rSSN OO06-324X
'
BULLETIN OF THEBIOLOGICAL SOCIETY
OF WASHINGTON
'-^r^strrr ?-
Ebl-4
Cb5PLATES
27 OCTOBER 2004NIIMRTR 11
Editor: Richard v. SternbergReview Editor: Lynne R. Parent!Reviewers: Gareth Nelson and Richard Winterbottom
Copies available as the supply lasts from:The Custodian of PublicationsBiological Society of WashingtonNational Museum of Natural HistorySmithsonian InstitutionWashington. D.C. 20560(Cost $75.00 for the 2-volume set, including postage and handling)
Cover illustration: Dorsal gill-arch musculature of MegaIops cyprmoides(see Plate 15).
STUDY OF THE DORSAL GILL-ARCH MUSCULATUREOF TELEOSTOME FISHES, WITH SPECIALREFERENCE TO THE ACTINOPTERYGII
Victor G. Springer and G. David JohnsonKarolyn Darrow, Illustrator
Appendix: Phylogenetic Analysis of 147 Families of Acanthomorph FishesBased Primarily on Dorsal Gill-Arch Muscles and Skeleton
Victor G. Springer and Thomas M. Onell
PLATES
'An sun'ives long after ideas go extinct?particularly if the art is good and the ideas less consistently so. "Joel Achenbach (2000). Smithsonian Magazine, 32(1):123.
Index of Illustrated Families and Genera with Associated Plate Numbers
Abudefduf H>lAcanthuridae 173AcaiUharus 173Achoeiodus .... 163.1. 163.2Acipenser 3Acipenseridae 3Acropomatidae 102Adrianichthyidae 98Afronandus 138Agonostomus 94Albula 17Albulidae 17Aldrovunjia 20Alepocephalidae 45Alepocephalus 45Allocyllus 76Amansipidae 176Amarsipus 176Ambassidae 126Amblyopsidae 64Amia 6Amiidae 6Ammodyles 140
.?\mnn)dy(idae 140Amphisiicus .... 162.1, 162.2Anguillu 22Anguillidae 22Anomalopidae 85Anomalop.s 85Aphredoderidae 62Aphrediulerus 62Aplocheilidae 96Apogonidae 114Arapiiima 12Arapaimidae 12Argentina 44Argentinidae 44As^iessor 129Ateleopodidae 53AleU'opus 53Atherinidae 95.1, 95.2Alractosteus 5Aulichthys 89Aulopidae 54Aulopiis 54Aulorhynchidae 90Aulorhynchus 90Barhourisia 72Barbciurisiidae 72Hmhxrhipea 108Bathyclupeidae 108Bathymcister 178Bathymasteridae 178Balrachoididae 67Bedotia 95Bedoiiidae 95Belonidae 99Berycidae 82, 83Beryx 82Blenniidae 188Bollmunnia 202Bovichtidae 180Bovichlus 180Brama 128
Braiiiidae 128Biyciiti 33C\itt(inihi(is 132CallaiUhiidae 132Callulimis 192Callionyniidae . . 184.1. 184.2CaiVumynms ... 184.1, 184.2Caproidae 78Capias 78Caquetaia 159Carangidae 148Caristiidae 127Caristilts 127Caulolatihis 182Centracanthidae 156Centrarchidae 106, 107Centriscidae 86Centroberyx 83Centrogeniidae 125Centrogenys 125Centrolophidae 177Cepitla 131Cepolidae 131Ceratodontidae 1.1, 1.2Cetengraulis 26.1, 26.2Cetomimidae 74Chaenopsidae 193Chaetodipterus 171Chanidae 30Channel 175Channidae 175Channs 30Characidae 33Chaunacidae 68Chaunax 68Cheilinus 167Chirocentridae .... 28.1, 28.2Chiroceiitrus 28.1, 28.2Chlorophthalmidae 56Chlorophthabnus 56Choerodon 167Chologaster 64Chromis 161Cichlidae 159Cirrhitidae 117Ck'plicus 167Clinidae 190, 191Cliiius 191Ckipeidae 29Coilia 27Cololabis 100Conger 21Congridae 21Coregonus 38Coris 166Coryphaena 150Coryphaenidae 150Cynoscion 121Cyprinidae 32.1, 32.2Cyprinodon 97Cyprinodontidae 97Dactylagnus 189Diiclyloptena 181Dactylopteridae 181
Daclyloscopidae 189Demireps 24Denlicipitidae 24Diaphus 58Dicrolene 65Diplomysies 34Diplomystidae 34Diplophidae 50Diplophos 50Dischistodus 160Ditropichthys 74Draconetta 183Draconettidae 183Dnssttinieria 29Elassoina 93Elassomatidae 93Eleotridae 197Eleotris 197Elopidae 16Elops 16Embiotoca 162Embiotocidae . . . 162.1, 162.2Engraulidae . . . 26.1, 26.2, 27Enneaciintlius 107Ephippidae 171Epinephehis IllEsocidae 47Esox 47Exocoetidae 101Exocoetiis 101Galaxias 40Galaxiidae 40, 41, 42Gasterosteidae 87Gasterosieus 87Gazza 137Gerres 133Gerridae 133Gibberichthyidae 70Gibberichihys 70Gibbonsia 190Glossamia 114Glossogobius 201Gnatholepis 204Gobiesocidae 185Gobiidae
. 200, 201, 202, 203, 204Gonorynchidae 31Gunorynchiis 31Gonostoma 52.1, 52.2Gonostomatidae . . . 52.1, 52.2Gramma 134Grammatidae 134Grammicolepidae 77Gymnarchidae 9Gymnarchus 9Gymnotidae 35Gymnoliis 35Haeniulidae 113Halosauridae 20Hemiramphidae 101Hemirainphiis 101Heterotiiniis 191Heteropriacanthiis 115Heterotis 11
Hexagranimidae 145Hexagraininos 145Hiodon 7Hiodontidae 7Holocentridae 84Holocentriis 84Hoplostelhus 81Hypomesus 43Hypoptychidae 88, 89Hypoptychus 88Icosteidae 75hastens 75/lisha 25Kathetastama 142Knhlia 157Kuhliidae 157Lahracinus 136Labridae 163.1, 163.2, 164.1,164.2, 165, 166, 167, 168Labrisomidae 192Labroides 168Lactariidae 119Lactarius 119Lanipanyctiis 58Lampridae 60Lumpris 60Lateolabracidae 120LatealabrcLX 120Lates 105Latidae 105Leiognathidae 137Leiapotherapon 158Lepidoblennius 187Lepidagalaxias 41Lepisosteidae 5Leptabrama 104Leptobramidae 104Lethrinidae 155Lethrinus 155Lonchopisthus 135Lovettia 42Lutjanidae 112Luvaridae 170Luvarus 170Macquaria 103Macrorainphosus 86Malacanthidae 182Mastacembelidae 92Maslacembelus 92Maiiralicus 51Megalopidae 15Megalops 15Melamphaidae 69Mene 80.1, 80.2Menidae 80.1, 80.2Menidia 95.1, 95.2Microdesmidae .... 198, 199Microdesinus 199Micrapterus 106Mormyridae 10Marane 110Moronidae 110Mugilidae 94Mullidae 124
Myctophidae 58Nematistiidae 147Nemaustius 147Nemipteridae 154Nemipterus 154Neoceratodus 1.1, 1.2Neoclinus 193Neoscopelidae 57Neoscopelus 57Notacanthidae 19Notacanthus 19Notopteridae 8Notopterus 8Novumbra 48Odontobutidae 195Odontobutis 195Oncorhynchus 36Ophidiidae 65Opistognathidae 135Opsanus 67Oreosomatidae 76Osmeridae 43Osteoglossidae 14Osteoglossum 14Ostracoberycidae 116Ostracoberyx 116Pantodon 13Pantodontidae 13Parablennius 188Paracirrhites 117Parahollardia 79Pempheridae 118Pempheris 118Perca 130Percichthyidae 103Percidae 130Percopsidae 63
Percopsis 63Petrocephalus 10Pholidichthyidae 169Pholidichthys 169Platycephalidae 144Platycephalus 144Platytroctidae 46Plesiopidae 129Polycentridae 138Polydactylus 122Polylepion 165Polymixia 61Polymixiidae 61Polynemidae 122Polyodon 4Polyodontidae 4Polypteridae 2Polypterus 2Pomacentridae 160, 161Pomadasys 113Pomatomidae 151Pomatomus , ? ? ? 151Pontinus 143Poromitra 69Priacanthidae 115Pristigasteridae 25Pristipomoides 112Pristolepidae 174Pristolepis 174Psenopsis 177Psettodes 205.1, 205.2Psettodidae .... 205.1, 205.2Pseudapooyptes 200Pseudochromidae 136Pseudupeneus 124Ptereleotris 198Pterothrissus 18
Rachycentridae 149Rachycentron 149Raniceps 66Ranicipitidae 66Retropinna 39Retropinnidae 66Rhamphocottidae 146Rhamphocottiis 146Rhyacichthyidae 194Rhyacichthys 194Rivulus 96Rondeletia 73Rondeletiidae 73Ruanoho 186Salmonidae 36, 37, 38Saurida 55Sciaenidae 121Scomber 153Scomberesocidae 100Scombridae 153Scombrolabracidae 152Scombrolabrax 152Scorpaenidae 143Searsia 46Selar 148Serranidae IllSillaginidae 123Sillago 123Sphyraena 139Sphyraenidae 139Spicara 156Stephanoberycidae 71Stephanoberyx 71Sternoptychidae 51Stichaeidae 179Symphodus .... 164.1, 164.2Symphysanodon 109
Symphysanodontidae . , . 109Synagrops 102Synaphobranchidae 23Synaphobranchiis 23Synbranchidae 91Synbranchus 91Synodontidae 55Terapontidae 158Tetracentrum 126Thymallus 37Trachelochismus 185Trachichthyidae 81Trachinidae 141Trachinus 141Triacanthodidae 79Tripterygiidae 186, 187Trypauchen 203Tylosurus 99Ulvaria 179Umbra 49Umbridae 48, 49Uranoscopidae 142Velifer 59Veliferidae 59Xenisthmidae 196Xenisthmus 196Xenolepidichthys 77Xenopoecilus 98Zacco 32.1, 32.2Zanclidae 172Zanclus 172
M. In
-gill 11 laments -I
( truncated
)
PPM. Intrb4M. Intrb3
B
M. Intrb2
M. Intrb3M. Intib4
Neoceratodiis(Ceratodontidae)LE4
gill filaments(truncated)
Plates I.I. 1.2. Neoceratodiis forsteri. AMS 1.4()438()()1 : A. dorsal view. SO damaged iiiid-dorsally, righl-sidc lnlbrl-4 and associaledtissues removed; B, posterior view, right-side lntbr3-4 removed; C. right side, lateral view. Iiilhrl?\ and associated tissues removed.
Cbl-4Neoceratodus

Polypterus(Polypteridae)
Plate 2. Polypterus oniatipinnis, USNM 164514: A, dorsal view; right-side Ebl medial portion illustrated based on left side; notesmall ossification on Ebl; B, lateral view, right side reversed; note Cb5 absent, PCI and PCE attach to Cb4.

Plate 3. Acipenser riahenus. USNM 62372: A,dorsal view, LE2 comprises five parts (only four visi-ble here, all beginning with MSPb2), left-side LE3 andLE4 reflected laterally, central CT greatly simplified, Ad4 continuousanteroventromedially with SO; B, lateral view, right side reversed; C,medial view right side, all five parts of LE2 indicated. Small middlearea of Ebl lightly ossified; all other skeletal elements are cartilaginous. SPb2M. SPb2-LEl

SPb2
RecD4
2 mm-Polyodon(Polyodontidae)
Cbl-5
Plate 4. Polyodon spathula, USNM 101093: A, dorsal view; B, lateral view, right side reversed, dotted lines indicate extent ofattachment of Adl to posterior surface of Ebl, similar Ads present on 2nd to 4th arches. All skeletal elements are cartilaginous.

Cbl
Ebl-4
1 12mmAtractosteus(Lepisosteidae)
tendon
Cb5
Plate 5. Atractosteus tropicus, USNM 120715: A, dorsal view, right-side LE4 retracted; position of LE2 insertion approximated (inB also): B, lateral view, left side: LEland LE2 removed (insertion positions indicated by shading): C, posterior view, right side reversed.

2 mm-Amia(Amiidae)B
Plate 6. Amia calva, USNM 230909; A, dorsal view, right-side TPb3 and OD4 cut away; B, posterior view, right side reversed.

LI2+3
RecD4
Ebl
Eb2
Plate 7. A, B. Hiodon alosoides. USNM 350554: A, dorsal view, distal (posterior) ends of Eb4s are rotated differently, makingspecimen appear asymmetrical and obscuring right-side OP; C, H. tergisiis. USNM 342742, dorsal view, right side. See description andresults sections for discussion of problems concerning identification of LI2 and/or 3.

Plate 8. Notopterus notopteriis. A, B. USNM 191464: A. dorsal view, right-side LE 4 removed and OD3-4 cut away to reveal RecD4;B, posterior view, left side: C, USNM 344674: lateral view, left side.

complex
RecD3?
M. Pb3-Eb3-Eb2
Plate 9. Gymnarchus niloticus. USNM 319410: A. dorsal view. LEI complex truncated considerably anteriorly; B, posterior view,left side, Ad5 attaches to tendon and Eb4 dorsally.

Ebl-4
Petrocephalus(Mormyridae)
Plate 10. Petrocephalus tenuicauda. USNM 118801: dorsal view, right-side LIl and LE3 removed, insertions indicated by shading.

Pb3 ant. seg
M.Pb4-Eb2
Ad4(anomalous)
Plate 11. Heterotis niloticus. USNM 303214: A. dorsal view, right-side epibranchial organ removed: B. dorsal view, right side: B,posterior view, right side reversed; C, lateral view, left side.

TPb3-Eb2
RecD2+M.Pb4-Eb2
M. Pb4-Eb20D3 (cut end)
Om (cut end)
2 mm 1Arapaima(Arapaimdoae)
Plate 12 Arapaima gigas. USNM 177528: A, dorsal view, levators truncated, LE2 and LE3 absent; left-side TPb3-Eb2 cut away toexpose OD3 and OD4 origins (shaded areas); left-side OD3 and OD4 cut away anteriorly to expose LI2 insertion; B, posterior view, left
side; Ad4 not visible.

M. Pb2-Eb2
Cb4
-2 mm Pantodon(PANTODONTroAE)
Plate 13. Pantodon bucholzi, USNM 353993: A, dorsal view, right-side LE4 removed: B, posterior view, left side: C, dorsal view,left-side dorsal gill-arch skeleton with insertion positions of LI2, LI3, and RD indicated: D, ventral view of right-side Ebl, Eb2, Pb2 toreveal M. Pb2-Eb2.

Pb3 ant. seg.
M. Pb2-Eb2
Pb3
RecD2
M. Pb4-Eb2
RecD4
Osteoglossum(OSTEOGLOSSIDAE)
RecD2Pb2M. Pb4-Eb2
Plate 14. Osteoglossum bicirrhosum. USNM 315447: A. dorsal view, right-side LIl removed; B, lateral view, left side, LE3 truncatedconsiderably.

Ebl-4
Cb5
TV5 Megalops(Megalopidae) PCE Ad5
Plate 15. Megalops cyprinoides, USNM 350468: A, dorsal view, right-side LE4 removed and OD3 cut away; B, posterior view, leftside; C, lateral view, right side reversed.

0D3 (cut end)
LE4
Ad5
Plate 16 Elops saums. USNM 121694: A, dorsal view, right-side TPb3. OD3, and OD4 cut away; B, lateral view, left side. Note:LIl loops anteriorly from posterior attachment to SPbl, forming two sheet-l.ke layers with less extensive posterior layer mcompletelyoveriapping surface of more extensive anterior layer: LI2 on Pb3 ventrally and SPbl posterioriy: LIS on PB4 ventrally with tew antenorfibers on SPb2.

M.UP4-Eb2
-LI3
Ebl-4
-M.UP5-CMCM*
Albula(Albulidae)
Plate 17. Albula vulpesl. USNM 247511: A, dorsal view, right-side OD4 cut away; note anomalous slip of muscle inserting ondorsomedial process of Eb4 passes through right side of TPb3 and arises from hidden origin of right-side OD3; OD4 inserts dorsallyonly on dorsomedial process of Eb4; B, posterior view, left side.

M.UP5-Cb4
M.UP5-Cb4Eb5
Pterothrissus(Albulidae)
Plate 18. Pterothrissus gissit. FRSKU 22120: A, dorsal view, right-side LE4 removed and TPb3, OD3, OD4 cut away to revealinsertions of LI2 and LI3; B, posterior view, left side; C, lateral view, right side reversed.

I 2 mm 1Notocanthus(Notacanthidae)
Plate 19 Notacanthus chemnitzi. USNM 214342; A, dorsal view, right-side LE3 added (specimen anomalously lacked muscle); B,posterior view, left side; C, lateral view, left side; note GFM overiaps Adl dorsolaterally. continuous with Adl ventromedially; GFMson second and third arches damaged, complete extent undetermmed.

LE3
LE4
I 2 mm 1Aldrovandia(Halosauridae)
Plate 20. Aldrovandia affinis. USNM 319707: dorsal view, right-side OD3-4 cut away.
Plate 21. Conger cinereus. A-C. USNM 11,')969 (toothplates labeled according to Nelson, 1966): A. dorsal view, right-side TPb3-Eb4 and OD4cut away; fascia-like ligament originating on medial tip of Eb4 is shown (in part) only on the left side; B, posterior view, left side; C, lateral view,fourth arch (Eb3 uncinate process included), right side reversed; D, C nipnniceps. ANSP 106182, cleared and stained: dorsal view, left-side dorsalgill arches, gray area indicates extent of LI2 insertion on Pb3, UP3. and UP4 based on C. cinereus.
M.Pb2-Ebl
RecD2
2inm 1Conger(CONGRroAE) M. UP4-Eb4

RecDl
TPb3-UP3-UP4-Eb4
Plate 22. AnguiUa rostrata. USNM 340815: A, dorsal view, right-side LIl forced medially to reveal M, Pb2-Ebl; B. posterior view;C, left-side dorsal gill arches with insertions of LIl. LI2, and TPb3-Eb4-UP4-UP5 indicated by darker shaded areas.

|-Pb2
UP3
Plate 23. A,B. Synaphobranchus sp., USNM 316662: A. dorsal view, lef.-s.de OD3-4 cut away; B lateral ---^-ght side reversed(SO not shown); C, S. koupi, VIMS uncataloged. cleared and stained: dorsal vtew. lett-stde dorsal g,ll arches, M. Pb2-Eb2 md.cated,insertion of LI2 indicated by darker shaded areas.

Ebl-4
-2 mm-
B
TPb3-Pb4-Eb4
Eb4Eb5
Denticeps(Denticipitidae)
Cb5
Plate 24. Denticeps clupeioides. USNM 358795: A, dorsal view, right-side LE3 removed; B, posterior view, right side reversed.

Ad5
Eb4^CM
TV5
Plate 25. Ilisha africana, USNM 357405: A, dorsal view, Pbls rotated anteriorly, LE3. LE3', LE4, and LP removed from both sides,insertions indicated by darker shaded areas on Eb4; B, posterior view, left side; C, lateral view, left side.
Cetengraulis(Engrailioae)
LI2 insertion
LI3 insertion
0D4
Ad4
Cb5
Plates 26.1, 26.2. Cetengraulis edentiilus. USNM 186377: A, dorsal view, right-side Lis removed (insertions indicated), right-sideLE4 and LE4' removed; B. lateral view, left side, LE3 removed (insertion area shown as darkly shaded area on Eb3 uncinate process).
TPb4 SO+EO0D4 Ad4
Cetengraulis

Coilia(Engral'lidae)
Plate 27. Coilia neglecta. USNM 357380: A, dorsal view, right-side levators truncated; B, posterior view, left side.
mm 1Chirocentrus(Chirocentridae)
Ad5-
Plates 28.1. 28.2. Chirocenlrus clornh. USNM 28.'!241: A. dorsal view, left-side LE4 and LP removed, right-side LE3 removed; B.posterior view, right side reversed; C. lateral view, right side reversed.
Chirocentrus
2 mm TPM CM

B0D3
Dussumieria(Clupeidae)
Plate 29. Dussumieria acuta. USNM 296827: A, dorsal view, left-side LI2 and LI3 removed to reveal LE2 insertion; tissue compo-sition of pad overlying dorsoanterior ends of Pb2s and Pb3s is unknown; B, lateral view, left side, OD4 cut away to expose OD4'.

Plate 30. Chanos chanos, USNM 173572: A, dorsal views; left, enlarged anterior portion of gill arches and, right, reduced overallview, right epibranchial organ removed; B, posterior view, left side; C, lateral view, left side.

MPbl
Ad4
Gonorynchus
(Gonorynchbdae)0D4 tendonEb3-Eb4* lig.
Plate 31. Gonorhynclms moseleyi Jordan and Snyder, USNM 354590: A, dorsal view, esophagus truncated, right-side OD3 and OD4removed, sparse SO longitudinal fibers extending anteriorly from below TPb4 to below TPb3 not shown; B, lateral view, postenor gill-arch skeleton to show AD4. Identification of LE4 questionable; see remarks following LP in species description.
Pb2
LCb5
RCbSE
Ebl-4
Plates 32.1. 32.2. Zacco platypus. USNM 336890: A, dorsal view: right-side RCb5E, LCb5, OD3, and OD4 removed (OD originson Pb3 indicated by shaded areas); fascia covering dorsoanterior SO extensions greatly simplified, cut back on right side: -SO longitudinalmuscle layer not shown; B. posterior view, right-side RCb.'iE and LCb5 removed: C. ventral view, right-side dorsal aill-arch skeletonshowing RecD2. 3. and 4: D. lateral view, lel'l side (enlarged inset shows autogenous bone. AB. at dorsal tip of Eb4 levator process).
Eb5
Ad5
I 2 mm Zacco

Ebl-4
CM
0D4'
0D4
Ebl-5-
9?Cb5
Plate ^3 B,ycon guatemalensis, USNM 1 14526: A, dorsal view; B, posterior view, left side; C, dorsal view of right-side dorsal gillarches, LIl-3 (insertion areas indicated). LE2 and 3 removed, and OD3 and 4 cut away to expose OD4'. Note: OD4' absent in B.melanoptenis.

TPbl-2-3-Ebl-2
B Diplomystes(Diplomystidae)
OP (cut)
Plate 34. Diplomystes chilensis, USNM 259097: A. dorsal view, right-side anterior CT cut away to expose cartilage; right-side OD3and OD4 cut away to expose some underlying muscle-bone relationships; B. posterior view, left side: C, dorsal view, levators and dorsalobliques removed, but insertions of LI 1-4 and origin of OD4 indicated.

Pbl
Ebl-4
-2 mm- Gymnotus(Gymnotidae)
ER?
Ebl-4
Eb5
Plate 35. Gymnotus caiapo. A, B, USNM 260272: A, dorsal view, right-side OD4 cut away, left-side PP fascia removed (Pbl basedon USNM 233851): B, posterior view, left side; C, USNM 233851 (cleared and stained), dorsal gill-arches with insertions of levators(based on USNM 260272) indicated by shaded areas.

Ebl-4
Oncorhynchus(Salmonidae)
Ad5?
'
TVS
Plate 36. Oncorhynchus mykiss. USNM 351540: A, dorsal view, right-side OD3 cut away to reveal TPb3a, which joins anteroventralsurface of OD3; TPbSa cut away to reveal origin of OD3'. wh.ch joins mid-ventral surface of OD3; B, posterior view, left side.

Ebl-4
Plate 37. Thymallus arcticus. USNM 1 79764: A, dorsal view; B, posterior view, left side: C, right-side dorsal gill arches with insertionsof LIl, U2, and LI3 indicated.

Coregonus(SALMONroAE)
SO TV5
Plate 38. Coregonus artedi, USNM 117488: A. dorsal view, right-side Eb3 removed and OD3 (insertion not shown) and OD4 cutaway; Pbl extends dorsoposteriorly, has all bony tip dorsally; B, posterior view, left side.

Retropinna(Retropinnidae)
Ad5+S0
Plate 39. Retropinna osmeroides. USNM 304419: A. dorsal view, right-side TPb3p. OD3. OD4, and OD4' cut away to reveal originsof OD4 (on Pb3) and OD4' (on Pb4). insertions of LI2 and LI3. and attachment of TPb4-Eb4; B. posterior view, left side.

LE4
Ad4
Plate 40. Galaxias aitratus, USNM 344888: A, dorsal view; B, posterior view, left side.

Lepidogalaxias(Galaxiidae)
Plate 41. Lepidogalaxias salamandroides, USNM 358461: A, dorsal view, left-side LE3 and LE4 removed, insertion areas indicated;B, posterior view, left side.

Ebl
LE3
LE4
Cb5
Plate 42. Lovettia sealei. USNM 358617: A. dorsal view, right-side LI2 and LI3 especially truncated to reveal LE2: B. left side,posterior view.

TVS
Plate 43. Hypomesus pretiosus, USNM 357404: A, dorsal view, right-side TPb3a-Eb2 cut away to reveal OD3 origin on Pb3; right-sideOD3 and OD4 cut away to reveal LI2 and LI3 insertions; B, posterior view, right side reversed.

Ad5
Plate 44. Argentina hnicei. USNM 238005: A, dorsal view, right-side OD3 and OD4 cut away to reveal insertions of LI2 and LIB;right-side LE4 removed; B. posterior view, left side; C. lateral view, right side reversed.

(cut end)
Cb5 Alepocephalus(Alepocephalidae) Ad4
Plate 45. Alepocephalus tenebrosus. USNM 2155.82: A, dorsal view, right-side TPb3p-Pb4 and OD3 cut away to reveal Pb3 and Pb4and insertions of LI2 and LB; B, posterior view, left side. Ad5 oecludes view of AC. tendon attaches AC to Eb5 ventromedial corner;C, lateral view, left side. Attachments of LEI and LIl to SPbl released.

Ad5
Plate 46. Searsia koefoedi. USNM 206873: A, dorsal view, right-side TPb3p-Pb4-Eb4 and OD3 cut away to reveal msertions of Lis;left-side SPbl and SPb2 occluded from view by surrounding Lis; B. posterior view, right side reversed: C, lateral view, lett side.

LE3
0D4'(cut end)
Ebl-4
Esox(Esocidae)
Plate 47. Esox niger. USNM 355803: A, dorsal view, right-side TPb3a. OD3, and OD4 cut away to reveal origin of OD3 andinsertions of LI2 and LI3 (origins unite dorsally); B, posterior view, left side, Ad4 and OP inseparable.

T.F.2
LE3
-2 mm- Novumbra(Umbridae)
M. Pb3-Eb3
GFM2
EbM
c
LE3insertion
TV5-
Plate 48. Noviimbra hiibbsi. USNM 357403 (see description): A. larger specimen, dorsal view: right-side OD3-4 and OD4' cut awayto reveal TPb3p attachment and LI2 and LI3 insertions; M. Pb3-Eb3 occluded from view; B. C, smaller specimen: B, posterior view, leftside; C, lateral view, left-side Pb3 and Eb3 to show attachments of M. Pb3-Eb3.

Ebl-4Ad4
Ad5
Plate 49. Umbra pygmaea, USNM 343617: A. dorsal view, right-side OD4 cut awayanterioriy; B, posterior view, left side. to reveal LI3 insertion on Pb4; Pbls forced

Diplophos(Diplophidae)
2 mm 1
Ebl-4
TVS
Plate 50 Diplophos Taenia. USNM 206614: dorsal views. A, complete view; B. view with several muscles cut away to revealunderlying structures and muscle connections (note: asymmetry at posterior end allows AD4 and OP to be visible on nght side, but noton left side; RX) inserts on medial edge of UP5).

Ebl-4
MauroUcus(Sternoptychidae)
Plate 51. Maiirolicau.s muelleri, USNM 323033: A, dorsal view, Pbls rotated anteriorly; B, posterior view, right side reversed.
0D4'
SOD
Ad4
M.UP5-CM-
-2 miii-Gonostoma(Gonostomatidae)
TV5
Plates 52.1. 52.2. Gonnsloma ehmgatum. USNM 330309: A, dorsal view; B. posterior view, left side. RDs removed nearly to theirinsertions and bones spread to clarify muscle attachments; LE4 removed; C. lateral view, right side reversed.
c U2
Gonostoma
Cb5

LEI
Ad5+0P
(cut end)
Plate 5^ A B Aieleopus loppei. USNM 349721: A. dorsal view, left-side OD4 cut away to reveal insertions of LI2 and LI3; B.posterior view, left side; C. Ateleopodidae. USNM 361 124: dorsal view, left-side dorsal gill arches with most muscles removed or cutaway to reveal insertions of LI2 and LI3.

Ebl-4
Ad5
-2 mm-
B Aulopus(Aulopidae)
Plate 54. Aulopus filainentosus, USNM 313689: A. dorsal view, right-side TEb2. TPb3', TPb4, TEb4 cut away to reveal underlyingRD; right-side OD3 and OD4 cut away to reveal insertions of LI2 and LI3 (OD3 insertion site indicated by shaded area); right-side LE3and LE4 removed (insertions indicated by shaded areas); right-side Pbl rotated anterioriy; B, posterior view, left side.

Pb3Pb2
0D3M. Pb2-Eb2
Pb2
Plate 55 Saurida gracilis USNM 140822: A. dorsal view, right-side LE4 removed; B. posterior view, right side reversed: C, right-side dorsal gill arches, insertions of U1-LI3 indicated on Pb2, Pb3. and UPS, respectively; transverse dorsalis muscles cut away exceptnear their attachments on Pb2, Eb2, Eb3, and Eb4.

Pbl Pb2
LE4
Ebl-4
Chlorophthalmus(Chlorophthalmtoae)
Plate 56. Chloropthalmiis agassiz. A. USNM 357798: dorsal view, right-side OD3 and OD4 cut away: B. USNM 159379. posteriorview, left side.

EbM-
2 mm 1Neoscopelus(Neoscopelidae)
LE2
m-LE3
TV5
Plate 57. Neoscopelus nmcrolepidotus, USNM 358034: A, dorsal view; B, posterior view, left side.

2 mm 1Lampanyctus(Myctophidaz)A&B
Plate 58. A, B, Lampanyctus macdonaldi. USNM 303167: A, dorsal view, right-side TPb2p and TEb2 cut away to reveal attachmentof SO longitudinal muscle insertion on Pb3; B. posterior view, right side reversed. C. Diaplms mollis. USNM 300877: dorsal view, left-side, TPb3 removed and RD' and longitudinal SO muscle fibers deflected medially to reveal connections of RD and RD'.

Velifer(Veliferidae)
Plate 59. Velifer sp., NSMT-P-59516: A. dorsal view: right-side dorsal CT pad removed. TEb2 cut away. OD3-4 bisected, and PPfascia removed. B, posterior view, left side.

LP+FP
Plate 60. Lampris guttams. SIO 80-72: A, dorsal view, left-side LE3-LE4-LP complex removed, right-side LE2 removed and illustratedin place of left side LE2 (see remarks following LE2 in Lampris description). B, lateral view, right side reversed.

LE4
-Cb5
Plate 61. Polymixia lowei. USNM 202153: A. dorsal view; right-side OD3-4 and TPb3-Eb3 cut away; M. SO-Pb3 indicated only byanteriorrmost extending line of SO label. B, posterior view, left side (note small levator process at junction of PP fascia with LE4insertion; Eb4 label indicates uncinate process).

Plate 62. Aphredoderiis sayanus, USNM 238477: A, dorsal view, right-side OD3-4 cut away and LE4, LP, and padlike CT encasingPb2 and Ebl uncinate processes (cartilage) removed, OD obscured from view. B, posterior view, left side. C, lateral view of LI2 showinginsertion on Pb3, Pb4, and UP4, right side reversed. .

TPb2
M Pb2-Eb2
Ebl
, mm-Percopsis(Percopsidae)
CM
TV5-
TPb2
Plate 63. Percopsis omiscomaycus,
Col-5
; USNM 1 797 1 1 : A. dorsal view, CT attaching to raphe at TPb2 mid-line not shown, right-side0D4 bisected and LE4 and LP removed. B. posterior view, left side. C, lateral view, left side.

Chologaster(Amblyopsidae)
Plate 64. Chologaster agassizi. USNM 232514: A. dorsal view, right-side TPb2a, TPb2p, and OD4 cut away and LIl, LE4, and LPremoved. B, posterior view, left side.

Pb2 Pbl
-M. Pb2-Eb2
CM-/_ I OPCTpad
OD3-4
M. S0-Pb3
I 2 mm-
B Dicrolene(Ophidiidae)
CTpad
Plate 65. Dicrolene intronigra. USNM 362557: A. dorsal view, right-side OD3-4 cut away and LEI, LE3, and LE4 removed (insertionpositions indicated by shading). B, posterior view, right side reversed.

-2 mm-B Raniceps(Ranicipitidae)
Plate 66. Raniceps raninus, USNM 345222: A, dorsal view, right-side LE4 and LP removed finsertion positions indicated by shading).B, posterior view, left side.

Plate 67. Opsanus beta, USNM 301938: A, dorsal view. B. posterior view, left side, PCI removed (see remarks following OP inspecies account for description of relationships between PCI and OP and Ad5).

CTpadTEb2LH Pb2
M. Pb2-Eb2
SOD
OD3-4 Chaimax(Chaunacidae)
Plate 68. Chaunax pictus, USNM 187852: A, dorsal view, right-side LE4 removed (insertion position indicated by shading). B,posterior view, right side reversed. C, anterolateral view, left side.

TPb2Pb2
OD3-4
gill raker
tendon
Plate 69. Poromitra capita, USNM 258325: A. dorsal view, right-side LP and LE4 removed (insertion positions indicated by shading).B, posterior view, left side. LP deflected laterally.

Plate 70. Gibberichthrs punulus. USNM 217207: A, dorsal view. B. postenor view, left side. C. dorsal view of gill-arch skeletonwith approximate positions of muscle insertions on Pb3 indicated by shading, nght-side reversed.

Pbl^/^Pb3
LE2
LE3
Stephanoberyx(Stephanoberycidae)
Plate 71. Stephanoberyx inonae. USNM 304376: A, dorsal view, right side LE3. LE4. and LP removed, (insertion positions indicatedby shading). B. posterior view, right side reversed. C, dorsal view left side, OD3 and OP cut away to reveal underiying OD3'. anteriorportion of TPb2 cut away to reveal LIl insertion.

TPb2
TEb2
- SO branch(joins with TPb3)
LE4
?TPb3
-SO(toPb4)SO (to Pb3)
?SO branch(joins with TPb3)
Barbourisia(Barbourisiidae)
1-2 mm -I
Cb5- TV5
Plate 72. Barbourisia rufa. AMNH 29772: A, dorsal view; (only left-side gill arches available for study). A. posterior view, left side,levators forced laterally.

LE2
LE3
B
Rondeletia(Rondeletiidae)
Eb3
IVEl>4
Plate 73. Rondeletia loricata. USNM 206836: A. dorsal view, right-side TPb2 and TPb3 cut away to reveal insertion of LIl on Pb2and Pb3 and insertion of RD on Pb3. B. posterior view, left side.

OD3+OD4
M. S0-Pb3
Ebl4
Plate 74. Ditropichthys storeri. SIO 64-24-25; A. dorsal view, openings of diverticula not detailed. B, posterior view, left side. C,dorsal view, right-side: LE4 and LP removed (insertion positions indicated by shading); TPb2, TEb2, TEb3, TEb4, SOD, and OD3-4cut away to reveal M. SO-Pb3, RD insertion on Pb3, and epibranchial attachments of TEb3, TEb4, and OD3-4. Absence of LEI shouldbe verified in another specimen.

Ad40P( + Ad5?) + S0
Plate 75. Icosteiis aenigmaticiis. LACM 35865-1: dorsal view: right-side OD3-4 bisected. B, posterior view (left side aberrant).

OP //li
Ad4 '- ?^
Plate 76. AUocvitus verrucosus. USNM 329365. levators variously truncated or unmodified: A, dorsal view (skewness of musclesprobably abnormal), TPb3 not visible; right-side OD3 and OD3' bisected, note anomalous muscle slip on Ebl; left-side CT pad removedfrom TPb2; B, posterior view, right side reversed; C, lateral view, left side.

TPb2 Pb2
Rec Com?
Xenolepidichthys(Grammicolepidae)
Plate 77. Xenolepidichthys dalgleislu. USNM 341954: A, dorsal view, lateral etids of Ebl and Eb2 on both sides pivoted slightlyanteriorly. B, posterior view, left side.

Adl
LEI
CblEbl
Cb2
Eb2
Cb3
Eb3
B
Ad4
2 mm- Capros(Caproidae)
Plate 78. Capros aper. USNM 289207: A. dorsal view, right-side OD3 and OD3' bisected; right-side LE2, LE3, and LE4 reinoved,insertion positions shown by shading; left-side Pb2-Ebl ligament removed. B, posterior view, left side.

GFMy-
GFM
Ad4
Plate 79 Parahollardia lineata. USNM 287252: A. dorsal view, right-side OD3-4 cut away to reveal underlying muscle attachmentsand LE4, LP, and GFMs removed (joint LE4-LP insertion position indicated by shading). B, posterior view: nght-side reversed. C. lateralview, left side.
2 mill 1Mene(Menidae)
insertion , . ^ , ,LE4+LP+ PP ^T^iLinsertion
LE4+LP TPb3-Eb3
Mene
D LP+PP
2mm
2mm
Plates 80.1, 80.2. Mene maculata. USNM 347107: A, dorsal view, right-side LIl removed, CT pad on mid-line of TEb2 cut away,LE4-LP-PP removed (insertion position indicated by shading), Ebls pivoted slightly anteriorly (breaking articulation with IAC2 (see B).B, dorsal view (as in A), right-side TEb2 and both LE3s removed (LE3 insertion positions indicated by shading), both OD3s and OD3'sbisected; articulation of IAC2 with underiying Pb2 not shown. C, posterior view, left side, LE4-LP truncated, PP removed; Ad5 attachesto CBS, OP lat tendon, AC4, Cb4 posterodistally; ER present, not visible in view. D, lateral view, left side, portion of CT associatedwith LP -I- PP cut away to reveal Ad5 and Cb5: RecD2 not visible.

TPb2'
Hoplostethus(Trachichthyidae)
Plate 81. Hoplostethus mediterraneus. USNM 307273: A, dorsal view; right-side modifications: CT cut away to reveal thin sheet ofmuscle fibers composing TPb2', OD3-4 cut away to reveal attachments of TPb3-Eb3 and LI2, Pbl forced anteriorly, LE4 forcedposteriorly. B, left-side posterior view. C, left-side lateral view.

TEb2-Ebl
-=:^? Cb5
Plate 82. Beiy.x splendens. USNM 306143: A, dorsal view: right side OD3-4 cut away (anterior part not shown) to reveal insertionof LI2 and attachments of TPb3-Eb3 and TPb4. B. posterior view, right side reversed. C, lateral view, left side.

Centroberyx(Berycidae)
Plate 83. Centroberyx affinis. USNM 176984: dorsal view; right-side dorsal CT sheets cut away, Pbl forced anteriorly, and OD3-4.Posterior view, not shown, is like that of Hoplostetkus mediterraneus. Plate 8 IB.

Holocentrus(Holocentridae)
Plate 84. Holocentrus adscensionis, USNM 345408: A. dorsal view, right-side dorsal CT sheet cut away, OD3-4 cut away (to revealattachments of LI2 and TPb3-Eb4), LP forced posterolaterally to reveal tendinous connection to LE4. B. posterior view: right side,reversed.

Anomalops(Anomalopidae)
Plate 85. Anomalops katoptron, SIO-75-466: A. dorsal view, minute lAC and PP and associated CT not shown, right-side OD3-4cut away and LE4 and LP removed Uoined insertion positions indicated by shading). B. posterior view, nght s,de reversed.

lonax- A USNM 366546: dorsal view. GFMl and 2 removed on both sides, right-side CT pad removedPlate 86. Macroramphosits scoiand TEb2 bisected, OD3' not visible. B. USNM 158813, posterior view,USNM 366546 and 158813. composite left-side lateral view. left side, with LE4 and LP added from USNM 366546. C.

OD3-4 ^*^2
?inmi-B LE4 SOD Gasterosteus(Gasterosteidae)
Plate 87. Gasterosteus aciileatiis. USNM 344603: A, dorsal view, left-side LE4 and right-side LE2 removed (insertion positionsindicated by shading), right-side OD3-4 cut away. B-. posterior view, right side reversed; Ad4 and Ad5 obscured from view.

-2 mm- Hypoptychus(Hypoptychidae)
Plate 88. Hypoptychus dybowskii, UW 29655: dorsal view, composite based on three specimens.

^^\>\,\^ ll///'^
Aulichthys(Hypoptychidae)
Plate 89. Aulichthys japonicus, USNM 347504: A, dorsal view, right-side LE4 and LP removed (insertion positions indicated byshading). B, posterior view, left side.

Pb2
OP+SO
B TPb3-Eb3-Eb4 + SOD Aulorhynchus(Aulorhynchidae)
SO
0P+Ad5
Plate 90. Aulorhynchus flavidus. USNM 344688: A, dorsal view, right-side LE4 and LP removed (insertion positions indicated byshading) and OD3-4 bisected to reveal OD3'. B, posterior view, left side.

LE4Ad3
-I mm 1B
OD3-4 flange
Synbranchus(Synbranchidae)
Plate 91. Synbranchus niarmoratus. USNM 311207: A, dorsal view; right-side OD3-4 bisected; note anomalous TD muscle strand.B, lateral view, left side. Rendition of ligaments should be verified; see additional remarks following descriptive account).

Ebl4
Ad5
Mastacembelus(Mastacembelidae
)
Plate 92. Mastacembelus annatus. USNM 319465: A, dorsal view, left-side LE4 removed (insertion position indicated by shading)and OD3-4 bisected. B, posterior view, C, lateral view, right side reversed.

LE2 Ebl
2mm- -{
B
Ad4
Elassoma(Elassomatidae)
Plate 93. Elassoma zonatum. USNM 173343: A, dorsal view, right-side OD3-4 bisected and LE4 removed (insertion position indicatedby shading). B, posterior view, left side.

Agonostomiis(Mugilidae)
Plate 94. Agonostomiis monricola. USNM 322336: A. dorsal view, right-side TPb2d bisected to reveal underlying structures: left-sideLE3, LE4, and LP removed (insertion positions indicated by shading), all other levators greatly truncated. B, posterior view, right sidereversed. Note: SOD present or absent, see description.
1 mm 1
Plates 93.1. 95.2. A. B. D. Mciiiilia /iciiiiisiiUu: USNM 160465: A. dorsal view, le\ators inmcalcd. right-side OD4 cut away. LPremoved (insertion indicated by shading). Ad4 present but obscured in all views; CT represents ligament-like thickening of lateral edgeof CT rooting pharynx. B, posterior view. LP pushed anteriorly. D. frontal view. C, Bedolia species. USNM .^01513: posterior view. LProtated clockwise.
. mm-Menidia

TPb2 TPb2a
LE4-r,
-2mm- Rivulus(Aplocheilidae)
Ad5+0P
PCE
Plate 96. Rivulus mannoratus. USNM 293487: A. dorsal view, right-side dorsalmost CT cut away to expose CT covering Pb3articulating facet (medial edge of facet indicated by dotted line), right-side LE4 and LP retracted (LP becomes hidden) to reveal LE3insertion on Eb3 and ligament extending between Eb3 and Eb4. B, posterior view. LP rotated clockwise to reveal underlying muscles.

LE2
Cyprinodon(Cyprinodotidae)
Plate 97. Cyprinodon variegatiis. USNM 107023: A. dorsal view, right-side of CT pad removed: left-side LE4' and LE4 pulledposteriorly to reveal underlying muscle attachments and ligament: LE2' inserts on ligament extending from Eb2 to Cb3: LIl inserts onPb3. B, posterior view, right side reversed, LP rotated clockwise.

^M. Ebl-IAC
LE4
Ad5
Xenopoecilus(Adrianichthyidae)
Plate 98. Xenopoecilus oophorus, USNM 340431: A. dorsal v.ew, left-side LCb5 rotated laterally, GFMs removed, 'AC obscuredfrom view by LEI. B, posterior view, left side. C, lateral view, left side, LP rotated clockwise, Eb3 released from d.stal end of Cb4.

TPb3 TPb2
M.Pb2-Eb2TPb2
(anomalous)
LE4+LP-complex
Tylosurus(Belonidae)
Plate 99. Tylosurus crocodilus. composite, mostly from USNM 128454: A, dorsal view, right-side TPb2 and TPb2' cut away to revealTPb3. LE4-LP complex aberrant. B, lateral view, right side reversed. Eb4 flange present, but unapparent. See description of OP m speciesaccount for questionable interpretation of Ad5 and OP.
Plate 1(10. Coliilahis saira. USNM 32()W;: A. dorsal view, righl-side TPh2 cut away to reveal Pb3 and TPb3a (TPb2 attachment area shown ingray on Pb2l. dorsal CT layer overlying Pb3 articulating facets cut away on right side to reveal ventral CT layer and attachments of OD4 and TPb3a(medial edges of Pb3 facets shown by dashed lines), right-side LP pulled posteriorly to reveal LE4 insertion (note: LEI inserts on tendon extendingfrom medial tip of F.bl to tip of uncinate process!. B. posterior view, left side. C. lateral view, left side. LEI and Ebl tendon removed. (Identificationof OP and Ad.'^ problematic).
TPb2a
-Pb2TPb2 (cut)
CbM

Hemiramphusp, ^ (Hemiramphidae)
RD M- Pb3p
Plate 101. Hemirampluis far, USNM 294231: A, dorsal view, right-side LE4 rotated counterclockwise (pulled away from fusion withOP) to reveal underlying muscles (Pb3 facet surface covered by fibrocartilage?); LEI insertion more distal than illustrated. B, posteriorview, right side reversed. C, lateral view: right side reversed (ACl added from left side).

LE4
Ebl-4
2 mm 1Synagrops(Acropomatidae)
Plate 102. Synagrops bellus. USNM 359306: A. dorsal view, right-side CT removed, OD3-4 bisected; B, posterior view/, right sidereversed.

Macquaria(Percichthyidae)
Plate 103. Macquaria colonorum, USNM 59968: A. dorsal view, dorsal CT trimmed, right-side OD3-4 cut away and LE4 and LPremoved (insertion positions indicated by shading). B. po.sterior view, right side reversed.

TEb2
Ebl-4
Leptobrama(Leptobramidae)
Plate 104. Leptobrama mitelleri. WAM P.556-001: A, dorsal view, right-side OD3-4, 3' bisected, LE4 and LP removed (insertionpositions indicated by shading). B, posterior view, left side.

Plate 105. Lates niloticus. USNM 332870: A. dorsal view, left-side OD3-4 bisected. CT covering TDA removed. B. posterior view,right side reversed.

LE3
LE4
CM
B 2 mm- Micropterus(Centrarchidae)
Plate 106. Micropterus dolomieii, USNM 332992: A, dorsal view, right-side OD3-4 bisected, LE4 and LP removed (insertionsindicated by shading). B, posterior view, left side.

B
SOD
I 1 mm 1Enneacanthus(Centrarchidae)
Plate 107. Enneacanthus gloriosus. USNM 243828: A, dorsal view, right-side OD bisected and LIl. LE2, LE3. LE4, and LP removed(insertion positions indicated by shading), size of LIl exaggerated relative to size of LI2. B, posterior view, left side.

TPb2 lAC
Plate 108. Bathyclupea argentea. USNM 372712: A, dorsal view: LEls pivoted anteriorly from insertions; right-side LIl, LI2. LE2greatly truncated; CT attaching LIl insertion to Pb2 removed. B, posterior view, left side. C, dorsoanterior view, right side to showmuscle attachments obscured in A; TPb2 and OD3-4 cut away laterally; TEb2, LE2, and CT joining LIl to Pb2 removed.

Symphysanodon(Symphsanodonfidae)
Plate 109. Symphysanodon benyi. USNM 370558: A. dorsal view, Pbls pivoted anteriorly; left-side CT sheets removed; CT of PPpartially indicated (does not attach to AC4); right-side OD3-4 bisected. CT of PP removed. B, left side, posterior view.

M. Pb2-Eb2
Morone(MoronidaeJ
SO+CT
Plate 110. Morone ameiicana, USNM 61612: A, dorsal view, right side OD3-4 cut away and LIE4 and LP removed (insertionsindicated by shading). B. posterior view, left side.

Plate 111. Epinephelus merra. USNM 318074: A, dorsal view, nght-side OD3-4 cut away an LE4 and LP removed (inserionsindicated by shading). B, posterior view.

Pristipomoides(Lutjanidae)
Cb5PCI
Plate 1 12. Pristipomoides aquilonaris. USNM 158472: A, dorsal view, right-side OD3-4 bisected and LE4 and LP removed (insertionpositions indicated by shading). Pbls pivoted anteriorly. B. posterior view, left side.

Plate 113. Pomadasys crocro. USNM 338643: A. dorsal view, left-side TEb2 and OD3-4 bisected, most levators greatly truncated.B, posterior view, right side reversed.

Glossamia(Apogonidae)
Plate 114. Glossamia wichmaimi, USNM 344886: A, dorsal view, left-side LE4 and LP removed (insertion positions indicated byshading). B, posterior view, left side.

Plate 1 15. Heteroprlacantlms cruemams, USNM 319919: A. dorsal view, left-side LP and PP removed: OD4v not visible. B. posteriorview, left side. C, lateral view, left side.

TPb2 TEb2
Cb4 ?^oB LE4 z mm 1Ostracoberyx(Ostracoberycidae)
Plate 116. Ostracoberyx dorygenvs. USNM 307282: A, dorsal view, right-side LE4 and LP removed (insertion positions indicated byshading), OD3-4 bisected, LE3 and 4 truncated (left side also). B, posterior view, right-side reversed.

Pb2
Paracirrhites(Cirrhitidae)
Plate 117. Paracin-hites fosteri. USNM 278070: A. dorsal view, right-side OD-3-4 bisected, ligament anterior to LEI removed, andLE4 and LP removed (insertion positions stiown by siiading). B, posterior view, right side reversed.

Plate 118. Pempheris schombiirgkii. USNM 31858; A, dorsal view, dorsal CT trimmed and right-side LE4 and LP removed (insertionpositions shown by shading); fine ligament (not illustrated) arises from Ebl anterior to LEI. B. posterior view, right side reversed. C.dorsoanterior view, right side, dorsal portion of TPb2 cut away to reveal attachment of anterior fibers to Pb3. TEb2 passing ventral toTPb2 and dorsal to OD3-4. TEb2 cut away to reveal'OD3-4 attachment to Pb3 anteriorly (anterior end of Pb3 indicated by dotted lineto left of Pb2). OD3-4 cut away to show attachment of LI2 to Pb3.

Lactarius(Lactariidae)
pa ^^^
Plate 119. Lactarius lactarius. USNM 343873: A, dorsal view, right-side OD3-4 cut away to reveal LI2 insertion and TPb3-Eb3attachment; right-side LE4 and LP removed (insertion positions indicated by shading). B, posterior view, right side reversed, LE4 andLP forced laterally.

LE4
EbM
Lateolabrax(Lateolabracidae)
Plate 120. Lateolabrax japonicus, USNM 344295: A. dorsal view, right-side dorsal CT, LE4, and LP removed (insertion positionsindicated by shading). B, posterior view, right side reversed (Eb4 levator process, lateral to LP insertion, absent on left side).

Cynoscion(Sciaenidae)
Plate 121. Cynoscion nebulosus. USNM \1621,1 : \, dorsal view, right side OD3-4 cut away and LE4 and LP removed {insertionpositions indicated by shading). SOD anomalous. B, posterior view, left side.

tendon
SOD PolydactylusPb4-Eb3 (Polynemidae)
Plate 122. Polydactylus ollgodon, USNM 364370: A, dorsal view, right-side OD3-4 bisected and LE4 and LP removed (insertionpositions indicated by shading). B, posterior view, left side.

OPlat
Plate 123. Sillago sihama. USNM 347113: A. dorsal view, OD3, OD3', and OD4 bisected; LIl partially rotated ventrolaterally ininset at upper right to show membranous mid-portion; B, posterior view, left side; C, lateral view.

Pseudupeneus(Mullidae)
Plate 124. Pseudupeneus maculatus, USNM 267508: A, dorsal view, right-side OD cut away to reveal OD3' insertion; LE3, LE4,and LP removed (LE3 and LE4 insertion positions indicated by shading). B. posterior view, left side.

Plate 125. Ceiitrogenys vaigiensis: A, B. USNM 183016: A, dorsal view; right-side LE4 and LP removed and CT pad cut away,vertical dashed lines represent medial margins of Pb3s, which are ventral to CT joining TPb2s. B, posterior view, left side, only ventro-medial LE4 fibers continuous with OP. C, USNM 327899, posterior view, left side, LP forced laterally to reveal continuation of LE4with OR

GFMl
Ebl-4
Plate 126. Tetracenrnim caiidovittatus. USNM 332862: A, dorsal view, right-side OD3-4 bisected, LP removed (insertion positionindicated by shading), levators greatly truncated; dashed lines anteromedially outline medial margins of Pb3s obscured by CT and TPb2.B, posterior view, left side. C, dorsoanterior view, right side to show muscle attachments obscured in A: TPb2 and TEb2 cut awaymedially, OD3-4 cut away laterally, M. SO-Pb3 removed, LE2 removed (insertion position indicated by shading), LEI pivoted anteriorlyfrom insertion, LIl and L12 truncated.

TEb2
-TPb3-Eb3SOD
-Pb4
Plate 127. CarisUus ,naderensis. USNM 206895: A. dorsal view; right-side LE4 and LP ^^^J^^^^f^JZ^S^shading), other levators and RD greatly truncated, right-side OD3-4 cut away to reveal underiyng musde attachments. B. postenor v.ew.left side. C, lateral vew, left side.

LE2
OP tendon
Plate 128. Brama raya, USNM 240541: A, dorsal view,left-side OD3-4 bisected. B. posterior view, right side reversed.left-side PR LE4, and LP removed (insertion positions shown by shading).

Assessor(Plesiopidae)
Plate 129. Assessor maciieilli, composite of USNM 269466 (Eb4 levator process present) and 274581 (Eb4 levator process absent):A, dorsal view, left-side OD3-4 bisected, and LE4 an LP removed (insertion positions indicated by shading), right-side CT removed inregion dorsal to TEb2 and TPb2 to expose partially naked articulating fascet. B. posterior view, right side reversed.

Perca(Peicidae)
Plate 130. Perca flavescens, USNM 193135: A. dorsal view: dorsal, right-side LE4 and LP removed (insertion positions indicated byshading). B, posterior view, left side.

M. TEb2-Pb2
Cepola(Cepolidae)
Plate 131. Cepota nibescens, USNM 285452: A. dorsal view, left-side TEb2 and OD3-4 bisected. B, posterior view, right sidereversed.

Ebl-4
SOD
2nim-
TPb3-Pb4-Eb3
Callanthias(Callanthiidae)
Plate 132. Callanthias allporti, USNM 350940: A, dorsal view; right-side dorsal CT pad cut away, left-side LE4 and LP removed,OD attachment to Eb4 not visible. B, posterior view, right side reversed.

lAC
Gerres(Gerreidae)
Plate 133. Genes cineieus. USNM 331928: A, dorsal view, right-side OD3-4 bisected, TEb2 cut away, and LI2 removed (insertionobscured by medial end of Eb3). B, posterior view, left side.

flange
B LE3
Ad4flange
2 mm-
CM-?v
Gramma(Grammatidae)
Plate 134. Gramma loreto, USNM 360170: A. dorsal view, right-side LE3, LE4 and LP removed (insertion positions indicated byshading). B, posterior view: straightforward.

Lonchopisthus(Opistognathidae)
Plate 135. Lonchopisthm higmani. USNM 186058: A. dorsal view, right-side LE4 and LP removed (insertion positions indicated byshading) and OD3-4 cut away to reveal underlying muscle attachments. B. posterior view, left side.

LE4
Ebl-4
pa
Plate 136. Labracinus cyclophthalmus. USNM 290900: A, dorsal view, right-side TEb2 removed. LE4 and LP removed (insertionpositions indicated by shading). OD3-4 cut away, LIl much truncated. B. posterior view, left side. C. pharyngeal area, ventral view,pharyngeal roof CT removed to expose CPb.

M. SO-
OPlat
Plate 137. Gazza sp., USNM 268914: A. dorsal view, right-side CT pad removed, medial attachment of TEb2 lo pad released, OD3-3' bisected, LE3 removed, LE4+LP forced ventrolaterally. B, posterior view, left side. C. lateral view, left side.

Plate 138. Afronandus sheljuzhkoi, USNM 372183; A, dorsal view, right-side LE4 and LP removed (insertion positions indicated byshading), OD3-4 bisected, LE3 truncated; anterior arm of Ebl, which articulates with Pbl occluded from view on both sides. B, posteriorview, left side. C, lateral view, left side, most levators truncated.

Ebl-4
Ad4
Plate 139. Sphyraena barracuda. USNM 33167?: A, dorsal view, right-side OD3-4 bisected and LE4 and LP removed (insertionpositions indicated by shading). B, posterior view, right side reversed.

Pb3
B Ammodytes(Ammodytidae)
Plate 140. Ammod\tes diibiits. USNM 302478; A, dorsal view, right-side LE4 and LP removed (joint insertion position indicated byshading). B, posterior view, right side reversed.

Plate 141. Tiachiims draco. USNM 349536: A, dorsal view, right-side OD3-4 bisected and LE4 and LP removed (insertion positionsshaded); attachment of TPb3-Eb3 to Eb4 is anomalous (see remarks following TD in species description). B. posterior view, right sidereversed.

Plate 142. Kathetostoma cubana. USNM 187953: A, dorsal view, CT pad covering TD removed, left-side LE4 retracted (obscuringLP), right-side of TEb2 bisected. B, partial posterior view, left side with PCI retracted to show obscured muscles. C, posterior view leftside.

Pontinus(Scorpaenidae)
Plate 143. Pontinus rathbuni, USNM 190360: A, dorsal view, right-side LE4 removed (insenion position indicated by shading) andOD3-4 bisected. B, dorsoanterolateral view, left side: Ebl removed, LE2-4 removed, and TEb2, TPb2. and OD3-4 cut away to showLIl, LI2, and TPb3-Eb3-Eb4 insertions).

2inin-B
Eb4
Platycephalus(Platycephalidae)
Plate 144. Platycephalus endrachtensis. USNM 173884: A, dorsal view, right side of TEb2 bisected. B, posterior view, left side.

LE2LE3
GFMl
GFM2
GFM3
Plate 145. Hexagrammos stelleri, USNM 130279: A. dorsal view, left-side GFMs removed. TPb2 aberrant. B. posterior view, leftside. C, dorsal view, right side. TEb2 and OD3-4 bisected to expose underlying muscle insertions.

Rhamphocottus(Rhamphocottidae)
Plate 146. Rhamphocottus richardsonii. USNM 49141: A, dorsal view, right-side LE2, LE4, and LP removed (insertion positionsindicated by shading); OD3' not visible. B, posterior view, right side reversed.

Plate 147. Nematistius pectoralis. USNM 82203: A, dorsal view, right-side Pbl forced anteriorly, LE4 and LP removed (insertionpositions indicated by shading), and OD3-4 cut away to reveal underlying muscle attachments. B, posterior view, left side.

I 2 mm 1 Selar(Carangidae)
OPtendon
Plate 148. Selar crumenophthalmus, USNM 189251: A, dorsal view, left-side LEI and right-side Pbl forced anteriorly, right-side LPand LE4 forced posteriorly; OD3' not in view. B, posterior view, right side reversed; LP forced slightly laterally to reveal base of LE4.

Rachycentron
( Rachycentridae)
Plate 149. Rachycentron canadum. USNM 341455: A. dorsal view, right-side LE3, LE4, and LP removed {insertion positions indicatedby shadingj; Left-side TPb2 vestigial (not lablelled), right side absent. B, posterior view, left side.

Plate 150. Con^phaena e.uiselis. USNM 158126: A. dorsal view, right-side OD3-4 and OD3' cut away to reveal insertion of LI2LE3 removed, and tendinous connections between right-side LEI and LE2 separated. B, posterior vew. nght side reversed. C. lateralview: left side.

Pomatomus(Pomatomidae)
raphe
Plate 151. Pomatomus saltatrix. USNM 289926: A, dorsal view, left-side LE4 and LP removed (insertion positions indicated byshading). B, posterior view, right side reversed.

Plate 152. Scombrolabrax heterolepis, USNM 1 8765 1 : A, dorsal view, right-side OD3-4 bisected and LE4 and LP removed (insertionpositions indicated by shading). B, posterior view, left side.

tendon
Cb4Ad5
Ad4
Ad5modifiedgill rakers
Plate 153. Scomber scombrus. USNM 203841: A, dorsal view, right-side LE2 greatly truncated LE3 and LE4 removed^ and OD3-4 and OD3' cut away (medial edge of Pb3 shown as dashed lines). B, posterior view, left side, LE3 removed. C. lateral view, nght s,dereversed.

levator process 't^^''^ l!'l'^#^^LP1_A LE4
levator processSODAd4
Nemipterus(Nemipteridae)
Plate 154. Nemipterus furcosus, USNM 349457: A, dorsal view, left-side LE4 removed (insertion position indicated by shading). B,posterior view, left side.

PCI
Plate 155. A, B, Lethrinus obsoletus, USNM 309317: A, dorsal view, right-side LE4 and LP removed (note position of tiny unlabelledEb4 uncinate process anterior to levator process). B, posterior view left side. C, Lethrinus harak, USNM 259390: ventral view, pharyngealarea, roof CT removed to reveal CPb.

Adl
M. Pb3-Cb5Eb4
B 2 mm-
^SO
Spicara(Centracanthidae)
Plate 156. Spicara smarts, USNM 269800: A, dorsal view, right-side LP removed (insertion position indicated by shading). B,posterior view, left side.

TPb2TEb2
Kuhlia(Kuhliidae)
TVSPCE
Plate 157. Kuhlia mugil, USNM 1 14998: A, dorsal view, most of CT covering TD removed; right-side Pbl inclined anterioriy, OD3-4 bisected, LP removed (insertion position indicated by shading). B, posterior view, left side.

lAC
Ebl-4
.mm 1
B
Ad4AC4
Cb4
Leiopotherapon(Terapontidae)
Plate 158. Leiopotherapon imicolor. USNM173654: A, dorsal view, right-side CT attaching to TPb2 removed, OD3-4 bisected; fineCT joining LE4 over Eb4 levator process to Ad4 removed on both sides. B. posterior view, left side; fine CT tissue joining LE4 overEb4 levator process to Ad4 partially removed.

Pbl lACTPb2a ^m
Plate 159. Caquetaia knmssii. USNM 258004: A, dorsal view, left-side LE4 and LP rotated clockwise to reveal underlying muscles(strip of LE4 attaching to Eb4 lateral to Od4 torn by rotation); CT sheet overlying Pb3 facets cut away to show attachment of OD4. B,posterior view, left side; Ad4 not visible. C, ventral view of pharyngobranchials and associated muscles (roof CT removed to revealCPb).

so lining
Plate 160. Dischistodus fasciatus. USNM 328190: A, dorsal view, medial margins of Pb3s indicated by dashed lines, right-side OD3-4 cut away. B, posterior view, left side. C. ventral view of pharyngobranchial area, pharyngeal roof tissue removed to show CPb.

Abudefduf(Pomacentridae)
LE4
Chromis(Pomacentridae)
Plate 161. A, Abudefduf sexfasciatus. USNM 221863: posterior view, left side. B, Chromis amboinensis. USNM 338153: posteriorview, right-side reversed.
Ebl-4
B LE4
SOSOD
TPb3-Eb4
mm- SODAmphistichus(Kinbiotocidae)
OP
TPb3-Eb4 Embiotoca(Enibiotocidae)TPb3-Eb4
3- SODBM^l
-2 mm I 2 mm-
D Pb2
M. Pb3-UP4
Ebl-4
Amphistichus -2 mm-
Plates 162.1, 162.2. A, B, and D, Amphistichus argenteus, USNM 132403: A, dorsal view, right-side LI2 removed, CT cut away toreveal Pb3 articulating facet, and LE4 pulled posteriorly (obscuring LP) to reveal OP, OD3' not visible. B, posterior view, left side. D,pharyngeal area, ventral view, SO fibers permeate pharyngeal-roof CT (much abbreviated laterally and posteriorly and removed frombetween Pb3 and UP4 to reveal M. Pb3-UP4 and RDs). C, Embiotoca lateralis, USNM 340889: posterior view, right side reversed, LProtated clockwise.
AdlGFM
Plates 163.1, 163.2. Achoeroclus viridis, USNM 218488: A. dorsal view, right-side LE4 and LP rotated posteriorly and counterclock-wise and LE2 removed. B, posterior view, right side reversed, LE4-LP complex rotated po.steriorly, fascia not indicated (see C). C, lateralview, gill arches 3-5, right side reversed. D, ventral view to show CPb. left-side tissues bordering Pb3s mostly removed. E. anterior view.
TPb2-Pb2a
A TPb2-Pb2a-Pb3 Pb3Pb2Pbl
M. Pb2-Eb2
LE4+OP
Symphodus(Labridae)
Plates 164.1. 164.2. Syiiiphntliis loissdli. USNM 198879: A. dorsal view, anterior portion of right-side Adl cut away to revealattachiTient of TEbl (dolled line indicates anterior edge of Ebl ), dorsal cartilaginous tips of Pb2 covered slightly by thin layer of musclefibers, right-side LE4 and 1,P rotated counterclockwise. B, left side, posterior view. C, ventral view. Eb4s and right-side esophagealsurface removed. D. anterior view: first gill arch removed; dotted lines on right side indicate extent of Pb2 covered bv muscle.
CPb
Symphodus

LEI
Ebl4
Polylepion(Labridae)
Plate 165. Polylepion cmentum. USNM 215466: A, dorsal view: right-side LE4-LP-OP complex rotated counter-clockwise. B. pos-terior view, left side. See discussion of LE2' in section Labroidea.

-Ebl-4
Coris(Labridae)
Plate 166. Coris jiilis. USNM 337450: dorsal view, right-side LP-LE4 complex rotated counter-clockwise, Pb3 dorsal articulatingfacets separated to expose SO. See discussion of LE2' in section Labroidea.
Plate 167. A. Choerodon graphicus. USNM 218548: dorsal view of anterior portion of gill arches, LE2s removed. Note: TEbl lies posterior toPbls and attaches to Ebl on medial edge of distal end of uncinate processes (compare with B); TPb2 fibers are directly adjacent and posterior toTEb2; muscle strands extending from medial ends of Ebls join CPb (not shown), which lies ventral to TEb2-TPb2a complex. B, Cheilinus trilobatus.USNM 224020: dorsal view of arch 1 (anterior toward top of page), for comparison with A. C. Clepticus parrae. USNM 318548. posterior view, leftside for comparison with other labrids).
Cbl
Choerodon(Labridae)
-2 mm
TPb2 TPb2a EblB
Cheilinus(Labridae)
-2 mm-
Clepticus(Labridae)
I 2 mm 1

I 2nim^ '
Plate 168. Labroides dimidiatus, USNM 309376: A, dorsal view. B, posterior view, right side reversed. See discussion of LE2' insection Labroidea.

Plate 169. Pholidichthys leucotaenia. CAS 32048: A, dorsal view, right-side CT cut away to reveal Pb3. B. posterior view, left side.C, ventral view.

TEb2-
Luvarus(Luvaridae)
Plate 170. Luvarus imperialis. MCZ 55003, LE4s incomplete and LP (not illustrated) lost during dissection; see remarks followingLE4 in species account: A, dorsal view, right-side OD3 cut away; LEls rotated anterioriy. B, postenor view, left side.

Pb2 lAC
raphe
Plate 171. Chaetodipterus faber. USNM 289421:'A, dorsal view, left-side LE4 removed (insertion position indicated by shading). LPforced posteriorly. B. posterior view, left side. C, lateral view, right-side reversed. PP included.

LE2
Ebl-4
-2 mm- Zanclus(Zanclidae) LE4 LP PP
TEb20D3
l"'!ffl\ W?')''' ' '.?'.' I'M/// III ^ ir/
>''?]['"'!':'' 'i' I', l'',l,'',':f//////l//ll/,'i^ ^^
TEb3-Eb4
-RD
/I '',',' ?' '' ',' I '',', 1 1 ''Vi',' ''.i\'.".,i''!.,ii\.
'/,'',//,'''"''/Ad5Cb5
Plate 172. Zanclus comutus, USNM 350564: A. dorsal view: LE4-LP-PP muscle sheet removed, levators severely truncated. B,posterior view, right side reversed, LE4-LP-PP muscle sheet removed. C, lateral view.

-f-GFMl
///
Plate 17^. Acanthurus nigrofitscus. USNM 338195: A. dorsal view (perspective deliberately distorted), right-side LE2 and LIl re-moved (insertion position of III indicated by shading), other levators greatly truncated; LE4+LP+PP and associated CT removed fromboth sides, cominuity of TEb4 and SOD not shown. B, posterior view, right side reversed, LE4 + LP + PP removed. C, lateral view, left
side, LIl and LI2 greatly truncated.

GFMlGFM2
zmm
Pristolepis(Pristolepidae) LEI
Ad5
Cb5raphe TV5
OD3-4
Ad4
Ad5
GFMl-3
PCI
Plate 174. Pristolepis fasciata. USNM 103105: A. dorsal view, medial portion of right-side TEb2 and LE4 and LP removed (insertionpositions shaded). B, right side reversed. C. lateral view (Adl damaged, extends from Ebl just to dorsoanterior surface of distalmost endof Cbl.

Channa(Channidae)
Plate 175. Channa asiatica. USNM 191304: A, dorsal view, nght-side OD3-4 bisected and Ebl moved slightly anteriorly (note: LIlinserts on Pb3 dorsoanteromedially: see description). B, posterior view, left side: Ad5 and PCI msert.ons mclude d.stal tip of Cb5. whichis exposed here.

2 mm-
B
Ad4
Amarsipus(Amarsipidae)
Cb5
Plate 176. Amarsipus carlsbergi, SIO 75-1 16: A, dorsal view, right-side OD3' and OD3-4 cut away and LE3. LE4 and LP removed(insertion positions indicated by shading). B, posterior view, right side reversed.

M. S0-Pb4
Plate 177. Psenopsls sp.. USNM 304398: A. dorsal view, right-side Pbl pivoted anteriorly and LE4 and LP removed (insertionpositions indicated by shading). B, lateral view, left side.

B LE3^#^ 2 mm- Bathymaster(Bathymasteridae)
Plate 178. Bathymaster signatus. USNM 339381 : A, dorsal view, right-side dorsal CT and OD3-4 cut away. B, posterior view, rightside reversed.

Ulvaria(Stichaeldae)
Plate 1 79. Ulvaria subbifurcam. USNM 364344: A, dorsal v,ew, nght-s.de OD3-4 cut away; LE4 and LP removed (inserttort positionsindicated by shading). B, posterior view, left side.

OD3-4Pb3
Bovichtus(Bovichtidae)
PCI
Plate 180. Bo.,chtus veneris. USNM 200412: A, dorsal v,ew, nght-side TEb2 and OD3-4 cut away, LE4 and LP ren,oved (joinedinsertion positions indicated by shading). B. posterior view, right side reversed.

Adl
Ebl-4
OD3-4 Pb3
B LE4
TPb3-Eb3RD
Ad4
I 2 mm 1Dactyloptena(Dactylopteridae)
Plate 181. Dacnloptena macracantha. USNM 224473: A, dorsal view, right-side OD3-4 and anterior portion ofTPb2 and TEb2 cutaway and LE4 and LP removed (insertion positions indicated by shading). B, posterior view, left side.

Plate 182. Caulolatilus affinis, USNM 21 1424: A, dorsal view; left-side OD bisected, right-side LE3, LE4, and LP removed, insertionpositions shown by shading. B, posterior view, left side; PP added from right side. C. lateral view, right side reversed.

LEI TEb2
Adl
-fSO
Ad5+0P PCI
Draconetta(Draconettidae)
Plate 183. Draconetta oregona. USNM 159234: A, dorsal view, right-side LE4 and LP removed (insertion positions indicated byshading) and OD3-4 bisected; TPb2 problematic (see description for discussion). B. posterior view, right side reversed. C. lateral view,
right side reversed. D, ventral view of pharyngeal area.
M. Pb3-Eb4-Eb2-Cb3 TEb2 Ebl ^^ jy,_ pb3.Ebi
Plates 1S4.1. IS4.2. Callionymux lyra. USNM 197584: A. dorsal view, left-side M. Pb3-Ebl and OD4 bisected and LE3-4 removed(joint insertion position indicated by shading); aberrant muscle fibers extend from Eb2 mid-dorsally to CT at anterior edge of LE2insertion (illustrated specimen only): Pb2 normally not visible dorsally. B. posterior view, left side. C, ventral view, left-side ventrolateralCPb fibers removed to reveal attachments of CPb to Eb2 and Pb2. D. lateral view, right side reversed, dotted lines indicate extent ofcartilaginous distal ends of Ebs and Cbs obscured by overlying muscles and CT.
D
M. Ebl-Cbl OPAd5 +RecD5+RecCb
2 mm 1RecD2 RecD3 RecD4 Callionymus

TPb3-Eb4 0D3-4^^Eb3
Cbl-tt
TrachelochismusSOD (Gobiesocidae)
Plate 185. Trachelochismus sp., USNM 339196: A. dorsal view right-side of TEb2 cut away, OD3-4 bisected, and LE4 and LPremoved (insertion positions indicated by shading). B, posterior view, left side.

Ruanoho(Tripterygiidae)
Plate 186. Ruanoho decemdigitatus. USNM 297745: A, dorsal view, left-side LE4 and LP. right-side LP retracted. B, posterior view,LP pulled anteriorly.

A LEI
LE4
OP+SO
2 mm-
PCI
I^Eb4
OP+SO
Cb5 TVS
Lepidoblennius(Tripteryglidae)
Plate 187. Lepidoblennius mannoratus. USNM 201625: A, dorsal view, left-side LE4 and LP removed, dashed lines indicate outlineof Pb3 ventral to TEb2. B, posterior view, left side, LP posterior fold rotated clockwise to reveal "sUng" comprising LP and OP Cposterior view, left side, LP in normal position. D, lateral view, posterior elements, to show position of ADS in LP/OP complex andtendinous connections of LE4 and LP (Ad4 occluded in all external views).

Adl
Ebl-4
2 mm-OD3-4 RD Parablennius(Blenniidae)
M. Eb4F
Plate 188. Parablennius gattorugine. USNM 276284: A, dorsal view, left-side LE4 and LP pulled posteriorly, nght-side OD3-4bisected. B, posterior view, left side. C, lateral view, left side.

Pb3
B OD3-4 SO TPb3-Eb4SOD Dactylagnus(Dactyloscopidae)M SO
Plate 189. Dactylagnus irnmdus. USNM 205741: A. dorsal view, right-side LP removed (insertion position indicated by shading). B,posterior view, left side (Ad4 not visible).

LE2
Gibbonsia(Clinidae, Myxodinae)
Plate 190. Gibbonsia elegans. USNM 152005; A. dorsal view, right-side LP and LE4 retracted, medial margins of Pb3 facets indicatedbeneath CT; (GFMs 1 and 2 relatively much smaller than illustrated): B, posterior view, left side (note: right-side LE4 joins broad raphewith OP on one side of one of two specimens).

GFMl
Heteroclinus(Clinidae: Clininae) SOD
TPb3-Eb4
TPb3-Eb4SOD
Ad5
Plate 191. A, B, Heteroclimis perspicillatiis. USNM 201518: A. dorsal view, medial margins of Pb3 facets indicated by dotted linesand anteromedial limit of TEb2 indicated by dashed line ventral to CT. B, posterior view, right side reversed; note LP and OP form sling.C, Clinus acuminatus, USNM 199579: posterior view, left side, LP retracted; note LP and OP form sling.

Calliclinus(Labrisomidae)
TVS
Plate 192. Calliclinus genigultatus. USNM 369371; A, dorsal view, left-side LE4 and LP retracted posteriorly; dashed lines belowanterior CT indicate anteromedial margins of Pb3s. B, posterior view, right side reversed. LP rotated clockwise, limits of Ad5 and OPfrom left side.

LE3
Plate 193. Neoclinus blanchardi, SIO 85-14: A, dorsal view, right-side LE3, LE4, and LP removed (insertion positions indicated byshading). B, posterior view, left side.

LEI
Plate 194. Rhxacichthvs aspro. USNM 247300: A, dorsal view, right-side LE2 removed (insertion position indicated by shading),right-side LE3 and LE4 forced laterally. B. posterior view. LP removed (insertion position indicated by shading). C. dorsal view, nght
side, various muscles removed or cut away to show underiying muscle attachments, shaded area indicates LIl insertion position.

Pbl y-LIl
Adl
LE2
LE3
0D3'
Plate 195. Odontobutis obsciira. USNM 2648932: A, dorsal view, right-side TEb2, OD4. and OD3 cut away, right-side LE2, LE3,LE4, and LP removed (insertion positions shown by shading). B, posterior view, right side reversed.

sostrap pQ Xenisthmus(Xenisthmidae)
-2mm-
Plate 196. Xenisthmus sp., USNM 247389; dorsal view.

Adl
LE3
Ebl-4
-2mm-
B LE4
Eleotris(Eleotridae)
Plate 197. Eleotris melanosoma. USNM 321251: A. dorsal view, right-side TEb2 cut away, right-side OD3. OD4, LE4. and LPremoved (insertion positions indicated by shading). B. posterior view, left side.

Pbl?
Ebl-4
Ptereleotris(Microdesmidae)
Plate 198. Ptereleotris microlepis. USNM 257075: A, dorsal view, left-side LP rotated posteriorly; right-side OD3-4 cut away toreveal LI2 insertion. B, posterior view, left side.
I

AdlLEI
Cbl
Microdesmus(Microdesmidae)
-2 mm- H
Plate 199. Microdesmus longipinnis, USNM 196614: A, dorsal view. B, posterior view, right side reversed.

TEb2a TDmedian fibers ^'-''
M. Pb3-Eb3
LE3
LE4
Pseudapocryptes(Gobiidae)
Plate 200. Pseudapocryptes elongatus. USNM 341281: A. dorsal view, right-side LP removed (insertion position sliown by shading).B, posterior view, left side.

LEI
Ebl-4
Ad5Ad4 SO
mm 1B Glossogobius(Gobiidae)
Plate 201. A. B, Glossogobius aureus. USNM 241833: A. dorsal view, right-side TEb2 cut away to reveal lAC and L12 insertion onPb2 and Pb3, right-side LE4 and LP removed (insertion positions indicated by shading). B, posterior view, left side.

Pb2 lAC
Ebl-4
-2 mm-B
'ITb3-Eb4LE4-
Bollmannia(Gobiidae)
Plate 202. Bollmannia chlamydes, USNM 342697: A, dorsal view, right-side LE4 and LP removed (insertion positions shown byshading). B, posterior view, left side.

LE3
LE2
LE4
Ebl-4
Trypauchen(Gobiidae)
Plate 203. Trypauchen vagina. USNM 339608: A, dorsal view, right-side LE4 and LP removed (indicated left-side LIl insertion onlAC is erroneous). B, posterior view, left side.

CblEbl
Gnatholepis(Gobiidae)
k Plate 204. Gnatholepis cauerensis. USNM 327750: A, dorsal view, left-side LP rotated posteriorly to reveal underlying muscles,right-side CT pad cut away to reveal underlying Pb2 and Pb3 facets. B, posterior view, left side, LP an OP attach to ligament extendingfrom Eb4 to Cb5.
OPmedOPlat
EbM
Psettodes(Psfttodidae)
Plates 205.1, 205.2. Psettodes erumei. USNM 366443 (eyes on lefl side): A. dorsal view. B. posterior view. C. lateral view, left side,
all right-side (Rt) elements indicated.
cPb2RtPblRt-
EblRt
Ebl-4

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