REPORT ON LAND AND FRESH WATKK SHELLSCOLLECTED IX THE BAHAMAS IX [904, HYMR. OWEN BRYANT AND OTHERS. 3
Bi WILLIAM HEALEY DALLThe Bahama islands are particularly interesting to Americannaturalists, as affording the development of tropical fauna nearestto us; but especially as containing the most valuable evidences ofevolution in living animals within a geologically short period ottime. There is no doubt that the entire archipelago has been belowthe surface of the sea not earlier than the end of the Pliocene, andthat the present land and fresh water fauna has developed fromancestors which have reached the islands since that time, fromadjacent lands. Among the various kinds of airbreathing animalsnone are more suitable for a study of evolutionary processes in avery uniform and of late very stable environment, than the Pul-monate gastropods. Slow to migrate ; profuse in reproduction
;
affected by a relatively small number of environmental factors ; pre-serving their variable characters chiefly in their shells, which areeasily collected and require the assistance of no taxidermist to pre-serve from decay ; lending themselves readily to fossilization, easilyobserved and maintained in a living state—they form ideal objectsfor the study of the questions involved.Only recently has the effect of isolation on islands shut in bymarine barriers been appreciated in its relations to developmentalproblems, and of all localities accessible to us, where these problemscan be studied with ease and without exposure to pestilential condi-tions none compares with the vast group of rocks and islands knownas the Bahamas.So far, little advantage has been taken of these opportunities, andthe work which has been done by Henry Bryant, J. J. Brown. Gov-ernor Rawson, Weinland, the U. S. Fish Commission, the expedition
1 Mr. Bryant desires me to state that this report is the fifth of a seriesbased on collections made by G. M. Allen, T. Barber, and Owen Bryantduring part of the summer of 1904. In the present case a representativeseries of Mr. Bryant's shells is contained in the collection of the NationalMuseum, as a donation from the collector. The Bahama localities in thetext are taken from Mr. Bryant's labels, except where otherwise indicated.433
434 SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS [VOL. 47
of the Baltimore Geographic Society, and now by Mr. Bryant, hasbeen chiefly hurried collecting at as many localities as possible,rather than the patient study of conditions and results, exhaustivelyapplied to any single locality.However, in any event, much must be left to the future, and everyaddition to our knowledge is so much gained ; and fortunately forscience, if not for the easy-going inhabitants of the Bahamas, thespread of agricultural operations and the introduction of domesti-cated animals progresses so slowly that the natural conditions arenot, as in Hawaii, being radically changed before they can be thor-oughly studied.Though somewhat hampered by illness Air. Bryant collectedenergetically and in certain localities where time permitted very thor-oughly. His journey included opportunities for observation in thevicinity of the south bight of Andros Island especially at MangroveCay ; at and about Nassau, New Providence ; at numerous points onthe east and north shores of the Abaco group, and a few points ontheir south and west shores and at Riding Point, Grand Bahama,opposite ; also some of the cays to the westward of Little Abaco.In a general way each group of islets, or each island inhabitedby land shells has its characteristic forms of pulmonate mollusks.Some few forms are widely distributed, but others, especially Ccpolisand Cerion, are for the most part very local, with a few widely dis-tributed species. It is therefore very desirable that the fauna of eachisland should be thoroughly elucidated. Of the species collected byMr. Bryant 35 were previously known from the Bahamas, 15 wereknown to science but not definitely reported from the Bahamas, 4new species or varieties have been added to the fauna by Mr. Bryantand 14 have been contributed from inedited material in the NationalMuseum, making 18 new forms first described in this report, whichcovers, in all, 66 species. The total now known from the Bahamasis 174 species and marked varieties.
List of the Spe< 11- Collected by Mr. Bryant, with Descrip-tions of Several New Forms.Oleacina solidula Pfciffer.Mangrove Cay, south bight of Andros : Nassau, on the Grantstownroad and near Johnson's place ; Little Abaco near Marsh Harborand Nield's, and on the south side at Mathews Point.The species appears to be common and quite uniform in adultcharacters.Plcurodonte provisoria Pfeiffer.
DALL] SHELLS COLLECTED IN THE BAHAMAS 435Nassau, near Fort Charlotte, and Mr. Johnson's place; the youngburrowing in loose earth under a large banyan tree; at Little Abaco,near Nield's ; rather common.Ccpolls various Menke.Andres; Nassau; the Abaco group; Elbow Cay, Great Abaco.Common and very variable, but with many local races. Those atElbow Cay were all very light colored, etc.Cepolis troscheli Pfeiffer.A few specimens were obtained at Nassau, near Fort Charlotteand the Grantstown road.Cepolis exumana Dall.Three miles west of Fort Charlotte, Nassau. The species wasoriginally described from Exuma Island.Cepolis duclosiana Ferussac.Common at Nassau, and quite uniform in its characters.Cepolis smirna new species. PI. lix, figs. 3. 4. 5.Shell polished, smooth, except for delicate lines of growth, ofabout four and a-half whorls, the spire moderately elevated, thewhorls neatly rounded, the base flattish with a small but deep um-bilicus ; aperture transversely oval, the lower part of the peristomereflected, white, with a low basal lamina behind it ; last whorl at theaperture markedly descending ; color of the fresh shell, pale fleshybrown with a rather wdde white peripheral band bounded on eachside by a dark reddish brown band, the basal one wider than theupper one, which last on the spire runs just above the suture. Majordiameter 17.0, minor diameter 14.0, height of shell 9.0 mm.Habitat. Riding Point, Grand Bahama Island, where many dead(but only one living specimen) were found.The shell has much the same form as C. duclosiana, has a similarbasal lamina and umbilicus ; but is larger, relatively more elevated,and of a totally different color. It differs from abacoensis, whichhas a similar color pattern, by having a smooth and polished surface.Cepolis gregoriana Dall.Riding Point, Grand Bahama : Stranger Cay. crawling on lilystalks, and at numerous localities on Great and Little Abaco.This form (originally described from Eleuthera) is one of thegroup of C. abacoensis, from which it differs in color and in havingno dark brown band below the peripheral pale one, and in beingless sharply sculptured. The general coloration of the shell is asomewhat livid purplish brown, lighter or darker ; with a narrowpale peripheral band, which is occasionally bounded above by a nar-row dark line but perhaps more often merely separates the brown
43^ SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS [VOL. X]
areas of the spire and base. The basal lamina is quite feeble and low,and the sculpture variable.Cepolis androsi n. sp. PI. lix, figs. 2, 7, 8.Shell small, sharply sculptured with elegantly spaced threads inharmony with the incremental lines, with four moderately convexwhorls, a convex base with the lower or pillar lip reflected overand almost completely closing a very narrow umbilicus ; the rest ofthe peristome hardly reflected ; basal lamina when fully adult strongand high, parallel with the basal lip ; color sometimes uniformly pur-ple brown, or with a narrow peripheral white band under a darkerbrown line, or with a dark peripheral line with a white one aboveand below it, or with the brown of the base broken up into four orfive spiral bands separated by pale interspaces. Major diameter13.0, minor diameter 11.0, height 7.5 mm.Mangrove and Galden Cays in the south bight of Andros Island.Though a smaller shell this has a more solid basal lamina thangregoriana or abacocnsis, a much smaller and nearly closed um-bilicus and less reflected peristome, but it clearly belongs to the samegroup of species.ThysauopJiora vortex Pfeiffer.Mangrove Cay, Andros ; Nassau near Fort Charlotte and in theentrance to the cave at Gladstone's place ; and near Johnson's place
;
and at Mathews Point on the south side of Abaco.This species has the habit of plastering the outside of its shell withdirt (perhaps its own faeces, as in some species of Succinea) whichis placed in regularly spaced nodules as well as over the general sur-face, giving the shell a stellate aspect when viewed from above. Be-neath this coating the shell is white or translucent, and when cleanedwould hardly be recognized as identical with those retaining theircoat of dirt which is doubtless protective.Thysanophora saxicola Pfeiffer.Xassau, not uncommon.This has not previously been reported from the Bahamas thoughknown from Cuba, Jamaica, etc. It is the Helix mauriniana ofOrbigny.Thysanophora dioscoricola C. B. Adams.Nassau, near Fort Charlotte and on the Grantstown road; rare.This is another addition to the Bahaman fauna, though previouslyknown from Jamaica, Cuba, Florida, etc.Polygyra microdonta Deshayes.Common at Xassau and in the Abaco group.This race of P. cereolus Miihlfeldt, appears to be spread com-
dm. i I SHELLS COLLECTED IN THE BAHAMAS 437
pletely over the Bahamas having been reported from nearly all thelocalities where collections have been made. Riding Point, GrandBahama and Moraine Cay are localities not previously noted.Microceramns gossei Pfr. var. providentia Pilsbry.Mangrove Cay, south bight of Andros; Nassau; and Little Abaco,near Nield's place.The allied M. swiftii does not seem to turn up from the westernBahamas.Bulimulus sepulchralis Poey.Common at Nassau, where it may very likely have been introducedfrom Cuba. It affects the neighborhood of drains, etc.Bulimulus bahamensis Pfeiffer.Man-rove Cay, Andros; and Nassau on the Grantstown road;widely spread through the Bahamas but seemingly not common any-where. JUrocoptis bahamensis Pfr.. var. providentia Pilsbry.Mangrove Cay, Andros: Nassau, near Johnson's place; and onrocks near the entrance to the cave on the Gladstone place.Cerion ritchici Maynard.Mangrove Cay, Andros.Two very poor specimens which appeared to be this species weretaken with hermit crabs.Cerion glans Krister, var. coryi, mut. agava Maynard.From sisal growth near Fort Charlotte, Nassau.Cerion glans Kuster, var. griseum Maynard.Mangrove Cay, Andros Island.Cerion glans Kuster, var. bimarginatum Maynard.Galden and Mangrove Cays near the south bight of Andros, afew defective specimens.Cerion glans obesum Dall, now PI. lviii, fig. 15.This form was obtained from Long Cay, north bight of Androsby the late Prof. John J. Northrop : and from Mangrove Cay, southbight, by Mr. Owen Bryant. While varying somewhat in heightit preserves very uniformly its stoutness and irregular sparse ribbing.It has two and a half smooth pale nuclear and nine subsequent whorlsof a bluish or brownish white color, sometimes with a purplish under-tone, or faintly mottled with irregular blotches of pale brown, theaperture waxen white and deep in the throat warm yellow-brown.The surface is polished, free from spiral stride, obliquely ribbed with(on the penult whorl 22-28) irregular sharp narrow ribs separatedby wider interspaces. The body is subcyhndric, the apex short andsubacute: the umbilicus minutely perforate, the triangle between it
43^ ~ [ITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS [VOL. 47and the reflected peristome rather large. The peristome is roundedand well reflected, the parietal lamina strong-, that on the pillarfeeble or hardly perceptible.
Height ofShell. Aperture. Max. Diameter.Long Cay 29.0 10.0 15 mm.35-5 ii-o 14.5 "Mangrove Cay : n. 14.0 "The shell is near C. g gulum Maynard. but is shorter andstouter, more cylindrical, with coarser, less regular, fewer and morewidely spaced ribs.Only a few specimens were obtained by Mr. Bryant, those of Mr.\<>rthrop were better preserved. U. S. Xat. Mus.. Xo. 120.008.tenon (StropJiiops) waflingense new species. PI. lviii. fig. 7.Shell small, plump, attenuated before and behind, yellowish whitewith occasional brown mottlings chiefly between the whitish ribs :peristome yellowish with a brown flush deep in the throat. Thereare about two brownish smooth nuclear and eight subsequent ribbedwhorls ; the ribs are nearly vertical, close set with slightly widerregular interspaces, the ribs are of full strength immediately in frontof the suture and over the base of the adult : the apex is attenuatedin an even curve, the last whorl is more slender than its predecessor,toward the aperture it rises suddenly so that the posterior angle ofthe aperture is considerably above the middle of the whorl. Thereare about 28-30 ribs on the penultimate whorl, and no traces ofspiral sculpture. The peristome is simple, moderately thickened andreflected, with a thin callus on the body : the parietal fold is strongand short, the axial fold feeble from in front but within well defined
:
the umbilicus is closed. The size of the eleven specimens collectedis unusually uniform.
Height. Aperture. Max Diameter.25 9 10 mm.12 7.5 10 "are the extreme measurements.X" Cerion has yet been noted from Watling Island, a mention ofC. glans in my " Wild Duck '" report having been due to an error.This and the following species are therefore the first positively knownto come from that island. Though not found by Mr. Bryant, theexistence of several unnamed forms was first realized on making anattempt to identify some of his specie-. A.S this seems a suitableplace for the descriptions they are included. U. S. Xat. Mus.. Xo.132.970.
DALL] SHELLS COLLECTED IN THE BAHAMAS 439Cerion (Strophiops) inconspicuam new species. PI. i.viii. figs. 2. 4.Shell small, white or pale brownish, bluntly spindle-shaped, withabout two smooth nuclear and six or seven subsequent whorls; apexarcuately tapering; last whorl moderately attenuated, and. at itstermination, ascending a little above the middle of the whorl; um-bilicus showing a small open chink; peristome simple, slightly thick-ened and reflected; the ribs are narrow, small, low and separated byabout equal interspaces, slightly oblique and very regular; there isno spiral sculpture. The nuclear shell has two short parietal, andone similar basal denticle; the adult has the single parietal denticleshort, feeble, and pustular, the axial lamina almost obsolete.A variety lacunorum, is larger, heavier, and with the parietal andaxial laminae well developed. The measurements are of extremes:
Height of , ^ axShell Aperture. Diameter.Type I/O 5 5 6.5-8.0 mm.Varietv 20.0 6.517-5 5-/ 80Watling Island. I". S. Fish Commission : the variety on the sh< r -of the lagoon by Dr. J. J. Brown: U. S. Nat. Mus., No. 127.494.The types Xo. 37.676.Cerion {Strophiops) canonicum new species. PI. lviii. fig. 13.Shell stout, solid, whitish or pale brown, sub-cylindric. short,stronglv sparsely ribbed and spirally striated. Nucleus prominent.of two' and a half whorls, at first smooth then finely transverselystriated: subsequent whorls six or seven, with a tendency to con-striction a little in front of the suture : the penultimate whorl hasabout 20 nearly vertical ribs, the interspaces wider and more or lessdistinctly spirally striated: last whorl rising to the upper third ofthe whorl at the aperture which is large, with a thin callus on thebodv and a simple broadly reflected peristome ; the umbilicus closedor nearly so ; parietal lamina strong, long, extending three quartersof a whorl, axial lamina feeble. Extremes of measurement:
Height of . , r ^,axShell. Aperture. Diameter30.0 no 12.0 mm.27.O 9-0 130Gun Cay, Wild Duck expedition. This species was erroneouslyidentified as C. pannosum Maynard, which is devoid of spiral sculp-ture, and comes from south of Cuba. All but one of the specimensobtained were subfossil. U. S. Nat. Mus.. No. 127.460.
440 SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS [VOL. X7We now come to a group of three or four species which are appar-ently related to one another but which have been confounded underthe names of valid but different species to which they bear a super-ficial resemblance.Cerion (Strophiops) variabile new species. PI. lviii, figs, i, 6, 14.Shell varying greatly in size, the typical form handsomely axiallyirregularly striped with opaque white, dark brown and light yellowbrown ; with two polished, partly transversely striate nuclear andeight subsequent polished whorls, of which the last is more or lessdistinctly ribbed, the preceding ones striate transversely or smooth,without spiral sculpture, umbilical chink almost closed. The bodyof the shell is subcylindric, the last whorl not contracted, sometimesvery blunt as if truncate, the apex evenly arcuately domed, the apicalportion not swollen. The peristome is simple, rounded, reflected, andthe parietal part when fully adult is thick and continuous ; the pa-rietal lamina is sharp, and one-third of the whorl long; the axiallamina is well developed only behind the pillar, the latter oftenseeming destitute of a lamina when examined from in front. Themeasurements are as follows (U. S. Nat. Mus., No. 120,011) :
Height of Max.Shell. Aperture. Diameter.Type form 24-21 7 9.5-10.5111111.Var. saurodon .... 38 13 13 "Var. pupilla 155-20.0 50-6.5 5-5-6-5 "Cerion variabile var. saurodon now PI. lviii, fig. 14.Shell much larger and heavier than the type form, of about tenwhorls, with two nuclear whorls, the apex rather pointed, the lastfive whorls regularly enlarging, the last the largest, its latter halfand base strongly ribbed, the umbilicus perforate, the parietal laminafeeble. U. S. Nat. Mus., No. 120,011a,Cerion variabile var. pupilla nov. PI. lviii, fig. 1.Shell small, thin and delicate, subcylindric, smooth, with two nu-clear and six and a half subsequent whorls ; umbilicus closed ; pa-rietal lamina sharply defined, the axial near the base of the pillar,just visible; the peristome is simple, hardly reflected, the parietalpart thin ; the anterior part of the pillar markedly excavated. Thismay prove with more abundant material to be a distinct species.IT. S. Xat. Mus., Xo. 1 20,01 ib.This species was at first identified as C. inHatum Maynard (AcklinIsland), though the specimens were collected by the late ProfessorXorthrop at Red Bay on the northwest end of Andros Island. Itdiffers from inftatum by its cylindric or conic, not top-heavy form, the
DALL] SHELLS COLLECTED IX THE BAHAMAS 44 1
last whorl usually ribbed, those preceding irregularly striate orsmooth; it has one more whorl, the parietal callus is not only con-tinuous but usually thick when fully adult ; the parietal lamina rela-tively sharp and clean cut, the axial one invisible from in front;the umbilicus open instead of closed. The two forms referred tovariabile as varieties are similarly colored and from the same locality,but represented by only three specimens. Notwithstanding theenormous difference in size it seems more prudent for the presentto regard them as forms of one species.Cerion {Strophiops) britnneum new species. PI. i.vm, fig. 9.Shell of moderate size, solid, strong, opaque, while, richly stripedand flecked axially with dark chestnut brown; form subcylindricwith a rather pointed apex and slightly attenuated last whorl. Nu-clear whorls two and a half, pale brown, partly transversely striate;subsequent whorls about eight, obsoletely ribbed, the ribbing strong-est on the base ; umbilicus closed ; peristome broad, thick, simple,strongly reflected, yellowish white : the parietal part thin, interruptedexcept in fully adult specimens. The throat is livid brown, theparietal lamina low, about one third of the last whorl in length, theaxial lamina feeble.
Height ofShell.28.526.0This appears to belong the eximium group, but differs from thatspecies by its nearly obsolete ribbing, base not paler than above, thedark brown throat, the thin and usually incomplete parietal callus,and the parietal lamina not prolonged into the older half of the lastwhorl.The specimens were obtained at Governor's Harbor, Eleuthera. byMessrs. Bean and Riley in 1903. U. S. Nat. Mus., No. 173.266.Cerion (Strophiops) plegmatunt new species. PL lviii, fig. 5.Shell of moderate size, light and thin, subcylindric, with two anda half polished, pale, latterly microscopically reticulate whorls, fol-lowed by seven smooth or feebly striated whorls axially striped orclouded with dark or light brown and opaque white. Umbilicusclosed, base attenuated, apex rather pointed ; peristome thin, simple,yellowish white, broadly reflected, in the adult continuous overthe body ; parietal lamina; short, compressed, axial lamina low. in-conspicuous ; the base of the last whorl sometimes strongly axiallystriated.
Aperture.
Aperture.
DALL] SHELLS* COLLECTED IN Mil'- BAHAMAS 443Cerion oweni new species. PI. lviii, figs. 3, 8, 10, 12.Typical form south side of Little Abaco, opposite Marsh Harbor,and on the opposite shore of Grand Bahama at Riding Point ; varietyreticulatum at the Sugar Loaves, reeks northwest of Elbow Cay, offGreat Abaco; variety incisum (nearly all dead or subfossil).Stranger ( ay, northwest of Little Abaco, and one specimen, appar-ently the same, at Sweeting's village, Little Harbor, Great Abaco;var. vermiculum at Mathews Point, south side of Great Abaco. Thismember of one of the most difficult groups of Cerion has been sub-mitted to Dr. Pilsbry, who regards it as new and forming a parallelseries to C. agrestinum Maynard, from New Providence. As he hasrecentlv monographed the group I have adopted his opinion. Thespecies is named in honor of Mr. Owen Bryant, the collector.Typical form. PI. lviii. fig. 12.— Shell large, slender, ashy white,or white marbled and longitudinally streaked and clouded with nutbrown of varied intensity ; the apical 2)A whorls subtranslucent, theremaining ten opaque, smooth and somewhat polished, or more orless sculptured by fine oblique wrinkles with subequal interspacesabout three to one millimeter on the line of the suture ; apex beehive-shaped ; remainder of the shell subcylindric, the last whorl risinga little near the aperture, the peristome thickened, somewhat re-flected, rounded, simple, waxen white ; throat brownish, with a shortlow parietal and feeble axial lamina or ridge of callus ; umbilicuswith a deep narrow chink ; the sutures are not impressed ; the imma-ture shells are trochiform, with a narrow axial perforation, a smallsharp lamina on the pillar, usually a short feeble tooth on the roofof the aperture and very rarely a faint trace of a callosity on the basalwall also, but I have noticed this only once or twice ; measurementsof the mutations of this species show the following as divergencies(U. S. Nat. Mus., No. 179,44^) :
Surface. Whorls.Smooth 12.5Smooth 10.5Feebly striate 12.5Sharply striate 12.0Sharply striate 12.0Feebly striate 9-5Subreticulate 11.0Subreticulate 9-5Very sharply striate.. 12.0Very sharply striate.. 10.0Very sharply striate.. 11.0Very feebly striate.... 10.
o
Feeblv striate 10.0
Height.
444 SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS [VOL. 47Variety a (reticulatum) . PI. lvhi, fig. 8.—Shell smaller, colorstending to livid or purple below ashy white, which is arranged moreor less in narrow spiral lines which cut the white wrinkles at nearly aright angle giving a very marked reticulate effect, the striationnotably sharper than in the type form. U. S. Nat. Mus., No.1 79443-Variety b (incisum). PI. lvhi, fig. 10.—Shells stouter, with stillsharper sculpture, the form top-heavy, with the maximum diameternearer the apex than to the base, a less marked umbilicus ; the youngwith a larger axial perforation and on both the upper and lowerwalls of the aperture a pair of strong short low laminae beside one onthe pillar, making five in all, in the aperture of a shell with sixwhorls. U. S. Nat. Mus., No. 179,440.Variety c (vermiculum) . PI. lvhi, fig. 3.—Shells small, nearlysmooth, slender, subfusiform, with the color in large subaxial mar-morations or nebulae. U. S. Nat. Mus., No. 179,442.The range of variation in size, sculpture, and color, as abovenoted, is very large yet the various forms have nevertheless a generalresemblance which points to their common origin. Large numbersof the typical form were obtained.Dr. Pilsbry remarks of them : " a species not hitherto known, veryclosely related to agrestinum of New Providence, but with a generaltendency to be larger, longer, more solid and varying to smooth,which agrestinum is not known to do. The umbilical slit is alsoordinarily longer in your shells and the parietal lamella smaller.The suture above is also more seam-like. These forms are alsorelated of course to marmoratuui, martensi, and various other formsall more remote geographically than agrestinum. C. fordii is astouter more coarsely sculptured species."Pupoides marginatus Say, var. modicus Gould.Nassau, near Fort Charlotte, and Mangrove Cay, Andros ; com-mon.The form of P. marginatus found on the islands and on the conti-nent from Chesapeake Bay southward, near the sea, is the formnamed Pupa modica by Gould. Inland however, even in Floridait assumes its larger and more solid typical form. In a large seriesa perfect gradation between the two may be established.Bffidaria servilis Gould.Mangrove Cay, Andros and commonly at Nassau near Fort Char-lotte and the Grantstown road.Subulina octona lirnguiere.Nassau, at various localities, common.
BALL] SHELLS COLLECTED l\ ! 1 1 l BAHAMAS 445Opcas octonoides C. B. Adams.Mangrove Cay, Andros; and Nassau.Opens subula Pfeiffc r.Nassau, in loose earth ; and Abaco, near Marsh Harbor.
( )peas micra C. B. Adams.Nassau.Opens paupercula C. B. Adams.Man- rove Cay, Andros, and at Nassau in the grounds of theColonial Hotel and on the Grantstown road.This species, described from Jamaica has not hitherto been knownfrom the Bahamas.Lam cllax is pallidus C. B. Adams.Nassau, in the grounds of the Colonial Hotel and on the Grants-town road, in loose earth.This form was described as a Biilinuis by Adams and has beenreferred to a group named Lamcllaxis by Strebel and identified byvon Martens with Lcptinaria. . Originally named from Jamaica itis now first reported from the Bahamas.Orthalicits undatus Bruguiere.Nassau, with hermit crabs ; Mangrove Cay, Andros, one specimenwith crabs. None found living.Melaniella gracillima Pfeiffer.Mangrove Cay, Andros; under leaves and bushes on a side hillnear Fort Charlotte, Nassau, N. P.Caccilioidcs acicula Muller.A single specimen was found with Opeas in loose earth, on theGrantstown road, Nassau. This species has been reported fromFlorida and Bermuda but not hitherto from the Bahamas.Zonitoidcs minusculus Binney.A single specimen was obtained in the grounds of the ColonialHotel, Nassau.The species is new to the Bahamas though previously knownfrom Florida, Bermuda and Jamaica.Succinea ochracina Gundlach?Young specimens, distinguished from the following species bythe more acute spire and deep orange color, were found near John-son's place and Lake Cunningham, also in the grounds of theHotel Victoria in Nassau. The typical locality is in Cuba.Succinea barbadcusis Guilding.Very common at Mangrove Cay, Andros, and near Fort Charlotte,Nassau.
44-6 SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS [VOL. 47The young cover the shell to a greater or less extent with pelletsof their own faeces.Veronicella schivelya var. bahamensis now PI. lix, fig. i.Near Johnson's place, Nassau, and on Little Abaco, at Nield'splace.This large Veronicella, while not agreeing in all particulars withDr. Pilsbry's account of the Bermuda species, is evidently closelvallied to it.The young are translucent white with two dark lines enclosinga broad, elongated area on the back which is pale and outside ofwhich the sides of the mantle are finely gray-dotted. The foot andwhole underside are pale waxen but the oculiferous tentacles areconspicuous by their dark slate color in contrast to the rest of theanimal.The adult is of a purplish livid color in general, though some-times albinistic ; the back shows a narrow light median dorsal line,and two broad somewhat hazy dark bands corresponding to thedark lines of the young, but the pale dorsal area is more or lessclouded with grayish purple. The genital pore is not so close to thefoot as in Dr. Pilsbry's specimens from Bermuda, and the lighterdorsal area is broader in Bahama specimens. The animal itself,as far as one can determine from alcoholic specimens, is ratherbroader and stouter than the Bermuda variety. It measures, in twospecimens ; total length 54 and 63 mm., breadth 25.5 and 26.5 ; thesole is 9 and 10 broad, and 54.5 and 62.5 long ; the genital pore isdistant from the anterior edge of the mantle 31 and 33 ; from theposterior edge of the mantle 23 and 27 ; from the sole 3 and 2.5, fromthe lateral edge of the mantle 5 and 6 mm.Numerous specimens were obtained at Nassau, and it is probablywidespread, but rarely noticed by travelers because it is nocturnalin its habits. It seems to have been the only slug noted during theexpedition.Segmentina (Planorbula) dentata Gould.Mangrove Cay, Andros.Mr. Bryant writes "I found all the Planorbis in dried up pondholes in the lime rock near what is called the " shore road," reallya path, about a mile from the village of Mangrove Cay. When Isaw them there had been little rain and there was nothing but mudwith some grass and reeds growing in it, and one or two crab holeswhere there was still some water and very soft mud. Near the topof the holes and over most of the bottom were scattered largenumbers of dead Planorbis and a few Phvsa. The first hole I ex-
DALL] shells COLLECTED IN THE BAHAMAS 447
amined was about ten or fifteen feet across and about lour feetdeep. I found in it only one or two Physas but there were a greatmany Planorbis. 1 was much puzzled as to whence they came, andmade a careful search to see if I could find any live ones. I ex-amined the mud and looked in the very bottom where the mud wasstill soft but could unearth none. Then I looked in the crab holes,feeling round the sides and taking up handfulls of mud from thesides and bottom and straining it through my net. I thought theremust be considerable numbers of live ones somewhere or there wouldnot be so many freshly dead ones, but could find no trace of any.Later 1 discovered a pond where the natives shoot wild fowl inwinter, and called by them the " duck pond." Hereabouts the landis nowhere more than eight or ten feet above high water mark, andprobably the water in this pond was in subterranean communicationwith the sea, not more than a quarter of a mile away. The pondwas one hundred yards or more from where I found the Planorbis.It was a natural pond, very shallow, but with a soft muddy bottomover the lime rock, and all about it bushes and trees were thick.The trees extended into the water, growing in it to a depth of twofeet. In the pond were some fresh water algae and other plants. Ithought I had found where my Planorbis came from, but on mostcareful search I could not find one alive or dead, but did find a fewPhysa, some of which were alive. The pond was the only one Iheard of, remote from the village, difficult of access and there wasno water about where anything in the shape of aquatic plants hadbeen imported. Therefore I think there is no possibility of thePhysa being imported. Probably the water was salt or at leastbrackish near the bottom. There were a number of the lime sinkswhich had been cleaned out to form " wells," and one or two deepsinks which had water in them fresh enough to drink. In one ofthese, two miles from the cluck pond and back of the village Ifound one Physa."The explanation, as far as the planorbes are concerned, is thatthey form epiphragms when the waters of the pool dry up and "re-main in this condition alive but quiescent until the rains fill up thepools again. Many of the specimens of P. rcdHcldi showed theepiphragm, usually double, very clearly through the translucentshell. I believe this habit has not before been recorded of Planorbis.I agree entirely with Mr. Bryant's conclusion that these freshwater species are indigenous and native to the islands. There aremany ways by which such pools may be stocked. The greater pro-fusion of specimens in the pools and their scarcity in the permanent
44-8 SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS [VOL. 47pond may well be due to the presence in the pond of fish and wildfowl, which feed eagerly on such fresh water snails, but could notlive in pools periodically dry. The majority of the numerousPlanorbis obtained by Mr. Bryant was composed of the P. red-Heidi, the Segmentiua is comparatively rare. Years ago I receivedfrom Dr. Brown a single specimen of the latter, from the drift onthe shores of the lagoon at Watling Island.Planorbis rcdHcldi C. B. Adams.Mangrove Cay, Andros, common.This species was originally described, from Jamaica, and is anaddition to the fauna of the Bahamas ; the manner of its occurrencehas been described under the last species.Physa acuta Draparnaud.Mangrove Cay, Andros ; not abundant. Watling Island (J. J.Brown).This species was identified by D'Orbigny in 1842, from Cuba,Jamaica, Guadeloupe and Martinique, as well as South Europe andthe Canary Islands. Later it was found in large numbers in one ofthe hothouses at Kew Gardens by Jeffreys, introduced with aquaticplants from the West Indies. Dr. Brown Goode collected specimensfrom water tanks at Bermuda, which were identified by Dr. Pilsbry.I received a single specimen from Watling Island. Now Mr. Bryantadds it to the fauna of the Bahamas. I formerly supposed thisspecies to be an introduction from Europe, but am now quite con-fident that it is indigenous to the Antillean region. I have carefullycompared European and Antillean specimens and find the differencesslight and inconstant, though one would not expect a fresh watershell to have such a geographical distribution. An anatomical ex-amination will be required to remove all lingering doubts as totheir identity. Mr. Bryant's specimens are all immature.Tralia pusilla Gmelin.Sweetings village, Abaco. Also Florida, Bermuda, etc.Melampus (Detracia) bulloides Montagu.Andros Island at Mangrove Cay.A single young specimen was obtained. The species had pre-viously been reported from Nassau. Also at Riding Point, GrandBahama.Pedipcs mirabilis Muhlfeldt, var. tridens Pfr.\ixlros, at Daulin Bay, Sweeting's village, Abaco.This species is quite variable in the coarseness of its spiral sculp-ture. Young specimens with line sculpture and in which the median
DALL] SHELLS COLLECTED IN THE BAHAMAS 449
callus inside the outer lip has not yel formed, were named Widensby Pfeiffer, and when the callus appears are quadridens C. B. Adams.The very young are ovalis C. J'.. Adams, and the old coarsely sculp-tured and strongly dentate specimens are typical mirabilis. Theform varies from ovate-elevated to naticoid. I think this is the firsttime this species has been definitely reported from the Bahamas.Blauneria pellucida Pfeiffer.A single specimen was obtained at Mangrove Cay.This minute shell has been reported from Florida, the West [ndiesand Bermuda, but not previously from the Bahamas. It is eithergenerally rare or from its small size and subterranean habits hasbeen overlooked by collectors.Siphonaria alternata Say.A 1 angrove Cay, Andros ; Little Abaco.This had previously been obtained at Gun Cay. by the U. S. FishCommission.Chondropoma revinctum Poey.On the Grantstown road, Nassau, N. P., U. S. Fish Commissionand Owen Bryant.This species, which has been kindly identified for me by Dr.Pilsbry from specimens in the Academy of Natural Sciences, wasoriginally described from the south side of Cuba near Manzanillo.There are several nearly allied species in Haiti. Having been foundat a wide interval by two expeditions it seems that it must havebecome well established, though recently introduced, since it is sohandsome and conspicuous a species that, existing now in the bestexplored region of the group, it could hardly, if present, have beenoverlooked by all previous collectors.It is now first recorded from the Bahamas.Rhytidopoma euploca new species. PI. lix, fig. 6.Inagua, Bland. Three specimens.I describe this species here, because it is an addition to the Ba-haman fauna discovered under a wrong name in the Museum col-lection while endeavoring to identify Mr. Owen Bryant's material.It was received by Stearns from Bland and subsequently was ac-quired by the National Museum.Shell small, with four moderately convex whorls after decollation
;
somewhat irregularly but strongly crenulate at the suture ; colorhoney yellow, more or less faintly articulated, striped, dotted orclouded with pale reddish brown ; sculpture of fine low spiral threads(about 10 on the penultimate whorl) with narrower and more
45° SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS [VOL. tftranslucent interspaces, crossed by much finer, regular, sharply de-fined axial threadlets, most evident in the interspaces and giving atextile effect to the surface ; the revolving threads a little stronger onthe base ; umbilicus small, perforate, not covered by the narrow peri-stome ; termination of the last whorl not free from the body ; aper-ture, short, ovate, yellowish, showing the brown spirals internally
;
peristome narrow, slightly reflected, little thickened, but somewhatangular behind ; operculum thin, the calcareous layer thin, its dis-position similar to that of Ctetwpoma riigulosum Pfr., the type ofthe genus RJiytidopoma Sykes. Height of shell 8.0 ; maximumdiameter of shell 4.0 ; of aperture 2.6 mm.Opisthosiphon baluuiiciisis Shuttleworth.Typical locality Nassau ; collected by Mr. Bryant in various locali-ties at and near Nassau ; Great Abaco, on the Sugar Loaves rocks
;
Little Abaco near Nield's and Marsh Harbor, and Mathews Pointon the south side of Abaco.This is the most abundant species of the family in the Bahamas,and, considering its wide distribution, is very uniform in characterdiffering chiefly in color, the Nassau variety being frequently of alivid purpuraceous tint while the specimens from the outer andeastern islands are more disposed to assume a yellowish color withfairly distinct dottings or streaks of brown. The differences ofsize, probably correlated with the food supply, are not very marked.This, with the allied 0. razvsoni Pfr., belongs to a new genus1 charac-terized by a little tube which is formed behind the posterior angle ofthe peristome and turned with its aperture close to the surface ofthe preceding whorl ; so that, when the animal protects itself byhermetically closing the aperture of the shell with the operculum,air can still be admitted through this little tube to the interior, thoughthe orifice is not large enough to give access to any enemy of thespecies. This tube at a later stage is closed up permanently.Specimens of this species in the National Museum were named byBland C. biformc Pfeiffer, but I am informed by Mr. E. A. Smith ofthe British Museum that the true biformc is a species of Chon-dropoma.Helicina fasciata Lamarck.Mangrove Cay, Andros, in dead sisal ; Riding Point, Grand Ba-hama ; Cuba.This species appears to be rather rare, as Mr. Bryant obtained onlya few immature and one dead adult specimen. It had not previously
1 Cf. Proc. Malac. Soc. London, vi, p. 209, 1905.
DALL] SPIELLS COLLECTED IN THE BAHAMAS 45 lbeen recorded from the Bahamas in print, though there are Bahamaspecimens in the National Museum collection, obtained many yearsago by the late Dr. Henry Bryant of Boston. A curious fact wasdeveloped while making the comparisons with other specimens ofHelicina. Nearly fifty years ago a single specimen of Helicina wassent to the Smithsonian from Key Biscayne, Florida, and identifiedas H. subglobulosa Poey, a Cuban form. There arc specimens of//. subglobulosa from Florida in the collection, of more recent date,but the original specimen is undoubtedly an example of //. fasciata.The figure in the Land and fresh water Shells of North America(f. 220) part in, p. in, is very poor.Helicina bryanti Pfeiffer.Inagua, Dr. H. Bryant; Nassau and Mangrove Cay, Andros,Owen Bryant.This seems to be common and widespread. Large bleached speci-mens from Turk's Island are H. Candida Pfeiffer, and H. calidaWeinland, from Crooked Island can hardly be distinguished.Schazicheila bahamensis Pfeiffer.One specimen was found on the Grantstown road near Nassau,and another at Mathews Point on the south side of Abaco, by Mr.Bryant.The fresh shell is of a brownish red color, the tint changing afterdeath and exposure to a pale yellow of very different aspect.TrnncatcUa pulchella Pfeiffer.Mangrove Cay, Andros, Hopetown and Sweeting's village, Abaco.Trnncatella bilabiata Pfeiffer.Nassau, N. P., also in beach drift at Long Rock, Abaco.Trnncatella clathrus Lowe.Riding Point, Grand Bahama, Sweeting's village, Abaco.This has not previously been recorded from the Bahamas thoughregistered from Bermuda, Florida, Porto Rico, St. Thomas, etc.Assiminea coucolor C. B. Adams.Jamaica (Adams as Phasianella concolor) ; Lagoon of Watling'sIsland; Bermuda (C. B. Adams and C. A. Davis) ; under stones athigh water. Key West (Hemphill) ; Point Pinallis near Tampa,Florida (E. Jewett and R. E. C. Stearns) ; Mangrove Cay, southbight of Andros Island (Owen Bryant).This differs from A. affinis Orbigny, in its more rotund andpolished whorls, and somewhat larger size. A. concinna C. B.Adams (as Cingnla) has an impressed line in front of the suture.I have not seen specimens, but the species was described from Ja-
45 2 SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS [vol. 47
maica. The species from Cedar Keys which I listed in Proc. U. S.Xat. Mus., vi, p. 335, as A. auberiana Orbigny, is not Orbigny'sspecies. The latter is probably a Rissoid, and the Cedar Keys speciesis likely to prove identical with A. turricula H. C. Lea (as Cingnla)described from South Carolina. The possession of cotypes of C. B.Adams Pliasianella concolor, received from the author, enables meto feel certain about the identification of Mr. Bryant's shells.Cyrena colorata Prime.South side of Abaco, and at Riding Point, Grand Bahama.This is not exactly a fresh water shell, but occurs in the mud ofbrackish marshes.Cyrcnoida americana Morelet.South side of Abaco ; also Cuba and Porto Rico.This has a situs similar to that of the last species.EXPLANATION OF PLATESAll the figures are natural size.
Plate LVIIIFig. 1. Cerion variabilc Dall, var. pupilla Dall p. 4402. Cerion inconspicum Dall p. 4393. Cerion oweni Dall, var. vermiculum Dall p. 4444. Cerion inconspicuum var. laennorum Dall p. 4395. Cerion plegmatum Dall p. 44 16. Cerion variabile Dall, typical form p. 44°7. Cerion watlingense Dall p. 4388. Cerion oweni var. reticulatum Dall. The bluish spiral color-markings do not photograph clearly p. 449. Cerion branncum Dall p. 44 l10. Cerion oweni var. incisum Dall p. 444n. Cerion northropi Dall p. 44 212. Cerion oweni Dall, typical form p. 44313. Cerion canonicuni Dall p. 43914. Cerion variabilc var. saurodon Dall p. 44°15. Cerion glans Kiister, var. obesnm Dall p. 437Plate LIXFig. 1. VcroniccUa schivelyce Pilsbry, var. baliamcnsis Dall. The color-markings and the median pale line do not show in thisphotograph from an alcoholic specimen p. 44 ()2, 7, 8. Ccpolis androsi Dall p. 43&3, 4, 5. Cepolis smirna Dall. The specimen figured is smaller thanthe type and slightly bleached p. 4356. Rhytidopoma cuploca Dall p. 44"
BAHAMA SHELLS

SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS VOL. 47, PL. LIX
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BAHAMA SHELLS