PROCEEDINGS OF THE UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM
issued IpS-^tvL Hli^i ^y '^?
SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTIONU. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM
Vol. 86 Washington: 1939 No. 3051ANNOTATED LIST OF TENNESSEE MAMMALS
By Kemington Kellogg
During 1937 the United States National Museum conducted natural-history field work in Tennessee, for the purpose of making a collec-tion of birds and mammals of the State. Watson M. Perrygo wasin charge of the field party, with Carleton Lingebach and Henry R.Schaefer acting as field assistants. Leaving Washington on April3, Perrygo and Lingebach traveled across Virginia and Tennessee toEllendale, Shelby County, where they established their first camp onApril 7. From this camp they collected at several localities in Shelbyand Fayette Counties until April 22. They worked in the vicinity ofReelfoot Lake, Obion County, from April 23 to May 9; in WayneCounty from May 9 to 20 ; and in Cumberland County from May 20to June 1. The party then commenced field work in the easternmountainous section, where with Shady Valley as a base camp theymade collections in this valley and in the Holston Mountains fromJune 2 to 16. Moving camp to Cosby, in Cocke County, they workedin the Great Smoky Mountains from June 18 to July 5. After work-ing in the vicinity of Big Frog Mountain, Cherokee National Forest,from July 8 to 15, they discontinued field operations for a few weeksand returned to Washington on July 17.On September 9 Perrygo and Schaefer left Washington and droveto Roan Mountain, where they worked from September 11 to 25.They collected in the Clinch ISIountains and elsewhere in GraingerCounty from September 27 to October 2, and around Reelfoot Lakefrom October 4 to 24. They worked in Stewart County from Octo-ber 25 to 30 and in Giles and Lincoln Counties from November 1 to10, when the season's work was concluded.107573?38 1 245
246 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL. MUSEUM VOL. 86The present paper reports not only on the mammals collected dur-ing the course of the field work in Tennessee conducted in 1937 butalso on all the Tennessee specimens in the National Museum and theBiological Survey collections. The collectors of the specimens hereindiscussed are listed as follows chronologically according to the yearin which the material was obtained
:
JJ. S. Biological SurveyT. J. Park, 1891.G. A. Colemau, 1892.Russell J. Thompson, 1892.H. C. Oberholser, 1895.Chailos R. Ellis, 1904.Stanley E. Piper, 1904.Arthur II. Howell, 1908, 1910, 1930.W. H. Provins, 190S.W. J. Millsaps, 1909, 1910.Adam G. Millsaps, 1912.Morton L. Church, 1912.Earl May, 1931.James Silver, 1933.R. J. Fleetwood, 1934.
U. 8. National MuseumRichard Owen, 1854.J. B. Mitchell, 1856.John Constable, 1877.James W. Rogan, 1884.C. S. Brimley, 1891.H. H. Brimley, 1891.William Palmer, 1897.W. P. Hay, 1902.Paul Bartsch, 1907.Porter Dunlap, 1911.Robert Gorhani, 1911.Clarence B. Moore, 1914, 1915, 1916.Lloyd Branson, 1915.J. D. Ives, 1925, 1926.J. G. Gillespie, 1927.R. J. Fleetwood, 1934.Carleton Lingebach, 1937.Watson M. Perrygo, 1937.Henry R. Schaefer, 1937.A. R. Cahn, 1938. |Measurements herein are given hi millimeters.The birds collected in the Tennessee field worlv have been reportedon by Dr. Alexander Wetmore.^Family DIDELPHIIDAEDIDELPHIS VIRGINIANA VIRGINIANA Kerr: OpossumThe opossum seems to be distributed over the whole State, occur-ring most frequently in the timbered bottomlands and in the rockledges on the blutfs bordering the stream valleys. In the mountain-ous sections of eastern Tennessee, the vertical range of the opossumgoes at least to 3,700 feet. Perrygo and Schaefer were told in Sep-tember 1937 that opossums were common in valleys northwest of RoanMountain.S. C. Williams relates (1921:, p. 217) that Senator Hugh LawsonWhite of Tennessee, in replying to a speech by Senator Webster, re-ferred to the abundance of opossums in the short-lived State ofFranklin. He stated that about 1785 the subtreasurers or collectorstook in peltries for taxes, as provided by law. Although raccooniProc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. 86, no. 3050.
TENNESSEE MAMMALS?KELLOGG 247
skins were readily procured, opossum skins that had little or no valuewere even more plentiful. The collectors obtained the requisite num-ber of opossum skins, cut the tails off the raccoon skins and sewedthem to the opossum skins, and then deposited them in the generaltreasury. The raccoon skins were sold by the collectors to the hatters.During the spring of 1937 it vras reported that opossums were notso abundant as formerly in Shelby and Fayette Counties. One thathad been run over by an automobile was seen on April 13, 1937, onthe road near Memphis. On April 23, 1937, in Obion County, one was-seen crushed on the road near Hornbeak, and the following day onthe road between Troy and Keelfoot Lake three crushed opossumswere noted. Rhoads (1896, p. 176) did not collect opossums in Ten-nessee, but he was told by B. C. Miles that the Negroes of Haywoodand Lauderdale Counties claimed there were two kinds, one withblack and the other with white feet.On May 11, 1937, another crushed opossum was seen on the road 11miles north of Waynesboro, Wayne County. On November 8, 1937,a feraaJe opossum was taken near Frankewing in a Schuyler trapset for flying squirrels. Fourteen embryos, the largest of which havea liead and body length of 60 mm, were removed by Russell J.Thompson from the pouch of a female collected on June 23, 1892, atBig Sandy. The measurements of the largest male (U.S.N.M. no.46895, Danville) in this series of 11 Tennessee specimens are as fol-lows: Total length, 785; tail, 320; hind foot, 52.Specimens taken at Greenbrier, Sevier County, are listed by Koma-rek and Komarek (1938, p. 145).Benton County: Big Sandy, 1.Carter County: Carvers Gap, Roan Mountain, altitude 3,700 feet, 1.Grainger County: Tliorn Hill, Clinch Mountains, altitude 1,800 feet, 2.Houston County: Danville, 1.Humphreys County: South of Johnsonville, 1.Lincoln County: 6 miles east Frankewing, 1.Montgomery County: Clarksville, 3.Sumner County: Rockland [Hendersonville P. 0.1, 1.Family TALPIDAEPARASCALOPS BREWERI (Bachman): Hairy-tailed MoleHairy-tailed moles were reported to be common in cultivated fieldsin the vicinity of Shady Valley. A female was trapped by W. M.Perrygo and Carleton Lingebach on June 13, 1937, in a cornfield neara bog. Komarek and Komarek (1938, p. 145) report that hairy-tailed moles were trapped in damp rhododendron thickets in SevierCounty along Chapman Prong (altitude 3,200 feet) and Buck Forkof Little Pigeon River.Johnson County: Shady Valley, altitude 2,900 feet, 1.
248 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM vou 86SCALOPUS AQUATICUS AQUATICUS (Linnaeus): Eastern MoleThe range of this race seems to be restricted to the drainage basinsof the upper Tennessee?Clinch, Holston, and French Broad Riversin the eastern part of the State. Howell (1909, p. 67) states thatthis mole was reported to occur in the vicinity of Briceville, Ander-son County, and that it was scarce on Walden Ridge near Soddy,Hamilton County. On the western slope of Low Gap, two moleswere trapped in an old cornfield. The male (U.S.N.M. no. 267145)from Low Gap has a somewhat shorter skull than average individualsof the race from Virginia and Maryland, although the well-wornteeth show that it is fully adult. It is, however, approximately thesame size as a skull (U.S.N.M. no. 99639) from Falls Church, Va.,which has similarly worn teeth. This mole has been recorded fromDry Valley, Blount County (Komarek and Komarek, 1938, p. 145).Blount County: 1.Cocke County: Low Gap, 4% miles southeast of Cosby, altitude 2,700 feet, 2.Hamilton County: Walden Ridge near Rathburn [Soddy P. O.], 1.SCALOPUS AQUATICUS MACHRINUS (Rafinesque): Prairie MoleThis mole occurs in the bluegrass region of middle Tennessee,chiefly in the lower drainage areas of the Big Sandy, Tennessee, andCumberland Rivers, as well as in the bottomlands bordering the smalltributaries of the Mississippi River. Jackson (1915, p. 44) lists threespecimens from Nashville, Davidson County.From Benjamin C. Miles, Rhoads (1896, p. 201) received informa-tion that the mole is common in Haywood County "wherever landis rich, and is troublesome in that he burrows in the rows and destroysgrowing plants, and runs tunnels up and down hill which I haveseen in one season wash into gullies 18 inches deep."Four moles taken by W. M. Perrygo and Carleton Lingebachduring April 1937 extend the range of this race to the southwesterncorner of the State. These moles were trapped in a cottonfield and,judged from the number of runways, moles were apparently commonin northwestern Shelby County. The four specimens from ShelbyCounty resemble machrinus in general coloration, but they haveshorter skulls and slightly lighter dentition, as well as a shortertotal length. These specimens approach individuals of howelli fromArdell (U.S.N.M. no. 207227) and Greensboro (U.S.N.M. no. 57050),Ala., in the length of the skull and size of the teeth, but differ incoloration. The above-mentioned specimens of hoioeJli are consider-ably larger than topotypes. Burrows made by moles were seen alongthe edge of the cypress swamp near Hickory Withe, but the museumparty did not succeed in trapping any.
TENNESSEE MAMMALS KELLOGG 249Benton County: Big Sandy, 1.Humphreys County: South of Johnsonville, 1.Montgomery County: Clarksville, 1.Shelby County: Ellendale, 4.Sumner County: Bethpage, 1.CONDYLURA CRISTATA (Linnaeus): Star-nosed MoleOn June 13, 1937, a desiccated mole was picked up by W. M.Perrygo and Carleton Lingebach at their camp on the edge of therhododendron bog at Shady Valley. Audubon and Bachman (1851,vol. 2, p. 142) refer to this mole's occurrence in the State as follows:"To the west we have traced it in Ohio and the northern parts ofTennessee."Johnson County: Shady Valley, altitude 2,900 feet, 1.Family SORICTDAESOREX CINEREUS CINEREUS Kerr: Cinereous, or Masked, ShrewThe range of this masked shrew in Tennessee seems to be re-stricted to the eastern mountainous portion of the State. Ehoads(1896, p. 202) writes that the burrows of this shrew "were foundunder decaying logs and large stones in moist places along the bridlepath leading directly from Cloudland to the Doe River Valley," Car-ter County. Two were taken in September 1937, at an altitude of6,200 feet in moss at the base of fir trees in the forest on the summit ofRoan Mountain. Masked shrews were trapped by A. H. Howell ina spruce and fir forest near the summit of the ridge at Indian Gap.On the summit of Old Black Mountain, these shrews were caught inrunways in damp moss at the base of fir trees. Masked shrews appearto be generally distributed throughout the wooded ridges of theGreat Smoky Mountains National Park. They have been recordedfrom the Buck Fork of Little Pigeon River, Dry Sluice, and MountGuyot in Sevier County by Komarek and Komarek (1938, p. 146).In tabulating a series of 17 skulls from Roan Mountain, N. C, itwas found that 14 have the third and fourth unicuspids subequal,3 have the third unicuspid smaller than the fourth, and 1 has thefourth unicuspid larger than the third. In the case of 11 skullsfrom New York (8 from Montauk Point, Suffolk County, and 3 fromMountain View, Franklin County), 5 have the third and fourth uni-cuspids subequal and 6 have the fourth unicuspid larger than thethird.Carter County: Roan Mountain, altitude 6,200 feet, 1.Cocke County: Old Black Mountain, Great Smoky Mountains, altitude 6,300feet, 2.Sevier County: Indian Gap, altitude 5,200 feet, 2.
250 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIOISTAL MUSEUM vol.86SOREX LONGIROSTRIS LONGIROSTRIS Bachman: Bachman's ShrewThese minute shrews are rarely taken by collectors. One wasfound by Raymond J. Fleetwood in a posthole in a field overgrownwith sedgegrass at Greenbrier, Sevier County. Komarek andKomarek (1938, p. 146) mention another that had been trapped inone of the buildings of a C. C. C. camp in the Great Smoky Moun-tains National Park. The Sevier County occurrence indicates thatthis species may range northward in the valleys of eastern Tennessee.The taking of one of these small shrews by Perrygo and Schaefernear Reelfoot Lake on October 1, 1937, extends the range across theState to the Mississippi bottomlands. This male was trapped barelyabove the water line in matted decayed leaves beside a rotten log inthe swamp bordering Eeelfoot Lake.The identification of these two specimens from Tennessee has ledto a restudy of specimens previously referred to Sorex fontinalls andSorex longirostris longirostris. It so happened that the specimensfrom southern localities available to Hollister (1911, pp. 378-380)had the third upper unicuspid smaller than the fourth. The largerseries of specimens now available exhibits so many exceptions that Iam unable to accept the conclusions of Jackson in regard to the dis-tinctness of these two slirews. The characters listed by Jackson(1928, pp. 37, 83) as distinguishing S. longirostris from S. fontinalis,including (1) relatively shorter, broader rostrum, (2) shorter andmore crowded unicuspid row, (3) third upper unicuspid smaller thanfourth, (4) anteroposterior diameter less than transverse diameter ofunicuspid teeth, (5) anteroposterior diameter of molariform teethrelatively greater, and (6) first incisors, upper and lower, relativelysmaller, do not appear to me so to diflferentiate a series of 20 speci-mens. This series comprises 10 Maryland specimens previously re-ferred to /S. fontinalis, collected at Bowie, Cabin John, Cold SpringSwamp, Glen Echo Heights, Hollywood, Hyattsville, Laurel (2),and Sandy Spring (2), and a like number of S. longirostris fromChesapeake Beach, Md., Falls Church, Va., Pisgah National Forestand Raleigh (2), N. C, Young Harris, Ga., Phillippy and Greenbrier(Sevier County), Tenn., and Bicknell, Ind. (2). After tabulatingthis series according to the relative sizes of the third and fourthunicuspids, it was found that this character cannot be relied on.The dimensions of the molariform teeth, the unicuspids, and thefirst incisors can be matched in several specimens in both groups.In one of the Tennessee specimens the anteroposterior diameter of thethird molariform teeth is less than the transverse, and in the otherthese measurements are reversed. Micrometer measurements of therostrum and of the teeth made with a binocular failed to differentiatereadily specimens from the supposed range of S. longirostris from
TENNESSEE MAMMALS KELLOGG 251those of S. fontinalis. A similar crowding of unicuspid teeth wasobserved in individuals in both series. Tabulations based on theabove-mentioned characters indicate that they are so highly variablethat not even a limited correlation with geographic distributioncan be discerned. In the light of the present series of specimens itseems clear that the supposed distinctions between Sorex longirostrisand S. fontinalis are nothing more than individual variations.Lake County: Reelfoot Lake, 2 miles east of Phillippy, 1.Sevier County: Greenbrier, 1.SOREX FUMEUS FUMEUS Miller: Smoky ShrewSmoky shrews in Tennessee are most frequently found in moistheavy spruce forests in the colder parts of the Transition and Cana-dian Zones. They were trapped in runways in the damp moss at baseof balsam fir trees on the west slopes of Mount Guyot and Old BlackMountain. On the west slope of Inadu Kjiob, smoky shrews werecaught in the moss on banks of a spring in a balsam-fir forest. Theywere likewise taken in moss on the west slope of Low Gap, 4l^ milessoutheast of Cosby. According to Komarek and Komarek (1938,p. 146), this shrew has been taken at the following localities in SevierCounty: Chapman Prong and Eagle Rocks Prong of Little PigeonRiver, Dry Sluice (near Mount Collins), and Little River (altitude2,900 feet). A. H. Howell took one on August 21, 1908, near High-clifF in a damp heavily timbered ravine near the base of the northescarpment of Pine Mountain.Campbell County: HighclifE, altitude 1,000 feet, 1.Cocke County: Mount Guyot, Great Smoky Mountains, altitude 6,300 feet, 1;Old Black Mountain, Great Smoky Mountains, altitude 6,300 feet, 4 ; InaduKnob, Great Smoky Mountains, altitude 5,700 feet, 2; Low Gap, 41^ milessoutheast of Cosby, altitude 3,400 feet, 2.Sevier County: Indian Gap, altitude 5,200 feet, 3.CRYPTOTIS PARVA (Say): Small Short-tailed ShrewFive of these little short-tailed shrews were taken during Novem-ber 1937 by Perrygo and Schaefer in traps set in cotton-rat runwaysin thickly matted grass and broomsedge growing between the roadand a small creek east of Pulaski. Four were trapped in Microtusochrogaster runways during April and May 1937 in an abandonedalfalfa field on the edge of Reelfoot Lake. Three were trapped byA. H. Howell on one night, all within a few yards of one another, inprairie meadow mouse runways in a patch of dry grass and briers in anold field near Clarksville. Dr. A. R. Cahn submitted for identifica-tion a short-tailed shrew collected on October 18, 1937, at Norris,Anderson County.
252 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM vol.86These shrews were reported by Komarek and Komarek (1938,p. 147) as having been trapped in Sevier County in fallow fields over-grown with broomsedge at Greenbrier, along Fighting Creek nearGatlinburg, and in the runways of Stone's lemming mouse along FishCamp Prong of Little River (altitude 2,730 feet).Giles County: 6 miles east of Pulaski, 5.Lake County: Reelfoot Lake, 3 miles north of Tiptonville, 4.Montgomery County: Clarksville, 3.BLARINA BREVICAUDA TALPOIDES (Capper): Short-tailed ShrewThe short-tailed shrew is the largest of the five shrews recordedfor the State. It lives in underground burrows and also makessurface runways under matted leaves and decaying vegetation.When hunting for food it frequently uses the runways of other smallmammals. Blarinas were caught in the Great Smoky Mountains inlarge Schuyler traps that had been nailed to the trunks of trees5 or 6 feet above ground.At Shady Valley short-tailed shrews were trapped in a bog inwhich rhododendron and hemlock were growing. On the south-eastern slope of Holston Mountain they were trapped along a smallmountain stream in runways under moss in a growth of rhododen-dron and hemlock. On the west slope of Mount Guyot they weretaken in a balsam-fir forest and at Low Gap in runways under mossin hemlock. On Snake Den Mountain, blarinas were trapped inrunways under moss under mixed deciduous and hemlock treesgrowing on the banks of a swift-flowing mountain stream. Thevertical range of this shrew extends to at least G,300 feet. Komarekand Komarek (1938, p. 147) list specimens from the following local-ities in Sevier County: Fish Camp Prong of Little River, GrassyPatch (on Alum Cave Creek, 2 miles east of The Chimneys, altitude4,000 feet), Greenbrier, Horsehoe Mountain (about 3 miles east ofMount LeConte and li/^ miles north of Mount Kephart), Silers Bald,and Walker Prong of Little River.Specimens from eastern Tennessee average somewhat smaller thanthose taken in eastern and southern West Virginia, but they have alarger hind foot than those referred to carolinensis. Until this genusis revised, this series may be tentatively allocated to taJpoides. Fromthe eastern mountainous section the average measurements of 11males are as follows: Total length, 115.6 (110-125); tail, 23.2(19-27) ; hind foot, 14.7 (13-16). For 9 females from the same areathe average measurements are: Total length, 117.2 (108-126); tail,.23.5 (16.5-27) ; hind foot, 15.1 (14-16.5).
TENNESSEE MAMMALS KELLOGG 253Johnson County: Shady Valley, altitude 2,900 feet, 1 : Holston Mountain, 4 milesnortheast of Shady Valley, altitude 3,800 feet, 5 ; Holston Mountain, 3 milesnortheast of Shady Valley, altitude 3,000 feet, 1.Carter County: Roan Mountain, altitude 4,100-5,000 feet, 6.Cocke County: Mount Guyot, altitude 6,300 feet, 1 ; Low Gap, 4i^ miles southeastof Cosby, altitude 3,300-3,400 feet, 3 ; Snake Den Mountain, altitude 3,800feet, 1.BLARINA BREVICAUDA CAROLINENSIS (Bachman): Carolina Short-tailed Shrew, or Mole-shrewJtihoads (1896, p. 202) found that the southern mole-shrew waspresent "in the bottom lands of west Tennessee both in the open andin deep swampy woods." He collected specimens at Samburg on theshore of Reelfoot Lake and in the bottom lands of Wolf River nearRaleigh, Shelby County. Rhoads also lists specimens from Belle-view in Davidson County, Sawyers Springs on Walden Ridge inHamilton County, and Harriman in Roane County.At Hickory Withe the National Museum party trapped theseblarinas in runways under matted leaves on tussocks on cypressknees in the swamp as well as in the canebrake, at Frankewing undermatted leaves alongside rotten logs in deciduous woods, and also ona dry hillside in deciduous woods 8 miles north of Waynesboro.The short-tailed shrews collected in southern and western Ten-nessee average somewhat smaller than the eastern series. The aver-age measurements of three males are as follows: Total length, 98.3(85-112); tail, 19 (17-22); hind foot, 12.6 (11-14). For threefemales the average measurements are: Total length, 96.3 (85-109)
;
tail, 19.6 (18-22); hind foot, 11.5 (11-12.5). These measurementscorrespond rather closely with those that are considered typical ofthe subspecies carolinensis. The average measurements of 15 malesfrom localities in South Carolina, Georgia, and Alabama are asfollows: Total length, 97.7 (94-110); tail, 18.8 (15-21); hind foot,12 (11-13). For 10 females from the same States the average meas-urements are: Total length, 95 (86-103); tail, 19.9 (17-25); hindfoot, 12 (11-13).Benton County: Big Sandy, 1.Davidson County: Nashville, 1.Fayette County: Hickory Withe, 3.Lincoln County: 6 miles east of Frankewing, 1.Obion County: Samburg, 1.Wayne County: 8 miles east of Waynesboro, 2.Family VESPERTILIONIDAEMYOTIS GRISESCENS Howell: Gray, or Howell's, BatSeveral thousand of these bats were found by Mohr (1933, pp.50-51) during June 1932, hanging in compact masses from the roof
254 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM vol.86
of a small chamber leading off from the main portion of Indian Cave.Wlien the bats were disturbed, Mohr observed that hundreds flewaround in the chamber and that probably only 5 percent carriedtheir young, most of the females leaving their young hanging to theroof. The youngest of the bats were naked, and the oldest wereabout 3 weeks old. Mohr estimated that less than 10 percent of thebats were mature males. All the bats collected were in the russetphase. The Museum series from this cave was collected ISIay 23, 1925,by Prof. J. D. Ives.During June Mohr likewise found great numbers of these batslining the roof of Nickajack Cave. When Mohr (1932, pp. 272-273)visited this cave on December 24, 1931, he found only a solitaryfemale in the russet phase. On returning again to the cave onJanuary 4, 1932, he located three males in the dusky phase. ArthurH. Howell collected a large series of these bats at Nickajack Cave onAugust 31, 1908. Under the name of Myotis velifer^ Halin (1908,p. 580) listed this bat as occurring in Nickajack Cave.Grainger County: Indian Cave, on Holston River north of New Marlcet, 15.Marion County: Nickajack Cave, near Shell Mound, 76.MYOTIS KEENII SEPTENTRIONALIS (Trouessart) : Trouessart's BatOn July 2, 1892, Russell J. Thompson found tliree of these batshanging to rocks in Bellamys Cave, 4 miles from the CumberlandRiver. Miller and Allen (1928, p. lOG) list two specimens fromHickman County.Montgomery County: Bellamys Cave, 3.MYOTIS LUCIFUGUS LUCIFUGUS (LeConte): Little Brown BatRhoads (1896, p. 203) mentions four little brown bats collected byJ. T. Park at Warner, Hicbnan County. Two specimens fromGreenbrier, Sevier County, are listed by Komarek and Komarek(1938, p. 148).MYOTIS SODALIS Miller and Allen: Indiana BatAbout 300 yards from the entrance of Nickajack Cave, Mohr (1932,pp. 272-273) on December 24, 1931, found a colony of about 300Indiana bats hanging from the ceiling of a low chamber. On the farside of the stream in this cave Mohr found four additional clustersof these bats, each comprising several hundred individuals. On asecond visit, January 4, 1932, Mohr estimated that there were 1,200 to1,500 bats hibernating in this cave. The clusters contained individ-uals of both sexes. Not a single specunen of this bat was locatedwhen Mohr (1933, p. 51) revisited Nickajack Cave during June 1932.
TENNESSEE MAMMALS?KELLOGG 255Dr. A. R. Calm submitted for identification two of these bats thatwere collected during April 1937 in Ward Cave, Bedford County.Arthur Stupka, park naturalist, Great Smoky Mountains NationalPark, submitted for identification a male taken on September 2, 1937,at Keener House, Sevier County (altitude 1,500 feet).Marion County: Nickajack Cave, near Shell Mound, 1.MYOTIS SUBULATUS LEIBII (Audubon and Bachman): Leib's BatThis bat may occur in Teimessee, since it has been recorded on thenorth from White Sulphur Springs, W. Va., and Hickmans Cave, Ky.LASIONYCTERIS NOCTIVAGANS (LeConte) : Silver-haired BatEhoads (1896, p. 205) tentatively identified as this species batsseen at Sawyers Springs on Walden Ridge, Hamilton County, andon Roan Mountain. It was Rhoads' belief that "the fluttering, moth-like flight of some of these mountain bats was characteristic of thepeculiar movements of noctivagansP Two specimens from CadesCove, Blount County, and one from Greenbrier, Sevier County, arelisted by Komarek and Komarek (1938, p. 148).PIPISTRELLUS SUBFLAVUS SUBFLAVUS (F. Cuvier) : SouthernPipistrelle, or Georgian BatThe southern pipistrelle is one of the most widely distributed batsin the State. It is found hibernating in caves during winter, and insummer it speiids the day in rook crevices and the like. Near duskand later in the evening during the summer months it may be recog-nized by its erratic, butterflylike flight over fields, in clearings inthe woods, and near j)onds. The two collected at Low Gap wereshot in the evening of July 5, 1937, while flying around abandonedbuildings of a Civilian Conservation Corps camp. On December 24,1931, Mohr (1932, p. 272) observed a few of these bats about 300yards from the entrance of Nickajack Cave. Prof. J. D. Ives col-lected for the Museum a few individuals during December 1925 inIndian and Nickajack Caves. Dr. A. R. Calm submitted for identi-fication five pipistrelles collected during April 1937 in Ward Cave,Bedford County, and another lot of ten that were captured onFebruary 10, 1938, in a cave near Dry Creek, Hardin County. ArthurStupka, park naturalist. Great Smoky Mountains National Park, sub-mitted for identification five males taken during July 1937 in Salt-peter Cave, Blount Comity (altitude 1,750 feet). Komarek andKomarek (1938. p. 148) record a specimen from Greenbrier, SevierCounty.Anderson County: Briceville, 6.Benton County: Big Sandy, 9.
256 PKOCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM vol.86Cocke County: Low Gap, 4% miles southeast of Cosby, altitude 2,700 feet. 2.Grainger County: Indian Cave, on Holston River near New Market, 2.Hamilton County: Rathburn (Soddy P. O.), 2.Hickman County : 1,Houston County: Danville, 5.Jefferson County: Jefferson City, 2.Marion County: Nickajack Cave, near Shell Mound, 1.Shelby County: Arlington, 3.EPTESICUS FUSCUS FUSCUS (Beauvois): Big Brown BatRhoads (1896, p. 204) reports that the brown bat is found on theCumberland Plateau but that none were seen on Roan Mountain. Helists three specimens from Vaughans Cave, Belleview, DavidsonCounty. H. Allen (1893, p. 152) lists a specimen collected in 1856 byProf. J. B. Mitchell in Roane County. Dr. A. R. Cahn submitted foridentification a brown bat collected on July 30, 1937, in HatmakerCave, Andei-son County ; another taken on October 2, 1937, at Norris
;
and a third captured on February 10, 1938, in a cave near Dry Creek,Hardin County. A specimen taken at Greenbrier, Sevier County, islisted by Komarek and Komarek (1938, p. 148).Hamilton County: Rathburn (Soddy l\ O.), 1.LASIURUS BOREALIS (Mtiller): Red BatThe red bat is occasionally found in caves during winter, but insummer it is usually found during daylight hours hanging fromthe smaller limbs of trees in wooded tracts. G. A. Coleman shot redbats in the open woods near the Loosahatchie River and in a clearingalong the creek near Big Sandy. Rhoads (1896, p. 203) observed afew red bats in the mountains of eastern Tennessee. H. Allen (1893,p. 152) lists a specimen, which cannot now be located, collected in1854 by Prof. Richard Owen at Tyree Springs, Sumner County.Miller (1897, p. 108) lists a specimen from Alexandria, De KalbCounty. This bat has been taken also at Cades Cove, Blount County,and at Greenbrier, Sevier County (Komarek and Komarek, 1938,p. 148).Anderson County: Briceville, 2; Coal Creek, 1.Benton County: Big Sandy, 11.Cumberland County: 2 miles east of Crossville, altitude 2,000 feet, 1.Houston County: Danville, 1.Humphreys County: Waverly, 1.Knox County: Knoxville, 1.Marion County: Nickajack Cave, near Shell Mound, 1.Montgomery County: Clarksville, 1.Shelby County: Arlington, 2.
TENNESSEE MAMMALS?KELLOGG 257LASIURUS CINEREUS (Beauvois): Hoary BatRhoads (1896, p. 203) concluded that the hoary bat "is likely tooccur either as a migrant or resident anywhere east of the Cumber-land Plateau."NYCTICEIUS HUMERALIS (Rafinesque): Evening, or Rafinesque's, BatThe recorded occurrences of this bat in the State are all west of the-southern Allegheny Mountains. The evening bat begins to hunt con-siderably before dark and may be recognized by its rather slow andsteady flight. G. A. Coleman collected a number of individuals dur-ing June 1892 in an open space near the creek and along the railroadtracks at Big Sandy, as well as in the open woods near Arlington.Rhoads (1896, p. 204) refers to specimens of this bat taken in Hick-man County by J. T. Park during August and Sei)tember.Benton County: Big Sandy, 14.Hickman County: Warner, 1 ; Hickman County : 1.Houston County: Danville, 1.Shelby County: Arlington, 4.CORYNORHINUS MACROTIS (LeConte): LeConte's Lump-nosed, orBig-eared, BatArthur Stupka, park naturalist. Great Smoky Mountains NationalPark, lent eight specimens from Cades Cove, I4I/2 miles southeast ofMaryville, Blount County (altitude 1,750 feet). Of these one wasa female collected at Cades Cove on September 12, 1936, and theremainder, four males and three females, were taken at the CadesCove C. C. C. camp schoolhouse on July 12-15, 1937. This bat hasbeen taken also in Sevier County at Gatlinburg and Greenbrier(Komarek and Komarek, 1938, p. 148).The lump-nosed bat may occur in middle Tennessee, since it hasbeen recorded by Howell (1921, p. 28) near the northern boundaryline of Alabama at Huntsville, Madison County, and by Miller (1897,p. 52) at Bowling Green, Warren County, Ky.Family URSIDAEURSUS AMERICANUS AMERICANUS Pallas: Black BearBlack bears appear to have ranged over all Tennessee in earlytimes, but they have since been exterminated in many sections. Noskulls are available for examination, and this makes it impossibleto say whether the Florida black bear {Ursus flondanus) formerlyoccurred in the southern parts of the State.The Virginia trader Abraham Wood sent James Needham andGabriell Arthur in 1673 to the Cherokee Indian town Cota, located
258 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIOIi^AL, MUSEUM vol.86in what is now Monroe County, Tenn. While enroute to this place,Needham, as reported by Wood (Williams, 1928, p. 27), saw bearsalong the Holston River in the vicinity of Bays Mountains [ ? Haw-kins County]. Dr. Thomas Walker (Williams, 1928, p. 172) relatesthat he had killed a male bear in Hawkins County on his trip inApril 1750 to save his dog from further injury. In the valley ofBoones Creek, a tributary of the Watauga River, near the old stageroad between Jonesboro, Washington County, and Blountville, Sulli-van County, there stood for many years a beech tree on which DanielBoone in 1760 carved a notice that he had killed a bear there(Ramsey, 1853, p. 67). Lt. Henry Timberlake, on his trip downthe Holston River during December 1761 from Kingsport, SullivanCounty, to a large cave below the present site of Three Springs Ford,Hamblen County, commented on the amazing number of bears thathe had seen (Williams, 1927, pp. 45, 47). The same traveler reportedan abundance of bears in 1762 along the Little Tennessee River nearthe mouth of Tellico River (Williams, 1927, p. 71). Local residentsreported that a bear was seen near Shady Valley, Johnson County,in 1936. Perrygo and Lingebach saw a black bear on June 25, 1937,and also on the following day at an altitude of 5,200 to 5,700 feeton Inadu Knob, Cocke County. Komarek and Komarek (1938, p.148) report that a female and a large male black bear were takenabove Greenbrier and another male along Ramsey Fort of LittlePigeon River in Sevier County. The visible bear "sign" noted bymembers of the field parties of the Chicago Academy of Sciencesindicates that black bears are increasing in numbers since the estab-lishment of the Great Smoky Mountains National Park,Bears at one time were plentiful in the vicinity of the Cumber-land settlements at Nashville, and many were killed for food by theearly settlers. A hunter, Thomas Sharp Spencer, who was wellknown to the French and the Indians as the giant with "the big feet,"hunted bears as early as 1775 a few miles southeast of CastalianSprings, Sumner County. Ramsey (1853, p. 450) states that a partyof 20 hunters from Batons Station [Nashville] traveled up the Cum-berland River to the region between Caney Fork and Flynns LickCreek [Smith, Putnam, and Jackson Counties], where they killed105 bears during the winter of 1782. Putnam (1859, p. 296) writesthat "bears and wolves were found in great numbers for a half-a-dozen years after the first settlements in the Harpeth Hills," 10 or12 miles south of Nashville. During one winter Capt. John Rains
"killed 32 bears within 7 miles of the Bluff, mostly in Harpeth Knobs,South of Nashville" (Putnam, 1859, p. 122). William Neelly, whohad established a station for making salt at Neellys Bend of the Cum-berland River, was killed by the Indians in 1788 on the night he
TENNESSEE MAMMALS KELLOGG 259returned from a hunt for bear and buffalo meat for the workers(Putnam, 1859, p. 117). The records of Sumner County for 1787show that "good fat bear meat" was accepted for taxes at 14 penceper pound, if delivered where troops were stationed (Putnam, 1859,p. 252).Francis Baily (Williams, 1928, p. 407) mentions that while travel-ing the trail between Duck River and Nashville he heard bears andwolves howling on July 29, 1797. Andrew Michaux also records(Williams, 1928, p. 335) that bears were present in 1799 in thevicinity of Nashville. Abraham Steiner and Christian Frederic deSchweinitz wrote in their journal (Williams, 1928, pp. 504, 505, 519)that a bear was killed on November 24, 1799, near Drowning Creekand that John Binkley's party killed three bears the followingday near Flat Rock [Cumberland County]. These two missionariesalso mention that a Mr. Shaw^, at whose cabin they stayed for oneor two days, hunted bears in the vicinity of the Caney Fork road[Putnam County].Black bears could be found without difficulty in 1881 in the moun-tains 15 or 20 miles from Chattanooga (Cee, 1881, p. 309). A fewbears were reported in 1880 (Antler, p. 306) in the Caney Forkdistrict, Van Buren County. Edward I. Mullins reported to methat a bear was seen about 1910 on his father's farm near Huntsville,Scott County, and that he had followed the tracks for a short dis-tance. W. M. Perrygo was told by a local resident that a femaleand her cubs were killed in 1905 about 6 miles east of Waynesboro,Wayne County. This was the last bear seen in that vicinity. Whilecollecting in Cumberland County, Perrygo was informed that abear had been killed in 1921 near Crossville.Black bears were plentiful for many years in the western part ofthe State. In his account of a voyage down the Mississippi Riverin 1700, Father James Gravier mentioned (Williams, 1928, p. 68)that "a quantity of bears" had been killed the preceding year atFort Prud'homme [above Memphis]. While on his journey up theMississippi River in 1723, Diron d'Artaguette camped a league abovethe second "Ecores a Prud'homme" [above Memphis, between themouths of the Hatchie and Coal Creeks] where a "fat she bear ofenormous size" was killed on March 23 (Williams, 1930, p. 10).Henry Rutherford and his guide, while surveying a large tract ofland in 1785 on the south side of Forked Deer River, LauderdaleCounty, killed bears and other game for food (Williams, 1930, p. 44).David Crockett (1834, pp. 81, 92, 101), in relating his hunting ex-periences in the lowlands of Obion County, said that he killed bearsin Obion County as early as 1822, and this county, longer than anyother, remained a good hunting ground for bears and deer (Wil-
2QQ PKOCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM vol.86liams 1930, p. 153). Crockett mentioned that in 1825 he killedfour bears on one day and 105 in less than a year. During theyear 1820, it is reported (Williams, 1930, p. 156) that ReubenEdmondson and John Bradshaw killed 85 bears in Weakley County.Benjamin Porter, Jr., born June 12, 1820, at Porters Gap, is saidto have killed more than 100 bears in Lauderdale County duringhis lifetime (Williams, 1930, p. 161). From Benjamin C. Miles,Rhoads (1896, p. 199) learned that a bear killed in 1865 appearedto be the last record for Haywood County, though bears were oc-casionally killed in Lauderdale County as late as 1895.Family PROCYONIDAEPROCYON LOTOR VARIUS Nelson and Goldman: Alabama RaccoonAlthough raccoons are still numerous in some districts in Ten-nessee, they were even more plentiful when the first settlers arrived.Lt. Henry Timberlake (Williams, 1927, p. 71) wrote in his journalunder date of January 2, 1762, that raccoons were numerous in thevicinity of Tellico River, Monroe County. On March 31, 1785, anact was passed by the General Assembly of the State of Franklinthat made lawful the payment of land taxes in pelts and otherspecified commodities. The value of a raccoon skin was fixed at 1shilling 3 pence (Ramsey, 1853, p. 297). On account of the de-ranged currency and the scarcity of specie or notes of specie-payingbanks, the General Assembly of the State of Franklin passed anact authorizing the payment of salaries to civil officers in pelts be-ginning January 1, 1788. The salary of the secretary to the Gov-ernor was fixed at 500 raccoon skins (Williams, 1924, p. 215).Five specimens from Greenbrier, Sevier County, are listed byKomarek and Komarek (1938, p. 149). They report that raccoonsoccur in the Great Smoky Mountains at all elevations but are morenumerous at lower altitudes.About 40 years ago Rhoads (1896, p. 197) stated that raccoonswere "excessively abundant in the bottoms of West Tennessee." Rac-coons were reported in 1937 to be quite rare in Fayette County.They are said to be fairly numerous, however, in the swamps alongthe Loosahatchie River, Shelby County, and along the bottoms ofObion River in Dyer and Obion Counties. Tracks were seen byPerrygo and Lingebach during April 1937 along a creek in a hard-wood swamp near Reelfoot Lake, Obion County. Raccoons werereported (Will, 1884, p. 106) as being abundant near Savannah,Hardin County, during the winter of 1883-84. Local residents nearWaynesboro in 1937 stated that raccoons were becoming scarcer inWayne County. A few are caught each year near Crossville.
TENNESSEE I^.IAMMALS KELLOGG 261Benton County: Big Sandy, 1.Montgomery County: Clarksville, 1.Shelby County: Arlington, 1.Family MUSTELIDAEMARTES PENNANTI PENNANTI (Erxleben): Eastern Fisher, or PekanAlthouo-h Dr. C. Hart Merriam (1888, p. 159), after having accom-panied Henry Gannett, of the U. S. Geological Survey, several hun-dred miles through the Great Smoky Mountains of Tennessee andNorth Carolina, reported that the pekan was unlmown m 1887 tolocal residents, reliable information exists that this animal formerlyoccurred in that area. Audubon and Bachman (1816, vol. 1, p. 311)refer to the former presence of the fisher as follows: "We have seenseveral skins procured in east Tennessee and we have heard of atleast one individual that was captured near Flat Rock [? Cumber-land County] in that State, latitude 35?." The Flat Rock was a we 1-known landmark when the wagon road from Clinch River to Nash-ville was opened for travel in 1795. Latitude 35?, however, isapproximately the southern boundary of the State.MUSTELA FRENATA NOVEBORACENSIS (Emmons) : New York WeaselThe available specimens of this weasel were all taken in the easternhalf of the State. Rhoads (1896, p. 196), however, states that it issaid to be common in west Tennessee." A weasel was taken at analtitude of 3,800 feet near Shady Valley on June 13, 1937, m a large-size Schuyler trap nailed to the trunk of an oak tree. Anotherweasel was trapped on Roan Mountain during September 1937 in abalsam-fir forest. Local residents in 1937 reported to Perrygo thatweasels were fairly numerous at lower altitudes in the valleys ofeastern Tennessee. ^^ . i t.t iCuriously enough, the three weasels in the National Museum col-lection from the Allegheny Mountains of West Virginia, as well asthe two collected in eastern Tennessee by the Museum party m 1937,are all somewhat darker than the Campbell and Hamilton Countyspecimens. The coloration of the upper parts of these five speci-mens approaches Front's brown or sepia. This coloration is ofdoubtful significance, since three specimens from 6.000 feet elevationon Roan Mountain, N. C, as well as five others from Magnetic Cityat the foot of Roan Mountain, have the usual cinnamon-brown colora-tion Furthermore, in a series of 37 specimens from localities inMaryland, Virginia, and the District of Columbia, a young maleand a young female have this dark-colored pelage.107573?38 2
262 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM vol.86Specimens from Lower Eamsey Branch of the Little Pigeon River,from Pinnacle in Sevier County, and from Knoxville in KnoxCounty are referred tentatively to the southern weasel {M. n. notia) byKomarek and Komarek (1938, p. 150).Campbell County: Highcliff, 1.Carter County: Roan Mountain, altitude 6.100 feet, 1.Hamilton County: Walden Ridge, near Soddy, 3.Johnson County: Holston Mountains, 4 miles northeast of Shady Valley,altitude 3,800 feet, 1.MUSTELA VISON VISON Schreber: Mountain, or Black, MinkThe early records seem to indicate that the dark-colored mink v.asformerly common in the mountainous portion of eastern Tennessee.Under an act of the General Assembly of the State of Franklin, theremuneration of a constable serving a warrant was fixed at one minkskin beginning January 1, 1788 (Williams, 1924, p. 215). W. M.Perrygo was told iii 1937 that a few minks are taken on Roan jNloun-tain by local trappers, but that they are not so abundant as formerly.One mink was trapped and another seen in 1933 at Greenbrier, SevierCounty (Komarek and Komarek, 1938, p. 150).MUSTELA VISON MINK Peale and Beauvois: Common, or BrowTi, MinkMinks were formerly generally distributed over most of Tennessee.In many localities they are now rather scarce, and high prices forpelts about 1920 almost resulted in their extermination in somecounties. Minks were reported (Will, 1884, p. 106) very abundantnear Savannah, Hnrdin County, during the winter of 1883-84. I>ocaltrappers reported in 1937 that minks were becoming rare in Shelbyand Fayette Counties. Perrygo likewise learned from trappers thatminks are caught occasionally in the vicinity of Reelfoot Lake, ObionCounty. Rhoads (1896, p. 198) lists a specimen from Open Lake,Lauderdale County.LUTRA CANADENSIS INTERIOR Swenk: Mississippi Valley OtterThe otter doubtless occurred throughout Tennessee in early times,but persistent trapping by the early hunters and settlers soon reducedits numbei-s. No specimens have been received by the U. S. NationalMuseum from the State, and it is therefore impossible to identifywith certainty the race that may occur there now.While residing with the Cherokee Indian chief Ostenaco at themouth of Tellico River, Monroe County, Lt. Henry Timberlake onJanuary 2, 1762, made a note in his journal (Williams, 1927, p. 69)concerning "brooks well stored with fish, otters, and beaver." Underan act of the General Assembly of the State of Franklin, passed and
TENNESSEE MAMMALS KELLOGG 263
signed on March 31, 1785, the vahie of a cased otter skin was fixedat 6 shillings and that of an uncased skin at 5 shillings (Ramsey,1853, p. 297). The same Assembly in 1788 fixed the salary of theState treasurer at 450 otter skins (Williams, 1924, p. 215).B. C. Miles reported to Rhoads (1896, p. 197) that he had seen anotter that was killed at Open Lake, Lauderdale County, during thewinter of 1895. Rhoads also learned that otters were often seen byhunters at Reelfoot Lake.SPILOGALE PUTORIUS (Linnaeus): Alleghenian Spotted SkunkHowell (1909, p. 65) states that the spotted skunk was reportedscarce in the vicinity of Briceville, Anderson County. Komarek andKomarek (1938, p. 150) list one specimen that was taken in the GreatSmoky Mountains National Park but give no definite locality.Campbell County: Highcliff, 1.Sullivan County: Holston Mountains, head of Flshdam Creek, 1.MEPHITIS MEPHITIS NIGRA (Peale and Beauvois): Eastern SkunkThe eastern skunk seems to be distributed in Tennessee west ofthe southern Allegheny Mountains. It occasionally takes up resi-dence under a house or barn but generally is found in its own bur-rows or in abandoned burrows of some other animal. These areusually located in rocky terrain hidden by thickets or in clumps ofbrush at corners of rail fences. Rhoads (1896, p. 199) was told thatskunks were "rare in the IMississippi lowlands" and reported that he
"rarely detected the signs of this animal in Tennessee, though every-one seems to be acquainted with the animal in all localities visitedexcept, perhaps, on the summits of the highest mountains." Perrygoreports that he saw no crushed skunks on the roads over which theMuseum party drove their car during 1937 and that the familiarodor was not noted at any time except in the case of one taken inLincoln County. This skunk was trapped in a rock ledge partiallyhidden in a hedgerow consisting of scrub cedar, briers, and cacti nearfarm buildings west of Fayetteville. Near Waynesboro one was killedin the deciduous woods on a rather dry hillside. Skunks were re-ported to be fairly common in Wayne County, but more skimks weresaid to be present in Lincoln County than in any other part of theState visited by the Museum party. The specimen from Camp-bell County, although not typical, is referred to nigra rather than toelongata^ which occurs in eastern West Virginia.Campbell County: Highcliff, 1.Lincoln County: 2 miles west of Fayetteville, 1."Wayne County: Waynesboro, 1.
264 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM vol.86MEPHITIS MEPHITIS ELONGATA Bangs: Florida SkunkFive specimens taken in Sevier County at Greenbrier and Pin-nacle are referred to the southern skunk by Komarek and Komarek(1938, p. 150). Family CANIDAEVTJLPES FULVA FULVA (Desmarest) : Red FoxThe red fox seems not to have been one of the native mammalsof Tennessee, but it has been introduced into various sections of theState at diiferent times by those interested in hunting with hounds.Perrygo was told that red foxes have been liberated recently in anumber of localities. Local residents informed him that red foxeswere plentiful in the vicinity of Waynesboro, Wayne County, butthat they were not common near Crossville, Cumberland County.Contrary to general belief, Rhoads (1896, p. 200) states that thered fox was "always numerous in the mountains" but "has spreadwith increasing population uito west Tennessee, where it was un-known to the early pioneers." Benjamin C. Miles is authority forthe statement that this fox was introduced or migrated into Hay-wood and Lauderdale Counties about 1845.Komarek and Komarek (1938, p. 150) mention a red fox thatwas found dead along Dudley Creek, Sevier County. From theBlount County Fox Hunters' Association they obtained informa-tion that in the years 1924 to 1926 approximately 150 red foxeswere shipped from Waterloo, Minn., and liberated in the ChilhoweeMountains at several localities in the area between Sevierville andthe Tennessee River.UROCYON CINEREOARGENTEUS CINEREOARGENTEUS (Schreber):Gray FoxThe gray fox in former times occurred in most sections of theState and is still common in many localities. Hunting with houndshas resulted in the reduction and in some cases the extermination ofthis fox in the vicinity of thickly settled regions.Lt. Henry Timberlake (Williams, 1927, p. 71) mentions thatfoxes were very abundant in 1762 along the Little Tennessee Rivernear the mouth of Tellico River. Ramsey (1853, p. 206) statesthat when the first settlers came to the Bluff [Nashville] in 1780foxes were present in the vicinity.Under the act of March 31, 1785, of the General Assembly of theState of Franklin, the value of a fox skin was fixed at 1 shilling 3pence (Ramsey, 1853, p. 297).
TENNESSEE MAMMALS KELLOGG 265Local residents reported to Perrygo that gray foxes are occasion-ally caught in Fayette and Shelby Counties. He was told thatgray foxes were still plentiful in the vicinity of Waynesboro, WayneCounty. Similarly, trappers residing near Crossville informed himthat this fox was no longer caught very often in Cumberland County.In eastern Tennessee, Rhoads (1896, p. 200) states that the grayfox "sometimes courses over the balsam belt of Roan Mountain,when pursued by dogs, but does not reside at so great an altitude."Arthur Stupka, park naturalist, has informed me that specimensfrom Cades Cove, Blount County, and Elkmont, Sevier County, havebeen acquired by the museum of the Great Smoky Mountains Na-tional Park and that he has sight records from Gatlinburg, SevierCounty, and elsewhere in the park. His observations indicate thatthe gray fox outnumbers the red fox at elevations below 2,000 feet.Benton County: Big Sandy, 1.Hamilton County: Walden Ridge, near Soddy, 2.CANIS LUPUS LYCAON Schreber: Gray WolfWolves, although once numerous, were exterminated in many sec-tions of Temiessee many years ago. Unfortunately there are fewpublished records.The first recorded mention of wolves in eastern Tennessee appearsto be that of James Needham (Williams, 1928, p. 27), who in 1673saw wolves while traveling from near the present site of Trade, John-son County, to the Cherokee Indian town Chota in what is nowMonroe County. Wliile engaged in carrying out a peace treaty withthe Cherokee Indians, Lt. Henry Timberlake wrote in his journal(Williams, 1927, p. 71) under date of January 2, 1762, near themouth of Tellico River, Monroe County, that there were an incrediblenumber of wolves. Dr. C. Hart Merriam (1888, p. 459) wrote, afterhis trip through the region in 1887, that wolves were present in theSmoky Mountains. Rhoads (1896, p. 200) states that a wolf wasseen during the winter, about 1883, near the Cloudland hotel onRoan Mountain and that a few may persist in the southern Alle-ghenies. Early settlers in the vicinity of Shady Valley, JoluisonCounty, resorted to the use of high pen traps baited with live sheepto rid the country of wolves. Perrygo was shown the location ofsome of these trapping sites in the Holston Mountains. These penswere constructed of logs and built so that one side abutted againstsome abrupt cut in a gradual hill slope. A pack of wolves, havingscented the bait, generally came down the slope and jumped intothe pen, from which they could not escape. The trapped wolves werethen killed with a gun or club.
266 PROCEEDINGS OF THE IsTATIONiyL, MUSEUM vol.86Eeferences to ATolves are more numerous in the early records ofmiddle Temiessee. Ramsey (1853, p. 206) mentions that wolves werepresent in 1780 in the vicinity of the Bluff [Nashville]. Other rec-ords show that wolves were so numerous at the time the Nashvillesettlements were established that the settlers were compelled to buildpens as traps. During the winter of 1788, wdien many of the settlershad sought refuge from the Indians at Rains Station [on BrownsCreek, 21/2 miles south of Nashville], the hunters, men and boys,would "occasionally visit their wolf and turkey pens" (Putnam, 1859,p. 296). An entry in the journal of Andre Michaux (Williams, 1928,p. 335) written at Nashville on June 21, 1795, indicates that wolveswere present in the vicinity. Francis Baily (Williams, 1928, p. 407),while traveling the trail from Duck River to Nashville, mentions hear-ing the howling of wolves on June 29, 1797. In John Lipscomb'sjournal (Williams, 1928, p. 276) under date of June 29, 1784, it isrecorded that two big buffalo bulls followed by a wolf were seen ata lick near Little Barren River [Macon County, Tenn., or AllenCounty, Ky.]. Abraham Steiner and Christian Frederic de Schwein-itz, while traveling eastward on the Caney Fork road, stopped fora day or so at the cabin of a Mr. Shaw. Under date of December12, 1799, they wrote in their journal (Williams, 1928, p. 519) that
"here [Smith or Putnam County], in proximity to the wilderness,there are deer, bear, and wolves in great numbers." Williams (1930,pp. 96, 180) writes that in 1819 v.olves attacked pigs, young calves,and fawns and that bounties were paid to the trappers and huntersfor scalps of wolves. Audubon and Bachman (1851, vol. 2, p. 129)describe a pit trap that was used in Kentucky, and it is quite likelythat similar wolf pits were constructed in western and middle Ten-nessee. In 1880 (Antler, p. 306) it was reported that gray wolveswere occasionally found in the Caney Fork district. Van BurenCounty. It was reported to W. M. Perrygo that a female and herpups had been killed about 1917 near Waynesboro, Wayne County.Another wolf was killed in 1919 on North Fork River, CumberlandCounty.No specific mention of gray wolves has been found in the earlyaccounts of western Tennessee. Benjamin C. Miles (1895, p. 182)supposed that the large gray wolf extended its range into the riverbottoms of Lauderdale County about 1890 or 1891. Subsequently helearned from Major Shaw (Rhoads, 1896, p. 200), an old hunter ofHaywood County, that the latter had "captured a litter of sevenwolf pups, three of which were gray and four black." Major Shawwas inclined to believe that the "big gray wolf has always been hereand some favorable circumstance must have developed his numbers."
TENNESSEE ]MAMMALS KELLOGG 267Some time later JNIiles wrote Rlioads (1896, p. 200) that two wolveshad been poisoned about December 10, 1895, within 7 miles of Browns-ville, Haywood County.CANIS RUFUS FLORIDANUS Miller: Florida Red WolfA right mandible (U.S.N.M. no. 200145), referred to this wolf,was found by Clarence B. Moore in 1914-15 a short distance aboveChattanooga in debris from the Citico aboriginal mound near CiticoCreek, Hamilton County. It is quite likely that this red wolf rangedover southeastern Temiessee at least until the time of the arrival ofthe first white traders, since iron-blades manufactured by the whiteswere found at this site (Moore, 1915, pp. 373-374).CANIS RUFUS GREGORYI Goldman: Mississippi Valley WolfThe specific identity of the gray and black wolves of Tennessee isquite puzzling in view of conflicting statements. According to Ben-jamin C. Miles (1895, p. 182) the small black wolf was exterminatedabout 1870 in Haywood and Lauderdale Counties. Major Shaw(Rhoads, 1896, p. 200) says that "our present wolf is larger and verymuch fiercer than those of my childhood, at least those specimenswere which came under my observation." Audubon and Bachman(1851, vol. 2, p. 130) refer to having seen black wolves on tripsthrough southern Kentucky and mention one hunter who had traineda black wolf to trail deer. No specimens are available for examina-tion. It is known, however, that the black phase is quite common inthis species of wolf. Goldman (1937, p. 44) states that "a specimenfrom Cherokee, Colbert County, northwestern Alabama, is somewhatintermediate, but in heavy dentition is nearer -floridanusyCANIS LATRANS Say: CoyoteCoyotes are reported to have been introduced in Tennessee in recentyears, though no information is at present available as to the sourcewhere they were obtained. A female killed in Maury County wasacquired by the Tennessee State Museum in 1930. According to anitem that appeared in the Migrant,- "it is believed that it is from astock of coyotes that were liberated in west Tennessee at Grand Junc-tion [Hardeman County] for the purpose of training hounds." TheBureau of Biological Survey obtained from Earl May the skin andskull of a female killed on May 23, 1931, at, McCains.Maury County: McCains, 1.
^ Quart. Publ. Tennessee Orn. Soc, vol. 1, nos. 3-4, p. 19, Dec. 1930.
268 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM vol.86FELIS CONCOLOR COUGUAR Kerr: Cougar, Panther, or Eastern MountainLionAn entry in the journal of Lt. Henry Tiniberlake (Williams, 1927,p. 71) under date of January 2, 1762, indicates that panthers werenumerous at that date in the vicinity of Tellico River, Monroe Coun-ty. Dr. C. Hart Merriam, however, reported in 1888 (p. 459) thatthe panther was unknown in the Great Smoky Mountains region ofTennessee and North Carolina. Perrygo was told that a pantherhad been killed in 1929 in the Holston Mountains near Shady Valley,Johnson County. Another panther was seen crossing the trail onHoan Mountain on September 18, 1937.Ramsey (1853, p. 206) states that panthers were present in 1780in the vicinity of the Bluff [Nashville]. While staying at the homeof a Mr. Shaw on the Caney Fork road [? Smith County], AbrahamSteiner and Christian Frederic de Schweinitz wrote on December 12,1799, that panthers were present in that vicinity. A panther wasseen on May 30, 1937, by local residents on North Fork River nearCrossville, Cumberland County.Williams (1930, p. 96) writes that panthers were present in westernTennessee in 1819. Some years later Benjamin Porter, Jr., is re-ported to have killed on one day four full-grown panthei-s, which av-eraged 91/2 feet in length, in Lauderdale County (Williams, 1930, p.161). Hallock (1877, p. 153) stated that the canebrakes of ShelbyCounty afforded fine grounds for hunting panthers. It is also reportedthat a panther measuring 7i/^ feet from ti]) to tip was killed by RobertH. Weaver on Wheatley's plantation, 8 miles south of Memphis(Anon., 1880, p. 11). Benjamin C. Miles reported to Rhoads (1896,p. 201) that a few panthers were said to occur in the most impassablebrakes and "harricanes" of the bottoms of Lauderdale County.LYNX RUFUS RUFUS (Schreber): Bobcat, or Wild CatThe first mention of wild cats occurring in the State of Tennesseeappears to be that recorded by Abraham Steiner and ChristianFrederic de Schweinitz. On December 12, 1799, they recorded intheir journal (Williams, 1928, p. 519) that wild cats occur near theCaney Fork road [Smith or Putnam County]. Williams (1930, pp.96, 180) records the occurrence in 1819 of wild cats and catamountsin western Tennessee.Perrygo was informed by local residents that wild cats are occa-sionally trapped in cypress swamps in Fayette and Shelby Counties.In the vicinity of Waynesboro, Wayne County, it was reported thatthere were still a few wild cats on the ridges and that a female hadbeen killed there during March 1937. Local residents in the vicinity of
TENNESSEE MAMMALS KELLOGG 269Crossvillo reported that there were relatively few wild cats in Cum-berland County. The specimens from Walden Kidge are indis-tinguishable from those taken in eastern West Virginia.Tracks were seen by Perrygo and Schaefer during September 193Ton Roan Mountain, and they were told that wild cats were notabundant in the Great Smoky Mountains. Komarek and Komarek(1938, p. 151), however, report that wild-cat tracks were frequentlyseen in Sevier County near Mount Guyot and on Brushy Mountain,Three specimens were taken by their party at Greenbrier, SevierCounty. Wild cats are frequently trapped in the Cherokee NationalForest. The Florida wild cat {Lyn-x rufus floridanus) may occur inthis forest.Hamilton County: Walden Ridge, near Soddy, 3.Family SCIURIDAEMARMOTA MONAX MONAX (Linnaeus) : Southern Woodchuck, orGroundhogDuring April and May 1937 Perrygo and Lingebach learned thata few woodchucks were to be found in the bluffs bordering the Mis-sissippi River lowlands but that they were not common in any ofthe western counties drained by the small tributaries of the river^One was seen April 29, 1957, crossing the road northeast of Horn-beak, Obion County. In 1895, Benjamin C. Miles informed Rhoads(1896, p. 193) that woodchucks were very rare in Haywood County.As far back as the oldest residents could recall, no woodchucks havebeen found in Fayette and Shelby Counties.In middle Tennessee, two were seen during May 1937 near Waynes-boro, Wayne County. Local residents near Crossville reported toPerrygo in May 1937 that woodchucks were rather scarce in Cum-berland County. On the western slope of the Clinch Mountains, afew occur in the farming sections near the Clinch River, GraingerCounty. According to Howell (1909, p. 60) woodchucks were re-ported as being common in Anderson County on Cross Mountain andin Hamilton County on Walden Ridge near Soddy. They also occuron the ridge between Fayetteville, Lincoln County, and Pulaski,Giles County.Woodchucks appear to be slightly more abundant in eastern Ten-nessee. Perrygo and Lingebach found that there were a few livingin the hedgerows bordering farming land in Shady Valley, JohnsonCounty. Woodchucks were reported as being not at all abundantin the Great Smoky Mountains. A few were seen in the rockyground between hemlock woods (altitude 2,700 feet) and an oldabandoned field at Low Gap, 4I/2 miles southeast of Cosby, but only
270 PEOCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM vol.86one was trapped. In eastern Tennessee, according to Klioads (1896,p. 193), the vertical range of the woodchuck does not extend upwardinto the fir belt, which begins approximately at an elevation of 5,000feet. Two woodchncks were taken by the Museum party, however,during September 1937 at Carvers Gap on a bald spot at an altitudeof 5,500 feet. A specimen from Greenbrier, Sevier County, is listedby Komarek and Komarek (1938, p. 151).A few woodchucks occur along the edges of mixed deciduous andpine woods on Big Frog Mountain, Polk County, where no farminghas been carried on for a great many years. In this region thevertical range of this animal goes up to at least 2,500 feet.Campbell County: Highcliff, 1.Carter County: Carvers Gap, Roan Mountain, altitude 5,500 feet, 2.Cocke County: Low Gap, 4i^ miles southeast of Cosby, altitude 2,700 feet, 1Humphreys County: Duck River, 6 miles southwest of Waverly, 1.Polk County: Big Frog Mountain, 12 miles west of Copperhill, altitude 1,800feet, 1.Stewart County: Dover, 1.TAMIAS STRIATUS STRIATUS (Linnaeus): Southeastern ChipmunkVery few chipmunks were seen in Tennessee by the Museum party.Several were observed during June 1937 at an altitude of 3,800 feetin oak and beech woods on the Holston Mountains, 4 miles northeastof Shady Valley, Johnson County. Chipmunks appear to be morenumerous here than at any other locality visited in 1937. Two wereseen September 18, 1937, at an altitude of 4,000 feet on Roan Moun-tain, Carter County. One was seen during June 1937 at an altitudeof 2,700 feet on Low Gap southeast of Cosby, Cocke County.Komarek and Komarek (1938, p. 152) state that chipmunks are com-mon in the deciduous woods of the Great Smoky Mountains and listspecimens from Eagle Rocks Prong of Little Pigeon River, Green-brier, Horseshoe Mountain (about 3 miles east of Mount LeConteand 11^ miles north of Mount Kephart), Mount Harrison, and Por-ters Flats in Sevier County, and also from Thunderhead in BlountCounty. Rhoads (1896, p. 194) observed chipmunks at JohnsonCity, Washington County, and at Greeneville, Greene County.Howell (1909, p. 59) states that chipmunks were reported to occurat Highcliff, Campbell County, and on Walden Ridge near Soddy,Hamilton County, and that one was seen on Coal Creek in Ander-son County.In middle Tennessee, Rhoads observed chipmunks at Nashville,Davidson County, and mentioned two specimens taken at Warner,Hickman County, during November and December. No chipmunkswere seen by Rhoads "at Chattanooga or Knoxville, nor on the Cum-berland plateau." Perrygo reports that a few chipmunks were noted
TENNESSEE MAMMALS KELLOGG 271in a hardwood forest 8 miles northeast of Waynesboro, WayneCounty. Tas'o were seen near Dover, Stewart County, October 30, 1937.According to Rhoads, observations (1896, p. 193), chipmunks were"very sparingly and irregularly distributed in the lowlands of Ten-nessee." He observed them near the springs at Raleigh and alongthe road from Raleigh to Bartlett, Shelby County. Benjamin C.Miles informed Rhoads that he saw five or six chipmunks everysummer near Brownsville, Haywood County. Chipmunks were notfound to be very numerous in the sections of Obion and Lake Coun-ties visited in 1937.Hicknian County: 1.Johnson County: Holston Mountains, 4 miles northeast of Shady Valley,altitude 3.800 feet, 1.Montgomery County: east of Clarksville, 1; Dunbai's Cave, Clarksville, 4.Obion County: Reelfoot Lake, Samburg, 1.Stewart County: Cumberland River near Dover, 1."Wayne County: 8 miles northeast of Waynesboro, 2.TAMIASCIURUS HUDSONIUS ABIETICOLA Howell: Cloudland RedSquirrel, Pine Squirrel, or BoomerNo red squirrels were seen by the Museum party outside of thehemlock, spruce, and fir forests of eastern Tennessee, except in thepine woods of the Cherokee National Forest. One was seen duringJune 1937 at an altitude of 2,900 feet in a hemlock bog near ShadyValley. Rhoads (1896, p. 196) reports that "owing to the severewinter of 1894?95, the 'Boomer' was very scarce in its usual hauntson the summit of Roan Mountain." Red squirrels were rather scarcein 1937 in the balsam-fir and beech forests on Roan Mountain, CarterCounty, but Perrygo and Schaefer succeeded in collecting afew specimens. In the Great Smoky Mountains district itrequired considerable effort on the j)art of Perrygo, Lingebach,and Schaefer to collect even a few red squirrels in the balsam-firforests on Mount Guyot, Old Black Mountain, and InaduKnob. They were nowhere numerous, and local residents were ofthe opinion that red squirrels would be exterminated within a few3^ears. Komarek and Komarek (1938, p. 152), how^ever, report thatred squirrels were abundant in 1931 and 1932 in the deciduous andevergreen forests of the Great Smoky Mountains and list specimensfrom the following localities in Sevier County: Buck Fork andRamsey Prong of Little Pigeon River, Dry Sluice [Gap] (intersec-tion of Richland Mountain with Tennessee-North Carolina boundaryline), Greenbrier, Horseshoe Mountain, Mount Guyot, and PortersFlats. One was seen during July 1937 in pine woods at an altitudeof 4,100 feet on Big Frog Mountain, Polk County.
272 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM vol. 8?Carter County: Roan Mountain, altitudes 5,000 to 6,100 feet, 4.Cocke County: Inadu Knob, altitudes 4,500 to 5,900 feet, 7; Mount Guyot, alti-tude 6,500 feet, 2 ; Snake Den Mountain, altitude 4,500 feet, 1.Sevier County: Indian Gap, altitude 5,200 feet, 2.SCIURUS CAROLINENSIS CAROLINENSIS Gmelin: Gray, or Cat, SquirrelThe gray squirrel was formerly one of the commonest and mostwidely distributed mammals in Tennessee. It frequents not only themoist bottomlands and swamps, where there is an abundance of nut-bearing deciduous trees, but is also found on wooded hills and thelower mountain slopes. Four gray squirrels were seen and two col-lected in deciduous woods on Poor Valley Kidge, Clinch ;Mountains,Grainger County. Although both of these are young individuals,they appear to resemble carolinensis more closely than leucotis.The gray squirrel is no longer abundant in the more settled partsof middle Tennessee. Andre Michaux (Williams, 1928, p. 335) refersto the presence in 1795 of small gray squirrels in the vicinity ofNashville. Four years later, Abraham Steiner and Christian Fred-eric de Schweinitz (Williams, 1928, p. 516) comment on the "tre-mendous number of squirrels" in the Cumberland settlements inthe vicinity of Nashville. The Museum party did not collect or seeany gray squirrels in middle Tennessee, except in the vicinity ofFayetteville, Lincoln County, where six were seen and two collected,and in the deciduous woods 8 miles north of Indian Mound, StewartCounty, where two were seen.Gray squirrels were fairly common in some parts of southwesternTennessee. Only a few were actually seen, however, near HickoryWithe, Fayette County, during April 1937. Benjamin C. Miles(Ehoads, 1896, p. 196) in describing the migrations of gray squirrelsfrom Arkansas to Tennessee states that he has "seen them exhaustedand wet on the east bank of the Mississippi River." This wouldindicate that gray squirrels can swim considerable distances whennecessary.The hind feet of the specimens from Big Sandy average larger thanthose taken in the southern part of the State. The average measure-ments of 10 males from this locality are as follows: Total length,453.5 (428^80) ; tail, 215.9 (207-230) ; hind foot, 66.2 (63-68). Forsix females from the same locality the average measurements are:Total length, 475.5 (460-485) ; taif, 225.3 (220-230) ; hind foot, 66.3(63-68).Benton County: Big Sandy, 18.Campbell County: Highcliff, 4.Fayette County: Hickory Withe, 1.
TENNESSEE MAMMALS?KELLOGG 273Grainger County: Poor Valley Ridge, Clinch Mountains, 3 miles northeast ofRutledge, altitude 1,200 feet, 2.Hamilton County: Walden Ridge near Soddy, 3.Lincoln County: 3 miles south of Fayetteville, 1 ; 3 miles north of Fayetteville, 2.Shelby County: Arlington, 7.SCIURUS CAROLINENSIS LEUCOTIS Gapper: Northern Gray SquirrelAlthough not typical, the specimens from the southern Allegheniesand the Great Smoky Mountains in eastern Tennessee are referred toleucotis^ since they resemble those taken on the north in the moun-tainous sections of eastern West Virginia in the predominance ofwhitish-tipped or whitish-gray-tipped hairs in the tail as well as largehind feet. The measurements of two males are, respectively: Totallength, 457, 452; tail, 220, 215; hind foot, 69, 68. For two femalesthe measurements are, respectively: Total length, 451, 454; tail 203,205; hind foot, 67, 67.Gray squirrels appeared to be fairly numerous in eastern Tennes-see during 1937, although it was reported to Perrygo that they wererapidly diminishing in numbers. One gray squirrel was seen andanother one collected in oak and beech woods on the Holston Moun-tains. Rhoads (1896, p. 196) reports that he had seen the skin ofone taken at an altitude of 4,000 feet on Roan Mountain. Graysquirrels have been taken along Fighting Creek, at Greenbrier, onHorseshoe Mountain (about 3 miles east of Mount LeConte and 11/2miles north of Mount Kephart), and along the Ramsey Prong ofLittle Pigeon River in Sevier County, and also on Russell Field,Blount County (Komarek and Komarek, 1938, p. 153). Six wereseen and two collected in mixed hardwood and pine woods on BigFrog Mountain.Cocke County: Snake Den Mountain, altitude 3,600 feet, 1 ; Inadu Knob, altitude5,000 feet, 1.Johnson County: Holston Mountains, 4 miles northeast of Shady Valley, altitude3,800 feet, 1.Polk County: Sheeds Creek, Big Frog Mountain, 12 miles west of Copperhill,altitude 1,600 feet, 2.SCIURUS NIGER NEGLECTUS (Gray): Northern Fox SquirrelA few fox squirrels were reported to Perrygo to occur in thedeciduous woods on the lower levels (altitude 1,500 to 2,000 feet) ofDenny Mountains near Cosby, Cocke County. These are most likelyreferable to the northern race but can be only tentatively placed hereuntil actual specimens are available for examination. These large,and generally white-bellied, long-tailed fox squirrels have been takenat two localities in Greenbrier County, W. Va., and should rangesouthward in the southern Allegheny Mountains.
274 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM vol.86SCIURUS NIGER RUFIVENTER Geoffroy: Mississippi Valley Fox SquirrelAccording to Benjamin C. Miles (Rhoads, 1896, p. 194) the foxsquirrel is always found in big timber but prefers the gum and cy-press trees in the swamps of Haywood and Lauderdale Counties.Fox squirrels appear to be most numerous in the northwestern cornerof the State. During May 1937 one was seen near Union City, twowere seen and one collected near Hornbeak, and one was collected onGreen Island, Reelfoot Lake, Obion County, On returning to thiscounty in October 1937, Perrj'go saw two and collected one 3 milessouth of Samburg. Perrygo learned from local residents that foxsquirrels were no longer very numerous in Fayette and Shelby Coun-ties. He was informed that none occur in the cypress swamp nearHickory Withe, Fayette County. Along the southern border of theState, a few fox squirrels were reported to occur in the woods southof Fayetteville, Lincoln County.The upperparts of the skins from Obion and Lincoln Countiesappear much darker than those from Campbell County. This con-dition appears attributable in part to wear, since the black subapicalbands are more conspicuous than the grayish or buffy-gray hair tips.Howell (1909, p. 59) referred the small series from near the soutliernend of Pine Mountains in Campbell County to Sciurus niger texianus.The ground color of the upperparts of these specimens is morerufous than those from Obion County. As noted by Howell, five ofthese specimens have white noses and the underparts are rufous andnot whitish like those referred to negJectiis. Out of a series of 24skins of Scmnis niger negJectns from eastern West Virginia, 14 havewhitish underparts, 9 have the white underparts more or less suffusedwith yellowish or light rufous, and 1 has the underparts black.Three in this series have whitish noses. Howell also states that "foxsquirrels are becoming scarce in many parts of the South, and speci-mens are often difficult to obtain."Campbell County: Highcliff, 3 miles east of Jellico, 7.Lincoln County: 3 miles south of Fayetteville, 1.Obion County: Green Island. Reelfoot Lake. 1; Reelfoot Lake, 4 miles west ofHornbeak, 1 ; Reelfoot Lake, 3 miles south of Samburg, 1.GLAUCOMYS VOLANS SATURATUS Howell: Southeastern Flying SquirrelFlying squirrels are inhabitants of woods and generally reside inhollow trees, abandoned woodpecker holes, or cavities in stumps. Al-though rather active at night in good weather, they are seldom seenand frequently are common without their presence being generallyknown. In middle Tennessee, five were trapped in the deciduouswoods along Birds Creek, 7 miles southwest of Crossville, Cumber-land County. A dead young one was seen caught in a wire fence
TENNESSEE MAMMALS KELLOGG 275
at the same locality. Five were trapped in deciduous woods north ofWaynesboro, Wayne County. Another one was trapped on an oaktree near Frankewing, Lincoln County. Howell (1918, p. 24) listsone specimen from Nashville, Davidson County.In the southwestern corner of the State, four were trapped in thecypress sw^amp near Hickory Withe, Fayette County. Local residentsdid not know that flying squirrels were present in this area. In thelowlands of Haywood County flying squirrels were common accord-ing to B. C. Miles (Rhoads, 1896, p. 197), and in 1890 he routed 30out of his martin box. Flying squirrels seemed to be less numerousin the northwestern corner of the State. Only two were trapped inObion County, one on a beech tree south of Hornbeak and anotherone near Samburg.This southern race resembles volmifi rather closely in external meas-urements, and typical specimens are darker than the latter. jSIost ofthe Tennessee specimens referred to this race have lighter upperpartsthan those from Alabama listed by Howell (1918, p. 25) . The averagemeasurements of eight males are as follows: Total length, 223.7(211-237); tail vertebrae, 97.2 (93-101); hind foot, 30.1 (29-31).For 11 females the average measurements are : Total length, 221.7(205-233); tail vertebrae, 94.5 (88-102); hind foot, 30.1 (^28-32).Cumberland County: 7 miles southwest of Crossville, 6.Fayette Coimty: Hickory Withe, 4.Lincoln County: 6 miles southwest of Frankewing, 1.Obion County: Reelfoot Lake. .3 miles south of Samburg. 1; Reelfoot Lake, 5miles west of Hornl^eak, 1.GLAUCOMYS VOLANS VOLANS (Linnaeus): Small Eastern FlyingSquirrelThese small flying squirrels appeared to be rather common in theHolston Mountains northeast of Shady Valley, for eight were takenin Schuyler traps nailed to the trunks of oak and beech trees atelevations of 3,000 to 3,800 feet. One was taken on the trmik ofan oak tree at an altitude of 4,200 feet on Koan Mountain.Specimens from Greenbrier, Sevier County, and Eaioxville, KnoxCounty, are listed by Komarek and Komarek (1938, p. 154).Detailed comparisons of the series from the mountainous sectionof eastern Tennessee with a comparable series from eastern WestVirginia failed to reveal any valid differences. It should be noted,however, that relatively few specimens from the southern Alle-gheny Mountains were available when Howell (1918) revised thisgenus. In the whiter pelage, the toes and the fore parts of thefeet are generally whitish in volans in contrast to the rather imi-formly dark feet of saturatus^ although the external measurementsof this race do not differ appreciably from those of the latter. The
276 PROCEEDINGS OE THE NATIONAL MUSEUM vol.86average measurements of five males are as foUo^vs: Total length,217 (202-234) ; tail vertebrae, 91 (75-101) ; hind foot, 29.8 (28-31).For eight females the average measurements are: Total length,230.7 (210-241) ; tail vertebrae, 102.6 (95-116) ; hind foot, 30.5(29-32).Carter County: Watauga Valley, 2; Roan Mountain, altitude 4,100 feet, 1.Cocke County: Snake Den Mountain, altitude 4,700 feet, 1.Johnson County: Holston Mountains, 3 miles northeast of Shady Valley, alti-tudes 3,000 to 3,800 feet, 6; Holston Mountains, 4 miles northeast of ShadyVallev, altitude 3,000 feet, 2.Polk County: Big Frog Mountain, 12 miles west of Copperhill, altitude 2,000feet, 1.Wayne County: Waynesboro, 8 miles north, 6.GLAUCOMYS SABRINUS FUSCUS Miller: West Virginia Flying SquirrelThe trapping of a male of this gray-faced flying squirrel on Sep-tember 23, 1927, in a birch forest on the north slope of Roan Moun-tain, Carter County, extends the range of this race more than 200miles south of Cranberry Glades, W. Va. This specimen was caughtin a large-size Schuyler trap nailed to the trunk of a large birchtree. No additional information has been secured in regard to thehabits of tliis flying squirrel.Carter County: Roan Mountain, altitude 5,500 feet, 1.Family CASTORIDAECASTOR CANADENSIS CAROLINENSIS Rhoads: Carolina BeaverWhen the French, Virginia, and Carolina traders first visited theIndian settlements in what is now Tennessee, beavers were generallydistributed in the watercourses over the whole State. ^lany traderswere bartering for pelts long before 1700, but it is quite unlikelythat any marked depletion of the beaver stock took place until after1760.Lt. Henry Timberlake, on his trip down the Holston River dur-ing December 1761 from Kingsport, Sullivan County, to a large cavebelow the present site of Three Springs Ford, Hamblen County,commented on the abundance of beavers along that watercourse(Williams, 1927, p. 47). The same traveler stated that beavers wereplentiful along the Little Tennessee near the mouth of Tellico River(Williams, 1927, p. 69).According to the verdict brought in by a jury and signed by An-drew Jackson, attorney for the State, the value of a beaver skinstolen in 1780 in Davidson County was given as 30 shillings (Lewis,1903, pp. 294-295). This is rather interesting, for under the act ofMarch 31, 1785, of the General Assembly of the State of Franklin,
TENNESSEE MAMMALS?KELLOGG 277the value of a "good, clean beaver skin" was fixed at 6 shillings(Ramsey, 1853, p. 297). The same Assembly fixed the salary of eachcounty clerk at 300 beaver skins, the clerk of the House of Commonsat 200 beaver skins, and members of the Assembly at 3 beaver skins,
.
beginning January 1, 1788 (Williams, 1924, p. 215).According to an entry in the journal of Andre Michaux (Williams,1928, p. 335) under date of June 21, 1795, beavers were present in thevicinity of Nashville. Williams (1930, p. 96) states that in 1819beavers were still present in western Tennessee, without giving anydefinite localities.Rhoads (1896, pp. 192-193) examined a beaver house in the cypressswamp bordering Reelfoot Lake, about 3 miles west of Samburg,Obion County, and was told by his guide, H. B. Young, that therewere 20 beavers in that district. B. C. Miles informed Rhoads thathe knew of an inhabited beaver house within 9 miles of Brownsville,Haywood County.Under the pen name "Will" (1884, p. 106), a resident of Savannah,Hardin Count}', wrote on February 11, 1884, as follows: "A fewfoxes and otters, several beavers, and multitudes of raccoons havebeen trapped here this winter. There are parties who make goodwages trapping, as minks and 'coons are very abundant."Family CRICETIDAEREITHRODONTOMYS HUMULIS HUMULTS (Audubon and Bachraan):Eastern Harvest MouseAlthough this harvest mouse is known at present from only onelocality in the south-central part of the State, it is quite likely thatit ranges over most of middle Tennessee, It seems to prefer old fieldsand tangled brier patches bordering cultivated fields, especially areaswhere there is an abundance of matted grass, broomsedge, or weeds.One was trapped at Giles in a cotton-rat runway in a pasture over-grown with broomsedge.Six specimens are recorded by Komarek and Komarek (1938, p.154) as having been taken in Sevier County in broomsedge areasaround apple trees; another specimen was trapped in a similar fieldalong Laurel Branch in Greenbrier.Giles County: 6 miles east of Pulaski, 1.PEROMYSCUS MANICULATUS BAIRDII (Hoy and Kennicott): PrairieWhite-footed MouseThe discovery by Perrygo and Lingebach of this short-tailed white-footed mouse in Fayette County has extended its range in the Mis-sissippi Valley at least 250 miles south of previously known Illinoisrecords. Seven were trapped alongside of logs in a drained cypress10757??38 3
278 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM vou 86swamp near Hickory Withe. Inasmuch as the Campbell Countyspecimens were taken near one of the smaller tributaries of theupper Cumberland River, this mouse may occur elsewhere alongareas drained by that river.For three males from Hickory Withe the measurements are, re-spectively: Total length, 153, 145, 141; tail, CO, 61, 59; hind foot,18.5, 19, 18. The measurements of two females from Hickory Witheare, respectively: Total length, 166, 137; tail 67, 56; hind foot, 19, 19.Campbell County: La FoUette, 2.Fayette County: Hickory Withe, 7.PEROMYSCUS MANICULATUS NUBITERRAE Rhoads: Cloudland White-footed MouseThe ran"-e of this mouse so far as known is restricted to the easternpart of the State, occurring chiefly at higher altitudes of the southernAlleghenies. Though most plentiful in forests of the CanadianZone, they frequently occur at lower altitudes in rhododendronthickets bordering cold mountain streams. Contrary to the assump-tion of Rhoads (1896, p. 188) that the Cloudland deer mouse was
"exclusively a dweller of the balsam or spruce belt," which crownsthe summits of the southern Allegheny Mountains, it is now Imowiito range downward into the hemlock timber as low as 2,700 feet.Of the 14 taken during July 1937 by Perrygo and Lhigebach nearShady Valley, 4 came from a hemlock and rhododendron bog behindcamp (altitude 2,900 feet). The remainder were caught either amongmoss-covered boulders in a dense hemlock forest on the southeasternslope of Holston Mountains or in large-size Schuyler traps set forflying squirrels on the trunks of beech and oak trees (altitude 3,800feet). These mice were found on the west slope of Roan Mountainin spruce and fir timber as low as 5,000 feet and up into the balsamfir forest at 6.300 feet, chiefly where there was a thick undergTOwthof rhododendron. Near the foot of the west slope of Low Gap, thesemice were trapped at an altitude of 2,700 feet around the moss-covered roots of hemlock trees. The sun never penetrates in thisheavy hemlock timber, and the cool air may explain their presence atthis low level. On Inadu Knob these mice were trapj^ed at an altitudeof 4,500 feet in a dense rhododendron undergrowth in hemlock andspruce woods and also at an elevation of 5,700 feet in birch andspruce. They are somewhat arboreal, for the majority of thosecollected on Inadu Knob were taken in large-size Schuyler trapsnailed to trunks of spruce trees about 6 feet above the base. Onthe west slope of Mount Guyot and likewise on Old Black Mountain,these mice were caught in runways in the moss growing aroundthe roots of balsam fir. On Snake Den Mountain, they were takenat an altitude of 3,700 feet along the banks of a swift mountain stream
TENNESSEE MAMMALS?KELLOGG 279in a dense growth of rhododendron in oak, birch, maple, and hemlockwoods. At 4,500 feet they were trapped between the rocks aroundthe roots of hemlock trees. Komarek and Komarek (1938, pp. 154r-155) trapped this mouse in spruce forests along the divide of theGreat Smoky Mountains and at lower elevations in shaded ravinesand forested areas with dense crown. They list specimens from thefollowing localities in Sevier County : Buck Fork, Chapman Prong,Eagle Roclis Prong, Ramsey Prong, and AValker Prong of LittlePigeon River, Brushy Mountain, Grassy Patch (on Alum Cave Creek,2 miles east of The Chunneys), Greenbrier, Mount Guyot, and SilersBald. Specimens were taken also at Russell Field and Thunderheadin Blount County.This white-footed mouse may be recognized readily by its longpenicillate tail. The average measurements of 10 males from InaduKnob (2), Snake Den Mountain (2), Low Gap (1), and Roan Moun-tain (5) are as follows: Total length, 180.5 (174-185); tail, 92.5(87-98) ; hind foot, 20.1 (20-21). For 12 females fi-om Indian Knob(3), Low Gap (1), Snake Den Mountain (4), Roan Mountain (4) theaverag-e measurements are as follows: Total length, 182.9 (170-196)
;
tail, 91 (76-98) ; hind foot, 20.45 (19.5-22).Carter County: Roan Mountain, altitudes 5,000 to 6,300 feet, 11.Cocke County: Low Gap, 414 miles southeast of Cosby, altitudes 2,700 to 3,400feet, 6 ; Inadu Kuob, altitudes 4,500 to 5,700 feet, 13 ; Mount Guyot, altitude6,300 feet, 1 ; Old Black Mountain, altitude 6,300 feet, 1 ; Snake Den Moun-tain, altitudes 3,700 to 4,500 feet, 11.Johnson County: Holston Mountains, 3 miles northeast of Shady Valley, alti-tude 3,000 feet, 4; Holston Mountains, 4 miles northeast of Shady Valley,altitude 3,800 feet, 5; Shady Valley, altitude 2.900 feet, 5.Sevier County: Indian Gap, altitude 5.200 feet, 2.Sullivan County: Holston Mountains, head of Fishdam Creek, 1.PEROMYSCUS LEUCOPUS LEUCOPUS (Rafinesque) : White-footed DeerMouseThis white-footed mouse is generally found in upland woods butoccurs also along the borders of poorly kept cultivated fields, espe-cially w'here the hedgerows or fences are a tangled mass of bushesand briers. At higher elevations it has been found living in crevicesin rock ledges. In the vicinity of Samburg, Rhoads (1896, p. 187)fomid that these mice "seemed to fi*equent the intermediate groundsbetween the overflowed bottoms and the bluff." Osgood (1909, p.117) lists five specimens from Samburg, Obion County. Five werecaught by Perrygo and Lingebach in wet boggy places in the decidu-ous woods near Reelfoot Lake, Obion Coimty. Rhoads (1896, p. 187)trapped this mouse at Raleigh, Shelby County, and at Belleview,Davidson County. They were rather numerous in sparse second-growth deciduous woods on the dry hillside north of Waynesboro,
280 PROCEEDIIs^GS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM vou 80Wayne County. Others were trapped in rock ledges in the woodsalong Birds Creek, south of Crossville, and in mixed pine and hard-woods on the Cumberland Plateau near Melvine. Near Pulaski andalso at Frankewing, Perrygo trapped this mouse during November1937 in patches of cacti growing on rocks in clumps of scrub cedar.The average measurements of 12 males from Waynesboro (3),Frankewing (1), Crossville (2), Melvine (1), Big Sandy (1), andReelfoot Lake (4) are as follows: Total length, 162.4 (152-171);tail, 71 (59-79); hind foot, 20 (19.5-21). For 7 females fromWaynesboro (2), Pulaski (1), Big Sandy (2), Clarkesville (1), andReelfoot Lake (1) the average measurements are: Total length, 170.5(156-181) ; tail, 73.28 (67-83) ; hind foot, 20.2 (20-22).Anderson County: Briceville, 1,Benton County: Big Sandy, 9.Cumberland County: Birds Creek, 7 miles southwest of Crossville, 2; Mehine, LDavidson County: Nashville, 5.Giles County: 10 miles east of Pulaski, 1.Henderson County: Lexington, 2.Houston County: Danville, 1.Lincoln County: 6 miles east of Frankewing, 1.Montgomery County: Clarksville, 4; Duubars Cave, 1.Obion County: Samburg, 1; Reelfoot Lake, 5 miles west of Ilornbeak, 5.Selby County: Arlington, 4.Wayne County: 8 miles north of Waynesboro, 6.PEROMYSCUS LEUCOPUS NOVEBORACENSIS (Fischer): NorthernWhite-footed Mouse, or Deer MouseThe specimens from eastern Tennessee are not typical, althoughthey do not diflfer appreciably from those taken in the mountainoussection of eastern West Virginia. Two were taken on June 15, 1937,in a hemlock and rhododendron bog behind the camp at Shady Val-ley. At an altitude of 3,800 feet on the Holston Mountains, 4 milesnortheast of Shady Valley, one was trapped in a large-size Schuylertrap nailed to an oak tree for flying squirrels.For two males from Watauga Valley the measurements are, re-spectively: Total length, 161, 157: tail, 69, 66; hind foot, 20, 19.5.For two females from Johnson County and one female from WataugaValley, the measurements are, respectively: Total length, 186, 172,176; tail, 83, 83, 76; hind foot, 21.5, 22, 20. Komarek and Komarek(1938, p. 155) have commented on the difficulty of identifying sub-specifically the white-footed mice of this area and refer specimenstaken in Sevier County along Fish Camp Prong of Little River, atGreenbrier, and on Porters Flats provisionally to Peromyscus leuco-pus leucopus.Carter County: Watauga Valley, 5.Johnson County: Holston Mountains, 4 miles northeast of Shady Valley, alti-tude 3,800 feet, 1 ; Shady Valley, altitude 2,900 feet, 2.
TENNESSEE MAMMALS?KELLOGG 281PEROMYSCUS GOSSYPINUS MEGACEPHALUS (Rhoads): Rhoads'sCotton Mouse, or Cane MouseThe cotton mouse may occur in suitable localities throughoutwestern and middle Tennessee. It seems to show some preference forcliffs and rocky bluffs, especially caves and crevices, and is found alsoin brushy thickets and timbered uplands, as well as in swampy areas.Rhoads (1896, p. 189) found this mouse abundant in deciduouswoods with dense underbrush in the lowest and wettest parts ofoverflowed lands bordering Reelfoot Lake near Samburg, ObionCounty. In the vicinity of Big Sandy, G. A. Coleman trapped cot-ton mice in timbered bottomlands. The same collector caught othersin traps set under rocks near the mouth of Dunbars Cave nearClarksville.Cotton mice seem to prefer open woodlands and the growths ofbrush bordering old cultivated fields in the Great Smoky MountainsNational Park, according to Komarek and Komarek (1938, p. 156).Specimens were collected by their field party at Greenbrier and alongFighting Creek near Gatlinburg in Sevier County.This large-footed mouse resembles leucopus in general colorationbut attains a somewhat larger size. For six males from Arlington(4) and Duck River (2) the average measurements are as follows:Total length, 189.4 (179-200) ; tail 84.5 (78-90) ; hind foot, 24.08(23-25). The average measurements of nine females from Arlington(3), Big Sandy (1), Clarksville (4), and Duck River (1) are asfollows: Total length, 190.7 (170-205); tail, 83.44 (78-92); hindfoot, 23.55 (23-25).Benton County: Big Sandy, 3.Campbell County: Highcliff, 1.Humphreys County: Duck River, 6 miles southwest of Waverly, 3.Lawrence County: Lawrenceburg, 1.Montgomery County: Clarksville, 7.Shelby County: Arlington, 9.PEROMYSCUS NUTTALLI NUTTALLI (Harlan): Northern Golden MouseThe golden mouse may be recognized by its soft, thick pelage andheavily furred underparts, the white of the latter being suffused withochraceous. At an altitude of 3,000 feet in a dense hemlock foreston the southeast slope of the Holston Mountains, golden mice werecaught by Perrygo and Lingebach in traps set among moss-coveredboulders. They have been taken along the borders of broomsedgefields, brier patches, and old fences near Fighting Creek, Greenbrier,and Porters Flats in Sevier County (Komarek and Komarek, 1938,p. 15G). In middle Tennessee they may occur in swampy woodland,as well as on brushy hillsides and in dry thickets bordering timber.
282 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ]SrATIOX-\L MUSEUM vol.86Campbell County: Highcliff, 1.Carter County: Koan Mountain Stalion, altitude 2,500 feet, 1.Johnson County: Holston Mou)itains, 3 miles northeast of Shady Valley, altitude3,000 feet, 4.Knox County: Knoxville, 1.ORYZOMYS PALUSTRIS PALUSTRIS (Harlan) : Rice RatThe lice rat frequents wet marshy areas in fields, wooded swamps,grassy bottomlands, and occasionally the edges of cultivated fields.A female trapped by A. H. Howell on September 13, 1908, nearLawrenceburg contained four embryos.Komarek and Komarek (1938, p. 156) record the finding of adead rice rat on the sill of an old barn near a marshy creek inGreenbrier (altitude 2,-200 feet), Sevier County. Specimens fromthree widely separated localities indicate that rice rats may occurin suitable localities over most of the State west of the mountainsof eastern Tennessee.Campbell County: HighclilT, 1.Lawrence County: Lawrenceburg, 2.Shelby County: Arlington, 1.SIGMODON HISPIDUS HISPIDUS Say and Ord: Eastern Cotton RatThe cotton rat makes runways in old fields overgrown with gras^and weeds, under brush and weeds growing along borders of culti-vated fields, as well as in marshes. Near Hickory Withe, Perrygotrapped cotton rats in runways under a scraggly hedgerow border-ing a cottonfield. Cotton rats were apparently abundant in thevicinity of Pulaski during November 1937. Numerous rtmwayswere noted in an abandoned field covered with matted grass andbroomsedge and likewise on a nearby dry hillside. Cotton ratswere taken in 1931 and 1932 by Komarek and Komarek (1938, pp.156-157) in a field overgrown with broomsedge near Greenbrier(altitude 1,700 feet), Sevier County. They state that these ratsoccur also near Knoxville, Knox County.Hamilton County: Soddy [Rathbiirn Station]. 1.Fayette County: Hickory Withe, 3.Giles County: 1 mile east of Pulaski, 5.Lincoln County: 6 miles east of Frankewing, 1.NEOTOMA FLORIDANA HAEMATOREIA Howell: Blood MountainWood RatThe range of this wood rat in Tennessee seems to be restricted tothe eastern Great Smoky Mountains. Arthur Stupka, park natu-ralist, Great Smoky Mountains National Park, submitted to theU. S. Biological Survey for identification two specimens taken 3
TENNESSEE MAMMALS?KELLOGG 283
miles above Townsend, on Little Kiver, Blount County. Thesespecimens were caught, respectively, at 1,200 and 1,400 feet altitude.The type specimen was collected by Dr. Francis Harper near thesummit of Blood Mountain, altitude 4,400 feet, Lumpkin County,Ga. A. H. Howell in 1931 trapped an immature individual of thisrace at Highlands, Macon County, N. C, about 40 miles south-southeast of the Tennessee line.NEOTOMA FLORIDANA ILLINOENSIS Howell: Illinois Wood RatThis wood rat may inhabit the bluffs and swamp bottomlandsbordering the Mississippi River. Ehoads (1896, p. 192) receivedinformation from hunters that some form of wood rat occurred insouthwestern Tennessee.NEOTOMA PENNSYLVANICA Stone: Allegheny Wood RatThe recorded occurrences of this wood rat are all east of the north-ward-flowing portion of the Tennessee River, but no specimens, sofar as known, have been taken in eastern Tennessee. Rhoads (1896,p. 192) states "that this large mountain-dwelling rat \Neotom.(imagister] is found in the cliffs of Roan Mountain and other peaksof the Southern Alleghenies," although he cites no definite Tennesseerecords. Howell (1909, p. 62) reported that there were numeroussigns of wood rats in the rocky bluffs on Walden Ridge, and he foundsigns also in the bluffs along a creek near Lawrenceburg.Hamilton County: Walden Ridge, near Soddy (3 miles southwest of Rathburn),10.Humphreys County: Duck River, 2 miles southwest of Waverly, 2.Lawrence County: Lawrenceburg, 1.Montgomery County: Clarksville, 1.SYNAPTOMYS COOPERI STONEI Rhoads: Stone's Mouse LemmingThis mouse occurs in sphagnum bogs, bluegrass pastures, oldabandoned fields, and hillsides. Rhoads (1896, p. 183) trapped "alately nursing female and five young * * * in a small springyplace on the Carolina side of the summit of Roan Mountain."Komarek and Komarek (1938, p. 157) stated that these lemming micewere taken in grassy patches on the mountains of Sevier County atthe following localities: Buck Fork and Roaring Fork of LittlePigeon River, Greenbrier, Little River (altitude 2,900 feet), andSilers Bald. It was found also on the grassy bald known as SpenceField (altitude 5,000 feet), about 1 mile west of ThunderheadMountain, Blount County.Hawkins County: Rogersville, 1.Sevier County: Indian Gap, 1.
284 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM von. 86CLETHRIONOMYS CAROLINENSIS (Merriam): Carolina Red-backedMouse, or Wood VoleThe recorded occurrences of this red-backed mouse are all in theeastern mountainous portions of the State. The vertical range hereextends from about 3,000 to 6,500 feet. In the Holston Mountainsnortheast of Shady Valley these mice were trapped in the moss cov-ering the roots of trees and rotten logs in hemlock timber. On RoanMountain, Mount Guyot, Old Black Mountain, and Inadu Knob red-backed mice were caught in traps set in clumps of moss around rootsof balsam fir. Rhoads (1896, p. 186) writes, "Contrary to my expec-tations, the wood vole of Roan Mountain was not found in wet placesbut seemed to prefer rather open runways among the fallen logs,moss and ferns on the borders of the forest * * *. Such situa-tions were preferred to the depths of the forest, owing to the varietyof edible grasses and weeds only found in clearings." Red-backedmice were trapped by Komarek and Komarek (1938, p. 157) in thehumid forests as well as around isolated shrubs on the grassy baldsat elevations above 3,000 feet. They list specimens from the follow-ing localities in Sevier County : Buck Fork and Chapman Prong ofLittle Pigeon River and Mount Guyot. It was also taken in BlountCounty at Spence Field, a grassy bald located about 1 mile westof Thunderhead Mountain.Carter County: Roan Mountain, altitude 6,000 to 0,300 feet, 6.Cocke County: Inadu Knob, altitude 5,700 feet, 4; Mount Guyot, altitude 6,300to 6,500 feet, 9 ; Old Black Mountain, altitude 0,300 feet, 6.Johnson County: Holston Mountains, 3 miles northeast of Shady Valley, altitude3,000 feet, 6.Sevier County: Indian Gap, altitude 5,200 feet, 10.MICROTUS PENNSYLVANICUS PENNSYLVANICUS (Ord):Pennsylvania Meadow Mouse, or VoleThere are no specimens of this vole from Tennessee in the NationalMuseum collection. Rhoads (1896, p. 185) stated that he felt justi-fied in including this mouse among the mammals listed for Tennesseesince "on the summit of Roan Mountain two specimens of the meadowvole were secured in a little 'bulrush' swamp below Cloudland hotel,about 100 yards from the Tennessee line in Mitchell County, N. Caro-lina." Furthermore, runways similar "to those in which the MitchellCounty specimens were taken were observed in swampy ground nearthe summit of the mountain in Carter County, Tennessee, during myascent thither from the Doe River ravine." Perrygo trapped withoutsuccess at this same locality from September 14 to 22, 1937.
TENNESSEE MAMMALS?KELLOGG 285MICROTUS CHROTORRHINUS CAROLINENSIS Komarek: SmokyMountain Rock VoleThis vole was found by Komarek (1932, pp. 155, 158) on "thewooded slopes above 3,000 feet altitude of the Great Smoky Moun-tains," Sevier County, Tenn., and Swain County, N. C. Two weretrapped at an elevation of approximately 4,300 feet on the Dry SluiceTrail near the divide (Mount Collins), Sevier County. The typelocality is about 5 miles north of Smokemont, on a tributary ofBradley Fork, a small branch of the Oconalufty River, altitude 3,200feet, Swain County, N. C. Komarek reports that these voles weretrapped "near rotted and moss-overgrown logs resting on rockyterrain, near rhododendron thickets," in a "rather open forest havinga dense crown." All were caught within 50 yards of small mountainstreams. Subsequent field work by Komarek and Komarek (1938,p. 158) revealed that this rock vole was most plentiful around mossyrocks and logs in the humid forests and in rock outcrops on thegrassy balds. They list specimens from the following localities inSevier County : Buck Fork, Chapman Prong, and Eagle Rocks Prongof Little Pigeon River, Sawtooth Mountain (on the Tennessee-NorthCarolina boundary line, 5 or 6 miles northeast of Newfound Gap),Silers Bald, and Thunderhead.MICROTUS OCHROGASTER (Wagner): Frame, or Buflf-belUed,Meadow MouseA small series of these voles was trapped by Perrygo and Linge-bach during April 1937 in runways in an abandoned cloverfield,overgrown with broomsedge and weeds, near Reelfoot Lake. A. H.Howell collected three of these mice during July 1910 near Clarks-ville.Lake County: Reelfoot Lake, 3 miles north of Tiptonville, 8.Montgomery County: Clarksville, 3.PITYMYS PINETORUM AURICULARIS (Bailey): Bluegrass Vole,or Southern Pine MouseThis pine mouse shows some preference for the bluegrass barrensof Kentucky and northern Tennessee, digging tunnels in the edgesof old fields and open grassy places. Underground burrows madeby these mice are found also along the borders of cultivated fields,meadows, and pastures adjoining woods. Rhoads (1896, pp. 185-186) trapped them near Samburg in Obion County, Raleigh in ShelbyCounty, Belleview in Davidson County, and Harriman in RoaneCounty. Near Hickory Withe, Perrygo trapped one pine mouse107573?38 4
286 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM vol.86in a runway in heavy matted bluegrass on low ground bordering acottonfield. A pine vole taken June 17, 1937, at Norris, AndersonCounty, was submitted for identification by Dr. A. H. Cahn.Campbell County: Highcliff, 2 ; La FoUette, 1.Fayette County: Hickory Withe, 1.PITYMYS PINETORUM SCALOPSOIDES (Audubon and Bachraan):Northern Pine MouseThe northern pine mouse is mainly a forest vole and is usuallyfound along the margins of wooded tracts, but it spreads into denseforests during periods of abnormal abundance. It has been trappedon rocky hill slopes, in dense woods where there is a thick carpet ofmatted leaves, at low altitudes along the moist banks of mountainstreams, and in sphagnum swamps. In eastern Temiessee it has beencaught also along edges of cultivated fields. Komarek and Komarek(1938, p. 159) state that pine mice were taken in tunnels in an appleorchard and also in a marshy area bordering woods at Greenbrier,Sevier County, and under matted leaves in open deciduous woods atCades Cove, Blount County.Carter County: Watauga Valley, 1.Hawkins County: Rogersville, 1.ONDATRA ZIBETHICA ZIBETHICA (Linnaeus): MuskratThe common muskrat formerly occurred in most of the streams andponds of Tennessee. At the time the early traders and trapperspenetrated into the State, pelts of muskrats apparently were not animportant item for barter. No reference is made to them in pub-lished accounts until 1788, when the General Assembly of the Stateof Franklin fixed the compensation for a justice in signing a war-rant at one muskrat skin (Williams, 1924, p. 215). Andre Michaux,while residing at Nashville in 1795, listed (Williams, 1928, p. 335)the muskrat as occurring in the vicinity. Rhoads (1896, pp. 186-187)concluded that the food of the muskrat in Tennessee consisted verylargely of mussels. In a fish dam on the Holston River, near itsjunction with the French Broad River [Knox County], Rhoads foundthat mussel shells had been wedged in among the rocks by themuskrats.Local residents of Fayette and Shelby Counties reported to Per-rygo that muskrats were getting scarce since the drainage of thecypress swamps. A few muskrats are trapped each year in themarshes around Reelfoot Lake. Perrygo and Schaefer found thatthey were fairly common during October 1937 along the CumberlandRiver and some of its smaller tributaries west of Indian Mound.
TENNESSEE MAMMALS?KELLOGG 287Those collected were trapped in slides on the river banks and nohouses were seen. A few occur along Clinch River near Bean Station[11 miles northeast of Rutledge], Grainger County. Local residentsdid not believe that any muskrats were left around Roan MountainStation. Komarek and Komarek (1938, p. 159) report that a musk-rat was trapped on Little Pigeon River, 2 miles below Greenbrier,Sevier County.According to Howell (1909, p. 63) muskrats were reported to benumerous near Briceville, Anderson County, and common near High-clifF, Campbell County.Campbell County: Highcliff, 5.Carter County: Roan Mountain Station, 1 ; Watauga Valley, 1.Stewart County: Cumberland River, 2 miles west of Indian Mound, 3.Family MURIDAERATTUS RATTUS RATTUS (Linnaeus): Black RatThe black rat appears to have been introduced at an early date intoTennessee. It may be recognized by its slender body, long tail, andblackish coloration. B. C. Miles, of Brownsville, Haywood County,wrote Rhoads (1896, p. 192) that black rats were formerly presentin western Tennessee but that he had seen none for 20 years. Koma-rek and Komarek (1938, p. 159) state that the black rat is abundantaround barns and that three were trapped at Greenbrier, SevierCounty.RATTUS RATTUS ALEXANDRINUS (Geoffrey): Roof RatThis slender, long-tailed rat, with whitish or yellowish underparts,prefers the attics of houses or the roofs of barns and sheds. A maletrapped by W. J. Millsaps on February 15, 1910, at Soddy, HamiltonCounty, is the sole record for the State.Hamilton County: Soddy, 1.RATTUS NORVEGICUS (Erxleben) : Norway, Brown, or Bam RatThe Norway rat is a destructive pest in most of the larger citiesof Tennessee. Although it shows a decided preference for buildingsin towns, it is frequently found around farm sheds in which stores offeed or grain are kept. This rat also digs burrows in the banks offarm ditches and streams and is found along marshy areas borderingcultivated fields. One specimen was trapped, according to Komarekand Komarek (1938, p. 159), at an elevation of about 3,800 feet onEagle Rocks Prong of Little Pigeon River, and another at Green-brier, Sevier County.
288 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM vol.88MUS MUSCULUS MUSCULUS (Linnaeus): House MouseThe house mouse, a native of Europe, appears to be abundant andgenerally distributed throughout the State. As its name implies itshows some preference for buildings, but it occurs also in the wildstate in abandoned and cultivated fields. Perrygo and Lingebachtrapped this mouse in cotton-rat runways in broomsedge and weedsbordering a cottonfield on the edge of the cypress swamp near Hick-ory Withe, at least half a mile from the nearest house. Near Pike-ville one was caught in runways in weeds and matted grass on theedge of a cloverfield. Another mouse was caught in cotton-rat run-ways in an abandoned field overgrown with broomsedge 6 miles eastof Pulaski. At Shady Valley four were trapped in grass and weedsaround the edge of a wheatfield, quarter of a mile from the nearestbuildings. Two were trapped in moss in hemlock woods at an eleva-tion of 2,700 feet at the base of the northwest slope of Low Gap, 4y2miles southeast of Cosby. Three specimens taken at Greenbrier,Sevier County, are listed by Komarek and Komarek (1938, p. 159).Rhoads (1896, p. 192) reports that he had specimens of house micefrom Raleigh, Shelby County, and Roan Mountain.Benton County: Bifr Sandy, 2.Bledsoe County: Pikeville, 2 miles north, 1.Cocke County: Low Gap, 4^/4 miles southeast of Oosby, 2.Fayette County: Hickory Withe, 2.Giles County: 6 miles east of Pulaski, 1.Johnson County: Shady Valley, altitude 2,900 feet, 4.Family ZAPODIDAEZAPUS HUDSONIUS AMERICANUS (Barton): Carolinian Jumping MouseThis jmnping mouse has been taken in the mountains of westernNorth Carolina within the limits of Great Smoky Mountains Na-tional Park. Arthur Stupka, park naturalist, lent a male foundhibernating November 7, 1935, by Granville Calhoun on NolandCreek, altitude 2,800 feet, Swain County, N. C. The measurementsof this specimen are as follows: Total length, 190.5; tail, 114.3; hindfoot, 31.75.NAPAEOZAPUS INSIGNIS ROANENSIS (Preble): Roan Mountain Wood-land Jumping MouseThe woodland jumping mouse is found most frequently in densewoods with little or no underbrush, usually near streams. A. H.Howell trapped two of these mice at Indian Gap. Perrygo andLingebach caught one on a rotten log in open hemlock timber withdense crown on the west slope of Low Gap, 41/2 miles southeast of
TENNESSEE MAMMALS KELLOGG 289Cosby. Woodland jumping mice were trapped by Komarek andKomai'ek (1938, p. 160) in the humid forest along Eagle Rocks Prongof Little Pigeon River, Sevier County. The measurements of thethree females listed below are, respectively: Total length, 185, 221,233; tail, 120, 133, 142; hind foot, 29, 29, 29.Cocke County: Low Gap, 4^2 miles southeast of Cosby, altitude 2,700 feet, 1.Sevier County: Indian Gap, altitude 5,200 feet, 2.Family ERETHIZONTIDAEERETHIZON DORSATUM DORSATUM (Linnaeus): American PorcupineNo mention of the porcupine within the State of Tennessee hasbeen found in the accounts of early explorers. Mercer (1897, pp. 42,58, fig. 2), however, found the dried feces and quills of a porcupinein Bigbone Cave near Elroy, Van Buren County, Tenn. During therecent rearrangement of the mammal collection in the National Mu-seum, a left mandible of an immature porcupine labeled as comingfrom a "Tennessee cave," but with no other data, was found.Family LEPORIDAELEPUS AMERICANUS VIRGINIANUS Harlan: Virginia Varying HareInformation received from local residents suggests that varyinghares were formerly present in the mountainous district extendingfrom Mount Guyot to White Rock, Cocke County. These residentsinquired if Perrygo had seen any of the rabbits that turned white inwinter and made such long jumps when chased in the snow by dogs.He was told that they were usually "jumped" fi'om rhododendronthickets near the summits of the peaks. From repeated inquiries,Perrygo learned that these rabbits were very rare now but formerlywere often seen during winter months by local hunters.SYLVILAGUS FLORIDANUS MALLURUS (Thomas): Eastern CottontailThe eastern cottontail ranges westward into the valleys, foothills,and even the higher mountain slopes of eastern Tennessee. It isabundant and generally distributed over most of middle and westernTennessee and occurs along some of the smaller tributaries of theupper Cumberland River drainage area. It is most abundant inabandoned farm fields overgrown with broomsedge, weeds, and brush,brier patches, and the thickets bordering deciduous woods and smallstreams. Although largely nocturnal, when routed during the dayfrom their "form" in some tussock or grass and clump of weeds theserabbits run with surprising speed, twisting and doubling across thefield or thicket until they reach shelter in a thicket or hollow log.
290 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM vol.86One of these cottontails was collected by Perrygo and Lingebachat the edge of a hemlock bog behmd the camp at Shady Valley. Atan elevation of 2,700 feet on the west slope of Low Gap, 4^2 milessoutheast of Cosby, one was shot in a rhododendron thicket in hem-lock woods. A cottontail with short ears, but with pelage colorationand skull similar to that of malhtms, was caught at an elevation of6,300 feet on Koan Mountain in a large-size Schuyler trap set byPerrygo and Schaefer in a rhododendron thiclvet in a balsam-firforest. Cottontails were reported as numerous in the open woodsand broorasedge fields near Greenbrier, Sevier County, and 14 werecollected by Komarek and Komarek (1938, p. 160).Writing in 1896, Khoads (p. 182) stated that this cottontail wasso abundant in the woods and thickets bordering the canebrakes alongthe Mississippi River that it had almost become a nuisance. NearBrownsville, Haywood County, B. C. Miles wrote Rhoads that cotton-tails had doubled in numbers during the preceding 20 years and thathe could recall parties of hunters that had killed 100 in a single day'shunt during February 1895. In the vicinity of Hickory Withe, Ar-lington, Eads, and Hornbeak, in the western part of the State, thesecottontails were taken in broomsodge and brier patches on abandonedfields. At Crab Orchard cottontails were found in laurel thickets indeciduous woods. One cottontail was collected north of IndianMound in dense deciduous woods with relatively little underbrush.Bangs (1894, p. 409) records three specimens from Trenton, GibsonCounty. Specimens from Samburg, Obion County, and Raleigh,Shelby County, are listed by Rhoads (1896, p. 183). *Nelson (1909, pp. 174-176) referred specimens taken at Arling-ton, Big Sandy, and Danville during June 1892 to S. f. alacer. Allthese have a much richer suffusion of rusty reddish over the entireupper parts, the obliteration of the grayish rump patch, and decidedlyrusty legs. Nevertheless, all the cottontails in the collection receivedsince 1900 have a somewhat different general coloration, being muchlighter and more grayish buff. Howell (1921, p. 70), on the basisof more abundant material than that at the disposal of Nelson, as-signed the form ranging through the South Atlantic States to S. f.'iimllurus and remarked that "they agree very closely with this racein color and differ only in having slightly smaller audital bullae.'^The series of cottontails from Tennessee is quite unsatisfactory, inas-much as relatively few of the specimens have the fresh fall pelage.It is likely that a more adequate series will show that cottontailsfrom the eastern mountainous portion of the State should be re-ferred to mallurus and that those occurring in middle and westernTennessee are either meamsi or intermediates between maHunis andmearnsi.
TENNESSEE MAMMALS?KELLOGG 291Benton County: Big Sandy, 2.Campbell County: Highcliff, 1.Carter County: Watauga Valley, 2; Roau Mountain, altitude 6,300 feet, 1.Cocke County: Low Gap, 4% miles southeast of Cosby, altitude 2,700 feet, 2.Cumberland County: Crab Orchard, 1.Fayette County: Hickory Withe, 1.Hamilton County: Walden Ridge, near Soddy, 1.Houston County: Danville, 1.Humphreys County: South of .Tohnsonville, 2.Jolmson County: Shady Valley, altitude 2,900 feet, 1.Knox County: Knoxville, 1.Obion County: Hornbeak, 1.Shelby County: Arlington, 2; Eads, 1.Stewart County: 8 miles north of Indian Mound, 1.Sullivan County: Holston Mountains, head of Fishdam Creek, 1.SYLVILAGUS TRANSITIONALIS (Bangs): New England CottontailNo specimens of the New England cottontail taken in the Stateare listed by Nelson (1909, p. 199). Kegarding its possible occur-rence in the Great Smoky Mountains, Bangs wrote Rhoads (1896,p. 183) that he had "examined a large series last winter from RoanMountain, and they were all true sylvaticK^'' \^=^Sylvilagus floridanus7nallurus\. Inasmuch as Howell (1921, p. 71) has taken this cotton-tail at three localities in northeastern Alabama and has recorded itsoccurrence at Brasstown Bald Mountain in Georgia, more intensivefield work should reveal its presence at localities other than thoselisted below in the Great Smoky Mountams of eastern Tennessee.Cocke County: liow Gap, 4^4 miles southeast of Cosby, altitude 3,300 feet, 1.Hamilton County: Walden Ridge, near Soddy, 1.SYLVILAGUS AQUATICUS AQUATICUS (Bachman): Swamp RabbitThe swamp rabbit lives in the canebrakes and deep woods alongthe Mississippi River and is found elsewhere in the State in theswamps and wet bottoms bordering the Tennessee River. Rhoads(1896, pp. 181-182), after having observed this rabbit on the bordersof Reelfoot Lake, writes as follows : "It preferred hiding among thehalf submerged vegetation and piles of driftwood, and when it brokecover would run with bold, high leaps from log to log for so greata distance that it was difficult to find it again." I have observed insoutheastern Kansas that this rabbit will take to water as readily asa raccoon. Rhoads (1896, p. 182) lists one specimen from Samburg,Obion County. Perrygo and Lingebach took a male in the cypressswamp bordering Reelfoot Lake, 5 miles west of Hornbeak. OnCaney Island, Reelfoot Lake, tv/o were seen in a tangle of pea vines,fallen logs, and cypress trees. Two were seen in another cypressswamp bordering Reelfoot Lake, 2 miles east of Phillippy. All these
292 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM vou 86swamp rabbits made for the edge of the lake when routed fromtheir "forms."A. H. Howell (1909, p. 64) states that swamp rabbits "wei-e re-ported to be found sparingly at Henryville," Lawrence County,
"probably ranging up Buffalo Creek from the Tennessee River."Perrygo thought he recognized a swamp rabbit in the cypress swampnear Hickory Withe.Obion County: Keelfoot Lake, 5 niilos west of Hornbeak, 1; Reelfoot Lake, 2miles southwest of Samburg, 1.Family SUIDAESUS SCROFA SCROFA Linnaeus: WiM BoarIn the spring of 1912, a stock of 15 wild swine of both sexes,which had been captured in northern Germany, probably in the HarzMountains, was purchased by a group of English sportsmen and lib-erated in an enclosure near Hooper Bald, N. C. According to Stege-man (1938, p. 280), this original stock was not disturbed for 8 or10 years. In 1920, however, when an attempt was made to huntthe animals within the enclosure, about 100 broke through tlie fenceand escaped into the mountains, Stegeman reports that wild boarsincreased in numbers on the Cherokee National Forest notwithstand-ing the fact that they were freely hunted by natives with dogs untilthe outbreak of an epidemic of hog cholera in 1932. It is estimatedby Stegeman that there are now some 115 wild boars distributed overan area exceeding 50 square miles.So far as known to Arthur Stupka, park naturalist, no wild boarshave come into the Great Smoky Mountains National Park. He be-lieves that the Little Tennessee River, which separates the park fromthe Cherokee National Forest, may constitute a real barrier againstthe northward spread of this introduced species.Family CERVIDAEODOCOILEUS VIRGINIANUS VIRGINIANUS (Boddaert): Virginia DeerThe former abundance of deer in all parts of Tennessee is attestedby records left by the early traders, hunters, settlers, and travelers.For many years deer skins constituted an important item in the trade.When dressed they were made into vests, pants, and shirts and alsothe fringed hunting shirts and leggings. Under the act of March 31
?
1785, the General Assembly of the State of Franklin fixed the valueof "deer skins, the pattern" at 6 shillings (Ramsey, 1853, p. 297).The same Assembly fixed the salary of the governor, per annum, at1,000 deer skins and that of the chief justice at 500 deer skins, be-gimiing January 1, 1788 (Williams, 1924, p. 215). Good venison, if
TENoSTESSEE MAMMALS?KELLOGG 293delivered where troops wei-e stationed, was, according to the recordsof Sumner County, accepted for taxes in 1787 at 9 pence a pound(Putnam, 1859, p. 252).The first mention of deer in eastern Tennessee seems to be recordedby James Needham (Williams, 1928, p. 27), who traveled in 1673down the valley bounded by the Holston Kiver and Bays Mountainsto the Cherokee Indian town Chota [Monroe County]. From thattime onward Virginia and Carolina traders had posts in these Chero-kee Indian villages, and large numbers of deer skins and other peltsobtained by barter were transported on pack horses to Charlestonand to the Virginia stations.Lt. Henry Timberlake ("Williams, 1927, p. 47) was impressed inDecember 1761 by the number of deer seen during his trip down theHolston River from Kingsport, Sullivan County, to a large cave be-low the present site of Three Springs Ford, Hamblen County. Tim-berlake mentioned that there were an incredible number of deeralong the Little Tennessee River near the mouth of Tellico River(Williams, 1927, p. 71).In Martin Schneider's report (Williams, 1928, p. 253) of his jour-ney to the upper Cherokee towns there appears the statement underdate of January 1, 1784, that the traders on the French Broad Riverhad paid one quart of an inferior grade of brandy for two deer skins.After crossing the Holston River at Stonypoint, Hawkins County,in April 1797, the Duke of Orleans and his party saw deer and wildturkeys (Williams, 1928, p. 435).In middle Tennessee deer appear to have been even more abundantthan in the eastern part of the State. French traders and huntershad posts and station camps on or near the present site of Nashvilleat least as early as 1714. The "long hunters" of the Carolinas andVirginia did not do much hunting in this general region until 1769.Isaac Bledsoe mentions (Henderson, 1920, p. 125) that during thewinter of 1769-70 he shot two deer near the lick that has since beenknown as Castalian Springs, Sumner County. In 1775, Timothede Monbreun, a French voyageur, had a cabin and depot for deer andbuffalo hides and tallow at a mound on the north side of SulphurSpring branch [Nashville] (Putnam, 1859, p. 65).When the settlers arrived at the Bluff [Nashville] in 1779-80, deerwere plentiful in the vicinity (Ramsey, 1853, p. 206), and large num-bers came to the sulphur or salt spring [French Lick] near that set-tlement. So abundant were deer and buffalo that Col. John Donel-son, who settled in 1780 in a tract known as "Clover bottom" a fewmiles up from the mouth of Stone River [Davidson County], wasobliged to keep close watch over his growing corn (Putnam, 1859,p. 622) . One party of 20 hunters from Batons Station [Nashville]
294 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM tol. 86traveled up the Cumberland River in canoes to the region betweenCaney Fork and Flyims Lick Creek [Smith, Putnam, and JacksonCounties], where they killed more than 80 deer during the winter of1782 (Ramsey, 1853, p. 450). Deer were likewise plentiful alongthe wagon road between Clinch River and Nashville when it wasopened in 1783 (Ramsey, 1853, p. 501).John Lipscomb (Williams, 1928, p. 277) reports that he saw sev-eral deer on July 1, 1784, in Macon County.Deer were listed by Andre Michaux (Williams, 1928, p. 335) asbeing present in the vicinity of Nashville in 1795. Abraham Steinerand Christian Frederic de Schweinitz, after arriving at Camp Sta-tion [Sumner County] on their journey from Nashville to Knoxville,noted in their journal (Williams, 1928, p. 516) on December 8, 1799,that deer were present in the Cumberland settlements in the vicinityof Nashville. These same travelers refer (Williams, 1928, p. 519)to the great number of deer in the wilderness near the Caney Forkroad [Smith or Putnam County]. Deer appear to have been plenti-ful in the region of the Cumberland settlements for many years,Putnam, writing in 1859 (p. 127), mentions that 200 deer were thenkept in a woodland tract of several thousand acres at Belle Meade[Davidson County].Relatively few records are available for the region around Chatta-nooga before 1800. During the Chickaniauga expedition commandedby Evan Shelby, one party of troops in 1779 captured a great quan-tity of deer skins owned by the trader McDonald at Little Owl'stown on the Tennessee River (Ramsey, 1853, p. 188) . Francis Baily(Williams, 1928, p. 402) while traveling during July 1797 throughthe wilderness east of the Tennessee River reported that deer wereplentiful in the region between Muscle Shoals and Duck River.Western Tennessee was visited by traders from the Carolinas before1700. According to Williams (1928, p. 94) several were with theCliickasaw Indians in 1699. trading for toe-buckskins and Indianslaves. Father James Gravier mentions (Williams, 1928, p. 69) thathis party killed four does on October 25, 1700, near the present siteof Memphis.Forked Deer River, which separates Dyer and Lauderdale Coun-ties, received its name from a buck with peculiar antlers that waskilled in 1785 by a surveying party organized by James Robertson,Henry Rutherford, and Edward Harris (Williams, 1930. p. 43). Thisparty depended for subsistence on deer, elk, and bears, while surveyingin Lauderdale County.According to S. C. Williams (1930, p. 180) an English visitor,S. A. Farrell, described the deer hunts in the vicinity of Memphis in1830 as follows : Hunting was done on horseback with dogs. Whenthe dogs came on fresh deer tracks, the hunters were posted and
TENIifESSEE MAMMAL.S?KELLOGG 295then three persons set forward with the dogs, always following thedeer against the wind. When the deer was started, the hunters firedas he passed their posts.Obion County, according to Williams (1930, p. 153), longer thanany other, remained a good hunting ground for deer. Hallock, writ-ing in 1877 (pp. 152-153), states that deer were then hunted aroundReelfoot Lake, Obion County, and in the vicinity of Trimble, DyerCounty, that tliere were deer near Hales Point, Lauderdale County,and that deer afforded good sport in the canebrakes below Memphis,Shelby County. He also saj's that deer were then found in abundancealong the Cumberland River, Davidson County, in the mountains inthe vicinity of Sewanee, Franklin County, and also in the mountainsin the vicinity of Wauhatchie and Chattanooga, Hamilton County.During the following 15 years, the number of deer was markedlyreduced in many of these areas. A. B. Wingfield (1895, p. 515) statesthat "the Cumberland Mountain range has been almost entirelydepleted of its stock of deer" and that 248 carcasses of deer wereshipped from Crossville, Cumberland County, during 1894. TheTennessee State Legislature in 1895 passed a law prohibiting thekilling of deer for 5 years in Cumberland, Claiborne, Scott, Morgan,and Anderson Counties. Rhoads (1896, p. 180) was told that therewere then about 20 deer in Haywood County.Komarek and Komarek (1938, p. 161) report that several deer wereseen near Cades Cove, Blount County, and also near Cosby, CockeCounty, and that until hunting was prohibited with the establish-ment of the Great Smoky Mountains National Park, several weretaken each year in the Butlei* Tract near Gregory Bald, BlountCounty.CERVUS CANADENSIS CANADENSIS Erxleben: Eastern Elk, or WapitiCuriously enough, although there are numerous references to otherkinds of game, only incidental reference is made to elk in the ac-counts left by early hunters, settlers, and travelers.James Needham, who was sent in 1673 on a trading expedition tothe Cherokee towns in southeastern Tennessee, wrote in his journal(Williams, 1928, p. 27) that while traveling down the valleybounded by the Holston River and Bays Mountains, he observed a
"great store of game, all along as turkes, deere, elkes, beare, woolfeand other vermin."Ramsey (1853, p. 206) remarks that when the settlers arrived atthe Bluff [Nashville] in 1779-80, the surrounding region was "onelarge plain of woods and cane, frequented by buffaloes, elk, deer,wolvas, foxes and panthers." Putnam (1859, p. 81) likewise statesthat "innumerable herds of buffalo, deer and elk came to the "sul-
296 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM vol. 86phur or salt spring at Nashville. During 1783 when the road wasopened from Clinch River to Nashville by way of Crab Orchard[Cumberland County] it passed through "vast upland prairie, cov-ered with a most luxuriant growth of native grasses, pastured over asfar as the eye could see, with numerous herds of deer, elk, and buf-falo" (Ramsey, 1853, p. 501).Lewis Brantz, who had been sent out by the merchants of Balti-more, departed from Nashville on December 28, 1785, and traveledwith a pack horse 140 miles through the barrens to the Holston Riversettlements. He noted in his journal (Williams, 1928, p. 286) thatwhile enroute he saw but one rlk, although he observed large numbersof antlers.Henry Rutherford and his guide, while surveying a large tract ofland in 1785 on the south side of the Forked Deer River, LauderdaleCounty, killed elk and other game for food (Williams, 1930, p. 44).Andre Michaux, while residing at Nashville, noted in his journalunder date of June 21. 1795, that elk were present in that region(Williams, 1928, p. 335).Putnam (1859, p. 127) states that half a dozen elk were kept in1859 in a private woodland tract at Belle Meade, or Dunhams Station.Elk at one time were plentiful in most parts of Tennessee, occur-ring not only in the high passes and narrow valleys of the moun-tainous sections but also in association with the buffalo visited thelicks of middle Tennessee, browsed along the rivers and creeks inthe southern counties, and wandered through the canebrakes of theMii^sissippi bottomlands.When the early hunters and settlers first set foot in eastern Ten-nessee, there were many large tracts covered with native grasses onthe low hills and narrow valleys of the southern Allegheny Moun-tains that afforded pasture lands for herds of elk and in the summerfor buffalo (Ramsey, 1853, p. 96).David Crockett (1834) in his autobiogra})hical sketch repeatedlyrefers to elk in the bottomlands of Obion and Dyer Counties in thedecade between 1820 and 1830.According to B. C. Miles (Rhoads, 1896, p. 181) an elk was killedby David Merriwether about 1849 at Rpelfoot Lake, and another wasreported to have been killed in Obion County in 1865.Under the pen name "Antler" (1880, p. 306) a resident of PineyCreek Falls, Van Buren County, wrote in 1880 as follows: The CaneyFork district "embracing the tributaries of the Caney Fork, remainsa wilderness still. The stirface is rough and broken. Deer and wildturkevs are found here in moderate numbers, with a few bears, andoccasionally some gray wolves are found ; but the oldest mountaineercan not remember back to the time when elk and buffalo roamed
TENNESSEE MAMMALS?KELLOGG 297through these forests." This report seems to indicate that elk wereexterminated on the Cumberland Plateau early in the nineteenthcentury. Family BOVIDAEBISON BISON PENNSYLVANICUS Shoemaker: Eastern Woodland BisonBison once roamed in large numbers over some parts of Tennessee,but so far as known not a single skull from a Tennessee locality canbe found now in any of the larger museums. All the early explorersfollowed buffalo trails through the wilderness, and the Spanish andFrench settlements relied to some extent on the buffalo for meat.J. A. Allen (1876, p. 102), after commenting on the formerabundance of bison in the region around Nashville, concluded thatthey probably ranged southward to the Temiessee River, since astream called Buffalo River forms one of the larger tributaries ofDuck River. As will be shown hereinafter, bison formerly rangedsouthward to below Memphis in the western part of the State andat least to Monroe County in eastern Temiessee.James Needliam, who was sent by Abraham Wood (Williams,1928, p. 28) on a trading expedition, in relating his experiences in1673 at the Cherokee Indian town Chota [located on the south sideof the Little Tennessee River a short distance below Citico Creek,Monroe County] remarked that "many homes like bulls homes lyeupon theire dunghills." There is at least one bit of evidence to showthat the buffalo may have ranged farther south than Monroe County.The left mandible of an immature buffalo (U.S.N.M. no. 200148)was found in 1914-15 by Clarence B. Moore (1915, p. 368) in anaboriginal burial mound at Hampton Place on the Tennessee Riveropposite Moccasin Bend, Hamilton County. There are other rec-ords showing that buffaloes were found before 1700 much farthersouth than the southern boundary of eastern Temiessee. Boyd(1936, p. 203), quoting from old Spanish documents relating to theexpedition of Marcos Delgado from Apalachee to the Creek countryin 1686, has shown that this Spaniard saw buffaloes near Russ Creekand northwest of Marianna, Jackson County, Fla., and near theLittle Choctawhatchee River, Houston County, in the southeasterncorner of Alabama.On March 30, 1750, Dr. Thomas Walker (Williams, 1928, p. 170)caught two young buffaloes on Reedy Creek and then traveled downthis creek to Long Island, Holston River [Kingsport, SullivanCounty]
.
On the trip during December 1761 down the Holston River fromKingsport, Sullivan County, to a large cave below the present siteof Three Springs Ford, Hamblen County, Lt. Henry Timberlake
298 PIIOCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM vol.86
wrote in his memoirs (Williams, 1927, p. 47) that "nothing moreremarkable occurred, unless I mark for such the amazing quantityof buffaloes, bears, deer, and beavers." In another entry in hismemoir (Williams, 1927, p. 71) Timberlake wrote on January 2,1762, while residing near the mouth of Tellico River, that "theretire likewise an incredible number of buffaloes." Again after cross-ing the French Broad River enroute to Great Island [Kingsport,Sullivan County] along the Great Path, he wrote on March 15,1762, that 17 or 18 buffaloes ran among the party (Williams, 1927,p. 120).The settlers in Carters Valley, Hawkins County, during the win-ter of 1776 killed bison 12 to 15 miles northwest of the settlement(Ramsey, 1853, p. 144).From these sources we observe that bison formerly passed overthe Cumberland Gap into Tennessee along the Holston, Clinch, andPowell River Valleys. The number of buffalo in eastern Tennessee,judged from the records, was never very large.B}' far the larger number of bison occurred in the vicinity ofthe Cumberland River and its tributaries in middle Tennessee. Itwill be recalled that French voyageurs had been hunting and trad-ing in that region for more than 75 years before the establishmentof the Nashville settlement, killing buffaloes mainly for tongues andtallow, and to a less extent for hides. M. Charloville, a Frenchtrader and hunter from Crozat's colony at New Orleans, came uponthe Shawnees then inhabiting the Cumberland region and built apost in 1714 on a mound near the present site of Nashville on thewest side of the Cumberland River, near French Lick Creek, andabout 70 yards from each stream (Ramsey, 1853, p. 45). Subse-quently other French hunters and trappers from Illinois and NewOrleans camped in the same region.In 1769, Isaac Bledsoe and Kasper Manscoe [sometimes GasperMansker] established camp on Station Camp Creek in SumnerCounty. From that camp each of these men followed in oppositedirections the nearby buffalo trail, one finding the salt licks sinceknown as Bledsoes Lick and the other Manscoes Lick. On the100-acre surrounding flat, Bledsoe saw thousands of bison (Hender-son, 1920, p. 125). This lick is now known as Castalian Springs,Sumner County.In 1770, Manscoe, Uriah Stone, and eight others hunted at FrenchLick [Nashville], where they found immense numbers of bison andother wild game (Ramsey, 1853, p. 105). Captain Timothe deMonbreun, a French voyageur from Illinois, who as late as 1823lived at Nashville, hunted in that vicinity in 1775. During thatsummer Monbreun and one companion had a camp at a site since
TENNESSEE MAMMALS?KELLOGG 299known as Batons Station [Nashville]. An enormous number ofbuffaloes were killed by these French hunters, but only the tallowand the tongues were saved. These were taken down the Cumber-land River in a keel boat (Ramsey, 1853, p. 192; Henderson, 1920, p.128). For more than a decade Monbreun hunted in this generaldistrict, and it is quite likely that his or some other party of Frenchhunters was responsible for the slaughter of buffaloes at BledsoesLick in Sumner County, which Isaac Bledsoe related to an earlysettler, William Hall. According to the latter (Henderson, 1920,pp. 128-129), "one could walk for several hundred yards a roundthe Lick and in the Lick on buffelows skuls, & bones, and the wholeflat round the Lick was bleached with buffelows bones, and theyfound out the Cause of the Canes growing up so suddenly a fewmiles around the Lick which was in consequence of so many buffe-lows being killed."In February 1777, de Monbreun arrived at Deacons Pond [nearPalmyra, Montgomery County], where he met a party of six whitemen and one woman who had traveled by boat down the CumberlandRiver from a point near the mouth of Rockcastle River [LaurelCounty, Ky.]. This party reported that they had seen immenseherds of buffaloes on this trip (Ramsey, 1853, p. 193).When the first settlers arrived at Nashville in 1780, bison were stillpresent in the surrounding country (Ramsey, 1853, p. 206). Col.John Donelson's party killed buffaloes along the Cumberland Rivernear the Kentucky-Tennessee line on March 30, 1780 (Williams, 1928,p. 241 ) . When Colonel Donelson settled in 1780 a few miles up fromthe m.outh of Stones River [Davidson County], in a tract called
"Clover Bottom" and planted his corn, there were "immense herds ofbuffalo, deer, etc., ranging through these forests" (Putnam, 1859,p. 622).According to Ramsey (1853, p. 450) a party of 20 hunters fromEatons Station [Nashville] traveled up the Cumberland River incanoes to the region between Caney Fork and Flynns Lick Creek[Smith, Putnam, and Jackson Counties], where they killed 75 buffa-loes during the winter of 1782.When the road from Clinch River to Nashville by way of CrabOrchard [Cumberland County] was opened in 1783, the top of themountain was described as a "vast upland prairie, covered with amost luxuriant growth of native grasses, pastured over as far as theeye could see, with numerous herds of deer, elk and buffalo" (Ram-sey, 1853, p. 501).John Lipscomb wrote in his journal (Williams, 1928, p. 276) underdate of June 29, 1784, that having com.e to the lick near Little BarrenRiver [Macon County, Tenn., or Allen County, Ky.] , they "crept to
300 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM vol.86the Lick where we found there had been great slaughter madeamongst the buffelow ; we had not been there long before we saw twobig buffelow bulls coming toward us accompanyed with a wolf."Again on August 7, 1784, John Lipscomb's party (Williams, 1928,p. 278) reached Red River Station, and then traveled through thebarrens, where they saw a "gang of buffaloes" [Sumner Coimty].After leaving Nashville on December 28, 1785, enroute to HolstonRiver, Lewis Brantz (Williams, 1928, p. 286) traveled with a packhorse 140 miles through the barrens where nothing but grass grows.Brantz remarked that the buffaloes had been considerably hunted bythe woodsmen and were diminished in number. The fii-st records ofSumner County show that "prime buffalo beef" was accepted fortaxes in 1787 at 3 pence a pound, if delivered where troops were sta-tioned (Putnam, 1859, p. 252). Bisou apparently were still to befound in Montgomery County in 1793. Goodpasture (1903, p. 206)has published a contract signed October 4, 1793, by John Dier fordelivery of 35 hundredweight of buffalo beef to John Edmonson, at$2 a hundred.Andre Michaux (Williams, 1928, p. 335) listed buffaloes as beingpresent in June 1795 in the region around Nashville. AbrahamSteiner and Christian Frederic de Schweinitz in December 1799 re-ported that bison were still present near the Caney Fork Road [Put-nam County] but were "rarely killed by the hunters, as they are shyand fleet and do not usually fall at the tiist shot" (Williams, 1928,p. 519). Writing in 1859, iPutnara (p. 127) stated that a woodlandtract of several hundred acres at Belle Meade [Dunhams Station]belonging to Gen. William G. Harding was stocked at that time with200 deer, 20 buffaloes, and half a dozen elk. In 1916 Clarence B.Moore excavated a left metacarpal (3 + 4) and two ])halanges (U.S.N.M. no. 216652) from a mound at Hales Point, Lauderdale County.Wliile collecting in Tennessee, Rhoads (1896, p. 179) received in-formation from local residents that the last buffalo in FentressCounty was killed by John Young, but the date was not obtained.Bison were once present in some numbers in western Tennesseealong the Mississippi River. From the journal of Diron d'Arta-guette, inspector-general under the Duke of Orleans, we get ourfirst information as to the former presence of great herds of bisonin west Tennessee. Traveling up the Mississippi River in March1723, he saw bison at many places on both sides of the river. It isrecorded in his journal (Williams, 1930, p. 10) that a buffalo cowwas killed near Wolf River, Shelby County. As he continued onthis journey upstream, many buffalo were killed before he passedthe present boundaries of Tennessee.
TENNESSEE MAMMALS?KELLOGG 301
111 the course of his journey down the Mississippi River duringNovember 1766, George Morgan (Williams, 1928, pp. 216-218)passed a number of French hunting parties who had ascended theriver from New Orleans to kill buffaloes and bears. Along theeastern shore between the mouth of Hatchie River above Prud'-homme Cliff and the present site of Memphis, 10 French huntingparties were seen. Again in June 1768, Jolin Jenning saw Frenchhunters on both sides of the Mississippi River in the same region(Williams, 1928, p. 221).In 1819, Williams (1930, p. 96) states, the "buffalo, once numer-ous, had disappeared" in west Tennessee. Haywood, writing in1823 (p. 234), confirms this and says that "at this time there isnot one in the whole State of Tennessee."LITERATURE CITEDAllen, Hakbison.1893. A monograph of the bats of North America. U. S. Nat. Mus. Bull.43, ix + 198 pp., 38 pis.Allen, Joel Asaph.1876. The American bisons, living and extinct Mem. Kentucky Geol. Surv.,vol. 1, pt. 2, ix + 246 pp., 12 pis.Anonymous.1880. Big game near Memphis, Tenn. Chicago Field, vol. 13, no. 1, p. 11.Antlee.1880. Tennessee hunting grounds. Forest and Stream, vol. 15, no. 16, p. 306.AtTDUBoN, John James, and Bachman, John.1846-54. The viviparous quadrupeds of North America, vol. 1, xiv -f 389pp., 1846 ; vol. 2, 334 pp., 1851 ; vol. 3, v + 3S4 pp., 1854.Bangs, Outeam.1894. The geographical distribution of the eastern races of the cotton-tail{Lepus sylvaticus Bach.) vpith a description of a new subspecies,and vs'ith notes on the distribution of the northern hare (Lepusamericanus Erxl.). Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., vol. 26, pp.404-414.Boyd, Mark Fbedebick.1936. The occurrence of the American bison in Alabama and Florida. Sci-ence, new ser., vol. 81, no. 2174, p. 203.Gee, Jay.1881. Game near Lookout Moimtain. Forest and Stream, vol. 16, no. 16,p. 309.Cbockett, David.1834. A narrative of the life of David Crockett, of the State of Tennes-see .. . written by himself, 113 pp. Philadelphia.Goldman, Edwaed Alphonso.1937. Wolves of North America. Joum. Mamm., vol. 18, no. 1, pp. 37-45.Goodpasture, Albert V.1903. Beginnings of Montgomery County. Amer. Hist. Mag. and TennesseeHist Soc. Quart, vol. 8, no. 3, pp. 193-215.
302 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM vol. 86Hahn, Walter L.1908. Notes ou the mammals and cold-blooded vertebrates of the IndianaUniversity farm, Mitchell. Indiana. Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. 35,pp. 54.>-581.Haixock, Charles.1877. The sportsman's gazetteer and general guide: The game animals,birds, and fishes of North America, their habits and various meth-ods of capture, 688 pp.; and A sportsman's directory to the prin-cipal resorts for game and fish in North America, 208 pp. NewYork.Haywood, John.1823. The natural and aboriginal history of Tennessee up to the first set-tlements therein by the white people in the year 1768, viii -f 390 -+-liv pp. Nashville.Henderson, Archihald.1920. The conquest of the Old Southwest: The romantic story of the earlypioneers into Virginia, the Carolinas, Tennes.see, and Kentucky,1740-1790, xxiv + 395 pp., 1 map, 15 pis. New York.HoLLisTER, Ned.1911. Remarks on the long-tailed shrews of the Eastern United States,with description of a new species. Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. 40,pp. 877^81.Howell, Arthur Holmes.1909. Notes on the distribution of certain mammals in the SoutheasternUnited States, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, vol. 22, pp. 55-C8.1918. Revision of the American flying squirrels. North Amer. Faum 44,64 pp., 4 flgs., 7 pis.1921. A biological survey of Alabama: I, Physiography and life zones; If.The mammals. North Amer. Fauna 45, 88 pp., 10 figs., 11 pis.Jackson, Hartley Harrad Thompson.1915. A review of the American moles. North Amer. Fauna 38, 100 pp.,27 figs., 6 pis,1928. A taxonomic review of the American long-tailed shrews (generaSorcx and Microsorex). North Amer. Fauna 51, 238 pp., 24 fig."..13 pis.KoMAREK, Edwin V.1932. Distribution of Microtus chrotOiThinus, with description of a new-subspecies. Journ. Mamm., vol. 13, no. 2, pp. 155-158.KoMAREK, Edwin V., and Komarek, Roy.1938. Mammals of the Great Smoky Mountains. Bull. Chicago Acad.Sci., vol. 5, no. 6, pp. 137-162, 6 flgs.Lewis, E. C.1903. James Robertson, Nashville's founder. Amer. Hist. M:ig. and Ten-nessee Hist. Soc. Quart., vol. 8, no. 3. pp. 285-295.MEECEit, Henry Chapman.1897. The finding of the fossil sloth at Big Bone Cave, Tennessee, in 1896.Proc. Amer. Philos. Soc., vol. 36, pp. 36-70, 26 figs.Me3;riam, Clinton Haet.1888. Remarks on the fauna of the Great Smoky Mountains ; with descrli>-tion of a new species of red-backed mouse (Evotornys caroUnensis)
.
Amer. Journ. Sci., ser. 3, vol. 36, no. 216, pp. 458-460.Miles, Benjamin C.1895. The gray wolf of Tennessee. Forest and Stream, vol. 45, no. 9, p. 182.
TENNESSEE MAMMALS?KELLOGG 303MiLLEH, Gerpjt Smith, Jr.1897. Revision of tlie Nortli American bats of the family Vespertilionidae.Nortti Axner. Fauna 13, 140 pp., 40 figs., 3 pis.MnxER, Gerkit Smith, Jr., and Allen, Glover Morkill.1928. The American bats of the genera Myotis and Pizonyx. U. S. Nat.Mus. Bull. 144, viii+218 pp., 13 maps.MoHB, Charles Edward.1932. Myotis grisescens and Myotis sodaUs in Tennessee and Alabama.Journ. Mamm., vol. 13, no. 3, pp. 272-273.1933. Obsen^ations on the young of cave-dwelling bats. Journ. Mamm.,vol. 14, ne. 1, pp. 49-53.MooKE, Clarence Bloomfield.1915. Aboriginal sites on Tennessee River. Journ. Acad. Nat Sci. Phila-delphia, new ser., vol. 16, pp. 170-428.Nelson, Edward William.1909. The rabbits of North America. North Amer. Fauna 29, 314 pp., 19figs., 13 pis.Osgood, Wilfred Hudson.1909. Revision of the mice of the American genus Peromyscua. NorthAmer. Fauna 28, 285 pp., 12 figs., 8 pis.Putnam, A. W.1859. History of middle Tennessee; or Life and times of Gen. James Rob-ertson, xvi-fOGS pp., illus. Nashville.Ramsey, J. G. M.1853. The annals of Tennessee to the end of the eighteenth century : Com-prising its settlement, as the Watauga Association, from 1769 to1777; a part of North Carolina, from 1777 to 1784; the State ofFrankUn, from 1784 to 1788; a part of North Carolina, from 1788to 1790; the Territory of the U. States, south of the Ohio, from1790 to 1796; the State of Tennessee, from 1796 to 1800; viii+744pp., 2 maps. Philadelphia.Rhoads, Samuel Nicholson.1896. Contributions to the biology of Tennessee, No. 3: Mammals. ProcAcad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, vol. 48, pp. 175-205.Stbxseman, LeRoy C.1938. The European wild boar in the Cherokee National Forest, Tennessee.Journ. Mamm., vol. 19, no. 3, pp. 279-290, 3 figs.Will.1884. Tennessee notes. Forest and Stream, vol. 22, no. 6, p. 106.Wn-LiAMS, Samuel Cole.1924. History of the lost State of Franklin, xiii-f371 pp., illus. JohnsonCity, Teun.1927. Lieut. Henry Timberlake's memoirs, 1750-1765: With annotation, in-troduction and index, 197 pp., illus. Johnson City, Tenn.1928. Early travels in the Tennessee country, 1540-1800: With introduc-tions, annotations and index, xi-j-540 pp., illus. Johnson City, Tenn.1930. Beginnings of west Tennessee: In the laud of the Chickasaws, 1541-1841, xii 4-331 pp. Johnson City, Tenn.WlNGFEELD, A. B.1895. Tennessee deer and quail. Forest and Stream, vol. 45, no. 24, p. 515.
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