^ r '-^C^ The Ayalan Cemetery A Late Integration Period Burial Site on the South Coast of Ecuador ^ :''W DOUGLAS H. U6ELAKER ?t* ,^' SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ANTHROPOLOGY ' ^ M B e ? ? / ^^ |^^ ' \ W: SERIES PUBLICATIONS OF THE SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION Emphasis upon publication as a means of "diffusing knowledge" was expressed by the first Secretary of the Smithsonian. In his formal plan for the Institution, Joseph Henry outlined a program that included the following statement: " I t is proposed to publish a series of reports, giving an account of the new discoveries in science, and of the changes made from year to year in all branches of knowledge." This theme of basic research has been adhered to through the years by thousands of titles issued in series publications under the Smithsonian imprint, commencing with Smithsonian Contributions to Knowledge in 1848 and continuing with the following active series: Smithsonian Contributions to Anthropo/ogy Sm/t/isonian Contributions to Astrophysics Smithsonian Contributions to Botany Smithsonian Contributions to the Earth Sciences Smithsonian Contributions to the Marine Sciences Smithsonian Contributions to Paleobiology Smithsonian Contributions to Zoo/ogy Smithsonian Studies in Air and Space Smithsonian Studies in History and Technology In these series, the Institution publishes small papers and full-scale monographs that report the research and collections of its various museums and bureaux or of professional colleagues in the world cf science and scholarship. The publications are distributed by mailing lists to libraries, universities, and similar institutions throughout the world. Papers or monographs submitted for series publication are received by the Smithsonian Institution Press, subject to its own review for format and style, only through departments of the various Smithsonian museums or bureaux, where the manuscripts are given substantive review. Press requirements for manuscript and art preparation are outlined on the inside back cover. S. Dillon Ripley Secretary Smithsonian Institution S M I T H S O N I A N C O N T R I B U T I O N S TO A N T H R O P O L O G Y ? NUMBER 29 The Ayalan Cemetery A Late Integration Period Burial Site on the South Coast of Ecuador Douglas H. Ubelaker SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION PRESS City of Washington 1981 A B S T R A C T Ubelaker, Douglas H. The Ayalan Cemetery: A Late Integration Period Burial Site on the South Coast of Ecuador. Smithsonian Contributions to Anthro? pology, number 29, 175 pages, 119 figures, 170 tables, 1981.?Excavation of a Milagro Phase Integration Period cemetery in 1972 and 1973 on the southern coast of Ecuador yielded 54 large funerary urns (AD 7 3 0 - A D 1730) and 25 primary and two secondary burials (500 BC-AD 1155) located outside o f the urns. Radiocarbon dates were obtained from charcoal and bone collagen and their validity is discussed. The urn burials with inverted urn coverings are similar to those reported from other Milagro Phase cemetery sites in Guayas and Los Rios Provinces. The urns at the Ayalan cemetery contained secondary skeletal remains of as many as 25 persons per urn (average of about nine persons per urn) along with artifacts, such as ceramic jars, plates and com- poteras, beads of shell, stone, and pottery, ear and nose rings of copper, silver, and gold, triangular copper plates (axe money), and small spheres of lead with copper inserts. Similar artifacts were found associated with the burials outside of the urns. Detailed data are presented on archeological features, artifacts, and such biological subjects as demography, pathology, cranial measurements, non- metric observations, and cultural practices registered in bone. Cultural differ? ences between the urn features and the earlier non-urn features are minimal. Biological data shared by urn and non-urn samples include cranial deforma? tion, reconstructed living stature, and porotic hyperostosis. The urn sample shows greater life expectancy at birth, lower infant mortality, greater adult life expectancy (especially in females), higher frequencies of foot bone altera? tions (probably indicating kneeling posture), vertebral osteophytosis, arthritic lipping at the knee, dental caries, alveolar abscesses, dental hypoplasia, and evidence of infectious disease. On the other hand, the urn sample shows fewer lines of increased density, fewer healed fractures, a lower frequency of joint degeneration (although more severe examples), and less dental calculus. An appendix by Brian Hesse, "The Association of Animal Bones with Burial Features," examines the faunal remains associated with the burial features. OFFICIAL PUBLICATION DATE is handstamped in a limited number of initial copies and is recorded in the Institution's annual report, Smithsonian Year. SERIES COVER DESIGN: Sioux Indian hide painting depicting mounted warriors. Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data Ubelaker, Douglas H The Ayalan cemetery. (Smithsonian contnbutions to anthropology ; no. 29) Bibliography: p. 1. Ayalan Cemetery site, Ecuador. 2. Indians of South America?Ecuador?Mortuary cus? toms. 3. Indians of South America?Ecuador?Anthropometry. 4. Urn burial?Ecua? dor. I. Title. II. Series. GNI.S54 no.29 [F3721.1.G9] 301s [986.6'3] 80-607075 Contents Page Introduction 1 Acknowledgments 1 Urn Burial Sites in Ecuador 2 Cemetery at Ayalan 9 Excavation Approach 9 Stratigraphy 10 Radiocarbon Dates 13 Individual Feature Descriptions 14 Associations 90 Urns 90 Skeletal Content 90 Correlation of Urn Size and Skeletal Content 90 Bone Representation 91 Articulations 91 Burned Bones 92 Mortuary Procedure 92 Non-Urns 93 Primary Skeletons 93 Deposition 93 Position 93 Orientation 93 Associated Skeletons 93 Secondary Deposits 94 Burned Bones 94 Mortuary Procedure 94 Artifacts 94 Beads 94 Ceramics 96 Urns 96 Urn Coverings 96 Jars 96 Compoteras 98 Plates 99 Spindle Whorls 99 Metal and Stone 100 Copper Plates 100 Rings 102 Miscellaneous Metal 105 Lithic Material 105 iii i v SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ANTHROPOLOGY Page Artificial Modifications of the Skeleton 105 Cranial Deformation 105 Dental Mutilation 108 Rodent Tooth Marks 109 Metatarsophalangeal Alterations 109 Biological Inferences 113 Cranial Measurements 113 Non-Metric Observations 113 Estimates of Living Stature 114 Trauma 115 Infectious Disease 118 Porotic Hyperostosis 120 Degenerative Changes 122 Osteophytosis 122 Joint Surface Degeneration 123 Congenital Disorders 125 Lines of Increased Density 125 Dental Disease 126 Deciduous Teeth 126 Permanent Teeth 126 Demography 128 Urn/Non-Urn Feature Comparison 130 Artifacts 130 Faunal Remains 131 Biological Information 131 Sex Associations 131 Spatial Analysis 131 Summary 131 Appendix I: The Association of Animal Bones with Burial Features, by Brian Hesse 134 Appendix II: Frequency of Each Type of Human Bone by Features (Tables A1-A 102) 139 Literature Cited 174 Figures 1. Location of urn burial sites in Ecuador 4 2. Location of cemetery at Punta AnlluUa, Hacienda Ayalan, coastal Ecuador (map) 10 3. Location of cemetery at Punta Anllulla, Hacienda Ayalan, coastal Ecuador (aerial photograph) 10 4. Excavated areas at Punta Anllulla, Hacienda Ayalan, coastal Ecuador II 5. Locations of burial features within main cut 12 6. Locations of burial features at cut E 13 7. Classification of urn neck form 16 NUMBER 29 Page 8. Reconstructed urn from feature I 16 9. Funerary urn from feature 2 17 10. Incised design on compotera plate from feature 2 17 11. Funerary urn from feature 3 18 12. Reconstructed urn from feature 4 18 13. Reconstructed compotera from feature 4 19 14. Incised decoration on interior plate surface, feature 5 20 15. Ceramic jar from feature 5 20 16. Feature 6, showing growth of roots through urn 21 17. Upper concentration of human remains within feature 6 21 18. Lower concentration of human remains within feature 6 21 19. Feature 8, funerary urn with inverted urn covering 24 20. Skeletal content of feature 8 24 21. Feature 9, extended primary skeleton 26 22. Reconstructed compotera from feature 9 26 23. Ceramic jar from feature 9 26 24. Copper plates from feature 9 27 25. Location of copper plates on left ilium, feature 9 27 26. Reconstructed urn from feature 10 29 27. Feature 11, funerary urn with secondary bone deposit 29 28. Articulated leg bones of adult female within feature 11 29 29. Ceramic jar from feature II 29 30. Incised design on ceramic jar from feature 12 30 31. Decoration on ceramic vessel from feature 13 30 32. Feature 14 (urn) and feature 40 (primary skeleton) 33 33. Reconstructed urn from feature 15 34 34. Incised decoration on inside of vessel rim from feature 15 34 35. Incised decoration on external rim surface of vessel from feature 15 34 36. Reconstructed urn from feature 16 35 37. Articulated pelvis and leg bones of adult male, feature 17 35 38. Ceramic jar from feature 19 37 39. Articulated subadult bone within feature 20 38 40. Funerary urn, feature 21 39 41. Skeletal concentration within feature 21 39 42. Funerary urn, feature 22 40 43. Skeletal concentration within feature 22 40 44. Funerary urn, feature 23 42 45. Skeletal concentration within feature 23 42 46. Funerary urn, feature 24 43 47. Skeletal concentration within feature 24 43 48. Compotera plate from feature 24 43 49. Ceramic jar from feature 24 43 50. Urn with inverted urn covering, feature 25 45 51. Skeletal concentration within feature 25 45 52. Ceramic jar from feature 25 45 53. Funerary urn, feature 26 47 VI SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ANTHROPOLOGY Page 54. Human bones located between urn and covering, feature 26 . . . . 47 55. Concentration of human bones within feature 26 47 56. Articulated pelvis and leg bones within feature 26 47 57. Funerary urn with inverted urn covering, feature 30 50 58. Disarticulated bones located between urn and covering, feature 30 50 59. Concentration of human bones, feature 30 50 60. Ceramic jar from feature 30 51 61. Funerary urn, feature 31 52 62. Primary skeleton, feature 33C 55 63. Concentration of secondary infant bones, feature 35 56 64. Right hand and articulated right femur and innominate, feature 35 56 65. Primary skeleton with associated artifacts, feature 36 58 66. Ceramic jar from feature 36 58 67. Compotera plate from feature 36 58 68. Concentration of pottery, feature 37 60 69. Skeletal deposits within feature 37 61 70. Primary skeleton of features 40 and 14 63 71. Primary infant skeleton, feature 41 64 72. Ceramic jar from feature 41 64 73. Primary skeleton, feature 42 65 74. Ceramic jar from feature 42 65 75. Primary skeletons, features 36 and 43 66 76. Articulated infant and ceramic plate, feature 43 67 77. Ceramic vessel associated with feature 43 67 78. Ceramic vessel from feature 45 69 79. Compotera plate from feature 45 69 80. Primary skeleton, feature 49 72 81. Ceramic jar from feature 49 73 82. Compotera plate surface, feature 49 73 83. Skeletal concentration, feature 50, view from SE 74 84. Skeletal concentration, feature 50, view from E 74 85. Incised design on compotera plate surface, feature 50 74 86. Funerary urn and skeletal concentration, feature 51 76 87. Skeletal concentration within feature 52 76 88. Skeletal concentration within feature 53 78 89. Ceramic jar from feature 53 79 90. Design on compotera plate surface, feature 53 79 91. Primary skeleton, feature 55 80 92. Ceramic jar from feature 55 80 93. Two stacked funerary urns, feature 58 82 94. Skeletal concentration within upper urn, feature 58 82 95. Ceramic jar, feature 59 84 96. Layer of sherds within urn, feature 60 85 97. Articulated infant within feature 62 87 98. Ceramic jar, feature 81 90 NUMBER 29 VI1 Page 99. Decorations on spindle whorls 99 100. Anthropomorphic figurine, feature 46 100 101. Copper plates bound with cotton yarn, feature 42 100 102. Striations on copper plate from feature 9 101 103. Large copper plate, feature 49 101 104. Variations in metal ring shape 103 105. Lead spheres with copper inserts from feature 77 105 106. Cranial deformation 106 107. Modification of maxillary teeth, feature 30 107 108. Rodent tooth marks on long bone shafts 108 109. Alterations of foot bones 110 110. Kneeling position with hyperdorsiflexion of toes I l l 111. Colles' fractures of distal radii 116 112. Nonunion of fracture, ulna from feature 9 117 113. Articular surfaces of ulna illustrated in figure 112 117 114. Fracture of navicular from feature 8 117 115. Traumatic dislocation, right scapula from feature 9 117 116. Periosteal lesions, feature 7 118 117. Lesions of lumbar vertebrae, feature 60 119 118. Porotic hyperostosis of adult cranial fragments, feature 2 120 119. Porotic hyperostosis of skull of child, feature 5 121 Tables 1. Depth of excavation in each square as of 5 July 1973 11 2. Quantity of moUusk remains recovered from cuts A, B, and F . . . . 14 3-5 Weight distribution of each type of mollusk recovered from each level within cuts A, B, and F 15 6. Ages estimated for adults in feature 2 from femoral cortical microstructure 17 7. Ages estimated for adults in feature 4 from femoral cortical microstructure 19 8. Ages estimated for adults in feature 7 from femoral cortical microstructure 23 9. Ages estimated for adults in feature 11 from femoral cortical microstructure 30 10. Ages estimated for adults in feature 17 from femoral cortical microstructure 36 11. Ages estimated for adults in feature 21 from femoral cortical microstructure 40 12. Ages estimated for subadults in feature 25 from maximum diaphy? seal lengths of the femora 46 13. Depth and position of crania within feature 30 50 14. Ages estimated for adults in feature 30 from femoral cortical microstructure 52 Vlll SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ANTHROPOLOGY 15. Ages estimated for adults in feature 50 from femoral cortical microstructure 16. Ages estimated for adults in feature 52 from femoral cortical microstructure 17. Ages estimated for adults in feature 56 from femoral cortical microstructure 18. Ages estimated for adults in feature 58 from femoral cortical microstructure 19. Correlation matrix for seven attributes of urn features 20. Characteristics of articulated skeletons within urn features 21. Frequency of each bead type associated with urn, primary, and secondary features 22. Distribution of bead types within primary burials by sex and age 23. Dimensions of upright urns 24. Dimensions of urn coverings 25. Variation in lip form of jars 26. Variation in rim form of jars 27. Variation in neck form of jars 28. Variation in base form of jars 29. Carinations on jars 30. Frequency of jars with red and/or white slip 31. Decoration variation of jars 32. Dimensions of jars 33. Variation in lip form of compotera plates 34. Frequency of carinations on compoteras 35. Frequency of red slip on compotera plates 36. Variation in decoration of compotera plates 37. Dimensions of compoteras 38. Dimensions of individual copper plates 39. Dimensions of large copper plates 40. Dimensions of single thin rings as shown in Figure 104a 41. Dimensions of single thick rings as shown in Figure 104^ 42. Dimensions of coiled rings of the type shown in Figure 104(7 43. Dimensions of coiled rings of the type shown in Figure I04d . . . . 44. Dimensions of coiled rings of the type shown in Figure 104^ 45. Dimensions of rings with attached discs as shown in Figure 104/ 46. Characteristics of cranial deformation 47. Location of rodent tooth marks on human bones 48. Frequency of alterations of foot bones 49. Comparison of lengths of foot bones displaying alterations with those that lack alterations 50. Frequency of alterations on foot bones in male and female primary burials 51. Cranial measurements and indices 52. Frequency of non-metric cranial and mandibular observations . . . 53. Statures calculated from length of long bones from urns 73 76 80 82 91 92 95 95 96 96 97 97 97 97 97 97 97 98 98 98 98 99 99 101 102 102 102 104 104 104 104 107 109 111 111 111 112 113 114 NUMBER 29 ix Page 54. Statures calculated from lengths of long bones from primary and secondary deposits 114 55. Frequency of vertebral osteophytosis in urn and non-urn samples 122 56. Arthritic lipping around joint surfaces in urn and non-urn samples 123 57. Frequency of spicule formation on the patella, calcaneus, and tibia in urn and non-urn samples 123 58. Degeneration of joint surfaces in urn and non-urn samples 124 59. Estimated individual ages at time of formation of lines of arrested growth 126 60. Observations on deciduous teeth from all features 126 61. Frequency of dental disease in permanent teeth 127 62. Frequency of antemortem loss of permanent teeth 128 63. Frequency of caries and alveolar abscesses in permanent teeth . . . 128 64. Frequency and severity of calculus deposits on permanent teeth .. 128 65. Life table for the urn sample 129 66. Life table for the non-urn sample 129 67. Percentage of adult deaths in five-year age intervals of males and females from urn and non-urn samples 130 68. Frequency of animal bone categories among all burial features . . . 138 The Ayalan Cemetery A Late Integration Period Burial Site on the South Coast of Ecuador Douglas H. Ubelaker Introduction In January 1973, Earl H. Lubensky, then Con? sul General of the United States in Guayaquil and an enthusiastic archeologist on the side, took the opportunity while on home leave in Washing? ton, D . C , to tell us at the Smithsonian about his discovery and preliminary excavation during 1972 of an urn burial site on the coast of Ecuador. Lubensky's description of the urn burials and the apparent excellent preservation of the human remains intrigued me. Recognizing the need for more detailed information on prehistoric mortu? ary customs in Ecuador and seeing the opportu? nity to assemble an important, large, well-pre? served, and well-documented skeletal sample, I accepted his gracious invitation to join the exca? vation and to analyze the burial remains. With support from the Smithsonian Research Foun? dation, I travelled to Ecuador on 25 June 1973. After resolving initial problems of obtaining equipment and personnel, I assumed supervision of the excavation on 5 July and continued in? tensely through 25 August. Following the field season, all human and faunal remains and some ofthe small artifacts were sent to the Smithsonian for detailed study. The other artifacts remained Douglas H. Ubelaker, Department of Anthropology, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C. 20560. in Ecuador at Universidad Catolica de Guaya? quil, which had agreed to accept them as a basis for establishing an archeological museum and new curriculum. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS.?Contributors to this re? search and publication are numerous. Primary acknowledgement goes to Earl Lubensky, who initiated this project and continued to contribute throughout its duration. He was instrumental in organizing all phases of the excavation and spec? imen processing and generously provided access to field notes, photographs etc. Most of the arti? facts were cleaned and restored by Lubensky or technicians under his supervision. At the Smithsonian, Clifford Evans, Betty J. Meggers, T. D. Stewart (all of the Department of Anthropology), and others contributed stimulat? ing ideas on analysis and data interpretation. Evans and Meggers also made available their original field notes and those of Emilio Estrada. Brian Hesse (now at University of Alabama at Birmingham) volunteered his time in analyzing the faunal remains and in preparing Appendix I. The identification of the avian and rodent speci? mens was made possible through the aid and cooperation of Storrs L. Olson, Department of Vertebrate Zoology, and Alfred L. Gardner, Fish and Wildlife Service, U.S. Department of the Interior. Shell remains, especially shell beads, were identified by Joseph Rosewater, Depart- SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO A N T H R O P O L O G Y ment of Invertebrate Zoology, and Thomas R. Waller, Department of Paleobiology. Several of the femoral thin sections used in age estimation were prepared by David Yong ofthe Department of Anthropology. The remaining sections were prepared by research assistant Stephanie M . Da- madio, who also assisted in tabulating much of the data, preparing tables, proofreading and con? ducting numerous other aspects of the analysis. Elizabeth C. Beard, Jean E. Fitzgerald, Eleanor K. Haley, Katharine J. Holland, and Sandra Jenkins typed drafts of the manuscript. All orig? inal art work was skillfully prepared by George Robert Lewis, Anthropology Department scien? tific illustrator, and photographs were produced by photographer Victor E. Krantz, and the Office of Photographic Services. Radiocarbon dates were generated by the Smithsonian Radiation Biology Laboratory, under the supervision of an? thropologist Robert Stuckenrath. I especially thank Joan B. Horn, Albert L. Ruffin Jr., and Barbara Spann of the Smithsonian Press for their positive editorial contributions to this manu? script. Two staff members of the FBI Laboratories in Washington made contributions that added much appreciated new data: Victor R. Matri- cardi provided spectroscopic analysis ofthe metal artifacts and Frederick Wallace analyzed the yarn adhering to the copper plates. Many persons in Ecuador, assisted with this study. Special thanks go to Jose Jorgge Arevalo, owner of Hacienda Ayalan for his cooperation during the summer of 1973. He not only allowed us to conduct the excavation on his land, but contributed a vehicle and our lodging on the hacienda. Pedro Porras Garces of Quito was in? strumental in the early organization of the proj? ect, especially in providing students to assist in the excavation. Two of his students, Richard Madden and Maruja Andrade Heymann (later to become Maruja Andrade de Ubelaker) pro? vided excellent assistance in the excavation. Ma? ruja also assisted in all phases of specimen proc? essing and analysis, especially data collecting on the artifacts that remained in Ecuador. Filoteo Samaniego and Rodrigo Pallares Z. in Quito and Julio Estrada Ycaza in Guayaquil cooperated in granting permits for excavation and exporting materials for analysis. Archeologists in Guaya? quil, Olaf Holm, Carlos Zevallos M., Resva Par- ducci Z., Presley Norton, and Miguel Wagner all provided assistance and stimulating discussion on Ecuadorian archeology. Universidad Catolica de Guayaquil, especially former rector Jose Baque- rizo Maldonado, cooperated in providing space for processing and storing cultural materials. Wil? liam Burgos cleaned and reconstructed many of the cultural specimens under Lubensky's super? vision, prior to their transfer to Universidad Ca? tolica. Finally, I express gratification to the residents of Ayalan for working with us and sharing their facilities for nearly two months. Regular partici? pants in the excavation were Agapo Bohorquez, Gustavo Bohorquez, Adolfo Cerino, Julian Cer- ino, Justo Mite, Armando Montalban, and Ra? fael Montalban; many others were in some way involved. The opportunity to become acquainted with the people of Ayalan and to experience their way of life made that summer especially mean? ingful. Urn Burial Sites in Ecuador One ofthe most complex and unusual methods of disposal of the dead in prehistoric Ecuador was secondary interment in ceramic urns, usually con? centrated within mounds. This custom has been reported from late prehistoric periods in several geographic areas within Ecuador, but it is best known from the coast, particularly in the Man- teiio and Milagro Phases of the Late Integration Period. Urn burial represents a multistage pro? cedure probably involving the following sequen? tial steps: (1) initial mourning following death; (2) placement of the body in a temporary storage area; (3) removal of bones and transfer to a permanent cemetery; and (4) final deposit in the ground within ceramic urns. The procedure was in some cases shortened by placing recently de? ceased individuals directly in the urns. Also, the procedure was extended occasionally to include cremation or the construction of artificial mounds NUMBER 29 over the urns. Urn burials may be accompanied by primary interments and they may occur singly with inverted urn coverings or in more elaborate multiple arrangements, with several urns stacked to form a single vertical column. In spite ofthe unusual nature ofthe practice of urn burial and the larger number of such sites excavated on the coast, remarkably little is known about details ofthe practice or about the skeletons contained within. Published accounts of these excavations are mostly confined to descriptions of the locations of the sites and only six provide maps showing approximate locations of urns and other archeological features. A survey ofthe pub? lished sources and unpublished notes of Emilio Estrada, Clifford Evans, and Betty J. Meggers reveals a total of 31 coastal sites that definitely contain urn burials. Of these, two are from the Province of Esmeraldas, one from Manabi, 22 from Guayas, and six from Los Rios. Those that have been dated are from the Late Integration Period, with some overlapping into the Colonial Period. This is considerably later than the earliest appearance of urn burials farther north in Col? ombia where, according to Reichel-DolmatofF (1965:136), urn burials concentrated in large ce? meteries occurred as early as AD 1000. Of the 31 coastal Ecuadorian sites with urns, six (19 percent) contained single urns, usually with inverted urn coverings, and 15 (48 percent) contained multiple urns, consisting of several jars stacked on top of each other to form a vertical column. The literature refers to the latter as "multiple," "stacked," or "chimney-type" urns. Three sites (10 percent) contained both single and multiple urns. Information on the type of urn arrangement is not available for the remain? ing seven (23 percent) sites. In 22 of the sites (71 percent), the urns were located in mounds or on natural hilltops. Most of the mounds are reported as natural formations except in the Milagro area where Evans and Meggers (pers. comm.) feel that all burial mounds were constructed artificially. Only one site (Puerto del Morro) is reported to contain urns definitely without a mound. Infor? mation on the presence or absence of a mound is not available for the remaining eight sites (26 percent). Three sites (10 percent) in the Milagro area are reported to contain primary skeletons, buried outside the urns. All of the urns are assumed to be for burial purposes, although skeletal remains are men? tioned at only 10 sites (32 percent). Primary skeletons were described at two sites. Skeletons at the remaining eight sites were listed as secondary or simply "bones." In at least three sites, the skeletal remains had decomposed to only frag? ments of bone and teeth. The following is a summary of these individual urn burial sites as they are numbered on the map in Figure 1. 1. Puerto de Chanduy; Province: Guayas. Es? trada (1957a: 20) describes funerary urns bur? ied in natural formations, with no other in? formation. 2. Pedro Carbo; Province: Guayas. Estrada (1957a: 17, 33) lists multiple urns and mounds from this site. Green glass beads of apparent European origin date the site to within the European contact period. 3. Cerro de Chaco; Province: Guayas. Estrada (1957a:20) describes urns with conical "nip? ple-shaped" bases and inverted urn coverings. The urns were found in natural hills. Es? trada's unpublished notes indicate that one large jar measuring 74 cm in diameter and 108 cm in height contained one human tooth. 4. Pimocha; Province: Los Rios. Estrada's (1957a:33) chart lists both multiple urns and mounds from this site. 5. La Compania; Province: Los Rios. This site was extensively damaged by caterpillar trac? tors preparing the land for increased sugar cane production. At the invitation of the owner, Betty J. Meggers, Clifford Evans, and Emilio Estrada examined the site while two mounds were being leveled. Their unpub? lished notes list a total of seven mounds and document that the two mounds being de? stroyed contained burial urns. Mound "A" was totally destroyed when they arrived ex- SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ANTHROPOLOGY ESMERALDAS P A C I F I C O C E A N FIGURE 1.?Location of urn burial sites in Ecuador; location numbers identified in text. cept for the very center which showed evi? dence of six urns clustered around a large central urn. The large central urn consisted of one upright urn, covered with an inverted urn, which was in turn covered with another inverted urn. The entire complex measured about 2.4 m from top to bottom. There were indications that numerous other urns had been in the mound, but were destroyed prior to their arrival. Mound " B " measured 50 X 21 m. A 10 X 10 m excavation produced 62 urn burials in no obvious pattern. Both single urns with in? verted urn coverings and multiple "chimney" burials with many urns stacked vertically occurred. In the multiple urns, the bottoms of urns within the column had been removed so that the interior space was continuous. Meggers and Evans (pers. comm.) believe that the mounds were artificially constructed around the urns. Most of the skeletal remains had completely decomposed. One urn (field catalogue num? ber 1244) with an unusual quantity of arti? facts did contain the fragmentary remains of at least two individuals: an adolescent (10 to 15 years of age) and an adult (35+ years). Five of the adult teeth displayed circular drilled perforations, apparently for holding inlays (Ubelaker, 1977). Small quantities of human bone and teeth were recovered from additional features from this site. The following is my detailed analysis of remains from each feature. The field num? bers 1250 through 1297 refer to individual features, which range from single urns to several urns stacked on top of each other. Letter subdivisions a, b, etc., refer to specific locations within single features. 1250. Long bone shaft fragments and one adult maxillary right first molar, showing slight wear. Age at death 8- 16 years. Within this feature of nine vertically stacked urns, the skeletal remains were found in the eighth urn from the top. 1251a. Most of a fragmentary cranial vault, one adult maxillary premolar show? ing slight wear and one deciduous maxillary second molar showing no wear. The adult is probably age 20- 30; the subadult is between 1.5 and 3 years. NUMBER 29 1252b. Five crowns: three adult mandibular molars with initial dentin exposure; one adult mandibular molar and pre? molar with no wear. All teeth could represent a single young adult. 1252c. Twenty-seven adult teeth, all show? ing slight wear: maxillary, two cen? tral incisors, one right lateral incisor, two premolars, and 11 molars; man? dibular, three premolars and eight molars. At least two young adults are represented. 1256b. Three adult teeth: two mandibular molars showing no wear and one maxillary first molar showing slight wear. At least one young adult is represented. 1257. One adult maxillary third molar. Slight wear suggests an age at death of 20-30 years. 1258a. Two deciduous mandibular second molars showing no wear; age at death two to three years. 1258b. Eighteen adult teeth: maxillary left central and lateral incisors, two pre? molars, and four molars; mandibular left canine, two premolars, and seven molars. The mandibular teeth and one maxillary premolar show no oc? clusal wear. All other teeth show slight wear. At least two individuals are represented, both young adults. 1258c. Several eroded cranial fragments, and two deciduous teeth showing no wear: one maxillary second molar and one mandibular right canine. The teeth suggest an age at death of about two years. 1259b. Two adult teeth: one first maxillary molar with no wear and one mandib? ular molar with slight wear. An age at death of between seven and 10 years is suggested. 1260b. Several long bone fragments and nine adult teeth: maxillary left central and lateral incisors, left canine, and two 1264. 1265. 1269. 1275. 1276. 1277. 1278. third molars; mandibular left canine, two premolars, and one first molar. The mandibular first molar shows slight wear; all other teeth show no wear. The remains represent a young adult, probably between 20 and 25 years. Only one tooth, an adult maxillary right first or second molar showing slight wear. The individual was be? tween eight and 18 years at death. Four adult maxillary molars: one first molar with no wear, two third molars with slight wear and one additional molar with slight wear. The remains probably represent a young adult. One maxillary left first molar with no wear. An age at death of six to 10 years is suggested. Six adult teeth: four maxillary mo? lars, one first with no wear and three with slight wear; one maxillary pre? molar with initial dentin exposure; and one mandibular premolar with no wear. If the teeth represent only one individual, an age at death of about 15 years is suggested. Adult male innominates, two tho? racic and one lumbar vertebrae with no osteophytes, and four adult teeth: one premolar, one mandibular molar, one maxillary first molar with initial dentin exposure, and one maxillary third molar with slight wear. One right pubis with a nearly complete ventral rampart suggests an age at death of 30-35 years. Seven adult teeth: maxillary right lateral incisor, premolar, and first molar; mandibular premolar and three molars. All teeth show slight wear and suggest an age at death of 20-30 years. Two adult teeth: a maxillary molar with slight wear and a mandibular premolar with no wear. The attrition SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ANTHROPOLOGY data suggest an age at death of 12- 15 years. 1280. One thoracic vertebra fragment showing no osteophytic development and ten teeth: deciduous, maxillary first molar with slight wear and a mandibular second molar with no wear; adult, maxillary, two premolars with slight wear, one canine with slight wear, one first molar with no wear; adult, mandibular four first or second molars with slight wear. At least two individuals are represented, one of 14-18 years and one of four to seven years. 1282. No teeth, but a left and right female ilium, left humerus, cranial frag? ments, and a left mandible with sev? eral teeth missing antemortem. The missing teeth suggest an age at death of probably more than 30 years. 1284. Two adult mandibular teeth: one left canine and one incisor, showing no wear. An age at death of 10-15 years is suggested. 1289. Four adult molar teeth with slight wear: three mandibular and one maxillary. If only one individual is represented, an age at death of 13-20 years is probable. 1290. One adult mandibular left condyle, one adult maxillary third molar with no wear, and one deciduous mandib? ular second molar with slight wear. At least two individuals are present: one child, age seven to eight years and one adult, age 18-25 years. 1292. Seven adult teeth: two maxillary pre? molars, one maxillary molar, and four mandibular molars. All show slight wear and suggest an age at death of 15-20 years. 1294. Two adult mandibular molars with slight wear representing an individ? ual between nine and 30 years at death. 1297. Fifteen adult teeth with slight wear: maxillary, one left lateral incisor, two premolars, four first or second molars, two third molars; mandibular, three first or second molars, and three third molars. An age at death of 23-30 years is suggested. The above data show that both sexes and all ages were present in the urns, and some urns contained multiple individuals. A minimum of 33 individuals were recovered from 24 features, an average of 1.38 persons per fea? ture. Due to the extreme decomposition of the bones, the actual numbers could be much higher. The following individual counts were recorded for six age categories: three between 0 and 5 years; four between 5 and 10 years; six between 10 and 15 years; four between 15 and 20 years; 14 between 20 and 30 years; and two greater than 30 years. Most of these ages were estimated from the extent of dental attrition and thus are not highly accurate. Nevertheless, the data show unusually high numbers of young adults and low numbers of individuals below 5 years and greater than 30 years. This could reflect nothing more than excessive decomposition within the youngest and oldest age categories. 6. Boliche; Province: Guayas. Estrada (1954:32) references this site excavated by Carlos Zev? allos M. as containing primary skeletons rest? ing on ceramic chairs within urns. No addi? tional information is presented. 7. Cerro de Paco; Province: Guayas. Estrada (1957b:34) describes urns containing skulls and bone fragments (some burned) from this site. Estrada's unpublished field notes refer to the site as a hilltop containing a series of shaft burials; however, Estrada's (1957a:33) chart shows neither mounds nor multiple urns as? sociated with this site. 8. Atacames; Province: Esmeraldas. Saville (1913:381, 383) notes briefly that prior to his first visit to Atacames in 1907, a skeleton was NUMBER 29 found in a "burial tube" on the right bank of the Atacames, just above the town of Ata? cames. 9. Puna Nueva, Puna Island; Province: Guayas. Estrada (1957a:20) notes funerary urns bur? ied within natural formations. 10. Quevedo I; Province: Los Rios. Estrada's (1957a:33) chart shows multiple urns and mounds for this site. His unpublished notes describe chimney-type urn burials with pri? mary skeletons located outside the urns. 11. Quevedo II; Province: Los Rios. Estrada's (195 7a: 33) chart lists multiple urns and mounds for this site also. His notes describe chimney burials similar to those in Quevedo I. 12. Veliz; Province: Manabi. Estrada's (1962: 133) diagram of "corte L" shows an urn with a ceramic covering, and he describes the in? terment (1962:24) as "secondary," relating to the upper strata of the site. 13. Punta Arena de Posorja; Province: Guayas. Estrada's unpublished notes mention funer? ary urns within this hilltop site. No additional information is available. 14. La Tolita; Province: Esmeraldas. Estrada's (195 7a: 33) chart lists both multiple urns and mounds. 15. Olon; Province: Guayas. Estrada (1957b:34) notes that five funerary urns were found in a single 2 X 3 m excavation. One of these contained at least three skulls (Estrada, 1957b:33). 16. Las Palmas; Province: Los Rios. Estrada's (1957a:33) chart lists both mounds and mul? tiple urns for this site, although more detailed discussion by Estrada (1954:65) does not mention burial urns. Similarly, his diagram (1954:73) does not show urns. Estrada's un? published notes list 10 large jars but do not mention bones. 17. Pajarito; Province: Los Rios. Unpublished field notes of Meggers and Evans note that prior to their visit at this site, several large urns had been removed from a small mound 8 m in diameter. Local inhabitants provided descriptions ofthe multiple chimney-type urn burial. 18. Timalo; Province: Guayas. Estrada's (1957a: 33) chart lists multiple urns and mounds. No additional information is available. 19. Jacome; Province: Guayas. According to Es? trada's (1957a:33) chart this site contains multiple urns and mounds. Estrada's unpub? lished notes add that the mound producing the urns measured 15 X 9 m with a height of 7 m and was excavated in 1955. 20. Puerto del Morro; Province: Guayas. Estrada (1957a:33) lists multiple urns but no mound for this site. 21. Loma de los Naranjos; Province: Guayas. Field notes of Meggers and Evans list burial urns with inverted coverings, with only a few teeth and bone fragments surviving decom? position. 22. Barranco de las Lechuzas; Province: Guayas. According to Meggers and Evans' field notes, a local inhibitant described a "four meter burial tube" which washed out the year be? fore. Their interpretation is a multiple chim? ney-type burial. 23. Gante; Province: Guayas. The most thorough description of this site is provided by Estrada (1954:17-29). He illustrates 16 urn burials arranged in symmetrical, evenly spaced rows of four. Eight of the urns are single with inverted urn coverings. The remaining eight urns are multiple, chimney-type, with the bottoms removed from the middle urns. His diagram shows the upper horizontal row con? taining only single urns, the row below, only multiple urns; the next row only single urns; and the bottom row only multiple urns. Four extended primary skeletons and six isolated skulls are interspersed among the urns. The SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ANTHROPOLOGY primary skeletons are consistently on their backs with the skulls northwest of the post? cranial skeletons. Information on the occur? rence of a mound is not available. 24. Tola de Pinuelal, La "Loma de Oro"; Prov? ince: Guayas. Estrada's (1954:79) diagram provides the most detailed information on this site. The diagram shows five urns and two primary skeletons in the lower levels of a mound. The urns are all single with flat bottoms and covered with an inverted pointed-bottom urn. The urns with coverings measure about 1.5 m from top to bottom. The diagram suggests that each urn con? tained a single primary skeleton sitting up? right. Skeletons within and outside the urns all are oriented the same direction (specific direction not given) and all are flexed about 70? at the hip and 90? at the knee. The mound itself appears to be about 12 m in diameter at its base and about three m in height from ground level. 25. La Elisita; Province: Guayas. Estrada (1957a: 22-23) reports 36 burial urns from a single mound at this site. One diagram shows that ofthe 36 urns, 18 are single with inverted urn coverings, one (the largest) is single without a covering and the remaining 17 urn burials are multiple. The multiple urn deposits each contain from three to six urns. The mound itself is about six m high and 23 m in diam? eter. The urns occur at varied levels within the mound and are arranged irregularly around the large single urn located in the center at ground level. 26. Papaya l ; Province: Guayas . Es t rada ' s (195 7a: 22) diagram shows three mounds con? taining funerary urns. The largest (A) consists of a rectangle with rounded corners measur? ing about 60 X 133 m. Twenty-eight urns are shown in the center of the mound arranged in a rectangular formation that measures 26 X 34 m. An earlier publication of the same map (Estrada, 1954:43) shows 27 urns to be present. Mound B on both maps is circular. about 18 m in diameter and contains 10 small urns arranged around a centrally located larger urn. Mound C is rectangular and mea? sures about 16 X 26 m. It contains eight urns arranged in two parallel rows. 27. Loma de Patino; Province: Guayas. Meggers and Evans' field notes relate that this mound was destroyed by road construction. Local inhabitants indicate the height ofthe mound was reduced about 2 m by the construction activity. Meggers and Evans observed two urns exposed on the surface. They were about 46 cm in diameter and 1.3 m apart. 28. Loma de los Muertos; Province: Guayas. Meggers and Evans' notes describe a small natural mound where previous commercial excavation for gypsum uncovered burial urns. Reportedly, human bones were ob? served but discarded. 29. Tierra Santa; province: Guayas. Meggers and Evans' notes list many mounds on this site, one of which contained about 11 chim? ney-type urn burials, each containing four or five urns. 30. La Libertad; Province: Guayas. Bushnell (1951:99-100) describes burial urns associ? ated with a Manteno site at La Libertad. One urn with inverted urn covering was found extending from a surface depth of about one foot down to about three feet. The lower urn contained the incomplete second? ary remains of at least one adult and five subadults. Some of the bones may have been calcined. Bushnell mentions a similar urn burial found nearby, containing at least two adults and three subadults. 31. Ayalan; Province: Guayas. Estrada's notes relate that excavation in 1956 revealed small mounds containing "nipple" bottom urns. No other information is available on these excavations. Hacienda Ayalan actually contains a number of shell mounds and at least three urn ceme- NUMBER 29 teries. The shell mounds have been partially exploited commercially for calcium and fer? tilizer and have been tested archeologically by several professionals (Lubensky, 1974). Until recently the cemetery sites have re? ceived little attention, except for rare intru? sions by untrained artifact seekers. In 1972, amateur archeologist Earl Lubensky, then U.S. Consul General in Guayaguil, visited the cemetery on "Punta Anllulla," correctly recognized it as an urn cemetery, and initi? ated an excavation that identified the major components (urn burials and primary skele? tons outside the urns). In December 1972 Mr. Lubensky was in Washington, D .C , on home leave and related his discoveries. With prompt financial support from the Smithson? ian Research Foundation, I traveled to Ec? uador in July 1973 and supervised comple? tion of the excavation by September. This excavation revealed 54 funerary urns, 25 pri? mary skeletons, and one concentration of sec? ondary bone outside of urns. Most of these features were excavated and removed for more detailed analysis. The results of the effort are presented in the remainder of this report. Cemetery at Ayalan The cemetery at Punta Anllulla, Hacienda Ayalan (Figure 2), is located approximately 24 km NE of the current town of Playas and about 27.5 km SE ofthe present town of Gomez Rendon (El Progreso), in Guayas Province. The cemetery rests on a slight elevation within a ceibo (kapok) forest (Figure 3) with dense underbrush. The immediate area is called "Potreros Los Ceibos" on local maps. Surrounding vegetation is visually dominated by the picturesque ceibo trees that occur tTiroughout Guayas Province. The ceibo forests are surrounded by a savanna-type environ? ment consisting mainly of grasses, giant cacti, and low shrubs. The savanna is separated from the estuary by dense mangrove swamps, occasionally interrupted by the barren salt-sand deposits known as "salitres." During the dry season, the cemetery site is about 1.5 km from the nearest surface water supply, and only about 0.6 km from the nearest mangrove concentration. EXCAVATION APPROACH When Lubensky initiated excavation of this site in 1971 he referred to it as "Anllulla alpha" to distinguish it from other sites on Hacienda Ayalan. He concentrated on an area measuring 8 X 10 m, which he referred to as the "main cut" (Figure 4). This initial cut was aligned with mag? netic north and was further subdivided into 2 m squares. The five rows running west to east were designated by letters A through E. Rows running from south to north were given sequential num? bers from 0 to 3. Thus the 2 m square in the southwestern corner was designated A-0, while the square in the northeastern corner was E-3. Within this framework, each 2 m square was excavated by artificial 10 cm levels except at surface level. Contents of each level were sifted through a fine screen and all artifacts from each square and level were packaged separately for later analysis. Funerary urns, primary skeletons, and concentrations of pottery and/or human bones encountered in this process were given feature numbers and were left in situ until they were nearly completely exposed. By the time the author arrived in July 1973, excavation had pro? ceeded to depths ranging from 50 cm in A-3 to 110 cm in squares B-0 and D-0 (Table 1). At that time, 44 features had been identified and 13 of these had been removed. To maintain continuity within the excavation, I continued the approach initiated earlier. The excavation proceeded, utilizing 10 cm levels in removing soil and cultural materials from around the burial features. Once completely isolated, the features were excavated by me or workers directly under my supervision. Using this system we com? pleted excavation within the original 8 X 10 m area, and expanded the excavation in all direc? tions. To define the cemetery limits and obtain samples from other areas, additional excavations were conducted at (A) 1 m square about 6 m SE ofthe SE corner of square E-0; (B) 1 m square 50 10 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ANTHROPOLOGY cm N of A; (C) 3 m X 50 cm trench located 23 m S of the SE corner of square E-0; (D) 4 m X 4 m square located 42.6 m N of the NE corner of the eastern extension of the original excavation; (E) 4 X 4 m square located 2 m E of cut D; (F) 1 m square located 8 m N of cut D (Figure 4). Artifi? cial 10 cm levels were used only in the original 8 X 10 m excavation and in the one meter squares (A, B, F). Although all excavations contained cultural debris, only the original excavation and cut E produced human burials. Locations of all burial features within these excavations are shown in Figures 5 and 6. Eighty-one features were identified: 54 funerary urns, 25 primary skeletons, one secondary burial of human bone, and one concentration of pottery with a small amount of secondary bone. STRATIGRAPHY At least three separate layers could be distin- FiGURE 2.?Location of cemetery at Punta Anllulla, Ha? cienda Ayalan, coastal Ecuador. FIGURE 3.?Location of cemetery at Punta Anllulla, Hacienda Ayalan, coastal Ecuador; note exposed urns in excavated main cut. NUMBER 29 11 D N MAIN CUT B 0 5 { ? ? I I I 10 METERS J TABLE 1.?Depth (cm) of excavation in each square of main cut as of 5 July 1973 (see Figure 5) Square A-0 A-1 A-2 A-3 B-0 B-1 B-2 B-3 C-G C-1 Depth 100 70 70 50 110 80 80 60 100 90 Square C-2 C-3 D-0 D-1 D-2 D-3 E-0 E-1 E-2 E-3 Depth 80 60 110 80 80 60 100 80 80 60 guished in all areas of the site: an upper layer of light powdery soil; a middle layer of shell; and a lower layer of clay. The upper and middle layers contained considerable quantities of ceramic and shell refuse, while the clay layer usually lacked such materials. The upper powdery soil extended from the surface to depths ranging from 40 cm in cuts E and F to 70 cm in square D-0 of the main cut. Particles of charcoal and soil coloration indicat? ing fire exposure occurred irregularly throughout this layer, particularly in the main cut. In much of the excavation, the upper 10 to 30 cm of the topsoil was dark in color and rich in humus. The remainder of this layer was lighter in color and contained ash deposits. The middle layer began at depths ranging from 40 to 70 cm and extended down to depths ranging from 60 to 100 cm. This layer extended through? out all excavated areas except cuts A and B, where it was confined to a small pocket 70 cm wide and 15 cm deep. In all areas it consisted of closely packed shells mixed with sherds and dark soil. In some areas ofthe excavation, the dark soil appeared to separate the shells from the light powdery soil above. Although shells were concentrated within the middle layer, they occurred with considerable FIGURE 4.?Excavated areas at Punta Anllulla, Hacienda Ayalan, coastal Ecuador. 12 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ANTHROPOLOGY FIGURE 5.?Locations of burial features within main cut (x = disturbed area; A = da tum point). NUMBER 29 13 ? ? 2 METERS FIGURE 6.?Locations of burial features at cut E. frequency within all of the strata above the clay. Table 2 lists the quantity of each species of mol? lusk found within the three 1 m squares A, B, and F. Most of the shells are either oyster {Ostrea sp., 70 percent) or clams {Chione subrugosa, 12 percent; Protothaca asperrima, 7 percent). Although 24 ad? ditional species are present, each accounts for 3 percent or less of the total accumulation. All of these species live in brackish water/estuary-type habitats and thus would have been readily acces? sible. Tables 3, 4 and 5 show the weight distribution of each mollusk species within the 10 cm levels of the three test cuts. The largest accumulation occurred between 80 and 90 cm in cut A, 20 and 30 cm in cut B; and 50 and 60 cm in cut F. The data show little difference in species representa? tion between upper and lower strata. The lowest layer of hard, dark clay was sterile except for small quantities of shell and sherds that were present where this layer blended with the shell layer immediately above it. RADIOCARBON DATES Eleven radiocarbon dates were produced from this site. The first sample (SI-13 72) was found in 1972 by Lubensky in square D-0 ofthe main cut at a depth between 1.0 and l.l m in association with what Lubensky felt were Chorrera-like ce? ramics. The sample was not associated with any feature and thus is difficult to interpret since materials outside of the features may have been mixed when the pits for the features were pre? pared. The sample was dated at 1300?95 years ago (AD 650). Radiocarbon dates SI-3305 and SI-3306 were produced from wood charcoal samples found in? side the urns of features 26 and 29 respectively. Both samples gave modern dates indicating that the features had been contaminated with recent material. Three dates were produced from wood charcoal samples associated with primary skeletons. The sample labeled SI-3307 was found in soil associ? ated with feature 37 and yielded an estimated age of 2450?120 years (500 BC). Sample SI-3308 was found within a ceramic jar associated with feature 49 and yielded an estimated age of 795?90 years (AD 1155). Sample SI-3309 was found in the soil associated with feature 49 and produced an estimated age of 840?60 years (AD 1110). Five dates were produced from collagen ex? tracted from the human bone. Three of these were from urn features and two from primary skeletons. Dates from the urn features are as follows: SI-3529, feature 25, 1220?115 (AD 730); SI-3530, feature 30, 220?60 (AD 1730); SI-3531, feature 77, modern. The two collagen dates from primary skeletons are SI-3532, feature 36, 1150?70 (AD 800) and SI 3534, feature 49, 965?70 (AD 985). Note that the collagen date for feature 49 (AD 985) is slightly earlier than the two carbon dates from that feature (AD 1155 and AD 1110). The five dates associated with primary skele? tons range from 500 BC to AD 1155, and average AD 710. Three of the urn samples gave modern dates and were apparently contaminated with 14 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ANTHROPOLOGY recent organic material. The remaining two urn dates are AD 730 and AD 1730, which average AD 1230. European manufactured beads within one urn feature indicate that the urns were still being deposited in the cemetery during historic times. Historical records, however, indicate it is highly unlikely the cemetery was still in use by AD 1730. A terminal date of about AD 1600 is much more probable. INDIVIDUAL FEATURE DESCRIPTIONS The following descriptions of individual fea? tures comprise a survey of the excavation find? ings. More detailed information on human re? mains and associated artifacts is presented in later chapters and in Appendix II, which consists of Tables AI-A102, showing bone-type frequencies in the features. Terminology used in describing artifacts is modified from that suggested by Meggers and Evans (1969). Categories of lip form are rounded, beveled interiorly, beveled exteriorly, flat, and tapered. Rim forms are direct, everted, angular, exteriorly thickened, and interiorly thickened. Neck forms of jars and urns express the degree of curvature (straight, convex, or concave) and the relation of the neck to the central vertical axis of the vessel (parallel, everted, or inverted) (Figure 7). The same rim terminology is applied to the plates and compoteras. The term "compotera plate" refers to those plates which show evidence that a compotera pedestal base was present once but has broken off The bead classification is presented in Table 21 and associated text. Where a knife is present in photographs, its point indi? cates north. Methods for estimating age and sex are those summarized by Ubelaker (1978). Whenever pos? sible, adult age at death was estimated from the extent of internal cortical remodeling. Ground thin sections taken from the femoral midshaft were prepared using the procedures outlined by Ubelaker (1978). Ages were estimated using the Kerley method (Kerley, 1965) of counting sec? ondary osteons, osteon fragments, primary os- TABLE 2.?Quantity of mollusk remains recovered from cuts A, B, and F (see Figure 4) Species 1. Ostrea species 2. Chione (Iliochione) subrugosa 3. Protothaca asperrima 4. Thais kiosquiformis 5. Anadara grandis 6. Anadara similis 7. Triumphis distorla 8. Polinices panamaensis 9. Cerithidea valida 10. Mytella arciformis 11. Mallea ringens 12. Pleuroploca pnnceps 13. Murex species 14. Turritella species 15. Littorina fasciata 16. Tellina species 17. Cerithium species 18. Vermetus species 19. Olivella species 20. Opercula of Nalica species 21. Spondylus species 22. Bulla species Total Weight (g) %of total 75,313 12,426 7,013 3,148 2,315 2,264 1,795 1,747 770 204 68 56 38 37 23 9 8 7 6 4 4 2 107,257 70 12 7 3 2 2 2 2 < 1 <1 <1 <1 <1 <1 <1 <1 <1 <1 <1 <1 <1 <1 teons, and the amount of circumferential lamellar bone remaining in four circular fields 1.62 mm in diameter, distributed around the periosteal mar? gin of the bone cortex. All counts were recorded using a Leitz Ortholux microscope fitted with a X 10 objective and X 10 wide-field eyepiece to produce a measured field size of 1.45 mm. All counts were adjusted for a field size of 1.62 mm as suggested by Kerley and Ubelaker (1978), and converted to an estimate of age using the Kerley (1965) profile chart. Note that the following data presentation, analysis and interpretation are directed primarily toward the burial features. Other aspects of the site, such as soil analysis, detailed ceramic analysis and interpretation of probable habitation refuse areas are not presented here since Lubensky plans to report on these separately. FEATURE 1 (Funerary Urn, Squares A-2 and B- 2, Main Cut).?This feature consists of an urn N U M B E R 29 15 TABLES 3-5.?Weight distribution (g) of each type of mollusk recovered from each level within cuts A, B, and F (numbered designations of mollusk types identified in Table 2) TABLE 3.?Cut A Level 0- 10- 20- 30- 40- 50- 60- 70- 80- 90- 100- Total (cm) 10 ?20 -30 -40 -50 -60 -70 -80 -90 -100 -110 / 430 520 1,834 2,560 1,221 2,200 2,337 1,586 5,134 4,477 264 22,563 2 8 6 56 96 44 114 113 511 925 885 164 2,922 3 14 36 92 157 100 151 70 260 545 276 20 1,721 4 64 72 364 401 163 376 202 44 24 1,710 5 185 15 26 19 48 80 78 451 6 26 63 26 5 17 69 89 297 153 745 7 74 49 87 130 40 105 142 145 40 5 817 8 26 54 126 238 106 187 73 9 15 19 853 9 43 27 183 99 10 47 95 8 512 10 24 11 5 13 53 // _ - 45 - - - 45 12 56 56 13 6 6 12 14 _ 5 - 19 8 - 32 15 16 2 1 6 - - 15 17 5 1 6 18 _ _ _ _ 7 - 7 19 20 2 _ 2 _ - - _ - 4 21 4 4 22 - 2 - - 2 Total 659 797 3,028 3,791 1,705 3,261 3,128 2,700 7,120 5,893 448 32,530 TABLE 4.?Cut B Level (cm) 0-10 10-20 20-30 30-40 40-50 50-60 60-70 70-80 80-90 90-100 Total 1 92 2,105 3,675 1,488 2,638 1,543 1,530 1,500 5,878 555 21,004 2 5 48 41 5 49 79 97 567 2,183 112 3,186 3 105 114 24 180 75 52 354 1,630 48 2,582 4 10 324 354 76 230 180 57 19 11 1,261 5 23 158 25 1,084 - 129 80 1,499 6 16 10 19 48 34 8 101 261 61 558 7 21 229 134 65 118 153 94 41 855 8 60 183 97 55 55 104 68 49 41 712 9 11 38 55 7 34 25 41 18 21 250 10 80 60 2 2 5 2 151 // - 4 4 12 - - - - 13 14 4 4 15 - 4 4 8 16 - - - - - - 17 18 2 - 2 19 2 2 20 21 _ - - - - 4 - 4 22 Total 238 3,280 4,578 1,722 3,360 3,292 1,953 2,778 10,094 787 32,082 TABLE 5.?Cut C Level (cm) 0-10 10-20 20-30 30-40 40-50 50-60 60-70 70-80 Total 1 29 808 1,213 6,282 8,662 13,989 694 69 31,746 2 17 38 1,487 2,385 2,363 28 6,318 3 42 32 1,300 533 783 5 15 2,710 4 - 92 81 2 2 177 5 4 4 31 183 127 16 365 6 86 62 314 247 237 15 961 7 45 23 55 123 8 83 66 27 6 182 9 1 5 2 8 10 II 11 8 19 12 13 26 26 14 - 1 1 15 16 4 5 9 17 18 - 19 20 21 22 Total 34 1,186 1,543 9,515 12,026 17,499 730 112 42,645 16 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ANTHROPOLOGY a (^ ") ^ f (^ ^ f FIGURE 7.?Classification of urn neck form: a, straight; b, convex; c, concave; d, parallel; e, everted;/, inverted. that was partially excavated in 1971 by a high school class from Guayaquil. The urn itself was later removed and reconstructed (Figure 8); how? ever, the contents had been removed by the class and only faunal remains are available for analy? sis. The bottom ofthe urn was located at a depth of 1.23 m below ground level. The urn itself is nearly complete and displays a flat lip, everted rim, and straight everted neck. The base forms a rounded point. Dimensions are as follows: maxi? mum rim diameter, 50 cm; maximum urn di? ameter, 70 cm; height, 92 cm; rim thickness, 23 mm; body thickness, 13 mm. FEATURE 2 (Funerary Urn, Squares B-1 and B- 2, Main Cut).?This urn was partially exposed in 1971 by the Guayaquil students, at which time the urn covering and some of the contents were removed. The remainder of the feature was ex? cavated and removed in 1972. Little information on the position of bones and artifacts is available. The urn itself (Figure 9) displays an interiorly beveled lip, direct rim, straight inverted neck, and a round-pointed base. The only decoration is a thin, narrow band of red slip around the rim. Dimensions are as follows: maximum rim diam? eter, 49 cm; maximum urn diameter, 75 cm; height, 105 cm; rim thickness, 23 mm; body thickness, 13 mm. Additional artifacts include a compotera plate found in an inverted position below the skeletal remains, 12 complete metal rings, one metal ring fragment, one fragment from a copper tweezers, one flat gold-silver ornament, and 176 shell beads. The compotera plate displays a tapered lip, straight parallel rim, with a carination 11 mm below the lip. Decoration is confined to an incised series of straight and wavy lines on the interior plate surface (Figure 10). The texture is smooth with no slip. The color is gray with some brown- black areas. Horizontal striations occur on the outside surfaces. Dimensions are as follows: max? imum rim diameter, 155 mm; diameter at cari? nation, 153 mm; height of plate, 42 mm; plate thickness 4-6 mm. Of the shell beads, 10 are type A, 77 are type D, 18 are type E, and 81 are type F. TWO ofthe type D beads are encased with a thin layer of copper. Because the feature was exposed in 1971, there FIGURE 8.?Reconstructed urn from feature 1. NUMBER 29 17 5 CM FIGURE 9.?Funerary urn from feature 2. is no assurance that the bone sample recovered for analysis represents the entire bone assemblage originally present. The recovered sample weighs 11,424 g and represents at least 14 persons: eight adults and six subadults. Tables Al and A51 present the minimum number of individuals rep? resented by each type of bone for adults and subadults respectively. Most material was very fragmentary and all types of bones were not equally present. Two tibia shaft fragments dis? play black charring, evidence of brief exposure of the bone to fire, probably after the flesh had decomposed. At legist eight adults are represented by proxi? mal right femora. Pubis morphology suggests that of these, three are male and one is female. The remaining four are of unknown sex. Sex cannot be estimated reliably for subadult remains. Adult ages at death were estimated using the microscopic method on complete cross-sections FIGURE 10.?Incised design on compotera plate from feature 2. taken from the midshafts of the eight right fem? ora. The adjusted counts and estimates are sum? marized in Table 6. Subadult bone representation is summarized in Table A51. The right femur occurs with the highest frequency (five). The relative sizes of the femora suggest that at least six subadults are TABLE 6.?Ages estimated for adults in feature 2 from femoral cortical microstructure; sex determined by femoral morphology 2-1 2-2 2-3 2-4 2-5 2-6 2-7 2-8 No. of secondary osteons 86 162 110 155 106 150 142 142 No. of osteon fragments 9 66 30 34 42 44 59 76 Average % lamel? lar bone 24 0 6 18 0 6 1 0 No. of primary osteons 1 0 1 2 0 2 0 0 Age 23 48 41 55 45 58 66 73 Sex M F - 18 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ANTHROPOLOGY present of the following ages at death (in years):, 0.2,0.2, 1.0, 2.0, 3.0, and 5.0. FEATURE 3 (Funerary Urn, Square C-2, Main Cut).?The feature was initially exposed in 1971, at which time the entire contents were removed. The urn itself was removed in 1972 and recon? structed (Figure 11). The rim portion of the urn is not present, but the base displays a rounded point. Dimensions are as follows: maximum di? ameter, 68 cm; height (without rim section), 88 cm; body thickness, 16 mm. No skeletal remains are available for analysis. FEATURE 4 (Funerary Urn, Square C-1, Main Cut).?This feature was excavated and removed in 1972. Information on bone positions within the urn is not available, although one photograph of the exposed bones in situ shows no obvious artic? ulations. The urn itself was reconstructed in 1972 (Figure 12) and displays a rounded lip, direct rim, straight inverted neck, and a round-pointed base. The color ofthe outside surface is uniformly orange-brown. Dimensions are as follows: maxi? mum rim diameter, 50 cm; maximum urn di- FIGURE 12.?Reconstructed urn from feature 4. / -L. X 0 5 10 CM II I I I ! I FIGURE 11.?Funerary urn from feature 3. ameter, 70 cm; height, 97 cm; rim thickness, 29- 35 mm; body thickness, 17 mm. An inverted urn covering was apparently pres? ent, but is not available for measurement. Additional artifacts include one metal ring and one compotera (Figure 13). The compotera was reconstructed from three broken sections found in different parts ofthe urn. It displays a lip beveled interiorly, a straight everted rim with a carination 21 mm below the lip. There are no decorations, but a smooth red slip occurs on all external surfaces except the rim. Vertical striations occur on the base and irregular striations occur on the plate. Dimensions are as follows: maximum plate diameter, 150 mm; diameter at plate carination, 133 mm; diameter at junction of rim and plate, 40 mm; base diameter, 142 mm; maximum height, 121 mm; plate thickness, 5 mm; base thickness, 7-8 mm. The urn contained 6056 g of human bone representing six adults and two subadults. Tables NUMBER 29 19 A2 and A52 summarize the numbers of individ? uals represented by each type of bone. Of the adults, three are males and three are females as suggested by cranial morphology. Table 7 pre? sents adult ages at death as estimated from fem? oral cortical microstructure. Ages at death for the two subadults are about seven and 17 years. The older is represented only by both humeri with proximal epiphyses not united, distal epiphyses united; left femur with distal epiphysis not united; left clavicle with the medial epiphysis not united; an occipital with basilar synchondrosis not united; and nine ver? tebrae. Size of the bones suggests male sex. The younger subadult remains are too frag? mentary to allow accurate measurement, but gen? eral size suggests an age of about seven years. FEATURE 5 (Funerary Urn, Square C-1, Main Cut).?This feature was excavated and removed in 1972. Field notes and photographs indicate no bone articulations, with most of the secondary remains resting on top of a compotera plate in the bottom of the urn. The urn was covered with a layer of sherds, which were later reconstructed to form a single urn missing the rim area. This urn covering measured 72 cm in diameter, 62 cm in height, with a body thickness of 5-8 mm. The base formed a rounded point. The upright urn was reconstructed and dis- TABLE 7.?Ages estimated for adults in feature 4 from femoral cortical microstructure 4-1 4-2 4-3 4-4 No. of secondary osteons 89 135 154 85 No. of osteon fragments 21 74 49 24 Average % lamel? lar bone 33 0 4 11 No. of primary osteons 42 0 0 2 Age 23 71 64 31 *i'*?S 0 5 CM L_l I I I?I FIGURE 13.?Reconstructed compotera from feature 4. plays a lip beveled interiorly, an everted rim, concave everted neck, and a round-pointed base. Decoration is confined to a red slip that extends down 40 mm from the lip on the outside surface. Dimensions are as follows: maximum rim diam? eter, 35 cm; maximum urn diameter, 53 cm; maximum height, 62 cm. The compotera plate mentioned above consists of the complete plate only, which displays a lip beveled interiorly, concave everted rim with a carination 19 mm below the lip. Below the cari? nation, the base of the plate tapers to the plate- pedestal junction. The rim is irregular in shape. An incised decoration occurs in the interior plate surface (Figure 14). The surface has rough texture and no slip; horizontal striations occur on the rim. Dimensions are as follows: rim diameter, 177-195 mm; diameter at carination, 172-181 mm; diameter at plate-pedestal junction, 56 mm; rim thickness, 7 mm. A second compotera plate was reconstructed from fragments within the urn. The plate displays a rounded lip, straight everted rim, and a flat base. Two incised lines extend around the circum? ference of the rim. In addition, five groups of white vertical incised lines occur on the inside of the rim. The groups contain 9, 9, 11, 12, and 15 lines respectively. The lines are 3-5 mm apart and 30-36 mm long. Similar lines occur on the flat portion of the inside plate surface but they are too obliterated to count. A red slip occurs on all surfaces; the texture is smooth. Dimensions are as follows: maximum rim diameter, 189 mm; diameter at plate-pedestal junction, 86 mm; plate thickness, 8-10 mm. Also present was a complete ceramic jar (Figure 20 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ANTHROPOLOGY 15), which displays a rounded lip, everted rim, concave everted neck, and no appendages. Dec? oration is confined to a single line of punctations around the neck. The punctations are 2 mm apart. The texture is smooth on all outside sur? faces except the base. Horizontal striations occur below the neck; vertical striations above the neck. Dimensions are as follows: rim diameter, 89 mm; neck diameter, 45 mm; body diameter, 92 mm; maximum height, 115 mm; rim thickness, 7-8 mm; body thickness, 5-6 mm. Additional artifacts include the fragments from a mano and metate, two metal rings, two type A shell beads, and two large Anadara grandis shells. Human remains from this feature consist only of 841 g of bone representing the relatively com? plete remains of two children. Table A53 sum? marizes the number of each bone type present. The degree of dental formation in each individual suggests ages of 5.5 years and 1.0 years. FEATURE 6 (Funerary Urn, Square A-3, Main Cut).?This feature was initially exposed in 1972 and then excavated and removed by the author 0 5 CM . . / <^ - I I .:,4Py^, I I FIGURE 14.?Incised decoration on interior plate surface, feature 5. FIGURE 15.?Ceramic ja r from feature 5. in 1973. The urn extended from the ground sur? face to a depth of about 1 m. Two large (10 cm diameter) roots had grown through the upper third of the urn (Figure '16). The upper portion within the urn contained many sherds and a few bones mixed with a loose dark soil. This extended down to a depth of 40 cm where a compact layer of human bones occurred (Figure 17). No bones within this concentration were articulated. A sec? ond concentration of human bones extended from a depth of 72 cm down to the bottom of the urn (Figure 18). Within this concentration the artic? ulated femora, tibiae, fibulae, and foot bones of a single individual were found. All other bones FIGURE 16.?Feature 6, showing growth of roots through urn. FIGURE 17.?Upper concentration of human remains within feature 6. were not articulated. Below the skull shown in Figure 18 were one spindle whorl and several large perforated oyster shells, aligned in a single row. A total of 56 shell beads were found in the urn. Of these, 42 are type A, 11 are type D, one is type F, and two are type H. The funerary urn itself displays a lip beveled interiorly, direct rim, concave inverted neck, no decorations, and a round-pointed base. Dimen? sions are as follows: rim diameter, 55 cm; maxi? mum urn diameter, 86 cm; height, 96 cm; rim thickness, 20 mm; body thickness, 18 mm. Skeletal remains from this feature consist of 5798 g representing four adults and five suba? dults. The contents of the skeletal concentration at the bottom of the urn are presented in Table A3. All bones within this concentration are prob? ably from the same individual. Although only bones of the legs were articulated, nearly the entire skeleton is present. Male sex is suggested FIGURE 18.?Lower concentration of human remains within feature 6, showing articulation of lower legs. 22 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ANTHROPOLOGY by the general morphology of the skull and pelvis and femoral head diameters of 45 mm. The ap? plication of Kerley's (1965) method to a left femoral midshaft cross-section produces an age estimate of 71 years from totals of 201 secondary osteons, 62 osteon fragments, 2 percent lamellar bone, and no primary osteons. This age estimate is compatible with skeletal evidence of advanced cranial suture closure, extensive pubic symphysis metamorphosis, marked osteophytic vertebral lip? ping, and advanced breakdown of the joints. All additional skeletal materials are very frag? mentary and concentrated above the articulated male. These remains consist of three more adults and five subadults. Total bone representation within this feature is summarized in Tables A4 and A54. The additional adult remains consist of at least one male, age 25-30 years and one female (hu? merus head diameter of 37 mm). The age estimate for the male is based upon pubic symphysis mor? phology. The age for the female cannot be deter? mined; however, sections of two femoral shaft fragments from aooarentlv different individuals gave estimates of 63 years and 61 years. Specific counts for these specimens are as follows: second? ary osteons 134 and 146; osteon fragments 60 and 47; no lamellar bone; no primary osteons. One proximal hand phalanx shows evidence of burning. The area is charred (black), which sug? gests minimal exposure to low temperature fire after flesh had decomposed. Rodent tooth marks occur on shafts of a femur and radius. The subadults are represented by only a few bones. Four subadults are represented by left temporals, which generally suggest ages at death of between one and three years. In addition one left femur, approximately 180 mm in length, represents a child of about three years. Femoral epiphyses indicate an adolescent, between 11 and 15 years is also present. FEATURE 7 (Funerary Urn, Square A-3, Main Cut).?This feature consists of a funerary urn with an inverted urn covering excavated and removed in 1972. According to field notes, this feature extended from near the surface to a depth of 98 cm. The human remains were concentrated within the lower urn. The urn covering was reconstructed and dis? plays a rounded lip, everted rim, straight everted neck, and rounded base. There are no append? ages. A trace of red slip occurs on the outside of the rim extending down from the lip about 20 mm. Dimensions are as follows: rim diameter, 58 cm; maximum urn diameter, 61 cm; height, 55 cm; rim thickness, 20 mm; body thickness, 10 mm. The upright urn was also reconstructed and displays a rounded lip, direct rim, straight in? verted neck, and a round-pointed base. There are no appendages, and decoration is confined to a trace of red slip extending around the rim. Di? mensions are as follows: rim diameter, 50 cm; maximum urn diameter, 76 cm; height, 80 cm; body thickness, 12-22 mm. Twenty-two shell beads were recovered from the feature. Of these, four are type A, and 18 are type D. One metal ring was recovered when the soil from the feature was sifted. Field notes also list one atlatl (hook) and one ceramic disc from this feature. Human remains weigh 20,567 g and represent at least 18 individuals; 13 adults and five sub? adults (Tables A5 and A55). Of the total of 18 individuals, at least five adults and one subadult are represented by burned bones. At least six individuals are represented by burned mandibles. Of these, four are completely calcined, and two show only charring. One of the calcined mandi? bles is clearly a young infant or child. The follow? ing additional bones show evidence of burning: three left and two right temporals; fragments from four adult frontals; 197 cranial fragments, of which 84 are white (completely calcined), 80 are gray, and 33 are black; 21 vertebrae frag? ments, three cervical (white) and 18 lumbar (black); one maxilla fragment; 13 slightly charred innominate fragments representing at least one male and one female; 196 long bone fragments, of which 168 are calcined, 22 are gray, and 106 NUMBER 29 23 are black; 38 rib fragments, of which six are white and 32 are black; and one black sacrum fragment. All of these cremated remains represent two cat? egories of firing: those completely fired (calcined), and those only moderately fired, black or gray. The completely fired calcined specimens repre? sent firing in the flesh with transverse type frac? tures and extensive shrinkage. Nearly all parts of the skeleton are represented by this stage. The charred remains could represent either the burn? ing of dry bone or the incomplete burning of bone in the flesh at a lower temperature for a shorter period of time. The latter is more probable since so many additional calcined bones are pres? ent. Consistently the bones show more extensive calcination on the dorsal side of the skeleton, suggesting burning in the flesh with the skeleton lying on its back on top of the crematory fire or lying on its stomach below the fire. Morphology of the pelvis and crania indicate at least three males and three females are present. Ages at death were estimated for five ofthe adults from microscopic analysis of femoral cortical re? modeling. This analysis suggests ages at death of 25, 35, 38, 54, and 55 years. The 38-year-old is a female; all other ages are estimated for individ? uals of undertermined sex. These data are pre? sented in detail in Table 8. At least five subadult individuals are present. According to the stage of dental development, the oldest subadult was about 13-14 years at death. The skeleton is generally complete. The second subadult is represented by both femora, two hu- TABLE 8.?Ages estimated for adults in feature 7 from femoral cortical microstructure; sex determined by femoral morphology Bone no. 7-2 7-3 7-4 7-5 7-6 No. of secondary osteons 89 117 62 91 117 No. of osteon fragmerds 29 57 21 26 56 Average % lamel? lar bone 5 2 13 13 0 No. of primary osteons 1 0 3 2 0 Age 38 55 25 35 54 Sex F - - meri, one tibia shaft, a right ischium, both pubes, and a left clavicle. A right femoral length of 295 mm suggests an age at death of eight years. The third subadult is represented only by a right femur and left radius. The left radius length of 105 mm and estimated right femur length of 150 mm suggests an age at death of 1-2 years. Suba? dult four is represented by both femora and one left humerus. A right femur length of 130 mm suggests an age at death of 1-1.5 years. The fifth subadult is represented by most ofthe major long bones. A right humerus length of 82 mm suggests that this infant died at the time of birth or soon after. One of the calcined mandibles mentioned ear? lier is from a young child or infant. Although it is possible that it represents one of the five suba? dults listed above, it more probably represents a sixth individual. Evidence of rodent gnawing occurs on a right fibula shaft. FEATURE 8 (Funerary Urn, Square A-3 and northern extension. Main Cut).?This funerary urn with inverted urn covering was initially ex? posed in 1972 and later excavated and removed by the author. The covering extended from ground surface to a depth of only 25 cm and consists of only the rim with about 20 cm of the sides remaining (Figure 19). A few skeletal re? mains were found within the covering. The lower urn extended from a depth of 25 cm to about 92 cm and was filled with secondary human skeletal material (Figure 20). No bones were articulated within the urn. The lower urn displays a lip beveled interiorly, straight everted neck, and a base with a rounded point. Dimensions are as follows: maximum rim diameter, 35 cm; maximum urn diameter, 51 cm; height, 67 cm; rim thickness, 16 mm. The only artifacts within the urn were one type A bead, and one type F bead. This feature contains 14,253 g of bone repre? senting 15 individuals: eight adults and seven subadults. Tables A6 and A56 present the num? bers of adults and subadults represented by each type of bone within the feature. Of these, the 24 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ANTHROPOLOGY FIGURE 19.?Feature 8, funerary urn with inverted urn cov? ering. following bones were found within the inverted urn covering: adult, two left temporals and one right temporal, one left and one right maxilla, one left mandible, several fragments of long bones, one innominate, one cranium, one proxi? mal hand phalanx, the distal end of a right ulna, several teeth, and three calcined warped frag? ments from a rib, cervical vertebra, and parietal; subadult, one right temporal, one right scapula, two thoracic vertebrae, and one left humerus. The adult bones represent at least two individ? uals, whereas the subadults all represent a single infant, age 6 months to 1 year. Within the entire feature, at least eight adults are represented by radii, left ulnae, right tempor- FIGURE 20.?Skeletal content of feature 8. als, first cervical vertebrae, right calcanea, and right tali. Of these, four are probably male, two are probably female, and two are of undeter? mined sex. Ages were estimated for three of the adult males from femoral cortical thin sections. The following counts and estimates were derived. 8-1: secondary osteons, 87; fragments, 40; per? centage of lamellar bone, 8; primary osteons, 4; age estimate 35. 8-2: secondary osteons, 117; frag? ments, 26; percentage of lamellar bone, 18; pri? mary osteons, 1; age estimate, 40. 8-3: secondary osteons, 132; fragments, 49; no lamellar bone; no primary osteons; age estimate, 57. One female pubis displays features indicating an age of 45 as estimated using the Gilbert and McKern system (1973). Three male pubes produce ages similar to NUMBER 29 25 those estimated above from femoral microstruc? ture. Two crania (one male and one of undeter? mined sex) display open sutures (including the basilar synchondrosis) and recent eruption of third molars, which suggests an age between 20 and 25 years. The age ofthe remaining two adults cannot be determined. At least seven subadults are present in Feature 8. Although only six are indicated by the most frequent bone (right temporal), seven were de? tected when the material was sorted by size. Dental formation and long bone lengths suggest the following approximate ages at death: 14, 8, 4, 2, 0.5, 0.5, and newborn. Seven adult long bone shaft fragments display rodent tooth marks. FEATURE 9 (Primary Skeleton, Squares B-0, C- 0, and C-1, Main Cut).?This feature consists of an extended adult male primary skeleton with a concentration of infant bones. The feature was initially exposed in 1972, at which time some associated artifacts were removed. In 1973 the feature was excavated and removed by the au? thor. The adult skeleton was lying on its right side with legs and arms extended (Figure 21). The skull was SW of the postcranial material, lying on its right parietal facing SE. Measure? ments pertaining to the skeleton in situ were maximum length, 1.7 m; maximum width, 27 cm; depth to skull, 81 cm. The skeleton was lying within the shell layer just above the layer of clay. The concentration of infant bones occurred im? mediately S of the adult's left femoral midshaft. No articulation was observed within the concen? tration of infant bones, but it may have been disturbed by the 1972 excavation. Many sherds and shells were scattered over the entire area; however, the following appear to have resulted from intentional placement with the skeletal re? mains: two small shells, one in each eye orbit of the adult; a compotera with base and plate sep? arated; one ceramic vessel; six bundles of flat copper plates; and four shell beads, two type D and two type G. The compotera was removed in 1972. A pho? tograph shows the base located immediately S and above the left tibia midshaft with the plate just N of it. The reconstructed compotera (Figure 22) displays a flat lip and concave everted rim. A carination occurs 19 mm below the lip. There are no appendages and no decoration. The color is red-orange with small black areas. All outer sur? faces ofthe plate and base are smooth and display a red slip. Irregular polishing striations occur inside the plate; with horizontal striations on the plate's outer surface. The base has vertical, well- defined striations. Dimensions are as follows: maximum rim diameter, 187 mm; diameter at carination, 175 mm; diameter at plate-pedestal junction, 53 mm; base diameter, 181 mm; height, 254 mm; plate thickness, 7-9 mm; base thickness, 6-8 mm. The ceramic jar was also removed in 1972. According to notes, it was found above the lower legs, apparently near the compotera. The vessel is complete (Figure 23) and shows a concave everted neck with an oval, carinated, slightly asymmetrical body and rounded base. There are no appendages, and decoration is confined to a single line of punctations, with a single hole in the center of each, extending around the neck. The punctations are 4 mm wide and 6 mm apart. The texture is smooth outside and rough inside the vessel. A red slip is present with poorly defined borders. The color is red-orange with areas of black and gray. The surface shows vertical stria? tions on the rim and body with some horizontal striations below the carination. The rim and body are very asymmetrical with one side of the base indented. Dimensions are as follows: maximum rim diameter, 161-173 mm; neck diameter, 79 mm; diameter at carination, 183 mm; maximum height, 209 mm; height to neck, 131 mm; height to carination, 60 mm; rim thickness, 7-10 mm. Six packets of small triangular copper plates (Figure 24) were found associated with the skele? ton: two from the area of the feet (removed in 1972); one from the pubic area, immediately S of the left femoral head; one from immediately be? low and slightly N of the cranium; one from below the pelvis; and the last from above the left ilium (Figure 25). Packets from above the ilium FIGURE 21.?Feature 9, extended primary skeleton. FIGURE 22.?Reconstructed compotera from feature 9. 0 5 CM I FIGURE 23.?Ceramic ja r from feature 9. 2 IN. FIGURE 24.?Copper plates from feature 9. t'lGURE 25.?Location of copper plates on left ilium, feature 9. 28 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ANTHROPOLOGY and from the pubic area each contain 10 individ? ual plates. The other four each contain 20 plates. Dimensions of the plates have been reduced slightly by erosion, but the smallest measures 30 mm in length by 27 mm in width at the base. The largest length measurement is 41 mm and the largest breadth is 36 mm. An additional artifact associated with this skel? eton is one possible atlatl weight. The skeleton itself is fragmentary but generally complete. General morphology, especially that of the pubis, suggests male sex. Microscopic exami? nation of a right femoral cross section revealed an average of 142 secondary osteons, 36 osteon frag? ments, 6 percent lamellar bone, and one primary osteon, suggesting an age of 53 years. This esti? mate is compatible with the occurrence of consid? erable osteophytosis of the vertebral bodies and long bone joint changes, but is older than indi? cated by the minimal suture closure and degree of pubic symphyseal metamorphosis. The subadult remains contain at least two individuals, both infants. The older is about one year of age and consists of most ofthe skull, both femora, ulnae, and innominates, the right tibia, and several vertebrae. The younger infant consists of the left femur, left radius, several ribs, vertebrae, and cranial fragments. The infant apparently died at birth or soon after. FEATURE 10 (Funerary Urn, Square A-3, Main Cut).?This feature was excavated and removed in 1972. Field photographs and information on bone positions within the urn are not available. The urn itself was reconstructed in 1972 (Figure 26) and displays a flat lip, straight inverted neck, and a flat base. The urn displays no appendages and no decorations. Smoothing striations are vis? ible on the surface. Dimensions are as follows: maximum rim diameter, 39 cm; maximum urn diameter, 60 cm; height, 67 cm. Additional arti? facts from this urn include one pottery vessel reconstructed from sherds inside the urn, one pottery disk, and five metal rings. The vessel displays a lip beveled interiorly, an everted rim, a concave everted neck, and an outside decoration of red slip that extends from the lip down 30 mm, and a white slip that extends from the red slip down an additional 30 mm. The overall color is reddish orange with brown and black spots. Di? mensions are as follows: maximum rim diameter, 30.5 cm; maximum urn diameter, 44 cm; esti? mated height, 48 cm; rim thickness, 10-11 mm; body thickness, 4-7 mm. Since the base of the vessel is missing, the actual height is 37 cm. Skeletal remains from this feature consist of 1083 g of human bone, representing at least two children and one adult. The adult is represented only by one proximal hand phalanx and one femoral shaft fragment. Subadult bones from this feature are presented in Table A57, and represent the generally complete remains of two children, one aged 4.5-5.0 years, and the other about 1.5 years. FEATURE 11 (Funerary Urn, Square A-3, B-3, Main Cut).?This feature consists of a funerary urn with two inverted urn coverings. The feature was first excavated in 1972 when both of the coverings were removed. The lower upright urn was excavated by the author in 1973. Field notes indicate that both of the inverted urn coverings consisted only ofthe rim portions ofthe urns; the base and most of the sides of the urns were not present. The urn coverings extended from the surface down to the lip of the upright urn, a depth of 37 cm. The upright urn itself extended from this depth down to 1.13 m (Figure 27). According to field notes, some subadult bones were encountered within the urn coverings. Within the upright urn, bones were encountered just inside the rim and they continued down to a depth of about 50 cm. At that level occurred the articulated femora, tibiae, and foot bones of an adult female (Figure 28). The lower legs were horizontal, while the femora extended vertically in the NE part of the urn. They were flexed abnormally so that the angle between the anterior surfaces of the tibiae and femora was about 90 degrees. A complete pottery vessel was found within the urn on the north side of the skeletal concentration at a depth of 40 cm. From the top ofthe urn to a depth of about 50 cm, the soil was 0 5 10 CM " M M I FIGURE 27.?Feature 11, funerary urn with secondary bone deposit. FIGURE 26.?Reconstructed urn from feature 10 FIGURE 28.?Articulated leg bones of adult female within feature 11. FIGURE 29.?Ceramic jar from feature 11. 30 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ANTHROPOLOGY 0 5 CM I I I I I I FIGURE 30.?Incised design on ceramic jar from feature 12. TABLE 9.?Ages estimated for adults in feature 11 from femoral cortical microstructure; sex determined by femoral morphology 11-1 11-2 11-3 11-4 11-5 No. of secondary osteons 101 127 107 144 109 No. of osteon fragments 27 33 34 43 26 Average % lamel? lar bone 1 0 0 1 3 No. of primary osteons 0 0 0 0 0 Age 45 49 48 58 38 Sex F F F F M very loose and dark. From a depth of 50 cm to the bottom ofthe urn, the fill consisted of a thick, yellow soil. The funerary urn itself displays a lip beveled interiorly, a rim interiorly thickened, and a con? cave everted neck. The base forms a rounded point. There are no appendages and no decora? tions. Dimensions are as follows: maximum rim diameter, 44 cm; maximum urn diameter, 68 cm; height, 76 cm. Additional artifacts from this feature include six metal rings, 20 shell beads (15 type c and five type D), and one pottery vessel. The vessel (Figure 0 5 CM I I I I L_l FIGURE 31.?Decoration on ceramic vessel from feature 13. 29) is complete, and displays a lip beveled exte? riorly, an everted rim, a concave everted neck, a rounded oval body, and annular base. There are no appendages and no decorations. The texture is smooth with a thin red slip extending from the inside of the rim at a point 8 mm below the lip, over the lip, and down the external surface to a point 65 mm from the base. The color is orange- red with gray-black spots. The surface displays horizontal polishing striations on the exterior of the vessel from a point 65 mm above the base to a point 110 mm above the base. Vertical striations occur from a point 110 mm above the base to the NUMBER 29 31 neck. Dimensions are as follows: diameter of the rim, 95 mm; diameter of the neck, 48 mm; di? ameter of the body, 150 mm; diameter at the constriction of the base, 61 mm; maximum di? ameter of base, 75 mm; maximum height of the vessel, 170 mm; height to the neck, 130 mm; and height to the base constriction, 14 mm. Skeletal remains from this feature weigh 9730 g and represent at least eight adults and two subadults (Tables A7 and A58). Maximum head diameters of the adult femora suggest that six females, one male, and one adult of undetermined sex are present in the urn. Adult ages at death estimated from the femoral cortical microstruc? ture of four females and one male are presented in Table 9. In addition, the morphology of the left and right pubes suggests that an additional female, age between 30 and 35 years, is also present. Only three complete adult skulls are present: two male and one female. As Table A58 shows, the two subadults are poorly represented. Most of the bones represent a single individual whose maximum tibial length of 263 mm suggests an age at death of about 9 years. The second is represented only by cranial fragments (not listed in the table), the sizes of which suggest an infant that died at birth or soon after. FEATURE 12 (Concentration of Sherds with Small Quantity of Human Bone, Squares B-0 and C-0, Main Cut).?This feature, excavated and removed in 1972, consists of a large concen? tration of broken pottery above a small concen? tration of secondary human adult bone. Accord? ing to field notes, only portions of two pottery vessels were reconstructed from the broken sherds. The first of these consists only of the neck and rim of a ja r displaying a rounded lip, everted rim, and concave everted neck; no approximation of body or base is possible. There are no appendages and no decorations except for a smooth red slip that occurs on the entire outside surface of the vessel and on the upper 15 mm of the internal surface. Horizontal striations occur on the inside of the rim. Dimensions are as follows: maximum rim diameter, 131 mm; maximum neck diameter, 55 mm; height from junction of neck to lip, 56 mm; rim thickness, 5-7 mm. The reconstructed portion of the second jar consists only of about one-half of the rim. This displays a rounded lip and a concave everted neck. No part of the body or base is present. There are no appendages, and decoration consists of three rows of incised designs on the inside of the rim (Figure 30). The surfaces are highly pol? ished, but display no slip. The overall color is gray-black. Vertical polishing striations occur over the entire outside surface. Horizontal stria? tions occur only on the outside of the rim from the lip down about 60 mm. Dimensions are as follows: maximum rim diameter, 213 mm; height from junction of neck to lip, 105 mm; rim thick? ness, 7-12 mm. One type D shell bead and, according to field notes, fragments of three metates, seven rnanos, and one obsidian fragment were also present. Only 286 g of human bone are associated with this feature. Two adults, one male and one fe? male, are represented by these bones. The specific bones present are as follows: one proximal third of a right femur (head diameter, 40 mm); five proximal hand phalanges; two proximal foot pha? langes; two middle hand phalanges; one left and one right first metacarpal (from different individ? uals); one left and one right third metacarpal; one left and one right hand navicular; one cervi? cal vertebra; one left and one right talus; one left and one right patella; one left first metatarsal; one left third metatarsal; one right fourth meta? tarsal; one right fifth metatarsal; two adult teeth, one central left maxillary incisor, and one man? dibular third molar. No subadult bones are pres? ent. FEATURE 13 (Funerary Urn, Adjoining Corners of Squares A-3, A-2, B-2, and B-3, Main Cut).? This feature consists of the lower portion of a fragmentary urn containing a small quantity of fragmentary human skeletal material. The fea? ture was removed in 1972; no information is available on positions of bones or artifacts within the urn. Field photographs reveal no apparent bone articulation. The urn itself displays a round- 32 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ANTHROPOLOGY pointed base, a body thickness of 18 mm, and a maximum diameter of approximately 80 cm. The urn contained the neck and rim portion of a ceramic vessel displaying a rounded lip, inte? riorly thickened rim, concave everted neck, with neither body nor base present. There are no appendages, but a decoration occurs on the neck consisting of clay additions forming a probable face with two ears (Figure 31). The surface texture is smooth, with no apparent slip. The inside color is black-gray; the outside color is orange-red with some gray areas. Vertical striations occur on the outside surface. Dimensions are as follows: maxi? mum rim diameter, 209 mm; maximum neck diameter, 84 mm; height of rim above neck, 94 mm; neck thickness, 5-7 mm. On the inside ofthe rim, a 17 mm circular indentation occurs at the same point that the face is located on the outside surface. Additional artifacts from this urn consist of 19 shell beads: two type A, seven type D, five type F, and five type H. Human skeletal remains from this feature are very fragmentary and weigh 663 g. At least one adult (Table A8) and three subadults are repre? sented. The size and robusticity of the bones (especially the scapulae) suggest the adult is a male. An exact age estimate is not possible due to the fragmentary nature ofthe material; however, stage two osteophytosis of the two lumbar verte? brae and the lack of breakdown in other joint surfaces suggest an age at death of about 40 years. Two infants are represented by a right tem? poral, two left femora, and a right rib fragment. Maximum lengths of the two femora of 53 and 70 mm suggest that both infants died at birth or soon after. The third subadult is represented only by an adolescent metacarpal with the distal epi? physis not fused. FEATURE 14 (Funerary Urn with Pottery Con? centration, Southern Extension of Squares B-0 and C-0, Main Cut).?This feature consists of a small urn covered with sherds mixed with human bones. The pottery covering extended from above the urn 70 cm to the SW, so that the entire complex measured 1.04 m NE-SW, and 55 cm NW-SE. The sherd covering extended from the surface to a depth of 51 cm. The urn extended from a depth of 51 cm to 93 cm. The base of the urn was nearly in contact with the skull of feature 40, an extended primary skeleton (Figure 32). Within the urn, a single adult phalanx was found near the rim. Additional bones were not encoun? tered until a depth of 65 cm. At this level occurred a large sherd surrounded by a concentration of human bones. Most of the infant bones were concentrated below the large sherd in the extreme bottom of the urn. Burned and unburned bones were mixed throughout the concentration. No articulation was observed. The urn itself measures 42 cm in height, about 50 cm in diameter, and displays a flat base with neither decoration nor appendages. One type i shell bead represents the only artifact found within the urn. Human remains from this feature weigh 3137 g and represent at least three adults and three subadults. Detailed inventories of adult and subadult remains are presented in Tables A9 and A59. Burned bones from this feature are either lightly burned and blue-gray in color or are com? pletely calcined. Blue-gray fragments consist of 14 cranial, 24 long bone fragments (some defi? nitely tibia), and one medial hand phalanx. Cal? cined remains are from a left mandible, a right lumbar neural arch, four ribs, and one fibula. All ofthe burned material is adult. Morphology ofthe adult bones suggests that at least one male and one female are present. Mor? phology of one left female pubic symphyseal face suggests an age of 40-50 years. Microscopic ex? amination of a femoral cross-section from this individual revealed 117 secondary osteons and 44 osteon fragments, with no lamellar bone and no primary osteons remaining. This suggests an age of 49 years. For the subadult material, left femoral lengths of 75 mm, 105 mm, and 165 mm suggest ages at death of between birth and two months, about six months, and about two years respec? tively. FEATURE 15 (Funerary Urn, Square B-0, Main NUMBER 29 33 FIGURE 32.?Feature 14 (urn) and feature 40 (primary skeleton) Cut).?This feature was excavated and removed in 1972. The urn extended from near ground surface to a depth of about 60 cm. No information is available on bone or artifact positions within the urn. The urn itself (Figure 33) was reconstructed in 1972 and displays a rounded lip, angular everted rim, concave everted neck, and rounded base. There are no appendages, and decoration is con? fined to a red slip on the interior surface of the rim. The overall color is orange-brown with black-gray spots. Dimensions are as follows: max? imum rim diameter, 60 cm; maximum urn di? ameter, 66 cm; maximum height, 52 cm; rim thickness, 12 mm; body thickness, 10 mm. Additional artifacts listed from this urn are two manos, one metate fragment, four type A shell beads, and the neck and rim of a pottery vessel. The vessel displays a tapered lip and concave everted neck. Decoration consists of 10 horizontal bands of an incised pelican motif: three bands on the inside and seven bands on the outside. On the inside, the motif extends down from the lip 56 mm (Figure 34). On the outside (Figure 35), the motif extends from the lip to the junction ofthe body. A white pigment occurs within the inci- 34 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ANTHROPOLOGY FIGURE 33.?Reconstructed urn from feature 15. sions, highlighting them against the gray-brown background ofthe remainder ofthe vessel surface. All surfaces are smooth and slightly polished with no slip. Irregular striations occur inside the rim. Dimensions are as follows: maximum rim diam? eter, 210 mm; minimum neck diameter 82 mm; height of existing fragment, 112 mm; rim thick? ness, 6-7 mm. Human skeletal remains from this urn weigh 6277 g and represent at least five adults and three subadults. Detailed bone inventories for adults and subadults are given in Tables A10 and A60. Innominate morphology suggests that at least three females and one male are present. Sections were prepared from two adult femora. One had been infiltrated with soil materials so that struc? tures were not visible. The other section displays 106 secondary osteons, 27 osteon fragments, 7 percent lamellar bone, and one primary osteon. This suggests an age at death of about 37 years. The three subadults are irregularly repre? sented. In fact, only two individuals are indicated by any single bone type (left humerus, right ulna, femur, tibia, and temporal). The youngest child displays a right ulna measuring 62 mm, which FIGURE 34.?Incised decoration on inside of vessel rim from feature 15. FIGURE 35.?Incised decoration on external rim surface of vessel from feature 15. suggests an age at birth or soon after. A second right ulna length of 79 mm suggests an age of about six months. The oldest child is represented only by a right tibia, left humerus, and right femur. The estimated maximum length of the femur is about 250 mm, which suggests an age at death of about six years. FEATURE 16 (Funerary Urn, Squares A-0 and B-0, Main Cut).?This feature consists of a fu- N U M B E R 29 35 FIGURE 36.?Reconstructed urn from feature 16. FIGURE 37.?Articulated pelvis and leg bones of adult male, feature 17. nerary urn with no covering, which was excavated and removed in 1972. Field notes reference an occipital bone found in the extreme bottom of the urn, but no other information on bone or artifact positions. The urn was encountered just below the surface. The urn (Figure 36) displays a lip beveled interiorly, an everted rim, a straight everted neck, and a round-pointed base. There are no append? ages, and decoration is confined to a red slip on the exterior surface of the body. Dimensions are as follows: rim diameter, 38 cm; maximum urn diameter urn, 60 cm; height, 72 cm; rim thickness, 17-20 mm; body thickness, 13-17 mm. Additional artifacts include 22 shell beads (19 type A and three type D) and, according to field notes, five manos and two metate fragments. Human skeletal remains weigh 3915 g and represent at least two adults and two subadults (Tables A l l and A61). Adult bone morphology strongly suggests one male and one female are present. The symphyseal face of the left female pubis displays a complete ventral rampart, com? plete rim formation with some deterioration, in? dicating advancing age. A section from the right femur ofthe female shows 124 secondary osteons, 57 fragments, and no lamellar bone nor primary osteons. This suggests an age at death of about 58 years. Subadult bones represent at least two individ? uals, one about three years and the other about 12 years. FEATURE 17 (Funerary Urn, Square B-1, Main Cut).?This feature was initially exposed in 1972, at which time the urn covering was removed. The lower urn was excavated and removed by the author in 1973. According to field notes the cov? ering was encountered just below the surface and contained no bone. The bone deposit was first encountered within the lower urn at a depth of 35 cm, and it extended down to the bottom of the urn. At a depth of 52 cm, several subadult articulated ribs and thoracic vertebrae were encountered. At a depth of 57 cm, the articulated pelvis and lower legs of an adult male (Figure 37) were encountered. The legs were 36 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ANTHROPOLOGY very tightly flexed in a sitting position, so that both feet were below the innominates. Articulated left and right radii and ulnae occurred immedi? ately N and S of the innominate area in correct anatomical position, but the humeri were not attached. Several vertebrae and ribs and both humeri from this individual were found within the urn but not in articulation. A decorated ceramic spindle whorl and a miniature ceramic compotera (visible in Figure 37) were found rest? ing on top of the articulated sacrum. A concen? tration of infant bones occurred between the right femur and the right radius and ulna. Burned bones were concentrated below the infant bones. The extreme bottom of the urn was missing, but the space was filled with an adult skull resting on its right side. The lower urn displays a lip beveled interiorly, a straight, inverted neck, with a round-pointed base. The color is brown and there are neither decorations nor appendages. Dimensions are as follows: rim diameter, 42 cm; urn diameter, 69 cm; height, 86 cm; rim thickness, 22-29 mm; body thickness, 19 mm. Eighty-three shell beads were recovered: two type A, one type B, 66 type D, three type H, and 11 type J. Human skeletal remains weigh 12,729 g and represent seven adults and seven subadults. De? tailed inventory of the individual bone types is presented in Tables A12 and A62. At least seven adults are represented by left tali. Long bones are noticeably few, with only two left radii and ulnae present. Left femur size suggests at least three males and two females are present. Ages esti? mated from femoral sections are summarized in Table 10. The articulated individual is labeled 17-6. Of 48 burned fragments, 37 are calcined and 11 are charred. The calcined bones include three fragments from a left mandible, one sphenoid fragment, one fragment from a thoracic vertebra, and 32 long bone fragments. Of the charred fragments, 10 are from long bones, and one is cranial. Seven subadults are represented by left tem- TABLE 10.?Ages estimated for adults in feature 17 from femoral cortical microstructure; sex determined by femoral morphology Bone no. 17-1 17-2 17-3 17-4 17-5 17-6 No. of secondary osteons 104 132 120 105 91 125 No. of osteon fragments 7 42 24 42 35 25 Average % lamel? lar bone 16 0 5 1 0 1 No. of primary osteons 3 0 1 0 0 2 Age 26 53 41 47 41 42 Sex M - F F - M porals. Ages were estimated by comparing femo? ral length with data provided by Merchant and Ubelaker (1977) for American Indian groups. Three femoral lengths of about 70 mm, one of 76 mm, and one of 85 mm suggest three individuals that died at birth or soon after. Additional lengths of 125 mm and 208 mm suggest ages of one and four years respectively. FEATURE 18 (Funerary Urn, Squares A-1 and B-1, Main Cut).?This feature was initially un? covered in 1972 and later excavated and removed by the author in 1973. The superior aspect ofthe urn was located 20 cm below surface level; how? ever, pit outlines were distinguished which ex? tended to surface level. The urn extended down to a depth of about 1 m. Within the urn, the upper 20 cm (surface depth of 20-40 cm) contained a considerable quantity of human bone fragments mixed with many sherds, in a dark compact soil. A small quantity (about 5 percent) of these fragments are charred. Below this bone concentration, at a depth of 40 to 60 cm occurred a concentration of sherds and the following adult bones: one mandible fragment, several teeth and cranial fragments, one first cervical vertebra, a right calcaneus and talus, one right middle foot phalanx and several carpal and metacarpal bones. All were clustered together, but none were articulated. The urn fill from 60 cm to the bottom of the urn contained sherds but no bone. The urn itself is approximately 70 cm in di? ameter and 80 cm in height with a round-pointed NUMBER 29 37 base. The neck and rim are missing. Additional artifacts found within the urn consist of 52 shell beads and one obsidian fragment. Of the shell beads, 40 are type A, six are type B, and six are type D. Human remains weigh 7154 g and represent at least five adults and six subadults (Tables A13 and A63). The extreme variability in bone rep? resentation probably reflects the fragmentary na? ture of the material. Size and robusticity of the adult material sug? gests that at least two males and two females are present. The males both display femoral head diameters of 47 mm. Ages ofthe adults cannot be assigned due to the fragmentary nature of the material, and the fact that considerable erosion of the periosteal surfaces of the long bone frag? ments prevents estimates from microscopic struc? ture. Cranial fragments display united and non- united sutures, probably indicating that both young and old adults are present. Fifty-four bone fragments show evidence of burning. Five of these are cranial fragments and are charred. The remaining 39 fragments repre? sent the post-cranial skeletons and are calcined with considerable warping and transverse frac? ture patterns. The maximum number of subadults is repre? sented by right temporals and right femora. The following are the estimated maximum lengths of the femora and the ages at death they imply: 64 mm, birth; 65 mm, birth; 75 mm, birth to 2 months; 100 mm, 6 months to 1 year; and 140 mm, I year to 1.5 years. Size of the bones of the largest subadult suggests an age between 10 and 15 years. FEATURE 19 (Primary Skeleton, Square C-0 and Southern Extension, Main Cut).?The articu? lated adult male was first uncovered in 1972, at which time associated artifacts were removed be? fore the skeleton was covered again with soil. It was reexposed and removed in 1973 by the au? thor. The skeleton was lying on its back with the skull WSW of the postcranial skeleton. It was lying within the shell layer at a depth of 45 cm to the top of the skull. Maximum dimensions of the skeleton in the ground were length, 1.6 m, and width, 39 cm. Preservation is fair, even though the skull, ribs, and feet were damaged during the first exposure. Associated artifacts consist of one ceramic disk, one type D shell bead, one large Anadara grandis shell, one fragment of a copper tweezers found at the feet, one triangular copper fragment, and one complete ceramic jar found just S of the skull. The jar (Figure 38) displays a rounded lip, everted rim, concave everted neck, rounded base, and no appendages. Decoration consists of four parallel rows of punctations, 2 mm in diameter: two rows around the rim, and two around the body. The outside surface is smooth with horizontal striations. The base and internal surfaces are rough. Dimensions are as ^^^^^^^^^^^W^M ^^t^^Sk^^^^' . '",' / f l l^^^l ? t ^ ! ' ' * : * ^ T ^ ^^^^^^^KB^%^C^^^^^^^^^^!T ^^^^V ^^^^^^^^^^^^n^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ H T ' ' ^ ^ H ^ - '?.**^/ 1 PBH^^ 'i^^^Mr w^esH!^? >^~' 0 I L I L 5 CM J I FIGURE 38.?Ceramic jar from feature 19. 38 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ANTHROPOLOGY follows: maximum rim diameter, 113 mm; mini? mum neck diameter, 56 mm; maximum body diameter, 133 mm; maximum height, 165 mm; height of lower row of decoration on body, 56 mm; height of upper row of decoration on body, 105 mm; height of decorations on neck, 128 mm; rim thickness, 6-8 mm; body thickness, 4 mm. Morphology of the pelvis and femoral head diameters of 45 mm suggest male sex. The skele? ton has some youthful features, particularly lack of suture union, and little wear on third molars; however, a section of the right femur revealed 109 secondary osteons, 36 fragments, 1 percent lamellar bone, and no primary osteons. This sug? gests an age at death of 42 years. FEATURE 20 (Funerary Urn, Square A-2, Main Cut).?This feature consists of a small urn con? taining the nearly complete remains of a child and two adult bones. The urn was first exposed in 1972 and then excavated and removed by the author in 1973. The urn extended from a depth of 20 cm below the surface to a depth of 70 cm. Sherds were distributed throughout the urn fill, including within the bone concentration. Skeletal remains were concentrated from a depth of 40 cm to the bottom of the urn. Most of the child skeleton was articulated. Furthermore, positions of the disarticulated bones suggested that they too had been articulated, but had moved out of anatomical position as the flesh decomposed and the skeleton settled (Figure 39). The child would have been on its right side with the legs tightly flexed and the skull SSE of the post-cranial skel? eton. A metal ring was found within the urn at a depth of 45 cm, in the northern part of the bone concentration near the skull. The ring could have been in place on the nose and shifted northward as decomposition proceeded. The urn itself displays a lip beveled interiorly, everted rim, and concave everted neck. There are no appendages and no decorations. Maximum diameter and height are each about 50 cm. Ad? ditional artifacts include the metal ring already mentioned and one mano. Skeletal remains from the urn weigh 450 g and represent a nearly complete child skeleton (Table 1 ' ? . ? ? ^'-'?D-- - " ' ' .^ .-ST.' - ?' __f. ? ? ; , ' ' : ? i ' ??' : ^ '^2.. "u. -'MM. ? ;- r y ^ ^ ^ ^ H 9 ^ ^ f^"-"* >^ ^^ H^^ B P^?^^^gHHy~ ?i ""' '-'?^'^^s^^w ' S ?<^^-'*:^J'jh^^^ M ?;?^r-^p^ ' ^^'>>ilr'^'S^ ? ?^^?^'^^te^^l " ' ^-^M^HS 'S^^WtS^ ^ ^ ^ H H I I ^ ~'*tsi^^ ' r ^ HI^^I^^^Bi^^ ^ ^I^H^iklr ^ ^ ^ ^ '"^ iHKi - wrmm ^^^^^I^^HH^^^^^^^^^^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ H K K &I ..i>^ li*-'- '^ ^^S^B^H^ & * -. ?. '" ' r^ ** ? ' ' f f^H^B ^1^^^^'^^^^^W^m *l!jm M^^^^^^^^^t i^^JS^^m9K^^^^^^M S^fck^^&i?B '''?' ^ ^^^^9 WiM^^'i3M >sjnBiaaB W^^y u." ~ '^^i^^^M^ ^^^HB '^^j^W^m^F ^H ^ ^^^MS^ ^ H fe^^^>?!r^,'^B^^^^^M FIGURE 39.?Articulated subadult bone within feature 20. A64). The mandibular first molars display com? plete crown formation but only 75 percent root formation. This and other dental formation data suggest an age of 5.5 to 6.0 years. Adult bones are represented by only a left cuboid and a single vertebral centrum. FEATURE 21 (Funerary Urn, Squares A-1, B-1, Main Cut).?This feature consists of a funerary urn with inverted urn covering. Initially exposed in 1972 when the covering was removed, the lower urn was excavated and removed by the author in 1973 (Figure 40). The covering was initially encountered at the surface and contained only sherds and a few shell beads. The upright urn extended from a depth of 16 cm from the surface down to a depth of 1.14 m. The upper portion ofthe fill within the urn contained a loose dark soil with many sherds and three large Ana? dara grandis shells. The skeletal material was first encountered at a depth of 56 cm and continued to the bottom of the urn (Figure 41). No bone articulation was observed. NUMBER 29 39 FIGURE 40.?Funerary urn, feature 21. FIGURE 41.?Skeletal concentration within feature 21. The upright urn displays a lip beveled inte? riorly, straight parallel neck, round-pointed base, and neither appendages nor decorations. Dimen? sions are as follows: rim diameter, 45 cm; maxi? mum urn diameter, 69 cm; maximum height, 96 cm; rim thickness, 23-30 mm; body thickness, 11 mm. The reconstructed covering consists only of the rounded bottom and 45 cm of the sides. Body thickness is 9 mm and maximum diameter is estimated at 55 cm. Additional artifacts recovered from the feature consist of 35 beads, one metal ring, and one ceramic figurine fragment. The beads represent two type A, 24 type D, seven type F, and two type J- Skeletal remains from this feature weigh 17,112 g and represent at least 10 adults and 11 sub? adults (Tables A14 and A65). Innominate mor? phology suggests at least three males and two females are present. Femoral size indicates four males and four females. Only one male left pubic symphyseal face is sufficiently intact to allow an age estimate. It displays a complete ventral rampart with some surface deterioration, thus suggesting an age of greater than 40 years. Microscopic examination of femoral sections from nine adults produce the following age estimates: males, 37, 40, 42, 43; females, 26, 27, 40, 49; and undetermined sex, 47. These data are summarized in greater detail in Table 11. Twenty-one fragments of adult long bones, ribs, and vertebrae are charred. The black color is unevenly distributed over the bone and joint surfaces, which suggests minimal exposure of the bones to a low temperature fire after flesh was gone and the bones were disarticulated. Dental formation data and bone sizes suggest that of the 11 subadults, nine are between birth 40 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ANTHROPOLOGY FIGURE 42.?Funerary urn, feature 22. FIGURE 43.?Skeletal concentration within feature 22. TABLE 11.?Ages estimated for adults in feature 21 from femoral cortical microstructure; sex determined by femoral morphology TIO. 21-1 21-2 21-3 21-4 21-5 21-6 21-7 21-8 21-9 No. of secondary osteons 102 90 101 94 117 114 135 107 87 No. of osteon fragments 11 11 - 24 20 32 26 25 Average % lamel? lar bone 31 8 0 1 3 0 1 0 1 No. of primary osteons 12 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Age 27 26 47 43 40 37 49 42 40 Sex F F M M M F M F and 1.5 years of age, one is between 1.5 and 2.0 years and one is about age three. FEATURE 22 (Funerary Urn, Square A-1, Main Cut).?This feature consists of a funerary urn with a fragmentary inverted urn covering. The covering was exposed and removed in 1972 and was too incomplete for reconstruction. The up? right urn is complete (Figure 42) and extended from near the surface to a depth of 1.12 m. Within the urn, only sherds and soil were encountered from the surface to a depth of 55 cm. The bone concentration (Figure 43) extended from that depth to the bottom of the urn. All bones were disarticulated except for an articulated talus and calcaneus and several vertebrae from the middle of the concentration. Two articulated innomi- NUMBER 29 41 nates were found in the extreme NE of the con? centration; however, since the corresponding fem? ora and sacrum were not present, the articulation probably was accidental. The urn measured about 90 cm in height, 67 cm in diameter, with a rim diameter of about 43 cm. Additional artifacts include a metal ring (Figure 104/) and 31 shell beads. Of these, 29 are type D and two are type F. The human bones weigh 17,956 g and repre? sent at least eight adults and 12 subadults (Tables A15 and A66). Innominate morphology suggests at least three males and one female are present. Morphology of the pubic symphysis indicates both males were about 40 years at death while the female was probably older than 50 years. Sorting ofthe femora by size reveals at least 12 subadults represented by that bone. Eight of these measure 64-95 mm, thus representing ages at death of between birth and six months. Two additional individuals have femoral lengths of 96 mm, indicating ages at death of about six months. An additional individual shows a femoral length of 265 mm, suggesting an age at death of 7-8 years. The final subadult is about 15 years of age, as indicated by the nonunion of epiphyses on the head and distal ends of the femora and proximal ends of the tibiae. Cranial morphology suggests female sex for this individual. FEATURE 23 (Funerary Urn, Squares A-1, A-2, and Western Extension, Main Cut).?This fea? ture consists of a funerary urn with the partial body of another urn extending around its upper portion. The top of this feature was exposed in 1972 and completely excavated and removed in 1973. The covering is very incomplete and does not extend above the rim ofthe lower urn. Since the top of the urn, however, is only 5 cm below surface level, the covering may once have been a complete inverted urn whose base gradually broke away as the hillside eroded. Field notes report that in 1972 beads were found between the covering and the urn, and one large axe-shaped copper plate was recovered from within the cov? ering. The urn (Figure 44) extended from 5 cm below surface level to a depth of 95 cm. The urn con? tained a few sherds, shells, and charred seeds mixed with loose soil down to the bone concen? tration (Figure 45) at a depth of 48 cm. Some bones extended above the concentration to a depth of 38 cm. All bones were disarticulated except 11 vertebrae (fifth thoracic through the third lumbar) of a young adult. The urn displays a lip beveled interiorly, inte? riorly thickened rim, straight everted neck, and round-pointed base. There are no appendages and no decorations. Dimensions are as follows: rim diameter, 45 cm; maximum urn diameter, 65 cm; height, 95 cm. Only two type i beads were recovered. Human remains weigh 15,460 g and represent at least seven individuals: three adults and four subadults (Tables A16 and A67). As the tables show, the adults are well represented by nearly all bones. The material is well preserved. Innom? inate morphology indicates that two females and one male are present. The male pubic symphyseal face displays an incomplete ventral rampart with some vestigial billowing, thus indicating an age between 32 and 35 years. A femoral section from this individual reveals 5 percent lamellar bone remaining, but debris along the periosteal edge prevents an accurate count of secondary osteons or osteon fragments. The lamellar bone suggests an age greater than 25 years and is thus compat? ible with the estimate from the pubis. The symphyseal faces of the pubes of both females reveal the irregular pitting and porosity characteristic of advancing age. Both individuals, however, show deep depressions on the dorsal pubic surfaces probably from multiple child- births. Such extensive pitting could indicate pre? mature deterioration of the symphyseal face. Femoral sections from these two individuals showed the following counts: secondary osteons, 106 and 110; fragments, 19 and 22; lamellar bone, 5 and 1 percent; and no primary osteons. These data suggest ages of 32 and 38 years. Long bone size suggests the youngest subadult died at birth or soon after. Dental evidence suggests ages of 4, 10, and 14 years for the three other subadults. 42 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ANTHROPOLOGY FIGURE 44.?Funerary urn, feature 23. FIGURE 45.?Skeletal concentration within feature 23. Two long bone shaft fragments show evidence of burning. Both are calcined and warped and display transverse fracture patterns, all indicative of cremation in the flesh. Evidence of extensive rodent gnawing occurs on one fibular shaft fragment. FEATURE 24 (Funerary Urn, Square A-1 and Western Extension, Main Cut).?This feature consists of a funerary urn covered with several sherds. It was initially identified in 1972 and then completely exposed, excavated, and removed in 1973. The urn (Figure 46) extended from a depth of 23 cm to a depth of 1.13 m. The urn fill from the rim to the bone concentration contained many sherds and three large Anadara grandis shells. The human bone concentration extended from a depth of 60 cm to the bottom of the urn. Within the concentration, long bones were stacked up along the southern and eastern borders, and skulls were concentrated on the northwestern side (Fig? ure 47). Three articulated ribs and 18 articulated adult vertebrae were encountered in the center of the concentration at a depth of 70 cm. All verte? brae were present from the fifth lumbar through the seventh cervical. In the extreme bottom ofthe urn occurred the articulated sacrum, innomi? nates, and bones of the tightly flexed legs and feet of the same adult male. A concentration of infant bones, some articulated, was found at a depth of 75 cm near a concentration of large shell beads. An additional adult tibia and fibula appeared to be articulated at this same level. It seems probable NUMBER 29 43 FIGURE 46.?Funerary urn, feature 24. FIGURE 47.?Skeletal concentration within feature 24. FIGURE 48.?Compotera plate from feature 24. FIGURE 49.?Ceramic jar from feature 24. 44 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ANTHROPOLOGY that the adult and infant were completely artic? ulated at the time of burial in the urn. The upper and lower halves of the adult body probably separated as flesh decomposed and bone positions shifted. A compotera plate (visible in Figure 47, upper left) was also found slightly below and NE of the articulated adult vertebrae. A jar was located near the bottom of the concentration. The urn displays a rounded lip, straight in? verted neck, round-pointed base, and no decora? tions nor appendages. Dimensions are as follows: rim diameter, 40 cm; maximum urn diameter, 55 cm; maximum height, 90 cm; body thickness, 10 mm. The compotera plate (Figure 48) displays a lip beveled interiorly. The plate's inside surface is smooth, although the outside surface is rough with air pockets. The rim is decorated at four places with groups of indentations. The indenta? tions occur in groups of seven, six, six and five, and each indentation is about 6 mm wide and 4 mm deep. The interior plate surface displays a white decoration, as shown in Figure 48. Dimen? sions of the plate are maximum diameter, 214 mm; diameter at plate-pedestal junction, 53 mm; height of plate, 54 mm; rim thickness, 4 mm; base thickness, 7 mm. The jar (Figure 49) displays a rounded lip, everted rim, straight everted neck, rounded, but slightly irregular body, and annular base. There are no appendages and no decorations. The color varies from orange to black-gray, and the texture is very rough with air pockets. Dimensions are as follows: rim diameter, 81 mm; neck diameter, 63 mm; maximum body diameter, 124 mm; base diameter, 61 mm; height, 123 mm; thickness, 6- 10 mm. In addition to the artifacts already mentioned, one ceramic spindle whorl and 90 beads were recovered, consisting of 45 type A, two type B, 21 type D, 10 type E, two type F, three type i, and seven type j . Human skeletal remains from feature 24 weigh 16,086 g and represent 15 individuals: six adults and nine subadults (Tables A17 and A68). Adult innominate morphology indicates four males and two females are present. One of the males was articulated in the urn. The pubes of this individ? ual display a complete ventral rampart on the left, but incomplete on the right. A femoral sec? tion of this individual shows 91 secondary osteons, 21 fragments, 1 percent lamellar bone, and no primary osteons. This suggests an age at death of 37 years. Sections of the two female femora produce respective counts of the following: secondary os? teons, 96 and 77; fragments, 37 and 32; and both sections lack lamellar bone and primary osteons. This suggests ages at death of 44 and 38 respec? tively. A fourth section (of one of the male femora) displays 96 secondary osteons, 16 fragments, 10 percent lamellar bone, and no primary osteons, suggesting an age at death of 29 years. Pubic morphology of what must be the remain? ing two males indicates ages at death of 30-35 years and greater than 40 years. Sorting of the subadult remains by long bone size suggests the following ages at death for the nine subadults: five individuals, age birth or soon after; one at about six months; one at one year; and two at two years. FEATURE 25 (Funerary Urn, Square A-2 and Western Extension, Main Cut).?This feature was located in 1972 but was fully excavated and removed in 1973. It consists of a large funerary urn covered with an inverted urn (Figure 50). The base of the inverted urn was missing and in its place was a collection of large, thick (10-15 mm) sherds. The highest portion of the covering was 15 cm below the surface, although the sherds extended to the surface. The covering contained a few bones, and many sherds. A dense bone concentration (Figure 51) extended from a depth of 75 cm to the bottom of the urn. No articulation was observed; however, crania were grouped on the eastern side. A com? plete jar and compotera were found along the northeastern border of the concentration. Nu? merous small artifacts were found at the extreme bottom ofthe urn. The urn measures 60 cm in diameter with a FIGURE 50.?Urn with inverted urn covering, feature 25. FIGURE 51.?Skeletal concentration within feature 25. 0 5 CM l _ l I I I?I FIGURE 52.?Ceramic jar from feature 25. rim diameter of 47 cm and an estimated height of 60 cm. The covering is incomplete, but had a maximum diameter of 53 cm. The jar (Figure 52) displays a rounded lip, direct rim, concave everted neck, a body with two slight carinations, an annular base, no append? ages, and no decoration. Dimensions are as fol? lows: rim diameter, 84 mm; minimum neck di? ameter, 48 mm; maximum body diameter, 164 mm; maximum base diameter, 83 mm; maxi? mum height, 178 mm; height of lower carination, 65 mm; height of upper carination, 137 mm; rim thickness, 8-9 mm; body thickness, 5-6 mm. The compotera is complete with a rounded lip, interiorly thickened rim, and a decoration of either incised or black painted lines on the plate's interior surface. Dimensions are as follows: rim diameter, 191 mm; maximum plate diameter, 206 mm; diameter at plate-pedestal junction, 90 mm; base diameter, 121 mm; height, 80 mm; plate and base thickness, 7-8 mm. Additional artifacts include 10 metal rings, fragments from two metal rings, several frag- 46 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ANTHROPOLOGY TABLE 12.?Ages (yrs) estimated for subadults in feature 25 from maximum diaphyseal lengths (mm) of the femora Length 320 204 190 170 170 95 90 Age 10.0 3.5 3.0 2.0 2.0 0.5 0.5 Length 90 80 68 60-70 60-70 60-70 Age 0.5 0.5 newborn newborn newborn newborn ments of metal wire, one cone-shaped copper artifact, one long unidentified copper object, one ceramic spindle whorl, and 1554 beads. The beads represent two type A, 1389 type D, 160 type G, and three type F. Human remains weigh 12,425 g and represent six adults and 13 subadults (Tables A18 and A69). Innominate and femoral morphology sug? gests three males and three females are present. Pubes from two females show considerable dete? rioration. Left femoral thin sections were pre? pared for two females and one male. The male showed counts of 110 secondary osteons, 45 frag? ments, one percent lamellar bone, and no primary osteons, suggesting an age at death of about 50 years. The two female sections showed counts of 85 and 97 secondary osteons, 26 and 29 frag? ments, one and 0 percent lamellar bone, and no primary osteons, for estimated ages of 39 and 40 years. The microscopic data and the morphology of the two female pubes indicate ages at death for the three females of 39, 40, and over 45 years. Femoral lengths and corresponding estimated ages at death are presented for the 13 subadults in Table 12. FEATURE 26 (Funerary Urn, Squares A-0 and A-1, Main Cut).?This feature consists of a fu? nerary urn with an inverted urn covering, initially exposed in 1972 and later excavated and removed by the author in 1973. The base of the inverted urn extended up to the then-present surface. Much of this base had been broken away and the resulting sherds were located in the immediate vicinity. The upright lower urn (Figure 53) ex? tended down from a depth of 20 cm to 1.3 m. A sleeve of human bone and soil (Figure 54) was located between the outside of the lower urn and the inside of the urn covering. Human bones within this "sleeve" represent at least three adults and two subadults. Some of these bones belong to the individuals who are also represented by bones within the lower urn. A detailed inventory of adult bones from this sleeve is presented in Table A19. Subadult bones consist of one left temporal, two right temporals, one left scapula, two thoracic vertebrae, one right femur, one left femur and one right radius. Soil within the upright urn above the bone concentration was very loose and dark, appar? ently having sifted into the urn after burial. The human bone concentration extended from a depth of 46 cm to the bottom of the urn (Figure 55). Bones were very densely packed primarily with adult skulls and long bones on top. The extreme top skull was resting on its right parietal facing SW. Near the bottom of the urn, was the partially articulated skeleton of an adult male (Figure 56). All bones were articulated from the feet through the pelvis and included the last four lumbar vertebrae. The articulated lumbars were attached to the sacrum but not to the first lumbar or any other bones of the upper torso. Four articulated thoracic vertebrae were found isolated on top of the innominates. The pelvis of the articulated male was in the SW corner of the urn with the femora extending NE and the lower legs tightly flexed underneath. An adult skull was lodged in the very bottom of the urn in the rounded base. This skull was resting on its base facing NE. The urn covering is incomplete but displays a round-pointed base with a maximum diameter of approximately 70 cm. The upright urn displays a lip beveled inte? riorly and a short, straight, slightly inverted neck. The urn has a round-pointed base, a maximum diameter of 72 cm, and an estimated height of about 80 cm. Additional artifacts from this feature consist of one ceramic spindle whorl and 10 shell beads. NUMBER 29 47 FIGURE 53.?Funerary urn, feature 26. M -'1 ?Ml ^^ K^ ^ ? F^fPS^: -', k c * ' - i - V. ^ ?'"' ?' ? ^ 1 ^ ^ ^^ 4^ ir-^ - ^p ^ v : ? 9 ! t ^ . * ^ . ; . ' ? FIGURE 54.?Human bones located between urn and cover? ing, feature 26. 4__ i j ^ ^ i M i K ^ S^i i^ M ... FIGURE 62.?Primary skeleton, feature 33C. 56 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ANTHROPOLOGY FIGURE 63.?Concentration of secondary infant bones near articulated female left femur and innominate, feature 35. FIGURE 64.?Right hand and articulated right femur and innominate of adult female, feature 35. This suggests an age at death of about 41 years. The adult skull shows endocranial fusion of the coronal and sagittal sutures, but these sutures have not fused ectocranially. The lambdoidal suture is open both inside and out. All teeth have been lost ante-mortem except the maxillary right second premolar and one right molar. The size of the infant bones suggests the indi? vidual died at birth or soon after. FEATURE 35 (Partially Disturbed Primary Skel? eton, Squares B-2 and C-2, Main Cut).?This feature consists of the articulated innominates, femora, and hands of an adult female and the mostly secondary remains of at least two suba? dults (Figures 63 and 64). The bones were first encountered at a depth of 71 cm and were mostly concentrated in an area 50 cm long E-W and 27 cm wide N-S . The positions of the adult bones suggest that they represent the remains of a once complete primary skeleton that was disturbed at some period after burial. The position of the bones indicate the skeleton was lying on its stom? ach and right side with arms and at least upper legs extended. The skull would have been WSW ofthe postcranial skeleton. The subadult remains were all concentrated immediately S of the artic? ulated left femur in an area 37 cm by 17 cm, and 15 cm thick. One subadult mandible was articu? lated with the skull. All other subadult remains did not appear to be articulated. The only asso? ciated artifacts consist of several sherds scattered over the area. NUMBER 29 57 It is probable that this feature was disturbed when the pits for features 2 and 3 were dug. The pit of feature 2 intersected feature 35 just above the pelvis while the pit for feature 3 intersected just below the knee. Morphology of the adult pelvis and femora indicates female sex. A section of the left femur reveals 96 secondary osteons, 52 fragments, no lamellae, and no primary osteons. This suggests an age at death of 44 years. The subadult remains contain most of the ma? jor bones of two individuals (Table A75). The larger of the infants displays a stage of dental formation suggesting an age at death of nine months to one year. The smaller of the two individuals died at birth or soon after, judging from the size of the long bones. FEATURE 36 (Primary Skeleton, Square C-3, Main Cut).?This feature consists of a child (Fig? ure 65) lying on its stomach and right side in extended position, with the remains of two infants located immediately above the left ilium, just S of the left hand and left upper femur. The ado? lescent skull was SW of the postcranial remains at a depth of 69 cm. A complete ceramic vessel was resting on a plate and the plate portion of a compotera just W ofthe skull. The pit outline for this feature intersected the pit outline for nearby feature 43, which contained an extended primary adult skeleton in the same orientation (Figure 75). The extended subadult displays a stage of den? tal formation that suggests an age at death of 8- 9 years. No estimate of sex is possible. The sec? ondary associated infant bones represent at least two individuals (Table A76). Long bones size indicates that one of these two individuals died at age 6 months to 1 year and the other at birth or shortly after. The ceramic jar is complete (Figure 66) and displays a rounded lip, everted rim, concave everted neck, an oval-shaped body slightly cari? nated, and a rounded base. There are no append? ages, and decoration is confined to a single line of punctations extending around the neck. Each punctation is about 5 mm in diameter and about 5 mm from the next. The texture is smooth with a red slip extending down from the rim 37 mm on the inside and 208 mm on the outside. Vertical striations occur over all of the outside surface. Dimensions are as follows: maximum rim diam? eter, 171 mm; minimum neck diameter, 79 mm; body diameter, 202 mm; vessel height, 243 mm; height of body to neck junction, 163 mm; height of carination, 99 mm; rim thickness, 6-7 mm. The ceramic plate is nearly complete and dis? plays a rounded lip, straight everted rim, and a flat base. Appendages consist of four additions to the rim, uniformly spaced around the rim. There are no decorations, but the inside surface is pol? ished with a slip present, and the outside surface is somewhat rough. The plate is 215 mm in diameter and 37 mm in height. The compotera consists of only the plate (Fig? ure 67), which displays a lip beveled interiorly and a slightly concave everted rim. A carination occurs 17 mm from the lip. There are no append? ages, no decorations and no slip. The surface shows irregular smoothing striations on the inte? rior but none on the exterior. Dimensions are as follows: maximum rim diameter, 121 mm; di? ameter at carination, 109 mm; diameter at plate- pedestal junction, 34 mm; height of plate, 30 mm; thickness, 7-12 mm. FEATURE 37A-E (Ceramic Concentration Cov? ering Primary and Secondary Human Remains, Square E-3 and Eastern Extension, Main Cut).? This feature consists of a large concentration of sherds covering individual concentrations of hu? man remains. The entire feature was excavated in July 1973. The pottery consisted of large thick (urn size) sherds, concentrated in an area about 2 m long and about 1.2 m wide (Figure 68). The long axis of the concentration extended NE-SW, and was mostly located in the center of Square E-3 but stretched slightly into the eastern exten? sion. Most of this concentration occurred between depths of 30 and 80 cm. Below the ceramic concentration were five individual concentrations of human remains. The concentrations of human remains labeled A, B, D, and E contained only secondary remains, while concentration C con- 58 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ANTHROPOLOGY FIGURE 66.?Ceramic ja r from feature 36. FIGURE 65.?Primary skeleton with associated artifacts, fea? ture 36. sisted of an articulated primary skeleton. The overall relationship of these concentrations is shown in Figure 69. Note the two ash concentra? tions in line with skeletal concentrations B and C. These ash deposits represent pits extending down from the level ofthe pottery concentration. A: This consists of a tightly packed assem? blage of human remains with the skull generally located WSW of the postcranial bones. The con? centration occurred at a depth of 57 cm and had 0 5 CM I I I \ L_l FIGURE 67.?Compotera plate from feature 36. NUMBER 29 59 a maximum length of 57 cm NE-SW, and a width of 9 cm NW-SE. A metal ring was found within the center of this concentration. The concentration contained the generally complete remains of one adult (Table A25). Mor? phology of the innominates, skull, and long bones suggests female sex. An age at death of 20-25 years is suggested by slight molar wear, no cranial suture closure, and no arthritic change on either the vertebral or long bone joint surfaces. In addition to the adult remains, the concen? tration contained one mandibular deciduous first molar with the crown only 50 percent formed. The tooth was from an infant who died at birth or soon after. Four fragments of adult-sized cremated bone are also present. The bone is calcined, warped, and probably represents burning ofthe bone with the flesh still attached. B: This concentration was not as tightly packed as that in A. The skull was located NW of the postcranial material in a concentration that measured 43 cm N-S and 27 cm E-W. Depth was 57 cm. The concentration contained the secondary remains of two subadults (Table A77), one 57 mm charred fragment from an adult radius shaft, and one charred adult cranial frag? ment. All of the subadult bones are from one individual, except one left temporal. The tem? poral displays a tympanic plate incompletely formed, indicating an age of six months to one year. The other subadult displays a maxillary permanent premolar with a crown 50 percent formed. A mandibular first molar shows a com? plete crown with initial root formation. A second molar shows a crown 50 percent formed. These data suggest an age at death of about four years. In addition to the charred adult remains, six of the subadult remains show evidence of burning. Two ribs and two long bone shaft fragments are calcined, white in color, and display the warping and transverse fractures characteristic of burning in the flesh. An additional ulna fragment shows similar warping and transverse fractures, but is gray-black in color. The distal end of the right clavicle is charred. C: This articulated extended skeleton was lying on its back and right side with the skull WSW of the postcranial skeleton. This skeleton was deeper than the other four concentrations, with a depth to the skull of 70 cm. Measurements of the skeleton were 1.46 m NE-SW and 32 cm NW-SE. Four packets of small triangular copper plates were found associated with this skeleton: above the left foot (5 plates), above the right innominate (at least 11 plates), below the skull (eight to 10 plates), and below the sacrum (5 plates). One ceramic spindle whorl occurred with the copper plates above the left foot. An infant skull and several other infant bones were found between the femora in the pubic area. A concen? tration of ash about 30 cm in diameter occurred just north ofthe left shoulder area. The left femur shows evidence of being burned while in situ. Narrow sciatic notches, pronounced brow ridges, and large mastoid processes on the skull indicate male sex, although femoral head diam? eters (42 mm) are small. All cranial sutures are open, and the first and second molars display considerable wear. This suggests an age at death of between 30 and 35 years. Subadult remains are summarized in Table A78. The bones probably all represent one indi? vidual. The maxillary deciduous left lateral inci? sor shows a completely formed crown, but no root formation. The maxillary deciduous first molar crown is only 75 percent complete. This suggests the infant died at birth or soon after. Additional artifacts recovered from this feature include one obsidian fragment and nine type D shell beads. D-E: Letter designations D-E were assigned to what appeared to be two crania within a skeletal concentration 50 cm SE of the skull of 37C. Actually both letters relate to a single sec? ondary concentration containing at least three adults and three subadults. The concentration extended 90 cm NE-SW and 12 cm NW-SE at a depth of 57 cm and was not covered by the ceramic concentration. No bones were articu? lated; however, the infant bones were concen- 60 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ANTHROPOLOGY FIGURE 68.?Concentration of pottery, feature 37. trated within the SW aspect, while the adult crania were found on the NE side. Two groups of copper plates were found: one below the infant remains in the SW corner and a second group in the lower central part of the concentration. The two groups contained at least 10 to 12 plates, but an exact count is not possible due to advanced deterioration of the specimens. The skeletal material contained at least three adults and three subadults (Tables A26 and A79). The skull labeled 37-E displays the small supraor? bital ridges and mastoid processes characteristic of females. All sutures are open, suggesting a relatively young age at death. The skull labeled 37-D is too fragmentary to allow a sex estimate. Some fragments show open sutures which gener? ally suggest an age younger than 40 years. A third skull found below D - E represents a male with large mastoid processes and supraor? bital ridges. All sutures on the vault are open and the third molars are incompletely formed and erupted. This suggests an age at death of 16-20 years. Of the three subadults, two died at birth or soon after, as indicated by femoral lengths of 65 mm and 85 mm. The third subadult displays a maxillary permanent first molar with complete crown and slight root formation. This suggests an age of 3-4 years. In total, feature 37 contains at least five adults and five subadults (Tables A27 and A80). No bones of any one concentration came from indi? viduals who were represented by bones in a dif? ferent concentration. An extra left temporal was NUMBER 29 61 10 CM J FIGURE 69.?Skeletal deposits within feature 37. found with 37B that could match with one ofthe younger infants in D-E; however, this match is not positive. FEATURE 38 (Primary Skeleton, Square E-3, Main Cut).?This primary skeleton was found late in the field season and was not completely uncovered or removed. The skull was SW of the postcranial material. A compotera plate was found immediately W of the skull. Due to the incomplete excavation no additional information is available on skeleton position. Only the compotera plate was removed for additional analysis. The plate displays a flat lip. straight everted rim, with a carination 18 mm below the lip. There are no appendages, and decoration is confined to two incised lines extend? ing around the circumference of the plate on the inner rim. The texture is coarse with no slip. There are smoothing striations extending hori? zontally around the rim on both the inside and outside surfaces. Dimensions are as follows: max? imum rim diameter, 183 mm; diameter at cari? nation, 172 mm; diameter at plate-pedestal junc? tion, 55 mm; plate height, 47 mm. FEATURE 39 (Incomplete Remains of an Artic? ulated Skeleton, Square C-0, Main Cut).?This 62 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ANTHROPOLOGY feature consists of an isolated articulated right arm (humerus, radius, ulna, and right hand) found at a depth of 74 cm in square C-0. The position of the bones suggests they are from an individual probably lying on its back with arms extended, palms facing down. One isolated adult fibula occurred 33 cm E of the hand. The distal end of the fibula was removed during excavation in 1972. It cannot be judged if the foot was articulated. No artifacts were associated and the distance from the proximal end of the humerus to the distal end of the fibula was 1.30 m. The bones probably represent an articulated skeleton that was partially disturbed when the pit for feature 12 was dug. The skeleton would have been on its back with its skull W ofthe postcranial skeleton. A 39 mm head diameter of the humerus strongly suggests female sex. Initial arthritic in? volvement on the humerus head, the proximal ulna, and the distal radius generally suggests an age at death of 30 to 40 years. FEATURE 40 (Primary Skeleton, Square C-0 and Southern Extension, Main Cut).?This feature represents an extended adult male lying just NE of the base of the urn in feature 14 and below and NW of feature 19. The feature had been initially located in 1972, but was excavated in detail and removed in 1973. The skull was nearly in contact with the base of feature 14 (Figure 70). Both this feature and the base of feature 14 were lying within the shell layer. The skeleton was lying on its right side with legs extended. The skull was at a depth of 80 cm and was SW of the postcranial remains. Maximum length ofthe fea? ture was 1.40 m and width was 30 cm. A small badly fragmented pottery vessel was located im? mediately behind (NW) the skull. No other arti? facts were recovered. Pelvic and cranial morphology suggest male sex. Data on cranial suture closure, vertebral osteophytosis, and pubic symphysis morphology suggest an age at death of between 40 and 50 years. FEATURE 41 (Primary Skeleton, Square A-3, Main Cut).?This feature represents an articu? lated infant lying on its stomach and right side (Figure 71). The skeleton was located at a depth of 77 cm within the shell layer. Legs and arms were extended, with the skull WSW of the postcranial skeleton. Two strands of shell beads encircle the infant's pelvis. A total of 234 beads were recovered, 195 type D, 38 type F, and one type G. A small ceramic vessel, found just above the skull, displays a rounded lip, everted rim, concave everted neck, a carination on the body, and a rounded base (Figure 72). There are no appendages, and decoration consists of a single line of 2 mm punctations that extends around the circumference ofthe vessel at the base ofthe neck. The texture is smooth with no striations and dimensions are as follows: maximum rim diame? ter, 93 mm; minimum neck diameter, 47 mm; maximum body diameter, 114 mm; maximum vessel height, 125 mm; rim thickness, 6-7 mm; body thickness, 5-6 mm. The infant skeleton is generally complete, with major missing bones being confined to the left tibia and both fibulae. An age at death of nine months to one year is suggested by the stage of dental formation: specifically, the mandibular deciduous second molars show crowns complete with no root formation and the mandibular right permanent first molar shows a crown 25 percent complete. In addition to the bones of this individ? ual, a right scapula from an even younger infant and fragments of an adult maxilla and an adult right mandibular condyle were found. The adult maxilla shows some charring. FEATURE 42 (Primary Skeleton, Square B-1, Main Cut).?This feature consists of a primary adult female skeleton lying on its back and right side with legs and arms extended (Figure 73). The skeleton was directly below feature 29 at a depth to the skull of 88 cm. The skull was located WSW ofthe postcranial remains. The feature was initially discovered in early 1973 but later exca? vated and removed by the author. A small ce? ramic vessel occurred slightly SW and above the skull. Immediately N of the vessel was the skull and mandible of a Lama sp. A small shell was found within the left eye orbit. Eight cm above NUMBER 29 63 FIGURE 70.?Primary skeleton of feature 40 and feature 14. the right hand occurred disarticulated bones from the partial skeleton of a small mammal, Canis sp. A concentration of infant bones was found between the adult legs and slightly above the right femur. Four groups of small triangular cop? per plates were found associated with the skele? ton. Two of these (containing at least 18 and 20 plates) were immediately S of the fourth lumbar vertebra. One (about 10 plates) was resting on top of the right fifth middle hand phalanx. The 64 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ANTHROPOLOGY " ^ H FIGURE 71.?Primary infant skeleton, feature 41 (skull re? moved prior to photograph). fourth group (at least 19 plates) was found just above the proximal end of the left femur beneath the left hand. Two metal rings occurred just below the right mastoid process. An additional ring was found within the right eye orbit. The maximum length ofthe skeleton was 1.53 m and the width was 26 cm. Pit outlines were distin? guished around the skeleton and measured 1.73 m in length by 32 cm in width. The ceramic vessel (Figure 74) is complete and displays a rounded lip, everted rim, concave ev? erted neck, a carinated oval-shaped body with a rounded base. There are no appendages, and decoration is confined to a single line of puncta? tions extending around the base of the neck. A red slip occurs over most of the outside surface. Dimensions are as follows: rim diameter, 174 mm; neck diameter, 79 mm; diameter at carination, 186 mm; maximum height, 223 mm; height to neck, 138 mm; height to carination, 85 mm; rim thickness, 6-8 mm. ^I#>-1 ? , ,? . 0 I \ I L 5 CM FIGURE 72.?Ceramic ja r from feature 41. NUMBER 29 65 ?mi FIGURE 73.?Primary skeleton, feature 42. Eleven type D beads were recovered from this feature. The adult skeleton is complete except for most of the bones of the feet which apparently had been removed in the initial exposure of the skel? eton in early 1973. Innominate morphology sug? gests female sex. The third molars have erupted, yet cranial sutures are open both endocranially and ectocranially and the basilar synchondrosis has not yet united. This suggests an age of be? tween 20 and 25 years. 0 5 CM I ' l l ' ' FIGURE 74.?Ceramic jar from feature 42. The subadult remains consist of both humeri, both ulnae, both femora, both tibiae, both tem? porals, the mandible, both ilia, the right ischium, 16 ribs, and eight vertebrae. The size ofthe bones suggests an age at death of birth or soon after. FEATURE 43 (Primary Skeleton, Square C-3, Main Cut).?This feature consists of an extended adult male lying on its right side and back with the skull WSW ofthe postcranial material (Figure 75). This feature was excavated and removed in 1973. The pit outline was clearly visible around the skeleton. The pit fill was loose and powdery in marked contrast to the clay and shell in the adjacent soil. Maximum depth from the surface to the skull was 74 cm. Maximum length of the skeleton was 1.62 and width, 32 cm. Dimensions NUMBER 29 67 J>i . . .> XrUm 3 M B m:. 'Hi FIGURE 76.?Articulated infant and ceramic plate near adult leg bones, feature 43. of the pit were maximum length, 1.92 m, and width, 40 cm. An articulated infant was found on top of the right femur (Figure 76). The infant was lying on its back with legs extended back over the chest area. On the N side of the left femur was a compotera plate. A small ceramic vessel was lo? cated 4 cm SW of the skull (Figure 77). A con? centration of beads occurred below the skull in the neck region. The beads were lying end to end as if they had been strung. Seven groups of small triangular copper plates were found associated with the skeleton. Four of these (at least 10, 10, 10, and 16 plates in each) were concentrated within a 5 cm area just N of the right elbow. One group (at least seven plates) FIGURE 75.?Primary skeletons, features 36 and 43. FIGURE 77.?Ceramic vessel associated with feature 43. was found resting on the left ilium just above the acetabulum. A sixth group (at least 10 plates) was found just below the infant on top of the adult right femur midshaft. The final group (at least 10 plates) was found below the ribs 10 cm SW of the left ilium. One metal ornament was found directly beneath the right mastoid process. The ceramic vessel is complete and displays a rounded lip, everted rim, concave everted neck, and carinated oval body with a rounded base. There are no appendages, and decoration is con? fined to a single line of punctations extending around the base of the neck. A smooth red slip extends from the rim down 25 mm on the inside and down 220 mm on the outside. Dimensions are as follows: maximum rim diameter, 182 mm; neck diameter, 84 mm; vessel diameter, 202 mm; maximum height, 270 mm, rim thickness, 7-9 mm. 68 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ANTHROPOLOGY The compotera plate displays a lip beveled interiorly with a concave everted rim. The plate is 160 mm in diameter and has a rim thickness of 8 mm. One hundred seventy-six beads were recovered from this feature, 174 type D, one type G, and one type K. All of the groups of copper plates are badly eroded, but measure roughly 22 mm in height by 18 mm in width at the base. They are still bound together by the original fabric. The primary adult skeleton is generally com? plete. Copper stains occur on the left posterior surface of the ilium and the proximal end of the right ulna. Morphology of the pelvis suggests male sex. The symphyseal faces of the pubes display complete ventral ramparts, but no rim formation, suggesting an age of 40 to 50 years at death. All sutures are fused endocranially, but only the sagittal suture shows fusion ectocranially. The articulated infant remains are also com? plete. Of the major bones, only the left radius, ulna, and clavicle are missing. The maxillary deciduous second molar shows a complete crown with 25 percent root formation and the maxillary permanent first incisor shows a crown 25 percent formed. This suggests an age at death of between nine months and one year. This age at death is also suggested by the length of the left femora, 140 mm, and the tibiae, 119 mm. FEATURE 44 (Primary Skeleton, Square A-1, Main Cut).?This feature consists ofthe skeleton of a child exposed in early 1973. It was found at a depth of about 40 cm, immediately SW of feature 21 in the eastern aspect of square A-1. The skeleton had been isolated on a pedestal that collapsed on 17 July 1973. Although information on position, head direction, and extent of articu? lation is not available, the author did observe that the mandible and the skull were articulated. Of the major bones, only the right femur and the left clavicle are missing. Dental formation data suggest an age at death of about six years. No cultural material was associated with the skeleton. FEATURE 45 (Primary Skeleton, Square A-0 and Southern Extension, Main Cut).?This feature was found in 1973 by the author and represents an adult skeleton lying on its right side with the skull WSW of the postcranial skeleton. The skel? eton was lying within the powdery soil layer directly on top of the shell layer. No pit outlines were distinguished. A single shell {Protothaca as? perrima) was located within each eye orbit and a copper ring was found within the nasal cavity. A small ceramic vessel and compotera plate were found resting against the SW side of the skull. The skeleton measured 1.48 m in length, NE- SW, and 24 cm in width, NW-SE. Depth to the skull was 62 cm. The ceramic vessel (Figure 78) displays a rounded lip, everted rim, concave everted neck, rounded oval body, and rounded base. There are no appendages and no decorations. The texture is rough on the inside ofthe vessel but smooth on the outside. A red slip occurs over most of the outer surface and the rim with poorly-defined borders. Dimensions are as follows: maximum rim diameter, 105 mm; minimum neck diameter, 57 mm; maximum body diameter, 123 mm; max? imum height, 161 mm; rim thickness, 4-6 mm; body thickness, 5 mm. The compotera plate displays a flat lip, slightly concave everted rim, with a carination 22 mm below the lip. There are no appendages, and decoration consists of a combed incised pattern on the inside ofthe plate (Figure 79). The texture is rough and eroded with no slip. Horizontal smoothing striations occur on the rim above the carination on the outside ofthe plate. Dimensions are as follows: maximum rim diameter, 189 mm; diameter at carination, 180 mm; diameter at plate-pedestal junction, 65 mm; height of plate, 45 mm; plate thickness, 4-8 mm. The skeleton is generally complete. A wide sciatic notch, deep preauricular sulcus, small mas? toid processes, and slight browridges all suggest female sex. In addition, the skull displays all sutures open both endocranially and ectocrani? ally. The line of fusion is still visible around the epiphyses ofthe long bones. The third molars are erupted, but display little wear. All of this sug? gests an age at death between 20 and 25 years. FEATURE 46 (Partially Disturbed Primary Skel- NUMBER 29 69 t 5 CM J \ L FIGURE 78.?Ceramic vessel from feature 45. eton. Western Extension, W of Square A-2, Main Cut).?This skeleton was found and excavated in 1973. The skeleton was lying on its back with arms extended at the sides, with the skull NE of the postcranial skeleton. The skeleton was artic? ulated from the skull through the innominates, but the leg area was disturbed. The right femur was missing completely and only the proximal third of the left femur was in situ. Bone and pottery fragments were scattered W of the skele? ton, implying this individual was disturbed by a more recent excavation. No pit outlines were distinguished; however, the skeleton was lying within the powdery soil layer at a depth to the skull of 30 cm. A small ceramic figurine was \ ^^>',f / 4>' 5 CM J I 1 FIGURE 79.?Compotera plate from feature 45. found 30 cm N of the skull of feature 46, and 20 cm W of feature 25. The figurine was probably associated with feature 46, but this is impossible to determine positively. Ceramic fragments were concentrated above the right shoulder. A concen? tration of beads was found in the neck region. Some appeared to be aligned as if strung and others did not. A total of 201 beads were re? covered. Of these, 118 are type D, five are type F, one is type G, one is type i, and 76 are type p. The ceramic figurine (Figure 100) measures 93 mm in height, 67 mm in width across the arms, and 28 mm thick in the chest area. One small obsidian fragment represents the only other artifact from this feature. The human remains are generally complete from the pelvis through the skull. Female sex is suggested by a preauricular sulcus and wide sciatic notch on each innominate, small mastoid processes on the skull, and general gracility ofthe long bones. All cranial sutures are open ectocran? ially and endocranially, and the third molars display slight wear. This generally suggests an age of 25 to 30 years. 70 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ANTHROPOLOGY FEATURE 47 (Primary Skeleton, Western Exten? sion, W of Square A-0, Main Cut).?This feature consists of an infant skeleton articulated from just above the waist to the skull. The lower half of the skeleton was not present, and probably had been removed prior to our excavation. The skeleton was lying on its back with arms extended, the skull WSW ofthe postcranial skeleton, at a depth of 43 cm. The skeleton was lying within the powdery layer and no pit outlines could be distin? guished. The mandibular permanent left first molar shows a crown 75 percent complete. This suggests an age at death of about two years. No cultural remains were associated. FEATURE 48 (Primary Skeleton, Square A-1 and Western Extension, Main Cut).?This feature consists of an adult skeleton lying beneath and slightly S of feature 24. A concentration of thick ceramic fragments was found above the skeleton just SW of feature 24 at a depth of 35 cm. The highest ceramic fragment in the concentration was the round-pointed base of a large urn, sug? gesting that an inverted urn may have been present. The adult female skeleton was lying on its stomach and right side with legs and arms extended. The skull was WSW of the postcranial skeleton at a depth of 1.07 m. The skeleton meas? ured 1.47 m NE-SW, and 28 cm NW-SE. A concentration of infant bones occurred immedi? ately above the left femur. Associated artifacts included a small fragmentary ceramic vessel, found just S of and against the knees; two ceramic plates from just N ofthe skull; three metal rings, two found in situ, one at each mastoid process; and groups of copper plates from three locations: below the left hand, just S ofthe right elbow, and just S of the right radius-ulna midshaft. Twelve groups are present with minimal individual plate counts of 5, 7, 8, 8, 9, 10, 10, 12, 13, 15, 19, and 19. The skull and mandible of a Lama sp. were found resting on the lower plate near the skull. One of the ceramic plates consists of the plate portion of a compotera. It displays a lip beveled interiorly, a concave everted rim, and a carination 20 mm below the rim. There are no appendages and no decorations; however, a smooth red slip occurs on the interior and exterior surfaces above the carination. The outside surface below the carination is coarse with no slip. The inside plate surface has irregular polishing striations with some erosion. The rim shows horizontal striations inside and out. Dimensions are as follows: maxi? mum rim diameter, 217 mm; diameter at cari? nation, 207 mm; diameter at plate-pedestal junc? tion, 67 mm; plate thickness, 8-12 mm. The other plate is not available for examination. Two hundred thirty-six shell beads were re? covered. Of these 211 are type D, 23 are type F, and two are type G. The adult skeleton is relatively complete. The wide sciatic notches and preauricular sulci of the pelvis suggest female sex. All cranial sutures are open, and the third molars are erupted, but show only slight wear. Collectively, these data suggest an age at death of between 25 and 30 years. The infant remains represent at least two in? dividuals, and are presented in detail in Table A81. Most of the remains represent a very young infant, who died at birth or soon after. A maxil? lary deciduous second molar from this individual shows initial coalescence of cusps. The older in? fant displays a femoral length of 98 mm, which generally suggests an age at death of between six months and one year. FEATURE 49 (Primary Skeleton, Western Exten? sion, W of Square A-1, Main Cut).?This feature consists of an extended primary adult skeleton (Figure 80) lying on its right side on top of the shell layer. The skull was SW of the postcranial remains at a depth of 80 cm. The skeleton meas? ured 1 m in length and 30 cm in width. The pit for feature 23 intersected the skeleton just below the pelvis, so that the legs and feet of feature 49 were not present. Directly on top ofthe skull was a ceramic plate containing the articulated partial skull and mandible of a deer {Odocoileus sp.). Just SW of the deer skull was a small ceramic vessel sitting upright and resting on a long-necked com? potera. Three large axe-shaped copper plates were found: one just above the right hand, one just above the right elbow (visible in Figure 80), NUMBER 29 71 and one just N ofthe lumbar vertebrae below the left elbow. The ceramic jar (Figure 81) is complete except for part of the rim. It displays a rounded lip, everted rim, concave everted neck, rounded oval body with a rounded base. There are no append? ages, and decoration is confined to a single line of punctations that are 3 mm in diameter and 5 mm apart. A smooth red slip extends from the rim down 32 mm on the inside and over the entire outside surface. Vertical striations occur on the entire outside surface with horizontal striations on the inside of the rim. Measurements are as follows: rim diameter, 139 mm; neck diameter, 59 mm; body diameter, 157 mm; maximum height of vessel, 182 mm; height to decoration at neck, 122 mm; rim thickness, 6-8 mm. The compotera is complete except for part of the base. It displays a rounded lip, concave ev? erted rim, with a carination 28 mm below the lip. There are no appendages, and decoration consists of an incised design on the inner surface of the plate (Figure 82). The texture is smooth with a red slip extending from 5 mm below the carina? tion up to the rim on the outside surface, and from the rim down 38 mm on the inside surface. Smoothing striations occur on the outside of the rim; all other outside surfaces have no striations. Dimensions are as follows: maximum rim diam? eter, 232 mm; diameter at carination, 218 mm; diameter at plate-pedestal junction, 85 mm; base diameter, 208 mm; maximum height, 278 mm; rim thickness, 5-9 mm; base thickness, 3-5 mm. The human skeleton is generally complete from the pelvis to the skull. Cranial and pelvic mor? phology strongly suggest male sex. An age of 25 to 30 years is suggested by the fully erupted third molars, which display minimal wear. FEATURE 50 (Funerary Urn, Northern Exten? sion, N of Square A-3, Main Cut).?This feature consists of a funerary urn with a very fragmentary inverted urn covering. The covering was removed on 6 August 1973, and the remainder ofthe urn was removed on 15 August 1973. The covering extended from the ground surface to a depth of about 55 cm. The upright urn extended from a depth of 50 cm down to a depth of about 1.2 m. The bone concentration was encountered at a depth of 70 cm, along with an inverted complete ceramic vessel and a compotera resting on its side (Figures 83, 84). In the SW corner ofthe concen? tration, a left and a right femur were resting nearly vertically with the heads facing each other in correct anatomical position. The femora were articulated to the tibiae and the fibulae, which extended horizontally within the concentration. In addition, the articulated sacrum, pelvis, and two lumbar vertebrae were found between the knees. The position of the bones suggested that the entire lower half of the individual was prob? ably articulated at the time of burial and the pelvis, sacrum, and vertebrae slipped down as soft tissue decomposition progressed. The other vertebrae and bones of the feet were not articu? lated. Bones from the rest of the skeleton of this individual were present within the urn, but were not articulated. The urn fill above the bone con? centration was extremely fine and loose. The ceramic vessel is complete and displays a lip beveled interiorly, a rim interiorly thickened, a concave everted neck, a rounded body with a rounded base. There are no appendages and no decorations. The texture is smooth with a red slip extending from the rim down 153 mm on the external surface. There are vertical striations on the outer surface; and horizontal striations on the inside rim. Dimensions are as follows: maximum rim diameter, 128 mm; minimum neck diameter, 61 mm; maximum body diameter, 160 mm; max? imum height, 195 mm; rim thickness, 6-9 mm; body thickness, 7-9 mm. The compotera is complete and displays a lip beveled interiorly, concave everted rim, with a carination 22 mm below the lip. The rim is slightly irregular in shape and there are no ap? pendages. Decoration consists of an incised pat? tern on the interior of the plate (Figure 85). The texture is rough, with no slip. The inside of the plate is white in color with orange incisions. Horizontal striations occur on the outside of the rim and inside of the base. Dimensions are as follows: maximum rim diameter, 189-193 mm; 72 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ANTHROPOLOGY A^^ FIGURE 80.?Primary skeleton with associated artifacts, feature 49; note ceramic vessels and deer skull above human skull and large copper plate above right elbow area. NUMBER 29 73 0 5 CM I I I I l__l FIGURE 81.?Ceramic jar from feature 49. diameter at carination, 172-174 mm; diameter at plate-pedestal junction, 68 mm; base diameter, 142 mm; height of compotera, 110 mm. The urn itself was not reconstructed; however, field measurements show a rim diameter of 41 cm, an estimated height of about 70 cm, and maximum diameter of about 60 cm. Seven metal rings were recovered. One of these w?is adhering to the parietal-temporal area of the skull and the others were mixed in the concentra? tion. One hundred eighty-four shell beads were re? covered from this feature. Of these eight are type D and 176 are type F. Skeletal remains from this urn weigh 7660 g, and represent at least six adults and five sub? adults. Detailed inventories of the adult and subadult bones are presented in Tables A28 and A82. Note that five adults are indicated by right femora and six by left tibiae, but relatively few adults are represented by other bones. 0 5 CM I I I I I I FIGURE 82.?Compotera plate surface, feature 49. Morphology of the adult humeri indicates that at least three males and two females are present. Age at death for each individual is estimated through microscopic examination of sections taken from the right femora. These observations and age estimates are summarized in Table 15. Specimen 50-5 represents the articulated adult described earlier. This individual is female with an estimated age of 39 years. The five subadult TABLE 15.?Ages estimated for adults in feature 50 from femoral cortical microstructure; sex determined by femoral morphology 50-1 50-2 50-3 50-4 50-5 No. of secondary osteons 85 11 76 86 95 No. of osteon fragments 22 36 30 41 32 Average % lamel? lar bone 4 0 0 0 5 No. of primary osteons 0 0 0 0 1 Age 35 37 38 40 39 Sex F F 74 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ANTHROPOLOGY i^teVvv;^: -\:^ ^^^e-.:r,.:i^^m j^^ ^^^^^BBB^S^^'MIJ^^ ? ^^^^HBBEl^L^^I^^^^BfeHtfl ? ? ^ : ' ' ^ " ^ " ^ ^ ' ^ . '^?., . . . .J . ? 'MM k ^^?^^B ? \ i r ??? ^ ^ fck^ks^ii J B ^ l A k ' ^ L . ' ' ' '*''????' ? ^--<: ? . , ???? .: ,> , V : - i i ; j ! : ,, HJIPtf '" ^^ E ' FIGURE 83.?Skeletal concentration and artifacts within feature 50, view from SE. FIGURE 84.?Skeletal concentration and artifacts within fea? ture 50, view from E. FIGURE 85.?Incised design on compotera plate surface, fea? ture 50. individuals are of the following estimated ages at death: 8-8.5 years; 7.5-8.5 years; 4-5 years; 1-2 years; and 0-3 months. In the oldest subadult, the permanent first molars have erupted to the occlusal plane and are fully formed, and the maxillary permanent left second molar shows a crown complete with 25 percent root formation. This suggests an age at death of 8-8.5 years. The other ages at death are based upon a combination of criteria including dental development and maximum length of the long bones. FEATURE 51 (Funerary Urn, Northern Exten? sion, N of Square A-3, Main Cut).?This feature consists of a funerary urn with an inverted urn covering found and excavated in August 1973. At the time of discovery, the inverted urn covering was unbroken; consequently, little soil had sifted down into the upright urn. When the cap was removed, the skeletal material was fully exposed (Figure 86). The lower urn was completely filled with human remains. The inverted urn covering extended from the surface to a depth of about 60 cm. The lower urn extended from a depth of 50 NUMBER 29 75 cm to a depth of about 90 cm. At a depth of 80 cm, an articulated foot was found, associated with a concentration of shell beads and three groups of copper plates. Two metal rings were found 10 cm above the copper plates. The lower urn ex? tended through the shell layers into the clay. The urn covering is complete and displays a lip beveled interiorly, everted rim, concave everted neck, and a round-pointed base. Dimensions are as follows: maximum rim diameter, 44 cm; max? imum vessel diameter, 74 cm; maximum height, 84 cm; rim thickness, 19-22 mm. The upright urn displays a lip beveled inte? riorly, everted rim, concave everted neck, with dimensions as follows: maximum rim diameter, 43 cm, maximum urn diameter, 58 cm. The base is not present. Eight hundred forty-two beads were recovered from this feature. Of these, 603 are type D, 17 are type F, and 222 are type G. A total of 26 groups of small triangular copper plates were recovered. Excessive decomposition prevents an accurate count of the number of individual plates in each group; however, mini? mal counts of those present range from four to 20. A total of 299 individual plates were counted, for an average of 11.5 per group. Human remains from this feature weigh 7620 g and represent five individuals: at least two adults and three subadults (Tables A29 and A83). The adults are both male and are generally com? plete. Morphology of the skull and pubes suggest ages at death of 28-32 years and 45-50 years for these two adults. One calcined long bone shaft fragment is present. Dental development and long bone lengths of the subadults suggest ages at death of about one, 11, and 12 years. The 12-year-old is generally complete and displays united epiphyses on the femoral heads, right greater trochanter, and left lesser trochanter. Epiphyses are not united on the distal femora, the left greater trochanter and the right lesser trochanter. The left calcaneus and talus of this individual were articulated and show signs of recent epiphyseal union. The 11-year-old is less complete, and the one- year-old is represented by a few bones only. FEATURE 52 (Funerary Urn, Northern Exten? sion, N of Square B-3, Main Cut).?This feature consists of a funerary urn with an inverted urn covering located and removed in August 1973. The covering lacked both its base and rim and extended from ground surface to a depth of 34 cm. A pit outline was detected that closely fol? lowed the contour of the feature, except on the northern side where it extended northward. This extension of the pit outline began at a depth of 34 cm and angled northward to the surface 34 cm N of the urn covering. This pit extension contained very dark soil with shells and adult human bones. The urn itself was filled above the bone concentration with dark soil and a few shells. The skeletal concentration was encoun? tered at a depth of 58 cm and extended to the bottom ofthe urn (Figure 87). At a level of about 65 cm in the eastern edge of the concentration, there occurred the articulated pelvis, femora, ti? biae, fibulae, and foot bones of a 12 to 14 year old subadult. The articulated right radius and ulna occurred immediately S of the right femur and the articulated left radius and ulna and distal end of the left humerus occurred immediately to the left of the left femur. The lower legs were tightly flexed beneath the femora, so that the feet were below the pelvis. A broken compotera was present in the SW aspect of the concentration. Two fragments from that compotera were found 35 cm to the NE within the urn. The urn covering lacks both its base and rim and measures approximately 59 cm in diameter. The upright urn is generally fragmented but complete, and measures 59 cm in diameter and 59 cm in height. The reconstructed compotera is complete and displays a lip beveled interiorly, with a straight everted rim. A red slip occurs on the outside plate surface. Dimensions are as follows: maximum rim diameter, 173 mm; maximum height of vessel, 137 mm; maximum base diameter, 163 mm; rim thickness, 10 mm; base thickness, 9 mm. One fragmentary metal ring was recovered from the base of the urn. 76 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ANTHROPOLOGY 1 1 1 \^2-2^ ? 1 -40r - , * ' ? : ? ? . : : : ^ - ? ? : ' # ? ' ^ ? * t ^ ? ? ^ | | ? l'^ ''^ ^ ' ^^/^^^^m^^K^t^^^^^'^^^^^M ^ * c^ 5"-i V/3/-7J - ! ! ^ > ? ? * * i . . . 1 * .,*.^ ^^ '' J ? - ^ , ^ & ^ 2^ * 1^^ 1^ / ? ? 5 .?? t, / ^ F ' >, . ?? ^ ^ ^ H i H ^ * RP*'^ ^ ^SH ^ ^ : ' ^:M . ^ ^ i ^^^H ^^^^^^^H FIGURE 86.?Funerary urn and skeletal concentration, feature 51. Human remains from within the urn weigh 7813 g and represent at least seven individuals: three adults and four subadults (Tables A30 and A84). The three adults represent at least one male and one female. Sex can not be estimated for the third adult. Table 16 summarizes the ages at death for each of these individuals, estimated from the microscopic examination of femoral sec? tions. The estimated ages are 36 years for the male, 37 years for the female, and 30 years for the adult of undetermined sex. At least four subadults are present: one be? tween 12 and 14 years, one between 8 and 9 years, and two about birth. The 12- to 14-year- old articulated individual is generally complete. The third molar roots are 50 percent formed and the second molar has erupted with slight wear. FIGURE 87.?Skeletal concentration within feature 52. The 8- to 9-year-old is represented only by a left mandible fragment. A radiograph of this frag? ment shows the root 25 percent developed on the second molar. A third child is represented by both femora, both tibiae, humeri, ulnae, radii, and one left clavicle. The final individual is rep? resented only by a right femur and right humerus. Rodent gnaw marks occur on a left adult femur. TABLE 16.?Ages estimated for adults in feature 52 from femoral cortical microstructure Bone no. 52-1 52-2 52-3 No. of No. of Average secondary osteon % lamel- osteons fragments lar bone No. of primary osteons Age 70 87 81 35 21 17 36 37 30 NUMBER 29 77 Twenty-five beads were recovered from this feature: six type A, eight type D, and 11 type E. Two metal discs about 9 mm in diameter were found associated with copper wire about 1 mm in diameter. The discs probably were once at? tached to each end of the wire. FEATURE 53 (Funerary Urn, Northern Exten? sion, N of Square A-3, Main Cut).?This feature consists of a funerary urn with inverted urn cov? ering, located and excavated in August 1973. The covering extended from the surface down 46 cm, and lacks both its base and rim. The upright urn extended from a depth of 30 cm to 1.03 m. A small bone concentration was encountered at a depth of 30 cm near the rim of the upright urn. Within the urn from 30 to 50 cm, occurred only small fragments of bone, sherds and soil. At a depth of about 50 cm, the main secondary bone concentration occurred (Figure 88). The urn covering is approximately 70 cm in diameter. Due to its fragmentary condition, the covering was not measured in greater detail. The upright urn is also approximately 70 cm in diameter. It displays a lip beveled interiorly, a concave everted neck, and a round-pointed base. The vessel has a rim diameter of about 46 cm and a height of about 70 cm. A ceramic vessel (Figure 89) was found near the bottom of the skeletal concentration. It is complete and displays a flat lip, everted rim, concave everted neck, rounded oval body, and rounded base. There are no appendages, and decoration consists of three raised lines around the rim. The texture is smooth with a red slip extending down from the rim 16 mm on the inside and 178 mm on the outside. Vertical stria? tions occur on all surfaces. Dimensions are as follows: maximum rim diameter, 147 mm; neck diameter, 60 mm; diameter of vessel, 184 mm; height, 223 mm; rim thickness, 7-8 mm. A compotera plate was found near the ceramic vessel. It displays a flat lip, concave everted rim, with a carination 20 mm below the lip. There are no appendages, and decoration consists of a combed incised pattern (Figure 90) on the inside of the plate. The texture is coarse with no slip. and smoothing horizontal striations occur on all surfaces. Dimensions are as follows: maximum rim diameter, 187 mm; diameter at carination, 173 mm; diameter at plate-pedestal junction, 55 mm; height of plate, 35 mm; rim thickness, 5-7 mm. Four oyster shell (type A) beads and four ce? ramic discs were found. Two of these discs had perforations and two lacked them. A total of 11,631 g of human bone was re? covered from this feature representing at least 14 individuals: seven adults and seven subadults (Tables A31 and A85). Skeletal remains were recovered from three locations within this feature. A small concentration of fragmentary remains were found mixed with sherds on top of the feature at ground level. All of these bones are small, fragmentary, and extremely eroded; they represent at least one adult and one adolescent. A second concentration of human bones was found within the upper urn covering and extreme upper portion of the lower urn; it contains the very incomplete remains of two adults and two subadults. One of the adults is female. All suba? dult remains represent a single adolescent age 10- 12 years except for one smaller left ilium. All remaining bones were found within the lower urn and represent a total of seven adults and seven subadults. The adolescent represented in the upper urn is represented in the lower concentration as well. Mandible morphology in? dicates that of the adults at least three are male and three are female. The following ages at death were estimated for the adults: two adults of about 50 years (one female), two about 45 years, one of 36 years (male), one of 30 years, and one of about 20 years. These ages are based upon the extent of attrition on the mandible, supported by the mor? phology of the pubis and the degree of cranial suture closure. Within the lower concentration occurred the articulated right femur and innom? inate of a male about 35-40 years of age. One fibula fragment shows extensive evidence of ro? dent gnawing. Evidence of burning occurs on fragments from a mandible, distal right humerus, ulna, four ribs, and a femoral shaft. All are cal- 78 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ANTHROPOLOGY -lti ?iW^-'-^"^ '' FIGURE 88.?Skeletal concentration within feature 53. NUMBER 29 79 0 5 CM I I ' I ' I FIGURE 90.?Design on compotera plate surface, feature 53. FIGURE 89.?Ceramic ja r from feature 53. cined and warped, but display little transverse fracturing. The pattern suggests burning of the bone with flesh still attached. The subadult remains represent at least seven individuals (Table A85). The extent of dental formation and long bone growth indicates the following ages at death, 10-12 years, five years, four years, six months, three months, and two individuals who died at birth or soon after. FEATURE 54 (Isolated Subadult Skull, Northern Extension, N of Square A-3, Main Cut).?This feature consists of an isolated infant skull, man? dible and the articulated first cervical vertebra, located and excavated in August 1973. The in? dividual probably represents a once completely articulated primary skeleton, who was partially removed during the excavation of the pits for features 8, 50, or 51. The skull was found at a depth of 30 cm. The degree of dental formation suggests an age at death of about one year. No associated artifacts were found. FEATURE 55 (Primary Skeleton, Northern Ex? tension, N of Squares A-3 and B-3, Main Cut).? This feature consists of an extended adult primary skeleton (Figure 91) located and excavated in August 1973. The individual was lying on its back with legs and arms extended with the skull WSW of the postcranial skeleton. The skull was nearly in contact with and immediately E of feature 56. A small ceramic jar was located im? mediately S of the skull. The right malar of the skull was resting on the rim of the jar. The skeleton was lying directly on top of the shell layer, at a depth of 57 cm. The ceramic jar (Figure 92) is complete except for a few fragments missing from the rim. It displays a rounded lip, everted rim, concave everted neck, carinated oval-shaped body, and annular base. There are no appendages, and dec? oration is confined to a single line of punctations 2 mm in diameter extending around the neck. The texture is smooth with horizontal striations below the rim and vertical striations above. Di? mensions are as follows: maximum rim diameter, 80 mm; minimum neck diameter, 43 mm; body diameter at carination, 85 mm; base diameter, 51 mm; maximum height, 132 mm; rim thickness, 6-8 mm; body thickness, 7-10 mm. 80 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ANTHROPOLOGY FIGURE 91.?Primary skeleton, feature 55. Ceramic ja r from feature 55. TABLE 17.?Ages estimated for adults in feature 56 from femoral cortical microstructure; sex determined by femoral morphology , ? : * # * " ' 56-1 56-2 56-3 56-4 56-5 56-6 No. of secondary osteons 66 76 76 67 69 64 No. of osteon fragments 35 34 27 25 42 15 Average % lamel? lar bone 0 0 0 0 0 0 No. of primary osteons 0 0 0 0 0 0 Age 35 36 37 35 35 26 Sex F M F M - NUMBER 29 11 The skeleton itself is complete. Morphology of the skull and pelvis suggests male sex. An age at death of 30-32 years is suggested by nearly com? plete ventral ramparts on the pubic symphyses; slight wear on the third molars, and the extent of attrition on the first and second molars. FEATURE 56 (Funerary Urn, Northern Exten? sion, N of Square A-3, Main Cut).?This feature represents a funerary urn (with an urn covering) that was located, excavated, and removed in August 1973. The urn covering was so fragmen? tary that its position could not be determined. The covering extended from the ground surface down 20 cm. The upright urn extended from a depth of 20 cm down to a depth of 1.1 m. The skeletal concentration began at a depth of about 30 cm and continued down to the bottom of the urn. No bone articulation was observed. The urn itself was never reconstructed; how? ever, field measurements show a maximum di? ameter of 58 cm, maximum height of 90 cm, and a rim diameter of about 38 cm. One hundred sixty-nine beads were recovered from this feature. Of these, 62 are type A, six type B, one type c, 35 type D, 46 type E, 16 type F, and three type H. One fragment of a metal ring was recovered from the urn. A total of 17,279 g of human bone was re? covered from this urn, representing at least 10 adults and six subadults. Although most of the human bones were found within the upright urn, some fragmentary remains were recovered from inside the covering. All of these are adult and are summarized in Table A32. A detailed inventory of all of the adult bone recovered in the feature is presented in Table A33. Note that the adult bones are unevenly represented. At least 10 adults are represented by maxillae, while only four are represented by the left radius and only five by the clavicle. Ages at death for the adults were esti? mated using a number of different criteria. For six of the adults, sections were prepared for mi? croscopic analysis. The counts and resulting six estimates of age at death are summarized in Table 17. In addition, examination ofthe maxil? lae and other post-cranial material indicates a very old female is present, as well as one individ? ual age 20-24, one age 24-28, and one other adult age 20-50. Cranial morphology indicates that probably six males and four females are present. One left adult femur shaft shows extensive evidence of rodent gnawing. The same specimen displays a network of irregular shallow cuts 85 mm long on the anterior surface of the proximal end, just below the lesser trochanter. Bones representing the six subadults are pre? sented in Table A86. Long bone lengths and the stages of dental formation suggest the following ages at death for these six individuals: birth or soon after, birth to three months, about six months, about nine months, about three years, and about 15 years. The 15-year-old individual shows third molars with 50 percent root forma? tion. Epiphyses are still not united on the proxi? mal and distal femur, proximal and distal hu? merus, and proximal tibia. FEATURE 57 (Funerary Urn, Northern and Western Extensions, NW of Square A-3).?This feature consists of a small funerary urn approxi? mately 1.5 m SW of feature 53 and 1 m S of feature 58. The upper level was badly fragmented but it appeared that some covering had been present since several large sherds occurred outside of the funerary urn on the eastern side. The urn extended from a depth of 17 cm down to a depth of 56 cm. At the extreme bottom of the urn occurred a somewhat articulated infant. The skull was resting on its left parietal, just S of the knee region. The ribs, vertebrae, and leg bones were all articulated. The skeleton was on its back with the skull S of the postcranial remains. The legs were very tightly flexed over the chest area. The actual bones recovered from this infant are sum? marized in Table A87. Note, however, that much of the bone material is extremely fragmentary and thus many bones may have been present although they are not represented in the table. The mandibular deciduous right first molar shows a root 75 percent formed. This and other dental data suggest an age at death of about 18 months. 82 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ANTHROPOLOGY FIGURE 93.?Two stacked funerary urns, feature 58. The total human remains recovered from this feature weigh only 213 g and contain the follow? ing bones in addition to the articulated infant: one infant right femur (75 mm in length); an adult distal hand phalanx, an adult first cervical vertebra; and a mandibular permanent molar showing slight wear on the occlusal surface, with a contact facet on the mesial surface but no contact facet on the distal surface. This suggests an age at death of either 7-8 years or 13-14 years depending if this molar is a first or second. The urn itself is very fragmentary, but mea? sures approximately 48 cm in diameter with a height of about 39 cm. FEATURE 58 (Funerary Urn, Northern and Western Extensions, NW of Square A-3, Main Cut).?This feature consists of two stacked funer? ary urns (Figure 93), which were located, exca? vated, and removed in August 1973. The upper FIGURE 94.?Skeletal concentration within upper urn, feature 58. urn extended from the ground surface down to a depth of 80 cm. The ground surface above this feature contained some human skeletal remains mixed with sherds and soil. Within this urn, the first 40 cm contained a mixture of soil and sherds. A concentration of human remains extended from TABLE 18.?Ages estimated for adults in feature 58 from femoral cortical microstructure; sex determined by femoral morphology Bone 58-1 58-2 58-3 58-4 No. of secondary osteons 75 84 75 62 No. of osteon fragments 24 30 - - Average % lamel? lar bone 10 0 0 9 No. of primary osteons 1 0 0 1 Age 30 40 36 26 Sex M F M M NUMBER 29 83 the depth of 40 cm to the bottom of the covering (Figure 94). The lower urn lacks a rim and ex? tended from a depth of 50 cm to 1.1 m. The bone concentration within the lower urn extended from a depth of about 80 cm down to the bottom of the urn. No bone articulations were detected from this feature. Neither of the two urns was reconstructed; however, field measurements indicate that the upper urn had a maximum diameter of 70 cm and a height of 80 cm. The lower urn measured 70 cm in diameter and 70 cm in height. The base of the upper urn formed a rounded point while the base ofthe lower urn was nearly flat. Forty-two beads were recovered: three type A, 32 type D, one type E, and six type F. Four metal rings were recovered. Total human remains from this feature weigh 11,097 g and represent a total often individuals: five adults and five subadults. Human remains from this feature were concentrated in three units: on top of the feature at surface level; within the upper urn; and within the lower urn. Detailed inventories of individual bones within each of these three concentrations are presented in Tables A34, A35, A36, A88, A89, and A90. The total bone inventory for this entire feature is summa? rized for adults and subadults separately in Ta? bles A37 and A91. Although these three skeletal concentrations were spatially distinct within the feature, they share skeletal parts of common in? dividuals. In particular, bones of a nine-year-old child were found in all three units. Matching fragments of a 12-year-old right femur were re? covered from both the upper and lower units. A female proximal left femur from the upper urn belongs to the same individual as a proximal right femur from the lower urn. Cranial morphology indicates that at least one female and three males are present. Sex can not be estimated reliably for the fifth adult. Ground thin-sections were prepared from the left femur of a male and the right femora of a female and two males for microscopic age deter? mination. An age of 40 was estimated for the female, while male ages were apparently 26, 30, and 36. These data are presented in greater detail in Table 18. These age estimates are generally compatible with age changes observed in the pubis and the dentition. An age estimate is not possible for the fifth adult. At least five subadults are present. The oldest subadult is represented by most of the long bones and vertebrae and was found in both the upper and lower urn. Epiphyses are not united on the proximal femur, the greater and lesser trochan? ters, and the proximal humerus. The degree of dental formation suggests an age at death of about 12 years. Subadult two is represented by most ofthe long bones and was found in all three concentrations. Long bone length and dental for? mation data suggest an age at death of about nine years. Subadult three is also represented by most of the long bones and was found entirely within the lower urn. Again, the long bone length and dental data suggest an age at death of about six years. Subadult four is represented only by a left ilium found within the upper urn. The size of the bone suggests ajn age at death between six months and one year. The fifth subadult is also represented by a left ilium found within the upper urn. Its somewhat smaller size suggests an age at death between birth and six months. Rodent gnaw marks occur on fragments of a left femur and fibula shaft from within the upper urn, a subadult right tibia also from the upper urn, and a subadult right radius from the lower urn. FEATURE 59 (Funerary Urn, Northern and Western Extensions, NW of Square A-3, Main Cut).?This feature consists of a small funerary urn located, excavated, and removed in August 1973. The urn extended from a depth from the surface of 12 cm down to a depth of 77 cm. Within the urn, a mix of soil and sherds occurred from a depth of 12 cm from the surface down to 30 cm. The bone concentration occurred from the depth of 30 cm to the bottom of the urn. On top ofthe bone concentration was a complete ceramic jar resting on its side. Bone articulation was con? fined to an adult left tibia and fibula from the bottom of the urn. No other bones were articu? lated, not even bones of the left foot. Field measurements of the urn are as follows: 84 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ANTHROPOLOGY rim diameter, 37 cm; maximum diameter, 53 cm; height, 65 cm. The urn displays a lip beveled interiorly, everted rim, and concave everted neck. The ceramic jar found within the urn is com? plete and displays a lip beveled interiorly, an everted rim, concave everted neck, carinated body, and rounded base (Figure 95). There are no appendages, and decoration is confined to a single line of punctations extending around the neck. Each punctation is about 5 mm in diameter and 4-5 mm from the next. The texture is smooth with a red slip extending from the rim down 20 mm on the inside and 148 mm on the outside base. Vertical striations occur on the rim and upper body; horizontal striations occur on the lower part of the body and inside rim surface. Dimensions are as follows: maximum rim diam- m*^ 0 I I L 5 CM FIGURE 95.?Ceramic jar, feature 59. eter, 142 mm; minimum neck diameter, 65 mm; diameter at carination, 150 mm; maximum height, 193 mm; rim thickness, 3-7 mm. No other artifacts were recovered from this feature. Human remains from this feature weigh 3634 g and represent a single adult male. As Table A38 shows, the skeleton is relatively complete. Male sex is suggested by a narrow sciatic notch on the ilium, large mastoid processes, large su? praorbital ridges on the skull, and a femoral head diameter of 45 mm. A ground thin-section from the midshaft ofthe left femur revealed 70 secondary osteons, 25 os? teon fragments, no lamellar bone, and no primary osteons. This suggests an age at death of about 35 years. This estimated age at death is compat? ible with an incomplete ventral rampart on the pubis, cranial sutures that are open endocranially and ectocranially, and slight wear on the second and third molars. Rodent gnaw marks occur on the distal right femur. FEATURE 60 (Funerary Urn, Cut E).?This fea? ture consists of a funerary urn lacking its rim and covering. The feature was located, excavated, and removed in August 1973. The top portion of this urn actually extended through the ground sur? face, thus it is possible that the rim and or cov? ering may have been present at one time but eroded away. The urn extended from the surface to a depth of 68 cm. Within the urn a mixture of sherds and soil extended from the surface to a depth of 15 cm. The bone concentration extended from this level to the bottom of the urn. The concentration is subdivided into three parts by two layers of sherds, one at a depth of 41 cm and another at a depth of 51 cm. The sherds compos? ing these layers are large urn size sections (Figure 96). No bone articulation was observed within the feature. According to field measurements, the urn was 66 cm in diameter and 68 cm in height. Since the upper portion of the urn was not present, addi? tional measurements were not possible. Fifty-seven beads were recovered: 56 type A and one type B. NUMBER 29 85 A total of 21,044 g of human bone was re? covered from this feature representing 25 individ? uals: 12 adults and 13 subadults. As mentioned before, human remains were concentrated in three horizontal layers within the feature, sepa? rated from each other by layers of sherds. These layers were analyzed separately and the individ? ual bone totals for each layer are presented in Tables A39, A40, A41, A92, A93, and A94. Al? though differences among layers occur, parts of several individuals were found scattered through? out all three layers. Thus the layers do not rep? resent separate individuals, but an arbitrary sep? aration of comingled bones. A combined inven? tory of all skeletal material from this feature is presented for adults in Table A42 and for suba? dults in Table A95. For the adults at least twelve individuals are represented by left ulnae and right femora, although individual counts vary widely with different bones. Cranial morphology and femoral head diame? ters indicate that at least four males and four females are present among the adults. Sex cannot be estimated reliably for the remaining four adults. Ages at death were estimated from the extent of dental attrition. The following number of in? dividuals were assigned to five-year age intervals: two from 20 to 25 years; three from 30 to 35 years; one from 35 to 40 years; two from 40 to 45 years; one from 45 to 50 years; and three of unknown age. One long bone fragment from the middle bone layer is charred, and thus shows evidence of slight firing. In the upper level, the following bones are charred on both the outside and inside surfaces: proximal right femur, left temporal, right tem? poral, and proximal hand phalanx. As Table A95 shows, at least 13 subadults are represented by right femora. Age of the oldest subadult is 6-7 years, as estimated from long bone lengths. Bones present for this individual include a left femur, right ulna, and left ilium from the upper level and a right tibia, ischium, several vertebrae, and several epiphyses from the middle level. Subadult number 2 is age 2.5 years FIGURE 96.?Layer of sherds within urn, feature 60. as estimated from long bone length. Bones present include a left and right femur, a right ilium, and a left humerus from the middle level and a right tibia from the lower level. Subadult number 3 is age 1.7 years as estimated from the degree of dental formation. Bones present include a maxilla and mandible from the upper level, a right femur, right ilium, and right tibia from the middle level, and a right and left humerus from the lower level. Individual number 4 is age 1.5 years as estimated from dental formation data. Bones present in? clude a right femur from the upper level, a left maxilla from the middle level, and a right maxilla and mandible from the lower level. Individual number 5 is age one year. Bones present are a mandible from the middle level and a right femur and a left and right humerus from the lower level. Age of subadult number 6 is estimated between six months and one year. Bones present consist of only a right femur from the upper level. Age of subadult number 7 is six months. Bones present include left and right femora, a right humerus. 86 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ANTHROPOLOGY and a left tibia from the middle level. Age of subadult number 8 is between birth and six months. Bones consist of both femora and both tibiae from the lower level. Subadult number 9 is also between birth and six months. Bones present include both femora and a left tibia from the middle level. Subadult number 10 is also between birth and six months. Bones present include a left femur from the upper level and a right femur and a left and right tibia from the middle level. Subadult number 11 is also between birth and six months. Bones present are a left and right femur from the upper level. Subadult number 12 died at birth or soon after. Bones present include a proximal left femur from the upper level and a right ilium and both femora from the middle level. Subadult number 13 also died at birth or soon after. This individual is represented only by a right femur from the upper level. Rodent gnaw marks occur on the linea aspera and proximal shaft area of an adult left femur from the upper level. FEATURE 61 (Funerary Urn, Cut E).?This fea? ture consists of a funerary urn with inverted urn covering located, excavated, and removed in Au? gust 1973. The covering extended down from the surface to a depth of 30 cm and was badly fragmented, apparently due to surface exposure. The upright urn extended from a depth of 30 cm to a depth of 78 cm. Within the upright urn, the skeletal concentration began at a depth of 52 cm and extended down to the bottom ofthe urn. The urn covering is too fragmentary and in? complete to allow accurate measurement. Field notes record a diameter of about 60 cm. The upright urn is nearly complete and dis? plays a lip beveled interiorly, direct rim, straight parallel neck, and a round-pointed base. Dimen? sions are as follows: rim diameter, 43 cm; maxi? mum diameter, 69 cm; maximum height, 86 cm; rim thickness, 16-18 mm; body thickness, 15 mm. Ninety-four shell beads were recovered from this feature: 87 type A, three type B, three type D, and one type o. Human remains from feature 61 weigh 24,380 g and represent 20 individuals: 10 adulllts and 10 subadults (Tables A43 and A96). The bulk ofthe human remains from this feature was found within a homogeneous deposit in the lower urn. A smaller separate bone concentration, however, occurred within the covering. This concentration contained a few bones of at least two adults and two subadults. None of these bones could be matched positively with bones of individuals from the lower concentration, but they could represent the same individuals. The adult remains present within the covering are presented in Table A44. Subadult remains from the bones of the covering include one right and two left femora, one rib, two vertebrae fragments, one left humerus, one left temporal, and one first cervical vertebra. One left femur has an estimated maximum length of 80 mm, thus suggesting the individual died at birth or soon after. The larger left femur has an estimated length of between 160 and 200 mm suggesting an age at death of between 1.5 and 3 years. Innominate and cranial morphology indicates that of the 10 adults within this urn, two are definitely male, five are definitely female and three are of undetermined sex. Ages at death for the adults were estimated using combined criteria of pubic symphysis morphology and cranial mor? phology, particularly cranial suture closure and the extent of dental attrition. The following num? ber of individuals were assigned to age categories: one greater than 50 years; two, 45-50; two, 40- 45 (male and female); two, 20-30 (females); one, 20-35 (male); one, 20-25 (female); and one, 20 (female). Subadult age at death was estimated from dental formation data and from the length ofthe long bones. The following ages at death were recorded for each individual: one age 13-14, one age 3.5; one age one; and seven age birth-six months. Rodent gnaw marks occur on one fibula shaft, one left humerus shaft, one right distal femur shaft, one right center portion of a femur shaft, two left tibiae mid-shaft areas, and one right tibia mid-shaft area. All of these bones are from adults. FEATURE 62 (Funerary Urn, Cut E).?This fea- NUMBER 29 87 ture consists of a fragmentary urn (with no cov? ering) excavated and removed in August 1973. The upper aspect of this urn extended through the ground surface and consequently was badly fragmented and partially missing. The urn ex? tended from the surface to a depth of 65 cm. The human bone concentration extended from a depth of 10 cm to the bottom of the urn. At the very bottom of the urn within the skeletal con? centration occurred a completely articulated in? fant, resting on its back with the skull E of the postcranial skeleton (Figure 97). Several sherds were resting on the infant's vertebrae and the right humerus was resting on top of the sherds. Thus at the time of burial, the sherds must have been placed on the chest area of the child with the arm extending over the sherds. The left upper leg was semiflexed 120 degrees. The left lower leg was flexed unnaturally back toward the skull, so that the angle at the knee was about 50 degrees. A single metal ring was found in contact with the left parietal. Two metal rings were found in contact with the right parietal. The urn itself was reconstructed and displays a lip beveled interiorly, everted rim, straight everted neck, and a rounded base. The color is predominantly black with gray areas. Dimensions are as follows: rim diameter, 30 cm; maximum diameter, 49 cm; height, 49 cm; rim thickness, 15 mm; body thickness, 7 mm. Human remains from this feature weigh 8419 g and represent seven individuals: six adults and one infant (Tables A45 and A97). The adult remains are confined largely to long bones. Cra? nial and pelvic morphology indicates that of the adults, four males and two females are present. Ages estimated from morphology of the pubic symphysis indicate one female has an age greater than 50 years, one male 32-36 years, one male 18-21 years, and age cannot be estimated reliably for one female and two males. As Table A97 shows, the infant is mostly com? plete. An age at death of two years is estimated from the stage of dental formation. FEATURE 63 (Small Ceramic Vessel with no Human Remains, Cut E).?This feature consists FIGURE 97.?Articulated infant within feature 62. of a small ceramic vessel located, excavated, and removed in August 1973. The vessel extended from a depth of 25 cm down to a depth of about 55 cm. The vessel contained only soil, 11 type D beads, one metal ring, and 1 crab claw at the very bottom. The vessel is about 34 cm in diameter. FEATURE 64 (Primary Skeleton, Cut E).?This feature consists of a primary extended skeleton located, excavated, and removed in 1973. The skeleton was lying on its back with legs and arms extended. The skull was resting on its left parietal and is located WSW of the postcranial remains. The skull was located at a depth of only 20 cm from the surface. The skeleton measured 1.62 m in length NE-SW and 30 cm in width NW-SE. The skeleton was lying within the shell area and no artifacts were associated. The skeleton is generally complete. Morphol? ogy of the pelvis suggests male sex. The symphy? seal face of the pubis shows a complete ventral rampart, but no rim formation, suggesting an age at death between 40 and 50 years. 88 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ANTHROPOLOGY FEATURES 65, 66, 67, and 68 (Funerary Urns from within and near Cut E).?These four fea? tures represent funerary urns that were located in August 1973 on the border of cut E or just outside of it. They were not excavated or removed from the site, thus additional information is not avail? able. FEATURE 69 (Funerary Urn, Northern and Western Extensions, NW of Square A-3 Main Cut).?This feature represents a large funerary urn with no covering, excavated and removed in August 1973. The urn extended from a depth of 40 cm to a depth of 1.18 m and was covered only with a few sherds. The human skeletal concentra? tion extended from a depth of 50 cm to the bottom of the urn. The urn and the skeletal concentration were somewhat disturbed by a large root from a nearby tree that penetrated the urn. The only possible articulation in this urn was left fourth and fifth metatarsals that were found close together. Many sherds were found within the urn, scattered within the fill. A con? centration of shell beads occurred at a depth of about 45 cm. Some of the beads were aligned, indicating they had been strung and piled on top of each other. This urn was not reconstructed and thus de? tailed measurements are not available. Field measurements indicate a maximum diameter of about 56 cm and a height of about 78 cm. One hundred thirty-seven beads were recovered from this feature. Of these, 53 are type A, seven are type B, 22 are type D, 53 are type E, and two are type H. Human remains from this feature weigh 5782 g and represent at least five individuals: two adults and three subadults. As Table A46 shows, the two adults are generally complete. Morphol? ogy of the pubis indicates that one is a female older than 50 years, and the other is a female of undetermined age. The subadult remains (Table A98) represent the very incomplete remains of one 15- to 20-year-old male, one infant age 1.5 years, and one infant who died at birth or soon after. FEATURES 70, 71, 72, 73 (Funerary Urns, North? ern and Western Extensions, N and NW of Square A-3, Main Cut).?All of these funerary urns were found in the fall of 1973 and were located in the border of the northern extension. They were not excavated and removed and thus detailed information is not available. FEATURE 74 (Primary Skeleton, Northern Ex? tension, N of Square A-3, Main Cut).?This fea? ture represents a primary skeleton found during August 1973. The individual was lying on its stomach with the skull SSE of the postcranial skeleton. The skull was resting on its base facing SSE. The skeleton was covered with large, urn size sherds, extending to the surface. Since this feature extended into the northern wall of the northern extension, it was not completely exca? vated. The skull, mandible, and clavicles were removed for analysis, while the rest ofthe skeleton remained in situ. Except for the sherd covering, no other artifacts were associated with the cranial area of the skeleton. The skull is that of a young adult male, prob? ably between the ages of 23 and 28 years. FEATURE 75 (Funerary Urn, Western Exten? sion, W of Square A-3, Main Cut).?This feature represents a funerary urn located, excavated, and removed in August 1973. The urn extended from about ground surface level down to a depth of 70 cm and was covered only with a few sherds. The urn was not reconstructed; however, field meas? urements indicate a maximum diameter of about 55 cm and a height of about 70 cm. The urn had a round-pointed base. A total of 1864 g of human remains was re? covered from this feature. The bones represent one adult and two subadults (Tables A47 and A99). The adult is relatively complete. Cranial and pelvic morphology indicates the individual is a 20- to 30-year-old female. The degree of dental formation in the sub? adults suggests ages at death between 3 and 4 years for the older individual and birth to six months for the younger. FEATURE 76 (Secondary Deposit of Human Bones, Western Extension, W of Square A-2, Main Cut).?This feature consists of a concentra- NUMBER 29 89 tion of human bones and a ceramic plate, exca? vated and removed in August 1973. This feature was located just S of Feature 77, but in a distinct pit. The concentration occurred just above the shell layer at a depth of about 50-60 cm. The ceramic plate is complete and displays a lip beveled exteriorly, a straight everted rim, and a flat base. There are no appendages and no decorations. The texture of the outside surface is coarse. The inside surface is smooth with a red slip. This red slip extends slightly over the rim to the outside surface. The outside rim surface shows some horizontal smoothing striations that extend down to 17 mm below the lip. Horizontal polish? ing striations occur on the inside rim and on the base of the plate. Dimensions are as follows: maximum rim diameter, 163 mm; base diameter, 122 mm; height, 30 mm; rim thickness, 5-8 mm; base thickness, 3-8 mm. The human remains from this feature weigh 1772 g and represent at least two adults and one subadult (Tables A48 and A100). Most of the adult remains show evidence of burning. They are calcined, with the color ranging from gray to white. The bones display no warping and no transverse fractures, indicating they were burned after the flesh had decomposed. Bones that show no evidence of burning are the following: right tibia, right femur, right clavicle, left humerus, left radius, right talus, right calcaneus, a right foot navicular, six ribs, and several cranial fragments. Due to the fragmentary nature of the adult ma? terial, estimates of age and sex are not possible. The subadult bones represent the incomplete remains of probably one individual. The degree of dental formation indicates an age at death of about four years. FEATURE 77 (Funerary Urn, Western Exten? sion, W of Square A-3, Main Cut).?This feature consists ofthe lower portion of an urn containing secondary human skeletal material, excavated and removed in August 1973. The urn extended from a depth of 43 cm to a depth of 1.04 m. Diameter ofthe urn was about 66 cm. The human bone concentration extended from a depth of 91 cm to the bottom of the urn. The pit fill above the skeletal concentration contained a mixture of soil and sherds. All other artifacts were clustered in the extreme bottom of the urn. Human remains from this feature weigh 1503 g and represent six individuals: at least three adults and three subadults (Tables A49 and AlOl). The adult remains are very incomplete, with three individuals indicated only by left first metatarsals and right second metatarsals. The concentration lacked adult humeri, radii, and ulnae completely. The remains are too fragmen? tary to allow reliable estimates of sex or age. The subadult material is also very fragmen? tary; however, at least three individuals are rep? resented. The oldest child is represented by one right ulna, several vertebrae, the ischia, and a pubis. The size of the ulna suggests an age of about 7.5 years. A second subadult shows a left femur length of about 140 mm. This and the extent of dental formation suggest an age at death of 1.5 years. The third subadult lacks dentition; however, a right femur length of 115 mm suggests an age at death of about one year. Artifacts recovered include 11 beads and two round lead objects about 15 mm in diameter with small copper insets (Figure 105). One ofthe cop? per insets forms an eye which perhaps was used for attachment. The beads consist of two type D, one type M, and eight type N. FEATURES 78, 79, and 80 (Funerary Urns, West? ern Extension, W of Square A-3, Main Cut).? These three features represent funerary urns that were located in August 1973 but were not exca? vated and removed. No additional information is available. FEATURE 81 (Partially Disturbed Primary Skel? eton, Western Extension, W of Square A-3, Main Cut).?This feature represents a concentration of secondary human skeletal remains clustered around a partially disturbed primary adult skel? eton. The primary skeleton was articulated from the skull to the lumbar vertebrae and was lying on its right side above the shell layer. The skull was WSW of the postcranial remains. Just E of the thoracic vertebrae, the bones were disturbed, probably by the excavation of the pit for feature 90 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ANTHROPOLOGY 77. Just S of feature 81 and nearly in contact with it were a ceramic jar, plate, another skull, and concentration of additional human remains, all secondary. The articulated individual is male with a probable age at death of 35 to 45 years, according to pubic morphology. The extra complete skull is female, with a probable age at death between 20 and 35 years. The additional secondary bones were predomi? nately long bone shaft fragments. The ceramic jar (Figure 98) is complete and displays a rounded lip, everted rim, concave everted neck, carinated body, and rounded base. There are no appendages, and decoration is con? fined to a series of punctations extending around the circumference ofthe neck. The surface texture is smooth and a red slip occurs from the rim down 17 mm on the inside and 100 mm on the outside. ??". ^ f'ii 5 CM J I \ L FIGURE 98.?Ceramic jar, feature 81. Dimensions are as follows: maximum rim diam? eter, 104 mm; minimum neck diameter, 57 mm; maximum body diameter, 102 mm; maximum height, 115 mm; rim thickness, 5-7 mm; body thickness, 3-5 mm. The ceramic plate is complete except for part of the rim. It displays a rounded lip, straight everted rim, and a flat base. There are no ap? pendages and no decorations. The outside texture is rough; the inside texture is smooth and pol? ished, with a reddish brown slip. Horizontal smoothing striations occur on the outside surface from the rim down 23 mm. Dimensions are as follows: maximum rim diameter, 186 mm; max? imum base diameter, 150 mm; rim thickness, 6- 8 mm; base thickness, 5-6 mm. Associations URNS Of the 81 features, 54 represent funerary urns. Forty-six of these were located in or near the main cut and eight in or near cut E. Forty-three urns were excavated and removed. Of these, at least 21 were covered with at least one additional urn. As noted on page 96, these figures are minimal since five additional urns were covered with thick sherds that may once have been urn coverings. Depths from the surface to the highest part of the urns or urn coverings ranged from 0 cm to 60 cm with a mean depth of 10.17 cm, n = 36. Maxi? mum depths of the urns ranged from 17 cm to 150 cm with a mean maximum depth of 92 cm, n = 37. Skeletal Content Information on skeletal content is not available for two urns. The remaining 41 contained at least 384 individuals, an average of 9.37 persons per urn. The minimum number of individuals present in each urn ranged from 0 to 25. Bone weight within each ofthe 41 urns varied from 0 grams to 24,380 g and averaged 8422 g (SD = 6801). Correlation of Urn Size and Skeletal Content During excavation, it appeared that the size of the urn varied in direct proportion to the amount NUMBER 29 91 of bone contained within. To test this hypothesis, a correlation matrix was constructed with seven variables: (1) number of individuals within the urn as revealed by the skeletal inventory; (2) weight of bone within each urn; (3) height ofthe urn; (4) urn maximum diameter; (5) an approx? imation of urn volume, calculated by multiplying urn height by urn diameter; (6) urn rim diameter; and (7) maximum depth ofthe urn in the ground. Results are presented in Table 19. Only seven of 28 correlations are not significant at the .05 level. The table shows that the number of individuals and weight of bone in the urns are significantly correlated with urn height and volume but not with rim diameter, urn diameter, and depth in the ground. These data suggest either that urns were made or selected to accommodate the quan? tity of dead to be buried or that deceased individ? uals or bones were accumulated to the needed quantity for the size of the urn available. Bone Representation Individual bone representation varied consid? erably within each urn (Tables A1-A 102). The total numbers of all bones present in all urns are presented in Tables A50 (adults) and A102 (subadults). For adults, maximum counts came from the humerus (147), followed by the temporal (146), femur (145), mandible (134), ulna (128), tibia (125), talus (121), radius (116), scapula (111), clavicle (110), and second cervical verte? brae (110). Relatively few individuals were rep? resented by distal and middle foot phalanges (7), pisiformes (10), and distal hand phalanges. A similar pattern is seen for subadults, where the maximum count is of femora (140), followed by temporals (133), humeri (111), mandibles (96) and tibiae (88). Very few individuals were rep? resented by patellae (3) and carpals and tarsals (5). This pattern of relative bone representation is similar to that documented from a large sec? ondary ossuary burial in the eastern United States (Ubelaker, 1974) where maximum counts came from adult mandibles, first and second cervical vertebrae, tibiae, tali, and scapulae and from subadult femora, temporals, tibiae, and ilia. Articulations Skeletal remains within urns were predomi? nately secondary; however, nearly half of the urns TABLE 19.?Correlation matrix for seven attributes of urn features (sample sizes in parentheses) Attributes I 2 3 4 5 6 7 No. of individuals I 1.00000 (40) 0.90799 (40) 0.44056 (36) 0.33223'' (39) 0.41446 (36) 0.28522" (26) 0.23436" (35) Bone weight 2 0.90799 (40) 1.00000 (40) 0.49005 (36) 0.24623" (39) 0.40410 (36) 0.21753" (26) 0.26317" (35) Urn height 3 0.44056 (36) 0.49005 (36) 1.00000 (39) 0.78344 (39) 0.95188 (39) 0.52632 (26) 0.69394 (34) Urn diameter 4 0.33223'' (39) 0.24623" (39) 0.78344 (39) 1.00000 (42) 0.91507 (39) 0.85583 (27) 0.56577 (36) Urn volume 5 0.41446 (36) 0.40410 (36) 0.95188 (39) 0.91507 (39) 1.00000 (39) 0.69403 (26) 0.66580 (34) Rim diameter 6 0.28522" (26) 0.21753" (26) 0.52632 (26) 0.85583 (27) 0.69403 (26) 1.00000 (27) 0.29947" (23) Depth in ground 7 0.23436" (35) 0.26317" (35) 0.69394 (34) 0.56577 (36) 0.66580 (34) 0.29947" (23) 1.00000 (37) " Not significant at .05 level. '' Not significant at .01 level. 92 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ANTHROPOLOGY did have articulated skeletal parts, usually at the bottom, beneath the disarticulated material. Of 32 urns from which the human remains were carefully removed and examined for articula? tions, 15 (47 percent) had at least some articu? lated skeletal parts. As Table 20 reveals, both sexes and all ages are represented in the articu? lated sample. Of the 18 individuals represented by articulated bones, 11 are adults, one is an adolescent, three are children, and three are in? fants. Of the 11 adults, six are males, three are females, and sex was not determined for two individuals. Four ofthe 18 individuals were com? pletely articulated (all children or infants). The remaining 14 were represented by only parts of the skeleton, usually bones of the legs, vertebral column, and feet. Several of the articulations involved bones of the upper leg, lower leg, and / or pelvis without articulation of the vertebrae. This is somewhat unusual since ossuary analysis has shown that vertebral articulations are much more common than either articulations of the femur and innominate or the femur, tibia, and fibula (Ubelaker, 1974:31). These articulations in the urns could represent TABLE 20.?Characteristics of articulated skeletons within urn features Feature 6 11 17 17 20 23 22 24 26 30 30 30 50 51 52 57 59 62 Age (yrs) 70-75 20-1- 20-1- 2-8 5-6 20-35 20-1- 35-40 35-40 33-38 0-2 10-14 37-41 20-1- 12-14 1-2 35 2 Sex M F M - - - - M M F - - F M - - M - Parts articulated legs, feet legs, feet pelvis, legs, feet, lower arms ribs and vertebrae complete vertebrae foot, vertebrae pelvis, legs, feet,, vertebrae vertebrae, pelvis, legs, feet left innominate-femur complete vertebrae, left femur, innomi? nate, foot vertebrae, pelvis, legs foot lower arms, pelvis, legs, feet complete left lower leg complete ceremonial defleshing, although no cut marks were found on the bones. They could also be produced if the lower half of the body was tightly bound and decomposition was allowed to proceed normally before burial. Of course, they reflect those individuals who died soon before urn burial, in contrast to those represented by secondary remains of persons who died long enough before urn burial to allow the flesh to decompose and the bones to become disarticulated. Burned Bones Fourteen urn features contained burned bones. In six of these, several bones showed charring on a limited area of the bone surface and other indications that the burning had occurred after flesh decomposition but before burial in the urn. Most of these were adult bones, although a subadult left femur and occipital from feature 26 also displayed charring. In the remaining nine features, the burned bones were calcined, warped, and displayed the fracture pattern characteristic of bone that has been burned with flesh still attached. All parts of the skeleton and both adults and subadults are represented by this type of burned bone. Mortuary Procedure Little additional information is available on details of the mortuary procedure that culmi? nated in urn burial. The secondary nature of most ofthe skeletons suggests the mortuary ritual included a primary repository, although it cannot be determined if it was above or below ground. Bones from many ofthe urns display rodent tooth marks, but these were probably produced by burrowing rodents that nested in the urns. The presence of calcined, warped bone fragments in many of the urns indicates that the mortuary procedure included cremation for at least some individuals. Indications of more intense firing on the dorsal sides of some bones may suggest bodies were cremated with the dorsal body surface ex? posed to the crematory fire, e.g., the body may NUMBER 29 93 have been placed on its back on top of the crematory fire. The presence of human bone trapped between the urn covering and lower urn in features 26 and 30 may indicate that the bones were carried to the feature, using the urn covering as a container. No other features, however, showed bones in this position. The cultural/biological unit represented by the urn burial also remains unclear. The distribution of ages within many of the urns suggest a single extended family could be represented by each urn. Several of the urns however contained only a very few individuals of restricted age groups. In addition the articulated remains representing those who were most recently deceased before burial include both sexes and all age groups rather than members of a single status group, whose deaths might have initiated the urn burial of all family members previously deceased. The urn burials may represent a time element, e.g., a mortuary procedure where all dead were buried together after a fixed period of time. Without additional data, the exact meaning of the urns and, consequently, the details of the mortuary procedure remain elusive. NON-URNS The non-urn features also show great variabil? ity. The 27 non-urn features consist of single pri? mary burials (13), primary burials with associated articulated infants (2), primary burials with as? sociated secondary deposits of skeletal material (8), primary skeletons with undetermined skeletal associations (2), and isolated secondary skeletal deposits (2). Primary Skeletons Ofthe 81 features identified from this site, 25 (31 percent) represent primary skeletons. These were recovered from the main cut and cut E. Measufements of depth from the surface are available for 22 primary skeletons. These range from 20 cm to 1.10 m and average 64 cm. Males (n = 9) average 69 cm in depth, females (n = 8), 66 cm, and subadults (n = 5), 52 cm. DEPOSITION.?Ofthe 22 primary skeletons with information on deposition, 10 (45 percent) were on their backs, three (14 percent) were lying face down and nine (41 percent) were on their right sides. Of the 11 males, four (36 percent) were on their backs, one was on its face, and six (55 percent) were on their right sides. Five (63 per? cent) ofthe eight females were on their backs, one (13 percent) on its face and one on its right side. Information on deposition is available for only three subadults. Depositions were on back, face, and right side. POSITION.?Information on position is available for 21 primary skeletons (10 males, eight females, and three subadults) and shows the appendages were predominately extended. Of 15 observations of lower leg position, 13 (87 percent) were ex? tended, and two were semiflexed (155?). Of 18 observations of upper legs, 16 (89 percent) were extended and two were semiflexed. Of 19 lower arm observations, 15 (79 percent) were extended and four were semiflexed. All 21 upper arm po? sitions were extended. The semiflexed positions occurred in both age and sex groups. ORIENTATION.?Observations on skull orienta? tion were recorded for 23 primary skeletons. In 20 (87 percent) of these, the skull was WSW of the postcranial skeleton. Other orientations were NE (one female), SW (one male) and SSE (one male). ASSOCIATED SKELETONS.?Two primary burials were associated with articulated infants. Remains of two infants (one partially articulated) were found near the right femur of an adult female. An articulated infant ten months of age was found near the right femur of an adult male. Ages of both adults were estimated to be in the fourth decade. Eight primary skeletons were found with asso? ciated secondary skeletal remains. The primary skeletons consist of six adults, one child (8-9 years), and one infant (10 months). The six adults consist of four males and two females. Both fe- 94 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ANTHROPOLOGY males are of age 20-30 years and were found with infants concentrated in the upper leg area. One 53-year-old adult male and one eight- to nine- year-old child were each found with remains of two infants concentrated in the left upper leg area. Two additional adult males were found with isolated adult skulls and one adult male was found with secondary remains of one adult and seven subadults. Finally, a ten-month-old pri? mary infant skeleton was found with a few skel? etal parts of a young infant and an adult. Secondary Deposits Two non-urn features represent secondary skel? etal deposits. Feature 12 contained incomplete remains of two adults located beneath a large concentration of pottery. Feature 76 contained burned remains of two adults and one four year old child concentrated with a ceramic plate. Burned Bones Four ofthe non-urn features have some burned bones. The adult male of feature 37C represents the only primary skeleton with evidence of burn? ing. It shows slight charring on the left femoral head. The morphology of the charring as well as the presence of oxidized soil and ash nearby suggests the burning occurred after the skeleton was buried. Material recovered from three other non-urn features, as well as additional material from feature 37, display evidence of burning. Features 28 and 41 contain charred (black) frag? ments while features 37 and 76 contain some calcined (white) material. Calcined remains from feature 37 include subadult ribs, long bone shafts, and vertebrae that display warping and fracture patterns suggesting the bones were cremated in the flesh. Bones from feature 76 are also calcined, but display fracture patterns suggesting they were burned as dry bones. Mortuary Procedure In summary, the non-urn features present evi? dence for a complex and varied mortuary proce? dure. Some individuals were buried in an ex? tended position soon after death with infants sometimes placed near the leg or hip area. Some of these infants had recently deceased; others had been dead long enough for the flesh to decompose. Isolated skulls or groups of bones were placed with some individuals or buried in separate pits. Some individuals had been burned, before or after flesh decomposition. Artifacts BEADS A total of 6003 perforated beads were recovered from the features. Of these the following 16 types were distinguished. Diameter measurements are taken perpendicular to the axis ofthe perforation. Length measurements are taken parallel to the axis of the perforation. A. Oyster shell {Ostrea sp.). Minimally worked with irregular perforations (1 or 2) through cen? ter; diameter, 13 to 57 mm; perforation diameter, 1.5 to 6 mm. B. Argopecten circularis. Minimally worked fan- shaped shell with single centrally located perfo? rations; color, off-white; diameter, 15 to 35 mm; perforation diameter, 1.3 to 6 mm. c. Protothaca asperrima. Minimally worked fan- shaped shell with a single, irregular, centrally located perforation; color, off-white; diameter, 28 to 31 mm; perforation diameter, 6.7 to 8.4 mm. D. Rounded, cut from shell. Color varies from white to off-white; texture varies from chalky with irregular pits to smooth, nearly polished; diameter, 2 to 13 mm; length, 0.5 to 7 mm; perforation diameter, 1 to 2 mm. E. Irregular shape, cut from shell. Harder than type D with "stonelike" appearance; color, off-white; diameter, 4 to 9 mm; length, 1 to 6 mm; perforation diameter, 1 to 3 mm. F. Solid color, cut from shell. Bright, solid colors including red, orange, lavender, pink, yel? low, and black; well defined borders with central perforations; diameter, 2 to 8 mm; length, 0.5 to 9 mm; perforation diameter, 0.6 to 2 mm. G. Mixed color, cut from shell. Each shows NUMBER 29 95 one dominant color with irregular areas of color variation; dominant colors include red, orange, pink, lavender, and purple; most are symmetrical with sharp borders, although some are irregular; diameter, 2 to 8 mm; length, 1 to 8 mm; perfo? ration diameter, 1 to 4 mm. H. Roughly worked off-white shells. Single perforation located off-center; some retain grooves and other markings of the original shell morphology; diameter, 7 to 18 mm; length, 2 to 4.5 mm; perforation diameter, 1 to 2.5 mm. 1. Irregular, cut from mother-of-pearl. Irreg? ular shaped; color, white with the multi-colored sheen characteristic of mother-of-pearl; one or two perforations; diameter, 5 to 10 mm; length, 0.5 to 2 mm; perforation diameter, 1 to 2 mm. J. Ceramic discs. Color, black with a granular appearance; produced by molding, a mixture of clay and fine quartz particles around a shaft. Irregularity of one side concave, the other convex, produced by premature removal from shaft (Clif? ford Evans, pers. comm.); diameter, 4 to 5 mm; length, 1 to 3 mm; perforation diameter, 1 to 1.5 mm. K. Cut from schist. Color, blue-green; diam? eter, 12 mm; length, 6 mm; perforation diameter 2.5 mm. L. Cut from calcite. Color, blue-green; diam? eter, 2.5 to 3.5 mm; length, 1 to 1.5 mm; perfo? ration diameter, 0.5 to 1 mm. M. Cut from fluorite. Cylindrical and dark blue; diameter, 6.8 mm; length 12.2 mm; perfo? ration diameter, 3 mm. N. European manufactured glass wire-wound beads. The beads are doughnut shaped and cor? respond with Kidd and Kidd's (1970:62) type Wld3. Color varies from opaque blue-green to dark blue; diameter, 8.9 to 11.1 mm; length, 4 to 6 mm; perforation diameter, 2 to 3.4 mm. In each bead, the perforation diameter tapers, indicating that the bead was formed around a tapering wire. o. Leptoperten sp. Minimally worked fan- shaped shell with single, centrally located perfo? ration. Color, gray-white; diameter, 30 to 31 mm; perforation diameter, 6 mm. p. Ceramic cylindrical. Cylindrical shaped. black-maroon in color; spectrographic analysis revealed a clay matrix containing a large concen? tration of quartz particles; diameter, 3 to 4 mm; length, 2 to 2.5 mm; perforation diameter, 1 to 1.5 mm. Note that most bead types are made of local shells that were readily available. Only one fea? ture contained European beads. Frequencies of each type with urn, primary and secondary features are summarized in Table 21. Note that most beads (85 percent) came from urns. Nine of the bead types (B, C, E, H, J, L, M, N, o) were found exclusively within urns, while only two types (D, K) were found only with pri? mary skeletons. As Table 22 shows, beads with TABLE 21.?Frequency of each bead type associated with urn, primary, and secondary features Bead type A B c D E F G H I J K L M N O P Total Um 452 29 1 3283 140 346 642 15 6 150 - 18 1 8 1 - 5092 Primary Secondary 1 - 729 1 95 7 1 1 76 910 1 Total 453 29 1 4013 140 441 649 15 7 150 1 18 1 8 1 76 6003 TABLE 22.?Distribution of bead types within primary bur? ials by sex and by age Individual type Adult males Adult females Subadults Total A D 1 194 - 340 - 195 1 729 K 29 28 38 95 G I 3 - 3 1 1 - 7 1 K P 1 76 - 1 76 Total 228 448 233 909 96 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ANTHROPOLOGY primary skeletons were found with individuals of both sexes and all ages. CERAMICS Urns Fifty-four (68 percent) of 80 features recognized at this site are ceramic urns, sometimes covered with inverted urns. The lower upright urns aver? age about 74 cm in height, with a maximum diameter of about 64 cm and a rim diameter of 44 cm. Body thickness averages 14 mm and rim thickness 20 mm. The dimension measurements are summarized in Table 23. All upright urns lack appendages, and decoration is confined to a red slip present on five (31 percent) ofthe 16 urns on which such observations were taken. Lip form is predominately beveled interiorly (17 urns, 68 percent), with four rounded (16 percent) and four flat (16 percent). Rim form includes everted (9 urns, 53 percent), direct (6 urns, 35 percent), and interiorly thick? ened (2 urns, 12 percent). Neck outlines are either straight (16 urns, 56 percent) or concave (9 urns, 36 percent). The angle of the neck is mainly everted (15 urns, 60 percent), with eight inverted (32 percent) and two parallel (8 percent). Base form is predominately a "nipple-shaped" rounded point (24 urns, 83 percent) with three (10 percent) flat, and two (7 percent) rounded. Urn Coverings Of the 43 excavated urns, at least 21 (49 per? cent) were covered with an additional urn, usu? ally inverted. This figure is minimal, since an additional five urns were covered with thick sherds that may once have been urn coverings. In addition several more of the uncovered urns ex? tended to ground surface, thus coverings may once have been present, but were lost as the surface lowered with erosion. Since the coverings are usually incomplete and fragmentary, few were reconstructed. Table 24 summarizes the dimensions of the urns. The av? erages are very similar to those for the upright urns. Base form could be observed on only five. All show the "nipple-shaped" rounded point. Only two coverings are sufficiently complete to allow accurate rim examinations. These two show one rounded lip and one lip beveled interiorly; one straight everted neck and one concave everted neck. A red slip was observed on only one urn cov? ering. Jars Twenty-six jars were recovered from 25 fea? tures, of which 11 were urns (44 percent), 13 were primary skeletons (52 percent), and one was a secondary skeletal deposit (4 percent). Of the 13 primary skeletons, eight (62 percent) are males, three (23 percent) are females, and two (15 per? cent) are of undetermined sex. Eleven of the primary skeletons are adults and two are sub? adults. Tables 25 through 32 summarize morphology and dimensions for the jars. The traits occurring with greatest frequency are rounded lip (76 per? cent), everted rim (83 percent), concave everted neck (83 percent), and rounded base (81 percent). TABLE 23.?Dimensions of upright urns TABLE 24.?Dimensions of urn coverings Dimension Vessel height (cm) Vessel diameter (cm) Rim diameter (cm) Body thickness (mm) Rim thickness (mm) No. 38 41 27 16 14 Mean 74 64 43 14 20 SD 18 11 8 4 6 Range 37-105 37-86 26-60 5-22 7-35 Dimension Vessel height (cm) Vessel diameter (cm) Rim diameter (cm) Body thickness (mm) Rim thickness (mm) No. 4 11 2 4 2 Mean 70 65 51 11 21 SD 14 7 10 5 1 Range 55- 53- 44- 5- 19- -84 -74 -58 -17 -22 NUMBER 29 97 TABLE 25.?Variation in lip form of all jars by feature type (no. = observations) Feature type Urn Primary Secondary Total Rounded No. 5 12 2 19 % 46 100 100 76 Beveled interiorly No. 4 0 0 4 % 36 0 0 16 Tapered No. 1 0 0 1 % 9 0 0 4 Flat No. % 1 9 0 0 0 0 1 4 Total 11 12 2 25 TABLE 26.?Variation in rim form of all jars by feature type (no. = observations) Feature type Urn Primary Secondary Total Everted No. % 8 73 10 91 2 100 20 83 Interiorly thickened No. % 2 18 0 0 0 0 2 8 Direct No. % 1 9 0 0 0 0 1 4 Exteriorly thickened No. 0 1 0 1 % 0 9 0 4 Total 11 11 2 24 TABLE 27.?Variation in neck form of all jars by feature type (no. = observations) Feature type Urn Primary Secondary Total Concave everted No. 9 10 2 21 % 82 91 100 87 Straight everted No. 2 1 0 3 % 18 9 0 13 Total 11 11 2 24 TABLE 28.?Variation in base form of all jars by feature type (no. = observations) Feature type Urn Primary Total Rounded No. 8 9 17 % 80 82 81 Annular No. 2 1 3 % 20 9 14 Fla No. 0 1 1 % 0 9 5 Total 10 11 21 TABLE 29.?Carinations on all jars by feature type (no. = observations) Feature type Urn Primary Secondary Total Absent No. 6 4 1 11 % 60 36 100 50 Single No. 2 1 0 9 % 20 64 0 41 Double No. 2 0 0 2 % 20 0 0 9 Total 10 11 1 22 TABLE 30.?Frequency of jars with red and/or white slip by feature type (no. = observations) Feature type Absent Red No. % No. % Red and white No. % Total Urn Primary Secondary Total 3 0 1 4 27 0 50 18 7 9 1 17 64 100 50 77 1 0 0 1 9 0 0 5 11 9 2 22 TABLE 31.?Decoration variation of all jars by feature type Feature type Urn Primary Secondary Total No. One 2 8 0 10 of punctation lines Two 2 0 0 2 Four 1 0 0 1 Clay ad? dition 1 0 0 1 Incised line 0 0 1 1 Raised line 1 0 0 1 Total 12 10 1 23 On some jars it was not possible to make an observation relative to each trait. In some cases a single jar yielded more than one observation for a given trait. Carinations are present on 52 percent of the jars. On two jars (10 percent) within urns, double carinations occur. A red slip occurs on 17 jars (77 percent) and a red and white slip on one. Slip is definitely absent from only four (18 percent). Seventy percent of the jars show decorations. 98 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ANTHROPOLOGY TABLE 32.?Dimensions (mm) of all jars by feature type (no. = observations) Dimension Rim thickness Urn Primary Secondary Body thickness Urn Primary Secondary Rim diameter Urn Primary Secondary Maximum diameter Urn Primary Secondary Height Urn Primary Secondary No. 10 11 2 6 6 0 11 11 2 10 11 0 10 11 0 Mean 1 7 8 6 5 0 134 129 172 169 149 0 197 182 0 SD 2 1 2 1 2 0 69 40 58 100 41 0 105 50 0 Range 3-11 3-10 5-12 4-10 3-10 0 77-305 80-182 131-213 92-440 85-202 0 115-480 115-270 0 The usual decoration is one, two, or four rows of circular punctations extending around the rim or body ofthe vessel. Additional forms of decoration include clay addition, incised lines, and a raised line on the rim. Morphological differences between jars found within urns and those with other features are minimal. Jars within urns showed greater diver? sity in lip form, rim form and on the average are larger than those from primary or secondary skel? etons; however, these differences are extremely minimal and probably of little cultural signifi? cance. Note that the fragments of jars found with secondary skeleton features include neither base nor body. Compoteras Nineteen compoteras were found with 18 fea? tures: 10 urns and eight primary skeletons (two compoteras occurred in one urn). Of the eight primary skeletons, four (50 percent) are males, two (25 percent) are females, and two (25 percent) are of undetermined sex. The primary skeletons represent six adults, one subadult, and one of undetermined age (not completely excavated). Tables 33 through 37 present detailed morpho? logical and metric data for the compoteras. As with the jars, it was possible in some cases to make more than one observation on a compotera for a given trait; in others no observation for a specific trait could be made. Note the consistent similarity between compoteras from the urns and those from features of primary skeletons. The only differences are in base diameter and height, where compoteras from features with primary skeletons are larger. The compoteras most commonly dis? play a lip beveled interiorly (58 percent), concave everted rim, and carinated plate (68 percent). TABLE 33.?Variation in lip form of compotera plates (no. = observations) Feature type Urn Primary Total Beveled in? teriorly No. 1 4 11 % 64 50 58 Flat No. % 1 9 3 38 4 21 Tapered No. 1 0 1 % 9 0 5 Rounded No. 2 1 3 % 18 13 16 Total 11 8 19 TABLE 34.?Frequency of carinations on compoteras (no. observations) Feature type Urn Primary Total Present No. 1 6 13 % 64 75 68 Absent No. 4 2 6 % 36 25 32 Total 11 8 19 TABLE 35.?Frequency of red slip on compotera plates (no. = observations) Feature type Urn Primary Total Present No. 4 4 8 % 36 50 42 Absent No. 1 4 11 % 64 50 58 Total 11 8 19 NUMBER 29 99 Ten compoteras (53 percent) display decorations, which include combed, incised, and painted de? signs as well as indentations around the rim. TABLE 36.?Variation in decoration of compotera plates (no. = observations) Feature type Urn Primary Total None No. % 4 36 5 63 9 47 Combed No. % 1 9 2 25 3 16 Incised No. % 4 36 1 13 5 26 Painted No. % 1 9 0 0 1 5 Indenta? tions No. % 1 9 0 0 1 5 Total 11 8 19 TABLE 37.?Dimensions (mm) of compoteras (no. = observations) Dimension Plate diameter Urn Primary Diameter at junction Urn Primary Base diameter Urn Primary Total height Urn Primary Plate thickness Urn Primary No. 11 8 8 6 4 2 4 2 8 4 Mean 183 174 64 60 142 195 112 266 6 9 SD 26 44 17 17 17 19 24 17 2 2 Range 141-221 105-232 40-90 34-85 121-163 181-208 80-137 254-278 4-9 6-10 Plates Five ceramic plates (complete, not from com? poteras) were found associated with four primary and one secondary skeleton. The primary skele? tons represent at least two males and one female: three adults and one subadult. Lip form is rounded and rim form, straight everted. No car? inations were noted. Three plates display a red slip and one lacks a slip. Mean plate diameter is 200 mm with a range from 186 to 215 mm. Plate height ranges from 37 to 88 mm with an average of 63 mm. Spindle Whorls Six spindle whorls were recovered from six features: five urns and one male adult primary skeleton. They range in length from 8 to 24 mm and in diameter from 16 to 20 mm. Perforation diameters range from 3 to 6 mm. Three of the spindle whorls display incised decorations. One associated with a primary skeleton shows a pat? tern of lines and circles, while the two from urns display zoomorphic figures (Figure 99). Additional ceramic artifacts include eight ce? ramic discs associated with four urns and one primary adult male. Four of these discs have circular, centrally located perforations. The discs range in diameter from about 20 to about 40 mm. The miniature ceramic compotera found within the urn feature 17 is complete and displays an irregular lip and rim and a straight everted rim. The modeled body lacks a carination and the base is concave. There are no appendages and no decorations. The texture is coarse, the color is 0 CM a b c FIGURE 99.?Decorations on spindle whorls: a, feature 6; b, feature 17; c, feature 37C. 100 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ANTHROPOLOGY 2 IN. FIGURE 100.?Anthropomorphic figurine from feature 46. gray, and dimensions are as follows: rim diameter, 38 mm; minimum diameter of pedestal, 21 mm; base diameter, 38 mm; vessel height, 43 mm; plate height, 10 mm; rim thickness, 7 mm; base thickness, 4-6 mm. The final ceramic artifacts consist of one com? plete and one fragmentary figurine. The complete specimen was probably associated with feature 46, an adult male primary skeleton. The figurine shows an anthropomorphic figure with pro? nounced female breasts and genitals (Figure 100). The specimen measures 94 mm in height, 66 mm in width (hand to hand) with a chest depth of 28 mm. The figurine fragment was found within an urn and consists only of the waist and upper leg area of a human figure. Both specimens are modeled with a coarse texture. 2 CM FIGURE 101.?Group of copper plates bound with cotton yarn from feature 42. METAL AND STONE Copper Plates The most frequent metal artifacts from this site consist of groups of small triangular copper plates, frequently bound together by yarn tied around the base in the manner shown in Figure 101. Of the 69 groups recovered, 28 (41 percent) display the yarn binding and/or associated fabric. Anal? ysis of the yarn content by the FBI Laboratories revealed brown single-ply yarns, one with a "Z" twist and all others with an " S " twist. All speci? mens examined microscopically appear to be cot? ton. A total of 69 groups of plates were recovered from eight features within the cemetery. The groups contained a minimal total of 778 individ? ual plates, for an average of 11.3 plates per group. Since decomposition had destroyed many plates, these figures are minimal. Exact plate counts were possible for only seven groups, each of which contained 5, 10, 10, 20, 20, 20, and 20 plates. N U M B E R 29 101 0 I 2 CM FIGURE 102.?Striations on copper plate from feature 9. Individual plate dimensions are summarized in Table 38. Plate groups were found with urns (2 features), primary skeletons (6 features), and one secondary skeletal deposit. Within the urns the plates were usually concentrated in the base. With the pri? mary skeletons, plates were recovered from four males and two females and from nearly all parts ofthe skeleton (feet, legs, pelvis, arms, skull, etc.). Plates were also found with one secondary human bone deposit associated with one of the primary skeletons. Most of the well preserved plates display the pattern of striations shown in Figure 102. Analysis TABLE 38.?Dimensions (mm) of individual small trian? gular copper plates from all features (no. = observations) Dimension Length Width Thickness No. Mean SD Range 117 117 102 34.3 30.9 0.5 4.2 4.2 0.2 21.0-42.0 16.0-37.0 0.2-1.0 'Sl^'-.-f- :^^-'' m^::M^:' '"^^^'^^'^^S-fe^jytoa^JL^?^''- -'"- FIGURE 103.?Large copper plate, feature 49. of the plates by energy dispersive x-ray spectros? copy (FBI Laboratories) reveals a predominately copper content. In the past, these plates have usually been described as "axe-money" suggesting they were used as a medium of exchange. According to Meggers and Evans (1969:138), this interpreta? tion is based upon ethnographic analogy with similar specimens from Mexico. Although not proven, this interpretation is supported by the fact that those plate groups sufficiently intact to allow accurate counts of individual plates re? vealed totals of 5, 10, or 20. Single, large copper plates (Figure 103) were recovered from two features: one urn and one primary skeleton. The urn contained one speci? men while three were recovered with the primary skeleton, from the right hand and both elbows. The primary skeleton is an adult male, age 25- 30. 102 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ANTHROPOLOGY Energy dispersive x-ray spectroscopy analysis of one of these plates reveals a predominately copper content. Dimensions ofthe plates are sum? marized in Table 39. TABLE 39.?Dimensions (mm) of large axe-shaped copper plates from all features (no. = observations) Dimension Length Width Thickness No. Mean SD Range 4 4 4 68.0 62.3 2.0 26.7 21.7 1.1 44.0-94.0 43.0-82.0 0.5-3.0 Rings Metal rings from these features represent a variety of shape (Figure 104), content, and method of manufacture. The most common shape is the thin single ring (Figure 104d!). Fifty-one of these were recovered from 15 features: 10 urns and 5 primary skeletons. Within eight of the ten urns, the rings were found in the base in no obvious association with the skeletal remains. Within two of the urns, rings were found on crania of articulated skeletons. One ring was found in the ear region of an adult female, about 39 years of age, within feature 50. Three rings were found in the ear region (one left, two right) of a two-year-old infant, within feature 62. Thirteen rings were associated with five fea? tures of primary adult skeletons: four females and one male. The male skeleton displayed a ring in the nose area. One female skeleton also displayed a ring in the nose area; however, all other rings with female skeletons were in place near the ears. The quantity of rings worn on the ears varied to include one at each ear (feature 48), two at the right ear and none at the left (feature 42), and three at each ear (feature 32). Thus both males and females occasionally wore the rings on the nose but only females and the infant (sex un? known) wore them on the ears. Energy dispersive x-ray spectroscopic analysis of one of these rings revealed a thin (<100 jixm) layer of gold over a solid copper interior. Many ofthe specimens show only copper. In these cases, the gold may have eroded away or was never present. Dimensions of these rings are summarized in Table 40. Six thicker single rings of the type shown in Figure 1046 were recovered from five features. Four of the rings are from urns in no apparent association with skeletal remains. One ofthe urns with a ring of this type contained mostly the secondary skeleton of a child. The remaining two rings were associated with a secondary bone de? posit representing a 20- to 25-year-old female (feature 37A) and the primary skeleton of a 20- to 25-year-old female (feature 42). In the latter, the ring was found in the right eye orbit, where it probably had shifted from its position on the nose. Thus these rings were at least worn on the nose of young adult women and the child. All of the rings are basically composed of cop? per, in various stages of preservation. In two of the rings, the copper is covered with a thin layer of gold. Gold could also have once been present on the other rings. Dimensions of these rings are summarized in Table 41. Three rings of the type shown in Figure 104<: were found with three features: two urns and one primary adult male skeleton. The ring associated with the adult male was found in the right ear region. Those rings found within urns could not be associated with any particular individual. TABLE 40.?Dimensions (mm) of single thin rings as shown in Figure 104a (no. = observations) Dimension Diameter Thickness No. Mean SD Range 44 44 14.8 1.8 2.0 0.4 11.0-20.0 0.9-2.7 TABLE 41.?Dimensions (mm) of single thick rings as shown in Figure 1046 (no. = observations) Dimension Diameter Thickness No. Mean SD Range 15.2 4.2 1.5 0.8 14.0-18.0 3.0-5.4 a f 0 ? ' ? ? ' ' I ' ' 2 CM J FIGURE 104.?Variations in metal ring shape. 104 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ANTHROPOLOGY Composition of the ring associated with the adult male (feature 43) was examined in detail. The surface was scratched to a depth of between 100 and 200 jum. A secondary electron image produced by scanning electron microscopy within the scratch revealed that the surface layer is only about 60 jLim thick. Energy dispersive x-ray spec? troscopic analysis of the scratch surface within the outer layer reveals a composition of mostly gold with minor amounts of copper and silver. Analysis of the deepest part of the scratch reveals a composition of nearly pure copper. This speci? men and the ring from feature 4 are made from a single copper wire coated with gold. The third specimen (feature 51) is flat and apparently made from an alloy of gold and silver. Dimensions of these rings are summarized in Table 42. Rings ofthe type shown in Figure 104 > O O bo t^ 3 6 u bo C t ) en K! -Q rt J 3 ^ _ ? 0 _ _ -iJ ^ -2 ? ?2 ho J3 u C D en CO .i3 O U u. (4 c4 i_i ci( ^ cQ QQ pq ; ^ J^ .!5 ?? "cS -t? ?'ii "3 "3 t ! ^ OH XI x> en M Z Z O O SS O o .w S -c E ? -5 o ? cS XI Xi c x : 4^ _ c? bo ^ ^ ^ x: _ ^ .S ? "* ?3 bo.iS c . H ? '*^ LZ^ **-* .^ tZ "i^ NUMBER 29 113 Biological Inferences CRANIAL MEASUREMENTS Selected cranial measurements defined by Bass (1971) were recorded for all undeformed adult crania that were sufficiently complete. The meas? urement list and summary statistics are provided in Table 51. Generally the data show little vari? ability between the urn samples and the non-urn samples. Both groups show high and very broad (hyperbrachycranic) crania. The crania show a higher mean cranial index than found in the small samples of Valdivia and Machalilla crania reported by Munizaga (1965). More elaborate comparison with other coastal populations is not possible until additional samples become availa? ble. NON-METRIC OBSERVATIONS Twenty-seven observations were recorded for all undeformed adult crania and all adult man? dibles. These traits were selected because of their usefulness in discriminating populations in other studies. All were recorded as either present or absent. Bilateral traits were recorded for each side, while traits on the midline were recorded only once. These traits are listed in Table 52. The first 26 traits in the table are defined by Ossen- berg (1974, 1976). The last trait, three-rooted mandibular first molars is defined by Turner (1971). Frequencies of these traits in the urn and non-urn samples are also presented in Table 52. The frequency of three-rooted mandibular first molars represents the number of persons showing TABLE 52. -Frequency of non-metric cranial and mandibular observations (absence of maxillary third molar = congenital absence) Observation Mylohyoid bridge Accessory mental foramen Frontal groove Supraorbital foramen Trochlear spur Accessory optic canal Infraorbital suture Os Japonicum Wormian bone Parietal process of temporal squama Squamoparietal synostosis Auditory exostosis Pharyngeal fossa Paracondylar process Intermediate condylar canal Odonto-occipital articulation Hypoglossal canal divided Post condylar canal absent Marginal foramen of tympanic plate Tympanic plate dehiscence Foramen in lateral pterygoid plate Pterygobasal bridge Foramen spinosum incomplete Pterygospinous bridge Maxillary third molar Clinoid bridge Three roots on mandibular first molar Observa? tions per skeleton 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 2 2 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 Total 34 36 56 59 44 33 45 21 52 51 56 176 21 28 28 15 28 27 128 170 23 35 36 37 29 34 82 Urn Present No. 4 1 13 17 2 0 21 0 27 2 1 4 2 1 4 0 2 19 24 26 0 0 7 0 24 0 2 % 12 3 23 29 5 0 47 0 52 4 2 2 10 4 14 0 7 70 19 15 0 0 19 0 83 0 2 Total 22 24 24 23 6 4 8 3 24 13 22 30 5 2 5 1 6 2 28 30 2 2 2 2 12 2 18 Non-urn Present No. 0 2 3 8 0 0 1 0 5 0 0 2 1 0 1 0 0 2 8 8 0 0 0 0 11 0 1 % 0 8 8 35 0 0 13 0 21 0 0 7 20 0 20 0 0 100 29 27 0 0 0 0 92 0 6 114 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ANTHROPOLOGY TABLE 53.?Statures (cm) calculated from lengths (cm) of long bones from urns Feature 2 2 4 6 7 8 9 10 10 10 10 10 15 16 17 17 17 17 17 21 21 21 21 21 21 23 23 23 24 24 24 26 26 27 30 30 30 30 30 34 50 50 58 59 60 60 61 61 61 61 61 Bone femur femur femur femur femur femur femur femur femur femur femur femur femur femur femur femur femur femur femur femur femur femur femur femur femur femur femur femur femur femur femur femur fibula femur femur femur femur femur femur humerus femur humerus femur femur femur femur femur femur femur femur femur Sex M F M M F M M F F F F M F F M M F F M F F M M M F M F F M F M F M F F M M F F F F F F M M M M F F F F Length 44.9 42.2 38.5 43.5 39.5 43.8 43.1 39.4 41.0 34.8 40.0 40.5 40.9 38.5 43.8 39.6 41.0 42.5 44.0 39.7 36.1 39.5 42.4 40.2 41.3 40.1 40.1 40.8 39.7 37.8 41.7 42.0 33.7 38.0 39.1 40.5 44.3 39.2 36.5 28.6 35.5 24.8 36.5 44.3 44.2 42.3 44.4 39.0 36.0 40.0 39.0 Stature 165.5 156.5 151.0 162.5 149.5 163.0 161.5 149.3 153.5 137.5 151.0 155.5 153.0 147.0 163.0 153.5 153.5 157.3 163.5 150.0 140.7 153.3 160.0 155.0 154.3 154.5 151.0 153.0 153.7 145.0 158.3 156.0 158.7 146.0 148.5 155.5 164.0 148.7 141.7 151.5 143.0 135.5 141.7 164.0 164.0 159.5 164.5 148.5 140.5 151.0 148.5 Feature 61 62 62 69 69 Bone femur femur femur tibia tibia Sex M M F F M Length 40.5 40.0 38.8 33.2 34.8 Stature 155.5 154.5 Hl.l 151.7 159.8 TABLE 54.?Statures (cm) calculated from lengths (cm) of long bones from primary and secondary deposits Feature 9 19 28 33C 35 37A 37C 39 40 42 43 44 48 49 55 64 Bone femur femur femur femur femur femur humerus humerus femur femur femur femur femur humerus femur femur Sex M M F M F F M F M F M F F M M M Length 44.5 41.0 39.5 44.2 41.0 32.5 27.8 28.9 38.5 42.2 43.3 39.5 38.2 29.1 42.0 40.9 Stature 164.5 157.0 149.5 164.0 153.5 131.5 159.0 155.5 151.0 156.5 162.0 149.5 146.0 156.5 159.0 156.5 the trait on at least one side. All other traits are expressed as the percentage of the total number of observations taken. Differences in the urn and non-urn frequencies should be viewed with cau? tion since the non-urn sample sizes are very small. ESTIMATES OF LIVING STATURE Living stature was estimated from long bone lengths using the methodology and regression equations of Genoves (1967). Most estimates were made from femoral lengths although other bones were employed when the femur was not available. Table 53 presents estimates for individuals found within urns. Table 54 presents the same data for the non-urn features. Stature for all features av? eraged 148.6 cm (4 ft, 8y4 in) for females (n = 38) with a range between 131.5 cm (4 ft, 3% in) and 157.3 cm (5 ft, 1% in). Male stature for all features NUMBER 29 115 (n = 34) averaged 158.9 cm (5 ft, 2% in) with a range from 151.0 cm (4 ft, llVa in) to 165.5 cm (5 ft, 5y4 in). Little differences occur between statures of individuals from urns and those from other features. For males, average stature of in? dividuals from urns (n = 25) is 158.9 cm while stature of individuals from other features (n = 9) is 159.2 cm. For females, urn statures (n = 31) average 148.9 cm while non-urn statures (n = 7) are also 148.9 cm. Although these estimated living statures are small, they are within the normal range for recent Indian groups in northwestern South America, summarized by Steggerda (1950). Gillin (1941) presents a male mean stature of 156 cm for recent populations in Imbabura Province, Ecuador. His measured statures ranged from 140 to 172 cm. Similar short statures are reported by Rouma (1933) and Chervin (1907-1908) for Bolivian populations. Rouma (1932:191) presents a female average stature of below 150 cm for 112 Quitch- ouas and 21 Canaviri. TRAUMA Skeletal evidence of trauma in this material consists of healed fractures of long bones, trau? matic dislocation of a right humerus, compression fractures of foot bones, and union of several ver? tebrae. The 30 fractures found in these samples involve 12 radii, four ulnae, three fibulae, three ribs, one clavicle, one metatarsal, one foot pha? lanx, one hand phalanx, one talus, one navicular, one scapula, and one humerus. The most com? mon type of fracture is Colles' fracture of the distal radius or ulna (Figure 111). Ten (33 per? cent) of the 30 fractures are of this type. These include four left and five right radii and one right ulna. All of these are well healed, with radio? graphs revealing little structural evidence of the fracture site. Additional fractures of lone bone shafts include the following: feature 2, proximal shaft of left ulna; feature 6, two rib fragments; feature 8, midshaft radius with poor alignment of the frac? tured segments; feature 8, distal right fibula, fracture just above articular surface; feature 9, left ulna, fracture and non-union of olecranon process; feature 11, rib midshaft; feature 11, frac? ture at joint of proximal and middle hand pha? langes with subsequent union and poor alignment of segments; feature 15, fibula midshaft; feature 16, right clavicle midshaft; feature 16, left radius midshaft (bone also shows Colles' fracture); fea? ture 18, right second metatarsal, proximal shaft with slight misalignment of segments; feature 21, proximal foot phalanx midshaft; feature 22, distal right fibula, just above articular surface; feature 60, left radius and left ulna, each fractured at midshaft area with poor alignment of segments. All of the above are well remodeled except for the radius and ulna from feature 60 where the pre- fracture cortex is plainly visible with radiographs. The fractured left ulna from feature 9 is espe? cially interesting since the fracture occurs through the proximal articular surface and represents non? union (pseudoarthrosis). This specimen has been described separately by Stewart (1974) who points out how rarely this type of fracture has been found in prehistoric samples. As Figures 112 and 113 illustrate, the fracture extends dorsally and distally from the middle of the joint surface. The two segments articulate closely, suggesting a close fibrous union. The margins of the normal articular surface show extensive arthritic lipping; however, the general normal appearance of the rest of the joint surface suggests the joint contin? ued to function after the fracture occurred. Compression-crushing type fractures occur on one right navicular from feature 2 and one right talus from feature 8. The navicular shows consid? erable destruction and eburnation of the talar surface (Figure 114). The talus (feature 8) shows destruction and remodeling of the calcaneal ar? ticular surface with considerable shortening of the superior-lateral dimension. Both fractured bones probably resulted from falls. Figure 115 illustrates a right scapula from fea? ture 9 where a new articulation for the head of the right humerus has formed on the anterior surface of the scapula. The normal glenoid cavity shows bony changes indicative of prolonged use. 116 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ANTHROPOLOGY FIGURE 111.?Colles' fractures of distal radii. NUMBER 29 117 -tunti 2 IN. FIGURE 112.?Nonunion of fracture through the semi-lunar notch of ulna from feature 9. 5 CM. 2 I N . FIGURE 113.?Pseudoarthrosis articular surfaces of ulna illustrated in figure 112 with segments separated. FIGURE 114.?Fracture of talar surface of a right navicular from feature 8. FIGURE 115.?New articulation for head of humerus after traumatic dislocation on anterior surface of a right scapula from feature 9. 118 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ANTHROPOLOGY 5 CM. FIGURE 116.?Active periosteal lesions on left ulna and inactive lesions of fibula fragment, both from feature 7. thus the traumatic dislocation of the humerus must have occurred late in the life of the individ? ual, but was obviously not an immediate cause of death. The non-union fracture of the left ulna (Figures 112 and 113) also came from this male primary skeleton. Of the 30 fractures, 25 are from urn features and five are from non-urn features. All fractures occur on adult bones. The number of fractures per individual age 15 years or greater is 0.13 in the urn sample and 0.18 in the non-urn sample. Sex of the individuals with fractures in the urn sample cannot be determined due to the second? ary nature of the urn samples. All five of the fractures in the non-urn sample are from males (three individuals). Seven examples of noncongenital fusion of two adjacent vertebrae were found. The features and vertebrae involved are as follows: feature 8, two thoracic vertebrae, probably between 3 and 9; feature 16, 10-11 thoracics; feature 19, two 3-7 cervicals; feature 52, 10-11 thoracics; feature 53, two 2-7 thoracics; feature 56, two thoracics; fea? ture 64, two lumbars totally fused with the col? lapse of one lumbar centrum. Five of these are from urns and two are from male primary skele? tons. Radiographs of these specimens reveal in? tervertebral spaces or other indications of a non- congenital origin. Some could represent fusion due to extreme osteophytosis of very old age; however, it is very likely that in all cases, fusion was precipitated by trauma. INFECTIOUS DISEASE Thirty ofthe bones examined from ten features show abnormal periosteal bone apposition, re? modeling, thickening of the cortex, or other evi? dence of infectious disease. Many of these lesions were not active at the time of death. Their periosteal surfaces are well remodeled and they certainly were not causal factors of death. Others show lytic lesions or reactive bone indicating the lesions were active at time of death. Some of these may have contrib? uted to the death of the individual. NUMBER 29 119 Feature numbers, conditions and locations of the lesions are as follows: feature 2, long bone diaphysis fragment (active); feature 7, left fifth metatarsal (entire bone, inactive), right second metatarsal (entire bone, inactive), three fibula diaphysis fragments (2 inactive, 1 active), left ulna (two sites on diaphysis, active), right fibula (distal metaphyseal area, active), two right tibiae (most of diaphysis, active); feature 11, proximal half of right femur (active); feature 12, fibula diaphysis fragment (inactive); feature 17, femur and fibula diaphysis fragments (inactive); feature 22, distal metaphyseal area of right fibula (inac? tive); feature 50, twelfth thoracic vertebra cen? trum (active); feature 58, right radius diaphysis (inactive), metaphyseal areas of two distal right fibulae (inactive), fibula diaphysis (inactive), left and right tibiae (entire bones active), distal dia? physis of right ulna (active); feature 60, four lumbar vertebrae and at least two other vertebrae (active); feature 61, lateral diaphysis of right ulna (inactive). The long bone fragment from feature 2 is subadult; all others are adult. The contrast between active and inactive le? sions is shown in Figure 116. The fibula fragment shows periosteal bone deposited over the pre-ex? isting normal cortex but the bone surface is well remodeled with no evidence of activity at the time of death. In contrast, the left ulna shows active lesions at two sites on the lateral diaphysis. New periosteal bone is finely striated with nu? merous pinpoint lacunae. Much of the missing bone was lost post-mortem; however, cloaca pen? etrate the cortex to the medullary cavity with obvious necrosis of the immediately surrounding bone tissue. Of the lesions mentioned above, those in the lumbar vertebrae of feature 60 are especially interesting. A ventral view of the centra of these four vertebrae is shown in Figure 117. The insides of the centra of the two central vertebrae have been completely destroyed. Large sinuses per? meate the remaining shells of the centra. Al? though the destruction is massive, the extent of remodeling suggests the individual lived, perhaps FIGURE 117.?Ventral >view of four lumbar vertebrae from feature 60 showing extensive destruction and remodelling of the centra. several years with these lesions. The lesions are characteristic of a non-suppurative osteomylitis, such as that due to Brucella infection. Of course, an exact diagnosis cannot be made due to the fragmentary and incomplete nature of the mate? rial. The number of bones showing infectious lesions per individual in the urn sample is 0.08. In the non-urn sample the figure is 0.02. 120 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ANTHROPOLOGY - ^ mM FIGURE 118.?Porotic hyperostosis of adult cranial fragments from feature 2. POROTIC HYPEROSTOSIS Cranial lesions representing at least 12 individ? uals from nine features consist of what has been termed porotic hyperostosis. These lesions consist of concentrations of perforations or irregular bone formations on the external surface of the cranial vault and/or orbits, usually accompanied by ex? pansion of the diploe. Lesions on the orbits are usually termed "cribra orbitale." The lesions vary from small concentrations of pin-point perfora? tions to large irregular deposits resulting in thick? ening of the cranial vault. The following is a detailed description of the individual specimens. Feature 2. Seven adult cranial vault fi'ag- ments show extensive porosity and new bone formation on the outer surfaces (Figure 118). The outer surface has a "honey-comb" appearance with a cross-section revealing a "hair-on-end" structure. Margins of the structures are rounded, suggesting the condition had been present for some time before death. One fragment shows a sagittal suture fused endocranially and ectocra? nially, thus suggesting the individual was a ma? ture adult. The thickest fragment measures 17 mm. NUMBER 29 121 5 CM. 2 IN. FIGURE 119.?Porotic hyperostosis of skull of child from feature 5. Feature 5. Porotic hyperostosis is present on two individuals from this urn, an infant, age 1 year, and a child, age 10.5 years. The infant skull shows slight cribra orbitale in both orbits and perforation concentrations on the occipital and parietals near the lambdoidal suture. The 10.5- year-old lacks cribra orbitale, but shows extensive new bone formation and thickening on both pa? rietals (Figure 119). Some porosity occurs on the occipital near the lambdoidal suture. Feature 8. Three adult parietal fragments show well remodeled lesions with fine perforations 122 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ANTHROPOLOGY remaining. Maximum thickness is 14 mm. Feature 10. One subadult frontal shows con? siderable cribra orbitale in both orbits. Feature 21. One subadult cranium shows slight cribra orbitale in the right orbit (left orbit not present) with fine perforations on the occipital and parietals. Feature 25. One subadult cranium shows fine perforations on the parietals. Feature 37A. Young adult cranium shows well-remodeled thickening of both parietals. The outer surface displays remnants of the "honey? comb" pattern shown more clearly in Figure 118 from feature 2. Feature 37D-E. Two subadult parietal frag? ments show the thickening and "honey-comb" pattern. Feature 50. This infant cranium shows cribra orbitale in both orbits with pinpoint perforations along the superior margin of the occipital and on the parietals along the lambdoidal suture and near bregma. Feature 56. An adult cranium shows perfo? rations and thickening on the occipital above the nuccal lines and on most of the posterior third of the parietals. An infant occipital displays pin? point perforations near the lambdoidal suture. Of the 12 individuals displaying these lesions, 10 are from urn features and two are from non- urn features. The number of bones showing le? sions per individual in the urn sample is 0.07. For the non-urn sample, the figure is 0.08. In this sample, the condition appears in infancy and early childhood as pinpoint perforations along the lambdoidal sutures on the occipital and parietals. The area of perforations then expands to cover most of the parietals and the occipital above the nuccal lines with cribra orbitale ap? pearing in the orbits. In adults the parietals are greatly increased in thickness with "honey-comb" bone formation which in cross-section presents a "hair-on-end" appearance. Other investigators have generally attributed these lesions to a bony response to anemia, with vitamin deficiency and such diseases as malaria, thalassemia, and sickle? mia as possible causative factors (El-Najjar et al, 1976). DEGENERATIVE CHANGES Degenerative changes in the human skeleton are a normal product of the aging process; how? ever, the rate of change can be influenced by activity, disease, nutrition, and other factors. Since most degenerative change is produced by a variety of factors, interrelated in a complex man? ner, we can seldom determine the specific cause of a particular bone formation. At the population level, it may be possible to detect differences in the rate of change and the distribution of that change in various parts of the skeleton. Osteophytosis Stewart (1958) classified osteophytes into five categories, the first of which is complete absence, with the other four being present with increasing size. These five stages of development are visually presented by Ubelaker (1978:60). In this study, absence is represented by category 0. Category 1 represents a combination of Stewart's stages 1 and 2. Category 2 represents a combination of Stewart's stages 3 and 4. Table 55 presents fre? quency data for these categories in the urn and non-urn samples. Data were collected for 1825 vertebrae: 576 cervicals, 827 thoracics, and 422 TABLE 55.?Frequency of vertebral osteophytosis in urn and non-urn samples (for definition of categories of osteophytosis, see text) Sample Cervical Urn Non-urn Total Thoracic Urn Non-urn Total Lumbar Urn Non-urn Total 0 No. 247 58 305 265 67 332 90 31 121 % 51 64 53 39 45 40 26 41 29 / No. 184 24 208 371 73 444 174 28 202 % 38 27 36 55 49 54 50 37 48 2 No. 55 8 63 42 9 51 83 16 99 % 11 9 11 6 6 6 24 21 23 Total 486 90 576 678 149 827 347 75 422 NUMBER 29 123 lumbars. In both the urn and non-urn samples the cervical vertebrae show the highest frequency of stage 0 osteophytosis, followed by the thoracics and then the lumbars. This contrasts somewhat with Stewart's (1958) modern data, where lumbar vertebrae show the highest frequency of stage 0. The data may suggest that the Ayalan popula? tions had activity that put exceptional stress on the lower back. The data also show that the non-urn sample has less osteophytic development than the urn sample. In the urn sample 909 (60 percent) of 1511 vertebrae examined show some osteophytic development. In the non-urn sample only 158 (50 percent) of 314 vertebrae examined show osteo? phytes. Frequencies of lipping on the margins of long bone joint surfaces are similar for urn and non- urn samples (Table 56) with about 20 percent of all joint surfaces examined displaying some lip? ping. The urn sample shows more lipping than TABLE 56.?Arthritic lipping around joint surfaces in urn and non-urn samples (for definition of stages of lipping see text) Sample Humerus, head Urn Non-urn Tibia, proximal U m Non-urn Tibia, distal Urn Non-urn Patella Urn Non-urn Calcaneus, cu? boid facet Urn Non-urn Total Urn Non-urn 0 No. 47 12 66 15 92 14 108 15 158 14 471 70 % 68 52 82 88 98 78 71 75 88 67 82 71 / No. 20 9 14 2 2 4 37 5 20 7 93 27 % 29 39 18 12 2 22 24 25 11 33 16 27 2 No. 2 2 0 0 0 0 8 0 2 0 12 2 % 3 9 0 0 0 0 5 0 1 0 2 2 Total 69 23 80 17 94 18 153 20 180 21 576 99 the non-urn sample on the proximal tibia and patella, but less on the proximal humerus, calca? neus, and distal tibia. Stage 1 lipping represents a minimal expression. Stage 2 refers to bony extensions greater than 2 mm. Spicule formation was recorded for the anterior proximal tibia, the inferior surface of the calca? neus, and the non-articular surface of the patella (Table 57). Spicules occur on the tibia and patella with a frequency of 10 percent or less in both urn and non-urn samples. Spicule formation is much more common on the calcaneus. Joint Surface Degeneration Degeneration of joint surfaces was recorded for 12 surfaces (Table 58). Eighty percent ofthe 1549 joint surfaces examined showed no evidence of cartilage destruction or bone degeneration. Fif? teen percent of the surfaces displayed perfora? tions, small bony deposits, or other evidence of initial joint degeneration (stage 1). Two percent displayed stage 2 degeneration, e.g., perforations or bony deposits on over 25 percent but less than 75 percent of the joint surface. Two percent dis? played stage 3 degeneration consisting of bony change on at least 75 percent of the joint surface, usually accompanied by eburnation. In both urn and non-urn samples, degeneration was most frequent at the elbow joint, particularly TABLE 57.?Frequency of spicule formation on the patella, calcaneus, and anterior proximal tibia in urn and non-urn samples Sample Tibia Urn Non-urn Patella Urn Non-urn Calcaneus Urn Non-urn Present No. 4 1 14 1 11 8 % 5 6 10 5 54 50 Absent Na. 84 17 133 19 66 8 % 95 94 90 95 46 50 Total 88 18 147 20 144 16 124 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ANTHROPOLOGY TABLE 58.?Degeneration of joint surfaces in urn and non-urn samples (for definition of stages of degeneration, see text) Sample Humerus, distal Urn Non-urn Radius, proximal Urn Non-urn Radius, distal Urn Non-urn Ulna, proximal Urn Non-urn Ulna, distal Urn Non-urn Femur, distal Urn Non-urn Tibia, proximal Urn Non-urn Tibia, distal Urn Non-urn Fibula, proximal Urn Non-urn Fibula, distal Urn Non-urn Calcaneus, cuboid art. Urn Non-urn Calcaneus, superior Urn Non-urn Total Urn Non-urn 0 No. 80 14 94 15 81 16 71 10 44 6 75 15 77 18 104 18 28 6 89 13 163 18 175 16 1081 165 % 58 50 77 83 79 73 51 37 83 60 69 79 88 100 97 100 90 100 95 81 98 100 96 84 81 75 / No. 46 10 20 2 16 6 59 13 7 4 21 3 6 0 1 0 3 0 5 3 4 0 4 3 192 44 % 34 36 17 11 16 27 43 48 13 40 20 16 7 0 1 0 10 0 5 19 2 0 2 16 14 20 2 No. 1 4 4 1 4 0 6 4 0 0 3 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 25 10 % 5 14 3 6 4 0 4 15 0 0 3 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 2 5 3 No. 4 0 4 0 1 0 3 0 2 0 9 0 5 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 32 0 % 3 0 3 0 1 0 2 0 4 0 8 0 5 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 2 0 Total 137 28 122 18 102 22 139 27 53 10 108 19 88 18 107 18 31 6 94 16 167 18 182 19 1330 219 on the distal humerus and proximal ulna. In the urn sample, degeneration was more common at the knee (21 percent) than at the wrist (19 per? cent), with only 4 percent of ankle joint surfaces showing degeneration. In the non-urn sample. degeneration was most common at the elbow (47 percent), followed by the wrist (31 percent), ankle (11 percent), and knee (9 percent). The most severe degeneration occurred on the distal femora and proximal tibiae of the urn sample where 8 NUMBER 29 125 and 5 percent respectively ofthe articular surfaces examined show stage 3 degeneration. None ofthe articular surfaces in the non-urn sample were in the stage 3 degree of severity. Although the urn sample shows a lower over-all frequency of artic? ular surface degeneration, those examples present are more severe than in the non-urn sample. CONGENITAL DISORDERS Disorders of congenital origin were found only in the vertebrae. Examples of congenital fusion of two adjacent cervical vertebrae were found in five features. Feature numbers and vertebrae in? volved are as follows: feature 11, C2 and C3; feature 23, between C3 and C7; feature 50, C2 and C3; feature 56, C2 and C3; feature 64, be? tween C3 and C7. Radiographs reveal complete fusion of each pair with little osteophytic involve? ment. Four of the five features are urns; one example was found with an adult male primary skeleton. One adult lumbar vertebra from feature 16 (urn) displays a separate neural arch. No other examples were found. LINES OF INCREASED DENSITY Additional data on morbidity in a skeletal population are provided by lines or bands of increased density, which appear in radiographs of long bones. Usually termed "Harris lines," the bands are produced by renewed long bone lon? gitudinal growth following a period of growth arrest. These bands of increased density usually indicate periods of retarded growth, but only if renewed growth later occurred. As Garn et al. (1968) have summarized, these bands are not an exact indication of morbidity since lines some? times appear in the absence of disease and may be produced by a wide range of phenomena. In adults, band frequency is minimal since some bands are lost through time due to remodeling. The problem is accentuated with fragmentary, incomplete, and secondary skeletons. Neverthe? less, they provide at least a general indication of morbidity. When possible, radiographs were pre? pared for at least one long bone from each indi? vidual in a feature, usually a femur or tibia. Most complete long bones from primary skeletons were radiographed. Radiographs were prepared for 246 bones, 158 mature and 88 immature, repre? senting 133 adults and 50 subadults. The adult bones are primarily femora (109) and tibiae (35), although humeri (6), clavicles (3), radii (2), fibu? lae (2), and one ulna were also examined radio- graphically. Subadult bones examined consist of 54 femora, 11 tibiae, 4 fibulae, 9 humeri, 5 radii, and 5 ulnae. Of the 133 adults, 15 (11 percent) show lines of increased density ranging from one to 10 per bone. Four (8 percent) ofthe 50 subadult individuals show lines, ranging in number from one to three. Lines in adult bones averaged 3.73 per individual, while subadults averaged 1.75 per individual. The greater frequency in adults ob? viously reflects the fact that an adult bone can display lines that may have occurred throughout the longitudinal growth period. Subadult bones show only a portion of that growth period, i.e., growth that occurred prior to the death of the individual. Lines of increased density occurred with greater frequency among non-urn adults than those within urn features. Of 119 adults found within urns, 12 (10 percent) displayed 39 lines for an average of 3.25 per individual. Of 14 adults from non-urn features, three (21 percent) displayed 17 lines for an average of 5.67 lines per person. Note that all counts of lines are the maximum number revealed in any one bone of that individual. The age of the individual at the time of line formation can be established by first estimating the length of the diaphysis at the time of line formation. Diaphysis length was estimated either by measuring the distance between corresponding proximal and distal lines on the same bone or by measuring the distance between a line and either the present end ofthe diaphysis in subadult bones or in adult bones where the epiphyseal line oc? curred before union. Once diaphyseal length was established, chronological age was estimated through comparison with data provided by Mer- 126 TABLE 59.?Estimated individual ages at time of formation of lines of arrested growth Age interval 0.0-0.9 1.0-1.9 2.0-2.9 3.0-3.9 4.0-4.9 5.0-5.9 6.0-6.9 7.0-7.9 8.0-8.9 9.0-9.9 10.0-10.9 11.0-11.9 12.0-12.9 13.0-13.9 14.0-14.9 Total No. 1 3 5 5 6 6 4 12 4 3 3 1 3 0 1 63 % 11 5 8 8 9 9 6 19 6 5 5 2 5 0 2 100 chant and Ubelaker (1977). The resulting age distribution is shown in Table 59. The table shows that lines formed in nearly every yearly interval from birth to 15 years with the greatest number of lines formed between 7 and 7.9 years. These data represent one indicator of morbidity in the population, although not an exact one since some lines may not have been detected in the fragmentary remains, some diseases may not have produced lines, some lines may have been produced independently of disease, and some lines may have been lost due to remodeling. SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ANTHROPOLOGY DENTAL DISEASE Data were recorded for teeth present, teeth missing antemortem, carious lesions, alveolar ab? scesses, calculus and hypoplasia. Deciduous Teeth Data for deciduous teeth are presented in Table 60. No deciduous teeth were prematurely lost antemortem. Of 286 teeth examined, only eight (3 percent) display carious lesions. One shows calculus deposits on both the buccal and lingual surfaces and two display hypoplasia. Of the three tooth groups, the molars display nearly all caries, calculus, and hypoplasia. The positions ofthe two examples of hypoplasia on the molars suggest they were produced at about the time of birth. Ofthe 286 deciduous teeth examined, only 26 are from non-urn features. None of these display pathology. Permanent Teeth Table 61 summarizes observations of pathology on all permanent teeth recovered from all fea? tures. The number of teeth examined varies con? siderably since most of the features are secondary and the anterior teeth were frequently lost during the transfer. Frequencies of teeth missing ante- mortem represent only examples in which the alveolus was available for examination and dis? played remodeling that clearly suggested the TABLE 60.?Observations on deciduous teeth from all features Teeth Maxillary Incisors Canines Molars Mandibular Incisors Canines Molars Total Present 45 22 102 10 10 97 286 Absent antemortem 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Carious 0 1 4 0 0 3 8 Alveolar abscess 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Calculus buccal 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 Calculus lingual 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 Hypoplasia 0 0 2 0 0 0 2 NUMBER 29 127 tooth had been lost before death. Percentages were calculated from the total number of obser? vations made on that particular tooth group; e.g., the number of teeth present plus the number determined to be absent antemortem. In both the maxilla and mandible, the molars show the high? est frequency of antemortem loss, followed by the incisors, premolars, and canines. Data on caries presented in the table represent the frequency of teeth that display at least one carious lesion. Overall, maxillary teeth show about the same caries frequency as mandibular teeth (10 percent). In both maxillary and man? dibular teeth, molars show the highest caries fre? quency, followed by the premolars. Alveolar abscesses are more common in the maxilla (5 percent) than in the mandible (2 per? cent) and the distribution is different as well. Maxillary abscesses occur primarily in the inci? sors, followed by the canines and molars. Man? dibular abscesses occur with greatest frequency in the molars followed by the premolars and then the canines. When present, calculus deposits were classified as slight, medium, or large. Absent in? dicates no trace of calculus occurs on any aspect of the tooth surface. Slight represents a minimal accumulation not exceeding 1 mm in thickness. Medium is scored when the calculus deposit mea? sures between 1 and 2 mm in thickness. Large represents a deposit in excess of 2 mm, in thick? ness. Frequency calculations for calculus are based upon the number of observations for cal? culus made and not the number of teeth present. Some teeth were present but were damaged in a manner that observations of calculus could not be made. The data show that calculus occurs with vari? able frequencies on both the buccal and lingual surfaces of all teeth groups. In the maxillary teeth, it is more common on the buccal surfaces than the lingual. In mandibular teeth, it occurs with greater frequency on the buccal sides of the inci? sors and canines, but on the lingual surfaces of the premolars and molars. In both the maxilla and mandible, calculus is more common in the anterior teeth than the posterior. The calculus probably represents normal salivary deposits, al? though lime used in coca chewing may also be a contributing factor. Chemical attempts to distin? guish lime deposits from salivary calculus have not been successful (Klepinger et al., 1977). For this study, hypoplasia is defined as enamel defects such as spotting or horizontal bands that may reflect disturbances in the tooth formation process. Like lines of increased density in long bones, hypoplasia is difficult to interpret since a wide variety of factors may contribute to its formation. They provide another inexact indica- TABLE 61.?Frequency of dental disease in permanent teeth from ail features (% refers to percentage of observations, A = absent, S= slight, M = medium, L = large). Teeth Maxillary Incisors Canines Premolars Molars Mandibular Incisors Canines Premolars Molars Number present 259 172 310 442 207 149 373 483 Absent antemortem No. 30 11 32 87 20 4 33 181 % 10 6 9 16 9 3 8 27 Carious No. 13 7 33 68 4 5 25 88 % 5 4 11 15 2 3 7 18 A Iveolar absecess No. 18 10 10 19 1 2 8 19 % 7 6 3 4 0 1 2 4 A 47 59 75 72 39 51 76 85 Calculus bucccal S 40 31 21 22 35 38 21 12 (%) M 9 1 3 3 22 10 2 1 L 4 3 1 2 4 1 1 2 A 78 75 90 90 45 55 55 81 Calculus lingual (^Vf) S 19 21 10 10 33 35 38 16 M 2 3 0 0 17 8 7 2 L 1 1 0 0 5 2 0 1 Hypoplasia No. % 12 5 35 20 12 4 9 2 3 1 24 16 14 4 12 2 128 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ANTHROPOLOGY tion of morbidity in the population. As Table 61 shows, hypoplasia was found in all tooth groups but most frequently in the canines where 20 percent of maxillary and 16 percent of mandib? ular canines showed hypoplastic defects. The po? sition of the defect on the crown surface indicates the size of the developing tooth when the defect occurred. Comparison of defect position with data on the chronology of tooth formation (Ube? laker, 1978:112-113) allows an estimation ofthe age at which the defect developed. Of the 121 hypoplastic defects observed, four were formed at age one, six at age two, 31 at age three, 11 at age four, 66 at age five, one at age six, one at seven, and one at 11. Eighty percent of the defects are estimated to have formed at either age three or five. Tables 62, 63, and 64 compare the frequency of dental disease in the urn sample with that found within the non-urn sample. The tables show that the urn sample has a higher frequency of antemortem loss of permanent teeth and of carious teeth, alveolar abscesses, and hypoplasia; the non-urn sample has a higher frequency of calculus deposits. DEMOGRAPHY Accurate demographic reconstruction requires samples that reflect the actual distribution of deaths in the population. As with most samples taken from large cemeteries, there is no positive assurance that these are not biased, at least to some extent by such factors as preservation, burial practices or inadequate sampling of a spatially variable cemetery. As the bone inventories for individual urns reveal, there was considerable loss of some skeletal parts, especially small bones, due to preservation or selection when the bones were transferred from the primary repository to the urns. The inventory of all bones recovered in the urns (Tables A50 and A102) reveals 147 adult individuals represented by right humeri, while only 19 are represented by the right lesser mult? angular. For subadults, 140 individuals are rep? resented by right femora, while only seven are represented by the right talus. This variability is TABLE 62.?Frequency of antemortem loss of permanent teeth in urn and non-urn samples Sample Urn Non-urn No. observations 2302 491 Teeth present No. % 1966 85 429 87 Teeth absent antemortem No. % 336 15 62 13 TABLE 63.?Frequency of caries and alveolar abscesses in permanent teeth from urn and non-urn samples Sample Urn Non-urn Carious Alveolar abscess No. teeth No. % No. % Hypoplasia No. 1966 208 429 35 11 74 13 115 6 TABLE 64.?Frequency and severity of calculus deposits on permanent teeth from urn and non-urn samples Sample Buccal surface Urn Non-urn Lingual surface Urn Non-urn No. observ. 1944 423 1939 423 Absent Slight No. % No. % 1374 71 437 22 232 55 142 34 1486 77 368 19 271 64 125 30 Medium No. 92 43 67 25 % 5 10 3 6 Large No. % 41 2 6 1 18 1 2 <1 expected, since small bones would have been easily overlooked or not judged to be important when the transfer to the urns was nnade. The approach to demographic reconstruction used here is to assume that each feature represents a distinct demographic unit; e.g., that bones of each individual are confined to one feature. The number of individuals and the age and sex data were calculated using the information provided in the individual feature analyses (pages 14-90). It is reassuring that both sexes, all age intervals, and the expected large percentage of deaths between ages birth and five years are NUMBER 29 129 TABLE 65.?Life table for the urn sample Age interval w 0-0.9 1.0-4.9 5.0-9.9 10.0-14.9 15.0-19.9 20.0-24.9 25.0-29.9 30.0-34.9 35.0-39.9 40.0-44.9 45.0-49.9 50.0-54.9 55.0-59.9 60.0-64.9 65.0-69.9 70.0-74.9 75.0-79.9 No. of deaths (Dx) 96 51 18 20 5 15 21 19 45 32 23 12 9 12 2 4 0 %of deaths (dx) 25 13 5 5 1 4 6 5 12 8 6 3 2 3 1 1 0 Survivors (Ix) 100 75 62 57 52 51 47 41 36 24 16 10 7 5 2 1 0 Probability of death (q^) .25 .18 .08 .09 .03 .08 .12 .12 .32 .34 .37 .31 .33 .67 .33 1.00 0 Total no. yrs. lived during x (Lx) 88 274 297 272 256 243 219 193 152 102 66 43 30 16 7 3 0 Total no. yrs. lived after lifetime (Tx) 2257 2170 1896 1600 1327 1072 829 609 416 264 163 97 54 25 9 3 0 Life ex? pectancy (e^x) 23 29 31 28 26 21 18 15 11 11 10 10 8 5 6 3 0 TABLE 66.?Life table for the non-urn sample Age interval No. of deaths %of deaths Survivors Probability of death M 0-0.9 1.0-4.9 5.0-9.9 10.0-14.9 15.0-19.9 20.0-24.9 25.0-29.9 30.0-34.9 35.0-39.9 40.0-44.9 45.0-49.9 50.0-54.9 55.0-59.9 (Dx) 15 6 2 0 1 3 7 7 2 3 4 1 0 (dx) 29 12 4 0 2 6 14 14 4 6 8 2 0 (lx) 100 71 59 55 55 53 47 33 20 16 10 2 0 (q^) .29 .17 .07 .00 .04 .11 .29 .41 .20 .38 .80 1.00 0 (Lx) 85 259 284 275 270 250 201 132 88 64 29 5 0 (Tx) 1942 1857 1598 1314 1039 770 520 319 186 98 34 5 0 (e?x) 19 26 27 24 19 15 11 10 10 6 4 3 0 present, indicating that the sample has not been grossly effected by the sampling problems dis? cussed above. The data indicate that at least 435 individuals are represented in the skeletal remains removed for analysis. For subadults, ages at death were estimated for each individual and these data were directly available for demographic reconstruc? tion. For many of the adults, however, exact age at death could not be determined. For example, 130 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ANTHROPOLOGY inventories of urn features revealed that at least 194 adults are present, but exact ages were esti? mated for only 133. The remaining 61 are classi? fied as adult, age unknown. To include the entire adult sample in the analysis, the distribution of adults with estimated ages was first determined, by calculating the percentage of that sample that occurred in each five-year interval. The number of adults of unknown age (61) was then multiplied by the percentage figure for each interval and the product was added to each respective interval. This procedure assumes that adults of unknown age have the same age distribution as adults with estimated ages. Life tables calculated from the age at death data are presented in Table 65 for urn features and Table 66 for non-urn features. Data pre? sented in the tables are rounded to whole num? bers for clarity of presentation and do not imply unreasonable accuracy. In the actual calculation of the tables, however, figures to the eighth deci? mal were used to avoid accumulative rounding error. Tables were calculated following proce? dures outlined by Acsadi and Nemeskeri (1970) and Ubelaker (1978). The tables show greater life expectancy for the urn sample than the non-urn sample. In the urn sample, life expectancies at birth and at age 15 are 23 and 26 years respec? tively; in the urn sample, the values are both 19 years. The urn sample shows lesser infant mortal? ity and greater adult longevity than the non-urn sample. Crude mortality rates are 44 for the urn sample and 52 for the non-urn sample. Maximum age in the urn sample was estimated at 71 years while it was 53 in the non-urn sample. For the urn sample, the average age of all individuals age 15 years or more is 40; for the non-urn sample, the figure is 34 years. In the urn sample, sex was estimated for 88 adults: 43 males and 45 females. Male ages at death ranged from 17 to 71 years with a mean age at death of 36 years. Female ages at death ranged from 15 to 61 years with a mean age at death of 40 years. In the non-urn sample, sex was estimated for 24 adults. Of these 12 are male and 12 are female. Male ages at death ranged from TABLE 67.?Percentage of adult deaths in five-year age intervals of males and females from urn and non-urn samples Age interval 15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49 50-54 55-59 60-64 65-69 70-74 Male 1 1 12 12 28 21 2 7 2 0 0 2 Urn Female 2 1 11 4 25 18 18 4 4 7 0 0 Non Male 8 0 17 25 0 17 25 8 0 0 0 0 -um Female 0 27 37 0 18 9 9 0 0 0 0 0 18 to 53 with a mean age of 36 years. Female ages at death ranged from 22 to 49 with a mean age at death of 31 years. Comparative mortality data for males and females are presented in Table 67. Male longevity differs little, if any, between urn and non-urn samples. Female longevity however is much greater in the urn sample. Urn/Non-Urn Feature Comparison ARTIFACTS Although the urn and non-urn features may be chronologically distinct and represent very differ? ent methods of burial, they share considerable cultural and biological data. With regard to ce? ramics, both samples have jars, compoteras, spin? dle whorls, and small discs. Only the urns them? selves are distinct ceramic artifacts unique to the urn features. Similarly, most metal artifacts were found in both urn and non-urn features, with just four elaborate ring types occurring only in urns. The most distinctive feature differences occur with bead types where types K and p are unique to non-urns; types A, D, F, G, and i are shared by urn and non-urn features; and the remaining nine types are unique to the urns. NUMBER 29 131 FAUNAL REMAINS Most associated faunal groups are shared by both urn and non-urn features. Remains of a marsupial (one specimen), all reptiles, and the bird taxa Cairina, Numenius, Dendrocygna, Columba, Netta, and Anatidae were recovered only in urns, while isolated deer heads and the bird taxa Rallus and Charadriidae are unique to non-urn features. The percentage of features with cavy rodent re? mains shifted from 40 percent in urn features to 15 percent in non-urn features. The frequency of features with Muscovy duck remains also de? creased from 24 percent of urn features to 4 percent of non-urn features. BIOLOGICAL INFORMATION Biological data shared equally by urn and non- urn features consist of cranial deformation, meas? urements of undeformed crania, living stature, and frequency of porotic hyperostosis. Urn fea? tures show higher frequencies of metatarsophal? angeal alterations, vertebral osteophytosis, ar? thritic lipping at the knee, dental caries, alveolar abscesses, hypoplasia, and skeletal evidence of infectious disease. The urn features also uniquely contained rodent tooth marks and the one ex? ample of dental mutilation. The urn samples suggest greater life expectancy at birth, lower infant mortality, and greater adult life expect? ancy, especially in females. Non-urn samples show a higher frequency of joint degeneration (although less severe exam? ples), dental calculus, lines of increased density in long bones and healed fractures. SEX ASSOCIATIONS Data on male-female artifact associations are confined largely to non-urn features since artifacts could not be associated with specific individuals within the secondary urn burials. Within the non- urn features all artifact classes were found with both sexes. This is somewhat surprising since most other prehistoric American cemetery analyses have found at least some sexual differences in artifact mortuary inclusions. Even rings worn on the nose and/or ears occurred with both sexes. Some sexual differences were found in associ? ated faunal remains. Single specimens of the cot? ton rat and three bird genera {Cairina, Dendrocyg- nus, Rallus) were found with one 25 to 30 year old female. The deer skull occurred with a young adult male. One humerus of the bird genus Geo- trygon was found with an old adult male. Of course it is not possible to suggest any sexually discrim? inating mortuary ritual from the single examples cited here. The only faunal remains clearly asso? ciated with subadult skeletons were the fish frag? ments, cotton rat bones, and the Lama astragalus associated with the infant in feature 41. Sex differences do occur in the biological data. Male living stature (159 cm) was greater than that of the females (149 cm). The only example of dental mutilation occurred on a male skull. Metatarsophalangeal alterations occurred more commonly if not exclusively on females. Adult life expectancy was greater for males in the non- urn sample, but greater for females in the urn sample. SPATIAL ANALYSIS The spatial distribution of artifacts and biolog? ical data was examined by plotting the location of each variable within the excavation. The re? sults were entirely negative; i.e., non-random pat? terns did not emerge, outside of the clustering of urn and non-urn features shown in Figure 5. Since no patterns emerge, the locational plots are not reproduced here. The randomness of these data adds further evidence that the material ex? cavated is representative of the entire cemetery site. Summary Archeological features of the Ayalan cemetery, particularly the urn burials with inverted urn coverings, and the associated metal artifacts ap? pear very similar to those reported from other cemetery sites in Ecuador from the Milagro Phase of the Integration Period. Most of these cemetery 132 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ANTHROPOLOGY sites (summarized on pages 3-9) display a pat? tern of multiple urn burials clustered on natural hilltops or in artificially constructed mounds. The arrangements of the urns vary considerably from seemingly random clusters of urns, such as those at Ayalan and Mound " B " of La Compania to the symmetrical pattern at Gante. Individual urn features vary from single urns, sometimes with single inverted urn coverings (Ayalan, Cerro de Chaco, Loma de los Navanjos), to the elaborate multiple "chimney-type" arrangement described at Quevedo I, Quevedo II, Gante, Tierra Santa, and La Compania. At Quevedo I, Tola de Pinuelal (La Loma de Oro), and Ayalan, primary skeletons were found buried outside of the urns. It is not clear if this represents variability in mortuary procedures at a particular time, or if the urns and primary burials represent chronologically distinct mortu? ary procedures. Radiocarbon dates at Ayalan suggest the latter, although even these data may be questionable considering the possibility of or? ganic contamination of charcoal and collagen samples used in dating, and the impressive simi? larity in cultural and biological data between the urn and primary skeleton samples. Much more information is needed from other Milagro ceme? tery sites before these problems can be resolved. Information about the skeletal content of urns from these sites is limited to two sites. La Com? pania and Ayalan. The eroded fragmented skel? etons salvaged from La Compania offer few meas? urements and biological observations but show that both sexes and all ages are present in the urns. A minimum estimate of 33 individuals from 24 features suggests that most urns contained more than one individual. Since bone decompo? sition was excessive at this site, the number of skeletons originally present was certainly much greater. At Ayalan, improved bone preservation and careful excavation provides considerably more information on archeological details of urn burial and on the biology of the skeletal samples. Im? proved bone preservation allowed the determi? nation that each urn contained an average of over nine persons. Most ofthe bones were second? ary, although a few articulated skeletal parts were found. The articulated bones represent all parts of male and female skeletons of all ages, but especially bones of the vertebral column, legs, and feet. The amount of bone in the urns corre? lates significantly with the size (especially height and volume) of the urns, suggesting that either the urns were made or selected to accomodate the quantity of dead to be buried or that deceased individuals or bones were accumulated to the needed quantity for the size of the urn available for use. The secondary nature of most of the skeletal remains indicates that the mortuary procedure included a primary repository, although it can not be determined if it was above or below ground. In some cases, the mortuary procedure prior to urn burial varied to include cremation of both whole bodies and dry bones. The pattern of firing on some of the bones indicates that the bodies were cremated with the dorsal body sur? face exposed to the crematory fire. The presence of human bone trapped between the inverted urn covering and lower upright urn in two features indicates that the urn coverings may have been used to transport the skeletal remains from the primary repository for placement within the up? right urn. The distribution of ages and sexes of the skeletal samples within each of the urns may indicate that extended families are represented. Artifact comparisons between the urn and non- urn samples show few differences. Only the urns themselves, elaborate rings, eleven bead types, and several types of faunal remains separate the two samples. The over-all cultural comparison suggests relatively little change within the time period represented. Biological analysis of the Ayalan remains re? veals populations with high and very broad crania and short stature. Comparison of urn sam? ples and the possibly earlier non-urn samples shows an increase through time in cranial defor? mation, metatarsophalangeal alterations, verte? bral osteophytosis, arthritic lipping at the knee, dental caries, alveolar abscesses, hypoplasia, evi- NUMBER 29 133 dence of infectious disease, and life expectancy. Many of these changes (especially dental pathol? ogy and arthritic problems) may be brought about by an increased dependency upon intensive agriculture. Unfortunately we lack sufficient data regarding subsistence and bone pathology at other Milagro Phase and earlier sites to allow comparison. Population estimates can not be made with any reliability from the skeletal remains due to the variables involved. For the urn sample, the crude mortality rate (44) and number of individ? uals recovered from the excavated urns (287) are known. Unknown variables such as the size ofthe unexcavated area of the cemetery, exact number of years represented by the cemetery's use, and the geographical range of the population that contributed to the cemetery need to be resolved before population size estimates can be made. A substantial population must have existed in Guayas and Los Rios provinces during the Late Integration Period; however, a more exact deter? mination of population size must await addi? tional archeological survey and excavation. The data presented here provide only an initial glimpse at the biological and cultural variability present in the Milagro Phase of the Integration Period. Comparative data are urgently needed from other cemetery sites in Ecuador and throughout South America. At this time, com? parative data are simply not available in the published record, due to the lack of controlled cemetery excavation, the lack of field observations by physical anthropologists trained in skeletal biology, the lack of publication of field work and research already completed, and the lack of detail in published reports. Such additional data would document the temporal and spatial variability of aboriginal funerary behavior and human biology and would provide the foundation to address even larger questions involving biocultural ad? aptation and evolution. Appendix I The Association of Animal Bones with Burial Features Brian Hesse Excavation in the cemetery at Ayalan re? covered small quantities of animal bone in asso? ciation with the human skeletal material. This report describes the identification and distribu? tion of that meterial. TAXA REPRESENTED IN THE SAMPLE Many of the burials included fragments of fish bone, marine shells, and crab claws. Small quan? tities of amphibians and reptiles were also present. By far the most common of the birds is the Muscovy Duck, Cairina moschata, a large forest duck, which was most likely a domesticated spe? cies at Ayalan. Two other forms of Anatidae have been identified. Several bones appear to be Den? drocygna sp., a tree- or whistling-duck. The more complete bone fragments compare best with D. autumnalis discolor, the Black-bellied Whistling- Duck, a species recorded for the Ecuadorian coastal area (Blake, 1977:216-218). One tarso- metatarsus conforms to Netta sp., a pochard that prefers lagoons and marshes with dense vegeta? tion, a habitat preference shared with the whis? tling-ducks. One species of Scolopacidae, the Whimbrel or Hudsonian Curlew {Numeniusphaeo- pus), is present. This crow-sized coastal marsh bird would have been an occasional winter visitor to the Ecuadorian coast. Several bones of Rallus longirostris, the Clapper Rail, are found in the collection. This bird prefers mangrove swamps or marshes. One femur of some form of small plover (Charadriidae) is present. Two forms of the Col- umbidae (pigeons and doves) have been noted. One seems to be Columba plumbea, the Plumbeous Pigeon, while the other is apparently Geotrygon sp., a quail-dove. Two species of rodent are present. The exist? ence of several partial skeletons in the collection permit the identification of much of the post? cranial material. The more common ofthe two is the cavy, Cavia sp. Most probably this material can be referred to the domestic guinea pig, Cavia porcellus, an animal with a long history of use on the western coast of South America (Wing, 1977). The other rodent in the collection is the cotton rat, Sigmodon sp. Of the two groups of these ro? dents, the most likely species is S. hispidus, a common resident of grassy areas, which, if estab? lished, frequently becomes the dominant rodent species (Hall and Kelson, 1959:671). Two specimens from a marsupial, probably Marmosa sp., are present. Three large herbivores were identified in the animal bone collection. The most common is some form (or forms) of camelid. Lama sp. Due to the difficulty of separating guanaco, llama, al? paca, and vicuna osteologically, more specific identification was not possible (Wing, 1972). Less common was the white-tail deer, Odocoileus virgi- manus. A lower third molar of Equus sp. (horse, donkey, or mule) was recovered but is probably intrusive. In addition to these three, a fourth category. Lama/Odocoileus, was created to record those large mammal specimens that can not be further identified. Most of the carnivore specimens can be iden? tified as Canis familiaris, and probably came from small individuals. A few other carnivore speci? mens belong to animals of weasel size. The following listing describes the faunal re? mains associated with each of the cemetery fea? tures. 134 NUMBER 29 135 Feature 1 (urn) Fish: 48 fragments Marine shells: 1 Rodents Sigmodon hispidus: 1 femur, 1 tibia Unidentified: 1 humerus Small mammal (carnivore?) 1 distal metapodial Feature 5 (urn) Fish: 3 fragments Rodents Cavia porcellus: 2 mandibles, 2 maxillae, 2 cranial frag? ments, 1 humerus Feature 6 (urn) Birds Cairina moschata: 1 coracoid, 1 femur, 1 radius, 1 tibi- otarsus Unidentified family: 1 phalanx Rodents Cavia porcellus: 2 mandibles, 2 maxillae, 4 cranial frag? ments, 1 humerus, 2 femora, 1 tibia Small mammal (carnivore?) 1 astragalus Mammal bone fragments {Lama sp.?): 6 Feature 7 (urn) Carnivores Canis familiaris: 1 immature left ulna, 1 fragment of occipital, 2 cranial fragments Feature 8 (urn) Fish: 3 fragments Birds Cairina moschata: 1 humerus, 1 femur, 1 tarsometatarsus Rodents Cavia porcellus: 1 mandible, 2 femora Feature 9 (non-urn) Fish: 6 fragments Marine shells: 1 Crab: 1 claw Birds ?Geotrygon sp.: 1 humerus Rodents Unidentified: 1 scapula, 1 rib Feature 10 (urn) Rodents Cavia porcellus: 1 femur Herbivores Odocoileus virginianus: 1 immature right ulna Feature 12 (non-urn) Fish: 4 fragments Rodents Cavia porcellus: 1 femur Herbivores Lama sp.: 1 second phalanx (whole immature diaphysis), 1 vertebra fragment Feature 13 (urn) Birds Cairina moschata: 1 ulna, 1 tarsometatarsus Unidentified family: 1 phalanx Feature 14 (urn) Fish: 16 fragments Birds Cairina moschata: 1 coracoid Herbivores Lama/Odocoileus: 1 rib, 1 lumbar vertebra fragment Mammal bone fragments: 1 Feature 16 (urn) Small mammal (carnivore?) 1 mature proximal left tibia Feature 21 (urn) Fish: 5 fragments Marine shell: 2 Lizard: 1 partial skeleton including I mandible, 2 cranial fragments, 5 vertebrae, 1 innominate, 2 femora, and 1 humerus; also 2 femora, 2 tibiofibulae Birds Cairina moschata: 3 humeri, 3 ulnae, 1 radius, 2 femora, 2 coracoids, 2 tibiotarsals, 2 carpometacarpals, 1 tar? sometatarsus ?Cairina moschata: 6 vertebrae, 2 phalanges, 2 clavicles Rodents Cavia porcellus: 2 maxillae, 1 mandible, 1 femur, 1 hu? merus Sigmodon hispidus: 1 mandible, 1 humerus, 6 femora, 2 tibiae Herbivores Lama sp.: 1 lower left mandible, mandibular m3, 4 unerupted molars, 3 maxillary deciduous molars, 1 incisor, 1 tooth fragment, 1 mandibular symphysis Mammal bone fragments: 13 Feature 22 (urn) Birds Cairina moschata: 1 carpometacarpus, 2 femora, 1 tarso? metatarsus, 1 tibiotarsus Numenius phaeopus: 1 femur, 2 humeri Herbivores Lama/Odocoileus: 3 fragments of one metatarsal Mammal bone fragments: 3 Feature 23 (urn) Marine shells: 2 Lizard: 1 vertebra, 2 femora, 3 tibiofibulae Rodents Cavia porcellus: 1 humerus, 1 tibia Feature 24 (urn) Birds Cairina moschata: 1 ulna, 2 femora, 1 tarsometatarsus, 1 tibiotarsus ?Dendrocygnus sp.: 1 tarsometatarsus Columba plumbea: 1 femur, 1 humerus Unidentified family: 3 shaft fragments Rodents Cavia porcellus: 1 femur, 2 humeri Mammal bone fragments: 4 Feature 25 (urn) Snake: 1 vertebra 136 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ANTHROPOLOGY Birds Cairina moschata: 3 humeri, 2 carpometacarpi, 2 femora, 2 tarsometarsi, 3 tibiotarsi Dendrocygnus sp.: 1 coracoid ?Dendrocygnus sp.: 2 femora, 1 humerus ?Netta sp.: 1 tarsometatarsus Small Anatidae: 2 tibiotarsi Columba plumbea: 1 humerus Unidentified family: 3 vertebrae fragments, 1 shaft fragment Rodents Cavia porcellus: 2 mandibles, 1 maxilla, 1 tibia, 1 innom? inate Sigmodon hispidus: 1 femur Small mammal: 1 humerus Herbivores Lama sp.: 1 partial skull and jaws including: 9 mandible fragments, 1 right mandible with third molar, 1 mandibular symphysis, 1 mandibular premolar frag? ment, 2 maxillae with second and third deciduous molars, 2 maxillary first molars with irregular wear (only on anterior portion of occlusal surface), 1 une? rupted maxillary right second molar, 1 incisor, 5 tooth fragments, 2 occipital fragments, 1 rib fragment Feature 26 (urn) Fish: 8 fragments Marine shells: 3 Crab: 5 claws Rodents Cavia porcellus: 1 mandible, 1 cranial fragment, 2 femora, 1 tibia Small mammal: 1 cranial fragment Herbivores Lama sp.: 1 atlas, 1 left calcaneus, 1 left astragalus (burned), 1 right mandible (Ml in wear), 1 mandib? ular left M l / 2 in wear, 1 incisor, 1 ascending ramus Mammal bone fragments (Lama sp.?): 50 Bone tool: 1 bone shaft fragment with two drilled holes Feature 27 (urn) Fish: 3 fragments Crab: 1 claw Birds Cairina moschata: 1 humerus, 3 carpometacarpi, 2 ulnae, 1 femur, 4 radii, 1 tarsometatarsus Unidentified family: 3 vertebrae fragments, 2 clavicles Rodents Cavia porcellus: 3 mandibles, 2 femora, 1 tibia Sigmodon hispidus: 1 mandible Small mammal: 1 fragment Mammal bone fragments: 9 Feature 28 (non-urn) Fish: 3 fragments Mammal bone fragments: 2 Feature 30 (urn) Fish: 23 fragments Marine shells: 1 Crab: 2 claws Birds Unidentified family: 1 phalanx Rodents Cavia porcellus: 5 mandibles, 1 molar, 2 cranial frag? ments, 7 femora, 6 tibiae, 5 innominates, 5 humeri Sigmodon hispidus: 1 maxilla, 1 innominate, 1 tibia, 2 femora Small mammal : 1 first phalanx Herbivores Lama sp.: 1 hyoid, 4 incisors Mammal bone fragments: 4 Feature 31 (urn) Fish: 1 fragment Rodents Cavia porcellus: 1 femur Sigmodon hispidus: 2 femora Feature 32 (non-urn) Fish: 15 fragments Crab: 3 claws Rodents Cavia porcellus: 1 innominate Small mammal : 1 first phalanx, 1 shaft fragment Feature 33A (non-urn) Fish: 25 fragments Crab: 3 claws Carnivores Canis familiaris: 1 right femur (complete, mature, cut marks below rim of caput femoris on shaft) Herbivores Lama sp.: 1 distal immature complete right femur, 2 vertebrae fragments, 1 immature first phalanx dia? physis Mammal bone fragments: 4 Feature 33B (non-urn) Fish: 47 fragments Crab: 1 claw Birds Charadriidae: 1 femur Rodents Sigmodon hispidus: 4 femora, 1 tibia Herbivores Lama/Odocoileus: 3 rib fragments Small mammal (carnivore?): 1 metatarsal Feature 33C (non-urn) Fish: 6 fragments Crab: 1 claw Herbivores Lama sp.: 1 partial skull and jaws including: 2 mandi? bles, each with m2 m3 M l M2(erupting), 5 incisors; 2 maxillae, each with m2 m3 M l ; 1 unerupted maxillary M2; 2 occipital condyles; 2 petrous por? tions; 1 fragment of basal part of skull; 1 hyoid; 67 cranial fragments NUMBER 29 137 Feature 35 (non-urn) Fish: 2 fragments Herbivores Lama sp.: 2 incisors Small mammal : 2 distal metapodials Feature 37D-E (non-urn) Small mammal (carnivore?): 1 ulna, fetal or neonatal Mammal bone fragments: 2 Feature 41 (non-urn) Fish: 17 fragments Marine shells: 3 Rodents Sigmodon hispidus: 1 femur, 1 tibia, 1 innominate Herbivores Lama sp.: 1 astragalus Feature 42 (non-urn) Marine shells: 3 Carnivores Cams familiaris: 1 partial skeleton including: 1 left man? dible, 1 petrous, 1 occipital condyle, 5 cranial frag? ments, 6 proximal ribs, 12 rib fragments, 1 axis, 1 atlas, 5 cervical vertebrae, 5 thoracic vertebrae, 1 lumbar vertebra, 1 right ilium, 1 right scapula, 1 left scapula, 1 right humerus, 1 left humerus, 1 right radius, 1 left radius, 1 left ulna, 2 metacarpal II, 2 metacarpal III, 1 metacarpal IV, 1 metacarpal V, 2 metapodial shaft fragments Herbivores Lama sp.: 1 partial skull and jaws including: 1 left mandible, 1 right mandible, (both have m2 m3 M l , left has M2 in the crypt), 2 ascending rami, 2 man? dibular condyles, 1 right maxilla, 1 left maxilla (m2 m3 M l ) , 6 incisors, 2 occipital condyles, 2 petrous portions, 10 cranial fragments, most of the basal portion of the skull, 4 hyoid fragments Mammal bone fragments: 27 (mostly Lama sp.) Feature 48 (non-urn) Fish: 1 Marine shells: 6 Birds Cairina moschata: 1 radius 1 Dendrocygnus sp.: 1 femur Rallus longirostris: 2 tibiotarsals, 1 carpometacarpus Unidentified family: 1 phalanx, 1 shaft fragment Rodents Cavia porcellus: 1 humerus, 1 ulna Sigmodon hispidus: 1 femur Herbivores Lama sp.: 1 partial skull and jaws including: 2 mandibles (left P4 M l M2 M3, right M l M2 M3, all in wear), 36 cranial fragments, 2 petrous portions, 2 temporal fragments, 3 fragments of the basal portion of the skull, 2 occipital condyles (the right mandible shows a diseased portion on its lingual surface adjacent to M3) Mammal bone fragments: 1 Feature 49 (non-urn) Marine shells: 2 Rodents Cavia porcellus: 1 mandible, 1 vertebra, 2 femora, 2 tibiae, 4 humeri, 1 radius, 1 scapula Herbivores Odocoileus virginianus: 1 partial cranium and jaws, cran? ium fragmented but mostly restorable, mandibles (P2 P3 P4 M l M2 M3 all in wear), 2 hyoids (the animal had shed its antlers) Feature 51 (urn) Herbivores Lama sp.: 1 partial skull and jaws including: 40 cranial fragments, 2 maxillae, 2 hyoids, 1 left temporal and petrous portion, most ofthe basal portion ofthe skull, 2 occipital condyles, 4 fragments of frontal, 2 man? dibles (both are portions of tooth row without the mandibular symphysis), 1 incisor, 1 fragment of une? rupted molar; also 5 rib fragments Feature 52 (urn) Fish: 1 fragment Amphibian: 1 tibiafibula Rodents Cavia porcellus: 1 mandible, 1 cranial fragment, 1 verte? bra, 3 femora, 1 humerus Feature 56 (urn) Rodents Cavia porcellus: 1 femur Herbivores Lama sp.: 1 partial skull including: 2 maxillae (P2 P3 M l M2), 2 cranial fragments, 1 mandibular M l / 2 , 1 vertebra fragment Feature 58 (upper urn) Lizard: 1 femur Birds Unidentified family: 1 synsacra, 1 shaft fragment Rodents Cavia porcellus: 3 mandibles, 1 maxilla, 2 femora, 1 innominate Unidentified: 1 humerus Feature 58 (lower urn) Herbivores Lama sp.: 1 maxillary M l / 2 in wear, 1 mandible frag? ment Feature 60 (urn) Fish: 2 fragments Birds Cairina moschata: 1 tibiotarsus, 1 coracoid Feature 61 (urn) Fish: 2 fragments Lizard: 1 sacra Snake: 24 vertebrae Birds Dendrocygnus sp.: 1 tarsometarsus, 1 ulna, 3 humeri 138 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ANTHROPOLOGY Unidentified family: 1 clavicle, 1 shaft fragment Rodents Cavia porcellus: 5 mandibles, 3 maxillae, 1 molar, 6 femora, 2 tibiae, 4 innominates, 3 humeri, 1 ulna Sigmodon hispidus: 4 mandibles, 2 maxillae, 2 innomi? nates, 2 femora, 1 tibia Marsupials Marmosa sp.: 1 mandible, 1 humerus Herbivores Lama sp.: 1 complete mature left humerus Feature 69 (urn) Fish: 3 fragments Rodents Cavia porcellus: 1 mandible Herbivores Odocoileus virginianus: 1 upper molar (very worn) DISCUSSION Several observations can be made about this animal bone collection. 1. Several ofthe bird species (the Black-bellied Whistling-Duck, the Whimbrel, the Clapper Rail, and the pochard) together with the fish and molluscs, point to the exploitation of a marshy seacoast environment. The cotton rat suggests nearby grassland. 2. The camelid(s) along with the Muscovy Duck were outside their wild range; the guinea pig also was probably domestic. The record ofthe Muscovy Duck is particulary significant, for while it is known from historic records as a New World domesticate (Gilmore 1950:460-462), I have found only one other report of the species in an archeological context (Wetmore 1935:329). Reed (1977:939-940) also notes this lack. 3. The bulk of these animal bone associations with human burials do not seem to represent the deposit of food refuse. (They are comparable to those reported by Reiss and Stiibel, 1880-1887, plates 117-119.) The camelids and deer are rep? resented by skull and mandible fragments in most cases. The birds were represented by wing and leg bones rather than the fragments of axial parts often found in food debris. 4. The birds represented in the deposit do not have particulary colorful plumage though they still may have served as decorative devices. Table 68.?Frequency of animal bone categories among all burial features (number of urn features displaying specific faunal associations as a percentage of all fully excavated features) Animal bone Fish >10 fragments < 1 0 fragments Crab Repti le /amphibian Bird Muscovy Duck Other Rodent Guinea pig Other Marsupial Camelid (head) (post-cranial) Deer (head) (post-cranial) Dog Um No. 3 11 3 6 10 9 17 7 1 7 5 1 1 1 features % 1 26 7 14 24 21 40 17 2 17 12 2 2 2 Non- No. 3 5 3 0 1 3 4 4 0 4 3 1 0 2 urn features % 12 19 12 0 4 12 15 15 0 15 12 4 0 8 5. Of the 68 burial features that were fully excavated, 37 (54 percent) contained faunal as? sociations. The frequency of faunal association in the 42 urn burials is 60 percent while the fre? quency in the 26 non-urn burials is 42 percent. Table 68 indicates the distribution of several types of faunal association. The fish remains are arbitrarily divided into greater than and less than 10-fragment categories. Marine shells are not con? sidered. In the cases of the camelids and deer, those associations that included the cranial parts are kept separate from tbose with only post-cra? nial fragments. The Lama/Odocoileus bones are ignored as are those of indeterminate mammals. The most important variations between urn and non-urn associations occur with regard to the guinea pig and the Muscovy Duck. Both are considerably more common in the urn burials. Appendix II Frequency of Each Type of Human Bone by Features Tables A1-A51 show number of individuals represented by each type of adult bone within stated feature (actual number of bones in parentheses). Tables A52-A102 show number of individuals represented by each type of subadult bone within stated feature (actual number of bones in parentheses). 139 140 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO A N T H R O P O L O G Y ? ?' CM T f - ^ ? CM ?' CO cn CM ? ?' CO CO CM CO CM CO ^ CO ?I CO CO CM ?I CM CO l? ! CM ? 03 S t^ u (U ?< CM CO T f L O V ha la ng CL, P Pr ox ii V M id d -^ D is ta ! t B on e o a rs a ls H c C aI ca T al us -a C ub o J2 3 N av ic c2 C un e O J - ^ C M C O ' ^ U - ) J S O H LO T 3 S Q c5 ?-J CO CM ?' ' f CM I Tt< CM CM L O T f ? LD (D (D (r> CO - ^ L O ;?) (?) ? CM CT^ ? CO CM CM ? 03 W 3 c o 03 c o c 6 C o OQ 3 rt c? o J2 s t? t? (^ :^ cd cd E:2 o c ??5 "S i; - - CM CO > ? -S p 3 W u t KJ 3 C " 2 J H cu "3 JS 3 .::; oq c5 ^ 03 CO CM Tf< ?' CO CM ^O CO ? * r-- CM i n lO CO tO lO LO (.D CM ^o un ?' CO CO =^ J. ? - c t^ D- P U Cfl c^ tfl V ?' 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CM CO Si u O ri ri ?> o E O C/5 ^ ' - ' 3 3 w t! ? ? - ^ S-^ > c g^h: t^ 3 u ^ 2 J h OH 3 J2 bC 3 c be n c -3; ca 3 ^ O J U 142 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ANTHROPOLOGY ? CO ? * m ? CM i n 1 ^ ?rf' ? * CM CO O^ CM rt> CM ? CO CO CO CO i n ? * "(f T f CO CO ? * ? * i n CO Tf CO CO CO i n T f CO ?>*? m to OQ o n e p-i Lo n^ m e ru 3 K trt 3 T ) o:: u o u E bu lli h ca 3 X Pu c o CQ u re gu u, ic le > ca U u la a ca o o ra l T er n V ili a di bl X c ca ca s s W5 io lu TJ ca a 3 u br c ca S m in o p p E :? . i : ! u cu o ! u u o ra X h ca X E 3 J P a c ru GO > ca ^ c 3 ?J u E ? - ^ S-cS > c S ^ ^ ca 3 i_ . 2 2 J H OH U 3 be c ca ^ 3 2 a te ca T be C ca ^ 3 2 se r !rt O J CO ex c?) i n CO CO CO l~^ ? * CO 5(4 6) 2( 10 ) 1(1 ) CO (O t x r~- O C3^ CO CO CT) CO ca Z u u ?' CM CO Tf i n a n ge ha l cu ca o x im 1 cu 2- 5 id dl e S _^ r~ ?>+' CO i n ? * CO ^ CT) ?' 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CM CM c ca 3 Z U t) ?1 CM CO -r^ i n be C C l . C X C ' U C 0 c c j D o p c a c a F , c a c a c a c a c CJ cd p O OJ ca OH CM CO ca U 3 C lrt .U 03 Q . ^ -o ! a ^ ca i= E u t; ? c ^ It; 3 'u .22 J h OLH j a u ?5 j a be 3 P bi; ca c J : ; ca 3 ^ ?51 3 O 144 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ANTHROPOLOGY oq 03 I CM ? I CM CO I ?< C^J ? ?' ?' CM ' Q , E ca ca U X ?ni T l ca p J2 CJ TI 3 ' i i (U ?' CM CO ? * i n ca o ._ lrt o I ^ ^ Q ^ ia a, o h tu i i ^ X > c ca ca 3 ca 3 U h U Z U 4J ?' CM CO - ^ i n be c -2 O H i n r g T I S fTl cn a i n CM T f - ^ CO ? * CO ? * T f CO ?' CO CO ? * ? CM CM CO CM ? CO i n ? CT) ? * ?i CM CM ca JJ lrt .2 Crt C o OJ -0 L: ca X crt n, U ca 3 U > ca A ca - P i i OJ E c . ? ^ 3 u 22 HJ H CU 3 .S be 3 c w ca c . : ; ca 3 . i i O J . c 3 u ? ' C M c o T f i n ^ C u S Cu TI ca . ? Crt S Q O CM ?? CM CO ? ?' ? CO I ? ? i C M C M ? ' 0 4 ca ca 03 E V V 3 JJ ca ca t? 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S- iP 3 'C M J h cu I ' - I I _ I _ _ - CM 2- O CM ?' CM CM ?I ^ ?. ^ CM CM ? ? CM I ?? CM ? 03 ?^ ijj n ca " ca U X V ca J , ca ?' CM CO ?<*< i n E u cu di e s crt Q crt V c n o o t B Crt ca u H c ca o ca U crt 3 ca H -o o n 3 u ?T; i i .^ X > C Z U ca o ? CM . 3 ?j ? CM CO Tt> i n c ca ca 3 c? 3 U h U Z U OJ - ^ CM CO ?<*' L O ge s c ca ca X cu im a X o cu ? CM . 3 T ) ca S b " CO CO CO i n Tt" 0 0 - ^ i n CO ? * ? * ' CO r~. 0 0 i n CO i n ? * CO r->. CO 03 J i j a ^ c? :9 -= E -o c 3 ca ? X ai P ca ? ca ? - ^ i be ? d i 2 a : 3 P X fc H ClH JJ U C/3 w di bl c ca S io lu T I ca O 111 3 u br i c ca s u (fl m in o p p j a v a. X ! Oi OJ ^ ? ? C M C O L um ba r tu n Sa cr B on es a n d X pa ls C ar a v ic ul ar Z u n a te ^ ri qu et ra l H si fo rm OH 3 be C ca i:^ 3 re a te r M O ca 3 bo P ca ^ es se r M u HJ c5 ? ^ o CO I ? ? CM CM CM CO T f CM ?' ?' CO I ? 3 ^ ea tu b U H U Z U 2 i j ? CM CO T f i n n ge ta ha l cu ca x im O ?' Ou i n rg id dl e s a C/l Q , tV) CM T f ? CM CO CM ?? ? * ? CM CM CM CM ? i n CO CO CM Tj< CO CM CO CM CM CM 03 ca e? ?J trt ? iS irt ^ .2 -3 _2 ?- ^ ^ ^ ^ 3 3 ^ trt O JJ 3 ? E ^ O f- J ? is ^ h rS X 3^ J3 I ?' CM CO y ca g ? 2 b H H-l (Z! c Crt y ca b P ii ^ u c ^ i t : 3 'E .22 J H a- 3 i 2 bO 3 C bo ca c JP ca 3 j : i ii ^ O J NUMBER 29 147 03 CO CO CO CO CO CO CO CO CO CO CM CO CO CO e o CO CO CO CO CO CM CO CO CO CM CO CO CO i n ? Tf> CO CO CO ?? ?I i n 2 ca '5, ? ca ? U X CJ ?' CM CO Tt" l O u be p ca ha l cu ? X 0 a, JJ ? n TI s u ea ::; c trt o Q CQ o o IJU -a 'o X O H c3 Z - i i j i i X > c U CM CO ?<*< i n CJ bo C ca ea X cu ca h X 0 Cu S o CO CO CO CO CO CO CO CO CO CO CO CO CO CO CO CO CO CO CO CO CO CO ? * ? CM r~ ? ^ CM CM OQ c o CQ 3 ea -^ 5 . i i E ii _w Crt .3 ca O i 2 CLTZ ? E:S o g 3: ffj D fc H ? 3 e a e a H " ! ' ' ' ? e a C 3 ; - Q c J h ? i3 > C CT ^ ea 3 'u ") Z J h Ok iS 1- "3 iS bO 3 P bo ea c -31 ea 3 J i ?5 3 CJ Crt CM i n CO CM ? CM CM ? CO ? * ? * CO T f i n CO CO CO CO ? * CO i n CO - ^ r ^ CO rf< ^ ' ^ i CO CO 03 2 ea ~ ?P c ea ca ea ca U X V ? CM CO -"J" i n Ph al an ge s Pr ox im a M id dl e - D is ta l Fo ot B on e T ar sa ls P ^ 3 i i ?? ? 0 i i 'cj ea ea 3 ea 3 U H U Z U sa l ea OJ CO ^ ea O ?' CM . 3 'V ea ? CM CO Tfi i n S Q CO 0 0 r~. 00 CO . * 0 0 i n CO 0 0 0 0 CM i n ? * CO CO r ^ CO - ^ CO 1 ^ r ^ 03 CO U>} y 3 C u VI ova ? ? ^ bO 3 ea g Koi c ? 5^ H IJH "? ' c ^ la i i 2 ? JJ ja 2 rt j3 ^ .2 3 Q . = ^ .2 ..2 |g .2 3 Q . = ^ X C T3 C V ea c ? g ^ O CJ c - 3 ^ y . C X E U C C 3 C J ^ 3 e a e a j = < a e a e a e a c t : X 1H r~ ca CM CO ii u " ea X ? is ^ c 3 CJ J I P ? o 2 ^ y TI c ca X CJ 4 ; iS t- 3 iS ho 3 C bO ea c . 3 ; ea 3 J:i V3 3 O C .2 J H cu O J 148 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ANTHROPOLOGY =5 oq Tf rt< CO i n i n CO Tf ? * i n CO Tf i n i n CO CO T f i n CO Tt< CM CM i n CM TJ" CO CM i n i n r^ ? CM CO ^ CO ?' ?' a ca U ca E ca X ca G- u ca o ea (U ^ CM CO ? i! I! ? ?x:? s ^ O . - trt o ca 3 ca ^ ? w ta PH ca U Z U 5 u ? CM CO - ^ i n bo, c ea J, OH i n "C ca S Q .CUD c5 03 CO CO i n i n i n CO CO CO i n ' f i n i n ? * ? * CO i n i n CO i n ^ ^ X oi D Pu c o 03 ca 1- ^ ca - 3 ca - r J J Crt . 3 ca ea X ^ h ? -, > "^ 3 ca ca b o ? CJ JJ U CO E = o J2 Q.r3 ~ w i\) i\j i\) i_i ? ; : ?? X > I I j U _ CM CO u > j a 3 u 3 iS bO 3 C bo ca c i i i ea 3 x ; S 3 i i ?J u is " ea - 3 ea ? ? ea CJ i2 o iS rG I X 3 Q. ? -O .S 3 CL g X C TJ E ^ ' 3 ca i 53 r^ X cj^ js S C J ' J ' J S ' S c ^ : ^ CJ ca ca u ca ea ca ? = O V ^ U ?9. t H (J C/3 B on es 13 C ca pa ls U a v ic ul ar ^. u n a te ri qu et ra l J H si fo rm IX, 3 iS bo 3 C be ea c JP ea 3 x ; re a te r M es se r M u O J NUMBER 29 149 CO CM -H CM CM ?' ?' CM CM CM CM ?I CM CO -H (y-) " CO ?? CM ?? CM CM ?? CO - ^ CM ?' - ^ _ un 03 CJ ? CM CO Tt" i n tia la ng es Cu Pr ox im M id dl e D is ta l 1 t B on es Fo o a rs a ls H C al ca nt T al us C ub oi d trt ^ CJ p ^ J^_ ^ J^ > P z u CM CO ? * i n i n "D ea - OJ : ^ t^ CO ? * CO CT) un CO r^ Tt" Tt" CT) (O ? r^ CO 00 Tt" CO ?<*- CO 00 "<*" CO CO CM CM ca 3 J2 bo 3 C bo ca c x; ea 3 X 03 J i ea t ; ca X . 3 J J in . 3 ca c ? 3 ea -3 ea - r oi ;D Pu h ? 3 ea ca be T : : CJ O i2 Q. r3 p >< g iS O CJ - . c -^ X H S : ^ 5 S ^ t x 5 CJ ^ ?' CM CO o X Crt y la 2 U t3 P i i CJ ? t^ 5-c2 c cr ^ 3 'C .2 -J h cu ii ^ CJ SS I ? - H I CM I CM I ? ?? CO I ? 2 c? E; 03 5. ? ca ca i j -H CM CO ? * i n _ un t^ J . '?^:? 5 S O . 3 trt o i s Q ffl o o Pu B 3 ^^ i i .3 j 3 > 3 U H U Z U CJ ^ CM CO Tf i n i n T3 - OJ :^ s S Q I ? CM I ? CM CM CM ?' I ?? I I I I CO CO i n i n CM ?I j a u 3 iS bo 3 C bo ca c X ea 3 J3 03 OJ 3 "S^ X ?j D u; :5 -C E U trt . 3 ca ? ^ J J ca ^ ca X . 2 .y "3 a = ^ .2 Q- 3 X C TI 3 ea ca b o ? CJ ea ea caCT e^ e^ t? c^ c CJ ta c o c ^ : 5 X > h - OJ CO ,ii u CJ ea ca ^ o ? 6 c trt O - 3 OH Oi h U C/5 u U (H 3 CJ CJ E ?- S 5-.? > c .S^- ca 3 u " Z J h cu 150 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ANTHROPOLOGY 03 03 CM CM ^ I _ _ ^ ^ CM ? CM ? I CO ? ca t . e ca ? _ C ^ ea H U u ?' CM CO Tt" un t?o . 3 i n "O e x V ^ ca o ?' CM . - lrt ? i., ??I ?? ea O- X Cu S Q I ? I I CO I Tt" CO CO ca c o 03 J J - , _ -^ !3 <-> 3 ea - 3 ea ? - JJ Crt . 3 ca o iS a : 3 ? ^ ca X ^ E :2 O CJ c X > 3 S x ^ - ' - ' X r ' ? " T ^ ? ? ? " C - 3 - ; ; 4 j r iS 3 Crt U Sa 2 a - p w c3 g c ^ !^ 3 'C 2 J H cu 3 J2 be 3 c be ca c x : ca 3 x ; O J > ? O J CM ? ' ? ? O J CM ? ? ? CM ? ? CM I ? ' ? CM CM ? CM CO CM CM CM ? CM CM ? CM CM ? * I CM oq 2 ^ ?5. ? a g 'x c TJ ? bo3 5 ^ g.-?:e g i^S S S ^ , 2 i S ^ E i r e ' s b i > h ? CM CO i i u ^ - ^ "^ la h J J? g U ea ^ o ? X 3 i2 i= p 3 4J CJ E ? 2 ^ 3 ^ ea 3 u S2 Z J h CU ea 3 bo P ca ,*^ 3 a te ca 3 be c ca _^ 3 u CJ crt O J un CO Tt" CO eo CO ? * Tj< i n ?*? un in un in Tf in in un ? * ?^ CO un i n un Tt" i n CO i n r^ ?I ?' CO Tj" CM ^ ^ ^ J" 03 2 ea u ?? c ca '^ ^ 5 y ca J 2 "1 U E c3 ?' CM CO Tj< i n Ph al an ge s Pr ox im M id dl e D is ta l 1 c .-^ 3 ^ ^ S Fo ot B on e T ar sa ls C al ca T al us C ub o N av ic C un ei 1 2 3 M et at ar 1 2 3 4 5 Ph al an g Pr ox im 1 CJ 2- 5 M id d D is ta l < lO lO tO LO LO "^ lO LO lO LO LO LO ^ lO LO lO LO Tt^ LO "^ uO lO 03 V 3 C o 03 be 3 ea : ^ C X 3 c o 03 CJ 3 -5 ea oi t ; ca E - S ^ U, h PH M) ? .^. ? o .2 3 a ? ^ ? CJ ea c O CJ _ * i X X > e a P S e a e a c a c t i i u h > "3 CJ i j F ?2 rt 3 ^ Z J h ou bo C ea ^ 3 s a te CJ -1 bo n ea i i 3 CJ ^ 0 J 152 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ANTHROPOLOGY 03 CJ ea D, (Ti u a te ? ea X rp a ea CJ ea CJ ea J , ? CM CO Tt" un be C ja ea DZ X cu 111 u X, CJ T3 T I S '"' M Q Crt CJ P n Fo ot B ca M o JJ ^ ^ ea ca 3 U h O CJ -H CM CO Tfi un ge s p ri ca X cu B X o Ou CO CM CM -H - ^ - ^ CM CM OJ CM CO CO ?' CM CM CO ^ Tf CO CM QQ E ^ D rt "^ *^ , i j a: oi 5 fe H -^ i i o is -"s J J Crt . 3 ca ca X .5 E ^ E ^ O CJ c - - c c j c o ^ n j c a c c i c g C - ^ - i - i C J r ! b O r r c j W i ^ > < H ? yn P c a - - ? i ' ^ ' y j j U c / 5 H 2 2 O 2 . 5 a , 0 i ^ U A > ea X ? 3 c o 03 - a c ea X CL ^ la ^ U ca 3 O cr ? 'c ;? H Ou iS I- 3 iS bo 3 C bo 2 C i i ea 3 x; CJ crt t-. D I ? I I 03 05 ca ca ca U X CJ ? CM CO ? * ? 3 , o CJ _ 3 S2 o ? S Q M ?3: i i ^ X > S ca ca 3 ca i O H O Z CJ ' ^ CM CO ? * i n o - OJ . i i T3 ca S Q ?? ?c CM r-~ un Crt CJ c o 03 hn c o J 3 u m e a di u In a I a; D F em ur bi a H bu la Pu c o 03 u re gu la r C la vi c ca a pu CO J i ja ^ ca X ^ ? CJ J J Lrt . 3 rt u ea 3 bo C ea _^ 3 S ea T ho c ea ^ 3 Q- r i H S S O S ^ ? = O CJ cu 5 2 E o -3 ?' CM CO U c OQ TJ C ca X ? 3 ca > p 3 CJ D U ^ - -c 5 ii ?3 Z J H OH O J NUMBER 29 153 CM CT^ - H CM ^ OJ - H - H 03 ta te a te a E ca "S u ac rp a ca o ea CJ - H CM CO Tt" i n _ i n V P Ji trt C X - n t J C ca o . - lrt o ^ (i s (5 ? Ou o o Pu c 3 ea lrt o J^ .3 .n ca ea 3 U h u Z U CJ - H CM CO -"f i n et o ?' CM . 2 C O C M - H i O - ^ - H , . ^ _ . _ _ ^ ^ CO CM CM CO CO CO CM CO ^ i n - H CM CM - H 03 E X i i i ? .3 Ji _rt ^ ? :9 -2 O .S CL r3 ? S '? ^ ^ p ^ -o K oi D Pu H E S ' u c i ^ h S S S S ^ o S X .> u - ^ CJ > ea "H c 3 ? CJ E ? 2 ^ 3 cS ea 3 u . 2 Z J H CU " 3 i3 b o 3 C b e ea c x; ca 3 X ii ^ CM CM CO - H CM - H - H CM CM ? CO I Tt" CM - H - ^ ?I CM ?I CM CO CO CM CM OJ CO - H - H 0 0 CM CM ?? ?I 03 2 i CJ " 2 c? tr ?- c ca ta ea ea U I CJ ^ CM CO ?"* l O ? m trt "S J " P g iJ ^?s:g 2 _ ea O . 3 trt o "2 a: S b ? X ^ Cu o o P H trt 'C p :2 3 Oi ca 2 o i i 'u i i ^ X > C ea ca 3 ea 3 U H U Z U C ^ U - H CM CO CM CO r j " i n CJ bo C ea ea X cu OS ? X o cu "5 ca i n T f Tj" CO CO CO CO CM CM CM CO CO CO ^ Tt" CO i n i n CO TJ" CO u n CM CO CO 03 CJ 3 P l - O CJ m ? ^ 3i p X o J 1 ? e * iS -9 -^ ? i2 CJ trt i ? ii o i2 CL3: ? E = X > 3 e a c a ? e a e a e a c a c t ; - 9 ' 5 j i j ea X ? 3 hJ E T I H U (Tl C/3 B on es -D C ca X pa ls I H U a v ic ul ar Z u n a te J ri qu et ra l H is ifo rm cu c4 3 bo C ca J i 3 re a te r M O C4 ?e r ea _^ es se r M u HJ 154 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ANTHROPOLOGY Pu 03 03 ?' ?. ? ^ ? I CM ?I CM ? I ? CO CM - H CM ^ _ H ^ I CO CM OJ - H CO < X , O I ^ ^ CM ?. ?I ^ H CO CO CM CM ta te a te 'a. B a ea U X rp a ca u la CJ - H CM CO Tt i i n f l :? 2 S .ea o .is ? o "2 ? S Q ? X ^ CL, O o Pu la I H H a n e u JJ la U Crt la H X 3 u c u la ei fo r > c i? P Z U CJ - H CM CO Tt* i n ge s c (^ ca X OH im a X p Cu un ' O ca -H CM : 2 t s S Q CM ?1 ?? CO CO - H - H CM CM CO CO ?I CO O l CO CM O I CO CM CO CM - H CM CM I ?I ?? ?? CO CT) r-~ ^H ^H CM 2 3 C u trt O CJ 3 m E ^ ' = * 3 2 !=i X oi o c ? ii O 13 CJ Crt .3 ea P Q j J c a t ! c a X ^ _ ^ . S ^ c j l a ^ - . 5 l 3 . i i 3 a " = ^ . 2 3 E : S S-2 2 g . 2 3 - 3 > a p x CT3 c O I J ^ X > 5 C 2 H P C ^ U C ^ H S S O S ^ ( S C 5 C C ^ ^ > trt ca ? ' CM CO 3 C Crt i i ? o l a ^ So n a te 3 J iq ue tr al I H H ifo rm Cu nJ IH 3 iS bO 3 P bJD ea c - P ea 3 Jp e a te r M ss er M u I H U O J CM CM CM O J ? ' CM CM CM - H - H CM CM CM CM CM O I CM CM CM CM CM CM CM CM CM CM CM CM CO CM ?" - H CQ D ita te li U m a te ca DC c a rp a ca CJ ? ' CM CO -^i u n ba la ng es Ou Pr ox im al M id dl e D is ta l 1- ! t B on es Fo o a rs a ls H C al ca ne u T al us C ub oi d N av ic ul a C un ei fo ri CJ - H CM CO Tt" i n T) ea . i i trt C M O J C M O J C M - H C M C M C M C M C M O J CM OJ O I CM CM O l CM CM CM CM oq JJ trt .3 i5 ^ 3 ^ bo 3 C bo ea c i i ea 3 Jp '5! 3 ^ ? 2 o 3 5 rri iS .2 3 X _ ::p o ^ o is 3 a = T3 .ii ^ E p "p c 'E = O CJ ea CJ SI " " 3 c a c a e S c a e a c a c t ; ' 5 ' ? a 1 g ^ u c ^ ^ h S S o S ^ ^ S ^ u ? is > 3 p ii 1^ ? 3 o Z J H ? O J NUMBER 29 155 bo C c QQ CJ (U ea S ci u ?S P =^ C^ 5 i i ea ^ ca U 3U CJ ?' CM CO Tt" ? m ?1 i" , ? -2 I^ lrt ' ?s:? 2 ^ O . - Crt O w _ , c :? ca 2 o JJ ^ ^ ea ea 3 U H U trt ji V g - H OJ CO z u CJ - H CM CO Tt" u n b ?' OI 3 ? oq g aa oi D 3 i ??:3 X > c a e a c a e a c t J - ' ^ c j h ? ' o i c o H E ^ U C ^ H S S O S ^ D ^ ; ^ u ra c ic o X H u m ba r J ? 3 CJ (/3 B on es TI C ea a rp al s u a v ic ul ar Z u n a te J ri qu et ra l H si fo rm OL, bo c ea ,?^ 3 re a te r M 3 bf n ea j i i es se r M u O J Pu 03 OQ - H ^H CM CM CO CM CO CM CM ? * ?I CO - H CM CM i n Tt< CM - H i n i n I CM > - H - H ^ H C O C O C O C O C O OJ CO CM CO ?"*! CM CM ^ D ita te in U m a te a X c a rp a ca CJ -H CM CO -"f m tia la ng es cu Pr ox im al M id dl e D is ta l 1- 5 t B on es o a rs a ls H C al ca ne u T al us C ub oi d N av ic ul a C un ei fo ri CJ -H CM CO ?* in ge s L-{ ca ea X OH im a X o ? I H CU JJ in TJ o^ i 3 S "ffi CO Q CO ID CO Tf ?* CO CO CO CO CO CM -H in CO eo Tj< r^ in ?* OJ CO r~- Tt" ^ CM CM CO CO CM in oi ;D Pu H PH ^ o -:s 3 CL3: ^ E S % B^ P e a e a S n J t ^ j g c a c t i X w ^ > I H ?I CM CO ? aa J2 ? - m CJ V " 3 ca ? ? i5 > '^U J2 IH So 3 c 5o 2 c Pi ca 3 jp ii ^ U crt J H Cl, O J 156 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ANTHROPOLOGY 03 H E 2 : S -2 2 - x . 2 ^ 5 3 3 3 . r t 3 ^ o j c o T f i n 5 C u 2 Q ? g U H U Z U " 2 CJ P bo .5 p 5S ea o T3 ca " ^ trt 9 H CM -H I _ , CM _ (^ 2 3 C U CO O CJ 3 ? E --6 bo 3 ea c aa Oi o ^ ^ H 4 ? CJ 3 i i 2 3 2 CJ ea ea CJ E o P OQ ? j j ea ^ ( a x ^ _ ^ . ? ^ e a ^ c j " p 2 3 : ; p O ' 3 c j S = g g . 2 3 - 5 - > ? , g - - ; ; ^ ^ ? g ^ ^ i - ? r ^ g ^ g c a 3 _ c f c ; x 5 x i 3 " i ? ! S t ^ t ^ " J ? i C t ; - ' ^ 4 j h ? ' O i c o 2 = e j - a b 5 5 p i i H E g ^ u c ^ H S S o S ^ c 2 5 S u h ^ c ; 5 ^ u .i i u CJ ca ca ^ ? ? ca 3 ii c3 ? ?2 ? S"^ e? 3 I- .2 Z J H CU ca ca 3 i2 bo 3 P bo 2 c x ; ca 3 .?i i i >- 4> to O J CO CO r^ ? * CO CO CO r - Tt" CO i n CO CO un i n i n CM i n r^ T^ i n CO i n Tt" r-~ i n i n Tt" CT^, CM I i ? , ?*! CO - - 03 ta te ' n , ca U at e E ea X rp a ea 0 ca CJ -H CM CO Tt" i n ca P rr o x i CJ M id d - D is ta B on e ar sa ls CJ c C al ca T al us ja 3 CJ -3 i i x ; X ?> -H CM CO CJ ?' CM CO Tt< un bo .5 C X ea 0 ? -3 ^ ea Cu X cu in TJ c>i 3 s 3 00 Q CO 00 i n I-- CO CO CT> Tt" r^ r-~ r~ CO i n CO CO O 00 un in o o CO 03 B on es L on g m e ru s di us a 3 ca X aa B5 ;D F em ur ca Ti b u la Fi b la r B on e be CJ u v ic le Cl a pu la Se a T em po ra l M ax ill a M an di bl e di ol us O la n u br iu m ea o m in at e In n X > IH -H CM CO ea X ? 3 hJ P cr u ri ^ > trt y C L ^ la ^ U t l P i i ^ u c ^ r3 3 "C .22 J H 0- i2 i-3 iS bo 3 c Eo 2 P ii ea 3 X O ?J NUMBER 29 157 ?> ?^ CO CM ? I ?? CM - H - H ^ I - H CM CO - H - H I CM OJ - H - H CM CM CO CM i n - H ?? 03 ta te a te 'a ? ea ?? u ac ea a IH ca CJ ca CJ 2 C i 2 J j 3 ?' CM CO Tj" un ge s u ba la fe im a X o u fe JJ 3 T I S Dis trt CJ c o OQ Fo o a rs a H a n e i u C al X XI ? Oi CO H U Z U h bo .3 2 G X ^ .2 8 c 3 - H C M c o T t " i n 2 f e S fe 2 ni 3 ? ?< ? I CM CM - H ^ CM I - H CM CM I OJ CO CM CM CM 0 0 ^ CO O J CM CM OJ 03 V 3 ? 3 2 5 c o 13 ? >? 2 ? j i e a 2 c a x ^ ; ^ . = ^ ^ ca-2 la .2 3 ? ,= 3 ^ 3 B ^ 3 . 3 3 - 3 > C1.C ^ e-Tl r. o V , CJ CJ ea ea CJ u ? - h n 3 c a . ? ' ^ - ' 2 x 3 i ^ ' ^ F > t ^ ' ^ ' ^ ' ? c 5 - ^ ' S h g l c S p f ^ P f e g ^ U c ^ H S S o S ^ D ^ S f e U J J3 > S 2 ? ? - ^ ? X X C t3 C ca ca ea rt r.^ t^ X P ^ =^ X ? s 3 S H J OT ? U aa c 2 ? 'a y TJ a v ic ul ar Z u n a te J ri qu et ra l H is ifo rm fe 3 be c ca j i i 3 re a te r W U ea 3 ar p n J3 es se r M u J I CM ?? CM - H CM I I ? ^ a a 3 C X 03 2 rt fe E ea JS u aa _ un t^ i " "O ca ? ^ -4-* CJ - H CM CO Tt" i n bo .3 C X _rt O 3 Cu X fe i 2 ^ OJ CM CM ?"*" I OJ Tt" - H -"tl ?? CM - H C M C O C M C O C O ? i _ , _ , ( V ^ C M ? ' 03 V Crt 3 IH U O CJ ? ? bO 3 e ac V p o pq ea ? J J trt . 3 3 3 ^ ^ ? c^ D fe JJ ca h ea X -2 3 c o .S a 3: ? = ^ o c O CJ Hfe S ^ U C ^ H S S O S ^ ^ : ^ X CJ h - ^ CM CO h u 3 S .5 in 3 iS be 3 3 bo 2 C X ea 3 . i i 3 w p ii y ? ? S.i2 c 2^ ^3 ca 3 _ Z J H fe O J 158 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ANTHROPOLOGY CM Tt" - H ^ ?3 2 t? S- B ca ea u ac CJ - H CM CO Tt< i n ge s a ri ca X fe im a X (J fe JJ 3 T I ^ ta l 1- Crt Q Crt CJ P n 03 Fo o TJ 3 i ea 3 H U bo .P p >< i n T3 ca " ^ 4H t j - H C M c o - * i n 2 1 ^ S fe ca o ?' CM . i ; ? S Q Oi ? ?. i n -H CO ?' <^ P o PQ bo G O c E ?c i S .2 3 H fe 3 ,., bo ? la i i 6 i2 CL r3 ca X ^ S^uc^h S S o S E :3 X > h ^ CM CO o; fe u > ii ? u ?? S.c2 3 'C . 2 J H fe iS -^ 3 iS bo 3 P bO 2 c x ; ca 3 x: O J OS CO CM - H I _ CM CM - H CM I - H Tti CM CM ?I ^ I - H T^i i n - H CO - H Tt" CM - H CM CM ?>*" - H I CM CO r ^ - H - H CM CM CO ^ ^ I 03 ca m ca ea CL I H ea CJ ca U X CJ - H CM CO -"f u n trt CJ ba la ng fe Pr ox im a CJ M id d -^ D is ta l t B on e Fo o a rs a ls H C 3 3 ' ^ "S 22 O i i ' c j i i 3 X > C ea ca 3 ca 3 U H U Z U CJ - H CM CO Tt" i n 1 ^ Tt" un un un i n CM i n Tt" CO un un CM u n Tt" Tt" CM Tt" CO i n u n CM c>j CO CO CO 03 V 3 CJ 3 J J ca ca X) .a -^3 oi ;D | 3 h fe 3 ca bo ? I.. H S S o S ^ S f e f f J feU Crt J J 3 > a CJ ,1) ca - ? cr <2 Z J h fe iS i- 3 iS bo 3 C bo 2 c -P ca 3 J i ^ 3 CJ K O J NUMBER 29 159 03 CM - H - H CM CO ? * CM CO - H CM CM ? ? ' CO I - H CM CM ta te a te ? f e ? ea ?s u aa rp a ca 0 ea CJ - H CM CT) Tt" i n c X 2 2 c ea p 3 2 o 3 &: S Q ? fe o o fe U trt ca T3 0 X 3 u la u > ca fo ri CJ G 3 h U Z U ca o -H CM . 3 ?a et C J ? i c M c o T j " u n ^ f e S fe S o i n i n CO 0 1 OJ ?^H i n i n Tj" I CO CM CO CM Tt" CO CO CO CO CM CM ea oq C d O CJ 03 I c ac o ca 3 T3 c ea i : M iS .2 3 :S -Cl H fe bo ? u ea b ? JJ trt . 3 ca o iS CL 73 ? CJ c ? = O "u c S ' u c ^ h S S o S ^ a ^ c ^ -5 ^ ii V h U C C trt . " P O - 3 5 u ca n, I H u c u la r > ca Z V p 3 J u e tr a CT" I H H E n Crt fe 3 J2 bo 3 C bo ea c P i ea 3 X a '-' O J I ? ' Tt> I I I ?? CM - H I I CO CM ^H CM CM CO I CM CM - H I CM ' ^ Tt" CM CM ? ? OQ CJ u ca 2 c? t r . - c ca ca ? ca u aa t3 ? CM CO ?"*? i n trt CJ ba la ng fe Pr ox im a CJ M id d -- D is ta l t B on e 0 a rs a ls H g - 0 3 ^ f\ 2 0 .ii 'C i i 3 X > c ea ca 3 ca 3 U H U Z U ?' CM CO CJ ?' CM CO Tt" i n lrt i i V P bo .5 C X ea o - 3 "H ea CL, X ^ fe in "U ea - OJ 3 ? Si5 C M c O T t " o o c o - H i n o j c o T f c o CO CO CO Tt" CO CO r-~ CO - H - H CM CO CO i n CQ JJ 3 C U Crt O CJ 3 PQ E 3 bo 3 ea c ac oi CJ ? CJ trt 3 .H 3 3 IH J2 .-S "3 X - - - ."3 T3 - 2 3 CL c X c - g C H ea ea CQ ea ea - iS o iS jS .2 3 S = CJ ii u CJ ^ 3 ea-2 S . 2 3 a 3 - 6 : ^ 3 E :S 2 C - S 3 - 2 > C C X C ' 2 C 0 1 J P c X ^ P ^ " l ' ^ o ^ < ' < ? i S " * C t i 5^hta & u J ^ H S S o S ^ t 2 IH ^ :2 ea _? ? ? - - "c 2 ? H J OT g 3 CJ u 3 iS t- 3 iS bo 3 C bo 2 c x; ea 3 x; S 3 . i i ea ea 3 Z J H fe O J 160 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ANTHROPOLOGY 03 CM Tt" i n CO i n CM i n ? * -H CD en Tt" CM CO i~~ Tt" i n i n c M - H ? " * i c o - " * i T t " c o CO -H CO ?"** CO CO Tt" CO O J , OT, CM ?I - H 2 i^ ' f e B n J2 u aa CJ - H CM CO -"f i n ? m P fe H fe jrt . i i (\1 u iq ue u H E I H 3, fe iS ^ 3 iS bo 3 C bo ca c x ; ca 3 X u S e a te ss er t CJ O J I CM I - H CM - H CM CM - H _H - H CM - H CM I CO I CM CM - H OJ ^^ ^-1 03 ta te ' f e ca U a te ? ca X rp a ea CJ ea CJ ^H CM CO ?<*" i n ba la ng es fe Pr ox im al M id dl e D is ta l 1-S t B on es Fo o a rs a ls H C al ca ne u T al us C ub oi d N av ic ul a C un ei fo ri ? CM CO CJ ? CM CO Tt" i n CJ bo C ca ea X fe ca B X o fe 2 ?J . 3 Crt 2 5 C M O J - H C M C M ? ? ? 1 - H C M - H C M ^ CM CM CM CM - H CM - H u n - H CO - < 03 2 ^ C U Crt O CJ 3 OQ E 3 bo 3 ca cx a: p o OQ CJ p ? 5^ rrt iS .2 3 X ^ 3 : - r3 bo h fe "? c? 3 ? "P iS X ^ 3 ? ^ b/j ^ u JJ U OT J J CO j 3 k ca X o JS fe 3 : c X ca CJ C 'E ^ O CJ c ca ?4? & C \ 3 C C J C l 3 e J C 3 ' J - ' C J ( n S S o S ^ 5 f e 5 g u CM CO i i u cj ea ca JO o E OT Crt i i fe ^ la ^ U ea i : P i i CJ ? ?* S-c? C cr Jt; 3 'C .22 J H fe &3 3 G bo 2 C X ea 3 Jp i i iH NUMBER 29 161 I ? i I I I I I ^ bo C oq a CJ 2 ^ 'fe ? ca ^ u ac CJ - H CM CO Tt" i n iB^t ^ ^?s:g 2 ^ ea O .ii ?? o 3 ? S Q m X w fe o o fe ? ca U TJ 2 O 3 X ea 3 H U ca -) u > ca Z I H cH CJ c 3 u - H CM CO D - H CM CO - C L p x p - v p o ' v ? ^ > b o 3 ^ 3 B ^ Si 3, iS g 5 ^ ^ . 2 ^ ? ^ x ? u c l f t J D f e H f e ? U O T H S S o S . S f e c ^ g U .ii u CJ ea r- 2 -g OJ CO J I ? ? 2 "o r - i ? E-1 J OT s ac Crt '?> fe^2 l a ^ u ea i= P i i CJ E t? S.c2 e . ? ? 3 u .2 J H fe bo P ca .?:J 3 a te u O -1 be n ea ^t; 3 se r J < 03 r ^ 0 0 r ^ CO ? * r ~ 0 0 r^ O CM CO 0 0 CO i n CO 0 0 Tt" 0 0 i n CO CO r^ CM O i n CT) O r~- CO i n - H - H 2 ca t r . - e ca C^ M i i ea ?3 2 U a c CJ - H CM CO ? i n S g i i -^ o . i i trt 3 ? S Q " = a, o H o fe c 3 " ca ea 3 ea -3 .O U H U Z U j a o ? CM CO ??*" i n 2 fe X fe i n "O ca - - c>i 3 ? 0 0 CO i ^ c7i 0 0 ? CM CO ?? CO C3^ CO O 0 0 CO O r^ r~- 0 0 r~- ? * r ~ CO (?) CO CO c<, CO CO CO i l j CO r ~ CM ? p OQ t\* z ; w ?'^ 3 -3 ?> CJ trt . i X 3 i 3 _ 3 ^ I C TJ ? = C O U 2 c - - 3 - > i - L p x c i i i : i i ? J n X r 3 = -e X S,iS 2 5 i j S i S . 2 E ^ ^ i i ? Ota^ta S ^ U O T h S S o S ^ f e O i g u SR c o 03 TI P ea ca n , U ca 3 CJ a v Z ea - E i i Si ? c ^ r3 3 "C .22 J H fe 3 iS b e 3 C b o 2 c X ca 3 X i i <- CJ Sn 162 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ANTHROPOLOGY =5 - H CM - H ^ ? - H l O CM CM - H ^ CM i n I ^ 03 u rt ? ca X ca fe u, ca CJ ca (U ^ O l CO _ in ea ?" 2 ?, u P i i bo.E ^ c X -a ^ _ ea O . 3 trt o 3 ? s b ? X CL, O o fe 3 3 C i 2 o S ?< -H *H ea CJ ca U 3 ea X 3 ? > ea c 3 H U Z U ?I CM CO CJ ?I CM CO Tt" i n rrt CJ bo 3 n ea J3 fe ea ? X o fe 2 rt . i i (? S o - H CM CM O l CM CM CM OJ CM OJ CM CM CM CM CM ?' O l CM CM CM I CM ?i ? CM 03 a 3 c^ D fe J i ja ^ ca X E CJ Crt 3 i^ o i2 fer3 P X P ca 3 E = o G i ^ f . ' c i j c ^ r i c ^ c ^ r a c M s . ^ ? H H Z ^ U c ^ h S S o S ^ f e i ^ J- - O l CO u > p o OQ T3 G ca ac M ta ca ' H ? 3 ? CJ E ?2 ? S"u2 > G cr ^ t? 3 'n .? Z J H fe iS i-3 iS bo 3 G bo ea c ii ea 3 x; i i i- g ? I I I I I I I I CJ ea OQ ea ? ea u ac CJ ?< CM CO T f u n Crt CJ ba la ng fe P ro xi m al CJ M id d D is ta l t B on e Fo o a rs a ls H g T3 3 <5 ea 22 O i i '53 i i 3 J2 > C ca ca 3 ca 3 U H U Z U CJ - H CM CO T f i n n ge s ea ha l fe x im a O ?' IH fe m CM id dl e S 3 i/i Q - J I ? CM ? CO O l CM un CO I 03 G O pq -r, -^ o i:j :3 ca -3 ca ? - fer: X ca G E = o ?? X > p aa o!5 p X j j P c a c a g c a c a c a e a c ^ - ' ^ ' c j h H f e u U O T H 2 2 O S ? S f e 0 i ^ U ?is > - H CM CO ca i i CJ 0 "* S.c2 c ^ rG 3 'C .22 J H fe iS "H w) 3 G bo 2 c X ca 3 i i ii i- S ? NUMBER 29 163 ca a CJ G 3 - H OJ CO ^ ea fe !3 U H U Z U CJ - H CM CO Tt" i n CJ P bo . 3 C X ea o 3 OH X fe - H I - H CM CM - H CM I - H CM - H I I ? I OQ 2 3 C IH trt O CJ 3 -1 be 3 -< "= c c aa o ? T ; 3 I-. G ca ca * ' i ^ i S ? ' ? - S ' ^ X - 3 , r t w " ^ iS la.2 3 S . 3 3 3 3 ? : 2 g.y X > _ g X ea g . 2 3 . 5 ' > C L C ' X GTJ C O l j ? X E p e i D f e H f e u ' U O T h S S u S ^ f e O i feU 5 -g 3 ? o ? E G trt . ^ 3 fe H J OT ig u ac ri p 3 ? w F .2 ta 3 ^ J5 3 C .2 Z J H fe iS i-3 ^ bo 3 G bo ea c i i ea 3 x ; S 3 u S ii i- c5 J oq 03 ea ? ea ca fe I H ca u ca u aa CJ OJ ^H CM CO Tf i u n _ H u n S ? i i -^ ea o . i i 22 - 3 fe S b ? X fe o n e s XI o al s T an U T! "P cO ?* C ^ 3 <*H trt ?l 2 O .ii 'C 3 o 3 ^ ?> 3 2 3 3 3 e a 3 ' " ' ^ ' ^ e a U H U Z U CJ S - H CM CO T f i n ge s G ca ca X fe im a X o fe - H CM . 3 " 2 ea 'O ti S Q _ ^ CM - H ^ I ?! 1^ CJ 3 G IH trt O CJ 3 m ? --5 bO 3 ea p ac 0^ c o PQ ea >3 ? CJ Crt 3 J J e? 5 ea X X u "P n. S ^ .9 CJ ta G E:S CJ ca - ^ _ i _ i ^ S i 3 Q d ' ^ ^ J . - H 3 C : 3 t : ea g.2 3 - ' > fep3 CTJ c o l ) ? x G E x ^ P c a e a g c a c a c a c a G t J r f i i ^ P ^ H E S^Uc)^HSSoS3feC^ b ^ > X > - H C\ | CO ja 3 lrt .ii ca ' ^ U ca ? ? 0 G cr h2 3 'u .22 iJ H fe M 3 G So 2 c .ii ca 3 x; i i ^ ? i 164 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ANTHROPOLOGY O CT) f ~ f ^ 03 ? CJ 2 2 ta S- ea t^ 2 U ac CJ ^ Ol CO ? * bo G j a 3 X fe .?, i n "J i . 6 :p - ?x :? 2 . o . i i Crt o feSQM C J2 JJ _3 TI 3 ^ 'o .ii '53 X > G 3 ? ^ CJ P h n I H - H CM CO ? ea 8 ^ fe S U H U Z U ca ta CJ ?I CM CO Tt" u n ea 3 trt S Q -H c^ o CO i n un CTI r^ CO 03 C o 03 bo G O ? JJ Crt 3 JJ ea Jr ca X 3 ea -H ca -5 ^ o i 2 3 fer: ^ B p 'B ^ 3 P X i j : , P n n ^ . r i r i ^ ^ n p t i S ' ^ h 3r c j * - ^ r 3 b o - ^ o ^ ^ H ^ H T ? ' " H (H c a * ^ . ^ cj D fe H fe w'u OTHSSo23feoi 5-U J5 > G O 03 T I C IH 3 3 ? CJ E .2 ta 3 ^ J? 3 u .22 Z H-) h fe is ^ 3 i2 bo 3 G bo 2 c ii ca 3 .a ii ^ t? 2^ CJ ? I H D O J 1 ^ -3 CM I - H I ^ CM ? I I ?? ? CO - H ?I I CO I ? ' _ ea ^ 03 ca I H S ea ? _ u ca " ea u ac t3 CJ ^H CM CO ? * i n ba la ng es fe Pr ox im s M id dl e D is ta l 1 t B on es Fo o a rs a ls H C al ca ne T al us C ub oi d N av ic ul C un ei fo - H CM CO CJ P bC .3 G CJ ?1 CM CO T f u n o ? CM . i i T3 ca 13 "-" SS =5 I CM - H I ? m ?<*" - H I 03 G I H trt O CJ 3 m B--V 4^ ea b E ii JJ trt 3 t^ 19 = CCJ J - l 3 ca -2 I a . y 3 a 3 3 . 2 _ C . 2 3 . . S > C L 3 x c - g c 3 X ^ 3 c a e a S e a c a e a c a ca X ^ s .3 ^ 3 ? :2 gaCtt iDfehfe ^ U O T H S S o S 3 f e C ^ ^ U ca j 3 >H >i 2 ^ X 3 ea trt " 3 CJ 3 ii TI b Z ea i2 P ii 4^ S ?i S " i 2 3 'C .22 J H fe iS ^ 3 ^ bo 3 G bo 2 c .ii ca 3 X i i -^ CJ M I H 4 J NUMBER 29 165 TABLE A51.?Feature 2 TABLE A52.?Feature 4 TABLE A53.?Feature 5 Bone Humerus Radius Ulna Femur Tibia Fibula Clavicle Scapula Temporal Maxilla Mandible Rib Vertebra Sternum Ilium Ischium Pubis Patella Calcaneus Talus Carpals and tarsals Lefi Right 1(10) 1(8) Bone Humerus Radius Ulna Femur Tibia Fibula Clavicle Scapula Temporal Maxilla Mandible Rib Vertebra Sternum Ilium Ischium Pubis Patella Calcaneus Talus Carpals and tarsals Lefi Right 1(1) 1 1(1) 1(15) Bone Humerus Radius Ulna Femur Tibia Fibula Clavicle Scapula Temporal Maxilla Mandible Rib Vertebra Sternum Ilium Ischium Pubis Patella Calcaneus Talus Carpals and tarsals Lefi 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 CM C M C M 2 2 1 - - - - 1(6) 2(36) 1(10) Right 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 1 2 2 2 2 1 - - Table A54.?Feature 6 TABLE A55.?Feature 7 TABLE A56.?Feature 8 Bone Humerus Radius Ulna Femur Tibia Fibula Clavicle Scapula Temporal Maxilla Mandible Rib Vertebra Sternum Ilium Ischium Pubis Patella Calcaneus Lefi - 1 1 1 - - - 4 - - - - Right 1 - - - - - - - 1(1) - - - - - - Talus Carpals and tarsals Bone Humerus Radius Ulna Femur Tibia Fibula Clavicle Scapula Temporal Maxilla Mandible Rib Vertebra Sternum Ilium Ischium Pubis Patella Calcaneus Talus Carpals and tarsals Lefi Right 1(1) 2(41) 3 Bone Humerus Radius Ulna Femur Tibia Fibula Clavicle Scapula Temporal Maxilla Mandible Rib Vertebra Sternum Ilium Ischium Lefi 4 1 1 3 2 - 2 1 4 1 5 2 1 1(2) - 2(28) 1 Right 4 2 4 5 1 1 4 6 2 3 4 1 1(21) Pubis Patella Calcaneus Talus Carpals and tarsals 1 - 2 - 1 166 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ANTHROPOLOGY TABLE A57.?Feature 10 TABLE A58.?Feature 11 TABLE A59.?Feature 14 Bone Humerus Radius Ulna Femur Tibia Fibula Clavicle Scapula Temporal Maxilla Mandible Rib Vertebra Sternum Ilium Ischium Pubis Patella Calcaneus Talus Carpals and tarsals Lefi 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 2 2 2 2 2 - 1 - 1 1 1(1) 1(11) 2(28) - 1(6) Right 2 1 2 2 2 2 1 2 2 1 1 2 - 2 - 1 1 Bone Humerus Radius Ulna Femur Tibia Fibula Clavicle Scapula Temporal Maxilla Mandible Rib Vertebra Sternum Ilium Ischium Pubis Patella Calcaneus Talus Carpals and tarsals Lefi 1 - - - 1 - - - - - - - - - - - - Right - 1 1(1) - - Bone Humerus Radius Ulna Femur Tibia Fibula Clavicle Scapula Temporal Maxilla Mandible Rib Vertebra Sternum Ilium Ischium Pubis Patella Calcaneus Talus Carpals and tarsals Lefi 1 2 3 2 - 2 1 1 1 1 1 - - 1(1) 1(1) 1(1) 1(1) 1(16) 1(3) 1(6) Right 2 1 2 1 2 1 3 - 1 2 - - - - - TABLE A60.?Feature 15 TABLE A61.?Feature 16 TABLE A62.?Feature 17 Bone Humerus Radius Ulna Femur Tibia Fibula Clavicle Scapula Temporal Maxilla Mandible Rib Vertebra Sternum Ilium Ischium Pubis Patella Calcaneus Talus Carpals and tarsals Lefi 2 - - - 1 - 1 - - - - - - Right 2 2 2 - - - 2 - 1 - - 1 - - - Bone Humerus Radius Ulna Femur Tibia Fibula Clavicle Scapula Temporal Maxilla Mandible Rib Vertebra Sternum Ilium Ischium Pubis Patella Calcaneus Talus Carpals and tarsals Lefi 1 - - 2 1 1 1 2 - 1 1 1 2 1 - 1 - 1(7) 1(22) 1 1(12) Right 2 2 1 2 - 1 1 1 - 1 1 1 1 2 1 1 Bone Humerus Radius Ulna Femur Tibia Fibula Clavicle Scapula Temporal Maxilla Mandible Rib Vertebra Sternum Ilium Ischium Pubis Patella Calcaneus Talus Carpals and tarsals Lefi 4 2 4 4 4 3 7 1 4 1 1 - - 1 1 3(5) 2(27) 2(38) 1(28) Right 2 1 3 5 4 2 1 6 3 3 3 2 1 - _ _ NUMBER 29 167 TABLE A63.?Feature 18 TABLE A64.?Feature 20 TABLE A65.?Feature 21 Bone Humerus Radius Ulna Femur Tibia Fibula Clavicle Scapula Temporal Maxilla Mandible Rib Vertebra Sternum Ilium Ischium Pubis Patella Calcaneus Talus Carpals and tarsals Lefi Right 3 3(5) 4 2 3(6) 3 2(4) - 1(1) 1 1(14) 1(18) 1(7) Bone Humerus Radius Ulna Femur Tibia Fibula Clavicle Scapula Temporal Maxilla Mandible Rib Vertebra Sternum Ilium Ischium Pubis Patella Calcaneus Talus Carpals and tarsals Lefi 1 1 1 1 1(24) 1(25) 1 1(1) 1(15) Right 1 1 1 - - Bone Humerus Radius Ulna Femur Tibia Fibula Clavicle Scapula Temporal Maxilla Mandible Rib Vertebra Sternum Ilium Ischium Pubis Patella Calcaneus Talus Carpals and tarsals Lefi 6 4 5 7 3 2 6 10 6 11 2 4 2 - 1 1 1(1) 2(31) 3(75) 2 1(18) Right 6 2 3 7 3 3 5 9 5 11 5 2 2 - - - TABLE A66.?Feature 22 TABLE A67.?Feature 23 TABLE A68.?Feature 24 Bone Humerus Radius Ulna Femur Tibia Fibula Clavicle Scapula Temporal Maxilla Mandible Rib Vertebra Sternum Ilium Ischium Pubis Patella Calcaneus Talus Carpals and tarsals Lefi 10 1 4 8 6 - - - 12 2 5 6 3 - - - - 2(3) 1(14) 1(20) - 1(1) Right 6 5 7 10 5 - - 2 12 2 5 2 1 3 Bone Humerus Radius Ulna Femur Tibia Fibula Clavicle Scapula Temporal Maxilla Mandible Rib Vertebra Sternum Ilium Ischium Pubis Patella Calcaneus Talus Carpals and tarsals Lefi 4 2 3 3 3 - 2 2 2 3 3 3 3 1 1 2 1 2(4) 1(13) 3(64) 1 1(39) Right 4 3 3 3 3 - 3 3 2 2 4 4 2 4 2 3 Bone Humerus Radius Ulna Femur Tibia Fibula Clavicle Scapula Temporal Maxilla Mandible Rib Vertebra Sternum Ilium Ischium Pubis Patella Calcaneus Talus Carpals and tarsals Lefi 8 6 4 6 5 5 7 7 3 5 5 4 2 - 5(9) 4(76) 4(82) 1(10) Right 7 3 5 7 6 4 6 7 4 5 7 4 3 - - - 168 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ANTHROPOLOGY TABLE A69.?Feature 25 TABLE A 70.?Feature 26 TABLE A71.?Feature 27 Bone Humerus Radius Ulna Femur Tibia Fibula Clavicle Scapula Temporal Maxilla Mandible Rib Vertebra Sternum Ilium Ischium Pubis Patella Calcaneus Talus Carpals and tarsals Lefi 9 3 5 13 6 - 4 5 11 5 8 8 3 2 3 1 3(7) 1(15) 2(47) 1 1(47) Right 10 5 6 13 6 - 4 6 13 4 9 7 3 2 2 Bone Humerus Radius Ulna Femur Tibia Fibula Clavicle Scapula Temporal Maxilla Mandible Rib Vertebra Sternum Ilium Ischium Pubis Patella Calcaneus Talus Carpals and tarsals Lefi 1 2 1 2 - - 2 3 - 2 1 - - - - - 1(9) - - 1(1) Right - 2 - 2 - 3 2 1 - - - - - Bone Humerus Radius Ulna Femur Tibia Fibula Clavicle Scapula Temporal Maxilla Mandible Rib Vertebra Sternum Ilium Ischium Pubis Patella Calcaneus Talus Carpals and tarsals Lefi 3 - 3 4 2 - 1 3 - 2 1 - - - - - 1(1) 2(27) 1(14) - 1(7) Right 3 1 2 3 3 - - 1 3 1 1 1 - - - TABLE A72.?Feature 30, between urn and covering TABLE A73.?Entire feature 30 TABLE A74.?Feature 34 Bone Humerus Radius Ulna Femur Tibia Fibula Clavicle Scapula Temporal Maxilla Mandible Rib Vertebra Sternum Ilium Ischium Pubis Patella Calcaneus Talus Carpals and tarsals Lefi 1 1 1(1) - - - - - 1(1) 1(8) - - - - - - 1(11) Right - 1 - 1 1 - - - - - - - - - - 1 Bone Humerus Radius Ulna Femur Tibia Fibula Clavicle Scapula Temporal Maxilla Mandible Rib Vertebra Sternum Ilium Ischium Pubis Patella Calcaneus Talus Carpals and tarsals Lefi 6 4 5 4 5 1 4 5 7 5 3 4 3 2 - 1 - 1(1) 2(36) 3(57) 2 1(1) 1(54) Right 4 3 6 5 4 8 4 3 4 4 5 3 3 3 1 2 - Bone Humerus Radius Ulna Femur Tibia Fibula Clavicle Scapula Temporal Maxilla Mandible Rib Vertebra Sternum Ilium Ischium Pubis Patella Calcaneus Talus Carpals and tarsals Lefi _ 1 - 1 1 1 - - 1 - 1 1 - - - - 1(2) 1(3) - - Right - 1 - - - - - 1 _ _ _ _ NUMBER 29 169 TABLE A75.?Feature 35 TABLE A76.?Feature 36 TABLE A77.?Feature 37B Bone Humerus Radius Ulna Femur Tibia Fibula Clavicle Scapula Temporal Maxilla Mandible Rib Vertebra Sternum Ilium Ischium Pubis Patella Calcaneus Talus Carpals and tarsals Lefi 2 2 2 2 2 1 2 2 2 1 1 2 2 - - - 1(1) 2(25) 2(38) 1(7) Right 2 2 2 2 2 1 1 2 1 1 2 2 2 - - - - Bone Humerus Radius Ulna Femur Tibia Fibula Clavicle Scapula Temporal Maxilla Mandible Rib Vertebra Sternum Ilium Ischium Pubis Patella Calcaneus Talus Carpals and tarsals Lefi 3 1 1 3 2 1 1 2 2 1 2 3 2 1 1 1 1(2) 2(42) 2(31) 1(43) Right 3 2 3 2 3 1 1 2 2 1 3 1 2 1 1 1 Bone Humerus Radius Ulna Femur Tibia Fibula Clavicle Scapula Temporal Maxilla Mandible Rib Vertebra Sternum Ilium Ischium Pubis Patella Calcaneus Talus Carpals and tarsals Lefi - - 1 1 1 2 - 1 - - - - - - 1(1) 1(1) 1(1) 1(15) 1(6) - 1(10) Right - - - 1 1 1 1 - 1 - 1 - - - - - - TABLE A78.?Feature 37C TABLE A79.?Feature 37D-E TABLE A80.?Entire feature 37 Bone Humerus Radius Ulna Femur Tibia Fibula Clavicle Scapula Temporal Maxilla Mandible Rib Vertebra Sternum Ilium Ischium Pubis Patella Calcaneus Talus Carpals and tarsals Lefi - - 1 - - - - - 1 - - - - - - 1(5) 1(4) - - Right 1 1 1 1 1 - - - - - - - Bone Humerus Radius Ulna Femur Tibia Fibula Clavicle Scapula Temporal Maxilla Mandible Rib Vertebra Sternum Ilium Ischium Pubis Patella Calcaneus Talus Carpals and tarsals Lefi 2 - - 2 - 1 - - - - - - - - - - 1(3) 1(1) - - Right 1 - 3 3 1 - - - 2 - - - - Bone Humerus Radius Ulna Femur Tibia Fibula Clavicle Scapula Temporal Maxilla Mandible Rib Vertebra Sternum Ilium Ischium Pubis Patella Calcaneus Talus Carpals and tarsals Lefi 2 - 1 3 1 1 1 - 3 1 - - - - - - 1(1) 1(1) 1(1) 1(23) 1(11) - 1(10) Right 2 1 3 5 3 1 1 4 - 1 - - 170 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ANTHROPOLOGY TABLE A81.?Feature 48 TABLE A82.?Feature 50 TABLE A83.?Feature 51 Bone Humerus Radius Ulna Femur Tibia Fibula Clavicle Scapula Temporal Maxilla Mandible Rib Vertebra Sternum Ilium Ischium Pubis Patella Calcaneus Talus Carpals and tarsals Lefi 2 1 1 2 1 1 CM C M 1 1 1 - - - - 1(2) 1(10) 1(17) 1(5) Right 2 I 1 2 1 1 2 1 2 2 1 Bone Humerus Radius Ulna Femur Tibia Fibula Clavicle Scapula Temporal Maxilla Mandible Rib Vertebra Sternum Ilium Ischium Pubis Patella Calcaneus Talus Carpals and tarsals Lefi 4 3 2 5 4 - 3 3 5 3 4 5 3 3 - 2 2 4(8) 3(56) 4(81) - 1(33) Right 4 3 4 4 4 4 3 4 4 4 3 3 4 - 2 1 Bone Humerus Radius Ulna Femur Tibia Fibula Clavicle Scapula Temporal Maxilla Mandible Rib Vertebra Sternum Ilium Ischium Pubis Patella Calcaneus Talus Carpals and tarsals Lefi 3 2 2 3 3 1 3 3 3 3 3 - - 2 - - 3(6) 3(56) 2(35) 2 1(43) Right 2 2 2 3 2 2 1 3 3 3 3 - - - - TABLE A84.?Feature 52 TABLE A85.?Feature 53 T A B L E A86.?Feature 56 Bone Humerus Radius Ulna Femur Tibia Fibula Clavicle Scapula Temporal Maxilla Mandible Rib Vertebra Sternum Ilium Ischium Pubis Patella Calcaneus Talus Carpals and tarsals Lefi 2 2 2 1 2 1 1 1 2 1 1 1 - - - - - 1(4) 1(24) 1 1(29) Right 3 2 2 2 2 1 - 3 1 2 2 - - - - - Bone Humerus Radius Ulna Femur Tibia Fibula Clavicle Scapula Temporal Maxilla Mandible Rib Vertebra Sternum Ilium Ischium Pubis Patella Calcaneus Talus Carpals and tarsals Lefi 3 - 1 3 5 1 2 3 1 2 3 - - 2(3) 1(10) 2(30) 1 1(8) Right 3 - 2 5 2 1 1 5 2 2 _ _ _ _ - Bone Humerus Radius Ulna Femur Tibia Fibula Clavicle Scapula Temporal Maxilla Mandible Rib Vertebra Sternum Ilium Ischium Pubis Patella Calcaneus Talus Carpals and tarsals Lefi 4 2 2 3 3 - 2 1 5 5 4 1 1 _ _ _ - 2(3) 2(28) 2(28) - 1(6) Right 3 2 1 4 3 - 1 - 4 2 4 _ _ _ _ _ NUMBER 29 171 TABLE A87.?Feature 57, articulated infant TABLE A88.?Feature 58, near surface TABLE A89.?Feature 58, within up? per urn Bone Humerus Radius Ulna Femur Tibia Fibula Clavicle Scapula Temporal Maxilla Mandible Rib Vertebra Sternum Ilium Ischium Pubis Patella Calcaneus Talus Carpals and tarsals Lefi 1 - - 1 1 - 1 1 1 1 1 - - - - - 1(9) 1(14) _ Right _ - - I I 1 1 1 1 1 - - - - - Bone Humerus Radius Ulna Femur Tibia Fibula Clavicle Scapula Temporal Maxilla Mandible Rib Vertebra Sternum Ilium Ischium Pubis Patella Calcaneus Talus Carpals and tarsals Left - - - 1 - - - - - - - 1(1) - - - - - - - - - Right _ _ - _ _ - - - Bone Humerus Radius Ulna Femur Tibia Fibula Clavicle Scapula Temporal Maxilla Mandible Rib Vertebra Sternum Ilium Ischium Pubis Patella Calcaneus Talus Carpals and tarsals Lefi - - 1 - 1(1) - 1(1) - - - - 1(3) - 2 - - - - - - Right 1 - - 2 1 - - - 1 - - - - - - - - TABLE A90.?Feature lower u m 58, within TABLE A91.?Entire feature 58 TABLE A92.?Feature 60, upper layer Bone Humerus Radius Ulna Femur Tibia Fibula Clavicle Scapula Temporal Maxilla Mandible Rib Vertebra Sternum Ilium Ischium Pubis Patella Calcaneus Talus Carpals and tarsals Left 3 3 2 3 2 - 3 2 1 - 1 - 2 2 1 1 2(4) 1(21) 2(47) 2 1(42) Right 3 2 1 3 2 - 2 1 1 1 1 2 3 2 - 1 1 Bone Humerus Radius Ulna Femur Tibia Fibula Clavicle Scapula Temporal Maxilla Mandible Rib Vertebra Sternum Ilium Ischium Pubis Patella Calcaneus Talus Carpals and tarsals Left 3 3 2 3 3 - 3 2 1 1 2 2 2 1 1 2(4) 1(1) 1(22) 2(50) 2 1(42) Right 3 2 1 3 3 2 1 2 1 1 2 3 2 - 1 1 Bone Humerus Radius Ulna Femur Tibia Fibula Clavicle Scapula Temporal Maxilla Mandible Rib Vertebra Sternum Ilium Ischium Pubis Patella Calcaneus Talus Carpals and tarsals Left 1 1 5 2 - 1 5 1 1 1 - - - - - 1(9) 1(9) - Right 2 1 2 4 - - - 2 5 1 2 - - - - - - 172 TABLE A93.?Feature 60, middle layer SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ANTHROPOLOGY TABLE A94.?Feature 60, lower layer TABLE A95.?Entire feature 60 Bone Humerus Radius Ulna Femur Tibia Fibula Clavicle Scapula Temporal Maxilla Mandible Rib Vertebra Sternum Ilium Ischium Pubis Patella Calcaneus Talus Carpals and tarsals Left 2 - 1 4 3 - - - 1 1 4 1 - - - - - 1(1) 1(3) 1(16) - 1(2) Right 1 - 1 6 4 - - - 5 1 2 3 - Bone Humerus Radius Ulna Femur Tibia Fibula Clavicle Scapula Temporal Maxilla Mandible Rib Vertebra Sternum Ilium Ischium Pubis Patella Calcaneus Talus Carpals and tarsals Left 1 1 2 1 1 4 3 1 2 1 - - - - 2(4) 1(18) 1(2) 1(1) Right 2 1 1 3 2 - 1 3 2 2 1 - - Bone Humerus Radius Ulna Femur Tibia Fibula Clavicle Scapula Temporal Maxilla Mandible Rib Vertebra Sternum Ilium Ischium Pubis Patella Calcaneus Talus Carpals and tarsals Left 4 2 3 10 5 - 2 4 9 2 6 4 1 - 3(5) 1(21) 2(26) - 1(3) Right 5 2 4 13 6 - - 3 13 4 6 4 - - - - - TABLE A96.?Feature 61 TABLE A97.?Feature 62 TABLE A98.?Feature 69 Bone Humerus Radius Ulna Femur Tibia Fibula Clavicle Scapula Temporal Maxilla Mandible Rib Vertebra Sternum Ilium Ischium Pubis Patella Calcaneus Talus Carpals and tarsals Left 8 4 4 8 5 4 6 6 1 3 4 3 1 - - - 2(3) 2(38) 2(34) 1(8) Right 5 2 5 10 5 3 6 6 3 7 2 3 I - - - Bone Humerus Radius Ulna Femur Tibia Fibula Clavicle Scapula Temporal Maxilla Mandible Rib Vertebra Sternum Ilium Ischium Pubis Patella Calcaneus Talus Carpals and tarsals Left Right 1 1 1 - 1(19) 1(23), 1 1 1 _ _ _ _ - 1(11) Bone Humerus Radius Ulna Femur Tibia Fibula Clavicle Scapula Temporal Maxilla Mandible Rib Vertebra Sternum Ilium Ischium Pubis Patella Calcaneus Talus Carpals and tarsals Left 1 1 - 2 1 - - - 3 2 3 - - - - - - 1(2) 1(3) 1(1) 2 - Right 1 3 2 1 3 2 2 - - _ _ _ _ NUMBER 29 173 TABLE A99.?Feature 75 TABLE A100.?Feature 76 Bone Humerus Radius Ulna Femur Tibia Fibula Clavicle Scapula Temporal Maxilla Mandible Rib Vertebra Sternum Ilium Ischium Pubis Patella Calcaneus Talus Carpals and tarsals Left _ 1 1 1 - - - - - - - - - - 1(2) 1(8) 1(5) 1(6) Right 1 _ 1 2 - _ 1 1 2 - - - - 1 - - - Bone Humerus Radius Ulna Femur Tibia Fibula Clavicle Scapula Temporal Maxilla Mandible Rib Vertebra Sternum Ilium Ischium Pubis Patella Calcaneus Talus Carpals and tarsals Left 1 1 1 1 - - - 1 - - - - - - 1(9) 1(9) - 1(5) Right 1 1 I I - I - - - - 1 - TABLE AlOl.?Feature 77 TABLE A102.?All urn features Bone Humerus Radius Ulna Femur Tibia Fibula Clavicle Scapula Temporal Maxilla Mandible Rib Vertebra Sternum Ilium Ischium Pubis Patella Calcaneus Talus Carpals and tarsals Left 1 1 2 - 1 1 - 1 - - - - 1(2) 1(9) 1(10) - - Right 1 1 1 2 - - - - 1 - 2 - - - - Bone Humerus Radius Ulna Femur Tibia Fibula Clavicle Scapula Temporal Maxilla Mandible Rib Vertebra Sternum Ilium Ischium Pubis Patella Calcaneus Talus Carpals and tarsals Left 111 57 71 122 88 10 50 65 128 58 95 73 41 22 3 18 9 3 5 3 41 1 1 27 41 21 1 5 Right 98 53 76 140 85 9 47 59 133 59 95 73 38 42 1 14 7 Literature Cited Acsadi, Gy, and J . 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Intentional Cranial Deformation in the Pre-Co? lumbian Populations of Ecuador. American Journal of Physical Anthropology, 45(3):687-694. Neumann, G. K. 1942. Types of Artificial Deformation in the Eastern United States. American Antiquity, 7(3):306-310. Ossenberg, N. S. 1974. Origins and Relationships of Woodland Peoples: The Evidence of Cranial Morphology. In Elden Johnson, editor. Aspects of Upper Great Lakes Anthro? pology, pages 15-39. St. Paul, Minnesota: Minne? sota Historical Society. 1976. Within and between Race Distances in Population Studies Based on Discrete Traits of the Human Skull. American Journal of Physical Anthropology, 45(3), part 2:701-714. Reed, C. A. 1977. Origins of Agriculture: Discussion and Some Con? clusions. In C. A. Reed, editor. Origins of Agriculture, pages 879-953. The Hague: Mouton Publishers. Reichel-Dolmatoff, G. 1965. Columbia. New York: Frederick A. Praeger. Reiss, W. and A. Stiibel 1880-1887. The Necropolis of Ancon in Peru. 3 volumes. Berlin: A. 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Utilization of Animal Resources in the Peruvian Andes. In Seiichi Izumi and Kazuo Terada, edi? tors. Excavations al Kotosh, Peru 1963 and 1966, pages 327-351. Tokyo: University of Tokyo Press. 1977. Animal Domestication in the Andes. In C. A. Reed, editor. The Origins of Agriculture, pages 873- 859. The Hague: Mouton Publishers. REQUIREMENTS FOR SMITHSONIAN SERIES PUBLICATION Manuscripts intended for series publication receive substantive review within their originating Smithsonian museums or offices and are submitted to the Smithsonian Institution Press with approval of the appropriate museum authority on Form SI-36. Requests for special t reatment?use of color, foldouts, casebound covers, etc.?require, on the same form, the added approval of designated committees or museum directors. 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