PROCEEDINGS OF THE BIOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF'V^SH'INGTON 113(4):1064-1078. 2000. Brachycalanus flemingeri and B. brodskyi, two new copepods (Crustacea: Calanoida: Phaennidae) from benthopelagic waters of the tropical Pacific Frank D. Ferrari and E. L. Markhaseva (PDF) Department of Invertebrate Zoology, National Museum of Natural History; Smithsonian Institution; Washington, DC. 20560-0534, U.S.A.; (ELM) Russian Academy of Sciences, Zoological Institute; Universitetskaya nab. 1, 199034, St. Petersburg, Russia Abstract.?Brachycalanus flemingeri, new species, has three setae on coxal endite of maxilla 1, a bifurcate worm-like sensory seta on the exopod of max- illa 2, a distal, semicircular protrusion posteriorly on the basis of swimming leg 1, and lacks a medial seta on coxa of switnming leg 4. Brachycalanus brodskyi, new species, is differentiated by its large size, 4.0 mm, and a semi- circular row of small denticles distally and posteriorly on the basis of swim- ming leg 1. Brachycalanus ordinarius (Grice, 1972) is redescribed and sepa- rated from the remaining species by the exopod of maxilla 2 with a distally constricted worm-like seta with a small lobe near the point of constriction. All three species have nine sensory setae on the distal basal lobe plus exopod of maxilla 2; this number of sensory setae has been reported for one other phaen- nid copepod and several scolecitrichids. Suggested shared derived character states for the species oi Brachycalanus Farran, 1905 are epicuticular extensions of the female genital complex and the following two abdominal somites, and knife-like aesthetascs on female antenna 1. The genus Brachycalanus Farran, 1905 includes four species: B. atlanticus (Wol- fenden, 1904), B. bjornbergae Campaner, 1978; B. ordinarius (Grice, 1972) and B. rothlisbergi Othman & Greenwood, 1988 although Othman & Greenwood (1988) suggested that specimens of B. atlanticus reported by Farran (1905) do not belong to the same species as the specimens of Wol- fenden (1904). Different species have been reported from the North Atlantic Ocean (Wolfenden 1904, Farran 1905, Grice 1972), the South Atlantic Ocean (Campaner 1978) and the Gulf of Carpentaria in the western tropical Pacific Ocean (Othman & Greenwood 1988); only B. atlanticus has been reported more than once, by Wolfen- den (1904) and Farran (1905). Specimens of Brachycalanus usually are collected from near-bottom localities at depths from 72-100 m (Campaner 1978) to 992-1000 m (Grice 1972). No adult males of a species of Brachycalanus have been collected. The two new Brachycalanus species described here are the first records of the genus from the eastern tropical Pacific Ocean. Brachy- calanus ordinarius is redescribed, based a paratype. Materials and Methods The specimens from Hawaii collected on 6 July 1997 may have been in a plankton net for up to 12 hours prior to sample fix- ation with 4% formaldehyde; few internal tissues remain in these specimens. The specimen collected from Volcano 7 during November 1988 was fixed at its depth of capture with gluteraldehyde; most internal tissues remain. Ferrari & Markhaseva (1996, 2000), give further details about col- lections from Volcano 7 and Hawaii. In the VOLUME 113, NUMBER 4 1065 laboratory, specimens from both localities were preserved in 0.5% propylene phen- oxytol/4.5% propylene glycol/95.0% deion- ized freshwater. During examination, spec- imens were cleared in steps through 50% lactic acid/50% deionized freshwater to 100% lactic acid, stained by adding a so- lution of chlorazol black E dissolved in 70% ethanol/30% deionized freshwater, and examined with bright-field and with differ- ential interference optics. Drawings were made with a camera lucida. Dissected and undissected specimens are preserved in 70% ethanol/30% deionized freshwater. Cephalic appendages are abbreviated Al = antenna 1; A2 = antenna 2; Mn = man- dible; Mxl = maxilla 1; Mx2 = maxilla 2. Thoracic somites are Thl-7. Appendages on thoracic somites are Mxp = maxilliped (thoracopod 1); PI-5 = swimming legs 1- 5 (thoracopods 2-6). The caudal ramus is CR. Measurements are lengths; the length of the whole animal is measured from the anterior edge of the cephalothorax to the posterior edge of the caudal ramus, and does not include the overlap onto the gen- ital complex of the posterior edge of the sixth thoracic somite. Designations of ap- pendage segments follow Ferrari (1995), Ferrari & Dahms (1998) and Ferrari & Markhaseva (2000). The coxa of the max- illiped of copepods has one lobe with a group of setae (Ferrari & Ambler 1992, Martinez Arbizu 1997); the remaining three groups of setae on the calanoid syncoxa be- long to the praecoxa. Articulating arma- ment elements of appendages are termed setae regardless of their morphology or de- gree of rigidity. Two setae and one aesthe- tasc on a segment of antenna 1 are desig- nated 2-1-1; "?" indicates that a setal ele- ment was broken so that its identity on an- tenna 1 could not be determined and only the scar at the location of attachment of the seta was counted. Setules are epicuticular extensions of a seta; denticles are epicutic- ular extensions of an appendage segment; spinules are epicuticular extensions of a so- mite. An array of denticles whose tips point toward the distal end of an appendage are distally polarized; an array arranged in a semicircle are radially polarized. Specimens remain deposited in the National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C. (USNM). Brachycalanus flemingeri new species Figs. 1-3 Specimens.?\\o\oXyY>e^ (USNM 307711) a dissected 2.41 nmi female; prosome 2.02 mm, urosome 0.44. Paratypes: (USNM 307712) 4 mature females (2.01; 2.04, two specimens; 2.37 mm) and 3 males CV (2.01; 2.07; 2.07 mm) and 1 CIV female (1.65 mm). Type locality: eastern tropical Pacific Ocean, 19?43'27.01"N, 156?04'35.46"W, off Kona, Island of Hawaii, 6 Jul 1997. CVI Female.?(Fig. lA) Cephalon and Thl fused; Th2-Th4 separate; Th5 and Th6 separated but not well articulated. Laterally, posterior comers of prosome triangular; dorsally, acutely triangular and almost reaching mid-length of genital complex (Fig. IG). Th4 with 2 sensilla laterally; ven- tral longer; Th5 with 1 short dorsal sensilla laterally. Genital complex and following 2 abdominal somites (Fig. ID, E, H) with small, scale-like spinules. Genital complex symmetrical. Rostrum (Fig. IB, C): subdivided plate with 2 filaments. Al: reaching Th3 and of 24 articulating segments with groups of setae: 3?, 7?, 3?, 2?, 3?, 2?, 3?, 5?, 1, 1, 3?, 1, 3?, 1, 2?, 1, 2?, 2?, 1, 1, 2?, 2?, 2?, 5-1-1. A2 (Fig. 2A): coxa with 1 seta and den- ticles. Basis with 2 setae. Ri 2-segmented with 2 and 14 (6 terminal and 8 subtermi- nal) setae. Re 7 articulated segments with 0, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, and H-3 setae; 2nd segment with several small indentations on medial face and seta minute. Mn: coxal gnathobase (Fig. 2C) some- what elongate with 3 compound and 4 sim- ple teeth and 1 .seta. Basis with 3 setae (Fig. 2B). Re indistinctly segmented apparently 1066 PROCEEDINGS OF THE BIOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON Fig. 1. Brachycalanus flemmaeri new species. A, habitus, right lateral; B, anterior part of cephalon, ventral; C, rostrum, anterior-ventral; D, Th5-6 and urosome, right lateral; E, urosome, ventral; F. genital complex, ventral; G, posterior Th4, Th5-6 and genital complex, dorsal; H, urosome dorsal. Scale lines are 0.1 mm. VOLUME 113, NUMBER 4 1067 with 1, 1, 1, 1, 2 terminal setae; Ri 2-seg- mented with 2 and 9 setae. Mxl: praecoxa elongate with 9 terminal, 1 anterior and 4 posterior setae (Fig. 2E); coxal epipodite with 1 thin, short seta and 8 long, thick setae; coxal endite with 3 se- tae; 1st and 2nd basal endites with 4 and 5 setae respectively (Fig. 2D). Ri with 11 se- tae (3-1-3+5); Re with 10 setae. Mx2 (Fig. 2G): proximal praecoxal en- dite with 5 setae; distal with 3 setae, 1 poor- ly sclerotized. Proximal coxal endite with 1 short, poorly sclerotized sensory seta and 2 long well-.sclerotized setae; distal coxal en- dite with 1 thick and 2 thin setae. Proximal basal endite with 1 long, thick seta, 1 long, thin seta and 2 poorly sclerotized sensory setae. Distal basal lobe + Re with 9 sensory setae; 7 brush-like setae with short setules and 2 worm-like setae, 1 of which is bifur- cate toward its distal end. Mxp (Fig. 2F): syncoxa with 1 worm- like seta on proximal lobe; 1 sclerotized and 1 worm-like sensory seta on middle lobe; 1 sclerotized and 1 brush-like sensory seta with short setules on distal lobe; coxal lobe with 3 setae and distal denticles. Basis with 3 setae on unattentuated proximal lobe and 2 setae on distal lobe; denticles proximally. Ri segments from proximal to distal with 4, 4, 3, 4 (1 lateral), 4(1 lateral) setae respec- tively. PI (Fig. 3A, B): all segments with den- ticles, anteriorly and posteriorly. Coxa without seta. Basis with medial seta and distal semicircular protrusion on posterior face. Re 3-segmented, proximal with 1 lat- eral seta, middle with 1 medial and 1 lateral seta, distal with 3 medial, 1 terminal, 1 lat- eral setae; lateral seta on proximal segment reaches to base of lateral seta on middle segment and lateral seta on middle segment reaches to base of lateral seta on distal seg- ment. Ri a 1-segmented complex with 3 medial and 2 terminal setae. Anterior face of Von Vaupel Klein's organ with well-de- veloped triangular protuberence, anterior row of long denticles proximally and pos- terior pore. P2 (Fig. 3C, D): all segments anteriorly and posteriorly with complex arrays of large and small denticles; arrays may be distally or radially polarized. Coxa with medial seta. Basis without seta. Re 3-seg- mented, proximal with 1 medial and 1 lat- eral seta, middle with 1 medial and 1 lateral seta, distal with 4 medial, 1 terminal, 3 lat- eral setae. Ri 2-segmented, proximal with 1 medial seta, distal with 2 medial, 2 termi- nal, 1 lateral setae. P3 (Fig. 3E, F): all segments anteriorly and posteriorly with complex arrays of large and small denticles; arrays may be distally or radially polarized. Coxa with medial seta. Basis without seta. Re 3-seg- mented, proximal with 1 medial and 1 lat- eral seta, middle \)Pith 1 medial and 1 lateral seta, distal with 4 medial, 1 terminal, 3 lat- eral setae. Ri 3-segmented, proximal with 1 medial seta, middle with 1 medial seta, dis- tal with 2 medial, 2 terminal, 1 lateral setae. P4 (Fig. 3G-I): all segments except prox- imal endopodal anteriorly and posteriorly with complex arrays of large and small den- ticles; arrays may be distally or radially po- larized. Coxa without seta. Basis without seta. Re 3-segmented, proximal with 1 me- dial and 1 lateral seta, middle with 1 medial and 1 lateral seta, distal with 4 medial, 1 terminal, 3 lateral setae. Ri 3-segmented, proximal with 1 medial seta, middle with 1 medial seta, distal with 2 medial, 2 termi- nal, 1 lateral setae. P5 (Fig. 3J): all 3 segments posteriorly with denticles of various lengths. Coxa and basis without a seta. Re 1-segmented with 1 medial, 2 terminal and 1 lateral setae. CR (Fig. 2E): 4 large, terminal setae, 1 small medial-dorsal seta, and 1 small lat- eral-ventral seta. Etymology.?The species name honors Abraham Fleminger of Scripps Institution of Oceanography for his contributions to the systematics of calanoid copepods. Remarks.?Autapomorphies for B. fle- mingeri include: one bifurcate, worm-like sensory seta on exopod of maxilla 2; basis of swimming leg 1 with semicircular pro- 1068 PROCEEDINGS OF THE BIOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON Fig. 2. Brachycalanus flemin^eri. new species. A, antenna 2, ventral; B, mandibular palp, dorsal; C, man- dibular gnathobase. distal: D, maxilla 1. anterior; E, maxilla I, praecoxal lobe, posterior, di.stal down; F, max- illiped, anterior; G, maxilla 2 anterior. Scale lines are 0.1 mm. VOLUME 113. NUMBER 4 1069 Fig. 3. Brachycalanus flemingeri, new species. A, PI, anterior; B, basis and rami of PI, posterior; C, coxa, basis and endopod of P2, posterior; D, exopod of P2. posterior, medial seta of proximal segment missing; E, coxa, basis, endopod and proximal and middle segment of exopod of P3, posterior; F, distal part of middle segment and distal segment of exopod of P3, posterior; G, middle segment and distal segment of exopod of left P4. posterior; H, basis and proximal segment detached from middle and distal segments of endopod of right P4, posterior; 1, coxa, basis and proximal ramal segments of left P4. posterior, medial seta of proximal exopodal segment missing; J, P5, posterior, coxa detached. Scale lines are 0.1 mm. 1070 PROCEEDINGS OF THE BIOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON trusion at the base of medial seta; three se- tae on coxal endite of maxilla 1 (rather than two setae); and swimming leg 4 without a medial coxal seta. Brachycalanus brodskyi, new species Figs. 4-7 Specimens.?Ro\o\.y^& (USNM 307714) a dissected 4.0 mm female; prosome 3.3 mm, urosome 1.0 mm. Type locality: east- em tropical Pacific Ocean 1?5 m above bot- tom at base of Volcano 7 (13?23'N, 102?27'W), at depths of 2945-3010 m, dive 2147, Nov 1988. The anterior seta on prae- coxal endite of Mxl of the single known specimen apparently broken; one seta on the middle praecoxal lobe of Mxp appar- ently broken. CVI female.?Differs from B. flemingeri as follows: in habitus, dorsally posterior comers of prosome exceeding the middle length of genital somite (Fig. 4H). Genital complex with long denticles posterior-ven- trally. Al (Fig. 5A-C): 3, 6-1-1, 2-1-1, \ + \, 24-1, 2?, 2-1-1, 4+1, 1, 1, 2+1, 1, 2+1, 1, 2, 1,2, 1 + 1, 1, 1,2?, 2, 2, 5+1. Many setae and aesthetascs present on this specimen. A2 (Fig. 6A), Mn (Fig. 6B, C), Mxl (Fig. 6D) as illustrated. Mx2: proximal and distal coxal endite each with 1 poorly sclerotized sensory seta (Fig. 6E). Distal basal lobe + Re with 9 sensory setae, 8 brush-like with longer se- tules (Fig. 6F) and 1 worm-like seta. Mxp: (Fig. 6G, H) as illustrated. PI (Fig. 7A, B): basis with a semicircular row of small denticles posterior and distal near origin of endopod, and without semi- circular protrusion. P2 (Fig. 7C, D), P3 (Fig. 7E, F) as illus- trated. P4 (Fig. 7G, H): coxa with medial set; middle and distal segments of both rami lost. P5 (Fig. 71) as illustrated. Etymology.?The species name honors Konstantin Abramovich Brodsky of the Zoological Institute of the Russian Acade- my of Sciences, for his contributions to the systematics of calanoid copepods. Remarks.?Brachycalanus brodskyi new species differs from the other species of the genus by its size 4.0 mm (remaining spe- cies: 1.52-3.40 mm); basis of swimming leg 1 with semicircular row of small den- ticles near origin of the medial seta. Brachycalanus brodskyi shares eight brush-like setae with long filaments and 1 worm-like seta on distal basal lobe + exo- pod of maxilla 2 with B. bjornbergae; this composition apparently is shared also with B. rothlisbergi (Othman & Greenwood 1988 fig. 2C). B. brodskyi shares with B. flemingeri the acute triangular shape of pos- terior corners of prosome. Brachycalanus ordinarius (Grice, 1972) Fig. 8 Xanthocalanus ordinarius.?Grice, 1972: 237, figs. 101-119. Brachycalanus ordinarius.?Campaner, 1978: 976-977. Othman & Greenwood, 1988: 357. CVI female, paratype.?VSNM 137176; differs from B. flemingeri as follows: in habitus, posterior corners of Th6 rounded (Fig. 8A). Al (Fig. 8B-D): 24 articulated segments with setal groups containing: 3, 6+1, 2+1, 2?, 2+1, 2, 2+1, 4+1, 1, 1, 2+1, I, 2+1, 1, 2, 1, 1 + 1, 1 + 1, 1, 1, 2, 2, 2, 5+1 setae. A2: without small distal seta on Re2. Mx2: distal praecoxal endite without a poorly sclerotized seta; distal basipod lobe + Re with 7 brush-like and 2 worm-like sensory setae (Fig. 8F); 1 worm-like seta constricted distally with a small lobe near point of constriction (Fig. 8G), the other a simple worm-like seta. Mxp: worm-like sensory seta of proximal lobe with long setules (Fig. 8H). PI: basis without semicircular row of small denticles or semicircular protrusion near origin of medial seta; lateral seta on VOLUME 113, NUMBER 4 1071 H Fig. 4. Brachycakmus hrodskyi. new species. A, habitus, left lateral; B, prosomc and genital complex, dorsal; C, rostrum, lateral; D, urosome. dorsal; E, posterior Th5-6 and urosome, left lateral: F. genital complex, left lateral; G, genital complex, ventral; H, genital complex, dorsal. Scale lines are 0.1 mm. 1072 PROCEEDINGS OF THE BIOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON Fig. 5. Brachycalanus hrodskyi, new species. A, antenna 1, aniculating segments 1-6, ventral down; B, antenna 1, articulating segments 7-17, ventral down; C, antenna 1, articulating .segments 18-24, ventral down. Broken line indicates poorly resolved edge of aesthetasc. All scale lines are 0.1 mm. VOLUME 113, NUMBER 4 1073 Fig. 6. Brachycalanus hrodskyi, new species. A, antenna 2. dorsal; B, mandibular palp, ventral: C, mandib- ular gnathobase, distal; D, maxilla 1, anterior; E, maxilla 2, posterior, distal basal lobe + cxopod omitted; F, exopod of maxilla 2 showing 3 terminal aestheta.scs; G, syncoxa and basis of maxilliped, anterior; H, endopod of maxilliped, anterior. All scale lines are 0.1 mm. 1074 PROCEEDINGS OF THE BIOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON Fig. 7. BrachycaUmus hrodskyi, new species. A, PL posterior; B, PL anterior; C, P2, anterior, terminal seta cutoff; D, P2, posterior; E, P3, anterior, terminal seta cut off; F, P3, posterior; G, coxa, basis and proximal ramal segments of P4, posterior; H, coxa, basis and proximal exopodal segment of P4, anterior; I, P5, posterior. All scale lines are 0.1 mm. VOLUME 113, NUMBER 4 1075 Fig. 8. Brachycakmus oiclinurius (Gricc, 1972). A, posterior Th5-6 and genital complex, right lateral; B, antenna I, articulating segments 1-4, ventral toward right; C. antenna I. articulating segments 5-11, ventral toward right; D, antenna 1, articulating segments 12-21, ventral right; E, antenna 1. articulating segments 22- 24, ventral right; R distal basal lobe and exopod of maxilla 2; G, worm-like setae of exopod of maxilla 2; H, syncoxa and basis, with distal lobe omitted, of maxilliped. anterior. All scale lines arc 0.1 mm. 1076 PROCEEDINGS OF THE BIOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON middle segment not reaching base of lateral seta of distal segment. Remarks.?Brachycalanus ordinarius differs from the remaining species of the genus in possessing 1 worm-like seta con- stricted distally with a small lobe near point of constriction on the distal basal lobe + exopod of maxilla 2. Discussion The genus Brachycalanus was estab- lished by Farran (1905: 41) for three spec- imens of B. atlanticus which were "... washed from sand brought up by a townet on the trawl . . . (off the west coast of Ire- land) .... They measured 2.5, 2.0 and 1.52 mm respectively." Farran described the largest specimen, except for P5, "which were only found in the smallest specimen, which while appearing fully developed in other respects, still showed immature seg- mentation of the abdomen". Farran men- tioned in the description of the species "While the above was in press a description of this species under the name of Xantho- calanus atlanticus, was published by Dr. Wolfenden" (Farran 1905: 42). In establish- ing the genus, Farran mentioned that it is closely allied to Xanthocalanus Giesbrecht, 1892 and noted as distinguishing characters the shape of rostrum and an extremely short Al. Brachycalanus was diagnosed by Cam- paner (1978: 976) based on the then three known species; he removed B. minutus Gri- ce, 1972 and gave the total number and kind of sensory setae on the ramus of max- illa 2 as 1 worm-like and "(?5) 7-8" brush- like setae. In a later diagnosis, Bradford et al. (1983) added that the urosome, and dor- sal and ventral (actually anterior and pos- terior) surfaces of P1-P5 were covered with spines, an important character distinguish- ing the genus from Xanthocalanus. A later discussion of Brachycalanus by Othman & Greenwood (1988) noted the presence of knife-shaped aesthetascs on the antenna 1 as derived character state for the genus. Othman & Greenwood (1988: 355) also suggested that Farran's (1905) specimens of B. atlanticus were not conspecific with those of Wolfenden (1904). Ohtsuka et al. (1998) pointed out that Brachycalanus shares with at least some species of Xan- thocalanus a proximal basal endite of max- illa 2 with two worm-like sensory setae, and a syncoxa of the maxilliped with one or two worm-like sensory setae in addition to one brush-like sensory seta. These have not been reported for other phaennid gen- era. We found very few differences to sepa- rate the three species of Brachycalanus studied here from the remaining species. However, the number of autapomorphies and degree of divergence among the species should become more apparent after careful redescription, particularly of the setation of maxilla 1 and maxilla 2, and discovery of males of the five species. Among the three species here that we place in Brachycalan- us, there are different combinations of worm-like and brush-like setae among the nine sensory setae of the distal lobe and exopod of maxilla 2: one worm-like and eight brush-like setae in B. bjornbergae and B. brodskyi; two worm-like and seven brush-like in B. ordinarius and B. flemin- geri. However, one worm-like seta each of B. ordinarius and B. flemingeri appears to be more specialized; one worm-like seta of B. ordinarius is similar to a fleshy seta (Campaner 1978: 968) with a small lobe, and one worm-like setae of B. flemingeri is bifurcate. It appears that a simple combi- nation of the different kinds of sensory se- tae cannot be used to diagnose the genus Brachycalanus. Whether the number of sensory setae which are not worm-like are phylogenetically significant, remains to be determined. At this time we suggest that synapomorphies for the species of Brachy- calanus are the presence of spinules on the female genital complex and following two abdominal somites, and knife-like aesthe- tascs on female antenna 1. Species of the genus Brachycalanus pres- VOLUME 113. NUMBER 4 ently are placed in the Phaennidae, one of five families within the superfamily Clau- socalanoidea that possess sensory setae or aesthetascs on the distal basal lobe plus ex- opod of maxilla 2, and on the maxilliped (Nishida & Ohtsuka 1997). Bradford (1973) and Bradford et al. (1983) suggested that the number and the kinds of these sensory setae be used in diagnosing the Phaennidae and the Scolecitrichidae. Detailed descrip- tions of this part of maxilla 2 were not pro- vided for the type species of Brachycalanus (Wolfenden, 1904) or in the original de- scription of the genus (Farran 1905). In his diagnosis, Campaner (1978: 976) men- tioned one worm-like plus "(5?) 7-8" brush-like sensory setae; Othman & Green- wood (1988) described this limb of B. roth- lisbergi with one worm-like and ten brush- like setae (although only eight brush-like setae can be counted in their fig. 2C); fi- nally, illustrations by Grice (1972: 235, fig. 109b) for B. ordinarius show two worm- like plus six brush-like sensory setae. We have observed nine such setae for B. fle- mingeri, B. brodskyi, and a paratype of B. ordinarius. The presence of nine setae on the distal basal lobe plus exopod of maxilla 2 of these three Brachycalanus, another phaennid, Xanthocalanus pavlovskii Brodsky, 1955 as well as all five species of the scolecitrichid Landrumius (see Park 1983) and the scole- citrichid Xantharus renatehaassae Schulz, 1998 indicates that the number of such setae has not been conserved in these families as they are understood today. Although most descriptions of Clausocalanoida .species with simple, sclerotized setae on the distal basal lobe plus exopod mention eight of these se- tae, a recent redescription of Pseudochirella obesa Sars, 1920 by Vaupel Klein & Rijer- kerk (1997) states and figures nine such se- tae. Ohtsuka et al. (1998) suggested that brush-like setae may be derived from worm- like setae because the dendritic cilia of a worm-like setae are enclosed within a thin cuticle, homologous to the thick cuticle of sclerotized setae, while the cuticle of a 1077 brush-like seta is open distally so that its dendritic cilia are in direct contact with the aquatic environment, as described by Nish- ida & Ohtsuka (1997). The number present on the ancestral clausocalanoidan and the ancestor of the lineage which includes the Aetideidae, Phaennidae and Scolecitrichidae, and the number and kinds of transformations of these ancestral states must await a careful redescriptions of the species of these fami- lies. Acknowledgments We thank Dr. Karen R Wishner, Univer- sity of Rhode Island, for the specimens from Volcano 7 and Dr. Edward J. Buskey, University of Texas, for those from Hawaii! E. L. M. thanks the Smithsonian Institution and the American Philosophical Society for travel support to the National Museum of Natural History; Smithsonian Institution; Washington, D.C. Literature Cited Bradford. J. 1973. Revision of family and some ge- neric definitions in the Phaennidae and Scole- cithricidae (Copepoda: Calanoida).?New Zea- land Journal of Marine and Freshwater Re- search 7:133-152. , L. Haakonssen, & J. Jillett. 1983. The marine fauna of New Zealand: pelagic calanoid cope- pods: families Euchaetidae, Phaennidae. Scole- cithricidae, Diaixidae, and Tharybidae.?New Zealand Oceanographic Institute Memoir 90 150 pp. Brodsky, K. A. 1955. On the copepod (Calanoida) fau- na of the Kuril-Kamchatka trench.?Trudy In- stituta Okeanologii Akademii Nauk SSSR 12: 184-209. [in Russian] Campaner, A. F. 1978. On some new planktobenthic Aetideidae and Phaennidae (Copepoda, Calan- oida) from the Brazilian continental shelf 11. Phaennidae.?Ciencia e Cultura 30:966-982. Farran. G. R 1905. 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