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SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONSVOLUME 142, NUMBER 4(End of Volume)
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©. anb iUlarp "^aux OTalcottl&esieartf) JfunbCENOZOIC AND CRETACEOUSECHINOIDS FROM TRINIDADAND VENEZUELA(With 14 Plates)
ByC. WYTHE COOKEResearch AssociateSmithsonian Institution
^
(Publication 4459)
CITY OF WASHINGTONPUBLISHED BY THE SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTIONAUGUST 18, 1961

SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONSVOLUME 142, NUMBER 4(End of Volume)
Cfjarles; JB, anb ilarp "^aux Malcotti^esfearcl) jFunb
CENOZOIC AND CRETACEOUSECHINOIDS FROM TRINIDADAND VENEZUELA(With 14 Plates)
ByC. WYTHE COOKEResearch AssociateSmithsonian Institution
/orb
(Publication 4459)
CITY OF WASHINGTONPUBLISHED BY THE SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTIONAUGUST 18, 1961
PORT CITY PRESS, INC.BALTIMORE, MD., U. S. A.
Cfjarlesf B. anb iHarp "¥anx aialcott l^titaul) JfunbCENOZOIC AND CRETACEOUS ECHINOIDSFROM TRINIDAD AND VENEZUELABy C. WYTHE COOKEResearch Associate, Smithsonian Institution(With 14 Plates)SOURCES OF INFORMATIONMost of the fossils described herein were received by the UnitedStates National Museum in 1959 and i960 from Richard L. Casa-nova as an exchange with the Paleontological Research Laboratory atStatesville, N. C. The Museum also contains a large collection ofWest Indian echinoids obtained many years ago from R. J. L. Guppy.This includes not only Guppy's own specimens from Trinidad but alsothe Cleve collection, chiefly from St. Bartholomew and Anguilla,which was reported on by G. H. Cotteau (1875) and was restudied byJackson (1922). Other types from the Caribbean region in the Na-tional Museum are those of Jackson (1917, 1918, 1937) from the CanalZone and Costa Rica and from Mexico. Most of my own types fromVenezuela (Cooke, 1941a), Colombia (Cooke, 1955), Guatemala(Cooke, 1949b), Peru (Cooke, 1949a), and Panama (Cooke, 1948)are in the National Museum, as well as the large collections from theCretaceous and Cenozoic formations of the United States (Cooke,1941b, 1942, 1946, 1953, 1959), including the types of W. B. Clarkand Twitchell's (1915) monograph.The echinoid faunas of much of the West Indian region are wellknown. The most comprehensive papers are by Cotteau (1875) on St.Bartholomew and Anguilla, Jackson (1922) on the West Indies,Egozcue y Cia (1897) and Sanchez Roig (1923, 1926, 1949) on Cuba,and Arnold and H. L. Clark (1927, 1934) on Jamaica.Little has been published about the echinoids of Trinidad andVenezuela. The first publication is the description by Guppy (1866)of Echinolampas ovum-serpentis, later called Haimea, from Trinidad.Jackson (1922) added one new species, Peronclla mirahilis, here re-ferred to WeishordcUa, also from Trinidad. Seventeen species, forthe most part from Venezuela, were described as new by Jeannet
SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS, VOL. 142, NO. 4
2 SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS VOL. I42(1928) from collections made in Trinidad by H. G. Kugler and inVenezuela by Kugler, Wiedenmayer, and Vonderschmitt. These col-lections evidently were not exhaustive, for several of the species arerepresented by a single fragment. One late-Eocene species, Oligopy-giis nancei Cooke (1941a) was later obtained from Venezuela, andAnisgard (1954) figures an unnamed species of Plagiobrissiis froma deep well in Venezuela.The geology of Trinidad is discussed by Suter (i960) and byKugler (1956). The stratigraphy of Venezuela is also well known be-cause of the many years of research by petroleum geologists. Theirresults are summarized in a "Lexico estratigrafico de Venezuela"(Schwarck Anglade, 1956), a book of 729 pages containing signedarticles on each geologic formation and ending with a bibliography ofseveral hundred titles of works on Venezuela, Trinidad, the WestIndies, and some of broader interest.The geologic names and the stratigraphic horizons assigned to thespecies from Venezuela in the present report agree, for the most part,with those found in the "Lexico." Because of my unfamiliarity withthe region I have had to depend chiefly on the formation names andages designated on the labels accompanying the fossils, without theability to evaluate them. As some of the fossils were collected manyyears ago, it is quite likely that the stratigraphic data need revision.SPECIES OF EARLY CRETACEOUS AGESeven species of Early Cretaceous age, six from some part of theAlbian, one from the Aptian, are here recorded from Venezuela.Four of the genera and two of the species occur also in Colombia,where Cooke (1955, p. 87) reports eight species believed to be of lateAlbian age. Several species from both Venezuela and Colombia occuralso in the Comanche series of Texas (Cooke, 1946) or are repre-sented there by very closely related forms. The species from Vene-zuela are as follows
:
Tetrafjramma sp.Holectypus (Cacnholcclypus) planatus aponcnsis Cooke, n. subsp.Phylhbrissus stilianus Cooke, n. sp.Enallaster (Washitaster) bravoensis Bose?Pseudananchys sp. indet.Hemiaster sp.Epiaster whitci ClarkSPECIES OF PALEOCENE AGEThe only echinoid thus far recognized as of Paleocene age in thisregion is Phymosoma trinitensis Cooke, n. sp. As the name indicates.
NO. 4 ECHINOIDS, TRINIDAD AND VENEZUELA—COOKE 3
it was found in Trinidad. Its affinities appear to be with Cretaceousrather than Eocene species. This is in accordance with the Paleocenefauna of the United States, which inchides more genera reminiscentof the Cretaceous than of the Eocene (Cooke, 1959, p. 2).SPECIES OF MIDDLE EOCENE AGEOne species, Fibularia farallonensis Cooke, n. sp., was collected byJ. A. Bullbrook on Farallon Rock, near San Fernando, Trinidad.According to W. P. Woodring (oral communication), H. G. Kuglerregards this rock as representing a reef facies of the Navet formationof middle Eocene age. This correlation seems to be supported by theechinoid, which is similar to Fibularia texana (Twitchell) from themiddle Eocene Weches greensand member of the Mount Selmanformation of Texas.SPECIES OF LATE EOCENE AGESeven species of echinoids from Trinidad or Venezuela are referredto the late Eocene. None are new. Their names are as follows
:
Oligopygus wetherbyi kuglcri Jeannet (from Trinidad)Oligopygus haldemani coshiliformis Jeannet (from Trinidad)Oligopygus rotundus Cooke (from Trinidad and Venezuela)Oligopygus nancei Cooke (from Venezuela)Haimea ovum-serpentis (Guppy) (from Trinidad)Weisbordclla mirabilis (Jackson) (from Trinidad)Eupafagus clevei (Cotteau) (from Venezuela)Of these seven species, typical Oligopygus zvethej-byi de Loriol andtypical Oligopygus haldemani (Conrad) are restricted to the Ocalalimestone (Crystal River limestone of Puri), the youngest formationof late Eocene age in Florida. Both subspecies are known only fromthe San Fernando formation of Trinidad. Oligopygus rotundus,described originally from the Moodys Branch (?) formation of Ala-bama, occurs also in the San Fernando formation and in the Tinajitasformation of Venezuela. Oligopygus nancei is known only from theTinajitas formation of Venezuela. Haimea ovum-serpentis, typicallyfrom the San Fernando formation, occurs also in the St. Bartholomewlimestone of the British West Indies. Weisbordella mirabilis has beenfound only in the San Fernando formation, but it is closely relatedto, possibly only a variant of, Weisbordella johnsoni (Twitchell), aspecies abundant in the Ocala limestone. Eupatagus clevei, typicallyfrom the St. Bartholomew limestone, occurs also in the Inglis lime-stone of Florida (Cooke, 1959, P- 89) and in the Gatuncilla formationof Panama (Cooke, 1948; Woodring, 1957, p. 22). The formations
4 SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS VOL. I42
containing Eupatagus clevei in Venezuela and in Jamaica (Arnoldand Clark, 1934) are not specified.The Inglis limestone and the Moodys Branch formation are con-temporaneous, both of late Eocene age but older than the CrystalRiver limestone. The St. Bartholomew limestone contains severalspecies of mollusks (Cooke, 1919, p. 106) and echinoids (Jackson,1922, p. 8) of late Eocene age, though it is sometimes classified asmiddle Eocene (Woodring, 1957, p. 22) on the evidence of theForaminifera.The evidence of the echinoids indicates that the St. Bartholomewlimestone is of late Eocene age. Jackson (1922, p. 8) lists 17 namedspecies of echinoids from the St. Bartholomew and referred theformation to the late Eocene. The following revised list shows alsothe nearest relative in the United States and the geologic range ifknown. The evidence for a late Eocene age is apparent.Echinoids from the St. Bartholomciv limestoneName used by JacksonCidaris loveni CotteauSismondia antillarum Cotteau
Parapygiis antillarum (Cotteau)Echinolampas antillarum CotteauEchinolampas ovumserpentis GuppyEchinolampas clcvci CotteauAsterosioma cubense CotteauAgassizia inflata JacksonPrenaster loveni CotteauParaster antillarum (Cotteau)
Paraster subcylindricus (Cotteau)
Periaster elongatus CotteauPlagiohrissus loveni (Cotteau)Macropneustes antillarum (Cotteau)Eupatagus grandiflorus (Cotteau)Eupatagus clevei (Cotteau)Eupatagus antillarum (Cotteau)
Revised name or affinity
=Phyllacanthtis mortoni(Conrad)Ncolaganum antillarum( Cotteau
)
Aff. Neolaganum dalli(Twitchell)
Haimca ozmm-scrpentis(Guppy)
=zAgassida floridanade Loriol
^Ditremastcr subcylindricus(Cotteau)Aff. Ditremaster beckeri(Cooke)Ditremaster subcylindricus(Cotteau)
Schi.':obrissus jachsoniLambert:=Eupatagus clevei(Cotteau)
EoceneMiddle Late
NO. 4 ECHINOIDS, TRINIDAD AND VENEZUELA—COOKE 5SPECIES OF MIOCENE AGEThe species indicated as probably occurring in beds of Miocene age,though some persist to the Recent, are as follows
:
Encope secoensis Cooke, n. sp.Encope michelini AgassizEncope kugleri JeannetEncope (Mclitclla) falconcnsis Cooke, n. sp.Clypcaster rosaccus (Linnaeus)Echinolampas lycopersiciis GuppyCassidulus falconcnsis (Jeannet)Brissopsis antillaruni CotteauAntillaster lamberti JeannetPericosmns stchlini JeannetBrissus unicolor (Leske)Plagiobrissus grandis (Gmelin) ?Rhynobrissxis rostratus Cooke, n. sp.Lovenia of. L. dnmblci KewAt least two horizons of Miocene age are represented in this list.The older is that of the Anguilla limestone of the British West Indies,which seems to be coeval with the Chipola formation of Florida. Itsoccurrence in Trinidad and Venezuela is indicated by Echinolampaslycopersiciis, described originally from Anguilla and believed to berestricted to that horizon. Another species described from Anguillais Brissopsis antillarmn. This, however, is less dependable, for it mayhave a longer range. Several species from the "couches d'Ojo deAgua" were referred to the middle Miocene by Jeannet (1928). Thename Ojo de Agua, according to the "Lexico" (Schwarck Anglade,1956, p. 460), has been used for two formations, one of middle Mio-cene age, the other predominantly upper Miocene.The younger horizon includes the Springvale formation of Trini-dad and the Chiguaje and La Vela formations of Venezuela, whichare classified as late Miocene and presumably are about the age ofthe Duplin marl of the Carolinas and Florida. Among the speciesfrom these late Miocene formations may be mentioned Encopefalconensis and Rhynobrissus rostratus, but both of these species mayhave a longer range.SPECIES OF PLIOCENE AGEThe species attributed to the San Gregorio formation includeLytechinus variegattis (Leske), Encope secoensis Cooke, n. sp., En-cope (Melitella) falconensis Cooke, n. sp., Moira atropos (Lamarck),and Agassisia scrohiculata Valenciennes. The Lytechinus and theMoira are still living in Atlantic waters, but Agassisia scrohiculata
6 SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS VOL. I42
is extinct there, though it now lives in the Gulf of California and inthe Pacific Ocean. DESCRIPTIONS OF SPECIESMESOZOIC SPECIESTETRAGRAMMA sp.Two fragments resembling Tetragramma streeruwitzi (Cragin)(Cooke, 1946, p. 208, pi. 31, fig. 23) in all recognizable features aretoo poorly preserved for specific identification. The apical system iswanting. The poriferous zones are biserial on the upper part of thetest, uniserial below. There are two rows of large perforated, crenu-lated tubercles in each ambulacrum, six in each interambulacral area.The median part of the latter contains only granules.Occurrence.—Venezuela: El Pao, "Ojo de Agua," Cojedes (MeneGrande Petroleum Co. B-2454).Geologic horizon.—No data. Early Cretaceous, presumably lateAlbian.HOLECTYPUS (CAENHOLECTYPUS) PLANATUS APONENSIS Cooke,n. subsp.PI. 2, figs. 4-5This subspecies, represented by only one individual, whose uppersurface is defective, differs from the typical Holectypus planatusRoemer (Cooke, 1946, p. 217, pi. 32, fig. 13; 1955, p. 94, pi. 21,figs. 1-3) in its lesser height and more acute margin. This shapeappears to be original, not caused by compression. The typical formis abundant in the Trinity and Fredericksburg groups of Texas, ofearly and middle Albian ages. It has been recorded also from the lateAlbian of Colombia (Cooke, 1955, pp. 87, 94).Occurrence.—Venezuela: Rio Apon, Zulia (Creole Petroleum Co.50878).Geologic horizon.—Early Cretaceous : Capacho formation, ofmiddle Albian to Vraconian age.Holotype.—VS'NM 131169.PHYLLOBRISSUS ZULIANUS Cooke, n. sp.PI. I, figs. 10-12Test subquadrate, rounded in front, truncated behind, sides nearlyparallel. Upper surface slightly inflated, highest point at the apicalsystem, sloping more steeply in front, less steeply behind ; lower sur-
NO. 4 ECHINOIDS, TRINIDAD AND VENEZUELA—COOKE 7face concave around the peristome; margin rounded. Apical systemmonobasal, slightly anterior, four genital pores; madreporite starshaped, central. Petals alike, extending nearly to the margin ; porifer-ous zones very slightly arched, separated at the distal ends ; inner porescircular, outer pores elongated, pores conjugate; interporiferous zoneswider than the poriferous. Peristome defective; slightly anterior,more nearly central than the apical system, Periproct supramarginal,about one-third the way from the posterior margin to the apical sys-tem, twice as long as wide, flush, at the upper end of a shallow depres-sion that indents the margin. Tubercles scrobiculate, more numerousand larger on the lower surface than elsewhere.Length 46 mm. ; width 42 mm. ; height 18 mm.Occurrence.—Venezuela : Roas Island, Zulia.Geologic horizon.—Early Cretaceous : Apon formation, of Aptianage.Holotype.—US^yi 131 167.Comparisons.—The holotype, a unique specimen, is nearly twiceas long and wide but proportionately lower than Phyllobrissus gresslyi(Agassiz), the type species of the genus, as figured by Orbigny (1854-1860, p. 425, pi. 966, figs. 1-6) under the genus Clypeopygiis butreferred to Phyllobrissus by Cotteau (Orbigny, 1854-1860, p. 553).The periproct is proportionately longer and narrower, and it is fartherforward. ENALLASTER (WASHITASTER) BRAVOENSIS BosePI. I, figs. 1-4Enallaster bravoensis Bose, 1910, Inst. Geo!. Mexico Bol. 25, p. 168, pi. 41, figs.5-10; pi. 42, figs. 2-12; pi. 43, figs. 1-2, 6-7.Enallaster {Washitaster) bravoensis Bose. Cooke, 1955, U. S. Geol. Surv. Prof.Pap. 264-E, p. 106, pi. 27, figs. 5-12. Includes additional synonymy.The single Enallaster here tentatively referred to E. bravoensishas the shape and lies within the size range of that species. It retainstraces of a broad granular band surrounding the petals, on which bandcan be detected obscure narrow streaks of granules or fascioles likethose characterizing Washitaster.Occurrence.—Venezuela: Rio Socuy, Zulia (Creole Petroleum Co.50878).Geologic horizon.—Early Cretaceous : Cogollo limestone, probablyof late Albian age. The type of Enallaster bravoensis came fromCerro Muleros in Mexico near El Paso, Tex., and the species isabundant in the Ranchcria Valley of Colombia (Cooke, 1955). In
8 SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS VOL. I42
all these places it occupies beds of late Albian age. The label accom-panying the specimen from Venezuela specifies "Cenomanian, Cogollolimestone." As the Cogollo ranges in age from Aptian to Cenomanian(Wolf Maync in Schwarck Anglade, 1956, p. 172), and as Enallasteris not known to occur in the Cenomanian of Texas, this specimen isprobably of Albian, not Cenomanian, age.Occurrence.—Venezuela: Rio Socuy, Zulia (Creole Petroleum Co.64769). Another Enallaster, too poorly preserved for specific identifi-cation but resembling E. hravocnsis, comes from Rio Apon, Zulia(Creole Petroleum Co. 50878).Figured specimen.—USNM 131 170.PSEUDANANCHYS sp. indet.Several fragments of a species of Pseudananchys are embedded inhard calcareous rock. One of them retains the disjunct apical system,and all show the characteristic elongated ambulacral pores. Theanterior petal is like the others.Occurrence.—Venezuela : Island of Chimana Grande, ofif PuertoLa Cruz, District of Bolivar, Anzoategui (Mene Grande PetroleumCo. B-1615).Geologic horizon.—Early Cretaceous : Chimana formation, of earlyto middle Albian age. HEMIASTER sp.PI. I, figs. 5-9Weakly cordate, with a shallow depression in front and a narrowtruncation behind ; upper surface moderately inflated, highest pointin front of the apical system ; posterior end sloping downward andbackward at an angle of al)0ut 45°. Apical system slightly anterior;four genital pores rather far apart, equally spaced. Anterior ambula-crum somewhat sunken ; pores of petaliferous part short, circumflexed.Paired petals moderately sunken ; the anterior pair slightly the longer,extending about two-thirds the way to the margin; pores elongated,widely spaced; poriferous zones open distally; interporiferous zonesequal in width to the poriferous zones. Peristome far forward. Peri-proct oval, near the top of the posterior sloping truncation. Fainttraces of a peripetalous fasciole.Length 41 mm. ; original width about 32 mm. ; height about 23 mm.Occurrence.—Venezuela : Location unknown, Monagas ( CreolePetroleum Co. 19838).Geologic horizon.—Early Cretaceous.
NO. 4 ECHINOIDS, TRINIDAD AND VENEZUELA—COOKE 9Figured specimen.—USNM 131 168.Comparison.—Hemiaster sp., known only from two specimens, onevery much corroded, is most closely related to Hemiaster calvini Clark(Cooke, 1946, p. 225, pi, 32, fig. 5) from the Washita group of Texas ;but it is lower, its petals are shallower, and its posterior truncationslopes less steeply. EPIASTER WHITEI ClarkPI. 2, figs. 6-9Epiaster ivhitci Clark, 1891, Johns Hopkins Univ. Circ, vol. 10, No. 87, p. 77.Epiastcr whitei Clark. Clark, 1893, U. S. Geol. Surv. Bull. 97, p. 82, pi. 43, figs.2a-d; pi. 44, figs. la-g.Hemiaster whitei (Clark) (part). Gark, 1915, U. S. Geol. Surv. Monogr. 54,p. 89, pi. 43, figs. 2a-c; pi. 44, figs. la-h. Not pi. 45, figs. la-c (type ofMacraster zvashita Lambert).Hemiaster li'hitci (Clark). Cooke, 1946, Journ. Paleont., vol. 20, No. 3, p. 224,pi. 32, figs. 16-17. Includes additional synonymy.Epiaster whitei Clark. Cooke, 1955, U. S. Geol. Surv. Prof. Pap. 264-E, p. 108.Cordate, with a shallow depression in front and a narrow verticaltruncation behind ; moderately inflated, margin rounded ; highest pointat the apical system, evenly rounded in front, gently sloping behindto the truncation ; widest at the anterior third ; sides evenly roundedto the anterior depression, straighter behind. Apical system slightlyanterior ; ethmophractic, the two posterior genital plates touching, themadreporite not protruding between them ; four genital pores, nearlyequally spaced. Anterior ambulacrum depressed ; pores short, outerpores transverse, inner pores diagonal except near the apical system,where they are transverse. Paired petals depressed, moderately long,the anterior pair the longer; pores elongated, parallel ; interporiferouszones nearly as wide as the poriferous. Peristome far forward, sub-pentagonal, small. Periproct small, higher than wide, near the top ofthe vertical truncation, barely visible from above. Tubercles widelyscattered, larger on the under side.Length of holotype 40 mm. ; width 35 mm. ; height 23 mm.Well-preserved specimens show a fine granulation, which is par-ticularly noticeable in a broad band surrounding the ends of the petals,but there is no fasciole. This granulation is not preserved on the holo-type (the locality of which is unknown), but it shows traces of anarrow smooth area suggestive of a peripetalous fasciole.The preceding description is based on the holotype and other,better-preserved specimens from Texas. The figured specimen fromVenezuela is more compressed posteriorly and is somewhat shorter
10 SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS VOL. I42than the type, but these features can be matched by specimens fromthe Fredericksburg group of Texas. Three other individuals fromVenezuela resemble the holotype in shape but are not well preserved.Occurrence.—Venezuela: Rio Caripe, Monagas (Creole PetroleumCo. 51381).Geologic horizon.—Early Cretaceous. In Texas the species isabundant in the Goodland limestone, of Albian age.Figured specimen.—USNM 131 171.CENOZOIC SPECIESLYTECHINUS VARIEGATUS (Leske)PI. 5, figs. 1-2This common Recent species, which now ranges from North Caro-lina to Santos, Brazil, is represented by the two fragments figured.Occurrence.—Venezuela: Rio Seco area. Falcon (Creole Petro-leum Co. 72466, 72479),Geologic horizon.—Pliocene : San Gregorio formation.Figured specimens.—USNM 638624a, b.PHYMOSOMA TRINITENSIS Cooke, n. sp.PI. 2, figs. 1-3Horizontal outline circular; upper surface slightly inflated; lowersurface slightly concave; margin rounded. Apical system wanting;outline pentagonal, the posterior point elongated, the sides weaklyfluted. Ambulacra widening regularly to the margin; the first fewzygopores uniserial, the later zygopores staggered or biserial to theperistome. Peristome occupying about one-third of the diameter;weakly notched. Primary tubercles smooth, imperforate ; two rows ineach area. Secondary tubercles scattered over all areas except themedian parts of the interambulacral areas near the apex, which arebare.Diameter of holotype 24 mm. ; height 8.7 mm. ; diameter of peri-stome 8.7 mm.Occurrence.—Trinidad : Marac quarry, M. C. Cater, collector.Geologic horizon.—Paleocene.Ty/)^:?.—Holotype, USNM 638643a. Paratype, USNM 638643b.Comparisons.—This species, which is represented by the holotypeand one paratype, closely resembles Phymosoma hilli (Clark) (Cooke,1953, p. 9, pi. 3, figs. 6-7), from which it difiiers chiefly in the arrange-
NO. 4 ECHINOIDS, TRINIDAD AND VENEZUELA—COOKE II
ment of the zygopores, which are biserial or staggered throughout inP. hilli, uniserial near the apex in Phymosoma trinitensis.OLIGOPYGUS WETHERBYI KUGLERI JeannetPI. 3, figs. 9-1
1
Oligopygiis ktigleri Jeannet, 1928, Soc. Paleont. Suisse Mem., vol. 48, pi. i,figs. 1-7.Oligopygus kugleri is here treated as a subspecies of 0. wetherbyide Loriol (Cooke, 1959, p. 28, figs. 9-12) because all the specimensfrom Trinidad, 9 entire individuals and several fragments, thoughvariable in proportions, are oval, strongly inflated, and have a smallerperistomial depression than the typical form from Florida. The usualshape of O. zvctherbyi, as shown by Cooke's figures, is rather lowand subpentagonal, though some are regularly oval. All of the ratherlarge suite in the U.S. National Museum are fairly large, and all havea large peristomial depression.In Cuba, Oligopygus wetherbyi tends to be larger than in Floridaand even more variable. One long, narrow, very plump variety wasdescribed under the name Oligopygus pinguis Palmer (MS.) by San-chez Roig (1949, p. 165, pi. 28, figs. 2-2,). A shorter, nearly circularvariety from Jamaica has been named Oligopygus hypselus Arnoldand Clark (1927, p. 29, pi. 4, figs. 9-11). Both of these varieties fromCuba and Jamaica have large peristomial depressions like the typicalform from Florida.Occurrence.—Trinidad : Soldado Rock, Gulf of Paria (TrinidadPetroleum Co. K-903).Geologic horizon.—Late Eocene : San Fernando formation.Holotype.—Naturhistorisches Museum, Basel, Switzerland.Figured specimen.—USNM 638627, a topotype.OLIGOPYGUS HALDEMANI COSTULIFORMIS JeannetPI. 3, figs. 1-3Oligopygus cf. coshilalus (Desor). Jeannet, 1928, Soc. Paleont. Suisse Mem.,vol. 48, p. 8, pi. I, figs. 10-12.Oligopygus costiiliformis Jeannet, 1928, Soc. Paleont. Suisse Mem., vol. 48,p. 9, pi. I, figs. 13-15.This subspecies differs from typical Oligopygus haldemani (Con-rad) as described and figured by Cooke (1959, p. 29, pi. 8, figs. 6-8)in its smaller peristomial depression, which, though deep, is not asconspicuously elongated as that of the typical form from Florida. Theonly specimen of the subspecies at hand measures 25 mm. in length.
12 SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS VOL. I4222 mm. in width, and 15 mm. in height. These dimensions fall withinthe range in size of the typical form, of which a large series isavailable.Specimens from Cuba at first identified by Lambert as Oligopygnswetherbyi de Loriol and figured under that name by Sanchez Roig(1926, p. 82, pi. 13, figs. lo-ii) were later renamed Oligopygus cuben-sis Lambert (1931, Soc. Geol. France Bull., ser. 5, vol. i, p. 292). Thisname appears to be a synonym of typical Oligopygus haldemani(Conrad).The most conspicuous difference between Oligopygus wetherbyi,the type species of Oligopygus, and O. haldemani is the location ofthe periproct. In O. wetherbyi it lies midway between the marginand the peristomial depression, in O. haldemani closer to the margin.O. haldemani is usually the smaller.Occurrence.—Trinidad: Bella Vista quarry (Mene Grande Oil Co.19059).Geologic horison.—Lsite Eocene : San Fernando formation.Holotype.—Naturhistorisches Museum, Basel, Switzerland.Figured specimen.—USNM 638626, a topotype.OLIGOPYGUS ROTUNDUS CookePI. 3, figs. 4-6lOligopygus christi Jeannet, 1928, Soc. Paleont. Suisse Mem., vol. 48, p. 10,pi. I, fig. 19; pi. 6, fig. 2. Not pi. I, figs. 16-18.Oligopygus rotundus Cooke, 1942, Journ. Paleont., vol. 16, No. i, p. 9, pi. 2,figs. 1-3.Oligopygus rotundus Cooke. Cooke, 1959, U. S. Geol. Surv. Prof. Pap. 321,p. 29, pi. 8, figs. 1-5.Horizontal outline nearly circular ; upper surface inflated ; lowersurface flatter ; margin broadly rounded. Apical system central, tumid,monobasal ; four genital pores. Petals tumid ; paired petals extendingmore than halfway to the margin, odd petal somewhat longer ; porifer-ous zones narrow, regularly expanding, open distally; pores circular,conjugate. Peristome central, oval, at the bottom of a deep, straight-walled transverse depression occupying less than one-third of the totaldiameter of the test. Periproct small, round, flush, near the posteriorthird of the lower side. Tubercles rather large, sunken ; intermediatespaces granulated.Length of holotype 22 mm.; width 20.7 mm.; height 11.2 mm.Occurrence.—Alabama: Koons Mill on Cripple Creek, GenevaCounty (holotype).
NO. 4 ECHINOIDS, TRINIDAD AND VENEZUELA—COOKE I3Trinidad: Bella Vista Road, Mount Moriah, San Fernando (USGS8879, 9201, J. A. Bullbrook). Point Bontour (Trinidad Oil Co.,W. Barr).Venezuela: Alta Casa Nueva, north of Altagracia de Orituco,Guarico. Bolivar district, Zulia (Creole Petroleum Co. 151007).Geologic horizon.—Late Eocene : San Fernando formation, Trini-dad; Tinajitas formation, Venezuela.Holotype.—\JS]^M 498991.Figured specimen.—USNM 638625.Remarks.—The circular outline of OUgopygus rotundus suggestsOligopygus nancci Cooke, which has proportionately longer petals,smaller peristomial depression, and more acute margin. O. nancei ismuch larger.Oligopygus christi Jeannet is based on one corroded, ovate indi-vidual from Rio Calderas, near Los Baiios, Zamoras, Venezuela (theholotype) and one nearly circular fragment from Soldado Rock, Trini-dad, which probably represents Oligopygus rotundus. The figures donot clearly show the diagnostic features of either specimen. Bothare in the Naturhistorisches Museum, Basel, Switzerland.OLIGOPYGUS NANCEI CookePI. 2, figs. lO-llOligopygus nancci Cooke, 1941, Journ. Paleont., vol. 15, No. 3, p. 305, 3 text figs.
"iOligopygiis circiilaris Sanchez Roig, 1949, Los equinodermos fosiles de Cuba,Paleontologia Cubaana, vol. i, p. 159, pi. 29, figs. 2-3.Test moderately large ; outline subpentagonal to subcircular, widestat the anterior paired ambulacra; about half as high as long; uppersurface regularly convex ; lower surface nearly flat. Apical systemcentral ; four genital pores, widely separated. Petals long, not quitereaching the ambitus, the anterior somewhat longer than the pairedpetals, straight, open at the distal ends; poriferous zones nearly aswide as the interporiferous zones, slightly curved inward at the tip;pore pairs conjugate; inner pores nearly circular, outer pores elon-gated ; pores at the ends of the plates. Extrapetalous pores in diagonalpairs becoming linear near the peristome. Peristome central, rathersmall, deeply sunken in a steep-walled, transversely elliptical pit. Peri-proct round, flush, about one-third the way from the margin to theperistome. Tubercles fairly large, about the same size on top andbottom sides ; interscrobicular spaces densely papillatcd.Dimensions of holotype and figured paratype : Length 51 and
14 SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS VOL. I4256 mm.; width 49 and 55 mm.; height (somewhat crushed) 19 and21 mm.Occurrence.—Venezuela: Holotype and paratypes from near theheadwaters of Rio Amana, Anzoategui, approximately 5 km. south-west of Mundo Nuevo, Monagas (Standard Oil Co. of Venezuela30123). Rio Amana, 3^ km. southwest of Mundo Nuevo, Monagas(Mene Grande Oil Co. A-445). Rio Amana, Monagas (Mene GrandeOilCo. A-7532).Geologic horicon.—Late Eocene: Tinajitas formation,Holotype and paratype.—USNM 498964.Remarks.—No authentic specimens of Oligopygus circtilaris areavailable for comparison, but the description and figures tally withthose of O. nancei.HAIMEA OVUM-SERPENTIS (Guppy)PI. 4, figs. 7-11?Haimea caillaudi Michelin, 1851, Rev. et Mag. Zool., ser. 2, vol. 3, p. 92, fig. 2.(Locality unknown.)Echinolampas ovum-serpentis Guppy, 1866, Geol. Soc. London Quart. Journ.,vol. 22, p. 300, pi. 19, figs. 4a-b, 5. Not fig. 6.Echinolampas ovum-scrpentis Guppy. Cotteau, 1875, K- Vetensk.-Akad. Handl.,N.F., vol. 13, No. 6, p. 20, pi. 3, figs. 13-21.Echinolampas oviim-serpcntis Guppy. Egozcue y Ci'a, 1897, Com. Mapa Geol.Espana Bol., vol. 22, p. 62, pi. 16, figs. 5-9.Echinolampas ovmnserpentis Guppy. Jackson, 1922, Carnegie Inst. WashingtonPubl. 306, p. 60, pi. 10, figs. 4-5.
"Echinolampas" ovmnserpentis Guppy. Hawkins, 1924, Geol. Mag., vol. 61,p. 318.IPauropygus elevatus Arnold and Clark, 1927, Harvard Coll. Mus. Comp. Zool.Mem., vol. 50, No. i, p. 35, figs. 1-3.Pauropygiis oviimscrpentis (Guppy). Arnold and Clark, 1927, Harvard Coll.Mus. Comp. Zool. Mem., vol. 50, No. i, p. 36, pi. 5, figs. 7-12.IHaimea caillaudi Michelin. Arnold and Clark, 1934, Harvard Coll. Mus. Comp.Zool. Mem., vol. 54, No. 2, p. 143.Haitnca ovmnserpentis (Guppy). Arnold and Clark, 1934, Harvard Coll. Mus.Comp. Zool. Mem., vol. 54, No. 2, p. 143.Haimea ovum-serpentis (Guppy). Mortensen, 1948, Monograph of the Echi-noidea, vol. 4, pt. i, p. 259.
"iHaimea caillaudi Michelin. Mortensen, 1948, Monograph of the Echinoidea,vol. 4, pt. I, p. 258, text figs. 248a-d (after Michelin).Haimea ovumserpentis (Guppy). Durham and Melville, 1957, Journ. Paleont.,vol. 31, No. I, p. 257, text fig. 2.Proportions of test variable ; horizontal outline usually oval to sub-pentagonal ; upper surface evenly inflated or subconical, highest at theapical center; lower surface much flatter, deeply depressed around
NO. 4 ECHINOIDS, TRINIDAD AND VENEZUELA—COOKE 1
5
the peristome ; margin evenly rounded. Apical system central ; fourgenital pores, the anterior pair closer together than the posterior pair ;madreporite central. Petals long, extending nearly to the margin, sidesstraight, wide open at the distal ends ; poriferous zones much narrowerthan the interporiferous ; pores circular or oval, conjugate. Extrapet-aliferous pores nearly linear except in the peristomial depression,where the two zones are adjacent and the pore pairs are nearly trans-verse. Peristome central, subquadrate, with shallow notches at thepaired ambulacra and a very shallow notch at the anterior ambulacrum.Periproct small, transversely oval or round, flush; near the posteriorthird of the radius. Tubercles sunken, covering the entire surfaceexcept the poriferous zones.Length of holotype 42 mm.; width ^^ mm. ; height 18 mm.Occurrence.—Trinidad: San Fernando (USNM 115389, 115409,R. J. L. Guppy). Bella Vista Road, Mount Moriah, San Fernando(USGS 8878, 9201, J. A. Bullbrook).Geologic horizon.—Late Eocene : San Fernando formation.Holotype.—USNM 115392a.Figured specimens.—USNM 115392a, 115392b, 638628.Remarks.—Guppy published four figures ostensibly representingEchinolampas oviim-serpentis. The original of his figures 4a and 4b,now USNM 115389a, was figured by Jackson (1922, pi. 10, fig. 4)as a cotype. This specimen was selected by H. L. Clark (Arnold andClark, 1927, p. 36) as the holotype of Echinolampas ovmn-serpentis,which became the type species of their new genus Pauropygus.Guppy's figure 5 is not recognizable. The original of his figure 6(USNM 115409a, now broken) appears to represent Oligopygusrotundus Cooke.Arnold and Clark (1934, p. 143) reported that their Pauropygtiselevatiis is a synonym of Haimea caillaudi Michelin. This identifica-tion is open to question because the periproct of H. caillaudi is shownin Michelin's drawing (Mortensen, 1948, text fig. 248b) as nearerthe peristome, farther from the margin than that of Arnold andClark's photograph of Haimea clevata, which probably is an unusuallyplump variety of Haimea ovum-serpentis. If Haimea elcvata reallyis a synonym of H. caillaudi and if it represents the same species asHaimea ovum-serpentis, then the name Haimea caillaudi takes prece-dence over both.Haimea ovum-serpentis is abundant in St. Bartholomew and inJamaica. Egozcue y Cia (1897) and Sanchez Roig (1949, p. 167)report it also from Cuba. Jeannet (1928, p. 12) describes a fragment
l6 SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS VOL. I42
of an unidentified species of Pauropygus from Ramytrace, Trinidad,and he mentions another from Venezuela.FIBULARIA FARALLONENSIS Cooke, n. sp.PI. 4, figs. 1-6Horizontal outline subcircular, slightly produced behind. Uppersurface hemispherical ; lower surface flattened, depressed around theperistome; margin broadly rounded. Apical system obscure. Petalslong, straight; poriferous zones diverging; pores circular. Peristomelarge, central, circular. Periproct smaller, circular ; near the posteriorthird of the radius.Length of holotype 4.5 mm. ; width 4.2 mm. ; height 2.9 mm. Lengthof paratype 5.1 mm. ; width 4.8 mm. ; height T,.y mm.Occurrence.—Trinidad: Farallon Rock, San Fernando (USGS9199, J, A. BuUbrook).Geologic horizon.—Middle Eocene : A reef facies of the Navetformation.Types.—Holotype, USNM 638629a (the smaller specimen) ; para-type, USNM 638629b.Comparisons.—Fihularia farallonensis is nearly circular in hori-zontal outline, like F. texana (Twitchell) (Cooke, 1959, p. 30, pi. 9,figs. 15-19), and its petals seem to be similar; but its lower surfaceis flatter and its periproct is nearer the margin. These differencesalso hold for Fihularia vaughani (Twitchell) (Cooke, 1959, p. 30, pi. 9,figs. 23-27) and for F. alabamensis (Twitchell) (Cooke, 1959, p. 31,pi. 9, figs. 20-22), both of which, moreover, are conspicuously ovate.CLYPEASTER ROSACEUS (Linnaeus)PI. 5, fig. 3Echinus rosaccus Linnaeus, 1758, Systema naturae, ed. 10, p. 665.
"iClypeaster cubensis Cotteau. Egozcue y Cia, 1897, Com. Mapa Geol. EspanaBol., vol. 22, p. 2)i, Pl. 6, figs. 1-5.Clypeaster kugleri Jeannet, 1928, Soc. Paleont. Suisse Mem., vol. 48, p. 19, pl. 2,figs. 4-6.Clypeaster rosaccus (Linnaeus). Mortensen, 1948, Monograph of the Echi-noidea, vol. 4, pt. 2, p. 40, pl. i, figs. 2-4; pl. 64, figs. 1-5. Includes additionalsynonymy.Clypeaster rosaccus (Linnaeus). Cooke, 1959, U. S. Geol. Surv. Prof. Pap. 321,p. 34, pl. 10, figs. 1-3.Individuals of this common Recent species vary considerably insize and shape and in the width of the opening between the tips ofthe poriferous zones of the anterior petal. Many are broadly truncated
NO. 4 ECHINOIDS, TRINIDAD AND VENEZUELA—COOKE I7behind, others are elHptical in horizontal outline, like the type ofClypcastcr kuglcri, which agrees well in such other features as canbe determined from the figures. There is some variation also in thedegree of swelling of the interporiferous zones. The wide petalswith strongly incurved tips are characteristic.Occurrence.—Venezuela: Goajira Peninsula, Zulia (Creole Petro-leum Co. 13418). Near Castilletes, Goajira Peninsula (Creole Petro-leum Co. 81046). Quebrado Cojoro, Goajira Peninsula, Paez district,Zulia (B-2305). Punta Carnero, Isla Margarita (Creole PetroleumCo. 79055). Rio Motoruco, La Vela de Coro, Falcon (B-2771). RioCoro, Falcon (Creole Petroleum Co. 56929). Near southwest edge ofCumarebo field. Falcon (Creole Petroleum Co. 59953).Geologic horizon.—Miocene to Recent.Figured specimen.—USNM 638630 (Creole Petroleum Co. 13418).ENCOPE MICHELINI AgassizPI. 6, figs. 5-6; pl. 7, fig. 5Encope michclini Agassiz, 1841, Monographies d'echinodermes, Monogr. 2, p. 58,pl. 6a, figs. 9-10.^Encope platytata Jackson, 1917, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. 53, No. 2218, pl. 67,figs. 1-2, text fig. 2.Encope wicdenmayeri Jeannet, 1928, See. Paleont. Suisse Mem., vol. 48, p. 20,pl. 3, figs. 1-4, text fig. 3.Encope michelini Agassiz. Cooke, 1959, U. S. Geol. Surv. Prof. Pap. 321, p. 49,pl. 18, figs. 2-3.This common Recent species is variable in many features, notablythe height of the posterior part, which ranges from slightly higherthan the apical system to a protruding hump ; the depth of theambulacral emarginations ; the size and shape of the posterior lunule,which ranges from circular to much elongated ; and the shape of thepetals, which in young individuals are more convex than when fullgrown.A single fragment from the Gatun formation of the Canal Zone,the holotype of Encope platytata Jackson, has convex poriferous zonesof the anterior paired petals much like those of the small Recentspecimen figured by Cooke (1959), but the discovery of topotypesmay show it to be different.There seems to be no doubt that the many Encopes in the collec-tions from Venezuela here studied represent the same species as thetwo fragments named Encope wiedenmayeri by Jeannet. Most ofthem fall within the range of variation of Encope michelini, butsome of the fossils are larger than the living form. One fossil from
l8 SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS VOL. I42
near Cumana, Sucre (Creole Petroleum Co. 8270), is nearly twice aslarge as the one from Sucre figured here. All are somewhat higherbehind the apical system than in front; a few are conspicuouslyhigher.Occurrence.—Venezuela: Boca de Giieque, Falcon (E. wieden-mayeri Jeannet, fide Jeannet). Giieque area, Falcon (Creole Petro-leum Co. 11050). Sucre (Creole Petroleum Co. 8286, 8298). NearCumana, Sucre (Creole Petroleum Co. 8270).Geologic horison.—Miocene to Recent : "Couches d'Ojo de Agua,"of middle Miocene age {fide Jeannet). San Gregorio formation, ofPliocene age.Figured specimen.—USNM 638631, from the San Gregorioformation. ENCOPE KUGLERI JeannetPI. 10, fig. IEncope kugleri Jeannet, 1928, Soc. Paleont. Suisse Mem., vol. 48, p. 23, pi. 3,figs. 5-6; text figs. 4-6.This species, represented by several fragments, seems to be nearlyequidimensional in horizontal directions. It has five fairly deep ambu-lacral notches. The posterior petals are somewhat longer than theothers. The posterior lunule in the figured specimen is narrower thanthat shown in Jeannet's type, and its rim is raised. It lies betweenthe tips of the petals and extends nearly halfway to the center.Occurrence.—Venezuela: La Jovita de Candado, near Mirimire,Falcon (type, fide Jeannet). Rio Seco area. Falcon (Creole Petro-leum Co. 72709, y2'/i6, 72912).Geologic horizon.—Miocene: Capadare limestone, of middle Mio-cene age {fide Jeannet). Chiguaje formation, of late Miocene age.Figured specimen.—USNM 638632.ENCOPE SECOENSIS Cooke, n. sp.PI. 8, fig. I ; pi. 9, figs. 1-2Horizontal outline ovate, very slightly longer than wide, widestpoint behind the middle, flattened behind ; highest point anterior
;
margin thin. Five ambulacral notches showing a tendency to close.Posterior lunule elongated, narrow; extending anterior to the distaltips of the adjacent petals; rim very slightly raised. Apical systemslightly anterior, star shaped, with five genital pores. Posterior petalsthe longest, anterior paired petals the shortest ; all petals open dis-tally; poriferous zones curved, those of the anterior paired petals
NO. 4 ECHINOIDS, TRINIDAD AND VENEZUELA—COOKE I9
evenly curved, those of the other petals incurved near the distal tips.Peristome under the apical system. Periproct elongated, closer to thelunule than to the peristome.Length of holotype 109 mm. ; width 105 mm. ; height 12 mm.Occurrence.—Venezuela: Rio Seco area, Falcon (Creole PetroleumCo. V-2635, 72466 (holotype), 72468 (paratypes), 72480, 72482),Geologic horizon.—Pliocene : San Gregorio formation. One lotfrom the Miranda district is referred by the label to the Codore forma-tion, another to the Chiguaje formation, both of late Miocene age.Comparisons.—The petals of Encope secoensis resemble those ofEncope micropora Agassiz (1841, p. 50, pi. loa, figs. 4-8; pi. 19a,fig. 7), but its ambulacral notches are usually open, like those ofEncope emarginata (Leske) (Cooke, 1959, p. 49, pi. 17, fig. 5 ; pi. 18,fig. i), which, however, is highest behind. Encope secoensis appearsto be closely related to E. sverdrupi Durham (1950, p. 48, pi. 37,fig. 6; pi. 39, figs. 4, 6), from the lower Pliocene of Santa Inez Bay,Baja California, but the petals of the holotype of that species are lessbroadly rounded. This may be an individual feature, for there is somevariation in the curvature of E. secoensis, some of whose petalsapproximate the shape of E. sverdrupi.ENCOPE (MELITELLA) FALCONENSIS Cooke, n. sp.PI. 8, figs. 2-4Horizontal outline subcircular, truncated behind. Highest pointcentral. Apical system central, star shaped, rather large ; five genitalpores. Petals short, nearly equal in length, extending halfway to themargin ; half as wide as long ; poriferous zones evenly rounded ; innerpores circular, outer pores elongated, diagonal. Ambulacral notchesclosed in the type, open in smaller individuals. Posterior lunule oval,near the margin. Peristome small, central, pentagonal. Periproctelongated, midway between the peristome and the margin. Ambulacralgrooves conspicuous.Length of holotype 61 mm. ; width 6^ mm.; height 9 mm.Occurrence.—Venezuela: Rio Seco area. Falcon (Creole PetroleumCo. V-2651, 72465, 72473, 72715 (holotype)).Geologic horizon.—Miocene and Pliocene : Chiguaje formation, oflate Miocene age (type). San Gregorio formation, of Pliocene age.Holotype.—IJS1<\M 638633.Comparison.—This species appears to resemble Encope (Melitella)stokesii Agassiz (1841, p. 59, pi. 6a, figs. 1-8), living off the Galapagosand along the west coast of tropical America, and may prove to be the
20 SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS VOL. I42
same. No authentic specimens of E. stokcsii are available for compari-son. Agassiz's figures are similar, but according to Mortensen (1928-1951, vol, 4, pt. 2, p. 449) "the apical system and the vertex are pos-terior as in Dendrastcr excentricus" though less so, and the posteriorpetals are correspondingly shorter. The apical star of Encope fal-conensis seems to be larger than that of E. stokesli.WEISBORDELLA MIRABILIS (Jackson)PI. 3, figs. 7-8Horizontal outline subpentagonal ; lateral profile straight below,arched centrally above; upper surface tumid medially; lower surfacevery slightly concave ; margin acutely rounded. Apical system nearlycentral ; four widely spaced small genital pores, the anterior paircloser together than the posterior pair; a few scattered hydropores.Petals extending about two-thirds the way to the margin, the anteriorpair somewhat shorter than the others; poriferous zones of nearlyeven width, narrower than the widest part of the interporiferouszones, plainly open apically, nearly closed distally, inner pores cir-cular, outer pores slightly elongated; interporiferous zones lanceolate.Peristome central, small, pentagonal. Periproct small, circular, nearthe posterior fourth of the radius. Small tubercles and granules coverall the test except the poriferous zones ; two large sunken tuberclesbetween the lateral petals and one in each anterior interambulacralarea.Ocurrence.—Trinidad: Bella Vista Road, Mount Moriah, SanFernando (USGS 8878, J. A. Bullbrook).Geologic horizon.—Late Eocene : San Fernando formation.T3;/'(?.y.—Holotype, USNM 328247; paratype, USNM 328248.Remarks.—Weishordella mirabilis closely resembles W. johnsoni(Twitchell) (Cooke, 1959, p. 54, pi. 20, figs. 5-7), from which itdiffers in having six large tubercles and in the location of its peri-proct, which is somewhat nearer the margin than is customary inWeishordella johnsoni. The occurrence of large tubercles may be avariable feature, as in Weishordella cubae (Weisbord) (Cooke, 1959,p. 53, pi. 20, figs. 1-4), and the distance of the periproct from themargin may vary with the shape of the test. As the types are the onlyrepresentatives thus far discovered, the range of variability isunknown.
NO. 4 ECHINOIDS, TRINIDAD AND VENEZUELA—COOKE 21CASSIDULUS (CASSIDULUS) FALCONENSIS (Jeannet)PI. 14, figs. 5-8Eurhodia jalconensis Jeannet, 1928, Soc. Paleont. Suisse Mem., vol. 48, p. Z'^,pi. 4, figs. 2-7; pi. 6, fig. 7; text fig. 10.Four specimens of this species from the Naturhistorisches Museumof Basel have been available for study. The species is not an Eurhodiaas interpreted by Cooke (1959, p. 63), for its peristome is trans-versely elongated and its periproct is flush.Like most species of Cassidulus, C. jalconensis varies considerablyin proportions. These specimens are low, and their margins are acute,as in Cassidulus gouldii (Bouve) (Cooke, 1959, p. 57, pi, 24, figs.5-12), a species common in Oligocene deposits of the United States,but its petals are longer. The petals are similar to those of Cassidulussabistonensis Kellum (Cooke, 1959, p. 57, pi. 23, figs. 6-14) from thelate Miocene of Florida and the Carolinas, but its test is much lowerand its margin much more acute.Occurrence.—Venezuela : Punta Gavilan, Falcon,Geologic horizon.—Middle Miocene: Upper part of the "couchesd'Ojo de Agua" {fide Jeannet).Holotype.—Naturhistorisches Museum, Basel, Switzerland.Figured specimen.—USNM 638635.ECHINOLAMPAS LYCOPERSICUS GuppyPI. 9, figs. 3-5Echinolampas lycopersicus Guppy, 1866, Geol. Soc. London Quart. Journ., vol. 22,p. 300, pi. 19, fig. 8.Echinolampas lycopersicus Guppy. Cotteau, 1875, K. Svenska Vetensk.-Akad.Handl., vol. 13, No. 6, p. 21, pi. 3, figs. 22-26.Echinolampas angtdllae Cotteau, 1875, K. Svenska Vetensk.-Akad. Handl., N.F.,vol. 13, No. 6, p. 24, pi. 4, figs. 5-8.Echinolampas lycopersicus Guppy. Cotteau, 1881, Soc. Geol. Belgique Ann.,vol. 9, p. 20.Echinolampas lycopersicus Guppy. Egozcue y Ci'a, 1897, Com. Mapa Geol.Espana Bol., vol. 22, p. 59, pi. 19, figs. 1-3 (after Cotteau).Echinolampas lycopersicus Guppy. Jackson, 1922, Carnegie Inst. WashingtonPubl. 306, p. 64, pi. II, figs. 3-6.Echinolampas anguillae Cotteau. Jackson, 1922, Carnegie Inst. Washington Publ.306, p. 66, pi. II, figs. 7-9.Echinolampas lycopersicus Guppy. Arnold and Clark, 1927, Harvard Coll. Mus.Comp. Zool. Mem., vol. 50, No, i, p. 50.1Echinolampas sp. Jeannet, 1928, Soc. Paleont. Suisse Mem., vol. 48, p. 35, textfig. II.
22 SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS VOL. I42Horizontal outline ovate; upper surface variably inflated; lowersurface flattish, slightly depressed around the peristome ; marginbroadly rounded. Apical system small; four genital pores; slightlyanterior. Petals extending nearly to the margin, open distally, pos-terior pair the longest; poriferous zones curved, narrow, posteriorzone of anterior pair longer than the others; pores conjugate, innerpores circular, outer pores elongated; interporiferous zones muchwider than the poriferous. Peristome directly beneath the apicalsystem, large, pentagonal, transversely elongated; floscelle distinct;bourrelets swollen. Periproct submarginal, not visible from above,transversely elongated. Tubercles small, depressed, closely coveringthe entire test except the poriferous zones.Length of figured specimen 53.7 mm. ; width 47.6 mm. ; height24 mm.Occurrence.—Trinidad: Morne Diablo quarry (Creole PetroleumCo. 19070).Venezuela: Bejuco, Araurima Valley, Acosta district. Falcon.Geologic horison.—Middle Miocene: The species was describedfrom the Anguilla formation of Anguilla, B.W.I.Cotypes.—Six specimens, USNM 11 5388, one of which was figuredby Guppy. Holotype of Echinolampas anguillae USNM 1 15372.Figured specimen.—USNM 115387a, one of three collected byGuppy but probably not in his original lot. This specimen was figuredalso by Jackson, another by Cotteau.Remarks.—Echinolampas lycopersicus has been found also inPuerto Rico, Cuba, and Jamaica. It varies considerably in size anddegree of inflation, but the shape of the petals is relatively constant.The specimens from Trinidad and Venezuela are much more highlyinflated than the one figured from Anguilla, but others from Anguillaare equally inflated.The holotype of Echinolampas anguillae is a unique specimen whichhas been compressed laterally, making it proportionally narrowerand subconlcal, and giving a specious concavity to its lower surface.Guppy (1879, p. 196), too, regarded it as an unusual form of Echino-lampas lycopersicus. MOIRA ATROPOS (Lamarck)PI. 6, figs. 1-4Spatangus atropos Lamarck, 1816, Histoire naturelle des animaux sans vertebres,vol. 3, p. 32.
NO. 4 ECHINOIDS, TRINIDAD AND VENEZUELA—COOKE 23Moira atropos (Lamarck). Cooke, 1959, U. S. Geol. Surv. Prof. Pap. 321, p. yz,pi. 30, figs. 1-4.Three large, imperfect specimens certainly represent the genusMoira and probably this species, which is widely distributed in theAtlantic Ocean and in the Gulf of Mexico. The largest measures 55mm. in length, 45 mm. in width, and 29 mm. in height.Occurrence.—Venezuela: Rio Seco area, Falcon (Creole PetroleumCo. V-2677, 72537).Geologic horizon.—Pliocene : San Gregorio formation. AlsoRecent.Figured specimen.—USNM 62,^62,'/.AGASSIZIA SCROBICULATA ValenciennesPI. 5, figs. 4-7Agassida scrobiculata Valenciennes, 1846, Voyage de la Fregate Venus, pi. i,fig. 2.Agasskia scrobiculata Valenciennes. A. Agassiz, 1872-1874, Harvard Coll. Mus.Comp. Zool. Mem., vol. 3, pp. 85, 594, pi. 19a, figs. 1-3; pi. 19b. figs. 1-3.Agassicia scrobiculata Valenciennes. Grant and Hertlein, 1938, California Univ.(Los Angeles) Publ. in Math. Phys. Sci., vol. 2, p. 114, pi. 29, figs. 2-3;pi. 30, fig. 12; text fig. 10 (after Valenciennes).Agassisia scrobiculata Valenciennes. Mortensen, 1951, Monograph of the Echi-noidea, vol. 5, pt. 2, p. 342, pi. 19, figs. 4, 10, 11 ; pi. 55, figs. 1-4, 7, 10, 13, iS-Includes additional synonymy.Test subglobular ; horizontal outline steeply sloping in front of theapex, more openly curved behind. Apical system anteriorly eccentric,ethmolytic ; four genital pores when mature. Petals widely spreading
;
anterior pair longer than the posterior, pores of anterior row verysmall and inconspicuous; posterior pair fairly long, well developed.Peristome at the anterior third. Periproct transversely oval ; near thetop of a posterior truncation, which curves forward near the bottom.Marginal fasciole extending downward in a V-shaped projectionbelow the periproct. Lateral fascioles uniting behind the posteriorpetals.Occurrence.—Venezuela: Rio Seco area, Falcon (Creole PetroleumCo. 2630, 2632, 72479 (figured)).Geologic horizon.—Pliocene : San Gregorio formation. AlsoRecent.Figured specimen.—USNM 638636.Remarks.—There are no apparent differences between these Plio-cene forms from Venezuela and Recent specimens from the Gulf ofCalifornia, with which they have been compared. Grant and Hertlein
24 SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS VOL. I42(1938) record the species also from the Pliocene at Santa Inez Pointon the east coast of Baja California.
ANTILLASTER LAMBERTI JeannetPI. II, figs. 1-2
Antillaster lamberti Jeannet, 1928, Soc. Paleont. Suisse Mem., vol. 48, p. 36,pi. 4, figs. 14-15.Horizontal outline cordate, widest in front of the center; lateralprofile strongly inflated above, nearly flat beneath, anterior slope thesteeper; transverse profile nearly semicircular. Apical system some-what anterior, at the highest point ; three genital pores, the right an-terior pore not developed. Anterior ambulacrum not petaloid, narrow,in a shallow depression, which is deepest at the margin. Anterior pairedpetals widely diverging, slightly curved forward, open distally, ex-tending more than halfway down the lateral slopes; pores conjugate,outer pores elongated, inner pores circular; interporiferous zonesmuch wider than the poriferous. Posterior petals somewhat longerthan the anterior pair, straight. Peristome surrounded by a floscelle,wider than long, strongly lipped, at the anterior fifth, in a deep trans-verse depression, which covers more than half the width of the test.Periproct submarginal, not visible from above ; on a concave trunca-tion, which slopes downward and forward. Tubercles perforated,larger on the bottom, evenly scattered. No fascioles visible.Length of largest of four specimens 103 mm. ; width 99 mm.
;
height 75 mm.Occurrence.—Venezuela: Sabanas Altas, Falcon (type, fide Jean-net). La Vigia, 10 km. southwest (southeast?) of Pueblo Nuevo,Paraguana district, Falcon (Creole Petroleum Co. 7824). Cerro LaLuz near Quebrada Larga, 3 km. west of Pueblo Nuevo (MeneGrande Petroleum Co. B-6295),Geologic horizon.—Miocene : Upper part of the "couches d'Ojo deAgua" (type, fide Jeannet). La Vela formation, of late Miocene age.Figured specimen.—USNM 638639, from La Vigia.Remarks.—Antillaster lamberti shows considerable variation in thedegree of inflation and in the depth of the anterior emargination.The periproct of the figured specimen is somewhat distorted; it mayoriginally have been pear shaped.
NO. 4 ECHINOIDS, TRINIDAD AND VENEZUELA—COOKE 25PERICOSMUS STEHLINI JeannetPI. 13, figs. 3-6Pericosmns stchlini Jeannet, 1928, Soc. Paleont. Suisse Mem., vol. 48, p. 43, pi. 4,figs. 21-24.Horizontal outline subovate, emarginate in front, truncated behind
;
upper surface inflated ; lateral profile highest near the front, steeplycurved downward in front, more gently behind, nearly straight below.Apical system slightly anterior ; three genital pores, the right an-terior pore wanting; ethmolytic. Anterior ambulacrum not at allpetaloid ; moderately depressed, the depression extending the fulllength, weakest near the peristome. Paired petals deeply sunken,widely spreading, the anterior pair the longest, extending nearly tothe margin ; poriferous zones wider than the interporiferous ; innerpores circular, outer pores somewhat elongated; pores conjugate.Peristome near the anterior fifth, semilunate, weakly lipped. Periproctbroadly oval, transverse; at the top of the posterior truncation;slightly overhanging. Peripetalous fasciole deeply indented in theposterior and interambulacral areas. Marginal fasciole slightly un-dulate, curved down under the periproct. Tubercles of medium size,somewhat smaller on the top.Length of figured specimen 56 mm. ; width 54.5 mm. ; height 37mm. Another specimen measures 66 by 60 by 41 mm.Occurrence.—Venezuela: Coro, Falcon (type, fide Jeannet). LaVigia, 10 km. southwest (southeast?) of Pueblo Nuevo, Paraguanadistrict. Falcon (Creole Petroleum Co. 7824).Geologic horizon.—Miocene : Probably "Damsite series," of middle(?) Miocene age (type, jide Jeannet). Le Vela formation, of lateMiocene age.Holotype.—Naturhistorisches Museum, Basel, Switzerland.Figured specimen.—USNM 638638. From La Vigia.LOVENIA cf. L. DUMBLEI KewPI. 13, fig. 2Cf. Lovenia dumblei Kew, 1917, California Acad. Sci. Proc, ser. 4, vol. 7, No. 5,p. 136, pi. 17, figs. 2a-c.One defective Lovenia should be compared with Lovenia dumbleiKew from the Miocene (?) of Mexico at Rancho Nuevo, 35 km.northwest of Tuxpan. It is proportionately longer and narrower thanthe holotype as figured by Kew (fig. 2a) and differs further in that
26 SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS VOL. I42
the proximal end of the anterior poriferous zone of the anteriorpaired petals is straight, not curved forward. This may be an in-dividual variation, for the zone of the paratype (Kew's figure 2b)appears to be straight.The distribution of the tubercles is similar to that of Loveniadumhlei but differs from that of Lovenia alabamensis Cooke (1959,p. 77, pi. 32, figs. 14-17) from the Chickasawhay limestone of Ala-bama in that its tubercles extend farther back. The shape of theporiferous zones is like that of L. alabamensis.Occurrence.—Venezuela: Punta Gavilan, Falcon.Geologic horizon.—Miocene.Figured specimen.—Naturhistorisches Museum, Basel, Switzerland.EUPATAGUS CLEVEI (Cotteau)PI. 10, figs. 2-5Euspatangus clevci Cotteau, 1875, K. Svenska Vetensk.-Akad. Handl., N.F.,vol. 13, No. 6, p. 44, pi. 8, figs. 1-4.Euspatangus grandiflorus Cotteau, 1875, K. Svenska Vetensk.-Akad. Handl.,N.F., vol. 13, No. 6, p. 45, pi. 8, figs. 5-6.Eupatagus clcvei (Cotteau). Guppy, 1879, Sci. Assoc. Trinidad Proc, vol. 2,pt. 12, p. 109.Eupatagus grandiflorus (Cotteau). Jackson, 1922, Carnegie Inst. WashingtonPubl. 306, p. 89, pi. 15, figs. 5-6.Eupatagus clevei (Cotteau). Jackson, 1922, Carnegie Inst. Washington Publ.306, p. 90, pi. 16, figs. 1-2.Eupatagus grandiflorus (Cotteau). Molengraaff, 1929, Geologic en geohydro-logie het eiland Curasao, p. 72, pi. 24, figs. 1-2 ; pi. 25, fig. i.Eupatagus grandiflorus (Cotteau). Arnold and Qark, 1934, Harvard Coll. Mus.Comp. Zool. Mem., vol. 54, No. 2, p. 156.Eupatagus clcvei (Cotteau). Cooke, 1948, Journ. Paleont., vol. 22, No. i, pi. 22,fig. 9.Eupatagus clcvei (Cotteau). Fischer, 1951, Florida Geol. Surv. Bull. 34, pt. 2,p. 83, pi. 7, figs. 1-3 ; text fig. 18.Eupatagus clevei (Cotteau). Cooke, 1959, U. S. Geol. Surv. Prof. Pap. 321,p. 89, pi. 41, figs. 6-8.This large swollen Eupatagus is represented in the collections fromVenezuela by one slightly crushed individual whose lower surface iscovered by hard matrix and whose upper surface is badly corroded.It measures 64 mm. in length by about 53 mm. in width.The types of Eupatagus clevei (refigured here) and E. grandi-florus (a synonym) were found in the Eocene of St. Bartholomew.The species later came to light in Curagao, Jamaica, Panama, andFlorida.
NO. 4 ECHINOIDS, TRINIDAD AND VENEZUELA—COOKE 27Occurrence.—Venezuela: San Mateo, Lara (Creole Petroleum Co.99004).Geologic horizon.—Late Eocene.Holotypc.—USNM 115379.BRISSUS UNICOLOR (Leske)PI. 7, figs. 1-4Spatangus brissns var. nnicolor Leske, 1778, Klein's Naturalis dispositio echino-(lermatum, p. 248, pi. 26, figs. B-C.Brisstis exiguHs Cotteau, 1875, K. Svenska Vetensk.-Akad. Handl., N.F. vol. 13,No. 6, p. 35, pi. 6, figs. 16-18.Brissus exiguiis Cotteau. Jackson, 1922, Carnegie Inst. Washington Publ. 306,p. 87, pi. IS, figs. 2-4.Brisstis unicolor (Leske). Cooke, 1959, U. S. Geol. Surv. Prof. Pap. 321, p. 81,pi. 36, figs. 1-4.This well-known Recent species is represented by one fairly wellpreserved specimen and one fragment. They are remarkably similarto Recent specimens of the same size from Haiti, from which theydiffer in the apparently farther forward location of the apical system,which has been foreshortened by slight crushing, which also hasdeepened the anterior paired petals. The apical system and the lowermargin of the peristome are wanting. The peripetalous and subanalfascioles are like those of the Recent species.Brissus exiguus Cotteau, from the Miocene of Anguilla, seems tobe this same species. The holotype (USNM 115396) is a juvenilewith only three genital pores. Its left side and base have been crushed.Occurrence.—Trinidad: Savanetta, near Gran Couva (TrinidadOil Co. 254677).Geologic horizon.—Late Miocene: Springvale formation.Figured specimen.—USNM 638641.BRISSOPSIS ANTILLARUM CotteauPi. 12, figs. 1-4Brissopsis antillarum Cotteau, 1875, K. Svenska Vetensk.-Akad. Handl., N.F.,vol. 13, No. 6, p. 37, pl. 6, figs. 19-25.Brissopsis antillarum Cotteau. Jackson, 1922, Carnegie Inst. Washington Publ.306, p. 82, pl. 14, figs. 3-4.Horizontal outline subovate, notched in front, truncated behind.Apical system slightly anterior ; four genital pores ; ethmolytic. An-terior ambulacrum strongly depressed on upper surface, slightlynotching the margin, almost flat on lower surface; paired pores sepa-
28 SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS VOL. I42
rated by a bead. Anterior paired petals depressed, widely spreading,extending three-fourths of the way to the margin, wide; anteriorpores much reduced near the apical system. Posterior petals de-pressed, longer than the anterior pair, adjacent and confluent near theapical system, spreading apart distally ; pores large, oval. Peristomenear the anterior quarter, strongly lipped. Periproct vertically elon-gated, near the top of a posterior truncation. Peripetalous fascicledeeply indented except in front; subanal fasciole reniform.Length of largest cotype (from Antigua) 47 mm.; width 38 mm.
;
height about 18 mm. Length of figured specimen (from Venezuela)62 mm. ; width 47 mm. ; height 23 mm.Occurrence.—Venezuela : Paraguana Peninsula 10 km. southeastof Pueblo Nuevo, Falcon (Creole Petroleum Co. 7824).Geologic horizon.—Miocene: La Vela formation, of late Mioceneage. The types are from the Anguilla formation, of middle Mioceneage.Cotypes.—US^yi 11 5406.Figured specimen.—USNM 638640.PLAGIOBRISSUS GRANDIS (Gmelin)?PI. 13, fig. IEchinus grandis Gmelin, 1791, Linne, Systema naturae, vol. i, pt. 6, p. 3200.Plagiohrissus grandis (Gmelin). Mortensen, 1951, Monograph of the Echinoidea,vol. 5, pt. 2, p. 496, pis. 40-41 ; pi. 63, figs. 13, 16.Plagiohrissus grandis (Gmelin). Cooke, 1959, U. S. Geol. Surv. Prof. Pap. 321,p. 86, pi. 39, figs. 1-2; pi. 40, fig. 6.One fragment showing most of the right posterior quadrant of theupper surface, most of the escutcheon and subanal fasciole, and partof the lateral lower surface agrees in all recognizable features withthe Recent Plagiohrissus grandis of the West Indian region. Theescutcheon is semicircular in front, like the Recent species, differingin this respect from Plagiohrissus lamherti Jeannet (1928, p. 38, pi.5, figs. 1-2; pi. 6, figs. 13-14; text fig. 12) from the "couches d'Ojode Agua" on the road from Guaidima to Riecito (Falcon) as figuredby Jeannet, which is pointed.Occurrence.—Venezuela : Paraguana Peninsula 10 km. southeast ofPueblo Nuevo, Falcon (Creole Petroleum Co. 7824).Geologic horizon.—Miocene?Figured specimen.—USNM 638642.
NO. 4 ECHINOIDS, TRINIDAD AND VENEZUELA—COOKE 29RHYNOBRISSUS ROSTRATUS Cooke, n. sp.PI. 14, figs. 1-4Horizontal outline pointed ovate, strongly rostrate behind; lateralprofile narrowly wedge shaped, highest behind ; posterior end slop-ing downward and forward at an angle approximating 45°. Apicalsystem somewhat anterior, not preserved (the genus has four genitalpores, the posterior pair separated by the protruding madreporite).Anterior ambulacrum flush, not at all petaloid. Petals depressed ; an-terior pair forming a straight line, extending about three-fourths theway to the margin, the anterior half much reduced in width near theapical system ; posterior petals longer, straight, not widely diverging
;
pores oval. Peristome anterior, strongly lipped. Periproct bilunate,transversely elongated, high on the rostrate end. Peripetalous fasciolestrongly depressed; slightly reentrant between the lateral petals.Subanal and circumanal fascioles connected, forming a figure 8.Tubercles small, close set and granular on the upper surface, largerand farther apart on the lower surface.Length 51.4 mm. ; width 37.3 mm. ; height 24.5 mm.Occurrence.—Venezuela : Punta Gavilan, Falcon.Geologic horizon.—Miocene ? : Probably from the La Vela forma-tion, of late Miocene age.Holotype.—Naturhistorisches Museum, Basel, Switzerland.Comparison.—The unique type of this species is somewhat dis-torted by crushing. It most closely resembles Rhynohrissiis cuneusCooke (1959, p. 88, pi. 36, figs. 7-11), living off the coast of NorthCarolina. It differs from R. cuneus as follows : Its anterior petals aremore widely diverging. Its posterior end is narrower, more rostrate,more strongly overhanging. Its plastron is more protruding and lessnearly elliptical. Its periproct is nearer the junction of the anal andcircumanal fascioles, and its peripetalous fasciole is somewhat in-dented. Some of these differences may be the result of distortion, theothers possibly are individual variations. If so, this species will fallinto the synonymy of Rhynobrissus cuneus.BIBLIOGRAPHYAgassiz, Louis.1841. Des scutelles. Monographies d'echinodermes vivans et fossilcs, Mon-ogr. 2, 151 pp., 27 pis.Anisgard, Harry W.1954 (1955). An echinoid from the Eocene of western Venezuela. Journ.Paleont., vol. 28, No. 6, pp. 830-835, 5 text figs.
30 SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS VOL. I42Arnold, B. W., and Clark, H. L.1927. Jamaica fossil echini ; with descriptions of new species of CainozoicEchinoidea by Herbert L. Hawkins. Harvard Coll. Mus. Comp.Zool. Mem., vol. 50, No. i, 84 pp., 3 figs., 22 pis.1934. Some additional fossil echini from Jamaica. Harvard Coll. Mus.Comp. Zool. Mem., vol. 54, No. 2, pp. 139-156, pis. 1-5.Clark, W. B., and Twitchell, M. W.1915. The Mesozoic and Cenozoic Echinodermata of the United States.U. S. Geol. Surv. Monogr. 54, 341 pp., 108 pis.Cooke, C. Wythe.191 9. Tertiary mollusks from the Leeward Islands and Cuba. CarnegieInst. Washington Publ. 291, pp. 103-156.1941a. Oligopygiis nancci, a new echinoid from Venezuela. Journ. Paleont.,vol. IS, No. 3, pp. 305-306, 3 text figs.1941b. Cenozoic regular echinoids of eastern United States. Journ. Paleont.,vol. 15, No. I, pp. 1-20, pis. 1-4.1942. Cenozoic irregular echinoids of eastern United States. Journ. Paleont.,vol. 16, No. I, pp. 1-62, pis. 1-8.1946. Comanche echinoids. Journ. Paleont., vol. 20, No. 3, pp. 193-237,pis. 31-34.1948. Eocene echinoids from Panama. Journ. Paleont., vol. 22, No. i,PP- 91-93, Pl. 22.1949a. Two Cretaceous echinoids [Orthopsis titicacana, n. sp., Hcmiastcr(Macraster) cascajalensis, n. sp.] from Peru. Journ. Paleont.,vol. 23, No. I, pp. 84-86, pl. 22.1949b. Pygurostoma pasioncnsis, a Cretaceous echinoid from Guatemala.Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist. Nov., No. 1422, 3 pp., i fig.1953- American Upper Cretaceous Echinoidea. U. S. Geol. Surv. Prof.Pap. 254-A, pp. 1-44, pis. 1-16.1955- Some Cretaceous echinoids from the Americas. U. S. Geol. Surv.Prof. Pap. 264-E, pp. 87-112, pis. 18-29.1957. Rhynobrissus cuncus, a new echinoid from North Carolina. Proc.U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. 107, No. 3379, pp. 9-12, pl. i.1958. Cretaceous Echinoidea of New Jersey and adjacent regions. NewJersey Geol. Surv., Cretaceous fossils, pt. i, pp. 45-54. pis. 6, 7.1959- Cenozoic echinoids of eastern United States. U. S. Geol. Surv. Prof.Pap. 321, 106 pp., 43 pis.COTTEAU, G. R.1875. Description des echinides tertiaires des iles St. Barthelemy et Anguilla.K. Svenska Vetensk.-Akad. Handl., N. F., vol. 13, No. 6, 47 pp.,8 pis.Durham, J. Wyatt.1950. 1940 E. W. Scripps cruise to the Gulf of California, pt. 2, Megascopicpaleontology and marine stratigraphy. Geol. Soc. Amer. Mem. 43,216 pp., 48 pis.Egozcue Y CfA, JUSTO.1897. Adiciones a la descrijx-ion de los equinoides fosiles de la isla de Cubapor M. G. Gotteau. Com. Mapa Geol. Espana Bol., vol. 22, pp. 1-99,pis. 1-20.
NO. 4 ECHINOIDS, TRINIDAD AND VENEZUELA—COOKE 3IGrant, U. S. IV, and Hertlein, L. G.1938. The West American Cenozoic Echinoidea. California Univ. (Los An-geles) Publ. in Math. Phys. Sci., vol. 2, 225 pp., 30 pis.GuppY, R. J. L.1866. On Tertiary echinoderms from the West Indies. Geol. Sue. LondonQuart. Journ., vol. 22, pp. 297-301, illus.1879. On the fossil Echinodermata of the West Indies. Sci. Assoc. Trini-dad Proc, vol. 2, pp. 193-199. Rep. 1921, Bull. Anier. Paleont.,No. 35, pp. 103-109.Hedberg, H. D.1956. Handbook of South American geology ; Northeastern Venezuela.Geol. Soc. Amer. Mem. 65, pp. 337-340.Jackson, R. T.1917. Fossil echini of the Panama Canal Zone and Costa Rica. Proc. U. S.Nat. Mus., vol. 53, No. 2218, pp. 489-501, pis. 62-68.191 8. Fossil echini of the Panama Canal Zone and Costa Rica. U. S. Nat.Mus. Bull. 103, pp. 103-116, pis. 46-52. Essentially a reprint ofJackson 1917.1922. Fossil echini of the West Indies. Carnegie Inst. Washington Publ.306, 103 pp., 18 pis.1937. Mexican fossil echini. Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. 84, No. 3015,pp. 227-237, 4 pis.Jeannet, Alphonse.1928. Contribution a I'etude des echinides tertiaires de la Trinite et duVenezuela. Soc. Paleont. Suisse Mem., vol. 48, 49 pp., 6 pis.Kehrer, Louis.1956. Handbook of South American geology; Western Venezuela. Geol.Soc. Amer. Mem. 65, pp. 341-349-Kugler, H. G.1956. Handbook of South American geology; Trinidad. Geol. Soc. Amer.Mem. 65, pp. 353-365.Lambert, Jules.1931. Note sur le groupe des Oligopygus, la nouvelle famaille des Haimei-dae, et sur quelques echinides fossiles de Cuba. Soc. Geol. FranceBull., ser. 5, vol. i, fasc. 3-4, pp. 289-304, 3 figs., i pi.MORTENSEN, Th.1928-1951. A monograph of the Echinoidea. 5 vols, and index.Orbigny, Alcide d'.1854- 1860. Echinoides irregulieres. Paleontologie frangaise. Terrain cre-tace, ser. i, vol. 6, 596 pp., pis. 801-1006. Completed by G. Cotteau.Sanchez Roig, Mario.1923. Revision de los equinidos fosiles cubanos. Soc. Cubana Historia Nat.
"Felipe Poey" Mem., vol. 5, No. i, pp. 6-92 (reprint 1924, pp. 3-68),pis. 1-13.1926. Los equinodermos fosiles de Cuba. Cuba, Dir. Montcs y Minas Bol.Minas, No. 10, pp. I-I79i 43 P's.1949. Los equinodermos fosiles de Cuba. Palcontologia Cubana, vol. i,302 pp., 50 pis.
32 SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS VOL. I42ScHWARCK Anglade, Armando (Editor).1956. Lexico estratigrafico de Venezuela. Venezuela, Dir. Geologia, Bull,de Geologia Publ. Especial No. i, 729 pp.SUTER, H. H.i960. The general and economic geology of Trinidad, B.W.I. 2d ed., withrevisionary appendix by G. E. Higgins. 145 pp. London, ColonialGeol. Surv. Min. Res. Div.WOODRING, W. P.1957- Geology and paleontology of Canal Zone and adjoining parts ofPanama. U. S. Geol. Surv. Prof. Pap. 306-A, 145 pp., 23 pis.EXPLANATION OF PLATESPlate i
Figs. 1-4. Enallastcr hravoensis Bose (p. 7).Top, posterior-end, bottom, and right-side views X i of USNM131170. From the Cogollo limestone, of Early Cretaceous age, atRio Socuy, Zulia, Venezuela.Figs. 5-9. Hemiaster sp. (p. 8).Top, right-side, left-side, posterior-end, and bottom views X iof USNM 131 168. From beds of Early Cretaceous age in theState of Monagas, Venezuela.Figs. 10-12. Phyllobrissus sulianiis Cooke, n. sp. (p. 6).Top, right-side, and bottom views X i of holotype, USNM131 167. From the Apon formation, of Aptian age, at Roas Island,Zulia, Venezuela.
Plate 2Figs. 1-3. Phymosoina tnnitensis Cooke, n. sp. (p. 10).Top view X 2 and bottom and left-side views X i of holotype,USNM 638643a. From the Marac formation, of Paleocene age,in the Marac quarry, southern Trinidad.Figs. 4-5. Ilolcctypus phmatns aponcnsis Cooke, n. subsp. (p. 6).Top and left-side views X i of holotype, USNM 131 169. Fromthe Capacho formation, of Early Cretaceous age, at Rio Apon,Zulia, Venezuela.Figs. 6-9. Epiastcr zvhitci Clark (p. 9).Top, posterior-end, left-side, and bottom views X i of USNM131 171. From rocks of Early Cretaceous age on Rio Caripe,Monagas, Venezuela.Figs. lo-ii. Oligopygus nancei Cooke (p. 13).Top view of holotype and bottom view X i of paratype, USNM498964. From the Tinajitas formation, of late Eocene age, nearthe headwaters of Rio Amana, Anzoategui, Venezuela, approxi-mately 5 km. southwest of Mundo Nuevo, Monagas.
NO. 4 ECHINOIDS, TRINIDAD AND VENEZUELA—COOKE 33Plate 3Figs. 1-3. Oligopygus haldemani costnlijormis Jeannet (p. 11).Top view X li aiad bottom and right-side views X i of USNM638626. From the San Fernando formation, of late Eocene age,at the Bella Vista quarry, Trinidad.Figs. 4-6. Oligopygus rotundiis Cooke (p. 12).Top and bottom views X 2 and right-side view X i of USNM638625. From the Tinajitas formation, of late Eocene age, atAlta Casa Nueva, north of Altagracia de Orituco, Guarico,Venezuela.Figs. 7-8. Wcisbordella mirabilis (Jackson) (p. 20).Top view X 2 and bottom view X i of holotype, USNM 328247.From the San Fernando formation, of late Eocene age, on theBella Vista Road, Mount Moriah, San Fernando, Trinidad(USGS 8878).Figs. 9-11. Oligopygus wetherhyi kugleri Jeannet (p. 11).Top view X ij and bottom and left-side views X i of USNM638627. From the San Fernando formation, of late Eocene age,at Soldado Rock, Trinidad.Plate 4Figs. 1-6. Fibularia jarallonensis Cooke, n. sp. (p. 16).1-3, Top, left-side, and bottom views X 5 of holotype, USNM638629a.4-6, Top, left-side, and bottom views X 5 of paratype, USNM638629b.From a reef facies of the Navet formation, of middle Eocene age,on Farallon Rock, near San Fernando, Trinidad (USGS 9199)-Figs. 7-1 1. Haimea ovum-serpentis (Guppy) (p. 14).7, Top view X I of USNM 115392a.8, Bottom view X i of USNM 115392b.From the St. Bartholomew limestone, of late (?) Eocene age,on St. Bartholomew, B.W.I.9-1 1, Top and bottom views X li and right-side view X i ofUSNM 638628.From the San Fernando formation, of late Eocene age, on BellaVista Road at Mount Moriah, near San Fernando, Trinidad(USGS 8878). Plate 5Figs. 1-2. Lytechinus variegatus (Leske) (p. 10).1, Bottom view X i of USNM 638624a.2, Top view X I of USNM 638624b.From the San Gregorio formation, of Pliocene age, in the RioSeco area. Falcon, Venezuela.Fig. 3. Clypeaster rosaceus (Linnaeus) (p. 16).Top view X I of USNM 638630. From beds of Miocene age inthe Goajira Peninsula, Zulia, Venezuela.
34 SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS VOL, I42
Figs. 4-7. Agassisia scrobiculafa Valenciennes (p. 23).Top, bottom, left-side, and posterior-end views X i of USNM638636. From the San Gregorio formation, of Pliocene age, inthe Rio Seco area, Falcon, Venezuela.Plate 6Figs. 1-4. Moira atropos (Lamarck) (p. 22).Top, anterior-end, posterior-end, and bottom views X i of USNM638637. From the San Gregorio formation, of Pliocene age, inthe Rio Seco area, Falcon, Venezuela.Figs. 5-6. Encope michelini Agassiz (p. 17).Top and right-side views of USNM 638631. Probably from theSan Gregorio formation, of Pliocene age, in Sucre, Venezuela.Plate 7Figs. 1-4. Brissus nnicolor (Leske) (p. 27).Top, right-side, posterior-end, and bottom views X i of USNM638641. From the Springvale formation, of late Miocene age,of Savanetta, near Gran Couva, Trinidad.Fig. 5. Encope michelini Agassiz (p. 17).Bottom view X i of USNM 638631. Probably from the SanGregorio formation, of Pliocene age, in Sucre, Venezuela.Plate 8Fig. I. Encope secocnsis Cooke, n. sp. (p. 18).Top view X I of holotype, USNM 638634. From the San Gre-gorio formation, of Pliocene age, in the Rio Seco area, Falcon,Venezuela.Figs. 2-4. Encope (Melitclla) falconensis Cooke, n. sp. (p. ig).Top, bottom, and right-side views X i of holotype, USNM638633. From the Chiguaje formation, of late Miocene age, inthe Rio Seco area. Falcon, Venezuela.Plate 9Figs. 1-2. Encope secocnsis Cooke, n. sp. (p. 18).Bottom and right-side views X i of holotype, USNM 638634.From the San Gregorio formation, of Pliocene age, in the RioSeco area, Falcon, Venezuela.Figs. 3-5. Echinolampas lycopcrsicits Guppy (p. 21).Top, left-side, and bottom views X i of USNM 11587a. Fromthe Anguilla limestone, of middle Miocene age, in Anguilla,B.W.I. Figured also by Jackson (1922, pi. 11, figs. 3-5).Plate 10Fig. I. Encope kugleri Jeannet (p. 18).Top view X I of USNM 638632. From the Chiguaje formation,of late Miocene age, in the Rio Seco area, Falcon, Venezuela.
NO. 4 ECHINOIDS, TRINIDAD AND VENEZUELA COOKE 35
Figs. 2-5. Eiipatagus clevei (Cotteau) (p. 26).Top, bottom, right-side, and posterior-end views X i of holotype,USNM 1 15379. From the St. Bartholomew Hmestone, of late(?) Eocene age, in St. Bartholomew, B.VV.I.Plate iiFigs. 1-2. Antillaster lamhcrti Jeannet (p. 24).Posterior-end and top views X i of USNM 638639. From theLa Vela formation, of late Miocene age, at La Vigia, 10 km.southwest (southeast?) of Pueblo Nuevo, Paraguana district,Falcon, Venezuela. Plate 12Figs. 1-4. Brissopsis antiUarmn Cotteau (p. 27).Top, posterior-end, bottom, and right-side views X i of USNM638640. From the La Vela formation, of late Miocene age, onthe Paraguana Peninsula 10 km. southeast of Pueblo Nuevo, Fal-con, Venezuela.Fig. 5. Antillaster lamberti Jeannet (p. 24).Bottom view X i of USNM 638639. From the La Vela forma-tion, of late Miocene age, at La Vigia, 10 km. southwest (south-east?) of Pueblo Nuevo, Paraguana district, Falcon, Venezuela.Plate 13Fig. I. Plagiobrissus grandis (GmeHn) ? (p. 28).Top view X I of fragment, USNM 638642. From beds of Mio-cene (?) age on the Paraguana Peninsula 10 km. southeast ofPueblo Nuevo, Falcon, Venezuela.Fig. 2. Lovenia cf. L. dumblei Kew (p. 25).Top view X I- Naturhistorisches Museum, Basel, Switzerland.From beds of Miocene age at Punta Gavilan, Falcon, Venezuela.Figs. 3-6. Pericosmus stehlini Jeannet (p. 25).Posterior-end, right-side, top, and bottom views X i of USNM638638. From the La Vela formation, of late Miocene age, atLa Vigia, 10 km. southwest (southeast?) of Pueblo Nuevo, Para-guana district. Falcon, Venezuela.Plate 14Figs. 1-4. Rhynohrissus rostratus Cooke, n. sp. (p. 29).Top, left-side, and bottom views X i of holotype. Naturhisto-risches Museum, Basel, Switzerland. Probably from the La Velaformation, of late Miocene age at Punta Gavilan, Falcon, Vene-zuela.Figs. 5-8. Cassiduhis jalconcnsis (Jeannet) (p. 21).Top, right-side, posterior-end, and bottom views X i of USNM638635. From beds of middle Miocene age at Punta Gavilan,Falcon, Venezuela.

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