for in the terms of Federal Contracts orGrants, this restriction also applies to purchases from such funds.(2) Units shall share equipment which is used occasionallyor less than full-time, where sharing will avoid the procurement ofduplicate equipment and will not interfere severely with work performance.Prior to submitting a requisition, units should call the SI Supply Divisionto determine whether the requested equipment is available within theSmithsonian. (Property acquired under Federal Contracts and Grantsmust remain with and be used only on the funded project until termina-tion of the Contract or Grant. )(3) Equipment will not be replaced if it can be repaired orrehabilitated economically and used without safety hazard, excessiveadditional maintenance costs, or substantial reduction in trade-invalue. The SI Supply Division will advise on Government and com-mercial repair and rehabilitation services and will work with theBuildings Management Department in meeting certain needs by in-houseservices . (4) When possible, requirements for equipment not avail-able within the Smithsonian will be met from GSA' s excess propertyprogram. Units should make their needs known to the SI SupplyDivision so that GSA excess property lists may be checked for desireditems. These lists will be circulated regularly to interested units.Property should not be claimed unless it can be put to prompt andproductive use.(5) Furniture, office equipment, and other materials excessto the needs of organization units will be returned to the SI SupplyDivision for reassignment. Use Form SI-707, "Nonexpendable PropertyTransaction," for this purpose. See Appendix 1, and SmithsonianStaff Handbook on Property Management--530. (For property acquiredunder DOD/NASA Contracts, the Accountable Officer has the sole dis-cretion in determining when property purchased with such funds isexcess in his present and future requirements. When he makes this 422 determination, the Contracts Office and the Property ManagementOfficer will be notified so that disposition instructions from the DefenseProperty Administrator may be requested.)(6) Employees must make every effort to assure thatoffice and other supplies, such as pens, pencils, paper clips, tape,envelopes, and stationery are used only for official purposes.(7) Office copying machines must be used wisely andefficiently and not as a substitute for typewriter carbons. Unitswhich are not obtaining the quality or quantity of carbon copies theybelieve their typewriters can make should call the SI Supply Divisionto have the machines checked and adjusted. Requests for additionalor replacement copying machines must be referred to the AdministrativeSystems Division prior to processing by the SI Supply Division.(8) Cost-type contracts should require the contractors touse Government supply sources and should include other appropriaterequirements to assure cost-conscious purchasing and sound propertymanagement. 4. Contacting Vendors a. Contact with vendors will be made only by the SI SupplyDivision or with the prior knowledge and approval of that Division.Such contact would be appropriate, for instance, in cases when desireditems of unusual technical, scientific, or mechanical equipment arenot available and the requester must agree on satisfactory substituteswith the vendor. Quotations, catalogs, or other information or des-criptive material resulting from authorized vendor contacts mustaccompany requisitions submitted to the SI Supply Division.b. Contracting Officers, other than the Chief, SI SupplyDivision, also may contact vendors to the extent allowed in theirwritten delegations of authority. c. These requirements are not intended to prevent employeesfrom obtaining information about new and improved supplies andequipment. They are intended to prevent commitments which theSmithsonian cannot honor and to prevent employees from incurringa liability for which they personally may be held responsible. 5. Ex Post Facto Requisitions for Purchases a. Federal and Smithsonian regulations and policies provideseveral methods for emergency purchasing or contracting. Inaddition, the Chief, SI Supply Division is available to assist inobtaining unique items or services which may not be availablereadily from usual sources of supply. These elements of the Smithsonian 423 Institution Supply Management Program, preclude the need forSmithsonian staff members to make unauthorized commitments withvendors for the purchase of services, supplies, materials, andequipment without first processing the required documents throughthe Accounting Division and the SI Supply Division.b. Ex Post Facto requisitions to cover unauthorized commit-ments and/or procurements are illegal when obligating Federal Fundsand contrary to Smithsonian Institution policy when obligating PrivateFunds. The Secretary reserves the right to refuse payment if suchrequisitions are presented for approval. In addition, two statutesexist which provide severe penalties for violations of procurementregulations as well as for exceeding available funds--31 U. S. C.Section 665(a) et seq and 41 U.S. C. Section 11(a). The administrativepenalties include suspension from duty without pay or removal fromoffice. Persons convicted of willful violations are subject to a fineof not more than $5, 000. 00 or imprisonment for not more than twoyears, or both. See Appendixes 2 and 3. c. Further, the austerity program in effect at the Smithsonianand throughout the Government can be supported best if every possiblemeans is used to obtain the most for funds available whether Federalor Private. Competitive bidding by established vendors is one methoddesigned to do just that.d. The policy continues in effect the requirement that all pro-curement must be made by the SI Supply Division or its designatedrepresentative or by other Smithsonian officials who are designatedin writing by the Secretary as Contracting Officers. 6. Justifications Required for Certain Types of PurchasesWhen Federal Funds are used, the SI-4s requesting purchases inthe categories listed below shall be accompanied by written justifica-tions prepared by the requesting unit. In addition, the terms of someFederal Contracts and Grants require such justifications and, whenother Private Funds are used, this requirement also should be fol-lowed in every possible case. When purchases are requested in thesecategories, the SI Supply Division must be given sufficient time toprepare determinations (written conclusions based on the justifications)to show that the proposed purchases are proper and essential toSmithsonian operations. a. Brand Name or Equal When a brand name is used only todescribe the product, the requisition must show "Brand Name orEqual. " If possible, more than one acceptable brand name productshould be referenced. The accompanying justification must state: 424 the physical, functional, salient features or characteristics of therequested product which are essential to the needs of the requestingunit; and, to the extent available, the common name of the product,applicable model, make, catalog number, and name of the manufacturer,producer, or distributor. Prospective vendors or contractors will begiven an opportunity to offer products other than those specificallyreferenced by brand name if such other products will meet Smithsonianneeds in essentially the same manner as the described item.b. Brand Name?No Substitute When a brand name product is theonly item acceptable, the requisition must show "Brand Name?NoSubstitute, " The accompanying justification must give in detail thefeatures of the item which are not available in other brands and anyother information which will support sole source procurement. c. Foreign Products The Buy American Act requires that onlydomestic source articles, materials, and supplies shall be acquired forpublic use. The restrictions of the Act do not apply: to articles,materials, or supplies for use outside the United States; to articles,materials, or supplies of a class or kind which the Smithsonian hasdetermined are not mined, produced, or manufactured in the UnitedStates in sufficient and reasonably available commercial quantities andof a sufficient quality; or when it is determined by the Smithsonian thatthe cost of domestic source articles, materials, and supplies would beunreasonable or that their acquisition would be inconsistent with thepublic interest. The justification accompanying the request for pur-chase of a foreign product must contain a full description of the productand, as appropriate, the following elements: the impact on unit opera-tions if the foreign product is not obtained; unavailability fromdomestic sources; unacceptable quality or other reasons why the domesticproduct will not satisfy precise needs.d. Furniture and Furnishings, Office Machines, and EquipmentThe written justification covering requests for items in this categorymust explain fully the need for the purchase or rental. A copy ofSI- 31, the justification form required when electric typewriters arerequested, is given in Appendix 4. e. Motor Vehicles The Buildings Management Department isresponsible for control and use of Smithsonian vehicles. Requisitioningunits must consult that Department prior to processing requests foracquisition of such equipment. 425 f. Products Similar to Those Covered by GSA Federal Supply SchedulesWhen products in this category are requested, the justification must describethe pertinent differences between the requested and the scheduled item andexplain why the requesting unit concluded that the scheduled products willnot meet its special requirements.g. Products at Prices Other Than the Lowest Delivered PriceAvailable The justification accompanying requests in this category mustbe based on specific needs which clearly are associated with achieve-ment of program objectives. Personal preference for a more costlyproduct is not an appropriate basis for a justification. Factors whichmay be used as a basis of justification are:(1) Special features of requested item, not provided bysimilar but less costly items, are required (not merely desired orpreferred) for effective program performance.(2) The requested item, as opposed to lower-priced items,must be and is compatible with items or systems already in use in therequesting unit.(3) Trade-in considerations favor the higher-priced itemand will result in the lowest net cost.(4) Time of delivery in terms of actual need cannot be metby the manufacturer or dealer of a lower-priced item.(5) Probable life of item requested, as compared with thatof a lower-priced item, is sufficiently longer to warrant the additionalcost. (6) Warranty conditions of the higher^priced item are suf-ficiently better to justify the added cost.(7) Greater maintenance availability, lower overall main-tenance costs, or anticipated trouble-free operation will producelong-range savings greater than the difference in purchase price.h. Service Contracts (for personal and nonpersonal services)Special considerations and justifications for service-type contracts arerequired--especially when it may appear to be "personal" services asopposed to "technical professional nonpersonal services." The Chief,SI Supply Division must be brought into all preliminary discussions whichmay lead to a service contract. As necessary, he will refer the proposalto the SI General Counsel before awarding a service contract. 426 Chapter 3AUTHORITIES AND DELEGATIONS 1 . Authorizing Officers a. The administrative official or other employee to whom theSecretary has delegated authority in writing to approve requisitionsand similar authorizations drawn against Federal or Private Funds.For each of the various categories of these funds, the AuthorizingOfficer is as follows: (1 ) Federal Appropriations and Accounts(a) Salaries and ExpensesThe head of the organization unit receiving anallotment from The Secretary through the Office of Programmingand Budget, Office of the Treasurer.(b) Special Foreign Currency Program (1_) The Secretary for award letters.(2) Director, Special Foreign Currency Program,to recommend contracts resulting from approval awards. (3_) Director, Office of International Activities,for travel authorizations for research program development.(c) ConstructionThe Assistant Secretary(d) Trust Accounts (1_) National Zoological Park--Director, NationalZoological Park. 427 (2) Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute--Director, Smithsonian Tropical ResearchInstitute. (3_) National Collection of Fine Arts--Director,National Collection of Fine Arts.(2) Grants and Contracts (Including Smithsonian ResearchAwards and Special Foreign Currency Awards toSmithsonian Offices )The principal investigator or comparable person forthe grant, contract, or award.(3) GiftsThe head of the organization unit or other employeeidentified in the exchange of correspondence between the SmithsonianInstitution and the donor as the person responsible for performing thework for which the gift is made.(4) Restricted or Unrestricted Private FundsThe head of the organization unit or other employeereceiving a budget or allowance approved by The Secretary. In allother cases, authorization is by The Secretary.b. The authority to approve requisitions against Federal appro-priations and accounts may be redelegated. In all such cases,redelegations must be in writing with copies sent to the Office ofProgramming and Budget, Accounting Division, SI Supply Division,and the Administrative Systems Division. c. The authority to approve requisitions against grants, contracts,and gifts also may be redelegated with copies sent to the units men-tioned in b. above. 428 d. Permission to redelegate authority to approve requisitionsdrawn against restricted or unrestricted Private Funds must beobtained by submitting a request to The Secretary through theAccounting Division and The Treasurer. 2. Contracting OfficersOnly Contracting Officers, authorized in writing by The Secretaryor the Chief, SI Supply Division, may commit or obligate the Governmentor the Smithsonian Institution. The specific responsibilities of Con-tracting Officers are: conducting contract negotiations; determiningthe type of contract to be used; establishing the contract terms,conditions, and general provisions, including methods of pricing,payment, and financing; final execution of the contract on behalf of theGovernment or the Smithsonian, general contract administration, andtermination of the contract. 429 Chapter 4NORMAL PURCHASING METHOD 1 . Requisition Form RequiredThe SI-4 "Requisition for Supplies and Equipment" is used toinitiate the majority of purchase requests whether Federal or PrivateFunds are used: 2. Using SI-4 a. The SI-4 is used to request outside purchase of:(1) Rents, communications, and utilities (Object Class 230)(2) Printing and reproduction (Object Class 240)(3) Other Services (Object Class 250)(4) Supplies and materials (Object Class 260)(5) Equipment (Object Class 310)b. Specific items included in the various Object Classes arein Appendix 5. 3. Preparing SI-4 a. The SI-4 must not cover items or services in more thanone Object Class, i.e. cameras and films are in different ObjectClasses--310 and 260 respectively. Federal and Private Fundrequests must not be included in the same SI-4. Requirementswithin the same Object Class should be consolidated on one requisi-tion to the fullest possible extent. Requisitions must be preparedaccurately and carefully. Attention to these guidelines will speedup accounting and purchasing actions. 49-484 O - 71 - pt. 1 -- 28 430 b. Requirements covering a long list of specialized itemsmay be submitted first in memorandum form to the SI SupplyDivision, which will furnish the unit with the necessary informa-tion to complete a requisition. c. Any questions or doubts about potential hazards in equip-ment or materials to be procured, may be discussed with theSafety Management Office.d. A sample of a completed SI-4 is in Appendix 6. 4. Approving SI-4 a. Chapter 3 identifies officers authorized to approve requisi-tions. The approving responsibility covers certification of the needfor the items or services and their cost. It does not include authorityto commit Smithsonian funds; such authority rests only with Contract-ing Officers. The general guidelines covering the approval are:(1) Federal Funds. Approval of requisitions to be paidfrom Federal appropriations usually is the responsibility of thehead of the organization unit to which an annual allotment of FederalFunds is made.(2) Contracts and Grants. Only the principal investigator orhis delegate personally authorized by him in writing approves requisi-tions drawn against Contracts or Grants awarded from externalsources. (3) Budgeted Private Funds. Approval of requisitions tobe paid from budgeted Private Funds will be made by the head of theunit or by the staff member to whom The Secretary authorized anallotment of such funds. 431 (4) Unbudgeted Private Funds. The approval of requisi-tions to be paid from unbudgeted Private Funds of the Smithsonianwill be made in the Office of The Secretary. Each such requisitionsubmitted for approval must show the actual cost, if known, or areasonable estimate. The Secretary or his designated representativewill review the requisition, ascertain fund availability, and, ifapproved, forward it to the Accounting Division. 5. Routing SI-4Copies 1 through 6 of approved requisitions are routed to theAccounting Division via the requisitioning unit's fund control point.Copy 7 is retained in the unit pending receipt of Copy 4 certifiedas to fund availability by the SI Accounting Division. 6. SI Accounting Division ActionsOn receipt of an approved requisition, the Accounting Divisionwill: a. Verify the approval; the accounting classification code;and, for Private Funds, conformance with provisions of applicableFederal Contracts or Grants and with the conditions of gifts,bequests, or endowments.b. Enter the Requisition Control Number on all copies of therequisition (this number also is used as the last four digits of thePurchase Order No. ). c. Certify the requisition as to availability and propriety ofuse of funds.d. Distribute copies of the requisition as indicated on the SI-4. e. Return immediately to requisitioning unit all copies ofrequisitions which it cannot process and explain reason for this action. 432 7. SI Supply Division ActionsOn receipt of an approved and certified requisition, the SI SupplyDivision will: a. Ascertain whether requirements can be met from SI storesstock, other available SI sources; excess property; or the FederalSupply Service. b. Determine whether to procure standard items rather thanrequested nonstandard items when the former would appear to meetthe needs; coordinate this action with requisitioning unit. c. Obtain requesting unit's concurrence on any other variancesfrom the requirements of the requisition, taking into account anyspecial needs of the requestor; delivery dates; availability of service,parts, and repairs; and related factors having a direct effect uponthe end use of the product.d. Obtain required justifications from requisitioning unit ifthese are not already attached to the SI-4. e. Assure, when nonexpendable equipment is to be purchased,that the procedures required for appropriate control are followed. f. Secure The Secretary's approval when required for certainforeign procurements. g. Make determinations and findings when required by law orregulation.h. Issue solicitations for bids or proposals as appropriate. i. Coordinate with requisitioning unit and the AccountingDivision when the cost of the item exceeds the amount approved onthe requisition. (The SI Supply Division is authorized to exceed,without additional certification of funds from the Accounting Division,variances of 10 percent or $100.00, whichever is the lesser amount.) 433 j. Use the requisition as a Purchase Order if determinedappropriate and the procurement will cost less than $250. 00.k. Prepare an SF-147 "Order for Supplies and Materials"when Federal Funds are used and the procurement does not exceed$2, 500. 00 (except when procurement is pursuant to Federal SupplyService contracts or from Government agencies); otherwise a contractis issued. A copy of the SF-147 is at Appendix 8. 1. Prepare an SI-Supp-704 "Purchase Order" or a "contract"when appropriate, for Private Fund procurements. A copy of thisform is at Appendix. 9.m. Use other purchasing methods as dictated by the procurementinvolved and coordinate with the requisitioning unit so the unit willhave timely information about the status of their requisitions ). n. Distribute copies of the Purchase Order or Contract asindicated assuring, when the requisitioning unit is the delivery pointfor the order, that tagging instructions for controllable, nonexpendableequipment accompany the Receiving Report copy sent to the unit. o. Apply required (rubber stamp) certification to ReceivingReport copy of the requisition covering materials for immediateconsumption acquired under DOD or NASA Contracts or Grants toshow that the materials have been issued for use. 8. Requisitioning Unit Actions (After Order is Issued)On receipt of their "record" copy of the Purchase Order, therequisitioning unit will: a. Compare it with the requisition to assure the order wascompleted in strict conformance with their request.b. Determine, in coordination with the Accounting Division,the reason for any change, particularly in the accounting code and,if required, adjust records maintained in the unit. 434 c. Retain the Receiving Report copy and tagging instructionsfurnished by the SI Supply Division when the unit is the delivery point.d. Upon complete and satisfactory delivery of materials,equipment, devices, etc. , appropriately endorse the ReceivingReport copy and return it to the SI Supply Division, immediately. 435 Chapter 5SMALL PURCHASING METHODS (Open Market) 1. Imprest Fund (Federal) a. This fund is used for:(1) Emergency, fill-in, occasional, or special purchase ofsupplies or nonpersonal services; and for emergency repairs ofequipment.(2) Postage stamps, parcel post, C.O.D., postal charges,international mail coupons, local drayage.(3) Public transportation tokens (including reimbursementfor cash fares), taxi fares.(4) Reimbursement on a mileage basis for local use ofpersonal cars on official business. The employee will submit anapproved SF-1164, "Claim for Reimbursement for Expenditures onOfficial Business." A copy of the SF-1164 is at Appendix 10.(5) Emergency travel advances not to exceed $50.00.These may be obtained from the subcashier in the Accounting Division.The traveler will furnish an approved SF-1038 to obtain the advance.(For such advances made by the Travel Services Office, see section 2,page 5-3. ) A copy of the SF-1038 is at Appendix 11.b. There is a maximum limitation of $100.00 on each itempurchased. Under emergency conditions, the limitation may beincreased up to $250. 00 with the prior approval of the AuthorizingOfficer and the Chief, SI Supply Division. c. The Imprest Fund Cashier and his alternate are located inthe SI Supply Division. A subcashier is located in the AccountingDivision. Cashier hours are: 8:45 a.m. until 1:00 p.m., 2:00 p.m.until 3:00 p.m.d. Authorizing Officers who wish to make regular use of theImprest Fund should establish a prior commitment of funds by sub-mitting an SI-4 to the Accounting Division. The requisition will befor a stated period, usually ending on June 30; and for a "not-to-exceed" amount. e. The Cashier may either reimburse employees for amountspaid by them for authorized purchases or advance the cash necessaryto make such purchases. 436 f. When cash is advanced to the employee, he will be asked tosign an "Interim Receipt for Cash." The Cashier retains this and givesthe employee a blank SF-1165, "Receipt for Cash--Subvoucher, " to besigned by the vendor. The employee-buyer returns any unused cash,the signed SF-1165, and the vendor's sales slip or cash register tapeto the Cashier who voids the interim receipt and returns it to theemployee. A copy of the SF-1 165 is at Appendix 12.g. Purchases for which cash has been advanced must be con-firmed within five workdays from the date of the advance.h. All purchases must be supported by an original bill, salesslip, cash register ticket, invoice, SF-1165, or equivalent receiptform itemizing the supplies or services purchased and the amountthereof. When purchases are in excess of $15. 00, each receipt shouldbe signed by the dealer as evidence of payment. When purchases arefor $15.00 or less, a receipt showing the articles or services pur-chased should be secured, but the signature of the dealer will not benecessary. Receipts should be hand-carried to the SI Supply Divisionor sent by Registered Mail if the purchases were made by a unitoutside of the Washington Metropolitan Area. i. At least monthly, the Cashier sends an SF-1 129, "Reimburse-ment Voucher, " to the Accounting Division, listing the transactions forthe period, the name, and cost of the item or service purchased, andthe appropriate accounting classification code. The SI Supply Divisionwill send a copy of the voucher to units which request it for verificationof the unit's records. A copy of the SF-1 129 is at Appendix l4.j. Transactions made under this plan are identified in themonthly financial reports by the words "Imprest Fund. " 2. Petty Cash Fund (Private) a. This fund established and maintained in the AccountingDivision may be used for:(1) Emergency, fill-in, occasional, or special purchaseof supplies or nonpersonal services.(2) Postage stamps, parcel post, C. O. D. , postal charges,local drayage.(3) Reimbursement for bus and taxi fares. 437 (4) Emergency travel advances not to exceed $50.00 maybe obtained from the Private Revolving Fund in the Travel ServicesOffice. The traveler will furnish an approved SI-Fis-345, "Applica-tion and Account for Advance of Funds. " A copy of SI-Fis-345 is atAppendix 13.b. The fund will not be used for:(1) Equipment purchases.(2) Paying transportation charges on bills of commoncarriers. (3) Meeting payrolls or paying for personal services. c. Petty Cash Purchases, not to exceed $50.00 from any onevendor at any one time, may be approved when, in the opinion of theCashier, the best interests of the Smithsonian will be served. Indi-vidual procurement transactions of $15.00 or more must be approvedby the Assistant Treasurer.d. The Petty Fund Cashier and alternate are located in theAccounting Division (Private). Cashier hours are: 8:45 a.m. until1:00 p.m. , 2:00 p.m. until 3:00 p.m. e. The Cashier may either reimburse employees for amountspaid by them for authorized purchases or advance the cash to makesuch purchases. f. When cash is advanced to the employee, he will be askedto submit an approved SI-4_' or an approved SI-Fis-653, "CashReimbursement Voucher," which the Cashier will retain. Theemployee -buyer returns any unused cash and the vendor's receiptedsales slip or cash register tape. Any adjustment of the original cashadvanced will be signed by the employee -buyer and certified by theCashier.g. Purchases for which cash has been advanced must be con-firmed within five workdays from the date of the advance.h. When the Cashier reimburses an employee for authorizedpurchases paid from personal funds, an approved form SI-Fis-653must be furnished to the Cashier, together with vendor's receiptedsales slip or cash register tape. A copy of SI-Fis-653 is atAppendix 15. T7 Until the present stock of SI-8, "Private Funds Requisition forServices and Supplies or Equipment," is exhausted, it will beused in lieu of the SI-4 for Petty Cash Fund (Private) trans -actions ONLY. 438 i. Transactions made under this plan are reflected in themonthly financial reports. 3. Standard Form 44, "Purchase Order, Invoice, Voucher" a. This method of purchasing allows organization units to pur-chase small or emergency quantities of supplies, materials, or non-personal services over-the-counter (or otherwise immediately available)primarily from local vendors. The SF-44 is not used for travel, trans-portation, personal services, contractual services (except for minorequipment repairs not to exceed $100. 00 with prior approval of theProperty and Stores Management Section, SI Supply Division), or topurchase items which meet the criteria for controllable equipmentdescribed in Smithsonian Staff Handbook- -530. It is not used topurchase items unless delivery will be immediate or within a few days.There is a maximum limitation of $50.00 on each item purchased unlessthe appropriate Authorizing Officer and the Chief, SI Supply Division,have agreed previously on a higher limitation of not to exceed $250.00.A transaction must not be divided into smaller units to avoid eitherthis $250. 00 limitation or the overall limitation of $2, 500. 00. TheSF-44 must be used exclusively for the commitment for which it wasissued.b. Authorizing Officers who wish to use SF-44s in their unitsmust establish a prior commitment of funds by submitting an SI-4 tothe Accounting Division. The requisition will be for a stated period,usually ending on June 30 on Federal; and for an "not?to-exceed"amount. It need not show a vendor or vendors or a particular categoryor categories of items. The Accounting Division will earmark thestated amount of funds; show a control number on each copy of theSI-4; return one copy to the requisitioning unit; and send a copy to theSI Supply Division. c. The preprinted number on the SF-44 is the purchase ordernumber and appears on the unit's monthly financial reports.d. In June, the Accounting Division in coordination with theunit, determines whether part of the commitment of Federal fundsshould be retained to cover outstanding invoices or whether toterminate the commitment. 439 e. At the end of each fiscal year, unused SF-44s drawn againstFederal funds and the buyer's i. d. cards must be returned to the SISupply Division for cancellation. f. The SF-44s and the buyer's i.d. cards must be safeguarded.Losses of either must be reported immediately to the SI SupplyDivision. When no longer needed, the books (including those partiallyused) and the i. d. cards must be returned to the SI Supply Division.g. Detailed instructions covering the use of the form areattached to each book of SF-44s and are not repeated here (the instruc-tions printed on each book do not apply to SI); a copy is given inAppendix 17 , a sample completed form is given in Appendix 16. 4. Charge Accounts a. Authorizing Officers, by prior arrangement with the Chief,SI Supply Division, may make certain purchases by a"Charge Account"method. Such accounts provide an additional purchasing conveniencefor the requisitioning units and avoid the writing and processing ofnumerous requisitions and purchase orders. Successful use of ChargeAccounts, as in other purchasing methods,, depends upon the requisi-tioning unit's full compliance with the covering policies and guidelines.If experience shows that the accounts are not being used properly andeffectively, they will be terminated without notice by the Chief, SISupply Division, in coordination with the SI Accounting Division.b. Charge Accounts are:(1) Used for day-to-day requirements for supplies andnonpersonal services.(2) Limited to $250.00 for each individual purchase trans-action unless prior arrangements have been made with the appropriateAuthorizing Officer and the Chief, SI Supply Division, for higher amounts.(3) For a specific time period, usually the current FiscalYear. (4) Limited, for internal fiscal control purposes, to atotal annual amount. (The total dollar amount normally is not dis-closed to the vendor. )(5) Made with vendors who do not require a Purchase Order. 440 c. Charge Accounts are arranged with local vendors from whom:(1) Numerous individual purchases likely will be made eachFiscal Year.(2) A variety of items in a broad class of goods, likehardware or laboratory supplies, generally are purchased but theexact items, quantities, and delivery requirements are not known inadvance and may vary considerably.(3) Dependable service and consistently lower prices thanother suppliers are obtained.(4) Maximum discounts are offered.(5) Receipts are given for each purchase.(6) Monthly invoices are received listing items, quantities,prices, buyer's name, and date items sold.d. Charge Accounts must not be used:(1) To make purchases from out-of-town vendors.(2) To purchase equipment which, regardless of cost, normallywould be controllable.(3) To avoid the $2, 500. 00 limitation.(4) To avoid the requirement to submit justifications forcertain types of purchases.(5) To make purchases not authorized by law, regulation,or Smithsonian policy.(6) To engage the personal services of any individual in anemployee/employer relationship. e. Authorizing Officers who wish to use Charge Accounts willdiscuss their needs in advance with the Chief, SI Supply Division, toassure this is the best method of purchasing the goods required. Ifthe Charge Account method is approved, the Authorizing Officer willsubmit a completed SI-4 to the Accounting Division to establish therequired allotment order. The SI-4 must include the time period covered; 441 the total dollar limitation; the class or classes of goods to be purchased;and the names of the employees in the requisitioning unit who will beauthorized to make charges. f. The Supply Division, on receipt of a certified copy of theSI-4 from the Accounting Division, will make the necessary arrangementswith the vendor and furnish the unit with charge cards for each of theemployees listed on the requisition. The SI Supply Division also isresponsible for spot-checking periodically to assure that the selectedvendors remain competitive in all respects.g. The requisitioning unit is responsible for:(1) Sending vendor's sales slips or cash register tapes,marked with the Requisition Control Number (RCN-), to the SI SupplyDivision immediately following each purchase. goods, (2) Inspecting deliveries to verify quantity and quality of(3) Notifying the SI Supply Division immediately of shortages,overages, and damaged or unacceptable materials.(4) Sending, within 24 hours, an SI-Supp-700 "Receiving Report'to the SI Supply Division certifying the receipt of complete and satisfactorydeliveries. A copy of the SI-Supp-700 is at Appendix 18A. 442 Chapter 6 [RESERVED] 443 Chapter 7AMENDMENTS AND CANCELLATIONS 1. To amend a requisition, purchase order, or contract, the requisi-tioning unit must submit a new SI-4, approved and routed as the originalone. The amending SI-4 shall show under the "Description of Suppliesand Services" the following statement in capital letters: "REQUEST REQUISITION [PURCHASE ORDER, CONTRACT]NUMBER BE AMENDED AS FOLLOWS:" 2. To cancel a requisition, purchase order, or contract, the requisi-tioning unit must call the SI Supply Division immediately and, in the nextmail, forward, via the original routing, a memorandum confirming thecancellation. 444 Chapter 8RECEIVING REPORTS 1. Basic Action a. Whether delivery is made to the SI Supply Division or to therequisitioning unit, the following basic actions must be taken by theperson authorized to accept delivery:(1) Verify completeness of shipment by comparing with thereceiving report and packing lists.(2) Inspect for condition.(3) Test where appropriate.b. If all these actions cannot be performed at time of delivery,mark the carrier's delivery document "Received subject to laterinspection and count" when signing that delivery has been accepted.(1) Complete the special certification rubber-stamped bythe SI Supply Division on the Receiving Report when "materials forimmediate consumption" are acquired under DOD or NASA Contractsor Grants. (2) Follow ASPR receiving procedures when required forcontrollable property obtained under DOD or NASA Contracts orGrants (see Appendix 7 of SSH Property Management-530). 2. Receipt By Requisitioning Unit a. If complete inspection was not made at time of delivery, thisshould be done as early as possible and the following steps taken:(1) When all goods are received and are satisfactory,certify the Receiving Report copy of the Purchase Order (copy #10on the SF147 and any copy of the SI-Supp-704) to show "All itemsreceived" and forward it IMMEDIATELY to the SI Supply Division.When goods were purchased through use of an SF-44, a pink copyis the Receiving Report and it must be sent immediately to theAccounting Division, NOT to the SI Supply Division. (When thepurchasing method used did not require a Purchase Order, an SI-Supp-700 "Receiving Report" must be used. ) See sample SI-Supp-700at Appendix 18A.(2) When the shipment is over or under quantity ordered, isdamaged, does not meet other specifications covered in the PurchaseOrder, notify the SI Supply Division immediately and obtain instructionson how to proceed. 445 (3) When partial shipments are made, send an SI-Supp-700to the SI Supply Division. At the same time note on the unit's ReceivingReport copy of the Order, the quantity of each item received and thedate received; retain this copy until delivery is completed and issatisfactory, then sign and note that "all items have been received"and forward the Report to the SI Supply Division.(4) Tag controllable, nonexpendable equipment as previouslyinstructed by the SI Supply Division; complete any required recordcards and return them to the SI Supply Division. 3. Receipt by SI Supply Division a. If complete inspection was not made at delivery time, thisshould be done as early as possible and then the following steps taken:(1) Tag and record controllable, nonexpendable equipment.(2) Deliver the shipment to the requisitioning unit with theReceiving Report copy of the Purchase Order to be signed as areceipt by the unit and returned immediately to the SI Supply Division.(3) Send immediately ONE of the following to the SI AccountingDivision--either a form SI-Supp-700 when partial shipment is made orthe Receiving Report copy of the Purchase Order when all goods aredelivered and are satisfactory. The report must be certified to show "all items received" and the date of receipt. The employee whochecked the shipment, also must sign the report and show date ofinspection. NOTE: Receiving Reports must be given priority attention and, whenpossible, processed within 24-hours after delivery of goods. 49-484 o - 71 - pt. 1 446 Chapter 9INVOICES 1. Vendors and contractors supplying goods or services to theSmithsonian Institution expect and are entitled to prompt reimbursement.Responsibility for payment rests with the Accounting Division, but thatDivision first must receive the Invoice and a Receiving Report or anSI-Supp-700, certified to show that the goods or services were deliveredand are fully satisfactory. IMMEDIATE submission of Invoices alsoenables the Smithsonian to take advantage of all available time discountsand helps to conserve the requesting unit's funds. 2. All Invoices received by any employee must be noted to show thePurchase Order number and MUST BE SENT IMMEDIATELY to theAccounting Division. DO NOT SEND ANY INVOICES to the SI SupplyDivision. 3. If the Accounting Division has any questions about an Invoice whichwould delay its payment, the requisitioning unit must be advised immediatelyso payment can be made as promptly as possible. 447 SSH 510Appendix 2Excerpts from 31 U. S. C. Section 665(a) et sea "31 U.S.C. 665(a) - Expenditures or contract obligations in excessof funds prohibited.No officer or employee of the United States shall make orauthorize an expenditure from or create or authorize an obligationunder any appropriation or fund in excess of the amount availabletherein; nor shall any such officer or employee involve the Govern-ment in any contract or other obligation, for the payment of moneyfor any purpose, in advance of appropriations made for such purpose,unless such contract or obligation is authorized by law.After June 5, 1957* any appropriation required to be apportionedpursuant to section 665 of this title, may be apportioned on a basisindicating the need for a supplemental or deficiency estimate ofappropriation to the extent necessary to permit payment of such payincreases as may be granted those employees (commonly known aswage-board employees) whose compensation is fixed and adjusted fromtime to time in accordance with prevailing rates." "31 U.S.C. 665(b) - Voluntary service forbidden.No officer or employee of the United States shall acceptvoluntary service for the United States or employ personal services'in excess of that authorized by law, . except in cases of emergencyinvolving the safety of human life or the protection of property."I_ This applies to experts and consultants, including honoraryappointees^ "31 U.S.C. 665(g) - Administrative division of apportionment;simplification of system for subdividing funds .Any appropriation which is apportioned or reapportioned pursuantto this section may be divided and subdivided administratively withinthe limits of such apportionments or reapportionments. The officerhaving administrative control of any such appropriation available tothe legislative branch, the judiciary, or the District of Columbia,and the head of each agency, subject to the approval of the Directorof the Bureau of the Budget, shall prescribe, by regulation, a systemof administrative control (not inconsistent with any accounting pro-cedures prescribed by or pursuant to law) which shall be designed to(A) restrict obligations or expenditures against each appropriationto the amount of apportionments or reapportionments made for eachsuch appropriation and (B) enable such officer or agency head tofix responsibility for the creation of any obligation or the makingof any expenditure in excess of an apportionment or reapportionment.In order to have a simplified system for the administrative sub-division of appropriations or fund6, each agency shall work towardthe objective of financing each operating unit, at the highestpractical level, from not more than one administrative subdivisionfor each appropriation or fund affecting sucn unit." 448 "31 U.S.C. 665(h) - Expenditures in excess of apportionment prohibited;penalties .No officer or employee of the United States shall authorize orcreate any obligation or make any expenditure (A) in excess of anapportionment, or (B) in excess of the amount permitted by regulationsprescribed pursuant to subsection (g) of this section." "31 U.S.C. 665(1) - Administrative discipline; reports on viplations . (1) In addition to any penalty or liability under other law,any officer or employee of the United States who shall violate sub-sections (a), (b) , or (h) of this section shall be subjected toappropriate administrative discipline, including, when circumstanceswarrant, suspension from duty without pay or removal from officejand any officer or employee of the United States who shall knowinglyand willfully violate subsections (a), (b) or (h) of this sectionshall, upon conviction, be fined not more than $5,000 or imprisonedfor not more than two years, or both.(2) In the case of violation of subsections (a), (b) or (h)Of this section by an officer or employee of an agency, or of theDistrict of Columbia, the head of the agency concerned or theCommissioners of the District of Columbia, shall immediately reportto the President, through the Director of the Bureau of t!he Budget,and to Congress all pertinent facts together with a statement ofthe action taken thereon." 449 SSH 510Appendix 3 Copy of 41 U.S.C. Section 11(a) ?11. No contracts or purchases unless authorized or under adequateappropriation; report to the Congress (a) No contract or purchase on behalf of the United States shall bemade, unless the same is authorized by law or is under an appropriationadequate to its fulfillment, except in the Departments of the Army, Navy,and Air Force for clothing, subsistence, forage, fuel, quarters, trans-portation or medical and hospital supplies, which, however, shall notexceed the necessities of the current year. 450 SSH 510OBJECT CLASSIFICATIONS Appendix 5220 - TRANSPORTATION OF THINGS (Restricted to those units whichhave received allotments in this object class)Comprises charges for the preparation for shipment, shipmenthandling, unloading, and storage of property (including animals).It includes postage used in parcel post, rental of trucks, andreimbursement to personnel for the authorized movement of theirpersonal and household effects.230 - RENT, COMMUNICATIONS AND UTILITIES231 - Real Property Rental - Rental or lease of real propertyincluding land, structures, and improvements as well asfixed equipment.232 - Equipment Rental - Rental of office machines, furniture,furnishings and other equipment, computers and related auto-matic data processing equipment.233 - Communications - Telephone and telegraph equipment, installa-tion, and service charges.234 - Postage - Postage stamps, fees, metered mails, mail boxrentals (see 4220 for parcel post).235 - Utilities - Purchased water, gas, electricity, and steam.240 - PRINTING AND REPRODUCTION (Restricted to those unitswhich have received allotments in this object class)Comprises composition costs, printing, binding, and rebinding;duplicating; forms, when printed or assembled to order, includ-ing letterheads and envelopes; and photography and relatedoperations when required in connection with printing and duplicating.241 - Printing Within the Smithsonian242 - Outside Printing250 - OTHER SERVICESIncludes all contractual services not otherwise classified.251 - Lectures252 - Training253 - Office Machines Maintenance254 - Scientific &t Photographic Equipment Maintenance255 - Mechanical Equipment Maintenance 451 256 - Personal Service Contracts257 - Computer Time259 - All Others260 - SUPPLIES AND MATERIALSIncludes all commodities which are ordinarily consumed or expendedwithin one year after being put into use or which are converted in theprocess of construction, or which are used to form a minor part ofequipment or fixed property.261 - Stationery and Office Supplies262 - Scientific and Photographic Supplies263 - Clothing Supplies264 - Periodicals and Newspapers265 - Museum Shops Supplies (Use 710 for purchases of resale items).266 - Building Maintenance and Mechanical Supplies267 - Forage and Animal Supplies268 - Printing and Duplicating Supplies269 - All Others310 - EQUIPMENTComprises property or a more or less durable nature which may beexpected to have a period of service of a year or more after beingput into use without material impairment of its physical conditionand has a significant unit-acquisition cost of $50. 00 or more. (SeeSmithsonian Staff Handbook- -5 30. )311 - Furniture and Furnishings312 - Exhibit and Storage Cases313 - Office Machines314 - Scientific and Photographic Equipment315 - Mechanical Equipment316 - Smithsonian-Built Equipment317 - Specimens, Objects, and Animals for the Collections318 - Books319 - All Others 452 320 - LAND AND STRUCTURESComprises the purchase of land, buildings and other structures includingexisting improvements and rights therein as well as nonstructuralimprovements such as landscaping and drainage; additions to buildings,and fixed equipment permanently installed in and made part of real propertv321 - Land and Structures322 - Courts and Grounds Maintenance (Freer Only)330 - PURCHASES OF SECURITIES - PRINCIPAL (Accounting Division Use Only)331 - Current Funds332 - Freer333 - Consolidated334 - Other340 - PURCHASES OF SECURITIES - INTEREST (Accounting Division Use Only)341 - Current Funds342 - Freer343 - Consolidated344 - Other350 - SUBCONTRACTS .351 - Celescope360 - TRANSFERS (Accounting Division Use Only)36 1 - Transfers In362 - Transfers Out400 - OVERHEAD410 - GRANTS, SUBSIDIES, AND CONTRIBUTIONS420 - INSURANCE CLAIMS AND INDEMNITIES500 - SALES RETURN600 - PRORATION ACCOUNT (USED ON NASA CONTRACTS ONLY)710 - MUSEUM SHOPS PURCHASES FOR RESALE 453Mr. Barwick. The volume of procurement is up to some 12,000transactions a year, aggregating about $12 million. The variety of itemsand services procured covers a broad range. Although the requestingindividuals include a variety of personalities, they exhibit one com-mon trait and that is the determination to do a good job.In their efforts to get their projects underway, these dedicated peo- ? ple frustrate the normal procurement processes and sometimes leadprospective contractors into premature performance.These actions generate ex post facto procurements which are themost perplexing.Mr. Thompson. What do you mean by ex post facto procurement ?Mr. Barwick. The obligation is made before going through the nor-mal processing of procurement ; that is, by first certifying that 'fundsare available.Mr. Thompson. Do you think that is good practice ?Mr. Barwick. It is horrible.Mr. Thompson. Sir ?Mr. Barwick. Horrible.Mr. Thompson. The GAO found 71 instances where there wereorders for goods and services totaling $172,000, which were placed inthis method, without obtaining competition or without securing thenecessary authority first.Mr. Barwick. Right.Mr. Thompson. Is that practice continuing ?Mr. Barwick. In the rest of my statement I cover what steps we aretaking to curb that. The answer is it is not prevalent.Mr. Thompson. It is not prevalent ?Mr. Barwick. It is greatly reduced.Mr. Thompson. It still exists ?Mr. Barwick. It is greatly reduced.Mr. Thompson. Greatly reduced ?Mr. Barwick. Eight.Several of the most important steps usually taken by procurementofficials are completely negated by that practice. That is, we are pre-vented from providing the property from property we already have, insome cases.We are prevented from acquiring it from Federal stocks that areavailable. We are prevented from advertising. We are prevented fromnegotiating competitively.All this is wiped out by these actions.In addition, an unfunded obligation is generated by these actionssince funds have not at that time been specifically reserved and certi-fied by the fiscal office for the project involved.Notwithstanding this situation, in the 4 years I have been Chief ofthe Supply Division, I don't have any information that would indicateany person has unlawfully or wrongly gained personally.Mr. Thompson. I don't have any information that would lead meto disagree with you, but I might suggest that under these practicesyou are very fortunate that you have such honest people, because un-der such circumstances it is entirely possible ; is it not ?Mr. Barwick. Absolutely. 454In an attempt to control this situation, in December of 1967, Mr.Ripley, the Secretary, issued an office memo, insisting that this prac-tice cease.[Memo described follows.]Smithsonian Institutionoffice memorandum 730, december 29, 1967To : Heads of bureaus, offices and divisions and the professional researchstaff.Subject : Ex Post Facto Purchase Requisitions.The contents of this memorandum are not to be construed as discouraging orcurtailing the use of any purchasing arrangement previously established withthe Supply Division (i.e. Standard Form 44 purchases, allotment orders, chargeaccounts or Sundry Purchases). The following paragraphs concern procurementswhich would normally be made through the issuance of a contract or purchaseorder for specific articles and/or services.It has been brought to my attention that members of the staff have beenmaking commitments with vendors for the purchase of services, supplies, andequipment without first processing the required paperwork through the FiscalDivision and Supply Division. Not only is this the most costly way of purchasingsupplies and services but, of equal importance, it is completely illegal whenspending Federal funds.The austerity program in effect at the Institution and throughout the Gov-ernment can be served best if we use every means at our disposal to get themost for our money. Competitive bidding by established vendors is one methoddesigned to do just that. Therefore, I must insist that, following verification bythe Fiscal Division of the availability of funds, all procurement be conductedby the Supply Division or through arrangements made by a Contracting Officerof the Supply Division. In the event a special or unique procurement problemarises which cannot be satisfied through ordinary contracting practices, the Chiefof the Supply Division must be notified so a suitable solution can be arranged.S. Dillon Ripley, Secretary.Mr. Thompson. What was the date of that memo?Mr. Barwick. It was December 29, 1967.Mr. Thompson. The cases that GAO refers to are from 1967 to 1969.Mr. Barwick. That is right.The next sentence in my statement is : Satisfactory compliance didnot result. Further efforts to require compliance in all areas of pro-curement practices with those applicable sections of the old Smith-sonian Manual were canceled.The provisions, policies, procedures, and so forth, were updated tocorrespond with the Code of Federal Regulations and issued as aSmithsonian Staff Handbook, which has been offered for the record.In addition to the Handbook, the Secretary presented a separatememorandum to all personnel having management control appropri-ated funds directing that ex post facto practices cease, advised thepenalties of law which may be imposed, and prescribed investigativeprocedures to be followed when these actions are discovered.[Memo described follows.]Memorandum, April 1, 1970To : Mr. James Bradley,From : S. Dillon Ripley.Subject : Procurement practices and policies.Recently my attention has been brought forcefully to the fact that in a numberof instances foods and services have been procured without following establishedprocedures. Such procedures require proper documentation to verify availability 455 of funds (Federal or Private) and to commit the Smithsonian Institution SupplyDivision to carry out the procurement for the user. Guidelines covering procure-ments are stated in Office Memorandum 731, dated March 26, 1968, concerningprocessing of purchase requisitions.I must insist that these practices be followed as obviously we must know thatfunds are, available and that the price is right. In meeting the latter objective, theSmithsonian Institution Supply Division's actions may involve : using the GeneralSupply Schedule of the General Services Administration, obtaining informalquotations for small purchases, securing competitive proposals by soliciting bidsfor large procurements, making findings occasionally to justify sole source ofsupply, making determinations and findings occasionally to justify deviationsfrom the requirement to advertise, and applying other procurement regulationswhich will assure that goods and services are acquired as promptly as possible,at a fair price, and within available funds.You are reminded that two statutes exist which provide penalties for violationof procurement regulations and for exceeding available funds?31 U.S.C. section665(a) et seq. (see SI Manual Section 310), and 41 U.S.C. section 11(a). Admin-istrative penalties include suspension from duty without pay or removal fromoffice. Persons convicted of willful violations are subject to a fine of not more than$5,000.00 or imprisonment for not more than two years, or both.You and all members of your staff concerned with requisitioning goods andservices are strongly advised that the correct procurement practices must befollowed and that only properly appointed contracting officers may issue purchaseorders.Office Memorandum 698. dated June 12, 1967, allows for the immediate pur-chase of small or emergency quantities of materials. In the event of an exigencywhich cannot be met by this method of purchase, the approval of the AssistantSecretary concerned or other appropriate authority will be required to authorizethe emergency purchases.Any procurements made without following established and prescribed pro-cedures will be referred to the Assistant Secretary or other appropriate authority.These officials will investigate the matter and recommend to the Chief, Smith-sonian Institution Supply Division, whether the improper procurements shouldbe ratified or cancelled. The Secretary reserves the right to refuse paymentif such procurements are presented for approval.As stated in Office Memorandum 730, dated December 29, 1967, the austerityprogram in effect at the Institution and throughout the Government can be servedbest if we use every means at our disposal to get the most for our money. Com-petitive bidding by established vendors is one method designed to do just that.Therefore, I must repeat that, following verification of the availability of funds,by the Accounting Division, all procurement must be conducted by the Smith-sonian Institution Supply Division or through arrangements made by a Con-tracting Officer of that Division. In the event a special or unique procurementproblem arises which cannot be satisfied through ordinary contracting practices,the Chief of the Smithsonian Institution Supply Division must be notified so asuitable solution can be arranged.Mr. Thompson. What was the date of that action ?Mr. Barwick. That was April 1, this year.Mr. Thompson. What have you done about it since then ?Mr. Barwick. When ex post facto procurements come across, theyare stopped at my desk, and I refer the matter to the appropriateAssistant Secretary of the Smithsonian, asking three questions : One,why ordinary procurement practices could not have been followed?What steps he is going to take to prevent this from happening in thefuture ? And his recommended disposition of this case ?We hold up action on those cases until we get the information.Mr. Thompson. Have you made any exceptions ?Mr. Barwick. Do you mean penalized anyone ?Mr. Thompson. No. Have you been persuaded from the responsesto the three questions that you should, under the circumstances, pro-ceed with an ex post facto purchase ? 456Mr. Baewick. We have, yes, sir, after a satisfactory explanationhas been brought forward.Mr. Thompson. In other words, you make a value judgment in eachof these instances IMr. Barwick. Right.Mr. Thompson*. Notwithstanding the prohibition of the practice \Mr. Baewick. Part of the Code of Federal Regulations have proce-dures for ratifying these actions, ar 1 this procedure is followed.Mr. Thompson*. Then you are opt -ating within that structure?Mr. Barwick. Right.Substantial results have come about from these last actions. Therequiring officials or the requisitioning officials more often consult withthe procurement officials, and usually, almost always, procurementcan be conducted within the framework of the regulations to every-one's satisfaction.Mr. Thompson*. How long would it take normally to process com-pletely a procurement order ?Mr. Barwick. It would depend on the nature of the article and themethod of procurement. If it is an off-the-shelf item, usually you canprocess the entire thing within a week.If it is something that must be advertised, you have to give pro-spective vendors time to bid, and it might take 6 weeks.Mr. Thompson*. Would a very strict adherence to this policy of notmaking ex post facto orders inhibit you too much ?Mr. Barwick. Could I hear that again, please '.Mr. Thompson. Would a strict adherence to the normal policy re-strict or impede your operation?Mr. Barwick. It would make my job much easier.Mr. Thompson. I think that is a good idea, then. You ought to dothat.Mr. Barwick. That is what we are striving for now.There is one thing I would like to explain that may have brought thispractice about.In earlier years in the Smithsonian, a greater proportion of thefunds were private and those funds were unrestricted to a great extent.Mr. Thompson*. Are they still '.Mr. Barwick. No. We are following essentially the same procedurefor private funds as Federal now.Mr. Thompson. But you are not compelled to do so with your pri-vate funds.Mr. Barwick. We are not compelled to, but as a general practicewe do.That is the end of my statement.Mr. Thompson*. Do you approve all procurement orders yourself,or does your staff '.Mr. Barwick. Through authority delegated by me, my staff andI approve all outgoing procurements.Mr. Thompson. But the ultimate responsibility isyours?Mr. Barwick. It is mine.Mr. Thompson. I think it is clear that you are on the right road.You may be a little slow, but you are on the right road.Mr. Barwick. Thank you. 457Mr. Bradley. Mr. Chairman, shall we proceed ?Mr. Thompson. Please do.Mr. Bradley. The GAO report demanded that the Smithsonianimprove and strengthen, and that means more people, our internalaudit. This is simply the business of having rather broadgauge auditorslook over, frequently on a spot basis or sampling basis because thevolume is pretty large, and see that the transactions, whatever theymight be, from payroll on through to procurement, large contracts orsmall, are done not only with regard to legality but also with regardto propriety and efficiency.Since I have been around the Smithsonian it has been a struggleto achieve this. "We have had difficulty in finding good auditors whocan do internal auditing.It takes a special kind of a broadgauge fellow in order to do thiseffectively and to be in position to interpret to the professional staffmembers what he is getting at. We have now had the very goodfortune of acquiring, I believe, four such auditors, as GAO testified.In earlier days we had none.Sometime in the middle of my career at the Smithsonian we hadan eminently capable fellow by the name of Douglas Martin. Hewas just fine but then the State of New York called him back. Nowhe is in charge of audit systems for the State of New York.This has been a series of attempts to build up a staff but onlynow do we have the staff. We thoroughly agree with GAO that thisis the thing to do.Mr. Thompson. These gentlemen work under Mr. Wheeler ?Mr. Bradley. They work under me directly, rather than Mr.Wheeler. The idea is that on occasions they will have to go into Mr.Wheeler's outfit and do some auditing.Mr. Thompson. I "was impressed by Mr. Wheeler's presentation theother day. He is to be commended for it. I am glad you have thepeople on board now that you feel are so able.Mr. Bradley. Thank you, sir.Mr. Chairman, you had a question earlier, I believe, about thematter of activities from which some revenues resulted.Mr. Powers, if I may call upon him, would like to make a shortstatement on that.Mr. Thompson. Yes.Mr. Powers. Thank you, Mr. Chairman. I just have a few com-ments to add to what the GAO people have said this morning.As stated in Chapter 4, the Smithsonian and the GAO are presentlyengaged in a joint study of those public-service activities of the In-stitution which generate revenues of various kinds to help pay thecosts of these activities.Parenthetically, it might be more accurate to refer to these as"revenue-supported'' activities rather than "revenue-producing,'' be-cause they do not as a group "make money," in the business sense, andpossibly never will, although it is the fervent hope of our Treasurer,Mr. Wheeler, that the revenues will soon begin to cover at least thedirect expenses of these activities, which are now borne in part byunrestricted private funds. This study began during the recent GAOaudit and is making useful progress. When it is completed a furtherreport will be issued. 458I don't want to say anything that would in any way compromise thesediscussions or try to anticipate the report, but I think that a few gen-eral remarks (based on my own work, to date, in this study) mightclarify for the committee certain basic facts about the administrationand support of the activities with which the study is concerned.There are three kinds of costs involved in any Smithsonian activity : First, the Institution-wide costs of central management ; for ex-ample, the Secretary, the Under Secretary, Assistant Secretaries,Treasurer, and General Counsel ; Second, the indirect overhead costs such as utilities, maintenanceand guards;And third, the direct expenses of the specific unit : salaries, inven-tory costs, and so forth.From the beginning, the Secretary and a number of other officershave been paid from private endowment funds, but more recently, theAssistant Secretaries and the General Counsel have been placed onthe public payroll.Thus, in this category of cost, every activity of the Institution, in-cluding those under study, is supported by both private and publicfunds.In the second category, although the Smithsonian castle was origi-nally built and maintained by using the interest income from theSmithson bequest, for many years now most of the costs of construct-ing, operating, and maintaining Smithsonian buildings have been paidfrom appropriated funds. These expenditures benefit most of therevenue-supported activities as well as others, although I believe thestudy will probably show the Cambridge Computer Center does notreceive any such support and the Belmont Conference Center verylittle.In the third category, direct expense, the contribution from appro-priated funds is minimal. It is my understanding that, of the eight ac-tivities under study, only two?the Folk Life Festival and the Smith-sonian Press?have any employees paid from appropriated funds. Inthe case of the Folk Festival, the activity itself is free, and the inciden-tal sales of programs and food, which have so far failed to reduce thedeficit materially, are handled by volunteers and concessionaires.At the Press, which has been heavily subsidized by the private trustfunds for over a century, it would appear from a recent analysis madeby the Director that about one-fifth of its publications are producedfor sale while one-fourth of the Press salaries are paid from privatefunds, as are all manufacturing costs for such sale publications.Thus, in general, the direct costs of the activities under study aremet from the revenues from these activities and from other unre-stricted private funds. As stated in Chapter 4, this contribution of pri-vate funds to direct costs in 1968 was about $200,000. My guess is thatour further analysis will show that the total contribution of Federalsupport in all three categories of cost, direct and indirect, was sub-stantially less than this figure. 459All of the aforesaid expenditures, both public and private, for theseactivities are independently audited and reported annually to theCongress. The joint study now in progress is intended to analyze therelationship of public and private support in these areas, and I am con-fident that the results of the study will provide invaluable guidelinesfor the future development of these activities.Mr. Chairman, I have copies of the analysis that the director ofthe press made of the 1970 expenditures, and a statement in supportthereof.I was going to either submit it now or as part of the response tothe numerous questions raised by Senator Goldwater.Mr. Thompson. It might be more appropriate to accompany theresponse to Senator Goldwater.Mr. Powers. All right.Mr. Thompson. When do you expect this study to be ready ?Mr. Powers. I think in the autumn. I am centrally involved in this,and perhaps as soon as the hearings are over I can get back.Mr. Thompson. In other words, we are delaying you. I apologize,sir.Mr. Powers. On the other hand, the GAO people are cooperatingvery well, the General Counsel and so forth. But they do have a fewother matters of high priority.I think it will be in the early autumn that we will have a report.Mr. Thompson. The committee would appreciate having that whenit is finished. I think it will be a valuable document.I am sorry we have to conclude now because the quorum bell hasrang.The subcommittee will recess, to meet in this room on Wednesdaynext.Mr. Bradley. Thank you, Mr. Chairman.(Whereupon, at 11 :25 a.m. the subcommittee recessed, to reconveneat 10 a.m., Tuesday, July 28, 1970, in room 2261.) SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTIONGeneral Background?Policies, Purposes, and Goals From1846 to Present TUESDAY, JULY 28, 1970Hottse or Representatives,Subcommittee on Library and Memorialsor the Committee on House Administration,Washington, B.C.The subcommittee met at 10 a.m., pursuant to recess, in room 2261,Rayburn House Office Building, Hon. Frank Thompson, Jr., (chair-man of the subcommittee) presiding.Present: Representatives Thompson, Brademas, Bingham, andSchwengel.Staff member present: John d'Amecourt, staff director.Mr. Thompson. The subcommittee will be in order.Our first witness this morning is Dr. S. Dillon Ripley, Secretaryof the Smithsonian Institution, who is going to discuss with us thesale and disposal of art works. He is accompanied by Mr. CharlesBlitzer, Assistant Secretary for History and Art of the Smithsonian.STATEMENT OF S. DILLON RIPLEY, SECRETARY; ACCOMPANIEDBY CHARLES BLITZER, ASSISTANT SECRETARY FOR ART ANDHISTORY, SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTIONDr. Ripley. Good morning, Mr. Chairman, I would like to introduce,as I did before, "Professor" Blitzer, who will in effect speak to theissue this morning. But before we commence, if I may, I should like tomention the fact that yesterday a regent of the Smithsonian died,who was a Member of this Congress, Congressman Kirwan, and theSmithsonian is deeply grieved by his loss. He has been of inestimablevalue in the years of his service as a regent of the Institution. And Imight remind the members of this committee, I am sorry Mr. Grayisn't here to agree with this, that it was Mr. Kirwan who led the dis-cussions on the floor of the House in 1966 which resulted in the passageof the authorizing bill for the National Air and Space Museum andwho, in effect, ran that bill and its progress through the House whereit was adopted by I think virtually unanimous vote authorizing thesite on Fourth and Seventh Streets along Independence Avenue andthe eventual, as we hope, construction of that great museum.Mr. Thompson. I think it is entirely appropriate that you mentionour late colleague. Michael Kirwan was a great personal friend of mineand was easily one of the most popular and certainly one of the mostpowerful Members of the House; witness his great success with hisaquarium project and a number of other things. We will all miss him.(461)49-484 O - 71 - pt. 1 -- 30 462He had been ill for a long, long time, as you know.So, thank you for reminding us.Dr. Ripley. I would like, if I might, to ask Mr. Blitzer to proceed.Mr. Blitzer. Mr. Chairman and members of the committee, I amhappy to have an opportunity to comment on the General Account-ing Office report on the Sale and Exchange of Paintings by the Na-tional Collection of Fine Arts (XCFA). This is obviously a very care-ful and thorough report. It was made, and I have personal knowledgeof this, on the basis of very extensive research by the GAO and withour full cooperation.If you will permit, I should like to highlight a few of the GAOfindings and comment on some of its conclusions in this report.In doing so, I hope I will be able to reassure some people who havebeen understandably concerned about a number of innuendoes and mis-statements which have appeared in the press and elsewhere aboutthese transactions.First, the GAO report establishes that the number of paintings dis-posed by the XCFA is in total 4, all of them European paintings.Second, the report states that these transactions were carried out bythe staff of the National Collection of Fine Arts, and if I may, I wouldsay that, they were all initiated by the staff of the National Collec-tion of Fine Arts. The purpose was to improve that museum's collec-tion of American art.Third, the report establishes that the entire proceeds of all thesetransactions were in fact devoted to the acquisition of American artfor the NCFA. The works acquired solely or largely as a result ofthese transactions were : (a) The contents of the studio of the 19th century sculptor HiramPowers, including two life-size marble statues, seven life-size marblebusts, six life-size plaster statues, 19 life-size plaster busts, 4i identi-fied plaster portrait busts, as well as a trunk full of corresp* ndenceto and from Powers, a manuscript biography of Powers, a checklistof Powers' works, and Powers' sculpture tools and studio props.I might add that these very materials are now being used by RichardWunder of the XCFA staff who is preparing what lie told me as re-cently as 2 months ago, will be a definitive study of Hiram Powersas a leading American sculptor.[Document supplied by Mr. Blitzer]Value of the Hiram Powers CollectionThe historic, artistic and scholarly value of the Powers collection is enormous,particularly for a museum specializing in the history of American art.The monetary value of the collection can only be estimated, unless it is thoughtnecessary to pay for one or more formal appraisals. The following estimates ofpresent value were given us by a leading authority on 19th Century Americansculpture, who is familiar with both the Powers collection and the current artmarket : 1. Two life-size marble statues (Eve?$20,000) (American Indian ? $12,000) $32, 0002. Seven life-size marble busts 28, 0003. Six life-size plaster statues (America, $12,000; two Greek Slaves.$24,000; three others. $ir?,000) 51,0004. Nineteen life-size plaster busts 22,8005. Forty-four plaster portrait busts 22,0006. Memorabilia 10,000Total 165. 800The collection was purchased by the Smithsonian in 1967 for $99,408.05. 463(b) Helen Brought to Pans, a large painting (57x75 in.) by Ben-jamin West (1738-1820) , who lias been described by Edgar Richardsonas "the first American-born painter to win an international reputationand play a part in the artistic life of Europe"' ; (c) a pair of portraitsby Gustavus Hesselius (1682-1755) and a pair of portraits probablyby his son, John Hesselius (d.1788) ; according to Richardson, "Thetwo Hesseliuses were the principal painters in the area of Philadelphia,the colonial metropolis, for half a century."(d) Cabin Door Still Life, a large painting (56x34 in.) by RichardLabarre Goodwin (1840-1910).I might add that in spite of rumors that I have heard and thingsthat I have read in the newspapers, I know of no person who can speakwith authority in the field of American art, who knows about thesetransactions, who has suggested the National Collection of Fine Artslost by any or all of these transactions.Every opinion I have been able to gam is that the National Collec-tion of Fine Arts as a collection is stronger as a result of these trans-actions.Fourth, the report concludes that the procedures followed by theNCFA and the Smithsonian in these transactions were imperfect. Weaccept this conclusion and, as the report also recognizes, we have takenappropriate steps to correct these procedural deficiencies.If I may, I would quote briefly two documents, one a memorandumfrom the Secretary of the Smithsonian to the National Collection ofFine Arts and the National Portrait Gallery, dated December 15, 1969 : The following procedures shall be followed in the disposition of any objectvalued at more than $100 in the collections of the National Portrait Gallery andthe National Collection of Fine Arts.The bureau director, after consultation with the appropriate curator, shallsubmit to his commission his recommendation for the disposal of any object inthe collection valued at more than $100. He shall at the same time present tothe commission a statement of clearance from the Smithsonian Office of GeneralCounsel. In addition to approving the disposition of the work of art, the Com-mission shall agree to the method of disposal of the object whether by auction,by exchange, by direct sale or any other method. The recommendation of thedirector and his commission and evidence of legal clearance shall be submittedto the Secretary for his approval.Mr. Thompson. The GAO report says that in May of 1970 theregents adopted a procedure and goes on to describe it. In that pro-cedure, it says the prior approval of the Director of the NationalCollection, its Art Commission, and the Smithsonian General Counseland the Secretary, is required for the sale or exchange of an art workvalued at over $1,000.So the figure is now $1,000 as distinguished from the preliminary$100?Mr. Blitzer. This was a decision by the Board of Regents whichwas discussed at some length, I may say, as to the appropriate dollarlevel. The regents decided that this much machinery for the sale of aduplicate print that was worth $111Mr. Thompson. Yes; I had in mind that there are reproductionsavailable which cost over $100.Mr. Blitzer. My interpretation would be that the December 15memorandum of the Secretary still stands. But it is not superseded,but simply supplemented by the Regents March declaration. 464Fifth, the report is critical of storage and record keeping at theNCFA. Although the conditions described are to a substantial degreethe result of the history of the NCFA, which existed in one form oranother for more than a century with no proper home, and whichduring that time accumulated extremely varied collections of some13,000 art objects, this is not to say that the deficiencies should beuncorrected.Before the GAO had begun its investigation, and long before wehad received its report, Dr. Joshua Taylor, the new director of theNCFA, had begun to take decisive steps to improve both storage andrecord management, giving these objectives the highest priority amongall the activities of his museum. In that, I think he differed fromsome of his predecessors.As the GAO report recognizes, steps are being taken to correct thisand indeed have been taken to correct these deficiencies.To turn now to the more general policy question of whether museumsshould sell or exchange objects in their collections, with the purpose ofimproving these collections, opinions vary widely. I should first saythat I believe there is no question of the Smithsonian's legal authorityto do so.In addition to the general power of the Institution to dispose ofits property, each act of Congress concerned directly with Smith-sonian art museums explicitly contemplates the possibility of such ex-changes and sales. But to say that a museum may do this is not to saythat it should.Although I believe that most museums have engaged in this prac-tice and that a large number of them, have also been willing to defendit publicly, it is certainly true that a number of museum directors andtrustees are opposed to the alienation of any object in a museumcollection.On the one hand. I am aware of an important court decision hold-ing that museums have an obligation to improve their collections inthis way, but I am sure that someone else could point to an equallyimpressive source arguing the reverse : A recent decision upholding the power of the Philadelphia Museum of Artto sell works of art from its collections contains a pertinent statement concerninga museum's affirmative duty to improve its collections :"An art museum, if it is to serve the cultural and educational needs of thecommunity, cannot remain static. It must keep abreast of the advances of thetimes, like every other institution whose purpose is to educate and enlighten thecommunity."In the early days, directors of art museums found themselves in charge ofbig, but empty buildings. Virtually every painting owned by every museum wasconstantly on exhibit. It required a myriad of pictures to cover the available wallspace. They therefore bought in large quantities and exhibited practically every-thing they could acquire."Today the fashion has changed completely. Each picture is hung in a mannerto achieve maximum effectiveness. The number of paintings shown in a singleroom has been drasticallj reduced: Considering the great number of master-pieces now forming part of the great collections, it is mandatory that all col-lections be constantly screened and weeded out, so that only the best, not onlveducationally and historically, but also artisticallv, are kept for exhibition."Wilstach Estate, 1 Pa. D & C 2d 197, 207-8 ( 19.j4 ) . Mr. Blitzer. The problem is well illustrated in the case of the Na-tional Collection of Fine Arts itself. The former Director adopteda policy of engaging in occasional sales and exchanges.[Document supplied by Mr. Blitzer.] 465Memorandum May 8, 1969To : Mr. S. Dillon Ripley, Secretary.From : David W. Scott.Subject : Proposed sale of an NCFA painting.You will recall that last year we sold a painting by Francesco Guardi fromour collection in order to cover the purchase of the Hiram Powers collection.I would like to propose selling another smaller Guardi from our collection atthe July auction at Sotheby's to raise cash for possible American painting pur-chases that we may be making within the next year. Unless we have sufficientcash resources to move quickly in the market, we find that it is difficult to acquirethe caliber of painting needed to round out our historical collections. The GuardiI propose selling has been appraised by Sotheby's at $15,000-$20,000. It is asmall painting, unrestricted in terms of gift, and not of museum quality. Itscondition would preclude trading or lending it advantageously.I do not believe that putting one such painting on sale at auction each yearanonymously would reflect adversely on the National Collection of Fine Arts.Mr. Blitzer. The present Director has reversed this policy. (I mightadd that three of the four transactions discussed occurred preciselyduring the transition between these two administrations there.)In January of 1969, the Secretary asked the Chairman of the NCFACommission for the Commission's advice on this policy question. Afew months later, three members of the Commission stated that in theirview, "the disposal by a museum of surplus or unrelated objects on theart market has almost invariably, in the perspective of time, provento be a mistake."Yet a year later, at its May 1970 meeting, the Commission had alively discussion of this question with strong expressions of opinionon both sides. The Chairman summarized the discussion as follows:This is a very important and very fundamental question and I am glad to seethere are differences of opinion on this issue. This Commission needs continuingthought and perspective on the problem.One thing that complicates the question, and that perhaps makes itincapable of any general solution valid for all times and places, is thatmuseums vary so much in their circumstances. This is very clear justwithin the context of the Smithsonian. The Freer Gallery is forbiddenby terms of its trust to dispose of any object in its collections. TheNational Portrait Gallery was created only 8 years ago, with virtuallyno collection, and so the question has not arisen.The Cooper Union (now Cooper Hewitt) Museum has from itsorigin emphasized the usefulness of its collections to students and pro-fessionals, rather than the accumulation of fine works of art, and con-sequently it has consistently followed a policy of culling and improvingits collections. One regular feature of its financial statement has beenan item headed "Objects Sold Fund."It is Joseph Hirshhorn's explicit hope that the Director and Boardwill always continue to improve the collections of the HirshhornMuseum and Sculpture Garden through judicious sales and exchanges.Thus we find five Smithsonian museums, each with a different ap-proach to this question, depending upon its history and its circum-stances.Faced with this diversity, which seems to me in itself a healthy thing,I believe that the policy we have adopted is a sensible one. We haveplaced primary responsibility in the hands of the professional staff,the director, and the advisory board or commission of each museum,subject to review by our General Counsel's office and by the Secretary. 466All transactions will be regularly reported to the Board of Regents,and major transactions will also require the Regents' prior approval.In summary, then, we accept this General Accounting Office report.We welcome its careful explanation of the NCFA's plan to improve itscollection through these four transactions, and we have willingly fol-lowed its recommendations.Mr. Thompson. Thank you very much.At this point in the record, we shall include the report of the Comp-troller General, and the accompanying letter to our colleague, Mr.Keith of Massachusetts.(Statements referred to follow:)Comptroller General of the United States,Washington, D.C., July 16, 1970.B-168120Hon. Hastings Keith,House of Representatives,Dear Mr. Keith : This letter is in further response to your letter of October8, 1960, in which you requested our Office to review the disposition of certain artworks from the National Collection of Fine Arts of the Smithsonian Institution.The National Collection has disposed of four paintings in the last 6 years. Twoof the paintings were sold at auction, one was sold through an art dealer, andone was given to an art dealer in exchange for an American painting. Thepaintings, which were by European artists, were sold or exchanged for the pur-pose of improving the collection of American art works. By this means, the Na-tional Collection has acquired a number of American art works and is planningto acquire others.The Smithsonian Board of Regents had not established a formal written policyon whether art works in the National Collection should be sold or exchanged,but it was subsequently advised of the disposition of these four paintings. Sincethere were differing views on whether the Smithsonian and similar institutionsshould sell or exchange paintings, we advised Smithsonian officials that it seemeddesirable for the Smithsonian to establish a formal written policy on this matter.We believe that the practice followed by the National Collection in valuingpaintings has been less stringent than appears desirable because it has obtainedonly one independent estimate of value of the paintings considered for sale orexchange. We were concerned that one estimate might not be an adequate basisfor establishing a painting's market value. We therefore suggested that, if a de-cision was made to continue to i>ermit sales or exchanges of paintings, proce-dures lie established requiring more than one independent appraisal of the valueof paintings that were being considered for sale or exchange.We tested the accuracy of records maintained by the National Collection ofthe location of paintings. Our tests showed that in many instances the recordswere inaccurate or did not adequately describe the location of the paintings.During our tests we noted that some of the paintings were leaning in rows alongwalls and partitions in the main storage area. This method of storage subjectsthe paintings to the risk of damage.We discussed these matters with Smithsonian officials with a view toward ob-taining appropriate corrective measures. We were advised by Smithsonian offi-cials that, the following steps were being taken in response to our proposals anddiscussions : The Board of Regents, in May 1!>70, adopted a procedure for sales andexchanges of art works which, in effect, established a written policy permit-ting such sales and exchanges. The procedure requires prior approval of theDirector of the National Collection, its Art Commission, the Smithsonian'sGeneral Counsel, and the Smithsonian's Secretary for sale or exchange ofany art work valued at over $1,000. The prior approval of the Board of Re-gents is also required if the art work is valued at over $50,000.The Secretary of the Smithsonian advised the Director of the NationalCollection that at least one professional appraisal of the value of each artwork to be sold or exchanged should be obtained if the estimated value ofthe art work was between $1,000 and $50,000 and that two such appraisals 467 should be obtained if 'the estimated value was more than $50,000. In addi-tion, he suggested that the Director solicit the views of the National Collec-tion of Fine Arts Commission on the method to be followed in establishingmarket value of art objects.The Director of the National Collection advised us that (1) problems instorage facilities were being corrected, (2) a complete physical inventoryof art works would be taken, and (3) adequate inventory records would beestablished.With regard to valuing art objects, the Art Dealers Association of Americarequires that appraisals made by its members be the combined judgment ofmore than one of its members. We believe that, in establishing the market valueof art objects that are to be sold or exchanged, the National Collection shouldconsider the opinions of more than one art expert.Our detailed comments on these and other matters are set forth in the enclosureto this letter.As a result of agreements reached with Mr. Lloyd Salvetti of your staff,we (1) obtained, and incorporated in the enclosure, the comments of Smith-sonian officials on the matters discussed therein and (2) are making copies ofthis letter and the enclosure available to the Smithsonian, the Board of Regents,the National Collection of Fine Arts Commission, and interested members andcommittees of the Congress.Sincerely yours, Elmer B. Staats,Comptroller General of the United States.General Accounting Office, Observations on the Sale and Exchange ofPaintings by the National Collection of Fine Arts of the SmithsonianInstitution introductionThe General Accounting Office (GAO) has examined into the sale and ex-change of paintings by the National Collection of Fine Arts of the SmithsonianInstitution. This review was undertaken pursuant to a congressional request thatGAO look into dispositions of art works belonging to the Smithsonian Institu-tion. As part of our examination, we interviewed officials of the SmithsonianInstitution and its National Collection of Fine Arts. AVe also reviewed appro-priate registrar, curatorial, and administrative records of the National Collec-tion and, with the assistance of its personnel, we ascertained that certain worksof art were in its possession or were otherwise properly accounted for. In addi-tion, we interviewed officials of the following art firms and museums : Art firms : Art Dealers Association of America, Inc., New York, N.Y. ; JamesGraham and Sons, Inc., New York, N.Y. ; Parke-Bernet Galleries, Inc., NewYork, N.Y. ; Robert Schoelkopf Gallery, New York, N.Y. ; and Victor Spark,New York, N.Y.Museums : Corcoran Gallery of Art, Washington, D.C. ; Freer Gallery of Art,Washington, D.C. ; The Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York, N.Y. ; NationalGallery of Art, Washington, D.C. ; and National Portrait Gallery, Washington, D.C.The Smithsonian Institution was created by an act of the Congress in 1846(20 U.S.C. 41), as an establishment for the "increase and diffusion of knowledgeamong men." Its business is conducted by a Board of Regents composed of theVice President of the United States, the Chief Justice, three members of theSenate, three members of the House of Representatives, and six other personswho are not members of the Congress. The Secretary of the Smithsonian Institu-tion is its executive officer and the director of its activities. He is appointed bythe Board of Regents and also serves as secretary to the Board.The National Collection traces its legislative authority to the act of 1846which established the Smithsonian Institution. In 1938, by Public Resolution 95,the Congress instructed the National Collection to foster in the United States anappreciation of past and contemporary art, to encourage the development of con-temporary art, and to effect the widest distribution and cultivation in matters ofsuch art. In carrying out these instructions, the National Collection stressesAmerican art and considers itself a museum for such art.The National Collection is headed by a director who is appointed by the Boardof Regents and is under the general direction of the Smithsonian's AssistantSecretary for History and Arts. The National Collection of Fine Arts Commis-sion (formerly the Smithsonian Art Commission), created by the Board of Re- 468gents, is responsible for considering and reporting to the Board all fine art mat-ters under the National Collection's jurisdiction. The Comm ission is authorized24 members, including artists, experts in the fine arts, and business or profes-sional men interested in the fine arts. The members are appointed by the Boardof Regents for 4-year terms and serve without compensation. The Secretary ofthe Smithsonian Institution is an ex officio member of the Commission.The collection of art works at the National Collection originated in a museumestablished by John Varden in Washington, D.C., in 1829. It is one of the nation'soldest continuous collections of art works. Over the years, the National Collectionhas acquired many valuable donations and deposits of art works. As of December5, 1969, it had over 13,000 pieces of art of various media. The National Collectiondid not have a permanent home in which to exhibit and store its art works until1967 when it moved to the old Patent Office Building in Washington, D.C.NEED FOB IMPROVED CONTROLS OVER ART WORKS IN THE NATIONAL COLLECTIONThe National Collection disposed of four paintings in the last 6 years. Thesepaintings were by European artists, and the disposals were made to provide themeans to obtain art works by American artists that would improve the NationalCollection. We found that the Board of Regents had not established a formalwritten policy on whether art works should be sold or exchanged and, if suchsales and exchanges are to be made, how the market value of such paintingsshould be established. Also, there was a need to improve the accountability overart works in the National Collection.Details of our findings and the actions taken by the Smithsonian are presentedbelow. PAINTINGS DISPOSED OF BY THE NATIONAL COLLECTION OF FINE ARTSTwo of the four paintings which the National Collection disposed of duringthe last 6 years were sold at auction, another was sold through an art dealer,and the fourth was given to an art dealer in exchange for an American painting.The paintings were disposed of as the result of plans by the National Collec-tion's former director to provide a means of improving its collection of Americanart works by selling and trading the European and American paintings?whosedispositions were not restricted by the terms of the gifts and bequests?which itdid not intend to exhibit and which it did not need as evidence of the NationalCollection's history. From the sales and the exchange, the National Collectionhas acquired a number of American art works and is planning to acquire others.Information relating to the four paintings sold and exchanged by the NationalCollection is discussed below. "Ruins and Figures" by Francesco Guardi "Ruins and Figures" by Francesco Guardi, an 18th century Venetian artist, wasone of 24 paintings donated by Ralph Cross Johnson in 1919. The former directorof the National Collection describing it as a very important and fully signed anddocumented painting.We found that the National Collection had unsuccessfully attempted to sellthe painting to several American museums, including the National Gallery ofArt, for $120,000. The painting was then sold to a European art dealer at a Lon-don auction in July 1968, for approximately $120,000. After commission and otherexpenses, the net proceeds amounted to about $107,100. The sale proceeds wereused to reimburse the Smithsonians's private funds for a loan to the NationalCollection to purchase the studio collection of a major 19th-century Americansculptor, Hiram Powers. "Virgin and Child" by Jan Massys "Virgin and Child" is another of the 24 paintings donated by Ralph Cross John-son in 1919. It was described by a member of the National Collection's curatoriastaff as an unsigned and undocumented painting attributed to Jan Massys, a 16th-century Flemish artist. The painting was traded in June 1969 to an art dealer inNew York for a painting, "Helen Brought to Paris," by Benjamin West. The Na-tional Collection's staff wanted a painting by West, a prominent 18th-centur.vAmerican-born artist, to fill a gap in its collection of American paintings.The trade was publicly criticized because the National Collection received apainting which the dealer had priced at $10,000 for a painting which the dealerhad placed on sale at $35,000. The information that we obtained from the artdealer concerning the paintings is summarized in the following paragraph. 469He had mistakenly quoted the West painting's 1961 price of $10,000 to the Na-tional Collection. Although the painting was worth much more than $10,000 at thetime of the trade, he decided to stand by the quoted price. The Massys painting,on the other hand, had increased in vaiue since the trade because through re-search he had established Jan Massys as the artist; while, at the time of thetrade, the painting had only been attributed to that artist. Further, in pricing thepainting at $35,000, the dealer was also anticipating an increase in its marketvaiue. The painting has not been sold and, because the trade was publicly crit-icized, it has been withdrawn from sale.The National Collection's staff informed us that the trade was negotiated onthe Oasis of an estimate of the price?$6,000 to $8,000?the Massys painting wouldbring at auction against the asking price of $10,000 for the West painting. Theestimate of the price that the Massys and other European paintings would bringat auction was made by a representative of a well-known art auctioneer. In hisopinion, the Massys would bring a low price at auction because there wouldnot be much competition for it?its only interest is for study purposes to illustratethe Italian influence on Flemish painting and it is not the type wanted by col-lectors. He considered the Massys overpriced at $35,000. He stated, however, thathe would not be surprised if it brought the dealer $15,000 to $20,000. He said thata dealer could get a higher price than the auction price for the Massys becausehe could wait for an interested buyer or could interest someone in buying it,whereas, at auction there would be only a few days in which to arouse a buyer'sinterest in the painting.Another opinion on the matter was given by the former chairman of the Na-tional Collection of Fine Arts Commission who wrote the Assistant Director ofthe Aational Collection that, in his opinion, the exchange was advantageous tothe Smithsonian.We are not in a position to reach a conclusion as to whether the trade wasprudent. "Water Scene With Old Mill" by Francesco Guardi "Water Scene With Old Mill," another painting by Francesco Guardi, wasone of 59 paintings acquired in 1956 by request of Ralph Cross Johnson'sdaughter, Mabel Johnson Langhorne. Curatorial records, indicate that the paint-ing was in poor condition and according to the former director of the NationalCollection, was not of a quality suitable for an art museum. The painting wassold for approximately $15,600 at a London auction in December 1969. Aftercommission and other expenses, the net proceeds amounted to about $13,900.The painting was sold to provide funds to purchase desirable Americanpaintings. Present intentions are to use the proceeds as partial payment forfour portraits by ISth-century American artists, Gustavus and John Hesselius,purchased for $24,000.We found that the painting had been sold without obtaining the advanceopinion of the Smithsonian's General Counsel as to whether the terms of thebequest permitted its sale, the Smithsonian's General Counsel subsequentlystudied the terms of the bequest and expressed the opinion that the sale of thepainting was not prohibited. The Secretary of the Smithsonian has since issuedinstructions requiring disposals to be cleared through the General Counsel. "Rome and the Campagna," by Richard Wilson"Rome and the Campagna" by Richard Wilson, an 18th-century Englishartist, was acquired in 1943 by bequest of the Reverend F. Ward Denys. TheNational Collection's staff sent the painting to a New York art dealer in June1969 with the intent that he arrange a trade, subject to their approval, for anAmerican painting equal in value to an estimated auction price for the Wilsonof $12,000 to $16,000.We were advised that the dealer apparently misunderstood and, instead ofarranging a trade, sold the painting for $17,000. After deducting $3,000 forexpenses and other charges, the dealer remitted $14,000 to the National Collection.Because the National Collection received payment approximately equal to whalit believed it would have received at an auction, it decided that the results ofthe transaction should be accepted. We were further advised that the proceedswould be applied to the purchase of a painting by the 19th century Americanartist, Richard LaBarre Goodwin, and several sculptures by the 19th centuryAmerican sculptor, William Rinehart. 470FORMAL POLICY ADOPTED ON SALES AND EXCHANGES OF PAINTINGSThe Board of Regents had not established a formal written policy concerningthe sale or exchange of art works in the National Collection. Although the Boardwas subsequently advised of the disposal of the four paintings discussed above,it had not provided staff members responsible for the National Collection withformal guidance on whether it favored such sales and exchanges and, if it favoredsuch sales and exchanges, under what conditions they should be made.There are differing opinions as to whether institutions such as the NationalCollection should sell or exchange art works. At the request of the Secretary,a panel composed of the chairman and two members of the National Collection ofFine Arts Commission, studied the matter. In an April 1969 report, the panel ex-pressed the opinion that the paintings in the National Collection should not betraded or sold. They stated the belief that American art works could be borrowedfrom other museums for exhibit in return for the loan of unrelated or surplus artworks in the National Collection and that such works should not be sold or ex-changed for the purpose of acquiring additional American art works. The panelstated also that disposal or paintings should be avoided because the museum'sability to acquire further gifts might be adversely affected if prospective donorsknew that the art works they donated might subsequently be sold.In contrast, officials of a number of museums that we visited told us thatmuseums did make sales or exchanges of art works but that high managementlevels carefully controlled such sales or exchanges. Also, some of these peoplestated that a museum should constantly try to imrpove its collection throughjudicious sales and trades so that only the best art works educationally, his-torically, and artistically are kept for exhibition.Because of differing opinions on the matter, we suggested that the Board ofRegents establish a formal written policy as to whether art works should be soldor exchanged and, if such sales or exchanges were favored, the conditions underwhich they should be made.At a meeting on May 21, 1970, the Board of Regents adopted a procedurewhich, in effect, established a written policy of permitting sales and ex-changes. The text of the Board's resolution follows : "Resolved, That no object of art in the permanent collection of the NationalPortrait Gallery or the National Collection of Fine Arts valued at more than$1,000 shall be exchanged or sold without prior approval of the museum Director,the museum's Commission, the Smithsonian's Office of General Counsel, and ofthe Secretary ;"That no object of art in the permanent collection of the National PortraitGallery or the National Collection of Fine Arts valued at more than $50,000 shallbe exchanged or sold without prior approval of the museum Director, themuseum's Commission, the Smithsonian's Office of General Counsel, the Secre-tary, and thi' Board of Regents ;"That the exchange or sale of any object of art in the National Portrait Gal-lery and the National Collection of Fine Arts shall be reported to the Boardof Regents by the Secretary ; and"That the proceeds from any such sale shall be used solely for the acquisitionof works of art for the museum from which it came."NEED FOR IMPROVED VALUATION PROCEDURES FOR SALES AND EXCHANGESThe Smithsonian did not have an established procedure requiring the valuationof paintings that were to be sold or exchanged. We believe that such a procedureis needed to provide greater assurance that the proceeds from the sales andexchanges of art works are commensurate with their market value.For three of the four paintings that were sold or exchanged, we found thatone independent estimate of the value of each painting was obtained before thesale or exchange was made. The valuation on the fourth painting, Guardi's"Ruins and Figures," the most valuable of the paintings, apparently was basedon a study of the market value of the painting. The study was made by a formerNational Collection employee who specialized in 18th-century Italian painters.Two of the four paintings, the Guardi's, were sold at auction. To the extentthat competitive bidding was obtained at the auction, there would be greaterassurance that market prices were obtained for the paintings. The other twowere disposed of by other means and therefore an evaluation of their worthprior to disposition woidd have been of greater importance. 471Inasmuch as the valuation of paintings is a matter over which sizable differ-ences are possible, we believe that more than one valuation should be obtainedbefore a selling price is established to provide greater certainty that the valua-tion is representative of a painting's market value. This seems particularlyappropriate where the disposition of a European painting in the NationalCollection is concerned because, as we were advised, the staff is oriented towardAmerican art and has less knowledge of the value of paintings by Europeanartists and might have to place more reliance on the value of judgments.After we pointed out the need for establishing a procedure for valuing artworks to be sold or exchanged, the Secretary of the Smithsonian advised theDirector of the National Collection that at least one professional, independentappraisal of any work of art which the Director proposed to sell or exchangeshould be obtained if the work was likely to be worth more than $1,000; and,if the work was likely to be worth more than $50,000, two such appraisalsshould be obtained. The Secretary also suggested that the Director might solicitthe views of the National Collection of Fine Arts Commission on the methodto be followed in valuing art works.We believe that, because of the difficulties and the many judgmental factorsinvolved in establishing the market value of art work, the Director shouldfollow the suggestion of the Secretary and consult the National Collection ofFine Arts Commission on this question. Of particular concern, in our opinion,is the number of appraisers whose views should be obtained in valuing an artwork. In this respect, the Art Dealers Association of America, which makesappraisals of art works but limits its appraisals to situations involving donationsto museums, provides for one appraisal but requires that the appraisal be thecombined judgment of more than one of its member dealers. We believe thatthe National Collection should consider the opinion of more than one art expertin appraising the value of art works to be sold or exchanged.ACCOUNTABILITY OVER ART WORKS TO BE IMPROVEDDuring our inquiry into the extent to which art works belonging to theNational Collection had been sold, we examined into the system used to main-tain accountability over the art works in the National Collection. We believethat better recordkeeping techniques are needed to enable the Smithsonian tomaintain adequate accountability for the art works in the National Collection.The National Collection is the custodian of over 13,000 American and foreignpaintings, prints, drawings, watercolors, sculptures, miniatures, and decorativeart objects. The National Collection maintains records of the location of eachwork of art. To test the accuracy of these records, we selected 113 of the 213foreign paintings in the National Collection including paintings which theNational Collection's staff had considered for disposal and the remaining paint-ings from the Johnson gift and Langhorne bequest.For the following reasons, we had difficulty finding 51 of the 113 paintingsfrom the information contained in the National Collection's records.Number ofpaintingsProblem : involvedPainting was not in the location shown on the records 36Location was not adequately described in the records 11Location of the painting was not recorded 4Total 51We subsequently located 46 of the 51 paintings. After completion of our auditwork at the site, the staff of the National Collection located the other fivepaintings. The staff told us that the difficulty in locating the paintings resultedfrom a combination of the National Collection's past history when it did nothave the means to cope with it's growing collection and the problems involved inmoving into its permanent qnarters in the old Patent Office Building.During our test, we observed that the National Collection's facilities andmethods for storing works of art not on display did not appear to afford adequateprotection against damage. In the main storage area, for example, stacks ofpaintings were leaning in rows along the walls and partitions. We were advisedby the National Collection's conservator that this was not an approved procedurefor storing paintings because stacking the paintings increases the chance oftheir being damaged. 472At the completion of our review, the Director, who assumed office in January1970, informed us that the storage deficiencies were being corrected. Further-more, he advised us that he planned to take a complete physical inventory andestablish adequate inventory records.Mr. Thompson. I think it is evident that from the action of Dr.Ripley and subsequently the guidelines or requirements set down bythe Board of Regents that you have satisfied at least one complaintof the GAO or their complaints.The question of the disposition of some of the paintings mentionedin the GAO report hasn't been categorically answered. I see no needto do it now.This collection really had no home until very recent years. It wasstored in the Smithsonian, was it not ?Mr. Blitzer. That is correct.Mr. Thompson. I had the pleasure of being the sponsor of the legis-lation which saved the Patent Office building from becoming a park-ing lot and converted it to what it is now7 , the home of the NationalCollection of Fine Art.Mr. Blitzer. That is what did it for us, really.Mr. Thompson. Later, that was amended to create the NationalPortrait Gallery.Mr. Blitzer. If I might add, Mr. Chairman, in addition to that,during that same period of roughly 120 years, the Collection of FineArts under various names really did not have a very strong sense ofmission and purpose and program and I think was tempted for what-ever reasons to accept things that were otfered to it of a very miscel-laneous character.Mr. Thompson. They have a tremendous number of items, very fewactually of which are on exhibit at any one time.Are there storage facilities in the Patent Office building?Mr. Blitzer. There are.Mr. Thompson. Has that collection been culled out?Mr. Blitzer. The only culling is the four transactions that you haveheard about.Mr. Thompson. I would suppose they have a lot of items whichreally are of relatively little value. Isn't that so ?Mr. Blitzer. Very little monetary value, certainly.Mr. Thompson. Mr. Brademas?Mr. Schwengel ?Mr. Schwengel. I am sorry I am a little bit late. I have anothercommittee that necessitated my being there, the Subcommittee onFlood Control. And at certain times of the year that is kind of im-portant in the Mississippi Valley area. So, I had to be there to be sureour interests there were protected.I have some general questions, recognizing what you know aboutthe Library of Congress being a service to all the libraries in manyways and the people nationwide.How close is the Smithsonian?I know you relate some to othermuseums?with you in their program? Do you have programs thatcooperate and counsel, evaluate museums and activities of this typeover the country ?Dr. Ripley. We have consistently taken that position, Mr. Schwen-gel. You will recall in the history of the Library of Congress there was 473 considerable debate. There has been over the years, about whether in-deed it was a library for the Congress or a library which could be ofservice to the Nation. And there has been active debate within the Con-gress on this issue.It is only in recent years that the Library has in effect been allowedby the Congress to express this role and this sense of mission. I can sayonly in contrast to that that the Smithsonian since its inception has as-sumed that this was its mission, both with scholars individually andwith the related similar institutions, both here and abroad.Mr. Thompson. With respect to the Library, I might say to my col-league that we might at some later time want to learn about theLibrary as we do the Smithsonian Institution and at that time, theLibrarian and his staff can come before us and give us their views oftheir function which has broadened, as Dr. Ripley indicates, in recentyears.Mr. Schwengel. Do you have anything written on this subject ofcooperation and policy?Dr. Ripley. Yes, sir ; we do and before this committee at this timethere has been a reauthorization of the National Museum Act whichspecifically enjoins the Institution to undertake these activities.Mr. Schwengel. I have some special interests in this and I wouldlike to have what you have in my files. It may be well, Mr. Chairman,for all members of the committee to have it, because I think it is quiteimportant as we seek to serve the long range interests of the Institution.Mr. Thompson. The Chair might say that we hope to move the Na-tional Museum Act extension bill some time in the immediate future.There are some difficulties surrounding it.Mr. Brademas. I would express the hope, Mr. Chairman, that atsome point in time we would have an opportunity to talk to Dr. Eipleyand his associates about the relationships between the Smithsonian andother museums in the United States. This is not, I take it, the appro-priate point for that discussion.Mr. Thompson. I think that that would be a very welcome discussion,especially in light of the fact that we will have that legislation on thefloor sometime relatively soon or in September, I would hope.Dr. Ripley. We would be very glad to participate, Mr. Chairman,and Mr. Brademas, and we believe that we have worked out an ac-ceptable pattern for the future should this act be appropriatelyreauthorized.Mr. Thompson. I just have one or two questions, Mr. Blitzer.Under the terms of gifts, which the Institution receives, are yourestricted by any of the trusts or endowments with respect to the dis-position of works, except in the instance of the Freer?Mr. Blitzer. Yes; I believe in several instances we are in variousways. I might point out, for example, the magnificent gift to the Na-tional Collection of Fine Arts a couple of years ago of a collectionworth some $1 million of contemporary American painting, whichcame with a clear understanding, I believe a condition, that the Na-tional Collection was free in that case to dispose of any work in thatcollection for the purpose of acquiring another work by the sameartist.In other words, there the donors' intention was to maintain the gen-eral shape of collection while allowing leeway to improve its individ- 474 ual pieces. I believe the Gellatley collection we are not free to disposeof at all.LIST OF MAJOR ART ACQUISITIONS AND DONORS' RESTRICTIONSApart from the Freer, Mellon, and Hirshhorn gifts (and subsequent acquisi-tions by the National Gallery of Art), the major gifts and bequests of art tothe Smithsonian have been made to the museum now called the National Collec-tion of Pine Arts. A brief description of these gifts and bequests follows : *The first major gift or bequest was that of Harriet Lane Johnston in 1903.As a result of the bequest, a question was raised concerning the status of theSmithsonian as a national gallery of art in the sense set forth in the will. TheSupreme Court of the District of Columbia ruled 11 July 1906 that the art galleryof the Smithsonian, theoretically in existence from the original organization,was indeed to be construed as the National Art Gallery. In later documents, thisdecision was cited as the legal basis for the existence of such an institution, al-though the title quickly became the National Gallery of Art. Mr. Rathbun's bookof 1909 emphasized the growing awareness of a National Gallery of Art, eventhough it had only modest physical being. In the bequest of Harriet Lane Johns-ton there were no specific restrictions made concerning the works given.The next major gift, obviously stimulated by the court action of 1906, wasthat of William T. Evans. In March of 1907 Mr. Evans presented some 43 worksto the Smithsonian and augmented the group to 50 by July of that year. Theworks were to be shown in the atrium of the Corcoran Gallery until a nationalgallery would be readied in the Smithsonian. Through the following years, untilhis death in November 1918, Mr. Evans added substantially to the gift of thepaintings. Mr. Evans reserved for himself the right to add to the collection andto substitute better works when they were available.The next in order of time was the collection presented by Walter CrossJohnson, who gave a substantial group of American paintings in 1919. He in-cluded in his statement of gift the sentence, "It is my express desire and wishthat said collection be hung in a room by itself without addition or diminution."Legally, this language is precatory, rather than mandatory, and does not con-stitute a restriction. Those paintings remaining in the hands of his daughter,Mabel J. Langhorne, were bequeathed by her in 1956, in fulfillment of her father'swishes, to the National Collection of Fine Arts. Her will stated ". . . on thefollowing express conditions, namely : all of said pictures shall be placed to-gether in one or more rooms in said National Collection of Fine Arts, and prefer-ably adjoining the pictures already given to said National Collection of FineArts ... by my father, Walter Cross Johnson, such collection to be kept intact,without addition or diminution, as a memorial to my father, and to be known asthe Walter Cross Johnson Collection."Mrs. Catherine Walden Myer, who died in 1922, left a fund for purchase, fromincome or principal, "first class works of art, preferably paintings, for the useand benefit of the National Gallery of Art, to be selected when and as designatedby the Board of Regents of the Smithsonian Institution." In 1933 Mr. Tolmandecided and received the permission of the Secretary to use the interest of thisfund for the purchase of miniatures. This policy was followed also by Mr. Beggs.On 13 June 1929, John Gellatly made a gift to the National Gallery ( referringto the 1906 court decision) of his collection of paintings and art objects. Hisgift was made and accepted on the terms and conditions set forth in two lettersof March 1929. The stipulation in the letter of 27 March 1929 to Gari Melchers,then chairman of the National Gallery of Art's Commission, was that the trusteesof the Smithsonian "consider my collection worthy to be placed in its presentcomplete form as shown in the galleries at the Heckscher Building, in a sectionof the National Gallery and accept the gift under that condition, the collectionto always remain in the National Gallery complete as collected by me, withoutalteration or addition."In May of 1950, Mary Louisa Adams Clement gave her collection of materialrelated to the Adams family "to the Smithsonian Institution permanently forthe use of and deposit in the National Collection of Fine Arts and the U. S.National Museum. ..." In her letter of presentation written to Dr. Wetmore,Miss Clement stated: "In accordance with my conversation with Mr. Thomas * *,Fra?men ts of collections of art that came Into the possession of the Smithsonian Insti-tution before 1903 are well described in Mr. Rathbun's book The National Gallery of Art 475Beggs, it is my understanding (A) that the articles on the attached list be kepttogether in one exhibit, (B) that they be exhibited first in the existing NationalMuseum building and (C) after the new building has been completed that theywill be moved to and displayed together in one exhibit in the new building'shistorical collection in an appropriate period room or rooms."In 1951 a fund was established in the Smithsonian by Natalie C. and Laura D.Barney in memory of their mother to further the appreciation of Americanart and encourage American artists. This was to be accomplished by lendingpaintings for display in Federal offices and public institutions from the AlicePike Barney Memorial Lending Collection. Most of the 333 paintings in thecollection are by Mrs. Barney.There were few major gifts or bequests between this period and the present.One fund of some interest, however, that continues to function, is the RangerFund, which actually was set up at the death of Henry Ward Ranger in 1916.This fund is administered by the National Academy of Design. It provides for thepurchase of works by American artists by the committee of the National Academyof Design, which are then provisionally given to institutions around the coun-try. Ten years after the death of the artist of any work, that work may berecalled to become a permanent part of the National Collection of Fine Arts. Ifthe decision is not made within five years, the work remains permanently in thepossession of the institution holding it.In accordance with an agreement signed in 1967 with S. CL Johnson & Sons,Inc., provision was made for that company's collection of American paintingsto be given to the National Collection of Fine Arts. It was stipulated that theentire collection would be shown together at the opening of the newly installedNCFA in 1968, and that thereafter a major gallery in the NCFA building wouldbe labeled The Irene and Herbert F. Johnson Gallery. This gallery was to beapproximately 4,000 square feet, would be adjacent to the Lincoln Gallery andwould be appropriately designated at its entrance doorways and in the litera-ture and programs of the Smithsonian. A major portion of the Johnson Collec-tion would be displayed in this area. Other stipulations relate to making avail-able the Collection and information about the Collection to the public. Pro-visions for modifying the stipulations were made.Gifts of art to the Joseph H. Hirshhorn Museum are listed elsewhere in thisrecord.Mr. Thompson. So, I gather that except where you are specificallyrestricted by the terms of the gift, you would feel free to improve thecollections, by sale, trade, or otherwise ?Mr. Blitzer. My view of this, since I am not an expert in the fieldof American art, is that the Director and the Commission should feelfree to propose that kind of transaction and, if it is large enough, forthe regents to see whether they approve of it also.I certainly may say I think it would be inappropriate, and I be-lieve the Smithsonian Art Commission and the regents believe it wouldbe inappropriate, simply to pass a blanket prohibition against dispos-ing of anything. As someone said, if you want a prescription forbecoming the Nation's attic, it is to keep taking things and never usethem to get better things.Mr. Thompson. Mr. Bingham, do you have a question ?Mr. Bingham. No, thank you.Mr. Thompson. Mr. Schwengel.Mr. Schwengel. Not with any indication of criticism, you spoke ofthe reversion of the policy of the previous administration. Can yougive us a thumbnail sketch of that policy and what your evaluationof the change is?Mr. Blitzer. The new and the old ?Mr. Schwengel. Yes.Mr. Blitzer. The former director believed it was proper and pru-dent occasionally and quietly to dispose one way or another on themarket of unwanted objects in the collection with the explicit and 476 sole purpose of improving the collection. It was under that policythat these four transactions were carried out.The present director, who took office January 1 of this year, believes,I think less as a matter of principle than as a matter of practice, thatthis is not a very useful, sensible thing for that museum to do.I may say that the number of non-American works of art of sub-stantial value in the NCFA is rather small. He feels that in somecases it is better and indeed, I agree, to try to arrange a long-termexchange with another museum. If they would like a European paint-ing that we have and they have an American painting that we wouldlike, we could exchange these for some indefinite period.In terms of discretion and avoiding this kind of conversation, itwould perhaps be better not to deal on the market.And it is my view that the initiative in these matters should comefrom the Director with the consent of his Commission. I may say, itwould never cross my mind or the Secretary's to believe that any-thing in that collection could be sold at the initiative of the centraladministration against the will of the staff of the museum. This issimply inconceivable to me and has never happened.Mr. Thompson. In these instances cited in the GAO report, I haven'tgone into them in any great detail, because the transactions are com-plete now, the procedure has been changed, I think it is obvious thatif a serious mistake wasn't made at least there was questionable judg-ment involved in one or two of the instances.Mr. Blitzer. It is my impression, sir, that there was questionablejudgment about procedure. I am not persuaded, and this on the basisof really a considerable attempt to get informed opinions about this,that in any one of those transactions the Smithsonian lost.Indeed, I think theGAO report itselfMr. Thompson. I am not indicating that.Mr. Blitzer. The procedure was imperfect, I readily admit.Mr. Thompson. The proceeds in one instance were used to go to theSmithsonian's private funds for a loan to the National Collection topurchase the Powers Collection.Mr. Blitzer. Yes ; to repay the loan.Mr. Thompson. That is all I have. Thank you very much.Our next witness is Mr. Robert H. Simmons, a private citizen, ofWashington, D.C., and of Massachusetts.Mr. Simmons, before you proceed, I have a comment or two whichmay be of value.First, to remind you that the purpose of these hearings is to give tothe subcommittee and the House of Representatives knowledge as to theoperation, purposes, future, and so on of the Smithsonian Institutionand matters relating to it.Second, to say I have just gotten your statement which, of course, weare going to allow you to read or summarize, as you wish.Witnesses before Congressional committees have at least limited im-munity from suit. There is absolute immunity with respect to Membersof Congress under the Constitution.There haven't been many court cases deciding definitively the exactextent of witness immunity, but it is clear from the law, and my inter-pretation of it, at least, that you do have a limited immunity, especiallywhen you are speaking to questions which arise out of the hearings. 477So, in the case of your statement, I would just caution you that ifthere is any question in your mind as to any allegations made in it,you might be wise to consult counsel with respect to whether or not youshould read them at this time.As far as the Chair is concerned, of course, you are perfectly able toproceed as you wish. I felt it incumbent on me to caution you as towhat my interpretation of the law is.STATEMENT OF ROBERT H. SIMMONSMr. Simmons. Thank you, sir. I have consulted counsel, Arent, Fox,Kintner, Plotkin, and Kahn who have gone over my statement andfound nothing is libelous or slanderous in it.Mr. Chairman and members of the subcommittee, I would like toinsert in the record at this time a few documents concerning the dis-position of works of art. As you may or may not know, I was the con-stituent of Congressman Hastings Keith who wrote to him consider-ably worried about what was going on in the National Collection ofFine Arts after the resignation of Dr. David W. Scott.I was at that time, as you may or may not know, a year ago, in June,organizing the exhibition of Henry Tanner, a very distinguished Ne-gro American painter. At that time, I discovered much to my deepconcern, that works of art were being disposed of in what I thoughtwere to be irregular procedures.It has not been quite so easy over this last year, as may be indicatedby this statement that you have just heard, to bring about a change inprocedures. I have been stalking through the Halls of Congress to getCongressmen to take some action as long as a year ago and typical ofthe reaction of the Board of Regents, I may say at this time, was thatof Senator Fulbright, whose aide in November told me in answer toa question that the Smithsonian Institution is such an insignificantevent in his life that he just couldn't answer my question.That was almost typical of the reaction, I may say, of the Board ofRegents except for the Chairman of the Executive Committee, Dr.Haskins, who was considerably concerned when I went to him withthis problem and Senator Hugh Scott, whom I didn't see in person,but who wrote to me this letter of September 22, 1969, well before theGeneral Accounting Office began its investigation : Thank you very much for expressing your view that the Board of Regents ofthe Smithsonian Institution ought to exercise tighter supervision to works ofart which are not displayed but are under the control of the National Collectionof Fine Arts.It was good of you to be in touch. I have been directly in touch with Mr. S. Dil-lon Ripley, Secretary of the Smithsonian, in regard to this matter. You will behearing from me further as soon as I have anything additional to report.Later in September, because nothing was being done at all, I orga-nized what I called the "Citizens Committee on National Treasures,"a small group of people very much concerned about this kind of thing.Our statement of purpose I would also like to enter in the record: Citizens' Committee on National Treasures,Washington, B.C.STATEMENT OF PURPOSEWe, the undersigned citizens of the United States of America, do hereby formthe CITIZENS' COMMITTEE ON NATIONAL TREASURES to help preserveand protect the paintings, sculptures, and other works of art, decorative arts,49-484 O - 71 - pt. 1 -- 31 478 and crafts, and the gems, coins, and other treasures belonging to the Americanpeople and entrusted to the Smithsonian Institution in Washington, D.C., andin other cities, and to foster the proper use of said treasures in the publicinterest.Furthermore, among our special concerns are the following : 1. That no work of art or other treasure belonging to the American peopleand included in the Smithsonian collections shall be in any way disposed ofexcept after thorough scholarly and scientific research and evaluation, and onlyafter the unanimous approval of the Board of Regents of the SmithsonianInstitution, and only after due and proper public notice of proposed sale, barter,exchange or other mode of disposal.2. That not only shall the terms of bequests to the Nation of said NationalTreasures be honored by the Smithsonian Institution but that the interests ofthe present owners, the people of the United States of America, shall be pro-tected by the Board of Regents.3. That, specifically, the Gellatly, Langhorne, Johnson, Johnston, Barney,and other collections of art of American, European, or other origin in the custodyof the National Collection of Fine Arts, the collections in the custody of theNational Portrait Gallery, Renwick Gallery, Cooper-Hewitt Museum of Decora-tive Arts and Design, and Barney House, the gem collections, painting collec-tions, and other collections of treasures in the custody of the Museum of NaturalHistory, and the coin, glass, print, ceramics, and other collections of treasuresin the custody of the Museum of History and Technology shall be protected,preserved, and properly displayed under controlled conditions in a manner con-sistent With the public interest, the conservation of the treasures, and the func-tion of the museums concerned.4. That, specifically, all said works of art and other treasures recently dis-posed of improperly shall be returned to public ownership.5. That, specifically, no said work of art or other treasure shall be permitted tobe loaned or removed to areas outside controlled museum conditions exceptafter proper evaluation of the circumstances and with the unanimous approvalof the Board of Regents, and after due and proper public notice.6. That thorough inventories of the National Treasures shall be periodicallyundertaken by an independent agency appointed by and reporting to the Boardof Regents and that the results of such inventories shall be published andoffered to the public.7. That continuing research and evaluation shall be given to the NationalTreasures and that this information shall be published and offered to the public.8. That these special concerns shall not preclude others. 1. The Chairman of the Citizens' Committee on National Treasures is giventhe authority to speak for the committee in matters relevant to its statedpurposes.2. Neither the chairman nor any member of the committee shall engenderfinancial debts for which the committee may be liable.3. General exi>enses of the committee's activities will be met by volunteerdonations by the committee members.4. The chairman will make periodic progress reports to the membership ofthe committee, which reports will be made public.5. The committee will remain active until such time that its membershipunanimously agrees that its purposes and objectives have been realized.6. Any member of the committee may resign without special notice.7. Meetings of the committee will be held at least once a year at a time andplace agreed upon by the membership.OFFICERSThe term of office of the chairman of the committee will be 1 year, the first yearterminating on October 1, 1970.The first chairman of the committee will be the undersigned Robert HiltonSimmons, unanimously approved by the committee membership.Subsequent chairmen of the committee will be elected by a majority voteof the committee. 479 Robert H. Simmons.Commonwealth of Massachusetts, Plymouth, September 29, 1969. Then per-sonally appeared Robert H. Simmons and acknowledged the foregoing instru-ment to be his full act and deed, before me. Thomas T. Quinn,Notary Public.My commission expires December 28, 1973.Furthermore, among our special concerns are the following : 1. That no work of art or other treasure belonging to the American peopleand included in the Smithsonian collections shall be in any way disposed of,except after thorough scholarly and scientific research and evaluation andonly after the unanimous approval of the Board of Regents of the SmithsonianInstitution, and only after due and proper public notice of proposed sale, barter,exchange or other mode of disposal.2. That, not only shall the terms of bequests to the nation of said NationalTreasuries be honored by the Smithsonian Institution, but that the interests ofthe present owners, the people of the United States of America, shall be protectedby the Board of Regents.I would like this entire statement to go into the record, and I wouldalso like to enter into the record an article that appeared in the Wash-ington Post, December 18, 1969, entitled "Smithsonian Swaps $30,000Painting."I would like to enter into the record an article appearing in theTimes of London on January 12, 1970, "Museum in Cut-Price ArtDeals."I wTould also like to enter into the record an article that appearedlater, I guess it was April, in 1970, called "Smithsonian's Art Goof."That was later. June.I would also like to enter into the record this letter dated Novem-ber 29, 1968, from the then Director of the National Collection of FineArts, David W. Scott, to Charles Blitzer and S. Dillon Ripley.[Mr. Simmons read the following into the record :]The accompanying notes on the basic nature of our collection touch on mat-ters of the display, transfer and sale of objects entrusted to us. They might betermed a director's view of his responsibilities toward the collections of hismuseum. I believe they reflect a philosophy shared by other art museum direc-tors of the country and conform, where parallels may be drawn, to acceptedpractice.This is for the record.The Nature and Utilization of the Collection of the National Collection ofFine Arts.The Act of Establishment of 1846 called upon the Smithsonian to establisha gallery of art and act as a repository for works belonging to the government.The resulting collections and the function of serving as a government repositorywere incorporated in the original National Gallery and were assigned to itssuccessor, the National Collection of Fine Arts, in the Act of May 17, 1938. (ThisAct, in effect, establishes three functions for the NCFA : serving as a re-pository, promoting the appreciation of art, and encouraging art.The NCFA is at the same time both the original national gallery and thenational gallery of American art. It traces the history of American collect-ing from the time John Varden established his museum in 1829. It is an his-torical deposit and archive of considerable significance.A fair number of works deposited here before 1930 were of foreign origin.As soon as the budget permits us to open additional galleries, we should setup a display that traces our history as a collection and recognizes the wishes ofthe donors of important foreign works.Some of our foreign works were given with specific requirements that theybe displayed. As long as our galleries are not completed because of lack offunds, we can justify our failure to exhibit the works. I feel, however, thatwe must plan to make in the future at least token recognition of the donations 480 of foreign works by such benefactors as John Gellatly and Ralph Cross John-son. The display would have intrinsic artistic merit and would place Americancollecting in an historic context.There is good reason to continue to hold some of our foreign art with theAmerican. We would only limit ourselves unnecessarily if we were to relinquishthis policy now. We should keep a reflection of our historic beginnings. Weshould not restrict ourselves or get rid of our holding en masse till we knowexactly what the future holds for us. (The Whitney got rid of its 19th centuryart and now wishes it had not.) We are not confined by tradition, legislation oreven interests to American art, and we are almost inevitably involved in somereciprocity with foreign museums through our International Art Program.It is particularly because of the importance of projecting the image of hon-orable tradition and reliability that I feel that any liquidation or transferof works entrusted to the NCFA must be done with the greatest of caution.Donors give their treasures to a museum as to a bank. They and their heirsand friends follow the fortunes of the works for years. If their wishes arenot respected, the word gets out and it becomes very difficult to acquire furthergifts. Rumors spread through the art world quickly, and if the rumor startsthat we are indiscriminately transferring and liquidating parts of our collections,we will be seriously hurt.We must remember that the very fact that Mr. Freer's wishes have been fol-lowed for nearly 50 years has greatly influenced both Mr. Hirshhorn and Mrs.Post in their decisions to give their collections to the Smithsonian.The collectors who have given their most valued belongings to the old Na-tional Gallery and present National Collection have in doing so placed faith inboth the Smithsonian and its art museum that their wishes would be respected.As the museum's present director I have inherited an obligation to treat thesewishes with respect. I shall have a hard time establishing confidence inprospective donors if we break faith with past donors.In view of this, I feel the following principles are fundamental : 1. Works of art are to be disposed of or transferred only on the initiative of theDirector, and with the full consent of the curator concerned. (The use to which awork is put, its condition and value, are to be determined by the Director andcurator. ) 2. Works should be available for display in the context in which they are mostuseful. This context may be provided by another bureau than that of the originalgift Since the display may prove to be temporary, it may be better for the worksto be went on loan, subject to periodic review, with title remaining with theoriginal bureau, so that it will return to its original collection when no longerneeded.3. Our collections are in serious need of reinforcement in the American field,and our only resource that can be used to promote this end are the valuableworks which are not of high priority in our exhibition plans. It follows that it isimportant that we study ways of converting some of these art works into piecesthat we need urgently for our survey. This must be done most discreetly by theNCFA staff. For example, exchange can be effected with other museums whichwill amount to long-term loans, without transfers of title, so that no one will beoffended by our actually disposing of a gift entrusted to our care. Again, eachinstance involving trade, transfer, deposit or sale must be carefully studied andapproved by the Director and curator concerned.4. If the Director and curator decide that a work of art which is an unrestrictedgift may be sold, the proceeds will be used for the purchase of art and worksacquired will be credited to the generosity of the donor of the original work.Similarly, a work acquired through exchange with another institution will becredit to the generosity to the original donor to the National Collection.Mr Thompson. That is a statement by Mr. Scott, is it not ?Mr. Simmons. Yes, sir.Mr. Thompson. In effect, as I understand it, it suggests to the Sec-retary that these procedures be adopted.Mr. Simmons. I think so. I don't think, however, that the entire pro-cedures were covered even then. I think all of these things should be,and as they are now, cleared through the Board of Regents. This is thesystem.Mr. Thompson. Have you seen the GAO report ?Mr. Simmons. Yes, sir; I have. 481Mr. Thompson. And the procedures which have been establishedsince May of 1970.Mr. Simmons. These are safeguards which I had suggested to themlast year, but it took an awful lot of doing.Mr. Thompson. Without objection, the letter which you have readextensively from will be made a part of the record as will the otherdocuments.(The information referred to follows:) U.S. Senate,Washington, D.C., September 22, 1969.Mr. Robert H. Simmons,Washington, B.C.Dear Mr. Simmons : Thank you very much for expressing your view thatthe Board of Regents of the Smithsonian Institution ought to exercise tightersupervision to works of art which are not displayed but are under the controlof the National Collection of Fine Art.It was good of you to be in touch. I have been directly in touch with Mr. S.Dillon Ripley, Secretary of the Smithsonian, in regard to this matter. You willbe hearing from me further as soon as I have anything additional to report.With best wishes,Sincerely, Hugh Scott.[From the Washington Post, Dec. 18, 1969]Smithsonian Swaps $30,000 Painting(By Jack Anderson)The venerable Smithsonian Institution has swapped oft one of the nation'sart treasures without getting a formal appraisal of how much it was worth.Result : the taxpayers were badly skinned.The Smithsonian's curators gave up a superb Flemish painting, valued at$30,000 to $35,000, in exchange for an American original with a price tag of only$10,000.The unorthodox deal was made by Robert Tyler Davis, acting director of theSmithsonian's new National Collection of Fine Arts, who has virtually no fundsfor art purchases.Over the past two years, Congress has allocated only $47,000 for new paint-ings?not enough money to buy much fine art. There were paintings on hand, how-ever, that Davis felt could be sold or swapped for something better.To enhance the national collection, therefore, Davis had to reach into thepublic art treasury stealthily as a wristwatch hustler on a Naples street corner.Last February, the national collection learned of an impressive painting, "HelenBrought to Paris," by the American artist Benjamin West, at the James Graham& Sons Gallery in New York City. The collection decided to swap a Jan Massyspainting, "Mother and Child," for it.Prudence demanded the more careful appraisal before this public treasurewas given up to a private gallery. Yet no formal appraisal was ever made.FAST SHUFFLEThe collection did obtain a written estimate from Parke-Bernet Galleries,whose expert on old masters looked at the "Mother and Child" for a few minutes.Reached in New York City, the expert, Hugh Hildesley, said his estimate wasstrictly "informal." A formal appraisal, he explained, is notarized and requireshours of research and examination.Without waiting for this, the Smithsonian approved the trade on the recom-mendation of its own experts. Davis was so delighted with the deal that he wrotehappily to Robert Graham, a partner in the Graham Gallery : "I am pleased thatyou have agreed to (the) exchange."The Graham Gallery immediately put a price of $35,000 on the "Mother andChild"?more than triple the worth of the West painting that had been givento the Smithsonian in the exchange.It is an interesting coincidence that the Smithsonian's secretary, S. DillonRipley, was a Yale classmate of Robert Graham Ripley, however, denies hav-ing any advance knowledge of the swap. 482Next time, promised a spokesman, the Smithsonian will get two formalappraisals.Note : Vice President Spiro Agnew, in a speech denouncing critics for wantingto transfer space funds to poverty programs, demanded rhetorically: "Wouldthey ask Congress to stop building a fine arts center, to sell the treasures of thenational galleries V" This is exactly what is happening, in part because Agnewand the administration have been unwilling to budget the money needed for newpaintings. [From Times of London, Jan. 12, 1970]Museum in Cut-Price Art DealsWashington, January 11.The Smithsonian Institution, starved by Congress of public funds for artpurchases, has quietly disposed of a number of paintings in the United States andLondon for sums which critics say was less than their true value.One such case occurred last June when the National Collection of Fine Artswhich was established primarily for the promotion of American art, exchanged apainting by Jan Masys for a work by the American artist Benjamin West. TheWest painting, Helen brought to Paris, was priced at $10,000 (about ?4,160) bythe James Graham Gallery in New York, the same value as was put on theMasys work in an informal estimate. However, as soon as the Graham Galleryreceived the Masys, it put it on sale at $35,000.Mr. Robert Simmons, the founder of a group called the Citizens Committee onPublic Treasures has alleged that Mr. Robert Tyler Davis, the director of theNational Collection of Fine Arts sold another painting from the gallery's base-ment in Loudon last month without first seeking the three public bids normallyrequired for the sale of public property. The painting was described in Sotheby'scatalog as A View of a Venetian Lagoon, by Guardi, the eighteenth centuryItalian painter.Officials at the Smithsonian confirmed that the Guardi came from the Lang-horne bequest at the Smithsonian, but said that because of its small size it wasunsuitable for museum exhibition. It is approximately eight by 12^ in.They added that the institution considered American citizens would be free tobid in London if they desired to do so. However, a spokesman for the institutionadded that in future two formal appraisals of any works being sold would bereceived.Criticism has also been voiced at the decision to establish a museum on the Mallbeneath the Capitol"to contain the Joseph H. Hirshhorn lart collection.Although the museum will carry the name of Mr. Hirshhorn, a wealthy uraniummagnate, its construction will be financed by $14m. in public funds. The criticsallege that Mr. Hirshhorn only paid an estimated $5m. for his collection, althoughhe later had it revalued at $25m.It is also unusual to have an institution named after a private businessman onthe Mall, which most Americans look upon as being among the more sacred spotsin the nation.When the project came before Congress, Mr. Hirshhorn testified that a numberof other countries were offering facilities for his collection. At one pointit was claimed that Queen Elizabeth II had offered 10 acres of Regent's Park.[From Washington Post, July 12, 1970]Smithsonian's Art Goof?Pressed for Cash, Institution SellsPainting, Then Belatedly Tries To Get It Back(By Jack Anderson)The venerable Smithsonian Institution, whose art and historical treasures areviewed by 10 million i>eople each year, was so hard up for cash last year thatthe curators sold two valuable paintings and traded off another.This column found out about the swap and reported that the taxpayers hadbeen skinned. The curators gave up a superb Flemish painting, valued at $30.-000 to $35,000, in exchange for an American original worth only $10,000.But the curators managed to cover up one of the sales. We have now learnedbelatedly that they also sold a fine landscape by the 18th century artist RichardWilson for $14,000. After we began making inquiries last December, the cura-tors tried frantically to get the painting back. 483The sale was made without the written approval of the Smithsonian's re-gents, art advisers or chief executive. Indeed, at least three distinguishedadvisers to the National Collection of Fine Arts strongly opposed selling offthe nation's art treasures.They made their views known in a private letter to the Smithsonian's secre-tary, S. Dillon Ripley. The disposal of valuable paintings, they declared, "hasalmost invariably, in the perspective of time, proven to be a mistake."For cash on the barrel head, however, the curators were willing to part withthe Wilson painting. The New York dealer who handled the sale, RobertOsborne, scrupulously gave the curators an opportunity to back out of the deal.By the time we began checking into the story in December, however, it was toolate.Associate Curator William Truettner tried belatedly to get the painting back.Records show he called Osborne on Dec. 12, 14 and 15 in an effort to retrieveit. But he was obliged to notify the Smithsonian's Assistant Secretary CharlesBlitzer that the painting had been sold.This was awkward for the unhappy Blitzer who had just put out a statementdenying that any more paintings had been sold. He also placed some anguishedcalls to the New York dealer, who tried but failed to talk the buyer into re-turning the painting.Questioned by this column, Blitzer didn't attempt to deny the sale. "It wasa goof," he said.This column also reached Ripley at his summer home in Litchfield, Conn., toask how a national art treasure could be sold out from under his nose. "I can'tcheck every day," he replied waspishly, "to see if the janitor's buttons arepolished."Footnote : On at least two occasions, Ripley has borrowed Smithsonian paint-ings to decorate his own walls?a practice that is considered improper. He madepersonal use of the nation's art treasures, he said, because he was havingparties attended by Smithsonian regents. November 29, 1968.To: Mr. S. Dillon Ripley, Mr. Charles Blitzer.From: David W. Scott.Subject: Nature of NOFA Collection.The accompanying notes on the basic nature of our collection touch on mattersof the display, transfer and sale of objects entrusted to us. They might betermed a director's view of his responsibilities toward the collections of hismuseum. I believe they reflect a philosophy shared by other art museum directorsof the country and conform, where parallels may be drawn, to accepted practice.The Nature and Utilization of the Collection op the NationalCollection of Fine ArtThe Act of Establishment of 1846 called upon the Smithsonian to establisha gallery of art and act as a repository for works belonging to the government.The resulting collections and the function of serving as a government repositorywere incorporated in the original National Gallery and were assigned to its suc-cessor, the National Collection of Fine Arts, in the Act of May 17, 1938. (ThisAct, in effect, establishes three functions for the NCFA : serving as a repository,promoting the appreciation of art, and encouraging art. ) The NCFA is at the same time both the original national gallery and the na-tional gallery of American art. It traces the history of American collecting fromthe time John Varden established his museum in 1829. It is an historical depositand archive of considerable significance.A fair number of wTorks deposited here before 1930 were of foreign origin. Assoon as the budget permits us to open additional galleries, we should set up adisplay that traces our history as a collection and recognizes the wishes of thedonors of important foreign works.Some of our foreign works were given with specific requirements that they bedisplayed. As long as our galleries are not completed because of lack of funds,we can justify our failure to exhibit the works. I feel, however, that we mustplan to make in the future at least token recognition of the donations of foreignworks by such benefactors as John Gellatly and Ralph Cross Johnson. The dis-play would have intrinsic artistic merit and would place American collecting inan historic context.There is good reason to continue to hold some of our foreign art with theAmerican. We would only limit ourselves unnecessarily if we were to relinquish 484 this policy now. We should keep a reflection of our historic beginnings. We shouldnot restrict ourselves or get rid of our holding en masse till we know exactlywhat the future holds for us. (The Whitney got rid of its 19th century art andnow wishes it had not.) We are not confined by tradition, legislation or eveninterests to American art, and we ax*e almost inevitably involved in some reci-procity with foreign museums through our International Art Program.It is particularly because of the importance of projecting the image of honor-able tradition and reliability that I feel that any liquidation or transfer or worksentrusted to the NCFA must be done with the greatest of caution. Donors givetheir treasures to a museum as to a bank. They and their heirs and friends followthe fortunes of the works for years. If their wishes are not respected, the wordgets out and it becomes very difficult to acquire further gifts. Rumors spreadthrough the art world quickly, and if the rumor starts that we are indiscrimi-nately transferring and liquidating parts of our collections, we will be seriouslyhurt.We must remember that the very fact that Mr. Freer's wishes have been fol-lowed for nearly 50 years has greatly influenced both Mr. Hirshhorn and Mrs.Post in their decisions to give their collections to the Smithsonian.The collectors who have given their most valued belongings to the old NationalGallery and present National Collection have in doing so placed faith in boththe Sinithsonion and in its art museum that their wishes would be respected. Asthe museum's present director, I have inherited an obligation to treat thesewishes with respect. I shall also have a hard time establishing confidence in pro-sepctive donors if we break faith with past donors.In view of this, I feel the following priciples are fundamental : 1. Works of art are to be disposed of or transferred only on the initiative ofthe director, and with the full consent of the curator concerned. (The use towhich a work is put, its condition and value, are to be determined by the Directorand Curator).2. Works should be available for display in the context in which they are mostuseful. This context may be provided by another bureau than that of the originalgift. Since the display may prove to be temporary, it may be better for the worksto be sent on loan, subject to periodic review, with title remaining with theoriginal bureau, so that it will return to its original collection when no longerneeded.3. Our collections are in serious need of reinforcement in the American field,and our only resource that can be used to promote this end are the valuableworks which are not of high priority in our exhibition plans. It follows thatit is important that we study ways of converting some of these art works intopieces that we need urgently for our Survey. This must be done most discreetlyby the NCFA staff. For example, exchanges can be effected with other museumswhich will amount to long-term loans, without transfers of title, so that no onewid be offendeu by our actually disposing of a gift entrusted to our care. Again,each instance involving trade, transfer, deposit or sale must be carefully studiedand approved by the director and ctirator concerned.4. If the director and curator decide that a work of art which is an unrestrictedgift may be sold, the proceeds will be used for the purchase of art and worksacquired will be credited to the generosity of the donor of the original work.Similarly, a work acquired through exchange with another institution will becredit to the generosity of the original donor to the National Collection.David W. Scott,Director, National Collection of Fine Arts.Cleveland Museum of Art,Cleveland, Ohio, March 11, 1970.Mr. Robert H. Simmons,Chairman, Citizen's Committee on National Treasures,Washington, D.C.Dear Mr. Simmons : Our procedure with regards to the disposition of worksof art in the permanent collection is relatively simple and is comparable to theprocedure used for the acquisition of works of art. The curator and the directormust both recommend that a work of art be sold, exchanged or otherwise disposedof. This recommendation, with justification?one of many duplicates ; ruinouscondition ; inferior quality within a given category, etc., is then considered by thefull board of trustees and the decision made by the board.In general, we have disposed of works of art after much soul searching andresearch. Upgrading the collection is important for an art museum but it is 485 equally important that the works disposed of be definitely not of prime museumquality. To exchange one Picasso for an equally good one of a different type ismerely to exchange one curator's or director's taste for another. This is not theway great collections are built over a period of generations. On the other hand,a mediocre Sung pot in the basement costs more to maintain each year than it isworth for any conceivable esthetic or educational purpose. Multiply the pot by athousand and you have an administrative and storage problem which may beappropriate to a historical museum but not to an art museum. The built-insafeguard in our system is really the requirement that a joint recommendationbe justified by both the curator and director.I hope this is the information you require.Sincerely yours, Sherman E. Lee, Director.Mr. Blitzer. Am I allowed to make a comment from the floor ?Mr. Thompson. Briefly, yes.Mr. Blitzer. I would like to say that to my knowledge Mr. Simmonshas never approached the Secretary or the Under Secretary or theGeneral Counsel or me on any of these subjects.Mr. Schwengel. Is that true, Mr. Simmons %Mr. Simmons. There are other circumstances which I will describein a statement concerning Representative Keith's request of the GAOand the GAO report. I am preparing a statement on that which I wouldlike to insert in the hearings. It is taking a lot of time and I haven'tactually gone to those people. One major reason was that I was lockedout of the National Collection of Fine Arts. I believe it was knownthat I was at that time investigating these funny procedures.(Supporting documents at end of testimony.)Mr. Schwengel. Describe this situation, You say you were lockedout.Mr. Simmons. Yes. That is another story. But I will describe it. Iwas working in the National Collection of Fine Arts, not as a memberof the staff, but under a contract, preparing this exhibition of HenryTanner. While I was there, it came to my attention that there had beena big party for anthropologists thrown in the National Collection'sLincoln Gallery sometime in May. I went up to the Gallery a couple ofdays later and saw it was still sort of a mess. A witness told me of veryirregular procedures that happened in that event. This was describedin an article that I wrote for the Washington Star on May 2-5, 1969.When Mr. Ripley heard about this or read this letter, this article,he was infuriated, I suppose, because he felt it was not true. Letterscame to him from various Members of Congress and he wrote back tothe Members that my article was very irresponsible, completely. Butmy article was based on what people had seen, describing measuresthat people had taken to protect works of art in that gallery.I would like to insert in the record those various articles, if youwould like, when I find them. (See end of testimony.)In June, I think on June 18, 1969, three letters appeared in the Wash-ington Star, corroborating my report. These were letters from eye-witnesses to the events, and, the following day, I wTas locked out of theMuseum. I was no longer able to continue the organization of thisexhibition.Mr. Schwengel. You mean you weren't allowed to go into theMuseum ?Mr. Simmons. No longer allowed into anything except the publicgallaries. They confiscated one of my own paintings that I owned,worth about $1,200, and I didn't get this back until some time in 486September. They furthermore confiscated all of my notes to a catalog,which was published in part through the efforts of the Smithsonian.But I wasn't worried too much about that because the thing wasall finished. But it was a very irregular practice, academically speak-ing, I believe.Concurrent with this, I had discovered on June 16 a memo in thememo basket, in taking some of my own memos in to throw them inthis basket, which was from Robert Tyler Davis to an art dealer inNew York, saying that he was very pleased that an exchange hadbeen effected between this gallery and the National Collection of FineArts. He noted that it was an exchange of a Benjamin West paintingfor a Jan Massys painting. I requested people in the Registrar's Officeto give me some information on these two paintings. I saw a photo-graph of the Jan Massys painting. I judged that this was worthabout $30,000, whereas the price on the other painting was only $10,000.At that time, I went to the Internal Revenue Service where I knewthey had a board of review about this sort of thing, I guess on the 17thof June. They directed me to the Federal Bureau of Investigation,where I went and made a report on this. I also went to my Congress-man, Mr. Keith, at that time, and had a long discussion with him inthe evening of what I should do, because this possibly was a very funnyirregularity.So things were beginning to go in that direction at that time.I believe it became known to members of the staff, because I told afriend of mine, who was involved in it, that I had gone to the FBI. So,I don't know whether I was locked out only because these letters ap-peared in the Wazliington Star or because I had gone to the FederalBureau of Investigation with findings of irregularities.But, whatever, I was locked out of the museum and so I had no rea-son ever to consult these people again. It was my feeling that there werebasic irregularities.Mr. Thompson. May I suggest now that you proceed with yourstatement and then such questions as arise, anyone on the committeewill feel free to ask you.Mr. Simmons. My statement is as follows : What I have to say to you this morning is not pleasant. The primarypurpose of my coming here is to put before the Congress, through thissubcommittee, a sum of knowledge previously withheld from it ? knowledge that should have been considered when reaching its deci-sions on certain legislation and amendments to legislation, and whichsurely will be necessary in the consideration of further amendments.My secondary purpose is to bring to you information relevant to thepurposes of the present hearings on aspects of the SmithsonianInstitution.Although the accomplishments of the dedicated research scientistsand scholars of our national pride, the Smithsonian Institution, arefounded in its mandate "for the increase and diffusion of knowledgeamong men," and are justly celebrated, a careful analysis of the kindof knowledge diffused by its current administrators under the guidanceof Secretary Sidney Dillon Ripley reveals a persistent lack ofaccuracy.Inaccuracies for which the administration must assume responsi-bility range from errors in fact in articles published by the so-calledSmithsonian Magazine to misinformation given to the Congress athearings and in yearly budget justifications. 487I have a number of instances of this misinformation brought toCongress which I would like to include. I have a stack here, whichI would like to insert in the record.( See end of testimony. ) Mr. Thompson. Before getting to that, would you proceed withyour statement and then we will ask you about some of those.Mr. Simmons. Surely, by "knowledge" that mandate intends "truth"and not misinformation, error, deception, and cynical distortion?orthe kind of public relations half-truths that we have come to acceptin television commercials. Whatever the value of window dressing andentertaining distractions, if this Institution does not represent in itsevery aspect the noble values of truth and education based on truthit fails in its public trust.Such trust has been so often broken by the Ripley administrationthat an accounting is in order?an "audit" of information, or knowl-edge, diffused by its spokesmen.By this I mean the spokesman of the administration and not of thescientists.Mr. Powers. Just a minute. Is this an accusation of the breach oftrust on the part of the administration of the Smithsonian ? Are youusing that in a legal sense or are you using simply the phrase in aphilosophical way ?Mr. Simmons. I think my parlance is philosophical.Mr. Powers. Thank you.Mr. Thompson. That colloquy was between Mr. Peter Powers,General Counsel for the Smithsonian and Mr. Simmons.Mr. Simmons. Perhaps the most flagrant violation of this publictrust to adhere to truth has been in the promotion of that vast memo-rial complex covering one section of the Mall?the Joseph H. Hirsh-horn Museum and Sculpture Garden.Although it is sometimes said that these structures are intended onlyto house the works of art of the Hirshhorn collection, the factremains that in the Congressional Record Index, 1968, 90th Congress,2d session, reference is made to "Joseph H. Hirshhorn, Remarks inHouse?Construct museum and sculpture garden in memory of,14221." Since Webster's dictionary defines "memorial" as "Anything,as a monument, intended to preserve the memory of a person or event,"one can infer that the intent of Congress is to memorialize Hirshhornin these major structures on the Mall.Mr. Thompson. Mr. Simmons, you were here when Mr. Blitzertestified ; were you not ?Mr. Simmons. Most of it.Mr. Thompson. I thought I heard him say that part of the Hirsh-horn deed of trust or gift incorporates the authority to dispose of ortrade or in some instances sell under these conditions for works ofother artists or from other collections.Mr. Simmons. That clause, I believe, is in the act?or rather in theagreement. What do you mean by the question ?Mr. Thompson. Your first sentence here says : Although it is sometimes said that these structures are intended only to housethe works of art in the Hirshhorn Collection * * * .Mr. Simmons. What I meant goes only to?it is a museum and nota memorial.Mr. Thompson. Please proceed.Mr. Simmons. My point is in the quality of the memorial. 488This is, indeed, the same kind of memorial as the John F. KennedyCenter for the Performing Arts?formerly called the National Cul-tural Center. Hubert H. Humphrey, testifying before a House sub-committee on April 15, 1970, said : It seems to rne far more fitting to memorialize our Presidents by means ofliving institutions that serve to perpetuate their memories by serving men's needsrather than by erecting statues in cold bronze or marble.He noted the Woodrow Wilson Memorial Act of 1968 and the $5million appropriated for Eisenhower College in Seneca, N.Y.The Joseph H. Hirshhorn Museum and Sculpture Garden complexis not only a memorial, it will be the most expensive Federally fundedmemorial ever built on the Mall?costing upwards of $16 million toconstruct, plus from $2 to $3 million per year to maintain forever ? actually more than that, but not more than that has been expendedon construction.The bulldozers have dug a tremendous pit bounded by IndependenceAvenue and Jefferson Drive between Seventh and Ninth StreetsSouthwest. Pilings are being driven and foundations poured. Soonthe bulldozers will move into the central portion of the Mall tocut a gigantic trench across it in the direction of the Archives Build-ing. This depression will hold a reflecting pool, similar to that beforethe Taj Mahal, around which will be distributed an assortment ofsculptures by Italian, French, English, and American artists. Themuseum building itself, in the shape of a gigantic gun turret, speckledwith stone chips will "face" the Mall?its single horizontal aperturepointed across the pool at the National Archives Building, in which arehoused the Declaration of Independence and the Constitution.Misinformation was given to Congress even at the beginning con-cerning this so-called third Mall axis, testifying before the HouseSubcommittee on Public Buildings and Grounds on June 15, 1966.Secretary Ripley, who had been commended by the subcommitteechairman for his "deep contribution to art," commented on the im-pending destruction of the registered national landmark?the ArmedForces Medical Museum?then standing on the Hirshhorn Museumsite as follows : It was not in the sense of destroying a historic landmark. It was ratherin the sense of developing Eighth Street across the Mall axis which, as youknow, was the original plan for Major L'Enfant for AVashington. That axisgoes through the Archives, and is proposed to go up Eighth Street to our newNational Portrait Gallery. This was the original L'Enfant plan.This statement is in error, and it is curious that Mr. James Bradley,who accompanied the Secretary at the hearing, did not catch themistake. He was described by the subcommittee chairman as "anoutstanding scholar."I wish to offer for the careful consideration of the members ofthis subcommitte this accurate reproduction of the original L'Enfantdrawing of the Washington City plan, the plan that L'Enfant tookto Mount Vernon in June 1791, to show to General Washington. Thereis no suggestion whatsoever of a third axis of the Mall. I haveplaced a red "X" at the site of the Hirshhorn Museum. North of it,at point "E," L'Enfant designated "five grand fountains, intendedwith a constant spout of water." These were placed at one of theintervals along Pennsylvania Avenue and had nothing to do with athird axis of the Mall. 489 "Plan of the City intended for the Permanent Seat of the Government of theUnited States, Projected agreeable to the direction of the President of theUnited States, in pursuance of an Act of Congress passed the sixteenth day ofJuly, MDCCXC, 'establishing the Permanent Seat on the bank of the Potowmac,'by Peter Charles L'Enfant." - - ^ac^naDC^c^Jc^i iuui/uuk*l._.^^jl^ -^erafliZZO^ri3Q D[ZfaCD^/ ;,M\ ir^a ^pn'7/innnnnnrid! ll_y I iU\J if ,s5nnp[?junnDtonaL^d%3S^Uk-- !^rjfiijLZ]"nr/VGOJaranDaa e. qr "7/- nP^UULlljLJLJti?^ofl rGDZjD [JZJQDDt\ /nDRF5 ? i^u^aai^j' 1 ?i_JCi t^jn in r ,^ dlzi-; *> DDGDbS,^ i^UiJL\\JL/dUL ,. . ?Ljcd i^nng I; :^aDDD^ L -.i :=] cinema oorr_: -_r. - = _ 7.airi/c^ 1-'- .^t?5?^nQ^ ' i jGDQVipfllZlC^c '.Ml. E. s I * -? .7 pc . ] :;.BSUUfli ask' t - - ? ^_ - _? JbSifx HJ.?sh. U?J IW.,*. ? ?./? Si ^? P^X ( V VOn the indicated hill at point "D," L'Enfant designated a nationalchurch ; this is the approximate site of the old Patent Office Buildingand the National Collection of Fine Arts and the National PortraitGallery today.A canal is indicated along the present Constitution Avenue and atthe site of the present Archives Building, just south of point "E",L'Enfant has designated a small barge and boat basin. Just south ofthe boat basin a small square is indicated, logically representing awagon and carriage lot serving the basin. I base this on my ownpast experience of 20 years as a navigating officer on ships and abouta year's experience in ONI [Office of Naval Intelligence] workingwith charts.Mr. Thompson. Isn't it so that the L'Enfant plan of course wasnever completed. L'Enfant was in a sense fired, was he not?Mr. Simmons. Yes; he was. But this whole plan was originally hisand it was found in the late 1800's and reproduced by the Govern-ment?the U.S. Coast and Geodetic Survey.The Subcommittee on Library and Memorials, if it is committedto the ethical evaluation of memorials, must recognize the profoundsymbolism of the design of the Mall. This hallowed area of our Na-tion's Capital, approved by Washington and Jefferson themselves,extends west from the Capitol Building, housing the contemporaryCongress, to the site of a monument to George Washington, firstPresident of this Nation. At that point, L'Enfant introduced a secondaxis, extending north to the site of the house of the contemporaryPresident, the White House. 490In the first years of this century, when the marshy area west of theWashington Monument was filled in, when the Mall itself was clearedof encroachments and returned to this original design of L'Enfant's,it was decided to extend the Mall west to the site of the present Lin-coln Memorial. Debates arose in the Congress and it was held thatonly Abraham Lincoln was worthy to be memorialized on a site ofthat importance, at the end of the Mall opposite the Capitol. A reflect-ing pool was constructed between the Nation's memorials to the"father" of the country and the "savior" of the country. The esplanadesaround this pool, incidentally, form a perfect setting for sculpture.The third axis was the invention of Nathaniel Owings, not L'En-fant. When he took on the job of redesigning Pennsylvania Avenuefor President Lyndon B. Johnson in 1964, Owings decided that hemight as well redesign the Mall, also. It was he who conceived theencroachment of the monstrous sculpture garden dedicated to JosephH. Hirshhorn, slashing across the Mall destroying the prospect andthe symbolism of the vast, unbroken expanse of grass between theCapitol and the Washington Monument.It was hardly an accident that Gordon Bunshaft was finally awardedthe contract to do this museum. He was a member of Owings' staff andalso a member of the Commission on Fine Arts. Here is something alittle more than merely the design of the building involved. No onecan criticize, I think, the capabilities of Mr. Bunshaft, although hemay make mistakes now and then, but the concern should have beenat that time, I think, and still may be brought out, that Mr. Bunshaftwas given a contract for design and supervision that amounted to about$1.4 million.The man that gave that out to him was Mr. Hirshhorn, who wasa private citizen. It was not, in my estimation, properly screenedthrough Congress. I have documents here to prove this which I wouldlike to enter into the record at this time.( See end of testimony. ) In the agreement between Mr. Hirshhorn and the Joseph HirshhornFoundation, as co-donors?the foundation as you probably know isa chartered foundation set up in 1955 ostensibly to do work for mentalhealth and also to engage in certain good things in art. But nothingmuch was done until 1960. It might also be noted that the Board ofDirectors that gives away foundation grants consists of Mr. Hirshhorn,his accountant, David Tarlow, and his lawyer, Sam Harris. Therewere no other directors involved.Around 1960, Mr. Hirshhorn began to put into this foundationworks of arts evaluated at x numbers of hundreds of thousands ofdollars, and he has been putting in more works of art consistently.Today there is over $4 million worth of works of art transferredfrom his private collection into the foundation collection, at whichtime certainly, if he wanted to, he could take a tax deduction. I can'tsay that he did.In this agreement, that we have here, it states that ? The building will be in accordance with plans to be prepared by a firm ofarchitects jointly chosen by the donor, Mr. Hirshhorn, and the Secretary of theInstitution, which plans shall have been specifically approved by both the donorand the Secretary of the Institution. 491That obviously gives this private citizen the right to give out a verysubstantial Government contract and oddly enough, although the an-nouncement of Mr. Bunshaft was not made until 1967, it was wellunderstood that Mr. Bunshaft was doing, or going to do, this buildingand sculpture garden.I have here a sequence which I would like to enter into the recordat this time. This was the press release announced on January 26,1967, that Gordon Bunshaft was given the contract.This is that section of the agreement.Mr. Brademas. Mr. Chairman, may I ask a question at this point ?It is really for my own general illumination. The question that strikesme as quite extraordinary here, and I say it as one who has been amember of this subcommittee only during this Congress, is how is itthat this subcommittee, which as I understand it has jurisdiction overthe Smithsonian and over certain other memorials here in Washington,and would therefore, I assume, have jurisdiction over the Hirshhornenterprise, or we wouldn't be taking all of this time today, how is itnobody ever talked to us about these matters ?Mr. Thompson. As I understand the history of it, having been amember of this subcommittee for some time, when it was chaired byour former colleague, Mr. Jones of Missouri, the Hirshhorn proposalwas developed and the legislation introduced in such a manner that itwas sent by the Speaker to the Committee on Public Works.Mr. Brademas. I am a very suspicious man when it comes to thatkind of an operation.Mr. Thompson. I might say also that the National Cultural Centerwhich later became the JFK Center for the Performing Arts, both ofwhich pieces of legislation were originally authorized by myself, weresimilarly referred.When I drafted the bill to make the Patent Office a part of theSmithsonian Institution, that also went before the Committee onPublic Works.The Committee on the Library and Memorials, until now, has neverinvolved itself in the Hirshhorn project, in the Kennedy project or inthe Patent Office project.It has been directly involved with, and here again, it is a matter oflegislative draftsmanship, and referral by the Speaker in consultationwith the Parliamentarian. It has concerned itself with the FranklinD. Roosevelt Memorial Commission, including the design. I am a trus-tee of that.The gentlemen of this subcommittee were kind enough to reportlegislation passed only last week under suspension which gives $75,000to that Commission to continue its work.The Subcommittee on Library and Memorials also concerned itselfwith the Madison Memorial, which, as you know, is to be a part of theLibrary of Congress.So, in a word, this subcommittee as a subcommittee had nothing todo with the Hirshhorn legislation or with the Kennedy legislation andin the usual course of events in the past probably would not.When I assumed the chairmanship in this Congress, I was sensitiveabout this question since the Secretary of the Smithsonian must referlegislation such as the Museum Act and others to this subcommittee,which in over 100 years has never exercised oversight responsibilityover the Smithsonian. 492So, this is just one more history of referral of legislation to com-mittees in the judgment of the Speaker and that judgment is veryseldom questioned.It is for that reason, for instance, that the Committee on Interstateand Foreign Commerce for some mysterious reason has jurisdictionover medical and paramedical education. I have felt for years that thatjurisdiction belonged to the Committee on Education and Labor.So that really, except as Members of Congress who were hereand voted for or against this proposition when the Committee onPublic Works brought it to the floor, this subcommittee had nothing todo with it. That is not an apology. It is an explanation.Mr. Brademas. I would just commend the chairman of the subcom-mittee for having initiated these oversight hearings. It is quite obvi-ous to me that some memorials are more memorial than others. Iwould hope that the chairman will continue to be zealous in seeing toit, that on matters that affect the destiny of the Smithsonian, thatmembers of this subcommittee are afforded an opportunity to lookinto whatever programs may be proposed, whether before this com-mittee or to other committees, whenever those programs affect theSmithsonian.Mr. Thompson. I assure the gentleman from Indiana that that isexactly my intention, because I don't feel that I, as an elected repre-sentative with responsibilities, or my colleagues on this subcommittee,should be bypassed as we have in the years gone by.And I feel that one of the reasons for consulting with Dr. Ripleyand others with respect to these hearings, was so that at least those ofus with the responsibility for oversight, exercise that responsibility.Mr. Brademas. I thank the Chairman.Mr. Thompson. Please proceed.Mr. Simmons. The second exhibit is a letter dated August 8, 1966,from James Bradley, Acting Secretary of the Smithsonian Institution,to Mr. Elton Rowe and the highlight of this is that he tells Mr. Eowewho Avanted to design some kind of a fountain or sundial in theHirshhorn Sculpture Garden, "When an architect has been selected,your letter will be given further consideration," suggesting an archi-tect had not been selected.We look back to February 11, a year before the official announce-ment of the architect, from Sam Harris, to James Bradley, Smith-sonian Institution, dated February 11, 1966.Dear Jim : I enclose herewith two copies of a draft of a proposed form ofagreement between Mr. Hirshhorn. the Smithsonian Institution, and the JosephEL Hirshhorn Foundation prepared along the lines we have discussed.Mr. Hirshhorn has reviewed the draft and has authorized me to forward itto him.Mr. Hirshhorn and I are leaving for Europe on Saturday and will be gonemost of the week. I would hope that we can have your comments sometimeduring the week of PVbruary 21.This is a draft agreement that I would like to enter into the record,if you want to look at it.Mr. Thompson. Without objection, those materials will be made apart of the record.(See end of testimony. ) 493Mr. Simmons. "The design and construction of said Sculpture Garden andMuseum and the landscaping of such site shall be substantially in accordancewith the general plan and model thereof made by the architect, Gordon Bunshaft,and the architectural firm of Skidmore, Owings & Merrill, copies of which areattached hereto."This was changed, as you note, in the formal agreement finally to be ananonymous selection by Mr. Hirshhom and Mr. Ripley, but here you have it inMay and February that Mr. Bunshaft has in effect been selected by this privatecitizen for this $1.4 million contract.Mr. Thompson. My understanding of the legislation, Mr. Simmons,and I would have to review it, was that the Congress in accepting thisgift authorized the selection of the architect by the Secretary and byMr. Hirshhorn. Is that correct?Mr. Simmons. That is correct.Mr. Thompson. Please proceed.Mr. Simmons. I don't know if it actually stated that in the Act.Would you like to enter the Act ?Mr. Thompson. We will do that.( See end of testimony.)Mr. Simmons. The design of Mr. Bunshaft has come under sharpdisapproval by critics of architecture. The special concern with theSubcommittee on Library and Memorials should be the ethical mean-ing of the fantastic museum-reflecting pool complex now under con-struction?for it plainly symbolizes that Joseph H. Hirshhorn willforever represent the third man, the third hero, of our "National Trin-ity of Honor," together with Washington and Lincoln.Such consideration would seem to be the special duty, the specialpublic trust, given to the Subcommittee on Library and Memorials.This reproduction of the original L'Enfant plan?approved byWashington and Jefferson?provides the subcommittee with languagefor the ethical standard on which to base judgments relating to propermemorials. In the legend inscribed on the left side of the plan thepurpose of memorial statues, obelisks, et cetera, erected on the publicsquares?and on the Mall even more so?is described : To perpetuate not only the memory of such individuals whose counsels or mil-itary achievements were conspicuous in giving liberty and independence to thiscountry, but also those whose usefulness hath rendered them worthy of gen-eral imitation : to invite the youth of succeeding generations to tread in the pathsof those sages or heroes whom their country has thought proper to celebrate.Secretary S. Dillon Ripley took the lead in championing Joseph H.Hirshhorn for this role. As early as December 18, 1964, he suggestedthe Mall site to Hirshhorn, saying, "The names of Mellon, Freer,and Hirshhorn would be associated together at the Nation's 'Courtof Honor,' which is the Mall.''In testimony before the House Subcommittee on Public Buildingsand Grounds, June 15, 1966, Secretary Ripley stated : Mr. Hirshhorn represents the kind of catholicity of taste which I think is inthe highest tradition . . . His outstanding collection includes West African Beninbronzes, which have influenced many of the painters, particularly of the post-impressionists, and Degas and early abstract.He was in some error there in that the artist Degas and the post-impressionists were not influenced whatsoever by African sculptures,rather they were influenced by the Japanese painters and printmakers, 49-484 O - 71 - pt. 1 -- 32 494and the early abstracts, Picasso, Brach, Matisse, were influenced byAfrican art, not by West Benin art, however, but by the art of thetribes around the Congo.There are a few errors there. I don't suppose he is really pretendingto be an expert in art.At the same hearing, the Honorable Donald J. Irwin, former Repre-sentative of Hirshhorivs home State of Connecticut, called Joseph H.Hirshhorn "a man raised in this country and shaped by our institu-tions. Joseph H. Hirshhorn represents the opportunity and dynamismof America. He is an independent person who collects what captureshis spirit."And the Honorable Michael J. Kirwan, Representative of Ohioand a member of the Smithsonian Board of Regents, cried : "Likemany people, Mr. Hirshhorn gave his blood, and I mean his blood."Although the Smithsonian Institution is a research institution andhas several historians on its professional staff, apparently no researchwhatsoever was conducted into the actual life of Joseph H. Hirsh-horn?no attempt was made to give Congress the truth about theAmerican "institutions" that shaped his life. Congress based its awardof a memorial on the sacred area of the Mall, to be erected at the tax-pavers' expense, upon public relations department releases and pro-motional propaganda. Not even the simple facts to be found in thepublic record were allowed to be brought before the Congress.Mr. Bingham. I am afraid we may run out of time but I think thispoint deserves some discussion.I know yon don't refer to the fact, Mr. Simmons, that the Smith-sonian Institution itself, named after Mr. Smithson, is on the Mall.Do you consider that the existence of the Smithsonian Institution onthe Mall says anything whatsoever about the character of Mr. Smith-son \Mr. Simmons. I think that the word "Smithsonian" has pretty muchleft now the nature of the individual that it originally represented.It represents now, I think, more the truth and the research of thescholars and scientists who have been working for over 100 years tomake that name a great name in science and art.Mr. Bingham. Is it not true that Mr. Smithson was not a U.S.citizen?Mr. Simmons. Correct. He was an Englishman.Mr. Bingham. Do you think it was appropriate that the name ofMr. Smithson was given to the Institution ?Mr. Simmons. Historically, I think it is, yes. I think it was justi-fied. You may note that, if you look back through the reports of theMcMillan commission, it was occasionally stated that the Smithsonianwas not for the Mall. In fact, they were considering tearing down thebuildings, or one of the men suggested that this old building is going tofall apart.Mr. Thompson. If the gentleman will yield, Mr. Smithson couldhardly qualify under the language which you quoted, individualswhose counsels or military achievements and so on. It is a fact thatMr. Smithson, you know, never even set foot in the United States.Mr. Simmons. I think there is a good thing in that, though. I thinkhis counsels were conspicuous in giving independence and liberty tothe country in a way, at least in academic liberty and scientific liberty. 495I think that is the intention of the mandate, to increase and diffuseknowledge and not to suppress knowledge, not to make it seem thatsomething that is not factual is fact. I think that is very much indi-cated in the terms of his mandate.I thank goodness for this man Smithson, because it set off a lot ofthings. You, too, I think should look into this and look carefully atwhat John Quincy Adams did. He was the man that stood up forreally making out of the Smithsonian Institution what it is I thinktoday or has been.Mr. Bingham. It seems to me that the basis of a great deal of yourcriticism, and I have read your complete statement, is based on theassumption that naming a building after a man who makes a majorgift is in some way a recognition of quality or distinction in that in-dividual.Is it not true that great institutions like Harvard University andYale University are named after individuals who made some gift ata particular time and the university was associated with that name andit says nothing about the character or quality of those individuals ?I am slightly familiar with the history of Mr. Yale, he was a rathersomething of a business nabob in his time with a rather questionablereputation.Mr. Brademas. As a Harvard man, I had always thought that, Imight say.Mr. Thompson. Mr. Bingham, speaking of the naming of univer-sities, the president of a college which became Colgate University,when the Colgate gift was announced, was asked whether in exchangefor the enormous gift the donors could name the university. He knewit was Colgate. He said, "I don't care. As long as we get the money,they can call it Cashmere Bouquet."I think you had better proceed with your statement.Mr. Simmons. It is surely necessary that this negligence be rectifiedand that at least the Subcommittee on Library and Memorials con-sider the public record of the career of Joseph H. Hirshhorn?andthe proper relationship of that record to the significance of the mostexpensive and glittering memorial to be constructed by the Nationon the Mall in the current era.According to "Who's Who in America," Joseph H. Hirshhorn wasborn on August 11, 1899, in Mitau, Latvia, then a province of ImperialRussia. He came with his family to this country at the age of 6,grew up in Brooklyn, and quit school at the age of 14 to go to work.Although there are some discrepancies in the public record of thisperiod, it is probably true that he worked as a messenger and at othertasks for members of the so-called "Curb Exchange" in downtownManhattan. It is said that he made a great deal of money at the ageof 17 or 18 in dealing himself on the market. During the twenties hemade even more money and became a "broker's broker." He is said tohave sold out his interests just before the crash of 1929.When the Securities Exchange Commission was formed in 1933,Hirshhorn and other operators on the former Curb Exchange went toToronto, where the securities business was much less regulated. Heinvested some of his money in certain mining enterprises, such asGunnar Gold Mines.On February 12, 1935, Joseph H. Hirshhorn made the front pageof the Toronto Daily Star in this manner : 496CALLS CN OTTAWA TO "PLUG" LOOPHOLES IN STOCK LAW GODFREY FINDS THATMARKET MANIPULATED BY HIBSHHOKN IN GUNNAK CASE?SERIOUS DEFECTFinding that J. H. Hirshhorn had manipulated stock of Gunnar Gold Minesin such a way as to cause the price to rise to $1.43 and within two hours to dropto 94 cents, J. R. Godfrey, K.C., Ontario securities commissioner, in his reporton his findings today, says that laxity in the Canadian law permitted this ma-nipulation, and asks that the federal government take steps to block this loop-hole. Mr. Godfrey states that Hirshhorn, with 598,000 shares of Gunnar Gold athis disposal, bought and sold them in such a way as to create "an artificialmarket, or a price mirage." . . . The commissioner comments on "the peculiarangle of the law in Canada" under which it is criminal for a group to manipulatea stock, while "a lone wolf" may perform the manipulation and escape prosecu-tion because he has not been guilty of conspiring with anyone. Mr. Godfreyestimates in his report that the public lost half a million dollars in a few hourson October 31.At this point I would like to insert in the record the entire officialreport of this matter. This is a public document which I recentlyobtained from the Ontario Securities Commission. The title is "Reportof the Ontario Securities Commission in the Matter of an Investigationinto the Gunnar Gold Mines Limited." It is signed by John M. Godfrey,Ontario Securities Commissioner, Parliament Buildings, Toronto,February 12, 1935.This report will give the members of the Subcommittee on Libraryand Memorials an accurate picture of Hirshhorn's sense of publicmorality as of that date.( See end of testimony.)Maclean's magazine, October 29, 1955, in an article by David Mac-Donald, reports further of that event : A few days after the Godfrey report, Ottawa concluded that Hirshhorn wasno longer what he had claimed to be, a nonimmigrant visiting the country forcasual business or pleasure, but was an American citizen earning most of hisbread in Canada. He was ordered deported. Hirshhorn appealed, was reclassifiedtwo months later as a landed immigrant making his home here, and waspermitted to remain. "We can infer from this public information that Hirshhorn had atsome time become a naturalized citizen of the United States, but at thattime chose to give up his American citizenship to become again a citizenof a foreign country.Against these facts, the subcommittee should consider Hirshhorn'sremarks as recorded in the New York Times on May 18, 1966. OnMay 17, 1966, after receiving the accolades of President Lyndon B.Johnson in a noon ceremony in the Rose Garden of the White Houseon the occasion of the "acceptance" of the Hirshhorn Collection (al-though the Congress had not yet held hearings in the matter), JosephH. Hirshhorn said : You know I'm an American and I'm giving this to the Capital of the greatestNation in the world.Remarks of the President at the Hirshhorn Ceremony. May 17, 1966This is a magnificent day for the nation's Capital, and for millions of Ameri-cans who will visit Washington in the years to come.It is also an inspiring climax to a career devoted to art.From the days of his youth in Brooklyn?when he first began collecting re-productions of art work?until this hour, Joseph Hirshhorn has been driven bya passion for painting and sculpture. Throughout the world he has sought thegreat art of our time?those expressions of man's will to make sense of hisexperience on earth, to find order and meaning in the physical world about him,to render what is familiar in a new way. 497 I know that Joseph Hirshhorn will go on seeking out the best in modern paint-ing and sculpture for years to come. But he will never have a finer hour thanthis : for today he offers the fruit of a lifetime in the service of art to thecitizens of a grateful Nation. Few men have been privileged to make such a giftto their generation and to those that will come after.Several months ago Mrs. Johnson journeyed to Joseph Hirshhorn's home inConnecticut. She came back filled with awe and admiration for the great workscollected there. She came back, too, with a sense of affection and respect fortheir owner. She has told me many times since then of her hope that Mr. Hirsh-horn would make his collection available to the Nation.Many suggestions were made to Mr. Hirshhorn about the disposition of hiscollection, as well there might be?for among private collections it is virtuallywithout parallel in its field. That he has chosen the Nation's Capital is a causefor celebration, pride and deep gratitude.Now we must build a museum worthy of the collection, and worthy of ourhighest aspirations for this beautiful city.Washington is a city of powerful institutions?the seat of government forthe strongest Nation on earth, the place where democratic ideals are translatedinto reality. It must also be a place of beauty and learning. Its buildings andthoroughfares, its schools, concert halls, and museums should reflect a peoplewhose commitment is to the best that is within them to dream.In the National Gallery collection, in the Freer and the Corcoran Galleries,in the museums of the Smithsonian, in the Kennedy Center that is to come, in thePennsylvania Avenue plan?and now, in the Hirshhorn Museum and SculptureGarden?we have the elements of a great capital of beauty and learning, no lessimpressive than its power.Mr. Hirshhorn, we accept your splendid gift to the American people. We shalltreasure it and use it well?in giving pleasure and enlightenment to men andwomen of every age, from every walk of life.Mr. Simmons. The context of the Ontario Securities Commissionreport should be considered. This was a time of the gravest economicemergency in the United States. The country was at the bottom ofits worst depression, a state of affairs caused in part by just suchfiscal irresponsibility as that described in the report.Joseph H. Hirshhorn again appears in the public record in Canadain 1945. A report in the Toronto Daily /Star, page 2, dated Tuesday,June 26, 1945, describes events occurring the year before?in Mayof 1911 and sheds light on the quality of Hirshhorn's life duringWorld War II.(See end of testimony.)In May of 1944 American troops were fighting on battlefields inItaly and the Pacific islands. Other American troops were waiting toland a few days later on the beaches of Normandy. The responsibil-ities of American citizens were clearly spelled out in the proclama-tion of President Franklin D. Roosevelt described in an editorial inthe New York Times dated January 6, 1942 : EVERYBODY'S AVARPresident Roosevelt's proclamation of February 16 as registration day forall previously unregistered men from 20 to 44 (actually those born betweenFebruary 17, 1897 and December 31, 1921) inclusive dramatizes the fact thatthis is not youth's war, but everybody's war. The registration of men over 44and under 65 will follow. We believe that the older men will register not onlywillingly, but eagerly. Few may reach the front line. All can do something andmake some sacrifice. The burdens and the opportunities will be equalized asfar as possible. The element of compulsion is present, yet it is a compulsiongladly accepted and far more democratic than the old system of volunteering.It unites us in a common purpose, gives each a place and a duty, and lends tocitizenship a new and dignified meaning. 498In 1944, while American boys were dying on battlefields in Europeand in the Pacific, the man who will be memorialized on the Mall,the man who "gave his blood" and who was "shaped by our institu-tions," and who "represents the opportunity and dynamism of Amer-ica," was apparently engaged in the acth ities recorded in the TorontoDaily /Star, June 26, 1945?to be found in the public records of theLibrary of Congress?as follows : TRIED TO EXPORT $15,000, LACKS PERMIT, FINED $3,500Pleading guilty to a charge of unlav fully attempting to export $15,000 inCanadian cash from Canada without a license from the Foreign Exchange Con-trol Board, Joseph H. Hirshhorn of New York City was today fined $3500 andcosts by Magistrate Pritchard in police court.Hearings on six charges of selling securities in Canada without a license wasadjourned until July 11 at the request of defense counsel. A charge of deceivinga customs official was withdrawn because it arose out of the charge to whichaccused pleaded guilty.Crown Prosecutor J. J. Robinette asked that the case proceed summarily, S. A.Hayden represented Hirshhorn. The charge indicated the alleged attempt toexport the cash occurred at Malton Airport on May 17, 1944.Cpi. Ed McElhone of the R.C.M.P. was at Malton Airport when Hirshhornwas going through customs. The officer said he heard the customs officer askaccused if he had any more money with him than when he entered Canada.Accused said he had not, McElhone said."1 intercepted him," the R.C.M.P. officer said, "and I asked him to come to aprivate room at the other side of the building. I showed him my credentials andtold him 1 would search his iM>rson and his baggage. He then volunteered theinformation that lie had some money with him?about $15,000."He produced the money in two bundles, one of $10,000 in $100 bills and oneof $5000 in $100 bills."Did behave any explanation?"No."Mr. E. L. Howe said accused had in his possession a ticket to New York onAmerican Airlines. He said he turned the money over to Inspector WilliamMcKee of the Foreign Exchange Control Board. Inspector McKee told court thebills had been turned over to him by Opl. McElhone were issued against twocheques."The first for $10,000 was on May 11 on S. R. McKellar and Co., members ofthe Toronto Stock Exchange, to H. Goldstein, in trust," the Inspector testified."That cheque was cashed at a downtown bank and $100 bills were paid outagainst it. On May 10 another cheque for $5,000 on the same brokerage firmand payable to the same person was cashed and paid out in $100 bills."The Inspector said he questioned Hirshhorn on May 18, when accused madea statement under oath. He told the Inspector he lived at 71 Washington Placein New York City, and said that he was in investments. "He called himself anintelligent speculator."The Inspector said accused told him he had the $15,000 to pay off a debt inToronto. Magistrate Pritchard said there was no evidence yet to show Hirsh-horn intended taking the money to the U.S. with him. Mr. Robinette said thatthe fact accused had pleaded guilty suggested the intent.The subcommittee on Library and Memorials should carefully con-sider whether such a record during World War II indicates one ofthose "sages or heroes whom their country has thought proper tocelebrate."On the front page of the New York Times, Monday, November 27,1950, at a time when the nation was engaged in another war?to freeKorea from its northern invaders?Joseph H. Hirshhorn was againmentioned prominently. The tenor of the article should by now befamiliar. 499TWO EX-ENVOYS TIED TO A STOCK INQUIRY MCNUTT AND MARVEL, OFFICERS OFURANIUM CONCERN WHOSE SALES STATE IS STUDYINGAttorney General Nathaniel L. Goldstein announced yesterday that he wasinvestigating the background and stock-selling operations of a company in whichPaul V. McNutt, former Governor of Indiana and ex-Ambassador to the Philip-pines, and Josiah Marvel, Jr., former Ambassador to Denmark, are officers.The concern is the American-Canadian Uranium Company, Ltd. The investiga-tion is under the Martin Act or "'blue-sky law," of New York State. A statementby Mr. Goldstein alleged that Maurice E. Young, who holds 454,050 shares ofPax Athabasca Uranium Mines, Ltd., which owns 1,800,000 shares of American-Canadian Uranium, "has a record for conviction and jail sentence in Canada forfraud and conspiracy in connection with stock manipulation."The Attorney General's statement asserted also that Joseph E. Hirshhorn, listedas a promoter of American-Canadian Uranium and holder of 58,000 shares of itsstock, "has a record of two convictions for violating the Foreign Exchange Lawsof Canada . . ."One of the outstanding facts is that the public is being invited to put up $1,750,-000 but will get?at best a 17 percent interest in the company. The insiders haveput up $90,098 and control at least 83 percent of the stock.This event in the life of Joseph H. Hirshhorn was also recordedin a December issue, 1950, of Time magazine.This information is respectfully submitted to the Subcommittee onLibrary and Memorials solely for "the increase and diffusion ofknowledge" about the true career of a man who has been championedby the Secretary of the Smithsonian Institution as worthy of an eternalmemorial on the Mall of the U.S. Capital.Mr. Thompson. We have very little time remaining this morning.Why don't we go to the 5-minute rule and each ask two questions. Wewill start with you, Mr. Schwengel.Mr. Schwengel. I sit on the Public Works Committee and I raisedthis question not for the record. Mr. Ripley or some of his staff mayremember. You say, "Although the Smithsonian Institution is a re-search institution and has several historians on its professional staff,apparently no research whatsoever was conducted into the actual lifeof Joseph H. Hirshhorn?no attempt was made to give Congress thetruth about the American 'institutions' that shaped his life."What is your evidence ?Mr. Simmons. I simply find nothing in the hearings of the two PublicWorks Committees that indicate any genuine knowledge of what Mr.Hirshhorn had been up to in his life. I note in both hearings that theexperts in the field of art, for example, were not brought in. Therewere no art experts there. This is a question I didn't really want toget into. But there were no art experts at all.Dr. Sherman Lee, director of the Cleveland Museum of Art, did senda letter to a Member of Congress which was inserted in the record.[See testimony of Sherman Lee.] But nobody appeared. The expertsthat had any evaluation, any understanding of art, were not there.They asked people who didn't know anything about art to testify onthese matters.As to the question of his life, which you are talking about here,there is nothing in the record about his life there. I know for a factthat some people?I was concerned at that time in 1966 about givinga monument on the Mall to a man who made a lot of money and wasgiving a big gift, The intention of my remarks about the L'Enfantdesign here and the meaning of the Mall is this. It means a great deal 500more to us now than it did 100 years ago, perhaps when it was just a bigswamp down there.This is a highly symbolic area in this country. It is the one mostsacred place in the whole United States. We cannot, in my poorhumble opinion, erect a monument to a man with the kind of pastthat is found in the public record of Joseph H. Hirshhorn. This kindof past?I don't know. I have not looked into Mr. Yale. I don't knowwhat Mr. Harvard and others' pasts were. But they are not on the Mall.The event of erecting the Freer Gallery was not involved in the samething at all. The reason they put the Freer Gallery there is at thetime they were looking for some land. That land was available downthere. So they stuck it there. It wasn't because he was considered tobe one of our heroes. The reason Smithson got his name on the Mall,as I said?it possibly could have been taken off?was sort of byaccident.This is a tremendous memorial. We had plans for a national sculp-ture garden. This national sculpture garden has now been renamedthe Joseph H. Hirshhorn Sculpture Garden. We had in mind anational museum of modern art some years ago. That notion wastransferred to the National Collection of Fine Arts. This nationalmuseum of modern art, however, now is to be called the Joseph H.Hirshhorn Museum, and the plan seems to be to make it so importantthat in 1976, which is the 200th anniversary of the IndependenceMr. Schwengel. You are missing my point here.While there may not be anything in the record, I think the com-mittee members, from the public press and other sources, knew some-thing about Hirshhorn. If there had been any suggestion of hisdisreputable character, I think there would have been some action.But there was none.Insofar as I know, you didn't make any application to come andbe heard before the committee. You would have had, as far as I know,a chance, because everybody that wanted to be heard before the PublicWorks Committee could have been heard.I had some pretty tough wrestles also. The gentleman?Mr.Thompson?said he was author of the cultural center. I am in supportof the cultural center. I think it is wrong if it is misplaced.I also opposed naming it the Kennedy Memorial Center, becauseI felt like it was too soon to build a memorial to Kennedy. If we hadwaited a little time, we probably would have a more adequate memorial.Mr. Thompson. Or none at all.Mr. Schwengel. I think history people deserve recognition prettywell. I call your attention that Allen Nevins wrote a pretty eloquentbook about the moguls in which he didn't speak very comphmentarilyon some of their activities and early history and the way they accu-mulated their fortunes.But I am thankful to live in America that somehow something boreon their conscience that what they accumulated was put to good use.We have libraries all over the country named for a man who somepeople say in many ways was a scoundrel in our history. Yet we tooktheir money.We have the Mellon Gallery, called the National Gallery of Art.And we know where it came from. When he gave that gift, he wasbeing indicted by his Government for some tax troubles. 501Now I would like to have you put into this record at this point whatyou believe is disrespectful or wrong about Mr. Hirshhorn and whywe shouldn't have named it that.Mr. Simmons. I haven't made a value judgment in my statement.What I am doing is simply bringing facts before this subcommitteewhich I think should be done for the committee to make value judg-ments on memorials, you see.It may be true that 25 percent of the people in the United Statesmight be scoundrels. They, perhaps, should be represented on the Mall,you know. There may be this kind of argument. But you do have tomake up your mind about that.I say that the public has never been introduced to the facts that Ihave dug up after months and months of research, after hours anddays and weeks scouring newspapers, Canadian newspapers, in theLibrary of Congress, which is a source of information to the Smith-sonian and to Congress, you see, scouring for these facts that I finallydredged up about this man's actual past.He, Mr. Schwengel, has had clever men who have been publicrelations men for his companies. He is a powerful man. He is said tohave a fortune of $100 million. I don't know that. You read thatoccasionally.But the man, if these moneys are based on the kind of things thatI am trying to report in this report here, on stock manipulation, whichhe, in a report, in a newspaper report or in a magazine report, dis-misses as saying they are trying to hang him, you see. Whereas, thisGunnar Gold Mines, Ltd., investigation of the Ontario Securities Com-mission back in 1935 named him as a stock manipulator, you see.I think that is pretty serious, especially today, in what we haveup in Wall Street and this turmoil in our economy today, which is inpart caused, as we read in every newspaper, by people who have littlesense of public morality.You can read this, please, I will enter this entire report of theOntario Securities Commission in the record.I would like to add also two more articles from the Toronto DailyStar concerning Mr. Hirshhorn's activities during World War II,when you and I and the others of us here were doing something for ourcountry.I was in New Guinea in May 1944, when Mr. Hirshhorn was en-gaged in what was termed in the Daily Star as "illegal securitiessales" up in Toronto, when he was arrested out at the airport inToronto attempting to smuggle a little money across the border. Andeven when he was taken to the room to be interrogated, he didn'tconfess up.He finally said, "I have $15,000 in my pocket."This activity is something to consider.Mr. Thompson. Mr. Simmons, Mr. Schwengel's 5 minutes has ex-pired.Mr. Schwengel. You have taken most of it.Mr. Thompson. Mr. Brademas ?Mr. Brademas. Thank you, Mr. Chairman.My major conclusion, Mr. Chairman, from the discussions that wehave had so far with Mr. Simmons and from what I have been ableto read about the whole Hirshhorn enterprise is one of profound 502 criticism of the process by which the decision to go ahead with theHirshhorn Museum was made.I hope that my observation is not taken as some sort of petty juris-dictional chauvinism. But I do find it extraordinary that a museumand sculpture garden that represents so significant an undertakinghere in the Nation's Capital, and with respect to which the Smith-sonian must play so central a role, should have been embarked uponwithout public hearings or the slightest degree of consultation, atleast so far as I am aware, with the members of the subcommittee thatpresumably have jurisdiction over the Smithsonian.I hold before me the Act [Pub. L. 89-788, Nov. 7, 1966] which pro-vides for the authorization of the Hirshhorn Museum. I note that theact provides for the establishment in the Smithsonian Institution ofa board of trustees, sets forth the characteristics of the membershipof that board, and contains a wide variety of other legislative author-izing provisions with respect to this enterprise.But we did not hear anything about this legislation in this sub-committee.It may well be, Mr. Chairman, that the only way in which membersof this subcommittee are going to be able to exercise some influenceon these decisions is a series of most searching public inquiries intothis kind of activity. I, for one, want to express my dismay at theprocedure which has been followed.I make no judgment at this point, about what we have heard. I shallbe perfectly willing to make some judgments after having heard moreevidence. I make no judgment as to the accuracy or the validity ofthe contentions which Mr. Simmons has brought before us. I don'tthink that would be appropriate.One reason I don't think that would be appropriate is that nobodyhas taken the trouble to talk to the subcommittee that has jurisdictionover these matters. I would express the hope to Dr. Ripley and hisassociates that we shall not see a repetition of this kind of operationagain with respect to any enterprise so central to the operation of theSmithsonian.Mr. Schwengel. I think we should say here at this point "alleged."Mr. Brademas. Yes, I made that point clear, that I pass no judg-ment on the validity of the allegations that have been made. But I dopass judgment, at least for one member of this subcommittee, on theprocess by which these decisions have been arrived at.I, for one, resent them and hope that the chairman of our subcom-mittee will continue to be as tenacious in asserting the oversight au-thority of this subcommittee as it is evident he is determined to be.Mr. Schwengel. On that point, I join the gentleman.Mr. Thompson. The chair might say that the mishmash of jurisdic-tion brings about this unhappy situation.This subcommittee has the oversight responsibility insofar as theSmithsonian exists. It does not have authority to 'pass on legisla-tion that sets aside a specific plot of land or to authorize actual con-struction of a building for the Smithsonian. This is done elsewhere.The jurisdictional lines are not clear. And I am very strongly inagreement with you, that they should be cleared up. I believe the con-cept of a museum and its intended purposes definitely belong in thepurview of this subcommittee. 503In the instance of the Woodrow Wilson Memorial, the time wasrunning out. And members of that distinguished commission askedme if I could move it for approval, the establishment of the WoodrowWilson Center for Scholars, again under the Smithsonian, out of theCommittee on House Administration.I was then the second ranking member of this subcommittee. I gotpermission of the chairman, reported the legislation out, and it passedunder suspension of the rules. But it didn't require the acquisition ofany property, since it was to be housed in and by the Smithsonian.So subsequently they might shop around for a piece of property.They have that authority, it is my recollection, but we didn't set anyland aside.But I want to assure you that I agree thoroughly with what you havesaid. And Dr. Ripley and Mr. Bradley and his staff are aware of myconcern and, in a very large sense, share it.I make no comment either on the statement which I heard thismorning, except to say that it is my firm belief that as a citizen, Mr.Simmons has a perfect right to be here. He has finally gotten his op-portunity to be heard on this subject and has obviously done a greatdeal of work on it.Mr. Bingham?Mr. Bingham. Mr. Chairman, while I agree that the procedure fol-lowed here, as I look at this law, was an inappropriate one, and thatthis subcommittee should have had a lot more to do with it than it ap-parently did, I detect to some extent in Mr. Brademas' remarks a re-flection on the direction of the Smithsonian in this regard, which Idon't believe to be justified.The Smithsonian was dealing with the Congress. And I think ifthere is criticism, it attaches to the Congress and to the members ofthe subcommittee who didn't?and I was one of them?who didn'traise the question on the floor when this bill came before us.Mr. Brademas. If my colleague will yield, indeed I was about toobserve that I don't intend my remarks to be a criticism of Dr. Ripleyor of his associates. This is an organizational jungle here on CapitolHill. There is no reason that he should be better equipped with ma-chetes than anybody else who works away from Capitol Hill.But, on the other hand, Dr. Ripley knows where some of the ma-chetes are kept. And I think he will probably have observed from ourconversation here this morning that in the future, even if he is notquite sure of jurisdictional lines, he might stop by Mr. Thompson'soffice on his way to the Public Works Committee.Mr. Bingham. Mr. Simmons, I have read your statement. I wouldlike to know from you, are you recommending that legislation be passedchanging the name of this museum in recognition of the fact that to doso would obviously be a major breach of the agreement that was en-tered into with Mr. Hirshhorn and would deprive the U.S. Governmentof this collection ? Are you recommending that ?Mr. Simmons. I think that would be part of the legislation.Mr. Bingham. I see nothing in your statement recommending anylegislative action at all. I will tell you, Mr. Simmons, that readingyour statement and listening to you, I think your primary purposehere is to discredit Dr. Ripley and the management of the Smithsonian.Mr. Simmons. Mr. Bingham, I have additional information which 504I wanted to submit, but just don't have time, backing up in this allega-tion that there has been misinformation.Mr. Bingham. No, but my question to you is, What do you recom-mend by the way of legislative action because your statement containsno recommendation ?Mr. Simmons. Yes. I think there can be no compromise as far as Ican see. There are many other problems involved besides this one inthis whole thing. And to permit this structure to be erected, and thiswhole complex of the museum sculpture garden with its administrationto go on forever, is a very unfeasible thing to let happen.I think the whole thing should be stopped.Mr. Bingham. So you are recommending that the whole thing bestopped, including the acquisition of this collection by the Govern-ment ?Mr. Simmons. Yes, sir.Mr. Bingham. That is all, Mr. Chairman.Mr. Thompson. Mr. Schwengel ?Mr. Schwengel. In the beginning of your statement, you identifiedyourself and said there were volunteer citizens with you, some orga-nizations. Could you give us the names and qualifications of thesecitizens ?Mr. Simmons. I can. I can give them. But I prefer not to make thempublic.Is that permissible?Mr. Thompson. No.Mr. Schwengel. This is a public hearing.Mr. Thompson. You mentioned them. I think it is only reasonablethat therefore you give us those names.Mr. Simmons. It is a very small group. One is Prof. SeymourSarason, of Yale University, who is extremely interested in art.I am interested in art, incidentally. I studied art history and arteducation at the University of California.There are some manifestations of art which are extremely importantin development of human beings. This is Seymour Sarason's interestin it.Another one is a graduate student at the University of Delaware,Miss Linda Crocker.That is us, three people. I have asked a few more people, but I amstill adding.I would like to disband this group.I think that is possible now, since the Board of Regents has takenthe measures that I wanted, most of them, although I am still criticalof the safeguards that they have adopted.Mr. Schwengel. There are just three of you?Mr. Simmons. Three of us so far, yes.Mr. Thompson. Thank you, Mr. Simmons.In conclusion, I would like to state that I have read your state-ment. I didn't know until this morning that you were the one whocaused the inquiry by Representative Keith, which was a perfectlylegitimate inquiry, which is going to be made a part of the record.I, too, will withhold any judgment. Obviously, you wanted thisopportunity to be heard. You have been heard. 505You make no specific substantive legislative recommendations. Inall candor, I expected you to be critical, and you have a right to be,of Dr. Ripley and of others. It was my feeling, and I felt very stronglythat it would be better before a properly constituted, responsible sub-committee of the Congress, that any criticisms or any accolades aimedat the Smithsonian should be done publicly.This, in my view, offers a much greater opportunity in a sense forrebuttal than exchanging newspaper stories.Mr. Schwengel. I was on the Public Works Committee. I am in-terested in the historical things, in the Smithsonian. I have tried tohelp it along, guide it, direct it, and influence it.Were you aware that Mr. Hirshhorn was about to give a gift andthat there was some legislation on the Hill at the time? Did you askto be heard by our committee ?Mr. Simmons. I didn't know anything about these committees at thattime. I was not as cognizant of these procedures in Congress as I think Iam now.Mr. Schwengel. But you did know about it ?Mr. Simmons. I didn't know specifically about these. I may not haveeven been in the country.Mr. Schwengel. Did you write to anyone in the Congress ?Mr. Simmons. I know I wrote a letter to some newspaper.Mr. Schwengel. But nobody in Congress?Mr. Simmons. I am not sure I sent it. I know it was not printed. Thesethings pass like that, you know. I have been concerned ever since then.My researches in the last year have really borne out my concern.Mr. Thompson. Thank you very much.Mr. Bingham. Might I ask just one further question ?Mr. Thompson. Certainly.Mr. Bingham. In relation to whether it was wise to proceed with theacquisition of the Hirshhorn collection, on the conditions laid down inthe gift, which you have mentioned and which were clear that the mu-seum be named after the donor, isn't it true that in the art world gen-erally, in the museum world generally, the acquisition of this collectionfor the U.S. Government was considered a great coup, a great achieve-ment?Mr. Simmons. No ; not by all.Mr. Bingham. Could you substantiate your negative answer on that,because my impression is that many museums were trying to acquirethe collection, that this was considered quite a coup. As a matter offact, I heard some criticism at the time that there had been sort of un-fair competition on the part of the Government in getting this col-lection for the U.S. Government.Mr. Simmons. I would like to add to the record, if I may, furthersubstantiation on my statement right now. But at that time, it was akind of a promotional stunt, that whole business of Israel wanting tobuild a museum and the Queen of England and Canada wanting tobuild a museum, and the Governor of New York offering $10 millionin appropriated funds for a museum.All of this was talk with very little behind it. Certainly it is a greatcollection in part, but not in total. There are things that I have notseen at all. But I have looked over the catalogue listings. And who has 506 seen it all ? I have heard from people, a few people, who have. Thereare very many qualifications.At that time, one museum director, who does know an awful lotabout it and who had seen the collection, Dr. Sherman Lee, who hasbeen called most distinguished museum director in the country by theNew York Ti??ies, said it was a bad bargain, that with all the con-tingencies involved in it?what I have gone through now is a verysmall part of this whole thing. But there were all the contingencies.Mr. Thompson. The chairman might say, Dr. Lee will be one ofour later witnesses.Mr. Simmons. Another one was Dr. Charles Cunningham, Directorof the Art Institute of Chicago, who is also against it, not becauseof the quality of the artists' works.The point is, with all the contingencies, we are getting a bad bargain.Instead of dedicating a museum to honor American artists and ourcountry, what we are doing is dedicating works of art to honor JosephH. Hirshhorn. This is a kind of procedure that I don't think is proper.Mr. Thompson. Thank you very much. Materials Submitted by Robert H. Simmons for the Record in Supportof His Testimony[The Sunday Star, Washington, D.C., May 25, 1969]Art : The Social Behavior of Man and the Beast(By Robert H. Simmons)Boxes piled against a Francis Bacon painting. Boxes stacked against aDewasne enamel. Steam tables of hot food next to a Ronald Kitaj mural. An artmuseum used like a cafeteria. Concerned protest by the museum's director, DavidW. Scott. The director fired for insubordination. The secretary of the SmithsonianInstitution, S. Dillon Ripley, expansive after his coup in ousting the director,pointing to the artistic heritage of America while billows of cigarette smokeenveloped paintings by Ryder, Cassatt, Eakins, AVhistler, Cropsey, and Cole. Car-pets burned underfoot by carelessly dropped cigarette butts. Liquor and coffeespilled on the floor. Glasses smashed on the marble tiles where Lincoln danced athis 1865 Inaugural Ball.Such was the scene Friday night, May 10. in the Lincoln Gallery of theNational Collection of Fine Arts. The occasion, appropriately enough, was thefinal night's dinner party for the Smithsonian's symposium on "Man and Beast :Comparative Social Behavior.""We behave culturally," one symposium shaker had said the day before, "be-cause it is in our nature to behave culturally." Being an anthropologist he didnot mean the same thing by "culture" that a lot of us mean.Least of all, apparently, did he mean to include in the term works of art thatan art museum of any stature is committed to preserve as the heritage of futuregenerations.If he did, he would have been as concerned as Scott and the staff of the XCFAwere. As professional art museum people they had objected to the secretary'sparty, knowing that the proper use of an art museum is to be an art museum.To protect paintings and sculptures from chance damage in uncontrolled circum-stances.It is different from a natural history museum, with its cases of stuffed birdsand its spectacular mounted elephants. You can always get more birds (exceptfor robins?down 75 i>ercent because of DDT).It is not the same with paintings?one of the products of the cultural animal,as an anthropologist would say. They issue from the human imagination andare as fragile as a dream. One scratch can change the meaning of a paint-ing. Smoke damages the surface. A marble sculpture tipped over and broken by apartying anthropologist would never be quite the same. 507You cannot expect an ornithologist, even one so intelligent as Ripley, to under-stand these differences without careful instruction. That is why we have certainrules and regulations which even the secretary of the Smithsonian cannot modifyto suit his whim.These paintings, like the birds and animals in nature, are not one man'sproperty to do with as he wishes. They belong to all of the people of America.They are our artistic heritage. Destroy them, modify them, and you modify eachand all of us.It will be difficult for the Smithsonian to find a genuine museum director totake over Dr. Scott's post at the NCFA. No professional museum director wantsto play sitting duck to an ornithologist. Congress of the United States,House of Representatives,Washington, B.C., May 29, 1969.National Collection of Fine Arts,Smithsonian Institution,Washington, D.C.Dear Sir : The attached communication, or pertinent extracts thereof, is sentfor your consideration. Please investigate the statements contained therein andforward me the necessary information for reply returning the enclosed corre-spondence with your answer.Any assistance you can properly render toward accomplishing the objectivestated in the enclosure will be appreciated.With best wishes, I amSincerely, Joel T. Broyhill, M.C.Smithsonian Institution,Washington, D.C, June 6, 1969.Hon. Joel T. Broyhill,U.S. House of Representatives,Washington, D.C.Dear Congressman Broyhill : Thank you for sending me the letter concerningthe National Collection of Fine Arts that you received from Linda Crocker. Iappreciate the opportunity to comment on it.Let me say in the first place that I wholeheartedly share Miss Crocker's ad-miration for the National Collection of Fine Arts and her hope that it will moreand more come to be recognized as a major institution for the preservation ofour nation's artistic heritage. I am, therefore, particularly sorry that MissCrocker was misled by the inaccuracies of the articles in the Washington Star ofMay 25 by Frank Getlein and Robert Simmons.The banquet about which Mr. Simmons wrote, and to which Mr. Getlein re-ferred, was held in connection with the Smithsonian's Third International Sym-posium. Our use of the Lincoln Gallery for this dinner was dictated not, as MissCrocker suggests, by "a need for a dining room"?since we have given dinners inmany parts of many of our museums?but rather by our desire that this dis-tinguished international group of scholars might have an opportunity to see theNational Collection of Fine Arts. I might add that Mr. Simmons' irresponsibleaccount of the dinner bears no relationship to facts and is scarcely worthy ofcomment by me. I would only say that the guests at the dinner behaved with thedecorum one would expect of such a group and that no damage was done.We hope soon to be able to announce the appointment of a new Director for theNational Collection of Fine Arts and I can assure you, and Miss Crocker, that theman we choose will be devoted to the realization of the goal which I have alwayssought as Secretary of the Smithsonian?the establishment of the NCFA as aleading national center for the appreciation of American art?and that he willreceive my full support in pursuing this goal.Sincerely yours, S. Dillon Ripley,Secretary. 508[The Evening Star, June 18, 1969]Letters to the Editorfine arts gallery misuseSir : I wish to commend Robert H. Simmons for his article "Art : The SocialBehavior of Man and the Beast" which appeared recently in The Sunday Star.On the afternoon of the symposium banquet, I witnessed the conditions in thegallery where the Ronald Kutaj mural hung in close proximity to a steam tableand wooden crates were stacked within inches of the Jean Dewasne and FrancisBacon paintings. I might add that these paintings and the others in the gallerydo not belong to NOFA, but are currently on loan from various museums andprivate collections in Europe. I was not present at the banquet that evening in theLincoln Gallery, but the accounts of other staff members would seem to verifyMr. Simmons' concern for the safety of the collections.William H. Truettner,Associate Curator of Painting and Sculpture, National Collection of FineArts, Smithsonian Institution.Sir : Much damage has already been done ! David Scott is leaving as the Direc-tor of the National Collection of Fine Arts. His was the concept of a great mu-seum, owned by the American government and dedicated to the collection andpreservation of American art. Such a museum should have a place of high honorand prestige, embodying an artistic heritage as well as national spirit which par-ticularly at this time is vital to the re-establishment of a pride in America forAmericans.Instead, Dillon Ripley has eroded the position of a man whose imagination andseriousness of purpose have been an inspiration to many who have worked withhim. The great physical and artistic heart of the National Collection of FineArts, Lincoln Hall, has been degenerated to a convention dining hall wheresmoke, steam and carelessness have imperiled priceless numbers of paintings be-longing to us. The collection and building does belong to the American public,and the presumption of the Secretary of the Smithsonian Institution to use themfor his whims is indeed appalling. Even more distressing is the thought that hemight choose to exclude them entirely from public view.Something must be done. My congratulations to your art critic, Frank Getlein,for attempting to bring the situation to light. Lorraine Carren,Chairman of Documents, National Collection of Fine Arts.Sir : I thoroughly agree with Robert H. Simmons. He told it like it was. I sawthe steam tables, etc., he wrote about, and it was a pretty ghastly and dangerousscene. I saw it because I work there ; yet I feel Simmons was right in everythinghe said. Barbara Dunn.June 20, 1969.To Capt. Hollis Dobson.Re Robert Simmons.Mr. Robert Simmons must not be admitted to any office or service areasduring open hours, and is not to be admitted at any time when the museum isclosed to the public.The room 253 which has he been using as an office is closed to him at all times.(There is no key to this room.) If he has left any personal belongings behind,these will be given to the guard at the main entrance where he can pick them up.If he comes to the building again, please try to get any other keys he may have.'He has already turned in key to room 281.) Smithsonian Institution,June 27, 1969.Hon. Glenard P. Lipscomb,House of Representatives,Washington, B.C.Dear Mr. Lipscomb : Thank you for your letter of June 20th concerning theletter you received from Dr. and Mrs. Roger Palmer of Claremont, California. 509 I have seen a letter that Dr. and Mrs. Palmer wrote to Senator Murphy, whichI assume must be similar to the one you received.It seems clear from the Palmers' letter that the source of their informationabout the dinner held in the Lincoln Gallery on May 16th, and the source oftheir concern, was an article by Robert Simmons that appeared in the WashingtonStar on May 25th. If Mr. Simmons' article were in any way an accurate accountof that dinner, the Palmers would have every reason to be disturbed. I am happyto be able to tell you, and through you the Palmers, that Mr. Simmons' accountin fact bears no relation to what happened at the dinner on May 16th ; indeed,so far as I have been able to discover, Mr. Simmons was not present at thedinner.The facts are as follows : As long ago as January of 1968 it was agreed thatthe installation of paintings and other works of art in the Lincoln Gallery ofthe National Collection of Fine Arts would be of such a temporary and flexiblenature as to permit the use of the gallery for occasional, important ceremonialevents ; in February of 1969 the Director of the NCFA was asked to work with ourBuildings Management Department and our Office of Special Events to make suchpreparations for a banquet on May 16th as would insure the safety of the galleryand the works of art; the banquet on May 16th was held in connection withour Third International Symposium and was attended by a distinguished inter-national group of scientists and scholars ; the banquet was a serious, pleasant,and decorous occasion, unmarred by burned carpets, smashed glass, etc. ; sofar as I am aware, there was no damage to any work of art and no unusual wearand tear on the gallery itself as a result of the banquet. Although Mr. Simmons'irresponsible article has elicited a number of letters, none of these has beenwritten by anyone who attended the banquet and none has specified any allegeddamage to any work of art.In short then the Lincoln Gallery was used on May 16th for an appropriatepurpose that had been contemplated for at least sixteen months, the Directorof the NCFA was given three months in which to make any necessary arrange-ments for safeguarding the works of art under his care, and in fact no damagewas done. I can quite understand the Palmers' concern, and yours, over inac-curate reports of the banquet on May 16th. I appreciate your giving us thisopportunity to comment and I hope that my comments will reassure both youand the Palmers.Sincerely yours, S. Dillon Ripley,Secretary.Strasser, Spiegelberg, Fried & Frank,New York, N.Y., February 11, 1966.Mr. James Bradley,Smithsonian Institution,Washington, B.C.Dear Jim : I enclose herewith two copies of draft of proposed form of agree-ment between Mr. Hirshhorn, the Smithsonian Institution and the Joseph H.Hirshhorn Foundation, prepared along the lines we have discussed. Mr. Hirsh-horn has reviewed the draft, and has authorized me to forward it to you.Mr. Hirshhorn and I are leaving for Europe on Saturday and will be gone mostof next week. I would hope that we can have your comments some time duringthe week of February 21st.Kindest personal regards.Sincerely yours, Sam Harris.Confidential Draft February 9, 1966Agreement dated the day of , 1966 by and between Joseph H.Hirshhorn (hereinafter sometimes referred to as the "Donor") ; the JosephH. Hirshhorn Foundation, Inc., a membership corporation organized under thelaws of the State of New York (hereinafter sometimes referred to as the"Hirshhorn Foundation") ; and The Smithsonian Institution, an establishmentcreated and existing under and by virtue of an Act of Congress of the UnitedStates of America, approved August 10, 1S46 (hereinafter referred to as the"Institution"). 49-484 O - 71 - pt. 1 -- 33 510Whereas, the Donor has for many years been acquiring important paintingsand sculpture, with particular emphasis upon the works of contemporaryartists, and is desirous of encouraging and developing a greater understandingand appreciation of modern art; andWhereas, the Institution believes that the establishment of a sculpture gardenand a museum in Washington, D.C., where modern art could be exhibited andstudied, would enrich the culture of the nation ; andWhereas, the Donor and the Trustees of the Hirshhorn Foundation haveproposed to the President of the United States that the Donor and the HirshhornFoundation donate their collections of art to the Institution for the benefit ofthe people of the United States and the Donor has proposed that he contributeone million dollars to the Institution for the purpose of acquiring additionalworks of art of contemporary artists ; andWhereas, the President of the United States has directed the Secretary of theInstitution to make appropriate arrangements whereby the proposed gift bythe Donor and the Hirshhorn Foundation of their collections of works of artand the Donor's proposed gift of one million dollars to the Institution, may beconsummated ; andWhereas, agreement has now been reached between the Donor, the Institutionand the Hirshhorn Foundation with respect to the terms and conditions uponwhich said gifts will be made by the Donor and the Hirshhorn Foundation, andaccepted by the Institution ; now.Therefore, It is agreed by and between the undersigned as follows:1. The Donor hereby agrees to transfer and deliver the collection of worksof art listed in the inventory attached hereto and marked Exhibit A, and to paythe sum of One Million Dollars ($1,000,000), to the Institution, and the Hirsh-horn Foundation agrees to transfer and deliver to the Institution the collectionof works of art listed in the inventory attached hereto and marked Exhibit B,and the Institution hereby agrees to accept said gifts from the Donor and theHirshhorn Foundation, in trust, however, for the uses and purposes and subjectto the provisions and conditions hereinafter expressed.2. It is a condition of the gifts by the Donor and the Hirshhorn Foundationthat the Congress of the United States shall have enacted, and the Presidentof the United States shall have approved, no later than December 31, 1966, legis-lation to the following effect : (a) The area bounded by Seventh Street, Independence Avenue, Ninth Street,and Madison Drive, Northwest, in the District of Columbia, shall be appropriatedto the Institution as a site for a sculpture garden and museum to be known anddesignated perpetually as the Joseph H. Hirshhorn Museum and SculptureGarden ; (b) The design and construction of said sculpture garden and museum andthe landscaping of said site shall be substantially in accordance with the generalplan and model thereof made by the architect. Gordon Bunshaft and the archi-tectural firm of Skidmore, Owings & Merrill, copies of which are attached heretoand marked Exhibit C ;(c) Funds in an amount sufficient to construct the Joseph H. HirshhornMuseum and Sculpture Garden in accordance with such general plan and modelshall be duly authorized and appropriated :(d) The Joseph H. Hirshhorn Museum and Sculpture Garden at said site shallbe the permanent home of the collections of works of art given by the Donor andthe Hirshhorn Foundation and shall be used exclusively for the storage, exhibi-tion and study of works of art, and for the administration of the affairs, ofthe Joseph H. Hirshhorn Museum and Sculpture Garden ;(e) The faith of the United States shall be pledged that the United Stateswill provide such funds as may be necessary for the upkeep, operation and admin-istration of the Joseph H. Hirshhorn Museum and Sculpture Garden (including,without limitation, the protection and care of all works of art therein) to the endthat said Museum and Sculpture Garden shall at all times be properly main-tained, and the works of art contained therein shall regularly be exhibited withdignity to the general public free of charge ;(f) There shall be established in the Institution a Board of Trustees to beknown as the Trustees of the Joseph H. Hirshhorn Museum and Sculpture Gar-den, which shall provide advice and assistance to the Board of Regents of theInstitution on all matters relating to the administration, operation, maintenanceand preservation of the Joseph H. Hirshhorn Museum and Sculputure Garden, pro-vided, however, that the said Board of Trustees shall have the sole and exclusiveauthority (i) to purchase or otherwise acquire (whether by way of gift, exchange 511 or other means) works of art for the Joseph H. Hirshhorn Museum and SculptureGarden (ii) to determine the method of display of the works of art contained insaid Museum and Sculpture Garden, and (iii) to loan, exchange, sell or otherwisedispose of the said works of art (but in no event shall any sculpture be loaned forperiods longer than 120 days), and provided further that all proceeds from thesale of said works of art shall be used solely for the purpose of acquiring worksof art for the Joseph H. Hirshhorn Museum and Sculpture Garden ; (g) The Board of Trustees of the Joseph H. Hirshhorn Museum and SculptureGarden shall be composed of the Secretary of the Institution, who shall serveas an ex-ofScio member, and eight general members who shall be chosen as fol-lows : The general members first taking office shall be appointed by the Presidentof the United States and shall have terms expiring one each on July 1 of 1967,1968, 1969, 1970, 1971, 1972, 1973 and 1974, as designated by the President. Fourof the general members first taking office shall be appointed from nominationssubmitted by the Donor, and four shall be appointed from nominations submittedby the Board of Regents of the Institution. Successor general members (who maybe appointed from among members whose terms have expired) shall serve for aterm of fourteen years, and shall be chosen by a vote of not less than three-quar-ters of the then acting members of the Board of Trustees ; except that a successorchosen to fill a vacancy occurring prior to the expiration of the term of office ofhis predecessor shall be chosen only for the remainder of such term ; and(h) The Board of Regents of the Institution shall be empowered (i) to appointand fix the compensation and duties of a director of the Joseph H. HirshhornMuseum and Sculpture Garden, which appointment, compensation and dutiesshall not be subject to the Civil Service Law or the Classification Act of 1949,as amended, provided, however, that the first director shall be designated bythe Donor with the consent of the Secretary of the Institution; and (ii) toemploy such other officers and employees as may be necessary for the efficientadministration, operation and maintenance of said Museum and SculptureGarden.3. Immediately following the due enactment of legislation containing provisionssubstantially as set forth in Paragraph 2 hereof, the Donor shall pay the sumof $1,000,000 to the Institution, and title to the collections of works of art listedin Exhibits A and B hereof shall pass to and be vested in the Institution ; pro-vided, however, that pending the completion of the said Museum and SculptureGarden, the said collections of works of art shall remain in the custody of theDonor and The Hirshhorn Foundation, respectively. During such period ofcustody the Donor and the Hirshhorn Foundation will respectively care for thesaid works of art and will keep the same insured in favor of the Institutionagainst loss or damage by fire, theft or burglary, in such amounts and with suchparties as the Donor and the Hirshhorn Foundation in their discretion maydetermine, if and to the extent that such insurance may be obtainable. The Donorshall pay all costs, premiums and other charges incident to such care and insur-ance. Upon the completion of the Joseph H. Hirshhorn Museum and SculptureGarden, said collections shall be delivered to the Institution at the expense of theDonor, and thereafter shall remain under the exclusive control of the In-stitution, subject to the provisions of this agreement.4. The gift of one million dollars by the Donor hereunder shall be used solelyto acquire works of art for the Joseph H. Hirshhorn Museum and SculptureGarden. Pending the use of said funds for such purpose, the Institution mayinvest such funds in such manner as it may determine from time to time, pro-vided that such funds and/or investments, and the income derived therefrom,shall be segregated and maintained as a trust fund for the benefit of the saidMuseum and Sculpture Garden, separate and apart from the other funds andinvestments of the Institution.5. The Institution may accept, hold and administer gifts, bequests or devicesof money, securities, or other property for the benefit of the Joseph H. HirshhornMuseum and Sculpture Garden, provided that no works of art shall be acceptedfor such Museum and Sculpture Garden without the prior consent and approvalof the Trustees of the Joseph H. Hirshhorn Museum and Sculpture Garden.6. The Institution covenants that the said sculpture garden and museum in thearea bounded by Seventh Street, Independence Avenue, Ninth Street, and MadisonDrive, Northwest, in the District of Columbia, shall be known and designatedperpetually as the Joseph H. Hirshhorn Museum and Sculpture Garden to whichthe entire public shall forever have access without charge, subject only to reason-able regulations from time to time established by the Institution. 512 7. In the event that legislation containing provisions substantially as set forthin paragraph 2 hereof is not duly enacted by December 31, I960, this agreementshall be null and void and the proposed gifts by the Donor and The HirshhornFoundation shall not be consummated.In witness whereof, Joseph H. Hirshhorn has caused this Agreement to beexecuted by his hand anu seal ; The Smithsonian Institution, pursuant to aresolution duly adopted by its Board of Regents, has caused this Agreement to besigned and its official seal to be hereunto affixed by its Secretary ; and The JosephH. Hirshhorn Foundation, Inc., pursuant to a resolution duly adopted by itsBoard of Directors has caused this Agreement to be signed and its official sealto be hereunto affixed by its Secretary, all as of the day and year first abovewritten. Joseph H. Hirshhorn,The Smithsonian inbimtution,By - ,Secretary.The Joseph H. Hirshhorn Foundation, Inc.By ,Secretary. Keport of The Ontario Securities Commission on Gunnar Gold Mines, Ltd.This inquiry was instituted as a result of a precipitous drop in the price of theshares of the above Company on the 31st of October, 1934. On that date the sharesopened at a high of $1.43 and in two hours sank to a low of 94 cents with veryheavy trading. In other words, the shrinkage in value of this stock in the publicmarket in these two hours was $1,127,000. It was obvious that an event of thiskind causing so substantial a loss (at least on paper) would result in a con-siderable public outcry. It was stated freely that the debacle was caused by anorganized raid on the stock by bear raiders. It was also attributed to shortselling. It was also charged that insiders had suddenly thrown on the market alarge quantity of vendors' shares. Names were freely bandied about and at leastOne responsioie newspaper published a statement derogatory to the Presidentof the Company, Mr. Gilbert LaBine. As a result of this Mr. LaBine requested theCommission to make an investigation in order that the real facts concerningthe drop in the price of these shares might be determined. This has occupied aconsiderable time and has involved an investigation which has extended farbeyond the downward rush of these shares on that day. It has dealt with prac-tically the whole story of this Company since its incorporation at the beginningof November, 1933.The mining claims owned by the Company were originally staked about theyear 1918. In the month of May, 1933, they were owned by Gunnar Berg andhis associates Walton and Quennell. Mr. Berg's Christian name was chosenas the name for the property. In that month Messrs. Gilbert and Charles LaBine,two well known mining operators, entered into an agreement with Mr. J. H.Hirshhorn, a gentleman with offices in New York and Toronto, to take an optionon the property at the price of $110,000. This option was to be exercised on orbefore the first of November, 1933, and the payments were to continue over aperiod of two years. During the Summer of 1933 they spent the sum of $12,000in exploratory and development work. This money was originally furnishedby Mr. Hirshhorn but the LaBines subsequently paid their share of the ex-pense. Before the expiry of the time for exercising the option, the LaBines andHirshhorn decided as a result of their exploratory work to take up the option.Consequently they entered into negotiations with the owners and as a. resultthe purchase price was reduced to $100,000 and 150,000 shares in the Companyto be formed. This money was paid, the Company "Gunnar Gold Mines Limited"organized and the property transferred to the Company. Of the capital stock,1,500,000 shares were to be issued for the benefit of the Treasury. The remaining1,500,000 shares, commonly called vendors' shares, were divided as follows : onehundred and fifty thousand shares to the owners Berg, Walton and Quennell,the LaBines receiving fifty-five per cent (55%) and Hirshhorn forty-five percent (45%) of the remainder. The number of shares finally allocated to theLaBines was seven hundred and forty-two thousand (742,000) and the numberto Hirshhorn five hundred and ninety-eight thousand (598,000). By agree- 513 ment all the vendors' shares were pooled and were to remain in pool until thetreasury had been financed to the amount of four hundred thousand dollars($400,000).Eight hundred thousand (800,000) shares of treasury stock were then offeredfor sale to the public through several well known and responsible brokeragehouses. They were sold to the public at fifty-five cents (55c) to net the treasuryfifty cents (50c). By the middle of January the 800,000 shares were sold andthe treasury had in cash $400,000. From the point of view of mining financethe proposition was up to this time clean-cut and legitimate. It had an interest-ing prospect for which the promoters had paid a substantial sum of money. Thepublic had financed the treasury at a price which was not unreasonable andthe cost of procuring the financing was moderate, being only ten per cent.To clear the record so far as Gilbert and Charles LaBine are concerned itcan now be stated that they had no connection with, or responsibility for thealleged raid on the stock on October 31st. Throughout the whole promotion ofthe Gunnar Gold Mines Limited I can find nothing to criticize in the conductof Gilbert or Charles LaBine. They did not sell any of their shares on the31st of October, but on the contrary in an effort to support the market, GilbertLaBine and his friends bought 15,000 shares at prices ranging from $1.00 to $1.14.When the pool was broken the LaBines received their share of the vendors'stock. After distributing a considerable quantity of this among their em-ployees and business associates they each had left two hundred and forty-twothousand (242,000) shares. In addition to that they each bought forty thousand(40,000) shares of the treasury issue at fifty cents (50c) per share. The in-vestigation shows that they still have these shares. The LaBines stated thathaving faith in the property they did not sell, and for the same reason they donot propose to sell. It is obvious that if the Company turns out to be a profitableundertaking they will make a substantial fortune. If it is a failure they willlose the money which they have invested in the enterprise.Mr. Hirshhorn, however, had a different view of the situation. Apparentlyhe was not prepared to wait and make his profit out of this mine. It must not beoverlooked that he has substantial sums invested in the development of otherOntario Mining properties. When his 598,000 shares came into his hands free todo with as he pleased he gave away to friends and employees 134,500 shares.Most of these shares, however, were to be held by him and not released forone year. He states that for the most part these were Christmas gifts to presentand former employees and personal friends, but shares given to certain markettraders might indicate that he possibly had in mind his future operations inconnection with this stock.After a long and complicated investigation the evidence is perfectly clearthat starting at the end of January, 1934 and continuing to August of the sameyear, Mr. Hirshhorn was engaged in an operation which can only be describedas the manipulation of this stock ; that as a result of this manipulation he createdan artificial market into which was lured the unsuspecting public, and that thepurpose of the manipulation was the disposal of his own shares at the highestpossible price. The process of manipulation is by buying and selling to create inthe public mind the impression of great activity in the stock. It soon gets abroadthat there is something doing. The public is attracted and joins in the activitiesof the manipulator thereby making it possible for him gradually to force theshares to a point far beyond their real value. This Mr. Hirshhorn succeeded indoing with very great skill, even losing substantial blocks of his own shareson the way up. On July 19th the shares reached a high of $2.50. Mr. Hirshhorn'slast sale was at $2.48, which might be considered a profitable transaction inview of the fact that the shares had cost him originally about eight cents (8c).From the high point the stock began to recede. From time to time the brakeswere applied by further purchases, but Mr. Hirshhorn was able steadily to getrid of further substantial quantities of his shares. The support was graduallybut surely being withdrawn. For instance, during the months of September andOctober he was able to sell 105,000 shares, and, to prevent them from going downgrade too fast, he was required to buy only 22,600 shares, showing a net disposalof stock of 82,400 shares. It is obvious, however, that nearing the end of Octoberhe decided to withdraw all support from the market.With this background it is not difficult to discover what happened on the 31st ofOctober. The drop in the stock was not the result of an organized bear raid,nor was it caused by short selling or the throwing on the market on that dateof a large quantity of vendors' shares. As we have stated before, the LaBines 514did not sell any of their stock on _that date or at any other time. Mr. Hirshhornwas certainly too wise to endeavor to dispose of too much of his stock at onetime. On the 31st of October his total sales were 3,800 shares.Among the members of the Stock Exchange there are a number who engagein what is called "floor trading". These members buy and sell shares throughoutthe day, using their judgment to endeavor to make a profit by coming out aheadon the day's transactions, but concluding their day's operations without havingtaken a position in the stock, or, in the terms of the market, they arrange to be '?flat". These traders had, of course, sensed the fact that Gunnar was beingsupported. An analysis of the trading on the 31st October discloses the curiousfact that the sudden drop in the stock was caused in its initial stages by buyingand not by selling. The day before there had been a recession in the shares ofabout seven cents. The floor traders thought that on the 31st there would besupport to the market which would send the shares up a few points. For thisreason many of them began to buy the shares at the opening. They soon discovered,however, that while shares were being offered for sale no one was bidding forthe stock. They immediately began to feel the market out and found there werepractically no bids. To save themselves from loss they began to sell and theyalso notified their offices that Gunnar was not being supported. The offices inturn called their clients and the clients who had to protect their margins beganto sell. By noon and before the panic was over the stock had reached a low ofninety-four cents (94c). In the afternoon Mr. LaBine entered the market withhis purchase of 15,000 shares which prevented further loss and caused an upwardmovement in the stock.The story of Gunnar Gold illustrates the old game we used to play whenchildren. Someone would throw a brick into the air and shout : "Whatever goes up is bound to come downIf you don't look out you'll be hit on the crown."The main question raised by this Inquiry is whether Hirshhorn is liable toprosecution under the criminal code. After giving the matter very careful con-sideration I have come to the conclusion that Hirshhorn has not committed anycriminal act. The only section of the Code which deals with manipulation is 444which is as follows :"Every one is guilty of an indictable offence and liable to seven years' imprison-ment who conspires with any other person by deceit or falsehood or other fraud-ulent means to defraud the public or any person, ascertained or unascertained, orto affect the public market price of stocks, shares, merchandise, or anything elsepublicly sold, whether such deceit or falsehood or other fraudulent means wouldor would not amount to a false pretence as hereinbefore defined."Manipulation per se is not a crime. It is the consipring with one or morepersons to manipulate which is punishable. Formerly manipulation was ac-complished by wash or fictitious sales between two brokers. In that case itwould not be difficult to find that there was an illegal conspiracy. With the com-plicated mechanism of the modern stock exchange, however, manipulation canbe accomplished in a perfectly legal way. The manipulator can sit in the centreof his operations surrounded by telephones, and by using a three or four wayjitney, as it is called, can buy and sell stocks without brokers who are doingthe buying and selling, knowing that the manipulation is in process. One brokermay know only that a certain party is buying ; another broker may know onlythat a certain is selling. A skillful manipulator can cover his tracks so that thebrokers he uses in the transaction may never have a guilty knowledge of hisoperations and without that guilty knowledge there can be no unlawful con-spiracy.It is obvious, however, that there is a serious defect in our criminal law.Manipulation with intent to deceive the public should be a crime.In the recent case of United States vs. Brown et al (5 F. Supp. 81) decidedNovember 23rd, 1933, the question of manipulation is discussed. As this decisionfollows the leading English cases it would, in my opinion, undoubtedly be heldto be good law in Canada.To indicate why stock manipulation must be suppressed Judge Woolsey states : "When an outsider, a member of the public, reads the price quotations of astock listed on an exchange he is justified in supposing that the quoted price isan appraisal of the value of that stock due to a series of actual sales betweenvarious persons dealing at arm's length in a free and open market on the ex-change and so represents a true chancering of the market value of that stockthereon under the process of attrition due to supply operating against demand. 515 "If, however, the market for the stock listed on an exchange is a manipulatedor controlled market, in which a group of insiders, in order to enable themselvesprofitably to dispose of their holdings, are artifically raising the quoted price ofthe stock on the only market to which any man who wishes to purchase thatstock would inevitably resort, and an outsider buys in that market he obviouslypays more?how much more perhaps cannot be estimated and, in a criminal caseof this kind is not material?than he would have paid in a free and open market,and, hence, is a victim of unfair dealing by the insiders. But he is entitled tofair dealing and should get it. . . . For even a speculator is entitled not to haveany present fact involving the subject matter of his speculative purchase or theprice thereof mis-represented by word or act."The slightest step over the line of absolute fair dealing takes them into a zoneof condemnation by the Courts and the doctrine applicable is the new maxim, ? caveat vendor. "It is obvious that when two or more persons, by a joint effort, raise the priceof a listed stock artifically, they are creating a kind of price mirage which maylure an outsider into the market to his damage."In view of the fact that stock manipulation in Canada has not been an un-common practice, it is inconceivable that the criminal code has not before thisbeen amended so as to make the manipulator who operates without collusionwith others, personally liable.Under the present law the lone wolf may commit any depredation. It is onlywhen he hunts with the pack that he becomes a criminal. The law, however,is clear that conspiracy can be proved by inference from certain facts, andanyone who proposes to engage in manipulative operations may not be successfulin concealing from those whom he employes in the operation a knowledge ofwhat he is doing, and in that case he may be liable to prosecution under section444 of the Code. As this involves an amendment to the criminal code the Provincehas no jurisdiction and it will have to be dealt with by Dominion Legislation.It is to be hoped that the Dominion Parliament as a result of its present re-forming mood may at this session pass the necessary legislation to give thepublic protection, that there may not again be a recurrence of such an operationas this which caused so much damage to the investing public. It has beenestimated that over nine hundred citizens of Canada are holding shares ofGunnar Gold purchased at a price of $1.50 and up and that the loss sustainedby these speculators by reason of manipulation was approximately half amillion dollars.In any new legislation it should be made clear that sponsoring a stock or sup-porting a market at a reasonable price are quite legitimate. It is not difficultto distinguish stock sponsoring and market supporting from manipulation. Infact when a stock is sponsored and supported, manipulation is made extremelydifficult.The legality of market support is recognized in the English case of Sanderson& Levi vs. British Westralian Mines, reported in the London Times of November10, 1898. Lord Justice A. L. Smith in delivering his Judgment in the Court ofAppeal found "that the North Star Gold Mines Ltd., the company whose shareswere dealt in, was in a sound condition and honestly managed, and that theprice at which the pool was to sell the shares thereof to support the market was afare price considering the then current state of the market, and, hence, thatthe public could not in fact be cheated or defrauded. ... I apprehend that aperson may sell his property in a market at what price he likes, supposing he doesnot use fraudulent means to induce others to purchase." John M. Godfrey,Ontario Securities Commissioner. [From the Toronto Daily Star, June 27, 1945]Tries To Export $15,000, Lacks Permit, Fined $3,500Pleading guilty to a charge of unlawfully attempting to export $15,000 inCanadian cash from Canada without a license from the Foreign Exchange Con-trol board, Jo-eph H. Hirshhorn of New York city was Tuesday fined $3500 andcosts by Magistrate Pritchard in police court.Hearing on six charges of selling securities in Canada without a license wasadjourned until July 11 at the request of defence counsel. A charge of deceiving 516 a customs officer was withdrawn because it arose out of the charge to whichaccused pleaded guilty.Crown Prosecutor J. J. Robinette asked that the case proceed summarily. S. A.Hayden represented Hirshhorn. The charge indicated the alleged attempt to ex-port the cash occurred at Malton airport on May 17. 1944.Cpl. Ed McElhone of the R.C.M.P. was at Malton airport when Hirshhornwas going through customs. The officer said he heard the customs officer askaccused if he had any more money with him than when he entered Canada.Accused said he had not, McElhone said. "I intercepted him.*' the R.C.M.P. officer said, "and I asked him to come to aprivate room at the other side of the building. I showed him my credentials andtold him I would search his person and his baggage. He then volunteered theinformation that he had some money with him?about ?15,000. He produced themoney in two bundles, one of ?10.000 in ?100 bills, and one of ?5000 in ?100 bills.""Did he have any explanation ?" "No."McElhone said accused had in his possession a ticket to New York on Ameri-can Airlines. He said he turned the money over to Inspector William McKee ofthe Foreign Exchange Control board. Inspector McKee told court the bills thathad been turned over to him by Cpl. McElhone were issued against two cheques.The inspector said accused told him he had the ?15,000 to pay off a debt inToronto.Hirshhorn took the stand and was asked by Mr. Hayden if a substantial partof his business was in Canada. "Witness replied that most of it was."In connection with those business interests do you have occasion to transferU.S. funds to a Canadian account?" "I do."A record was produced which showed that Hirshhorn had had ?163.500 inU.S. funds transferred to Canada between 1942 and the present. All the money,witness said, was invested in Canadian securities. He told his counsel that thatamount represented only a "very small part" of his Canadian interests.Witness said he was "active" in Canada from 1925 to 1932 and "very active"from 1932 until now "in Canadian mining."He told the court that he was unable to dispose of the ?15,000 before going toNew York and that while he planned to take it with him he intended bringing itback to Toronto where he would settle a debt. He said that at that time he wasnot transferring funds from Toronto to New York. He told Mr. Robinette that hedid not take out of Canada, in Canadian funds, any of the money that came into I anada from the U.S.Mr. Robinette : "I have to urge the seriousness of the offence on your worship.I leave it to your worship whether he be imprisoned, but I do ask strenuouslyfor the maximum fine."Mr. Hayden said there was no evidence to support Mr. Robinette's inferencethat Hirshhorn either intended taking the money out of Canada himself or thatsomeone else take it out.Magistrate Pritchard, passing sentence, said he did not accept accused's evi-dence "for one minute" that he had the money in his pocket and was bringing itback to pay someone in Toronto. .[From the Toronto Daily Star, July 12, 1945]Fined ?5000 ox 3 Breaches of Foreign Exchange RulesFines totalling ?5000 were levied against Joseph Hirshhorn of Xew York,who appeared before Magistrate Pritchard in police court Thursday on sixcharges of selling securities in Canada without a license from the Foreign Ex-change Control board.Represented by S. A. Hayden. with J. J. Robinette as special crown pro-secutor, Hirshhorn pleaded guilty to three of the charges. The other three werewithdrawn.There were two fines of ?2000 and one of ?1000, all with costs. With each of the?2000 fines there was the alternative of one year in jail, and with the ?1000 finethe alternative of six months in jail?the sentences to run concurrently. Mr.Hayden asked for and was granted 24 hours to pay the fines.The first charge involved securities transactions totalling, between March 2.1943, and June 24, 1943. ?62,068.25 ; second charge, between June 29. 1943. andSept. 8, 1943, ?28,277.31 : Third charge, between Sept. 15, 1943, and Feb. S, 1944, 517$46,943.15?totalling $137,288.71. On the first and third accused was fined $2000and on the second $1000.Magistrate Pritchard said the evidence indicated that Hirshhorn was "a sub-stantial man operating a legitimate stock transaction business, and that thecompanies with which he has been associated with are substantial companies."He said the evidence indicated that many of the companies were active miningcompanies at the present time."The court," he went on, "is concerned only with breaches of the Foreign Ex-change Control Board regulations. I can appreciate the difficulties in which ac-cused finds himself as expressed by his counsel. But those difficulties may havearisen in a manner in which the accounts with the various brokerages werekept."William McKee, a Foreign Exchange Control board inspector, said he hadexamined Hirshhorn under oath. Investigations showed, he testifies, that S. R.McKellar and Co. held five accounts of Hyman Goldstein, in trust. Witness saidthat Hirshhorn told him that he owned the accounts. McKee testified that Hirsh-horn, a resident of New York, was a non-resident of Canada.Magistrate Pritchard said he could not, on the evidence, decide whether thetransactions complained of were deliberate or not. He explained that on eachof the charges accused was liable to a fine of $5000 and 12 months imprisonment."I do not think it is a case for application of the maximum penalty on thosecharges," the bench declared.Mr. Robinette, in asking for the maximum penalty, said: "If one were to lookat the records alone, everything appeared fine. But when you are told thatH. Goldstein is holding the accounts in trust for a non-resident, the immediateviolation appears." This "scheme," he argued, was intended to prevent the For-eign Exchange Control board from seeing that a permit was necessary."The amounts involved are substantial," he stated. "The order-in-council saysthat no non-resident shall, without a permit from the board, sell to anyone inCanada. It is there for a purpose."At the opening of the hearing, Mr. Robinette said that under the order it wasan offence for a non-resident, without a permit from the board, to sell anysecurities in Canada?or to sell any securities for delivery in Canada.Mr. Hayden asked Inspector McKee if the $137,000 figure related to all thesales in the various accounts. Witnesses said it did."You have said that those sales were to residents and without a permit? Didyou know that in some cases in the securities detailed in the accounts there wereboard permits issued to the vendor?"Witness said he did not know that. There were not permits in connectionwith the $137,000 figure under investigation, he declared. [From Time magazine, Dec. 4, 1950]High Finance?Uranium Strike?On sale in Wall Street last week was an over-the-counter stock with an im-pressive name: American-Canadian Uranium Co., Ltd. Even more impressivewere the company's top officials. The president was white-haired, handsome PaulV. McNutt who, as War Manpower Commissioner and High Commissioner to thePhilippines, was a king in the New Deal deck. Vice President was Josiah MarvelJr., onetime Ambassador to Denmark and recently appointed by President Tru-man to the International Claims Commission. McNutt, Marvel & Co. hoped to sell500,000 shares of American-Canadian stock at $3.50 apiece (par value: 10^).But New York State's Attorney General Nathaniel Goldstein looked behind thisimpressive front to see if the state's security laws were being violated. What hefound caused him to run up a danger signal for would-be investors. Two of thecompany's chief stockholders and promoters, said Goldstein, had police records.One was Maurice E. Young, who was convicted and jailed 20 years ago in Canadafor stock manipulation. The other was Joseph H. Hirshhorn, twice convicted andfined "for violating the foreign-exchange laws of Canada."Young and Hirshhorn, Goldstein said, had come into the McNutt company byvirtue of a deal with a Canadian company called Pax Athabasca UraniumMines. Ltd. which Young and Hirshhorn control. Last summer they swapped thecompany's Saskatchewan land claims for 1,800,000 shares of American-Canadian.News of the swap, said Goldstein, had sent Pax Athabasca's stock soaring 34 O - 71 - pt. 1 518(recent price : $28 v. 50 in 1949). Counting the shares in American-Canadian Uran-ium held by Pax Athabasca, said Goldstein, insiders owned 83% of Ameri-can-Canadian's stock. All told, they had put up $1)0,000, or an average of lessthan 40 a share.To market American-Canadian's stock, a new company called First Interna-tional Securities CO., Inc. had been set up. On an investment of only $10,000, saidGoldstein. First International Securities stood to make a $250,000 commissionif all the stock was sold.Goldstein granted that American-Canadian had called its stock a "speculation'in its registration statement filed with the Securities & Exchange Commission.Said he : "It is certainly a speculation?on the public's part only. If an im-portant strike were made the insiders could cream off 83% while the publicwas getting 17%."Agreement Between Joseph H. Hirsiihorn, the Joseph I. Hirshhorn Founda-tion, Inc., and the Smithsonian Institution, May 17, 1966Agreement dated the 17th day of May, 1966 by and between Joseph H. Hirshhorn(hereinafter sometimes referred to as the "Donor") ; The Joseph H. HirshhornFoundation, Inc., a membership corporation organized under the laws of theState of New York (hereinafter sometimes referred to as the "HirshhornFoundation") ; and The Smithsonian Institution, an establishment createdand existing under and by virtue of an Act of the Congress of the United Statesof America, approved August 10, 1846 (hereinafter referred to as the "Institu-tion").Whereas, the Donor has for many years been acquiring important paintingsand sculpture, with particular emphasis upon the works of contemporary Ameri-can artists, and is desirous of encouraging and developing a greater understand-ing and appreciation of modern art ; andWhereas, the President of the United States and the Institution believe thatthe establishment of a sculpture garden and a museum in Washington, D.C.,where modern art could be exhibited and studied, would enrich the culture of thenation ; andWhereas, the Donor and the Trustees of the Hirshhorn Foundation have pro-posed to the President of the United States that the Donor and the HirshhornFoundation donate their collections of art to the Institution for the benefit ofthe people of the United States and the Donor has proposed to the Presidentthat the Donor contribute One Million Dollars ($1,000,000) to the Institution forthe purpose of acquiring additional works of art of contemporary artists ; andWhereas, the President of the United States has directed the Secretary of theInstitute to make appropriate arrangements whereby the proposed gifts bythe Donor and the Hirshhorn Foundation of their collections of works of artand the Donor's proposed gift of One Million Dollars to the Institution, maybe consummated ; andWhereas, agreement has now been reached between the Donor, the Institutionand the Hirshhorn Foundation with respect to the terms and conditions uponwhich said gifts will be made by the Donor and the Hirshhorn Foundation, andaccepted by the Institution ;Now, therefore, it is agreed by and between the undersigned as follows : First. The Donor hereby agrees to transfer and deliver the collection of worksof art listed in the inventory attached hereto and marked Exhibits A and A-l,and to pay the sum of One Million Dollars ($1,000,000), to the Institution, andthe Hirshhorn Foundation agrees to transfer and deliver to the Institution thecollection of works of art listed in the inventory attached hereto and markedExhibits B and B-l, and the Institution hereby agrees to accept said gifts fromthe Donor and the Hirshhorn Foundation, in trust, however, for the uses andpurposes and subject to the provisions and conditions hereinafter expressed.Second. It is a condition of the gifts by the Donor and The Hirshhorn Foun-dation :A. That the Congress of the United States shall have enacted, and the Pres-ident of the United States shall have approved, no later than ten days after theclose of the 90th Congress, legislation to the following effect : (1) The area bounded by Seventh Street, Independence Avenue, NinthStreet and Madison Drive, in the District of Columbia, shall be appropriatedto the Institution as the permanent site of a museum and sculpture gardento be used exclusively for the exhibition of works of art. 519(2) The Board of Regents of the Institution shall be duly authorized toremove any existing structure, to prepare architectural and engineeringdesigns, plans and specifications, and to construct a suitable museum andsculpture garden for the use of the Institution within the area designatedin Subparagraph "(1)" hereof.(3) The museum and sculpture garden hereinbefore provided for shall bedesignated and known in perpetuity as the Joseph H. Hirshhorn Museum andSculpture Garden, and shall be a free public museum and sculpture gardenunder the administration of the Board of Regents of the Institution.(4) The faith of the United States shall be pledged that the United Statesshall provide such funds as may be necessary for the upkeep, operation andadministration of the Joseph H. Hirshhorn Museum and Sculpture Garden.(5} The Joseph H. Hirshhorn Museum and Sculpture Garden shall be thepermanent home of the collections of art of Joseph H. Hirshhorn and TheJoseph H. Hirshhorn Foundation, and shall be used exclusively for the stor-age, exhibition and study of works of art, and for the administration of theaffairs of The Joseph H. Hirshhorn Museum and Sculpture Garden.(6) There shall be established in the Institution a Board of Trustees to beknown as the Board of Trustees of the Joseph H. Hirshhorn Museum andSculpture Garden, which shall provide advice and assistance to the Board ofRegents of the Institution on all matters relating to the administration op-eration, maintenance and preservation of the Joseph H. Hirshhorn Museumand Sculpture Garden; and which shall have the sole authority (a) to pur-chase or otherwise acquire (whether by gift, exchange or other means)works of art for the Joseph H. Hirshhorn Museum and Sculpture Garden ; (b) to loan, exchange, sell or otherwise dispose of said works of art; and(c) to determine policy as to the method of display of the works of artcontained in the Joseph H. Hirshhorn Museum and Sculpture Garden.(7) The Board of Trustees of the Joseph H. Hirshhorn Museum and Sculp-ture Garden shall be composed of ten members as follows: (a) The ChiefJustice of the United States and the Secretary of the Institution, who shallserve as ex-offlcio members and (b) eight general members to be initiallyappointed by the President, four of whom shall be appointed from amongnominations submitted by Joseph H. Hirshhorn and four of whom shall beappointed from among nominations submitted by the Board of Regents ofthe Institution. The general members so appointed by the President shallhave terms expiring one each on July 1, 1968, 1969, 1970, 1971, 1972, 1973,1974, and 1975, as designated by the President. Successor general members(who may be elected from among members whose terms have expired) shallserve for a term of six years, except that a successor chosen to fill a vacancyoccurring prior to the expiration of the term of office of his predecessor, shallbe chosen only for the remainder of such term. Vacancies occurring amonggeneral members of the Board of Trustees of the Joseph H. HirshhornMuseum and Sculpture Garden shall be filled by a vote of not less thanfour-fifths of the then acting members of the Board of Trustees.(8) The Board of Regents of the Institution may appoint and fix thecompensation and duties of a director and, subject to his supervision, anadministrator and two curators of the Joseph H. Hirshhorn Museum andSculpture Garden, none of whose appointment, compensation or duties shallbe subject to the civil service laws or the Classification Act of 1949, asamended. The Board of Regents may employ such other officers and em-ployees as may be necessary for the efficient administration, operation andmaintenance of the Joseph H. Hirshhorn Museum and Sculpture Garden.(9) There shall be authorized to be appropriated, and there shall be ap-propriated, such sums as may be necessary to carry out the purposes of suchlegislation, including all sums necessary for planning and constructing theJoseph H. Hirshhorn Museum and Sculpture Garden.B. That the said Joseph H. Hirshhorn Museum and Sculpture Gardenshall have been constructed and completed in accordance with the provisionsof this Agreement.Third. Upon receipt of appropriate authorization from the Congress and theappropriation of funds as provided in Paragraph Second hereof, the Institutionshall, with all due dispatch, construct the Joseph H. Hirshhorn Museum andSculpture Garden on the site described in Subparagraph A(l) of ParagraphSecond hereof, and landscape said site, in accordance with plans to be preparedby a firm of architects jointly chosen by the Donor and the Secretary of the 520 Institution, which plans shall have been specifically approved by both the Donorand the Secretary of the Institution.Fourth. Immediately following the construction and completion of the saidmuseum and sculpture garden as tierein provided, and the taking of such othersteps as counsel for the Donor and counsel for the Institution shall deem neces-sary to give effect to the gifts contemplated hereunder, the Donor shall payi he sum of One Million Dollars ($1,000,000) to the Institution and title to thecollections of the works of art listed in Exhibits A and A-l and Exhibits Band B-l shall pass to and be vested in the Institution, and such collectionsshall be delivered to the Institution at the expense of the Donor and theJoseph H. Hirshhorn Foundation, respectively, and thereafter shall remainunder the exclusive control of the Institution, subject to the provisions of thisAgreement.During the period between the date of this Agreement and the time whentitle to said collections of art shall pass to and be vested in the Institution,or when this Agreement shall terminate, whichever shall be earlier, theDonor and the Hirshhorn Foundation shall respectively care for the said worksof art and shall keep the same insured against loss or damage by fire, theftor burglary, in such amounts and with such parties as the Donor and theHirshhorn Foundation in their discretion may determine, if and to the extentthat such insurance may be obtainable ; it being understood, however, thatin no event nor under any circumstances, shall the Donor or the HirshhornFoundation be liable for any loss or damage to any of the works of art, how-ever caused, which is not compensated for by such insurance. The Donor andthe Hirshhorn Foundation shall respectively pay all costs, premiums, and othercharges incidental to such care and insurance.Fifth. The gift of One Million Dollars by the Donor hereunder shall be usedsolely to acquire works of art for the Joseph H. Hirshhorn Museum andSculpture Garden. Pending the use of said funds for such purpose, the In-stitution may invest such funds in such manner as it may determine fromtime to time, provided that such funds and/or investments, and the incomederived therefrom, shall be segregated and maintained as a trust fund forthe benefit of the said Museum and Sculpture Garden, separate and apartfrom the other funds and investments of the Institution.Sixth. The Institution may accept, hold and administer gifts, bequests ordevises of money, securities, or other property for the benefit of the Joseph H.Hirshhorn Museum and Sculpture Garden, provided that no works of artshall be accepted for such Museum and Sculpture Garden without the priorconsent and approval of the Board of Trustees of the Joseph H. HirshhornMuse uni and Sculpture Garden.Seventh. The Institution covenants and agrees that : A. It will, at all times, properly maintain the Joseph H. HirshhornMuseum and Sculpture Garden, protect and care for all works of arttherein, and regularly exhibit works of art contained therein with dignityto the general public free of charge.B. In no event shall any sculpture of the Joseph H. Hirshhorn Museumand Sculpture Garden be loaned for periods longer than three hundredsixty (360) days.C. The funds received from the sale of works of art of the Joseph H.Hirshhorn Museum and Sculpture Garden shall be used solely for thepurpose of acquiring works of art for said Museum and Sculpture Garden.Pending the use of said funds for such purpose, the Institution may investsuch funds in such manner as it may determine from time to time,provided that such funds and/or investments, and the income derivedtherefrom, shall be segregated and maintained as a trust fund for thebenefit of the said Museum and Sculpture Garden, separate and apart fromthe other funds and investments of the Institution.D. The first director of the Joseph H. Hirshhorn Museum and SculptureGarden shall be designated by the Donor with the consent of the Secretaryof the Institution.E. The said sculpture garden and museum in the area bounded bySeventh Street, Independence Avenue, Ninth Street, and Madison Drive,in the District of Columbia, shall be known and designated in perpetuityas the Joseph H. Hirshhorn Museum and Sculpture Garden to whichthe entire public shall forever have access without charge, subject onlyto reasonable regulations from time to time established by the Institution. 521Eighth. Anything herein contained to the contrary notwithstanding, from andafter the date of this Agreement and until title to the collections of works of artshall pass to and be vested in the Institution, (a) the Donor may transfer any ofthe works of art listed in Exhibits A or A-l to the Hirshhorn Foundation, and allworks of art thus transferred shall remain subject to this agreement as if origi-nally listed in Exhibits B or B-l instead of Exhibits A or A-l hereto; and (b)the Donor and the Hirshhorn Foundation may loan or sell (for such considera-tion as the Donor or the Hirshhorn Foundation, as the case may be, shall in hisor its sole discretion deem appropriate) any of the works of art listed respectivelyin Exhibits A, A-l, B and B-l hereto and may also exchange the same for otherworks of art. No loan of such works of art shall be made for a period in excessof 180 days. The Donor and the Hirshhorn Foundation respectively may investand reinvest the net proceeds arising from any such sale of his or its works ofart by acquiring additional works of art and/or purchasing obligations of theUnited States Government. All works of art so acquired by purchase or exchangeshall become subject to the terms of this Agreement as if originally listed inExhibits A, A-l, B or B-l in the place and stead of the works of art sold or ex-changed as aforesaid. After title to the collections of works of art shall pass toand be vested in the Institution, any obligations of the United States Govern-ment acquired as aforesaid and the balance, if any, of net proceeds not used forthe acquisition of works of art or obligations of the United States Governmentshall be transferred and paid over to the Institution to be used solely for the pur-pose of acquiring works of art for the Joseph H. Hirshhorn Museum and Sculp-ture Garden, and pending such use, such funds and obligations shall be adminis-tered as provided in Paragraph Fifth hereof. Any insurance proceeds realizedunder policies carried by the Donor and the Hirshhorn Foundation in accordancewith the provisions of Paragraph Fourth hereof shall be treated in the samemanner as net proceeds arising from the sale of the works of art of the Donorand the Hirshhorn Foundation as provided in this Paragraph Eighth.Ninth. In the event that legislation containing provisions substantially as setforth in Paragraph Second hereof is not duly enacted by the Congress of theUnited States and duly approved by the President no later than ten (10) daysafter the close of the 90th Congress, or in the event that said Museum and Sculp-ture Garden shall not have been constructed and completed as provided in Para-graph Third hereof within five years after such legislation shall have been enactedand approved, this Agreement shall be null and void and the proposed gifts bythe Donor and the Hirshhorn Foundation shall not be consummated.Tenth. This Agreement shall be binding upon the heirs, executors and admin-istrators of the Donor.In witness whereof, Joseph H. Hirshhorn has caused this Agreement to be execu-ted by his hand and seal ; The Smithsonian Institution, pursuant to a resolutionduly adopted by its Board of Regents, has caused this Agreement to be signedand its official seal to be hereunto affixed by its Secretary ; and The Joseph H.Hirshhorn Foundation, Inc., pursuant to a resolution duly adopted by its Boardof Directors, has caused this Agreement to be signed and its official seal to behereunto affixed by its Secretary, all as of the day and year first above written.s/ Joseph H. Hirshhorn.The Smithsonian Institution,[seal] By s/ S. Dillon Ripley, Secretary.The Joseph H. Hirshhorn.Foundation, Inc.,[seal] By s/ Sam Harris, Secretary.Public Law 89-788, 89th Congress, S. 3389, November 7, 1966AN ACT To provide for the establishment of the Joseph H. Hirshhorn Museum andSculpture Garden, and for other purposesBe it enacted by the Senate and House of Representatives of the United Statesof America in Congress assembled, That ? Section 1. (a) The area bounded by Seventh Street, Independence Avenue,Ninth Street, and Jefferson Drive, in the District of Columbia, is hereby ap-propriated to the Smithsonian Institution as the permanent site of a museumand the area bounded by Seventh Street, Jefferson Drive, Ninth Street, andMadison Drive, in the District of Columbia is hereby made available to theSmithsonian Institution as the permanent site of a sculpture garden, both areasto be used for the exhibition of works of art. 522(b) The Board of Regents of the Smithsonian Institution is authorized toremove any existing structure, to prepare architectural and engineering designs,plans, and specifications, and to construct a suitable museum within said arealying south of Jefferson Drive and to provide a sculpture garden for the use ofthe Smithsonian Institution within the areas designated in section 1(a) of thisAct.Seo. 2. (a) The museum and sculpture garden provided for by this Act shallbe designated and known in perpetuity as the Joseph H. Hirshhorn Museumand Sculpture Garden, and shall be a free public museum and sculpture gardenunder the administration of the Board of Regents of the Smithsonian Institution.In administering the sculpture garden the Board shall cooperate with the Secre-tary of Interior so that the development and use of the Garden is consistentwith the open-space concept of the Mall, for which the Secretary of Interior isresponsible, and with related development regarding underground garages andstreet development.(b) The faith of the United States is pledged that the United States shallprovide such funds as may be necessary for the upkeep, operation, and admin-istration of the Joseph H. Hirshhorn Museum and Sculpture Garden.(c) The Joseph H. Hirshhorn Museum and Sculpture Garden shall be thepermanent home of the collections of art of Joseph H. Hirshhorn and theJoseph H. Hirshhorn Foundation, and shall be used for the storage, exhibition,and study of works of art, and for the administration of the affairs of theJoseph H. Hirshhorn Museum and Sculpture Garden.Sec. 3. (a) There is established in the Smithsonian Institution a Board ofTrustees to be known as the Trustees of the Joseph H. Hirshhorn Museum andSculpture Garden, which shall provide advice and assistance to the Board ofRegents of the Smithsonian Institution on all matters relating to the administra-tion, operation, maintenance, and preservation of the Joseph H. Hirshhorn Mu-seum and Sculpture Garden; and which shall have the sole authority (i) topurchase or otherwise acquire (whether by gift, exchange, or other means)works of art for the Joseph H. Hirshhorn Museum and Sculpture Garden, (ii)to loan, exchange, sell, or otherwise dispose of said works of art, and (iii) todetermine policy as to the method of display of the works of art contained insaid museum and sculpture garden.(It) The Board of Trustees shall be composed of the Chief Justice of theUnited States and the Secretary of the Smithsonian Institution, who shall serveas ex officio members, and eight general members to be appointed as follows:Four of the general members first taking office shall be appointed by the Presi-dent, of the United States from among nominations submitted by Joseph H.Hirshhorn and four shall be appointed by the President from among nomina-tions submitted by the Board of Regents of the Smithsonian Institution. Thegeneral members so appointed by the President shall have terms expiring oneeach on July 1, 1968, 1969, 1970, 1971, 1972, 1973, 1974, and 1975, as designatedby the President. Successor general members (who may be elected from amongmembers whose terms have expired) shall serve for a term of six years, exceptthat a successor chosen to fill a vacancy occurring prior to the expiration of theterm of office of his predecessor shall be chosen only for the remainder of suchterm. Vacancies occurring among general members of the Board of Trustees ofthe Joseph H. Hirshhorn Museum and Sculpture Garden shall be filled by a voteof not less than four-fifths of the then acting members of the Board of Trustees.Sec. 4. The Board of Regents of the Smithsonian Institution may appoint andfix the compensation and duties of a director and, subject to his supervision, anadministrator and two curators of the Joseph H. Hirshhorn Museum and Sculp-ture Garden, none of whose appointment, compensation, or duties shall be subjectto the civil service laws or the Classification Act of 1949, as amended. The Board<>f Regents may employ such other officers and employees as may be necessary forthe efficient administration, operation, and maintenance of the Joseph H. Hirsh-horn Museum and Sculpture Garden.Sec. 5. There is authorized to be appropriated not to exceed $15,000,000 for theplanning and construction of the Joseph H. Hirshhorn Museum and SculptureGarden, and such additional sums as may be necessary for the maintenance andoperation of such museum and sculpture garden.Approved November 7. 1966.Legislative history : 1966.House Report No. 2222 (Comm. on Public Works) . 523 'Senate reports: No. 1538 (Comm. on Public Works) and No. 1583 (Comm. onRules and Administration) . Congressional Record, Vol. 112 (1966) : Sept. 1: Considered and passed Sen-ate.?No rollcall. Oct. 17 : Considered and passed House.?No rollcall. Subcommittee on Appropriations, U.S. House of Representatives From Hear-ings on Department of the Interior and Related Agencies Appropriationsfor 1971, Vol. 4Mr. Hansen. I want a legal opinion on [expending Federal funds on the Hirsh-horn collection], and if you are not prepared to give it at this time, I want youto have your General Counsel start work on it immediately so that it can beincluded in this record. The question has been raised as to the legality of expend-ing Federal funds on the Hirshhorn art objects before they actually became theproperty of the United States.If I recall the agreement correctly, title to the art collection would not be trans-ferred to the United States until construction of the museum to house it had beencompleted.Dr. Ripley. Yes ; it will be provided.(The information follows :)Use of Federal Funds in Preparing Works of Art for the Opening of theJoseph H. Hirshhorn Museum and Sculpture GardenPublic Law 89-788, 20 United States Code, sections 76aa-ee, established theJoseph H. Hirshhorn Museum and Sculpture Garden, effective November 7, 1966,under the basic authority of the Board of Regents for "the increase anddiffusion of knowledge among men." 20 United States Code, sections 41, 42. Appro-priations were specifically authorized for the operation of the museum, and theRegents were empowered to employ a director, an administrator, and two cu-rators for the "efficient administration" of the museum. 20 United States Code,sections 76dd, 76ee.Contemporaneously with the passage of Public Law 89-788, and pursuant tothis express congressional mandate to open and operate the museum, the Smith-sonian submitted to the Bureau of the Budget a request for the first incrementof funds for the 5-year program necessary to staff the museum and prepare forthe opening. These funds, as well as those requested and appropriated for fiscalyears 1969 and 1970, were clearly identified in the budget submissions to theAppropriations Committees, specifying the purposes, including cataloguing, re-search, and the selection, conservation, and restoration of about one-sixth of thecollection for the initial opening to the public.This interpretation and implementation of the requirements of Public Law89-788 has been accepted by the Smithsonian from the outset and has been con-sistently reaffirmed by the Congress in the 3 years following the passage of theact. Any other course of action would have required a finding that Congressintended the museum building, constructed at public expense, to remain closedto the public for as much as 5 years after its completion. Such a view is withoutany support whatever in the language of the act or in its legislative history.On the narrower question of the legality of expending appropriated fundsfor preparing for exhibit a portion of the collection before legal title theretois fully vested in the Smithsonian, such expenditures are proper where they"reasonably appear to be incident to and essential in the accomplishment ofthe authorized purposes of the appropriation." 42 Comp. Gen. 480 (1963) atp. 485; See also 46 Comp. Gen. 25 (1966). Clearly the preparation of the worksof art is essential to the opening of the museum to the public. A case in point isthe opening of the National Gallery or Art, where, during construction of thebuilding and prior to the transfer of the Mellon collection to the Smithsonian in1941, appropriations were authorized and expended for these same purposes in1939 and 1940.In summary, there is no legal bar to the appropriation and expenditure offunds for the expeditious opening and operating of the Hirshhorn Museum andSculpture Garden, including the preparation of selected works of art for exhibi-tion.22 April 1970. Peter G. Powers,General Counsel, Smithsonian Institution. 524OWNERSHIP OF THE HIRSHHORN COLLECTIONNow, as to who owns the collection, the collection is owned by Mr. Hirshhorn,subject to certain conditions when he gave it. He has the title, but it is as if ahouse had a mortgage on it. There is a very substantial lien on his collection infavor of the Smithsonian Institution. Mr. Hirshhorn offered the collection. ThePresident of the United States accepted the collection, both agreeing to certainconditions. The conditions were in a very few words that we produce a museumbuilding in Washington to house it. But there were a lot of other conditionsand we have met everyone of them. We have one more to meet, namely construc-tion, and now thanks to this committee in no small part, we are about to meetthe last one. The museum is under contract. The museum is under construction.Mr. Hirshhorn at the last minute made that possible.We have a letter dated March 23, 1970, that we would like very much to intro-duce in the record wherein Mr. Hirshhorn gave the last $1 million, in order tomake it possible to sign a construction contract after the General AccountingOffice found that it was possible to admit, under the rules of the General ServicesAdministration, an error of three-quarters of a million dollars in the low bid.(The letter follows:) March 23, 1970.Hon. S. Dillon Ripley,Secretary, the Smithsonian Institution,Washington, B.C.Dear Mr. Secretary : We refer to your letter of March 9, 1970, in which yourequest, on behalf of the Smithsonian Institution, that the agreement betweenit, Joseph H. Hirshhorn and the Joseph H. Hirshhorn Foundation, Inc., datedMay 17, 1966, be modified so as to permit the $1 million cash gift which was tobe used as an art acquisition fund to be used instead, to the extent necessary,to meet costs of completing the building.The proposal as set forth in your letter of March 9, 1970, is acceptable to theundersigned ; and the above-mentioned agreement of May 17, 1966, shall bedeemed amended accordingly.Under the agreed amendment to the basic agreement of May 17, 1966, theJoseph H. Hirshhorn Museum and Sculpture Garden will no longer begin itsoperations with an art acquisition fund of $1 million. The purpose of that fundwas to augment the collection as described in the inventory of works of artwhich was set forth in the agreement of May 17, 1966. It is our hope that thispurpose may be served by the contribution of additional works of art and tothat end we wish to inform you of our intention to transfer to the Joseph H.Hirshhorn Museum and Sculpture Garden, upon its construction and completionadditional works of art having a total value of approximately $1 million.We appreciate that the Institution has been doing its utmost to meet theletter and spirit of our agreement and we are pleased to cooperate in a kindredmanner to bring the project to fruition.Sincerely yours, The Joseph H. Hirshhorn Foundation, Inc.Joseph H. Hirshhorn.By Sam Harris, Secretary. Memorandum June 27, 1967.Re Joseph H. Hirshhorn Museum.To : Mr. Bradley.From : S. Dillon Ripley.I suggested to Mr. Hirshhorn that we stage something of a rear echelon forhim in fiscal '68. He needs ;(a) a clerk of some sort here (for Lerner), help in carding, indexing, etc.(b) warehouse space.This is an aftermath of the Rickey affair. I believe we must create a formalentity here in Washington to backstop Lerner.Perhaps McClelland could be detailed part-time to supervise this office?S.D.R. 525[From the Washington Evening Star, May 9, 1969]Scott Quitting as Chief of Fine Arts Collection ( By Frank Getlein ) Dr. David W. Scott has resigned as director of the National Collection of FineArts.At a meeting this morning, Scott told his staff he would leave as of May 31.The NCFA has just finished celebrating its first year in the refurbished OldPatent Office Building, a mid-19th century architectural monument once slatedfor destruction last night, the NCFA opened a retrospective exhibition of theart of Yasuo Kuniyoshi, the latest in a series of shows of 20th century Americanmasters.Scott gave his staff no reason for his resignation and was not available forcomment later in the day.It is believed that profound differences between the director and S. DillonRipley, secretary of the Smithsonian Institution, on the future of NCFA withinthe Smithsonian may lie behind the resignation.On Monday afternoon, at an executive meeting of the Art Commission of theSmithsonian, Ripley told the seven members present that Scott would soontake a sabbatical year's leave of absence and would not be coming back. He saidthat he and Scott were "two strong personalities" who were unable to worktogether.The fact that Scott is not taking a sabbatical leave but resigning immediatelyunderlines the differences between the two men. According to long rumor withinthe Washington art community those differences are epitomized in a deep dis-agreement over the future of NCFA employe Donald R. McClelland, once in chargeof the NCFA's art for the White House offices program and now virtually unem-ployed but still on the payroll. McClelland is reported to be Ripley's choice asassistant director for NCFA and eventual director.Earlier this year McClelland announced he had left the White House programand was to become director of the new Renwick Gallery, housed in the old Courtof Claims Building next to' Blair House on Pennsylvania Avenue. Then PresidentLyndon B. Johnson gave the building to NCFA. Scott developed a plan fora museum of American handicrafts to be viewed by visiting heads of state andother dignitaries, who are often lodged at Blair House. The museum is also to beopen to the public. Smithsonian Institution,Washington, D.C.Selection of Gordon Bunshaft as architect and Abram Lerner as Director ofthe Joseph H. Hirshhorn Museum and Sculpture Garden has been announcedby S. Dillon Ripley, Secretary of the Smithsonian Institution, which willadminister the newly established unitMr. Bunshaft, 57, a partner in the New York-based firm of Skidmore, Owings& Merrill, has designed a number of significant buildings, including the LyndonBaines Johnson Library which will rise on the University of Texas campusin Austin.Among the 11 completed buildings of which he has been in charge of designare the Lincoln Center Library and the Lever House in New York ; the BeineckeRare Book and Manuscript Library at Yale University ; the Reynolds MetalsCompany in Richmond, Virginia ; and Banque Lambert in Brussels, Belgium.Born in Buffalo, New York, and educated at the Massachusetts Institute ofTechnology, Bunshaft is a member of the Commission of Fine Arts in the nation'scapital.The selection of Mr. Bunshaft was made jointly by the Smithsonian andJoseph H. Hirshhorn, who donated his $25,000,000 art collection to the UnitedStates in May 1966. When completed, perhaps by 1970, the Museum andSculpture Garden which bears Mr. Hirshhorn's name will be situated on theWashington Mall.Mr. Lerner, 53, has for the past 10 years served as curator of the HirshhornCollection and was charged with the awesome task of cataloging the 4000 paintingsand 1500 pieces of sculpture that comprised the most valuable collection of itskind in private hands. In announcing Lerner's appointment, Secretary Ripleysaid: 526 "That the Hirshhorn Collection is a monument to contemporary Americanart and a unique dossier of European moderns is, in large measure, a trihuteto Abram Lerner who influenced its growth and continuity."The native New Yorker holds a B.A. degree in art history and educationfrom New York University. He also had five years of subsequent study invarious art schools in the City.Lerner was among those who advocated that the Collection be turned overto the U.S. and located in Washington, D.C. Said Lerner: "The new Museumwill give the Nation's Capital a fresh look at 20th century American art andfocus its attention on recent developments here and abroad. In addition, theMuseum will house an unequaled survey of sculpture from the middle of the 19thcentury to the present."The Hirshhorn Museum and Sculpture Garden will embrace many of thethings other Washington galleries have been trying to put together, and, asLerner emphasized, "it will complement and add new perspectives to the fine col-lections that already exist in the National Capital."As Director, Lerner envisions a program of rotating exhibitions from thepermanent collections, special exhibitions reflecting current trends in paintingand sculpture in the United States and Europe, and an active educational pro-gram directed towards meeting the enormous new public interest in the visualarts.Mr. Lerner also expects that the new Museum will become an important centerof modern sculpture with international exhibitions in this medium held atregular intervals.In November President Johnson, who was instrumental in Mr. Hirshhorn'sdecision, signed the act to establish the Museum and Sculpture Garden and anauthorization of up to $15,000,000 to be appropriated for planning and construe-tion. The new Museum also carries with it a $1,000,000 contribution from Hirsh-horn for the purchase of additional works of art.January 26, 1967. [From the Washington Post, Apr. 11, 1970]The Washington Merry-Go-Round?Mall Memorial to Hirshhorn Probed(By Jack Anderson)Both Congress and the White House are quietly investigating how the Hirsh-horn Museum, a doughnut-shaped edifice intended to immortalize a stock manipu-lator and convicted money smuggler, happened to be accorded an honored spoton Washington's historic mall.Now under construction, the Hirshhorn Doughnut will soon take its placebeside the Washington Mounment and Lincoln Memorial.Rep. Frank Thompson (D-X.J.), chairman of the House Library and Me-morials subcommittee, is checking into the curious background of Joseph E.Hirshhorn, now 70, who demanded and got a memorial to himself in the sameneighborhood as those honoring George Washington and Abraham Lincoln.At the same time, presidential trouble-shooter Clark Mollenhoff is conductinga separate investigation into the tax aspects of Hirshhorn's $25 million art col-lection, which is supposed to be deposited in the Hirshhorn Doughnut.The bantamweight, Latvian-born Hirshhorn immigrated to Brooklyn's turn-of-the-century ghetto and launched into a shady financial career before he waswhiskered. sleazy dealingHe made several fortunes on the curb market before the Securities and Ex-change Commission hampered this sort of dealing. Then he branched into stockjuggling across the Canadian border. 527In Canada, he got in trouble with Canadian Securities Commissioner J. M.Godfrey who charged in a written report that Hirshorn had pulled off a million-dollar "manipulation." No criminal charges could be brought because it was a"loner" deal not a conspiracy.Instead, the fast-talking young American was ordered deported?an orderhe fought and won. Later, in 1945, he was fined $8,500 in an illegal securitiessale case and for trying to smuggle $15,000 out of Canada.In 1951, Hirshhorn's stock finagling came under fire in the Saskatchewan legis-lature where Liberal Alex Cameron called him a "racketeer." But Hirshhorn'sstaged a fantastic uranium coup and amassed millions.DANGEROUS CURIOSITYHe also bought truckloads of contemporary paintings which, by 1955, werevalued at $1.5 million. How the "value" figure reached more than $25 million is aquestion that has aroused Mollenhoff's curiosity.There is a letter in the Smithsonian Institution's confidential files, for instance,from Hirshhorn's curator, Abram Lerner, insisting that the artists' own dealersshould assess the value of the paintings. This is like asking a producer to evalu-ate his own movie and it was questioned by the Smithsonian officials.A memo between the officials cautions : "Before the Smithsonian accepts theproposal, we must be absolutely sure that the valuation will be satisfactory tothe Internal Revenue Service." Insiders concede that the collection cost farless than the $25 million evaluation.Other Smithsonian documents, marked "Administratively Confidential," showthat the institution had to do some jockeying to get the collection. One tells howthe vain Hirshhorn "would like some renewed attention from Mrs. (Lyndon)Johnson?a phone call or some such."As it happened, Lady Bird and Lynda Bird quietly dropped in on the Hirsh-horn collection in Greenwich, Conn., to "Oh" and "Ah."This column has a copy of another crucial letter, which Hirshhorn wrotePresident Johnson on May 17, 1965. It instructs LBJ : "I would, of course, wantbinding assurances that the museum would bear my name in perpetuity."ADVICE AND DISSENTSome advisers were apprehensive about the conditions. Sherman Lee, directorof Cleveland's Museum of Art, urged Mrs. Johnson to forego Hirshhorn's namelest it discourage other donors to the museum. He also warned Lady Bird of the"quixotic nature" of the collection.The Chicago Art Institute's renowned Charles Cunningham at a meeting ofart museum directors, according to the confidential minutes, snorted : "TheUnited States government is being asked to furnish $10 to $12 million in ap-propriated funds to establish a memorial to Joseph Hirshhorn."But LBJ was egged on by Supreme Court Justice Abe Fortas, a friend of Hirsh-horn's. The President finally agreed that the taxpayers would build and main-tain the Hirshhorn gallery and a huge ditch crossing the mall that would con-tain a pool and sculptured garden.By contrast, Andrew Mellon donated the National Gallery of Art, paid forthe building and endowed its upkeep. He also modestly ordered his name leftoff.But LBJ let himself be hornswoggled into immortalizing Hirshhorn on thesame mall with Washington and Lincoln. At the groundbreaking, Mr. Johnsonsolemnly intoned : "The flight of Apollo 8 and the birth of the Hirshhorn Museumtells us something about this country and its people."And upon the same occasion, curator Lerner added : "Mr. Hirshhorn has thespirit shown by mountain climbers, explorers and burglars." 528STATEMENTS OF ABEAM LERNER, DIRECTOR, JOSEPH H. HIRSH-HORN MUSEUM; STEPHEN GOLDMAN, ATTORNEY FOR JOSEPH H.HIRSHHORN; JAMES BRADLEY, UNDER SECRETARY, SMITH-SONIAN INSTITUTION; AND CHARLES BLITZER, ASSISTANTSECRETARY, SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTIONMr. Thompson. We would like to hear now from Abram Lerner,director of the Joseph H. Hirshhorn Museum, and James Bradley,under secretary of the Smithsonian Institution.Mr. Bradley. Mr. Chairman, there is also an attorney, StephenGoldman, who is representing Mr. Hirshhorn.Mr. Thompson. Gentlemen, you may proceed as you wish. What firmare you connected with ?Mr. Goldman. Strasser, Spiegelberg, Fried, Frank, & Kampelman.Mr. Thompson. Of New York?Mr. Goldman. Of New York and Washington.Mr. Bradley. I realize our time is going to be short, and I will tryto move as quickly as possible and call on these other participants.Mr. Thompson. I might say to you, Mr. Bradley, and to the othergentlemen, that some very serious questions have been raised. We willafford you full opportunity, even at another time, if you would like,to reply to them.Mr. Rradley. Thank you very much, sir.A. letter was sought by us and sent to Hon. Frank Thompson,you, sir, by Harvard Arnason, dated recently, July 18, in which, as aspecialist in the field, Mr. Arnason spoke of his estimation. Mr. Arna-son gave us a copy of that letter, and with your permission, I wouldlike to highlight it.Mr. Thompson. Without objection, the letter will be entered in therecord in full at this point.(The letter referred to follows :) New York, N.Y., July 18, 1970.Hon. Frank Thompson, Jr.,Chairman, Subcommittee on Library and Memorials, Committee on House Ad-ministration, U.S. House of RepresentativesDear Congressman Thompson : I have been asked by Mr. Ripley's office of theSmithsonian Institution to write you an objective opinion on the Hirshhorn Col-lection of modern and American art. I have known this collection well for morethan fifteen years and have exhibited large selections of the sculpture on twoseparate occasions, as well as organizing a travelling exhibition of paintingsfrom the collection.May I indicate briefly some of my qualifications for expressing my opinion.I am an art historian with some thirty years of experience in the fields of modernand American art. Between 1947 and 1960 I was professor and chairman of thedepartment of art at the University of Minnesota. Between 1951 and 1960 I wasalso director of the Walker Art Center in Minneapolis, one of the leading Amer-ican museums of modern art. Between 1960 and 1970 I was vice president for artadministration of the Solomon R. Guggenheim Foundation which administersthe Guggenheim Museum in New York. I am the author of books, monographs,exhibition catalogues, and periodical articles on modern art and artists. RecentlyI published a comprehensive History of Modern Art (New York, Harry N.Abrams, 1968), which is now used as a text book in Colleges and Universitiesthroughout the United States.As indicated, in the mid-fifties I exhibited a large selection of the Hirshhornsculpture collection at the Walker Art Center. In 1962 I organized an even morecomprehensive exhibition of the sculpture at the Guggenheim Museum. Thisexhibition, including over four hundred items, was accompanied by a book, 529Modem Sculpture from the Joseph H. Hirshhorn Collection, for which I wrotethe text. This text was, in effect, a brief history of modern sculpture, writtenentirely in terms of works from the Hirshhorn collection.When Mr. Hirshhorn began collection in the twenties and thirties, he con-centrated on American painting ; and during the last forty years he has built upthe most comprehensive collection of American painting of the twentieth centuryin existence. This includes representation of every major American painter ofthis century, frequently with many examples of each painter's works. The col-lection also includes a great number of examples by lesser artists or by artists,such as the social realists and regional painters of the thirties and forties whoare now out of fashion. These artists, nevertheless, are an important part of thehistory of modern American art, and without them any picture of American artof this century would be incomplete.Mr. Hirshhorn began collecting modern sculpture principally in the period afterthe second world war, and almost from the beginning he bought European aswell as American sculpture. The result, today, in my opinion and that of mostother specialists in the field, is the most important collection of modern sculpturein existence. I think this is a fair statement, since I do not believe that anymuseum of modern art, including the Museum of Modern Art in New York,possesses as comprehensive and important a collection of modern sculpture asis now contained in the Hirshhorn collection.During the 1960's Mr. Hirshhorn began to expand his painting collection toinclude examples of contemporary European painting, and some examples ofthe earlier masters of modern painting. While he entered the field of early twen-tieth century European painting too late to be able to acquire great masterpieces,he has put together an important selection with some unique concentrations ofworks, such as those by the surrealist leader, Andre Masson. The American col-lection is also in process of expansion to include masters of the nineteenth cen-tury, such as Thomas Eakins. The Hirshhorn Eakins collection is the most impor-tant in private hands, probably the most important outside of the PhiladelphiaMuseum.To recapitulate, it is difficult to evaluate the total importance of the Hirshhornbecause of its vastness. There is no question in my mind that there are enoughfirst class works by modern American painters and by modern American andEuropean sculptors to fill the exhibition halls of a large museum. The secondaryworks ; sculptures, paintings?oils and watercolors?and drawings, will con-stitute a unique study collection for teachers and students of modern art.You are aware that major museums throughout the world have long beenattempting to acquire the Hirshhorn collection. Different countries and leadingart centers throughout the United States have offered to build and endow amajor museum building to house the collection. I am delighted that it shouldhave gone to Washington, not only because it belongs there, but, more important,because it will give the United States the foundation for a National Gallery ofAmerican and Modern Art, a modern museum such as most of the leading nationspossess, and such as the United States should have possessed before this.There are obviously gaps in the collection, particularly in the field of modernEuropean painting, but this gift should attact many other gifts to fill these gaps ;and I understand that Mr. Hirshhorn will continue to buy and to donate furtherworks to the collection.I am pleased to be able to write this comment on the Hirshhorn collection, sinceI believe its donation to this nation is a matter of such significance for the devel-opment of American art and for international modern art. If I can be of anyfurther assistance in answering specific questions, please do not hesitate to callon me.May I apologize for the typing of this letter. It is written at my country placewhere I do not have the services of a secretary.Sincerely yours, H. Haevabd Arnason.Mr. Bradley. He says : I have been asked by Mr. Ripley's office at the Smithsonian to write you anopinion of the Hirshhorn collection of modern and American art.I have known this collection well for more than 15 years and have exhibitedlarge selections of the sculpture on two separate occasions, as well as organisinga traveling exhibition. 530Then Mr. Arnason gives his qualifications. He is an art historian,with 20 years of experience in the fields of modern and American art.He was professor and chairman of the department of art at the Uni-versity of Minnesota. He was director of the Walker Art Museum, andwas vice president for art administration in the Guggenheim Founda-tion, which administers the Guggenheim Museum. He is an author anda lecturer.He continues : ... in the mid-fifties I exhibited a large selection of the Hirshhorn sculpturecollection at the Walker Art Center.In 1962 he organized an even more comprehensive exhibition of thesculpture. This exhibition, including over 400 items, was accompaniedby a book, "Modern Sculpture From the Joseph H. Hirshhorn Collec-tion," for which he wrote the text. This was, in effect, a history ofmodern sculpture, written entirely in terms of works from the Hirsh-horn collection.When Mr. Hirshhorn began collecting in the '20s and '30s, he concentrated onAmerican paintings. And during the last 40 years he has built up a most com-prehensive collection of the American painting of the 20th century in existence.This includes representation of every major American painting of the century,frequently with many examples of each painter's works, and so forth.Mr. Hirshhorn began collecting modern sculpture principally in the periodSecond World War. And almost in the beginning he bought Europeans as wellas American sculptures. The result today in my opinion and that of mostother specialists in the field is the most important collection of modern sculpturein existence. I think this is a fair statement, since I don't believe that any mu-seums of modern art, including the Museum of Modern Art ia New York, pos-sesses a comprehensive and important collection of modern sculpture as con-tained in Hirshhorn.Mr. Schwengel. Isn't it true also that Mr. Hirshhorn sought thebest talent available to evaluate objects before he acquired them?Mr. Bradley. He did, sir. Mr. Arnason concludes by saying:I am pleased to be able to writ? this comment on the Hirshhorn collection, sinceI believe its donation to this nation is a matter of such significance for thedevelopment of American art and for international modern art. If I can be ofany further assistance in answering specific questions, please do not hesitateto call on me.Mr. Chairman, I realize that the time is about up.Mr. Thompson. I intend to go until the first quorum call. Thatshould be 15 minutes or so.Mr. Bradley. Much question has been raised about, shall we say,the review and acceptance of the collection. To summarize and to con-serve time, we have developed a chronology of the significant eventsthat led up to today, as follows : (Chronology of events follows. ) Smithsonian Institution,Washington, D.C.Chronology of EventsThe following chronology of significant events in the matter of the HirshhornMuseum and Sculpture Garden is offered for convenient reference :The President of the United States on May 17, 1966, transmitted to the Con-gress the recommendation of legislation enabling the Smithsonian Institution toaccept the Joseph H. Hirshhorn collection of contemporary sculpture and paint-ings and to establish and construct the museum. ( I am reliably informed thatan inquiry was made by the White House prior to the acceptance by the Presidentof Mr. Hirshhorn's offer of gift ) 531The Act of November 7, 1966, authorized the construction of the museum, desig-nated the Mall site and provided that the museum and sculpture garden should beknown as the Joseph H. Hirshhorn Museum and Sculpture Garden under the ad-ministration of the Board of Regents of the Smithsonian Institution.The Act of November 2, 1966, authorized a new headquarters building for theArmed Forces Institute of Pathology in order to clear the approved Mall sitefor this museum.Selection of Gordon Bunshaft of Skidmore, Owings & Merrill as architect wasannounced on January 26, 1967.The Act of June 24, 1967, appropriated funds for the planning of the HirshhornMuseum.The architectural plans were approved by the Fine Arts Commission on July13, 1967.The architectural plans were approved by the National Capital Planning Com-mission on December 22, 1967.The Act of December 8, 1967, appropriated construction funds for a buildingfor the Armed Forces Institute of Pathology.The Act of July 26, 1968, provided an appropriation of construction funds inthe amount of $2,000,000 and provided contract authority in the amount of$14,197,000 for construction of the Hirshhorn Museum and Sculpture Garden.Competitive bids were received by the General Services Administration andwith the approval of the Comptroller General a construction contract has beenawarded for construction of the museum and sculpture garden on February 27,1970.By letter of March 23, 1970, Mr. Hirshhorn has agreed to give $1 million towardconstruction of the building.Funds for the necessary curatorial and administrative staff have been appro-priated for fiscal years 1968, 1969, and 1970.Construction is now under way and completion is scheduled for September1972.Under the terms of the Agreement between the Smithsonian Institution andJoseph H. Hirshhorn dated May 17, 1966, it is formally provided that upon com-pletion of the building, title to the art collection shall be transferred to theSmithsonian Institution together with an additional gift of works of art valuedat $1 million.Now that actual construction is under way, it is timely to request the Presidentto appoint the Board of Trustees authorized by the Act of November 7, 1966.In accordance with that Act, nominations for appointments have been sub-mitted to the President for his consideration. The Chief Justice of the UnitedStates and the Secretary of the Smithsonian Institution shall serve as ex officiomembers.It is evident that a considerable record of affirmation by the Congress has beenestablished in furtherance of the Act of November 7, 1966.S. Dillon Ripley, Secretary.Mr. Bradley. The President of the United States in May of 1966transmitted to the Congress a recommendation for legislation enablingthe Smithsonian to accept the Hirshhorn collection.(The recommendation follows :) The White House, May 17, 1966.The White House Made Public Today the Following Letter From thePresident to the President of the Senate and the Speaker of the Houseof RepresentativesHon. Hubert H. Humphrey,President of the Seriate,Washington, B.C.Hon. John W. McCormack,Speaker of the House of Representatives,Washington, B.C.Dear Mr. President : (Dear Mr. Speaker :) One of the greatest privately ownedcollection of contemporary sculpture and paintings in the world has been offeredto the people of the United States by Mr. Joseph H. Hirshhorn of New York City,and the Hirshhorn Foundation. 532 I commend to the consideration of the Congress legislation enabling the Smith-sonian Institution to accept this gift on behalf of all our people.GIFTS OF THE PASTThe Nation has been fortunate in the great tradition of private contributionswhich have enriched the cultural life of its Capital City. James Smithson's be-quest, for the increase and diffusion of knowledge, led to the establishment of theSmithsonian Institution in 1846, and thus to the foundation of a national centerof learning and the arts. William Corcoran made an enduring contribution to thelife of the Capital by founding, in 1859, the gallery that bears his name. Early inthis century Charles Freer donated to the Institution the splendid collection ofOriental art that since 1922 has been housed in the Freer Gallery.In 1937 Congress accepted the magnificent gift of Andrew Mellon that led tothe erection of the National Gallery of Art. Then in 1938, farsighted legislationlaid out the program of the National Collection of Fine Arts, which is joiningthe National Portrait Gallery in the Smithsonian's restored Patent Office Building.Washington is emerging as a major cultural center, befitting the capital of agreat nation. During recent years, the tempo of this development has quickened,and our citizens have caught the vision of a Washington equal in beauty andlearning to the power of its institutions. Encouraging evidence of this is the out-pouring of gifts for the John F. Kennedy Center for the Performing Arts.THE HIRSHHORN GIFTNow a superlative collection of works of contemporary art, enough to furnishan entire museum, has been offered to the Smithsonian Institution. It affordsWashington a brilliant opportunity to broaden and strengthen its cultural offer-ings.That we may seize this opportunity I am transmitting, for the considerationof the Congress, the attached bill to provide for the establishment of the JosephH. Hirshhorn Museum and Sculpture Garden. This legislation would provide anappropriate Mall site on which the Board of Regents of the Smithsonian Insti-tution would be authorized to construct a gallery of art and a garden of sculpture,to be known as the Joseph H. Hirshhorn Musemum and Sculpture Garden.The Hirshhorn Collection is the fruit of a lifetime of dedicated effort anddiscerning judgment, and its presentation to America is a testament to thegenerosity and public spirit of its donor. More than fifteen hundred pieces ofsculpture and over four thousand eight hundred paintings and drawings, witha total value in excess of twenty-five million dollars, have been offered, togetherwith a million dollars for the purchase of additional works.The enjoyment of our people, and the contributions to knowledge that will resultfrom the acceptance of this grand offer, are truly beyond price. Millions of Ameri-cans will soon be able to see, within walking distance of the National Gallery andits masterpieces of painting from earlier centuries, the work of those who haveshaped the art of our time.Thus Joseph Hirshhorn's gift will enrich, not only the city of Washington, butthe citizens of every State who visit their nation's Capital.I urge the Congress to respond to this magnificent offer by adpoting themeasure I am forwarding today.Sincerely, Lyndon B. Johnson.Mr. Bradley. I am reliably informed?this letter was sent out overthe signature of the Secretary?that an inquiry was made by the WhiteHouse prior to the acceptance of the Hirshhorn gift by the President.Then the act of November 7, 1966, authorized the construction of themuseum.I might say, Mr. Chairman, what happened, as was brought out byboth Mr. Brademas and Mr. Bingham, is that we submit a draftbill and it goes where the Speaker routes it?in this particular caseit went to Public Works.We have had other museums?I think the Museum of History andTechnoloby came out of Public Works. On the Senate side, the Hirsh- 533horn bill went to Public Works, and they referred it also to Rules andAdministration.So you will find in the Senate a report from both our substantivecommittee, Rules and Administration, and the Public WorksCommittee.The Congress in 1966 authorized the construction. And those hear-ings, Mr. Chairman, were extensive. I lived through it personally, andso did Mr. Ripley. Mr. Ripley testified on the House side, and I testifiedon the Senate side from the summertime well until the date of enact-ment in November of 1966. So there was ample time to gain suchtestimony as might be worthy.The legislation designated the Mall site and provided that themuseum and sculpture garden should be known as the HirshhornMuseum under the administration of the Smithsonian.Mr. Thompson. Mr. Bradley, the bill authorizing the museum wasbased on a contract between the Smithsonian Institution and Mr.Hirshhorn, was it not ?Mr. Bradley. That is correct.Mr. Thompson. Has that contract been changed in any way sincethe enactment of the legislation ?Mr. Bradley. Mr. Chairman, only in one respect, in that we had abuilt-in timetable which asked for approvals and appropriations andauthorizations first. The only thing that occurred was the technicality,as it turned out to be, that instead of getting the full construction ap-propriation, we received from the Congress a partial appropriation forconstruction. But in express language, a contract authorization wasprovided in the act itself, known as a "contract authority"?in otherwords, the GSA administrator, who is our agent for the constructionand also for negotiating with the architect for the job, was expresslyauthorized to enter into a contract in the full amount of $14,197,000.Mr. Thompson. Where did the the additional $1 million for construc-tion come from?Mr. Bradley. Sir, that came from Mr. Hirshhorn as a gift.Mr. Thompson. Was there any transfer involved of the works ofart? Or was this just an additional million dollars taken out of what-ever sources Mr. Hirshhorn may have given to the Government?Mr. Bradley. I would rather you interpret that, sir.Specifically what happened, first Mr. Hirshhorn gave us a letterstating he would contribute $1 million to the construction of the build-ing, which we needed to get on with construction.Second, since Mr. Hirshhorn in the agreement had pledged to give$1 million for future additions to the collection at the time that wemoved into the building, he provided for $1 million in works of art, asecond $1 million?there are two involved.Mr. Thompson. That was in the contract ?Mr. Bradley. Yes, sir. He pledged he would give works of art equalto that second $1 million.Mr. Thompson. The $1 million in the contract to be in cash. Is thatcorrect ?Mr. Bradley. It was to be in cash ; yes, sir.Mr. Thompson. Is it in cash ?Mr. Bradley. He has pledged to give it. He hasn't given it yet, be-cause we do not at this moment need it. 49-484 O - 71 - pt. 1 -- 35 534Changes in Agreement Between Hibshhokn and the SmithsonianJune 6, 1968.The Smithsonian Institution,Washington, B.C.Gentlemen : In our Agreement of May 17, 1966, we have made gifts to TheSmithsonian Institution which are to be consummated upon conditions, certainof which have not been fulfilled. We appreciate that prevailing circumstancesmake difficult the timely fulfillment of all such conditions. We desire to cooperatein effecting the purposes of our Agreement consistent with the exigencies of thenation.To this end, we hereby waive noncompliance with Subparagraph A. (9) andParagraph B. of Article Second and with Article Ninth of our Agreement ofMay 17, 1966, on and subject to the following conditions : 1. That the Congress of the United States shall have enacted, and the Presidentof the United States shall have approved, no later than ten days after the closeof the 90th Congress, legislation appropriating not less than Two Million Dol-lars ($2,000,000) for planning and constructing the Joseph H. Hirshhorn Museumand Sculpture Garden.2. That the Congress of the United States shall have enacted, and the Presi-dent of the United States shall have approved, no later than ten days after theclose of the first session of the 91st Congress, legislation appropriating, for theconstruction of the Joseph H. Hirshhorn Museum and Sculpture Garden, suchsums as shall, together with all sums previously appropriated for said purpose,equal Fifteen Million Dollars ($15,000,000), and such additional sums, as pro-vided in our Agreement of May 17, 1966, as may be necessary for the mainte-nance and operation of the Joseph H. Hirshhorn Museum and Sculpture Garden.3. That by December 31, 1972, the Joseph H. Hirshhorn Museum and SculptureGarden shall have been constructed and completed in accordance with the termsof Article Third of said Agreement.In the event that any of these conditions are not met, the waiver containedherein shall be null and void and our gifts shall not be consummated. No termsor conditions of our Agreement of May 17, 1966, shall be deemed to be waivedexcept as expressly herein provided. This waiver shall be binding upon the heirs,executors, and administrators of Joseph H. Hirshhorn.If The Smithsonian Institution is agreeable to proceeding under our Agree-ment of May 17, 1966, as modified by this waiver, please so indicate in the spaceprovided below.Very truly yours, Joseph H. Hirshhorn [L.S.].The Joseph H. Hirshhorn Foundation, Inc.,By Sam Harris, Secretary.Agreed : The Smithsonian Institution.By S. Dillon Ripley, Secretary.Joseph H. Hirshhorn,New York. N.Y., March 23, 1970.Hon. S. Dillon Ripley,Secretary, The Smithsonian, Institution,Washington, D.C.Dear Mr. Secretary : We refer to your letter of March 9, 1970, in which yourequest, on behalf of The Smithsonian Institution, that the Agreement betweenit, Joseph H. Hirshhorn and The Joseph H. Hirshhorn Foundation, Inc., datedMay 17, 1966, be modified so as to permit the $1,000,000 cash gift which was tobe used as an art acquisition fund to be used instead, to the extent necessary,to meet costs of completing the building.The proposal as set forth in your letter of March 9, 1970, is acceptable to theundersigned ; and the above-mentioned Agreement of May 17, 1966, shall bedeemed amended accordingly.Under the agreed amendment to the basic Agreement of May 17, 1966, theJoseph H. Hirshhorn Museum and Sculpture Garden will no longer begin itsoperations with an art acquisition fund of $1,000,000. The purpose of that fundwas to augment the collection as described in the inventory of works of art 535 which was set forth in the Agreement of May 17, 1966. It is our hope that thispurpose may be served by the contribution of additional works of art and tothat end we wish to inform you of our intention to transfer to the Joseph H.Hirshhorn Museum and Sculpture Garden,- upon its construction and comple-tion, additional works of art having a total value of approximately $1,000,000.We appreciate that the Institution has been doing its utmost to meet theletter and spirit of our Agreement and we are pleased to cooperate in a kindredmanner to bring the project to fruition.Sincerely yours, Joseph H. Hirshhorn.Sam Harris, Secretary.Mr. Bradley. To proceed, Mr. Chairman, then we had some appro-priations. In 1967 we were appropriated funds for the planning of theHirshhorn Museum. Really, we had the full gamut of approvals.The architectural plans were approved by the Fine Arts Commissionon July 13, 1967. The architectural plans were approved by the Na-tional Capital Planning Commission. And both of those commissionsare interested in the Mall.If time permits, I would like to show you the way the Hirshhornfits into an orderly and appropriate development of the Mall.Mr. Thompson. If I may ask another question about this $1 million,Mr. Hirshhorn hasn't given it yet. Let's suppose for the moment thatit develops that he is unable to give it. What will happen? Wherewill it come from ?Mr. Bradley. That gets to be a legal question. And I shouldn't an-swer that. But we consider it to be air-tight, a pledge on the part ofa donor who has already given us a very substantial additional gift-to give us $1 million.Mr. Thompson. But if that weren't forthcoming, wouldn't the situ-ation be such that you would have to come back and either raise itprivately or come back to the Congress for it ?Mr. Bradley. Yes, sir. A short answer is yes, sir.Mr. Thompson. Does the act authorize solicitation of privatecontributions ?Mr. Bradley. No, sir. It doesn't, other than gifts of art. But we[the Smithsonian] have substantive law that authorizes us to acceptgifts and bequests of money and other property.Mr. Thompson. The GSA is starting, has started construction. Isthat right?Mr. Bradley. That is right. [Construction began March 23, 1970.]Mr. Thompson. I would assume that they have counted that milliondollars as being fully available so that they can proceed.Mr. Bradley. Exactly. We have pledged that to GSA.Mr. Thompson. The Smithsonian has ?Mr. Bradley. Yes, sir.Mr. Thompson. In the event there is any forfeiture, is the Smith-sonian liable?Mr. Bradley. Subject to correction in the record, on advice of coun-sel, I would say yes.Mr. Thompson. Thank you.Mr. Bradley. The architectural plans were approved by the Na-tion Capital Planning Commisison which is concerned with the Mall.Then we have received construction funds in the cash amount of $2million and contract authority of $14 million total, not additive, buta total of $14,197,000. 536Bids were received by GSA. The approval of the Comptroller Gen-eral was sought and obtained in regard to the bid. A contract hasbeen awarded for construction, which was awarded in February ofthis year.(The bids and letters follow :)JOSEPH H. HIRSHHORN MUSEUM AND SCULPTURE GARDEN CONSTRUCTION BIDS?1ST BID, MAY 27, 1969Hyman Piracci ? Blake Norair Low bid 2.. $17,690,000 $16,298,000 $17,678,000 $15,198,000Alternates -1,275,000 -1,303,000 -1,262,000 -522,200Total. ._ 16,415,000 14,995,000 16,416,000 14,675,800 1 Bid disqualification pending.2 Low bid is based on Italian marble.Note: Funds available, $12,939,000; all bids too high.JOSEPH H. HIRSHHORN MUSEUM AND SCULPTURE GARDEN CONSTRUCTION BIDS?2D BID, DEC. 18, 1969 Piracci' Blake Norair Lump-sum bid $11,874,000 $14,372,000 $14,398,000 1 Corrected to $12,633,278.43 and approved by Comptroller General. (See attached explanation.)Max E. Gkeenberg, Trayman, Harris, Cantor, Reiss & Blasky,Attorneys and Counsellors at Law,New York, N.Y., December 22, 1969.Sbject: Invitation #GS-038-16254, Project No. 49356, Joseph HirshhornMuseum and Sculpture Gardens.Mr. T. L. Peyton, Jr.,Contracting Officer, Region #3,General Services Administration,Washington, D.C.Dear Sir : I have been authorized on behalf of my client, Piracci ConstructionCompany, Inc. to submit to you a request for correction of its bid for the construc-tion of the Joseph Hirshhorn Museum and Sculpture Gardens. The aforemen-tioned bid was submitted on December 18, 1969 pursuant to subject invitation.The error is clerical in nature and occurred initially on the enclosed sheet No.6 of the Recapitulation Sheet for Poured in Place Concrete. The sheet originallycontained under the column headed "Material and Sub Contractors" a series ofpencilled prices constituting the cost of material for various designated items.The price for Exposed Swenson Pink Granite Aggregate Mix, listed as "Ex-posed 5,000# [lbs!" was indicated on the sheet in the amount of $754,375.00,representing the total of 5702 cubic yards at the vendor's quoted net price of$132.30. Because of several changes in the quantities for this item during thefinal analysis review, several erasures occurred, weakening and tearing slightlythe paper at this particular line. For this reason the final quantity and price forthis particular item was dropped one line on the sheet. Thereafter this sheetalong with the others was given to a Mrs. Marjorie Slattery, an employee in theBookkeeping Department, who was instructed to add the various columns of fig-ures to arrive at a total price for the concrete work.Because of this break in the column caused by the erasure and the droppingdown of one line, Mrs. Slattery erroneously assumed that the $754,375.00 figure(the correct figure for exposed aggregate) was a total figure representing thesum of the figures that preceded it. She then added the figures that preceded it,and arrived at a new total of $438,009.00 which she incorrectly assumed was thecorrect total. She erased then the $754,375.00 figure, which she had incorrectlv as-sumed was an erroneous figure, and substituted the $438,009.00 figure.The result of this error, clearly demonstrable on the face of Sheet #6, wasthen transposed to the enclosed Sheet #10. where the figure for Page 6 is statedat $438,009.00. This figure of $438,009.00 does not in^ude the exposed aggregatefigure of $754,375.00. The correct figure for Page 6 is $1,192,384.00 (or $754,375.00 537 more than indicated on the work sheets). Taking into consideration bond pre-mium at .065% ($4,904.43). the bid submitted was $759,278.43 lower than itshould have been, the correct bid being $12,633,278.43 rather than $11,874,000.00.Paragraph 1-2.406-2 of the Federal Procurement Regulations provides that anyclerical mistake apparent on the face of a bid may be corrected by the contract-ing officer prior to award if the contracting officer has first obtained from thebidder verification of the bid actually intended. We consider that the mistakethat has occurred here falls squarely within the purview of this regulation andthat the material that we have submitted does in fact constitute verification ofthe bid actually intended. Affidavits attesting to the error are attached for yourinformation.We request, therefore, that the base bid submitted by Piracci ConstructionCompany, Inc. be corrected so that now it reads $12,633,278.43, and that award bemade to Piracci Construction Company, Inc. of subject contract in that amount.I am also authorized in behalf of Piracci Construction Company, Inc. to adviseyou that the contractor desires to perform the contract at the corrected amount,and would oppose as unwarranted and illegal an award to it of the contract atthe erroneous bid price.In the event any further information is desired by you we will be pleased tofurnish it on request.Sincerely yours, Harld F. Blasky.Mr. Bradley. Then by the letter of March 23, 1970, Mr. Hirshhornagreed to give $1 million for construction of the building to make itpossible.Funds for the necessary curatorial and administrative staff hadbeen appropriated, in fiscal years 1968, 1969, 1970, and now 1971.Construction is underway and completion is scheduled for Septem-ber of 1972.Hirshhorn Museum and Sculpture GardenView looking north. Archives Building directly opposite. 538Mr. Thompson. Does GSA have control of that appropriated moneynowMr. Bradley. As we transfer it, yes, sir.Mr. Thompson. What are you doing, transferring it on the basisof its need as the construction advances ?Mr. Bradley. Yes, sir, exactly, for contract earnings.Mr. Thompson. Where is it deposited ? Or is it in the General Treas-ury and you transfer it by the authority given %Mr. Bradley. It would be in the Treasury and come to us as anappropriation warrant and then goes to GSA. I would assume, bycheck or by transfer of an appropriation warrant, and then backinto the Treasury, but into a different account.Mr. Goldman (attorney for Joseph Hirshhorn). If I may say, forthe record, counsel for the Smithsonian and I have conferred briefly,and both agree that the pledge from Mr. Hirshhorn both of the $1 mil-lion cash and the addition of art, worth not less than another $1 mil-lion, is a legally enforceable pledge, the breach of which wouldentitle the Institution to use all its legal remedies.Mr. Thompson. I see.In other words, it is in writing, and it doesn't violate the statuteof frauds.Mr. Goldman. Yes, indeed.Mr. Bradley. Now that the actual construction of the building isunderway, it has been thought to be appropriate to request the Presi-dent to appoint the Board of Trustees authorized by the original actof 1966. In accordance with that act, nominations for appointmenthave been prepared and submitted both by the Smithsonian and byMr. Hirshhorn to the President for his consideration, as required bythe law.The Chief Justice of the United States and the Secretary of theSmithsonian serve as ex officio members.Mr. Chairman, I had to take that at a gallop. But I wanted to giveyou the whole chronology of reviews, repeated submissions, and re-peated affirmations of what we were doing.Mr. Thompson. I thank you very much. I certainly am no artexpert, but having scrutinized the inventories very carefully, I thinkthat it certainly can be said, although there is controversy about themerits of all art collections, that this indeed seems to be a splendidone.Mr. Simmons referred to criticism of the architecture. I have neverknown of a building of any size being designed by one architect thatwasn't criticized by dozens of others.Model of the Joseph H. Hirshhorn Museum and Sculpture Garden LookingSouth Across the MallThe Joseph H. Hirshhorn Museum and Sculpture Garden will bisect the Wash-ington Mall on a north-south axis, on a site bounded by Madison Drive, Inde-pendence Avenue and 7th and Oth Streets. The projected Smithsonian Institutiongallery and sunken sculpture court (here represented by a model) will displayJoseph H. Hirsbhorn's collection of more than G,000 works of art. Ground wasbroken for the building January 8, 1960. Completion of the museum and sculpturegarden is expected in 1072. In this view of the Joseph H. Hirshhorn Museum andSculpture Garden, the Federal Aviation Administration building appears beyondthe museum. On the right is the Smithsonian's Arts and Industries Building.(Photo and caption supplied by Smithsonian Institution) 539 Mr. Bradley. Mr. Lerner, would you like to make some remarks ?Mr. Lerner. Mr. Chairman, I hope that at a subsequent session? I believe on Thursday?I will be able to inform the committee a littlemore about the nature of the collection, the content of the collection,so that the criticisms can be weighed against what actually exists.Mr. Thompson. You may do that only if you want. The purpose ofhis hearing isn't to make artistic judgment. I don't know of any com-mittee in the Congress capable of doing that. The only thing that wecan do is say what we like and don't like. I know of no one in theCongress who is qualified really, as an art expert.Mr. Lerner. Criticism was introduced just a few moments ago. Andsupport for such criticism was named, for example, Mr. Sherman Lee,who will appear here, no doubt.But to keep the record straight, Mr. Sherman Lee never saw thecollection, as was stated a few minutes ago, nor Mr. Cunningham. Nordid they ever apply to my office for permission to see the collection orto discuss it with me.Mr. Thompson. I can't anticipate what they are going to say.As the curator of the collection, what are your current responsibili-ties?Mr. Lerner. Basically, the responsibility is to prepare the collectionfor exhibition at the museum building.Mr. Thompson. How are you doing that ?Mr. Lerner. We are forming a staff, to begin with. We have since1968 begun the formation of a staff, which has been small to date.We have gone through the regular procedure of a museum in cata-loging, photographing, recording, documenting, restoring, et cetera,painting and sculpture which will be shown at the musuem. 540Mr. Thompson. How large is your staff ?Mr. Lerner. My staff at the present moment consists of eight regu-lar members.Mr. Thompson. How are they funded ?Mr. Lerner. Through appropriation. [Fiscal funds]Mr. Thompson. It is my understanding that some work is beingdone in New York and Connecticut on the collection.Mr. Lerner. No, sir. There is no work being done in Connecticutat all. The office of the Hirshhorn Museum is located in New YorkCity. Part of the collection is in New York City at a warehouse,where it is stored. And part of it is still at Mr. Hirshhorn's estate,because he can accommodate large pieces of sculpture, which we can'tpossibly look after in a warehouse. No work is done in Connecticuton the collection at all, except by Mr. Hirshhorn, who pays for thecare and maintenance of the pieces of sculpture and has people waxthem.Mr. Thompson. Is work done in New York ?Mr. Lerner. "Work is done in New York constantly.Mr. Thompson. By your people ?Mr. Lerner. By my people and contractors.Mr. Thompson. And contractors for which the Federal Govern-ment is paying?Mr. Lerner. That is correct.Mr. Thompson. Isn't it my understanding from the legislationthat the maintenance of the entire collection, title to which has yetto pass to the United States, is to be done at the expense of Mr.Hirshhorn and the endowment?Mr. Bradley. Mr. Chairman, there is a provision such as you enu-merate. But the particular words bear out this interpretation, that Mr.Hirshhorn is responsible and does provide warehousing and guardingand insurance. Those, responsibilities we interpreted to meaning "care."' The preparation for exhibition, and we do this in all of ourgalleries?is quite another matter. We have some examples which wecan show you?I dare say we are spending less than 1 or 2 percent ofthe value of the works of art in the interest of their being refrained,cleaned, touched up, and made ready for exhibition in this buildingin 2 years.Mr. Thompson. Nevertheless, you are expending funds for theirmaintenance or preservation, are you not?Mr. Bradley. Yes, sir; for their preservation.Mr. Thompson. You are doing this, as I understand it, under yourinterpretation of the statute.Mr. Bradley. That is correct.Mr. Thompson. Notwithstanding that the statute says clearly thatMr. Hirshhorn is responsible for its maintenance and protection untiltitle passes.Mr. Bradley. Yes, sir.And we submit to you, sir, that they are doing? ? Mr. Thompson. I don't question what they are doing. What I amtrying to determine is whether or not, in light of the fact that title hasnot passed, the appropriateness of the expenditure of any amount ofmoney, wheher it be 1 percent, less or more?I raise this question nottotally on my own initiative, but because of some criticism. 541Mr. Bradley. Back in 1940 and 1941, prior to the date it receivedapproprations for its normal operations, the National Gallery of Artin a parallel situation received in 1940 an amount of $159,000, whichtoday, multiplied by any factor you want, say, three or four times tobring it up to 1970 dollars, and in 1941 an amount of $300,000 wasappropriate, which factored up to today's dollars to be comparable tothese dollars we mentioned would be very substantial.Mr. Thompson. I have no question of that, except that those fundswere authorized by specific special legislation.Mr. Lerner, how much is it going to cost to prepare this collectionfor exhibition?Mr. Lerner. You mean in terms of conservation and framing and soon?Mr. Thompson. Yes: whatever needs to be done.Mr. Lerner. About $600,000.Mr. Thompson. Total ?Mr. Lerner. Yes.Sir, these expenditures are being made simply to preserve the paint-ings. We know that they are the property of the Smithsonian of theUnited States.Mr. Thompson. You know that they are ?Mr. Lerner. This is a gift to the Government of the United States.Mr. Thompson. But title hasn't passed ?Mr. Lerner. That is a legal question that I can't answer.Mr. Thompson. You know, I am a lawyer. These legal questionsbother me. I have had some unfortunate experiences with contractswhich, unfortunately, haven't worked out my way.(The information follows :)From Testimony of Smithsonian Institution Before Subcommittee on Ap-propriations for Department of Interior and Related Agencies Appropria-tions for 1970 : Vol. 4smithsonian institution?"salaries and expenses," fiscal year 1971Joseph H. Hirshhorn Museum and Sculpture Garden Object class 1970 base Increaserequested 1971 estimateNumber of permanent positions 1311 Personnel compensation12 Personnel benefits21 Travel and transportation of persons __.22 Transportation of things23 Rent, comm., and utilities __24 Printing and reproduction ___25 Other services ___ __26 Suppliesand materials31 Equipment... _ _Total.. 347,000Analysis of totalPay increases 8,000Program 339,000 20$129, 000 $50, 000 $179, 0009,000 4,000 13,00011,000 14,000 25,0008,000 12,000 20,00029, 000 44, 000 73,0004,000 2,000 6,000124,000 176,000 300 00016,000 34, 000 50,00017,000 43, 000 60, 000379,0004,000375,000 726, 00012,000714,000 Specification of Increase (Program) : Preparation of Collections to meet OpeningDeadline (7 positions, $375,000)Twelve hundred of the choicest paintings and pieces of sculpture have beenchosen from the more than 7,000 items in the gift collection for exhibit when theMuseum opens. These paintings and pieces of sculpture, valued at $20 million,must be examined, photographed, cleaned, and, in some cases, restored prior 542 to exhibit. The total cost of this effort, not including any additional paintingsthat might be contributed by Mr. Hirshhorn, is estimated at $460,000 of which$160,000 are requested in fiscal year 1971. In addition to the restoration. effort,the staff must receive and process the more than 500 new works of art beingadded to the collection each year by Mr. Hirshhorn, conduct research and docu-mentation for the opening; catalog the collection, and meet public inquiries suchas requests for loans, photographs, and information. To do this, the Museumrequires an increased staff consisting of a curator, two exhibit technicians, threemuseum technicians, and a clerk-typist ($50,000). Additional funds are requiredfor travel ($14,000), transportation of objects ($12,000), rental of storage space($44,000), printing ($2,000), supplies and materials ($34,000), equipment($43,000), and other services ($16,000).1968 actual $62, 0001969 actual L 149,0001970 estimate 347, 0001971 estimate* 726,000 ?Note.?Of the $726,000 request for FY 1971, an amount of $416,000 was approved bythe Subcommittee on Appropriations.The Joseph H. Hirshhorn Museum and Sculpture Garden will display thecollection of fine art donated by Joseph H. Hirshhorn to the United States for thebenefit of the people. The Hirshhorn Collection is a unique collection of sculptureand paintings. The sculptures range historically from antiquity to the works oftoday's young creators. It's fine representation of African art is highlighted by asuperb group of Benin bronzes. The Collection's paintings focus on the 20thcentury. From the works of precursors such as Thomas Eakins and WinslowHomer to the canvases of today, the course of painting in America is covered indepth. Complementing the American section is a strong selection of paintings bymodern European masters and young contemporaries.An increase of $375,000 is requested to continue the preparation of the Collec-tions. An additional $4,000 are requested for necessary pay increases.Xccd for Increase.?Plans and specifications for the construction of theJoseph H. Hirsbhorn Museum and Sculpture Garden have been revised to scaledown the project to insure that it does not exceed the available funds. A bidaward is expected in February 1970 with construction to begin in March. Basedon this information, a thorough review of work necessary to complete the Mu-seum, and place it in operation has been made. It was on the basis of this informa-tion that reprogramming of $150,000 for the use of the Hirshhorn Museum wasrequested and approved. It is clear that in order to bring this major new museuminto existence, a dramatic step-up of oi>erating program activity must take placeduring the two-year building construction period. This will require a very sub-stantial increase in program funds over this period if a public opening date ofOctober 1972 (nine months after the completion of the building) is to be met.Major additional funding requirements are in two categories: preparation ofthe collections, and the acquisition of furnishings and special equipment for thebuilding. In fiscal year 1971, the Museum is seeking additional funds to accel-erate preparation of the collections.Some 1,200 paintings and pieces of sculpture of the total gift collection of7,000 items must be readied for exhibition. These will be the choicest pieces withan estimated value of $20 million. Of these 1,200 items, 700 are paintings and 500are sculpture pieces. A careful survey of the restoration and framing require-ments of these items has disclosed the following : 1. 100 large paintings (6 to 15 feet) will need major restoration at an averagecost of $1,000 each ($100,000) and 50 will require work at $300 each ($15,000).2. 350 smaller paintings will require restoration at prices ranging from $250to $.")00 ($150,000).3. 500 paintings must be framed at prices ranging from $45 to $200 for a totalcost of $57,000.4. 400 sculpture pieces, including about 150 which are classed as monumental,will need restoration at prices ranging from $100 to $750. Estimated total costof the job will be $170,000 which includes protective display cases for the smallerpieces of fragile sculpture, and the construction of bases for approximately170 items.To meet part of these costs, an additional $160,000 are requested to meet theMuseum's opening date. This work must be greatly accelerated and a production 543 rate of at least one item a day must be maintained. Since conservators are inshort supply and one piece may take many weeks to restore, premium prices mayhave to be paid, although an intensive search will be made to locate additionalconservators.A commensurate increase in professional and technical staff is required toprepare for the Museum's opening and subsequent exhibition and research pro-grams. This staff must : receive and process the approximate 500 new works ofart being added to the collection each year by Mr. Hirshhorn ; negotiate with con-servators and other contractors, and follow up on work progress ; conduct re-search and documentation for the opening exhibition as well as continue with thecataloging of the entire collection ; and continue the Museum's present publicservices such as loans, photographic requests, and research queries. Conservation,photography, and storage facilities also must be planned. Museum administrativebudget, personnel, and fiscal business must be handled. This increased staff willcost $50,000 and will include a curator, two exhibits technicians, three museumtechnicians, and a clerk-typist. A gradual phased buildup of essential staff mem-bers over the next two years makes sense in lieu of current and future Museumneeds.An additional $165,000 are requested for other contractual service costs relatedto the collections, the rental of warehouse space and warehouse services (movingitems in and out of storage for inspection, conservation, framing, etc.), photog-raphy to document the collections for exhibits planning and research purposes,and protective packing for shipping once restoration has been performed. Majortrips to art museums and galleries for research will be necessary as well as tripsto various collection storage areas.Mr. Bradley. As an administrator and not as a lawyer?but I haveto carry out the law?let me say this is a conditional gift. It was sub-ject to our accomplishing certain things. We have accomplished?we,the United States, the Congress?thank goodness, the President didhis part?everyone has passed no less than a dozen different check-points, where we had to do something to keep the conditional giftalive. We are right with it.This represents a collection, title to which has not been passed, buttitle to which must be passed?there is nothing optional about this ? upon our completion of the building, which is under construction, andon which we have a total contract to complete.Mr. Thompson. I understand that.I might say that, after a rather cursory examination of the list ofartworks in the Hirshhorn collection, I entered a statement in therecord at that time saying that I thought it seemed to be a splendidcollection. I am simply trying to clarify to the greatest possible extentany public criticism that there has been since then. It isn't my intentionto harass you.I want these questions answered because it is my responsibility.Mr. Blitzer. Might I quote a paragraph written by our deneralCounsel ?On the narrower question of the legality of spending appropriated funds forpreparing for exhibit that portion of the collection before legal title thereto isfully vested in the Smithsonian, such expenditures are proper where they "rea-sonably appear to be incident to and essential in the accomplishment of theauthorized purposes of the appropriation."Clearly, the preparation of the works of art is essential to the opening of themuseum for the public. A case in point is the opening of the National Gallery ofArt, where during construction of the building and prior to the transfer of theMellon collection to the Smithsonian in 1941, appropriations were authorizedand expended for these same purposes in 1930 and 1940.Mr. Thompson. I would like that letter for a matter of the record.(The letter referred to follows :) 544Use of Federal Funds in Preparing Works of Art for the Opening of theJoseph H. Hirshhorn Museum and Sculpture GardenPublic Law 89-788, 20 U.S.C. ?? 76aa-ee, established the Joseph H. HirshhornMuseum and Sculpture Garden, effective November 7, 1966, under the basic au-thority of the Board of Regents for "the increase and diffusion of knowledgeamong men." 20 U.S.C. ?? 41, 42. Appropriations were specifically authorized forthe operation of the Museum, ana the Regents were empowered to employ adirector, an administrator, and two curators for the "efficient administration" ofthe Museum. 20 U.S.C. ??76dd, 76ee.Contemporaneously with the passage of Public Law 89-788, and pursuant tothis express Congressional mandate to open and operate the Museum, the Smith-sonian submitted to the Bureau of the Budget a request for the first incrementof funds for the five-year program necessary to staff the Museum and prepare forthe opening. These funds, as well as those requested and appropriated for FiscalYears 1969 and 1970, were clearly identified in the budget submissions to theAppropriations Committees, specifying the purposes, including cataloguing, re-search, and the selection, conservation, and restoration of about one-sixth ofthe collection for the initial opening to the public.This interpretation and implementation of the requirements of Public Law89-788 has been accepted by the Smithsonian from the outset and has beenconsistently reaffirmed by the Congress in the three years following the pas-sage of the Act. Any other course of action would have required a finding thatCongress intended the museum building, constructed at public expense, to re-main closed to the public for as much as five years after its completion. Such aview is without any support whatever in the language of the Act or in its legisla-tive history.On the narrower question of the legality of expending appropriated fundsfor preparing for exhibit a portion of the collection before legal title thereto isfully vested in the Smithsonian, such expenditures are proper where they "rea-sonably appear to be incident to and essential in the accomplishment of theauthorized purposes of the appropriation." 42 Comp. Gen. 480 (1963) at p. 485;See also 46 Comp. Gen. 25 (1966). Clearly the preparation of the works of art isessential to the opening of the Museum to the public. A case in point is theopening of the National Gallery of Art, where, during construction of the build-ing and prior to the transfer of the Mellon collection to the Smithsonian in1941, appropriations were authorized and expended for these same purposesin 1939 and 1940.*In summary, there is no legal bar to the appropriation and expenditure offunds for the expeditious opening and operating of the Hirshhorn Museum andSculpture Garden, including the preparation of selected works of art forexhibition.April 23, 1970. Peter G. Powers,General Counsel, Smithsonian Institution.I note that the legislation calls for the appointment of trustees, Mr.Bradley. They have not been appointed, have they ?Mr. Bradley. Not yet, sir, no. They are in process in that names havebeen submitted to the White House, There has been some discussionabout biographies and so forth.This reference to the National Gallery as a parallel case was based on Section 3 ofthe Act of March 24, 1937, which states that : "Upon completion of the National Galleryof Art, the board shall accept for the Smithsonian Institution as a gift from the donora collection of works of art which shall be housed and exhibited in the National Galleryof Art," 20 U.S.C. 73, and on the amendment to that Act, approved April 13, 1939,which states that "For these purposes, and to provide prior to the completion of theNational Gallery of Art, for the protection and care of the works of art in said Galleryand for administrative and operating expenses and equipment preparatory to the openingof the Gallery to the public, there are hereby authorized to be appropriated such sumsas may be necessary." 53 Stat. 577. It has been brought to my attention that, notwith-standing the specific provisions of the Act, title to the Mellon collection was transferredto the Smithsonian on June 24, 1937, and that the funds appropriated, under the amend-ment, to the National Gallery of Art for fiscal years 1940 and 1941 were spent not onthe works of art themselves, but rather on the preparation, staffing, and maintenance ofthe building, title to which was transferred to the Smithsonian on November 30, 1940.However, since this opinion is based on the provisions of the Act of November 7, 1966,to provide for the establishment of the Joseph H. Hirshhorn Museum and SculptureGarden (Public Law 89-788, 20 U.S.C. 76aa-ee), and on the cited opinions of the Comp-troller General, the premises and conclusion of the opinion are not affected by thedifferences between the present case and that of the National Gallery.Augdst 18, 1970. 545Mr. Thompson. The legislation says that their terms shall expireone each on July 1, 1968, 1969, 1970, 1971, 1972, 1973, 1974, and 1975, asdesignated by the President.Three terms have expired at this point. And yet no one has beenappointed a trustee. What efforts have you people made to have thetrustees appointed by the President ?Mr. Bradley. We have corresponded with Mr. Hirshhorn, who hasnominated enough candidates so that four may be appointed by thePresident.We have alerted the Board of Regents, and they have agreed upona certain number, possibly 13, from which the President can appointfour. We have two ex-officio members, the Chief Justice and the Sec-retary of the Smithsonian.Mr. Thompson. Yet of those not to be appointed by the President,but appointed from other sources, none have been appointed ?Mr. Bradley. All of them are appointed by the President initially.Mr. Thompson. So, in effect, what you are doing is performing thefunctions of the board of trustees in the absence of one. Is thatcorrect ?Mr. Bradley. Mr. Thompson, I don't think that we are performingthe actions of the board of trustees. We have had a long experience ingetting a museum actually under construction. It was our judgmentthat we didn't need a board of trustees until we had something for theboard to do.Mr. Thompson. You do interpret, notwithstanding that you don'tyet have title to the collection, that there is a museum in fact, do younot?Mr. Bradley. Yes, sir.Mr. Thompson. Under that interpretation, you have made a deter-mination that what you are doing with respect to curatorial work andso on is perfectly legitimate, there being a museum in existence ?Mr. Bradley. Yes, sir.Mr. Thompson. And yet, it would seem to me that if there is in facta museum in existence as you interpret it, that certainly then it shouldbe imperative that the trustees be appointed.Mr. Bradley. Sir, may I examine just quickly ?Mr. Thompson. Let me follow with the question.You made reference to Mr. Hirshhorn and his nominees. He hasn'tyet nominated anyone ?Mr. Bradley. He has, sir, to the White House.Mr. Thompson. They are being screened?Mr. Bradley. Oh, yes, to be sure.I think the basis I would like to offer you is this. The function ofthe trustees run to matters of art, not to matters of administration.Administration is vested in the Secretary under the regents.There have been that I know of no trading in art, no determinationsmade as to the policy about art, and no determinations made aboutthe exhibition of art.Mr. Thompson. How, then, is the distinguished curator, Mr. Lernerproceeding?Mr. Bradley. He is proceeding with an existing collection, plus asupplemental collection that Mr. Hirshhorn is going to give to us.Mr. Thompson. But doesn't this involve working with art? 546Mr. Bradley. Indeed, it does, sir.Mr. Thompson. Then I don't understand what you just said.Mr. Bradley. Then I would like to say it again.The trustees are vested rather uniquely with final determination inmatters of art. The donor is proceeding to purchase art. He could pur-chase art whether we had a board of trustees or not and offer it. Ifthey don't want it, they don't take it.Mr. Thompson. As a matter of fact, he could until title passes pur-chase a work of art and put into the collection and take one out;could he not %Mr. Bradley. He could.Mr. Thompson. Let's assume you determine, or the curator does,that he is preparing things now or looking after things now. Let's as-sume he works on five works of art. And before title passes, Mr. Hirsh-horn says, "I think I will take those out, replace them with five others."He could do that ; could he not %Mr. Bradley. He could, sir.The act also provides that any money that results from any ex-change, purchase or sale of works of art remains to the credit of theHirshhorn collection.Mr. Thompson. Would that cover any possible losses, although thatis highly doubtful ?Mr. Bradley. It would carry whatever the proceeds turned out to be.We would hope that they would not be losses.Mr. Thompson. If there were losses, Mr. Hirshhorn would replacethose losses ?Mr. Bradley. I don't think that that follows : I think it is this. Whenyou get through, if you do any trading, whatever cash is availablestays with the fund for the use of the board of trustees when they come.Mr. Thompson. I assume in the absence of a board of trustees itwould stay in escrow until such time as you have them. Otherwise novalid, no legal action could be taken with respect to it.What percentage of this collection, Mr. Lerner, is being preparedfor exhibit ?Mr. Lerner. We expect to open the building with approximately1,200 works of art?I don't know the percentage?1,200 out of ap-proximately 7,000.Mr. Thompson. For your preparation, you expect to expend ap-proximately $600,000 ?Mr. Lerner. Yes, for the preparation of the works of art.Mr. Thompson. Your theory being obviously that as soon as thatbuilding is completed and you can get it open with works of art in it,you intend to do so ?Mr. Lerner. Yes, sir.Mr. Thompson. What is the projected completion date?Mr. Bradley. Sir, the fall of 1972. And then there would be a pausewhile we try to move in and get things hung. So it might be 6 to 9months later, early in 1973, calendar 1973, to open to the public.Mr. Thompson. When the building is complete and you are readyto move into it, you are going to move these works of art from NewYork and/or Connecticut?the sculpture, in particular?to Wash-ington.Mr. Hirshhorn under the contract would pay that expense, would henot? 547Mr. Blitzer. Sir, he is committed to deliver the collection to theSmithsonian Institution.Mr. Thompson. Obviously he is committed to deliver it from Con-necticut or New York to Washington ?Mr. Blitzer. I haven't really faced that question.Mr. Bradley. We are troubled by a technicality.In trying to be accurate, let me say, we do accept deliveries inArizona, Cambridge, and the Panama Canal Zone and elsewhere. Ithink that, since we have in Washington, in this instance, the buildinghere, it would call for delivery to Washington.(The information follows :)The Smithsonian later informed the subcommittee that deliveries are acceptedin Arizona, Cambridge, Mass., the Panama Canal Zone, New York, Washington,D.C. and satellite tracking stations and foreign currency research sites world-wide.Mr. Thompson. At Mr. Hirshhorn's expense ?Mr. Bradley. Exactly.(The letter referred to follows :)Stkassek, Spiegelbekg, Fkied, Frank & Kampleman,Washington, D.C, August 14, 1970.Hon. James Bradley,Under Secretary,Smithsonian Institution,Washington, D.C.Dear Mr. Bradley: This firm, as you know, serves as counsel to Joseph H.Hirshhorn and to The Joseph H. Hirshhorn Foundation, Inc. and, as such, as-sisted in the drafting of the Agreement of May 17, 1966 between the SmithsonianInstitution, Mr. Hirshhorn, and The Hirshhorn Foundation.We understand that at the recent hearings of the Subcommittee on Libraryand Memorials, a question was raised as to the payment of expenses of deliver-ing the Hirshhorn collections to the Smithsonian at the time of completion ofthe museum building and passage of title to the collections. The Agreement pro-vides, in pertinent part, that the collections "shall be delivered to the Institutionat the expense of the Donor and the Joseph H. Hirshhorn Foundation" [ArticleFourth]. Because the Smithsonian operates both in and out of Washington,D.C, and because the Agreement is silent as to the city in which delivery isto be made, the question has been raised as to whether or not Mr. Hirshhornand The Foundation will pay the expenses of delivery to the Institution in Wash-ington, D.C.It is our opinion, and I am authorized to state that Mr. Hirshhorn and TheFoundation fully share this opinion and intend to proceed accordingly, that theexpenses of delivery of the collections to the Smithsonian in Washington, D.C.are to be borne entirely by Mr. Hirshhorn and The Hirshhorn Foundation.Sincerely yours, Stephen P. Goldman.Mr. Thompson. This has been very interesting. But I am afraid thesecond bells of the quorum having rung, we should adjourn. The sub-committee does not have permission to sit during general debate today.We will adjourn to meet tomorrow, in room 2257.Would you gentlemen like to continue tomorrow ? Or do you thinkthat you have finished ?Mr. Bradley. We are at your pleasure, sir.Mr. Thompson. Why don't we consider for the moment, at least,and with appreciation, that we will go on to other subjects. And if anysubsequent questions arise, we will ask you to come back.Thank you very much.Mr. Roger Stevens has a written statement which he would likeplaced in the record. It will be included at this point. 548(Whereupon, at 12 :20 p.m., the subcommittee recessed, to reconveneon Wednesday, July 29, 1970.)(The statement referred to follows :)Statement of Roger L. Stevens, Chairman, Board of Trustees, John F.Kennedy Center for the Performing Arts, Before the Subcommittee onLibraries and Memorials, of the U.S. House of RepresentativesMr. Chairman, I have put my remarks into written form, because at thetime of preparing this statement, it does not appear that I will be availableto testify in person on the days of the hearings.I understand there has been some criticism at your committee hearings onthe Smithsonian Institution regarding the proposed Hirsbhorn project. I thinkinstead of criticism, the Smithsonian should be given a great deal of creditfor having pulled off an artistic coup of major importance, and special creditshould go to Dillon Ripley for his part in securing the artistic treasures ofJoseph Hirshhorn for the City of Washington, as well as the Nation.As you may remember, at the time of the negotiations I was Assistant toPresident Johnson on the Arts and felt strongly that this collection should belongto the Nation's Capital. I therefore arranged for Mr. Ripley to meet Mr. Hirsh-horn at his house in Connecticut. Mr. Ripley and I both devoted considerabletime from then on in finalizing an arrangement with Mr. Hirshhorn, and it wasonly because of the assurance of backing from the Smithsonian that we wereable to secure the collection for Washington. Ironically, the greatest obstaclein working out arrangements with Mr. Hirshhorn was the fear on the partof both him and his attorney that unreasonable political attacks might be madeon Mr. Hirshhorn.Needless to say, I wanted to be assured of the quality of the collection andchecked it out with Alfred Frankfurter, who was considered at that time tobe one of the most knowledgeable art critics in the country and editor of theprestigious Art News. He told me at that time that in his opinion Mr. Hirshhornowned the finest collection of modern sculpture in private hands and that healso owned many fine paintings. Since Mr. Frankfurter was a close friend ofmine, I did not ask him to put his opinions in writing. There did not seem tobe any need for this at the time. Incidentally, Mr. Frankfurter died shortly afterthe arrangements with Mr. Hirshhorn had been worked out, making it impossibleto secure a written opinion now.You have undoubtedly heard that official representatives of the British Govern-ment were very anxious to secure the collection and offered a plot in RegentsPark for a museum which would be named after Mr. Hirshhorn. Also, the IsraeliGovernment was making very attractive overtures to Mr. Hirshhorn, as well asthe cities of Rome and Florence. In this country, the Los Angeles Museum wasmaking every effort to secure the collection, as was the Museum in Baltimore ? and finally the toughest competition of all came from Governor Rockefeller onbehalf of the State University of New York. Certainly, if anyone would knowthe value of a collection of modern art, Governor Rockefeller would, as he wasat one time the head of the Museum of Modern Art and is an important collector.Since there has been some criticism of the museum being named after Mr.Hirshhorn, even though there is the precedent of the Freer Gallery and theSmithsonian itself, I must point out that this is the one condition that Mr.Hirshhorn wanted for parting with a collection that was bis life-long hobby andlove, and any of the contenders mentioned above would have been willing togrant that condition.I might add that this important collection, along with that of the NationalGallery, the Freer, the Corcoran, the Phillips Gallery, he National Portrait Gal-lery and the National Collection of Fine Arts, provide Washington with artisticresources that are only excelled by New York City, which, after all, is theworld's leading Center for the visual arts at the moment.I do hope, after investigation, that your Committee will give proper recogni-tion to Mr. Hirshhorn for his important contribution to the City of Washingtonand to Dillon Ripley, whose persuasiveness and salesmanship finalized theacquisition. o