NO. 186 February YF 5, 975 ATOLL RESEARCH BULLETIN 186. THE NATURAL HISTORY OF LISIANSKI ISLAND, NORTHWESTERN HAWAIIAN ISLANDS Issued by THE SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION Washington, D.C., U.S.A. ATOLL RESEARCH BULLETIN NO. 186 THE NATURAL HISTORY OF LISIANSKI ISLAND, NORTHWESTERN HAWAIIAN ISLANDS by Roger B. Clapp and William 0 . Wirtz, II Issued by THE SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION Washington, D.C., U.S.A. February 15,1975 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT The Ato l l Research Bu l l e t in i s i ssued by t h e Smithsonian I n s t i t u t i o n as a p a r t of i t s Tropical Biology Program. I t i s co- sponsored by t h e Museum of Natural His tory , the Off ice of In t e rna t iona l and Environmental Programs, and t h e Smithsonian Press . The Press supports and handles product ion and d i s t r i b u t i o n . The e d i t i n g i s done by t h e Tropica l Biology s t a f f , Botany Department, Museum of Natural History and by D . R . S toddar t . Most of t h e camera copy f o r t h i s i s s u e was prepared i n t h e Department of Geography, Cambridge, using funds cont r ibuted by ARB readers . The Bu l l e t in was founded and t h e f i r s t 117 numbers i ssued by the P a c i f i c Science Board, National Academy o f Sciences, with f i n a n c i a l suppor t from the Off ice of Naval Research. I t s pages were l a rge ly devoted t o r epor t s r e s u l t i n g from t h e P a c i f i c Science Board's Coral A to l l Program. The s o l e r e s p o n s i b i l i t y f o r a l l s tatements made by authors of papers i n t h e Ato l l Research Bu l l e t in r e s t s with them, and statements made i n t h e Bu l l e t in do no t necessa r i ly r ep resen t t h e views of t h e Smithsonian nor those of t he e d i t o r s of t h e Bu l l e t in . Editors F. R . Fosberg M.-H. Sachet Smiths onian I n s t i t u t i o n Washington, D . C . 20560 D . R . S toddar t Department of Geography Universi ty of Cambridge Downing Place Cambridge, England TABLE OF CONTENTS Page LIST OF FIGURES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . i i i LIST OF TABLES .................................................. v i i LIST OF APPEND= TABUS .......................................... i x INTRODUCTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 DESCRIPTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 GEOLOGY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-3 C L N m .......................................................... 13 HISTORY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21 VEGETATION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35 FAUNA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . -49 In t roduct ion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .49 Mammals and Rep t i l e s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50 Birds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59 Species ~ c c o u n t s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56 Birds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59 Diomedea n ig r ipes , Black-footed Alba t ros s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59 Diomedea immutabilis, Laysan Albat ross . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . -65 P te rodro ma. hypoleuca, Bonin P e t r e l . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . -69 Bulweria bulwer i i , Bulwer's P e t r e l . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74 mlweria f a l l a x , Jouanin's Pe t r e l ................~......... -75 Puff inus p a c i f i c u s , Wedge-tailed Shearwater . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . -75 Puff inus n a t i v i t a t i s , Christmas Shearwater . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81 Phaethon rubricauda, Red-tailed Tropicbird ................. .8:, Sula d a c t y l a t r a , Blue-faced Booby . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 Sula leucogaster, Brown Booby . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93 - Sula sula, Red-footed Booby . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102 Fregata minor, Great F r iga teb i rd . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.03 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Anas ( ? ) s p . , Duck s p 113 Pandion h a l i a e t u s , Osprey .................................. 11 4 Falco peregr inus , Peregr ine Falcon . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 114 Porzanula palmeri , Laysan R a i l ............................. 115 Charadrius semipalmatus, Semipalmated Plover ............... 115 Charadrius mongolus, Mongolian Plover . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 116 P l u v i a l i s d ~ m i n i c a , Golden Plover . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 116 Squatarola squa ta ro la , Black-bel l ied Plover . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113 Numenius t a h i t i e n s i s , Br i s t l e - th ighed Curlew- .............. 119 Limosa lapponica, Bar- ta i led Godwit ........................ 122 Heteroscelus incanum, Wandering T a t t l e r . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 122 Arenaria i n t e r p r e s , Ruddy Turnstone . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123 Crocethia a lba Sanderl ing ................................. 126 -9 E r o l i a melanotos o r acuminata, P e c t o r a l o r Sharp- ta i led Sandpiper .................................. 128 Larus a rgen ta tus , Herr ing Gul l ............................. 123 Larus glaucescens, Glaucous-winged Gul l ................... -129 Page Sterna lunata, Gray-backed Tern . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 129 Sterna fuscata. Sooty Tern . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 132 Anous s to l idus . Brown Noddy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 136 Anous t e n u i r o s t r i s . Black Noddy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 4 1 Gygis alba. White Tern ..................................... 146 Mammals ............................................... 150 Orp to lagus cuniculus. European Rabbit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 150 Rodent sp . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 151 Monachus schauinslandi, Hawaiian Monk Sea l ................. 151 Repti les .............................................. 154 Chelonia mydas, Green Tur t l e . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 154 ACKNOWUDGMENTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 157 LITERATURF CITED ................................................. 158 APPENDIX TABLES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 166 FIGURES The Hawaiian I s l a n d s . Aer i a 1 photograph of L i s i a n s k i I s l a n d , January 1966. U .S . Navy photograph. Map of L i s i a n s k i Is land and sur rounding s h o a l , 1930-193 1. Modified from USC&GS Chart 4186, i s sued December 1942. Rocky e a s t e r n beach no r th of l edge shown i n F igure 5 . This a r e a and t h e rock ledge a r e much used f o r r o o s t i n g by shore - b i r d s , p a r t i c u l a r l y Ruddy Turns t ones . POBSP photograph, March 1965, by Wil l iam 0 . Wir tz , 1 1 . Looking nor th a t r ock ledge from narrow e a s t e r n beach, September 1967. POBSP photograph by R . B .Clapp. Immature Blue-faced Boobies r o o s t i n g on l o g a t edge of e a s t beach, September 1967. POBSP photograph by R . B Clapp. View, look ing sou th , of e a s t beach a s it widens towards t h e s o u t h e a s t e r n co rne r of t h e i s l a n d , 19 June 1966. Young a l b a - t r o s s e s and a Brown Naddy i n l e f t f o r e and middle ground. POBSP photograph by P.C. S h e l t o n . View from s o u t h e a s t e r n h igh p o i n t of s m a l l c u t in land from beach j u s t west of l a r g e sou thwes te rn beach, 12 March 1964. POBSP photograph by A B . Amerson, Jr . Looking towards south p o i n t a l o n g s t e e p beach a t e a s t e r n edge of sou t h beach, September 1967. POBSP photograph by R.B. Clapp . Looking west towards t h e broad sandy beach a t t h e sou th p o i n t of t h e i s l a n d , 12 March 1964. I n September 1967, t h i s beach a p p a r e n t l y extended f u r t h e r sou th t h a n is shown i n t h i s photo- g raph . POBSP photograph by A . B . Amerson, Jr . Looking n o r t h a l o n g west cove toward Casuar ina t r e e s , October 1966. POBSP photograph by P . J . Gould . Looking south f r ~ m t h e n o r t h e r n p o r t i o n of t h e west beach, June 1966. POBSP photograph by P.C. She l t on . Looking n o r t h e a s t from t h e west s i d e o f t h e i s l a n d , 19 June 1966. Note r e l a t i v e l y s p a r s e growth of Scaevola . POBSP photograph by P.C. S h e l t o n . Page Clump of low Scaevola i n i s l a n d i n t e r i o r , look ing e a s t , 18 June 1966. Coconut t r e e s and e a s t e r n group of Casuar ina t r e e s i n background. POBSP photograph by P.C. S h e l t o n . 12 I n t e r i o r of i s l a n d , showing dense growth of bunchgrass , March 1965. Looking from sou th of e a s t e r n group of ironwood t r e e s toward sou th ironwood t r e e . POBSP photograph by W.O. Wir tz , 11. 14 Map of L i s i a n s k i I s l a n d i n 1905. Redrawn and modified from 15 Lis i ansky (1814 ) . Map of L i s i a n s k i I s l a n d i n 1923. Modified a f t e r Bryan (1938). 1-6 The mode of t h e monthly means f o r a t en -yea r p e r i o d , 1953- 1963, and t h e range of t h e maximum and minimum modes of t empe ra tu r e f o r Midway A t o l l . 1" Mean monthly p r e c i p i t a t i o n i n i nches (h i s t og rams ) and mean number of days w i th measurable p r e c i p i t a t i o n ( l i n e g raph) f o r Midway A t o l l , 1953-63. 1-9 Wind d i r e c t i o n and speed a t Midway A t o l l , 1953-63. Length of d i r e c t i o n a l l i n e i n d i c a t e s pe r cen t of obse rva t i ons from t h a t d i r e c t i o n ; f i g u r e a t end of t h e d i r e c t i o n a l l i n e i s ,mean wind A speed i n kno t s . z0 A e r i a l photograph of L i s i a n s k i I s l a n d , May 1943. Assembled f rom U.S. A i r Force photographs. 3 7 Ipomoea i n d i c a and Boerhavia repens i n a s s o c i a t i o n w i th E r a g r o s t i s , i n t e r i o r of i s l a n d , look ing sou th , 19 June 1966. POBSP photograph b] P.C. She l t on . 37 Cocos growing on n o r t h e a s t e r n p o r t i o n of i s l a n d , February 1963. POBSP photograph by W.O. Wir tz , 11. 3 9 Casuar ina t r e e s a t t o p of nor thwes t beach. Young Black-footed A l b a t r o s s i n fo reground , 6 June 1967. POBSP photograph by R.L. DeLong. 40 Casuar ina t r e e s near palms on n o r t h e a s t p o r t i o n of i s l a n d , 19 June 1966. POBSP photograph by P.C. She l t on . 4 0 Live and dead Casuar ina t r e e s on southwest p o r t i o n of i s l a n d , 12 March 1964. By September 1967 many of t h e branches had f a l l e n from t h e dead t r e e and it had become h e a v i l y overgrown w i t h Ipomoea i n d i c a . POBSP photograph by A . B . Amerson, J r . 4 1 v Page 2 7 . Almost p u r e s t a n d of Boerhavia i n E r a g r o s t i s a s s o c i a t i o n i n t h e n o r t h c e n t r a l i n t e r i o r . Young Laysan A l b a t r o s s i n mid- ground . POBSP photograph , 19 June 1966, by P . C . She lt on . 2 8 . P o r t u l a c a l u t e a and E r a g r o s t i s , t o p of west beach , 19 June 1966. POBSP photograph by P.C S h e l t o n . 2 9 . T r i b u l u s i n decaden t Scaevo la n e a r t h e n o r t h s h o r e , 19 June 1966. POBSP photograph by P.C - S h e l t o n . 3 0 . Ipomoea i n d i c a growing over Scaevo la , 19 June 1966. POBSP photograph by P . C . S h e l t on. 31. Pure s t a n d of Ipomoea i n d i c a w i t h i n E r a g r o s t i s a s s o c i a t i o n i n t h e i n t e r i o r of t h e i s l a n d , 19 J u n e 1966. POBSP photograph by P.C. S h e l t o n . 3 2 . Nama s a n d w i c e n s i s v a r . laysanicum below t h e f r i n g e of Scaevo la on t h e n o r t h e a s t s h o r e , 19 June 1966. POBSP photograph by P .C . S h e l t o n . 33. Solanum nigrum near c e n t e r o f . i s l a n d , 19 J u n e 1966. POBSP photograph by P . C . S h e l t o n . 3 4 . S i c y o s growing w i t h T r i b u l u s and i n Scaevo la , 19 June 1966. Young Laysan A l b a t r o s s i n f o r e g r o u n d . POBSP photograph by P.C. S h e l t o n . 35. Dead S i c y o s and Scaevo la nea r t h e n o r t h e a s t s h o r e , 19 J u n e 1966. POBSP photograph by P.C. S h e l t o n . 30. Lush Scaevo la on s o u t h e a s t e r n p o r t i o n of i s l a n d , 12 March 1964. Looking e a s t - n o r t h e a s t f rom t h e s o u t h e a s t h igh p o i n t of t h e i s l a n d . POBSP photograph by A .B. Amerson, Jr . 3 7 . Bonin P e t r e l r e s t i n g on sand n e a r burrow under Ipomoea, September 1967. POBSP photograph by R.B. Clapp . . 38. Bonin P e t r e l n e s t and egg on s u r f a c e of ground under d e n s e S c a e v o l a , 14 F e b r u a r y 1963. POBSP photograph. 39. P a i r of Wedge- ta i led Shearwate r s n e a r mouth of burrowj September 1967. POBSP photograph by R.B. Clapp. 4 0 . Wedge-tai led S h e a r w a t e r s n e a r burrows i n sand a r e a a t edge of B o e r h a v i a - E r a g r o s t i s a s s o c i a t i o n , 19 June 1966. Young Laysan A l b a t r o s s i n mid-ground. POBSP photograph by P.C. She lt on. Wedge-tailed Shearwater ch ick a t base of southwestern Casuar ina t r e e , September 1967. POBSP photogra.ph by R . B. C l app . Christmas Shearwater ch ick i n n e s t s i t e under Scaevola a long t h e n o r t h e a s t beach, September 1967. POBSP photograph by R . B . Clapp. 33 Red-tai led Tropicbird on nes t under Scaevola , 6 June 1967. POBSP photograph by Robert L . DeLong. 37 Typ ica l Blue-faced Booby n e s t wi th egg and r e c e n t l y hatched young, 12 March 1964. POBSP photograph by A .B. Amerson, Jr . 9 2 Blue-faced Booby brooding young i n n e s t a t edge of vegeta- t ion, February 1903. POBSP photograph . 32 Club of r o o s t i n g Blue-faced Boobies on t h e south p o i n t , September 1967. Brown Boobies ( n o t e f i f t h b i r d from r i g h t ) occas iona l ly r o o s t i n such c l u b s . POBSP photograph by R.B. Clapp. 9 3 Red-footed Boobies an n e s t s i n Scaevola., 12 March 1964, POBSP photograph by A .B. Amerson, Jr . 10 4 Adult female and s e v e r a l young Great F r i g a t e b i r d s on n e s t s i n Scaevola a long t h e west s i d e of t h e i s l a n d , 19 June 1966. POBSP photograph by P.C. She l ton . 110 Prebreeding Sooty Terns on ground among E r a g r o s t i s clumps near t h e north end of t h e i s l a n d , 18 June 1966. POBSP photograph by P.C. She l ton . 134 Brown Noddy incubat ing egg i n n e s t under Scaevola , 19 June 1966. POBSP photograph by P.C. She l ton . 139 Recently hatched Black Noddy ch i ck i n n e s t i n Casuarina, 12 March 1964. POBSP photograph by A .B .Amerson, Jr . 14 3 Recently hatched White Tern ch i ck on n e s t s i t e i n Casuarina, 12 March 1904. POBSP photograph by A .B . Amerson, Jr . 147 v i i TABLES Page Recen t s u r v e y s o f L i s i a n s k i I s l a n d by t h e POBSP and BSFW. 34 The a v i f a u n a of L i s i a n s k i I s l a n d . 5 1 B r e e d i n g c y c l e s o f s e a b i r d s on L i s i a n s k i I s l a n d compared w i t h b r e e d i n g c y c l e s on Laysan I s l a n d . 5 4 Months o f o c c u r r e n c e o f n o n - b r e e d i n g b i r d s on L i s i a n s k i I s l a n d . 5 6 Banding t o t a l s , by y e a r , o f b i r d s banded on L i s i a n s k i by t h e POBSP and BSFW. 50 I n t e r i s l a n d movements o f banded b i r d s i n v o l v i n g L i s i a n s k i I s l a n d . 5 1 O b s e r v a t i o n s o f Black-f oo ted A l b a t r o s s on L i s i a n s k i I s l a n d . 6 3 Black- f o o t e d A l b a t r o s s banded on L i s i a n s k i I s l a n d . 55 O b s e r v a t i o n s o f Laysan A l b a t r o s s on L i s i a n s k i I s l a n d . 67 Specimens o f Laysan A l b a t r o s s f r o m L i s i a n s k i I s l a n d . 6 9 Laysan Alba1;ross banded on L i s i a n s k i I s l a n d . 69 O b s e r v a t i o n s o f Bonin P e t r e l s on L i s i a n s k i I s l a n d . 73 Specimens of Bonin P e t r e l s f r o m L i s i a n s k i I s l a n d . i' 4 O b s e r v a t i o n s o f Wedge- t a i l ed S h e a r w a t e r s on L i s i a n s k i I s l a n d . 80 Specimens o f Wedge- t a i l ed S h e a r w a t e r s f rom L i s i a n s k i I s l a n d . 8 1 O b s e r v a t i o n s of C h r i s t m a s S h e a r w a t e r s on L i s i a n s k i I s l a n d . 9 4 O b s e r v a t i o n s o f R e d - t a i l e d T r o p i c b i r d s on L i s i a n s k i I s l a n d . 8 8 R e d - t a i l e d T r o p i c b i r d s banded on L i s i a n s k i I s l a n d . 39 O b s e r v a t i o n s o f B lue - faced Boobies on L i s i a n s k i I s l a n d . 94 L o c a t i o n s and s i z e s o f B lue - faced Booby c l u b s on L i s i a n s k i I s l a n d . 9 6 Blue - faced Boobies banded on L i s i a n s k i I s l a n d . 9 7 22. O b s e r v a t i o n s o f Brown Boobies on L i s i a n s k i I s l a n d . 10 0 Page Specimens of Brown Boobies from L i s i a n s k i I s l a n d . LO 1 Brown Boobies banded on L i s i a n s k i I s l a n d . 13 1 O b s e r v a t i o n s o f Red-footed Boob ies on L i s i a n s k i I s l a n d . 13 5 H e i g h t s o f Red-footed Booby n e s t s on L i s i a n s k i I s l a n d . 1G7 Red-footed Boobies banded on L i s i a n s k i I s l a n d . 10 3 O b s e r v a t i o n s o f G r e a t F r i g a t e b i r d s on L i s i a n s k i I s l a n d . L i l G r e a t F r i g a t e b i r d s banded on L i s i a n s k i I s l a n d . 113 O b s e r v a t i o n s o f Golden P l o v e r s on L i s i a n s k i I s l a n d . 117 O b s e r v a t i o n s o f B r i s t l e - t h i g h e d Cur lews on L i s i a n s k i I s l a n d . 120 Br i s t l e - t h i g h e d Curlews banded on L i s i a n s k i I s l a n d . 12 1 O b s e r v a t i o n s o f Wandering T a t t l e r s on L i s i a n s k i I s l a n d . 1 2 3 O b s e r v a t i o n s of Ruddy T u r n s t o n e s on L i s i a n s k i I s l a n d . 125 Specimens o f Ruddy T u r n s t o n e s f rom L i s i a n s k i I s l a n d . 126 Ruddy T u r n s t o n e s banded on L i s i a n s k i I s l a n d . 1-26 O b s e r v a t i o n s o f S a n d e r l i n g on L i s i a n s k i I s l a n d . 127 O b s e r v a t i o n s o f Gray-backed T e r n s on L i s i a n s k i I s l a n d . l 3 1 O b s e r v a t i o n s of S o o t y T e r n s on L i s i a n s k i I s l a n d . 135 S o o t y T e r n s banded on L i s i a n s k i I s l a n d . 136 O b s e r v a t i o n s of Brown Noddies on L i s i a n s k i I s l a n d . 140 O b s e r v a t i o n s of B l a c k Noddies on L i s i a n s k i I s l a n d . 144 Black Noddies banded on L i s i a n s k i I s l a n d . 1-45 O b s e r v a t i o n s of Whi te T e r n s on L i s i a n s k i I s l a n d . 148 White T e r n s banded on L i s i a n s k i I s l a n d . 1 4 ~ O b s e r v a t i o n s o f Hawai ian Monk S e a l s on L i s i a n s k i I s l a n d . 1:,2 O b s e r v a t i o n s of Green T u r t l e s on L i s i a n s k i I s l a n d . 155 APPENDIX TABLES S c i e n t i f i c v i s i t s t o L i s i ansk i I s l and , 1828-1969. Resul t s of s c i e n t i f i c v i s i t s t o L i s i a n s k i I s l and , 1828-1969. Pub l i ca t ions on c o l l e c t i o n s and s t u d i e s (with t h e exception of b i r d s ) made on L i s i a n s k i I s l and , 1828-1969. Movements of Black-f ooted Albat ross from Lis i a n s k i . Movements of Black-footed Albat ross t o L i s i a n s k i . Movements of Laysan Albatross from L i s i a n s k i . Movements of Bonin P e t r e l s from L i s i a n s k i . Movements of Wedge-tailed Shearwaters from L i s i a n s k i . Movements of Blue-faced Boobies from L i s i a n s k i . Movements of Blue-faced Boobies t o L i s i ansk i . Movements of Brown Boobies t o Lis i a n s k i . 10a . Movements of Red-f ooted Boobies from L i s i ansk i . l o b . Movements of Red-footed Boobies t o L i s i a n s k i . l l a . Movements of Great F r i g a t e b i r d s from L i s i a n s k i . l l b . Movements of Great F r i g a t e b i r d s t o L i s i ansk i . 12 . Movements of Golden Plovers from L i s i a n s k i . 13. Movements of Ruddy Turnstones t o L i s i ansk i . 14a. Movements of Sooty Terns from L i s i ansk i . 14b. Movements of Sooty Terns t o L i s i a n s k i . 15. Movements of Brown Noddies t o L i s i a n s k i . 16a. Movements of Black Noddies from L i s i a n s k i . 16b. Movements of Black Noddies t o L i s i a n s k i . Page 166 THE NATURAL HISTORY OF LISIANSKI ISLAND, NORTHWESTERN HAWAIIAN ISLANDS ' by Roger B. Clapp'2 and William 0. Wirtz, II 3 INTRODUCTION L i s i a n s k i , a low sandy i s l a n d i n t h e Northwestern Hawaiian I s l a n d s ( ~ i ~ u r e l ) , i s l o c a t e d a t 26'02' North and 174"001 West (Of f . of Geog., 1556: 47) , appr3x imate ly 905 n a u t i c a l m i l e s n o r t h - west 3f Honolulu ( ~ r y a n , 1942: 1 9 0 ) . The i s l a n d i s s i t u a t e d a t t h e n o r t h e r n edge g f a l a r g e r e e f bank which l i e s between 25'26' and 25'25' n o r t h l a t i t u d e and between 173'52' and 174'01' west l o n g i t u d e P r e v i 2 u s knowledge 3f t h e h i s t o r y and b i o t a 2f t h e i s l a n d i s remarkably s c a n t c m s i d e r i n g L i s i a n s k i ' s r e l a t i v e l y c l o s e p r3x imi ty t o H ~ n d u l u . Most of what i s now k n ~ w n about t h e i s l a n d s tems f r m work d m e by t h e Tanager E x p e d i t i o n i n 1923. P u b l i c a t i o n s r e s u l t i n g f rom t h a t vis i t d e a l t p r i m a r i l y w i t h v a s c u l a r p l a n t s , f i s h , a r t h r 3 p o d s , and marine i n v e r t e b r a t e s . Informat i m on t h e t e r r e s t r i a l b i a t a g a t h- e r e d by t h e Tanager E x p e d i t i o n was n e c e s s a r i l y s l i g h t , however, s i n c e t h e f l o r a , and consequen t ly , f auna , had been g r e a t l y reduced due t o t h e d e s t r u c t i o n of v e g e t a t i o n by r a b b i t s i n t m d u c e d e a r l i e r i n t h e 2 0 t h Century. Other primary s o u r c e s of i n f x m a t i o n on L i s i a n s k i p r i o r t o r e c e n t i n v e s t i g a t i o n s a r e Munter ' s (1915) obscure and l i t t l e known r e p o r t of a visit made i n March 1915 and B r y a n ' s (1942) a c c o u n t - - t ~ d a t e t h e b e s t d e s c r i p t i v e and h i s t o r i c a l summary of t h e i s l a n d . I n 1963 t h e Smit hson ian I n s t it u t i o n ' s P a c i f i c Ocean B i o l o g i c a l Survey Program ( h e r e a f t e r POBSP), d i r e c t e d by D r . P h i l i p S. Humphrey, began a s e r i e s of e x t e n s i v e su rveys of C e n t r a l P a c i f i c i s l a n d s . During t h e s t u d y pe r iod ( 1 9 6 3 - 1 ~ 6 9 ) , L i s i a n s k i was v i s i t e d t h i r t e e n t imes by POBSP personne l . On f o u r 'of t h e s e visi ts POBSP p e r s o n n e l accompanied 'paper Number 77, P a c i f i c Ocean B i o l o g i c a l Survey Program, Smithsonian I n s t it ut ion, Washington, D. C. 'p resent a d d r e s s : B i r d and Mammal L a b o r a t o r i e s , Bureau of Spor t F i s h - e r i e s and W i l d l i f e , N a t i o n a l Museum of N a t u r a l H i s t o r y , Washington, D.C. 20560. 3 ~ r e s e n t a d d r e s s : Department of Zoolggy, Pomona Col lege , Claremont, Cal if o r n i a 91711. personne l from t h e Bureau of Spor t F i s h e r i e s and W i l d l i f e ( h e r e a f t e r BSFW), who, th rough 1969, had made e i g h t visits t L i s i a n s k i a able 1) From 1963 through 1969 about 27 days were spen t :sn t h e i s l a n d by both agenc i e s . Data ob t a ined on t h e s e visits form t h e pr imary b a s i s of ou r r e cen t knowledge of t h e i s l a n d . Also incorpora ted i n t h i s r e p o r t is a cons ide r ab l e amount of un- pub l i shed d a t a f r3m e a r l i e r visits t o L i s i a n s k i , most no tab ly t h e i n f s r m a t i s n ga thered on t h e b i r d l i f e i n 1923 by Alexander Wetmore. The purposes of t h i s r e p o r t a r e s e v e r a l . On t h e one hand, we wish t o compile f r sm d i v e r s e sou rce s a s complete and a s a c c u r a t e a summary of a v a i l a b l e inf'ormat i o n r ega rd ing t h e i s l a n d a s p o s s i b l e . On t h e o the r , we wish t o r e p o r t ou r r e cen t s t u d i e s , which have d e a l t p r i m a r i l y w i t h t h e b i r d l i f e s f L i s i a n s k i . We hope t h a t t h i s r e p o r t , one of a s e r i e s on t h e Northwestern Hawaiian I s l ands , w i l l accomplish t h e s e aims a s w e l l a s point .sut a r e a s where our knowledge af t h e b i o t a is s t i l l inadequate r incomplete . The f i n a l d r a f t was l a r g e l y completed by l a t e 1570 and few emenda- t i o n s o r a d d i t i o n s have been made s i n c e then . Data r e p o r t e d he r e in i nc ludes on ly t h a t a v a i l a b l e th rough 1969. DESCRIPTION L i s i a n s k i (F ig . 2 ) is a low sand and c o r a l i s l a n d of approximately 450 a c r e s (Freeman, 1951: 331). It is s i t u a t e d a t t h e no r the rn end of a l a r g e r ee f bank (F ig . 3 ) which is about 65 squa re mi l e s or 41,322 a c r e s i n a r e a . The i s l a n d , somewhat resembling a para l l e logram, is approximately 2 ,000 yards long, n s r t h t o south, and 1 ,100 yards wide, being s.smewhat wider t o t h e n ~ r t h. I t s ci rcumference is about 3 .23 s t a t u t e mi les . The e a s t e r n beach is dominated by a n exposed l e d g e of r e e f rock, w i t h sma l l t i d a l p so l s , behind which a narrow, rocky beach r i s e s f o r ab,ut t e n f e e t t o t h e vege ta ted i n t e r i o r (F ig . 4 ) . South of t h e rock l edge a low cu rv ing beach ex tends t o t h e s o u t h e a s t e r n corner (F ig . 5 ) . This beach r i s e s s h a r p l y f o r about t h r e e t o f i v e f e e t t o t h e vege ta ted i n t e r i o r . A t t h e edge of t h i s beach, about 300 ya rd s sou th of t h e rock ledge , is t h e c r o s s - s e c t i o n of a l og , p robab ly a redwood, t h a t is much used a s a r o o s t i n g s i t e by Blue-faced Bosb ies (Fig . 6 ) . The beach widens (F ig . 7 ) a s one m3ves toward t h e s o u t h e a s t e r n co rne r where a l a r g e unvegetated cu t , about 225 f e e t a c r . x s a t i ts mouth, ex tends in land f o r a somewhat g r e a t e r d i s t a n c e . Beginning j u s t beyond t h i s cu t is a wide t r i a n g u l a r sandy beach, t h e po in t of which is t h e sou theas te rnmos t p a r t of t h e i s l a n d . To t h e n o r t h of t h e cu t t h e t e r r a i n ab~sve t h e beach is f a i r l y l e v d , whi le t o t h e s o u t h t h e t e r r a i n is com- posed of r o l l i n g sand dunes dense ly covered w i t h Scaevola . The l a r g e cu t and a sma l l e r one (Fig . 8) j u s t t o t h e southwest of t h e dense s t and of Scaevola and t h e s s u t h e a s t and s o u t h beaches a r e t h e a r e a s i n which t h e dense s t concen t r a t i ons of n e s t i n g Black-footed A l b a t r s s s e s a r e found. There i s a seven f o o t v e r t i c a l d rop f rom t h e vege ta ted i n t e r i o r t o t h e Figure 2. Aer ia l photograph of Lisianski Is land, January 1966. U.S. Navy photograph. nautical miles 0 I 2 LISIANSKI ISLAND 1930 -1931 N E V A S H O A L Figure 3. Map of Lis ianski I s l and and surrounding shoal , 1930-1931. Madif ied f r o m USC&GS Chart 4186, issued December 1942. F i g a r e 4. R ~ c k y e a s t e r n beach n o r l h of Ledge shswn i n F i g u r e 5. T h i s a r e a a n d t h e r o c k l e d g e a r e much used f3r r 3 ~ s t i n g by s h ~ r e b i r d s , p a r t i c u l a r l y Ruddy T u r n s t z z e s . F'OBSF p h o t o g r a p h , V l r c h 1965, by W i l l i a m 0. W i r t z . 11. F i g u r e 5 . F i g u r e 6. Lsoking n o r t h s t rock ledge frarc narrow e a s t e r n beach . September 1967. POBSP phatagraph by R.B. Clapp. Imnature Blue-faced B z ~ ~ b i e s r o o s t i n g s n l o g a t edge of e a s t beach, September 1967. POBSP ph3tograph by H.B. C!.ap~. beach a t t h e e a s t e r n co rne r o f t h e sou the rn beach (F ig . 9 ) . A s h o r t d i s t a n c e west of t h i s a r e a a s e r i e s o f dunes r i s e s t o 20 f e e t o r more, t h e s o u t h e a s t e r n h igh po in t of t h e i s l a n d . These r o l l i n g dunes, t h i c k l y covered w i t h Scaevola , g r a d u a l l y decrease i n he igh t a c r o s s t h e s o u t h end of t h e island-0). The southwest beach, r e l a t i v e l y broad, forms two sma l l coves ( s e e F ig . 2 ) . The beach a long t h e west s i d e pf t h e i s l a n d is f a i r l y s t e e p and t h e r e is a s l i g h t v e r t i c a l cu t and overhang a t t h e edge of t h e vege ta ted a r e a where e r o s i o n has occur red . A sma l l cove, p r e sen t near t h e middle o f t h e west beach, is designa- t e d a s a smal l boat l a n d i n g on t h e hydmgraphic c h a r t s . There a r e o n l y a few small c o r a l heads i n t h e l agoon a r e a west of t h i s l a n d i n g and a l a r g e a r e a of c l e a r g reen wate r l i e s between t h e l a n d i n g and t he r e e f r ock t o t h e west . Towards t h e n o r t h end of t h i s cove is a group of Casuar ina t r e e s (F ig . ll), under 3r about which were t h e campsi tes of most r e c e n t BSFW and POBSP survey p a r t i e s . (on two visits, March 1965 and September 1967, t h e campsi te was on t h e e a s t sho re of t h e i s l a n d , a few hundred f e e t t o t h e s o u t h of t h e l edge s h ~ w n i n F i g u r e 5. ) North of t h i s cove t h e beach curves toward t h e nor thwest (F ig . 12 ) . The northwest beach ( s e e F ig . '2) is 20 t o 3 0 f e e t wide and s l i g h t l y in - c l i n e d up t o t h e vege ta ted i n t e r i o r . Cora l r ubb l e is s c a t t e r e d i n t h e sand and s e v e r a l l a r g e t r e e t r u n k s a r e bur ied i n t h e beach here . A e r i a l photographs f r 3 m 1943 and 1957 show t h a t t h e sou thwes te rn end on t h i s beach was once s e v e r a l hundred f e e t f rom i ts apex t o t h e vege ta ted i n t e r i o r . To t h e e a s t of t h e s t r a i g h t nor thwest beach is a c rescen t - shaped beach, 20 t o 3 0 yards wide, w i t h c o r a l r ubb l e and about 100 yards long . There is a s l i g h t drop from t h e i n t e r i o r t o t h e beach here . The no r thea s t beach, f .3r t h e mst p a r t y sandy, r i s e s g e n t l y t o t h e i n t e r i o r , and is about 15 ya rd s wide. A t t h e t o p 3f t h i s beach t h e r e is more c o r a l r ubb l e mixed w i t h sand . The beach becomes s t e e p e r and narr3wer a s it approaches t h e rocky e a s t beach. I s l a n d I n t e r i o r A r i m of Scaevola grows a long t h e e n t i r e pe r ime t e r w i t h most dense growth f rom t h e n o r t h po in t of t h e i s l and , s o u t h a long t h e e a s t beach and a c r o s s t h e s o u t h end of t h e i s l a n d . The l e a s t dense growth is found a long t h e no r the rn t h i r d of t h e west beach and behind t h e nor thwest beach. Com- p a r i s o n of e a r l i e r a e r i a l photographs w i t h F igu re 2 r e v e a l s t h a t t h e Scaevola has been p r o g r e s s i v e l y invading t h e i n t e r i o r , p a r t i c u l a r l y i n t h e no r thea s t and southwest po r t ions of t h e i s l a n d . The growth i n t h e n o r t h e a s t s e c t o r i s l u s h e r t h a n t h a t on t h e southwest p o r t i o n of t h e i s l a n d (F ig . 13) . Oc- c a s i o n a l pa tches of Scaevola a r e t o be found i n t h e i n t e r i o r but most a r e low, seldom exceeding 3 t o 4 f e e t i n he igh t (F ig . 1 4 ) . The i n t e r i o r o f t h e i s l a n d is covered p r i m a r i l y w i t h a 1,ush growth of bunchgrass ( ~ r a ~ r o s t i ) growing t o a height of 3 f e e t o r more, w i t h F i g u r e 9. h o k i n g t o w a r d s s o u t h p i n t a l s n g s t e e p beach a t e a s t e r n e d ~ e of s x t h b e a c h , Zeptenlber 1.967. I-OBSP p h o t 3 g r a p h by R.B. CLapp. F i g u r e 10. L m k i n g west t o w a r d s t h e b r ~ a d sandy beach a t t h e sout'n r : ~ i n t ~ f . t h e i s l a n d , 1 2 March l$h. I n Sep tember 1967. t h i . s beach a p p a r e n t l y e x t e n d e d f u r t h e r s n u t h t .han i s sh3wn i n t h i s s hot^- g r a p h . POBSP p h o t a g r a p h by A . 3 . Aclerson, Jr . F i g u r e 11. L m k i n g n o r t h a l o n g west 2ove t3ward C a s u a r i n a t r e e s , Oct3ber 1366. POBSP phckograph by F.J. G ~ u l d . F i g u r e 12. h o k i n g s o u t h f r m t h e n o r t h e r n p x t i o n of t h e west beach , June 1966. I'OBSP ph3t3graph by T1.C. S h e l t o n . F'izure 13. Lo3king nor theas t from t h e west s i i e of t h e i .sland, 19 June 1966. N3te r e l a t i v e l y sparse growth of Scaevola . 1,OBSP ph3tagraph by P.C. SheLton. Figure LL . Clunp c~f Low Scaevola i n i s l a n d i n t e r i m , looking e a s t , 13 June 1966. Cocanut t r e e s 2nd e a s t e r n group of' Casuarina t r e e s i n b a c k g r ~ n d . FOBSP ~ h o t o g r a p h by F.C. She i t on . s e v e r a l 3 the r a s soc i a t ed p l an t s . There a r e s e v e r a l l a r g e n e a r l j pure s t ands of morning-glory (~pomoea) , notably i n t h e south i n t h e c e n t r a l depression, and a t t h e no r th end, i n t e r spe r sed wi th t h e bunchgrass (Fig. 1 5 ) . Two l a r g e palm t r e e s grow inland from t h e beach i n t h e nor theas t s e c t i3n and a few hundred f e e t south of them grows a small g r ~ u p 3f ironwmd t r e e s ( ~ a s u a r i n a ) . Severa l o the r l i v e Casuarina a r e a l s 3 present : t h e gr3up a t t h e no r th end of t h e west c3ve mentioned previously; two, one l i v e and one dead, found toge the r towards t h e south end 3f t h e i s land; and a l a r g e dead ironwood, much used f o r r o m t ing by Red-fmted B o ~ b i e s and f r i g a t e b i r d s , which is t o t h e southwest 3f t he l a t t e r group. Acc3rding t 3 a s tudy by t h e U.S. C3ast and G e ~ d e t i c Survey i n 1931 ( s e e F ig . 3 ) , t h e topography of t h e i s l and is dominated by a c rescent - shaped r i d g e which extends fr3m t h e n ~ t h e a s t s i d e 3f t he i s l and around t h e n ~ t h and d3wn t h e west s i d e t 3 t h e southwest corner . Judging fr3m L i s i ansky ' s d e s c r i p t i o n af t h e i s land , t h i s a r ea has been m3re o r l e s s e leva ted s i n c e 1805 (Fig. 1 6 ) . A second r idge along t h e southern s i d e 3f the i s l and which curves northward a t t he southwest and southeas t cor- ners is cu r ren t ly ~ b v i o u s , and is f igu red 3n a map of t h e i s l and made in 1912 (F ig . 1 7 ) . Wetm~re (ms.) descr ibed t h e i s l and i n May 1923 a s abso lu t e ly devoid of vegetat ion except f o r a narrow s t r i p of g r a s s and pigweed about two a c r e s i n area a long t h e r idge a t t h e northwest corner of t h e i s l and . "It is raughly a paral le logram a n a u t i c a l mile long by s l i g h t l y l e s s than a half mile wide. A low r i d g e 3n t h e nor theas t marks t h e highest point and t h e r e is a c e n t r a l depression bounded by a r a i s e d r i m p ro t ec t ing it from the Dcean t h a t m u s t i n an e a r l i e r s t a g e of development have been the bas in of a l a g a m s i m i l a r t o t h a t a t Laysan. " GEOLOGY The Hawaiian I s l ands a r e t h e s u m m i t s of a range of volcanic mountains t h a t s t r e t c h e s f o r more than 1,500 n a u t i c a l miles i n a southeast-northwest d i r e c t ion ac ros s t h e f l o o r of t h e North P a c i f i c Ocean. The e n t i r e chain is normally divided i n t o two groups. The i s l a n d s ' f r o m Niihau and Kauai southeas t t o Hawaii a r e considered t h e main o r windward group, while t h e t i n y poin ts 3f pro t ruding land from Nihoa northwest t Kure a r e c a l l e d t h e leeward group. S tearns (1966) is t h e most recent and comprehensive of t h e s e v e r a l papers dea l ing wi th the geologica l h i s t o r y of t h e group, and t h e fol lowing summary is based on t h a t book. There a r e no papers t h a t d e a l s p e c i f i c a l l y wi th t h e geology of L i s i ansk i I s land . G e d o g i c a l evidence sugges ts t h a t t h e range was formed during the T e r t i a r y Period, and t h a t t h e peaks a t t h e n ~ r t h w e s t e r n end of t h e cha in were formed e a r l i e r t han those t o t h e southeas t . The i s l ands were b u i l t 3f success ive f lows of b a s a l t s and volcanic products through a f i s s u r e i n t h e ~ e a n b3t tom, s ~ m e 15,000 t o 18,000 f e e t below the present sur face . Figa re 17. Map ~f Lisianski Island i n 1923. Msdified a f t e r Bryan (1933). I The format i3n of t hese volcanic i s l ands occurred i n s e v e r a l s t ages . During t h e submarine s tage , development is due p r imar i ly t o t h e add i t i on 3f q u a n t i t i e s of pillow l a v a and t h e prz~duct ion of ash and pumice a s a r e s u l t of t h e contact of magma wi th sea water . The s o f t cone is e a s i l y eroded by t h e sea when t h e peak reaches sea l e v e l . A shieldshaped d3me is b u i l t f r m t h i n shee t s of highly f l u i d o l i v i n e b a s a l t s once t h e cone reaches sea l e v e l . The volcano g radua l ly co l l apses over t h e vent a r eas t o form a ca ldera on t h e summit, and a s f r e s h l ava pours from the cone t h i s ca ldera i s o b l i t e r a t e d . Erosion p a r t l y des t roys t h e volcanic dome, and submergence may dmwn t h e dome and pr3vide an environment s u i t e d t o the development of c o r a l r e e f s . Rejuvenation of volcanic a c t i v i t y may des t r3y c o r a l l i n e growth and t h e i s l and may cont inue t 3 emerge, a s i n t h e case of t h e main i s l ands . O r submergence o r e ros ion may cont inue wi th t h e subsequent development of an a t o l l . E r 3 s i m by wind, waves, and r a i n reached i t s maximum i n t h e f l u c - t u a t i n g seas of t h e P l e i s t ~ e n e , when sea l e v e l may have dropped t o 1,000 f e e t lower t han it is today, and r i s e n t o 95 f e e t higher . Sea temperatures during g l a c i a l maxima dropped s a 1 3 w , c o r a l s bare ly survived i n Hawaiian waters . But during i n t e r g l a c i a l s and a f t e r t h e l a s t g l a c i a l r e t r e a t , c m d i t i o n s were favorable f o r growth of c o r a l s and t h e c x a l l i n e a lgae necessary t o bind the more f r a g i l e c o r a l s i n t o a r e s i s t a n t mass. The i s l ands of t h e n ~ t h w e s t chain r e s u l t from accumulation of t h i s ma te r i a l some hundreds of f e e t t h i ck , overlying t h e volcanic bases . The forms we see of t h e i s l ands a r e r e l a t i v e l y t r a n s i t o r y i n terms of geo log ica l time, and depend upon t h e s t a g e of submergence o r emergepce, and on e x i s t i n g wind and cur ren t pa t t e rns . The most recent event i n t h e northwest cha in was an emergence of 1 t o 2 meters, a s measured a t Kure, Midway, and P e a r l and Hermes Reef, where emergent rock ledges c 3 m p ~ e d of c o r a l aged by carbm-14 a t between 1 ,200 and 2,400 years occur ( ~ r o s s e t a l . , 1969: 22) . Such ledges d3 not occur 3n L i s i ansk i , a t l e a s t not separa ted fram t h e i s l and . I f any e x i s t e d f 3rmerly they were er3ded away. L i s i ansk i I s l and i t s e l f is a small emergent po r t ion of a c x a l platform s e v e r a l miles ac r3s s . There is n3 e n c l ~ s e d lag33n, but t he i s l and appears t o have had a smal l c e n t r a l lag3311 which has been f i l l e d i n wi th sand. S 3 i l s 3n L i s i ansk i range fr3m pure sand and c ~ a l l i n e g r a v e l on t h e beaches, through coarse c o r a l rock a reas above the beach zone, t o humus- sandy mixtures i n t h e vegetated a reas . Elschner (1915: 5'1) rep3r ted t h a t the su r f ace was bleached sand t o 4 3r 5 cent imeters , and t h a t t h e deeper s t r a t a were moist and gray. There a r e no more recent s o i l determinat i3ns f o r t he i s l and . Elschner ( i b i d . ) repor ted t h a t t h e e n t i r e su r f ace was pa r t i d l y ph3sphatized, t h e r e being a more 3r l e s s f i n e f i l m 3f ph3sphates on a l l sand p a r t i c l e s . He noted t h a t t h e best guano was found i n t h e c e n t r a l basin, supposed by him t 3 have 3nce been a lago3n. Phosphate determina- t i m s ( a s Ca3P208 i n t h e o r i g i n a l ) by Elschner var ied from 2.12 t 3 11.12 percent i n su r f ace sand and fr3m 14.24 t o 62.17 percent i n t h e a r ea of he former lagoon. CLIMATE C l i m a t i c d a t a f s r t h i s a r e a o f t h e P a c i f i c a r e a v a i l a b l e o n l y f r s m t h e Midway Naval S t a t ion, 255 m i l e s n 3 r t hwest of L i s i a n s k i . No s i g n i f i- c a n t d i f f e r e n c e is t o be expec ted between t h e g e n e r a l weather c o n d i t i o n s s f t h e two i s l a n d s . The d a t a used i n t h i s s e c t i o n a r e f rom a summary of t h e y e a r s 1953-1963 ( ~ i r Weat her S e r v i c e [MATS] C l i m a t i c Center , USAF) . Climate i n t h i s r e p i s n of t h e P a c i f i c is marine, i n f l u e n c e d by marine t r o p i c a l o r marine P a c i f i c a i r masses depending up3n t h e season . During summer t h e P a c i f i c High bec3mes dsminant, w i t h t h e r i d g e l i n e ex- t e n d i n g a c r s s s t h e P a c i f i c n x t h 3f Midwa). T h i s p l a c e s t h e r e g i o n under t h e i n f l u e n c e s f e a s t e r l i e s w i t h marine t r 3 p i c a l and t r a d e w i n ~ ~ s p r e v a i l - i n g . During t h e w i n t e r , e s p e c i a l l y f rom N3vember t hr3ugh January, t h e Aleut i a n L3w m3ves s 3 u t hward 3ver t h e North P a c i f i c , d i s p l a c i n g t l,e P a c i f i c High bef31-e i t . The Midway r e g i s n i s t h e n a f f e c t e d by e i t h e r marine p a c i f i c o r marine t r 2 p i c a l a i r , depending upon t h e r e l a t i v e i n t e n s i t y o f t h e A l e u t i a n Lsw and t h e P a c i f i c High. Msnt h l y maximum, minimum, and mean t e m p e r a t u r e s f o r a 10-year p e r i s d a r e shown i n F i g u r e 18. The t e m p e r a t u r e v a r i a t i o n shown is i n d i c a t i v e o f a marine environment. The mean a n n u a l r ange is 16?F. From December t h r o u g h A p r i l t h e means range between 66?F and 69"F, and d u r i n g t h e r e - mainder of t h e y e a r between 70?F and 8 1 " ~ , t h e warmest m3nt hs be ing July, August and September, and t h e c o o l e s t January, February , and A p r i l . An i n e x p l i c a b l e d e p a r t u r e f m m t h e normal c u r v e 3 c c u r s i n maximum, minimum and mean f i g u r e s f o r A p r i l . A 37 degree d i f f e r e n c e e x i s t s between t h e a b s o l u t e h i g h of 8 9 " ~ and t h e a b s o l u t e l 3 w ,sf 52?F f o r t h i s 10-year p e r i o d . Mean monthly p r e c i p i t a t i 3 n and t h e number s f d a y s w i t h measurable p r e c i p i t a t i o n a r e t a b u l a t e d i n F i g u r e 19. Ra in sr d r i z z l e s c c u r most f r e q u e n t l y f rom December th rough May, and l e a s t f r e q u e n t l y i n June and J u l y . The mean a n n u a l p r e c i p i t a t i s n f o r t h e p e r i o d is 42.59 inches , w i t h a maximum of 5 . 0 7 i n c h e s o c c u r r i n g i n January and August, and a minimum s f 2.03 inches i n N2vember. A sec3ndar-y maximum 2f 4.92 i n c h e s o c c u r s i n Oct 3 b e r . Csmbining am3unt of p r e c i p i t a t i o n and days w i t h measurable p re - c i p i t a t i a n shgws May and June t s be t h e d r i e s t msnt hs 3f t h e y e a r . During t h e remqining msnths measurable r a i n f a l l s on f r3m 1 0 t o l( days . Thun- de r s to rms have been r e c 3 r d e d i n a l l months except February , March, and A p r i l but peak a c t i v i t y seems t o occur d u r i n g August, September, and Nsvem- b e r . The a n n u a l a v e r a g e r e l a t i v e humidi ty i s '(6 p e r c e n t w i t h a h igh m m t h l y mean s f 89 percen t and a l s w o f 62 p e r c e n t . During t h e p e r i s d s f sr which d a t a a r e a v a i l a b l e , n2 t r o p i c a l s t o r m o r typhosn has passed t h r o u g h t h e a r e a , though s to rms of t m p i c a l c h a r a c t e r have passed w i t h i n 500 mi les , c a u s i n g a not i c e a b l e i n c r e a s e i n p r e c i p i t a - t i s n and winds, e s p e c i a l l y i n September of 155'1, 1958 and 1559, October and Navember 1962, and December 1964. S u r f a c e wind s p e e d s and d i r e c t i 3 n s a r e shown i n F i g u r e 20. The p r e v a i l i n g wind d i r e c t i o n 1 0 months o f t h e y e a r is e a s t e r l y , and d u r i n g b' igure 18. F i g u r e 19. L ; I I Jaq. Feb. Mor Apr. May June J& A;~. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. 85 80 75 Temp.. (OF) The mode ~f t h e monthly means f3r a t e n - y e a r p e r i z ~ d , 195:- 1963, and t h e range 3f t h e maximm and minimum modes 3f t e m p e r a t u r e f o r Midway A t o l l . - -- -- Mean monthly p r e c i p i t a t i m i n i n c h e s ( h i s t o g a m s ) and mean number ~3' d a y s w i t h measurable p r e c i p i t a t i m (!.ine grai:h) f 3 r Midway A t o l l , 1953-63. December and January wes t e r ly . The annual mean wind speed i s 10 knots with a range of 5 kno t s . Winds of over 4 knots g e n e r a l l y range from n o r t h e a s t t o s o u t h e a s t , whi le g r e a t e s t mean wind speeds a r e recorded from south-southwest t o west-northwest . The maximum sus t a ined wind recorded f o r Midway i s 44 knots i n January . Maximum winds a r e lowest i n June, J u l y and August, and h igh i n September and December, and a l s o low i n October. Maximum winds occur g e n e r a l l y from t h e e a s t from J u l y through October, and from t h e west t h e remainder of t h e yea r . Peak g u s t s of 77 and 67 knots have been recorded i n December and January r e s p e c t i v e l y , dur ing t h e per iod of p r e v a i l i n g w e s t e r l i e s . From May through August peaks range from 35 t o 4 1 knots and i n t h e remaining months from $2 t o 55 kno t s . Gusts a r e g e n e r a l l y from t h e west . The mean t e n t h s of t o t a l sky cover i s f a i r l y uniform throughout t h e y e a r , ranging from a low of 5.3 i n August t o a high of 7.3 i n March. The y e a r l y mean is 6.2. The occurrence of fog and haze i s n e g l i g i b l e , b u t h ighes t i n January and March. Conditions wi th v i s i b i l i t y of l e s s t h a n one mi l e occur r a r e l y ( 2 pe rcen t ) a t Midway, b u t most o f t e n from December through A p r i l , when due t o r a i n . F igure 29. Wind d i r e c t i 3 n and speed a t Midway A t o l l . ~ 9 5 3 - 6 3 . Length 3f d i r e c t i 3 n a l Line i n d i c a t e s percent 2f 3 b s e r v a t i m s f r ~ m t h a t d i r e c t i 2 n ; f i g u r e a t end 2f t h e d i r e c t i s n a l l i n e i s nean wind speed i n kn3ts . HISTORY Discgvery 3f L i s i a n s k i I s l a n d L i s i a n s k i was d i s c g v e r e d when t h e Russ ian e x p l o r i n g v e s s e l -, Neva c a p t a i n e d by Urey L i s i a n s k y , grgunded on a nearby r e e f . A t t h e t ime t h e Neva was s a i l i n g f rom S i t k a t g rendezvous a t Macao w i t h t h e Nadeshda, h e r - companign on t h e f i r s t R u s s i a n c i rcum-g loba l e x p e d i t i o n ( ~ u c k , 1953: 7 2 ) . The Neva r a n aground a t 2200 on 15 October 1805 bu t t h e crew was a b l e t o r e f l o a t t h e v e s s e l by th rgwing cannons and o t h e r heavy o b j e c t s over- board . A t dawn t he crew observed a low sandy i s l q n d t o t h e w e s t . Shgr t l y t h e r e a f t e r t h e s h i p was d r i v e n m t o a n o t h e r r e e f by a sudden s q u a l l bu t was r e f h a t e d by 1 7 October when c a b l e s , anchgrs , and a l l remaining heavy i t e m s were thrgwn overboard . That even ing some 3f t h e s h i p ' s o f f i c e r s l a n a e d 3n t h e i s l a n d and r e t u r n e d w i t h f o u r l a r g e s e a l s t h a t had been k i l l e d w i t h hand s p i k e s . On t h e 1 8 t h t h e crew r e t r i e v e d t h e i tems t h a t had been thrown 3verboard and went a s h g r e . They f.3und b i r d s very numerous; a t almost e v e r y s t e p they sank almrsst t 3 t h e i r knees i n burrgws dug by t h e b i r d s . They saw s e a l s and t u r t l e s but d id no t f i n d w a t e r . A t a l l p d e was f i x e d i n t h e sand, and a b g t t l e c o n t a i n i n g a n accgunt 3f t h e i s l a n d was b u r i e d nea r i t . L i s i a n s k y (1814: 256) concluded h i s comments gn t h e i s l a n d by s t a t i n g t h a t " t h i s i s l a n d promises ng th ing t o t h e adven tu rous vgyager but c e r t a i n danger . . . . t o t h e s g u t h e a s t p i n t sf t h e bank where t h e v e s s e l grounded, I gave t h e name of Neva; w h i l e t h e i s l a n d i t s e l p , i n compliance w i t h t h e unanimous wishes of my s h i p ' s company, r e c e i v e d t h e a p p e l a t i g n of L i s i a n s k y . " The next r ecorded visit t 3 L i s i a n s k i occur red when Capt. Benjamin M o r r e l l , Jr., gf t h e s h i p T a r t a r l anded t h e r e 6 J u l y 1825. M g r r e l l com- mented i n s m e d e t a i l 3n t h e s u r r ~ u n d i n g r e e f s but 3 n l y made a few remarks abz~ut t h e i s l a n d i t s e l f . He s t a t e d t h a t i t was " m l y abou t s i x m i l e s i n c i r c umference, p r e s e n t i n g a few s m a l l s p 3 t s 3f v e g e t a t ion, c o n s i s t i n g of c 3 a r s e g r a s s and a l i t t l e sh rubery . The whole s u r f a c e . . . [was] n e a r l y cov- e r e d w i t h r o a k e r i e s of d i f f e r e n t k i n d s of b i r d s , am3ng which a r e whale- b i r d s , w a k e - u p - k i t t l e s , man-of-war b i r d s , g u l l s , and t r 3 p i c - b i r d s . On t h e s h o r e s we found a n abundance gf s e a - e l e p h a n t s and g r e e n t u r t l e s , but ngwhere . . . c3uld 3bta i n f r e s h water" ( ~ o r r e l l , 1841: 216) . F i r s t S c i e n t i f i c V i s i t The next known v is i t t o t h e i s l a n d was by a n 3 t h e r R u s s i a n e x p l o r i n g v e s s e l , t h e Mol ler , commanded by Capt . Stan ik3wi t ch. A p a r t y landed on t h e i s 1 a n d . m 3 A p r i l 1828 and t h e s h i p ' s surgeon, Herr C. I senbeck, "d ia h i s b e s t t 3 b e a r a l l he saw i n mind, and t g p r e p a r e and keep a s many 2 f t h e b i r d s , which were m o s t l y caught by hand, a s t h e ve ry unfav3rab le c i r - cumstances a l l3wed him t 3 do" (von K i t t l i t z in R 3 t h s c h i l d , 1893-1900: i i ) . S e v e r a l y e a r s l a t e r h i s 3 b s e r v a t i o n s were rep .3r ted t.3 F. H. v3n K i t t l i t z wh3 s u b s e q u e n t l y wr.3te a paper t h a t was t r a n s l a t e d by R.3thschi ld (s. - c b t . ) . I s e n b e c k ' s obse rva t i 3ns comprise t h e f i r s t l i s t of b i r d s from t h e i s l anu , but i n many i n s t a n c e s h i s o b s e r v a t i m s a r e 3f d o u b t f u l v a l i d i t y , b ~ t h a s t 3 s p e c i f i c i d e n t i f i c a t i o n s and a s t o 3bservat ions s n breeding bi.slog-y . Shipwrecks L i s i a n s k i , l i k e 3t her Northwestern Hawaiian I s l ands , has had i t s s h a r e of shipwrecks . The accounts of t h e s e wrecks c l e a r l y show t h e t e n a c i t y and r e s o u r c e f u l n e s s of e a r l y voyagers i n t h e P a c i f i c . Wreck of t h e Holder Borden - 1844 The f i r s t knswn wreck was t h a t .3:f t h e 442-t:sn whaler Holder Borden of F a l l R iver , Massachuset ts . The sh ip , cap ta ined by Javes J. P e l l (from wh3m L i s i a n s k i de r ived 2ne 3f i t s e a r l i e r , a l t e r n a t i v e names), r a n agr3unu I n a sandbank a t O3OO on 1 2 A p r i l 1 8 4 4 . l S h o r t l y t h e r e a f t e r t h e s h i p swung around o n t 3 a c o r a l r e e f fr3m which she c s u l d not be e x t r i c a t e d . By m x n i n g t h e r e was 4 f e e t 3f water i n t h e holc and t h e crew, sb se rv ing a 1 s w sandy i s l a n d s3me 4 o r 5 mi l e s away, abandoned t h e sh ip , t a k i n g eve r3 th ing of value w i t h them t 3 t h e i s l a n d . Members 3f t h e crew spen t s3me 5 msnths on t h e i s l a n d , l i v i n g 3n s h i p ' s p r s v i s i 3 n s and on s e a l s , t u r t l e s , and b i r d s . During t h e i r s t a y they b u i l t a 38- ton sch33ner fr3m t h e wreckage 3f t h e Hslder Borden. B) September 8 they had cgmpleted t h e i r ve s se l , "pa in ted , shea th , and copper- f a s t e n e d t h r3ughsu t , " which was named t h e H3pe. On 1 4 September she s a i l e d f 3 r H 3 n d u l u w i t h Capta in P e l l and most of t h e crew and a r r i v e d t h e r e 3n 8 Oct3ber . Eleven men were l e f t 3n t h e i s l a n d t 3 13sk a f t e r t h e r e s t 3f t h e wreckage anL i t s ca rg s 3f whale 3 i l (ward, 156/ : 31-54). P e l l t h e n purchased t h e American b r i g Delaware and s e t f s r t h on 20 Oct3ber t 3 r e c3ve r t h e men and s u p p l i e s l e f t 3n L i s i a n s k i . He a r r i v e d t h e r e 3n 1 November and spen t 42 days l 3ad ing 3 i l and 3 t h e r s a lvage from t h e wreck. Bef re d e p a r t i n g on 1 4 December, P e l l p lan ted absu t 80 coc3- nu t s 3n t h e s3u thea s t p3 in t of t h e i s l a n d (ward, 2. @.) . Wreck of t h e ~ . 3 n o h a s s e t ~ - 1846 Two yea r s l a t e r ano the r whaler, t h e 426-ton K3nohasset, of Sag Harbsr, met a s i m i l a r f a t e . Th i s sh ip , cap ta ined by Theran B. Worth, s t r u c k a r e e f under f u l l s a i l ab3ut 17 mi l e s from L i s i a n s k i a t 0100 on 3n 24 May 1846. A l l hands were f o r c e d t3 l eave i n l i f e b o a t s when t h e s h i p was b i l g e d by i nc r ea s ing s w e l l s over t h e r e e f . The fo l l owing morning t hey reboarded t h e s h i p and s i g h t e d L i s i a n s k i fr3m a l o f t . They proceeded t 3 t h e i s l a n d where t h e y found t h e remains of t h e Holder -Borden, and a house and w e l l t h a t had been cons t ruc t ed by t h e crew of t h a t s h i p . I Not November 1844 a s i n d i c a t e d by Bryan, 1942: 192. nothe her accgunt s p e l l e d t h e name C.3n:shasset but we d id n,3t r e s o l v e which s p e l l i n g was c , x r e c t . D u r i n g t h e f3113wing days t h e crew r e t u r n e d t 3 t h e wreck and s a l - vaged m a t e r i a l s f r 3 m which t h e y b u i l t a n 8 - t ~ n , 22-1/2-f33t s a i l i n g s b 3 p wh ich t h e y named t h e K3nohasse t , Jr. The k e e l was l a i d on 2 8 May and t h e s h i p was c3mple ted b u t 18 d a y s l a t e r . C a p t a i n W x t h and s i x o t h e r crew members t h e n s a i l e d f o r H3nolu lu , a r r i v i n g t h e r e 31 J u l y 1 8 4 6 a t ' t e r 42 d a y s a t s e a . The r e s t o f t h e crew was s u b s e q u e n t l y t a k e n o f f t h e i s l a n d by t h e Hawaiian s c h 3 3 n e r H a l i l e ~ , which t h e American C ~ n s u l had d i s p a t c h e d t 3 r e s c u e them (ward, 1967: 55 -67 ) . Wreck 3f t h e Wanderer - 18i .2 I n 1872 C a p t a i n E. Wo3d o f t h e Kamehameha V f 3und t h e r e m a i n s o f y e t a n o t h e r s h i p t h a t was l o s t on t h e l r e a c h e r s u s r e e f s s u r r ~ u n d i n g L i s i a n s k i . When t h e ~amehameha V a r r i v e d a t L i s i a n s k i on 24 J u l y t h e crew saw a wreck .3n t h e r e e f s t o t h e s 3 u t h e a s t . Dur ing t h e a . f t e r n o o n two b o a t s f r o m t h e Kamehameha V went a s h o r e and f 3und e v i d e n c e t h a t t h e crew o f t h e ill- f a t e f i a n d e r e r had l a n d e d t h e r e . On t h e beach were t h e r e m a i n s .3f c l o t h i n g , s3me f ~ o d , w a t e r , and 3 t h e r d e b r i s . The s h i p ' s l o n g b ~ a t , r i g g e d f , ~ r s e a , was f3und .3n t h e n o r t h e a s t c 3 r n e r 3f t h e i s l a n d where it had d r i f t e d a s h o r e and t h e W a n d e r e r ' s q u a r t e r b . 3 a t was f 3und m33red t 3 t w 9 w a t e r c a s k s and a g r a p n e l o f f s h o r e . The wrecked s h i p i t s e l f was v i s i t e d t h e f o l l o w i n g day . On board was f 3 u n d t h e l 3 g , i ts l a s t e n t r y d a t e d May 9, which i d e n t i f i e d t h e s h i p a s t h e N o r t h German b r i g Wanderer ,3f, Hamburg h he F r i e n d , 2 Oct 3be r 18'72: 81). The crew was n e v e r found , l e a v i n g t h i s m e 3f t h e g r e a t s h i p w r e c k m y s t e r i e s 3f t h e P a c i f i c . Wreck af ' t h e A f t o n - 188-7 I n 1887 st ill a n o t h e r s h i p was wrecked 3n t h e r e e f s . The b a r k A f t ~ n , c a r r y i n g a carg.3 o f c o a l f rom New S o u t h Wales t 3 C a l i f ~ r n i a , went aground 3n 13 A p r i l and c 3 u l d n 3 t b e g 3 t t e n 3 f f . C a p t a i n Gilmour and t h e crew abandoned t h e s h i p on t h e 1 6 t h and s a i l e d f o r Hono lu lu i n t h e s h i p ' s t w 3 2 8 - f 3 ~ t l i f e b ~ a t s . A f t e r s a i l i n g abou t 1 2 0 m i l e s t.o t h e E-SE, t h e y f9und t h e y c o u l a make n.3 headway a g a i n s t t h e N .3 r theas t T r a d e s ; t h e y t h e n d e c i d e d t o t u r n a b o u t and r u n b e f o r e t h e wind t 3 Guam. D e s p i t e much s u f f e r i n g f r o m t h i r s t and t h e l ~ s s o f t h e f i r s t mate ove rboa rd , t h e l i f e b o a t s e v e n t u a l l y a r r i v e d a t Guam, c o v e r i n g s5me 3 , 0 0 0 m i l e s .3f open s e a i n 2 9 d a y s ( c r e s s w e l l , 1939: 53 ) . O t h e r Visits i n t h e 1 9 t h C e n t u r y V i s i t o f t h e Manu~kawa i On 1 0 May 18573 C a p t a i n J3hn P a t y l a n d e d Dn t h e i s l a n d f rom t h e Hawai ian s c h o m e r Manuokawai. H i s purp.3se i n v i s i t i n g t h e i s l a n d was t o 3 ~ a w a i i a n P r i v y C o u n c i l documents , v o l . 1 0 : 154. S t a t e o f Hawai i A r c h i v e s , Hono lu lu . a s c e r t a i n t h e na tu r e and amount of guano d e p o s i t s and t ,3 t a k e p3ssess ion 3f t h e i s l a n d f o r t h e Hawaiian Kingdom. He r e p o r t e d t h a t t h e s u r f a c e was ob ta ined by d igg ing a ho le 5 f e e t deep i n t h e c e n t e r of t h e former lagoon. H i s p a r t y found lumber, a house, and o t h e r a r t i f a c t s l e f t from t h e wreck o f t h e H ~ ~ l d e r Borden, and noted t h a t b i r d s , f i s h , s e a l s , and t u r t l e s were p l e n t i f u l , th3ugh no t s o abundant a s on Laysan. No t r a c e . was found of t h e c x o n u t s p lan ted by F e l l (Faty , 1857: 40; Bryan, 1942: 191-192). V i s i t of t he Gambia Captain N. C. B r m k s v i s i t e d L i s i a n s k i 3n t h e Hawaiian bark Gambia about May 1859. H i s c3mments on i ts p o s i t ion, t h e sur rounding r e e f , s a i l i n g d i r e c t i o n s f 3 r t h e i s l and , and o b s e r v a t i m s 3n t h e i s l a n a s c a r c e l y d i f f e r from P a t y ' s . One o b s e r v a t i ~ n of n3 te was t h e disc3ver-y on t h e west beach 3f a m t i c e t h a t had been l e f t by t h e San Diego, 27 A p r i l 1859, t ak - i ng possess ion 3f t h e i s l a n d f 3 r p a r t i e s i n San F ranc i s co ( ~ r m k s , 1860: 501-502 ) . V i s i t of t h e Ada I n 1882 L i s i a i i sk i was tw ice v i s i t e d by t h e crew of t h e Ada, a B r i t i s h - scho3ner t h a t was engaged i n ha rve s t i ng f i s h , sha rk s , t u r t l e s , and b&he- de-mer i n t h e Hawaiian l eewards . On her f i r s t visit t83 L i s i a n s k i on 24 January, 13 t u r t l e s and 47 b&he-de-mer were c o l l e c t e d . On her second visit i n e a r l y May, 107 t u r t l e s and 307 b2che-de-mer were t aken ( ~ o r n e l l , 1934: 432-433). V i s i t by t h e Rot hsc h i l d Expedi t ion -- The s e c ~ n d visit t o L i s i a n s k i 3f o r n i t h o l o g i c a l i n t e r e s t occur red dur ing t h e summer of 1891 when t h e i s l a n d was surveyed f o r a few days b) t h e R3thsch i ld Expedit i an . Henry Palmer and h i s a s s i s t a n t , George C . Munro, had been engaged by Walter Rothschilci t o c o l l e c t b i r d s i n t h e Northwestern Hawaiian I s l a n d s . The scho3ner Kaalokai , cap ta ined by F. D. Walker, had been h i r ed t a t r a n s p o r t them t 3 t h e var ious i s l a n d s . They landed 3n L i s i a n s k i ,312 29 June and remainea t h e r e u n t i l 7 J u l y . I n a l l , 16 s p e c i e s of b i r d s , f 3ur of them sht3rebirds, were recorded and b i r d specimens were ob t a ined . ( s e e Appendix Tables 1 t o 3 f o r a d d i t i m a l de- t a i l s and r e f e r e n c e s . ) Csmer:3n1s V i s i t s John Cameron v i s i t e d L i s i a n s k i on t h e s l 33p Eb3n i n t h e 1890's t 3 k i l l s e a l s and t u r t l e s f 3 r meat and t 3 f i s h f o r sha rk s . On a vis i t i n t h e summer of 1893 he noted "mir iads of mice" t h a t ove r r an t h e i s l a n d but made l i t t l e r e f e r e n c e t o o t h e r animal l i f e ( F a r r e l l , 1528: 391-399). S ince t h e acc3unt of Cameron's visit was w r i t t e n many yea r s a f t e r h i s t r i p s t o t h e Hawaiian leewards, and s i n c e n3 ,3ther observer from t h a t pe r iod r e p o r t e d "mice," we suspec t t h a t h i s 3bse rva t i ons 3f L i s i a n s k i were probably con- f u sed w i t h t hose of a n ~ t h e r a t o l l . - - 4 ~ h i s is t h e on ly r e f e r e n c e t o t h e v i s i t of t h e San Diego. Camersn r e v i s i t e d t h e i s l a n d t w i c e d u r i n g t h e summer of 1894. On t h e secsnd visit t h e crew f i s h e d f o r s h a r k s f o r a few days and t h e n s p e n t t h e remainder of t h e visit k i l l i n g t u r t l e s and s e a l s ( ~ a r r e l l , 1928: 414) . L i s i a n s k i and i t s Leases On 25 March 1850 r i g h t s t o remove phosphates and guano from L i s i a n s k i (and ~ a y s a n ) were g r a n t e d t o C h a r l e s N. Spencer and Gearge D. F r e e t h by t h e Hawaiian ~ i n ~ d s m . 5 These r i g h t s were s u b s e q u e n t l y s igned s v e r t s t h e N s r t h P a c i f i c Phosphate and F e r t i l i z e r Company which f o r m a l l y l e a s e d Laysan and L i s i a n s k i m 1 7 A p r i l 1893 f o r a per iod t o ex tend u n t i l 29 March 1910. The i s l a n d was v i s i t e d i n J u l y 1890 by George D. F r e e t h 3n t h e schosner Kaa l ska i , presumably t a i n v e s t i g a t e t h e s t a t us a f guano d e p o s i t s . With him was A.B. Lyons, who, w i t h F r e e t h , had j u s t p r e v i o u s l y v i s i t e d Laysan I s l a n d . Lyons (1890) l a t e r publ ished a n a c c s u n t of h i s vis i t t o Laysan but no d e t a i l s of t h e v is i t t o L i s i a n s k i a r e now a v a i l a b l e . I n March 1904 Max Schlemmer, t h e "King of Laysan," a p p l i e d fgr a l e a s e t 2 L i s i a n s k i , Laysan, and French F r i g a t e Shoa l s , but h i s p l e a was r e j e c t e d . S h o r t l y t h e r e a f t e r , 6 May 1904, t h e P a c i f i c Guano and F e r t i l i z e r ~ o m p a n ~ , 7 which had ceased t o work Laysan f o r guano, made Schlemmer an a g e n t who c s u l d r e p r e s e n t it w i t h t h e power t o a c t i n accordance w i t h t h e terms of i t s c o n t r a c t and l e a s e w i t h t h e Hawaiian Government. I n l a t e 1907 Schlemmer a g a i n a p p l i e d t s t h e Hawaiian Government f a r a l e a s e t o Laysan and L i s i a n s k i but d i d n.3t o b t a i n it u n t i l 8 February 1909. h his l e a s e was l a t e r d e c l a r e d i n v a l i d s i n c e i t p g s t d a t e d Theodore R.sose- v e l t ' s P r e s i d e n t i a l Execu t ive Order of 3 February t h a t had placed t h e s e i s l a n d s w i t h i n t h e Hawaiian I s l a n d s R e s e r v a t i o n . ) Schlemrner had p r e v i o u s l y v i s i t e d Japan and t h e r e , a n 22 December 1908, had csnc luded a c o n t r a c t w i t h a Japanese , Genkichi Yamanuchi , i n which he g r a n t e d t h e Japanese whatever r i g h t s he held o r would h d d t o t h e two i s l a n d s . Genkichi was i n t h e f e a t h e r t r a d e and l a t e r s e n t a crew of Japanese t o L i s i a n s k i and Laysan t s h a r v e s t f e a t h e r s ( f a r more d e t a i l s on t h i s r a i d , s e e below). Such r i g h t s a s Schlemmer had accorded t h e Japanese were soon value- l e s s s i n c e t h e P a c i f i c Guano and F e r t i l i z e r Company surre-ndered i ts l e a s e t.s t h e Hawaiian Government on 31 December 1908. E x p l s i t a t i o n of L i s i a n s k i ' s Guano D e p o s i t s Var ious a u t h o r s - - e . g . , Bryan (1942: 1 9 2 ) and Hutchipson (1950: 207)-- have recorded t h a t guano was remaved f r g m L i s i a n s k i , bu t a r e c o n s i d e r a t i o n 5 ~ 0 r a more d e t a i l e d a c c u n t nf t h i s and o t h e r c ~ n t r a c t s d e a l i n g wi-th L i s i a n s k i , s e e t h e h i s t o r i c a l account sf Laysan i n E l y and Clapp , 1973. ' ~ r e e t h v i s i t e d L i s i a n s k i a g a i n d u r i n g t h e summer sf 1894 ( F a r r e l l , 1928: 414) . 7 ~ h e North P a c i f i c Phosphate and F e r t i l i z e r Company had changed i ts name t o t h e P a c i f i c Guang and F e r t i l i z e r Company on 3 A p r i l 1894. o f t h e ev idence i n d i c a t e s t h a t no guano, o t h e r t h a n s m a l l samples f o r chemica l t e s t i n g , was e v e r t a k e n . Both B r y a n ' s and Hutch inson ' s s t a t e - ments r e f e r t o a comment by C a r l E l schner , who v i s i t e d t h e Northwestern Hawaiian I s l a n d s , i n c l u d i n g L i s i a n s k i , i n September 1914, l o n g a f t e r t h e P a c i f i c Guano and F e r t i l i z e r Company had ceased o p e r a t ions i n t h a t a r e a . E l s c h n e r (1915: 56) s t a t e d t h a t " a t some t ime a r 3 t h e r guano and ph3s- p h a t e s were s h i p p e d . . . . " H3wever, t h e h i s t 2 r i c a l absence of s t r u c t u r e s such a s wharfs used f o r l o a d i n g guano, and t h e l a c k o f any o t h e r p h y s i c a l ev idence of guano o p e r a t i o n s , a s w e l l a s t h e vagueness a f E l s c h n e r ' s comment, s t r o n g l y s u g g e s t t h a t E l s c h n e r was o n l y r e p o r t i n g h e a r s a y and had n3 d i r e c t ev idence of guano o p e r a t i o n s . I n a d d i t i o n , an anonymous a r t i c l e i n a Honolulu t r a d e magazine, "The S a l e s B u i l d e r , " s t a t e s t h a t t h e on ly i s l a n d worked by t h e company f o r guan3 was Laysan ( ~ n o n . , 1939: 191.8 Plumage Hunters on L i s i a n s k i - 1904 On 8 January 1904 a p a r t y .2f 38 Japanese l a n d e d on L i s i a n s k i f r ~ m t h e schooner Y e i j u Maru f o r t h e purpose of s e c u r i n g b i r d s ' f e a t h e r s t h a t e v e n t u a l l y were t o be used i n t h e French m i l l i n e r y t r a d e . 9 About 18 January t h e s h i p broke l o o s e from h e r anchorage i n a heavy g a l e and was e v i d e n t l y l o s t o n t h e r e e f a s much d e b r i s from t h i s s h i p l a t e r washed a s h o r e . I n l a t e February t h e Tiyo Maru put a n a d d i t i o n a l 39 men a s h o r e and d e p a r t e d f o r Tokyo w i t h no ca rgo amle let, m s . ) . 1 0 On 11 A p r i l 1904 Cap ta in A.P. Nib lack of t h e U. S. S. -- I r o q u o i s went a s h o r e and ~darned t h e Japanese of t h e i r v i o l a t i o n of customs and immigrat ion 8 This a r t i c l e c o n t a i n s many d e t a i l s of t h e h i s t 3 r y of guano o p e r a t i o n s on Laysan t h a t a r e t o be found i n no o t h e r acc2un t . The n a t u r e of t h e s t a t e m e n t s s u g g e s t s t h a t t h e a u t h o r had a c c e s s t o t h e f i l e s of t h e guan.2 company which a r e a p p a r e n t l y no l o n g e r a v a i l a b l e . 9 ~ h i s was p robab ly n,at t h e f irst t ime t h a t L i s i a n s k i had been v i s i t e d by f e a t h e r h u n t e r s . The p rev ious yea r , Hugh Rodman, t h e n commander of t h e U.S. S. I r o q u o i s , had o r d e r e d f rom L i s i a n s k i some ' ~ a p a n e s e t h a t he had p r e v i o u s l y found k i l l i n g b i r d s on Midway ( ~ u ~ h Rodman t o t h e A s s i s t a n t S e c r e t a r y of t h e Navy, 1 J u l y 1903, Rec. Group 126, U.S. Nat . Archives , washington) . ' O ~ h i s account of Japanese a c t i v i t i e s , d e r i v e d from a n i n t e r v i e w con- duc ted by Hamlet. w i t h t h e l e a d e r of t h e Japanese , T s u n e t a r e Sugiye, has t h e r i n g of a u t h e n t i c i t y . When t h e Japanese reached Honolulu t h e y p r e s e n t e d a d i f f e r e n t s t o r y , r e p o r t e d by Bryan (1942: 194) , who r e - l a t e s : "The l e a d e r of t h e b i r d poachers t o l d A c t i n g Governor Atk inson t h a t t h e p a r t y has been s t r a n d e d . . . .when t h e schaoner , Aju, sank. He s a i d t h a t t h e y had put up a s i g n a l of d i s t r e s s , s e e n by t h e T iyo Maru, which had s p a r e d them s.2me p r o v i s i o n s and removed one of t h e i r p a r t y . " laws.'' T h i s warn ing p r o b a b l y had l i t t l e e f f e c t s i n c e N i b l a c k s p ~ k e no Japanese and t h e J a p a n e s e spoke n3 E n g l i s h . N i b l a c k r e p o r t e d t h e i r p r e s e n c e o n L i s i a n s k i when he r e t u r n e d t o H ~ n o l u l u and t h e U.S. Revenue C u t t e r Thet is was d i s p a t c h e d t o remove t h e J a p a n e s e f rom t h e i s l a n d . The T h e t i s anchored o f f L i s i a n s k i on 16 J u n e and C a p t a i n O.C. Hamlet and a p a r t y , i n c l u d i n g a n i n t e r p r e t e r , went a s h o r e t 3 i n v e s t i g a t e . The re t h e y found a camp, c 3 n s i s t i n g o f f o u r t h a t c h e d - r o o f shacks , and a p a r t y 3f 77 Japanese . If a n y t h i n g , t h e J a p a n 2 2 were p l e a s e d a t b e i n g apprehended . They had been s h o r t 3f f 3 3 d f o r s3me t i m e p r i o r t o t h e a r r i v a l of t h e T h e t i s and were d3wn t o 600 pounds o f r i c e , a few beans and s3me d r i e d t e r n meat which t h e y had b e e n p r e p a r i n g a g a i n s t t h e day t h a t t h e i r r i c e would be g m e (Hamlet , m s . ) . Hamlet Is p a r t y a l s o f2und g r e a t q u a n t i t i e s 3f dead b i r d s a s w e l l a s many packages o f d r i e d b i r d s and s k i n s . The manager 3f t h e f e a t h e r - g a t h e r i n g o p e r a t i on , T s u n e t a r e Sugiye , s t a t e d t h a t 110 s a c k s 3f wings, 100 c r a t e s 3f' whole d r i e d b i r d s , and 116 c a s e s o f b i r d s and wings had been g a t h e r e d up t o t h e t i m e of t h e T h e t i s ' a r r i v a l . H i s r e c o r d s i n d i - c a t e d t h a t t h e s e packages c m t a i n e d a p p r 3 x i m a t e l y 121 ,768 whole b i r d s and 162,223 p a i r s o f wings . N e a r l y a l l o f t h e a p p r o x i m a t e l y 284,000 b i r d s k i l l e d had been " b l a c k and w h i t e t e r n s " [= S o o t y T e r n s ] , bu t b o t h Laysan and B l a c k - f m t e d A l b a t r m s e s , Gray-backed T e r n s , and R e d - t a i l e d T r o p i c b i r d s had a l s o been k i l l e d . The m x t h i g h l y p r i z e d c a t c h was t h e " a l l w h i t e t e r n " [ = White Te rn ] which, however, was s c a r c e o n L i s i a n s k i . "Black t e r n s [ = Noddy s p . ] were n 3 t k i l l e d a s t h e y had n 3 p r a c t i c a l u se f o r ornament (Hamlet , m s . ) . Hamlet b r o u g h t a l l t h e J a p a n e s e and t h e i r p e r s o n a l e f f e c t s , a s w e l l a s mme b i r d spec imens ,12 on t h e T h e t i s t h e same day, and d e p a r t e d f3r H3n.31~7-u t h a t e v e n i n g . A l l t h e r e s t ~f t h e b i r d s and plumage was l e f t 3n L i s i a n s k i s i n c e Hamlet, i n a d i s c u s s i o n w i t h t h e J a p a n e s e c o n s u l - g e n e r a l , had p r e v i o u s l y s t a t e d t h a t a n o t h e r J a p a n e s e v e s s e l would be a l l o w e d t o remove t h e c a t c h f rom L i s i a n s k i amle let, m s . ). I ;L~og of t h e U. S.S. I r o q u 3 i s , Rec . Group 24, U.S. Nat . A r c h i v e s , Washington. 12Hamlet s t a t e s t h a t "Examples o f b l a c k a n d w h i t e and g r a y and w h i t e T e r n s and me Boa t swa in B i r d , a s pu t up on t h e i s l a n d , and heads and necks o f w h i t e Gonies . . . and a b o t t l e of c o r a l s a n d . . . has been m a i l e d t o The Department t o d a y [23 J u n e 19041. " Some of t h e s e b i r d s ( 2 Laysan Alba t r . s s s , a R e d - t a i l e d T r o p i c b i r d , 2 Gray-backed Terns , 4 S o o t y T e r n s , and a Whi t e ern) were s u b s e q u e n t l y dona ted t o t h e U.S. N a t i o n a l Museum. Fea t her Poachers V i s i t L i s i a n s k i Again On 3 February 1909, p robab ly par t ly a s a r e s u l t of p r e s s u r e by conserva t i3n groups, Theodore Roosevel t i s s u e d P r e s i d e n t i a l Execu t ive Order No. lOl9 which inc luded L i s i a n s k i i n t h e Hawaiian I s l a n d s R e s e r v a t i o n . T h i s o r d e r s t i p u l a t e d t h a t t h e i s l a n d s were t o be s e t a s i d e a s a p r e s e r v e f o r t h e n a t i v e b i r d s . The Department of A g r i c u l t u r e r e c e i v e d j u r i s d i c t i o n o v e r t h e r e f u g e . Nonet h e l e s s , t h e Japanese r a i d e d L i s i a n s k i a g a i n t h a t same y e a r . E a r l y i n t h e year , p robab ly i n A p r i l , a p a r t y of 1 0 Japanese l anded on L i s i a n s k i and began h a r v e s t i n g f e a t h e r s . On o r about 2 1 August t h e p a r t y was removed from t h e i s l a n d by t h e schooner Tempou. A new p a r t y of e i g h t Japanese , under t h e d i r e c t i o n of N i c h i c h i Odaka, went a s h o r e t o c m t i n u e h a r v e s t i n g f e a t h e r s . A t t h a t t ime about 5 0 b a l e s o f b i r d s 1 wings were t a k e n m t o t h e schooner f o r shipment t o Japan, most -3f them from p e t r e l s and t e r n s ( ~ a c o b s , m s . ) . l 3 Rumors t h a t Japanese p a c h e r s were a g a i n a t work i n t h e Northwestern Hawaiian I s l a n d s reached American e a r s i n l a t e 1909. A s a r e s u l t , t h e U. S. Revenue C u t t e r Thet is, commanded by W. V.E. Jacobs , was d i s p a t c h e d i n January l9lO t o i n v e s t i g a t e . A f t e r f i n d i n g no poachers on t h e i n n e r i s l a n d s , and a f t e r apprehending t h e poachers on Laysan, t h e Thet is pro- ceeded t o L i s i a n s k i , a r r i v i n g t h e r e on t h e morning o f t h e 1 9 t h . An o f f i c e r and armed boat I s crew went a s h o r e and a r r e s t e d t h e Japanese. 1 4 The f o l l o w i n g day t h e plumage t h a t had been h a r v e s t e d was brought aboard s h i p . It c o n s i s t e d of 19 b a l e s o f f e a t h e r s , a b35 of s t u f f e d b i r d s , and 1 box and 65 bags of b i r d s ' wings . The f e a t h e r s weighed about 1-114 t o n s and t h e number of wings was c a l c u l a t e d a t about 140,400 ( ~ a c o b s , m s . ) . The value of t h e b i r d s ' f e a t h e r s c a l l e c t e d on L i s i a n s k i i n 1909 would have been about $97,000. l5 While a s h o r e t h e crew of t h e Thet is found f 3 u r s m a l l b u i l d i n g s , probably c o n s t r u c t e d by t h e Japanese. These s t r u c t u r e s c o n s i s t e d of a frame b u i l d i n g w i t h a c o r r u g a t e d t i n roof where t h e Japanese dwel t , a s i m i l a r shed used a s a cookhouse, and two h u t s b u i l t of bamboo and mats used f o r s t o r i n g cured plumage. ' 3 ~ t a n e s t i m a t e d 1,830 wings t o t h e b a l e ( ~ a c o b s , m s . ), c a . 108,000 b i r d wings were ha rves ted ; judging from t h e p r e s e n t cornposit i o n of t h e L i s i a n s k i av-ifauna, t h e s p e c i e s k i l l e d i n g r e a t e s t numbers were pr3bably Bonin P e t r e l s and Sooty Terns . 1 4 ~ h e Japanese p r e s e n t e d a document s igned by Max Schlemmer which t h e y b e l i e v e d gave them t h e r i g h t t o h a r v e s t f e a t h e r s . For d e t a i l s on t h i s c o n t r a c t and ensu ing l e g a l a c t ion, s e e E l y and Clapp, 1973. 1 5 ~ h e Japanese o v e r s e e r s s t a t e d t h a t t h e lowes t p r i c e f o r t h e plumage g a t h e r e d was 4.33 per wing and $6.00 p e r pound of f e a t h e r s ( ~ a c o b s , m s . ). A f t e r i n v e s t i g a t i n g t h e r e s t 3f t h e i s l a n d s of t h e c h a i n , t h e T h e t i s r e t u r n e d t 3 Hono lu lu on 2 F e b r u a r y and d e l i v e r e d t h e Japanese -- i n t o t h e cus t .3dy o f t h e U.S. M a r s h a l l ( ~ a c 3 b s , m s . ). Subsequen t Visits by t h e Thet i s I n t h e y e a r s f o l l 3 w i n g t h e c a p t u r e 3f t h e f e a t h e r paache r s , L i s i a n s k i was 3 f t e n v i s i t e d by t h e T h e t i s which made r e g u l a r t a u s o f i n s p e c t i m 3f t h e N 3 r t hwes te rn Hawaiian I s l a n d s . On s e v e r a l 3 c c a s i 3 n s s c i e n t i s t s a c - c3mpanied t h e T h e t i s on h e r v3yages bu t most 3 f t h e i r e f f o r t s were concen- t r a t e d 3n Laysan and r e l a t i v e l y l i t t l e i n f x m a t i 3 n on t h e f a u n a and f l o r a o f L i s i a n s k i was o b t a i n e d . A s h x t resume 3f t h e s e v is i t s by t h e Thet is i s g i v e n bel3w. On 1 September l 9 l O t w 3 b o a t s were s e n t a s h x e f rm t h e T h e t i s t o i n v e s t i g a t e c m d i t i o n s 3n L i s i a n s k i . N 3 s i g n s 3f' h a b i t a t i o n were f 3und. The f 3 l l 3 w i n g s p r i n g , on 28 A p r i l , a n s t h e r i n v e s t i g a t i a n by t h e The t is a g a i n r e v e a l e d n 3 e v i d e n c e o f h a b i t a t i o n . The The t is v i s i t e d L i s i a n s k i n e x t 3n 23 A p r i l 1912 and found n s e v i d e n c e t h a t t h e i s l a n d had been i n - h a b i t e d s i n c e t h e p r e v i o u s v i s i t . When t h e T h e t i s n e x t v i s i t e d t h e i s l a n d , 1 2 March 1913, George W i l l e t t and A l f r e d M. B a i l e y , members sf a p a r t y f r 3 m t h e Bureau 3f B i d o g i c a l S u r v e y that had r e c e n t l y c smple t ed a s u r v e y 3f Laysan, went a s h a r e f o r a b s u t h a l f a day . A number 3f Laysan R a i l s were i n t r o d u c e d and a s e a l and a Brswn Booby were c o l l e c t e d . A few b r i e f n 3 t e s on t h e b i r d s and s e a l s were l a t e r p u b l i s h e d by B a i l e y (1952a: 13, l 9 5 2 b : 7; 1956: 3 0 ) b u t n 3 d e t a i l e d a c c o u n t s f t h e i r o b s e r v a t i o n s was e v e r made. On 1 2 September 1914, t h e n e x t v i s i t by t h e T h e t i s , C a r l E l s c h n e r , a c h e m i c a l e n g i n e e r , went a s h x e w i t h t h e s u r v e y p a r t y and s p e n t a few h o u r s 3 b s e r v i n g c m d i t i o n s 3n t h e i s l a n d . He s u b s e q u e n t l y p u b l i s h e d a few n o t e s o n t h e i s l a n d , i n c l u d i n g c m m e n t s 3n t h e p 3 s i t i m o f L i s i a n s k i , i t s s u r r 3 u n d i n g r e e f s and c u r r e n t s , and a c h e m i c a l a n a l y s i s o f some 3f t h e s a n d . H e a l s o r e p o r t e d t h a t A t t h e t ime o f my v is i t t h e r e were two h3uses on t h e i s l a n d which, a s w e l l a s t h e phospha te d e p x i t s , l a y i n t h e f3rmer l a g m n , t h a t is, i n a d e p r e s s i o n , which hgwever d 3 e s n 3 t c m t a i n w a t e r any m ~ e . S u r r 3 u n d i n g t h e houses a r e s m a l l p a t c h e s 3f tobacco , which grow w i l d , hav ing been b r3ugh t by C a p t a i n Schlemrner. T h i s i s i n f a c t t h e o n l y v e g e t a t i o n o n t h e i s l a n d , and t h e r e h a r d l y is a b l a d e 3r s t a l k o f a n y o t h e r p l a n t t o b e s e e n w i t h t h e e x c e p t i o n 3f pe rhaps two p o x l y l o o k i n g spec imens o f Ipomea, which I saw .... The r a b b i t s i n t r a d u c e d have j u s t e x t e r m i n a t e d t h e f l x a . . .now t h e r e s t o f t h e s e r a b b i t s (we found many dead bu t v e r y few l i v i n g m e s ) w i l l have t 3 submi t t o s t a r v a t i o n . ( ~ l s c hner , 1915 : 5 6 ) . When t h e T h e t i s v i s i t e d L i s i a n s k i a g a i n o n 24 March 1915, L i e u t e n a n t W i l l i a m H. Munter l a n d e d a n t h e i s l a n d w i t h a b o a t ' s crew a t a b o u t 1 4 0 0 and remained t h e r e u n t i l 1815. H i s s b s e r v a t i o n s on t h e w i l a l i f e were l a t e r pub l i shed i n a l i t t l e knswn a r t i c l e i n t h e Annual Report of t h e Csas t Guard f o r 1915 ( ~ u n t e r , 1515: 134-136). Although not a n o r n i - t h o l o g i s t , Munt e r 's account c l e a r l y i n d i c a t e s t h a t he knew b i r d s w e l l . He r e p o r t e d 15 s p e c i e s o f b i r d s , i n c l u d i n g t h e Laysan R a i l t h a t had b e e n i n t r o d u c e d two y e a r s p r e v i ~ u s l y . Munte r ' s paper was t h e f i rs t t s g i v e numer ica l e s t i m a t e s f o r t h e b i r d s of L i s i a n s k i and con ta ined more d e t a i l s m a v i a n r e p r o d u c t i o n t h a n any p rev ious p u b l i c a t i o n s . The T h e t i s paid h e r l a s t visit t o L i s i a n s k i s n 5 February 1916 and a p a r t y went a s h s r e f o r ab.sut two hours . Second L ieu tenan t S t a n l e y Parker , by no means a s d i s c e r n i n g a n o b s e r v e r a s Munter, r e p o r t e d on h i s r e t u r n t h a t The p r i n c i p a l k i n d s of b i r d s ngted were t h e Lsysan A l b a t r o s s , Black-f s o t e d A l b a t r s s s , F r i g a t e B i rd , Hawaiian Tern, B lue - faced Bsgby, Commm Bmby, and one sr two Laysan R a i l . Every p a r t i c l e of v e g e t a t i o n , excep t a n a l g a e i n a damp s p o t , has d i s a p p e a r e d f rom t h e i s l a n d , . . .and t h e r a b b i t s have e n t i r e l y d i s a p p e a r e d . The b u i l d - ings a r e ve ry d i l a p i d a t e d and shsw n3 s i g n s of r e c e n t occupancy, and n s s i g n s of poa: .: could be found . A few Wedge- ta i led Shearwat e r s were not e d . l 6 T h i s r e p o r t is p a r t i c u l a r l y v a l u a b l e s i n c e i t f i x e s t h e d a t e of e x t i n c t i o n o f t h e r a b b i t s a s between March 1515 and February 1916 and e s t a b l i s h e s t h a t t h e i n t m d u c e d Laysan R a i l p o p u l a t i o n s u r v i v e d f o r a t l e a s t 4 y e a r s . The Tanager Expedi t i .sn V i s i t s L i s i a n s k i I n 1923 t h e U.S. Navy, B e r n i c e P. Bishop Museum, and U.S. B i o l o g i - c a l Survey coopera ted i n f o r m u l a t i n g p l a n s f o r a thorough s u r v e y of t h e Northwest e r n Hawaiian I s l a n d s . The f s l low i n g y e a r t h e U. S. S. Tanager s e t s a i l on i t s second t r i p rip B ) t .3 t h e leeward i s l a n d s . L i s i a n s k i was v i s i t e d by a s c i e n t i f i c p a r t y s t a f f e d p r i m a r i l y by p e r s o n n e l of t h e Bishop Museum b u t under t h e d i r e c t i , sn of Alexander Wetmore of t h e U. S. B i o l g g i c a l Survey. The f i e l d p a r t y ( s e e Appendix Tab le 1) a r r i v e d on 15 May and s e t up camp on t h e west s i d e c ~ f t h e i s l a n d . P a r t of t h e p a r t y l e f t f sr P e a r l and Hermes Reef t h e same day, but t h e r e s t surveyed t h e i s l a n d u n t i l 20 May. During t h e i r s t a y a broad spec t rum of organisms was c s l l e c t e d , many of them s u b s e q u e n t l y r e p o r t e d i n Bish?p Museum pub- 1 i c a t i . s n s ( s e e Appendix Tab le 3 ) . Many. of t h e b i r d o b s e r v a t i o n s , h i t h e r t o unrepor ted , a r e mentioned i n t h i s r e , p o r t th rough t h e c o u r t e s y of D r . Wetmore. % R e p o r t by P a r k e r t o Cap ta in Brown of t h e T h e t i s , d a t e d 2 1 February 1916. Rec. Group 26, U.S. Nat. Archives , Wash ing tm. Visits t o L i s i a n s k i - 1924-1943 A t l e a s t one v is i t was made t o L i s i a n s k i by t h e f i s h i n g schooner L a n i k a i under C a p t a i n Wi l l i am G. Anderson i n t h e l a t e 1 9 2 0 ' s . During t h a t p e r i o d a f i s h i n g base was e s t a b l i s h e d a t nearby P e a r l and Hermes Reef and t h e L a n i k a i o f t e n made one o r more visits t h e r e a y e a r . On s e v e r a l of t h e s e visi ts f i s h i n g o p e r a t i o n s were conducted o f f L i s i a n s k i o r o t h e r o f t h e Northwestern Hawaiian I s l a n d s , and i n some i n s t a n c e s visi ts were made t o t h e i s l a n d s . Few d e t a i l s of t h e s e visi ts a r e a v a i l a b l e . L i s i a n s k i was v i s i t e d by t h e L a n i k a i on 1 4 A p r i l 1928 and Anderson c o l l e c t e d some f i s h e s 3 '4 m i l e s f rom s h o r e ( ~ c h i n d l e r , 1932: 4 ) . Some 3f t h i s m a t e r i a l was l a t e r used i n a s t u d y of s e x u a l l y mature l a r v a l Hemiramphidae ( ~ c h l n d l e r , OJ. c i t . ) . Other specimens presumably c o l - l e c t e d d u r i n g t h i s vis i t were po lychae tes and 3ne i n s h o r e f i s h . I n 1931 L i s i a n s k i was v i s i t e d t w i c e by t h e U.S. Coast and Geodet ic s h i p P i o n e e r . During t h e f i r s t v is i t , 16 t o 2 8 August, v a r i o u s a s p e c t s of t h e i s l a n d were s t u d i e d and buoys were s e t o f f s h o r e . A number of Ca.suarina t r e e s were p l a n t e d by t h e p a r t y . Some of t h e t r e e s p l a n t e d d u r i n g t h i s v i s i t a r e p robab ly t h o s e s t ill p r e s e n t . More buoys were l a i d and soundings were made around t h e i s l a n d d u r i n g t h e second vis i t 22 September t o 1 0 October ( ~ o n o l u l u S t a r Bul- l e t i n , 1 0 S e p t . 1 9 3 1 ) . l ? I n June 1934 t h e U.S. Coast Guard C u t t e r I t a s c a made a s e r i e s of i n s p e c t i o n s of t h e Northwestern Hawaiian I s l a n d s . The Capta in , John S. B a y l i s , and t h r e e 3 t h e r s went a s h o r e on L i s i a n s k i f o r about 5 hours on 25 June. B a y l i s (ms. ) r e p x t e d t h a t t h e y found no i n h a b i t a n t s and s t a t e d t h a t t h e p a r t y saw about 25 l a r g e shedding s e a l s and 25 l a r g e t u r t l e s on t h e beaches . T-o l a r g e t u r t l e s - - o n e weighing 180 pounds--were cap t ured by t h e p a r t y and brought back t o t h e I t a s c a . On 2 6 June, on c o u r s e 6 hours f rom Laysan t o French F r i g a t e Shoa l s , t h r e e t u r t l e s , presumably inc lud- i n g t h e s e two, were marked w i t h b r a s s t a g s i n s c r i b e d "U.S.S. ITASCA, 1934" and thrown overboard. I n l a t e 1934 o r J a n u a r y 1935 Capta in Northrup H. C a s t l e v i s i t e d L i s i a n s k i on t h e schooner L a n i k a i . C a s t l e was s e a r c h i n g f o r t r a c e s of a m i s s i n g plane , t h e S t a r of A u s t r a l i a , p i l o t e d by C.T.P. U l m ( ~ o n o l u l u S t a r B u l l e t i n , 3 0 J a n . , 6 Feb. , 29 Mar. 1 9 3 5 ) . L i s i a n s k i was v i s i t e d a g a i n on 1 4 October 1943 by t h e U,.S. S. YMS-299 commanded by C a p t a i n E.H. Gentry . A demol i t i o n team spen t a few hours 1 7 ~ o g of t h e U.S.S. P i o n e e r . Rec. Group 27, U.S. Nat. Archives , Washington. ashore ach i ev ing t h e o b j e c t i v e of t h e v i s i t - - t h e d i s p ~ a l of a mine t h a t had washed a sho re 3n t h e sou thea s t e rn co rne r of t h e i s l and .18 Visits t o L i s i a n s k i During t h e 1 9 5 0 ' s Visits by Sh ips of t h e P a c i f i c Ocean F i s h e r i e s I n v e s t i g a t i o n Pmgram (POFI) L i s i a n s k i was v i s i t e d t h r e e t imes i n t h e e a r l y 1950 ' s by Bureau of Commercial F i s h e r i e s ve s se l s engaged i n f i s h surveys of t h e no r t h - c e n t r a l P a c i f i c . The pr imary purpose of visits t o L i s i a n s k i (and o t h e r North- western Hawaiian I s l a n d s ) was t 3 conduct f i s h - b a i t su rveys . Somet imes b r i e f abserva t ions were made of fauna and f l o r a . Most such da t a may be found i n t h e " S c i e n t i s t ' s L3gs" f 3r a g iven v e s s e l ' s c r u i s e ; o t h e r b r i e f c~mments on t h e visits may be found i n t h e Na r r a t i ve Repor t s of each c r u i s e . The f i r s t of t h e s e visi ts was made by t h e Hugh M. Smith on 24 June 1950. Vernon E. Brock, D i r ec to r of t h e Hawaii D iv i s i on of F i s h and Game, was a long a s a c o l l a b o r a t o r . He and s e v e r a l o t h e r s spen t about 7 hours on t h e i s l a n d which was thoroughly scou ted f o r b a i t f i s h e s . Very l i t t l e b a i t was found. An e s t i m a t e was made of t h e number of s e a l s s een and a count of t u r t l e s was t aken . Seven s p e c i e s of b i r d s were recorded i n t h e no tes of t h e "SC i e n t ist ' s Log" (POFI) . The Hugh M. Smith v i s i t e d L i s i a n s k i a second t ime on 13 May 1951.l9 During t h e 9 hours ashore t h e survey p a r t y c o l l e c t e d f i s h b a i t and scciuted t h e e n t i r e s h o r e l i n e of t h e i s l a n d . A complete count was made of t h e s e a l s and n ine s p e c i e s of b i r d s were recorded i n t h e no t e s (POFI). A t h i r d such v i s i t was made by t h e John R . Manning on 8 May 1955. A b a i t s cou t i ng p a r t y spen t about e i g h t hours on t h e i s l a n d and made a few b r i e f no t e s 3n s e a l s , t u r t l e s , and s e v e r a l s p e c i e s of b i r d s (POFI). Other Surveys of L i s i a n s k i During t h e 1950 ' s On 26 March 1954 Frank Richardson 3f t h e U n i v e r s i t y of Washington v i s i t e d L i s i a n s k i f o r t h r e e and a h a l f hours . During h i s b r i e f v i s i t he % 8 ~ e n t r ~ , C.H. m s . Report of voyage t o L i s i a n s k i w i th 1 6 accompanying phot:3graphs. Rec. Group 37, U. S. Nat . Archives, Washington. l g ~ v i h l a (1959: 227) s t a t e d t h a t "Vernon Brock r epo r t ed 407 s e a l s whi le on a f i s h e r y c r u i s e aboard t h e 'H.M. Smith ' du r i ng June and Ju ly , 1951 . . . " and l i s t e d a count o r e s t i m a t e of t h e number of s e a l s on L i s i a n s k i , implying t h a t t h e Hugh M. Smith was i n t h e Northwestern Hawaiian I s l a n d s a t t h i s t ime. This r e p o r t is e r - roneous. The Hugh M. Smith was conduct ing f i s h - b a i t surveys i n t h e Line and Phoenix I s l a n d s i n June and July 1951, and Brock was i n t h e Line I s l a n d s on George V a n d e r b i l t ' s sch,3oner, t h e P ioneer . noted 18 s p e c i e s ~3f b i r d s and e s t i m a t e d t h e i ~ numbers ( ~ i c h a r d s o n , p e r s . comm.). Some of t h e s e o b s e r v a t i o n s were s u b s e q u e n t l y i n c o r p o r a t e d i n a s t u d y of t h e b r e e d i n g c y c l e s of Hawaiian s e a b i r d s t h a t was suppor ted by a Yale-Bernice P. Bishop Museum f e l l o w s h i p ( ~ i c h a r d s o n , 1957) . On 1 November 1954 a n a e r i a l s u r v e y was made by P h i l i p A . Dumont and Johnson A . Neff of t h e Bureau of S p x t F i s h e r i e s and W i l d l i f e . Dale W. R ice and K a r l W. Kenyon of t h e Bureau 3f Spor t F i s h e r i e s and W i l d l i f e made a number of l o w - l e v e l a e r i a l i n s p e c t i o n s o f L i s i a n s k i and o t h e r Northwestern Hawaiia.n I s l a n d s i n 1957 and 1958. L i s i a n s k i was flown 3ver .3n 7 January, 15 A p r i l , and 28 December 1957, and 28 June 1958. The prime purpose of t h e s e s u r v e y s was t o d e t e r m i n e a l b a t r o s s and Hawaiian monk s e a l p o p u l a t i o n s . R e s u l t s of t h i s work were l a t e r r e p o r t e d by Kenym and Rice (1959), R i c e (1960), and Rice and Kenyon (1962) . Surveys of L i s i a n s k i i n t h e 1 9 6 0 ' s On 9 and 1 0 March 1961 David H. W'3odside and Raymmd J. Kramer 3f t h e Hawaii D i v i s i o n of F i s h and Game v i s i t e d L i s i a n s k i f rom t h e U.S. Coast Guard v e s s e l P l a n e t r e e a s p a r t of a n i n s p e c t i o n t r i p 3f t h e Hawaiian I s l a n d s Nat i o n a l W i l d l i f e Refuge. A p a r t icu1a.r 3b j e c t i v e of t h e i r visit t o L i s i a n s k i was t o de te rmine whether t h e i s l a n d would a f f o r d s u i t a b l e h a b i t a t f o r t h e i n t r o d u c t i o n of t h e Laysan T e a l . The two b i 3 l o g i s t s v i s i t e d t h e i s l a n d b o t h days - - f3 r about t h r e e and a h a l f hours on t h e 9 t h and f o r seven hours on t h e 1 0 t h . During t h i s pe r iod t h e y made o b s e r v a t i o n s of s e a l s , t u r t l e s , and b i r d s , e r e c t e d r e f u g e s i g n s , and e s t a b l i s h e d pho tograph ic s t a t i o n s f a r t h e s t u d y of changes i n t h e v e g e t a t i m . I n a n unpubl ished r e p s r t Wo3dsi.de and Kramer r e p o r t e d t e n s p e c i e s of s e a b i r d s and impl ied t h e presence of t w 3 o t h e r s , and l i s t e d t h r e e s p e c i e s of s h o r e b i r d s bu t gave no d e t a i l e d informat i o n 3n them. A s a r e s u l t of t h e i r o b s e r v a t i o n s , t h e y concluded t h a t L i s i a n s k i was d e f i n i t e l y not s u i t e d f o r t e a l and recommended t h a t none be i n t r 3 d u c e d . L a t e r i n t h e m n t h L i s i a n s k i was v i s i t e d by t h e U.S.S. Duval County which was t r a n s p o r t i n g a p a r t y t h a t was e s t a b l i s h i n g f irst o r d e r a s t r o - nomic s t a t i o n s and HIRAN and az imuth marks i n connect i o n w i t h t h e Hawaiian g e o d e t i c s u r v e y ( ~ o a c h , m s . ) . The s h i p a r r i v e d on 16 March and debarked t h e s u r v e y p a r t y . The s h i p t h e n depa. r ted f o r i s l a n d s f u r t h e r up t h e chain , r e t u r n i n g on t h e 2 4 t h t o remave t h e p a r t y f rom t h e i s l a n d . L i s i a n s k i was v i s i t e d s u b s e q u e n t l y one o r more t i m e s by p a r t i e s en- gaged i n o t h e r a s p e c t s of t h e H m N o p e r a t i o n , but we have no d e t a i l s of t h e s e visits. On 18 J u l y 1962 Harvey I. F i s h e r v i s i t e d L i s i a n s k i f r o m a n a v a l ves- s e l . During h i s v i s i t , 1 ,697 n e s t l i n g Laysan A l b a t r o s s t h a t had been cap tu red on Sand I s l a n d , Midway A t o l l , were banded and r e l e a s e d on L i s i a n s k i . T h i s was done t o de te rmine whether young a l b a t r o s s would r e - t u r n t o t h e i r n a t a l i s l a n d o r would r e t u r n t o t h e f o s t e r i s l a n d f rom which t h e y had f l e d g e d . Surveys by t h e POBSP and Bureau of Spor t F i s h e r i e s and W i l d l i f e - F r m e a r l y 1963 through June 1969 L i s i a n s k i was f r e q u e n t l y surveyed by personne l f r3m t h e Smi thssn ian I n s t i t u t i m ' s P a c i f i c Ocean Bi21,3gical Survey Program (POBSP) and by f i e l d p a r t i e s under t h e d i r e c t i ~ n of t h e Bureau 3f Spor t F i s h e r i e s and W i l d l i f e (BSFW) a able 1). The l a t t e r o r g a n i z a t i o n assumed r e s p 2 n s i b i l i t y f o r i n s p e c t i o n and patr .21 of t h e r e f u g e i n 1964 when a r e f u g e manager was a s s i g n e d t 2 Hawaii. Table 1. Recent su rveys .2f L i s i a n s k i I s l a n d by t h e POBSP and BSFW* Tot a 1 Year Days of Mmth 19-63 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 Observa t ion Feb. Mar. June J ~ Y Aug . Aug.- Sept . Sept . Oct . Tot a 1 Days af Obser- vat ion POBSP ( - 3 ) POBSP BSFW ( . 6 ) POBSP ( - 9 ) POBSP ( 1 . 9 ) BSFW POBSP ( - 4 ) POBSP BSFW BSFW BSFW POBSP POBSP ( . 2 ) ( - 3 ) ( 1 . 2 ) POBSP POBSP BSFW ( 3 . 2 ) ( 4 . 3 ) ( - 4 ) POBSP ( 2 . 7 ) POBSP ( 4 . 8 ) *POBSP is l i s t e d under BSFW when POBSP personne l accompanied BSFW personne l on one of t h e i r r e g u l a r i n s p e c t i o n t r i p s . F i g u r e s i n pa ren theses a r e t h e appr.2ximate number of days s p e n t on t h e i s l a n d . Table is c.2mplete th rough 1969 but does not i n c l u d e visits d u r i n g which no l a n d i n g was made. During t h e s e b r i e f visits, r e fuge personne l were concerned p r ima r i l y w i t h a d m i n i s t r a t i v e f u n c t i s n s , and s t u d i e s of s e a l s , t u r t l e s and a lba - t r o s s . POBSP e f f o r t s were p r i m a r i l y d i r e c t e d towards surveys of t h e avifauna, b i rd-banding, and, t s a l e s s e r degree, s t h e r a s p e c t s of t e r - r e s t r i a l eco l sgy . Data sb t a ined on t h e s e visits, and h i t h e r t o unpubl ishea d a t a f r ~ m e a r l i e r visits, a r e t h e primary b a s i s f o r t h e f a u n i s t i c accounts p resen ted i n f o l l owing s e c t ions of t h i s r e p o r t . L i s i a n s k i , and t h e o t h e r i s l a n d s i n t h e Hawaiian I s l a n d s Na t i ona l W i l d l i f e Refuge, were de s igna t ed " n a t u r a l a r e a s " i n February 1567. Th i s means t h a t r e f u g e p o l i c y is t o admin i s t e r t h e r e f u g e i n such a manner t h a t t h e i s l a n d ' s ecology remains a s undis turbed a s pos s ib l e . A s a r e - sult, visits may be made t o t h e i s l and on ly by s c i e n t i f i c p a r t i e s t h a t have sb t a ined e n t r y permi t s from t h e Bureau of Spor t F i s h e r i e s and W i l d l i f e i n Kai lua . VEGETATION E a r l y r e p , s r t s of t h e vege t a t i on i n d i c a t e t h a t L i s i a n s k i was w e l l covered w i t h "scrub, " "grass , " and "c reep ing p l a n t s " p r i o r t o i ts de- f o l i a t i o n by r a b b i t s ( ~ h r i s t o p h e r s e n and Caum, 1931: 1 4 ) . By September 1914, absu t 1 0 yea r s a f t e r t h e i n t r o d u c t i o n of r a b b i t s , t h e on ly p l a n t s l e f t . were in t roduced tobacco and s e v e r a l specimens of an u n i d e n t i f i e d Iponsea. By February 1916 no vege t a t i on remained. When t h e i s l a n d was v i s i t e d i n 1923 " the vege t a t i on was a p p a r e n t l y s lowly s t a r t i n g t o come back . . . " but was "exceedingly poor, one pa tch of g r a s s a t t h e no r th end and a few o t h e r p l a n t s s p a r s e l y d i s t r i b u t e d being a l l t h a t was t o be found" ( ~ h r i s t o p h e r s e n and Caum, 9. G. ) . Wetmore ( m s . ) f u r t h e r noted "The on ly vege t a t i on on t h e i s l a n d is a narrow s t r i p of g r a s s , and a pigweed of perhaps t w 3 a c r e s t h a t ex tends a long t h e r i d g e above t h e beach i n a narrow l i n e a t t h e northwest p o i n t . Elsewhere t h e p l a c e i s a b s o l u t e l y bare . " The Tanager Expedi t i : sn c o l l e c t e d f o u r s p e c i e s of p l an t s , E r a g r o s t i s , Nama, Po r tu l aca , and Sesuvium, found t h e seed of a n s t her ( an u n i d e n t i f i e d Ipsmoea), and in t roduced a t r e e ( ~ a r r i n ~ t ~ n i a ) . Comparison of two a e r i a l photographs, one t aken i n May 1943 ( ~ i ~ . 21 ) and t h e o t h e r i n January 1966 ( s e e F ig . 2 ) shows a p rog re s s ive pronounced change i n t h e amount of Scaevola p r e sen t . Areas con t a in ing Scaevola i n 1943 now c o n t a i n much more, w i t h t h e g r e a t e s t i n c r e a s e on t h e southwestern, sou thea s t e rn , and nor t hwgstern por t ions of t h e i n t e r i o r . S e v e r a l a r e a s on t h e e a s t e r n and s o u t h e a s t e r n edge of t h e i s l and , beaches i n 1943, have been co lon ized and t he r eby s t a b i l i z e d . There has a l s o been a cons ide r ab l e i nc r ea se i n t h e amount of Scaevola i n t h e c e n t e r of t h e i s l a n d . There seems no r ea son t o b e l i e v e t h a t t h e p rocess of expansion and c o l o n i z a t i o n by' Scaevola is not now c m t inuing, nor t o t h i n k t h a t the ' r e v e g e t a t i on process, begun i n t h e 2nd decade of t h i s century, i s ye t completed. On r e c e n t visits i n t h e mid- and l a t e 19601s, t h e vege t a t i on was t h i c k and composed 'of t h r e e major a s s o c i a t i o n s . These were: Scaevola- Eragras t is, Ipomoea, Sicyos , Boerhavia, and T r ibu lu s ; Eragros t is-Boerha via; and Nama. These a s s o c i a t i o n s formed concen t r i c bands. The Nama was found sn t h e sandy per iphery, but was absen t sn t h e west s i d e due t o a s h i f t i n s u b s t r a t e m a t e r i a l s . The Scaevola a s s s c i a t i3n, dsminant ar3und t h e s u t e r r i m of t h e i s l and , is r ep l aced by t h e E r a g r x t i s a s s o c i a t i 3 n i n t h e c e n t e r of t h e i s l a n d . Within t h e l a t t e r a r e a , a number s f pure o r n e a r l y pure s t a n d s s f s e v e r a l s p e c i e s were found ( s e e Annotated L i s t f sllsw i n g ) . I n a l l , 13 2f t h e 1 7 vascu la r p l a n t s knswn t s have grown an L i s i a n s k i st ill occur t h e r e . Vascular p l a n t s have been c o l l e c t e d by t h e f d l a w i n g : G.P. Wilder, May 1923; F.C. S ib l ey , February 1963; A.L. Young, August 1964; C.R. L3ng, September 1964; P.C. She l t sn , June 1966. These c s l l e c t i o n s a r e hsused i n t h e h e r b a r i u m of t h e Na t i ona l Museum of Na tu r a l H i s to ry (usNM), t h e B. P. Bish2p Museum (BPBM), and t h e Un ive r s i t y s f Hawaii ( U H ) . The f d l 2 w i n g anns t a t ed l i s t g i v e s a l l specimens known t s have been c d l e c t e d 3n L i s i a n s k i . It l i s t s a l l s p e c i e s kn3wn t o have been found on t h e i s l a n d except t h e n3t c l e a r l y i d e n t i f i a b l e "Pota toes , melons, and a t her f r u i t s and vege tab lesu p lan ted on t h e i s l a n d i n 1844 (ward, 1967: 3 4 ) - Graminae Cenchrus s p . I n March 1969 K r i d l e r f2und a smal l s t a n d of t h i s p l a n t gr,swing ab3ut 100 ya rd s sou th s f t h e coc.snut palms. Eragros t is var i a b i l i s st and. ) S t end. Wilder 5, 7 (BPBM), Young 132 (UH) , L m g 2316 (UH), S h e l t s n 414 ( U H ) . Found throughout t h e i s l and , commonly w i th Boerhavia and Ipomoea in t h e c e n t r a l 3pen a r e a ( ~ i ~ . 2 2 ) . Often i n pure l o c a l s t a n d s above the beach, p a r t i c u l a r l y i n t h e n x t h w e s t e r n p o r t ion s f t h e i s l a n d and i n 2pen Scaevs la t h i c k e t s . Palmae Cocss nuc i f e r a L. -- Eighty p l an t ed on t h e s o u t h e a s t po in t ab su t December 1844. Sprout- ing t r e e s found i n May 1846 and t r a n s p l a n t e d f u r t h e r in land (ward, 1967: 45, 55). Two found growing on t h e n o r t h e a s t e r n p o r t i o n of t h e i s l a n d i n February 1963 (F ig . 2 3 ) . I n March 1969 t h e t o p .sf one of t h e s e t r e e s was found blown o f f . A 3 - f o s t t r e e growing on t h e e a s t beach i n March 1967 (BSFW), was no t seen subsequent ly . Casuar inaceae Casuar ina e q u i s e t i f o l i a L. S i b l e y 100 (usNM), Ysung 133 (uH), She l t on 411 ( U H ) . In t roduced i n 1931. Ssme s i x o r seven t r e e s nsw l i v i n g , t h r e e a t t h e t o p .sf t h e na r t h - F i g u r e 21. A e r i a l p h ~ t o g r a p h of L i s i a n s k i I s l a n d , May 1943. Assenbled f r m U.S. A i r F x c e photographs . F i g u r e 22. 1;ormea i n d i c a and E3ernavia r e p e n s i n a s s x i a t i o n wi th E r a g r o s t i s , i n t e r i o r ~ f i s l a n d , l o ~ k i n g s ~ u t h . 19 J u n e 1966. T-OBSP p h 3 t ~ g r a p h by P.C. S h e l t m . \+ ' '\? - J 1 , - F i g u r e 23. Cocas growing 3n n w t h e a s t e r n p o r t i o n 3f i s l a n d , February 1.963. FOBSP photograph by W.O. Wi-rtz: 11. west beach c r e s t ( F i g . 24) ; a g m u p o f t h r e e n e a r t h e coconut t r e e s on t h e m r t h e a s t p o r t i o n .3f t h e i s l a n d ( F i g . 25) ; and a s i n g l e t r e e on t h e s o u t h w e s t e r n p o r t i o n . Near t h e l a t t e r is a s m a l l e r dead t r e e (F ig . 2 6 ) and s:3uth o f t h e s e two is a n o t h e r , much l a r g e r dead t r e e much u t i l i z e d a s a r o o s t by Red-footed B m b i e s . Chen.3p.3d i a c e a e Chenopodium oahuense ( ~ e y e n ) A e l l e n . I n March 1967 t h e BSFW p l a n t e d s e e d s a t t h e nor thwes t c o r n e r 3f t h e i s l a n d , i n c l u d i n g under t h e Casuar ina t r e e s , and a l o n g a l i n e between t h i s a r e a and t h e coconut t r e e s . None had s p r o u t e d by t h e f o l l o w i n g September. Twenty-five of t h e s e p l a n t s , e v i d e n t l y f rom a p r i ~ i n t r o d u c t i o n by t h e BSFW, were f 3und gmwing and f r u i t i n g under t h e Casuar ina t r e e on t h e southwest p o r t i o n 3f t h e i s l a n d i n March 1967. By March 1969 t h e s e p l a n t s had occupied a l l t h e a r e a under t h e t r e e canopy, a n a r e a rough ly 25 f e e t i n d i a m e t e r . Nyc t ag i n a c e a e S i b l e y 1 0 1 (USNM), Young 134 (UH), Long 2321, 2323, 2324, 2328, 2336, 2337, 2350, 2351, 2352a (UH), S h e l t o n 402 (UH). F3und over most of t h e i s l a n d ; a s widespread a s E r a g r o s t i s but l e s s consp icuous . I n Scaevo la t h i c k e t s t h e s tems grow o v e r t h e s u r f a c e of t h e lower s h r u b s and form n e a r l y pure s t a n d s i n a few c e n t r a l openings i n t h e n o r t h - c e n t r a l i n t e r i 3 r ( F i g . 2 7 ) . O f t e n f 3und i n mixed s t a n d s w i t h Ipomoea. T h i s s p e c i e s ap- p e a r s t o be a p i m e e r i n sandy a r e a . F lowers vary i n c d o r f m m a l avender - p i n k t o w h i t e . A i zoaceae Sesuv ium p o r t u lacas t rum L. Wilder 6 (BPBM). Only ,3ne c o l l e c t im e x i s t s . It is p o s s i b l e t h a t d u r i n g t h e d e n u d a t i m of t h e i s l a n d t h e s i t e s on which t h i s comm.311 s p e c i e s is u s u a l l y found were d r i f t e d w i t h sand, t h u s c l z ~ s i n g t h e p r e f e r r e d eco- l 3 g i c a l n i c h e of a t h i n s o i l 3ver a mois t c o r a l l i n e hardpan. P o r t u lacaceae P o r t u l a c a l u t e a S o l . Wilder 9 ( B P ~ M ) a s P o r t u l a c a o l e r a c e a , Young 138 ( m ) , Long 2333 (UH), S h e l t o n 406 (UH). The Wilder c o l l e c t i o n was e v i d e n t l y misplaced s i n c e C h r i s t o p h e r s e n and Caum mention o n l y a f i e l d l a b e l . Not common a t ? r e s e n t . P l a n t s were found w e l l s c a t t e r e d i n sandy p e r i p h e r a l a r e a , p a r t i c u l a r l y a t t h e t o p of t h e s t o r m beach ( ~ i ~ . 2 8 ) a l o n g t h e margin of Figui.e 24. Cesuar ina t r e e s a t t o p 3f nor thwes t beach. Ymng Black- f'o3tell A l . b a t r x s i n fo reground , 6 June 1967. POBSP ph3tagraph by R.L. DeLmg. F i g l s e 25. Casuar ina t r e e s nea r p a l m m n o r t h e a s t p o r t i o n 3f i s l a n d , 19 June 1966. POBSP ph3tagraph by P.C. S h e l t ~ ~ n . Figure 27. ~ A l m x t pure s tand 3f B ~ e r h a v i a i n E r a g r o s t i s a s s o c i a t i a n i n t he ntlrth c e n t r a l i n t e r ! a r . Y7ung Laysan Albat ross i n mid- g rmnd . FOBSP ph3i3graph, 13 J m e 1965, by P.C. Shelton. Figure 28. P ~ r t u l a c a lu tea and E r a g r o s t i s , t 3 p of west beach. 19 June 1966. POBSP phA,~grarh by P.C. Shelton. t h e Scaevola a s s sc ia t ion . Some seedlings were abserved i n these a reas i n September 1964. P lan t s were i n bloom and had mature f r u i t s developed Leguminosae Young 137 ( U H ) . A s t e r i l e specimen tha t resembles Canavalia o r Vigna. Zygophyllaceae Tribulus c i s t o i d e s L. S ib ley 102 (USNM), Ywng 139 (UH) , Long 2348 (UH) , Shel ton 401 ( U H ) . Most common in sandy s o i l around outer r i m 3f i s land sn outer half sf Scae vola assoc i a t ion; decidedly l e s s csmmon i n t h e i n t e r i o r . Found i n a s soc ia t ion with Ipomoea, Eragrost i s , Boerhavia, and Scaevola. Nearly pure s tands found growing over dead or decadent Scaevola along t h e inner edge of the Scaevola a s soc ia t ion (Fig. 29) w i t h occas i sna l blackened dead patches i n dead Scaevola. I n fl3wer and with green f r u i t i n June 1566. Lecyt hidaceae Barr ingt onia a s i a t ica (L. ) Kurz. Seeds sowed by Wilder i n 1923 ( ~ h r i s t . s p h e r s e n and Caum, 1931: 15) . Not subsequently found. Convslvulaceae Ipomoea ind ica ( ~ u r m . f . ) Merr . Sibley 103 (USNM), Y~ung 140 (UH) , Long 2339, 2349 (uH), Shel t sn 408 ( U H ) . Commsn a s climber in Scaevsla, a f t e n covering and choking it (Fig . 30) . Widespread i n t h e Eragmst is associa t ion , o f t en f srming pure s tands on l eve l , sandy a reas i n the i n t e r i o r ( ~ i ~ . 31), and occas ional ly on the inward and seaward s lapes , In f u l l flower i n June 1966. Ipomoea pes-caprae (L. ) Sw . Shelton 404 (uH). A s i n g l e seedl ing found near the t o p of t h e beach on t h e nor th shore i n June 1966. Ipomc~ea s p . Tw3 poor specimens of an unident i f ied Ipomoea were seen i n 1914 by Elschner and a seed of Ipomoea was ,picked up inland by B a l l i n 1923 ( ~ h r i s t o p h e r s e n and Caum, 1931: 15) . F i g u r e 29. T r i b u l u s i n decadent S c a e w l a near t h e n o r t h s h o r e , 19 June ~ O B S P p h ~ t ~ q r a p h by P.C. S h e l t o n . Figlare 30. Ipom3ea i n d i c a g r m i n g over Scaevo la , 19 J u n e 1.965. POBSP phat3graph by P.C. S h e l t o n . Hydrophyl laceae Nama sandwicens i s var . Laysanicum Brand Wilder 8 (BPBM), Young 136 (UH), Long 2325, 2331 (uH), S h e l t o n 405 (UH). R a r e i n 1923, a t p r e s e n t s c a r c e ; s c a t t e r e d i n sand on t h e sou th , e a s t , and p a r t i c u l a r l y t h e northward f a c i n g s h o r e s . Occurs below o u t e r f r i n g e of Scaevo la ( F i g . 3 2 ) , o f t e n i n a s s o c i a t i o n w i t h Boerhav ia . Many s e e d l i n g s s e e d i n September 1964 and June 1966 and p l a n t s i n f l o w e r on t h e l a t t e r v i s i t . So lanaceae Nicot i a n a tabacum L. Repor ted t o be- growing i n s m a l l p a t c h e s on L i s i a n s k i i n 1914 by E l schner who s t a t e d t h a t i t had been i n t r o d u c e d by Cap ta in [Max] Schlemmer ( ~ h r i s t o p h e r s e n and Caum, 1931: 1 4 ) . Not found on any r e c e n t visi t . S.danum nigrum L. Long 2318 (uH), S h e l t o n 406, 407 (uH). Rare, s e v e r a l p l a n t s were found growing i n g r a v e l pocke t s i n c x a l r o c k j u s t above t h e h igh wa te r - l i n e on t h e e a s t s i d e i n September 1964. I n June 1966 t h r e e p l a n t s were found; two growing w i t h Ipomoea a t t h e i n n e r edge of t h e Scaevo la f r i n g e 3n t h e e a s t s i d e and ane n e a r t h e c e n t e r a f t h e i s l a n d (F ig . 33 ). P l a n t s were i n f l o w e r and w i t h f r u i t on b3 th visits. Cucurb i t aceae S icyos l a m o u r e a u x i i S t . John Young 135 (UH), Long 2314, 2317, 2356 (UH). The S i c y o s o c c u r r i n g h a s been d e s c r i b e d r e c e n t l y a s a new s p e c i e s by S t . John (1970) . Two a d d i t i o n a l specimens, Long 2315 (uH), S h e l t o n 403 (UH), were not men- t ioned by S t . John bu t a r e l i k e l y t h i s s p e c i e s . Common, but s c a t t e r e d ; on t h e e a s t and nor thwes t s i d e s o f t h e i s l a n d . O f t e n found c l imbing on Scaevo la (F ig . 3 4 ) . Some p a t c h e s o f dead S i c y o s found on dead Scaevola n e a r t h e n a r t h e a s t s h o r e i n June 1966 ( F i g . 3 5 ) . I n bloom and w i t h wel l -developed f r u i t s on t h a t v i s i t . Goodeniaceae Scaeva la t a c c a d a ( ~ a e r t n . ) Roxb. Young 131 (w) , Long 2322, 2326, 2330, 2334, 2340, 2341, 2342, 2343, 2344, 2345, 2352, 2353, 2354, 2355 (UH), S h e l t o n 412, 413 (UH). Forms found i n s c a t t e r e d p a t c h e s i n t h e i n t e r i o r . T h i c k e s t and t a l l e s t growth c c u r s on t h e s o u t h e a s t p o r t i o n o f t h e i s l a n d (F ig . 3 6 ) , a n a r e a r e l a - t i v e l y r e c e n t l y c o l o n i z e d . Figure 31. h r e s tand sf Ipsmcea indice withir! E : a g r g s t i s s s s o c i a t i s n ;n t h e i t l t e r i 3 r of t h e i s l a n d : 19 J ~ n e 1966. E,OSSP ~ h 3 t 3 - graph by P.C. S h e l t m . Figure 32. Narm s a n d w i c ~ n s i s v a r . laysanicurr! b e l o w the f r i n g e af Scaev3la on t he nxtvheast s h x e , 19 J m e 13%. PORSF photograph by F.C. She l . t m . F i g u r e 33. S:)lanum nigrun! n e a r c e n t e r of i s l a n d , 19 J u n e 1966. POBSP phcA3graph by P.C. S h e l t m . F i g u r e 34. S i c y o s growing w i t h T r i b u l u s and i n S c a e v o l a , 19 J u n e 1966. Ymng Laysan A L b a t r x s i n f ~ r e g r o u n d . FOBSP p h ~ t o g r a p h by F.C. S h e l t m . F i g u r e 35. Dead S i c y o s and Scaevo la nea r t h e n o r t h e a s t s h ~ r e , 19 June 1966. POBSP p h ~ t o g r a p h by P.C. S h e l t o n . F i g u r e 36. Lush S c a e v ~ l a an s m t h e a s t e r n p o r t i m 3f i s l a n d , 12 March 1964. L ~ ~ o k i n g e a s t - n o r t h e a s t f rm t h e s o u t h e a s t h igh p o i n t of t h e i s l a n d . POBSP p h a t ~ g r a p h by A.B. Amerson, Jr. FAUNA I n t r s d u c t i s n Desp i te having l a r g e s e a b i r d pspu la t i sn s , very l i t t l e has been r e p s r t e d absu t t h e t e r r e s t r i a l v e r t e b r a t e fauna s f L i s i a n s k i I s l a n d . Msst i n f ~ r r n a t i s n prisr t s r e c e n t i nves t i g a t i s n s has cons i s t ed sf s c a t t e r e d comments i n a v a r i e t y s f papers u s u a l l y l a r g e l y devsted t o s t u d i e s s f nearby La ysan I s l a n d st hsc h i l d , 1893-1500; Bai ley , 1956) sr appear ing i n p s o r l y known s s u r c e s ( ~ u n r o , 1941a g . s eq . ; Munter, 1915), sr appear ing i n papers t h a t cans idered a s p e c t s of che N ~ r t h w e s t e r n Hawaiian I s l a n d fauna a s a whsle ( ~ a i l e ~ , 1418, 1952a, 1552b; Wetmore, 1325; Richardssn, 1957) . S t i l l s t h e r papers c sn s ide r ed t h e s t a t u s of i n d i v i d u a l s p e c i e s ( ~ e n y s n and Rice, 1459; Rice and Kenysn, 1962) but t h e s e papers were der ived l a r g e l y f r sm a e r i a l ph3tsgraphs and f r sm t h e s can ty p r e - e x i s t i n g l i t e r a t u r e . Only t h e paper by Munter, wh3 was n s t very f a m i l i a r w i t h t h e av i fauna , a i tempted a csmplete l i s t s f t h e b i r a s seen on t he i s l a n d . H i s t s r i c a l l y on ly t h e papers by R s t h s c h i l d and Munro g i v e da t a on t h e s t a t u s sf' s p e c i e s p r i s r t s t h e t ime when t h e v e g e t a t i s n a f t h e i s l and was l a i d was te by in t roduced r a b b i t s . I n f s r m a t i s n i n t h e s e s s u r c e s is very scanty, s o s can ty i n f a c t t h a t i t i s impsss ib le t o adequa te ly e s t i - mate what t h e t o t a l b reed ing av i fauna may have been n s r t s o b t a i n any s u b s t a n t i a l idea sf' what t h e p spu l a t Lsns may have been l i k e . One wsnders, f sr example, i f t h e S ~ s t y Stsrm P e t r e l may n s t have ance s ccu r r ed on L i s i a n s k i but t h e h i s t o r i c a l d a t a is i n s u f f i c i e n t t s t e l l . The papers by b s t h Munter and Wetmsre, a s w e l l a s Wetmore's unpub- l i s h e d f i e l d notes , t aken i n c sn junct ion w i t h s e v e r a l o t h e r unpublished manuscr ipis f r sm t h e per i sd ca . 1915-1923, a t l e a s t a l low some idea s f t h e n a t u r e s f t h e fauna du r ing t h e pe r i sd when t h e i s l and was l a r g e l y denuded s f vege t a t i on . There have been a r e l a t i v e l y g r e a t e r number s f papers r e p s r t i n g sn t h e i n v e r t e b r a t e fauna, p a r t i c u l a r l y ax thropsds , l a r g e l y a s a r e s u l t s f t h e i n v e s t i g a t i s n s by t h e Tanager e x p e d i t i s n i n 1923 ( s e e Appendix Tables 2 and 3 ) . Ssme infsrrnat isn , n.s dsubt f a u n i s t i c a l l y i ncmp lece , has a l s o been rep . s r ted on t h e f i s h fauna . V i r t u a l l y a l l t h e s e papers have been l a r g e l y d i s t r i b u t i o n a l .sr taxonomic i n n a t u r e . I t i s ev iden t t h a t much y e t may be l e a r n e d about t h e occur rence and d i s t r i b u t i o n 3f t h e s e gr.sups s n L i s i a n s k i and c e r t a i n l y l i t t l e o r no th ing is known of t h e i r b io logy s r ecs l .sgy a s r ega rd s L i s i a n s k i I s l a n d . Th is r e p o r t d e a l s p r i m a r i l y w i t h t h e t e r r e s t r i a l v e r t e b r a t e fauna and w i th t h e vascu la r f l o r a , t h e a r e a s toward which t h e POBSP devoted m s s t of i t s e f f o r t s . Nonetheless , we have a t t empted t s i n d i c a t e t h e p r i n c i p a l accomplishments a f p r ev i su s surveys , p a r t i c u l a r l y w i t h r ega rd t o f a u n a l (and f l o r a l ) g r sups w i t h which t h i s r e p o r t is not csncerned. Appendix Tables 1 and 2 l i s t t h e i t i n e r a r i e s and personne l of t h e more impsr tan t b i s l o g i c a l su rveys and t h e p r i n c i p a l a c t i v i ~ i e s under taken. Appendix Tab le 3 summarizes papers d e a l i n g w i t h a l l g r3ups b u t b i r d s and h 3 p e f u l l y w i l l pr3ve u s e f u l t 3 th3se i n t e r e s t e d i n t a x a n3t c3n- s i d e r e d h e r e i n . The l a t t e r t a b l e l i s t s 52 papers d e a l i n g w i t h F r = t = z x (1); Aschelminthes (1); Annel ida (3 ); A r t h r q 3 d a (21) ; Ech imdermata ( 2 ) ; P i s c e s (3) R e p t i l i a ( 4 ) ; Mammalia ( 1 2 ) ; F l o r a (3 ); and g e z ~ p h y s i c a l phen3mena ( 2 ) . Al th3ugh t h e informa t i s n p r e s e n t e d i n a number 3f t h e s e papers i s r e l a t i v e l y t r i v i a l D r o n l y c o n s i s t s s f a t a x m 3 m i c a l l y r e v i s e d l i s t based on p r e v i o u s l y r e p x t ed d a t a , t h i s l i s t - ing shou ld a t l e a s t g i v e a f a i r l y r e p r e s e n t a t i v e p i c t u r e 3f what i s kn3wn ~ f t h e s e f a u n a l gr3ups 3n L i s i a n s k i . We have a t t e m p t e d t o s e a r c h t h g r s u g h l y a t l e a s t t h e m x e 3bvious l i t e r a t u r e s o u r c e s a v a i l a b l e t o us, bu t can make no c la ims a s t 3 t h e c3mpleteness of t h i s l i s t , p a r ~ i c u l a r l y a s r e g a r d s mare r e c e n t papers . Mammals and Rept i l e s Three s p e c i e s s f mammals and 3ne s p e c i e s 3f r e p t i l e a r e knawn t 3 have 3ccur red 3n L i s i a n s k i but tw3 3f t h e s e , t h e Eur3pean Rabb i t and an u n i d e n t i f i e d m3use o r r a L, were i n t r ~ d u c t ions t h a t s u r v i v e d but a s h x t w h i l e . The 3 t h e r mammal, t h e Hawaiian Mmk S e a l , and t h e r e p t i l e , t h e Green T u r t l e , a r e n a t i v e s p e c i e s t h a t have s u f f e r e d g r e a t l y over t h e y e a r s a s a r e s u l t s f p r e d a t i o n by man. Where a p p r a p r i a t e , t h e s p e c i e s a c c 3 u n t s f 3 r t h e s e an imals fo l low t h e f s r m a t t h a t is o u t l i n e d f o r b i r d s b e l w . I n a l l , 33 s p e c i e s 3f b i r d s have, been recorded f r3m L i s i a n s k i able 2 ) , b u t t h i s t o t a l i n c l u d e s t w 3 b i r d s ( a duck and a s a n d p i p e r ) w h x e s p e c i f i c i d e n t i t y is unknown. A l s ~ inc luded a r e sne s p e c i e s ( o s p r e y ) whose 3ccur rence is unconfirmed and an3 t her ( ~ a ~ s a n ail) which was a n u n s u c c e s s f u l i n t r 3 d u c t i o n . O f che remain ing 29 s p e c i e s , 17 a r e s e a b i r d s . a l l 3f which, ex- cepLing t h e vagrant J o u a n i n ' s P e t r e l , f o r m e r l y bred 3n t h e i s l a n d . F i f t e e n s p e c i e s s t ill breed 3n L i s i a n s k i but t h e p r e s e n t b r e e d i n g s t a t us of a 1 6 t h ( ~ u l w e r ' s p e t r e l ) s t i l l r e q u i r e s c l a r i f i c a t i3n . Indeed, m9re t h a n o n e - t h i r d of a l l s u r v e y s of L i s i a n s k i t h a t o b t a i n e d some u s e f u l d a t a 3n p s p u l a t i o n s sr b r e e d i n g s t a t u s t ~ k p l a c e i n March. N m e t h e l e s s , recenL s b s e r v a t i m s s u g g e s t t h a t t h e r e a r e s3me, f 3r t h e most p a r t , ap- p a r e n t l y r a c h e r s l i g h t , d i f f e r e n c e s i n b r e e d i n g c y c l e s f r3m t h x e 3bserved on t h e n e a r e s t s e a b i r d c 3 l a n i e s , t h 3 s e on Laysan I s l a n d able 3 ) . O f t h e 1 0 remaining s p e c i e s , 12 a r e s h x e b i r d s , bu t o n l y 5 of t h e s e u s u a l l y 3ccur on L i s i a n s k i d u r i n g m i g r a t i o n . The two a d d i t i s n a l s p e c i e s a r e g u l l s t h a t have r e l a t i v e l y se ldam been recorded fr3m L i s i a n s k i a s csmpared w i t h i ts ne ighbor ing a t o l l s . The r e l a t i v e p a u c i t y 3f a c c i d e n t a l s p e c i e s r ecorded fr3m L i s i a n s k i , a s c x p a r e d w i t h o t h e r nea rby Nsr thwes te rn Hawa i i a n I s l a n d s , probably r e f l e c t s i n p a r t t h e g r e a t e r homogeneity 3f h a b i t a t found on L i s i a n s k i , bu t l i k e l y a l s o r e f l e c t s t h e r e l a t i v e in f requency w i t h which a b s e r v a t i a n s have been made t h e r e . It seems l i k e l y t h a t f u r t h e r o b s e r v a t i m s d u r i n g t h e s p r i n g and f a l l may c o n s i d e r a b l y e x t e n d t h e l i s t o f b i r d s kn3wn f rom t h e i s l a n d . A s on Laysan I s l a n d , a l l b r e e d i n g s p e c i e s have a d i s t i n c t a n n u a l c y c l e , t h e p r e c i s e t i m i n g 3f wh ich may v a r y s3mewhat f rom y e a r t o y e a r . F o u r s p e c i e s , B lack - f 3 o t e d A l b a t r x s , Laysan A l b a t r 3 s s , Bon in P e t r e l and B l a c k Noddy, have peak b r e e d i n g p e r i o d s f r 3 m t h e w i n t e r t h r 3 u g h t h e e a r l y ( n o r t h e r n ) summer. The r e m a i n d e r o f t h e b r e e d i n g s p e c i e s b r e e d p r i m a r i l y f r o m March 3r A p r i l t h r 3 u g h September o r O c t o b e r ( T a b l e 3 ) , a l t h 3 u g h s e v e r a l 3f t h e s e s p e c i e s ( e . g . , B l u e - f a c e d Booby, Brown Nz~ddy, Whi t e ern) may x c a s i m a l l y 3r e v e n r e g u l a r l y have a t l e a s t a few i n d i - v i d u a l s n e s t i n g i n e v e r y m ~ n t h o f t h e y e a r . Most s p e c i e s b r e e d i n g 3n L i s i a n s k i , however, have a p e r i o d o f a t l e a s t one t 3 s e v e r a l m ~ n t h s when n3 b i r d s a r e b r e e d i n g and when p 3 p u l a t i o n s a r e marked ly r e d u c e d o r e n t i r e l y a b s e n t ( e . g . , t h e a l b a t r o s s e s , s h e a r w a ~ e r s , Bon in P e t r e l , Gray-backed and S o z ~ t y ~ e r n s ) . Our d a t a on t h e x c u r r e n c e and p 3 p u l a t i 3 n and b r e e d i n g c y c l e s f 3 r t h e b i r d s 3f L i s i a n s k i a r e much m2re l i m i t e d t h a n f o r s e v e r a l 3f t h e 3t he r N 3 r t h w e s t e r n Hawa i i an I s l a n d s , s i n c e v e r y few o b s e r v a c i o n s have been made i n t h e p e r i s d f r 3 m O c t ~ b e r t h r o u g h F e b r u a r y a able 4 ) . T a b l e 2 . The a v i f a u n a o f L i s i a n s k i I s l a n d Maximum Es t ima t e s i n c e 1 9 6 0 and Taxa C u r r e n t S t a t u s when r e c ~ r d e d ORDER PROCELLAR IIFORMES FAMILY DIOMEDE IDAE D i ~ m e d e a n i g r i p e s B l a c k - f m t e d A l b a t r o s s Diz~medea i m m u t a b i l i s Laysan A l b a t r ~ s FAMILY PROCELLARIIDAE P t e r z~drz~ma h y p ~ l e u c a B o n i n P e t r e l B u l w e r i a b u l w e r i i B u l w e r ' s P e t r e l +Bulw e r i a f a l l a x J o u a n i n ' s P e t r e l P u f f i n u s pac if i c u s Wedge-t a i l e d Shea rwa t e r Common b r e e d e r Common b r e e d e r Abundant b r e e d e r U n c e r t a i n , f o r m e r l y b r e d Acc iden ta .1 ( o n e r e c o r d ) Abundant b r e e d e r 3,000-4,000* Mar. 1464 8, ooo* J u n e 1966 1 , 0 0 0 , 0 0 0 Mar. 1965 "a few " J u l y 1965 I S e p t . 1967 500 ,000 J u n e 1967 c: ,: / C Table 2. (cont inued ) Maximum Es t ima t e s i n c e 1960 and Taxa Current St a t us when recorded Puff inus nat i v i t a t i s Common breeder 2,000 Christmas Shearwater June 1967 ORDER PELE CAN LFORMES FAMILY PHAETHONTIDAE Phaet hon rubricauda Comm.sn breeder Red- t a i l e d Tropicbird FAMILY SULIDAE Sula d a c t y l a t r a Blue-faced Booby Sula leucogas te r Brswn Booby Sula s u l a -- Red-footed Booby FAMILY FREGATIDAE Fregat a minor Great F r i ga t eb i rd ORDER ANSERIFORMES FAMILY ANATIDAE Duck sp . ORDER FALCONIFORMES FAMILY PANDIONIDAE Pandion ha l i ae t us Os.prey FAMILY FALCONIDAE +Falco peregr inus Peregr ine Falcon ORDER GRUIFORMES FAMILY RALLIDAE Porzanula palmer i Laysan R a i l 4,500 June 1967 Common breeder 1,200 act. 1966 Uncsrmsn breeder 2 00 Oct. 1966 Common breeder 3,000 June 1967 Commsn breeder Ext i n c t Hypothet ical 2,000-3,000 Mar. 1965 Not present Not recorded Accidental 1 (one r eco rd ) Mar. 1965 Introduced i n 1913, Not present now ext inc t Table 2. (cont inued 1 Maximum Est imate s i n c e 1960 and Taxa - Current S t a t u s when recorded ORDER CHAFADRIIFORMES FAMILY CHARADRIIDAE +Charadrius semipalmat us Accident a 1 Semi~almat ed Plover (one r eco rd ) +Charadrius mongolus Accident a 1 Mongolian P h v e r (one r eco rd ) Pluv i a l i s dominica Abundant migrant Golden Plover +Squat a r o l a squat a r o l a Rare v i s i t x Black-bel l ied Pl2ver (tw3 r e c x d s ) FAMILY SCOLOPAC IDAE Numenius t a h i t iens i s Common migrant Br i s t l e - th ighed Curlew +Limasa lappanica Accident a 1 Bar- t a i l e d Godw i t (one r eco rd ) Heteroscelus incanum Uncommon migrant Kander ing T a t t l e r Arenaria i n t e rpres Abundant migrant Ruddy Turnst one Crocethia a lba Sander1 ing Unc3mmm migrant +Erol ia melanotos ,3r Accident a 1 acuminata (3ne r e c x d ) P e c t x a l 3r Sharp- ta i led Sandpiper FAMILY LAR IDAE +Lar us a rgent a t us Accident a 1 Herring G u l l (one r eco rd ) +Lar us glaucescens Rare v i s i t o r Glaucous-w inged G u l l (two r eco rds ) 2,000 Mar. 1965 2 Mar. 1965 200 Feb. 1963 I Mar. 1964 25 Mar. 1968 1,000-2,000 Mar. 1965 2 0 Feb. 1963, Mar. 1964 I Oct. 1966 1 Feb. 1963 I Mar. 1965 Mar. 1968 T a t l e 2 . ( c 3nt inued ) Maximum Es t ima t e s i n c e 1960 and Taxa Cur ren t S t a t us when recorded S t e r n a l u n a t a -- C,3mmon b r e e d e r 15 ,000 Gray-backed Tern June 196'7 S t e r n a f u s c a t a S m t y Tern Amus s t d i d u s Brown Noddy Abundant b r e e d e r ~ , 7 0 0 , 0 0 0 June 1967 C3mmon b r e e d e r 15,000 June 1967 An3us t e n u i r 3 s t r is Common b r e e d e r 5 ,000 Black Noddy June 1966 Gygis a l b a -- White Tern Uncommon breeder * E s t i m a t e i s 3f t h e b reed ing p o p u l a t i m . A l l o t h e r e s t i m a t e s a r e 3f t h e maximum number of f l y i n g b i r d s p r e s e n t . + I n d i c a t e s s p e c i e s was unknown from L i s i a n s k i p r i o r t o POBSP i n v e s t i g a t i o n s . T a b l e 3 . Breeding c y c l e s of s e a b i r d s on L i s i a n s k i I s l a n d compared w i t h b reed ing c y c l e s on Laysan I s l a n d . P r imary Breeding P e r i o d on Pr imary Breed ing Per iod ,m S p e c i e s Laysan I s l and* L i s i a n s k i I s l a n d Black-f oo ted A l b a t r o s s Laysan A l b a t r o s s Bonin P e t r e l Wedge- t a i l e d Shearwater Chr is tmas Shearwat e r R e d - t a i l e d T r o p i c b i r d mid-November t o mid- J u l y mid-November t o e a r l y J u l y mid-January t . 2 l a t e June June t o November mid-Apr il t o e a r l y October l a t e A p r i l t o e a r l y Oc tober S i m i l a r S i m i l a r , p o s s i b l y somewhat e a r l i e r . S i m i l a r S i m i l a r S i m i l a r , a p p a r e n t l y s l i g h t l y e a r l i e r (1966) o r l a t e r (1967) i n some s e a s o n s . Table 3 . (cont inued) P r irnary Breeding Period on Primary Breeding Period on Spec ies Laysan Island* L i s i a n s k i I s l and Blue-faced Booby l a t e March t o September Brown Booby Red-f ooted Booby l a t e March t o October March t o September Great F r i g a t e b i r d March t o October Gray-backed Tern March t o e a r l y August Sooty Tern Brown Noddy Black Noddy White Tern e a r l y A p r i l t o e a r l y September March t o September November t o J u l y A p r i l o r May t o August I n i t i a t i o n of peak breeding is c o n s i s t e n t l y c a . 2-4 weeks e a r l i e r . S imi l a r , bu t i n i t i a t i o n of l ay ing may be e a r l i e r i n some years (1965), l a t e r i n o t h e r s (1966) . S imi l a r , b u t i n i t i a t i o n of l ay ing may be s l i g h t l y e a r l i e r i n some years ( 1964, 1967, 1968), l a t e r i n o t h e r s (1965, 1966, 1969) S imi l a r , with i n i t i a t i o n of l ay ing perhaps s l i g h t l y l a t e r i n some yea r s (1965, 1966?, 1968) . Simi l a r , pos s ib ly cyc le t ends t o be i n i t i a t e d somewhat e a r l i e r i n some years (1965, poss ib ly 1966). S imi l a r , bu t i n some seasons (1965, 1966, p o s s i b l y a l s o 1964, 1968) i s appa ren t ly s l i g h t l y e a r l i e r . Simi l a r . May tend t o l a t e r i n i t i a t i o n of l ay ing . Probably s i m i l a r . Recent sp r ing and summer observa t ions suggest t h a t L i s i a n s k i cyc l e s dur ing t h e s e per iods a r e somewhat i n advance of t hose on Laysan. S imi l a r * Data from E ly and Clapp (1973). The timespan indica ted i s t h a t per iod through which t h e ma jo r i t y of eggs and/or dependent, non-f lying young a r e p r e s e n t . + That t h e d a t a do not show any c l e a r d i f f e r e n c e i n breeding cyc le s between Laysan and L i s i a n s k i does not n e c e s s a r i l y mean t h a t such d i f f e r e n c e s may not e x i s t . 56 T a b l e 4. Months of 3 c c u r r e n c e of non-breeding b i r d s on L i s i a n s k i b l a n d * S p e c i e s - Feb. Mar. Apr. May June J u l y Aug. Sep t . Oct . Bulwer ' s pe t re l** J o u a n i n ' s P e t r e l Duck sp.*** 0s prey+ P e r e g r i n e F a l c s n La ysan Ra i l + + X Semipalmated P l o v e r Mongslian P lover Golden P lover X B l a c k - b e l l i e d P l o v e r B r i s t l e - t highed Curlew X Bar- t a i l e d Gsdw it Wandering T a t t l e r X Ruddy Turns t m e X S a n d e r l i n g X P e c t o r a l o r Sharp- t a i l e d Sandpiper Her r ing G u l l X Glaucous-winged G u l l * T h i s t a b l e s n l y i n c l u d e s months d u r i n g which s b s e r v a t i o n s were a c t u a l l y made s n L i s i a n s k i . Data f : s r t h e months s f February , A p r i l , and October t ire based .sn bu t a s i n g l e su rvey . It seems r e a s o n a b l e t o assume t h a t t h e more abundant m i g r a n t s s u c h a s t u r n s t o n e s , t a t t l e r s , cu r l ews and G d d e n P l o v e r s a r e p r e s e n t i n most, i f not a l l , o t h e r months a s w e l l . ** May breed, but p r e s e n t b reed ing unconfirmed. *** No l o n g e r p r e s e n t . Undoubtedly occur red th r3ugh3ut t h e y e a r i f i t was a n endemic s p e c i e s sr s u b s p e c i e s . +Occurrence hypothet i c a l . ++An i n t r 3 d u c t i o n t h a t , w h i l e p r e s e n t , und3ubtedly x c u r r e d t h r u g h o u t t h e y e a r . S p e c i e s Accounts I n t h e f o l l o w i n g s p e c i e s acc3unts , t h e c3mmon names ,sf s e a b i r d s f o l l o w King (1967) . Names o f s p e c i e s not inc luded i n t h a t manual f o l l o w s t a n d a r d r e f e r e n c e s such a s t h e A . 0. U. C h e c k l i s t (1957) . Taxonomic o r d e r f o l l o w s t h a t of P e t e r ' s (1931, 1934, 1937) C h e c k l i s t of B i r d s of t h e World, volumes I, 11, and 111, w i t h t h e excep t i o n of t h e P r o c e l l a r i i f s r m e s , which f o l l o w Alexander e t a l . (1965), t h e C h a r a d r i i d a e and Sco lopac idae which f o l l o w J e h l (1968x a n d t h e S u l i d a e , which f o l l o w t h e A.O.U. C h e c k l i s t (1957) . The taxonomic o r d e r u t i l i z e d f o r mammalian s p e c i e s f o l l o w s T.3mich (1969) . A s t a n d a r d f x m a t i s used f o r each s p e c i e s a s i n d i c a t e d below: S t a t u s : In tended t o p r a v i d e a very b r i e f summary of t h e 3ccur rence and a c t i v i t y of each s p e c i e s w h i l e on L i s i a n s k i . Inc luded a r e : A . R e l a t i v e abundance: F o r b r e e d i n g s e a b i r d s t h e f o l l o w i n g s c a l e is used: T u n d a n t - - p e a k p o p u l a t i m s i n e x c e s s 3f 50,000 i n d i v i d u a l s ; ( 2 ) common--peak p3pu la t ims of about 1,000-50,000 i n d i v i d u a l s (3 ) un- cmrn3n--peak p 3 p u l a t i m s 3f 500 i n d i v i d u a l s 3r l e s s . These l i m i t s were c h ~ s e n because e s t i m a t e d p o p u l a t i o n s o f a l l s p e c i e s f o r t h e most p a r t f a l l r e a d i l y w i t h i n 3ne 3f t h e s e c a t e g a r i e s . A d i f f e r e n t s c a l e i s used f o r t r a n s i e n t s h x e b i r d s and v a g r a n t s because of t h e much s m a l l e r numbers invo lved : (1) abundant--peak p ~ p u l a t i o n s i n e x c e s s of 1 , 0 0 0 i n d i v i d u a l s ; (2 ) commm--peak p o p u l a t i o n s of 100-1,000 i n d i v i d u a l s ; (3 ) uncommon-- r e g u l a r i n x c u r r e n c e bu t peak p 3 p u l a t i o n s l e s s t h a n 100 i n d i v i d u a l s ; ( 4 ) r a r e - - h a s occur red 3n L i s i a n s k i two t i m e s o r m x e bu t numbers of - i n d i v i d u a l s always ve ry s m a l l ; (5) a c c i d e n t a l - - h a s been r e c o r d e d bu t once from L i s i a n s k i . B. S t a t us: Two c a t e g o r i e s a r e used f 3r t h e s p e c i e s r e g u l a r l y oc- c u r r i n g on L i s i a n s k i : (1) -- breeder - -a s p e c i e s b r e e d i n g on t h e i s l a n d ; va ry ing numbers of non-breeding b i r d s (o f heal o r i g i n , from o t h e r i s l a n d , o r b o t h ) may be p r e s e n t d u r i n g t h e non-nes t ing season; ( 2 ) migrant --a s p e c i e s t h a t visi ts t h e i s l a n d p r i m a r i l y d u r i n g non- reproduc t ive pe r iods ; may visit t h e i s l a n d o n l y b r i e f l y w h i l e i n t r a n s i t e l sewhere o r may remain f o r a s u b s t a n t i a l pe r iod , u s u a l l y d u r i n g t h e w i n t e r months. C. Maximum r e c e n t e s t i m a t e : These a r e maximum e s t i m a t e s o b t a i n e d d u r i n g t h e 1 9 6 0 ' s . A l l ex t reme e s t i m a t e s have been e v a l u a t e d and th .3se t h a t we b e l i e v e a r e p m b a b l y e r roneous a r e e n c l o s e d i n b r a c k e t s i n t h e a p p r o p r i a t e t a b l e of b s e r v a t ions sr wherever ment i . m e d i n t h e t e x t . These e s t i m a t e s and t h o s e i n t h e o b s e r v a t i o n t a b l e s a r e of t h e maximum number of f l y i n g b i r d s p r e s e n t d u r i n g any one s u r v e y u n l e s s o t h e r w i s e i n d i c a t e d . Such an e s t i m a t e i n c l u d e s b o t h b r e e d i n g and non-breeding a d u l t s a s w e l l a s r e c e n t l y f l e d g e d young and f l y i n g immature and s u b a d u l t b i r d s . It does not i n c l u d e t h e number of unfledged, dependent young p r e s e n t on t h e i s l a n d . D. P e r i o d p r e s e n t : The i n c l u s i v e p e r i o d of u s u a l p resence on L i s i a n s k i i s i n d i c a t e d . P e r i o d of absence, if known, i s a l s o noted. E. N e s t i n g p e r i o d : I n d i c a t e s t h a t span o f t i m e when t h e m a j o r i t y of b i r d s has eggs o r dependent young. F. Nes t ing a r e a : A summary s t a t e m e n t t h a t i n c l u d e s b o t h t h e usua l n e s t i n g h a b i t a t and t h e a r e a s most u t i l i z e d on t h e i s l a n d . Popu la t i a n s : A l l a v a i l a b l e d a t a ( p u b l i s h e d and unpub l i shed) cn p o p u l a t i o n s i z e and b r e e d i n g s t a t u s of r e g u l a r l y o c c u r r i n g r e p r e s e n t a t i v e s of t h e a v i f a u n a a r e summarized i n a c h r o n o l o g i c a l t a b l e . Where a v a i l a b l e , a c t up1 w u n t s o r numerical. popu1a.t i o n e s t i m a t e s a r e p r e s e n t e d ; when un- a v a i l a b l e , mnre q u a l i t a t i v e d a t a a r e g i v e n . Absence of? d a t a i n t h e s e t a b l e s is i n d i c a t e d by a q u e s t i s n mark. I f a g i v e n survey f a i l e d t o mention t h e occur rence of a s p e c i e s , t h i s su rvey is omi t t ed f r sm t h e c h r o n o l o g i c a l l i s t i n g . Where s u f f i c i e n t d a t a e x i s t , t h e v a r i a t i o n in populat i m e s t i m a t e s is d i s c u s s e d . Many of t h e e s t i m a t e s a r e q u i t e s u b j e c t i v e and t h u s may e r r t s a g r e a t e r o r l e s s e r degree . T h i s is probably p a r t i c u l a r l y t r u e f o r s p e c i e s w i t h very l a r g e popula t ions and f o r s p e c i e s t h a t a r e p r i - m a r i l y n o c t u r n a l . I n g e n e r a l , e s t i m a t e s a r e be l i eved t a be more t r u s t - wsr thy f o r su rveys t h a t handled l a r g e numbers sr a l a r g e p r a p a r t i o n of b i r d s p r e s e n t sr f o r s u r v e y s d u r i n g which adequa te c s u n t s o r sample coun ts were made. E s t i m a t e s o f b reed ing p o p u l a t i s n s a r e c l e a r l y d i s t i n g u i s h e d f rom t o t a l p o p u l a t i o n e s t i m a t e s i n b o t h t a b l e s and t e x t . Such e s t i m a t e s u s u a l l y r e p r e s e n t t w i c e t h e number s f n e s t s w i t h c o n t e n t s and/or t h e number af dependent, non-fledged young. Thus b reed ing p s p u l a t ions , i n a l e s s r e - s t r i c t e d sense , may a c t u a l l y be l a r g e r t h a n i n d i c a t e d , even i f e s t i m a t e s a r e r e l a t i v e l y h i g h l y a c c u r a t e . Breeding populat i 3 n e s t i m a t e s would l i k e l y be low bo th a t t h e beginning of t h e n e s t i n g season when t h e number s f c s u r t i n g and p a i r e d p r e - l a y i n g b i r d s may be omi t t ed f rom t h e e s t i m a t e and a t t h e end of t h e n e s t i n g s e a s s n when t h e number sf b i r d s w i t h f l e d g e d , ye t dependent, young may be omi t t ed . Annual Cycle: A g e n e r a l i z e d annua l c y c l e based c h i e f l y on observa- t i o n a l d a t a i s p r e s e n t e d . Where a c t u a l o b s e r v a t i o n s a r e l a c k i n g , i n t e r p o l a t ions based on incubat ion and f l e d g l i n g p e r i 3 d s a r e o f t e n u t i l i z e d . V a r i a t i o n i n t h e n e s t i n g c y c l e is d i s c u s s e d a s a r e such t o p i c s a s b reed ing peaks and t h e b r sad o u t l i n e s of t h e c y c l e . Ecsl3gy: Th is i n c l u d e s such d a t a a s h a b i t a t p r e f e r e n c e . A. Breeding: Both h i s t o r i c a l and r e c e n t d a t a a r e p r e s e n t e d and where p o s s i b l e , t h e two a r e compared. D e t a i l s concerning p r e f e r r e d n e s t i n g a r e a s and n e s t s i t e s a r e inc luded . B. Non-breeding: U t i l i z a t i o n of t h e i s l a n d by non-breeding b i r d s is d i s c u s s e d on t h e b a s i s of a v a i l a b l e data. . Specimens: To o u r knowledge, t h e g r e a t m a j o r i t y of museum s k i n s of t h e b i r d s o f L i s i a n s k i is housed i n t h e N a t i o n a l Museum of N a t u r a l H i s t o r y (usNM). We have inc luded b r i e f s t a t e m e n t s o r t a b u l a t i a n s i n d i c a t i n g where a l l specimens of whose e x i s t e n c e we a r e aware a r e c u r r e n t l y l o c a t e d . Lo- c a t i o n of a d d i t i o n a l specimens ( a l c o h o l i c s and s k e l e t o n s ) is a l s o b r i e f l y n s t e d . Hopefully, t h i s i n f o r m a t i m may be u s e f u l t a t h o s e who may be i n t e r e s t e d i n s t u d y i n g t h s s e f a c e t s of b i r d b io logy t h a t can be determined f rom such m a t e r i a l . It should a l s o i n d i c a t e a r e a s i n which f u t u r e c o l l e c t - i n g might prove most p r o f i t a b l e . Banding - and Movements: From 1963 t h r o u g h 1968, 65,163 b i r d s of 19 s p e c i e s were banded on L i s i a n s k i . Of' t h i s t s t a l , 98.5% were banded by t h e POBSP a able 5 ) . I n e a c h s p e c i e s account t h e number banded on each v i s i t d u r i n g t h i s p e r i o d i s b r i e f l y s t a t e d o r t a b u l a t e d by age c l a s s and s e x when known. I n t e r i s l a n d m3vements r e c x d e d f rom POBSP-banded b i r d s and i n v 3 l v i n g L i s i a n s k i I s l a n d a r e b r i e f l y summarized i n each a c c s u n t w i t h d e t a i l s 3f t h e banding and r e c a p t u r e l i s t e d i n Appendix Tab les . A sum- mary 3f t h e ~ v e r a l l number of i n t e r i s l a n d r e c a p t u r e s 3r r e c o v e r i e s i s g i v e n i n Tab le 6. B i r d s - BLACK-FOOTED ALBATROSS Diomedea n i g r i p e s S t a t us C 3 m m m b reeder ; maximum r e c e n t e s t i m a t e 3f b reed ing p q m l a t i o n 3 ,000-4,000. P r e s e n t fr3m a b ~ u t l a t e Oct3ber th rough l a t e J u l y w i t h b r e e d i n g x c u r r i n g a lmost throughout t h i s per iod; absen t remainder 3f y e a r . Nes t s on ground, p r i n c i p a l l y i n 3pen a r e a s around t h e pe r imete r 3f t h e i s l a n d . Recent e s t i m a t e s a able 7 ) , a l t h o u g h v a r i a b l e , sugges t March t 3 June b reed ing p3pula t ions on t h e o r d e r of 2 ,000 t 3 4 ,000 b i r d s . T h i s f i g u r e is somewhat l ~ w e r t h a n t h e 5 , 4 0 0 d e r i v e d by Rice and Kenym from a e r i a l s u r v e y s i n 1957. I n view of t h e d i f f e r e n c e s i n methods 3f e s t i m a t i o n and i n t h e p e r i 3 d s d u r i n g which v a r i o u s r e c e n t e s t i m a t e s were made, t h e f i g - u r e s a r e p r ~ b a b l y mt s i g n i f i c a n t l y d i f f e r e n t . The t h r e e e a r l y e s t i m a t e s (1913, 1915, 1923) a r e n o t c ~ n s i s t e n t , nor p r ~ b a b l y comparable i n t e r s e . W e t m x e ' s May (1923) e s t i m a t e , c e r t a i n l y t h e most a c c u r a t e 3f t h e t h r e e , c3mpares q u i t e f a v o r a b l y w i t h r e c e n t June (1966, 156:) e s t i m a t e s . Annual Cycle O b s e r v a t i m s 3n b r e e d i n g s t a t u s a t d i f f e r e n t t i m e s of y e a r a r e f a r l e s s d e t a i l e d and e x t e n s i v e t h a n f o r nea rby Laysan I s l a n d ( ~ 1 ~ and Clapp, 1..97 3 ) , but what d a t a a r e a v a i l a b l e i n d i c a t e no d i f f e r e n c e s i n t h e b r e e d i n g c y c l e . B i r d s presumably r e t u r n t o t h e i s l a n d i n l a t e October o r e a r l y November and eggs a r e p robab ly p r e s e n t from t h e l a t t e r h a l f of November t h r ~ u g h January . The e a r l i e s t d a t e .3n which young have been recorded i s 9 March (1961), bu t t h e s i z e 3f t h e young s e e n t h e n and on o t h e r March visi ts makes i t c l e a r t h a t young a r e p m b a b l y p r e s e n t f3r a t l e a s t one 3r two months p rev ious t o March. Young e v i d e n t l y f l e d g e from June t h r s u g h J u l y and perhaps e a r l y August . Breeding: Almost a l l . ~ b s e r v e r s wh3 have n'3ted t h e n e s t i n g a r e a .3f t h i s s p e c i e s have i n d i c a t e d t h a t i t n e s t e d p r i m a r i l y a l o n g t h e p e r i m e t e r of t h e i s l a n d . Munter (1915: 1 3 5 ) i s t h e o n l y e x c e p t i o n . He r e p o r t e d t h a t Black- f o t e d A l b a t r x s "were f ~ u n d s c a t t e r e d a l l over t h e i s l a n d , but were mare t h i c k l y s e t t l e d a l o n g t h e s h o r e s . 'I Table 5. Banding t o t a l s , by year, ,3f b i r d s banded on L i s i ansk i by the POBSP and BSFW m 0 T3ta l s Banded S pec i e s 1963 1964 ip65 15 66 1967 1968 Tota ls by POBSP Black-fo3ted Albatross Laysan A l b a t r x s Bonin P e t r e l Wedge- t a i l e d Shearwat e r 1 Christmas Shearwater 7 Red-tai led Tropicbird 1 Blue-faced Booby 23 8 Br3wn Bo3by 3 Red-f3oted B3oby 10 Great Fr i ga t eb i rd 58 G3lden Plover B r i s t l e - t highed Curlew 3 Wander ing T a t t l e r Ruddy Turns tone 2 8 Gray-backed Tern Sooty Tern Brown Noddy Black Noddy White Tern 200 3 0 1 500 500 65 189 S 2 61 12 7 1 7 7 6, goo 110 30 T o t a l s 349 8,961 13,062 30,999 11,532 2 60 65,163 64,192 * T3ta l includes s e v e r a l b i rds t h a t were double-banded. Black-footed Albatross Blue-f aced Bwby Brown B30by Red-footed Booby ;reat F r i ga t eb i rd Ruddy Turns t one Sooty Tern Brown Noddy Black Noddy Tota l ( t o ) Recent o b s e r v e r s emphasize t h a t Black-f3oted A l b a t r 3 s s nes ted p r i m a r i l y 3n t h e sandy beaches, u s u a l l y a t t h e t ~ p 3f t h e beach c r e s t 3r 3 c c a s i o n a l l y i n open sandy c u t s runn ing inward frgm t h e beach. On s n e s u r v e y arch, 1965) a very few y3ung were f3und i n E r a g r 3 s t i s some d i s t a n c e f rom t h e beach. On s e v e r a l su rveys d i s t i n c t c o n c e n t r a t i o n s 3f n e s t i n g b i r d s were n3 ted . One a r e a 3f 3pen sand ex tend ing inward fr3m t h e s o u t h e a s t c x n e r of t h e i s l a n d seemed p a r t i c u l a r l y f a v x e d . Nes t ing e m c e n t r a t i o n s were r e p x t e d frsm t h i s a r e a sn n s l e s s than t h r e e visits (February, 1963; June, 1967; March, 1968) . Somewhat s f a c o n c e n t r a t i s n was f sund i n t h e n s r t h e a s t c 3 r n e r a l m g t h e edge 3f t h e Scaevola i n February 1563. I n June 1967 3 b s e r v e r s f3und them c 3 n s i d e r a b l y more c.3mmon n e s t i n g s n t h e west r a t h e r t h a n on t h e e a s t beach. Most i n d i v i d u a l s u s u a l l y n e s t 3n t h e beaches sf t h e s 3 u t h e r n t h i r d of t h e i s l a n d , presumably because t h e l a r g e r , m3re 3pen beaches a f f o r d m3re n e s t s i t e s . N.m-breeding: Wandering ysung t h a t have no t y e t bred and presumably non-breeding a d u l t s a r e o f t e n found i n t h e b reed ing a r e a s . Other n m - b r e e d i n g b i r d s d i s p e r s e wide ly a t sea , p r i m a r i l y t o t h e n 3 r t h of t h e Nx-thwestern Hawaiian I s l a n d s . S s e c imens Apparen t ly , snly t w , 3 specimens s f Black-fo.3ted A l b a t r o s s e s have been c 3 l l e c t e d f r s m L i s i a n s k i . Wetmore c 3 l l e c t e d t w 3 a d u l t males i n 1923, one (usNM 300828) on 1 7 May and t h e . o t h e r (USNM 380829) t h e f sl- lowing day. I n ciciclition, t w ? hycricis 3f his s p e c i e s zqci t h e bye-an A L b a t r . 3 ~ ~ were 9 1 ~ 3 c3Liec ted by t h e PO5SI'. 83 th were meles , sne of' t h e ? c s i l e c t e j . L L Iciarch 1963 (USNM 1[93:1i.8), t h e : ~ t h e r ?O i b r c h 1.965 ( UENM 94 33b 3) . Banding and Msvement s A t . 3 t a l of 702 young Black- fos ted A l b a t r o s s have been banded s n L i s i a n s k i , 200 by t h e BSFW and 502 by t h e POBSP (Table 8 ) . A " l o c a l " (= l a r g e young) banded by t h e POBSP i n June 1967 was r e c a p t u r e d a t s e a t h r e e m m t h s l a t e r . I n a d d i t i s n a n a d u l t banded on Kure A t d l i n January 1964 was r e c a p t u r e d s n L i s i a n s k i i n March 1965 ( s e e Appendix Tab les 4a, 4 b ) . T a b l e 7 . O b s e r v a t i s n s of Black-footed A l b a t r o s s on L i s i a n s k i I s l a n d Populat i o n Date of Survey E s t i m a t e Breeding S t a t us, Remarks and Refe rences 1828 3 Apr. comm3n Occurrence n3t ed by Isenbeck ( ~ 3 t h s c h i l d 1893-1900: i i i ) . 1891 29 June- v e r y s c a r c e (palmer i n Rot h s c h i l d , 1893-1900: x i ) ; 4 J u l y l a r g e y3zg p r e s e n t ( ~ u n r . s , 1942: 8 ) . 1913 1 2 Mar. 690* ( ~ i l l e t t , ins. ); a p p a r e n t l y more numerous t h a n Laysan A l b a t r o s s ( ~ a i l e y , 1952a: 1 3 ) . Tab le 7 . ( c m t i n u e d ) Popula t i m Date 2f Survey Es t imate Breeding S t a t us, Remarks and References 24 Mar. 15-20 May 13 May 26 Mar. 8 May 7 Jan . 28 Dec. 9 Mar. 1 4 Feb. 11-12 Mar. 21-23 Aug. 18 Sept . 12-14 Mar. 14-17 J u l y 16-19 June 18-20 o c t . 20 Mar. 2- 6 June 8,000 Well grown young i n pin-f e a t he rs ( ~ u n t e r , 1915 : 135). 2,000* Some young wel l - f l edged ; o t h e r s i n juvena l b r ea s t plumage (Wetm~re, m s . ) . ? Half -gr2wn young (POFI) . 4,000* - Ca . 2,000 young ( ~ i c h a r d s o n , pe rs . camm. ) . ? Large y2ung (POFI). c a . 5,509* Es t imate 3f 2,749 n e s t s f r ~ m a e r i a l survey ice and Kenym, 1962: 3 7 4 ) . ca . 5 ,200s Es t imate of 2 ,618 n e s t s from a e r i a l su rvey ice and Kenyon, 1962 : 374 ) . ? M x t l y w i th young ab3ut one f 3 o t t a l l ( ~ m d - s i d e and Kramer, m s . ) . thousands Nest ing (POBSP) . 3,000- 1 ,500-2,000 y3 ung (BSFW, POBSP) . 4, ooo* o (POBSP) . o (BSFW, POBSP) . 2,000- 1,000-1,800 yIung (POBSP). 3 ,600s ? - ca . 200 yIung (POBSP). ? 993 young counted and an es t imated 1 ,000 p r e sen t (POBSP) . o (POBSP ) . 1,000- 500-1,000 young (BSFW, POBSP) . 2, ooo*+ 2,400s 1,161 young c2unted and an es t imated 1 ,200 presenc (POBSP). T a b l e 7 . ( c ~ n t i n u e d ) P o p u l a t i o n Date of Survey E s t i m a t e Breeding S t a t us, Remarks and Refe rences 1967 31 Aug.- O (POBSP) . 5 S e p t . 1968 20-21 Mar. 1,500- D~wny y ~ u n g (BSFW, POBSP). 2,000" "Est imate is 3f t h e b reed ing popula t i3n . +Est imat e und,ubtedly 1 3 w ; s e e number counted f 3r June 146 i ' survey . T a b l e 8. Black-f so ted A l b a t m s s banded on L i s i a n s k i I s l a n d P e r i ~ d 3f Survey Bander A d u l t s Y 2 ung T3t a l s 1964 March BSFW 0 2 00 200 1965 J u l y POBSP 0 2 2 1967 June POBSP 0 5 00 5'00 LAYSAN ALBATROSS D i m e d e a imrnut ab i l i s S t a t us C 3 m m m b reeder ; maximum r e c e n t e s t i m a t e of b r e e d i n g p ~ p u l a t i m 8,000. P resen t f r s m a b s u t l a t e Oct3ber t h r I u g h e a r l y August; absen t remainder 3f y e a r . Breeds p r i m a r i l y f r ~ m Navember t hmugh J u l y . Nes t s 3n g r ~ u n d 3ver s u r f a c e 3f i s l a n d but more commonly a l o n g islancl p e r i m e t e r . Popula t i o n s Recent March and June e s t i m a t e s a able 9 ) c o n s i s t e n t l y sugges t t h a t t h e b reed ing populat i 3 n is f a r l e s s t h a n t h e 60,000 thought by Rice and Kenyon t o be p resen t i n 1957. Even i f t h e l a r g e s t r e c e n t e s t i m a t e af t h e number 2f young i s d3ubled t o a l low f o r p o s s i b l e m o r t a l i t y s i n c e t h e in- c e p t i o n 3f t h e b reed ing season, t h e t o t a l (16,000) i s o n l y about o n e - q u a r t e r t h a t g i v e n by Rice and Kenyon. Th is does n3t mean t h a t p o p u l a t i m s have d e c l i n e d s i n c e 1957; r a t h e r t h a t R ice and Kenyon's e s t i m a t e was e x c e s s i v e l y h i g h . We t h i n k , more3ver, t h a t t h e p r e s e n t b reed ing p o p u l a t i o n is u s u a l l y on t h e o r d e r of 8 t o 1 0 thousand b i r d s r a t h e r t h a n t h e 16 ,000 sugges ted above. The e a r l i e r e s t i m a t e s (1913, 1915, 1923) a r e not h i g h l y c o n s i s t e n t but t h e most r e l i a b l e (1923) s u g g e s t s t h a t t h e r e has been a t l e a s t a Annual Cycle The var ious o b s e r v a t i m s cover t .29 s h o r t a p x t i m .d' t h e b reed ing per i3d c2mplete ly t o document a t y p i c a l b reed ing s e a s m o r t o i n d i c a t e d i f f e r e n c e s i n t h e b reed ing c y c l e f m m y e a r t o y e a r . A v a i l a b l e d a t a in - d i c a t e n2 d i f f e r e n c e i n t h e c y c l e fmrn o t h e r i s l a n d s of t h e Northwestern Hawaiian I s l a n d s . B i r d s presumably a r r i v e i n l a t e Octsber and have eggs from about November th rough January o r e a r l y February w i t h young be ing p resen t t h e r e a f t e r . F ledg ing occurs p r i m a r i l y d u r i n g June and July w i t h a few perhaps f l e d g i n g i n August. Most of t h e very few y2ung s e e n i n l a t e August 3r September (1964, 1967) were weak and s t a r v i n g and pr2bably never f l e d g e d . Vari3us 3bserva t ims i n d i c a t e t h a t t h i s s p e c i e s ' b reed ing c y c l e is s2mewhat behind t h a t of t h e Black-f.2oted A l b a t r o s s a s 3n many .2 ther North- west e r n Hawaiian I s l a n d s . Breeding: Nes t ing Laysan A l b a t r s s s a r e f sund over t h e e n t i r e s u r - f a c e 3f t h e i s l a n d but a r e d i s t i n c t l y mare abundant i n s3me a r e a s t h a n s t h e r s . Almsst a l l r e c e n t o b s e r v e r s have i n d i c a t e d t h a t a preponderance 3f n e s t s o r young was found around t h e i s l a n d per imete r f r3m about t h e t s p of t h e beach c r e s t i n l a n d f 3 r a t l e a s t 100 y a r d s . Alang t h i s p e r i m e t e r b i r d s a r e m x t abundant i n t h e b a r e r , 3pen, sandy a r e a s amsng t h e bunch g r a s s ( ~ r a ~ r o s t i s ) and a r e l e a s t abundant ammg t h e dense s t a n d s of Scaevola . S c a t t e r e d n e s t s a r e found throughout t h e i n t e r i o r but many a r e a s 3f dead s t a n d s 2f E r a g r s s t i s a r e almost dev2id of b reed ing b i r d s . Wi th in t h e i n t e r i x maximum c m c e n t r a t ions of n e s t i n g b i r d s have been found i n s m a l l a r e a s l a r g e L y b a r e o f v e g e t a t i m o r i n a r e a s w i t h a n e a r l y pure gr3wth of l2w-grawing p l a n t s such a s I p ~ m o e a 2r Boerhavia . I n such a r e a s c o n c e n t r a t i o n s 2 f a s many a s 5 0 t 3 1 0 0 n e s t s may be f2und. S3me b i r d s a l s 2 n e s t 3n t h e spen sand i t s e l f , 2 f t e n i n p rox imi ty t o t h e Black- f3Aed A l b a t r ~ s which d3minate t h i s n e s t i n g h a b i t a t . Nm-breeding: During t h e b r e e d i n g season, many non-breed ing b i r d s , rust of them young b i r d s which have n ~ t y e t bred, v is i t t h e i s l a n d and may be f m n d among t h e b reed ing b i r d s . During t h e c 2 n t r a n u p t i a l seassn , a l b a t r o s s d i s p e r s e wide ly a t sea , p r i m a r i l y t o t h e n x t h . Other Albinism: R 2 t h s c h i l d (1893-1900: 5 7 ) and l a t e r Munro (1942: 7 ) bo th r e p 3 r t e d t h a t two young a l b i n 2 a l b a t r o s s e s were p r e s e n t d u r i n g t h e mid- summer 1851 v i s i t . R,2thschild, who gave t h e b e t t e r d e s c r i p t i o n of t h e s e a l b i n o s , s t a t e d t h a t t h e y were "whi te thr2ugh2ut , wing and t a i l o f a d e l i c a t e p e a r l - g r a y ( t h e t a i l i n m e more brownish); t h e b l a c k p a l e g ray ; f e e t p a l e f l e s h c o l o r . The down, which, [was] s t i l l v i s i b l e i n s3me p a r t s of t h e body, [was] pure whi te . " Both were c o l l e c t e d and a r e e v i d e n t l y t h e downy specimens now presen t i n t h e American Museum ( s e e below under specimens) . Spec imens We k n . 3 ~ of e i g h t specimens from L i s i a n s k i a able 1 0 ) . Banding and Movements - 3,415 young have been banded on L i s i a n s k i , 300 by BSFW and 3,115 by t h e POBSP a able 11). Five of t h e s e b i r d s were subsequen t l y r e cap tu r ed e lsewhere: 1 a t Midway A t o l l , 1 a t Kure A t o l l , 1 a t Laysan I s l and , 1 i n Japan, and 1 a t s ea (Appendix Table 5 ) . No Laysan A l b a t r o s s banded on o t h e r Northwestern Hawaiian I s l a n d s have ye t been found a t L i s i a n s k i . Tab le 9 . Observat ions of Laysan A l b a t r o s s 3n L i s i a n s k i I s l a n d Popu l a t i on Date of Survey Es t imate Breeding S t a t u s , Remarks and References 1828 3 Apr. 1891 29 June- 4 J u l y 1913 12 Mar. 1915 4 Mar. 1923 15-20 May 1951 13 May 1954 2 6 Mar. 28 Dec. 1961 9 Mar. 1963 '14 Feb . ? thousands 2 oo* ? 4, ooo* ? thousands Occurrence m t e d by Isenbeck ( ~ o t hsch i ld , 1833-1900: iii ) . (palmer i n Rothsch i ld , 1893-1900: x i ) ; h r g e ( ~ u n r o , 1942: 8) . ( ~ i l l e t t , m s . ) . Apparen t ly l e s s numeraus t h a n Black-footed A l b a t r o s s ( ~ a i l e y , 1952a: 13 ) . Well-grown young i n p in - f e a t he r s f a i r l y numerous ( ~ u n t e r , 1915 : 13 5 ) . Young molt ing i n juvena l b r e a s t plumage (wetmore, m s . ) . Half -grown young (POFI) . Ca. 2 ,000 young s een ( ~ i c h a r d s o n , p e r s . - comm. ) . Young; r e l a t i v e l y few a d u l t s p resen t (POFI) . Est imate o f 29,141 n e s t s from a e r i a l s u r - vey i ice and Kenyon, 1962: 374). (.woods i de and Kramer, m s . ) . Nest ing (POBSP) . Table 9. (continued) Population Date of Survey Est imate Breeding S t a t us, Remarks and References 1964 11-12 Mar. 7,500- - ~a . 2,600 young (BSFW, POBSP) . 10,000 21-23 Aug. ? - Ca. 30 l a r g e young seen (POBSP). 18 ~ e p t . 0 (BSFW, POBSP) . 1965 12-14 Mar. 5,000- 2,200 young banded; E. 2,500-3,000 6, 000* present (POBSP ) . 1b-17 JULY ? Ca. 2,000 young present (POBSP) . 1966 16-19 June ? 2,785 y.3ung counted and an estimated 4,000 present ; mast young with down st ill covering head, nape, and abdomen. A few had l o s t down fmm head and neck (POBSP) . 18-20 act. 1967 20 Mar. 2-6 June 0 ( POBSP ) . 4,000- - Ca . 2,000-3,000 young (BSFW, POBSP) . 6, ooo* 8, 000* 2,858 young counted and an estimated 4,000 p resen t . Very few a d u l t s seen (POBSP) . 31 Aug.- ? Two s t a r v i n g young s t i l l present (POBSP). 5 Sept . 1968 20-21 Mar. 4, 000* Only downy young present (BSFW, POBSP). *Est imate is of t h e breeding populat ion. Table 10. Specimens of Laysan Albat ross from L i s i ansk i I s land ??& Mus. OW Mus. Nos. 99 Mus. Nos. yg. Mus. Nas. When Coll . Coll . AMNH USNM 2 526869- 3 ~ u l y 1891 Palmer 87 0 2 191497- ? ? U.S. Treas. 498 Dept . l 7 , l 9 May Wetmre 1923 USNM 1 495735 17 ~ u l y 1965 POBSP Table 11. Laysan A l b a t r x s banded on L i s i ansk i I s land Period of Survey Bander Adults Young To ta l s 1964 March BSFW 0 3 00 3 00 August POBSP 0 1 1 1965 March POBSP 0 2,203 2,200 July POBSP 0 183 183 1966 June POBSP 0 31 31 1967 June POBSP 0 5 00 5 00 T3 ta l s 0 3,215 3,215 BONIN PETREL Pt erodr 'ma h y p d e uca Abundant breeder; maximum recent es t imate 1,000,000. A t l e a s t a few b i r d s present i n a l l months but most numerous from l a t e August through March o r perhaps Apr i l . Breeding cycle poorly kmwn but breeds from February, o r perhaps January, through June 3r July . Nests i n burrows. Populat ions A l t h,3ugh undoubtedly inaccura te t 3 s3me degree, es t imates a able 12 ) i nd ica t e t h a t t h i s spec ies is extremely abundant. 20 The l a r g e s t es t imate 2 0 ~ o n i n P e t r e l s a r e more abundant on L i s i a n s k i than 3n any o t h e r of t h e Hawaiian Is lands . We be l i eve it l i k e l y t h a t t h i s i s l and supports a p ~ p u l a t ion a s l a r g e as , o r l a r g e r than, t h e combined populat ions f o r a l l o the r Northwest e rn Hawa i i a n Is lands . arch 1965) may seem ex t remely l a r g e , but it was based 2n more c a r e f u l c a l c u l a t i o n s t h a n were made 3n most surveys . On t w 2 n i g h t s i n March, i n t e n s i v e banding 2pe ra t i ons were cmduc t ed i n m e s m a l l a r e a and, s i n c e t h i s s p e c i e s occurs r a t h e r unif x m l y 2ver t h e e n t i r e s u r f a c e of t h e i s l a n d , t h e r e s u l t i n g d e n s i t y f i g u r e was a p p l i e d t 2 t h e t ~ t a l ac reage 3f t h e i s l a n d . Th is e s t i m a t e is crude but i t prsbab ly r e p r e s e n t s peak p2pula- t ion l e v e l s f a r b e t t e r t h a n many o t h e r e s t i m a t e s . We have n3 doubt t h a t , a t a minimum, t h e i s l a n d s u p p x t s 500,000 t 2 700,000 b i r d s . D iu rna l e s t i m a t e s i n March 1954 and September 1964, per i2ds when t h e s e b i r d s would be expected t 2 be abundant, a r e very l 3 w . This does not mean t h a t t h e b i r d s were not abundant du r ing t h e s e months but p 2 i n t s up t h e remarkable d i f f e r e n c e between t h e numbers and c o n s p i c u ~ u s n e s s 2f d i u r n a l and met u r n a l popu l a t i ons . Unl ike t h e 3t her p r 2 c e l l a r i i f arms occu r r i ng on t h e i s l and , t h i s s p e c i e s d e p a r t s t h e i s l a n d -- en masse e a r l y i n t h e morning and r e t u r n s i n l a r g e numbers m l y a t dusk. Thus, d i u r n a l su rveys may f a i l t o i n d i c a t e a c c u r a t e l y t h e numbers p r e s e n t . The l 2 w numbers r e p x t e d f x May 1923 s t r o n g l y sugges t t h a t t h e p2pula t ion was cons ide r ab ly sma l l e r t h e n t h a n i n 1891 and a t p r e sen t . Wetmare (ms. ) suggested t h a t t h e r e d u c t i m i n numbers was caused by t h e nea r absence of vege t a t i on t h a t he f e l t t h e s e p e t r e l s needed i n o rde r t o c m s t r u c t t h e i r burrows. Even r e c e n t l y many burr2ws were founa caved i n by t h e weight of t h e sand . I n s m e i n s t ances , s t a r v i n g , but st ill l i v i n g , b i r d s were f3und ha l f -bu r i ed i n k o s e sand. Such caved-in burmws were t y p i c a l l y f3und i n a r e a s 2 f open sand near t h e i s l a n d per imeter o r i n a r e a s of t h e i n t e r i o r where v e g e t a t i m was s can ty . Presumably t h e m o t systems 3f t h e vege ta t im, p a r t i c u l a r l y E rag r2s t is, r e i n f o r c e t h e subsu r f ace s o i l and make t h e burrows l e s s vu lnerab le t o d e s t r u c t i m . Annual Cycle L i t t l e a t t e n t i m was paid t o t h e b reed ing s t a t u s of t h i s s p e c i e s 3n many r ecen t visits. Consequently, on ly t h e broad o u t l i n e s 2f t h e n e s t i n g cyc l e a r e kn2wn. The cyc l e is very s i m i l a r t o t h a t found on ~ a ~ s a n f i M 2 s t 2f t h e popu- l a t i o n l e a v e s t h e i s l a n d when t h e young f l e d g e (about ~ u n e ) and a r e ab sen t f o r ab2ut two months. They beg in t 2 r e t u r n t a t h e i s l a n d ab2ut mid-August and a r e a p p a r e n t l y abundant w i t h i n m l y a few weeks. ( ~ o t e t h e remarkable d i f f e r e n c e between t h e s i z e .2f t h e e s t i m a t e s f o r 21 ca . 31 ~ u g u s t 1967. ) - t o ' 23 August 1964 and 2 1 ~ n J u l y 1965 a p p a r e n t l y new a r r i v a l s were p r e sen t t o l 7 t h , but none was on Laysan t h e 1 7 t h t o 2 1 s t . on L i s i a n s k i t h e 1 4 t h I n June 1966 c r o s s i n (POBSP) s t a t e d t h a t t h i s s p e c i e s was f u r t h e r a l ong i n i ts breed ing c y c l e on L i s i a n s k i t h a n on Laysan. Both s e t s of obse rva t i ons suggest t h a t t h e L i s i a n s k i cyc l e is somewhat i n advance of t h a t on Laysan. Considerably more d e t a i l e d work w i t h sam,ple ne s t counts i s needed t o determine whether t h e c y c l e i s e s s e n t i a l l y t h e same on a l l t h e Northwestern Hawaiian I s l a n d s o r whether t h e r e a r e r e g u l a r l y occur r ing , d i s c r e t e d i f f e r e n c e s between popula t ions on d i f f e r e n t i s l a n d s . Large numbers a r e present f o r t h e next f o u r o r f i v e months while b i r d s cou r t and d i g burrows. Although observa t ions a r e few from t h i s t ime of year , those a v a i l a b l e , and those from nearby i s l ands where t h e cyc le is presumably s i m i l a r , i n d i c a t e t h a t no eggs a r e l a i d u n t i l mid- w in te r . Egg l ay ing begins a t l e a s t by e a r l y o r mid-February (1963, 1965) and eggs a r e p re sen t through a t l e a s t l a t e March. A few a r e poss ib ly p r e s e n t i n Apr i l , b u t t h e two s e t s of June observa t ions (1966, 1967) suggest t h a t most eggs have hatched by A p r i l s i n c e it i s l i k e l y t h a t t h i s spec i e s t akes a t l e a s t two months t o f l edge . Most young probably ha tch i n l a t e March and e a r l y A p r i l , and most young a r e f ledged by l a t e June wi th a few poss ib ly p re sen t i n t o J u l y . Breeding: Recent observers found burrows throughout t h e vegetated p o r t i o n of t h e i s l a n d . Burrow dens i ty was g r e a t e s t under E r a g r o s t i s and lowest under t h e Scaevola on t h e perimeter of t h e i s l a n d . Rarely, b i r d s n e s t on t h e su r f ace of t h e ground under dense vegeta t ion ( ~ i g s . 3 7 - 3 8 ) . Non-breeding: Most b i r d s a r e appa ren t ly absent from t h e i s l and a f t e r nes t ing . Mor t a l i t y : On some surveys many dead Bonin P e t r e l s were encountered. Aside from m o r t a l i t y caused by n a t u r a l c o l l a p s e of burrows a s mentioned above, a cons iderable amount of burrow d e s t r u c t ion probably was caused by p a r t i e s v i s i t i n g t h e i s l a n d . The i n t e r i o r i s honeycombed with burrows and it i s almost impossible t o t r a v e r s e t h e i s l and without stumbling i n t o four or f i v e of them. Probably no l e s s t han 1,500 burrows were s o destroyed from February 1963 through March 1968. This does not mean t h a t 1,500 n e s t s were destroyed; many burrows a r e i n a c t i v e and s e v e r a l r ecen t v i s i t s were made a t t imes of year when burrow d e s t r u c t i o n probably had l i t t l e e f f e c t on n e s t i n g succes s . Since burrows a r e s o numerous and s ince s o many a r e unoccupied, we e s t ima te t h a t l e s s t han .2 percent of t h e n e s t i n g popula t ion was adve r se ly a f f e c t e d by r e c e n t v i s i t o r s . On s e v e r a l occasions dead o r s t a r v i n g b i r d s were found entangled, u sua l ly by t h e wing, i n vege ta t ion , mostly Ipomoea. One was found s o entangled i n August 1964, s e v e r a l i n J u l y 1965, and one observer est imated t h a t 1,000 b i r d s were s o found i n March 1965. Specimens Table 13 l i s t s t h e p re sen t l o c a t i o n of t h i r t e e n specimens known t o have been c o l l e c t e d on L i s i a n s k i . Banding and Movements The POBSP banded 3,700 a d u l t Bonin P e t r e l s on L i s i ansk i : 300 i n March 1964, 200 i n August 1964, 3,000 i n March 1965, and 200 i n September 1967. Three of t h e s e b i r d s , a l l banded a s a d u l t s i n March 1965, were recaptured on Kure A t o l l du r ing t h e period from February through A p r i l 1969 ( ~ p p e n d i x Table 6 ) . None was recaptured on any o the r i s l a n d , and none banded on o the r i s l a n d s was recaptured on L i s i a n s k i . F i g u r e 37. Bonin P e t r e l r e s t i n g 3n sand nea r burrow under Ipornoea, September 1367. FOBSP p h ~ t o g r a p h by R.B. CLapp. F i g u r e 38. Bonin P e t r e l n e s t and egg on s u r f a c e of ground under dense ScaevoLa , 14 February 1963. POBSP ~ h o t o g r a p h . T a b l e 1 2 . Observa t i3ns 3f Bonin P e t r e l s on L i s i a n s k i I s l a n d P3pu la t i o n Date of Survey E s t i m a t e Breed ing S t a t us, Remarks and Refe rences 1891 29 June- ? Young b i r d s , some a l i v e and some dead 4 J u l y ( ~ u n r o , 1944: 2 8 ) . 1913 12 Mar. 40,000 ( ~ i l l e t t , m s . ) . 1923 15-20 May 50 No eggs o r young f3und, specimens c31- l e c t ed were s e x u a l l y i n a c t i v e (wetmore, m s . ) . 1954 2 6 Mar. 5 00 Overhead ( ~ i c h a r d s o n , p e r s . comm. ) . 1961 9 Mar. 0 Thought t o be p r e s e n t (woodsi.de and Kramer, m s . ) . 1963 1 4 Feb. a b unda n t Egg- laying begun ( ~ r a m e r , m s . , POBSP) . 1964 11-12 Mar. 100,000 Numerous n e s t s (BSFW, POBSP) . 21-23 Aug. 15 ,000 Much c a l l i n g but no o t h e r c o u r t s h i p behav io r 3bserved (POBSP) . 18 ~ e p t . 3 0 Seen f l y i n g i n t o i s l a n d a t dusk, no ev idence of b reed ing ; no noct u r n a l 3bse r - vat i o n s made (BSFW, POBSP) . 1965 12-14 Mar.. 1, 000, 000 Nes t s w i t h eggs and s n a l l yaung, 1 egg opened c 3 n t a i n c d a nea r -ha t ch ing ysung; m ' x e eggs t h a n yz~ung f 3und (POESP). 14-17 J u l y 2 00 Na ev idence of n e s t i n g (POBSP). 1966 16-19 June 500 - Ca. 500 young, s3me st ill be ing f e d by p a r e n t s , r emain ing 3n i s l a n d ; a l l had a t t a i n e d juvena l plumage and were n e a r f l e d g i n g (POBSP) . 18-20 Oct . 500,000 Most ly engaged i n c.3urt s h i p behav io r ; n3 burrow examined h e l d e i t h e r eggs 3r young (POBSP) . 1967 20 Mar. hundreds None found i n burr3ws d u r i n g day; no eggs o f f s h o r e o r young (BSFW, POBSP) .* 2-6 June 1 0 0 No more t h a n s. 250 p r e f l e d g i n g c h i c k s st ill p r e s e n t ; ve ry few a d u l t s (POBSP). T a b l e 1 2 . (cont inued) P3pu la t i o n Date 3f Survey Es t imat e Breeding S t a t u s , Remarks and R e f e r e n c e s 1967 31 Aug.- 5 O O , O O O Burrows be ing excavated; no eggs o r young 5 S e p t . (POBSP) . 1968 20-21 Mar. 800,000 Many burrows b e i n g excavated, none of very few burrows examined c s n t a i n e d eggs 3r y3ung (BSFW, POBSP). * L i t t l e e f f x t made t o d i s c o v e r n e s t s . T a b l e 13. Specimens of Bonin P e t r e l s f rom L i s i a n s k i I s l a n d * ??& Mus. dd Mus. Nos. 99 Mus. Nos. yg. Mus. N 3 s . Date C o l l . C ,311 . AMNH 1 528324 3 ~ u l y 1891 Palmer 1 7 May 1923 Wetmore USNM 1 494125 1 494126 13 March 1965 POBSP 18,15 June POBSP 1966 L. LF: t e w e r : OBEF 1.167 BULWER'S PETREL Bulwer ia b u l w e r i i S t a t u s Uncer ta in ; maximum r e c e n t e s t i m z c e " a few; " may n s l 3 n g e r breed 3n L i s i a n s k i . Observat i s n s Bulwer ' s P e t r e l s have been r e m r d e d f r 3 m L i s i a n s k i f o u r t i m e s . Munr.3 ( 1 9 4 1 ~ : 2 ) , t h e f i rs t t o r e c o r d t h e s p e c i e s , f,und b i r d s i n c u b a t i n g under g r a s s i n l a t e June 1891. He a l s . 3 noted t h a t l a r g e numbers f l e w i n t o t h e i s l a n d a t dusk. Wetmore (ms.) observed t h a t t h e y were f a i r l y cmmon a t dusk 16 t 3 19 May 1923. Al though h i s n o t e s d 3 not s t a t e whether t h e y were b reed ing , t h e numbers s e e n a.nd c o l l e c t e d sugges t t h a t t h i s may have been t h e c a s e . More r e c e n t l y , POBSP p e r s m n e l saw a few f l y i n g over t h e i s l a n d 1 4 t.3 1 7 J u l y 1965 but found none on t h e ground and d i s c o v e r e d no n e s t s . On 4 September 1967 E l y c o l l e c t e d one a s it s a t a h n e on t h e narrow, sandy n o r t h e a s t beach. The a r e a nearby, which c o n t a i n e d a l a r g e l o g and a few r o c k s overgrown w i t h S c a e v d a , was c a r e f u l l y s e a r c h e d f o r a n e s t b u r r ~ w bu t none was found. The specimen (USNM 544002) i s a n a d u l t f e m a l e w i t h a s m a l l ovary . The absence ~f o t h e r o b s e r v a t i o n s d u r i n g many r e c e n t visits s u g g e s t s t h a t t h e b r e e d i n g popu la t ion , if e x t a n t , p r ~ b a b l y c o n s i s t s 3f no m x e t h a n a very few p a i r s . Spec imens We know of s i x s t u d y s k i n s f rom L i s i a n s k i , t h e ope mentioned above, and f i v e a d u l t f e m a l e s (usNM 300501-505) c o l l e c t e d by Wetmore 1 7 May 1923. I n a d d i t ion, t h e r e is a s k e l g t m (usNM 289201) of a n a d u l t f emale c d - l e c t e d by Wetmore t h e same d a t e . Banding and Movements None has been banded on L i s i a n s k i . J O U A N I N ' S PETREL Bulwer ia f a l l a x S t a t us A c c i d e n t a l ; m e r e c ~ r d September 1967. Observa t ions On 4 September 1967 Clapp c d l e c t e d a s m a l l d a r k p e t r e l a s it s a t n e a r s3me Bonin P e t r e l s i n a n open, sandy a r e a on t h e n o r t h w e s t e r n c o r n e r 2 f t h e i s l a n d ( ~ l a p p , 1 9 7 1 ) . The specimen (USNM 543185), i d e n c i f i e d a s J ~ u a n i n ' s P e t r e l by G.E. Watsm, W.R.P. B ~ u r n e and C . J ~ u a n i n , was a male t h a t was m o l t i n g t h e body f e a t h e r s , had l i t t l e f a t , and had undeveloped t e s t e s . J ,uaninl s P e t r e l , whose b r e e d i n g a r e a has n o t y e t been f2und, o c c u r s p r i n c i p a l l y i n t h e n o r t h w e s t e r n I n d i a n Ocean ( ~ a i l e y , 1966: 2 3 9 ) . T h i s specimen t h u s c m s t i t u t e s no t m l y t h e f irst r e c a r d f o r t h e Hawaiian I s l a n d s , b u t a l s , f 3r t h e e n t i r e P a c i f i c a r e a . WEDGE- TA I i X D SHEARWA TER P u f f i n u s p a c i f i c u s Abundant b r e e d e r ; maximum r e c e n t e s t i m a t e [5OO, 0001. P r e s e n t f r o m abou t March t h r 2 u g h a t l e a s t October ; p r ~ b a b l y a b s e n t f rom l a t e November t hr,ugh February . Nes t s p r i m a r i l y i n b u r r ~ w s but occas i m a l l y on t h e s u r f a c e 2f t h e ground. Populat i m s POBSP es t imates a able 1 4 ) var ied c3nsiderably fr3m survey t 3 survey, even a t t he same time 3f year . This i s almost s u r e l y because of the smal l p r 2 p x t i 3 n 3f any survey perisd spent s tudying the smal le r F roce l l a r i i fo rmes . Re la t ive ly few 3 b s e r v a t i m s were made of t hese spec ies and l i t t l e e f f 3rt was expended i n banding them s i n c e 3 ther c3mmitments were thz~ught t o be 3f g r e a t e r impx tance . These b i r d s ' n x t u r n a l h a b i t s and 3 f t en inconspicuous nes t ing s i t e s have undoubtedly c m t r i b u t e d t 3 misca lcu la t ions of numbers present . Csnsequently, p3pula t ion e s t imates f o r Wedge-tailed Shesrwa t e r s , and f 3r 3 ther p e t r e l s and shearwaters x c u r r i n g on L i s i ansk i , a r e l e s s accura te than f 3 r any 3 ther s eab i rds 3ccurr ing on t h e i s l and . We d3 f e e l t ha t , s i n c e most e s t ima te s made independently by d i f f e r e n t f i e l d p a r t i e s agree r a t h e r well , maximum p2pulat ims a r e t ens 2f th3usands r a t h e r t han hundreds of t h,2usands. There were only t h r e e es t imates 3f numbers p r i 2 r t o t h e 1960 ' s . B ~ t h R icha rdsm ' s (1957) and Wetm3re1s (1923) e s t ima te s agree wi th t h e m a j ~ i t y ~f POBSP es t imates . Munter ' s 1915 est imate, 3n the 2 ther hand, is 100 t imes l a r g e r than any 3 ther e s t ima te made during March. Annual Cycle The annual cycle 3f Wedge-tailed Shearwaters on L i s i a n s k i appears t o be very s i m i l a r t3, i f not t h e same as, t h a t fz~und on Laysan. Mz~st, i f not a l l , 3f t hese shearwaters a r e pr3bably absent dur ing l a t e f a l l and win ter . They r e t u r n t 3 L i s i ansk i i n March and from then through May cour t and d i g busrows. Egg-laying begins i n June and prz~bably reaches i t s peak l a t e i n t h e m3nt h. Y3ung begin t 3 ha tch i n l a t e J u l y or e a r l y August. Varying s i z e s 3f ymng have been seen on a l l v i s i t s during succeeding mmths . I f , a s seems l i k e l y , t h e cycle i s a s extended a s 3n Kure A t o l l (~oz~dward , 1972: E 5 ) , young w i l l be on t h e i s l and u n t i l e a r l y December. Breeding: A l m x t a l l v isit,rs t o Lis i ansk i ( ~ u n t e r , Wetmore, many POBSP survey p a r t i e s ) n ~ t ed t h a t Wedge-tailed Shearwaters nested everywhere. subter ranean burr3ws.were f2und beneath a l l s o r t s of vege ta t ive cover, e .g . , under Scaevola bushes, i n Boerhavia-Eragrost i s , o r i n s a n d - E r a g r x t i s a s s x i a t i ons 'TF igs .39 , 40) . POBSP observers Shel ton and Cross i n noted t h a t d e n s i t i e s of n e s t s and numbers of breeding b i r d s were dec idedly lower i n t h e l2west ( southwes t -cent ra l ) p x t ion of t h e i n t e r i o r . Active n e s t s a r e n3t i n f r equen t ly found on the sur face of t he ground. Most such n e s t s were beneath Scaevola bushes but o the r s were found i n more e x p x e d s i t u a t i o n s such a s bes ide a tuft of E r a g r o s t i s o r beneath a Casuarina t r e e ( ~ i ~ . 41) . Nm-breeding: A f t e r breeding, t h e Wedge-tailed Shearwaters ev iden t ly l eave the i s l a n d f o r t h e win te r . Figure 40. Wedge-tailed Shearwaters near b u r r ~ w s i n sand a rea a t edge 3f Boerhavia - E r a g r x t i s a s s o c i a t i o n , 19 June 1966. Ymng Lays~tn AlbatrDss i n mid-ground. POBSP photograph by P.C. S h e l t m . Figure 39. Pa i r of Wedge-tailed Shearwaters near mouth of burrow, September 1967. POBSP p h ~ t o g r a p h by H.B. Clapp. O t h e r C lubs : A t n i g h t and d u r i n g t h e msrning h s u r s , up t s s e v e r a l hundred s h e a r w a t e r s r o o s t i n d i f f e r e n t p a r t s ,sf t h e i s l a n d . I n August 1364 t w s l a r g e ' c l u b s were o b s e r v e d on b a r e sand n e a r t h e beach, s n e c l u b a t e a c h end sf t h e i s l a n d . I n September 1567 a c l u b c m t a i n i n g '75 t s 1 0 0 b i r d s was f s u n d i n a n s p e n sand-Eragrsstis-Boerhavia a s s o c i a t i o n a b s v e t h e n s r t h - e a s t beach c r e s t . The b r e e d i n g s t a t u s sf b i r d s f s u n d i n s u c h c l u b s i s yec t s be de t e rmined . Cslsr phases : The s n l y r e f e r e n c e we have found t h a t g i v e s p r s p s r t i s n s sf d i f f e r e n t c s l s r morphs i n t h e L i s i a n s k i p o p u l a t i s n i s Wetmsre ' s (ms . ) o b s e r v a t i o n t h a t " g r a y - b r e a s t e d b i r d s " c smpr i sed abou t 3 t o 5 p e r c e n t a f t h e p s p u l a t i o n . POBSP band ing d a t a i n d i c a t e t h a t a t p r e s e n t t h e p r o p s r - t i s n o f da rk -phase msrphs i n t h e p s p u l a t i s n i s c o n s i d e r a b l y l e s s t h a n i n d i c a t e d by Wetmore. Only 1 of 88 ( L . 1 p e r c e n t ) banded b i r d s of known c s l o r phase was a da rk -phase mcsrph. It s h s u l d b e n s t e d h e r e t h a t a l l POBSP and o t h e r USNM spec imens frsm L i s i a n s k i a s s e s s e d a s "dark-phase msrphs" a r e t h e c s l o r phase d e s c r i b e d b y Murphy (1951: 9-10) a s " i n t e r m e d i a t e . " Nsne sf t h e "dark-phase msrphs" frsm t h e N s r t h w e s t e r n Hawaiian I s l a n d s i n t h e USNM c s l l e c t i s n is a s d a r k a s t h o s e f r s m s 2 u t h - c e n t r a l P a c i f i c I s l a n d s ( e . g . , t h e Phoenix I s l a n d s ) . Thus, t h e above band ing d a t a e x p r e s s e s t h e p r s p x t i o n o f "da rk -appea r ing" s h e a r w a t e r s ( i n c l u d i n g b o t h "dark" and " i n t e r m e d i a t e " p h a s e s ) i n t h e p o p u l a t im. There a r e , i n a d d i t i o n t s t h e 1 2 s t u d y s k i n s l i s t e d i n T a b l e 15, a s k u l l (USNM 289186) and a n a l c a h d i c (USNM 289348) c o l l e c t e d by Wetmore on 19 May 1923. Banding and Msvement s POBSP p e r s s n n e l banded 1, 47922 a d u l t Wedge- t a i l ed S h e a r w a t e r s s n L i s i a n s k i : 1 i n March 1963, 500 i n August 1964; 1 0 0 i n June 1966; 99 i n O c t s b e r 1966; 693 i n J u n e 1967; and 86 i n August-September 1967. F s u r t e e n o f t h e s e b i r d s were s u b s e q u e n t l y r e t u r n e d , 13 o f them on L i s i a n s k i (1 i n J u n e 1966, 1 2 i n J u n e 1 9 6 7 ) . The 1 4 t h b i r d , banded o n L i s i a n s k i i n l a t e August 1964, was r e c a p t u r e d and r e l e a s e d o n Laysan i n e a r l y August 1965 ( s e e Appendix T a b l e 7 ) . 2 2 ~ . s t a 1 i n c l u d e s s e v e r a l b i r d s t h a t were d.suble- banded. Y3 Table 1 4 . O b s e r v a t i m s 3f Wedge-tailea Shearwaters 3n L i s i a n s k i I s l a n d Papulat i 3n Date 3f Survey Es t imate Breeding S t a t us, Remarks and References 1891 29 June- 4 J u l y 1915 24 Mar. 1923 15-20 May 1954 26 M 3 r . 1961 9 Mar. 1964 11-12 Mar. 21-23 Aug. 18 Sept . 1965 12-14 Mar. 14-17 J u l y 1966 16-19 June 1967 20 Mar. 2-6 June 31 A U ~ . - 5 Sep t . One ,3f I s enbeck ' s d e s c r i p t i ~ n s ( s e e below) may have r e f e r r e d t o t h i s s p e c i e s (Roth- s c h i l d , 1893-1900: v ) . * Most b i r d s 3n eggs i n l a t e June ( ~ u n r o , 1942: 8 ) . No eggs ( ~ u n t e r , 1915: 136). Copulat ion and c3ur t ing but n:, n e s t s w i t h eggs f 3und (Wetmore, m s . ) . (R i cha rdsm, pers . c3mm. ) . Eviden t l y n e s t i n g (Wg3dside and Kramer, m s . ) . C 3 u r t ing pa irs (BSFW, POBSP) . Nest ing (POBSP). Many downy y3ung (BSFW, POBSP). No burr3ws w i t h eggs 3r y,3ung (POBSP). A l l n e s t s examined c3ntained eggs i n vary- i ng s t a g e s of incubat ion (POBSP). Breeding cyc l e j u s t beginning; digging, and f r e s h eggs found; E. 1 ,000 n e s t s w i t h eggs (POBSP) . Young b i r d s mol t ing i n juvenal plumage; no eggs 2r y.3ung a t o t h e r s t a g e s of develop- ment (POBSP) . (BSFW, POBSP ) . N,ZI d a t a ,3n s t a g e of n e s t i n g ,3btained (POBSP) . Medium-sized t o l a r g e downy y3ung (POBSP) . Table 14. ( c o n t i n u e d ) Populat i 3 n Date 3f Survey E s t i m a t e Breeding S t a t us, Remarks and References 1968 20-21 Mar. 0 A few may have been p r e s e n t (BSFW, POBSP). * R 3 t h s c h i l d 1 s r e c m d , X o t h s c h i l d ' s t r a n s l a t l i t t l e l a r g e r [ t h a n a based I n I s e n b e c k ' s d e s c r i p t im, may be e r rone3us . i m of t h e d e s c r i p t i m r e a d s " A n ~ t h e r P e t r e l , a b3ut 9 inches ] ; b r e a s t , abdomen, and neck whi te ; upper s u r f a c e mixed w h i t e and brown; t h e f o r k e d t a i l m l y moderate ly emarg ina te . " While most of t h e s e c h a r a c t e r s f i t t h e Wedge-tailed Shearwater , t h e moderate ly emarg ina te t a i l m 3 s t c e r t a i n l y dges n 3 t . ** Noted a s m 3 s t abundant s p e c i e s on i s l a n d . Table 15. Specimens 2f Wedge-tailed Shearwaters f rom L i s i a n s k i I s l a n d ? ? & Mus. dd Mus. Nos. 99 Mus. Nos. yg. Mus. N 9 s . When C o l l . C o l l . USNM 3 300730, 5 300727- 1 300731 1 6 , 1 7 , 1 9 Wetmore 732,734 725,733, May 1923 USNM 1 492959 1 2 March 1963 POBSP USNM CHRISTMAS SHEARWATER Puf f i n u s na t i v i t a t i s S t a t u s Common breeder ; maximum r e c e n t e s t i m a t e 2,000. P r e s e n t from a t l e a s t February th r2ugh Oct3ber, b u t most b reed ing I c c u r s f r9m A p r i l o r May through Oct2ber . Nests p r i m a r i l y on t h e s u r f a c e of t h e ground i n shal low d e p r e s s i o n s under dense v e g e t a t i o n . Populat i o n s Var ious numer ica l e s t i m a t e s a able 16) c o n s i s t e n t l y sugges t o n l y a few Chris tmas Shearwaters a r e found on L i s i a n s k i , p r2bab ly no more t h a n s e v e r a l thousand when l a r g e s t numbers a r e p r e s e n t . Of t h e two e a r l y e s t i m a t e s , Wetmore's ( m s . ) a g r e e s w e l l w i t h t h e s e r i e s of r e c e n t e s t i m a t e s made by POBSP, but Munte r ' s (1915) is about 20 t i m e s a s l a r g e a s t h e l a r g e s t e s t i m a t e made r e c e n t l y a t t h e same t ime 3f y e a r . Wi th t h e n o t a b l e e x c e p t i m 3f t h e Wedge- ailed S h e a r w a t e r , m3sc a f M u n t e r ' s e s t i m a t e s f3r s p e c i e s 3n t h i s i s l a n d a g r e e w i t h most r e c e n t e s t i m a t e s , b 3 t h i n numbers and i n r e l a t i v e abundance o f s p e c i e s . T h e r e f x e , we c a n n 3 t d i s m i s s t h e p ~ s i b i l i t y t h a t t h i s s p e c i e s was 3nce much m ~ e c3mmon 3n L i s i a n s k i t h a n a t p r e s e n t . Annual Cyc le The C h r i s t m a s S h e a r w a t e r a n n u a l c y c l e 3n L i s i a n s k i a p p e a r s t o b e q u i t e s i m i l a r t 3 t h a t o f t h e Wedge - t a i l ed S h e a r w a t e r e x c e p t f3r b e i n g a b 3 u t a m m t h e a r l i e r . D e t a i l e d d a t a 3n n e s t i n g s t a t u s f r 3 m v a r i 3 u s visits is s c a n t , and t h e i s l a n d h a s n 3 t been v i s i t e d d u r i n g s e v e r a l months f r 3 m which d a t a a r e needed t 3 r3und 3 u t t h e s c h e d u l e o f t h e a n n u a l c y c l e . N g n e t h e l e s s , t h e g e n e r a l s c h e d u l e o f e v e n t s is a b o u t a s f d l o w s : B i r d s a r r i v e a t t h e i s l a n d i n F e b r u a r y , 3r pe rhaps e a r l i e r , b u t e g g s a r e n 3 t l a i d f 3r gne ,3r t w 3 m m t h s . The e a r l i e s t t h a t eggs have b e e n f sund is mid-May (1923) , b u t 3 b s e r v a t ims on n e a r b y i s l a n d s s u c h a s Laysan s u g g e s t t h a t a t l e a s t a few e g g s may b e l a i d a m m t h e a r l i e r . Eggs have b e e n p r e s e n t t hr3ugh a t l e a s t mid- J u n e ( 1 9 6 6 ) . The e a r l i e s t t h a t young have been r e c o r d e d is l a t e August (1964) b u t t h e s i z e o f t h e y3ung i n d i c a t e s t h a t it was p m b a b l y h a t c h e d a t l e a s t t w . 3 months e a r l i e r . Y.3ung a r e p r e s e n t u n t i l a t l e a s t mid-Oct'3ber and a few a r e p 3 s s i b l y p r e s e n t i n t 3 N3vember. B r e e d i n g : These s h e a r w a t e r s b r e e d p r i m a r i l y under S c a e v d a bushes a rgund t h e p e r i m e t e r o f t h e i s l a n d . They a r e f o u n d t 3 a much l e s s e r ex- ~ e n t under 3 t h e r v e g e t a t i ~ n i n t h e i n t e r i 3 r . On a l m 3 s t h a l f 3f a l l vis i ts ( p a r t i c u l a r l y t h 3 s e f r 3 m J u n e t h r 3 u g h ~ c t o b e r ), POBSP 3 b s e r v e r s n 3 t e d t h a t C h r i s t m a s S h e a r w a t e r s were m3re abundan t a t t h e n o r t h and s 3 u t h e n d s o f t h e i s l a n d t h a n 3n t h e e a s t e r n and w e s t e r n p e r i m e t e r s . The few n e s t s f 3 u n d have f3r t h e most p a r t been ab3ve gr3und ( ~ i ~ . 4 2 ) , These n e s t s have t y p i c a l l y b e e n s h a l l 3 w , p a r t i a l l y l e a f - f i l l e a d e p r e s s i m s under d e n s e l y l e a v e d S c a e v 3 l a b u s h e s . I n March 1965 s e v e r a l n e s t s were f 3 u n d b e n e a t h p i e c e s 3f c o r r u g a t e d t i n i n a n E r a g r 3 s t i s - Ip3m3ea-B3erhavia a s s 3 c i a t i 3 n i n t h e i n t e r i o r 3f t h e i s l a n d . Wetm3re ( m s . ) - f 3 u n d a n egg under a b a a r d " m e r e l y b r3ad and d e e p en3ugh t 3 c ~ n c e a l t h e b i r d . " Non-breeding: J u d g i n g f rom t h e i r b e h a v i o r on o t h e r N o r t h w e s t e r n Hawai ian I s l a n d s , C h r i s t m a s S h e a r w a t e r s a r e p r ~ b a b l y a b s e n t f rm L i s i a n s k i d u r i n g most o f t h e w i n t e r m m t h s . Spec imens We kn3w g f f i v e s t u d y s k i n s f r 3 m L i s i a n s k i : a male and a f e m a l e (USNM 300697-698) c d l e c t e d by W e t m x e 17 May 1923 , and t w 3 ma le s and a f e m a l e (USNM 492967, 494123, 494122), c o l l e c t e d by t h e POBSP 1 2 and 13 March 1965. Banding and Movements Only 16 Chris tmas Shearwaters , a l l 2f them a d u l t s , have been banded 3n L i s i a n s k i by t h e POBSP: 7 i n March 1963 and 5 i n August and September 1967. None have y e t been r e c a p t ured. Tab le 16. O b s e r v a t i m s of Chr is tmas Shearwate r s on L i s i a n s k i I s l a n d P3pu la t i 3 n Date ,3f Survey E s t i m a t e Breeding S t a t u s , Remarks and Refe rences 1891 29 June- l e s s numemus 4 J u l y on L i s i a n s k i t h a n Laysan 1913 1 2 Mar. 1915 24 Mar. 1923 15-20 May 1950 24 June 1963 1 4 Feb. 1964 11-12 Mar. 21-23 Aug. 18 S e p t . 1965 12-14 Mar. 14-17 J u l y 1966 16-19 June 1467 20 Mar. 2-6 June ? 1 0 , 0 0 0 600 ? 15 very few ? 6 3 00-500 400 1 ,000 5 0 2 5 2 ,000 1 p a i r s e e n ( W i l l e t t , m s . ). No eggs f 3und ( ~ u n t e r , 1415: 1 3 6 ) . Eggs, s3me f r e s h , bu t no young (Wetmxe, m s . ). N e s t i n g (POFI). N 3 n e s t s (POBSP). (BSFW) . 1 a l m ~ s t f l e d g e d (POBSP) . N 3 ev idence 3f b r e e d i n g (BSFW, POBSP). Burr3ws c o n t a i n e d p a i r s by day bu t n3 n e s t s w i t h eggs o r young f 3und (POBSP) . No burr3ws f3und (POBSP). B i r d s c 3 u r t ing and i n c u b a t i n g eggs; 5 0 n e s t s w i t h eggs p r e s e n t (POBSP). A d u l t s n3 t seen; e s t i m a t e based 3n number of nea r - f l e d g i n g y3ung (POBSP) . No n e s t s w i t h eggs (BSFW, POBSP). Only n e s t s w i t h eggs; a n e s t i m a t e d 500 n e s t s (POBSP). Table 16. ( c m t inued) Populat ion Date s f Survey Es t imate Breeding S t a t u s , Remarks and References 1967 31 Aug.- 250 3 l a r g e , near-f l edg ing young; sma l l number 5 Sep t . of a d u l t s s c a t t e r e d absu t t h e i s l a n d (POBSP). 1968 20-21 Mar. 1 0 0 N.2 evidence of b reed ing a c t i v i t y (BSFW, POBSP) . RED-TAILED TROPICBIRD Phaet hon r ubr icauda S t a t us Commm breeder ; maximum recen t e s t i m a t e 4,500. A few b i r d s p rsbab ly p r e sen t i n a l l months but maximal numbers p resen t fr2m ab2ut May 2r June thr2ugh August; pr2bably few present from l a t e September th rough February. Breeds f r2m March th r2ugh a t l e a s t N2vemter but m x t n e s t i n g occurs f r2m A p r i l th rough September 2r e a r l y October. Nests e i t h e r s o l i t a r i l y o r s emi - c2 lon i a l l y on t h e gr2und under dense vege ta t ion. Populat igns Alth2ugh e s t i m a t e s made dur ing per i2ds when few b i r d s were p resen t a r e r a t h e r c m s i s t e n t from v i s i t t 3 visit, t h ~ s e made du r ing t h e per i2ds o f peak breed ing a c t i v i t y a r e h igh ly v a r i a b l e a able 1 7 ) . Th is v a r i a b i l i t y perhaps d2es not i n d i c a t e changes i n p 2 p u l a t i m s i z e from yea r t o yea r but merely r e f l e c t s t h e l a c k s f accuracy i n t h e e s t i m a t e s . The June 1967 e s t i m a t e of 4 ,500 b i r d s seems p a r t i c u l a r l y l a r g e and i s pr2bably e r r sne3us . Other e s t i m a t e s f rom t h e June t o August peri3d a r e v a r i a b l e but sugges t maximal p2pulat i2ns 2f 500 t 2 1 ,000 b i r d s . A l t h2ugh t h e y were undoubtedly numerous i n e a r l i e r years , Wetmore's , s b s e r v a t i m s , made a t a t ime .2f year when t h e p resen t popula t ion i s l a r g e , i n d i c a t e t h a t t h e p.2pula.t i 2 n had been e x t i r p a t e d by 1923. We cannst e x p l a i n why t h i s s p e c i e s was n2t r e p x t e d by Palmer and Munr2 i n June 1891--before r a b b i t s had been int r2duced, be f2 r e t he Japanese were known t~ p2ach on t h e i s l and , and a t a per iod when breed ing p2pu l a t i ons shsu ld have been a t a peak. The absence of o the r e a r l y obse rva t i ons is not s u r p r i s i n g s i n c e a l l g t h e r e a r l y obse rva t i ons were made i n March, when very few t r q i c b i r d s a r e p r e sen t . Annual Cycle P2pu l a t i 2n e s t i m a t e s and t h e c2mp2sit ion of sample ne s t counts sugges t t h a t m2re t h a n 90 percent 2f t h e popula t i2n c2mpletes i t s breed- i n g cyc l e between A p r i l and October. On 2nly t w 2 2f s i x r e c e n t March visits (1965, 1968) were n e s t i n g b i r d s f 2und. This, and t h e sma l l s i z e 2f papulat i 2 n e s t i m a t e s i n March, i n d i c a t e s t h a t t h e b i r d s have j u s t begun t 3 a r r i v e 3n t h e i s l a n d a t t h i s t i m e . O b s e r v a t i m s f r 3 m b 3 t h June 1966 and 1967 s u g g e s t hat t h e egg peak 3 c c u r r e d i n May and e a r l y June. I f t h i s is t r u e , msst f l e d g i n g p r 2 b a b l y 3 c c u r s a b o u t 3 m3nths l a t e r , 3r f r m August t h r 3 u g h e a r l y September . The n e s t c 3 u n t t a k e n i n August and September 1967 g e n e r a l l y a g r e e s w i t h t h i s c m c l u s ion , b u t i n a i c a t e s t h a t a f a i r number 3f b i r d s f l e d g e t h r 3 u g h o u t Sepcember. S m a l l numbers f l e d g e i n Oc t3be r and t h r o u g h a t l e a s t l a t e N3vember ( i f t h e n e s c s begun l a t e i n t h e y e a r a r e s u c c e s s f u l ) . N 3 3 b s e r v a t i m s have been maue 3n L i s i a n s k i f r 3 m November t h r 3 u g h J a n u a r y b u t i t seems l i k e l y t h a t few b i r d s a r e p r e s e n t and b r e e d i n g t h e n . B r e e d i n g : T r 3 p i c b i r d s 3n L i s i a n s k i b r e e d p r i m a r i l y a r3und t h e pe r imece r 3f t h e i s l a n d b u t s c a t t e r e d p a i r s n e s t i n l a n d . B i r d s n e s t i n g 3n t h e p e r i m e t e r a l m 3 s t i n v a r i a b l y ch33se t3 n e s t under t h e l a r g e r and d e n s e r Scaev2 la bushes ( ~ i ~ . 4 3 ) , b u t when maximum numbers a r e b r e e d i n g , t h e l3wer S c a e v d a may be u t i l i z e d a s w e l l . I n t h i s p e r i m e t e r a r e a t h e t r 3 p i c b i r d s a r e semi-c313nia1, t h r e e 3r f 2 u r p a i r s n e s t i n g under a s i n g l e clump 3f Scaev 3 l a f r 3 m 15 t 9 20 f e e t i n d i a m e t e r . Areas a f d e n s e r gr3wth which u s u a l l y h e l d g r e a t e s t numbers 3f n e s t i n g b i r d s were j u s t beh ind t h e c r e s t s 3f t h e e a s t and s 3 u t h b e a c h e s and beh ind t h e n o r t h e a s t and n 3 r t h b e a c h e s . Fewer n e s t i n g b i r d s were f 3und ab2ve t h e wes t beach where t h e S c a e v d a i s c m s i d e r a b l y l e s s l u x u r i a n t . T r ~ p i c b i r d s n e s t i n g i n t h e i n t e r i s r seem t.3 p r e f e r Iporn.3ea which had gr3wn i n m3unds 3 v e r s t u n t e d , dying , .3r dead S c a e v o l a . M3st of t h i s S c a e v d a was l e s s t h a n 3 f e e t t a l l , c o n s i d e r a b l y l9wer t h a n much 3f t h a t f3und ab3u t t h e p e r i m e t e r .3f t h e i s l a n d . N3n-breeding: The l a r g e d e c r e a s e i n numbers 3f t r o p i c b i r d s d u r i n g p e r i 3 d s z~f n3n-breeding , 3r much r educed b r e e d i n g , and t h e a b s e n c e 3f 3 b s e r v a ~ i m s 3f immatures f l y i n g 3ve r t h e i s l a n d , i n d i c a t e s t h a t m ~ t , i f n 2 t a l l , a d u l t and young t r 3 p i c b i r d s l e a v e t h e i s l a n d s h ~ t l y a f t e r c3m- p l e t i ' m 3f t h e n e s t i n g c y c l e . Specimens T3 o u r knowledge, t h e r e a r e b u t two spec imens 3f t h e R e d - t a i l e d Tr 3 p i c b i r d : USNM 191439, l a c k i n g a c d l e c t i 3 n d a t e 3n t h e l a b e l , was c3nf i s c a t e d f r 3 m t h e J a p a n e s e 16 J u n e 1504; a male (usNM 300983 ) was c d l e c t e d by W e t m ~ e 17 May 1 9 2 3 . Band ing and Movements T a b l e 18 g i v e s t h e number o f R e d - t a i l e d T r o p i c b i r d s banded on L i s i a n s k i by t h e POBSP and BSFW t h r o u g h 1969. None h a s y e t been r e c a p - t u r e d m o t h e r i s l a n d s .3r a t s e a . 3 3 Table 17. O b s e r v a t i ~ n s 3f Red-tai led T r ~ p i c b i r d s 3n L i s i ansk i I s land Population Date of Survey Estimate Breeding Sta tus , Remarks and References 1923 17 May 1951 13 May 1954 26 Mar. 1961 9 Mar. 1963 1 4 Feb. 12-13 Mar. 1964 11-12 Mar. 21-23 Aug. 18 Sept . 1965 12-14 Mar. 14-17 Ju ly 1966 16-19 June 18-20 act. 1967 20 Mar. 2-6 June 2 ? ca . 10 - many 0 a few 100-150 3 00 50-100 20-30 1,000 600 2 5 2 5 4,500 N 3 n e s t s f3und (Wetmxe, m s . ) . ( ~ i c h a r d s ~ n , pers . comm. ) . N 3 eggs 3r y ~ u n g seen (W33dside and Kramer, m s . ) . N 3 n e s t s found (POBSP). No n e s t s f 3und (BsFW, POBSP). Eggs t o l a r g e young, but m ~ s t n e s t s wi th l a r g e young; est imated 1 0 n e s t s w i th eggs, 140 with ysung (POBSP). 5 l a r g e irnmatures (BSFW, POBSP). 1 nes t with egg f m n d ; s e v e r a l more b i r d s seen on gr3und (POBSP). P a r t i a l l y incubated eggs t 3 near-f ledging y3ung; est imated 200 n e s t s with young. Sample csunt 3f 60 n e s t s : 3 (5%) with eggs, 4 (7%) with small downy chicks, 25 (42%) with medium-sized t ,3 l a r g e downy chicks, and 28 (47%) wi th dependent i m - matures (POBSP) . Estimated 300 nes ts , half with eggs, ha l f with young (POBSP) . Ca. 10 near-f ledging young, no n e s t s w i th - eggs .3r small young ~ b s e r v e d (POBSP). No n e s t s found; 20 b i r d s i n f l i g h t but ~ n l y 2 on grmnci, n3 s p e c i a l search made (BSFW, POBSP) . Eggs t o medium-sized d3wny y3ung; m ~ s t ne s t s wi th eggs; an est imated 1,500 nes t s 3n is- l and . Sample c3unt 3f 53 nes t s : 50 (94%) wi th eggs, 1 (2%) wi th a small d3wny y3ung, and 2 (4%) with medium-sized downy y3ung (POBSP ) . 39 T a b l e 1 7 . ( c s n t i n u e d ) Pm3pulat im Date s f Survey E s t i m a t e Breed ing S t a t us, Remarks and Refe rences 1967 31 Aug.- 800 R e c e n t l y hatched young t '3 dependent imma- 5 S e p t . t u r e ~ . Msst n e s t s w i t h l a r g e d3wny young 3r dependent immat u r e s . Sample c3unt of 1 2 8 n e s t s : 4 (3%) w i t h r e c e n t l y hatched y3ung, 16 (13%) w i t h s m a l l downy young, 5 0 (39%) w i t h medium-sized o r l a r g e downy y3ung, and 58 (45%) w i t h dependent imma- t u r e s (POBSP) . 1968 20-21 Mar. 1 0 0 Only 2 n e s t s w i t h eggs f3und (BSFW, POBSP). Tab le 18. R e d - t a i l e d T r 3 p i c b i r d s banded on L i s i a n s k i I s l a n d P e r i 3 d 3f Survey Bander A d u l t s Young T 3 t a l s 1963 March POBSP 1 0 1 1964 March BSFW 2 0 August POBSP 7 56 1965 March POBSP 18 0 18 1967 June POBSP 79 0 7 9 August- September POBSP 58 1 0 6 165* * I n c l u d e s 1 b i r d sf unknown age. BLUE-FACED BOOBY - 8 u l a d a c t y l a t r a S t a t us Carnm3n breeder ; maximum r e c e n t e s t i m a t e 1 ,200. P r e s e n t w i t h some b i r d s p r z ~ b a b l y b r e e d i n g i n a l l months but m 3 s t n e s t i n g 3 c c u r r i n g from l a t e F e b r u a r y 3r e a r l y March th r3ugh l a t e August 3r e a r l y September. Nes t s on gr3und, p r i m a r i l y i n open sandy a r e a s among t h e v e g e t a t i o n r imming t h e i s l a n d ' s p e r i m e t e r . P s p u l a t i s n s Recent e s t i m a t e s 3f Blue-faced Bo3bies a able 19) on L i s i a n s k i in- d i c a t e t h a t maximal p o p u l a t i o n s a r e 3n t h e o r d e r 3f 1 ,000 t o 1 ,200 b i r d s , b u t t h e l a r g e r e s t i m a t e s a lmos t i n v a r i a b l y i n c l u d e s e v e r a l hundred nsn- b r e e d i n g b i r d s f3und r 3 3 s t i n g i n c l u b s ( s e e be l3w) . Many sf' t h e s e b i r d s a r e p r3bab ly f r 3 m 3t h e r b r e e d i n g p3pula t i s n s i n t h e N3r thwes te rn Hawaiian I s l a n d s . The number b r e e d i n g e a c h y e a r is c3ns i d e r a b l y s m a l l e r , p r2bab ly se ld3m exceed ing 450 t s 500 b i r d s a t any one t i m e . The t 3 t a l number t h a t b r e e d 3n t h e i s l a n d sr at temp^ t 3 b r e e d i n any 3ne y e a r may be 3ne t 3 c w 3 hundred b i r d s l a r g e r , s i n c e a l a r g e p r 3 p 3 r t i 3 n 3f t h e 955 a d u l t s banded 3n t h e i s l a n d a r e kn3wn t 3 have b r e d i n 3ne y e a r sr a n 3 t h e r . The p r e s e n t p 3 p u l a t i 3 n is c l e a r l y two t 3 t h r e e t i m e s l a r g e r t h a n i n 1523 when We ~m31-e v i s i t e d L i s i a n s k i , b u t e a r l i e r n u m e r i c a l r e c x d s a r e t.30 vague f 3r US t 3 s p e c u l a t e 3n whecher numbers were f 3rmer ly g r e a t e r . Annual Cycle B lue - faced B33b ies 3n L i s i a n s k i have a n e x t e n d e d b r e e d i n g s e a s s n t h a t i n s3me y e a r s may enc3mpass a l l months. The p 3 p u l a t i m b r e e d s s n a n a n n u a l c y c l e which i n r e c e n t y e a r s h a s v a r i e d r e l a t i v e l y l i t t l e . Egg l a y i n g may b e g i n a s e a r l y a s N3vember (1962) , December (196'7), 3r December t 3 J a n u a r y (1964-65; 1466-6d) , bu t r e c e n t sample n e s t c3unr;s i n a i c a t e t h a t l e s s t h a n 1 p e r c e n t 3f t h e number b r e e d i n g y e a r l y i n i t i a t e n e s t i n g i n N3vember sr December. F u r ~ h e r m ~ e , r e l a t i v e l y few b i r d s b e g i n l a y i n g i n J a n u a r y b u t i n s3me y e z r s t h e y c3mpr i se a s i g n i f i c a n t p r 3 p ~ - t i 3 n ~f t h e March n e s t i n g p 3 p u l a t i m . O f t h e n e s t i n g b i r d s p r e s e n t i n March 1464, 1965, 1467, and 1468, pe rhaps a s many a s 25 p e r c e n t , 2 0 p e r c e n t , 1 0 p e r c e n t , and 15 p e r c e n t , r e s p e c t i v e l y , haa begun n e s t i n g i n January . C 3 n s i d e r a b l y l a r g e r numbers s f b i r d s b e g i n n e s t i n g i n F e b r u a r y 3r March w i t h t h e peak s r 3 b a b l y u s u a l l y f a l l i n g be tween l a t e F e b r u a r y and l a t e A p r i l 3r even May. Many p r e - b r e e d i n g p a i r s were 3bserved i n March 1565 and 1567, i n d i c a t i n g t h a t l a y i n g w3uld 3 c c u r i n t h e f ' d l s w i n g m3nths. On t h e l a t t e r su rvey , a n e s t i m a t e d 47 p e r c e n t 3f t h e n e s t i n g p z p u l a t i 3 n had n 3 t y e t l a i d . Lay ing c o n t i n u e s a t l e a s t i n t 3 June and a few e g g s p ~ s i b l y a r e l a i d a s l a t e a s Augus t . The n e s t c3un t d a t a f r m J u n e t h r 3 u g h Oct 3ber s u g g e s t , h3wever? t h a t l i t t l e l a y i n g 3 c c u r s i n J u l y and t h a t l a y i n g p r3bab ly a 3 e s n o t u s u a l l y o c c u r i n Augus t . h he egg 3bse rved i n August 1964 may w e l l have been a n aband3ned, s t e r i l e egg . ) R e c e n t l y ha t ched y3ung have been r e c c ~ r d e d 3s e a r l y a s F e b r u a r y b u t h a t c h i n g has p r 3 b a b l y 3 c c u r r e d a s e a r l y a s December ( 1 9 6 2 ) . R e c e n t l y h a t c h e d young have been r e c 3 r d e d a s l a t e a s mid-July . Most h a t c h i n g pr3b- a b l y f a l l s i n t o t h e p e r i o d f r 3 m e a r l y A p r i l t h r 3 u g h e a r l y June. F l edged 3r n e a r - f l e d g i n g young have t w i c e been r e c 3 r d e d i n June (1891, 1566) and, if J u l y n e s t s a r e s u c c e s s f u l , c 3 u l d o c c u r a s l a t e a s N3vember. M 3 s t y3ung, h m e v e r , p r 3 b a b l y f l e d g e f r 3 m e a r l y J u l y t h r s u g h l a t e August t 3 mid-September. Breed-ing: I n 1923, when t h e r e was l i t t l e v e g e t a t i m , t h e b i r d s m3ved i n l a n d and n e s t e d n e a r t h e r e m a i n i n g p a t c h sf g r a s s . A l l t h e m3re r e c e n t s b s e r v a t i s n s i n d i c a t e t h a t t h e s e b i r d s n e s t p r i m a r i l y a l s n g t h e p e r i m e t e r sf t h e i s l a n d , f r m t h e edge o f t h e beach f 3 r a s h s r t d i s t a n c e i n l a n d (I?igs. 44 ,45) . Areas which have many b a r e a r e a s 3 f s and i n t e r s p e r s e d amsng t h i c k e r v e g e t a t i o n a r e p t x t i c u l a r l y f a v s r e d and few o r n9 b i r d s n e s t i n t h e i n t e r i o r sf t h e i s l a n d which is d e n s e l y c s v e r e d w i t h 1 3 ~ vegeta t i 3 n ( p r i m a r i l y c.l.umps s f ~ r a g r o s t i s ) . No n e s t s were f sund i n t h e c e n t r a l p s r t i s n sf t h e i s l a n d s n POBSP s u r v e y s f r 3 m 1963 t h r s u g h 1968, b u t t h e y were f s u n d a s f a r a s 5 0 y a r d s i n l a n d i n a r e a s where b a r e sand ex tended be tween d e n s e S c a e v d a g r s w t h . Msst i n l a n d n e s t s were f s u n d a l o n g t h e s s u t h and s s u t h e a s t p e r i m e t e r s . The l i m i t e d d a t a on n e s t d i s t r i b u t i s n s u g g e s t t h a t t h e s e b s o b i e s n e s t u n i f 3 r m l y a r s u n d t h e i s l a n d p e r i m e t e r , e x c e p t t h e y a r e l e s s abundant a l 3 n g t h e n s r t h p e r i m e t e r and p e r h a p s a l i t t l e more abundant a l o n g t h e p e r i m e t e r s f t h e s o u t h e r n h a l f sf t h e i s l a n d . The re seems t o be l i t t l e tendency fsr d i s t i n c t c s l o n i a l c s n c e n t r a t i s n s e x c e p t b i r d s n e s t somewhat m3re d e n s e l y i n a r e a s t h a t a f f s r d more s u i t a b l e h a b i t a t . Nsn-breed i n g : Most n3n-breed i n g b i r d s ( and s3me b r e e d i n g b i r d s ) a r e f s u n d i n r s o s c i n g a g g r e g a t i s n s ( c l u b s ) s n beaches t h a t a r e n o t used f s r b r e e d i n g (I?ig. 46) . Data 3n t h e l s c a t i m and s i z e s sf s u c h c l u b s were n o t t a k e n c s n s i s t e n t l y b u t t h s s e a v a i l a b l e s u g g e s t t h a t ssme a r e a s were msre f a v x e d t h a n 3 t h e r s a able 2 0 ) . The l a r g e s t c l u b s were msst f r e - q u e n t l y s e e n 9n t h e s s u t h and s 3 u t hwest beaches ' (which a r e c o n s i d e r a b l y l a r g e r t h a n m 3 s t s t h e r s ) , bu t l a r g e c l u b s a l s 9 were s e e n c s n s i s t e n t l y s n t h e beaches a t t h e n s r t h end sf t h e i s l a n ~ . The p r s p s r t i s n o f b i r d s i n c l u b s i n J u n e 1966 is p r 3 b a b l y c ' s n s i d e r - a b l y l a r g e r t h a n is u s u a l l y found a t t h a t t i m e o f y e a r . The re were f a r f e w e r n e s t s t h a n i n J u n e 1967 which may i n d i c a t e t h a t 1966 was a p a r t i c u - l a r l y u n f a v o r a b l e y e a r f3r n e s t i n g . 2 3 If t h i s is t r u e , it seems l i k e l y t h a t many sf t h e b i r d s i n c l u b s were s n e s wh3se n e s t s f a i l e d e a r l i e r i n t h e s e a s o n . Specimens Ts 3u r knswledge s n l y f s u r B lue - faced Bosby spec imens have been c s l - l e c t e d s n L i s i a n s k i . Wetmore c 3 l l e c t e d a n immat w e f e m a l e (USNM 3 ~ 0 9 4 2 ) and tws a d u l t males (USNM 300943-944) 17 and 18 May 1923, r e s p e c t i v e l y . The re i s a l s s a spec imen i n t h e B i s h s p Museum f o r which we knsw n e i t h e r c d l e c t s r n s r c d l e c t i m d a t e . Banding and Movements The POBSP h a s banded 1 ,247 B lue - faced B o z ~ b i e s s n L i s i a n s k i ( T a b l e 2 1 ) , Twency-one have been s u b s e q u e n t l y f3und on s t h e r i s l a n d s sr a t s e a . Ssme 2 3 ~ s , s d w a r d ( p e r s . csmrn. ) s t a t e s t h a t on Kure A t s l l t h e 1966 B l u e - f a c e d Bo3by b r e e d i n g c y c l e was d i f f e r e n t f r o m any o t h e r d u r i n g t h e 1963 t o 1968 s t u d y p e r i o d . The b r e e d i n g p s p u l a t i s n d e c r e a s e d by a b 3 u t 25 p e r c e n t and t h e c y c l e was l a t e r t h a n i n a n y 3 t h e r y e a r . F i g u r e 44. T y p i c a l B lue- faced Bz~oby n e s t w i t h egg and r e c e n t l y h a t c h e d young, 12 March 1964. POBSP photz~grapti by A.B. Amerson, Jr. F i g u r e 45. Blue-faced Bmby brood ing young i n n e s t a t edge af v e g e t a - t i o n , February 1963. FOBSP photograph. have been recorded f r s m m,xe t h a n s n e o t h e r i s l a n d and some have been r e c a p t u r e d .sn L i s i a n s k i a f t e r having been p r e v i s u s l y r e c a p t u r e d s n s t h e r i s l a n d s . Eight have been r e c a p t u r e d a t Laysan, 5 each a t Kure A t 3 1 1 ana French F r i g a t e S h s a l s , 3 a t J s h n s t s n A t s l l , and 1 a t s e a ( ~ ~ ~ e n d i x T a b l e 8 a ) . I n a d d i t i o n , 33 b i r d s banded s n s t h e r i s l a n d s have been r e c a p t u r e d on L i s i a n s k i : 1 7 were banded on Laysan I s l a n d , 7 a t French F r i g a t e Sh3als , 4 a t J s h n s t s n A t s 1 1 , 3 a t Kure A t s l l , and 2 a t P e a r l and Hermes Reef ( ~ p p e n d i x Tab le 8 b ) . Table 19. O b s e r v a t i s n s of Blue-faced Bosbies on L i s i a n s k i I s l a n u P s p u l a c i s n Date .sf Survey E s t i m a t e Breeding S t a t us, Remarks and Refe rences 1828 3 Apr . 1891 29 June- 4 J u l y 1913 12 Mar. 1915 24 Mar. 1923 15-20 May 1961 9 Mar. 1963 1 4 Feb. 1964 11-12 Mar r a t he r commsn f a i r l y l a r g e numbers P r s b a b l y s e e n by Isenbeck but h i s ,sbser- v a c i s n s d s not c l e a r l y d i s t i n g u i s h between his s p e c i e s and he Rea- f s s ted Bssby ( s e e R s t h s c h i l d , 1893-1900: v ) . Palmer ns ted s n 3 0 June t h a t ysung "ssme . . . be ing j u s t a b l e t s f l y " were f s u n d w i t h t h e a d u l t s " a l l a l s n g t h e beach1' ( ~ s t h - s c h i l d , 1893 : x i - x i i ) . Eggs and v a r i s u s l y s i z e d ysung; 3 3r 4 n e a r f l e d g i n g ysung ( ~ u n t e r , 1915: 135). Nest s i t e s s e l e c t e d , l a r g e and f l e d g e d ysung ( ~ e t ~ s r e , m s . ) . With half-grown y3ung (POFI) . ( ~ i c h a r d s s n , p e r s . csmm. ) . Ca. 5 0 s n n e s t s ; a few n e s t s w i t h 2 eggs - and some w i t h a n egg and a ysung b i r d (POFI) . sods i d e and Kramer, m s . ) . M,sstly on eggs, bu t r e c e n t l y hatched ysung, s m a l l and l a r g e dswny ysung, a l s o p r e s e n t (POBSP; Kramer, m s . ) . Ca. 200 n e s t s ; m s s t n e s t s w i t h eggs . Sam- - p l e csunt 3f 134 n e s t s : 95 (71%) w i t h eggs, 1 4 (10%) w i t h a n egg and a ysung b i r d ; 25 (19%) w i t h yDung (BSFW, WBSP). Tab le 19. (con t inued) Popula t i s n Date sf Survey Es t ima t e Breeding S t a t u s , Remarks and References 18 Sept . 1965 12-14 Mar. 14-17 J u l y 1966 16-19 June 18-20 act . 1967 20 Mar. 2-6 June 1 nes t w i t h egg, 1 w i t h a half-grswn chick; s. 100 f l edged immatures sn i s l and (POBSP) . 54 f l y i n g immatures counted (BSFW, POBSP ) . 9 0 - l l d n e s t s w i t h eggs and very smal l chicks; a t l e a s t 2 ch icks absu t 1 mmth s l d and many pre -nes t ing b i r d s . Sample count s f ' (1 n e s t s : 53 ('/5%) w i t h eggs, 1 0 (14%) w i t h r e c e n t l y hatched ysung, 7 (10%) w i t h s m a l l dswny ysung, and 1 (1%) wi th a l a r g e dswny ysung (POBSP). Eggs t s f l edged ysung; - ca . 100 young sn i s l a n d (POBSP) . Eggs t a f l edged ysung; most n e s t s w i t h 1/4- t s 112-grown ysung. An es t imated 85 n e s t s p r e sen t . Sample csun t s f 55 n e s t s : 3 (5%) w i t h eggs, 5 (9%) w i t h r e c e n t l y hatched yslung, 23 (42%) w i t h sma l l dswny ysung, 1 4 (25%) w i t h medium dswny ysung, and 1 0 (16%) wi th l a r g e dswny ysung. 1 f ledged ysung seen (POBSP). Most .sf y,sung f l edged s r f l edg ing ; ns n e s t s w i t h eggs sr sma l l ysung (POBSP). Eggs t o l a r g e downy y.sung; m s s t n e s t s w i t h eggs. Sample count of 64 n e s t s : 52 (81%) w i th eggs, '7 (11%) w i t h r e c e n t l y hatched young, 4 (6%) wi th sma l l dswny chicks; and 1 (2%) w i t h a l a r g e downy ch i ck (BSFW, POSSP). Eggs t o l a r g e dswny young; most n e s t s w i th downy ysung. Count of 165 n e s t s : 32 (19%) w i t h eggs, 28 (17%) w i t h s m a l l dswny young, and 105 (64%) w i t h medium s r l a r g e dswny young (POBSP) . No n e s t s w i t h eggs .sr downy ysung; e s t i - mated 200 dependent imma t u r e s (POBSP) . Tab le 19. (con t inued ) Populat ion Date .2f Survey Es t imate Breeding S t a t us, Remarks and References 1968 20-21 Mar. 43 0 Eggs t o medium d2wny young; most n e s t s w i t h eggs . Sample c ~ u n t 2f 98** n e s t s : 76 (78%) w i th eggs, 6 (6%) w i t h nakea y2ung, 15 (15%) w i t h s m a l l d ~ w n y yIung, and 1 (1%) w i t h a medium downy young. An e s t ima t ed 225 breed ing b i r d s ( n e a r l y 50% 2f t h e populat i o n ) st ill i n pre-nest i ng pa irs (BSFW, POBSP) . 1969 30 Mar. 194*** Eggs t s y2ung; most n e s t s w i t h eggs . Sam- p l e c2unt 2f' 92 n e s t s : 87 (95%) w i t h eggs, 1 (1%) w i t h an egg and ysung b i r d , 4 (4%) w i th y3ung. 4 p a i r s 2f p re - lay ing b i r d s a l s a s een (BSFW). *Estimate by Walker. **C~unt pr.3bably w i t h i n 5 n e s t s of t 2 t a l p r e sen t ***Estimate of t h e number 2f n e s t i n g b i r d s , e s t i m a t e pr2bably very c l o s e t 2 a c t u a l i t y . Tab l e 20. L ~ c a t i s n s and s i z e s of Blue-faced Bo.sby c lubs on L i s i a n s k i I s l a n d Appr2x % of T o t a l #s f r e e - f l y i n g Per iod of Not SE S SW N & NW b i r d s p2pula t i3n Observat i on - given beach beach beach beaches i n c l ubs i n c l ubs 1964 l a t e Aug. 1965 mid-Mar . 1966 mi<- June mid-0ct . 100 " l a r g e ? f l ~ k " "many clubsl1 c a . 50- - 70 1967 e a r l y June >300 100 - c a . 400 4 0 e a r l y Sep t . 15-20 200 40 3 . 1 0 0 - ca . 350 45 1968 l a t e Mar. No c lubs p r e sen t 0 BROWN BOOBY S u l a l e u c 3 g a s t e r S t a t us Uncammon b r e e d e r ; maximum r e c e n t e s t i m a t e 200. P r3bab ly p r e s e n t a l l y e a r bu t m 3 s t n e s t i n g 3 c c u r s f rom ab3u t A p r i l t h r 3 u g h l a t e September. B u i l o s n e s t s 3n t h e gr3und i n s m a l l 3pen ings i n t h e p e r i m e t e r .3f S c a e v o l a above t h e beaches , and i n a r e a s covered w i t h l 3 w v e g e t a t i 3 n n e a r Scaev3 la i n t h e i n t e r i o r 3f t h e i s l a n d . S m e n e s t s r a t h e r i s o l a t e d b u t most b i r d s breed i n s m a l l l o ~ s e c 3 l o n i e s 3f 6 t.3 1 4 b i r d s P 3 p u l a t i o n s - Recen t e s t i m a t e s c 3 n s i s t e n t l y i n d i c a t e p o p u l a t i 3 n s r e a c h a z e n i t h of n3 more t h a n 200 b i r d s a able 2 2 ) . The m x e c a r e f u l r e c e n t s u r v e j s 3f n e s t i n g p o p u l a t i 3 n s ( J u l y 1965; J u n e 1966; June , August - September l46i7) g i v e a maximal b r e e d i n g p 3 p u l a t i 3 n 3f n3 m3re t h a n 40 b i r d s ( J u l y 1965) f3r any s n e visi t . The b r e e d i n g p 3 p u l a t i m may be somewhat l a r g e r a s n e s t s a r e o f t e n hard t .3 f i n d and can be ove r looked , and b r e e d i n g may have o c c u r r e d 3 u t s i d e p e r b d s covered by 3ur s u r v e y s . I n 1967, however, t w c a r e f u l c g u n t s r e v e a l e d a maximum n e s t i n g p o p u l a t i o n f3r a l m ~ t h e e n t i r e y e a r 9f n 3 more t h a n 5 0 b i r d s . I f , a s seems l i k e l y , t h e 4 l a r g e d3wny y ~ u n g and 3 immat u r e s s e e n i n August and sep tember24 a r e f m m t h e n e s t s s e e n i n June, t h e n n3 more t h a n 38 b i r d s b r e d i n 1967. I n a n y c a s e we d ~ u b t w h e t h e r t h e b r e e d i n g p 3 p u l a t i m has exceeded 60 b i r d s i n a n y y e a r s i n c e 1963. I f t h i s number b red and had 1 0 0 p e r c e n t n e s t i n g s u c c e s s , t h e n a maximum p o p u l a t i 3 n 3f 1 0 0 f l y i n g b i r d s seems n3 t u n r e a s o n a b l e . Two of t h e l a r g e r r e c e n t e s t i-, mates ( J u l y 1964, Oct 3ber 1366) may be s3mewhat t.39 l a r g e b u t c o u l d r e p r e - s e n t i n s t a n c e s i n which t h e i s l a n d had been v i s i t e d by a number of wander ing b i r d s f m m 3 t h e r c313n ies i n t h e a r e a , o r when maximal numbers o f young b i r d s had r e t u r n e d t o t h e i s l a n d . E a r l y e s t i m a t e s by Munter and W e t m r e c3mpare f a v ~ a b l y w i t h r e c e n t e s t i m a t e s , g i v i n g n3 i n d i c a t i m 3f p 3 p u l a t i o n change i n t h i s c e n t u r y . Annual Cycle T3o few Br3wn B33by n e s t s have been f3und 3n L i s i a n s k i by POBSP per- s 3 n n e l t 3 e n a b l e us t 3 d 3 m3re t h a n o u t l i n e t h e g e n e r a l a s p e c t s 3f t h e b r e e d i n g c y c l e . Most e g g - l a y i n g a p p a r e n t l y 3 c c u r s f rm March t hraugh May 3r ~ u n e . ~ 5 Tw3 n e s t s w i t h eggs were f 3und o u t s i d e t h i s p e r i o d ( ~ c t s b e r 4 ~ n August and September 1967 a m a j x e f f ~ t was made t 3 d e t e r m i n e v e r y a c c u r a t e l y t h e Br3wn B33dy p o p u l a t i s n . We f e e l t h a t we banded 3r r e - t u r n e d a l l Br3wn Bo3b ies 3n t h e i s l a n d and a r e c e r t a i n t h a t t h e n e s t count is e x a c t . Thus, we have a m ~ r e f i r m b a s i s f o r d e t e r m i n i n g t h e 1967 b r e e d i n g p o p u l a t i o n t h a n o t h e r y e a r s when n e s t i n g d a t a were e i t h e r no t t a k e n , o r were s u b j e c t t 3 a g r e a t e r p r a b a b i l i t y of e r r o r . 2 5 ~ w o o f t h e more d e t a i l e d n e s t c o u n t s ( J u n e 1966, J u n e 1967) b o t h s u g g e s t t h a t a n e g g - l a y i n g peak o c c u r r e d i n A p r i l o r May. 1966, September 1967) but probably .3nly t h e September 1967 eggs were v i a b l e . . Y3ung a r e u s u a l l y p resen t from ab3ut May th rough September o r Oct 3ber a l t h o u g h a few y3ung fr2m l a t e n e s t s may be p resen t l a t e r . The young Munter saw i n March 1915 a r e t h e o n l y ones s e e n t h a t e a r l y i n t h e y e a r . The absence o f d a t a from N3vember th rough January p r e c l u d e s d e f i n i t e s t a t e m e n t s a b ~ u t n e s t i n g d u r i n g t h a t pe r iod , but March z~bserva t i o n s sug- g e s t t h a t t h e s e b i r d s breed o n l y r a r e l y d u r i n g t h o s e months. Ecology Breeding: About e q u a l numbers n e s t i n s m a l l openings i n t h e S c a e v d a above t h e beach c r e s t s and i n t h e i n t e r h r . Nes t s were found m . x t f r e q u e n t l y above t h e west anC nor thwest beaches ( ~ u n e 1966; June 1 9 6 7 ) . I n t h e in- t e r i . ~ , n e s t s were m ~ s t numerous i n two a r e a s c3vered by I p a m ~ e a and near low Scaev3la on t h e s o u t h - c e n t r a l and s o u t h e a s t e r n p o r t i s n s . I n most i n s t a n c e s , n e s t i n g " c d o n i e s " were c3mposed 3f t h r e e o r f o u r p a i r s 3f b i r d s . I n mid-July 1965, however, a b ~ u t seven p a i r s n e s t e d t 3 - g e t h e r ab3ve t h e west s h o r e . Nm-breeding: Non-breeding a d u l t s and immatures f r e q u e n t l y r o a s t e d near , b reed ing a r e a s , but .3t he r s c a t t e r e d i n d i v i d u a l b i r d s r o o s t e d n S a a e v d a arsund much o f t h e beach p e r i m e t e r . O c c a s i o n a l l y i n d i v i d u a l s r o , x t e d i n n o c t u r n a l a g g r e g a t i o n s o f R e d - f m t e d Boobies, and a n o c c a s i o n a l b i r d r o o s t e d w i t h t h e Blue-faced Bo.3bies .3n t h e beaches . I n October 1966 two s m a l l c l u b s of ab3ut 3 0 each were s e e n 3n t h e beaches . Judging f rsm t h e r e l a t i v e l y low populat i o n s ~ b s e r v e d i n s p r i n g , some s f t h e p 3 p u l a t i m probab ly d e p a r t s t h e i s l a n d a f t e r t h e b reed ing season . Specimens P r e s e n t museum d i s t r i b u t i o n 3f 1 7 s t u d y s k i n s of Brown Bo3bies f rom L i s i a n s k i i s g i v e n i n Tab le 23. Bandine and Movements The POBSP and BSFW have banded 67 Brown Boobies on L i s i a n s k i a able 2 4 ) . N.me of t h e s e has y e t been r e c a p t ured e l sewhere bu t two a d u l t s banded on o t h e r i s l a n d s , one a t Wake I s l a n d , t h e o t h e r a t Johns ton A t o l l , were r e c a p t w e d on L i s i a n s k i ( ~ p p e n d i x Tab le 9 ) . Tab le 22. O b s e r v a t i m s of Br3wn Boobies 3n L i s i a n s k i I s l a n d Popula t i m Date of Survey E s t i m a t e Breeding S t a t us, Remarks and Refe rences 1891 29 June- l e a s t comman Only evidence of n e s t i n g found was 2 young, 4 J u l y 3f t h e t h r e e b ~ ~ t h 3f which were c o l l e c t e d by Palmer (~33th- baoby s p e c i e s s c h i l d , 1893-1900: x i i ) . Table 22. ( c o n t i n u e d ) Popula t ion Date 3f Survey - E s t i m a t e Breeding S t a t us, Remarks and Refe rences 1 2 Mar. 24 Mar. 15-20 May 13 May 26 Mar. 9 Mar. 1 4 Feb. 12-13 Mar. 11-12 Mar. 21-23 Aug. 18 Se pt . 12-14 Mar. 14-17 J u l y 16-19 June 18-20 O C ~ . 20 Mar. 2 - 6 June (Bai ley, 1956: 59; W i l l e t t , m s . ) . Eggs and young; some 3f young well-devel.3ped ( ~ u n t e r , 1915 : 135-136). Eggs t o about 2-week-old young; most n e s t s a p p a r e n t l y w i t h eggs (wetmore, m s . ) . No n e s t s i t e s f ~ u n d (POFI). ( ~ i c h a r d s o n , p e r s . comm.). S e v e r a l boobies s e e n b u i l d i n g (woodside and Kramer, ms . ) . F l y i n g iuunatures on beach, no n e s t s found (POBSP) . No n e s t s found (BSFW, POBSP). No n e s t s f3und (POBSP). 1 immature, no n e s t s found (BSFW, POBSP). 1 n e s t w i t h eggs (POBSP). Colony w i t h 6 p a i r s w i t h n e a r l y f ull-grown young; e s t i m a t e d 20 young on i s l a n d , (POBSP). Eggs t o s m a l l young; e s t i m a t e d 15 n e s t s . Sample count clf 11 n e s t s : 3 (27%) w i t h eggs, 8 (73%) w i t h s m a l l young (POBSP). 1 n e s t wit:h eggs, one of them a r u n t (POBSP). 15 a d u l t s ; n3 n e s t s f.3und (BSFW, POBSP). Eggs t o medium-sized young; ca . h a l f of t h e n e s t s w i t h eggs, c a . h a l f w i z young. Count of 18 n e s t s : 1 0 (56%) w i t h eggs, 5 (28%) w i t h s m a l l young, and 3 (17%) w i t h medium- s i z e d young (POBSP). ISNM 1 3 .a '4 1 j t r ' j 1 3 1-1 1 6 , l ~ Ma) injetm3~- 1 2, A U d t A d u l t A u u l t S u b t ~ ~ a l Imm- N t . > t - e r i 3 d 3f S u r v e y B a n d e r dd 9 9 ? ? Ad l l t s t u r e s l i n g s T s t a l s 963 March ~,64 M a r c h 965 J u l y 566 J u n e Oc t 3 b e r 467 ~ u g u s t - S e p t e m b e r T o t a l s POBSP 0 0 3 3 0 0 3 BSFW 0 3 3 6 0 0 6 POBSP 0 9 5 5 4 0 9 POBSP 0 0 8 8 0 o 8 POBSP 2 3 0 5 13 0 5 POBSP 9 19 1 2 9 3 4 36 RED-FOOTED BOOBY S u l a s u l a -- S t a t u s C3mm3n b r e e d e r ; maximum r e c e n t e s t i m a t e 3,uOO. P r e s e n t t h r 3 u g h 3 u t y e a r b u t m 3 s t abundant f r 3 m March t h r 3 u g h a t l e a s t O c t 3 b e r . B r e e d s f r 3 m a t l e a s t F e b r u a r y t h r 3 u g h Oc t2be r x N2vember; m 2 s t b r e e d i n g Dccurs f r 3 m March t h r 3 u g h September . B u i l d s bulky n e s t s i n S c a e v d a bushes whereve r t h e y o c c u r 2n t h e i s l a n d . Recen t n u m e r i c a l e s t i m a t e s a able 25) , a l t h 3 u g h n ~ t h i g h l y a c c u r a t e , s u g g e s t t h a t t h e nuniber 2 f Red-f ~ 2 ~ e d B ~ 2 b i e s m L i s i a n s k i v a r i e s w i t h t h e s e a s 2 n , s m a l l e r numbers b e i n g p r e s e n t i n l a t e f a l l ( ? ) and w i n t e r . T h e r e a r e nc, 3 b s e r v a t i m s f r 2 m N3vember t h r 2 u g h J a n u a r y ; we do n 2 t kn3w h2w much p o p u l a t ims d e c r e a s e d u r i n g t h a t p e r i 2 d . M2re2ver, when m l y a s m a l l p r ~ p x t i m 2 f t h e p 3 p u l a t i m is b r e e d i n g ( a s i n e a r l y s p r i n g and f a l l ) , most ~ f t h e p2pu la t i o n is p r e s e n t m l y a s n 3 c t u r n a l r 3 3 s t e r s . S i n c e n3 n 3 c t u r n a l 2 b s e r v a t i 2 n s were made by t h e POBSP i n F e b r u a r y 1963 and March 1967, we c a n n 2 t e s t a b l i s h w h e t h e r t h e r e was a n y r e a l d i f f e r e n c e between e s t i m a t e s made t h e n and m 3 t h e r March s u r v e y s . It seems l i k e l y , however, t h a t t h e s p r i n g e s t i m a t e s a r e s m a l l enough s2 t h a t t h e y r e p r e s e n t a r e a l d i f f e r e n c e i n p 2 p u l a t i o n s i z e f r2m peak p 3 p u l a t i 2 n s r e c x d e d d u r - i n g summer and f a l l . S i n c e t h e September 1 5 6 4 s u r v e y was made d u r i n g d a y l i g h t h2ur s , i t is p r ~ b a b l y s3mewhat l 2 w . We a l s 2 b e l i e v e t h a t t h e e s t i m a t e s f r ~ m August 1 9 6 4 and J u l y 1965 a r e ~ 2 2 l 2 w . H2wever, d a t a f r 3 m 2 t h e r i s l a n d s s u c h a s J 2 h n s t m A t d l i n d i c a t e t h a t t h e s i z e 2 f t h e r x s t i n g p 2 p u l a t i o n may va ry g r e a t l y f r 3 m n i g h t t 2 n i g h t . Comparis2ns 3f r e c e n t e s t i m a t e s w i t h t h 3 s e made i n 1913 and 1923 c l e a r l y i n d i c a t e t h a t p r e s e n t p 3 p u l a t ims a r e much l a r g e r t h a n d u r i n g t h e e a r l i e r p e r i 2 d . T h i s i n c r e a s e is m 2 s t l i k e l y a t t r i b u t a b l e t 3 t h e i n c r e a s e of n e s t i n g s i tes c m c 2 m i t a n t w i t h t h e r e v e g e t a t i m 2 f t h e i s l a n d . Annua l Cyc le Egg- l ay ing e v i d e n t l y b e g i n s i n l a t e F e b r u a r y x e a r l y March, b u t p r o b a b l y d 2 e s n 2 t r e a c h a peak u n t i l l a t e March o r A p r i l ( s e e b e l ~ w ) . Young b i r d s were p r e s e n t i n March 1915, b u t n2 y2ung were f x n u on March visi ts be tween 1464 and 1969. The 1964 s e a s m e v i d e n t l y began e a r l i e r t h a n s u b s e q u e n t s e a s m s s i n c e a b 2 u t h a l f t h e a c t i v e n e s t s had e g g s by e a r l y March. Su rveys i n e a r l y March 1965, and l a t e March 1967, 1968, and 1969, s u g g e s t t h a t n2 m2re t h a n a t h i r d 3f t h e a c t i v e n e s t s c m t a i n e d e g g s . The l a t e s t t h a t e g g s have been r e c x d e d is 19 June, and a t l e a s t a few e g g s a r e p r2bab ly p r e s e n t u n t i l t h e end 2f t h e m2nth. The s i n g l e s e t - 2f r e c e n t J u l y o b s e r v a t i m s (1965) i n d i c a t e s t h a t n2 e g g s were p r e s e n t p a s t mid- J u n e t h a t y e a r ; t h e August-September 1967 3 b s e r v a t i o n s a l s ~ i n d i - c a t e n2 e g g s p a s t June. H2wever, t h e l a r g e young 2bse rved i n Oc tobe r 1966 w c ~ e p r ~ b a b l y n s msre t h a n t h r e e msnths f r s m h a t c h i n g , which shsws t h a t e i j p cou ld be p r e s e n t a s l a t e a s J u l y . The POBSP macie n3 v is i t s t c , L i s i a n s k i i n A p r i l 3r May s2 we c a n n s t w i t h c e r t a i n t y d2cument t h e peak mc,nth Jr pe r iod 2f egg l a y i n g . The l a r g e prc,p2rt i 2 n 2f empty, c2mpleted, 2r n e a r l y comple ted n e s t s p r e s e n t on v a r i 2 u s March s u r v e y s s u g g e s t s t h a t t h e egg peak p r s b a b l y 2ccur red a t l e a s t s e v e r a l weeks a f t e r t h e s i l rveys were made. The t w s J u n e n e s t c 3 u n t s (1966, 1 9 6 7 ) i n d i c a t e t h a t s2me l a y i n g p robab ly o c c u r l e d i n May, bui; t h e ? r ~ p x t i o n 2f eggs t o ysung s u g g e s t s t h a t msst l a y i n g s c c u r r e d frc,rn l a t e March t h r 2 u g h A p r i l . I f m 2 s t 2 f t h e p2pula t i m l a y s between l a t e March and l a t e A p r i l , t h e n m3st h a t c h i n g p robab ly o c c u r s f rom e a r l y May thrc,ugh t h e f i r s t h a l f 2f J u n e . The r e l a t i v e l y h i g h p r s p o r t i o n s f r e c e n t l y ha tched y2ung i n 2 a r l y June 1967 l e n d s s u p p o r t t 2 t h i s c 2 n t e n t i o n . I f t h e f l e d g i n g ; ) e r i ~ d is t a k e n t s be dO t o 1 0 ~ ) days , m 3 s t ysung f l e d g e f r m l a t e J u l y t h r s u g h ?i 1-September. A few b i r d s f l e d g e l a t e r i n t h e y e a r , bu t t hey p r3bab ly :3mprise a ve ry s m a l l p r3por t im 3f t h e t s t a l number f l e d g i n g . We found n s e v i d e n c e 3f w i n t e r n e s t i n g on any 3f t h e POBSP March I is i ts , bu t t h e 3 b s e r v a t ims by Munter of we l l -g r swn young i n March 1915 i n d i c a t e t h a t eggs had been l a i d f rom 3-1 /2 t 2 4--1/2 msnths e a r l i e r , o r ;smet ime i n November 3r December. cc s l o g y B r e e d i n : On L i s i a n s k i Red- f so ted Boobies n e s t e x c l u s i v e l y i n a . 7 ) . They n e s t i n d i v i d u a l l y , i n g r3ups of about f 3 u r t ? ? i g h t b i r d s , sr i n s m a l l c o l ~ n i e s . These b 3 s b i e s f r e q u e n t l y n e s t i n ' p u r e " c o l o n i e s bu t o f t e n a r e founu i n s m a l l numbers am2ng f r i g a t e b i r d s , ) c c a s i c , n a l l y n e s t i n g i n t h e same bushes w i t h t h e l a t t e r . I n June 1967 d e t a i l e d nc, tes were t a k e n m s i t e s , n e s t i n g m a t e r i a l s , md h e i g h t s 3f 1 0 0 n e s t s . A l l n e s t s were i n f o r k s of Scaev3la b r a n c h e s . , major p x t i o n of t h e n e s t i n g m a t e r i a l , p a r t i c u l a r l y t h e b a s e s o f t h e ~ e s t s , c o n s i s t e d s f b ranches and t w i g s of S c a e v s l a . The upper p o r t i 3 n 3f he n e s t c m s i s t ed p r i m a r i l y of T r i b u l u s a-cps s t ems and b ranches ; ) c c a s i 3 n a l l y Scaevo la l e a v e s were added. No B o e r n a v i a v i n e s were f s u n d n t h e n e s t s examined i n June, bu t ~ b s e r v a t i m s made i n March 1967 i n d i c a t e h a t it is f a i r l y f r e q u e n t l y used . Most n e s t s examined were abou t f o u r i n c h e s deep and c,ver a f o o t i n i d t h ; many a p p e a r e d t o have been b u i l t on s i t e s u t i l i z e d i n p r e v i 3 u s y e a r s . Half of t h e 1 0 0 n e s t s examined were n t h e wes t s i d e of t h e i s l a n d ; a l f were m t h e e a s t s i d e . I n t h e 5 0 n e s t s n t h e west s i d e , Scaevo la was .sed a s n e s t i n g m a t e r i a l i n a l l n e s t s , and T r i b u l u s was used i n a l l b u t wo n e s t s . Scaev.3la and T r i b u l u s were used i n a l l n e s t s examined on t h e ast s i d e . S i c y o s was much more p r e v a l e n t i n n e s t s on t h e west s i d e of he i s l a n d ( i n 38 p e r c e n t of t h e n e s t s ) t h a n it was on t h e e a s t s i d e ( i n a n d i n g and Msvements P m u l a 1 i s n a t e 3f Survey E s t i m a t e E r e e d i n ~ ; S t a t us, Remarks and R e f e r e c c e s 326 j Apr . ? Seen by I s e n b e c k b u t h l s s b s e r v a t i m s d s n s t c l e a r l y d i s t i n g u i s h be tween b r e e d i n g 3f t h i s s p e c i e s and ai' t h e S l u e - f a c e d B o ~ b y ( s e e R s t h s c h i l d , 1893-1900: i v - v ) . 891 29 June - 4 J u l y 913 1 2 Mar. Pa lmer n s t e d t h e s e b i r d s s i t t i n g 3n t h e i r n e s t s ,3n 3 0 J u n e and i n d i c a t e d t h a t y3ung were s e e n on 1 J u l y ( ~ ~ t h s c h i l d , 1893- 1 9 0 9 : x i i ) . 3 0 p a i r s n e s t i n g , ssme w i t h f r e s h eggs ( ~ i l l e t t , m s . ) . 136 T a b l e 25. ( c m t i n u e d ) P3pula t i o n D a t e s f Su rvey . E s t i m a t e Breed i n g S t a t us , Remarks and R e f e r e n c e s 1915 24 Mar. 1 0 1923 15-20 May 40 M3st n s t n e s t i n g , 2 n e s t s w i t h e g g s (wetmore, m s . ) . 1 9 5 4 2 6 Mar. 40- 60 (~ i cha rds31 -1 , p e r s . csmm. ) . 1961 9 Mar. compara t i v e l y ra re** N e s t i n g ( ~ 3 3 d s i d e and Kramer, m s . ) . 1963 1 4 Feb . 5 9 N e s t i n g (POBSP) . (POBSP) . 12-13 Mar. ? 1964 11-12 Mar. j 00* Ca. 250 n e s t s , 50-608 w i t h eggs , n s n e - w i t h y3ung (BSFW, POBSP). Nsne f 3 u n d nesting*** (POBSP). 17 v e r y l a r g e y3ung, a b 3 u t 1 1 4 3f p3pu- l a t i 3 n c3mp3sed 3f f l y i n g immat u r e s (BSFW, POBSP ) . 1965 12-14 Mar. 500-750 Many n e s t s c s m p l e t e d b u t s n l y a few e g g s l a i d (POBSP) . 14-17 J u l y 5 00 Ca. 200 y3ung frsm abou t ha l f -g r3wn n e s t - - l i n g s t 3 f u l l y f e a t h e r e d j u v e n i l e s (POBSP) . 1966 16-19 J u n e 2 ,090 Sample c ~ n t sf 56 n e s t s sh3wed: 23 (41%) w i t h eggs , 33 (59%) w i t h y3ung; a n e s t i m a t e - 50-69 n e s t s w i t h eggs and 65-85 n e s t s w i t h y sung s n i s l a n d (POBSP). C a . 15 v e r y l a r g e y3ung and u n f l e d g e d i m - m a t u r e s ; n 3 new n e s t s o r n e s t s w i t h e g g s (POBSP) . 1967 20 Mar. 17 9* 18 o f 85 (21%) c smple t ed n e s t s checked c3n- t a i n e d eggs ; t h e r e s t were empty (BSFW, POBSP ) . 2 - 6 J u n e 3 , 0 0 0 Eggs t s l a r g e d3wny y3ung, msst n e s t s w i t h e g g s sr s m a l l y3ung. C3unt 3f 516 n e s t s : - 236 (46%) w i t h eggs , 88 (1'7%) w i t h r e c e n t l y h a t c h e d y3ung, 73 (14%) w i t h s m a l l dswny y3ung, and l l 5 (23%) w i t h medium-sized sr l a r g e dswny 33ung (POBSP). Table 25. (continued) Populat ion Date 3f Survey Est imate Breeding S t a t us, Remarks and References 1967 31 ~ u g . - 1,500- Large dz~wny yz~ung t 3 f ledged immatures. 5 Sept . 2,000 M3st b i r d s w i t h depenuent immatures. Ca 1 4 l a r g e dz~wny yz~ung and ca . 400 d e p e n r dent immatures present . Ca. 3% of p3pu- l a t i 3 n cz~ns i s t ing 3f f l e d E d immatures (POBSP ) . 1968 21-21 Mar. 250 1969 30 Mar. >214* Only eggs present . Sample c3unt 3f 16 nes ts : 11 (69%) a c t i v e but empty; 5 (31%) w i t h eggs. An estimated 150-209 nes t ing b i rds present (BSFW, POBSP) . 107 n e s t s c,3unted around sh3re l ine ; 3f 8 wh3se contents were inves t iga ted , 6 (75%) were empty but a c t i v e and 2 (25%) c m t a i n e a eggs (BSFW). *Estimate 3f t h e number 3f breeding b i r d s **'AThe September 1964 3 b s e r v a t i m s ind ica t e t h a t a number 3f n e s t s were 3verl33ked by the August survey Table 26. Heights 3f Red-f33ted B33by n e s t s 3n L i s i ansk i I s l and . Height 3f Nests abz~ve Nests l oca ted 2n west Nests l ~ c a t e d 3n eas t A l l n e s t s G r 3 und s i d e 3f Lis i ansk i s i d e 3f L i s i ansk i examined No. Pct . N 3 . Pc t . No. Pct . 1 f o 3 t 2 4 2 f e e t 11 22 3 f e e t 2 7 54 4 f e e t 7 14 5 f e e t 2 4 6 f e e t 1 2 Mean height 3 .(I 2 .4 2.7 Table 27 . Red-fm33ted B 3 ~ 1 b i e s banded on L i s i a n s k i I s l a n d . Sub- Imma- Nest- P e r i 3 d 3f Survey Bander A d u l t s a d u l t s t u r e s l i n g s Unkmwn T , 3 t a l s 1963 March 1564 March 1565 J ~ Y 1566 June Oct 3ber 1967 June August- September T 3 t a l s GREAT FRIGATEBIRD S t a t u s POBSP BSFW POBSP POBSP POBSP POBSP POBSP F r e g a t a min3r C3mm3n b r e e d e r ; maximum recenc e s t i m a t e 2 ,000 t 3 3 ,000. Peak p3pu- l a t i3ns p r3bab ly 3ccur f r m March t hr3ugh September 3r Oct 3ber c 3 n c u r r e n t w i t h b reed ing . S3me breed ing may 3 c c w i n any m m t h but l i t t l e b r e e d i n g p r3bab ly 3ccurs f r m l a c e N3vember th r3ugh e a r l y F e b r u a r y . B u i l d s bu lky n e s t i n S c a e v d a anywhere 3n t h e i s l a n d but w i t h v a r i a b l e 1 3 c a l c3ncen- ~ r a t i o n s . Po pula t i 3ns Recent pspu la t i 3 n e s t i m a t e s r a t h e r c m s i s t e n t l y sugges t maximum -- -- p s p u l a t i m s 3n t h e 3 r d e r 3f 3 , 0 0 0 b i r d s w i t h maximal b r e e d i n g p 3 p u l a t i o n s 3f 900 t 3 1,0013 b i r d s . P r e s e n t p3pula t i o n s a r e ab3u t f i v e t imes t h e s i z e 3f t h a t i n 1923 a able 2 8 ) ; presumably r e v e g e t a t i m s i n c e t h e n n3w a f f 3 r d s t h e s p e c i e s many m3re n e s t s i t e s . The s i n g l e n u m e r i c a l e s t i m a t e p r i 3 r t o 1923 ( i n 1915) s u g g e s t s p 3 p u l a t i m s ab3ut e q u a l t 3 t h 3 s e n3w p r e s e n t . P 3 p u l a t i m s were p r3bab ly l a r g e r p r i 3 r t 3 1915 (and t 3 n3w) s i n c e t h e i s l a n d had s e v e r a l t i m e s been v i s i t e d by f e a t h e r h u n t e r s p r i x t 3 M u n t e r ' s visit and s i n c e Munte r ' s c3mments sugges t t h a t t h e i s l a n d had Been pa r - t i a l l y d e f 3 l i a t e d by r a b b i t s by 1915. Annual Cycle A s 3n La.ysan I s l a n d , p 3 p u l a t i o n s a r e p r3bab ly o n s i d e r a b l y s m a l l e r i n mid-winter bu t t h e absence .3f 3 b s e r v a t i s n s f r 3 m N3vember th r3ugh J a n u a r y makes i t i m p o s s i b l e a d e q u a t e l y tm3 document t h e d e c r e a s e i n numbers when few b i r d s a r e b r e e d i n g . Laying may b e g i n a s e a r l y a s February (1963) and pr3bably e a r l i e r , b u ~ he peak l a y i n g pe r i3d a p p a r e n t l y f a l l s i n March. The peak l a y i n g p e r i 3 d ev idenLly v a r i e s by a s much a s a week 3r m3re w i t h b i r d s l a y i n g e a r l i e r i n s3me y e a r s (1964, 1965) and l a t e r i n 3 t h e r s (196'1-65). The presence 3f eggs and r e c e n t l y hatched young i n June 1566 and 1967 i m - p l i e s t h a t eggs may be l a i d thr3ugh a t l e a s t l a t e May. Y3ung may h a t c h a s e a r l y a s e a r l y March ( o r e a r l i e r ) and f l e d g e a s e a r l y a s l a t e August 3r e a r l y September. ( ~ m m a t u r e s s e e n from March thr3ugh e a r l y August a r e a lm3st a l l c e r t a i n l y b i r d s fr3m preced ing b reed ing s e a s 3 n s . ) Peak ha ich- i n g and f l e d g i n g p e r h d s u s u a l l y f a l l between l a t e May and June and f r 3 m e a r l y Oct3ber th r3ugh e a r l y N3vember, bu t l a t e young may s ~ m e t i m e s f l e d g e a s l a t e a s mid-N3vember 3r even l a t e r . Breeding: Grea t F r i g a t e b i r d s n e s t i n Scaev3la bushes ( ~ i ~ . 4 8 ) wherever t h e y 3ccur , but t h e l ~ a t i 3 n s of' t h e l a r g e r n e s t i n g e m c e n t r a t i3ns apparenLly vary fr3m y e a r t 3 y e a r . I n August 1964 m 3 s c 3f t h e n e s t i n g b i r d s were f 3und I n che s 3 u t h e r n h a l f 3f t h e i s l a n d whereas i n June 1966 m x t were f ~ u n d 3n t h e n x t h e r n h a l f . I n June 1967 t h e l a r g e s t c ~ n c e n t r a - t i m 3f n e s t s was f3und 3n t h e n x t h e a s t e r n c ~ r n e r . I n August t h i s a r e a s t i l l c m c a i n e d l a r g e numbers 3f y ~ u n g b i r d s but a n a r e a i n t h e s 3 u t h e a s t - e r n c 3 r n e r c 3 n t a i n e d a lm3s t a s many. Wetmxe ( m s . ) f3und t h e s e b i r d s n e s t i n g s 3 l e l y i n t h e t 3 p s 3f clumps 3f g r a s s ( ~ r a p ~ s t i s ) . Such s i t e s a r e e x c e e d i n g l y unusual i n c313n ies i n t h e N3rthwestern Hawaiian I s l a n d s excep t a t F rench F r i g a t e S h 3 a l s ( ~ m e r s ~ n , l y 7 1 : 220) and were pr3bably used i n 1923 o n l y because nJ 3 t h e r v e g e t a t i 3 n was a v a i l a b l e . N e i t h e r Munter (1915: 135) , wh3 r e c ~ r d e d t h a t t h i s s p e c i e s n e s t e d i n " b u s h l i k e g r swth , " n3r recenL 3 b s e r v e r s have f3unu f r i g a t e b i r d s n e s t i n g i n g r a s s clumps. I n r e c e n t y e a r s , a l l n e s t s f3und have been b u i l i i n S c a e v , d a . M ~ S L n e s c s 3bserved have been f r 3 m m e t 3 t h r e e f e e t 3 f f t h e gr3unv and t h e n e s t s themselves ranged f r 3 m ab3ut a f o 3 c t o a f 3 3 t ana a half i n d i a m e t e r , N e s t s a r e u s u a l l y c ~ n s t r u c t e d p r i m a r i l y 3f Tr i b u l u s and/3r Scaev 3la bu t p i e c e s ~ f P x t u l a c a , Baerhavia , I p ~ m o e a , and S i c y ~ s have a l s 2 been f 3und i n t h e n e s t s . N3n-breeding: Ro3s t ing b i r d s 3ccur i n t h e same a r e a s a s b r e e d i n g b i r d s but 3f t e n r o ~ s t a p a r t f r ~ m them. We have n ~ t e d 3n s e v e r a l o c c a s i m s t h a t n3n-breeding a d u l t s f 3 r m s e x u a l l y s e g r e g a t e d r 2 3 s t i n g a g g r e g a t i 3 n s . A s m a l l group 3f 4 t 3 1 0 a d u l t f emales w i l l be f3und r 3 o s t i n g t 3 g e t h e r w h i l e 5 0 f e e t away w i l l be found a s i m i l a r s m a l l g roup of r o o s t i n g males . Fledged immatures and s u b a d u l t s a r e o f t e n f 3und i n t h e s e g roups of males 3r females , and o t h e r s r o ~ s t e i t h e r i n d i v i d u a l l y 3r i n s m a l l g r3ups thr3ugh3ut t h e Scaev3 la . Both a d u l t s and young 3 c c a s i o n a l l y use t h e Casuar ina t r e e s a s r33st s i t e s . R e c e n t l y f l e d g e d y3ung a p p a r e n t l y r e t u r n t 3 t h e n e s t s i t e t 3 r o o s t . Specimens We kn2w 3f s i x specimens fr2m L i s i a n s k i . Tw2, a n a d u l t male (USNM 464439) and a n a d u l t f emale (USNM 464438) a r e s t u d y s k i n s 3f b i r d s c 2 l - l e c t e d by W e t m r e 18 and 1 ' 7 May 1923, r e s p e c t i v e l y . The 3 t h e r f 2ur (USNM 289288-291) c ~ l l e c t e d by Wetm2re 2n 18 May, a r e a l c 3 h 2 l i c specimens t h a ~ were l a t e r s e n t t 3 Leningrad. Banding and M2vements I n a l l , 422 Great F r iga ~ e b i r d s have been banded 2n L i s i a n s k i , 3ne by i h e BSFW and t h e r e s t by t h e POBSP a able 2 ~ ) . F3ur have been recap- ~ u r e d s u b s e q u e n t l y 3n 2 t h e r i s l a n d s , t h r e e a c Kure At 311 and 2ne a t French F r i g a t e S h 2 a l s . I n a d d i t i 3 n , seven banded 3n 3 t h e r a t 3 l l s have been r e - c a p ~ u r e d 3n L i s i a n s k i : t h r e e each fr2m French F r i g a t e Sh3a l s ana Kure A t 3 1 1 , and 3ne f r 3 m P e a r l and Hermes Reef . T a b l e 28 . Observat i ~ n s 3f Great F r i g a ~ e b i r d s 3n L i s i a n s k i I s l a n d P2pu la t i 3 n Date 3f Survey E s t ima.te Breeding S t a t us, Remarks and Refe rences 3 A p r . Z9 June- 4 J u l y 12 Mar. 24 Mar 15-20 May 13 May 26 Mar. 1 4 Feb. 12-13 Mar. 11-12 Mar. ? i n l a r g e numbers ? 3 , 5 0 0 65 0 ? 400 1, dC)O ? 1 , 7 5 0 10 ,000 1 , 6 0 0 Many n e s t s w i t h eggs; immatures 3r sub- a d t i l t s s c a r c e ( I senbeck - i n R 3 t h s c h i l d , 1893-1900: i i i - i v ) . Nes t ing (Palmer - i n R 3 t h s c h i l u , 18ij- 14.0~1: x i i ) . Nest ing ( B a i l e y , 1456: '79); s u b s t a n t i a l n e s t i n g c312nies ( ~ i l l e t i , m s . ) . Nes t ing i n t h r e e o h n i e s ( ~ u n t e r , 1915: 1 3 5 ) . Ca. 8 9 p a i r s n e s t i n g ; ekgs and y3ung - ( ~ e t m r e , m s . ). Nes t ing (POFI) ( ~ i c h a r d s x , p e r s . c2mm. ) S3me eggs (POBSP). Nes t ing (POFI). c a . 459 n e s t s , ca 89% w i t h eggs (BSFW, -- - POBSP) . Ca. 1 0 0 n e s t s w i t h f r 3 m 1/3 t 3 2/3 grown - young (POBSP) . N 3 eggs 2r n e s t l i n g s (BSFW, POBSP). Table 28. ( c m t inued) Pspula t i 3 n Date 2f Survey Est imate Breeding S t a t us, Remarks and References 1965 12-14 Mar. 2,000- 3, OOO 14-1'7 July 1,289 1966 16-19 June 2,750 18-20 oct . 1,500 1967 23 Mar. 1 ,000 2- 6 June 31 A U ~ . - 1,000 5 Sept . 1968 29-21 Mar. 1 ,000 1969 30 Mar. Ca. 300-400 nests, c a . 75% with eggs Gxtly f r e s h ) , n m y w i t h young (POBSP) . Ca. 400 n e s t s with r e c e n t l y hatched t 2 near- - f l edg ing young; immatures 2n the wing (POBSP) Ca. 300 nes ts , s. 25% with eggs, s. '75% - with r e c e n t l y hatched r;o half-gr3wn y2ung (POBSP) . 324 near-f ledging 3r f ledged y3ung, n2 nes t s with eggs o r small y3ung (POBSP). Ca. 200 a c t i v e nes ts , 20 sf 60 (33%) n e s t s - checked contained eggs, r e s t empty. Over 300 f l y i n g immatures (BSFW, POESP). Eggs t 3 l a r g e d3wny young; m x t n e s t s with eggs 3r small ysung. C3unt of 4'73 nes t s : 237 (50%) w i t h eggs, 27 (6%) w i t h r ecen t ly hatched y3ung, 93 (20%) with small downy y3ung, and 116 (25%) wi th medium-sized x l a r g e d3wny y3ung (POBSP). Small downy y2ung t 3 dependent immat ures, m x t l y l a r g e dependent joung and dependent immatures; 1 small downy y2ung and 11 medium 2r l a r g e d3wny y3ung c2unted (POBSP). Fresh t 2 very s l i g h t l y incubated eggs and a few dependent immatures fr3m t h e pre- v i 2 u s breeding season. Sample c2unt 3f 36 nes ts : 23 (64%) empty but a c t i v e and 13 (36%) with eggs (POBSP). 105 n e s t s c3unted ar3und s h x e l i n e ; 3f 46 inves t iga ted , 14 (30%) were empty but a c t ive and 32 (70%) c 3nta ined eggs (BSFW) . Table 29. Great F r i g a t e b i r d s banded 3n L i s i a n s k i I s l a n d Numbers 3f Each ~ ~ e ' s e x C l a s s Banded Sub- Adul t Adult t ' 3 t a l P e r i 3 d 3f Survey Bander dd QQ 1563 Mar. POBSP 1 7 25 1364 Mar. BSFW 1 0 Aug. POSSP 2 3 5 1966 June POBSP 11 15 October POBSP 1 0 8 1967 ~ u g . - POBSP 2 6 95 Sept . T o t a l s 93 1 4 8 * I n c l u d e s 2 unsexed a d u l t s . DUCK s p . S t a t us Sub- Sub- a d u l t a d u l t Imrna- Nest- Un- dd ? ? t u r e s l i n g s kn3wn Anas ( ? ) s p . E x t i n c t . F i r s t r e c ~ r d e d i n 1828 an6 p x s i b l y p resen t thr'3ug.h abgut 1844. Observat i.ms "A s p e c i e s sf ~ u c k , '5 w i t h n s c s n s p i c u s u s plumage, [was f ~ u n d ] l i v i n g i n s m a l l f l a c k s on M ~ l l e r [ = Laysan] and L i s iansky , bu t no t b reed ing" by I senbeck i n A p r i l 1828 ( ~ 3 t h s c h i l d , 1893-19013: v ) . A newspaper a c c ~ u n t 3f t h e wreck of t h e Hs lde r Bsrden i n 1844 (ward, 1967: 3 4 ) s t a t e d t h a t I f . . .w i ld ducks. . . a r e p l e n t i f u l . . . . [ a n d ] . . . .were r e a d i l y tamed. I' The account a l s 3 impl ied t h a t t h e s e ducks were e a t e n by members 3f t h e crew. An2ther acc3unt (ward, 1967: 4 2 ) s t a t e d t h a t "The ducks seemed p e c u l i a r l y i n c l i n e d t g ren3unce t h e i r w i l d and r 3 v i n g p r ~ p e n s i t i e s and adopt t h e domest ic h a b i t s of c i v i l i z e d l i f e . A f l o c k 2f 40 had a t t a c h e d themse lves t 3 t h e s e t t l e m e n t . " '3t a l s 58 1 60 31 12 1 151 - 42 2 2 5 ~ h i s duck, which Warner (1963: 6 ) and t h e r s thought might be t h e same a s t h e endemic Laysan ~ e a l ( ~ n a s l a y s a n e n s i s ) , cou ld have been a d i s t i n c t s u b s p e c i e s o r s p e c i e s . d s e s che A l t hsugh n s t seem primary ss i t i s p s s s i b l e t h a t t h e ducks were ssme s t h e r s p e c i e s , t h i s t ss l i k e l y . J a b e s P e l l , Cap ta in o f t h e v e s s e l and e v i d e n t l y urce f o r t h e a c c s u n t s s f t h e shipwreck (ward, l96.i: 3 8 ) , was from New England and should have been a b l e t,s d i s t i n g u i s h ducks f r s m cur - lews, t h e m l y s t h e r s p e c i e s s c c u r r i n g on L i s i a n s k i t h a t i s l i k e l y t s have e x h i b i t e d t h e h a b i t s a s c r i b e d t s t h e ducks . We t h i n k i t l i k e l y t h a t t h e l a s t s f t h e endemic ducks sn L i s i a n s k i were k i l l e d f s r f s o d between 1844 and 1846 by t h e shipwrecked crews sf t h e Holder Borden s r Koncshasset. OSPREY Pand i sn h a l i e a t u s S t a t us H y p s t h e t i c a l ; sne uncsnf'irmed r e c s r d June 1950. Remarks King ( a ) (1956: 4 2 ) remarked t h a t i n June 1950 he saw "an e a g l e - l i k e b i r d s n L i s i a n s k y [ s i c ] I s l a n d , which I dec ided l a t e r was msst p r s b a b l y an I s p r e y . " Th i s s p e c i e s has been s i g h t e d s e v e r a l t imes i n t h e main Hawaiian I s l a n d s but has not been c e r t a i n l y i d e n t i f i e d f r sm any of the Nsrt hwestern Hawaiian I s l a n d s . PEREGRINE FALCON S t a t u s A c c i d e n t a l ; sne s i g h t r e c s r d ~ a r ' c h 1965. Observat i s n s F a l c s p e r e p r i n u s Wir tz saw a Pa lcsn , presumably t h e same b i r d s e e n subsequen t ly s n 13 and 1 4 March, f l y i n g o f f s h s r e L i s i a n s k i on 12 March 1965 a p p a r e n t l y i n p u r s u i t o f a Bsn in P e t r e l . Judg ing frsrn t h e "reddish-brswn" plumage, t h e b i r d was e v i d e n t l y e i t h e r a f emale s r a n immature. On 1 2 March Clapp f s u n d a hawk rs3st i n a Casuar ina t r e e n e a r t h e c e n t e r s f t h e i s l a n d . Beneath t h e t r e e were many c a r c a s s e s o f s h s r e b i r d s and a few sf t e r n s . One, s f t h e c a r c a s s e s (a Ruddy ~ u r n s t s n e ) had been r e c e n t l y k i l l e d . I n a l l , t h e r e were remnants s f 3 Gray-backed Terns , 1 Black Noddy, a t l e a s t 47 Ruddy Turns tones and 20 Gslden P l s v e r s . Msst 3f t h e s h s r e b i r d s had been e i t h e r c s m p l e t e l y e a t e n w i t h s n l y d i s a r t i c u l a t e d wings no t i n g e s t e d , o r a l l p a r t s s f t h e bsdy had been e a t e n excep t fsr t h e wings which were s t i l l a t t a c h e d t s sne a n s t h e r by b a r e bsnes . The t e r n s , s n t h e s t h e r hand, were s n l y p a r t i a l l y e a t e n , perhaps i n d i c a t i n g t h a t t h e f a l c s n had f sund t h e s e b i r d s l e s s t a s t e f u l . During t h e POBSP s u r v e y sf t h e i s l a n d , t h e rssst was watched frsm dusk u n t i l d a r k on s e v e r a l even ings but t h e f a l c o n was n3 t s e e n . P3BSP p e r s s n n e l s e a r c h e d benea th s t h e r Casuar ina t r e e s f 3r ev idence t h a t t h e y were be ing used a s rsssts bu t n s s t h e r b i r d k i l l s were fc~und . T h i s r e c s r d , a s i g h t r e c s r d frsm Midway, and a specimen f r s m Kure, c s n s t i t ut e t h e s n l y r e c o r d s o f P e r e g r i n e s i n t h e Nsrt hwestern Hawaiian I s l a n d s (cia ?p ana Wssdward, 1968: 15-16) . LAYSAN RAIL P s r z a n u l a palmer i S t a t u s P s s s i b l y ? r e s e n t i n 1828 and s u b s e q u e n t l y e x t i n c t ; i n t r s d u c e d i n 1913 but d i sappeared f r s m t h e i s l a n d between F e b r u a r y 1916 and May 1923. Observat i s n s On Laysan and L i s i a n s k i i n March and A p r i l 1828, I senbeck saw "A k i n d sf F3w1, a b s u t a s l a r g e a s a Ptarmigan; mixed g r e y and br2wn; r u n n i n g s n he grsund, s i n g l y , but a t t h e same t ime r a ~ h e r numersus . . . very r a p i d and r a her shy" ( t r a n s l a t i s n f r m K i t t l i t z i n R s t h s c h i l d , 1893-1900: v ) . R s t h s c h i l d ( sp . - - c i t . ), csmment i n g s n his d e s c r i p t i s n , s t a t e d t h a t "Although t h e d e s c r i p c i s n i s ve ry d i f f e r e n t , n 2 t h i n g e l s e can be meant but P ~ r z a n u l a p a l m e r i . . . . " I n view ~ f t h e vagueness c ~ f many 2f I s e n b e c k ' s d e s c T i p t i = n s , we dsub t t h e a c c u r a c y 2f R s t h s c h i l d ' s s t a t e m e n t , p a r t i c u l a r l y s i n c e t h e d e s c r i p t i s n might a l s 2 f i t t h e B r i s t l e - t h i g h e d Curlew. On 1 2 March 1913, 45 r a i l s t ha^ had been brought frsm Laysan were r e - l e a s e d on L i s i a n s k i by Gesrge W i l l e t t and A l f r e d M. B a i l e y . Although n s r a i l s were n s t e d by E l s c h n e r t h e f s l l o w i n g y e a r , i n March 1915 Munter (1915: 1 3 6 ) no ted t h a t s e v e r a l were s e e n and remarked t h a t "One was s e e n b reak ing i n t s a t e r n ' s egg and g r e e d i l y e a t i n g 2f t h e c , s n t e n t s . . . . " I n February of t h e f2113wing year , one o r t w s b i r d s were s e e n by t h e crew o f t h e T h e t i s . A t t h a t t ime n s v a s c u l a r p l a n t s grew on t h e i s l a n d and i t seems d o u b t f u l i f t h e l a s t few r a i l s s u r v i v e d much i o n g e r . I n any case , rime was f sund d u r i n g t h e v i s i t sf t h e Tanager E x p e d i t i s n i n May 1923. SEMIPALMATED PLOVER Charadr i u s semipalma t us S t a t u s A c c i d e n t a l ; one r e c x d September 1967. Observa t ions On 4 September 1967 E l y s h 2 t a Semipalmated P l 3 v e r a t t h e n o r t h end s f L i s i a n s k i . When f i r s t seen, t h e p l s v e r was f e e d i n g a l s n g t h e f l a t , r s c k y s h o r e l i n e . The specimen (USNM 544001) is a ve ry f a t immature f e - male. It c s n s t i t u t e s t h e f irst r e c s r d f s r L i s i a n s k i . These p l o v e r s a r e r e g u l a r visi tsrs i n s m a l l numbers t s t h e main Hawaiian I s l a n d s and have been r e c s rded f r s m French F r i g a t e S h o a l s ( ~ m e r s m , 1971: 237), Laysan I s l a n d ( ~ 1 ~ and Clapp? 1973 ) and Midway A t s l l ( c l a p p , 1968: 76) i n t he Nsrt hwest e r n Hawaiian I s l a n d s . MONGOLIAN PLOVER S t a t us Charadr i u s mongolus A c c i d e n t a l ; m e r e c a r d September 1967. O b s e r v a t i m s - A t 0400, 4 September 1967, Clapp c s l l e c t e d by hand a Msngolian P l s v e r t h a t was r o s s t i n g s s l i t a r i l y on t h e wave-sculpted r s c k s a l s n g t h e n o r t h e a s t p e r i m e t e r . The specimen (USNM 543063) i s a n immature female t h a t had s n l y l i g h t f a t . On t h e b a s i s s f r a n g e and wing l e n g t h (133 mm. ), t h e specimen i s t e n t a t i v e l y a s s i g n e d t s t h e r a c e Charadr ius mong;lus s tegmanni . It c s n s t i t u t e s t h e f i r s t r e c o r d f s r ~ i s i a n s k i and f o r t h e e n t i r e Hawaiian a r e a . The Msngsl ian P l 3 v e r b reeds f r s m n s r t h e a s t e r n S i b e r i a t s w e s t e r n Alaska (A.o. U., 1557: 1 6 9 ) and has p r e v i s u s l y been r e - c s rded a s f a r e a s t i n t h e t r s p i c a l P a c i f i c a s Majurs A t 2 1 1 i n t h e M a r s h a l l I s l a n d s ( ~ m e r s s n , 1969: 1 0 0 ) . GOLDEN PLOVER Pluv i a l i s dominica Abundant migrant ; maximum r e c e n t e s t i m a t e 2 ,000. P r s b a b l y s c c u r s i n a l l msnths but msre abundant i n s p r i n g and f a l l . Fsund p r i m a r i l y a r s u n d p e r i m e t e r s f i s l a n d . P s p u l a t i s n s and Annual Cycle The l a r g e s t numbers have been p r e s e n t i n F e b r u a r y and March, and l a t e August, September, and Oct s b e r a able 30). Numbers p r e s e n t d u r i n g t h e s e migra t s r y p e r i s d s were v a r i a b l e , s u g g e s t i n g r a p i d t urn'sver i n t h e popula- t i s n . Minimal numbers a r e a p p a r e n t l y p r e s e n t June t hrsugh August . S i n c e s c i e n t i f i c visi ts have n s t been made Nsvember t h r s u g h January, we d3 n s t knsw t h e s i z e s f t h e w i n t e r i n g p s p u l a t i o n . L ike mssi; 2 t h e r s h s r e b i r d s o c c u r r i n g on L i s i a n s k i , p l s v e r s a r e most csmmon ar3und t h e p e r i m e t e r of t h e i s l a n d . The l a r g e s t f l 2 c k s .m.sst . 2 f t en r o o s t n t h e wibder expanses of t h e s a u t h and s.2uthwest beaches . On t h e s s u t h beach i n March 1965, a f l a c k of about 95'0 was p r e s e n t , and i n August and September 1967, a, f l o c k sf a b s u t 200 was s e e n t h e r e . I n arch ,1968, about 500 r s o s t e d on t h e southwest beach. During p e r i o d s of peak a.bundance arch 1965, 1968) , t h e s e b i r d s were s o numer.sus t h a t t h e y were f.sund around t h e e n t i r e p e r i m e t e r s f t h e i s l a n d . I n d i v i d u a l s and s m a l l f l o c k s f r e q u e n t l y f e e d i n t h e i n t e r i o r of t h e i s l a n d , b u t t h e p r e f e r r e d a r e a i s w i t h i n s e v e r a l hundred y a r d s o f t h e beach c r e s t . I n March 1968, Kenyon n s t e d t h a t t h i s s p e c i e s (and t h e t u r n s t o n e s and c u r l e w s ) a p p a r e n t l y p r e f e r r e d t o f o r a g e i n a r e a s of low growth s u c h a s Tr i b u lus and Ipom.sea. A t n i gh t many p l s v e r s r s s s t in land, u sua l l y s s l i t a r i l y . On s e v e r a l visi ts ( ~ u ~ u s t and September 1967, March 1968) , they were found commonly i n l i t t l e c l e a r i n g s i n t h e Scaevola and E rag r3s t is absve t h e beach c r e s t s , and were cgmmonest above t h e beach c r e s t s on t h e south, west , arid n s r t h - ns r thwes t pe r imete r . Spec imens We have f sund n s r e c s r d s i n d i c a t i n g t h a t G'slden P l3ve r s have been c s l l e c t e d sn L i s i a n s k i . Banding and Msvements I n a l l , 73 Golden P love r s have been banded sn L i s i a n s k i by t h e POBSP and BSFW. The BSFW banded 12 i n March 1464, 41 i n September 1967, ana 6 i n March 1968; t h e POBSP banded 1 4 i n September 1967. One of t h e s e b i r d s , banded i n March 1964, was found subsequent ly sn two s t h e r a t s l l s , Kure A t s l l and P e a r l and Hermes Reef ( ~ p p e n d i x Table 1 2 ) . Ta.ble 39. Observat ions sf Gslden P l s v e r s sn L i s i a n s k i I s l a n a Pspu l a t i s n Date sf Survey Es t imate Remarks and References 1828 3 Apr. 1891 29 June- 4 J u l y 1913 12 Mar. 1923 15-20 May 1950 24 June 1954 26 Mar. 1961 9 Mar. 1963 1 4 Feb. 12-13 Mar. 1964 11-12 Mar. 21-23 Aug. 18 Se pt . ? ? p l e n t i f u l 12 abundant 5 0 a few 3 00- 400 ? 600 3 0 7 5 Some "Snipe1' o r !'a s p e c i e s 3 f Sandpiper" seen i n f l s c k s by Isenbeck; may have been t h i s s p e c i e s ( ~ o t hsch i ld , 1893-1900: v ) . Noted by Palmer 30 June ( ~ s t h s c h i l d , 1893- 1900: x i i ) . ( ~ i l l e t t , m s . ) . 1 f l 3 c k sn 19 May (wetmore, m s . ). (POFI) . ( ~ i c h a r d s m , pe r s . c~smm. ) . C i r c l i n g i s l a n d ( ~ s s d s i de and Kramer, m s . ) . Large f l s c k s on e a s t e r n and s s u t h e a s t e r n beaches (POBSP). (POBSP) . Csunt s f 520 made 12 March (BSFW, POBSP). 1 f l o c k 3n SW shore (POBSP). Count of 5 0 (BSFW, POBSP). T a b l e 3 0 . ( c m t i n u e d ) P o p u l a t i 3 n D a t e o f S u r v e y E s t i m a t e Remarks and R e f e r e n c e s 1965 12-14 Mar. 14-17 J u l y 1966 16-19 J u n e 19 S e p t . 18 -20 act. 1967 2 0 Mar. 2 - 6 J u n e 31 A U ~ . - 5 S e p t . 1968 20-21 Mar. 1969 30 Mar. BLACK-BELLIED PLOVER S t a t u s F13ck o f a b 3 u t 1 , 0 0 0 s e e n f l y i n g 3ff t h e s 3 u t h b e a c h 1 4 March; l a r g e f l o c k s s e e n i n c3mplex a e r i a l maneuvers o f f sha3re (POBSP ) . Csun t o f 56 3n 18 June ; m ~ t b i r d s a l 3 n g b e a c h e s . 5-l0% i n f u l l b r e e d i n g plumage (POBSP) . A l m g s h o r e l i n e (BSFW) c o u n t 3f 81 3n 18 O c t o b e r ; many s e e n s i n g l y i n i n t e r i x a s w e l l a s w i t h f l 3 c k s 3f t u r n s t 3nes 3n b e a c h e s (POBSP). 35 c 3 u n t e d a l :3ng b e a c h e s ; a l l s e e n i n w i n t e r plumage (BSFW, POBSP). Ca. 80% i n b r e e d i n g plumage (POBSP). - E s t i m a t e ba sed 3n p a r t i a l c 3 u n t a r3und p e r i m e t e r 31 Augus t ; m3re c 3mm3n 3n n o r t h , w e s t , and s 3 u t h b e a c h e s t h a n 3n e ~ s t beach ; many s m a l l f l 3 c k s 3f 20-50 b i r d s and a l a r g e f l s c k 3f a t l e a s t 200 3n t h e s 3 u t h beach; n3ne s e e n i n f u l l b r e e d i n g plumage b u t many st ill r e t a i n i n g p a t c h e s 3f b l a c k 3n t h e b e l l y (POBSP). M 3 s t s e e n i n 1 f l . 3 c k o f c a . 5 0 0 b i r d s o n s 3 u t h w e s t beach; many c 3 Z n g i n t o b r e e d i n g plumage (BSFW, POBSP) . . . R a r e v i s i t 3r; t w 3 r e c . 3 r d s March 1565, J u n e 1966 . Remarks Squa t a r 3 l a s q u a t a r s l a T h r e e B l a c k - b e l l i e d P l 3 v e r s c d l e c t e d by POBSP p e r s x n e l a r e t h e o n l y r e c 3 r d s 3f t h i s s p e c i e s f r 3 m L i s i a n s k i . A ma le (USNM 494120) and a f'e.nai-e (USNM 494121) were c ~ i l e z t e ~ oy CLal;). 3n t h e e a s t . beach 13 March ;.1,)65. They were f 1 r . s ~ 3bserveci feecii.9:; am?ng e x ? 3se i r 3 - k ~ >u tc r3 ; : r2 in2s i.n sha l . i>w w a t e r . A f e n a l e ( U E N M 4ji67'7'3) was c3 l . ; e c t ed 13 J u n e 1066 by . 2 r , 3 s s in a s i L f e d a l x y t h e s h x e l i n e sf t h e s ~ t h e a s t beach , ~ c c a s i m a l l y i n a s s x i a t i 3 n w i t h G3Lden I ' i3ver .s . B l a c k - b e l l i e d PL3vers a r e i '3una i n f r e q u e n t l y i n t h e N x t h w e s t e r n k a w a i i a n I s l a n d s : b u t nave been rec3rdec i a : s3 f r m Kure , Midway, and i a y s a n ( c l a p p a n d W33dward, 1.963: 16). BRISTLE -?'HIGHEi, CURLEW Nurrienius t a h i t j . ens i e S t a t u s C3rfim3n m i g r a n t ; mximum r e c e n t e s t i m a t e 239. P. few a r e p r 3 b a b l y p r e s e n t i n a l l msnths w i t h l . a rge r numbers p r e s e n t F e b r u a r y t 3 March and Augus t t 3 Sep tember . 2 3 p u l . a t i ~ n s and Annual Cycle T h i s s p e c i e s , Like 3 t h e r s h ~ r e b i r d s 3 c c u r r l n z 3n L i s i a n s k i , sh3ws p r snounced p 3 p u l a t i o n f l u c t u a t i s n s ( l ' ab l e 31) . Lack 3f c 3 u n t s 3r e s t i - ma te s frsrr! N3vember t h r o u g h J a n u a r y a n 5 f r s m A p r i l make i t imb3ss ib l .e t 3 a e t e r m i n e e x a c t l y per i3c is A3 ~ e a k numbers and numbers w i . n t e r i n g 3n ?.he i z ' i and . O b s e r v a t i s n s f r m J u n e t h r s u g h Oc t3be r s u g g e s t t h a t t h e f a l l peak 3i' m i g r a t i s n may o c c u r f r m La te A u s u s t t h r 3 u g h e a r l y Sep tember . Tws e s t i m a t e s ~ , r i x t 3 t h a t r.eri3.l' ( ~ u l ~ 1765 , Jline 1966) a n d t w 3 t h e r e - a f t e r ( ~ e p t e r n b e r 1964 , Oc t3be r 1966) a i e n 3 m ~ e t h a n 53 p e r c e n t 3f t h e t w 3 e x t i m a tes f r . 3 m i n t e r v e n i n s ~ e r i x i s . Un i ike 3 t h e r s ? : e c i e s of s h 3 r e b i r . d ~ x c u r r i n g 2n L i s i a n s k i , l3 r i s t i . e - t h i g h e i i C u r l e b s a r , e s f t e n f s u n d i n a s Large numbers i n t h e v e g e t a t i m 3n t h e beach c r e s t a s a l x g t h e b e a c h e s . M ~ e 3 v e r . t h i s s p e c i e c seems t 3 e x h i b i t a p r e f e r e n c e f s r s s n e a r e a s 3f t h e i s l a n d . a l t h 3 u g h b i r d s can u s u a l l y be f cxmi i n m a l l numbers a l l a r 3 u n d t h e p e r i m e t e r . On f 3 u r s u r v e y s 2 6 t h e s e s h 3 r e b i r d s s c c u r r e d m3st d e n s e l y J n t h e n s r t h w e s t beach a n d beach c r e s t 3 f t h e i s l a n d and a13ng t h e r s c k y n o r t h e a s t e r n beach. Large f l ~ k s were s e e n i n t h e f3 rmer a r e a i n F e b r u a r y 1963 ( c a . 20 b i r d s ) : i n Sep tember 1967 ( c a . 30 ) : and i n March 1969 ( 2 1 ) . I n t h e Latter a r e a , Large f l ~ k s were s e n i n March 1965 (E. 30--40) a n d i n Sep tember 1967 ( c a . - 13). A t n i g h t c u r l e w s were f s u n d i n d i v i d u a l L y 3r by twss i n c l e a r i n g s i n t h e v e g e t a t i s n ~f t h e beach c r e s t , and e v e n well i n t 3 t h e c e n t e r s f t h e i s l a n d . They were r a r e l y s e e n 3n t h e b e a c h e s a t 2 i g h t . ,- ~ ~ ~ l t h s u ~ h t h e L a r g e s t f l o c k s were r e c s r d e d 3n a number 3f 3 t h e r v i s i t s ( c a -. 35 i n Augus t 1964 , L7 i n J sLy ~ 9 6 5 , 1 2 i n J u n e 1967) , t h e a r e a i n which t h e y were found was n o t n o t e d . Specimens We kn3w 3f b u t t w 3 specimens: a female (USNM 301042) c ~ l l e c t e d by W e t r n ~ e 19 May 1923 and a male (USNM $93202) c3 l l . ec ted by t h e POBSP 1.2 March 1963. Banding and M3vernents I n a l l , L l c ) B r i s t l - e - t h i g h e d Curlews have been banded 3n L i s i a n s k i , 54 by t h e POBSP and 65 by t h e BSFW able 3 5 ) . Nme h a s y e t been r e - c a p t u r e d 3n any 3 t h e r i s l a n d . Table 31. Observa t ions 3f B r i s t l e - t h i g h e d Curlews 3n L i s i a n s k i I s l a n d P3puLa ti 3n Date 3f S ~ ~ r v e y -- F s t i ~ a t e Remarks and Refe rences L 3 Apr. r a t h e r "A kind 3f f9w1, a b w t a s l a r g e a s a nurne r 3us Ptarmigan: mixed g ray and b r ~ w n " seen by I senbeck ( ~ ~ t h s c h i l d : 1393-1933 : 4 ) was m9st l i k e l y t h i s s p e c i e s . 1S:)l. 29 June- a few A few " i n p o x plumage" n3ted by Palmer 4 J u l y 3n 29 June ( ~ 3 t h s c h i l d , 1 3 9 3 - ~ 9 0 0 : x i i i ) . 1 24 Mar. L Al3ng t h e s h x e (blunter , L9L5 : 1 3 6 ) - 1 3 15-20 May b F'eeciing a Lmg beach 19 May (wetmare. K S . ) 1953 24 June abundant ( POFI) . 1954 26 ~ a r . 3 5 ( ~ i c h a r d s m , p e r s . cmm. ) . 1961 9 Mar. ? "Cmm3n i n t h e i n t e r i ~ r g r a s s Land" ( ~ 3 ~ d - s i d e and Kramer, m s . ) . 1963 14 Feb. 203 1 f l x k of - c a . 20 3n n ~ t h w e s t beach ( POBS P) . L2-13 Mar. ? Mxe t h a n a d x e n a l3ng s h x e l i n e (POBSP) . 1964 11-12 Mar. LOO C m n t of 67 on 12 March (BSFW, POBSP) 2L-23 Aug. LOO 1 f l o c k 3f c a . 35 3-1 beach; z~n beaches and i n i n t e r i o r ( ~ 0 ~ ~ ~ ) . 18 S e p t . 30 - 40 C m n t 3f 24 (BSFW, POBSP). 1965 12-14 Mar. 100-200 F l o c k s 3f 30-40 on beaches , p a r t i c u l a r l y t h e r x k y n x t h e a s t e r n beach (POBSP) . 'I 'eble 31. ( c m t i n u e a ) P3pula t i o n d a t e 3f Survey E s t i m a t e Remarks and Refe rences 1965 14-17 JULY 59 1966 16-19 June 4 0 14, Se p t . 13-20 O c t . 1967 20 Mar. 2 - 6 June 29 31 AW.- 103 5 S e p t . 25 -26 ~ e p t . ? 1963 29-21 Mar. 100-125 C x n t 3f 2 3 3 n 19 J u n e , r n ~ s t l y 3f b i r d s 3n 3 u t e r beaches (POBSP). 15 seen on beaches and i n i n t e r i o r m p a r t i a l survey of i s l a n d (BSFW, POBSP). On beaches and i n i . n t e r i 3 r . M : x t c3m- manly seen i n p a r t i a l l y open a r e a s on t h e c r e s t s 3f n w t h e r n beaches . Ca. 30 seen i c l a r g e s t f l a c k . 49 banded(P0B~P). 32 banded (BSFW) . M3st abundant a l o n g n o r t h e r n p e r i n e t e r b u t s c a t t e r e d i n d i v i d u a l s seen a r w n d p e r i n e t e r . Larges t f l x k c m t a i n e d 2 1 b i r d s (BSFW, POBSP) . Table 32. B r i s t l e - t h i g h e d Curlews banded on L i s i a n s k i I s l a n d Per i 03. Bander N umber Ba nded 1963 March FOBS P 3 1964 March BSFW 7 1965 March POBS P 1 i967 June POBSP September E'OBSP BSFW 1963 March BSFW Lirr:3sa l e !~l:zmica ba u e r i E t a t u s Remarks A f 'enlale c 3 l l e c t e d by W i s l x k i 1.1 l.4ar:h 1 ~ 6 4 c 3 n s t i t u t e s t h e x l y r e c 3 r c i f3r L L s j a n s k i I s l a n d . The s p e c i m e n (uSNM h934713) n a J a n i i n u t e o v a r y , ~ e r y L i g h t f a t , a n d w x n p!.urnage. T h e s e y c x i w i t s , c a s u a l v i s j . t 3 r . s t 3 t h e N 2 r t h w e s t e r n H a w a i i a n I s l a n c i s . h a v e a!e-3 b e e n r e c 3 r 3 e d i'r3rr1 K u r e , Midway, a n d L a y s a n ( ~ l . a ~ ~ . . 2 n d Lloxiwarci, 1963: 1 7 ) - 'VIA N i)E.'KIIVG 1% 1 ' Y LFH I i e i e r 3 s c e l u e Lncanurn Unc3rr.rmn m i g r a n t ; m a x i ~ u r n r e c e n t e s t i m a t e 25. A few robab ably p r e s e n t i n 811 rn3n tns . b . ec3rdeJ . s ~ l e l y : f r m t h e s h 3 r e l i n e 3f t h e i s l a n c i , p a r - t i . c u l . a r l y i n m3re r x ~ y a r e a s . ALth3ugh f r e q u e n t l y r e c x d e : l . f r m L i s i a n s k i . , t a t t l e r s a r e n o t a b u n d a n t t h e r e ( ' ? a b l e 33). The l a r g e s t e s t i m a t e s h a v e b e e n ma& i n Marcti a n d S e p t e n b e r ? b u t a i f f ' e r e n c e s i n e s t i r m t e s f r m m m t h t 3 m z ~ n t n a r e t33 s l i g h t t 3 J u s t i f y d e l i n e a t i n g p e a k ~ : e r i 3 d s 3f' abunc iance . A l l g b s e r v e r s wh3 h a v e n o t e d L ~ a t i 3 n s k n e r e t h e s e b i r d s were s e e n h a v e i n d i c a t e 5 t h a t t h e y w e r e f 3 u n 3 a l z I n 2 t h e ~ h x e l i n e . i; few t;::tt.l.ers .iiere u s u a l l y s e e n a l 3 n g s t r e t c h e s 3f sbnciy G e ~ c h b u t ra3st b i r d s w e r e t y y:ica l l y f'3uncl a i3y; t h e y e l 7 i : n e t e r I ~ n a r e a E w h e r e r3c!qv , v u t c r 3 r ; ~ : i n g ~ l i n e t h e sh3r-e ( f r m t h e n s r t h w e s t ~ 3 i n t .3 t h e n 3 r t h e a s i . s i d e 3 f t h e i r - l a d ) a n d w h e r e 1 3 w t i d e s exp3sec l r x k y t i d e p m l s ( m z ~ s t 3f' t h e s 3 u t h e r n hs lf 3f' t h e e a s t e r n S p e c i m e n s We kn3w 3f t h e l x a t i ~ n 3f f i v e ~pec i r r ! en r , 3f t , a t t L f r s f 1 x L i ~ i a n s k i : tw3 f e m a l e s (USDIM 3 0 1 3 2 3 - 2 1 ) c n l l e c t e d by Wcttn:)re i n May 1923; a n d a mele (USNM 5 4 k 5 6 2 ) a f e m a l e (UE,"JM 456699) a n d a n u n s e x e j . s p e c i m e n (USNM 5 4 4 5 6 1 ) c 3 l l e c t e d by t h e POBSP 3 n l-7 e n d 13 J u n e 1966. B a n d i n g a n 5 . ' b v e m e n t s S e v e n ' w a n d e r i n g T a t t l e r s h z v e b e e n b a n J e d by t h e l'OBSP a n 5 BSFW: 1 i n March 1cj6k (BSYW), 4 i n S e p t e m b e r 1967 (3 F'OBSP, 1 BSFW), a n d 2 Ln ivlarch 1968 (BSFW) . One 3f t h e bira5ie b a n d e d by t n e POBSI-' i n S e r , t e m b e r 1::67 was r e c a p t u r e d 3n L i s i a n s k i t h e f3:l . : )wing ?4a rch b u t n3ne h z s b e e n re- c a p t u r e d 2n o t h e r i s l a n d s . Table 33. Ot;servati2ns 3f Kandering l ' a t t l e r s 3n L i s i a n s k i I s l a n d P3cula t i 3n Oa t e 3f Survey E s t i m a t e Iremarks and b,eferences .- ? I 23 June- 4 J u l y 1 ' 2 15-20 May 14- 17 J u l y 1966 16-19 June 1'9 S e p t . 15-23 Oct . 1967 23 Mar. 2-6 June 31 Aug.- 5 S e p t . ~ 9 6 8 23-21 Mar. RUDDY TURNSTONE S t a t u s N2teci by Pa Ltner 3n 2-2 June ( ~ ~ t h s c h i l d , L ~ Y ~ - L ~ X : x i i ) . Half seen a l x g t h e r x k y n x t h e a s t , e r n beach ( POBSP) . C3unt 31' 7 3n 12 March (BSFW, POBSP). ?.last seen a l m g r o c k s 3f n x t h e a s t e r n bea c h ( POBS P) . C ~ u n t 3f 15 made 18 J u n e . M~st seen a l 3 n g t h e edge 3f' t h e x a t e r . A t l e a s t 3 i n b reed ing plumage (POBSF). Along s h ~ e l i n e (BSFW). Cgunt 32 7 made 13 Octaber (POBSP) Seen d u r i n g ~ a r t i a 1 survey (BSFW, POBSP) . Based 3n p a r t i a l c o u n t s ar3und p e r i m e t e r ; s i n g l y 3r i n p a i r s a l m g beach p e r i m e t e r ( POBS P ) . Seen s p a r s e l y a raund p e r i m e t e r 3f i s l a n d (BSE'W, POBSP). Arenar ia i n t e r p r e s Abundant m i g r a n t ; maximum r e c e n t e s t i m a t e 1,993 t o 2 ,000. Pr3ba b l y p r e s e n t a l l . y e a r . Mast abundant i n March and September on b a s i s 3f a v a i l - a b l e d a t a . Occurs m3st abundan t ly on beaches around o u t e r p e r i m e t e r 3f t h e i s l a n d . P 2 p u l a t i 3 n s and Annual Cycle T h i s s p e c i e s i s u s u a l l y t h e m3st abundant s h o r e b i r a 3 n L i s i a n s k i b u t ~ c c a s i 3 n a l l y i s e q u a l l e d i n numbers by t h e G2Lden PI-nver. Peak numbers were r e c 3 r d e d i n Vlrch and Eeptember; t y p i c a l l y f ewes t b i r a s were p r e s e n t June t 3 August (Tab le 314). The few z~bse rva t ion t ; made August t 3 Pimember i n d i c a t e t h a t September is t h e f a l l m i g r a t ~ y peak: t h e r e a r e t 3 o few 3b- s e r v a t i ~ n s f r m February and h p r i l f o r us t 3 be c e r t a i n t h a t t h e s p r i n g peak i s March. O b s e r v a t i m s from February t 3 A n r i l 3n Kure i n d i c a t e March i s t h e p e r i o d 2f peak m i g r a t i m ; it seems Likely t h e same i s t r u e f o r L i s i a n s ~ i . S m e p r ~ b a b l y win te r 3n L i s i a n s k i , b u t no d a t a a r e a v a i l a b l e t h a t w3uld i n d i c a t e t h e s i z e 3f t h e p 3 p u i a t i . m t h e n . T ~ r n s t 3 n e s were usua l l y f'3und a l l a round t h e beaches b u t 3n s9me v i s i t s were nnted a s m x e c3mmn i n c e r t a i n o r e a s . L a r g e s t f l x k s 3b- s e r v e d were: 3n o r nea r t h e r o c k Ledge 3 n t h e n x t h e a s t s i d e 3f t h e i s l a n d (175 - A l ~ g u s t 1964. 93 - June 1966) ; i n a n a r e a of 1 2 w g r a s s a t t h e n w t h end of t h e i s l a n d (150 - September 1967) ; on t h e wide s m t h beach (409 t o 500 - September 1367) ; and on t h e br3ad p o i n t of t h e s ~ u t h - west beach (200 - September 1967) . On s3me v i s i t s arch 1965, ~ 9 6 8 ) ~ b i r d s were s~ abundant t h a t t h e y a l m s s t covered a l l beaches . On such v i s i t s it was d i f f i c u l t i f n 2 t i m p o s s i ~ l e t 2 p i c k mt d i s c r e t e f l ~ k s . A t n i g h t t h e s e b i r d s rmst under v e g e t a t i m 3r i n s m a l l c l e a r i n g s i n t h e v e g e t a t i m , and 3n r x k m t c r o p p i n g s Dn t h e i s l a n d p e r i m e t e r . M3st b i r a s seen a t n i g h t i n t h e i n t e r i 2 r a r e u i d e l y s c a t t e r e d , u s u a l l y r o 3 s t i n g s o l i t a r i l y o r by twos. I n March 1965 b i r d s were p a r t i c u l a r l y cz~nmon a t n i g h t under dense Scaevz~la a long t h e n ~ t ' n e a s t p e r i m e t e r . L a r g e s t n o c t u r n a l r o s s t i n g c m c e n t r a t i m s were twice noted 3n t h e wave-sculpted r x k s a long t h e n ~ r t h and n o r t h e a s t p e r i m e t e r s . I n August and September 1967 and Fkrch 1968 up t a s e v e r a l hundred b i r d s r o x t e d i n t h i s a r e a , c r w c h i n g d3wn i n t h e h o l l m s 3f' t h e m c k . Specimens Twenty-four Ruddy T u r n s t o n e s , 11 males , 11 f e r r a l e s , and 2 3f un- determined s e x , were c o l l e c t e d by t h e FOBSP ( ~ d b l e 3 5 ) . Banding and Movements Ruddy Turns tones t o t a l l i n g 485 have been banded 2n L i s i a n s k i , 178 by t h e I'OBSP and 307 by t h e BSFW able 3 6 ) . On 20 March 1968, s i x 3f t h e b i r d s banded t h e p rev ious September were r e c a p t u r e d on L i s i a n s k i . Nme 3f t h e b i r d s banded 3 n L i s i a n s k i h a s been r e c a p t u r e d e l s e w h e r e . I n a d d i t i o n , f i v e t u r n s t o n e s t h a t were banded by t h e POBSP 3n S t . George I s l a n d , A l a s k a , were subsequen t ly c o l l e c t e d o r r e c a p t u r e d on L i s i a n s k i (Appendix Tab le 1 3 ) . Table 34. Observa t ions 3f Ruddy T u r n s t ~ n e s 3n L i s i a n s k i I s l a n d P 3 p u l a t i o n Date 3f S . ~ r v e y E s t i ~ a t e Remarks and Refe rences 3 A P ~ . 29 June - 11 J u l y 24 Mar. 15-20 May 26 b b r . 9 Mar. 1 4 Feb. 12-13 Mar. 1.1-12 Mar. 21-23 Aug. 18 Se p t . 12-14 Mar. 14- 17 J u l y 16- 19 June 19 S e p t . 18-20 Oct . 20 Mar. 2-6 June S m e "Snipe" 3r a s p e c i e s 3f "Sandpiper" seen i n f l ~ k s by I senbeck ( ~ o t h s c h i l d , 1893-1903: 4 ) . N3ted by Pslmer on 29 June ( ~ o t h s c h i l d , 1$?-1900 : x i i ) . Seen on 15 May ( ~ e t m o r e , ms. ) . ( R i c h a r d s o n , p e r s . c3mm.). F lock of LOO+ ( ~ m d s i d e and Kramer, me.) Large f l ~ c k s on e a s t e r n and s ~ t h e r n beaches (POBP). F L x k 3f s e v e r a l hundred 3n r o c k s a l 3 n g e a s t s h o r e (POBSP). C3unt 3f 725 3n 1 2 March (BSFW, POBSP). F l ~ k 3f c a . 175 3n r o c k s a t n o r t h e a s t end (POBSP). b u n t 3f 868. F l o c k s 3f f r 3 m 250-600 ( BSFW , POBSP) . Large f l x k s (POBSP) . F l o c k of LOO+ 3n r o c k s a l3ng s h x e (POBSF) . C m n t of 119 on 18 J u n e ; i n c l u d e s f l ~ c k 3f 32 3n rocky o u t c r ~ p p i n g a t n3r theas . t end 3f i s l a n d . Ab3ut 25% i n D r n e a r f u l l b reed ing plumage (POBSP) . Along s h o r e l i n e (BSFW). C ~ n t 3f 580 .an 18 October . M x t b i r d s a l o n g beaches i n f l x k e of 30-LOO+. M3st i n w i n t e r plumage (POBSP). Seen d u r i n g p a r t i a l survey 3f i s l a n d (BSFW, POBSP) . loo - 300 ( POBSF) . Table 34. ( c m t i n u e d ) F ~ p u l a t i o n Date of Survey - E s t i m a t e Remarks and Refe rences 1967 3 l Aug.- 1 ,700 E s t i m a t e based 3n p a r t i a l coun t s ar3und 5 S e p t . pe r imete r 3n 31 August . C x s i c i e r a b ly rnxe cxnmon an n o r t h , west. and s o u t h b e a c h e ~ t h a n on e a s t beach. L a r g e s t f l x k c o n t a i n e d 490-500 b i r d s . I !.urnage ranged f r m d r a b winter plumage t o f u l l b reed ing plumage ( PCBSF) . 1969 20-21 Mar. 1,000 Abundant a long beaches ; commonly observed i n i n t e r i w (ESFW, FOBSP). Table 35. Spec inens of Fuddy 'I ' lurnstmes f r m Lisi iunski I s l e n d Mus. Mas. N 3 s . 99 M U S . N3s. ? ? MUS. N x . k t e C 3 1 1 . C 3 1 L . USNM 11 497536, 13 543331, 2 497539 17-19 June POBSF 537,539, 333, 544445 1966 543332 7 544445, 544447 , 448,450, 449,531 7 533,534. 532,5'(3 549-551- 552,553 Tab le 36. Rudciy T ~ l r n s t m e s banded 3n L i s i a n s k i I s l a n d Per iod Ba nde r Number BY nde d 1964 Vldar. BSF'W 77 1967 A ug . -Se p t . FOBS P S e p t . BSFW 1968 Mar. BSFW - 174 SANDERLING C r ~ e t h i a a lba - S t a t u s Uncommon m i g r a n t ; maxilnum r e c e n t e s t i m a t e 20. Recorded i n F e b r u a r y , March? May, J u n e , August and. September. F x n d p r i m a r i l y a l o n g t h e sandy beaches . P 2 p u l a t i o n s and Annual Cycle 'I'able 37 l i s t s a l l kn3wn o b s e r v a t i ~ s 3f S a n d e r l i n g s on L i s i a n s k i . Alth3ugh 3nly r e c e n t l y r e p o r t e d f r m t h e i s l a n d ( ~ l a p p and Woodward, 1969: 2 2 ) ) t h i s spec i . e s probably occurs i n small numbers e v e r y y e a r . These b i r d s have been seen a l l a r ~ u n d t h e o u t e r beaches of t h e i s - l a n d , mst f r e q u e n t l y a l 3 n g t h e sandy beaches on t h e s m t h and west. F3ur were Eeen s i t t i n g 3n a r x k y z u t c r 3 p 3 f f t h e e a s t s h x e i n March 1965 where some may rmst a t n i g h t . The only n 3 c t u r n a l o b s e r v a t i o n s were 3f two o r t h r e e b i r d s found r o x t i n g a l m g t h e west beach above t h e waterline on 20 March 1968. Specimens A icale t h a t was c a p t a r e d by Clapp wi th a hand n e t a l o n g t h e west beach 3n 20 March 1968 i s t h e only specimen t h a t h a s been c o l l e c t e d . T h i s b i r d (USNM 5h3338) cias very f a t , weighing 52 .3 g r a m , and was m ~ l t i n g i n t h e bxiy f e a t h e r s . The l a r g e s t t e s t i s measured 2 . 5 x 1 . 5 mm. Table 37. Observa t ions of S a n d e r l i n g s on L i s i a n s k i I s l a n d ?,?p:a t i ?n Date of Survey E s t i m a t e 3emarks and Refe rences 1913 12 Mar. f a i r l y ( ~ i l l e t t , m s . ) . c zxnrnon 1954 26 Mar. 25 - 30 ( i l i cha rdson , p e r s . canal. ) 1963 14 Feb. 23 A t numerous p o i n t s a r m n d t h e beaches : 8-lo i n mixed s h o r e b i r d f l x k on sou th - e a s t beach; 9 i n one f l o c k on n o r t h beach (POBSP). 21-23 Aug. 0 18 S e p t . 2 1965 12-14 Mar . 4 -6 h u n t 3f 12 on o u t e r beach 3n 12 March ( BSFW, POBSP) . 4 s i t t i n g 3n r e e f 3 f f e a s t s h w e ; 2 f l y i n g i n f l o c k s of p l w e r e and t u r n - s t o n e s (POBSP). Table 37. ( c m t i n u e d ) P2puLa t i 3 n De t e 3f Survey E s t i m a t e Remarks and l i e fe rences 1955 14-17 J u l y 1966 16-19 June 19-23 Oct. 1367 23 Mar. 2-6 June 31 hug . - 5 S e p t . 3 Seen 2n west beach d u r i n g p a r t i a l . survey ( BSFW , FOBSP) . 3 B i r d s i n w i n t e r plumage 2n nor thwest beach ( POBSP) . 3 A L L i n w i n t e r plumage. Occas i3na l ly s e e n a l m g e a s t benches bu t u s u a l l y a l x g sandy margins 3f west and s3u thwes t beaches ( POBSP) . 6-3 A L L i n w i n t e r plumage; 4 seen a t 3nce a l m g n m t h w e s t beach b u t 1-3 b i r d s most 3 f t e n seen a l m g west beach (BSPW, POBSP) . FECTOFtAL 31- SHARP-TAILED SANDPIPER E r o l i a melan3t3s 3r acurninata S t a t u e A c c i d e n t a l ; s i g h t r e c o r d s October 1966. Observa t ions Lewis r e p ~ t e d a " F e c t m a l ? " Sandp iper i n t h e i n t e r i ~ of L i s i a n s k i 3n 13 O c t ~ b e r 1.966. On t h e same d a t e H a r r i n g t m noted "2 S h a r p - t a i l s ( ? ) . " N3 d e t a i l s were g i v e n i n f i e l d n ~ t e s bu t it seems L ike ly t h a t m e 3r t h e 3 t h e r 3f' t h e above s p e c i e s was s e e n s i n c e both s p e c i e s r e g u l a r l y occur i n t h e Northwestern Hawaiian I s l a n d s . T h e i r occur rence 3n L i s i a n s k i , which h a s n3 i n t e r i o r po31 3r Lagoon,, i s u n d ~ b t e d l y c m s i d e r a b l y l e s s f r e q u e n t t h a n 3n a t 3 L l s ( s u c h a s Midway and k y s a n ) t h a t posse,, q q them. HERRING GULL Larus a r g e n t a t u s vegae S t a t u s A c c i d e n t a l ; 3ne r e c ~ r d February 1963. Wir tz saw and s h 3 t a t a Her r ing G u l l o f f s h o r e L i s i a n s k i on 14 Feb- r u a r y 1963. S i b l e y c 3 l l e c t e d it on t h e e a s t beach L a t e r t h a t day. T h i s g u l l (USW, 493353), a female i n f i r s t n u p t i a l plumage, i s t h e 3nly r e c x - 3 3f t h e Her r ing G u l l f r m t h e i s l a n d ( c l a p p and Wxdward, 1963: 2 6 ) . GLAUCOUS-WINGED GULL Larus g l a u c e s c e n s S t a t u s Rare v i s i t 3 r ; t w 3 r e c x d s March 1965, March 1963. Remarks A male i n f i r s t n u p t i a l plumage (uSNM 4941.33) was c 3 l l e c t e d by Clapp 3n 12 Ivlarch 1965. It was s h 3 t n e a r t h e s m t h e a s t p o i n t of t h e i s l a n d b u t was m l y w~uncied and swam 3 u t t o s e a . Late t h e same n i g h t , S t a d e l and Clapp c a p t u r e d it 3n t h e s x t h beach a b ~ ~ t mi le f r m where it had been s h 3 t . A second g u l l was seen by Clapp 3n 20 March 1968 a s it f l e w a l o n g t h e c r e s t of t h e n o r t h e a s t beach. He c3LLected t h e b i r d 3n t h e s 3 u t h w e ~ t beach t h e f z ~ l l ~ w i n g day. The specimen (USNM 543339)) n 3 t r e p ~ t e d h e r e t 3 - f a r e , i s a very f a t female i n s e c m d w i n t e r plumage. Glaucous-winged G u l l s a r e f r e q u e n t v i s i t g r s t 3 t h e main Hawaiian i s l a n d s i n w i n t e r and have been r e c ~ r d e d p r e v i m s l y f r m m3st 3f t h e N x t h w e s t e r n Hawaiian Is l -ands ( c l a p p and Wxdward . 1968: 2 7 ) . GRAY -BACKED TERN S t e r n a luna t a S t a t u s Cmm3n b r e e d e r ; maximum r e c e n t e s t i m a t e 15 . O 3 O . P r e s e n t f r m a t l e a s t February th r3ugh e a r l y September bu t most b reed ing x c u r s f r m mid- March th rough l a t e J u l y . E ' r ~ b a b l y a b s e n t f r m t h e i s l a n d when n g t b reed ing D r forming b reed ing c z ~ l x ~ i e s . N e s t s i n s c a t t e r e d c z ~ l x ~ i e s 3n t h e g r m n d over much 3f t h e i s l a n d s u r f a c e . h p u l a t i o n s S ince s e v e r a l r e c e n t March su rveys were d i u r n a l m l y : and s i n c e numbers may be much g r e a t e r a t n i g h t d u r i n g t h e i n c e p t i o n 3f t h e b r e e d i n g s e a s o n , m3st 3f t h e d i f f e r e n c e s between March e s t i m a t e s able 3.9) pr3bably a r e n o t s i g n i f i c a n t . The d i f f e r e n c e between t h e March 1964 and March 1965 e s t i m a t e s , when nocturna 1 s u r v e y s were made, may i n d i c a t e a r e a l d i f f e r e n c e i n p o p u l a t i o n Levels--a d i f f e r e n c e t h a t p m b a b l y r e s u l t e d frm d i f f e r e n c e s i n t h e t i m i n g 3f t h e b reed ing c y c l e i n t h e s e y e a r s . Wetmxe ' s e s t i m a t e i s s i g n i f i c a n t l y lower t h a n r e c e n t e s t i m a t e s made i n J u n e . The p r e s e n t b reed ing p 3 p u l a t i o n i s e v i d e n t l y 10 t 3 30 t i m e s a s Large a s i n 1923, presumably because f a r more n e s t i n g h a b i t a t i s now a v a i l - a b l e . Annual Cycle L i s i a n s k i Gray-backed T e r n s have a n annua 1 b r e e d i n g c y c l e , which v a r i e s l i t t l e Tram y e a r t 3 ye t i r . These t e r n s a r r i v e a t t h e i . s l a n d a r n ~ n t h 3r m3re b e f o r e e g g - l a y i n g b e g i n s and l e a v e t h e i s l a n d s h x t l y a f t e r t h e b r e e d i n g s e a s s n i s c3rnpleteci. On L i s i e n s k i , a s 3n 3 t h e r N x t h w e s t e r n Hawaiian I s l a n d s , t h e b r e e d i n g c y c l e 3f t h e "Jay-backed l e r n i s s e v e r a l weeks e a r l i e r t h e n t h a t ~ f ' t h e %:>3ty T e r n . I n i t i a t i o n 3f l a y i n g u s u a l l y o c c u r s clbz~ut mid-March b u t c1ccasi3na 1l.y o c c u r s e a r l i e r - 3r L a t e r . The Cresence of u r e c e n t l y h a t c h e d young i n mid-March 1.965 i n d i c a t e s t h a t a t l e a s t same e g g s were Laid by mid-February t h a t y e a r . I n t h e 1 : r ev i aus y e a r n3ne was kn2wn t 3 be l a i d u n t i l t h e L a t t e r h a l f ' ~f March. ? h e str.al1. number 3 f b i . rd s acid n e s t s w i t h e g g s s e e n i n L a t e 1;brct.l 1967 a n d !!>62 s u g g e s t s t h a t i n b 3 t h t h e s e y e a r s l a y i n g began i n $larch. I n a d d i t i o n , t h e predominance 3f f l e d g e d young i n mid-June 1966 s u g ~ e s t s t h a t a l a y i n g peak x c u r r e d a b 3 u t t h r e e rn3nths e a r l i e r , sr i n mid -&rch . ? k e J u n e ~ 9 6 - i 3 b ~ e r v a t i o n s ? 3n t h e 3 t h e r h a n d , s u g g e s t a somewhat L a t e r l a y i n g > e a k , p r ~ b a b l y ] . a t e A p r i l 3r e a r l y May. On t h e w h ~ l e , t h e .data s u g g e s t t h a t t h e e g g k-ea'n u s u a l l y f a l . 1 ~ between mid- or. l a t e b b r c h and mid- 3- l a t e A r : r i l b u t l a y i n g p r 3 b a b l y c o n t i n u e s a t a r e d u c e d l e v e l t h r 3 u g h mid-1Wy. If' t h i s i s t r u e , t h e h a t c h i n g peak p r ~ b a b l y x c u r s fron: mid- 3r l a t e Apr i l . t h r o u g h n i a - 3r ].ate ?.lay. The s i n g l e s e t 3f z1bse rva t i3ns nade j u r i n g t h i s per i .od (1.323). w h i l e n o t d e t a i l e d , seems t~ f i t t h i s p a t t e r n . M3st f l e d g i n g p r o b a b l y o c c u r s a b o u t t w 3 m m t h s a f t e r t h e h e t c h i n g p e a k , 3r f r m mid- or La te J u n e t h r o u g h mid- sr l . a t e Jl;i .y. P. few b i r d s f r 3 m e g g s l a i d i n Iblay f l e d g e i n A u g u s t , I . : r i rnari ly d u r i n g t h e f i r s t t w 3 weeks 3f t h e month . B r e e d i n g : Dur ing FOBSP s u r v e y s , Gray-backed T e r n s have n e s t e d s v e r much 3f ' t h e i s l a n d . Eggs were u ~ u a i l y p l a c e d u n d e r v e g e t a t i o n - - t h e t h i c k S c a e v z ~ l a 3n t h e i s l a n d p e r i m e t e r , t h e rr131-e z ~ p e n , ~ a r t i a l l y dead Gcaev3la i n t h e i n t e r i o r , 3r t h e clumps 3 f E r a g r ~ s t i s i n t h e s andy a r e a s . Cn a t L e a s t one ~ c c a s i s n ( ~ u i . y 1-96?), rrnst 3f tine Gray-backeri T e r n s were f3uria n e s t i n g a r ~ u n d t h e p e r i m e t e r 3f t h e S m t y Te rn c o l ~ n y . N3n-breedi ng: I h e d e c r e e s i n g numbers 3f Gray -backed l ' e r n s t o w a r d s t h e e n d 3f' t h e n e s t i n g s e a s o n : a n d t h e r e l a t i v e l y s m a l l numbers p r e s e n t a t i t s b e g i n n i n g , s u g g e s t t h a t t h e s e t e r n s a r e a b s e n t f rom t h e i s l a n d d u r i n g non- b r e e d i n g p e r i d s . Spec imens We have r e c o r d s 31' t ' i ve s t u d y s k i n s of' Gray-backed T e r n s t'rm L i s i a n s k i : t w 3 unsexed b i r d s (USEM 1?1501.-502) c o n f ' i s c a t e d from t h e J a p a n e s e 16 J u n e 1904 by t h e U.S. T r e a s u r y : a n a l e (USNM 303627) c 3 l - l e c t e d by Wetmxe 19 May 1933: and t w 3 b i r d s c ~ l l e c t e d by t h e POBSP, a male (USNM 494124) c o l l e c t e d 13 V ~ r c h :965 a n d a n unsexed b i r d (USNM 545922) c 3 l l e c t e d 3 S e ~ t e m b e r 1.367. The re i s , i n a d i i i . t i 3 n : a s k u l l (uSNM 239225) c o l l e c t e d by Ketm2re l 7 May 1923. Banding and Mwements I n March 1965 POHSF p e r s m n e l banded 374 a d u l t s , 200 3f them .3n eggs . N3ne. has been r e c a p t u r e d . Table 39. O b s e r v a t i m s of Gray-banked T e r n s 3n L i s i a n s k i I s l a n d b p u l a t i on Dete of Survey E s t i v a t e Breeding S t a t u s , Iiemarks and References 1 29 June- 4 J u l y 191.3 12 Mar. 1.951 13 Kay 1954 26 m r . 1961 9 M a r . ~ 9 6 3 14 Feb. 12-13 Mar. 1964 11-12 Mar. 21-23 Aug. 13 Sep t . 1965 12-14 b r . 14- 1.7 J u l y 1966 16-19 June ? ? ? 5 00 5 03 ? 300 few seen 203 ? 5 00 3 0 2,000- 3,009 300 7,599 0 Probably seen by Isenbeck ( s e e R3 thsch i l d , 1893-L900: v - v i ) . B~lmer noted t h a t a few Gray-backed Terns were 3n t h e i s l a n d 3n 33 June (& R ~ t h s c h i L d , 1893: x i i ) . Nes t i n s i n c m s i d e r a b l e n u ~ b e r s (Willett , ms.). 1 egg f mnd (Munter , 1915 : 136) . Eggs and young p r e s e n t , but mostly r e c e n t l y hatched t o we l l - gnwn young (wetmore, ms.). ( ~ i c h a r d s o n , pe r s . c3mm. ) . Usual ly nn eggs (Wmdside a n 3 K r a ~ e r , ms . ) . N J n e s t s f m n d (FOBSP) No n e s t s found ( POBSP) . Ca . 50- 100 3n ground but n9 n e s t s found Em W, POBSP) . 2 i m m t u r e s ; n3t breeding (POBSF). A t l e a s t 1,000 n e s t s wi th eggs bu t only 1 r e c e n t l y hatched y3ung seen (POBSP) . Only f l edged or near - f l edg ing immatures (E. 100) p r e sen t (POBSP). Ca. 1,300 n e s t s wi th eggs and 2,500 y m n g ; - tnostly f l e d g e d y ~ u n g bu t s3me smal.1 young ( POBS P) . Table 38. ( c o n t i n u e d ) F ~ p u l a t ion Oate 3f Survey E s t i m a t e Breeding S t a t u s , Remarks and Refe rences 2-6 June 1968 22-21 Mar. low L O O ' S 26 n e s t s wi th e g g s , L a t l e a s t s l i g h t l y i n c u b a t e d (BSFW, POBSP) . l > , O O O Frorr! e g g s t a half-grown young; most n e s t s wi th e g g s ; e s t i m a t e d 5,000 n e s t s (FGBSF) . 20 Nes t ing s e a s m e s s e n t i a l l y c m p l e t e d ; 3 n l y a few l a r g e y x n g fmnd, . mgst 3f them a p - p a r e n t l y sbandoned and s t a r v i n g : very few a d u l t s (POBSP) . L ,003 Only eggs resent (BSFW, POBSP). S t e r n a f u s c a t e Abundant b r e e d e r ; maximum r e c e n t e s t i m ~ t e 1 ,700,030. P r e s e n t from mid-February t h r 3 ~ 5 h O c t ~ b e r bu t most n e s t i n g x c u r s f rom A p r i l t h r o w h e a r l y September. N e s t s 3n t h e g r m n d 3ver ~ u c h 3f t h e i n t e r i a r of t h e i s l a n d . A l t h m g h t h e l a r g e s t r e c e n t ec t ;mate , made i n e a r l y J u n e 1967, seems l a r g e c m p a r e d wi th a i l a t h e r p 3 p u l a t i s n ee t inaa tes ( e x c e p t i n g ~ e r h a p s t h e June 1366 e s t i m a t e ) , it was based 3n d e n s i t y c 3 u n t s a p p l i e d t 3 t 3 t a l n e s t - i n g a r e a and i s perhaps m x e a c c u r a t e t h a n ~ 3 n e sf t h e o t h e r e s t i m a t e s . FOBSP e s t i m a t e s f x o t h e r i s l a n d s where c a r e f u l a t t e m p t s have been made t o de te rmine p o p u l a t i a n a i z e have c o n s i s t e n t l y sh3wn t h a t v i s u a l e s t i m a t e s o f t e n g r e a t l y u n d e r e s t i m a t e numbers p r e s e n t . Thus we f e e l t h a t peak popu- l a t i c m s on L i s i a n s k i r e a c h a m i l l i o n b i r d s and ve ry p o s s i b l y more. C3mpar ism 3f r e c e n t e s t i m a t e s (Tab le 39) w i t h t h x e made i n 1923 c l e a r l y show t h a t p 3 p u l a t i m s a r e much l a r g e r now t h a n t h e n . Like b3 th t h e Grea t F r i g a t e b i r d and White Tern , t h i s s p e c i e s was abundant a t t h e t u r n of t h e c e n t u r y ; numbers d e c r e a s e d markedly a s a r e s u l t of f e a t h e r g z t h e r i n g a c t i v i t i e s and d e v e g e t a t i 3 n 3f t h e i s l a n d and have i n c r e a s e d markedly w i t h t h e r e t u r n of' t h e v e g e t a t i m . Annual Cycle S m t y Terns u s u a l l y r e t u r n t o L i s i a n s k i a b m t February bu t f3r a m m t h t o s i x weeks swirl over t h e i s l a n d i n p re -b reed ing f l o c k s . The v a r i o u s r e c e n t Ivlarch 3 b s e r v a t i o n s i n d i c a t e t h a t a l t h m g h numbers may be f a i r l y l a r g e , few b i r d s may be 9n t h e ground. Judg ing from r e c e n t 2 b s e r v a t i m s , l a y i n g beg ins i n A p r i l bu t t h e peak l a y i n g p e r i o d i s u s u a l l y f r m m i d - b y th rough e a r i y J a n e ( p r a b a b l y 1Ei()l, and 1.964 through 1 ) k few young may h a t c h i n l a t e A p r i l b u t t h e peak h a t c h i n g p e r i d usua l.ly f a l l s f r m mid-Jane t h r 3 u ~ h e a r l y J u l y . B i r d s m y f l e d g e f r ~ m e a r l ? J u l y th rough September 3r Oct3ber , bu t p r3bab ly only 2 very small pr3y:3rti.on f l e d g e i n t h e l a t t e r m m t h . Our d a t a a r e n ~ t p r e c i s e enough t 3 alLow any ex tended d i s c u s s i o n 3f y e a r l y v r i r i a t i 3 n s i n b r e e d i n g c y c l e s . The S m t y Tern c y c l e on L i s i a n s k i seems q u i t e c m s i s t e n t from y e a r t o y e a r . Data f r m 1964. 1.966, a n d 1967 seem q u i t e c m p a r a b l e . The J u l y 1965 obeerva t i .ons , on t h e o t h e r hand, perhaps i n d i c a t e a n e a r l i e r t h a n usu&l. t e r rc ina t i 3 n :)f t h e b reed ing c y c l e . Breeding: A t l e a s t i n r e c e n t y e a r s t h e ~ ~ p ~ l a t i o n h a s been d i s t r i b u t e d among a number of c 3 1 ~ 1 n i e s ( a b m t 9 i n August 1964) ~ a r k e d by s l i g h t d i f - f e r e n c e s i n n e s t i n g c y c l e . N e s t i n g x c u r s c h i e f l y i n t h e E r a g r o s t i s a s s o c i a t i m i n t h e c e n t e r of t h e i s l a n d (F ' l g . 4 9 ) . Stxal ler numbers n e s t under t h e eciges of Scaev3l.e clumps ( x c a s i m s l l y i n f a i r l y dense Scaev3la and i n open a r e a s i n I p o m x a . I n J u n e 1366 s3me b i r d s nes ted i n t h i c k e r Scaeva la t h a n i s t y p i c a l f o r t h i s s p e c i e s i n t h e Northwestern Hawaiian I s l a n d s . Non-breeainq: A f t e r b r e e d i n g , moat a d u l t s d e s e r t t h e c2lony o r r e t u r n ~ n l y a t n i g h t . M x t n i g h t l y c m c e n t r a t i o n s form i n t h e v i c i n i t y of c h i c k s a- i n pen a r e a s . B i r d s may f3rm " r m s t i n g f locks" c o m p ~ s e d e n t i r e l y of a d u l t s 3r of adu!.ts and f l y i n g inmatures . I n 1.366 and 1967 a few n3n- i n c u b a t i n g b i r d s were 3bse rved r e s t i n g on Scaevola bushes . Specimens We have r e c x d s 9f 24 s tudy s k i n s 3f' specimens c3l . l .ected In L i s i ansk j . : 4 unsexed b i r d s (UENM i91533-506) c3nf ' iecated f r m t h e Japanese 1.6 June 1904 by t h e U.S. T r e a s u r y ; a n a d u l t ma Le (UENM 1,03584) , a n e d u l t female (USNM 303585)? and a j u v e n i l e female (UEDTM 300586) c ~ l l e c t e d by Wetmxe 16-19 May 1923; and 17 specimens c 3 l l e c t e d by t h e FOBSF: I, a d u l t f e m l e (USNM 495461) c o l l e c t e d j u s t 3 f f s h o r e 16 J u l y 1965 9 a d u l t males (USNM 54'r927, 543020. 744620, 544625, 544-(83, 544785-736, 544739, 544791), 6 a d u l t females (USNM 542925-926, 544784 544797-783 544790) and 1 unsexed a d u l t (USNM 544705). The l a t t e r 16 b i r d s were a l l c o l l e c t e d 19 J u n e 1966. Banding and Mwements The POBSP banded 50,097 S m t y Terns Dn L i s i a n s k i a able 4 3 ) . E i g h t e e n of t h e s e b i r d s were subsequen t ly r e c a p t u r e d Dn o t h e r i s l a n d s or a t s e a : LO on nearby Laysan I s l a n d , 2 on J . ? h n s t m A t o l l , and 1 e a c h a t Midway A t o l l , a t s e a , i n J a p a n , and a t Phoenix I s l a n d ( ~ ~ ~ e n d i x Tab le 1 4 a ) . I n a d d i t i m , 4 1 S x ~ t y Terns banded on o t h e r i s l a n d s were r e c a p t u r e d an L i s i a n s k i : 20 from Laysan I s l a n d , LO from J ~ h n s t o n k!toll , 6 f rom Kidway A t o l l , 2 each f ram French F r i g a t e S h 3 a l s and P e a r l and Hermes Reef , and one f r3m Wake I s l a n d (Appendix Table l b b ) . Table 39. Observa t ions of S s 3 t y Terns 3n L i s i n n s k i I s l a n d b p u l a t i o n Dete ~ f Survey E s t i r m t e Breeding S t a t u s , Hemarks and Refe rences 1891 29 June- 4 J u l y 1913 1 2 Mar. 1915 24 Mar. 1923 15-20 IMY 1954 26 Mar. 1955 8 May 1961 9 Mar. 1963 14 Feb. 12-13 Mar. 18 S e p t . 1-96 12-14 Mar. " i n g r e a t "Ymng very snail" (palmer & I i o t h s c h i l d , abundance. . . 1893-1900 : x i ) . by f a r t h e most n u m r m s b i r d " p l e n t i f u l ( ~ i l l e t t , ms. ) . 1,090 500 2 , 009 ? l a r g e numbers ? l a r g e n u ~ b e r s ' j0,ooo - 100, 000 160,000 4,000- 5,000 3,500- 4 ,500 300,000 N 3 t y e t n e s t i n g ( ~ u n t e r , 1915: 136) . Msstly on e g g s , na yaung p r e s e n t (ve tmore , tT!S.). R ichardson , p e r s . comm. ) . N 3 e g g s s e e n (POFI). F l o c k s s w i r l i n g w e r h e a d (w30dsj.de and Kramer, ms.) . locks s w i r l i n g m e r h e a d , none on ground ( POBSF) . F l o c k s s w i r l i n g overhead; 3nly a few s i t - t i n g on g r m n d . N 3 n e s t s wi th eggs faund ( POBSP) . M3st s w i r l i n g m e r h e a d ; only a b o u t 300- 1,000 3n g r m n d . N s n e s t s w i t h eggs f ~ m d ( POBSP) . Ca. b0,000 young from a b o u t 1/3 grown t o - near - f l e d g i n g . Smal l numbers 3f f l e d g e d young ( POBS P) . Fledged and n e a r - f l e d g i n g young 3bserved (BSFW, POBSP) . One f l o c k of B. 3,000-4,000 s w i r l i n g over s o u t h end; one of 500-600 s w i r l i n g over n o r t h end. Only t e r n s from former g roup s i t t i n g on ground. N 3 n e s t s w i t h eggs found (POBSP) . Ca . 50,000 young, most of them n e a r f l edg- - i n g ; a few n e s t s wi th e g g s . P 3 p u l a t i o n e s t i m a t e i n c l u d e s E. 50,000 f l e d g e d young ( POBSP) . Table 39. ( c o n t i n u e d ) F 3 p u l a t i o n Oate of Survey E s t i m a t e Breeding S t a t u s , Renarks and Refe rences 1966 16-19 J u n e 19-20 Oct . 1967 20 Mar. 2-6 June 31 Aug..- 5 S e p t . 1968 20-21 Mar. Ca . 250,003 n e s t s wigh eggs (95%) ; E. - 10,000 young ( 5 % ) . Almost a l l young r e c e n t l y h a t c h e d (POBSP). 11x1-breeding. S e v e r a l f l y i n g i m r a t u r e s a n d c r i p p l e d immatures p r e s e n t from preced ing b reed ing sea son (POBSP) . S w i r l i n g overhead; no n e s t s found (BSFW, POBSP) . M x t b i r d s p r e p a r i n g t o l a y o r wi th f r e s h eggs . S m e moderate and h e a v i l y i n c u b a t e d eggs and a few m a l l c h i c k s p r e s e n t . An e s t i m a t e d 400,000 b i r d s w i t h n e s t s (POBSP). Large c h i c k s t o f l y i n g young. Most b i r d s wi th l a r g e c h i c k s (PoBSF) . On ground by day bu t no n e s t s found (BSFW, POBSP) . 'I 'akle 40. S m t y Terns banded on L i s i a n s k i I s l a n d P e r i o d 3f Survey A d u l t s Y 3ung Tats 1 s 1964 Adgust 5,400 1 , 500 6 ,900 1965 J U ~ Y 1966 June 1967 J u n e 6,000 0 6,000 September 19 7 0 197 BROWN NODDY S t a t u s Anous s t o l i d u s Common b r e e d e r ; maximum r e c e n t e s t i m a t e 15,000. Probably p r e s e n t t h r o u g h o u t y e a r b u t d e c i d e d l y fewer p r e s e n t d u r i n g e a r l y s p r i n g and p re - sumably w i n t e r . Breeds p r i m a r i l y f rom March o r A p r i l t h r o u g h September 3r O c t 3 b e r . Nests i n Lxse c ~ l . 3 n i e s 3r i n w ide ly s c a t t e r e d i n d i v i d u a l s i t e s . M3st n e s t s b u i l t 3 n t h e g r x n d unde r S c o e v 3 l a 3r a t h e r d e n s e vege- t a t i 3 n , ' b u t ~3me b u i l t 3 f f t h e g r ~ u n d i n S c a e v ~ l a . P ~ p u l a t i o n s A l though v a r i a b l e , t h e p ~ p u l a t i ~ n e s t i m a t e s a r e c o n s i s t e n t e n m g h f r m y e a r t 3 y e z r t o ~ h 3 w t h a t numbers 3f b i r d s p r e s e n t i n March a r e f a r f e w e r t h a n i n J u n e t h r ~ u g h O c t o b e r able 111). The l a r g e d i f f e r e n c e be tween t h e F e b r u a r y a n d March e s t i m a t e s s u g g e s t s t h a t much, i f n o t m 3 s t , o f t h e p q u L a t i o n i s a b s e n t f r m t h e i s l a n d d u r i n g p e r i 3 d s 3f n3n- 3r reduced b r e e d i n g . One 3f t h e t w 3 e a r l y e s t i m a t e s ( 1 9 1 5 ) d 3 e s n 3 t v e r y s i g n i f i c a n t l y f r m r e c e n t e s t i m a t e s made a t t h e same t i m e 3f y e a r . ' r le tm3re 's l a t e May (1923) e s t i m a t e 3f 1 , 0 3 2 b i r d s , h ~ w e v e r , s e e m ~ i g n i f i c a n t l y Lswer t h a n e i t h e r 3f t h e r e c e n t J u n e e s t i m a t e s . k resumably t h e l ; z ~ j x l a t i m s u f f e r e d s m e r e - d u c t i ~ i n numbers a s d i d m3st 3 t h e r s p e c i e s when t h e i s l a n d was near1.y b a r e 3f v e g e t a t i m . Annua 1 Cyc le The L i s i a n s k i Br3wn N~dd j r ~ 3 p u l a t i m a p p a r e n t l y b r e e d s a n a n a n n u a l b a s i s , a l t h ~ u g h t h e b e g i n n i n g a n d e n d 3f t h e n e s t i n u , s e a s m may n 3 t c3inci .de f r ~ m y e a r t 3 y e a r . Laying e v i d e n t l y b e g i n s i n March 3r A p r i l , b u t sme b i r d s have Laid a s e a r l y a s F e b r u a r y (1965) On many March v i s i t s (1915, 1964. 1967) n 3 n e s t s were f ' m n d , which s u g g e s t s t h a t t h e L z y i n j r e s k x c u r s i n s u b s e q u e n t m n t h s . I h e 3 D s e r v a t i m s f r m J u n e 1966 a n d 1967 s u g g e s t a % y t 3 J u n e l a y i n g peak , a n d t h e JdLy 1965 z ~ b s e r v a t i m s . while n 3 t a s c3n- p l e t e , ap r Jea r t 3 f i t t h i s s c h e d u l e . R e l a t i v e l y few e g g s were s e e n A ~ J ~ I x ~ a n 5 September v i s i t s , a n 3 n3ne was f w n d 3n t h e s i n g l e O c t s b e r v i . e i t . T h i s s u g g e s t s t h a t Laying was l a r g e l y cmy; l .e ted by J u l y . I T , a s we s u s r j e c t , t h e n3rulal Laying k e a k i s i n .%y and J u n e , it f 3 l L ~ w s t h a t t h e h a t c h i n g peak x c u r s f r3m J u n e t h r 3 u g h J c l l y , a n d t h a t msst f l e d g i n g x c u r s a b m t t w 3 m ~ n t l i s l a t e r i n A ~ g u s t a n d Sep tember . M x t 3f t h e ~ b s e r v a t i m s f i t k e l l i n t g t h i s p rop3se3 s c h e n e .3f b r e e d - i n g . The 3 b s e r v a t i m s f r m 4 u g u s t 1964 , which i n d i c a t e no b r e e d i n g . a r e 3 o v i 3 u s l y e r r o n e o u s i n view 3f o b s e r v a t i x s made a m m t h L a t e r . B r e e d i n g : Dur ing t h e peak 3f t h e n e s t i n g s e a s m i n mid-surnmer . B r ~ w n Nsdd ie s n e s t 3 v e r t h e e n t i r e v e g e t a t e d p ~ r t i 3 n 3f t h e i s l a n d . They seem t 3 p r e f e r n e s t i n g unde r f a i r l y d e n s e v e g e t a t i m , such a s S c a e v o l a , I p m s e a - c s v e r e d S c a e v o l a , 3r t h i c k c lumps o f E r a g r o s t i s ( ~ i g . jO). ~ n c c a s i x ~ a l n e s t i s b u i l t 3ne t 3 t h r e e f e e t o f f t h e g r ~ u n d i n S c a e v o l a : b u t w e l l o v e r 90 p e r c e n t a r e b u i l t 3n t h e g r 3 u n d . G r e a t e r n e s t i n g d e n s i t i e s a r e f o u n d i n a r e a s which have rnwe L u x u r i a n t GcaevoLa ( i . e . t h e m t e r p e r i m e t e r 3f t h e i s l a n d ) . Of 26 n e s t s t a b u l a t e d j.n J u n e l ~ b 7 , 16 (62 p e r c e n t ) were unde r ~ c a e v 3 L a ; 4 ( 1 5 y e s c e n t ) l ~ e r e u n d e r S c a e v j l a and 1~3rn;ea; 4 ( 1 5 p e r c e n t ) were under E r a u r 3 s t i s ; 1 ( 1 k e r c e n t ) was u n a e r S c s e v 3 l a a n d E r a g r z ~ s t i s ; a mi 1 ( 4 f m n d benea t h I j omzIea . I n 1923 Wetrn3re (ms . ) f o u x i t h e s e n ~ d d i e s n e s t i n g p r i n c i p a l l y i n t h e i n t e r i ~ and a l m g t h e e a s t e r n a h s r e . A t t h a t t i m e t h e y p r e f e r r e d t 3 n e s t i n l i t t l e L i ep re s s i z~ns i n t h e s a n d , 3 f t e n a t t h e e n t r a n c e t 3 a n 31d s h e a r - w a t e r bur r3w. The n e s t s t h e m s e l v e s a r e 3 f t e n bu lky c o n s t r u c t i 3 n s 3f v e g e t a t i m a n d c i e b r i . ~ . T h i r t y n e s t s were examined t 3 d e t e r m i n e what n e s t i n g m a t e r i a l s were used : 2 3 ( 9 3 p e r c e n t ) c z ~ n t a i n e d E : r a g r 3 s t i s : 2 6 ( 2 7 F e r c e n t ) c 3 n t a i n e d S c o e v 3 i a ; 5 (!7 p e r c e n t ) c 3 n t a i n e d b x ~ e s : a n d 1. ( 3 r e r c e n t ) c o n t a i n e d T r i b a l u s . M n s t 3f' t h e n e s t s (:!?I) c m t a i n e d m3re t h a n 3ne m a t e r i a l i n v a r y i n g 1 ; roy:3r t i3ns , b u t t w 3 were b u i l t s3Le ly zf E r a p ; r x t i s l e a v e s and s t e m s . W e t m r e (ms.) n 3 t e d t h a t n e s t d e p r e s s i o n s were " f i l l e d w i t h a v a r i e d c 3 L L e c t i 3 n 3f s m a l l banes a n d f e a t h e r s i n l i e u z ~ f 3 t h e r n e s t i n g m a t e r i a l . " Nan-b reed ing : N3n-b reed ing Br3wn N3;ldies c3mm3nly ~ c u r r e d i n s e v - e r a l a r e a s . Dur ing t h e d a y , f l x k s 3f fr3m LO t 3 53 b i r d s r 3 o s t e d 3n t h e b e a c h e s . A t n i g h t many r 3 3 s t e d s 3 l i t a r i l y 3r i n s m a l l f l ~ k s i n t h e Gcae- v3La i n t h e i n t e r i w 3 f t h e i s l a n d . U x i n g b 3 t h day a n d n i g h t , s c a t t e r e d - i n d i v i d u a l a d u l t s and imrnatures r 3 3 k t e d unde r S c a e v o l a o r 3 v e r h a n g i n g t u f t s 3f E r a g r a s t i s . O c c a s i m a l l y Br3wn N ~ d d i e s r 3 3 s t e d i n C a s u a r i n a t r e e s , b u t , p r c ~ p ~ t i 3 n a t e l y ~ t h i s s p e c i e s u t i l i z e d t h e s e trees f 3 r r 3 3 s t i n g f a r l e s s t h a n d i d t h e B lack N x i d i e s . Spec imens We kn3w 3f 20 Br3wn N3ddy spec imens f r 3 m L i s i a n s k i , a l l 3f which a r e i n t h e USNM. Two males (USNM 3 0 0 5 ~ 9 - 5 ~ 9 ) were c3LLected by Wetmxe 17 May L923. E i g h t e e n , 7 males (USNM 496632, 604 . 606, 639, 611, 613, 6 ~ 5 ) a n d L L f e m a l e s (USNM 495541 , 496601 , 603. 605 , 6 0 7 , 609 -610 , 6 ~ 2 , 6 ~ 4 , 616- 6 ~ 7 ) were c o l l e c t e d by t h e POBSP 17 t 3 Lg J u n e 1966. Banding and Movements POBSP p e r s 3 n n e l banded Br3wn N3ddies m l y d u r i n g t h e Augus t a n d Sep tember 1967 s u r v e y . A t t h i s time, L,507 were banded: L,330 a d u l t s , 107 i n m a t u r e s , '20 n e s t l i n g s , a n d 50 w h x e a g e was u n r e c ~ ~ r d e d . Tw3 r e t u r n s have been made 3f b i r d s banded 3n 3 t h e r i s l a n d s . A n e s t l i n g banded .3n Kure A t 3 L L i n J u l y ~ 9 6 4 was f o u n d r 3 3 s t i n g .3n L i s i a n s k i i n Sep tember ~ 9 6 7 , a n d a Loca l y m n g banded 3n Wha Le-Skate I s l a n d , F r e n c h F r i g a t e Sh3a l s : i n J u n e 1963; was r e c a p t u r e d 3n L i s i a n s k i i n Augus t ~ 9 6 4 (Appendix T a b l e 1 5 ) . Table 41. O b s e r v a t i ~ ~ n s 3f B r ~ w n Nyddies 3n L i s i a n e k i Is l -end P3puLa t i 39 Date ~f Survey E ~ t i n a t e Breeding S t a t u s , Fienarks and l i e fe rences 1891 29 June- 4 J u l y 1913 12 Mar. 1315 24 Mar.. l y 2 3 15-20 May 1.950 24 June 1351 13 vsy 1954 26 Mar. 1963 ~4 Feb. 1964 11-12 Mar. 1.9 S e p t . 1965 E- 14 Mar. 14- 17 J U L Y 1966 16-19 June 1967 2~ Mar. 2 -6 June E v i d e n t l y p r e s e n t and n e s t i n g ( ~ u n r 2 . 1941e: 2 ) . N e s t i n g i n m3derate numbers ( ~ i l l e t t , ms . ) . N 2 b r e e d i n g ( ~ u n t e r , 191.5: 136) . M D E ~ n e s t s empty but a few c m t a i n e d e g g s ( ~ e t m x e , ns. ) . N e s t i n g 3n t h e g r ~ u n d (POFI). ( ~ i c h a r d s m , p e r s . cmm. ) . ( w a l k e r , ms. ) . No e v i d e n c e 3f b r e e d i n g ; 23% 3f p3puLati3n c m p ~ s e a 3f f l e d g e d immatures (POBSP) Egzs t 3 f l y i n g y3ung (BSFW, POBSP). Eggs and sma 11 c h i c k s (POEP) . Ca . 3 . 3 0 9 y3ung; p a r t l y incuba ted e g g s t '3 - n e a r - f Ledg i n g y 3ung ( POBSP) . Ca. 5 .!I30 n e s t s wi th e g g s ; E. 130 wi th - r e c e n t l y ha tched y ~ n g ; n 3 Large y ~ u n g s e e n ( POESP) . N 3 t b r e e d i n g ; e ~ t i m a t e i n c l u d e s f Lying i m - ~ a t u r e s (POBEP). N 3 e v i d e n c e 3f b r e e d i n g (BSFW, POBSP). Eggs t~ medium-sized y ~ u n g ; m x e t h a n 4b70 21' rles'Cs x i t h e g g s ; e s t i m a t e d 5,.3GO n e s t s ( POBSP) . T a b l e 4 1 . ( c ~ n t i n u e d ) I'3pula t i 3n Date 3f Su rvey E.st i m t e B r e e d i n g S t a t u s , Remarks a n d Referensee 1367 31 Aug.- 10,009 Lygs t z ~ f l y i n g y m n g ; rn3st ly l a r g e y x n g 5 S e p t . anci dependen t immatures . many r e c e n t l y fl .edgeci; e s t i m a t e d 193 rmsl l . downy y3ung: I .9GS 'Large ch i .cks . a n d E. 2 .339 dependen t i n m a t u r e s (FOBS?). 1968 23-21 Mar. 130 Pew e g 2 s (BSFW, POBSP) BLACK NODDY A n x s t e n u i r x t r i s S t a t c s CmmzJn b r e e d e r ; rnaxizun r e c e n t e s t i m a t e 5 , 9 9 3 . B r e e d i n g h a s x c i l r ~ e d f r m Late ikcernber t h r 3 u g h e a r l y Augus t b u t m ~ t b r e e d i n g ~ r 3 b a c l y x c u r s f m a Late J a n u a r y t h r x ~ h l a t e J u i y . N ~ s t s i n Scaev3La bushes and C a s u s r i n e t r e e s . MaxirraL p 3 p u l a t i 3 n s 3n 1 , i . s ianski e r e i n t h e 1 3 w t h x s a n d s (l'ab!.e 42) b u t we d 3 n 3 t kn3w whe the r m ~ s t 3f' t h e b i r d s & r e s e n t 3n a gi.ven v i s i t a r e p a r t 3f t h e b r e e d i n g 2 ~ p u l a t i 3 n . khen n 3 t b r e e d i n g , t h i s s p e c i e s i s 3 f t e n f3und i n l a r g e numbers b 3 t h i n t h e N a r t h w e s t e r n Kawei ian I s l a n d s and 3n i s l a n d s t 3 t h e s 3 u t h , s ~ ~ a e t i r i e s i n Large r 3 3 s t i n g f l x k s 3n i s l a n d s on which it d 3 e s n 3 t b r e e d . I n a d a l t i 3 n . barid r e t i l r n d a t a s u ~ g e s t t h a t f x c e n t r a l P a c i f i c s e a b i r d s t h c s e t e r n s a r e e m n g t h e m3st f r e q u e n t in ter- i s l a n d v i s i t 3 r s . It i s l i k e l y t h a t Large f a l l p ~ l ; u l . a t i 3 n s , such a s t h a t s e e n i n Oc tobe r 1966, may c3nta j .n many b i r d s wh3se n e s t i n g i s l a n d i s n 3 t L i s i a n s k i . The ex t r eme r a n g e 3f t h e few e s t i m a t e s f r z ~ m l a t e Augus t t h r 3 u g h O c t z ~ b e r (!DO t o 1 , 5 0 3 ) s u g g e s t s t h a t L i s i a n s k i B lack N x i d i e s f r e q u e n t l y n3ve i n l a r g e numbers 3u.t t 3 sea 3r t 3 3 t h e r is l .ancls . C m p a r i s ~ n s 3f r e c e n t n u m e r i c a l e s t i ~ a t e s w i t h t h ~ s e made i n 1915 and 1923 d 3 n 3 t i n d i c a t e a n y c l e a r c u t change i n p 3 p u l a t i o n s s i n c e t h a t t i n e . Annua l Cyc le 1'33 l i t t l e d a t a a r e a v a i l a b l e 3n n e s t i n g i n w i n t e r m x ~ t h s t o d e t e r - zinc a d e q u a t e l y when n e s t i n g i s u s u a l l y i n i t i a t e d . I n t e r p g L a t i 3 n f r m a v a i l a b l e ~ b s e r v a t i ~ n s i n d i c a t e s t h a t Laying 3f'Len 3ccur-s i n J a n u a r y ( 1 9 1 5 , 1965. 1967 1969) and 3nce ~ c u r r e d i n La t e December ( 1 9 6 3 ) . On nea rby Laysan , a few b i r d s have Laid a s e a r l y a s N2vember and it seems l i k e l y t h a t s i m i l a r e a r l y l a y i n g may x c u r 3n L i s i a n s k i . Laying c s n t i n u e s t h r m g h A ~ r i l and May a n d e g g s a r e p r e s e n t i n t 3 J u n e . The a b s e n c e 3f y3ung 3n two A!:gi~st v i s i t s : s u g y e s t a e i . t h e r t h s t n a e g g s a r e 1.ai.d i n J u n e 3r t h a t n-, n e s t s i n i t i a t e d i n J u n e a r e s u . c c e s s f u j . . 'The v a r i 3 u s san!>le c3un t . s d 3 n 3 t i n d i c a t e a n eg .5 r e a k b u t r a t h e r s a q g e s t t h a t L a y i n g 3ccur-s c m t i n u a l i y 3 v e r o f a i r l y Lang p e r i 3 c l f r m a t l e a s t e a r i y F e b r u a r y thr3up;h L a t e Ar!r . i l ?'he e o r l j - e s t a n d L a t e f t t h a t h z t c h i n g i s knswn t 3 h a v e x c u r r e d l.s l a t e J s n u a r y ( 1 9 6 4 ) a n d m i d - J u n e ( j .966 a n d p r n b a b l y 1 9 6 7 ) . The e a r l i e s t a n J i c t e s ' i times 3f' f l e d g i n g t h a t ; e r e j n d i c a t e d by r)ur A e t a a r e rc id- idarch ( i.964) a n d L a t e Ju1.y 3r e a r l y k u g u n t ( 1-96?, p r 3 b e b1.y 15j67) . E r e e r i i n s : B ~ C K ?2 - 2 i d i . e ~ n e s t b 3 t h i n E c a e v s l a b u s h e s o n i C a s u e r i n a - t rees a n i i s i a r l s k i b u t s e e m t 3 p r e f e r t h e t a LLer: s m e w h a t :!::?re 3r.en C a s u a r i n a ( I I;;. 5 1 ) . FOBSF f i e l d n a t e s 53 n 3 t i n d i c a t e t t i a t tiny s ~ e c i f ' i c L c a e v a l a a r e a i s fav3r .e . I f ' s r n e s t i n 2 s v e r :jay A h e r . Nests in t h e C a s u a r i n a t r e e s u r e o : ~ t h e kh2 l . e s ; t ua tec : i ' w t h e r . of'.[ t h e g.r3:lnd t h a n t h e n e s t s f 3 u n ~ i n L c a e v 3 L u . i ic i .ght r ; :)f ? F n e s t s i n 3 n e C a s u a r i n a t r ee m e a s u r e d i n March 1967 r a n g e d f r m P i i n c h e s ts IC i'eet ~ f f ' t h e g r 3 u n d s a d h s d a mean h e i . g h t sf' 4 . 5 i ' e e t . k e t s i n S(:ae\:3l.a d u r i n g t h e same s u r v e y were 811 a t h e i g h t s b e t w e e n 18 ar~c i 33 i n c h e s . N e s t s i n t h e C a s u a r i n e t rees m r e u s g a l l y saddLe ,5 3n forks ?f' LL!nbs, t;dt 3:le n e s t uar; i:!.acefi m a nlmber. 3f s ~ a l l k r a n c h e s . The i F n e s t s rwn- t , i m e d a b s v e ha6 m a x i m m w i d t h s v a r y i n g f r m 5 t 3 13 i n c h e s a n C a meen maxirrwn k i 9 t h :)f 7 . h i n c h e s . ' : .heir o~axJc!urr! d e p t h s ;-arl:;eJ r'-:xi: 2.5 t 2 5 i n c h e s w i t h a rr!ec?n a f 4.1: i n c h e s . N :m-breed in$ : I V m - b r e e d i n g E l a c k N x i i e n r ~ x t p r i x a r i . ! . y .in Scaev.;.12 2 n d C s s a a r l . n a . 2::nLL ncmbe1.s ; u t u s ! l . y I n d . i v i i u a 1 . b l r c i s sr. s w : i ; r s u ) ; s 3:' u p t 3 LO b i r d s . x c a s i o n a l l y rv3c:st x i t h b r m n N?.lciies 3n t h e b e e c h e s 3r r 3 c k s 2f t h e i ~ l a n d p e r i t n e t e r . C e r t z i n a r e a s c;f Bcaev9La a p r : e a r t n be !.re- f e r r e d f -,,r r 3 2 s t i n g . k r g e r f l x k s e n d g r e a t e r n u m b e r s 3f' r a s s ~ i n q L i r d s w e r e u s g a l l y f 2 u n d i n t h e h i g h e r Scaev '3 l .a a t t h e s ~ u t h e a e t e : ~ d 2i' t h e i s l a n d a n d ab r jve t h e west; s h > r e , t h a n i n t h e S c a e v a l a a b 3 v e t h e e ~ s t b e a c h a n d i n t h e i n t e r i a r . i*:e k n w 3f' 1.5 s t u d y s k i n s : S m a l e s (UENM 3 0 1 1 5 4 - 4 5 5 ) c : ) l l e c t e c i by k tm3re 17 a n d 19 91ay 1923 r e s ; ! e c t i v e l , y ; g r r a l e s (USNM 5441!:', 11.3, 11.5-1.17. 1 2 0 - 1 ? 3 ) , f e m a l e s (USNM 5441!.4, 1.13, L I . ~ ) , a n d a n uriscxeci b i r d (USNM 5 4 4 1 2 4 ) c o l l . e c t e S by t h e POBSP 19 J u n e 1966. bund din;^ a n d M3vercents FJOBSP p e r s ~ n e l banded 343 Black N:Aciies 3n L i s i a n s k i ( ' ~ ' ~ b l e 4 3 ) . Seven hove been r ecak . tu red s u b s e q u e n t l y 3n a t h e r i s l a n i e : 5 a t F r e n c h P 'r i . .dera t e l y t 3 h e a v i !.y i n c u b a t e d . Sample n e s t c x n t 3f ~ 5 6 n e s t s w i t h c3n- t e n t s : 105 (67%) k i t h e g g s , 30 (19%) w i t h m a l . ? downy young, 13 ( 6 % ) k i t h medium-sized y o u n g , a n d 1 1 (7$.) w i t h l a r g e downy young (BSFW, POWF). 269 n e s t s c w n t e d . s. h a l f 3 f n e s t s k i t h e g g s , ha i f w i t h y x m g . T a b l e 43. Bl.ack N x i d i e s banded on L i s i a n s k i k e r i ~ d 3f Su rvey Ad u!.ts Y x m g T3ta 1.s 1964 Mar. 0 100 109 Aug. 13 0 LO 1969 Mar. 20 14 34 Tota 1s 226 l l b 3 4 ~ WHITF TEXN G y g i s a l b a S t a t u s Unc3rr!n!~n b r e e d e r ; niaximuw r e c e n t e s t i m a t e 500. ! ?nbabLy r e s e n t t h r o u g h 3 u t y e a r b u t mos t b r e e d i n g 3 c c u r s f r m V i r c h o r Apri .1 t h r 2 u a h L q ; u s t . S i n g l e e g g i s L a i d ?n Limbs 2f C a s u a r i n s t r e e s nr: i n Ecaev3l .a b u s h e s . h e c e n t r . ~ 3 ~ i u l . a t i c l n e s t i r m t e e ( l ' a b l e Li;) a r e t 2 ; v o r l a b l e t s u s s e s t o c c c i r a t e l y v e r i a t i . ~ ~ .i.n n u x b e r s t h r ~ u g n 3 u t t h e jreer, . b u t t h e y see:r. t .3 i n d i c a t e t h a t , maxima; n u a b e r s a r e [ ; r e s e n t i n suxrner a n d f a l l wi.th s m a l l e r n c m e r s ! ; r e s e n t i n s;,ri.ni;. ? 'he !Jl123ust a n d C c ~ t e x b e r ~9611 e s t i - r a t e s a:re j n e x p l i c a b l y Lower t h a n 2 t h e r e s t i m a t e s f 3 r ; b > u t t h a t time 3.l' y e a r . J : d g i n g f'rnrn t h e t r ,enf i :sf e s t . i n a t e s t h e maxirria 1 ~ 3 = ; u l a t i -39 p r e s e n t a t a n y ;ne time i s Less t h a n a t h s u s a n d b i r d s - - 1 , r s b a b l y 250 3r rngre. I t i s e v i . d e n t t h a t t h e c o p u l . a t i 3 n h a s i n c r e a s e d c x s i d e r u b l y s i n c e l-YP3 when W e t a s r e saw t h e s e b i r d s 3nl.y t w i c e - - m e b i r d on 15 May a n d t w s h 2 v e r i . n ~ 3 v e r t h e camp 3n t h e e v e n i n g of t h e 1'7th. I n L e s ~ t h a n '(9 y e a r s t h i s s p e c i e s w e n t f r o 3 ":;reat a b u n d a n c e " ( ~ 3 3 1 . ) t o n e a r e x t i r p a t i . 3 n (i(j73) 1;; 3 n c e a s a i n f a i r l y a b u t l a a n t ( 1 , 9 6 0 ~ ~ ) :he svai . !abLe d a t a 3n K h i t e ? ' e r n b r e e d i n g a c t i v i t i e s 3n L i s i a n s k i s u g g e s t t h a t b r e e u i n g c a n o c c u r f r 3 n l a t e J a n : l a r y 3r e a r l y E 'ebruary ( :\!6i!) t h r 3 i l ~ h O c t 3 b e r ( 196.7) . Observa t i s n s on n e e r b y L z y s s n i . n d i c e t e t h a t s m e i . n d i v i d u s l s b r e e d N1)vember t o J s n u a r y ; it s e e m L i k e l y t h a t s m e w i n t e r b r e e d i n g occa s i m a l.Ly x c u r s h e r e . d a t a f ' r m m2st s u r v e y s o r e t 3 o s p e r s e adequately t.3 document y e a r l y p e a k s 3f' b r e e d - i n s , b u t t h e few summer 3 b s e r v a t i 3 n s s u g g e s t t h a t a b r e e d i n q p e a k i s r e a c h e d i n J u n e a n d J a L y . w i t h m s s t 3f' t h e p 3 p u l a t i 3 n b r e e d i n g f ' r m X a r c h 3r A y ; r i L t h r o u g h J u l y a n d A , ~ g u s t . M:)st e g g s a r e i a t d S r 3 m k t e March t h r 2 u g h s b ~ t L a t e J u n e . ?'he e g g p e a k p r ~ o a b l y x c u r s a b o u t A ; : r i l 3r May. B r e e d i n q : L 'h i t e T e r n n e s t s h s v e b e e n f r ~ n d 3 n i y i n C a s u a r i n a t rees a n d i n Scaev3La b u s h e s . Bv f a r t h e Laraer ~ r o r ~ 3 r t i 3 n 3f n e s t s f x n d was - L i n C a s u a r i n a t r e e s ( F i g . 52) y r z ~ b a b l y L e c a u s e t h e s e n e s t : a r e mxe r e a d i l y z ~ b s e r v e d t h a n t h o s e I n S c a e v 3 l a . POBEI' f i e l d n 2 t e s i n d i c a t e t h a t n e s t s 3f W h i t e ?'ems were f 3 u n d i n k c a e v ~ i e w n e r e v e r it o c c u r s 3n t h e i s l a n d . They ci:, n o t i n d i c a t e a n y p r e f e r e n c e f3r 3ne h e i g h t 3f S c a e v o l a n 3 r f3r me a r e a 3f t h e i s l a n d . A L L n e s t s f ~ u n d were a b 3 v e t h e s u b s t r a t e b u t i n s m e i n s t a n c e s t h e y were b u t a few i n c h e s a b 3 v e g r o u n d . An e g g 3 b s e r v e d i n C u s u a r i n a i n Narch Figure 52. Recently hatched -White Tern ch ick on n e s t s i t e i-n Casuarina, 12 Xarch 1964. FOBSP photograph by A.B. A m e r e ~ , Jr. 1365 was n 3 m3re t h a n 6 i n c h e s a b o v e t h e g r ~ u n d : a n z ~ t h e r 7 b s e r v e d i n a C o s u a r i n a i n March 1.367 was 1: i n c h e s a b s v e t h e g r ~ u n d . - Nnn-breed in;^: The sm LLer p ~ p u l a t i 3n e c t i m s t e s m i e a t t h e beq inn inr l ; a n d e n d 2f t h e b r e e d l . n g s e a s 3 n s u g g e s t t h a t a t L e a s t sme n o n - b r e e d i n ? b i r d s Leave t h e i s l a n d . 3 8 t a fr3m b a n d i n g a c t i v i t i e s . h o w e v e r : s u g y e s t t h e t a t l e a s t some b i r d s resent d u r i n g t h e b r e e 3 i n g s e a s ~ n a r e n m - b r e e d i n g b i r d s . N s s t 3f t h e s e b i r d s r o ~ t i.n t h e a r e a s use ,d f3r n e s t i n g . S p e c i m e n s We kn3w >f' 3 n l y 3ne s r e c i m e n fr3m L i s i a n s k i , a n u n s e x e d b i r d (USNM ~ 9 ~ 5 % ) ) c 3 n f i s c a t e d by t h e U.S. T ' reasury O e r a r t n e n t 16 Jme L931;. Band i .nz and l.::42verr.ents 7:abl.p !+) l i s t s t h e ?umbers 3 f W h i t e T e r n s b a n d e d 3n v a r i x s s u r v e y s by t h e r'C)CSF 5: n3 BFW. F s u r FOBSF-banded b i r d s h a v e b e e n r e c a p t u r e d 3n L i s i a n s k i , 3ne 3 f t h e n ! t w i c e . ALth=~ugh t h e r e t u r n s were made i n y e a r s z ~ t h e r t h a n t h e y e a r $f b a n d i n g , r e t u r n s 3n t w 3 t e r n s b a n d e d a s a d u l t s s u g g e s t t h a t t h e s e b i r d s r e m a i s :>n t h e l s l a n d fsr much 3f' t h e y e e r . O2e o h - 3 ( 6 9 2 - 1 + 6 ~ 9 3 ) b a n d e i i.n %id-S l s rch 1?65 was ~ ~ l - e ~ e n t i n b o t h e a r Ly J u n e a n d e a r l y ScpLernber 1 9 6 7 . A n r ; t h e r ( 6 % - 4 6 ~ 2 6 ) , pr .3bably b a n d e d i n mid-March ~ 9 6 5 , was p r e s e n t i : ~ n:id-&'sbey 136;. &=fie h a s b e e n r e c a p t ~ i r e d 3n z t h e r i s l a n d s a n d a 3 n e b a n d e d 3 n 3 t h e r islands ha: ' seen r e c a s t u r e d 3n L i r - i a n a k i . P3pu l a t i 2n U a t e sf S c v e y Est, i ; :!ate B r e e d i n ; < S t a t u s , K e ~ a r k s and I + e f e r . e n c e s i 391 29 J u n e - i n g r e a t P r e s e n c e o f e g g s s u g g e s t e d by R ~ t h s c h i l d 4 Ju1.y a b u n d a n c e ( 1993-1900 : 36). O c c u r r e n c e a 1 . ~ 3 n 9 t e d by Munr3 ( L941b : 2) . 1 9 2 3 1-7-20 May 1-2 N-me f ~ n d n e s t i n g ( w e t m o r e , ms.) 1950 24 J u n e ) N e s t i n g i n C a s u a r i n a (POFI) 1.951: 26 li1a 7 . 20 - 30 ( ~ i c h a r d e x . p e r s . cz~mm.) . 1963 1 4 F e b . y? N 3 e v i d e n c e A' b r e e d i n g (PGBSP) ~ 3 6 4 1 - r . 153-299 - Ca. LC)-15 n e s t s , m ~ s t L y w i t h eggs . 5 y 3 u n g (BSFW, POBSP). FL-23 Aug. 5 0 N 3 n e s t s f 3 u n d b u t a n a d u l t s e e n c a r r y i . n g a s n a l l f i s h i n i t s b iLL (POBEF). Table 4 4 . ( c s n t i n u e d ) b p u l a t i 3n U:~te 3f Survey Es t ima te Breeding S t a t u s . Remarks and Refe rences 1364 153 S e p t . 15-25 Several . immatures c a p b l e s f f l i g h t (BSFW, POBSP) 1965 12- 14 ,%r. 133-153 - Ca. 15 n e s t s wi th e s g s : n s y3ung (POBSP). 1.4- 17 J y l y 533 Y3ung. f r m r e c e n t l y hatched t~ f l e d g e d : nr, eggs (POBEF). 1966 16-19 June 259 3 n e s t s wi th eggs and L w i th a week-3ld n e s t l i n g ( POBSP) i s 6 7 29 Mar. b3* 1. n e s t with egg end L with a h a l i - g r x n y 2ung ( FOBEP) . S - 6 June 599 E4gs t~ ha1.f-gmwn ji3ung: m 3 . t n e s t s wit,h e g g s . Es t ima ted 293 n e s t s (BSW, POBSI'). 31 Aug.- 252 5 n e s t s , L w i th on e s g . 7 t h e r s wi th y3unz 5 Ser, t . f r m Large dnwrly t 3 s t u b - t a i 1 . e d irnmatures; a t Leest 5 ~ t h e r dependent f l y i n g izms- t u r e s ( POBSP) . 6 23-71 Msr. 13 3 No n e s t s (BSFW, EOBSP). 1969 33 ~ a r . L3* No n e s t s seen (BSF'W). *C3unted n 1 x 1 ~ t h e beach r im. T ~ b l e 45 . White Terns banded 3n L i s i a n s k i l s l a n d P e r i 3 d 3f S a v e y Bander A d u l t s Imma t u r e s N e s t l i n g s T2taLs 1964 blarch BSFW 2 5 - August POBS P 5 - 1965 March POBS P 1..0 - - LO 1967 ~ u g u s t - POBSP 7 1 5 Sentember 1'1ta Ls LL? 5 4 L 23 EUIIOPEAN EiABBIll Oryc t3Lagus c u n i c u l u s S t a t u s I n t r 3 d u c e d , p r 3 b e b l y f r ~ ! I;i?yssn a f t e r 1934. E x t i n c t between March L9:5 and F e b r u a r y l.j?l6. The e x a c t d a t e when r a b b i t s were i n t r3ducec i t:, L i s i e n ~ k i i s u q k n m n Bryar! (1942: 193) q i l i t e a c c u r a t e l y s t a t e d t h a t " A t s3me t i m e p r i 3 r t o L l s c h n e r ' s v i s i t [ i n l g l b ] r s b b i t s hod been i n t r 3 d u c e d . p r ~ b a b l y f r 3 z k y s a n . whence t h e y had been b r a u q h t by Max S c h l e r m e r . " S u b s e q u e n t a u t h x s 'ne\ie a ~ p a r e n t l y t a k e n t h i s c3mment and other^ ab3~ : t ; r a b b i . t s 3 n k3ycan and have g i v e n m3re s p e c i f i c (b! l t a p ~ a r e n t l y f i c t i t i . 3 ~ ~ ) d a t e s f 3 r t h e i r i.n- t r 2 d u c t i 3 a t 3 .L, isLsnski . Wzrner (1963 : 7 ) h a s t h e r a ~ b i t s a s b e i n g i n t r n - ciuced "sG3ut 1903 by t h e same i n d i v i d u a l : r e s j j 3ns ib l . e f 3 r t h e i n t r 3 d u c t i s n :In Laysan . " l m i c h (I?@: 39) h a s t h e " 7 , a b b i t s i n t r s d u c e d h e r e [Laysan end ~ i s i a n s k i ] i n 1932 and L933.. . . " S 2 f a r a s we c a n d e t e r x i n e r a b b i t s c 3 u l d have well a s been i n t r x i u c e d by Jayjanese f e a t h e r g a t h e r e r s 3 s by ~ c h l e m m e r a n d a t a l m 3 s t any t i m e between 1994 2nd ~ 9 3 9 . ~ 7 I n a n y c a s e , t h e e a r l i e s t r e c ~ d 3f r a b b i t s 3n L i s i - a n r k i t h a t we have been a b l e t 3 d i s c 3 v e r i s J a c 3 b f s ( m s . ) 3 b s e r v a t i m t h e t a few r a b b i t s were r : r e sen t i n J a n u a r y L()l~g. By March 1913. r a b b i t s were a b u n d a n t b u t a c c 3 r d i n g t s Stil . isbury" h a 3 n 3 t harmed t h e v e g e t a t i 2 n v e r y much. B i l e y (i.956: j 3 ) , 3n t h e s t h e r hand , s t a t e d t h a t L i s i a n s k i " . . .wes a b a r r e n wzs t e ~ f ' s a n d . due t 3 t h e d e s t r u c t i s n 3f t h e v e g e t a t i m by t h e r a b b i t s . . . " By Sep tember 3f t h e f3LL3wi.ng f a l l t h e r e wa6 no q u e s t i 3 n 2f t h e harm d3ne t:: t h e v e g e t a t i 3 n CI " 7 ~ a m l e t ' s ( m s . ) r e p z ~ r t 3f t h e a p p r e h e n s i 3 n 3f' f e a t h e r h u n t e r s i n J u n e 1934 f a i l s t o m e n t i ~ n t h e x c u r r e n c e 3f any r a b b i t s 3n L i s i a n s k i d e s - p i t e t h e f a c t t h a t he t;z~tes t h e c l i e t 3f t h e J a p a n e s e i n d e t a i l and r emarks t h s t t h e J a p a n e s e had been p r e p a r i n g d r i e d t e r n meat a g a i n s t t h e e v e n t u a l . i t y 3f r u n n i n g 3 u t 3f f 33d. A!.thsugh t h i s a b s e n c e 3f ment ion 3f r a b b i t s i s n 3 t c 3 n c l u o i v e e v i d e n c e t h a t n3ne was t h e r e , we s t r m g l y s u s p e c t t h a t n2 r a b b i t s were p r e s e n t and t h a t it i s m3st L i k e l y t h a t t h e y were s u b s e y u e n t l y i n t r s d u c e d f r 3 m b y s a n . 2 9 L e t t e r f r m C.3. S a l i s b u r y t 3 1 .S . F a l r r e r . d a t e d 23 March 1513. H ~ c x d Gr3up 22. U.S. N a t i m a l archive^. a s El.schner (~91 .5 : 56) r e p o r t e d t h a t t h e 3nly v e g e t a t i m Lef t was a few m a l l p a t c h e s 3f t 3 b a c c 3 . l 'he r a b b i t ~ 3 p u l a t i 3 n had e v i d e n t l y a l r e a d y 2verea ten i t s f33d supply and had s u f f e r e d a s h a r p d e c r e a s e i n numbers s i n c e El .schner saw mtiny deed r s b b i t s b u t very few i i v i n g ,nets, Much t h e same s i t u a t i ~ n p r e v a i l e d s i x m n t h s L a t e r w x n d.H. Munter 3f t h e T h e t i s v i s i t e d t h e i s l a n d 39 24 i4arcn 1915. He was ". . . a t r u c k wi th t h e Lack 3f v e g e t a t i ~ gr3wing. Vhat L i t t l e was f3und was n3t i n a very f l ~ u r i s h i n g c 3 n d i t i 3 n M ( ~ u n t e r , 1915 : 1 - 3 9 ) The p a r t y t h a t Landed saw b u t seven r a b b i t s . a l l 3f which were capzured and remwed f ram t h e i s l a n d . If t h e s e were n 3 t a l l t h e r a b b i t s r emain ing , t h e Last r a b b i t d i e d sonet ime d u r i n g t h e e n s u i n g y e a r a s n3ne ( n x any Living v e g e t a t i 3 n ) was f x n d when L i s i a n s k i was a g a i n v i s i t e d by t h e T h e t i s i n February 1916. hODENT s p . Mus. 31- R a t t u s s p . ? - S t a t u s E x t i - n c t ; p 3 s s i b l y i n t r 3 d u c e d 3ne 3r m x e t i m e s i n t h e 1 % 0 ' s . Observa t i m s Two a c c x . m t s n e i t h e r p r3bab ly h i g h l y r e l i a b l e , r e p x t t h e p resence 3f r 3 d e n t s 3 n L i s i a n s k i . One newspaper a c c m n t 3f t h e wreck 3f t h e K m z ~ h a s s e t i n 1846 (ward 1967: 63) i n d i c a t e d t h a t many mice were p r e s e n t . P ~ s i b l y t h e s e "mice" (which c z ~ u l d have e q u a l l y l i k e l y been t h e sma L L P 'z~lynesian R a t , R a t t u s e x u l a n s ) were i n t r ~ d u c e d d u r i n g t h e wreck 3f t h e H3lder B x d e n . G a r s e a r l i e r . J3hn Camerz~n. who v i s i - t e d L i s i a n s k i d u r i n g t h e summer 3f 1993. r e p x t - e d g r e a t numbers of mice were p r e s e n t and t h a t hundreds were k i l l e d ( ~ a r r e l l . 1929: 397-399). We t h i n k it p x s i b l e , i f n 3 t l i k e l y , t h a t t h i s r e p 3 r t was e r r m e s u s . & x g e M u n r ~ , wha v i s i t e d L i s i a n s k i t w 3 y e a r s e a r l i e r : makes n 3 mentian of mice i n n 3 t e s s u b s e q u e n t l y ~ u b l i s h e d by him i n t h e E l e p a i o . HAWAIIAN MONK SEAL Mz~nachus s c h a u i n s l a n d i S t a t u s C3mman b r e e d e r , p r e s e n t t h r ~ u g h m t t h e y e a r . Maximum r e c e n t e s t i m a t e s 291 f x a n a e r i a l coilnt (1.957); 187 f 3 r a g raund czmnt (1964) . Observat i m s Observa t ions 3n p a p u l a t i 3 n s and b reed ing s t a t u s a r e summarized i n Table 46. C l e a r l y t h e s e a l was much l e s s common i n t h e Late 1 8 0 0 ' s and e a r l y L900ts due p r i m a r i l y t 3 t h e a c t i v i t i e s of s e a l e r s i n t h e N x t h w e s t e r n Hawaiian I s l a n d s . The most u s e f u l 3f r e c e n t c o u n t s (March 1963-1969) might s u g g e s t t h a t t h e p 3 p u l a t i o n h a s d e c l i n e d samewhat i n r e c e n t y e a r s ( f rom a n average 3f 1% f a r 1964-1965 t 3 a n a v e r a g e of 13i f o r ~ 9 6 7 - l g 6 ~ ) . H 2 w s i g n i f i c a n t t h i s d e c l i n e nay be i s not c e r t a i n l y r e v e a l e d by t h e d a t a s i n c e d u r i n g much 3f t h i s p e r i 3 d t h e BSFW h a s been c x d u c t i n g a n i n t e n s i v e t a g g i n g program ( s e e Appendix Table 2 ) . C ~ s e q u e n t l y t h e l . ~ w e r r e c e n t taunts may . m l y r e f l e c t t h e t t h e p r e s e n t p 3 p u l a t i 3 n i s m3re s e n s i t i v e t 3 d i s t u r b a n c e and Less e a s i l y c x n t e d t h a n p r e u i 3 u s l y . Kenyan ( i g 7 2 ) h a s r e c e n t l y sugges tea t h a t t h e d e c l i n e of 1 .3pula t ions 3f' t h i s s e a l 3n Midway and Kure A t o l l s was pr3bably due t 3 e x c e s s i v e d i s - t u r b a n c e by man. The l e v e l 3f harassment t o which t h 3 s e s e a l s were r e g l a r l y s u b j e c t e d i s ~ u c h g r e a t e r t h a n t h a t exper ienced by t h e L i s i a n s k i s e a l s . A c m ~ a r i s a n 3f t h e number 3f p u ~ s c3unted 3n March v i s i t s f r 3 n 1963 t 3 1963, whi le v a r i a b l e . d3es n3t s u 5 g e s t t h a t t h e r e h a s n e c e s s a r i l y been any d e c r e a s e i n t h e p r ~ d u c t i v i t y 3f t h e p o p u l a t i m . (An a v e r a g e 3f' 12 ?ups was c3untej . March 1963-1965 a s 3 p r x e d t 3 a n a v e r a g e 3f 13 pups Marcti ~ 9 6 7 - 1969. ) C e r t a i n l y i t ~ 3 u l d seem worthwhi le t 3 c3nduct a n 3 t h e r s e r i e s 3f a e r i a l su rveys such 2 s t h o s e made i n 1957 and 1952 6 3 a s t3 b e t t e r a s s e s s t h e degree t 3 which t h e L i s i a n s k i s e a l & > 3 ~ 1 u l a t i 3 n s nay have cha nged . V a r i a t i o n s i n a g e - c l a s s t e rmin313gies used by d i f f e r e n t 3 b s e r v e r s make it imp3ss ib le t o a c c u r a t e l y d e t e r m i n e a nnua 1 p r 3 d u c t i m of y3ung but it a p p e a r s t h a t 3n t h e 3 r d e r 3f 33-40 y ~ n g a r e p r ~ d u c e d y e a r l y . "Pups ," presumably i n d i c a t i n g y3ung l e e s t h a n a montn 3Ld, have been r e c s r d e d from a s e a r l y a s 1 4 February (1963) t h r m g h 20 O c t ~ b e r (1966) bu t t h e peak puppin2 s e a s x a p p e a r s t 2 be f r m a b ~ u t March t h m u g h May 3r J l m e . Other f a c e t s z~f t h e b i a l 3 g y 3f t h i s s e a l 3n L i s i a n s k i a r e Like1.y very s i m i l a r t o t h ~ s e r e c ~ d e d by Kenyan and Rice (1959, 9.1. ) . D e t a i l s 3f t h e t a g g i n g p r 3 g r a r ~ and i t s r e s u l t s , a s w e l i a s more a e t a i l e d i n f ~ m a t i ~ 3n t h e L i fe h i s t s r y 3f t h e seal . , a r e t 3 be p r e s e n t e d a t a La te r d a t e by t h e BSF'd. 'i'cjble 116. Observa t i3ns 3f Hawaiian M3nk S e a l s 3n L i s i a n s k i I s l a n d * P 3 p u l e t i o n Date 3f Survey E s t i m a t e Breeding S t a t u s , Remarks and Refe rences i805 15-18 0 c t . none F3ur Large s e a l s k i l l e d w i t h handsp ikes ma aile ( ~ ~ s i a n s k ~ , 1844) . 1891 29 June- [ e v i d e n t l y Three sea 1s k i l l e d (pa lmer E i ~ t h s c h i l d , 4 J u l y few] 1893-1903: x i i . c f . Munr3, 1942) . 1913 12 Mar. 2 A ma l e and fema l e found a s l e e p 3 n t h e beach. The L a t t e r (USNM 181252) was c3LLected by W i l l e t t ( B a i l e y , 195Tb: 7 ) . 1923 15-19 May ? Ten specimens (USNM 243547-56) c3Llec ted ( B a i l e y , L952b : 1 1 ) . Table 46 .' ( c ~ n t i n u e c i ) P:)pula t i o n Dt t e ~f Survey E 5 t i m t e Breeding S t a t u s , Renarks and Refe rences 1950 24 June 1951 13 May 1954 26 Mar. 1955 3 I&y L957 s p r i n g L959 s p r i n g 1961 9-19 b r . 1963 1 4 Feb. 12-L3 Mar. 1964 11-13 b r . 21-23 kug. Li3 S e p t . 1965 12- 14 l b r . L4- 17 J u l y 1966 16-19 June " a t l ea s t L O 3 " 70 195 l 13 ca . 100 - 256 291 172 144 2 LO 199 l 4 4 12 L 187 161 157 139 E s t i r r a t e by B r x k (in B a i l e y , 1$52b: 25 ) . C x n t e d . T 3 t a l i n c l u d e s a b o u t a h a l f - d x e n r e c e n t l y born pups (TOFI). C m n t e d by Frank Richardson ( ~ v i t i l a , 1959: 2 2 7 ) . Csunted. 5 r e c e n t l y b x n bups inc luded i n t ~ t a 1 (POFI) . Based on a e r i a l c m n t s . T ~ t a l i n c l u d e s 15 pups ( ~ e n y ~ n and R i c e , 1959: 221) . Based s n a e r i a l c m n t s . ? ' > t a l i n c l u d e s 34 pups ( h i c e . 1969: 377) C x m t e d on 9 March. T 3 t a l i n c l u d e s 1 9 ups and 36 year l ings*" ( ~ x d s i d e and Kramer, ms.) . C x n t e d . T 2 t a l i n c l u d e s 3 pups, 3ne 3f which was dead (POBSP) . C x n t f 92 a d u l t s and s u b a d u l t s and 13 pups (2 dead) 3n 12 March (POBSP). C x n t e d on 12 March. T 3 t a l i n c l u d e s 7 pups (BSFW). C m n t e d 3n 21. August . T A a l i n c l u d e s 1 pup (POBSP). C2unt i n c l u d e s 33 y e a r l i n g s (BSFW) . C ~ u n t e d 3n L2 March. T 3 t a l i n c l u d e s L5 ups and 1 deed a d u l t (POBSP) . Cmnted s n 14 J u l y (POBSP). C x n t e d 3n L9 June . T b t a l i n c l u d e s 33 y e a r l i n g s and 3 pups (POBSP). C x n t i n c l u d e s L7 pups (BEFW) . T a b l e 46. ( c a n t i n u e d ) E 'npu la t i 3n Da te 3f Su rvey E s t i m a t e B r e e d i n g S t a t u s , Remarks a n d R e f e r e n c e s 1966 1.3-20 0 c t . I. 1 1 C3unted on 13 3 c t 3 b e r . T 3 t a l i n c l u d e s jl pups . A n unspec i : f i ed n u m e r 3f y e a r l i n q s e a l s were a l s 3 p r e s e n t (POBSF). 2-6 J u n e ; 2 8 31 h u g . - 1 4 1 5 S e p t . 4 J u n e 127 C ~ n t i n c l u d e s 13 pups and 1 7 y e a r l i n g s (BSF'W) . C3unted 3n 6 J u n e . l '3 ta l . irlclucies 1 2 pups s n d 11 y e a r l i n g s (POBSY) . h u n t e d on 2 Sep tember . l ' n t a l i n c l u d e s 13 (POESP) . C2unted 3n 25 S e p t e m b e r . T ~ t a l i n c l u d e s 2 3 y e a r l i n g s (BSFW). C3unted 3n 20 k r c h . T ~ t a l . i n c l u d e s 13 p u ~ s a n d 19 y e a r l i n g s (BSF'W). C3unt i n c l u d e s 18 pups a n d 17 j u v e n i l e s [ - (BSFW). 12 pups b ~ n r e c e n t l y ( ~ a y c x k , 1970: 5 9 ) . L'3unt i ~ c i l ~ d e s 26 pups a n d 2 y e a r l i n g s ( BSFW) . *Tabi.e d 3 e s n3"s i n c l u d e s e v e r a l : c en t ions 3f s e o i s 3n L i s i a n s k i i n %be 18O0's t h a t a d d n o t h i n g t 3 3u r kn3wledge 3 t h e r t h a n t h e f a c t t h a t t h e y 3 c c u r r e d t h e r e . **Seals a g e d a s y e a r l i n g s i n March a r e young f rom t h e p r e c e d i n g b r e e d i n g s e a s 3 n , w h i l e many. i f n o t most , 3f t h o s e a g e d a s y e a r l i n g s on surr.rr!er a n d f a l l s u r v e y s a r e y3ung b o r n t h a t y e a r . R e p t i l e s GREEN TURTLE Che l m i a myda s S t a t u s F x m e r l y a c3rrm3n t3 a b u n d a n t b r e e d e r ; n3w unc3nx3n a n d n 3 t kn3wn t o b r e e d ; maximum r e c e n t c m n t 15. Camnents by e a r l y D b s e r v e r s ( 'Table 47 ) c l e a r l y i n d i c a t e t h a t Green T u r t l e s were 3nce a conspicucms and nurcerous e l e ~ e n t i n t h e L i s i a n s k i f a u n a . ALth:,ugh n u n d r e d s were p r e s e n t i n 1923, t h e p 3 p u l a t i a n was a l m 3 s t c e r t a i n l y e v e n t h e n much r e d u c e d i n abundance . M ~ r e r e c e n t : , b s e r v a t i m s , p r i m a r i l y by t h e BSFW. sh:,w a g r e a t r e - ducti: ,n i n numbers s i n c e 1323. Much 3f t h i s d e c r e a s e i s y r 3 b a b l y a t t r i b u t a b l e t,o poach ing by f i s h e r m e n i n t h e d e c a d e a f t e r t h e T a n a g e r E - x p e d i t i ~ n . The number c u r r e n t l y u t i l i z i n g L i s i a n s k i i s und?ubt .edly h i g h e r t h a n t h e maximal c o u n t b u t it seems d o u b t f u l t h a t t h e breedj -ng p p u l a t i o n , i f iri f a c t t h e r e i s m e , c m s i s t s 3f rnore t h a n 8 ve ry f e x t u r t l e s . N 3 n e s t s o r h a t c h l i n g s have been s e e n by a n y r e c e n t o b s e r v e r . T h i s f a c t , a n d t h e p reponde rance :,f r a t h e r ~ r n a l l t u r t l e s s e e n 3n most r e c e n t v i s i t s , s u g g e s t s t h a t many 3f t h e t u r t l e s a r e p robab ly v i s i t x s f r s m a t h e r i s l a n d s i n t h e c h a i n , p a r t i c u l a r l y f r m F r e n c h F r i g a t e S h ~ a l s , t h e p r imary b r e e d i n g a r e a : and p o s s i b l y t g same e x t e n t f r o m Pearl . end Hermes R e e f , t h e o n l y ~ t h e r a t o l l i n t h e c h a i n where f a i r l y Large n w b e r s 3f t u r t l e s may s t i . 1 1 be f a u n d . H o p e f u l l y , t h e i n t e n s i v e t a g g i n g program b e i n g can - d u c t e d by t h e BSFW w i l l sh:,w t:, what e x t e n t t h e c u r r e n t " L i s i a n s k i p:,pula- t i : ,nu c ~ n s i s t s of t u r t L e s f r o m a t h e r i s l a n d s . T a b l e 47. O b s e r v a t i m s of Green T u r t l e s on L i s i a n s k i I s l a n d Number Da te 3f S u r v e y Seen liemarks and Eief'erences 1995 15-18 Oct 1825 6 J u l y 1857 LO b y 1882 24 J a n . e a r l y May 1894 summer 1 9 2 3 15-20 May m n y i. n abundance p l e n t i f u l 9 ? Large numbers 13 c a p t u r e d by crew o f t h e ( H o r n e l l , 1934 : 4 3 2 - 4 3 3 ) . LC,7 :cp-i. ,ued by t h e crew :,f t h e -- Ada ( H x n e l l , 1934: 432 -433) . Many turt les u n d o u b t e d l y k i l l e d by t h e crew of t h e Ebon ( F a r r e l l , 1928: 4 1 4 ) . ,% f r o m 15" t o 4 ' l o n g c ~ m t e d i n me 300- y a r d s t r e t c h o f beach ( ~ e t m x e , 1925: 9 7 ) . 25-50 f r e q u e n t l y s e e n a t one time; some f e m a l e s k i l l e d c m t a i n e d e g g s r e a d y t o be l a i d (wetmore , - i n M e l l e n , 1925: 1 8 1 ) . Ntimber Date 3f Survey Seen hemarks and References 1934 25 June 7 b100 ( B a l l : m s . ) ca,. 25 - Large t u r t l e s (Bayl . is , ms. ) . 19 50 21: June 6 h u n t (POFI) . 1961 3 lar. 11 C x n t e d a l m g sho re l i ne 9 March; s e v e r a l f a i r l y s ~ a l l ind iv idua l s seen ( ~ m d s i d e and Krarner, ms.) . 1963 11: Feb. - ca . 30 Eeen ?n t h e beach and o f f s h x e . Seve ra l small i n d i v i d u s l s weighing l e s s than 15 pmnds seen (POBSP; Kramer , IPS. ) . 196h 11-12 b r . 13 Counted by BSFW: 5 males and 7 females , 3 p l a t t e r - s i z e d ( ~ S F N , POBSP) . 21-23 Aug. ? A few seen (POBSP). 18 Sept . 5 C ~ u n t e d by BSFW: 2 c a . 30" and 3 ca. 18" (BSFW, POBSP). 1965 1 2 - 14 Mar. 6 5 , 2 -3 ' i n length counted 3n 12 March. a smaller i n d i v i d u a l seen 3n 14 March (POBSP) 14-17 J u l y 13 Csunted m 13 J u l y (POBSP). 1966 16-19 June 11 C x n t ( POBSP) . 19 Sep t . Csunted by BSFW; L l a rge and 3 s n a l l ( c a . - 18") (BSFW). 18-20 Oct. 15 C x n t e d on 18th ; 5 l a r g e ( 3 males, 2 f e - males) and 10 small ( c a . - '15'') (POBSP). 1967 20 ~ a r . 10 C x n t e d by BSFW; 6 l a r g e and 4 smal l ; 2 males and 8 females (BSFW, POBSP). 25-26 Sept . ? A t l e a s t 6 seen (BSFW). 1968 20-21 Mar. 13 Csunted by BSFW (BSFW, POBSP) 1969 30 b r . 11 A l l tagged o r r ecap tu re s (BSFW). 4 June 1.3 b u n t e d ; 3 ca . 150 l b s . , and t h e r e s t snail ( B S F W ~ ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Many p e r s x ~ s c o n t r i b u t e d much o f t h e i r time a n d knawledge t o w a r d s t h e c m p l e t i 3 n of t h i s a c c w n t . Eugene K r i d l e r , Refuge Manager of' t h e Hawai ian I s l a n d s N a t i 3 n a l W i l d l i f e Hefl;e, n o t o n l y p e r m i t t e d t h e POBSF a c c e s s t 3 L i s i a n s k i b u t a l l o w e d u s t o u s e nany o f h i s u n p u b l i s h e d n o t e s a n d r e p o r t s i n t h i s a c c o u n t . We als:, t h a n k him f o r a l l o w i n g v a r i x s POBSP p e r s ~ n n e l t o accompany t h e BSFW i n s p e c t i o n t eams d u r i n g s e v e r a l v i s i t s t 3 L i s i a n s k i . Michi:, T a k a t a , D i r e c t o r , Hawai i D i v i s i a n 3f F i s h a n d Game, x e r y k i n d l y l e t u s u s e many u n p u b i i s h e 5 report^ a n d n a t e s i n t h e D i v i s i o n ' s f i l e s . O t h e r s wham we t h a n k f3r a l l 3 w i n g u s u s e ?f' u n p u b l i s h e d m a t e r i a l a r e A l e x a n d e r Wetmore of t h e S ~ i t h s o n i a n I n s t i t u t i o n who gave u s f u l l u s e 3 f e x t e n s i v e n o t e s t a k e n d u r i n g t h e 1923 Tanage r E x p e d i t i m , a n d F r a n k R i c h a r d s ~ ~ n 3f t h e U n i v e r s i t y of Washingtan wh3 communicated t a u s popu- l a t i m e s t i v a t e s made d u r i n g h i s 19511 v i s i t t o L i s i a n s k i . S p e c i a l ment ion must a l s o be made 3f E.H. Bryan , J r . . Manager o f t h e P a c i f i c S c i e n t i f i c I n f o r m a t i m C e n t e r of t h e B e r n i c e I-'. B i s h 3 p M~lseum; who was u n f a i l i n g l y c a u r t e o u s a n d h e l p f u l d u r i n g o u r zany i n - c u r s i o n s i n t 3 h i s f i l e s a n d t h e B i shop b i r d c o l l e c t i 3 n . Many POEP, BSFW, a n d HDFG p e r s m n e l , l i s t e d i n Appendix T a b l e 1, c 3 l l e c t e d much 3 f t h e d a t a p r e s e n t e d i n t h i s r e p o r t . Among them, A . B i n i o n A m e r s m , J r . , C h a r l e s A . E l y , P h i l i p C . S h e l t o n , a n d P a u l W. Wmdward were p a r t i c u l a r l y h e l p f u l d u r i n g p r e p a r a t i o n o f v a r i 3 u s s t a g e s of' t h e m a n u s c r i p t . They , a n d F . Raymond F x b e r g , S m i t h s o n i a n I n s t i t u t i s n , a n d Eugene K r i d l e r , RSFW, a l l a i d e d by r e a d i n g a n d c r i t i c i z i n g v a r i m s p x t i m s 3f t h e m a n u s c r i p t . A . B i n i m Amerson, J r . , c r i t i . c a l L y r e a d t h e e n t i r e f i n a l m a n u s c r i p t . T i n s C. C?app i s a l s o ackngwledged f x p r e p a r i n g s e v e r a l oP t h e f i g u r e s . P h i l i p S . Humphrey, P r i n c i p a l I n v e s l ; i g a t 3 r 3f t n e POBSP. i s a l s ~ t 3 be t h a n k e d f o r h i s c o n s t a n t enc3uragemen-t; t h r o u g h o u t t h e c o u r s e of t h e s t u d y . T r a n s p o r t a t i o n t o and f rom t h e i s l a n d was p r o v i d e d by t h e U.S. Navy a n d t h e U.S. C s a s t Guard. The camera copy was t y p e d by Ba rba ra B. Anderson w i t h f u n d i n g t h r o u g h a c m t r a c t w i t h t h e Bureau of S p x - t F i s h e r i e s a n d W i l d l i f e , i k p a r t m e n t a f t h e I n t e r i o r ( c o n t r a c t number 14-16-009-596, F e b r u a r y 3: 1 9 7 1 ) . LITERATURE CITED A i r Weather S e r v i c e [MATS] C l i m a t i c C e n t e r , USAF. Midway I s l a n d , Hawai i . USN. Summaries 1953-1963. A s h e v i l l e , N 2 r t h C a r d i n a . A lexande r , W.B. -- e t a l . 1965. The f a m i l i e s arid g e n e r a 3f p e t r e l s and their names. I b i s 1 0 7 : 401-405. A m e r s x , A.B., Jr. 1>68. T i c k d i s t r i b u t i m i n t h e c e n t r a l p a c i f i c a s i n f l u e n c e d by s e a b i r d msvement. J. Med. E n t . 5: 332-339. - - -4969 . O r n i t hzd3gy 3f t h e Mars h a l l and G i l b e r t I s l a n d s . A t dl Res . BUU. 1 2 7 : 3 4 8 p. - - - -1$7l . The n a t u r a l h i s t x y ,3f F r e n c h F r i g a t e S h 2 a l s , Nar t hwes te rn Hawaiian I s l a n d s . A t 2 1 1 Res . B u l l . 1 5 0 : xv and 383 p. ---- and K.C. Emers3n. 1s71. R e c x d s 3f Mallophaga f r ? m P a c i f i c b i r d s . A t 3 1 1 Res . B u l l . 1 4 6 : 3 0 p. A n m . 1939. Manure. The S a l e s B u i l d e r 1 2 ( 1 ) : 2-22 . A . O . U. [American O r n i t h ' d 3 g i s t s ' U n i m ] . 1957. C h e c k l i s t o f N3r t h American b i r d s . 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F i e l d n o t e s t a k e n .m t h e 1923 Tanager Expedi t i 2 n ( . 2 r i g i n a l i n t h e p . x s e s s i o n of A . ~ e t m 2 r e ) . W i l l e t t , G . ( m s . ) . E x t r a c t s f rom a r e p o r t made t . 2 t h e Bureau of B i 2 l o g i c a l Survey. Bureau .2f S p x t F i s h e r i e s and W i l d l i f e , K a i l u a , Hawaii. Wmdside , D.H. and R . J. Kramer. ( m s . ) . A r e p x t n a s u r v e y t r i p t o t h e Hawaiian I s l a n d s Na t i ~ n a l W i l d l i f e Refuge, March 1961. Hawaii Dept . of F i s h and Game, H o n d u l u . 3 2 p. W2odward, P.W. 1972. The n a t u r a l h i s t o r y ~ f Kure A t 311, N ~ r t hwestern Hawaiian I s l a n d s . A t 111 Res . B u l l . 164: 318 p. Zimmerman, E.C. 1948a. I n s e c t s ~ f Hawaii. V 2 1 . 2 . A p t e r y g ~ t a t~ T h y s a n ~ p t e r a . Univ. 3f Hawaii P r e s s , H3nolulu. v i i and 4'75 p. ----1948b. I n s e c t s ~f Hawaii. V I ~ . 3 . H e t e r ~ p t e r a . Univ. ~ f Hawaii P r e s s , H o n d u l u . v and 255 p. ----1958. I n s e c t s 2f Hawaii . Vol. 7 . M a c r o l e p i d ~ p t e r a . Univ. ~ f Hawaii P r e s s , H m d u l u . i x and 542 p. Appendix Table 1. S c i e n t i f i c v i s i t s t 3 L i s i a n s k i I s l a n d , L%Y-L96;cj, Bate Fers3nneL . - Vessel 1.323 3 Apr. C . I senbeck C r e w :Y?L 25 June- R s t h s c h i id E x p e d i t i 3 n 4 J u l y Henry C . Palmer G e ~ g e C. Munr3 L 16-17 Crew June 1913 L2 Mar. Al.t 're3 M B ~ i l e y (BBS) Gewge WiLLett (BUS) M 3 1 l e r Kaa! 2ka i T h e t i s 1914 12 Eep t . C a r l ELschner T'het i s 1915 24 Msr . Wi 11-iam H . M ~ n t e r (UECG) Crew m e ~ b e r s T h e t i s 1923 15- 13 Tanager F r t . e d i t i 3 n USE Tnnaxer ;\';a y A l.exander Wetrnxe (BBS, s r n i t h s 1 3 g i s t ) J3hn b k e r ( c 3 1 l e c t w ) S t a n l e y C . B a l l (BPBM, b i ~ l 3 g i s t ) T. ihanga ( c 3 1 ~ e c t 3 r ) Cha~man Gran t ( n a t u r a l i s t ) G . Higgs (c33k) F.R. Lawrence ( n a t u r a l i s t , ph2 t2grayher ) E.C. Re33 (BBS, r a b b i t kLLl.ing e x L e r t ) E r i c L Schl.emmer ( a s s t . t? W e t m ~ e ) D i t Lev lhaanun ( c ~ n c h 2 ~ 3 ~ i e t ) L.A. Thurs t3n ( H A , conch213gis t ) G e r r i t P. Wilder ( b 3 t a n i s t ) !923 14 k!l!r.* Capt . Will iam G . A n d e r s m 1953 24 J m e J2seph E. . King (POFI) Vern3n E . Brsck (HDFG) Other FOFI persnnne L 1951 13 May POE'I pe r s3nne l 1954 2b Plar. Frank h ichards3n (UW) Lan ika i \ USFWS M!v Hugh M. Smith USFWS M'V Hugh M . Smith - - USCGC B u t t m w 3 x i * L i s i a n s k i a?parentLy v i s i t e d 3 W s h x e 2nI.y. 167 Appendix Table 1. ( c m t i n u e d ) Date - P e r s ~ n n e I. -- Vesse l - 1 N3v. 8 May 7 J a n . 15 A g - . 28 Dec. 28 June 9-10 Mar.** ( 1330- 1700 : 9 t h ) (0800- 1500 : 1 3 t h ) 1962 18 J u l y 1963 1 4 F e b . ( 1000 - 16 30) 1-2-13 Mar. ( 1830-0830) 1964 11-13 Mar. (2000 - 1700 ) P h i l i p A. Dummt (BSFW) J3hns-,n A . Neff (BSFW) POFI ~ e r s 3 n n e l Ka r 1 W . Ke ny m (BEFW) Da l e W . Rice (BSFW) Kar l W. Kenym (BEFW) Dale 'w'. E i c e (BSFW) Dale W. Rice (BSFW) Dale W. Rice (BSFW) R a y m x ~ l J . Kramer (HDFG) David H. W x d s i d e (HUFG) Harvey I . F i s h e r (GIu) Wil l iam 0 Wirtz., I1 (POBSP) A . B i n i m Amers3n, Jr . (POEP) F . A l l e n Blagden (POBSP) Raymond J . Kramer (HDFG) R s b e r t W . McFarlane (POBEP) Fred C . Gibley (POBSP) Will iam 0 . Wir tz , I1 (POBSP) A. Binion Amerson, Jr. (POBEP) R s b e r t W . Mcl'arlane (POBSP) Eugene K r i d l e r (BEFW) A . B i n i ~ Amerson, Jr. (POBSP) Lsren Kroenke (UH) Edward 0 ' N e i l 1 (BSFW) Rma l d L. Wa l k e r ( HDFG) G e x g e S. Wislocki ( POBSP) Aer ia 1 survey* UEFWG M / V J3hn R . Manning -- Aer ia 1 survey Aer i a 1 survey A e r i a l su rvey Aer ia 1 survey UECGC P l a n e t r e g Naval v e s s e l UES Msct3bi *An a e r i a l su rvey may a l s o have been made Jn 5 December. UGCGC P l a n e t r e e **Time of a r r i v a l and d e p a r t u r e , where known: i s L i s t e d under t h e d a t e s .sf v i s i t f x s u r v e y s made d u r i n g t h e 1 9 6 0 ' s . Appendix Tab le 1. ( c m t i n u e d ) Lla t e P e r s m n e l V e s s e l 1964 21-23 Aug. (0900-0600) 13 E e p t . ( 1.050- 1%0) 1965 1?- 14 Mar. ( ? . L ~ o - 1533) l9b6 16-19 June ( 1630-2130) 19 Eep t . ( 1030- 15 10) 13-20 Oct . ( 1945-0830) 1967 23 Mar. (9900- 1630) Kenneth E . Amerman (POBSP) UENS Ehearwa t e r Alan H. A n d e r s m (POBSP) R3ber t Banner ( U H ) Richard W . M e r r i l l (POBSP) J . D3uglas Whitman (POBEP) P a u l W . W~zdwasd (FOBEP) Alan Lee Ymng (UH) Euzene K r i d l e r (BEFW) J3hn W. Bea rds ley (UH) R3ber t F. F l e e t (POBSF) C h a r l e s R . L m g (POBSP) R3nald L. Walker (HDFG) Wil l iam 0. W i r t z , I1 (POBEP) Kenneth E . Amerman (POBSP) R ~ g e r B. Clapv (POBEP) J . Vincent H3ernan (POBEP) Dennis L. E t a d e l (POBSP) C h a r l e s Wi l l i ams , Jr . (USN) Richard S. C r o s s i n (POBSP) B r i a n A . H a r r i n g t m (POBSP) Dnyle N . Husted (POBSP) J e f f r e y P. T x d o f f (POBSP) Richard E . C r x s i n (POBSP) Kenneth C. Balcomb (POBSP) Richard D. Chandler (POBSP) David I . H 3 f f (POBEP) David L. Pearson (POBSP) P h i l i p C. S h e l t o n (POBSP) F r a n k H . Smith (POBEP) Flugene K r i d l e r (BEFW) Sherwin C a r l q u i s t ( C C ) K a r l W . Kenym (BSFW) Warren R 3 L L (HSB) R3na l d L. Walker (HDFG) Kenneth C. Balcomb (POBSP) P a t r i c k J . G m l d (POEP) B r i a n A . H a r r i n g t m (POBSP) T. James k w i s (POBEP) Eugene K r i d l e r (BSFW) C. D x g l a s Hackman (POBSP) E r n e s t K x a k a (HDFG) J3hn M a c i ~ l e k (BSFW) Richard Wass (UH) UECGC B a s s w ~ o d USNE Ehea rwa t e r UENS S h e s r w s t e r USNS Shea rwa ter UECGC Ironwood UES Tawakmi USCGC Ba s swmd I 69 Appendix Table 1. ( c o n t i n u e d ) Date P e r s m n e l Vesse l 1967 2-6 June ( 1000- 1800) 1968 20-21 Mar. ( 1100-1500) 1969 30 Mar. (0915- 1500) 1969 4 June (0630- 1530) H ~ b e r t L. DeLnng (FOBSF) USN l i g h t t u g s R m a l d R . Anerson (UEN) 2081,2086,2387 David L. B u r c k h a l t e r (POBSP) Dennis L. E t a d e l (POBSF) F . C h r i s t i a n ' T h m p s ~ n PO BE^) R3ber t Tuxem (POBSP) C h a r l e s A . F.1y (POBSP) H ~ g e r B. Clapp (POBSP) David I. H 3 f f (POBSP) E tx~a ld R . Fmersm (USN) Eugene K r i d l e r (BSFW) R s b e r t Ba l l o u (BSFW) J3hn L. S incock (BSFW) R m a l d L. Walker (I-~DFG) Eugene K r i d l e r ( BSFW) R3ger B. CLapp (POBSP) K a r l W . Kenyon (BSFW) E r n e s t K x a ka (HIIFG) J ~ h n L. S i n c x k (BSFW) Eugene K r i d l e r (BEFW) K a r l W . Kenym (BSFW) George L a y c x k (NAS) David L . Olsen (BSFW) J s h n L. S inc3ck (BSFW) David L. Olsen (BSFW) K a r l Bathen (UH) T3m C l a r k (UH) R3na Ld Kent E r n e s t K x a k a (HDFG) James McVay (UH) Wil l iam P o t z e r t (UH) J3hn L. S incock (BSFW) USN l i g h t t u g s 2081 2 0 3 6 . 2 0 8 7 UECGC - B u t t o n w o d USCGC Irmwcmd USCGC Buttonwmd A p p e n d i x Y a b l e 2. R e s u l t s 3f s c i e n t i f i c v i s i t s t 3 L i s i a n s k i I s l e n d . 1325- 1969. + 1929 24 M a r . 1891 29 J u n e - 4 J u l y 190k 16-17 J u n e 151.3 l F Mar . 1914 1 2 S e p t . 1915 24 M a r . 1923 15-19 May 1 2 s ~ e c i e s r,f b i r d 6 d e s c r i b e d . b u t s3me r e c ~ r d s 3f d z ~ u b t f u l . v a l i d i t y ; t u r t l e s a n d s e a l s n 3 t e d . B i r d 3 b s e r v a t i a n s ( ~ ~ t h s c h i l d , 1893-1.993: Munrr, l y h l a , 1 9 4 1 b . 1 9 4 1 c , 1941d,, 1941e. 1 9 4 2 ) . 16 b i r d s ~ e c i m e n s 3f 3 s p e c i e s c 3 l l e c t e d ; s e a l s s e e n a n d k i l l e d . 13 s p e c i m e n s ~f 5 b i r d s p e c i e s , s e i z e d by t h e T r e a s u r y D e p a r t m e n t , were l a t e r d e p ~ i t e d i n t h e UENM. B r i e f s b s e r v a t i 3 n s 3f b i r d s ( ~ a i l e ~ . 195%. 1:156) : 4'; L a y s a n H a i l s r e l e a s e d . See1 s 3 b s e r v e d a n d 3 n e c 2 l l e c t e d i I e s c r i p t i 3 n 3f i s l ~ a n d ; a n a l y s i s 2f ~ h x ~ h a t e s . O b s e r v a t i 3 n s 33 b i r d s an : I!-? i r b r e e d i n g s t a t u s ( ~ u n t e r 1 9 1 5 ) . R a b b i t s r e m 3 v e d fr3m i s l a n d . C 3 l l e c t i 3 n s 3 f : f i s h , h i p ~ 3 b s s c i d ~ n d 3 t h e r f l i e s a n d i n s e c t s . c r u s t a c e a . e c h i n 3 d e r m s , p 3 l y c h a e t 3 u s a n n e l - i d s , n e m a t ~ i e . f 3 r a r n i n i f e r - a , a l g a e a n d v a s c u l a r p l a n t s . 13 s e a l s p e c i m e n s a n 5 E. 43 b i r d s [ . e c i m e n s 3f 15 s p e c i e s c 3 l l e c t e d . S e e d s 3f B a r r l n g t ~ i a t r e e s p l a n t e d by W i l d e r . T u r t l e s 3 b s e r v e d . C 3 L l e c t e d : 3 f f s h ~ - e f i s h e s . p 3 l y c h a e t e S h 3 r e l i n e s c x t e d f 3r f i s h b a i t : s e a !.s e s t i m a t e d : t u r t l e s c ~ u n t e d : b r i e f n 3 t e s made on b i r d l i f e . S h w e L i n e s c 3 u t e d f '3r f i s h b a i t ; s e a 1s c e n s u s e d ; b r i e f n 3 t e s made 3n b i r d 1 j . f e . B r i e f n 3 t e s made 3 n b i r d s a n d t h e i r b r e e d i n ? s t a t u s ( F i i c h a r d s 3 n , 1957) ; c e n s u s 3f ses l s . A e r i a l s e a l c ~ m n t . I s l a n d s c ~ u t e d f n r b a i t : b r i e f n o t e s made 3 n t u r t l e s , s e a l s , s n d s e v e r a l . s p e c i e s o f b i r d s . A e r i a 1 c e n s u s 3f s e a 1.s a n d n e s t i n g a l b a t r 3 s s A e r i a L c e n s u s 3f s e a l s a n d n e s t i n 2 a l b a t r ~ s . A e r i a 1 c e n s u s : s e a 1s; a l b a tr3ss i ice a n d K e n y x . 1 9 6 2 ) - A e r i a l c e n s u s 3f s e a l s a n d s e a b i r d s . A p p e n d i x T a b l e 2 . ( c m t i n u e d ) 1 9-19 Mar. 1 2 - 1 3 Mar. 1964 11-13 tar . 2 1 - 2 3 Aug. 18 S e p t . 1965 12-14 Mar. 14-17 J u l y 1966 16- 19 J u n e B r i e f 3 b s e r v a t i m s 3n w i 1 d l . i f e : s e a l s t3nd t u r t l e s c e n s u s e d ; refuge s i g n s ; \ 3 s t e d ; p h ? t ~ g r a p h i c s t a t i 3 n s e s t a b l i s h e d . b y s a n A l b a t r ~ e n e s t L i n g s . c a p t u r e d 3n Midway A t 3 l L : t r a n s p 3 r t e d t n L i s i a n s k i , banded a n d r e l e a s e d . O b s e r v a t i 3 n s 3f b i r c l s ;* e x u r n i n a t i 3 n 3f i e l . a n d f 3r d e g r e e 3f d i s t u r b a n c e c a u s e d by HIBAN p r 3 J e c t ; 5 t u r t l e s a n d 25 s e a l s t a g g e d ; 2 b i r d s p e c i m e n s 3f 2 s ~ e c j e s c ~ l l e c t e d . O b s e r v a t i m s 9f b i r d s : * 349 b i r d s ;f 9 s p e c i e s b a n d e d . C3LLec ted : $ b i r d s p e c i m e n s 3f 3 s p e c i e s a n d 3ne h y b r i d , 1. new s p e c i e s 3f c h i y g e r , 2 new s p e c i e s 3f m i t e s . t i c k s . S u r v e y 3f numbers a n d b r e e d i n g s t a t u s 3f b i r d s ; c e n s u s af s e a 1.s a n d t u r t l e s : 1 B a r - t a i l e d G3dwi t c 3 l L e c t e d : * s e v e r a l Mal l2phaga c 3 l L e c t e d ; 1 . 1 3 3 b i r d s 3f 1 4 s p e c i e s b a n d e d ; g r a v i t y 3 b s e r v a t i 3 n s rrade. S u r v e y 3f numbers a n d b r e e d i n g s t a t u s 3f b i r d s ; c e n s u s 3f t u r t l e s a n d s e a l s ; 7 . 3 2 3 b i r d s 3f 9 s p e c i e s b a n d e d . C3LLected : L b i r h s p e c i m e n , a l g a e . O b s e r v a t i 3 n s 3f b i r d s ; * c e n s u s 3f s e a l s a n d t u x t l e s . C3LLected : a l q a e , a r a c h n i d s , i n s e c t s . C e n s u s 3f t u r t l e s ; 3 b s e r v s t i 3 n s 3f b i r d s : * 5.855 b i r d s 3f 7 s p e c i e s banded . C3LLec ted : 66 B e r l e s e s a m p l e s f r m 56 n e s t s 3f 9 b i r d s p e c i e s a n d LO s a n p l e s 3f L i t t e r ; 3 b i r d s p e c i m e n s 3f 5 s p e c i e s . S u r v e y .sf numbers a n d b r e e d i n g s t a t u s of b i r d s ; t u r t l e s a n d s e a 1s c e n s u s e d ; e c t 3 l ; a r a s i tes s t u d i e d ; 7 , 2 0 7 b i r d s 3f 6 s p e c i e s b a n d e d ; 5 b i r d s p e c i m e n s ~f 4 s p e c i e s c 3 1 - l e c t e d . S u r v e y 3f numbers a n d b r e e d i n g s t a t u s 3f b i r d s ; * c e n s u s 3f s e a l s , t u r t l e s ; r e f u g e s i g n s e r e c t e d ; 3 0 , 2 0 0 b i r d s 3f 7 s p e c i e s b a n d e d . C 3 L l e c t e d : e c t 3 p a r a s i t e 6 , B e r l e s e s a m p l e s , p l a n t s , 75 b i r d s p e c i n e n s 3f 7 s p e c i e s . A few s c a i i t y 3 b b ~ e r v a t i m s 3f b i r d s ; c e n s u s 3f t u r t l e s a n d s e a l s ; 15 s e a l s a n d 2 t u r t l e s t a g g e d . 172 Appendix T a b l e 2. ( c a n t i n u c d ) L)o t e R e s u l t s 1967 23 b4ar. 2-6 J u n e 31 Aug.- 5 E e p t . 25-26 S e p t 4 J a n e Survey s f numbers and b r e e d i n g s t a t u s 3f b i r d s ; c e n s u s 3 f t u r t l e s . s e a l s , and s h ~ e b i r d s ; c 3 i k c t i 3 n s made f 3 r n a s a l - p a r a s i t e s t u d i e s : 799 b i r d s 3f 5 s p e c i e s osnded. O b s e r v a t i 3 n s 3f b i r d s , * c e n s u s ~ f ' s e a l s and t u r t l e s ; 2 7 s e a l s and (3 t u r t l e f t a g g e d : Chenmium -- s e e d s p l a n t e d . Survey ?f numters and b r e e d i n g s t a t u s 3f b i r d s ; c e n s u s 3f s e a l s : 7 s e a l s t a g g e d ; 7,9h(? b i r d s 3f !?I s p e c i e s banded. Su rvey 3f nurrkiers a n d b r e e J i n g s t a t u s ~f b i r d s ; c e n s u s z~ f s e a l s ; 3.1153 b i r d s 3f 16 s p e c i e s b a n i e i . C o l l e c t e d : h i p p 3 b 3 s c i d f l i e s , t i c k s . 7 o l r i spec in iens s f 6 s p e c i e s . * * S c a n t y 3 b e e r v a t i 2 n s 3f' b i r d l i f ' e : c e n s u s ?f t u r t l e s and s e a l s : 5 t u r t l e s . ! ! j s e a l s t a z g e 3 ; v e g e t a t i m ph3 t3 - s t a t i ~ n g h 3 t s g r a g h s 3 b t a i n e d and 3 new s t a t i 3 n e s t a b l i s h e d : 133 b i r d s 3f 4 s p e c i e s banded. O b s e r v a t i 3 n s 3f b i r d s : c e n s u s 3f t u r t l e s and s e a l s ; 9 t u r t l e s and 24 s e a l s t a g g e d ; c a n v a s r e s o l u t i 7 n t a r g e t l a i d 3 u t 3n beach ; 263 b i r d s 3f 6 s p e c i e s banded; 3 b l r d spec imens -.f 2 s p e c i e s s n d 1 h y b r i d c o l l e c t e d . A few ~ b s e r v a t i ~ n s 3f b i r d s ; c e n s u s - ~ f t u r t l e s and s e a l s : (3 t u r t l e s and 1 2 s e a l s t a g g e d ; v e g e t a t i m ~ h o t 3 - s t a t i m p h s t 3 g r a p h s 3 b t a i n e d . T u r t l e s and s e e l s c e n s u s e d ; 1 4 s e a l s t a g g e d . +Number 3f spec imens L i s t e d a s c o l l e c t e d may r e p r e s e n t s3mething l e s s t h a n t h e t o t a l number c 3 l l e c t e d i n t h e f i e i d a s sme b i r d s were sub- s e q u e n t l y d i s c a r d e d 3r d e s t m y e d b e f o r e t h e y e n t e r e d . t h e c o l l e c t i m s o f t h e N a t l ~ n a l Museum 3 f K e t u r a l H i s t o r y . T o t a l s g i v e n h e r e i n r e p r e s e n t kn3wn number o f b i r d spec imens i n t h e c o l l e c t i 3 n t h r o u g h Xarch ~ 9 7 4 . *A new b i r d d i s t r i b u t i o n r e c o r d f r3m t h e s e v i s i t s was r e p ~ t e d by CLapp and W3odward ( 1968) . **A new b i r d d i s t r i b u t i 3 n r e c ~ d f r o m t h i s v i s i t was r e p 3 r t e d by Clapp ( 1 9 7 1 ) . Appendix T a b l e 3. P u b l i c a t i 3 n s 3 n c n l l e c t i 3 n s a n d s t u d i e s (wj . th t h e e x c e p t i m 3f b i r d s ) made 3 n L i s i a n s k i I ~ l . a n d , 1933- Asche Lmi,nthes C h a p i n , 1925 Treadwe 11 Edm3nds3n e t a l . , 1925 -- Hartman, 1966 Hecz~rds 22 s p e c i . e s z~ f F ~ a m i n i f e r a c 3 l l e c t e d 3 f f s h x e by t h e Tanage r E x p e d i t i 3 n . D e s c r i b e s e nen!at3de f r m a B l a c k Nxldy c 3 l - 1 .ected by t h e Tanage r P x p e d i t i m . R e l ; x t s 2 s p e c i e s s f p l y c h a e t e s c ~ l l e c t e d by t h e Tanage r Expeii i t i .3~1. Hec3rds 4 s p e c i e s 3f ~ 3 L y c h a e t e s f r m P i e t s c h m a n n ' s 1 9 2 3 c ~ l l e c t i m . Summarizes e a r l i e r r e c w d s and g i v e s c u r r e n t tax3nz1vy 3f 4 s p e c i e s 3f p 3 L y c h a e t e ~ . A r t h r 3 p a d a Arachn3mm-r.ha - Arachn ida Bryan e t a l . , 1926 S t a t e s t h a t a s p e c i e s 3 f b i r d t i c k was f3und a b u n d a n t l y . Munro, 1942 R e p x t s b i t i n g 3f humans by b i r d t i c k s i n 1391 a n d t h a t s e v e r a l s ~ e c i e s 3f s p i d e r s were p r e s e n t . k s c r i b e s a c h i g g e r ( ~ c a r i n a T r m b i c u l . i d a e ) f r m POBSP c 3 l i . e c t i 3 n s i n P a r c h 1963 B e a r d s l e y , 1766 H e c ~ d s 3 s p e c i e s 3 f s p i d e r s c3LLected i n Sep tember 1964. Amersm, 1968 K e p c ~ r t s t h e d i s t r i b u t i m and h o s t s 3f t i c k s c3LLected by t h e FOBSF. Fa i n and Arners3n, 1968 D e s c r i b e s 2 new h e t e r m 3 r p h i c deutz~nyrnphs ( ~ ~ p a d e r i d a e , A c a r i n a ) f r o m a G r e a t F r i g a t e b i r d c z ~ l l e c t e d i n March 1963. Crus t e c e a Edmandson i n Edrn~ndssn R e p x t s 31 s p e c i e s 3f decap3ds c3LLected by e t a l . , 192) -- t h e Tanage r E x p e d i t i m . Bryan e t s l . , 1926 S t a t e s t h a t i s 3 p 3 d s were c3LLected by t h e Tanage r E x p e d i t i z ~ n . L a b i a t a - Hexopoda - I n s e c t a Bryan , 1926 R e c a r d s a n e p h y d r l d f l y f r o m c 3 l l e c t i 3 n s by t h e T ~ n a g e r E ' x n e d i t l z ~ n . Bryan -- e t a 1. , 1926 R e c z ~ r d s . 1 4 s p e c i e s 3f' i n s e c t s c 3 l ? e c t e , d by t h e Tenage r E x p e d i t i m . B e q u a e r t , 1941 Rec3rds a H ipp3b3sc id f l y c o l l e c t e d by t h e Tanage r E r p e d i t i 3 n . U s i n g e r , 1942 Rec3rds a new s p e c i e s 3f NysFus ( ~ ~ ~ a e ~ d a e . H e m i p t e r a ) f r m c3Llec t i z1ns made by t h e Tanage r E x p e d i t i m . Zirnmerman, ~ g 4 8 a * L i s t s a termite n 3 t r e p x t e d i n Bryan e t a I . . , 1926. Zimmeraan. 1948b L i s t s 2 s p e c i e s 3f Hemip te r s ( 1 L y g a e i d . ! ~ a b i d ) . Zimmerrnan , 1953 L i s t s a n3c tu . id n n t h . F e p x t s s p e c i a e n s 3f h i p p 3 b 3 s c i d s c a l l e c t e d by t h e Tanage r E x p e d i t i s n . Ha rdy , 1964 L i s t s a d 3 l i c h 3 p ~ l i d f l y . Herdwick , 1965 B e a r d s l e y , 1966 D e s c r i b e s a n a p p a r e n t l y endemic s p e c i e s 3f n x t u i d 1113th frm- spec imens a p p a r e n t l y c21- Lec t ed p r i ~ t 3 t h e Tanage r E x p e d i t i m . L i s t s 32 s p e c i e s 3f i n s e c t s , 13 ~f them new d i s t r i b u t i m a l r e c 3 r d s , c ~ l l e c t e d i n Sep tember 1964 a n d summar izes e a r l i e r r e c x d s e x c l u d i n g Ma l l 3 p h a g a . *%imn?erman's s e r i e s " I n s e c t s 3f ~ a w a i i " p r i m a r i l y l i s t s d i s % r i b u t j . 3 n a l d a t a based 33 t h e T'anager c 3 l l e c t i o n s and l i s t e d i n Bryan e t a l . ( 1 9 2 6 ) , b u t t h e r e a re a number 3f r e - i d e n t i f i c a t i 3 n s . n smencLa tu ra1 c h a n g e s , a n 3 s e v e r a l p r ev i3usLy u n p u b l i ~ h e d r e c ~ r d s n 3 t i n c l u d e d i n t h e e a r l . i e r p a p e r . 17'5 Appendix T a b l e 3. ( c 3 n t i n u e d ) Amerson e n d Erxe r sm, 137 1 C l a r k , ~ 9 4 9 C h ~ d a t a Ver t eb ra t a P i s c e s F a w l e r a n d B3 11, 1925 Pie t schrnann. 1938 Rept i1 . ia L i s i a n s k y , 1814 We t m x e , 1925 Na inma 1 i a L i s i a n s k y , 1814 Ea i l.ey , 191.8 R e p a r t s h i p p 3 b 3 s c i d f l i e s f r3m PCBSP c 3 L L e c t i 3 n s . R e ~ ~ t s 2 s p e c i e s 3f Moll3phaga f r x n a B a r - t a i l e d G ~ d w i t c3LLected 3n L i s i a n s k i i n March 1964. R e p o r t s 1 o p h i u r 3 i d e a n and 1 h 3 l u t h u r i a n c31- Lecteii by t h e Tanage r E x p e c l i t i m . Summarizes e a r l i e r r e p a r t s 3n e c h i n o d e r m s . L i s t i n g a h 3 1 3 t h u r i a n and 3phiur3ideat-1. H e p 3 r t s 40 s p e c i e s 3 f f i s h m l l e c t e d by t h e T ~ n a g e r E x p e d i t i ~ n . D i s c u s s e s hemirhampids c ~ l l e c t e d i n 1928 a t 3r 3ffsh3r-e L i s i a n s k i . R e p ~ r t s f i s h c o l l e c t e d i n 1928. G ives f i r s t ment ion 3 f 3 c c u r r e n c e 3f t u r t l e s . G i v e s b r i e f c m m e n t 3n abundance a f g r e e n t u r t l e s d u r i n g t h e Tanage r v i s i t . Givee s3me 3 b s e r v a t i 3 n s 3f g r e e n t u r t l e s made by t h e Tanage r E x p e d i t i o n . H e p r t s t h e k i l l i n g 3 f 123 t u r t l e s i n J a n u a r y and May 18%'. G i v e s f i r s t m e n t i m 3f 3 c c u r r e n c e 3 f s e a l s . R e p o r t s o b s e r v a t i m s of 2 s e a l s a n d t h e s h o ~ t - i n g ~f 3ne 3 f them by t h e B i o l o g i c a l S u r v e y arty 3f 1913. M e n t i m s e f f e c t 3 f r a b b i t s Dn v e g e t a t i o n . F a r r e l ? , 1923 B a i l e y , 1952b R e p 3 r t s , p r o b a b l y e r r n n e s u s l y t h e p r e s e n c e 3f mice i n t h e La t e 1 8 G G ' s . l l i n g 3f s e a l s by t h e R s t h s c h i l d Gumnar i z e s e a r l i e r i n f orrr.ti t i o n 3n t h e mznk s e a l w i t h L i b e r a l q u 3 t a t i 3 n s f r 3 m e a r l i e r p u b l i c a t i o n s . King ( 0 ) . 1336 G i v e s a d e t a i l e d summary 3f p r e v i g u s i n f 3rma - t i s n 3n t h e Hawai ian m3nk s e a l . Keny3n a n d I ? i c e , 1953 R e c ~ d s r e s u l t s 3f a e r i a l s u r v e y s 3f Hawai ian m3nk s e a l s made 7 J a n u a r y and 15 A p r i l . 1957. S v i h ';u , 1.959 R i c e , 1960 Tomich, 1969 C h r i s t 3 p h e r s e n a n d Caum. 1931 Tsuda , 1966 S t . J 3 h n , 1970 L i s t s s m e e a r l i e r e s t i m a t e s 3f s e a l numbers a n d a d d s c ~ n t s 3r e s t i m a t e s f r 3 n v i s i t s made i n Y B ~ 1951, March a n d Nsvember 1954, and May 1355,. R e c ~ d s r e s u l t s 3f a e r i a l s u r v e y s 3f t h e Xzwai ian m n k s e a l made 23 Decenber 1957 and 29 J u n e 1953. A r e c e n t summary a n d b i b l i 3 g r a p h y ?f t h e mammals 3 f Hawaii t h e t m e n t i ~ s t h e ~ c u r r e n c e 3f manmals 3n L i s i a n s k i . G ives r e s u l t nf s e a l . c ~ n t made i n March 1969. R e p s r t s 4 s p e c i e s 3f v a s c u l a r p l a n t s 3 b s e r v e d and c o l l e c t e d by t h e Tanage r E x ~ e d i t i o n , a n d summar izes e a r l i e r b s t a n i c a l i n f 3 r m z t i o n . R e p o r t s 14 s p e c i e s 3f mar ine b e n t h i c a l g a e c 3 l - l e c t e d by t h e Tanage r E x p e d i t i 3 n a n d i n Augus t a n d Sep tember 1964. R e p o r t s a new s p e c i e s 3f S i c y 3 s f r m m a t e r i a l c 3 l l e c t e d i n Augus t a n d September 1964. Ge3phy s i c a l E l s c h n e r , 1915 D e s c r i b e s i s l a n d and g i v e s a n a l y s i s 3f ph3s- p h a t e f r o m v i s i t i n Sep tember 1914. Kr3enke and W3olard: G i v e s g r a v i t y 3 b s e r v a t i 3 n s nade i n Varch 1964 1965 A ~ ~ e n d i x 1'abl.e 48. Mwenents 3f BLack-f33te3 A Lbatr3ss f r m L i s i a n e k i Origina 1 Banding Data - Pecap tu re Ua t o Band N D . Date Ane Sex* Where Recautured de t e Aae Sex 757-39919 96-95-67 L - u A t s e a , h 2 3 5 0 1 ~ , 09-05-67 u - u 1663;9 w A p x n d i x Table 4b. M~vements ~ f Black-f 33ted Al.baLr3ss t o L i s i a n s k i 0 r i .g ina L B n d i n g Uata He c a f t u r e ih t 6 - ---- Kure At31 1. Where Recaptured L)a t e Aue 9 Sex A ~ p e n d i x Table 5 . M-,\ven!ents ~f Leysan ALbatr3ss fr3m L i s i a n s k i Origina 1 Banding Oa t a Recapture Data Band N 3 . Ua t e Age Sex Where Recaptured Dt? t e A:e Sex 757-88153 93-11-64** L - U E a s t e r n I . , Midwzy 5%-39-63+ U - U At3L1 757-88911** 33-11-64 L - u A t s e a . 3p334'N, 32-14-69 u - u ~ 4 2 ~ 3 7 ' E 757-15001 33-12-65 N - U Sh i3n3misak i , Japan -?-92-67 U - U ?3339'N l.353119 ' E . 757-15082 33-12-65 N - U Kure A t 3 1 1 93-31-69 A - u 757-16905 93-13-65 N - u Lsysan I. 37-19-69 u - u ( faund dead) *A = a d u l t ; I = immature: L = L x a l : N -- n e s t l i n g ; S = s u b a d u l t : U = unknown. **Ba nded by BSFW. +Captured by H.I. F i s h e r . ++Entangled i n f i s h g e a r . Appendix 1'abl.e 6. M3vements 3f B 3 n i n P e t r e l s f r m Lisianski a i n a l Banding Data ---- Heco pture ~ ) a t a Band N 3 . -- Date Age - Sex hihere - R c c s ~ t u r e d ilate Age Sex 943-702'37 33-12-65 A - u Kure At211 97-25-69 A - u 343-79655 - 6 A - U Kure A t 3 1 1 :?3-~3-6j j A - u 343-7147> 53-13-65 A - U Kure A t 3 1 1 94-73-69 A - v A p ~ e n d i x Table 7. M3vements 3f Wedge-ta i Led Shearwaters f r m L i s i a n ~ k i Band N?. Oa t e Aqe Sex Where 1iecaptv.red .- I)c t e A.;e SEX 615-18;.~9 98-22-64 A - U iaysan I. 98-33-65 A. - u Appendix Table 8s. M~vements 3f Blue-faced B33bies f r3n Lisianski Cri:hnst3n 33-29-65 s - u* Ato l l 597-83277 93-22-64 I - U East I . : Prench 09-05-69 A - u F r i g e t e S h ~ a l s F a s t I . . French 06-19-66 A - u F'rigate Sh3a 1s Appendix To ble %. (cmtioueci) OrLginal. band in^ s- Date Recapture Data Ba2d Fi3. da te Sex hihere Recaptured de t e Aue Sex ---- &e ----- - - - . - - 2- 767-4~356 33-12-65 A - U b y s a n 1. i i s i a n s k i I. 757-2772; 10-19-66 I - u h y s a n I . 7 7 - 3 2 06-02-67 A - u L L I Y S ~ ~ ~ I . ( i n r z s s t - ins c lub) Laysan I Kure A t r ~ l l Laysan I Lis ianski I J 2 h n s t m A t 311 Kure A t 3 1 1 East I . . French Fr iga te Eh3a 1s Ea s t I . , French Fr iga te Sh3als Laysan I . Laysan I . J 3 h n e t ~ n A t 9 1 1 Kure A t 3 L L Whale-Skate I . , 39-94-67 A - M ( i n r33.t- in,? club) 06-99-67 A - F c?-23-63 A - F 09-96-67 s - u 09-06-6-7 A - F 09-06-67 A - u 07-23-69 2 - u ( f x n d dead) 09-36-67 A - F 09-01-67 I - u 04-04-63 s - u (f3und dead) 10-31-69 S - U 06-05-69 A - u 09-19-67 A - 14 03-19-68 A - M 93-30-63. S - u (,f mnd dea d ) 06-05-68 s - u 06-22-68 s - u French Fr iga te Sh3a 1s A~~pendix Table 5a. ( c m t i a u e d ) Original Bandin[< Data Recapture ila t.a Band N 3 . Date Age Sex Where Recaptured i)a t e Age Sex 757-28827 29-92-67 I - U K u r e A t 3 1 1 97-13-69 S - U 7$7-?8397 09-92-67 L - u A t sea - ca. ~ ~ " L o ' N 99-13-68 U - U 163310 ' W *In:ured by f ly ing i n t 3 t r ansmi t t e r guy wire , subsequently co l l ec ted . -I E'jund dead, specimen c3Llected. Appendix Table $b. Movements 3f Blue-faced B23bies t 3 Lisianski Original b n d i n g Data Recapture data Band NI. ila t e A ~e Sex Where Recaptured Date Aqe Sex French Fr iga te Sh3als, East I . 757-261.83 36-11-66 S - U Lisianski I . 99-94-67 A - F ( i n r32s t - i.ng club) 5 6 3 - 7 9 ~ 9 ~ 56-22-66 N - U Lisianski 1 96-04-67 s - u East I . , French 96-1.4-65 A - F Frigate Sh3als Whale-Skate I . , 36-17-69 A - F French Fr iga te Shna 1s 757-360~1 06-10-67 S - U Lisianski I. 08-31-67 s - u French Fr iga te Shaals , Gin I . 563-72328 98-25-65 L - U Lisianski I 09-91-67 A - F French Fr iga te Shaals , Tr ig I . 558-83427 06-15-63 A - U Lisianski I. 03-12-65 A - F Trig I . Trig I. 06-08-67 A - F (with chick) 06-24-68 A - F (with Large downy chick) A;:pendi.x T a b l e Qb. ( c x ~ t i n u e d ) O r i g i n a l B a n d i n g D ~ t a - He ca p t u r e d a t a .- Band Ns. be t e Age S e x Where he cak t u r e d ua t e Aae S e x --- 1'-,..iv 1 rJ 36-74-69 A - F F r e n c h P ' r , i g a t e E h m 1.s: Lha i . e - S k a t e I . --- J A n s t m A t n l l 737-44167 $4-39-64 A - F \.!ria le -S ka t e I . . 26-1.7-69 I! -- 1~ F r e n c h F ' y i g a t e G h 3 a l s L i s i a n s k i I. L i - s i a n s k i I . L i s i a n s k i I . Kilre A t 311. Li s i a n s k i I . Kure A t c j l l Kure A t d 3 1 1 Kcre A t 3 1 1 L i s i a n s k i I . L i s i a n s k i I . L i s i a n s k i I. 99-04-67 A - F it^ : r ~ ~ s t - - i n g c l u b ) 1.0-19-66 A - U (i .n r o ? s t - i n g C I U L ) 39-94-67 A - F ( i n r x s t - i n 3 c l u b ) * P a r e n t h e s e s a r x n d a n a g e x s e x A e s i g n a t i m i n d i c a t e t h a t t h e r e may b e sme d ~ u b t a s t 3 t h e v a l i d i t y sf the d e ' ; e r m i n e t i m , 3r t h a t , a s i s e v i d e n t i n s x n e c a s e s 3f t r x l t i ~ l e r e t d r n s . 9 n a t l e a s t 3ne o c c a s i m a b i r d was i :npr3per- ly a g e d o r s e x e d . A p p e n d i x TzbLe 8 b . ( c m t i n u e a ) O r i g i n a 1 h n d i . n g O s t a He c a p t u r e D a t a -- L i s i a n s k i I . 06-94-67 A - P I ( ? ) -96-35-67 (wi . th c h i c k ) L i s i a n s k i I . 06-04-67 A -(F) L i e i a n ~ k i I . 09-92-67 A - M ( w i t h i m - m a t u r e ) 7 6 ~ ~ 4 1 3 2 6 03-19-65 A - u L l s i a n s k i I . 3 - 3 1 - 6 7 S - U 757-2390.1 37-1?-65+ U - U L i s i a n s k i . I . 09-24-67 A - F ( f n r 2 2 z t - i n g c l u b ) 757-23133 37-L9-65+ U - U L i s i a n s k i I . 757-23145 97-19-65+ U - U L i s i a n s k i I . 757-23166 3 7 - ~ 9 - 6 5 + U - U L l s i a n s k i I. 757-23171 97-19-G5+ U - U Li s i a n s k i I . 757-23233 37-?ij-65+- U - U L i s i a n s k i I . 06-95-67 A - ?4 ( w i t h 1, e g 3 ) Appendix Table 8b. ( c m t l n u e d ) Or ia ina l Banding Data - he capture -- Da t a Band N 3 . - Date Age Sex Where R e c a ~ t d r e d - Date -- Age Sez 757-73438 97-19-65+ U - U Lieianski I . 06-04-67 P - F 757-23462 0 7 - ~ 9 - 6 > + u - u Lis ianski I . 06-25-67 A - M 757-23h74 97-~?-6:+ u - u Lis ianski I. 90-91 61 P - F I-ear: and H ~ m e s Reef, N 2 r t h I . - 553-8319!) 06-23-53 A - U Lis ianski I . 93- 13 65 A - F 555-83550 96-24-63 N - U Lisianski I . 09-37-67 A - F ( i n x32st- ing c lub) Appendix Table 9. Mwenents 2f Br3wn B33bies t 3 Lis ianski Or ig ina l Banding Data Recapture Data Bend N 3 . Date Age Sex Where Recaptured Date Age Sex Wake I. 757-59726 94-27-65 A - U Lis ianski I. 10-19-65 A - U 587-90429 94-26-67 A - M Lis ianski I . 09-01-67* A - M i breedin;) Appendix %ble lC3a. M2vernents 3f Red-f m t e d Bmbies f r m Lis ianski Origina 1 Banding Data Recapture Data Band N 2 . Oa t e Age Sex Where Recaptured Date Age Sex 757-27731 10-13-66 A - U Lis ianski I . 09-32-67 A - u 757-27935 19-19-66 S - U Whale-Skate I . , 06-16-67 s - u French F r iga te Sh3als -+Li s ted 2n banding schedules a s a h y s a n Albatr2so. *Marked 3n l.eg w i t h x a n g e streamer 154 Appendix 'i'ab:.e LOe . ( c m t i n u e d ) Oriqina 1 B3ndin3 d a t a Heca pture do ta Band N 2 . Or t e Age Sex Where hecaptured L)a t e Age Eel! Laysan I . 99-97-67 s - u Kt~re At211 36-39-67 s - u Kure At311 05-31-63 A - u Laysan I . 09-19-67 A - u East I. . French 96-19-67 A - u Fr iga te Sh3als Laysan I. 99-93-67 S - u J3hns tm kt311 oh-12-67 I - u Wha Le-Skate I . . 06-04-67 E - u French Fr iga te Bh3a 1 s Kwe A t 3 1 1 96-04-67 s - u Kure A t 3 1 1 35-31-63 A - u J 3 h n ~ t 3 n A t 3 1 1 02-15-69 A - u (dead) Laysan I. 09-19-67 A - u Kure At311 36-27-63 s - u h y s a n I . 99-19-67 A - u Kure A t 311 07-18-63 s - u J3hns tm 4 t 3 l l 96-21-69 S - u East I . , French 06-96-63 I - u Fr igate Sh3a 1s Whale-Skate I. , 96-22-69 u - u French Fr iga te Sh3a 1s Kure A t 3 1 1 07-22-63 s - u Kure A t 3 1 1 07-22-68 s - u Wha le-Skate I . , 36-16-69 s - u French Fr iga te Sh3a 1s Ap1:endix Table 13a. (csn t inued) 0ri.gina 1 Bsnding Data - Re ca p t ure Data Eand No. Date Age Sex Where Kecaptured da te Age Sex 537-49249 99-91-67 N - U J2hnst3n Atal.!. 03-~6-.6!3 s - u 537-90759 39-31-67 N - U khale-Skate I . . 96--17-62 I - u French F'ri:ate Shsa ls Trig I . . French 06-73-6:) s - u Friga t~ E h x 1s ;3i'-90?36 99-92-67 A - U Tri,g 1. , f rench 9 : A - u Fr iga te Shoa l o 7';7-23735 09-92- 57 ( s ) - U Laysan I. 09-96-67 ( A ) - u 7 5 7 - 3 7 5 7 99-03-67 1 - u Wha ]?-Skate I. , 96-17-69 s - u French F r iga te S h a a l ~ *Marked 3n Leg with x a n g e s treamer. Appendix l 'able 19b. Msvements 2f Red-f -12ted E ~ a b i e s t 3 Lisianski Or ig ina l Banding Uata Band N 3 . Date Age Sex hlhere Recaptured - Da t e Age Sex .- French F r iga te Sh?a 1s , E,a s t 1. - 767-43928 98-06-65 N - U Lis ianski I . 10-19-66 S - u East I . , French 96-96-69 A - u F r i g a t e Shoa 1s 767-43050 99-95-65 S - U L i s i ansk i I . 19-19-66 s - u 767-43056 03-95-65 S - U Lis ianski I. 09-04-67 A - U 767-43057 03-05-65 S - U Lis ianski I . 09-01-67 A - u 767-43035 08-05-65 S - U J3hnstc1n A t o l l 314-15-66 s - u Lis ianski I . 10 -~9-66+ s - u 767-43193 08-05-65 s - U Lis i ansk i I. 19-19-66 S - u E a s t I . , French F r i g a t e Shaa l s Aprjendix Table l9b. ( c m t inued) Or ig ina l Bonding Llata - Recapture Data Band Nz. On t e Axe Sex Where Recaptured t e 2.- Age Sex 757-76329 56-13-66 s - U Lis ianski I . 757-~6152 96-11-66 S - U L i s i a n ~ k l I . 757-26413 36-1;-56 E - u Lisianski I 757-26736 36-1-6-66 A - U Lis ianski 1. East I . Erench F r iga te G h x i ~ 7',7-;6949 36-13-56 e - U Lisianski I . French E'rigete 8h3a 1s , Tr ig I s Land 757-7759> 97-33-66 5 - U Lis ianski I . E a s t I . , French F r iga te Shm 1s French F r iga te Shm l s , Kha le-Skate I s land 757-27146 06-23-66 s - u 757-39767 06-06-67 s - u . J ~ h n s t m - kt.311. Sand I . 737-44110 37-15-63 I - u 737-44189 32-24-65 I - U 737-44746 05-04-65 I - U 737-4482? 6 - 1 1 - 6 5 I - U 737-43516 92-13-66 r - u -. (37-1;35:7 2 - 1 6 A - M 737-43533 92-19-66 A - F Li s i ansk i I . Lisianski I . i j s i a n s k i I . Lisiankk; I . Lis ianski I . Lisianski 'I Lisianski I . Lisionski I . L: s i ansk i I Lleianski I. Lieianski I . Appendix T a b l e Lob. ( c m t i n u e d ) O r i g i n a 1 Banding Oa t s R e c a p t u r e Data B n d N 3 . Oa t e Age Sex - Where R e c a p t u r e d Da t , e Age S e x - -.-.--. S - u I - u I - u A - M S - u I - u I - u S - u I - u I - u A - U 587-90399 04-03-67 S - U Kure A t a l l 737-45370 13-14-63 I - U 737-99489 09-07-64 I - U L i s i a n s k i I L i s i a n s k i I. L i s i a n s k i I. L i s i a n s k i I . k y s a g I. L i s i a n s k i I . L i s i a n s k i I. L i s i a n s k i I . L i s i a n s k i I. L i s i a n s k i I. L i s i a n s k i I. L i e i a n s k i I. L i s i a n s k i I . L i s i a n s k i I. L i s i a n s k i I. L i s i a n s k i I . L i s i a n s k i I. L i s i a n s k i I. L i ~ i a n s k i I. L i a i a n ~ k i I . L i s i a n s k i I. Kure k t 3 1 1 06-04-67s A - U ( w i t h f r e s h egg) A p p e n d i x T a b i e l 9 b . ( c m t i n u e i l ) O r i g i n a l B a n d i n g D a t a R e c a p t u r e D ~ t a Band No. i)a t e A;e S e x K h e r e . --- R e c a p t u r e d D a t e Age a--- S e x L i s i a n s k i I . L i s i a n s k i I . L i s i a n s k i I . L i s i a n s k i I . L i s i a n s k i I . L a y s a n I . L i s i a n s k i I . L i s i a n s k i I . J 3 h n s t m A t z ~ L l L i s i a n s k i I. L i s i a n s k i I . L i s i a n s k i I . L i s i a n s k i I . L i s i a n s k i I . L i s i a n s k i I . L i s i a n s k i I . L i s i a n s k i I . E a s t I . , F r e n c h F r i g a t e S h 3 a l s L i s i a n s k i I . J ~ h n s t m A t o l l L i s i a n s k i I . L i s i a n s k i I Appendix Table Lob. (csnt inuei i) Origins 1 Bandj ng Ja ta Pe ca p t ure d? t a Band N s . DE t,e -- Age Sex W b e r e ~ e c a ~ t u r e d -- - &e -- Ser Od t e 757-29517 1 - 2 - 6 6 A - U Ll s ianski I . 3-j-"J-6;/ A - u I4LJway U t 3 ' L L . Eustern I . -- 767-40253 37-72-65 N - U i i s i a n s k i I . LO-13-60 s - v 767-Lo315 7 - N - U Lisianslii I . 39-33-67 s - u Pear l and Hrrmes Heef' , S x t h e a s t I . 737-33350 96-19-63 N - U Lisienski. I . 06-17-66 u - u Wake I . 767-48126 06-17-66 ,5 - U Lisianski I 93-31-67 s - u 537-!34Lr~r\ : r 12-31-66 A - U Lisianski I . 02-94-67 A - u Appendix Table l l a . Msvements sf Great F r iga teb i rds frm Lis ianski 3riginaL hndin:? Data- - Re ca piure De t a - Band N:j. 33 t .e Age Sex Where Recaptured Oa t e Age Sex 757-32604 36-17-65 A - M Kure A t 3 1 1 . 2 - 6 9 A - M 75.7-32644 06-17-66 A -- M Kure A t 3 1 1 13-03-66 A - M Recapture d e t a ---- Appendix T a b l e 1 l . b . M2vements 3f' S r e a t Friqatet ; i . rcls t~ Lisian::.ki O r i g i n a l Banding d z t a k c a ~ t u r e Dn te Bznci It;\. -.- 93 t e A,.;e Sex Fjhere - b e c ~ p t i l r e i i JL! t e Aqe Sex French F : ' iqa te S h n e l ~ E n s t I . -- 76.7-43767 39-24-65 A - F L i s l s n s k i I . 99-02-67 A - F 757-26854 36-1~8-66 A - F L i s i a n s k j I. 02-92-67 s - u ( ? ) French E ' r i z a t e Sn3a 1s . ' r ihsle-Skate I . 737-37466 06-14-63 S - U E e s t I . . French 06-12-67 S - S F'rhiga t e S h ~ a 1 s L i s i a n s k i 1. 93-31-67 s - u Kure At3l . l -- 737-9759? 1.2-15-65 S - U Kure A t o l l 05-16-66 A - F L i s i b n s k i I . 99-3.1-67 A - I? Pear l . una Herrnes Heef, E s u t h e a s t I . 757-43056 99-25-66 - U L i s i a n s k i I . 09-02-67 s - u X u (I) 9, bl '< aJ +' E n aJ k 3 c, n m U (V x w k a, c 5 X c g> aJ b! .4 9, 4 ca 3 0 Z 3 C !2 I\r :iendix Tab le L4a . ( c m t inue:l) O r i a i n s l Bondin5 Data -2 --- He ca p t u re Data &nd N 3 . i)a t e Aye Sex Where Recaptured Date Ase Sex b y s a n I . 06-07-67 A - u Layean I . 96-1.2-66 A - u Laysan I A t s e a , E. 52323'N 34-06-68 A - U 1 7 8 3 2 2 ' ~ J 3 h n s t 2 n A t o l l 09-1-5-67 A - u S o u t h e a s t I . , P e a r l 35-29-69* A - U and Hermes Reef S'nizuoka P r e f e c t u r e 39-25-66+ i! - U J a p n , 35303'IIJ L 38'20 ' E h y m n I. 05-11-67 A - u Laysan I . E a s t I . : French 06-19-68 A - u F r i g a t e Eh3als +Bl3wn %y t y p h m n : s u b s e q u e n t l y d i e d . A ~ p e n c i i x l ' o b l e 1.4b. M 3 v e m ~ n t s 3.f Es3 ty T e r n s t 3 L i s i 3 n s k . i O r i g i n a l kcndin:; D ~ t r ! - - Fzece p t u r e D a t a - F r e n c h F ' r i g a t e S h ~ a 1s, Eo s t I . - 563-23719 38-15-65 A - U L i s i . a n r k i I . L i s i a n s k i I . L i s i a n s k i I . L i s i a n s k i I . L i s i a n s k i . I . Ll.s i a tls k i I . L i s i a n s k i I . L i s i a n s k i I . L i s i a n s k i I . L i s i a n s k i I . L i s i a n s k i I . L i ~ i e n s k i I . L i s i a n s k i I . Li s i a n s k i I . L i s i a n s k i I . L i s i a n s k i I . L i s i a n s k i I . L i s i a n s k i I . L i s i a n s k i I 36-04-67 A - u ( k i t h e g g ) A ; l j e n d i x Table Lkb. ( c m t i n a e d ) O r i g i n e 1 B y n d i n g D a t a - F e c a k , t u r e d a t a - 13~lnri N 2 . dc t e Age S e x Vhere f : e c e p t u r e d I>a t e Ace S e x -- s--- 893-3cIh92 33-06-65 A - U 393-11355 0 3 - ~ 6 - 6 5 A - U 363-6231~ - 7 - 6 A - u 863-67412 03-98-65 A .. u 363-6761> 03-08-65 A - u 363-71955 09-$9-65 A - u 933-41390 6 - 1 - 6 A - u 303-43528 06-12-66 A - u 903-43923 06-12-66 A - 3 933-60549 06-13-66 - u 903-6;33!3 36-13-66 A - u 903-6331.0 96-13-66 A - v 933-52322 96-14-66 A - U Midway A t 3 L L . E a s t e r n 1. I :,%oL-62+ L - u 7;;3-53954 03-1.5-64 N - u L i s i a n s k i I L i s i a n s k i 1. L i z i a n s k i I. i i s i a n s k j I . L L s i a n s k i I . L i s i a n s k i I . L i s i a n ~ k i 1. L i s i a n s k i I . L i s j - a n s k i 1. L i ~ i a n ~ k i I . L i s i o n s k i I . L i s i a n s k i I . i i s i a n s k i I . L i s i a n s k i I . L i s i a n s k i I . L i s i a n s k i . I . L i s i a n s k i I . L i s i a n s k i I . L i s i a n s k i I . P e a r l . a n d Ilernies R e e f . S . ; u t h e a s t I . 753-43363 92-17-64 A - U L i s i a n s k i I . 753-44797 I - 6 /. - U L i s i a n s k i I . P. - U A - u ' 4 - u P . - U A - LJ P - u i': - u A - U A - u A - U A - U A - U A - U Appendix Table L4b. ( c m t i n u e d ) Or ig ina L BaridLng Geta Recapture uz t z Bnnd N;. Date Age Sex Nhere Recaptured 3a t e - Age Sex - Wake I . 743-49717 97-24-53 A - U L l s i a n s k i I . 35-34-67 A - u *i&rked with x a n g e s t r e e n e l 3n Leg .+i3sn3ed by BSFW Appendix TzbLe 1:. M3vemente s f Br2wn N.xi3i .e~ t 3 L i s i a n s k i O r i g i n a l 3an;iing Deta - Eieca r t u r e Oa t a E r n N > . Oate Age Sex Where ijeca F' t u r e d da t e ---. .-- Age Ee-2 Kure A t 3 1 1 .773-~9?42 07-71-64 N - U i i - s i a n s k i I . :)9-23-67 A - u French F r i z a t e S h ~ a l.s, kba L e - S k t e I . 723-63759 96-13-63 L - u L i s i a n s k i I . 3 - 1 - 6 4 A - U Appendix l i a b l e 1 6 . Mzvenents 3f b l a c k B3ddies fr3m L i s i a n s k i OriginaL Banding Data Re c s p t u r e Oa t a --- Band N 3 . Da t e Age Sex .Where R e c s t u r e d as te ---- Age Sex 773-40936 33-12-64 N - U J a h n s t m A t 3 i l 02-23-65 S - u 773-40347 33-12-64 N - U Whale-Skate I . , 33-16-66 A - U French F r i g a t e Shaa 1s 773-40567 03-12-64 N - U Whale-Skate I . , 09-39-65 A - u French F r i g a t e S h ~ a 1s 773-40969 03-12-64 N - U Wha le -Ska te I . , - 1 - 6 A - u French F r i g a t e S h m 1s 773-40599 93-12-64 N - U Whale-Skate I . , 06-35-67 A - u French F r i g a t e Ehoa 1s ~9 6 A l pendix Table t6a. (csn t inued) B: n:i N 2 . i h t e Age Sex Idhere E~can tu reJ . . i)~! t e A ~ s e x --- -. 773-49993 33- lr-6L1 h - U idhe!e E k t e I . , 39-33-65 A - U French F r iga te Shm 1s 712-59343 09-33-67 A - U K u r e A t 3 1 1 05-23-69 A - u A~pend ix Table 1 6 b . Msvements 3f Black N3dJies t 3 Lis ianski Original b o d i n g Data Reca y ture Dc t a - B?nd No. - 33te Age Sex Where Recaptured J a t e Aqe Sex --- ------ E ~ e n c h E ' r i~ , a t e Sh2a Ls, %hale-Skate I- 363-29352 33-31-65 U - U Lis ianski I. 13-19-66 u - u 923-19192 ~13-16-66 A - LJ Lis ianski I. 39-93-67 A - u J 2 h n s t m A t 3 1 1 647-03038 34-16-67 A - U Lis ianski I . 09-94-67 A - U L-7ysan 1. 712-03697 1.9-22-66 G - U Lisiansk; I . 39-32-67 A - u Ivlidway A t 3 l : , E a s t e r n L 662-35417 32-~6-64* k - U Lis ianski I. &earl and Hermes Reef, S ~ u t h e a s t I . 632-20573 36-13-63 A - U Lis ianski I . 632-23761 06-21-63 A - U Lis ianski I . *Banded by BSFW. -a U.S. G O V E R N M E N T P R I N T I N G O F F I C E : 1974 0 - 564-989