September 2024 The Maryland Entomologist Volume 8, Number 4 The Maryland Entomologist 8(4):26–38 Coleoptera of the Smithsonian Environmental Research Center: Pitfall Records Charles L. Staines* and Shelley K. Bennett Smithsonian Environmental Research Center, 647 Contees Wharf Road, Edgewater, Maryland 21037 *Corresponding author: stainesc@si.edu Abstract: Pitfall traps were run for three days in both June and July 2023 in reforestation plots at the Smithsonian Environmental Research Center (SERC). Traps captured 25 species of Coleoptera representing 10 families. Of the 25 species, nine were collected at SERC for the first time. Five species (1 Erotylidae, 4 Staphylinidae) are reported from Maryland for the first time. This brings the total number of beetle species documented at SERC to 966. INTRODUCTION Pitfall trapping is a commonly used collecting method especially in Carabidae (Coleoptera) studies (Lövei and Sunderland 1996). This passive collecting method is simple to use and inexpensive. It allows for replication of field-based studies, collects large samples allowing for stronger statistical analysis, and can be standardized with respect to several types of variation. The major disadvantage of this method is, while countable, it is not a measure of population density but of activity (Greenslade 1964). There are few published papers that deal with Coleoptera captured in pitfall traps in the mid-Atlantic other than Carabidae. Fritzler and Strazanac (2012) reported 36 species of Scarabaeidae, Geotrupidae, Trogidae, Tenebrionidae, and Silphinae (Staphylinidae) captured in pitfall traps at Catoctin Mountain Park, Frederick County, Maryland. Staines and Staines (2023a) reported 51 species of Anthicidae, Buprestidae, Byturidae, Chrysomelidae, Curculionidae, Elateridae, Geotrupidae, Histeridae, Leiodidae, Melandryidae, Mycetophagidae, Passalidae, Phalacridae, Scarabaeidae, Silphinae, and Trogidae captured in pitfall traps at Eastern Neck National Wildlife Refuge, Kent County, Maryland. Pitfall traps have captured 61 species in the families Cerambycidae, Chrysomelidae, Curculionidae, Elateridae, Endomychidae, Erotylidae, Eucnemidae, Geotrupidae, Hybosoridae, Lucanidae, Scarabaeidae, Staphylinidae, Tenebrionidae, Tetratomidae, and Trogidae at George Washington Memorial Parkway (GWMP), McLean, Fairfax County, Virginia (Steury and MacRae 2014, Steury 2018, Brattain et al. 2019, Steury et al. 2020, Johnson and Steury 2021, Steury and Paulsen 2022, and Steury and Chandler 2023). In 2023, a pilot project was conducted within the BiodiversiTREE experiment at Smithsonian Environmental Research Center (SERC) using pitfall traps to gather preliminary data on Carabidae for a proposed long-term study on the effects of 26 September 2024 The Maryland Entomologist Volume 8, Number 4 microclimate on carabids in reforestation plots. In this paper we analyze the other Coleoptera captured in those pitfall traps. This is an addition to the inventory work at SERC, located in Edgewater, Anne Arundel County, Maryland. Previous work had documented 957 Coleoptera species in 80 families (Staines and Staines 2019, 2020a–d, 2021a–f, 2022, 2023b). For a detailed description of SERC habitats see Staines and Staines (2020a). MATERIALS AND METHODS We conducted this study within the BiodiversiTREE experiment, led by Dr. John D. Parker at the Smithsonian Environmental Research Center in Edgewater, Maryland (38°52' N, 76°33' W) (SERC 2020). The experiment was established in April 2013 on 13 ha (2.5 ac) of former cropland and consists of 75 35 m × 35 m (115 ft ×115 ft) plots planted with one-year old bare root seedlings in a variety of combinations of 16 common tree species from the local area, specifically red maple, Acer rubrum L. (Sapindaceae); American hornbeam, Carpinus caroliniana Walter (Betulaceae); mockernut hickory Carya tomentosa (Lam.) Nutt.; pignut hickory, C. glabra (Mill.) Sweet (Juglandaceae); flowering dogwood, Cornus florida L. (Cornaceae); American beech, Fagus grandifolia Ehrh. (Fagaceae); green ash, Fraxinus pennsylvanica Marshall (Oleaceae); tuliptree, Liriodendron tulipifera L. (Magnoliaceae); sweetgum, Liquidambar styraciflua L. (Altingiaceae); blackgum, Nyssa sylvatica Marshall (Cornaceae); American sycamore, Platanus occidentalis L. (Platanaceae); white oak, Quercus alba L.; southern red oak, Q. falcata Michx.; northern red oak, Q. rubra L.; black oak, Q. velutina Lam. (Fagaceae); and American elm, Ulmus americana L. (Ulmaceae). Each plot was planted as either a one species monoculture (n = 32), a four-species plot (n = 19), a 12-species plot (n = 19), or an unplanted natural regeneration plot (n = 5) (see Griffin et al. 2019 or Devaney et al. 2020 for additional information on experimental design). At the time of our study, tree height and diameter at breast height (DBH) varied markedly between species and plot, resulting in plots that range from no canopy cover to fully closed canopies (unpublished data). In general, early successional species such as tuliptree, sweetgum, and sycamores have grown much taller and larger than mid or late successional species (unpublished data). In June 2023, we deployed 225 pitfall traps within the BiodiversiTREE experiment. with three traps in each plot. Pitfall traps consisted of shallow, ~473 ml (16 oz) plastic deli cups (7 cm [~2.8 in] deep × 11 cm [~4.3 in] wide) that were installed in the ground so the rim of the cup was flush with the ground’s surface. Each trap was covered with an ~20 cm × ~20 cm (8 in × 8 in) piece of corrugated plastic cardboard situated about 2 cm (0.8 in) above the trap to that effectively kept out rain and small vertebrates. Traps were activated for two sampling periods by filling each trap about one-third full of preservative (50/50 solution of propylene glycol and water). The first sampling period was staggered by one day, with 39 of the plots active from 25–28 June 2023 and the remaining 36 plots active from 26–29 June 2023. The second sample period was not staggered and ran from 10–13 July 2023. On the third day of each sampling period, 27 September 2024 The Maryland Entomologist Volume 8, Number 4 specimens were strained out of the preservative and stored in vials containing 95% ethanol. In the lab, beetles (Coleoptera) were sorted from the rest of the specimens and stored in separate vials containing 95% ethanol. Identifications were made by the senior author using published resources (Arnett et al. 2001, 2002, and references under each species). Voucher specimens are deposited in the SERC collection. Duplicate specimens are deposited in the Towson University Entomology Collection, Towson, Maryland. RESULTS Traps captured 25 species of Coleoptera representing 10 families. Results are presented by family. When a species is reported from SERC for the first time, a concluding statement is added giving the total number of species of that family documented at SERC. Family Anthicidae (antlike flower beetles) Tomoderus constrictus (Say) has been collected in carrion, in leaf litter, at ultraviolet light, and in Malaise traps (Ciegler 2014, Steury 2021). SERC specimens were taken from 25 June to 13 July 2023. This is the first record of this species at SERC. This brings the total number of Anthicidae documented at SERC to three. Family Cerambycidae (long-horned beetles) Leptostylus transversus (Gyllenhal) is found in various hardwoods, conifers, and vines (Yanega 1996) and is attracted to light (Staines 1987). This species is widespread at SERC and has been captured in Lindgren funnel traps and at lights. A single specimen was taken from 10–13 July 2023. Family Curculionidae (weevils) Sphenophorus parvulus (Gyllenhal) has been collected in beach drift and feeding on Zea mays L. (corn) (Poaceae) stalks. Recorded host plants are: Agrostis alba Roth (redtop), Elymus L. spp. (wildrye), Hordeum L. spp. (barley), Phleum pratense L. (timothy), Poa pratensis L. (Kentucky bluegrass), Triticum aestivum L. (common wheat), Zea mays, and roots of other Poaceae; and Carex spp. (sedge) (Cyperaceae) (Vaurie 1951, Ciegler 2010). SERC specimens were taken from 25 June to 13 July 2023. This is the first record of this species at SERC. This brings the number of Curculionidae documented from SERC to 100. Family Elateridae (click beetles) Gambrinus griseus (Beauvois) has been taken sweeping grasses and beating vegetation (Blatchley 1910); on vegetation and under objects (Blatchley 1910 as Limonius 28 September 2024 The Maryland Entomologist Volume 8, Number 4 interstitialis [Melsheimer]); sifting forest litter, at light, in mixed forests, and sweeping vegetation (Al Dhafer 2009). This species is widespread at SERC and has been captured in Lindgren funnel traps, at black light, in Malaise traps, by sweeping or beating vegetation, and at lights. A single specimen was taken from 25–28 June 2023. Family Erotylidae (pleasing fungus beetles) Pseudischyrus extricatus (Crotch) has been collected at light (Boyle 1956), and in Lactarius Pers. spp. and Russula Pers. spp. (Russulaceae) mushrooms (Skelley et al. 1991). The single SERC specimen was taken from 25–28 June 2023. This is the first record of this species at SERC. The species is found from Virginia to Texas (Boyle 1956, Downie and Arnett 1996). NEW STATE RECORD Tritoma humeralis Fabricius has been found on Polyposus radicatus Schwein. (Polyporaceae), on toadstools, on mushrooms, and in fungi (Boyle 1956). Host fungi include Agaricus L. spp. (Agaricaceae); Amanita bisporigera G.F. Atk., A. citrina (Schaeff.) Pers., A. flavorubescens G.F. Atk., A. muscaria (L.) Lam., A. phalloides (Fr.) Link, A. rubescens (Fr.) Gray, A. solitaria (Bull.) Fr., A. strobiliformis (Paulet ex. Vittad.) Bertill., A. vaginata (Bull.) Lam., Amanita Pers. spp. (Amanitaceae); Armillaria mellea (Vahl) P. Kumm., A. tabescens (Scop.) Emel, Armillaria (Fr.) Staude spp. (Physalacriaceae); Collybia (Fr.) Staude spp. (Tricholomataceae); Lactarius piperatus (L.) Pers. (Russulaceae); Postia tephroleuca (Fr.) Jülich (Fomitopsidaceae); Russula spp. (Russulaceae) (Goodrich and Skelley 1994); and taken in a Malaise trap (Steury 2018). This species is common and widespread at SERC and is usually collected in various mushrooms. A single specimen was taken from 25–28 June 2023. This brings the number of Erotylidae documented at SERC to eight. Family Geotrupidae (earth-boring dung beetles) Bolbocerosoma farctum (Fabricius) has been collected beneath logs, at lights, and in Malaise traps (Price and Ratcliffe 2023). SERC specimens were taken from 10–13 July 2023. This is the first record of this species at SERC. Eucanthus impressus Howden has been collected at lights (Staines 1984). This species is fairly common at SERC and has been collected at lights, and by head lamping. A single specimen was taken from 10–13 July 2023. Odonteus thoracicornis Wallis adults have been collected in malt traps, at lights, and beneath bark of a rotted oak stump, Quercus L. spp. (Howden 1964). SERC specimens were taken from 10–13 July 2023. This is the first record of this species at SERC. This brings the number of Geotrupidae documented at SERC to seven. 29 September 2024 The Maryland Entomologist Volume 8, Number 4 Family Nitidulidae (sap beetles) Lobiopa undulata (Say) has been found on sap flows on hardwood trees (Vogt 1950). A single specimen was taken on 13 July 2023. Stelidota geminata (Say) feeds on the ripe fruit of strawberry (Fragaria L. spp. [Rosaceae]), peach (Prunus persica (L.) Batch [Rosaceae]), and other plants (Weber and Connell 1975, Williams et al. 1996); in flight intercept traps, human dung/malt/molasses-baited pitfall traps, cantaloupe traps, Lindgren funnel traps baited with banana and brown sugar, rotting fruit, under scat, in leaf litter, and from a large shelf fungus growing on an old growth (100+ year old) maple tree (Acer L. sp.) (Price and Young 2006). This widespread species is common at SERC and has been collected in decaying fruit, in mushrooms, and by head lamping. Specimens were taken from 25 June 2023 to 13 July. Family Ptilodactylidae (ptilodactylid beetles) Ptilodactyla serricollis (Say) has been beaten from vegetation along the margins of lakes and marshes (Blatchley 1910). This species is widespread at SERC and has been collected at black light. A single specimen was taken from 10–13 July 2023. Family Scarabaeidae (scarab beetles) Onthophagus hecate (Panzer) has been collected in dung, fungi, carrion, rotten vegetables, malt traps, and at light (Staines 1984); and in pitfall traps baited with carrion or human or pig dung, and in flight intercept traps (Kriska and Young 2002). This common species has been collected at SERC in dung, carrion, in pitfall traps, and by sweeping vegetation. Specimens were taken from 25–28 June 2023. Family Staphylinidae (rove beetles) Achenomorphus corticinus (Gravenhorst) has been collected under carrion and in pitfall traps in pine forests, Pinus L. spp. (Pinaceae) (Blatchley 1910; Klepzig et al. 2012). This species has been collected at SERC in Malaise traps and Lindgren funnel traps. Specimens were taken from 25–28 June 2023. Belonuchus rufipennis (Fabricius) is reported active in turfgrass in Georgia (Braman and Pendley 1993), oyster mushroom (Pleurotus ostreatus Fries [Pleurotaceae]) (Cline and Leschen 2005), and decaying organic material (Frank and Barrera 2010). The species has previously been commonly and widely collected at SERC in Lindgren funnel traps. A single specimen was taken from 25–28 June 2023. Homaeotarsus pallipes (Gravenhorst) is found under stones and debris near water (Webster and DeMerchant 2012). It is a widespread and common species previously collected at SERC in Malaise traps, flight intercept traps, Lindgren funnel traps, and at black light. A single specimen was taken from 10–13 July 2023. 30 September 2024 The Maryland Entomologist Volume 8, Number 4 Lordithon niger (Gravenhorst) is a forest species and has been collected in Malaise traps (Campbell 1982, Brattain et al. 2019). The single SERC specimen was taken from 25–28 June 2023. This is the first record of this species at SERC. The species has been reported from the District of Columbia and Virginia (Brattain et al. 2019). NEW STATE RECORD Necrophila americana (Linnaeus) may be found on carrion or sometimes fungi. Cole (1942) found that this species was equally active on carrion in wooded areas and exposed locations. Shubeck (1971) found this species was active during the day. This widespread species has been collected at SERC in various carrion, at lights, in Lindgren funnel traps, and in flight intercept traps. Specimens were taken from 25 June to 13 July 2023. Ontholestes cingulatus Gravenhorst is found in dung and decaying fruits (Voris 1939), cow dung (Sanders and Dobson 1966), and in fungi and carrion where it feeds on fly larvae (Alcock 1991). This large predaceous species has been collected in horse dung and pitfall traps at SERC. Specimens were taken from 25–28 June 2023. Oxytelus laqueatus (Marsham), an adventive species, is associated with carrion in Europe and has been collected in Malaise traps and pitfall traps (Brattain et al. 2019, von Hoermann et al. 2021). The single SERC specimen was taken from 10–13 July 2023. This is the first record of this species at SERC. The species has been reported from the District of Columbia and Virginia (Brattain et al. 2019). NEW STATE RECORD Palaminus testaceus Erichson has an unknown biology. Identification of members of this genus are difficult, the last revision of the genus was Notman (1929). The single SERC specimen was taken from 25–28 June 2023. This is the first record of this species at SERC. The species is reported from the District of Columbia (Brattain et al. 2019). NEW STATE RECORD Pinophilus latipes Gravenhorst is found beneath logs and stones in upland forests (Blatchley 1910), at lights and in flood debris (Abarbanell and Ashe 1989). A single specimen was taken from 10–13 July 2023. Platydracus zonatus (Gravenhorst) has an unknown biology. Other members of this genus are found in dung, carrion, fungi, ground litter, under bark, and in wet areas (Newton et al. 2000). This species has previously been collected at SERC at lights and in Lindgren funnel traps. Specimens were taken from 25–28 June 2023. Rugilus rudis (LeConte). We could find no biological information on this species but other species of Rugilus are associated with decaying organic material (Hoebeke 1995). The single SERC specimen was taken from 10–13 July 2023. This is the first record of this species at SERC. The species has been reported from the District of Columbia and Virginia (Brattain et al. 2019). NEW STATE RECORD 31 September 2024 The Maryland Entomologist Volume 8, Number 4 Tachinus fimbriatus Gravenhorst is found in Amanita spp. (Amanitaceae) and Megacollybia platyphylla (Pers.) Kotl. & Pouzar (Tricholomataceae) (Weiss and West 1920). Adults have been collected in Pleurotus ostreatus (Cline and Leschen 2005). This species has previously been collected at SERC in Malaise traps and in mushrooms. A single specimen was taken from 25–28 June 2023. This brings the number of Staphylinidae documented at SERC to 74. DISCUSSION The results of this short study have increased the number of beetle families captured in pitfall traps in Maryland to 22. This number is preliminary, since there may be numerous records of pitfall captures in taxonomic or ecological papers. For example, Dively (2005) studied ground dwelling arthropods in transgenic corn but only reported data at the family level. It is difficult to compare the results of these studies since each used a different sampling protocol. Staines and Staines (2023a) placed pitfall traps on 1 April and monitored them continuously until 30 September 2003. Fritzler and Strazanac (2012) monitored traps for 15 two-week periods from 5 April to 3 November 2011, while this paper monitored the traps for two three-day periods, 25–28 June and 10–13 July 2023. Also, neither Fritzler and Strazanac (2012) nor Staines and Staines (2023a) included Staphylinidae in their analysis. Staphylinidae was the most species rich family in this study. Steury and MacRae 2014, Steury 2018, Brattain et al. 2019, Steury et al. 2020, Johnson and Steury 2021, Steury and Paulsen 2022, and Steury and Chandler 2023 deployed pitfall traps for either three or five years depending on the location. Of the 61 species collected, 25 were Staphylinidae. Only two species, Necrophila americana and Onthophagus hecate, were found in Catoctin Mountain, Eastern Neck, and SERC studies. Two species, Sphenophorus parvulus and Tomoderus constrictus, were found in both the Eastern Neck and this study. Two species, Nicrophorus orbicollis Say and N. tomentosus Weber (Silphidae), were found at Catoctin Mountain and Eastern Neck (Fritzler and Strazanac 2012, Staines and Staines 2023a). Three Staphylinidae were found at GWMP and SERC: Belonuchus rufipennis, Platydracus zonatus, and Tachinus fimbriatus. These results raise interesting questions on the value of pitfall traps in biodiversity studies. The value of pitfall traps has been well documented for Carabidae but the overall value of this method needs further investigation. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS We thank Dr. John D. Parker (Senior Scientist, SERC) for allowing us to deploy pitfall traps within the BiodiversiTREE experimental plots. We thank Dr. John D. Parker and Jamie Pullen (Head Technician, SERC) for maintenance of experimental plots. We thank Marisy Nieto, Eriberto Osorio, and Sophie Coyne (Undergraduate Interns, SERC); Eva Sidorovich (Teacher Extern, SERC); and Dr. A. Justin Nowakowski (Senior Scientist, 32 September 2024 The Maryland Entomologist Volume 8, Number 4 SERC) for help with fieldwork. We thank Marisy Nieto and Eva Sidorovich for help with sorting specimens in the lab. We thank Susan L. Staines for her useful comments on an earlier draft of this manuscript. We thank Dr. Margaret K. Thayer, (Curator Emerita, Division of Insects, Field Museum of Natural History, Chicago, IL) and two anonymous reviewers for suggestions and corrections to an earlier draft of this manuscript. LITERATURE CITED Abarbanell, N.R., and J.S. Ashe. 1989. Revision of the species of Pinophilus Gravenhorst (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae) of America north of Mexico. Fieldiana: Zoology New Series 54:iii+32 pp. Alcock, J. 1991. 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