4V -. a- » ' - . ' ' " If* o' 3 id SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS VOLUME 138, NO. 1 ^mi&f}th untier a (grant from tfie J^ational (^eoQvapf)it ^ocietp PUEBLO DEL ARROYO CHACO CANYON NEW MEXICO (With 55 Plates) By NEIL M. JUDD Associate in Anthropology, U. S. National Museum Smithsonian Institution (Publication 4346) CITY OF WASHINGTON PUBLISHED BY THE SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION JUNE 26, 1959 SMITHSONIAN JIJN 2 6 1953 INSTITUTION "^^ THE LORD BALTIMORE PRESS, INC. BALTIMORE, MD., U. S. A. >N^^iTHSO/V^ { JUL 2 1959 ] FOREWORD This is the fourth of several articles reporting the findings of the National Geographic Society's Pueblo Bonito Expeditions. Previous numbers are : 1. Dating Pueblo Bonito and other ruins of the Southwest, by A. E. Douglass. Nat. Geogr. Soc. Contr. Techn. Pap., Pueblo Bonito Set., No. i, 1935. 2. The geology of Chaco Canyon, New Mexico, in relation to the life and remains of the prehistoric peoples of Pueblo Bonito, by Kirk Bryan. Smith- sonian Misc. Coll., vol. 122, No. 7, 1954. 3. The material culture of Pueblo Bonito, by Neil M. Judd, with Appendix : Canid remains from Pueblo Bonito and Pueblo del Arroyo, by Glover M. Allen. Smithsonian Misc. Coll., vol. 124, 1954. Subsequent reports, it is expected, will examine the remarkable ceramic complex of Pueblo Bonito and Pueblo del Arroyo, skeletal remains from the two ruins, the growth and decline of Pueblo Bonito, and certain small-house sites in the Chaco Canyon area. The manner in which the Pueblo Bonito Expeditions came about was related in the third report, cited above. Therein I also recalled my deep personal obligation to the officers of the National Geographic Society and to the Society's Committee on Research, which had invited me to lead its 1920 reconnaissance of Chaco Canyon and, later, its investigations at Pueblo Bonito, 1921-27. In my report to the Committee in November 1920, I recognized Pueblo Bonito as the Chaco Canyon ruin most likely to contribute additional knowledge of Pueblo civilization at its height, and I recommended Pueblo del Arroyo for joint investigation because its proximity made this possible and because a low mound on the west side of the ruin and fragmen- tary walls exposed by caving of the arroyo bank were thought to rep- resent an earlier, underlying structure. Correlative expeditions in 1923, 1928, and 1929, under leadership of Dr. Andrew E. Douglass, director of Steward Observatory, Uni- versity of Arizona, were prompted by our desire to learn the age of Pueblo Bonito and Pueblo del Arroyo and were eminently successful. These several expeditions were conducted under the authority of permits from the Department of the Interior, and all collections re- sulting from the excavations were presented to the United States National Museum. At the request of the National Geographic Society, my services for the annual fieldwork were lent by the Smithsonian Institution. iv SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS VOL. I38 Our studies at Pueblo del Arroyo were begun early in the summer of 1923 and were continued intermittently during the following three seasons as workmen could be spared from the larger undertaking at Pueblo Bonito. Karl Ruppert, a University of Arizona graduate in anthropology and my principal assistant during the 1921-26 seasons, was placed in full charge. His excavation notes and a preliminary report submitted late in 1926 form the basis of the present volume, but they have been augmented by my own memoranda and by such data as have resulted from study of the collections since their receipt and restoration at the National Museum. Mr. Ruppert, who has gained well-merited recognition since 1930 for his researches among ruined cities of the ancient Maya in Yucatan and Chiapas, has not seen the present monograph prior to publication and is not responsible for any errors or omissions herein. For our program at Pueblo del Arroyo Mr. Ruppert and I had the advice and cooperation of the same staff that served so competently at Pueblo Bonito. The work of excavation was performed by our crew of Zufii and Navaho Indians. Oscar B. Walsh, C. E., prepared the ground plans, and O. C. ("Pete") Havens, of Gallup, N. Mex., took most of the field photographs. Frank H. H. Roberts, Jr., and Monroe Amsden in 1925 sorted and analyzed vast quantities of pot- sherds from excavated rooms and exploratory tests at both Pueblo Bonito and Pueblo del Arroyo, and some of their results are intro- duced in the following pages. During the summer of 1926 Henry B. Roberts assembled the information presented in Appendixes B, C, and D. Plates illustrating specimens are by Bates Littlehales, staff photographer of the National Geographic Magazine, and the text figures are from the pen of William Baake. Those showing archi- tectural details were prepared by Harold E. MacEwen from Mr. Rup- pert's field sketches. The chore of cleaning and restoring specimens in the collection was in large part performed at the U. S. National Museum by temporary workers provided in 1938 by the Federal relief agencies. As heretofore, my coworkers at the National Museum have gen- erously aided by identifying materials from the excavations: Rocks and minerals, by John B. Reeside, E. P. Henderson, and George S. Switzer; mammals, by David H, Johnson and H. W. Setzer ; birds, by A. Wetmore and Herbert Friedmann ; shells, by Harald A. Reh- der ; wood, by William N. Watkins ; botanical remains, by C. V. Morton. My wife, Anne MacKay Judd, as always, has been of im- measurable assistance throughout; Mrs. Pearl Stello has typed the NO. I PUEBLO DEL ARROYO, NEW MEXICO—JUDD V final manuscript. Miss Anna O. Shepard, of the Historical Division, Carnegie Institution of Washington, examined our sherd collections in connection with her study of prehistoric pigments and tempering substances, and all archeologists have benefited from her observations, since published. Mere words cannot adequately convey my sense of obligation to the officers and stalY of the National Geographic Society for their unfailing interest and support throughout the years of the Pueblo Bonito Expeditions and subsequently. Without their active coopera- tion and encouragement this volume might have been still further delayed. It is a pleasure also to acknowledge my indebtedness to the Penrose Fund of the American Philosophical Society for a grant-in-aid that provided for preparation of the architectural drawings herein and for the typing of my manuscript. Neil M. Judd U. S. National Museum, Smithsonian Institution Washington, D. C. December 28, 1956. CONTENTS Page Foreword iii I. Introduction I II. Residential quarters 8 III. Kivas 57 IV. Extramural structures 96 V. Materials from the excavations 123 VI. Pottery 145 VII. Conclusions 172 Bibliography 177 Appendix A : Size and provenience of objects illustrated 183 Appendix B : Table of room dimensions, by Henry B. Roberts 188 Appendix C : Table of room fixtures and fittings, by Henry B. Roberts 193 Appendix D : Partial list of wall repairs, by Henry B. Roberts 212 Index 215 PUEBLO DEL ARROYO, CHACO CANYON, NEW MEXICO By NEIL M. JUDD Associate hi Anthropology, U. S. National Museum Smithsoniati Institution (With 55 Plates) I. INTRODUCTION "A few hundred yards further down the canyon," wrote Lt. James H, Simpson in his journal (1850, p. 81), "we fell in with another pueblo in ruins, called by the guide Pueblo del Arroyo." Simpson was a topographical engineer attached to the command of Col, John M. Washington on a military reconnaissance of the Navaho country in the late summer of 1849. The troops left Santa Fe on August 16 by way of Santo Domingo and Jemez and 10 days later camped about a mile from Pueblo Pintado, a conspicuous ruin at the head of Chaco Canyon. The following day, August 2y, camp was made about 2 miles west of Pueblo Wejegi and within sight of that noble landmark, Fajada Butte, or Mesa Fachada as Simpson recorded the name. Next morn- ing Colonel Washington led his troops out of the canyon at this point and continued westward after giving Simpson permission to examine other ruins reported to be even larger than Wejegi and Pintado. For the day's adventure the lieutenant was accompanied by R. H. Kern, the artist, a Mexican guide by name of Carravahal, and seven mem- bers of the New Mexico mihtia. The ruins of Una Vida, Hungo Pavie, Chettro Kettle, and Pueblo Bonito provided so much of interest that the sun was already low on the western horizon when Lieuten- ant Simpson and his companions came finally to Pueblo del Arroyo. After only a cursory examination the party hurried on, hoping to overtake the main command before dark. The day before, while interrogating the expedition's several guides about the origin of Pueblo Pintado, Simpson concluded that Carrava- hal was better informed on the subject than either of the Indians, From what was written of him I infer the Mexican was a talkative SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS, VOL. 138, NO. 1, 1959 I 2 SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS VOL, I38 individual and entirely uninhibited. He had ready names for 8 of the ID ruins visited, and 5 are Mexican names. Some may have been inspirations of the moment, but others surely were familiar to Mexi- can traders and militiamen previously drawn to Chaco Canyon by its Navaho population. It was from a former soldier or merchant, no doubt, that Josiah Gregg learned of these same ruins and ventured a notation in which Pueblo Pintado is mistakenly called Pueblo Bonito (Gregg, 1845, p. 284). Although Gregg's reference is the older, Simpson's descriptions are based on first-hand knowledge. For this reason I prefer to retain the names he recorded at the time. Nowhere in his journal does Simpson mention an arroyo in Chaco Canyon, but at least the beginnings of one were present on August 28, 1849. Otherwise Carravahal would not have been so quick in desig- nating the subject of this study "pueblo of the arroyo." In our second and third reports (Bryan, 1954; Judd, 1954) data are presented in support of the belief that what Carravahal saw was, in fact, a succession of shallow pools, some few of which may have been joined by caving of the bank between. Conditions tending toward such an intermittent channel are pictured by our older Navaho neigh- bors, reminiscing on the scenes of their boyhood. As these elders describe it, Chaco Canyon was a green paradise as late as Simpson's time. Perennial grasses, willows, and cottonwoods still flourished ; drinking water could be had anywhere with a little digging ; occasional pines grew in the rincons and on the mesas above. Within 28 years, however, all this was to be changed and the valley transformed into a wasteland. Within 28 years floodwaters were to carve a steep- walled gully that lowered the water table beyond reach of surface vegetation. Unwatered, the native ground cover would wither and die, erosion would accelerate, and Chaco Canyon once again would lose its major attraction as a place for human habitation. When W. H. Jackson, noted photographer of the Hayden Surveys, journeyed this way in the spring of 1877 he camped at the only water in sight, a mud hole in the stream channel about 250 yards west of Pueblo del Arroyo (Jackson, 1878, p. 446). A stone's throw south- east of the pueblo he measured the depth of the channel as 16 feet and remarked that this was about twice that of an older, inactive course nearer the ruin (ibid., p. 443). This older course may well be the arroyo Simpson saw 28 years earlier. In that case Jackson's "old arroyo" is the one that gave our ruin its name, and the main channel had been deepened 8 feet, and probably more, between 1849 ^^^ ^^11 • The floodwaters that carved this "old arroyo" had also exposed Fig. I.— M / ^ PUEBLO DEL ARROYO CO L O R\ A D M E 10 20 JO 40 so 60 10 60 90 100 ALBUQUERQUE ; Fig. I.—Map of northwestern New Mexico showing location of Pueblo del Arroyo. NO. I PUEBLO DEL ARROYO, NEW MEXICO — JUDD 3 a buried wall south of the ruin—a long, straight masonry wall not visible on the surface. Below that wall "and extending out into the main arroyo to a depth of 14 feet . . ., is an undulating stratum of broken pottery, flint-clippings, and small bones firmly embedded in a coarse gravelly deposit," the bottom of a prehistoric arroyo. Here then, was a succession of three watercourses : one formed in the un- known past, refilled and covered over, a second that presumably began shortly before 1850, and a third and deeper course that had developed out of the second and within a quarter century. The keen- eyed Jackson missed very little ! In 1924 Kirk Bryan, studying the geological history of Chaco Canyon in connection with our Pueblo Bonito investigations, chanced upon a new exposure of the prehistoric arroyo discovered by Jackson and plotted its course up and down the valley a distance of approxi- mately 5 miles. Potsherds collected on the bed of this buried channel fixed its existence as more or less contemporary with the decline of Pueblo Bonito. Indeed, as Bryan (1954, p. 47) points out, develop- ment of that ancient arroyo was undoubtedly a primary reason for abandonment of Pueblo Bonito, Pueblo del Arroyo, and other Chaco Canyon villages in the eleventh and twelfth centuries. Late in the winter of 1887-88 Victor Mindeleff visited Chaco Can- yon in connection with his study of Pueblo architecture, but his mono- graph (Mindeleff, 1891) includes no reference to Pueblo del Arroyo. Nevertheless, he took a number of photographs, and some of them we are privileged to publish herein through the courtesy of the Bureau of American Ethnology, Smithsonian Institution. Evidence of pre- vious digging by unknown persons, and holes broken through walls, are to be seen in Mindeleff's photographs (pi. 15). In 1920, the year of the National Geographic Society's recon- naissance of Chaco Canyon, there stood near the southeast corner of Pueblo del Arroyo an L-shaped building sometimes identified as "the store" and, again, as "the hotel." It was built in 1897 or 1898 as a boardinghouse for personnel of the Hyde Exploring (or Explora- tion) Expeditions and later served as guest house. A smaller, rec- tangular building occupying a comparable location at the northeast corner of the ruin, and since removed, had been a bunkhouse for the Expeditions' freighters and riders. Organized in 1896 for exploration of Pueblo Bonito and other prehistoric ruins, the Hyde Expeditions found themselves in the Indian trading business two years later when they undertook to supply their Navaho workmen with foodstuffs and clothing. The 4 SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS VOL. I38 trade flourished and by 1901 a dozen stores were in operation throughout the area and the expeditions' wagons were "encountered on every road in the Chaco region, hauling merchandise from the railroad to the interior and returning laden with blankets woven by the Navajos, wool and hides." (Holsinger, MS., p. 70.) Headquarters of the Hyde Expeditions were in Chaco Canyon until 1900 or 1 90 1 when they were transferred to Thoreau, on the Santa Fe Railway. Richard Wetherill was field manager of the company, and his residence still stands, a few feet from the southwest corner of Pueblo Bonito. The large room adjoining the residence on the west was his store or trading post. Wetherill was killed in 1910 at the mouth of Rincon del Camino, a mile west of Pueblo Bonito, and thereafter his Chaco Canyon holdings passed to a succession of owners and lessees. In 1920 and 1921 the old Wetherill homestead and buildings were leased by Edward Sargent, of Chama, N. Mex., who grazed several flocks of sheep in the Chaco country each winter.^ His herders were provisioned from a supply depot in charge of Ed Doonan, who lived in the one-time "hotel." Mr. Doonan's predecessors had cleared and roofed several rooms in the nearby ruin for storage and for other purposes (pi. 3, upper). Gus Griffin maintained a small store here during the mid-1920's. Our investigations at Pueblo del Arroyo were begun in 1923 and continued during the three following summers. Work started along the outer south side (pi. 2, upper). We removed the blown sand and earth and dumped the rocks not needed for reconstruction purposes into the arroyo in hope of checking its further encroachment. An entirely unexpected discovery during these initial activities was a series of small, secondary rooms improvised between eight but- tresses built to brace the leaning south wall. These small rooms and their fittings differ so markedly from those comprising the pueblo proper I defer further consideration of them for a later chapter wherein all extramural structures are discussed together. These external accretions, and much within the village, do not really belong in Chaco Canyon ; they indicate, rather, the presence of peoples from the north, from beyond the San Juan River. Pueblo del Arroyo itself is too Chacoan to be considered of foreign inspiration or construction but there can be no doubt that the cultural pattern of 1 Mr. Sargent's generous offer of May 6, 1921, to allow the staff of the National Geographic Society's Pueblo Bonito Expedition to occupy the former Wetherill buildings was thwarted by cancellation and transfer of his lease. NO. I PUEBLO DEL ARROYO, NEW MEXICO—JUDD 5 its builders came to be dominated, if not supplanted, by that of immi- grants from the San Juan country. The same infiltration was appar- ent also at Pueblo Bonito (Judd, 1954). While our explorations at Pueblo Bonito were in progress we com- monly referred to one phase of these northern influences as "the Chaco-San Juan" because, on pottery in particular, it appeared to be an adaptation of San Juan techniques and designs to Chaco practices in the manufacture of earthenware vessels. Although the initial blend- ing probably represented no more than appropriation of ideas carried by traders traveling to or from the San Juan, whole families and even groups of families migrated to Chaco Canyon later, sometime during the eleventh century. Northern influences are particularly evident at Pueblo del Arroyo. The pottery we recovered there is in large measure characteristic of that area in southeastern Utah and southwestern Colorado drained by the McEImo and Mancos Valleys. The dominant wares at Pueblo del Arroyo, therefore, if not imported from the north, were made locally by potters who had learned their craft along the Mancos and the McElmo. In a recent study that includes this very region, Deric O'Bryan (1950, p. 103) dates the Mancos Mesa Phase at about A.D. 900-1050 and the McEImo Phase at about 1050-1150. These approximations, and especially the latter, agree closely with our tree-ring data. Derived as they are from annual growth rings of trees felled for construction purposes, tree-ring dates from a given building provide an approximation of the age of that building. How- ever, such dates are not always to be taken at face value because tim- bers were often salvaged from abandoned houses and reused. The labor of felling a tree with stone axes and transporting its trunk by manpower to the building site explains why old logs should have been reclaimed whenever possible. Nevertheless, there must be significance in the fact that the 31 datable timbers we recovered at Pueblo del Arroyo were all cut between A.D. 1052 and 1103 (Douglass, 1935, p. 51). Smiley (1951, p. 19) extends the bracket to 11 17. Ten timbers from the middle section of the village show a range of from 1052 to 1090. Evidences of alteration and reconstruction are more numerous here than elsewhere. Changes in Kiva E, it is inter- esting to note, necessitated a new north wall in Room 46 but left one of the original ceiling beams undisturbed. That beam, dated 1072, was propped up, at the time the change was made, with another log cut 20 years earlier. In the south wing, where 17 beams gave cutting dates between 1067-f-x and 1103, it is noteworthy that 11 were felled 6 SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS VOL. I38 during four years, 1100-1103. Five timbers from the unexcavated north wing bear dates of 1065, 1075, noi, iioi±2, and 11 17. Our 31 tree-ring dates suggest, therefore, that Pueblo del Arroyo was built when the Mancos-McElmo culture flourished north of the San Juan. That carriers of this culture came to dwell in Pueblo del Arroyo is proved both by the predominance of their characteristic pottery and by the presence of an adjacent, uncompleted McElmo Tower. No Chaco group could have made that pottery, and none would have undertaken construction of a building so foreign to its established architecture as a triple-walled tower. In general the masonry of Pueblo del Arroyo corresponds with Type III at Pueblo Bonito (Judd, 1927b, p. 562; 1954, p. 19). There are, however, marked divergences here and there. Some walls appear to have been built of second-hand materials; some exhibit more or less banding with dressed blocks of friable sandstone while others may include sections composed of selected laminate sandstone in the manner of Bonitian Type IV. Although Pueblo Bonito archi- tecture is reflected in the construction of Pueblo del Arroyo the reflection is blurred and imperfect. As a whole, Pueblo del Arroyo masonry impresses one, to quote Ruppert, "as being the product of many individuals each of whom built according to his personal pref- erences but with left-over materials, the choice building stones having been utiHzed elsewhere." In ground plan Pueblo del Arroyo consists of a block of massed rooms with eastward extensions at each end and the extensions con- nected by a semicircular series of one-story structures enclosing a court (fig. 2). The outer west wall of the pueblo is 268 feet long. The block of rooms comprising the south wing measures 75 feet north and south by 131 feet east and west, and portions of fourth- story walls still stand. A corresponding wing on the north is a trifle shorter but wider. The area occupied by the building and its court is thus slightly more than i^ acres. While both wings were rectangular blocks of rooms standing three or four stories high, the massed structures between the wings were terraced down from the higher west side to a single story overlooking the court. Ground-floor rooms, being dark and poorly ventilated, were utilized primarily for storage ; those in the upper stories, for resi- dential purposes. In the pages that follow, the letters B, C, and D will indicate rooms in the second, third, and fourth stories, respectively. We estimate 120 secular rooms on the ground floor of Pueblo del Arroyo and these, together with 86 known second-story and 64 known I'Jirv33 -' 34 30 ^ 31 Fig. 2.—Ground Fig. 2.—Ground plan of Pueblo del Arroyo. (From the original survey by Oscar B. Walsh.) NO. I PUEBLO DEL ARROYO, NEW MEXICO—JUDD 7 third-story rooms and 14 suggested by surviving fourth-story v^alls, would give a total of 284 for the village as a whole. On the basis of three rooms and five individuals per family, we estimate a maxi- mum population of 475. Of those comprising the pueblo proper, we excavated 44 ground- floor rooms and 7 kivas. Fourteen rooms, 11, 17, 18, 19, 22, 33, 38, 42, 45, 48, 49, 50, 52, and 53, were numbered but not excavated. These and all unnumbered rooms were purposely left for the future. Our final season, that of 1926, was devoted entirely to structures beyond the west wall—structures to be considered in chapter IV. Our descriptive text will not cover all excavated rooms, but available data on those omitted are given at the end of this volume. Here, too, if not in the text, we will identify rooms previously opened by unknown persons. In the village as originally constructed there was only one outside door as far as I know, that in the west wall of Room 24, and this had been sealed early. If a gateway once opened into the court from the east, as Holsinger thought (MS., p. 51), it was not disclosed by our corner-searching. Pueblo del Arroyo, therefore, was a walled town, and the only conceivable reason for a walled town in Chaco Canyon was fear of aggression. The same fears were felt at nearby Pueblo Bonito where the town's defenses had been strengthened repeatedly as the years passed. Recurrent enemy attacks and discontent caused by a dwindling food supply are two understandable motives for the decline and disruption of Pueblo del Arroyo. 11. RESIDENTIAL QUARTERS In the pages that follow I shall describe a number of rooms that seem significant for one reason or another. Some are former dwell- ings, some had served for storage, some are of interest from the architectural point of view, and some because of what we found in them. To avoid the monotony of repetition, dimensions and room fittings are listed in Appendixes B and C. With the exception of Rooms 1-7 which are intrusives and, as such, will be reserved for Chapter IV, Pueblo del Arroyo dwellings show a surprising uniformity in size. This, despite the disparity between Room 35, the smallest, measuring 8 feet by 12 feet 8 inches, and Room 55, which is 13 feet 2 inches wide by 25 feet 9 inches long. The average of those we excavated, 44 in number, is about 11 by 13^ feet. Room 8 stands at the extreme southwestern corner of the pueblo as originally planned, that is, before Kiva B and its associated rooms were added. A few years prior to my 1920 visit, to approximate time by the amount of blown sand that had settled within its walls, the west half of the second-story room had been cleared by treasure hunters. They had broken a hole through the southwest corner of its floor (pi. 4, B) and thus gained access to the lower room which they found in an excellent state of preservation and relatively free from accumulated rubbish. If the original inhabitants abandoned anything here, the record has been lost for we recovered nothing but a single bone bead and part of an awl. A door in the north wall of this lower room, 8A, connects with Room 16 and thence with 24 and 25. The lintel of that door consists of eight pine poles about 3 inches in diameter ; 4 inches below them and 5 inches back from the wall face, a single secondary lintel pole had served to support a doorslab or curtain. On the west, flush with the northwest corner and 6 feet above the floor, a ventilator admitted fresh air from the outside. At the east end of the room our treasure hunters had forced their way through an apparently sealed door only to be dissuaded from going farther by ceiling-high debris in Room 9A. The same intruders had also pried a number of stones out of the south wall revealing two pine logs, 6 inches in diameter, laid in horizontally as longitudinal tie beams or stays completely enclosed by the masonry. We learned subsequently that this method of strengthening walls was NO. I PUEBLO DEL ARROYO, NEW MEXICO — JUDD 9 in common use at Pueblo del Arroyo, Except for the hole broken through from above, the ceiling of 8A was intact. Rooms 8B-I and B-II. For some undiscovered reason the room over 8A had been divided into two unequal parts by a masonry par- tition (pi. 4, B). The eastern part, 8B-I, is the larger of the two, and its south wall is 4 inches longer than the north. The partition, 8 inches thick and composed of irregular blocks of sandstone strengthened by two built-in pine posts, left 8B-II completely isolated except for a possible hatchway to the third story. That the partition was a late introduction is suggested by the presence of two south doors in 8B-I, both giving access to the flat roof of Kiva B. The westernmost of these two may have replaced the other when a shallow, adobe-rimmed fire- place was built directly below its east jamb. When we uncovered it the fireplace was still filled with wood ash, and plaster below the door- sill was dark with soot. An unusual feature of this particular hearth was the presence of two circular depressions, each about 5 inches in diameter and an inch deep, at the northeast and northwest corners, presumably as pot rests. Precautionary measures against the possi- bility of fire are evidenced by an unusually thick adobe flooring about the fireplace and over the underlying layers of bark and split cedar. Between the north door, which had been closed with masonry, and the northeast corner two sandstone slabs had been embedded in the floor and rimmed with adobe mud to create a shallow basin somewhat resembling those designed for grinding meal (pi. 4, A). But in this instance the basin abuts the wall, and its floor slabs show no evidence of grinding. Through the east wall a T-shaped door that formerly opened into Room 9B-III had been partly blocked to leave a 12-inch- deep recess on the 8B-I side. Smoke-stained plaster still adhered to all four walls of 8B-I. The room had been abandoned and a small amount of sandy debris had collected before its ceiling collapsed. Broken ceiling poles, split-cedar shakes, and 5-inch-thick chunks of adobe flooring provide clues to construction. Some of the poles were slightly charred but destruc- tion by fire is not indicated. In and under this wreckage we found pieces of tanned but unidentifiable skins, yucca-fiber cord, a drilled bone awl, a small quantity of human hair, and fragments of two sandals, one plaited (fig. 3) and the other woven. This latter, appar- ently of apocynum fiber, bears a design in color on the upper surface and, on the sole, a raised pattern produced by knotted threads. It is of a type commonly attributed to an earlier civilization than that represented by Pueblo del Arroyo. 10 SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS VOL. 1 38 Fig. 3.—Sandal fragment from Room 8B-I. (Drawn by Hashime Murayama.) On the floor in the southeast corner we found a piece of se- lenite an inch and a half long and a cube of lead ore, both unworked. Elsewhere in the room were a couple of ham- merstones, half a mano, a handful of potsherds, a door- slab that had been briefly used as a metate (shown leaning against the wall in plate 4, A), and part of a sandstone- abraded plank 7 inches wide, 4 inches thick, and about 2 feet long. The doorslab, at least, appeared to have fallen from the third-story room. Room pA, adjoining Number 8 on the east, is noteworthy for its exceptional length. Originally iii feet long, it was subsequently reduced to 58 feet 3 inches upon installation of the partitions creating Rooms 10 and 11. The reduced room measures 5 feet 10 inches wide at the east end ; 6 feet, at the west. Since we cleared only the west end of it, Room 11 may be divided by a possible third partition. Whatever the idea behind it, Room 9 as originally planned was an architectural mistake, a fact its builders soon discovered. Its south wall began to settle outward even while under construction and, in an effort to correct the error, eight low external buttresses were hastily erected. Less than a foot of constructional debris—stone spalls and mortar droppings—had collected on the surface when those buttresses were installed. That the wall was leaning even before it reached ceil- ing height is obvious from the fact that the partitions setting off Rooms 10 and 11 are 5 inches wider at the top than at floor level. The north wall likewise leaned southward but to a lesser degree (pi. 5, right). Blown sand and debris of occupation filled 9A almost to its ceiling. Beneath and among this debris we found such typical tools and dis- cards as pieces of worked wood, bone, shell, and stone, 3 sandstone disks or jar covers, 11 hammerstones, 10 manos, 1,357 miscellaneous potsherds for study, and fragments of a willow screen. On the floor close in the northwest corner lay a handful of turquoise and shell chips from some jeweler's workbench. NO. I PUEBLO DEL ARROYO, NEW MEXICO — JUDD II At the west end of the room we came upon the partially disarticu- lated skeleton of an adult male (U.S.N.M. No. 327141). The skull had been crushed and some of the long bones thrown to one side. The left half of the upper jaw was recovered several feet farther east, about midway of the room and a foot above its floor. To our surprise that fragment was the remainder of an upper jaw (field No. 89) we had found 6 weeks earlier among broken masonry a foot and a half above floor level in the middle of Room 3. Thirty-three inches of solid masonry separates the two rooms. Doors connect 9A with Room 15 on the north, Room 8 on the west, and Room i on the south. The latter, like Room 3, is one of several rude dwellings built against the outer south wall of the pueblo some years after its completion, and the connecting doorway came still later. The west door, which we restored, is believed to have been blocked with masonry, perhaps at the time the adult male was buried, for the treasure hunters who broke through from 8A had destroyed most of the frame in their enthusiasm. A clay-lined hearth lies in the middle of the floor, 24 feet 3 inches from its east end. Absence of facing stones from an irregular area about 15 feet from the northeast corner suggests an intended north door to connect with Room 13. The missing stones were not present in the debris below, so we brought in others and refaced the area as a security measure. Rooms 9, 10, and 11 resulted from the partitioning of an excep- tionally long room. Their second stories include, not three, but six rooms, and each of the five masonry walls separating them rests upon paired beams at second-story floor level rather than upon first-story stonework. Three of the six rooms overlie most of 9A and have been designated, beginning with the easternmost, 9B-I, 9B-II, and 9B-III, Figure 4 illustrates the relationship of the group. Neither the east nor the west wall of Room loA supports a second-story partition. Rooms pB-I to gB-III connect with those adjoining on the north but not with each other. All three had been lived in, for smoke- stained plaster still adheres to their walls. The floors of 9B-I and 9B II had collapsed under the weight of masonry fallen from above, but a remnant surviyed in the southeast corner of 9B-II and here we found a number of discards, some of them partially embedded in the adobe flooring: the reworked handle of a dipper (U.S.N.M. 334678), 2 bone awls (No. 334906), a clay figurine (fig. 27, a), 2 re- worked pieces of wooden tablets (pi. 38, i; No. 334702), a scrap of cotton cloth (No. 334715), and a bit of kaolin. The very diversity of these items suggests that they were among household rubbish dumped ^^^^ to s r