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;3)cpariTncnf of fhc ^nfcricursU. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM.BULLETIN
UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
ISTo. 38.
A MANUAL OF AMERICAN LAND SHELLS.
W. G. BINNEY
WASHINGTOIT:GOVERNMENT PEINTING OFFICE.1885.
S^fWff^f- r'^r^'^'^if
'^eparimeni of fhe ^TxieviavtU. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM.
Serial Number 38BULLETIN
ISTo. 38
OF THEUNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
PUBLISHED UNDER THE DIRECTION OF THE SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION.
WASHINGTON:GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE.IS85.
ADVERTISEMENT.
This work (Bulletin :N^o. 28) is the thirty-eighth of a series of papersintemled to illustrate the collections of natural history and ethnologybelonging to the United States, and constituting the I^ational Museum,of which the Smithsonian Institution was placed in charge by the act ofCongress of August 10, 1840.It has been prepared at the request of the Institution, and printedby authority of the honorable Secretary of the Interior.The publications of the National Museum consist of two series?theBulletins, of which this is No. 28, in continuous series, and the Proceed-ings, of which the seventh volume is now in press.The volumes of Proceedings are printed, signature by signature, eachissue having its own date, and a small edition of each signature is dis-tributed to libraries promptly after its publication.From time to time the publications of the Museum which have beenissued separately are combined together, and issued as volumes ofthe Miscellaneous Collections. These are struck off from the stereo-type plates from which the first edition was printed, and in this formare distributed by the Smithsonian Institution to libraries and scientificsocieties throughout the world. Volume 13 of these collections includesBulletins 1 to 10 inclusive ; volume 19, volumes 1 and 2 of the Proceedings; volume 22, volumes 3 and 4 of the Proceedings ; and volume 23,Bulletins 11 to 15 inclusive.Full lists of the publications of the Museum may be found in the cur-rent catalogues of the publications of the Smithsonian Institution.SPENCER F. BAIRD,Secretary of the Smitlisonian Institution.Smithsonian Institution,Washington, October 1, 1884.
A MANUAL
OF
AMERICAN LAND SHELLS.
BTT
^sr. a. Biisrisr E Y.
WASHINGTON:GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE.1885.

PREFACE.
The following pages form an enlarged and revised edition of " TheLand and Freshwater Shells of North America, Part I," published bythe Smithsonian Institution in 1869. Subsequently-described speciesare added. Fuller attention is given in separate chapters to the sub-jects of geographical distribution, organs of generation, jaw and lingualdentition, and classification. In the descriptive portion of the work thespeoies are grouped geographically rather than systematically, an ar-rangement which at first seems awkward to our confirmed habits, butwhich, on consideration, is justified by the fact that the political di-visions of the continent do not agree with the limits of all the variouspulmonate faunas.In the earlier work referred to above, I obtained permission to addthe name of my friend Mr. Thomas Bland as co-author, so intimatelyhad we been associated in its preparation. It now becomes my painfulduty to announce his death on August 20, 1885, and to regret the lossin my future studies of the assistance received from his absence ofprejudice, his extended experience, general scientific training, andphilosophic mind. W. G. BINNEY.Burlington, N. J., October, 1885.

CONTENTS.
Page.Preface 5I. Habits and Properties 9II. Geographical Distribution 18III. Generative Orgaks 42IV. Jaw and Lingual Dentition 44V. Classification 50VI. Systematic Index f)?VII. Description of Species 60a. Universally Distributed 60h. Piicific Province 79
c. Central Province IB,*)d. Eastern Province, Northern Region 175
e. Eastern Province, Interior Kegion 199/. Eastern Province, Southern Region 344g. Locally Introduced 448VIII. Appendix 473IX. Catalogue of Binney Collection 475X. Index of Figures 501XI. General Index 5057

AMERICAN LAND SHELLS.
I.?HABITS AND PEOPEETIES.The snails live mostly in tlie forest, sheltered under the trunks offallen trees, layers of decaying leaves, stones, or in the soil itself. Inthese situations they pass the greater part of their lives. In the earlydays of spring, they sometimes assemble in considerable numbers, inwarm and sunny situations, where they pass hours in indolent enjoy-ment of the warmth and animating influence of the sunshine. Whetherthese meetings serve any useful purpose in the economy of the animal,or are caused by the pleasurable sensation and renewed strength de-rived from the warmth of the situation after the debility of their win-ters torpidity, is uncertain ; it is probable, however, that they precedethe business of procreation. It is certain that they last but a short time,and that after early spring, the animals are to be found in their usualretreats.In the course of the months of May or June, earlier or later, accordingto the locality and as the season is more or less warm, they begin to laytheir eggs.* These are deposited, to the number of from thirty to fiftyand even more, in the moist and light mould, sheltered from the sun'srays by leaves, or at the side of logs and stones, without any order, andslightly agglutinated together. The depth of the deposit is usually meas-ured by the extreme length of the animal, which thrusts its head andbody into the soil to the utmost extent, while the shell remains at thesurface 5 but sometimes the animal burrows three or four inches deepbefore making the deposit, in order to insure a sufficiently moist posi-tion. Three^or four such deposits, and sometimes more, are made byone animal during the summer and autumn. When the deposit is com-plete it is abandoned by the animal. The eggs vary in size accordingto the magnitude of the species producing them. They are nearly glob-ular, one axis being somewhat longer than the other, white and opaque.They consist, in general, of an external, semicalcareous, elastic mem-
* A few species are viviparous.
10 A MANUAL OP AMERICAN LAND SHELLS.brane investiDg the whole, the interior surface of which is usually stud-ded with numerous rhombic, microscopic crystals of carbonate of lime,some species, however, having a hard enveloping calcareous shell, of theconsistence of that of a bird's egg ; of an inner thin, transparent, shin-ing membrane which immediately incloses a transparent and somewhatviscid fluid, analogous to the albumen of birds' eggs ; of the albumenitself, and of the vitellus, which, possessing the same degree of trans-parency as the albumen, cannot be distinguished from it at this time.The elastic eggs when first laid are often flaccid, and seemingly onlyhalf full of fluid, but they soon absorb moisture and become distended.The embryo animal, with its shell, is observable in the albuminous fluidin a few days after the egg is laid. Its exclusion takes place, underordinary circumstances, in from twenty to thirty days, according to thestate of the atmosphere. Warmth and humidity hasten the process,while cold and dryness retard it to an almost indefinite extent. Thehatching of eggs laid late in the autumn is often interrupted by the ap-proach of cold weather and of snow, and delayed until the next spring.The young animal gnaws its way out of the egg, and makes its firstrepast, of the shell which it has just left. It consists at first of aboutone and a half whorls, the umbilicus being minute, but open. Itsgrowth is rapid, and it has usually increased in magnitude three orfour times before the close of the first year.In the month of October, or at the epoch of the first frost, the snailceases to feed, becomes inactive, and fixes itself to the under surfaceof the substance by which it is sheltered, or partially burrows in thesoil, and with the aperture of the shell upward, disposes itself for itsannual sleep or hibernation. Withdrawing into the shell, it forms overthe aperture a membranous covering, consisting of a thin, semi-trans-parent mixture of lime, mucus or gelatine, secreted from the collar ofthe animal. This membrane is called the epiphragm. It is formed inthis manner : The animal being withdrawn into the shell, the collar isbrought to a level with the aperture, and a quantity of mucus is pouredout from it and covers it. A small quantity of air is then emitted fromthe respiratory foramen, which detaches the mucus from the surface ofthe collar, and projects it in a convex form, like a bubble. At the samemoment, the animal retreats farther into the shell, leaving a vacuumbetween itself and the membrane, which is consequently pressed backby the external air to a level with the aperture, or even farther, so asto form a concave surface, where, having become desiccated and hard,
A MANUAL OF AMERICAN LAND SHELLS. 11it remains fixed. These operations are nearly simultaneous, and occupy-but an instant. As the weather becomes colder the animal retiresfarther into the shell, and makes another septum, and so on, untilthere are sometimes as many as six of these partitions. The circulationbecomes slow, the pulsations of the heart, which in the season of activ-ity vary from forty to sixty in a minute, according to the temperatureof the air, decrease in frequency and strength, until they at length be-come imperceptible. The other functions of the body cease, and astate of torpidity succeeds, which is interrupted only by the revivingheat of the next spring's sun. During the months of April or May, oron the accession of the first warm weather of the season, the animalbreaks down and devours the membraneous partitions and comes forthto participate in the warmth and freshness of the season. At first itis weak and inactive, but, recovering in a short time its appetite, re-sumes its former activity.The season of hibernation continues from four to six months. Thefinal cause of this extraordinary condition is undoubtedly to enable theanimal to resist successfully the extreme reduction of temperature, andto survive through the long period when it must, in northern climatesat least, be entirely destitute of its usual food. With a view to the firstpurpose, a place of shelter is provided, and the aperture of the shell ishermetically sealed by the epiphragm or the hibernaculum ; for thesecond, the state of torpor is adopted, during which the functions ofdigestion, respiration, and circulation being suspended, and all the se-cretions and excretions having ceased, there is no drain upon thestrength and vitality of the animal, and no exhaustion of its forces.Hence it comes forth, at the end of the period, in much the same con-dition in which it commenced it, and resumes almost immediately itsusual functions and habits. So entire is the cessation of the functionof respiration that the air contained between the epiphragm and theanimal is found to be unchanged. The circulation, however, may bepartially restored by a small degree of heat, the warmth of the handbeing sufficient to stimulate the heart to action.In the portions of the country subject to long periods of drought thesame process is resorted to as a defense against want of moisture. Inthis case the epiphragm is much thicker. In the genus Binneya it isstill more developed, in order to protect the parts of the animal incapa-ble of being drawn within the small shell.The snails pass the greater part of their lives under dead leaves andlogs, under stones, or burrowing in the ground. They seldom come
12 A MANUAL OF AMERICAN LAND SHELLS.from their lurking places while the sun shines, and indeed are neverseen ranging in the daytime unless the day be damp and dark. Shouldthey then be surprised by the appearance of the sun, they immediatelytake shelter from its rays under some cover or on the shaded side ofthe trunks of trees.Their natural food is vegetable, and the formation of the mouth andthe organs with which it is armed seems to be peculiarly well adaptedfor cutting fruits and the succulent leaves of plants. The cutting-edgeof the jaw being applied against the substance to be eaten, the semi-lunar rough instrument, which Spallanzani calls the tongue^* is broughtup against it, cutting out and carrying into the mouth semicircularportions of nutriment. This operation is carried on with great rapidity,and the substance to be eaten soon disappears. It is certain, however,that some species are also fond of animal food, and sometimes preyupon earth-worms, their own eggs, and even upon each other; but theslowness of their motions and their consequent inability to pursue prey,forbids the idea of their being dependent on animal food. They, intheir turn, become the prey of various birds and reptiles; and it is nouncommon thing to observe, in the forest, clusters of broken shellslying ou logs or stones which have been chosen by birds as convenientplaces for breaking the shell and extracting the animal.The snails of the United States are for the most part solitary in theirhabits, differing very much, in this respect, from the snails of Europe.It is true that in localities favorable for their residence they may be col-lected in considerable numbers; and especially is this the case in theStates north of the Ohio River. But even there they seem to live inde-pendently of each other, and not to unite into herds or communities.There are occasional exceptions, however, as in the case of Patula alter-nata, very large numbers of which ha7e been observed collected into asmall space, especially in winter, as if for the puri)ose of impartingwarmth to each other. The few species of European snails which havebeen introduced retain their native habits. Tachea hortejisis, for in-stance, which has been transplanted to some of the small islands inthe vicinity of Cape Ann, is found there in countless numbers, literallycovering the soil and shrubs. It is worthy of notice also that eachisland is inhabited by a variety peculiar to itself, showing that thevariety which happened to be introduced there has propagated itself,without a tendency to run into other variations. Thus, on one islet is
* This organ is called the " lingual membrane " in the text. By others it is calledthe "radula." .
A MANUAL OF AMERICAN LAND SHELLS. 13found the yellowish-green unicolored variety, once described as Helixsuhglohosa ; and on another, within a very short distance, we find abanded variety, and none others.In regard to colors, our snails are quite plain and exceedingly uni-form; in this respect also differing essentially from the species of theOld World. They vary from yellowish-green through horn color tochestnut, most of them being simply horn-colored. This is perhapsowing to the fact that our species do not infest our gardens and openfields, but are generally confined to forests, sheltered under logs andstones, and are rarely seen abroad except during twilight or on dampand dark days; indeed, they almost entirely disappear as the forestsare cut down, and seem to flee the approach of man. The Europeanspecies, on the other hand, follow in the track of cultivation, and arecommon in gardens and fields, on walls and hedges, and other placesexposed to the action of light. With the exception of Patula alter-nata and Hemitrochus varians, Liguus fasciatus, &c., there is scarcely aspecies having bands or variegated colors inhabiting eastern NorthAmerica; and even there these latter species can scarcely be regardedas an exception, as they are only to be found at the southern part ofFlorida, and are more properly West India shells. In Texas and be-yond the Rocky Mountains in Oregon and California, many of thespecies have one or more bands.Another peculiarity of the American snails is the tooth-like append-ages with which the aperture of a large proportion of them is armed,and which are characteristic of the group designated by Ferussac underthe name of Helicodonta. More than one-half of the whole number, andmore than three-fourths of those with reflected lips, are thus provided.In some species these appendages assume the form of folds rather thanteeth; and in others we have simple threads or laminae revolving withinthe aperture in the course of the spire. They are not formed until theshell has attained its full growth.The genera not furnished with an external shell were grouped intoone family of Limacidce by Binuey, who thus describes their habits:They are more especially nocturnal than the other families of the order,and they are so rarely visible in the daytime that thousands may benear without being known. The injury which they commit in kitchen-gardens, for this reason, is often vaguely ascribed to worms or to birds,and no measures are taken against the real culprits. Their habits, ingeneral, coincide with those which have been described as distinguish-
14 A MANUAL OF AMERICAN LAND SHELLS.ing the shell-bearing species, and I shall therefore mention here onlythose which are peculiar to them. They difier from the other familiesin not possessing the faculty of hibernation, or suspension of their or-ganic luuctions during the cold season. In temperate latitudes thesnails hibernate, under all circumstances, on the approach of coldweather; the slugs, on the contrary, having the power of resisting ex-treme cold, continue in their usual haunts until severe frosts set in,when they retire into the earth and other sheltered retreats. Here theyremain in a state of inaction and partial torpidity; the functions of thebody, however, still going on, though slowly and with diminished force.A slight increase of heat arouses them and stimulates their organs torenewed action, and they accordingly often come abroad in mild weathereven during the winter. Those which inhabit cellars and other pro-tected situations are in motion throughout the year; and individualsof all the genera and species which I have kept in confinement havecontinued active, fed freely, and increased in size as much in the coldestmonths as in the summer.All the species which have yet come under my notice possess thepower of suspending themselves in the air by a gelatinous thread. Thisthey eifect by accumulating a quantity oftenacious mucus at the posterior extrem-ity of the foot, which they attach to theobject from which they are to commencetheir descent; then, loosing their own hold,they hang suspended by this point. Con-tinuing the secretion, their own weightattenuates the mucous attachment anddraws it out into a thread. As this driesand hardens, a fresh supply is afforded,the thread is lengthened, and the animallets itself down any desirable distance.At this time, also, the margin of the footLimax campestris. sna-pouded. pours out mucus freely, and duriug thewhole operation the locomotive disk is in active undulatory motion, inthe same manner as when in ordinary progression. It appears in thisway to guide and force towards the extremity the mucus which is se-creted on its surface, and which, collected at its extreme point, forms thethread. The slug often pauses in its descent, and extends its eye-pe-
FlG. 1.
A MANUAL OF AMERICAN LAND SHELLS. 15doucles and its whole body in various directions, as if seeking someobject on which to make a lodgment. The faculty of susjiending them-selves in this manner indicates that they pass some part of their liveson trees, from which they can thus make a convenient descent to theearth ; there are some species, indeed, which are stated to inhabit treesalmost exclusively. It may serve also as a means by which they cansuddenly escape from the attacks of their enemies, and particularly ofbirds. It is mostly, however, when they are young, or at least notgrown to their full size, that they enjoy this power. Those which haveattained their extreme dimensions and weight are too heavy to trustthemselves to so frail a support. They have no power to elevate them-selves again, and in this respect are inferior to the spiders, which canboth lower and raise themselves by the aid of the secreted thread.Like the si)iders, however, they often remain suspended in mid-air fora time, and it is not unlikely that there is some pleasurable sensationconnected with the act, which induces them thus to i)rolong it. Dr.Binney states that he had seen the descent actually practiced byevery one of our Atlantic species.Besides the watery fluid which at all times lubricates the integuments,the animals can, at their will, secrete at any point, or over the wholesurface of their bodies, a more viscid and tenacious mucus than isusually exuded. This i^ower is used as a means of defense. When-ever a foreign substance touches them, immediately a quantity of thismucus, of the consistence of milk and nearly of the same color, is pouredout and forms a kind of membrane interposed between themselves andthe irritating substance. So, also, when they are surrounded by a cor-rosive gas, or are thrown into water or alcohol, they form over them-selves in this way a thick protecting covering, which is undoubtedly anon-conductor of heat and impervious, at least for a time, to liquids.Shielded by this coating, they can live the greater part of a day im-mersed in water, and for a shorter time in alcohol ; and M. Ferussacasserts that they have survived for hours in boiling water. They leavea trace of their usual secretion on every object over which they pass,and thus can easily be traced to their retreats. The ordinary secretionis most abundant at their posterior extremity. The secretion of themucous fluid over their surface is necessary to their existence. Deathimmediately follows the failure of this power, and is preceded by thedrying up of the skin.
16 A MANUAL OF AMERICAN LAND SHELLS.All the species are extremely voracious, and devour au incrediblequantity of food in a short time. Those found in this country are gen-erally supposed to be vegetable feeders, but nearly all of them subsistoccasionally upon dead animal matter, of which they seem to be fond,and when in confinement sometimes attack and devour each other ; andthe foreign genus Testacella, is known to prey habitually upon earth-worms. It is probable, therefore, that in their natural condition all ofthem at times resort to animal food and devour earth-worms, insectsand their larvte, and such other animals as, inhabiting the same retreats,are like themselves slow of motion and defenseless. It is certain, how-ever, that the principal food of those species which frequent the neigh-borhood of houses and gardens consists of the tender leaves of succu-lent plants and of ripe fruits. Upon these, in Europe, they perpetrateserious ravages, often destroying in a night the labors and hopes of thegardener, and in some years committing so much injury and interferingto such a degree with the prosperity of the agriculturist that they areranked among the scourges of the country. Like caterpillars, locusts,and rats, they are considered to be perpetual enemies, and a war of ex-termination is carried on against them. To limit the extent of the evil,many remedies have been i^roposed, and among others the prayers andexorcisms of the Church have been claimed, but without any consider-able abatement of it. Happily, we are not in this country subject, inthe same degree, to the mischief done by these animals, for their excess-ive increase is kept in check, probably, by the vicissitudes of the cli-mate; but it may be useful to know that a border of ashes, sand, or saw-dust, laid around the bed containing the plants it is desired to i)rotect,will i)rove an impassable barrier to the slugs, so long as these substancesremain dry. When the slugs attempt to pass the barrier, they becomeentangled in the dry ashes or sand, which envelopes them entirely.The particles of these adhere to the viscid surface of the animals, which,in vain endeavoring to disengage themselves from them by secretingnew mucus, at length become exhausted and die.Their growth is remarkably rapid. The young have been known todouble their size and weight in a week. The earliest hatched young ofthe season generally attain their full maturity before the end of the firstyear, although they may afterwards increase somewhat in bulk. Thosewhich leave the egg at a later period, mature during the second year.Individuals kept in confinement and fully fed, reach a much greater sizethan when in their natural condition.
A MANUAL 01 AMERICAN LAND SHELLS. 17They possess, in a remarkable degree, the power of elongation andcontraction of the body. When fully extended it is long, narrow, moreor less cylindrical, and generally terminating in a sharp point. Thecarina of the carinated species disappears. The head is protruded farbeyond the mouth*; the eye-peduncles are long, slender, and graceful.The mantle is changed from an oval to an elongated form, with parallelsides and rounded euds. The glands are lengthened, lose their promi-nence, and appear nearly smooth. But when alarmed by the touch of aforeign substance, an instant change occurs, and a sudden contractiontakes place. The eye-peduncles and tentacles are retracted and thehead is drawn under the mantle. The anterior edge of the mantle isbrought to the level of the foot, and its form becomes nearly circular.The body is shortened to one-fourth of its former length, and tumid;the back is rounded and rises high in the center, and the skin is roughwith prominent glandular protuberances. The carina, when it exists,becomes conspicuous. This is the form wMch they assume *in their re-treats when they retire to protect themselves from the effects of droughtand cold. It differs so much from their form when in motion, that onenot well acquainted with them would hardly recognize the same animalin its new shape. It is among the Limaces, perhaps, that the change ismost striking and the difference of form between the extremes thegreatest.They commence reproducing their kind as early as the end of the firstyear, before they have attained their full dimensions, and hence theeggs of the same species often vary considerably in size . These aredeposited in a cluster of thirty, or thereabouts, in the soil and in othermoist and protected situations ; or if the species be one that frequentshouses, then in the crevices or corners of the walls or under the decay-ing planks of cellars. In general form and appearance they resemblethe eggs of the shell-bearing genera, but differ from them in several im-portant particulars. The eggs of the snails are all opaque, while thoseof the slugs are more or less transparent, permitting in the Limaces a viewof the cicatricula, and affording an opi^ortunity of observing its devel-opments. Those of the former are all deposited free, or unconnected,except by a slight agglutination; those of the latter, in some of the spe-cies, are connected together by a prolongation of the outer membrane attheir longer diameter, thus forming a sort of rosary. The deposits ofeggs, when made; are abandoned by the slug, which then removes to some1749?BuU. 28?2
18 A MANUAL OF AMERICAN LAND SHELLS.
other convenieut place. A considerable number of separate depositsare made during the year.II.?GEOGEAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION.
I cannot too strongly urge, in extenuation of the imperfection of thischapter, the meagerness of the data on which some of my views arefounded. I may say with exact truth that the Coast Range counties ofCalifornia, New England, and the States north of the Ohio River arethe only ones which have been thoroughly searched. The species of therest of the country are known only by the researches of few and widelyseparated resident naturalists, from the collectors sent by my father,and by collections made by my correspondents while traveling in vari-ous sections of the country. The last sources of information are re-stricted to purely accidental localities. There has been no systematicinvestigation of vast tracts of intervening country or of some very im-portant points.The subject must be studied in connection with the chapter on thesame subject in Vol. I of Terr. Moll. F. S., p. 99. I need not add thatfrom the proper sources the studentof distribution must have a thoroughknowledge of the physical geography of North America.The limits of the fauna at the South correspond quite accurately withthe political limits of the United States. The Mexican fauna has latelybeen investigated by Messrs. Fischer and Crosse in the exhaustive workon " Les Mollusques Terrestres et Fluviatiles du Mexique et de I'Ame-rique Centrale." The northern limit of the fauna is formed by climatealone. Thus our limits comprise all the continent of North America,from the extreme north to San Diego and the Rio Grande.Properly speaking, there are two distinct faunas within these limits,the Pacific and Eastern, with perhaps a third in the Central Basin, butfor convenience they are all treated as part of the North Americanfauna. I have therefore designated these as
?
I.?The Pacific Province.II.?The Central Province.III.?The Eastern Province.*
* In the work of Wallace quoted Lelow, North America is designated as the Nearcticregion. The subdivisions proposed by him correspond almost exactly with my own.Thus his Californian and Rocky Mountain Subregion are identical with my Pacificand Central Provinces. His Canadian Subregion is about the'&arae as my North-ern Region of the Eastern Province. His Alleghany Subregion includes both myInterior and Southern Region of the Eastern Province.
A MANUAL OF AMERICAN LAND SHELLS. " 19Tlie bouudaries of these proviuces and the subdivisions which appealto exist in them will be given below, as well as lists of their peculiarsi>ecies. It must be distinctly understood, however, that future re-searches, especially at the South and Southwest, may greatly modifythe views here j)resented.I.?The Pacific Province* comj)rises a narrow strip between the SierraNevada and Cascade Mountains on the east and the Pacific Ocean onthe west. Its southern limit is San Diego, from whence it extends north-erly into Alaska.Over the whole length of this province, confined, however, to theneighborhood of the coast, the following species range
:
Macrocyclis Vancouverensis. Prophysaon Hemphilli.sportella. Succmea rnsticana.Mesodon Columhianus. Oregonensis.germanus. Nuttalliana.Arionta tudiculata, Onehidella Carpenteri.Ariolimax Columhianus.Over the whole of this province we find also the following speciescommon to Eastern Korth America. They also extend over the wholenorthern portion of the continent where the mountains, by their loweraltitude, are not barriers to distribution. It is, no doubt, from theseregions that they have spread through the Pacific Province, and notwestward over the Eocky Mountains. Had other Eastern species ex-tended over the boreal regions, we should, no doubt, have found themalso spreading into the Pacific States. They are especially found alongthe Sierra Nevada.Zonites arboreus. Limax campestris?indentatus. Patula striatella.minusGulus. Helicodiscus lineatus.milium. Micropliysa minutissima.In the Pacific Province we also find several species common to thecircumpolar regions of Asia, Europe, and America. They have like-wise spread southward along the Sierra Nevada and on either side of it.They have also spread southward over the Central and Eastern Prov-
* A most interesting acconnt of this fauna is given by Dr. J. G. Cooper: " On theDistribution and Localities of West Coast Helicoid Land Shells " (Am. Journ. ofCouch., II, p. 211, with a map),
20 ? A MANUAL OF AMERICAN LAND SHELLS.inces, and now inhabit most, if not all, of North America. They areZonites fulvus and Ferussacia suhcylindrica.Other species will probably be added to this list by further search ; ?among them Vallonia pulchella.In dealing with the species from the North in Eastern North Americasee below, p. 26) the question of their distribution will be more fullydiscussed.In addition to the species already enumerated as common to the wholePacific Province, there are many more restricted in their range. It ap-pears that the Pacific Province is divided into two regions, (a) the Ore-gonian and {b) Californian, the two intermingling slightly or overlappingin the extreme north of California, near Humboldt Bay. The faunas ofthese regions are nearly allied.(a) The Oregon Eegion lies between the Cascade Mountains and thePacific Ocean, extending northerly through British Columbia intoAlaska.The following species are peculiar to it
:
MacrocycUs HempMUi. Arionta Townsendiana.Micropliysa Lansingi. AvionfoUolatus fStearnsi. HemphUUa glandulosa.Mesodon devius. ' Succinea Haicldnsi.Aglaja fidelis. Onchidella borealis.There seems to be here some overlapping of the Pacific and CentralProvinces, as Arionta Townsendiana, Mesodon devius, and MacrocycUsVancouverensis extend along the mountains southeasterly into Idahoand Montana. The former two become much dwarfed in size at theirmost eastern range.(b) The Californian Eegion extends from Humboldt Bay to San Diego,between the Sierra Nevada and Cascade Mountains on the east andthe Pacific Ocean on the west.The following are the species peculiar to it
:
MacrocycUs Toyana. Limax Rewstoni.DnranU. Binneya notabiUs.Vitrina P/cifferi. ArioUmax GaUfornicus.Zonites mutneyi. nigcr.conspectus. HemphiUi.chcrsvneUus, Andcrsoni.
A MANUAL OF AMERICAN LAND SHELLS. 21Avion f Andersoni. Arionta Mormonum.Gonostoma Yafesi. , sequoicola.Triodopis loricata. ? TrasM.Polygyra Harfordiana. Dupetithotiarsi.Agloja infumata. ruficincta.Rillehrandi. Gdbhi.Arionta arrosa. Kelletti.exarata. Stearnsiana.Galiforniensis. Euparyplia Tryoni.Californiensis var. ra- Glyptostoma Newberryanum.mentosa. Pupa RoweUi.var. Nicldiniana. Galifornica.Ayresiana. Succinea Sillimani.intercisa. Stretcliiana.Diahloensis. Veronicella olivacea.Carpenteri.Of the above, several species extend beyond the limits of the region.Thus, Vitrina Pfeifferi, Zonites Whitneyi, Succinea Sillimani, SuccifieaStretchiana, and ;S^. rusticana are found also on the eastern slope of theSierra I^evada in the Central Province. Aglaja infumata and Macro-cyclis Voyana are also found outside the bounds of the region, in theOregonian Eegion.The geographical distribution of the above species of Arionta is verypeculiar. Arionta Mormonum is found in the Sierra Nevada counties,as is also tudiculata; but the latter is also found near the coast in thesouthern counties. All the others are restricted to the coast counties,ranging as stated in the descriptive portion of the work, the followingbeing island species: A. ruficincta, Gabbi, intercisa, Ayresiana, andKelletti. A. Stearnsiana and A. Carpenteri are Lower Californianspecies.Of the remainder of the above list all are restricted to the vicinity ofthe coast {Binneya is an island species), except the following from theSierra IsTevada counties : Vitrina Pfeifferi, Zonites Whifneyi, Z. chersinel-lus, Gonostoma Yatesi, Polygyra Harfordiana, and Aglaja Hillebrandi.With the fauna of Lower California there seems no connection,though one or two species overlap at the dividing line, as AriontaStearnsiana. Another species, A. Carpenteri, is included in the abovelist, having been quoted from San Diego and Tulare Valley, California.
22 A MANUAL OF AMERICAN LAND SHELLS.It may, liowever, belong rather to the Lower California fauna,* havingbeen described from that region under the name.of H. Remondi, andfrom Guaymas. Yeronicella olivacea, Stearns, a Nicaraguan species, isalso said to extend into California. I should also mention that Binneyanotabilis has been found on Guadalupe Island, off the coast of LowerCalifornia, from whence it has probably been introduced.From the list of California sj)ecies are omitted Columna Californiea,actually collected at Marmato, ISTew Granada, by Mr. Bland, and Zonitescultellatus, probably an accidentally introduced European shell. Buli-mus Ccdifornicus is also omitted, belonging, no doubt, to the region ofMazatlan ; also Glandina Albersi, which we know to live in the SierraMadre.Separate lists of species peculiar to the several regions of the Pacific
* The peninsula of Lower California forms a distinct molluscous province of itself,extending nearly to San Diego. The following species are peculiar to it
:
Coelocenirtim irregulare, Gabb. BuUmulus pallidior, Sowerby.Arionia Slearnsiana, Gabb. excelsus, Gould.BoweUij'Nev^e. {Lohri, Gabb). inscendens, W. G. Binn.Euparypha areolata, So\fh. {Veitchii, sufflatus, GonlA.Newc). piJula, W. G. Binn.Pandoi'W, Forbes. proteus, Brod.levis, Ffr. Xaniusi, W. G. Binn.Berendtla Taylori, Pfr. artemisia, W. G. Binn.Bulimus spirifer, Gabb.Gahhi, Crosse.VcroniceUa olivacea, Stearns, a Nicaraguan species, is also found in Lower Califor-nia. Of the above list one only has been found near San Diego, A. Steantsiana.Aaother, A. EoweUi, has been referred to Arizona, but erroneously. E. Pandorasand areolata have also erroneously been referred to California. A. Eemondi (Car-penteri) is omitted from the list, as it also occurs in the California Region. It is theonly species common to the peninsula and mainland of Mexico. The most interest-ing fact in the fauna of Lower California is the presence of Bulimnlus proteus andB. pallidior?species described originally from South America, the former from Chili.Though still more remotely connected with the subject of this paper, it will be in-teresting to add here a list of species found at and north of Mazatlan, on the Pacificcoast of Mexico :Glandina turris, Pfr. Polygyra acutedentaia, W. G. Binn.Albersi, Pfr. ventrosnla,Fh.Holospira Remondi, Gabb. BuUmulus Zieglcri, Pfr.Patula Mazatlanica, Pfr. Californicus, Eve ?Arionta Carpertterif'Newc. Orthalicus nndatiis, Brug.Polygyra anilis, Gabb. Pupa chordata, Pfr.Beliri, Gabb. Succinca cingulata, Forbes.Of the above, P. Mazatlanica has lately been quoted from San Francisco, but I findthe specimens so called to be delicate individuals of Zonites conspectus; (see that spe-cies).A. Mormonum is omitted from this list, its presence in Souora not having been con-firmed, although asserted, doubtfully, by Messrs. Fischer and Crosse (see under thatspecies in the descriptive portion of the text).
A MANUAL OP AMERICAN LAND SHELLS. 23Piovince are given above. There now follows a complete list of alltbe species hitherto- observed in the entire province:Macrocyclis Vancouverensis.sportella.HemphilH.Voyana.Duranti.Zawites Whitneyi.nitidusarhoreus.indentatusminusculus.viridulus.milium,conspectus,chersinellus.fulvus.Vitrina Pfeiferi.Limax campestris.Hewstoni.Prophysaon HemphilU.Ariolimax Columhianus.Californicus.niger.HemphilU.Andersoni.Arioyi f foliolatus.? Andersoni.Binneya notabilis.Hemphilla glandulosa.Patula striatella.Microphysa Lansingi.minutissima.Stearnsi.Helicodisens lineatus.Gonostoma Yatesi.Polygyra Harfordiana.Triodopsis loricata.
Mesodon Columhianus.germanus.devius.Aglajajidelis.infumata.Hillehrandi.Arionta arrosa.Townsendiana.exarata.tudiculata.Ayresiana.intercisa.Californiensis.Carpenteri.Mormonum.seqnoieola.Diahloensis.Trasl'i.Bupetithouarsi.rujicincta.Gahhi.Kelletti.Stearnsiana.Euparypha Tryoni.Glyptostoma Newherryanum..Ferussacia, suhcylindrica.Pupa Roicelli.Californiea.Succinca Sillimani.Stretchiana.Hawlinsi.rusticana.WuttalUana.Oregonensis.Veronicella olivacea.Onchidella horealis.Carpenteri.
24 A MANUAL OF AMERICAN LAND SHELLS.Several of the above will eventually prove to be synoiiyiiies, but tlie
.total number of species is small in comparison with the great size of thePacific Province. An equal extent of territory in the Mississippi Valley',or even on the Atlantic coast, would show a larger number; and thecomparatively small regions of Texas, Florida, and the CumberlandMountains would each show an equal number of species peculiar toitself, independent of what they have in common with the rest of East-ern North America. This disparity in number is still more plainlyshown in the separate region of Oregon. Thus it appears that thePacific Province is not rich in the number of its species, but it is pecul-iarly favored in their size and beauty, in this respect strikingly incontrast with the Central Province and Eastern Province.From the Central Province the Pacific Province is quite distinct. Afew species have been shown above to inhabit both slopes of the SierraNevada, and a few of the Oregon species have passed the barrier of theCascade Mountains on the north,* but the i^eculiar Pacific forms, suchas Arionta and Aglaia, are unknown in the Central Province. On theotliev hand, the only form which has any development in the CentralProvince, Patula, is scarcely known in the Pacific Province.Compared with Eastern North America, or the Eastern Province,as it is designated below, the Pacific Province is remarkable for theal iseuce of all the larger Zonites. The presence of the smaller species alsomay i)erhaps be accounted for by migration from the north, so that thegenus Zonites cannot be considered as characteristic of the province.The genus Pupa is less common. Tebeimophorus, so universally distrib-uted in Eastern North America, is unknown, and so are the southerngenera Glandina and Bulimulus. On the other hand, we find the genusMacrocycUs much more developed, and meet several genera unknownin the Eastern Province, such as Ariolimax, Binnei/a, Prophysaon^ andEiinphillia. The genera of disintegrated Helix are proportionally moredeveloped in the Pacific Eegion, and are represented by quite dis-similar subgenera. The genera so peculiar to the Eastern Province,Polygyra, IStenotrema, Triodopsis, Mesodon, are scarcely represented.In their place we find Aglaia and Arionta, forms unknown in the EasternProvince. The latter, though feebly represented in Europe, is character-
* Since the above was published I have received living specimens of Potula solitariafrom tlie Dulles on the Columbia River, proving that that species has passed the bar-rier of the Cascade Mouutaiua and penetrated into the Pacific Region. It had al-ready been noticed in the Central Province.
A MANUAL OF AMERICAN LAND SHELLS. 25istic of California.- It is prolific of species and also varieties to a de-gree which has cansed some confusion in the synonymy. Glyptostomais also peculiar to California.From Lower California and Mexico the Pacific Region has beenshown to be equally distinct, wanting entirely the Holospira, Glamlina,Bulimulusy and Zonites of those regions.Failing on the north, east dnd south, the west alone is left to us fromwhence to trace the pulmonate fauna of the Pacific Kegion, and herethe secret of its origin lies buried under the Pacific Ocean.II.?The Central Province extends from Mexico to the British posses-sions, between the Rocky Mountains on the east and the Sierra Nevadaand Cascade Mountains on the west.The following are the species peculiar to the province
:
Limax nwntanus. - Polygyrella polygijrella.Patula strigosa. Mesodon Mullani {=(levius).Rempliilli. Pupa Arizonensis.Idahoensis. hordeacea.Horni. corpulenta.Microphysa IngersolU.The second of these species is also found on the eastern sloj)e of theEocky Mountains, in Wyoming and Dakota, in company with P. solitaria.I have shown above that the last-named species has penetrated theCentral Province, and even passed the barriers of the Pacific Provinceat the Dalles.To the above must be added, as inhabiting the province, but notpeculiar to it, the following species from the Pacific Province, inhabit-ing either slope of the Sierra ]S"evada : Vitrina Pfeifferi. Zonites Whit-neyi, Succinea Sillimani, and Suecinea Stretchiana. The following also,from the Oregoniau Region of the Pacific Province, Mesodon devius,Arionta Toionsendiana, and Macrocyclis Vancouverensis, are found at itsmost northern point, though the former two species are reduced in size.We find also over the Central Province the following species, whosederivation can readily be traced to the north : Zonites minusculus, fulvus,and indentatus, Vallonia pulehella, Helicodiscus lineatus, Patula striatella^Ferussacia subcylindrica. (See above, p. 19.)Arionta Boicelli, a Lower California species, is omitted from the list,its presence in Arizona being exceedingly doubtful.*
* A specimen of Patula strigosa confounded with A. Bowelli gave rise to this mistake.
26 A MANUAL OF AMERICAN LAND SHELLS.The fauna of the Central Province is quite distinct from that of tliePacific Province, but is nearly allied to that of the Eastern Province,its genera being the same, excepting Polygyrella. It may, therefore, beof the same origin as the fauna of the Eastern Province.The paucity of species over this large area is owing to the natureof its climate and soil?causes in equal force ou the western border ofthe Eastern Province.In order to avoid mistakes in the study of the geographical distribu-tion of North American land shells one must constantly bear in mindthe changes in the names and boundaries of the trans-Mississippi Statesand Territories.*III.?The Eastern Province comprises the remaining portions of thecontinent north of Mexico. The species by which it is inhabited havebeen derived partly from the north, partly from the interior, and partlyfrom the south. It may, therefore, be divided into the (a) iforthernRegion, (&) the Interior Region, and (c) the Southern Region.{a) The Northern Region t comprises the whole northern portion ofthe continent, including Greenland and Alaska. Its southern bound-ary is not perfectly known, and probably not exactly marked ; it may,however, be indicated in general terms as the same with the politicaldivision between the British jjossessions and the United States to thenortheast corner of New York, where it runs southwesterly along theAppalachian chain of mountains to Chesapeake Bay, thus includingall New England, and the portions of New York, New Jersey, Penn-sylvania, and Maryland lying east of those mountains. Into this south-ern extension of the region we find the Interior Region overlapping, aswill be shown below while treating of the interior fauna. At otherpoints in the region also have been found species from the InteriorRegion,! especially small Zonites, which are able to bear the severeclimate of the north.
* Thus, Helix Mullani was described in Land and Freshwater Shells of North America,I, 131, from points in Washington Territory and Oregon. Both localities are now inIdaho. (1875.) "^tFor a description of this region see Terr. Moll. U. S., Vol. I, pp. 124, 125, undersections 5 and G. The American land shells, especially those of the Interior Region,are forest species; they become rare towards the Northern Region of the continent asthe deciduous trees become rare.t See Proc. Phila. Acad. N. S., 1861, p. 330, for the northern range of species from theInterior Region.
A MANUAL OF AMERICAN LAND SHELLS. 27The following are the species of the Northern Eegion
:
Vitrina limpida. Vallonia pulchella.Angelica,. Ferussacda suhcylindrica.exilis. Pupa muscorum.Zonites fulvns. Blandi.nitidus. Soppii.viridulus. decora.Fahricii. horealis.milium. Vertigo Gouldi.Binneyanus. Bollesiana.fcrreus. simplex,exiguus. Micropliysa minutissima.miiUidentatus. Suceinea Haydeni.Patula striatella. Verrilli.asteriscus. Migginsi.pauper. Groenlandica.AcantMnula liarpa. Totteniana.Of the above, several are circumpolar species, common to the threecontinents of Europe, Asia, and America. There being no mountainbarriers in these regions, they are not restricted in their range acrosAmerica. In their progress southward also they have met with ntransverse mountain barriers, but have spread equally on the east andwest of the Rocky Mountains and Sierra Nevada. Hence we find themcommon to the whole of North America.* Such are
?
Zonites viridulus. Vallonia pulchella.fulvus. Ferussacia suhcylindrica.nitidus. Pupa muscorum.AcantMnula liarpa.This list will be increased should it be proved that Mr. Gwyn Jef-freys! is correct in referring the following American species to those
* In the same way we can account for the distribution of the small eastern speciesover the Central and Pacific Provinces. They have not crossed the mountain barri(.M|but spread southward from their wider range in the north. Such are
?
Zonites arhoreus. Umax campestris. iindentatus. Patula striatella. Imintisculus. Melicodiscus lineatus.milium. Micropliysa minutimma.These northern species, both indigenous and circumpolar, may have becu assistedin their migration southward by glacial agencies. There is a wide field for specula-tion here.tAnn. and Mag. N. H., 1872, 245, 246.
28 A MANUAL OF AMERICAN LAND SHELLS.
of Europe.: Vitrina limpida= V. pellucida^ Limax campestris=L. keris,MiilL; Vertigo Gouldii?V. aljjestris, Aid.; Vertigo Bollesiana=V. pyg-mcea, Drap. ; V. ovatti, = V. antivergo, Drap. : V. ventricosa ? V. Moulin-siana ; V. simj)l?x= V. edejitula, Drap.; Succinea ovalis=S. elegans, Eisso;S. Totteniana= 8. piitris, Drap. var. A comparison of the lingual denti-tion of many of tbese has convinced me that Mr. Gwyn Jeffreys is notcorrect, as shown below in the descriptive portion of my work, undereach species of the list.From Asia have come into Alaska the following: Vitrina exilis, Patulapauper^ Pupa horealis.The species peculiar to Greenland are Vitrina Angelicce, Zonites Fdb-rieii, Pupa Hoppii^ and Succinea Groevlandica. Of these, Pupa Hoppiihas, however, also been found on Anticosti Island.Into this Northern Kegion have also been introduced by commercefrom Europe the following: Zonites cellarius, at most, if not oil of thel)orts from IS^ew York to Halifax; Limax Jlaviis, L. agrestiSy and Arionfusciis, which follow ihe white man over the whole United States, livingaround his habitations ; and L. maximns, also around human habitations,but noticed only in Newport, R. I., New York City, and Philadelphia;Fruticicola hispida at Halifax, F. rufescens at Quebec; Taeliea hortensison the islands off the coast of New England and the British Provinces,and on the mainland in Canada and Greenland.Of the species referred above to the Northern Eegion, several havespread beyond its limits. Vitrina limpida has been found in CentralNew York; Zonites viridulus extends to Mexico; Z. milium to California(San Francisco) and Kentucky; Z. fulvus and Vallonia pulchella all overthe United States; Zonites nitidus, Z. multidentatus to Ohio, and ilficro-physa minutissima to Texas and to California ; Ferussacia suhcylindricato the States south of the Great Lakes and into California and NewMexico and mountains of North Carolina; Patula striatella to Virginia,as well as into Oregon and Nevada,The Northern Region does not differ in the characteristics of its fauno.from that lying south of it, but its climate is too severe for any but themore hardy forms. Thuf , we find only the small species of Zonites anddisintegrated Helix, with the genus Vitrina. Compared with the bal-ance of North America, the region is peculiar for the great distributionof its species east and west, owing to the mountain-ranges having herelost the great elevation which they have farther south, and thus ceas-ing to be barriers to distribution. The region is also interesting asbeing the source from whence have spread southward over the whole
A MANUAL OP AMEEICAN LAND SHELLS. 29continent several small species now found in Florida and Texas, andeven in Mexico and tlie West Indies.{b) The Interior Eegion lies to the south of the Northern Eegion, butextends onl^'^ as far as the Rocky Mountains* on the west. Southerlyit extends to the alluvial regions of the Atlantic and Gulf coasts, thedividing line here not being sharply defined.This is the only portion of the continent where we have evidence ofthe origin of our laud mollusks in former geological times. In the Post-pleiocene deposits along the Ohio and Mississippi Rivers are found im-mense beds of shells, "proving that our existing species were livingat a period which, though recent in a geological sense, was anteriorto the last geological revolution, when the surface of this portion ofthe earth was brought to its present condition, and to the existenceof the higher order of animals which now inhabit it, and even to thatof the extinct mammalians which are known only by their giganticremains." tFrom the evidence gathered from these deposits, it appears that thefauna of this region can be traced to Indiana and Ohio. From thiscenter the species have extended over the region; some of them alsohave passed the barrier of the Appalachian chain into the JS^orthernRegion, and some have spread, with the enlargement of the continent,into the Southern Region. Another theory might suggest that the Cum-berland Subregion was the point of origin of all the species, those stillrestricted to that subregion not being adapted to the wider distribu-tion which the other species have obtained. Any one familiar with thehabits of snails is well aware how much they differ in this respect.Some are much more disposed to migi-ate than others. Thus, Triodop-sis appressa is content to remain within a radius of a few feet under adecaying log; Mtsodon thyroides is more restless, travels much, andclimbs trees ; Tachea nemoralis has no local attachments, migrating farand wide. These facts I have verified in my own garden during manyyears. The Triodopsis appressa spoken of are descendants of Illinoisspecimens given me twenty-five years ago by the lamented Kennicott.I will here mention that a colony of T. appressa has lately been foundin the island of Bermuda, no doubt introduced on plants.
* This is the extreme limit, but before reacbiug it the land shells have become veryrare, owing to the nature ofthe soil. For a description, see Terr. Moll. U. S., Vol. I, I. c.tSee Terr. Moll U. S., Vol. I, 185. It must be remembered that the glacial epochwould not destroy this fauna, as the ice-sheet did not extend over the southern por-tion of the region. Here the species would be preserved, and from hence, after thedisappearance of the ice, they would repeople the whole region,
50 A MANUAL OF AMERICAN LAND SHELLS.The following species have actually been fouud fossil in the Post-pleiocene deposits
:
Zonites arboreus.fuliginosus.inornatus.intertextus.ligcrus.gidaris.Macrocyclis concava.Patula solitaria.alternata.perspectiva.Helicodiscus lineatus.Strohila lahyrinthica.Folygyra auriformis.Btenotrcma stenotremum.Mrsutum.monodon.
Triodopsis palUata.obstrieta.appressa.inflecta.Mesodon albolabris.elevatus.exoletus.thyroides.clausus.profundus.Pupa armifera.contracta.Succinea obliqiia.Helicina* orbiculata.occulta.Of the above all are now living and are equally numerous, exceptingHelicina occulta, a species most abundant in Post pleiocene days, butnow almost extinct.t The other species of Helicina is now confined tomore southern limits.In addition to the above, the following species, now living in the In-terior Province, probably had their origin in Post-pleiocene times, andwill, no doubt, be found fossil in the " bluffs"
:
Zonites friabilis.IcBvigatus.suppressus.indentatus.internus.minusculus.limatulus.Polygyra Dorfeuilliana.leporina.
Mesodon multilineatus.Pennsylvanicm.Mitcliellianus.dentiferus.bucculentus.Sayii.Triodopsis tridentata.fallax.Pupa pentodon.
'Though not Pulmonaia, these two species are strictly terrestrial in their habits, andare here introduced from their value on the question of the permanence of the Post-pleiocene species. One of them is almost extinct, the other more restricted in itsrange at present.
t See Vol. I, 183, 184 ; Bland and Binney, Ann. Lye. N. H. of N. Y., IX, 289,
A MANUAL OF AMERICAN LAND SHELLS. 31Pupa fallax. Vertigo ovata.rupicola. Succinea avara,corticaria. ovalis.Vertigo milium.Tebeimopliortis GaroUniensiSy T. dorsalis, aucl Limax campestris proba-bly have also come down from Post-pleiocene times. From their naturethey could leave no record of their presence in the " bluffs."There are also found in the Interior Region several forms of Succineaof doubtful specific value, which have been described as
?
Succinea retusa. Succinea aurea.Orosvenori. Mooresiana.lineata.The following is a complete list of those species of the Interior Eegionwhich have spread beyond it by passing the barriers of the Appalachianchain, and are now found over New England and the whole southernextension of the Northern Eegion, described on p. 27, as well as overthe whole Southern Region. They may therefore be said to inhabit allof the Eastern Province
:
Macrocyclis concava. Triodopsis fallax.Zonites fuliginosus. Mesodon albolahris.inornatus. thyroides.suppressus. Pwpa pentodon.indentatus: fallax.arboreus. armifera.minusGulus. contracta.Limax campestris. rupicola.Patula alternata. corticaria.Helicodiscus lineatus. Vertigo milium.Strohila labyrinthica. ovata.Stenotrema hirsutum. Succinea avara.monodon. ohliqua.Triodopsis palUata. Tebennophorus Caroliniensis.tridentata. dorsalis.Mesodon Sayii and M. dentiferus have spread into New England onlyfrom the Interior Region. They have not been found in more southernlatitudes east of the Appalachian chain, nor in the Southern Region.The geographical range of these species is very great, forming oneof the most striking features of the North American fauna. Still morewidely distributed are those minute species which have been mentioned
OZ A MANUAL OF AMERICAN LAND SHELLS.above as spreading- southwardly from the Northern Regiou equally onboth sides of the Sierra Nevada and Eocky Mountains. These speciesmay be said to inhabit the whole continent of North America as farsouth as Mexico. The range of some is still greater. Thus, Zonitesminusculus has been found from British Columbia to Labrador on thenorth, to Yucatan and Florida on the south, and still farther in Cuba,Jamaica, Porto Eico, and Bermuda. StroMla lahijrinihica also is foundover all Eastern North America, and perhaps in Mexico (as H. Strebeli,see Fischer and Crosse, Moll. Mex. et Guat., 267). It is also by someconsidered identical with an Eocene fossil of France and England;(See below.) Zonites arboreus ranges from Labrador to New Mexico,and in Nevada and California, and from British Columbia to Florida,Cuba, and Guadaloupe. Vertigo ovata is found from Maine to Mexicoand in Cuba.The character of the soil and climate, with, perhaps, the gradual ele-vation, is such as to render the land shells rare, if not quite extinct,before the Eocky Mountains are reached, the western boundary of theInterior Eegion. But one species, Patula soUtaria, seems to have passedthis mountain-barrier into the Central Province. This is found withP. Cooperi in Montana and Idaho, and is very difficult to distinguishfrom forms of the last species. It is, however, ovii^arous (from SalmonEiver, Idaho), while P. strigosa, Cooperi, HempMlli, and Idahoensis areviviparous. It has also passed into the Pacific Province at the Dalles.The following list contains the names of all the species inhabiting theInterior Eegion, including those which have spread into it from theNorthern Eegion
:
Macrocyolis concava. Zonites fulvus.Zonites fuliginosus. gularis.friahilis. suppressus.Icevigatus. internus.ligerus. Limax campestris.intertextus. Patula soUtaria.inornatus. alternata.nitidus. perspectiva.arhoreiis. striatella.viridulns. Helicodiscus Uneatus.indenfatus. StroMla lahyrinfJiica.limatulus. Polygyra Dorfeuilliana.minusculus. lcj)orina.
A MANUAL OF AMERICAN LAND SHELLS. 33Folygyra auriformis.Stenotrema stenotremum.Jiirsutum.monodon.Triodo2}sis palliata.ohsiricta.uppressa.inflecta.tridentata.fallax.Mesodon albolahris.multilineatus.Pennsylvaniens
.
Mitcliellianus.elevatus.exoletus.dent'iferus.thyroides.clausus.profundus.Saya.Acanthinula harpa.
Valloniapulchella.Pupa muscorum.pentodon.fallax.armifera.contracta.rupicola.
, corticaria.Vertigo milium.ovata.Succinea retusa.Grosvenori.3fooresiana.ovalis.lineata.avara.aurea.ohliqua.Totteniana.Tebennophorus Garoliniensis.dorsalis.
The above list shows the Interior Eegioii to be remarkable for thedeveloijment of the section of Zonites familiar by the European Z. oli-veiorum {Mesompliix of Alb. ed. 2). Of the disintegrated genus Helixthe section or genus Mesodon is most developed. This is almost exclu-sively a iS'orth American subgenus, as is also Triodopsis, which is alsogreatly developed in the Interior Eegion.In addition to the species included in the above list as inhabiting allof the Interior Region, there is a large group of species found withinits limits, but having a more restricted range. They are found in whatmay be called the Cumberland* Subregion. This is comprised in thesouthern portion of the Appalachian chain, situated in Eastern Ten-nessee and the adjoining counties of North Carolina, with an offshootinto the mountains of West Virginia.!
* This name was adopted, from the circumstance of Bishop Elliott first showing therichness of the subregion on the Cumberland table-lauds.tFora description of its physical and climatic characters, see Torr. Moll. U.S.,Vol. I, 122. It is there designated as the Southern Interior Section, and is given awider western range.1749?Bull. 28 3
3-1 A MANUAL OF AMERICAN LAND SHELLS,The following species are peculiar to this subregiouVitrinozonites latissimus.Zonites capnodes.subplanus.RugclLsculptilis.ElUotti.demissus. *2)etrophilus.Wheatleyi.Lawi.capsej^a.placentula.lasmodon.Andrewsi.cuspidatus.macUentus.Paiula Cumherlandiana.Bryanti.Helicodiscus fimhriatus.Polygyra fastigans.
Folygyra Troostiana.Hazardi.IStenotrema s^nnosum.lahronum.Edgarianuni.JEdvardsi.harbigerum.maxillatum.Triodopsis Bugeli.introferens.Mesodon major.Andrewsi.Christyi.Lawi.Clarlci.Wheatleyi.Wetlierhyi.Doivnieanus.TebennopJiorns, Wetherbyi.
Of these, several have spread beyoud the limits given above for the.subregiou. Thus Zonites lasmodon and IStenotrema spinosum have beenfound in Northern Alabama. Polygyra Hazardi has also spread intoNorthern Alabama, and equally into Georgia and Kentucky. Bteno-trema labrosum and Edgarianum in Alabama, and in one case have beencollected in xVrkansas. S. hat'bigerum, 8. maxillatum, and Zonites cap-nodes have found their way into Alabama and Georgia; Mesodon Clarldinto Georgia. Zonites subplanus has been found even in Pennsylvania,having, no doubt, crept along the mountain chain ; but no other of thespecies of the Cumberland subregiou has been found as far north, ex-cepting Z. demiss2is. This last named species is found in a highly de-veloped state in Eastern Tennessee, and has extended into WesternPennsylvania, North Carolina, Georgia, Alabama (near Mobile), andArkansas in a much dwarfed condition.If to the thirty-nine species catalog'ued above as peculiar to the sub-region are added the sixty-nine species which inhabit it as a portion -ofthe Interior ]U\gion (see pp.33, 34), it will be seen that in the CumberlandSubregiou we liud the largest number of species of any portion of North
A MANUAL OF AMERICAN LAND SHELLS. 35America. The subregion is equally prolific Id individuals, and the in-di\idual8 are highly developed. These facts are partially explained bythe nature of the country. Low mountains, thickly shaded, well watered,and with a genial climate and proper soil, offer in their thickets andravines innumerable safe breeding-grounds for the land shells.* Tliereseem also to be in this subregion conditions peculiarly conducive totestaceous variation. Eight of its peculiar species are carinated, andhere also the following species of the Interior Eegion show the sametendency to carination : Zonites ligerus, intertextus, Fatula alternata,Triodopsis appressa and palliata. Here, also, we first notice the varia-tion of Patula alternata towards heavy ribs upon its shell, which is
still more apparent as the species extends towards the southwest, tHere, also, Mesodvn elevatus is often found banded. M. dentiferus andSayii are greatly developed.The Cumberland Subregion is peculiar for the development of Zonifes,and in the disintegrated genus Helix for the development of the sectionor genus Stenotrenia, almost peculiar to these narrow limits.(c) The Southern Eegion comprises the peninsula of Florida, with theadjacent islands, together with the alluvial regions of the Atlantic andGulf coasts. It includes, therefore, the eastern portion of Xorth Caro-lina, South Carolina, Georgia, all of Florida, the southern part of Ala-bama, Mississippi, Louisiana, extending into Texas. | Its boundaries,however, are but imperfectly known, and probably not accurately de-fined. Manv of the species from the Interior Eegion and CumberlandSubregion have spread into its northern portion, and the following haveextended over the larger portion of it:Macrocyclis concava. Helicodiscus lineatus.Zonites fuliginosus. StroMla lahyriiithica.inornatus. Stenotrema hirsutum.suvpressus. monodon.indentaius. Triodopsis palliata.arboreiis. tridentata.minusctilns. ? fallax.Limax campestris. Van Nostrandi.Patula alternata. Mesodon albolahris.
* See Terr. Moll. U. S., Vol. I, pp. 122, 123. Beiug less adapted for cultivation thanthe balance of Eastern North America, we may hope for the preservation of onr landshells in this region, while they decrease rapidly before the advance of civilizatiouelsewhere. See Ibid., pp. 132, 133.tThis heavily ribbed form was common in Post-pleiocene days.t See Terr, Moll. U, S., Vol. 1, 120. for a description of the region.
36 A MANUAL OF AMERICAN LAND SHELLS,Mesodon thyroides.Pupa pentodo7i.fallax.armifera.contracta.rupicola.corticaria.
Vertigo milium.ovata.8uccinea avara.ohliqua.Tebennophorus Caroliniensis.dorsalis.
Equally wide over the region has been the distribution of thoseminute species whose origin has been traced to circumpolar regions (seep. 27). Such are: Zonites viridtilus, fulviis, and Vallonia pulchella.In addition to these species derived from the north are found the fol-lowing species peculiar to the region, whose origin can be traced to thesouth, iu the peninsula of Florida, from whence, indeed, many of themhave not yet spread over the whole region
:
Olandina truncata.Zonites cerinoideus.Polygyra auriculata.uvulifera.Postelliana.espiloca.avara.cereolus.septemvolva.Carpenteriana.Febigeri.pustula.pustuloides.
Mesodon major,jejunus.Mobiliarins.Bulimuhis Floridanus.Dormani.dealbatus.Cylindrella jejuna.Pupa variolosa.modica,Succinea effusa.campestris.WilsonLVeronicella Floridana.Triodopsis Hopetonensis.Of the more widely spread species, Polygyra septemvolim isrepresentedby various forms over the whole southern littoral region, both of theAtlantic and Gulf. So is Glandina truncata, Mesodon jejunus, Polygyrapustula, pustuloides, and Pupa modica. Triodojysis Hopetonensis extendsonly along the Atlantic alluvial region. Bulimulus dealbatus is alsodistributed over the whole region, from IN'orth Carolina to Texas, andhas spread northward to Arkansas and Kentuck3\ Succinea campestrisextends along the Atlantic coast as far as South Carolina, as does alsoZonites cerinoideus, even into North Carolina and Virginia. Polygyraespiloca and Postelliana have been noticed thus far in the southeasterncorner of Georgia. The former also at New Orleans and ludianola.
A MANUAL OF AMERICAN LAND SHELLS. 37Succinea Wilsoni, at Darieti, Ga. Mesodon major extends from tlie Gulfto Abbeville, S. C, coutined to a narrow tract of territory, and also inthe Cumberland Subregion.The following European species have been introduced by commerceinto this region, and still exist at the points named: Stenogyra dccollata,Lin., Turricula terrestris and Pomatia-,aspersa,, Miill., at Charleston, S.C; Coecilianella acicula, Miill., Florida.From the list of species peculiar to the Southern Eegion it will beseen that the prevailing form is Polygyra,. a group or genus peculiarlyAmerican, represented in the Interior Eegion indeed, but meeting itsgreatest development here. The presence of Glandina and Veronicellashows, also, the more southern character of land- shell fauna. But theregion, and especially that portion of it from whence the fauna wasdistributed, i. e., the southern extremity of Florida, is still more peculiarin showing the connection between the land shells of the continent ofNorth America and those of the West India Islands and the SpanishMain. Of the species given above (p. 36), Cylindrella jejuna was, per-haps, introduced from Cuba, and BuUmulus Dormani may prove iden-tical with B. maculatus, Lea, of Carthagena. The following species haveevidently been introduced* from the West India fauna :tZonites Gimdlachi, Cuba, &c. BuUmulus MarieUnus, Cuba.Micro])hysa vortex, Cuba, &c. Strophia incana, Cuba.Hemitroohus varians, New Prov- Stenogyra suhula, Cuba, &c.idence. gracillima, Cuba, &c.CyUndrella Poeyana, Cuba. Ligtms fasciatus, Cuba.Macroceramus Kieneri, Cuba. Orthalicns undatus, Cuba.Gossei, Cuba.From Yucatan one species has been introduced, Polygyra oppilata.BuUmulus multilineatus was introduced from the continent of SouthAmerica,! where it has been found at St. Martha, New Granada, and atMaracaibo and Puerto Cabello, in Venezuela.Florida has not only received several of its species from the WestIndies, but also from its southern extremity it has contributed in returnto the fauna of those islands. From hence, no doubt, Zonites arboreus
* Either by oceanic currents since the formation of the peninsula of Florida, or elsefrom some island of the West India group, now inclosed in the peninsula. It is in-teresting in this connection to refer to the discovery, by Mr. Conrad, of a Tertiaryfossil at Tampa Bfly, BidimuJus Floridanus, Conr.tAlso several non-pulmonate species, as Helicina suhglobnlosa, Cuba; Ctenopomarugulosum, Cnha ; Chondropoma dentatum, Cuba.t Or from some extinct fanna, which also accounts for its jireseuce at both points.
38 A MANUAL OF AMERICAN LAND SHELLS.has passed into Cuba aud.Guadaloupe; Zonites minusculus to Cuba,Jamaica, Porto Rico (Bermuda?); Pupa fallax to Cuba; Vertigo ovatato Cuba; Zonites indentatus to San "Domingo?From the various sources indicated above, the southern extremity ofFlorida has become inhabited by about seventy species of land shells, anumber small in comparison with those found in the Cumberland Sub-region (see p. 34), but large when compared with those found in thegreat Interior Region.In addition to those species apparently originating in the peninsulaof Florida and thence spreading over the whole Southern Region, thereis found within its limits a number of species confined to the southwest-ern portion of the latter. These seem restricted to the southern partof Texas, which may be considered an oflTshoot of the Mexican launa, asshown by the i)resence of the genera characteristic of that country, suchas Holospira, BuUmulus, and Glandina. Within the region, however,are many species peculiar to it, but belonging to the genera charac-teristic of JS"orth America, such as Polygyra and Mesodon. It seems,therefore, best to consider Texas as belonging equally to (he fauna ofNorth America and of Mexico, being the point where the two overlap.As the limits of the region are ill defined, several species extralimitalto the State of Texas are included in the following catalogue of theTexan Region
:
Glandina Vanuxemensis. Triodopsis Copei.decussata. Levettei.bullata. Mesodon divestus.Texasiana. Eoemeri.Zonites significans. Dorcasia Berlandieriana.caducas. griseola.Micropliysa incrustata. BuUmulus patriarcha.Strohila Huhbardi. alternatus.Polygyra ventrosula. Scliiedeanus,Hindsi. Macroceramiis Oossei.Texasiana. Holospira Goldfussi.triodontoides. Roemeri.Mooreana. Stenogyra octonoides.tholus. Pupa pelliicida.hippocrepis. Su^cinea Haleana.Jaclisoni. concorMalis.Ariadne. luteola.vuUuosa. iSalleana.
A MANUAL OF AMERICAN LAND SHELLS. 39Of the a.hove Polijgyra Jaclsoni and Zonites signijicans are includedwith great hesitation. They are found at Fort Gibson, in Indian Terri-tory.* They are more rehited to the fauna of the Cumberland Siibre-gion than that of Texas. Triodopsis Levettei, a New Mexican species, isalso included.Besides the species characteristic of the North American fauna, whichTexas has, as xi portion of the Southern Kegion of the great EasternProvince, we find in the above lists two species peculiar to it of thecharacteristic American subgenus Mesodon?Uoemeri and direstnsASeveral species on the list have been introduced from other regions, Xsuch as Strobila Hubbardl,^ a Jamaica species, as well as MacroceramusGossei, a Cuban species, which is also found on the Florida Keys;Microphysa incruMata from Cuba, as well as PupapellueidaaudStenogyraoctonoides.Of the remaining species on the list, sixteen have actually beenfound in Mexico ; probably all will be, as there seems no w^ell-definedboundary here between the North American and Mexican fauna.Bulimulus serperastrtis, Say, although actually found in Texas, is evi-dently a member of the Mexican fauna, and is therefore omitted frommy list, though included in the descriptive portion of my w^ork.The characteristic of Texas appears to be the great preponderanceof the genus Polygyra, of the type of F, Texasiana, while the type ofFlorida, the septemvolva, is almost wanting. The great abundance ofindividuals is also remarkable, showing the region to be peculiarlyadapted to pulmouate life. In the number of its species, also, theTexas Kegion is favored ; by adding to the above list of peculiarspecies those which it has in common with all of the Eastern Province,and also those of the Southern Region, we find a total of seventy spe-cies, the same number as found in Florida.On the map published in Terr. Moll. U. S., the Pacific Province, V,
* See Terr. Moll.U. S., Vol. I, 122, -which gives the limits of the corresponding "South-ern Interior Section"' such as would include these species. Several of the speciesof East Tennessee also have been found in Arkansas?a fact also favoring a widerlimit to the Cumberland Subregion.t This species has not actually been found within the limits of the State of Texas,but in the neighboring State of Arkansas and in Mississippi. To it may be appliedthe remarks on Zonites significans and Polygyra Jaclsoni above.t Either by commerce, by oceanic currents, or from some former molluscous faunaof which these now Isolated localities were offshoots.
vS Since the above was written this species has been found- by Dr. Newcomb nearSavannah, Ga. It may therefore prove a widely distributed American species. InJamaica it is known as H. Vendreysiana, Gloyne.
40 AMANUAL OF AMERICAN LAND SHELLS.is colored pink, tlie Central Province blue 5 tbe Eastern Province (ofwliich tlie northern i)ortions are not shown) is uncolored. The subdi-visions, or regions, of the Eastern Province are also indicated by col-ored lines. The red line marks the division between the Northern andInterior Eegions. From this line the last-named region extends (itssubregion of the Cumberland shown by green lines) to the brown andyellow lines, wbich, taken together, mark the northern boundary of theSouthern Region, the yellow separately indicating the Texan Subregion,the brown the Floridan Subregion.In the above pages I have simi)ly stated the facts now known regard-ing the actual distribution of our land shells, scarcely attempting to ex-plain it. I will here venture to make a few suggestions on this subject.The student of geographical distribution must now take as his guidethe recently published work by Wallace on this subject.* From thishe will learn that terrestrial mollusca of most of the recent genera haveexisted on the globe from very early geological times. Also, that,wherever originally appearing, their universal distribution over all thecontinents is easily explained. Thus we readily account for their pres-ence in Forth America,t and, however imj^erfect may be the geologicalrecord, it shows us that at least Zo7iites, Pupa, Helix, Bulimulus, Vi-trina, Macroeyelis, and Clausilia existed here in previous geologicalages. From these ancestors, no doubt, have been derived, throughmany intermediate stages of development, the present fauna. I havealready shown that the characteristic American genera of the EasternProvince, the Mesodon, Triodopsis, Stcnotrema, &c., were already estab-lished in Post-pleiocene days. It is impossible to learn how much ear-lier they appeared, but of one significant fact we are certain?they aremore recent than the elevation of the Rocky Mountains and Sierra Ne-vada, for otherwise these chains would not form, as now, dividing linesbetween the Eastern, Central, and Pacific fauna. There are, indeed,several small species which have passed these barriers, being foundover all of North America. These same species are found equally dis-tributed in Asia and Europe. They are undoubtedly of much earlierorigin, than the strictly American species, and belong to some extinctfauna of world-wide distribution. The circumpolar connection of the
* The Geographical Distributiou of Animals, with a Study of the Eelations of Livingand Extinct Fauuas.as elucidating the past Changes of the Earth's Surface. By AlfredRussell Wallace. Amer. ed. Harper & Brothers. New York. 1876.t In the following pages it will be seen that three well-established genera only
?
Hetn-pliiUia, I'rophysaon, and ArioUmax?are jjcculiar to our limits, excepting perhaps afew disintegrated Helix.
A MANUAL OF AMERICAN LAND SHELLS. 41three continents has facilitated tlieir distribution. In this connectionit is worthy of note that one of our existing species, now confined toAmerica {IStrobila lahyrinthica), is said to have existed in France inTertiary days.Our Southern Eegion has evidently been peopled from some otherfaunathan that which supplied the Mesodon, Triodopsis, Stenotrema, &c., ofthe Interior Eegion. It was, no doubt, from some now extinct semi-tropical fiiuna that these came, but long enougli ago to allow the Poly-gyras, Gkmdinas, &c., to be modified into species distinct from thosewhich from the same common origin have become the equally well-established West Indian, Central American, and Mexican species.The Central Province has, from geological causes, been more recentlypeopled hj pulmonata than the Eastern Province. Its local species areless numerous. Patula is its characteristic genus, with species so vary-ing and intermingling one with the other, that the student cannotrefrain from noticing that they have the a^jpearance of a species in aslightly advanced stage of evolution, each form not as yet establishedas distinct, easily-recognized species.The Pacific Province also presents in its variable, scarcely distin-guishable Ariontas, a fauna of comparatively recent growth, but whenceits origin it is difficult to say.*Finally, we have in the list of American land shells several speciespurely local in their distribution, imported through the more or lessdirect agency of man. Of these, Fomatia aspersa was no doubt intro-duced as an article of food by foreign residents of Charleston, S. C, andseems to have established a hold there.f Zonites cellarius was intro-duced by foreign shipping, probably around water-casks. It is also wellknown to have been introduced into other countries. The Limacesare found around human habitations ; they seem to follow the Englishto all their colonies. The other foreign species mentioned on p. 28have probably been introduced around the roots of plants, as have beenother species which are from time to time sent me from greenhouses,gardens, &c. They are only local, except Tachea hortensis, which mayhave been accidentally introduced in some other manner, since the dis-covery of America by Europeans, and owes its present distribution in
* See Dr. Cooper, as referred to ou p. 19.tl have been asked what authority I have for this opinion, so think it worthy ofst.n-teinent that Charleston specimens belonging to the cabinet of the late GeneralTotten still retain the odor of the garlic with which the animal was cooked. Frenchresidents of Philadelphia have been known by me to purchase them as food.
42 A. MANUAL OF AMERICAN LAND SHELLS.the Northeast to its beiug peculiarly adapted to colonization. I haveelsewhere related my successful attempt to colonize the allied Tacheanemoralis.*III.?OF THE GENERATIVE APPARATUS.All the terrestrial Gasteropoda under consideration are monoeciousor hermaphroditic, though none are capable of self-impregnation. Theyare also mostly oviparous.Their genital system is complicated, and liable to such variation in itsdetails as to furnish excellent generic and specific characters. I havetherefore, when possible, given descriptions of the system in the de-scriptive portion of my work, under each species. I will here give onlya general description of the development of the system : The testicle isa single globular mass of aciniform coeca in some genera; in others itis composed of numerous fasciculi of long cceca; itis free, or imbeddedin the upper lobe of the liver ; its position, as well as the shape of itscoeca, being different in the respective genera.The epididymis is an undulated, or moderately tortuous tube, leadingfrom the testicle to the inner side of the junction of the ovary with theprostate gland. It opens into a groove on the inner side of the interiorof the oviduct, which is continuous, at its inferior extremity, with thevas deferens. Opening into the termination of the epididymis, andlying against the inner side of the ovary, is a small, compound, follicu-lar body, which appears to be common to all the terrestrial Gasteropoda,and is known as the accessory gland of the epididymis. The prostategland is a white or cream-colored body, occupying the inner side of thewhole length of the oviduct. It has a transverse, striated appearance,and numerous openings into the groove leading from the epididymis tothe vas deferens.The vas deferens is a comparatively short tube, passing from the pros-tate gland to the penis sac. The position of its junction forms a spe-cific character ; sometimes it joins the summit of the latter, at othersit enters near the base.The penis sac is generally a long, cylindroid, irregular body, lying atthe right anterior jiart of the visceral cavity, and joining at its termi-nation a short cloaca. Its form is, however, very variable, and is anexcellent specific character, as is also the point of insertion of theretractor muscle, which has its origin from the muscular investment of
* See Tachea hortctisis.
A MANUAL OF AMERICAN LAND SHELLS. 43the visceral cavity, just posterior to the position of the puhnonary cav-ity. The penis sac often has a flagellate appendage containing thecurious organ known as the capreolus. The above are the male organsof the compound system.The female organs consist of the ovary, a linguiform body, some-times lobulated, at the posterior end of the genital system. The oviductis a long sac-like body, usually greatly convoluted in its course. Itdecreases in breadth at its anterior end, and gradually merges into thevagina, a long tube-like body of uniform size to the common externalorifice ; into its lower end, called by Dr. Leidy the cloaca, enters thepenis sac, and above this enters also the duct of the genital bladder.This last organ, as well as the bladder itself, varies greatly in size andlength, and forms an excellent specific character.The above is the simplest form of the genital system, all these organsbeing absolutely necessary. It is often much more complicated byhaving an accessory, very much lengthened duct to the duct of thegenital bladder, by various forms of vaginal prostate glands often withcomplicated accessories ; with one or more dart sacs entering into thevagina, containing a dart of various shape. The penis sac also some-times has curious and varied accessories. All these organs may befound in some species of any given genus, while other species may haveonly the organs necessary to the genital system.* I am induced, there-fore, to consider the details of the generative system to be only a spe-cific character. As a generic character we can rely only on the positionof the external orifice of the system, and on the position of the testicleas well as the form of the coeca which compose it. Thus Glandina,Zonites, and Ariolimax have the external orifice under the mantle, whileusually it is found behind the right eye-peduncle. Again, Limax, Ario-limax, Prophysaon, HempJiiUiay Arion, Glandina, and Succinea have thetesticle free, and formed of a ciniform cceca, while in the genera of dis-integrated Helix and others it is composed of fasciculi of elongatedcceca commingled with the substance of the upper lobe of the liver.In comparison of the descriptions of genitalia in this work with thosegiven by foreign authors, it must be remembered that the terms ovary,testicle, &c., are not applied to the same organ.In Vols. I and V of Terr. Moll. U. S. will be found figures of the gen-ital system of many of our species. I have in this volume repeated the
*For instance, in Arionta we find the necessary organs only iu Townsendiana , butin Nickliniana and other species a great variety of accessory complications.
44 A MANUAL OF AMERICAN LAND SHELLS.descri])t.ions inider each species, but have not been able to reproducethe figures, which, however, are referred to for examinatiou.I cannot too strongly urge upon my readers to examine the genitalsystem of each species. It is extremely easy, requiring nothing but ashallow dish of water, over the bottom of which melted wax is poured,to form a bed into which long ])ins are stuck as the organs are sepa-rated by the pins, and a hand lens with a few needles stuck in handlesand a pair of small scissors.IV.?THE JAW AND LINGUAL MEMBEANE.As many of my readers are quite unfamiliar with this subject, espe-cially most of those who have so largely contributed specimens for ex-amination, I will describe in detail the position of the organs and themethod adopted for their study.On holding up against the light an individual of Meso<Jon thyroides inone hand, and offering to him with the other some food (a piece of let-tuce or carrot is always acceptable), one can readily see with the nakedeye the two organs here treated of. Above the external opening ofthe mouth, through the transparent tissue of the head, is seen a small,arched, reddish, free instrument, which appears to rise and fall as ifused in cutting off morsels of food. This is the jmv.On the floor of the mouth is the Ungual membrane, occupying aboutthe position of the human tongue. Its color is too nearly the same asthat of the head to aflbrd any strong contrast, but with close attentionit will be detected by its glistening silvery appearance, as it worksbackward and forward. Its use seems to be to rasp the food and alsoto force it back into the oesophagus.More detailed description, fully illustrated by figures, of the jpositionof these two organs, will be found in the chapters on Special. Anatomyin Vol. I of Terr. Moll. U. S.On opening the head of Mesodon thyroides from above, one readily no-tices at the extreme anterior part, close against the outer integument,a prominent oval body.* This is called the buccal mass. It is easilycut away from the animal, and will be found to contain both jaw andlingual membrane. These can be removed by fine scissors or knivesfrom the buccal mass in the larger species, but in the smaller species
*I must earnestly beg my readers to be deterred from this examination by no im-aginary difficulties. It is the simplest and easiest process. Indeed, the same maybe8ai<l of examination of the complete anatomy. All that is required is to carry it onunder water. The various organs are then readily separated.
A MANUAL OF AMERICAN LAND SHELLS. 45the method usually employed is puttiug the whole buccal mass iu awatch crystal full of a strong solution of caustic potash. Allowing itto remain for several hours, the potash will destroy all of the buccalmass, and leave the jaw and lingual membrane perfectly clean aixdready for examination. They remain attached if the solution is not toostrong, showing a connection between the two. They must be wellrinsed in clean water, in another watch crystal, before examination.Another more expeditious process is to place the whole buccal mass ina test-tube with the solution of potash, and boil it for a few secondsover a spirit lamp. Pouring the contents of the test-tube into a watchcrystal, the lingual membrane attached to the jaw will be readily seenby a pocket lens. If the species be very small, as Patula striatella forinstance, its whole body may be thrown into the solution. Still moreminute species, as Zonites milium for instance, may be treated in thisway: Crush the whole shell between two glass slides; wash away theparticles of the broken shell in a few drops of water, still keeping thebody of the animal on the slide ; when clean, drop on it the causticpotash, and boil it by holding the slide itself over the spirit lamp.For the purpose of examination the jaw and lingual membrane maybe simply mounted in water and covered with thin glass. One mustbe sure to spread out the lingual membrane, not have its upper sidedown, and it will be well to cut it transversely in several places, as theteeth are beautifully shown, and often stand detached, on the edges ofthe cut.For preservation for future study the glycerine mounting fluids soldby the opticians will be found useful, though they have the great dis-advantage of deliquescing in warm weather.The jaw and lingual membrane, having been mounted, nuist now beexamined under the microscoije.The jaw will be found to vary greatly in its characters in the differentgenera. It is either in one single piece {Holognatha) ; in one singlepiece with an accessory quadrate piece attached to its upper margin{Elasmognatlia) ; or iu separate, detached pieces, free on their loweredges, usually soldered together into one single piece above ( Goniognatha).It differs also in being with or without a median beak-like projectionto its cutting edge ; also in its ends being more or less acuminated;but still more by the presence or absence of striae or rib-like i^rocesseson its anterior surface. When present, the ribs are found iu every de-greeOf development, passing quite across the jaw and denticulatingone or both margins, or only developed on the lower portion of the jaw
46 A MANUAL OF AMERICAN LAND SHELLS.and creuellatiug the lower margiu. The ribs are ofteu almost obsolete,or represented by wrinkles or coarse striae. They are present on theanterior surface of the jaw only, or on both anterior and posterior sur-faces. They are distant, narrow, stout, few ; or crowded, broad, stout,and numerous. Their number is within certain limits inconstant in thesame species. They sometimes are very broad, and seem like separateplates soldered to the anterior surface of the jaw, or to be formed by afolding of the jaw upon itself. When this appearance of folding intoplates is given, it will generally be found that the plait-like sections areactually separated by distinct but delicate ribs. When this form ofribs is found, they are either vertical or inclined obliquely towards themedian line of the jaw. Sometimes this last arrangement is developedto such a degree that the delicate ribs meet before reaching the bottomof the jaw, and a triangular compartment is left at the upper centerof the jaw, its base being upward. This form of jaw is usually thinand membranous.When the jaw is striated and not ribbed, the striae are vertical, orthey converge towards the median line. There are often transversestriae also, and transverse lines of re-enforcement.The upper margin of the jaw is often extended into a stout membra-nous attachment, apparently of the same material and consistency asthe jaw itself, and showing the same continuity of structure by thestriae of the jaw extending into it without interruption. This is notthe accessory quadrate plate mentioned above.The jaw is found in every degree of consistency, from very thick toquite membranous and almost transparent.The cutting margin of the jaw is smooth, crenellated, or denticulated.It is simply concave, or furnished with a more or less developed beak-like median projection.In shape the jaw ranges from scarcely arcuate, long, low, to horse-shoe-shaped, short, high.It will be seen below that these i)eculiarities of the jaw, taken in con-nection with the characters of the lingual membrane, have till nowappeared to furnish reliable characters for classification. It must beconfessed, however, that exceptions to the usual constancy of char-acters have been noticed in some genera ; sometimes the difference be-tween striae and ribs is difficult to determine ; sometimes the beak-likeprominence is greatly modified by a simple median projection. In some
A MANUAL OF AMERICAN LAND SHELLS. 47genera, for instance Bentellaria, the presence or absence of ribs on thejaw is not generic.In placing the lingual membrane under the microscope, we at onceperceive that it is (at least in most of our genera) a long,* narrow, rib-bon-like organ, whose whole surface is covered with numerous smalltooth-like processes, whose reflected apices are pointed, the points di-rected towards the oesophagus, to which, as stated above, they serveto move the food, as well as to perform a rasp-like mastication. Theseteeth are arranged in two s'eries of rows, one running longitudinally,the other transversely.On careful examination it will be seen that all the teeth of each suc-cessive longitudinal row are of the same form,t but that there are sev-eral types of teeth in the different parts of each transverse row. Threeof these types are found, the central tooth, the teeth on either side of thecentral, called laterals, and the fig. 2.teeth extending from the lateralsto the outer margins ofthe mem- ' TfrfTTT'f'^m^^^WfrTTuT^brane, called marginals. The Two tianaYerseiowa of teeth of StrobUalabyrinthica.change from the single central to the laterals is usually abrupt, but fromthe laterals to the marginals it is usually gradual, so that there are sev-eral teeth intermediate between the two, which may be called transitionteeth. The transverse rows of teeth are similar on each side of thecentral tooth, so that it is necessary to figure only one-half of onetransverse row, with its central tooth, to give an idea of the wholetransverse row, or indeed, ofthe whole membrane, as all the longitudinalrows, as stated above, have fig. 3.similar teeth. (See Fig. 3.)These transverse rows differin the various genera as to theirdirection?either straight, ob-lique, or curving, or a combi- ,, , ,^ ^ , .. . ., p o, , ?;' Oneliali of one transverse row 01 tectli 01 /bcrooiianation of these directions. labyrmmca.Of the three types of teeth, central, lateral, and marginal, one ormore may be wanting. The number, however, is approximately con-
* It is very broad in Orihalicus, Liguus (see Plate XVI of Terr. Moll., V), some sub-genera of Aohatinella, some BulimuU, &c. ; in some subgenera of Cylindrella it is verynarrow. On this same plate I bave given figures of the membranes of the variousgenera, with a line showing the direction of one transverse line of teeth.tEveu in case of malformation this holds true. I have often found a misshapenor otherwise abnormal tooth repeated down the whole length of the membrane, oteven that a tooth may be entirely wanting in its whole length.
48 A MANUAL OF AMERICAN LAND SHELLS.
stant iu different individuals of the same species, so that, as a specificcharacter, the count of the teeth on one transverse row is usually given;thus in Zonites inornatus I find about 23-1-23 teeth; that is, 23 teethon each side of the central tooth, making 47 teeth in the entire trans-verse row.The characters of -the individual teeth vary greatly in the variousgenera, especially in some of the genera foreign to our limits. In mostcases, however, there are two distinct types of teeth, the quadrate andaculeate. The former is shown in my figure (Fig. 4). a, ft, c, f7, is theportion of the tooth which rests ui^on the membrane; I have called itthe lase of attachment. It varies in its proportional length, and in thegreater or less expansion of the lower* lateral angles. The uppermargin of this base of attachment is broadly reflected ; e marks thereflected portion, which I term the reflection. It is usually tricuspid,the median cnsp h being much longer than the side cusps ff. Theselast are subobsolete in some species. All the cusps are in most cases
^^'^'?4- surmounted by distinct cutting jyoints ; \ i\s the me-cLir""^ ^ ^^ Z diaw cutting point, ^^ the s?de cutting points. Theseff?X/j rwv-g cutting points are not always present on the side/ wmm~~S\ cusps, and, even when present, are sometimes not
^lllF ** readily detected. Indeed, this is the most difficultCentral tooth of atrophia ?j./'ii j?j.i ii i n^^incana. point of study of the whole membrane. The cuspsand cutting points vary in development in the various species, andsomewhat so in different portions of the same membrane. It must alsobe borne in mind, while studying my figures of the teeth, that themedian cutting jjoint is flat on its lower surface, that is, the surfacenearer the base of attachment ; but from thence it first rises and ex-FiG. 5. pands greatly at its sides, and then gradually decreases insize as it still rises and arches over the top. Thus, underthe microscope there are two planes prominently seen bychanging the focus of the instrument?the plane of the low-est i^ortion of the cutting point and the jilaue of its greatestexpansion. In Fig, 5 the former is shown by dotted lines,the latter by the continuous line. In my illustrations theFirst lateiai of formcr alouc is given. I regret not having shown both, as
sus. done by Semper in Phil. Archip., especially as the plane
*I use the terms xtppcr uiid lower to describe tbe tiynre I give of the base of attach-ment. More properly I sboiihl say anterior aud jiosierior, to describe their positioH outhe membraue, in reference to the head of the laoviug animal.tThe cutting points are shaded iu my figures.
A MANUAL OF AMERICAN LAND SHELLS. 49
of the greatest expansion often sliows a lateral bulging representing theside cutting points in species deprived of distinct side cutting points.The median cutting point, seen on the plane of its greatest expansiou,as in my figure, api^ears to spring from the median cusp itself, as if itwere not distinct from it. A great deal has still to be done in eluci-dating the true character of cusp and cutting point.The other type of tooth, which I call aculeate (see Fig. 6), differs in nothaving a quadrate base of attachment, but usually one fig. e.of a somewhat sole-like form. Its upper margin is notreflected, but from its whole surface springs a singlelarge cutting point, usually thorn-shaped, but some-times more spine-shaped. The apex of the cuttingpoint is sometimes bifid, or even trifid, even in the First marginal toothof Zonites inornatus.same genus.Of these two types, quadrate and aculeate^ are all the teeth nowknown. Of the quadrate type many and dissimilar forms are known,but all have the quadrate base of attachment.The characteristics of central, lateral, and marginal teeth are givenunder each genus or subgenus.In the fifth volume of Terr. Moll. U. S., I have given a figure of thedentition of each species which I have examined. A reference to thisfigure is given in the descriptive part of this work. Under each genusare given figures necessary to illustrate the dentition of the genus. Igive, however, figures here of the most usual types of dentition foundin the genera furnished with quadrate marginal teeth.(a) Lingual membranes with no side cusps or cutting points on anyof the teeth, even the extreme marginals, are rarely, if ever, so foundThe nearest approach to this is in Mesodon ^i? '^?thyroides, Wheatlei/i, and clausus. I have r~7() /O y^ /A f^figured that of thyroides. It will be ob- /]4\uA A4^^ ^served that the extreme tooth at the right ^^ (/has its cutting point bifid, and has a small Lmguai dentition of ju<;?odo,wfti/roidf?.side cutting point.(h) The next form of dentition has the ^^^' ^'central and first laterals without developed ^-. >;--, ^^ f-T^fv?!side cusps or any cutting points, the outer 30 ^-^ ^^ rJ \ ^^^^-^laterals and marginals with them, such is 12. 7 iLinscual dentition of Patwto Cumber-Patula Cumherlandiana, here figured. landtana. *
* The numbers indicate the position of the teeth from the central line of the mem-brane. 1749?Bull. 28 4
m50 A MANUAL OF AMERICAN LAND SHELLS.(c) We next find the same arrangement as in the last, but with theFig. 9. change from laterals to marginals madef?
J
by the splitting of the inner cutting point,37 which continues to the extreme marginals.
' '7 "^ Of such I figure that of Arionta Dlabloen-Linsrnal dentition of Arionta ?I>iahloensUi. SIS.{(}) We then have the form of dentition characterized by tricuspidFig. 10. centrals, bicuspid laterals and marginals,as in ArioUmax HempMlU., all with cuttingpoints.(e) Again, with centrals and hiterals asLingual dentition of .4rioHmaxEemphiiii. ill the last, we have the form which is char-
.acterized by having the inner cutting jjoint of the marginals bifid. SuchFig- 11- is Folygyra leporina, here figured. TheX^ c^^ outer cutting point in the extreme mar-ginals is also bifid.When the dentition of any genus is dif-Lingual dentition of Folygyra le- ? , ? A^ , n r. i, , ,porina. icreut Irom that of any of the above types,
:a figure of its dentition is given in the text.F'^- ^^ ?'- The usual type of lingual mem-brane furnished with aculeatemarginal teeth is shown in the
^^^j^(D4/->v^ V i/ "' accompanying figure of that ofLingual dentition of Yitrinizonites latissimus. T^itvinizonitdS lutissiMUS.
v.?CLASSIFICATION.Order PULMONATA.Lingual membrane varying from short and broad to long and nar-Tow ; teeth numerous, in numerous uniform transverse rows. Mouthusually with one or more horny jaws. Eespiratory organ in the formof a closed chamber lined with pulmonic vessels on the back of theanimal and covered by the shell when present j edge of the mantleattached, the entrance to the air-chamber being through an openingin the side, closed by a valve. Operculum almost universally absent.Animal hermaphrodite, with reciprocal impregnation, generally ovi-parous, terrestrial, fluviatile, or marine, but respiring free air. Tenta-cles and eye-peduncles retractile or contractile.Shell varied in form, sometimes rudimentary or wanting.
A MANUAL OF AMERICAN LAND SHELLS. 51Ej^es at the end of elongated peduncles or on the head of theanimal.The Fulmonata are usually divided into three suborders, Geophila,LimnopMla, and ThalassopMla, names derived respectively from thecomparatively terrestrial, fluviatile, and marine habits of the animals.These suborders are readily distinguished by the position of the eyes,either sessile or on peduncles, and the characters of the tentacles.I have included in this volume only the species of the first suborder,though one species of the LimnopMla, Carychinm exigunm, is truly ter-restrial. It will be understood also that I do not include any gill-bear-ing genus, however terrestrial may be its habits. Thus I omit manygenera included in Vols II. and IV of Terrestrial Mollusks of theUnited States. For these see also Land and Freshwater Shells ofI^. A., Parts II and III.Suborder Geophila.Eyes at the tips of elongated, cylindrical peduncles ; tentacles retract-ile or contractile, cylindrical, shorter than, and placed under, the eye-peduncles, sometimes very small or wanting. Operculum never presentin the adult. Animal usually terrestrial.The Pulmonata have been developed into their present state soirregularly that no system of classification has been proposed which isat all satisfactory. It is, however, necessary to adopt one in the fol-lowing pages.I have followed, therefore, the general arrangement of the Geophilasuggested by Dr. P. Fischer (Manuel de Conchyliologie) as far as thegrouping into families, because it is the most recent and one of the fewwhich include the naked genera. In treating of genera I still followthe second edition of Albers' " Die Heliceen," by Von Martens, except-ing that I treat his subgenera of Helix as full genera.The characters on which generic distinction is founded are the ex-ternal form of the animal, whether slug-like, as in Limax, or snail-like,as in Helix ; the position of the mantle, anterior, central, or posterior,whether naked, inclosing some form of internal shell, or protected byan external more or less developed shell; the presence or absence oflongitudinal furrows above the margin of the foot, meeting over a cau-dal mucus pore ; the presence or absence of a distinct locomotive diskto the foot ; the position of the external respiratory and generative ori-
52 A MANUAL OF AMEEICAN LAND SHELLS.fices ; finally, by the absence or presence and character of the jaw, andthe character of the lingual dentition.When a genus is numerous in species I have, for the sake of conven-ience, adopted sections or subgenera, founded on special features of theshell, such as the absence or presence of internal laminae or tooth likeprocesses within the aperture.In treating the species I have recognized a wide range of varia-tion rather than distinct specific weight in the differences one observesamong numerous individuals. It must especially be borne in mindthat there is always a great difference in size in individuals of thesame species, in the comparative elevation of the spire, globoseness ofthe body whorl, absence or presence of tooth-like process on the pari-etal wall of the aperture, closing of the umbilicus, &c. And it mustfreely be acknowledged that individuals are frequently met withwhich cannot satisfactorily be identified, so nearly are they related toseveral species.Dr. Fischer divides the Geophila thus :MONOTREMATA.Common or contiguous external male and female orifice.Agnatha.?No jaw.Gnatliojpliora.?Holognatha : Jaw without accessory piece. Elasmo-gnatha : Jaw with accessory piece.DiTREMATA.External male and female orifice widely separated.Terrestria.?Terrestrial in habit.Aquatica.?Marine.I have modified the descriptions of Fischer where it has seemed nec-essary to me to do so. A.?MONOTREMATA.AGNATHA.Family TESTACELLID^.Animal limaciforra or heliciform; no jaw; lingual membrane greatlydeveloped, surrounding a powerful muscle, formed of oblique rows ofelongated, narrow, aculeate teeth.Olandina.
A MANUAL OF AMERICAN LAND SHELLS. 53HOLOONATHA.Family SELENITID^.Animal limaciform, with internal shell i)late, or heliciform. No caudalmucus pore. Jaw with or without median projection to cutting edge;no ribs. Lingual membrane with arched rows of teeth. Central toothsmall, rudimentary; laterals greatly developed or wanting; marginalsaculeate, unicuspid, like those of Glandina.Jaw of Liniacidce, with lingual membrane of TestacelUdce.MacrocycUs.* Family LIMACID^.Naked, with external shell plate, or protected by an external shellpartially covered by the mantle, or entirely covered by an externalshell, with or without caudal mucus pore. Jaw arched, without ribs,with median projection to cutting edge. Lingual membrane with hori-zontal rows of teeth, or slightly oblique; central tooth tricuspid, centralcusp long and slender ; laterals of same height as ceutrals, bicuspid ortricuspid, but in latter case furnished with an obsolete inner cusp; mar-ginal teeth differing from the laterals, aculeate, unicuspid or bicuspid.Limax.Vitrina. 'Zonites.Vitrinizonites. Family PHILOMYCID^.Animal limaciform. Mantle covering whole body; jaw with or with-out anterior ribs, and median i^rojection to cutting edge ; lingual mem-brane of Helicidse; no shell.Tebennophorus. Family HELIOID^.Animal limaciform or bearing a variously -formed shell, with orwithout caudal mucus pore. Jaw of various types. Lingual membranegenerally with horizontal rows of teeth. Centrals unicuspid or tricuspid,
* The name Selenites is suggested by Fischer to distinguish the North Americanspecies from the true MacrocycUs, which he places among the Eelicidce, Baudonia beingpreoccupied.
54 A MANUAL OF AMERICAN LAND SHELLS.
of same size as laterals; laterals unicuspid, bicuspid, or tricuspid, butwith inner cusp obsolete; marginals quadrate, low, wide.Patula. Triodopsis.Microphysa. Mesodon.Eemitrochns. Acanthinula.Helicodiscus. Vallonia.Arion. Fruticicola.Ariolimax. Dorcasia.Prophysaon. Turrlcula.Binneya. Aglaja.HempMllia. Arionta.Strohila. Glyptostoma.Gonostoma. EuparypJia.Polygyra. Tachea.Polygyrella. Pomatia.8tenotrema. Family BULIMULIDJE.Animal heliciform; jaw thin with delicate distant ribs, giving the ap-pearance of being formed of folds imbricated outwards, either verticalor oblique, and forming at the center of the jaw an acute angle withthose of the opposite side. Lingual membrane of Helix, or peculiar bythe elongation and incurvation of the inner cusp of the lateral teeth.Bulimulus. Family CYLINDEELLID^.Jaw thin, with delicate distant ribs, giving the apijearance of beingformed of oblique folds angular on the center ; lingual membrane nar-row ; central tooth very narrow ; lateral teeth with very large, obtuse,rounded, palmate cusps ; outer cusp short and small ; marginal teethquadrate, sometimes short and rudimentary, sometimes resembling ona smaller scale the laterals. Shell turriculated, many whorled, lastwhorl more or less detached ; apex often truncated.Cylindrella.Macroceramus. Family PUPIDiE.Jaw smooth or finely striate, lower margin with or without projec-tion. Sometimes reinforced with a superior arched appendage, like
A MANUAL OF AMERICAN LAND SHELLS. 55forming a double jaw, and to be compared to the accessory plate ofthe jaw o? Succinea; lingual membrane of SeZia?; central tooth of sameform and usually of same size as the laterals, tricuspid ; marginal teethquadrate, wide, low, denticulated. Shell generally multispiral, elon-gated, conic, or cylindrical; aperture small, often narrowed by internalteeth or lamellae.Pupa.Vertigo.
^tropMotHolospira, Family STENOGYRID^.Jaw ribbed or finely wrinkled, thin, arched; lingual membrane withextremely small central tooth; lateral teeth tricuspid; central cusp longand narrow ; side cusps of subequal length ; marginal teeth quadrate,very low, wide, tricuspid or multifid. Shell generally elongated, poly-gyral, shining, translucent or calcareous, striate; apex more or lessobtuse; peristome simple, rarely reflected ; columella often truncatedOf plicated.Sfenogyra s. g. Bumina, OpeaSy Melaniella.Ferussacia.CceciUanella. ,Family ORTHALICID^.Jaw thick, solid, composed of a median triangular piece, with basecorresponding to upper margin ofjaw, and near the apex of which con-verge on either side oblique imbricated plates, free below, adherentabove. Lingual membrane with oblique rows of teeth. Central andlateral teeth with quadrangular base, with central cusp more or lessobtuse, generally very much expanded, with rudimentary side cusps
;
marginal teeth quadrate, of same type. External, Bulimus-like shell.Orthalicus.Liguus. Elasmognatha.Family SUCCINID^.Tentacles but little developed or wanting. Jaw surmounted by anaccessory quadrangular plate. Central tooth of the lingual mem-brane tricuspid, of the same size as the laterals, which are tricuspid
56 A MANUAL OF AMERICAN LAND SHELLS.
or bicuspid, of the type of tbe Helicidse. Marginal teeth quadrate,with narrow base, multicuspid reflection, serrate by the splitting of theinner cusi) into numerous denticles. Shell external or internal, verythin, transparent, spiral. iSuccinea. B.?DiTREMATA.TEREESTEIA.Family VERONICELLID^.*Animal essentially terrestrial. Body limaciform, covered with a cori-aceous mantle, not distinct from general integument ; head retractileinto an anterior cavity ; the eye-peduncles cylindrical, the tentaclesbifid. Genital orifices widely separated, that of the male behind theright tentacle, tlie female on the lower surface of the body, near theright margin of the foot, about the center of its length. Anal and re-spiratory orifices on the lower surface of the body, slightly to the right.Genital system with numerous multifid vesicles. Jaw slightly arcuate,with numerous vertical ribs. Lingual membrane with horizontal rowsof teeth. Centrals narrow, unicuspid, with expanded sides ; lateralslarge, obscurely tricuspid; median cusp sharp and long; marginalswith quadrate base, short, triangular, unicuspid ; no shell.Veronicella. AQUATICA.Family ONCHIDIID^.Animal living near the sea-shore or in estuaries and covered by thetide. Body limaciform, oval; eye-peduncles, but no tentacles; largebuccal appendages. Mantle thick, more or less tuberculous above.Genital orifices widely separated, male orifice slightly to the rear of theright eye-peduncle, female orifice on the infero-posterior part of body.Anal and respiratory orifices on the center of the posterior end of underside. Jaw entirely smooth or lightly wrinkled, only known in Onchi-della. Eows of teeth on the lingual membrane oblique at center, hor-izontal at edges ; central tooth tricuspid, lateral te6th and marginalswith quadrate base, razor-shaped; base long and with cutting pointnarrow ; median cusp truncated and very long ; no shell.
* Fischer uses Vaginulidoi, but that name must be reserved for the agnathous genus,the true Vaginula.
A MANUAL OF AMERICAN LAND SHELLS, 57
VI.?SYSTEMATIC INDEX.PULMONATA GEOPHTLA.A.?MONOTREMATA.AGNATHA.Family TESTACELLID.E. Page.Olat}dina Vanuxemensis, Lea 347truncata, Gmel 348decussata, Desh 351h\dlala,(j\6. 350Texasiana, Pfr 351HOLOGNATHA.Family SELENITIC^.Macrocyclis Yancouverensis, Lea 82sportc'Ua, GUI 83Eemphilli, "W. G. B 85concava, Say 199Voyana, Newc 84Duranti, Nowc 85Family LIMACID^.Limax maximus, Lin 450fiavxis, Lin 451agrestis, Miill 453campestrig, Binn 237Sewxtoni, J. G. Cooper 88montanus, Ing 163hyperhoreus. West 272Zoniles Mesompbix.capnodes, W. G. B 205flUiginosua, Griff 207friabilis, W. G. B 208caducus, Pfr 352Icevigatus, Pfr 209demissus, Binn 212ligerus, Say 213intertextus, Binn 214sxihplanus, Binn 216Itugeli, W. G. B 211inoriiatus. Say 217sculptiUg, Bland 218EUiotti, Eedf 219cerinoideus, Anth 353Hyalinia.ccUarius, Man 448WliUneyi, Newc 86nitidus, Miill 60arhoreus, Say 61viridulus, Mke 64indentatus, Say 62fVheatleyi. Bland 222petrophilus. Bland 223limatulus, Ward 220minuseulus, Binn 63milium, Morse 66Binneyamcs, Morse 180ferreus, Morse 181
Zonites conspectus. Bland 86exiguus, Stimpaon isichersinellus, Dall 87Lawi, W. G. B 221capsella, GId 221placentula. Shuttl 222Conulua.fulvus, Drap 67Fahricii, Beck 179Gundlaclii, Pfr 353Gastrodonta.gularis, Say 224suppressus, Say 225cuspidatiis, Lewis 226Andrewsi, W. G. B 228macilentus, Sh 227lasmodon, Phillips 227significans, Bland 228internus, Say 229multidentatus, Binn 183Vitrinizonites laiissimus, Lewis 231Yitrina limpida, Gould 177Angelicce, Beck 178Pfeifft ri, Xewc 88exilis, Mor 173Family PHILOMYCIDiE.Tebennophorus CarnUniensis, Bosc 241dorgalis, Binn 244
' TTe^/ierfej/i, W. G. B 246He mphilli, W. G. B 247Family HELICID^.Patula solitaria, Say 254strigosa, Gld 163Hempkilli, Xewc ] 68Idahoensis, Xewc 168aUeniata, Say 255Cumberlandiana, Lea 258perspectiva, Say 260Bryantl, Harper 260striatella, Antb 69pauper, Mor 1S7Horni, Gabb I6!)asteriscvk, Morse 186Microphysa incrusfata, Pfr 355vortex. Pfr 356Lansing!,, Bland 90Ingersolli, Bland 17(|Stearnsi, Bland 91pygmixa, Dr 71Hemitrochus varinns, Mte 358Helicodiscus lineatug, Say 75ftmbriafus, "Weth 263Arion /uscus, Miill 4GIfoliolatus, Gld 463Ariolimax Columbianus, Gld . . : 98Californ i'cms, J. G . Coop 99
58 A MANUAL OF AMERICAN LAND SHELLS.Page,A rlolimax niger, J. G. Coop 100Hemphilli, "W. G. B 102r Andersowi, "W. G. B 102Proi)hysaon HemphilU, Bland & Binn 105Binneya notabilis, J. G . Coop 108Hemphillia glandulosa. Bland & Binn lliStrobila lahyrinthica, Say 264Hubbardi, Brown 059Gonostoma Tatesi, J. G. Coop 113Folygyra auriculata, Say 361uvulifera, Shuttl 362auri/onnis, Bland 363PoslelUana, Bland 364espiloca. Rav 366avara, Say 366ventrosula, Pfr 367Hindsi, Pfr 368Texasiana, Moricand 369triodontoides. Bland 370Mooreana, W. G. Binn 370hippocrepis, Pfr 372fastigans, L. "W. Say 270Jacksoni, Bland 873Troostiana, Lea 268Hazardi, Bland 267oppilata, Moricand 373Dorfeuilliana, Lea 374var. Sampsoni, "Wetherby 375Ariadnce, Pfr 376septemvoha. Say 376cereolug, Mublf 379Carpenleriana, Bland 380Febigeri, Bland 381pustula, F6r 382puituloides, Bland 383leporina, Gld 266Harfordiana, J. G. Coop 114Polygyrella polygyrella, Bid. & J. G. Coop.. 172Stenotrema spinosum, Lea 273labrosum, Bland 274Fdgarianum, Lea 274Edvardgi, Bland 275barbigerum, Redf 276stenotremum, Per 277hirsutum, Say 278maxillatum, Gld 280nnonodon, Kack 280germanum, Gld 114Triodopgig palliata, Say 284obstricta, Say 286appressa, Say 287inflecta, Say 289Mugeli, Shuttl 290tridentata. Say 291Levettei, Bland 385fallax, Say 292intro/ereng, Bland 293Uopetonengis, Shnttl 384Van Nostrandi, Bland 294Copei, Wetherby 388vultuosa, Gld 386var. Henriettce, Mazyck 387loricata, Gld 115MesuJon major, Binn 297alboldbria, Say 298
Page.Megodon Andreivgi, "W. G. B. 301divestus, Gld 390mult'dineatus, S&Y 302Penngylvanicug. Green M4Mitchellianug, Lea 305elevatug. Say 306Clarki^ Lea 307Christyi, Bland 308exoletus, Binn 309Whcatleyi, Bland 311dentiferus, Binn 312Poemeri, Pfr 389Wctherbyi, Bland 313thyroideg, Say 313clausus. Say 315Colunibiamis, Lea 118Doionieanus, Bland 317Lavji, Lewis 317jejunug. Say 390deviug, Gld 118xa,T. Mullani, JilsLml 119profundus, Say 318Sayii. Binn 319VOiT. Chilhoweensig, Tuew is 320 2Aca7ithinvla harpa, Say 185Vallonia pulchella, Miill 77Fruticicola hispida, L 464rvfesceng, Penn 464Dorcagia Berlandieriana, Mor 393grUeola, Pfr 394Turricula tcrrestris, Chemn 465Aglaja fldelig. Gray 121infumata, Gld 123mile'' fandi, Newc 124Arionta an uga, Gld 128Towngendiana, Lea 128Yur. ptychophora 128exarata, Pfr 129Californiensig, Lea 130var. Nickliniana, Lea 131var. ramentosa, Gld 133YSiT. Bridgesi,'Ne\rc 134intercisa, W. G. B 137Aj/rciiana, Newc 138Mormonuin, Pfr 140var. circMJdcarinafa, Steams... 142Traski,'Ne.wc 143Carpenteri, Xewc 144seqiioicola. Cooper 146Dupetithouarsi, Jjesh 145tudiculata, Binn 139ruficincta, Newc 147Gabb!,,'Sowc 148Kelletti, Forhea 149Steamgiana, Gabb 151Glyptostnma Ncivberryanum, "W. G. Binn 1.53Euparypha Tryoni, Newc 155Tachea hortensig, Miill 167Pomatia aapersa, Miill - 470Family BULIMULIDiE.Bulimulug scrperastrus. Say 403 |intiUiiineatus, Sa.y 404 II>orjnani, W. G. B 406 '
A MANUAL OF AMERICAN LAND SHELLS. 59
Page.Bidimulus 2fariclinus, Pfr 408Floridanus, Pfr 407patriarcha, W. G. B 396alternatus. Say 396Schiedeanus, Pfr 399dealbatus, Say 401Family CYLINDRELLIDiE.Cylindrclla Poeyana,Vt'r 412jejuna, Gld 413Macroccramus pontlficus, Gld 414Gogsei,Vir 416Fiimily PUPIDiE.Pupa Pupilla.maiscorum, L 78Blandi, Morse 188Hoppii, Miill 189variolosa, Gld 417pentodon, Say 323decora, Gld 189corpulenta, Morse 172Rowelli, Newc 156Galifornica, Eowell 157Leucochila./aJtea;, Say 324inodica, GXA. 417Arizonensis, Gabb 173hordeaeea, Gabb 173armifcra. Say 325contracta, Say 327rupicola, Say 328corticaria, Say 330pellucida, Pfr 418borealis,MoT 188aUicola, Ing 174Vertir/o Gonldi, Binn 190Bollesiana, Morse 191r/iiHum, Gld 332ouata.Say 333ventricosa, Morse '. 192simplex, Gld 191atrophia incana, Binn 419Holospira lioemeri, Pfr 422Goldfussi,Viv 422Family STENOGYEID^.Stettogyra Rnmina.decollata, L 456Opeas.subula,Fft 426
Page.Stenogyra octonoides, Ad 425Melaniella.gracillima, Pfr 426Ferussacia sxibcylindrica, L 194Ccecilianella aeicula, Miill 429Family ORTHALICID.E.Liguus fasciatus, MiiU 432Orthalicus undatus, Brug 438ELASMOGNATHA.Family SUCCINID^.Succinea Haydeni, W. G. B 196retusa, Lea 337Sillimani, Bland 157ovalis, Gld., not Say 3S8Higginsi, Bland 198Concordialis, Gld 441luteola,G\<\. 441lineata, W. G. Binn 174avara, Say 339Stretchiana, Bland 158YerrilU, Bland 197aurea. Lea 340Groenlandica, Beck 197obliqua. Say 341Totteniana, Lea 198camjjestris. Say 443Hawkinst, Bland 158rtisticana, Gld 159Nuttalliana, Lea 159Oregonensis, Lea 160fjfi/fia, Shuttl 442Salleana, Pfr 443Haleana, Lea 343Mooresiana, Lea 344Grosvenori, Lea 344Wilso7ii, Lea 344B.?DiTRKMATA.TEERESTRIA.Family VERONICELLID^.Yeronicella Floridana, Binn 446oUvacea, Stearns 160AQUATICA.Family ONCHIDIIDJi:.Onchidella Carpenteri, W. G. Bborealis, Dall 163162
60 A MANUAL OF AMERICAN LAND SHELLS.
VII.?DESCRIPTION OF SPECIES.
a. Universally Distributed Species.Family LIMACID^.ZOI^lITES. (See below.)Zonites nitidns, Muller.Shell orbicular, depressed, moderately convex above and concaveFig. 12. below, thin, shining, uniform brownish horn-color, withdelicate strise of growth ; whorls 5 or more, convex, sep-arated by a deeply impressed suture, the outer one dispro-portionately large, somewhat declining as it approaches theaperture, and obtusely angular at the periphery, beneathexcavated around a broad, crateriform umbilicus, in which
z.nitidus. the whorls are displayed to the apex; aperture oblique,lunate j peristome simple, its basal margin arcuate. Greater diameter7^, lesser G'"'" ; height, Sf"?.Helix nitida, Muller, Hist. Verm., ii, 32, &c.?Pfeiffek, Mon., ii, 94.Helix lucida, Draparnaud, Moll. Fr., 103, pi. viii, figs, 11, 12.?Bixney, Terr. Moll.,ii, 233, pi. xxii a, fig. 2.?W, G. Binney, Ter, Moll.,iv, 11(5.Helix hydropliila, Ingalls iu coll., unpublished.Hyalina niilda, Tkyon, Am. Jouru. Conch., ii, 250 (1866).?W. G. Binney, L. & Fr.-W. Sh., i, 31, figs. 35, 36 (1869).Zonites nitidus, W. G. Binney. T. M. U. S.. v, 113.A European species. Found at Great Slave Lake, Fort Eesolu-tion, in British America, and in ^STew York and Ohio. Also in BaldwinCounty, Alabama. I believe, therefore, that it will be found to in-habit all of the Eastern Province, if not the whole North Americancontinent ; also in Astoria, Oreg., which confirms this statement. Itis also found in Japan, and thus, like fulvus, may be considered one ofthe circumpolar species common to the three continents.Jaw as usual in the genus.Lingual membrane : see Lehmann, Lebenden Schneckeu, &c., p. 72,Plate X, Fig. 23, for description and figure of the European form. Ina specimen from Baldwin County, Alabama, I find 25-1-25 teeth, with5 laterals (T. M., V, Plate III, Fig. A, the left-hand figure is an ex-treme marginal). Lehmann gives 28-1-28.The specimen examined had the dart-sac and dart described in theEuropean form.
UNIVERSALLY DISTRIBUTED SPECIES. 61Zonitcs arborcus. Say.Shell umbilicated, depressed, very slightly convex, thin, pellucid;ei)idermis amber-colored, smooth, shining; whorls 4-5, with fig. 13.very minute, oblique strioe, apparent when viewed with themicroscope; aperture transversely rounded; peristome thin,acute ; umbilical region indented ; umbilicus moderate, welldeveloped, round, and deep. Greater diameter 5, lesser4^?" ; height, 2f'"". Z. arboreus.Helix arhorea, Say, Nich. Encyc, pi. iv, fig. 4; Bixxey's ed. T), pi. Ixxii, fig. 5 (1816,1818, 1819).?Eatox, Zool. Text- book, 193 (1826).?Binney, Bost. Journ. Nat.Hist., iii, 42-2, pi, xxii, fig. 1 (1840); Terr. Moll., ii, 235, pi. xxix, fig. 3.?DeKay, N. Y. Moll., 30, pi. ii, fig. 10 (1843).?Gould, luvertebrata, 182, fig. 110(1841).?Adams, Veriuout Mollusca, 160 (1842).?Pfeiffer, Mou. Hel. Viv.,1, 95.?Chemxitz, 2d ed., ii., 114, Tab. Ixxxv, figs. 33-35.?Reeve, Con. Icon.,733.?W. G. BixxEY, Terr. Moll., iv, 116.?Morse, Amer. Nat., i, 542, fig. 30(1867).Helix Ottonis, Pfeiffer, olim, Weigm. Arch., 1840, i, 251.
?
Bixxey, Terr. Moll., ii.238, pi. xxix a, fig. 3.?W. G. Binxey, T. M., iv, 117.Hyalina arhorea, Morse, Jonrn. Portl. Soc.,i, 14, fig. 28, pi. vi, fig. 29 (1864).?Tryox,Amer. Jonrn. Couch., ii, 251 (1866).
?
Gould and Bixxey, Inv. of Mass., ed.2, 396 (1870).?W. G. Bixxey, L. & Fr.-W. Sh., i, 33 (1869).Hyalina Otfonis, Tryox, Amer. Journ. Conch., ii, 251 (1866).Helix Breiveri, Newcomb, Proc. Cal. Acad. Nat. Sci., iii, 118 (1864).Hyalina Breweri, Tryox, Amer. Jonrn. Conch., ii, 250, pi. iv, fig. 27 (1866).?W. G.Bixxey, L. & Fr.-W. Sh., i, 43, p. 66 (1869).Zonites arboreus, W. G. B., T. M. U. S., v, 114.From Labrador to Texas, and on the Rio Chama, and Fort Wiugate,in New Mexico ; from Florida to Great Slave Lake; also in WashoeCounty, Nevada; in Montana; the Pacific Province from British Co-lumbia to San Diego along the Coast Range. It may thus be said toinhabit all North America. It is also said to be found in Cuba; alsoin Guadeloupe.Jaw arcuate, narrow, with cur\ing, pointed ends; lower marginsmooth, with a wide median projection; uj^per margin with a corre-sponding depression.Lingual membrane with 82 rows of 21-1-21 teeth (Morse). My speci-men (T. M., V, Plate III, Fig. F) has about 16-1-16, with 5 perfectlaterals. There are distinct side cusps as well as cutting points to thecentral and lateral teeth.Animal: head, neck, and eye-peduncles blackish or indigo blue; up-per parts bluish ; posterior whitish, transparent, sometimes whollywhite. Foot thin and narrow. It has the longitudinal furrows, buton account of the transparent tissue of the foot, I find it difQcult to dis-tinguish any caudal pore.
62 A MANUAL OF AMERICAN LAND SHELLS.Helix Breiceri seems to me synonymous with arhoreus, butthe description and figure from " Land and FreshwaterShells" is here repeated.Shell umbilicated, depressed, smooth, shining, surface un-broken by the wrinkles of growth, very light horn-color, spireH.i^cri. scarcely elevated; whorls 4, flattened, the last depressed,shelving towards its base ; umbilicus moderate ; aperture transverselylunar; peristome simple, acute. Greater diameter 5""?; height, 2^'^^?.Near Lake Tahoe, California.Fig. 14 is drawn from an authentic specimen.Z. arhoreus is said by Gwynn Jeffreys to be nearly allied to the Eu-ropean Z. excavatus (Ann. Mag. N. H., 1872, 245).Zonites iiideiitatus, Say.Fig. 15. Shell subperforated, flattened, thin, pellucid; epidermishighly polished, corneous; whorls rather more than 4, rap-idly enlarging, with regular, subequidistant, radiating, im-pressed lines, which on the body-whorl extend to the centerof the base, outer whorl exi)anding towards the aperture
;
z.indentaius. guturc wcll imprcsscd; aperture rather large, transverse;peristome simple, acute, very thin, at its inferior extremity terminat-ing at the center of the base of the shell; umbilicus none, but the um-bilical region is indented. Greater diameter 5, lesser 4i?? ; height1 nimHelix indentata, Say, Journ. Acad., ii, 372 (1822); Binney's ed., 24.
?
Binney, Bost.Journ. Nat. Hist., iii, 415, pi. xxii, tig. 'A (1840); Terr. Moll., ii, 242, pi. xxix,fig. 2.?De Kay, N. Y. Moll., 31, pi. iii, fig. 26 (1843).?Gould, Invert., 181,fig. 109 (1841).?Adams, Vt. Moll., 160 (1842).?Chemnitz, 2d ed., i, 21, pi.xxxiv, figs. 12-15.
?
Pfeiffer, Mod. Hel. Viv.,i, 59.
?
Reeve, Cou. Icon., 730(1852).?W. G. Binney, Terr. Moll., iv, 119.?Morse, Amer. Nat., i, 413,fig. 28 (1867).Hyalina subrupicola, Dall., Bull. U. S. Geol. and Geogr. Surv. of Terr., vol. iii. No. 1,p. 103, fig., April 5, 1879.Hyalina indentata, Morse, Journ. Portl. Soc, i, 12, fig. 21 ; pi. ii, fig. 11 ; pi. v, fig. 22(1864).?Tryox, Amer. Journ. Conch., ii, 246, 411 (1866).?W. G. Binney,L. & Fr.-W. Sh., i, 35, fig. 45 (1869).?Gould and Binxey, Invert, of Mass.,ed. 2, p. 398 (1870).Zonites indentatus, W. G. Binney, T. M. U. S., v, 116.Inhabits all of the Eastern Province, having been found from Canadato Texas, and from Dakota to Florida. Also the Central Province,having been found in Utah, and I doubt not its eventually being foundalso over the Pacific Province, especially on the mountains. It is alsosaid to occur in St. Domingo and Porto Eico.
UNIVERSALLY DISTRIBUTED SPECIES. 63Animal bluish black oa the upper parts; margin and posterior ex-tremity lighter, A distinct caudal mucus pore.A variety with an open umbilicus issometimes ^ii^- 1^.found (Fig. 17). ^ ^^^^^Jaw somewhat arcuate, long, narrow, ends Jaw otZ.indentatus. (Morse.)somewnat attenuated, pointed -, concave marginsmooth, with a slightly developed, broad medium projection. ^'^LLingual membrane very broad, with 53 rows of 79 teetheach (39-1-39); another membrane had 38-1-38, also with3 perfect laterals; centrals tricuspid, the median cusp verylarge and longer than the base of attachment; laterals 3only on each side, bicuspid, arranged in a straight transverserow; marginals aculeate (Plate III, Fig. G, of Terr. Moll., V). ^- ^'^^rr!"'"*'Genitalia not observed.As the description and figures of Eyalina snhrnpicola are not easy ofaccess, I have copied them in the supplement to Terr. Moll. U. S., V.Zoiiites iBiinusculus, Binney.Shell umbilicated, minute, depressed-convex; epidermis nf^- is.whitish ; whorls 4, convex, not increasing rapidly in diam-eter, with microscopic wrinkles ; suture very distinctly im-pressed; aperture nearly circular; peristome thin, acute;umbilicus large, not spread, deep, and exhibiting the vol u- z.minuserdus.tions ; base rounded, columella with a thin callus. Greater diameter 2^,lesser 2^""? ; height, 1??.Helix 7ni)u(scula, Binney, Bost. Journ. Nat, Hist., iii, 435, pi. xxii, fig. 4 (1840) ; Terr.Moll., ii, 2-21, pi. xvii, fig. 2, excl. syu.?Adams, Vt. Moll., IGl (1842).?Chemnitz, 2(1 ed., ii, 112, Tab. Ixxxv, figs. 20-23.?Fpeiffer, Symbol., ii, 33;Mou., i, 114.?Reeve, Con. Icon., 731 (1852).?W. G. Binney, Terr. Moll.,iv, 102.?Morse, Amer. Nat., i, 543, fig. 35 (1867).Helix minulalis, Morelet, nee Fer., Test. Nov., ii, 7.Helix apex, Adams, Coutr. Conch., 36.?Reeve, 1. c. 339.Helix Lavelleana, D'Orbigny,Mo11. Cub. in text, 161, excl. pi. (1853).Helix Mauriniana, D'Orbigny, 1. c. in pi. viii, figs. 20-22, excl. text.rseudohyalina minnscula, Morse, Journ. Portl. Soc, i, 16, fig. 34, pi. vii, fig. 35 (1864).?Tryon, Amer. Journ. Conch., ii, 264 (1866).Hyalina minnscula, W. G. Binney, L. & Fr.-W. Sh., i, 37 (1869).Zonites minusculus, Fischer and Crosse, Moll. Mex., 175 (1870).?W. G. Binney, T.M., V, 118.From the Red Eiver of the Korth to Arkansas, ^i": ^9-Texas, and Florida. It may thus be said to inhabitall the Eastern Province; in the Central Province, "^^"^ "^ z.minuscnius.
64 A MANUAL OF AMERICAN LAND SHELLS.in Arizona ; has been found in California, and has been traced through
'^^^- ^^- Mexico into Yucatan ; is quoted from Ber-muda, Cuba, Jamaica, and Porto Rico.In Japan it has also been noticed (Ann.Mag. Nat. Hist., June, 1868). I am in-clined to believe, therefore, that it willLingual dentition of Z. ?nt?i.MscM?MS. t?^ rr j- 7 j.i ^^.i(Morse.) prove, liKC Z.fulvus, to be one of the cir-cumpolar species common to the three continents. It has not, how-ever, thus far been detected in Europe.Jaw long, narrow, but slightly arcuate, of almost uniform width,ends rounded; concave margin smooth, with a slightly developed,broad median projection.Lingual membrane (Plate III, Fig. H, of T. M., V)?Morse's figureshows 4 perfect laterals. He counted 52 rows of 12-1-12 teeth. It willbe noticed that his figure does not show the cutting points of the sidecusj)s of the central and lateral teeth, which I have found in speci-mens from Florida. I found a similar number of teeth.Zonitcs viD'idtaliis, Menkk.
Fig 21. Shell umbilicated, small, depressed, thin, fragile; epidermispule, or brownish horn-color, wrinkled, shining; whorls 4, thelast rajjidly enlarging towards the aperture ; aperture trans-versely rounded; peristome simple, its edge rather thickened,not acute; umbilicus small, but well marked and constant.Greater diameter 5, lesser 4?'"'" ; height, 2??.Z. viriduliis.Helix electriim, Gould, Invert., 183, fig. Ill (1841).?Binney, Bost. Jonrn. Nat. Hist.,iii, 423, pi. xxii, fig. 2 (1840); Terr Moll., ii, 286, pi. xxix, fig. I.?De Kay, N.Y. Moll., 30 (1843).?Adams, Vermont Mollusca, 161 f 1842).?W. G. Binney,Terr. Moll., iv, 107.?Mouse, Amer. Nat., i, 542, fig. 31 (1867).Helixpura, Alder, teste Pfeiffkr, Mon. Hel., iv, 80.Helix janus, Adams MS. (olim), Shells Yt. Amer. Journ. So. [1], xl, 273 (1841).Zonites radiatulus, Reeve, Br. L. & Fr.-W. Sli., 50, fig. (1863).Zonites striaUila, Moquin-Tandon, Moll., Fr. teste Eeeve.Helix viridula, Mexke, Syn. M6tb., ed. 2, 127 ; see also Mai. Bliitt., viii, 92.Hyalina electrina, Morse, Journ. Portl. Soc, i, 13, fig. 23, pi. vi, fig. 24 (1864).?Tryon, Amer. Journ, Conch., ii, 251 (1866).Hyalina viridula, W. G. Binney, L. Sh., i, 34 (1869).?Gould and Binney, Inv. ofMass., ed. 2, 397 (1870).Zonites viridulus, W. G. B., T. M. U. S., v.A circumpolar species common to the three continents. In Americait has been found from Great Slave Lake to the Gulf of Mexico ; inthe Central Province, in Utah, Arizona, Colorado, and New Mexico.I have not actually, as yet, received it from the Pacific Province, ex-
TTNIVERSALLY DISTRIBUTED SPECIES. 65
cepting- from Portland, Oregon, but have no doubt it will be proved toinhabit all the North American continent.Animal bluish black. I have not verified the existence of a caudalpore or other external generic characters.Jaw arcuate, ends attenuated, pointed ; concave margin smooth, witha median rounded projection. fig. 22.Lingual membrane (T. M., Y.PlateIII, Fig. E). Morse gives 54 rows of27-1-27 teeth each. I have figuredthe central and first lateral, withone extreme marginal tooth, drawn j&w of z. viriduUis. (Morse.)from a specimen furnished ^e by Mr. Allen of Orono, Me. I find 3lateral teeth. Morse gives a similar figure. The European Z.viriduluft,as figured by Lehmann {Z. purus),has a similar dentition, exceptingsize of central tooth ; he gives 23-1-23 teeth, with 3 laterals. Thereare distinct side cusps as well as cutting points to centrals and laterals.In size, the depressed-conical shape of the upper surface, the num-ber of whorls, and the rapid enlargement of the largest whorl, thisshell corresponds with Z. indentatus. It differs in its darker, smokyhorn-color, its constant umbilicus, its rather thick and shining peri-
'
stome, and in its. whitish wrinkles, which, instead of being remote, arecrowded. From arboreus it differs in having one whorl less, the lastone rapidly dilating, its apex not being depressed, its thinner structureand more glossy surface, and in its somewhat smaller umbilicus. Inarboreus the peristome has a flexuous curve, but is nearly a direct sec-tion of the whorl in this. Though all of the same size and generalappearance, the three may be readily separated when mingled. In-deed, its claims as a distinct species are not very obvious without view-ing the three together. It is found abundantly under fragmentsof wood, in damp places near the water's edge, in company with Z.fulvus and arboreus^ and Vertigo modesta. On its upper surface it ap-pears to be identical with Z. indentatus, while on the base its resem-blance to Z. arboreus is striking. It appears to be a widely diffusedand very common species.Mr. Gwyn Jeffreys calls the American form Z. radiatulus var. albus(Ann. Mag. iT. H., 1872, 245).Genitalia unknown.1749?Bull. 28 5
ee A MANUAL OP AMERICAN LAND SHELLS.
Tig. 24.
Zouites milium, Morse.Shell widely umbilicated, depressed, transparent, shining, white, witha greenish tinge, marked with distinct and regular strite ofgrowth and mi-Fin. 23. croscopic revolving lines, the latter more conspicuous below
;
spire but slightly elevated ; whorls 3, rounded, rajiidly in-creasing, the last planulate above, widely umbilicated be-low ; aperture very oblique, subcircular, remote from theaxis ; i^efistome simple, acute, its terminations somewhatapproached, that of the columella not retiected. Greaterdiameter l^"*" ; height, ^""".Relix milium, MoRSE, Proc. Boat. Soc, vii, 2-^ (1859).?W. G. Binxey, Terr. Moll., iv,101, pi. Ixxix, 4, 5.?Morse, Amer. Nat., i, 543, fig. 3(3 (1867).StriaUira miUiim, Morse, Jouru. Portl. Soc, i, 18, ligs. 41, 42, pi. vii, fig. 43 (18G4).PseudolujaUna milium, Tryox, Am. Jouru. Conch., ii, 265 (1866.)EyaUna milium, W. G. Binney, L. & Fr.-W. Sh., 1, 38 (1869).?Gould aud Binney,luv. of Mass., ed. 2, 401 (1870).Zonites milium, W. G. Binney, T. M., v, 119.Massachusetts aud Maine ; Campbell County, Kentucky. It has alsobeen noticed in Monterey,near San Francisco, andNevada County, Califor-nia. I doubt not that itwill be found over thewhole continent.Morse's original figureis given above.The surface of the shellis raised in numerous rib-Lingual dentitiou of Z. milium. (Morse.) like folds freouentlv au-astomosing; longitudinal ribs reticulate the surface and render the foldsso crenulated that in certain lights the shell appears as if ornamentedwith strings of beads. This peculiar character disappears at the baseof the shell, and is replaced by revolving lines and regular lines of ac-cretion.Genitalia not observed.Z. milium is described by Morse as having 68 rows of 17-1-17 teethon its lingual membrane, with only 2 jjerfect laterals. The next sixteeth are shown to be bifid, not only the one or two transition teeth, butthe decided marginals. I have also drawn the membrane of this spe-cies (T. M., V, Plate III, Fig. M). I found 18-1-18 teeth, with 3 laterals.
UNIVEESALLY DISTRIBUTED 8Pr.CIi:S 67The peculiarity of the lingual of this species is the great developmentof the central tooth. (See also Z.ferreus.)The jaw also is peculiar in having vertical channels worn upon itsanterior surface, extending down to the cutting mar- ^_J"^- ~-^gin, as in Z. ferreus. These channels are probably ^ **^ ~-^worn by the greatly developed central tooth of the ' (Moiseolingual membrane. I do not agree wih Morse in considering the greatdevelopment of the central tooth and the channels on the jaw as genericcharacters. Subgenus CONULUS (Fitz.) Moq.-Tand.Animal (of Z.fulrus) bluish black upon the head, neck, and eye-peduncles, lighter on the sides and base; foot very narrow, thread-like.A distinct caudal mucus pore.Shell imperforate, or very narrowly perforate, turbinate, arcti-spiral;whorls 5-(), rather convex ; aperture depressed-lunar, the penultimatewhorl strongly excided, somew^hat oblique. Peristome with marginsseparated. Zonites fiilviis, Draparnaud.Shell imperforate, subconical, thin, pellucid ; epidermis ^'^ ^e.smooth, shining, minutely striated, amber-colored ; whorls 5or 6, rounded, very narrow; suture distinct and deep; aper-ture transverse, narrow; peristome simple, acute; base con-vex; umbilical region indented, umbilicus closed. Greaterdiameter 4"'^, lesser 3A"^? ; height 3?". z /ui^s. en-larged.Helix chersina, Say, Jour. Phila. Acad., ii, 15G (1821); Binney's ed. 18, 81.
?
BinneyBost. Jonrn. Nat. Hist., iii, 416, pi. xxvi, fig. 3 (1840); Terr. Moll., ii,243, pi. xvii, fig. 4.?Gould, ruvi'itebrata, 18.'>, fig. 105 (1841). Adams,Vermout Mollusca, 162 (184-^); Sillim. Jouru. [i], xl, 273.?DeKay, N. Y.Moll., 44, pi. XXXV, ^g. 338 (1843).?W. G.' Binney, Terr. Moll., iv. 119.?Morse, Amer. Nat., i. 544, fig. 38 (1867).Relix eyena, Say, Jouru. Phila. Acad., v, 120 (1825) ; Binney's od. 30.?DeKay, N. Y.Moll., 45 (1843).?Chemnitz, cd. 2, i, 237, pi. xxx, figs. 19-21 ? (1846).?Reeve,Cou. Icou., No. 12C3 (1854).
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Pfeiffer, Mou. Hel. Viv., i, 31, uofc of Gouldiu Terr. Moll.Helix ftilva, Draparnaud, Mighels, Bost. Jouru., iv, 333.?Chemnitz, Pfeiffer(Muu. H., i, 30), Reeve, Forbes and Hanley.Conulus chersinus, Morse, Jouru. Poril. Soc.,i, 19, figs. 44, 46; j)!. ii, fig. 4; pi. vii,fig. 45(1864).Conulus chersina, Tryon, Am. Journ. Couch., ii, 256 (1866).Hyalinafulm, W. G. Binney, L. & Fr. W. Sh., i, 46, fig. 73 (1869).HyaUita chersina, Gould aud Binney, luvert. of Mass., new ed., 402 (1870).Zonites fulfils, W. G. B., T. M. V., 125.A circumpolar species, common to the three continents. It appearsto inhabit all of the Eastern Province, having been found from Great
68 A MANUAL OF ATiIEEICA?-; LAND SHELLS.Slave Lake to Texas and Florida. lu tbe Pacific Province it Las beenfound in Sitka, and at Lake Tahoe and San Gorgonio Pas8 in Cali-fornia. In the Central Province in Colorado and Nevada. It mayeventually be found to inhabit the whole North American continent.Animal bluish black upon the head, neck, and eye-peduncles, lighteron the sides and base ; foot very narrow, thread-like, with a caudalmucus pore.The American form here under consideration was described by Mr.Say under the name Helix chersina. Judging from its shell alone, itseems identical with the European Z.fulvus. It has thus been consid-ered one of the circumpolar species common to the three continents,and is so treated above. My confidence of this identity, however, isshaken by a study of the description and figure by Lehniann (Leben-den Schnecken, &c., p. 79, Plate X, Fig. 24), of the dentition of theEuropean Z. fulvus. He gives 86-100 rows of 25-1-25 teeth ; thefirst two laterals he makes tricuspid, while they are only bicuspid inour form. The marginals appear to be bifid. The question of identitymust therefore, I fear, be considered as still open.It is found under, and in the interstices of, wet, decaying wood, un-der layers of damp leaves in forests, and under fragments of wood onthe borders of ponds.The above-named localities prove this to be a widely spread species.Its diminutive size has probably prevented its being observed in otherplaces. It offers but few varieties, and is easily distinguished by itsconical form and thin, amber-colored, transjiarent shell. It is a verybeautiful and delicate little species. The spire is elevated, turretcd,attaining even seven full volutions, with an obtuse apex; at othertimes it is much lower, with a somewhat pointed apex, and not exceed-ing five volutions. In the latter case, the base is of course muchbroader in jiroportion to the height, and the outer whorl is obtuselycarinated. This carinated form is H. egena of Say, of which Dr. Binneywrites
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" I have recently examined the original specimen of the shell de-scribed by Mr. Say as HcUx egcna, and by him deposited in the collec-tion of the Academy of Natural Sciences, in Philadelphia. I could not,on careful comparison, detect any difference between it and the de-pressed variety of H. chersina. Mr. J. S. Phillips, the obliging curatorof the department of Conchology in that institution, joinjed me in theopinion that the two are clearly identical."
UNIVERSALLY DISTRIBUTED SPECIES. G9The elevated form only is figured liere. It is interesting to statethat in Europe also these two extreme forms are known to exist, theanalogue of egena being called Mortoni (Jeffreys).The plane of the base is so nearly horizontal that the shell, when setupon its base, is upright. It is so transparent that some of the suturesof the spire are visible through the substance of the shell, when viewedon the base.There is a variety with an internal tooth.Jaw arcuate, ends attenuated; anterior surface fig^t.smooth ; concave margin smooth ; with an obtuse me-dian projection.
_ . - , -^ . _,, ,. ^ ^ - ^^ Jaw of Z.fulvus.Lingual membrane : Morse gives 80 rows ot 18-1-18 (Morse.)teeth, with 7 laterals on either side. The specimen examined b}" me(from Orono, Maine) has 30-1-30 teeth, Avith 8 perfect laterals. Thisdifference in the number of the marginals is unusual for two individ-uals of the same species.The peculiarity of the lingual is the bifurcation of all the marginalteeth. On Plate II Fig. E, of T. M., V., I have drawn one central withits adjacent lateral, and one marginal extracted from a Maine specimen.By the bifurcation of the marginals this species is allied to Vitrino-conus (Semper, Phil, Archip.); also Z. Gwidlaelii^ which, however, hassome of its marginals even tricuspid, and tricuspid laterals.HELICIDiE.PATIJL.A. (See below.)Patula striatclla, Anthony.Shell umbilicated, orbicularly convex, thin, brownish horn- ^J^^^-color, with crowded ribs; whorls 4, scarcely convex, the last in-flated below, rather wide; umbilicus large, pervious; aperturesub-circular; peristome simple, acute, its terminations ap-proached. Greater diameter G?'", lesser 5i'""^; height, 3??. p.lu^Ma.Helix striatelJa, Anthony, Bost. Jourii. Nat. Hist., iii, 278, pi. iii, fig 2 (1840).
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BiNNEY, Bost. Joiirn. Nat. Hist., iii, 432, pi. xxi, fig. 5 (1840); Terr. Moll.,ii, 217, pi. 5XX, fig. 2.?Gould, Invert., 178, fig, 112 (1841).?Adams, Ver-mont Mollusca, 162 (1842).?DkKay, N. Y. Moll., 43, pi. iii, fig. 40(1843).
?Chemnitz, 2d. ed., ii, 115, tab. Ixxxv, figs. 30-38.-Pfeiffer, Mou. Hel.Viv., i, 104.?Reeve, Con. Icon., 727 (1853).?W. G. Binney, T. it. MuJi.,iv, 99.? Morse, Amcr. Na'., i, 545, fig. 40 (1807).-W. G. Binni.y, L. &Fr.-W. Sb., i, 80, fig. 140 (1869).?GouLD and Binney, Inv. of Mass., ed. 2,413 (1870).
70 A MANUAL OF AMERICAN LAND SHELLS.Helix ruderaia, Adams, Sill. Jour, [i], 40, 408, not Studer.Belix CronkhUei, Newcomb, Proc. Cal. Acad. Nat. Sci., iii, 180 (1865).Patula siriaiella, Morse, Journ. Portl. Soc, i, 21, fig. 48, pi. ii, fig. 6; pi. viii, fig. 49(1864).?W. G. BiNNEY, T. M., A', 105.Anguispira striatella, Tryon, Am. Journ. Couch., ii, 262 (1866).Patula Cronkhitei, Tryon, Am. Jouru. Concli., ii, 263 (1866)!This species is found through British America, at Great Slave Lake,Canada, &c., New England, and extends to Virginia and Kansas. Ithas also been found in Arizona, Idaho, at Hell Gate Eiver, Nevada, Colo-rado, in the Central Province, and has been quoted from the PacificProvince at Mariposa, Cal. It may, therefore, prove to be universallydistributed. Middendorf refers it, as distinct from pauper, to Kam-chatka and Northern China.Jaw arcuate ; ends attenuated ; anterior surface with convergingno '29. striae ; concave margin irregularly notched, nomedian projection (Fig. 29).Lingual membrane with 100 rows of 16-1-16j.nvoip.stnateiia. (Morse), ^.^^^i^ (Morsc), The liugual examined by mc (T.M., V, Plate IV, Fig. B) has 20-1-20 teeth, with 8 perfect laterals.Animal: Head, neck, and eye-peduncles dusky; foot white.Genitalia unobserved.As regards P. CronMitei, I am not able to decide about its specificdistinction from striatella. Specimens, one of which is here figured,have been sent me under this name from Unalashka, from KlamathLake, and various localities in the Pacific and Central Provinces. Ihave also been able to study the original specimen in the collection ofDr. Newcomb. It is larger, of a lighter color, and has coarser striaethan the typical striatella, and agrees with the shell I have figured asCronMitei.P. striatella bears a very strong resemblance, in general aspect, to
riG. 30. perspectiva, with the immature shells of which it is very com-monly confounded. It needs some attention to separate thetwo, but when the present species is once noticed, it cannotfail to be considered very distinct. Its discriminative char-acters, as compared with the former species, are as follows:
r. Cronkhitei. The mature shell is smaller, and has generally rather lessand never more than 4 whorls; and in shells of the same size the num-ber of volutions is less. It is thinner and more delicate; its color islighter; its striai of increase are more numerous, more oblique, muchfiner, and less prominent; its suture is less deeply impressed; its spireis more convex, and its umbilicus less expanded. The character of the
UNIVERSALLY DISTRIBUTKD SPECIES. 71epidermis is the same iu both. The luster of the epidermis resemblesthat of satin.It has been suggested that striatella is identical with H. omphalos,Searles Wood, an Eocene fossil of Headon Hill, Isle of Wight.OTEICROPIIYSA. (See below.)Mici'ophysa pyg:nisea, Drap.Shell umbilicated, subglobose, reddish horn-color, ^ig. 31.shining, marked with strong transverse strife and micro-scopic revolving lines, both most prominent near the um-bilicus ; whorls 4, convex, gradually increasing, the lastbroadly umbilicated; aperture subcircular, oblique;peristome simjile, acute, its columellar extremity subre-flected. Greater diam.eter, l^'"? ; height, 1'^^?'.Helix pygviwa, Drap., &c.Helix viinutissima, Lea, Trans. Am. Phil. Soc, ix, 17; Proc, ii, 82 (1841); Obs., iv, 17(1848).?Troschel, Arch. f. Nat., 1843, ii, 124.?Pfeiffer, Mod. Hel. Viv., i,87.?W. G. BiNNEY, Terr. Moll., iv, 100, pi. Ixxvii, figs. 6, 7.?Morse, Am.Nat., i, 546, fig. 46 (1867).Helix minuscula, teste Binney, Terr. Moll., ii, 221.Punctum minutissiinum, Morse, Jouru. Portl. Soc, i, 27, figs. 69, 70, pi. viii, fig. 71(1864).?AV. G. Bixney, L. & Fr.-W. Sb., i, 222 (1869); T. M , v., 411.Conulus minutissima, Tryon, Am. Journ. Concb., ii, 257 (1866).Hyalina minutissima, Gould and Binney, Iuv. of Mass. (2), 403 (1870).Maine, Massachusetts, New York, Ohio, Bosque County, Texas, in theEastern Province; San Francisco, Lone Mountain, California, iu Pa-cific Province. Probably will be found over all the continent. In North-ern and Central Europe it has also an extensive range.I repeat below the complete history of the species as given bj' Bland(Ann. Lye. Nat. Hist, of N. Y., X. 306).This species was described as Helix minutissima by Dr. Lea iu 1841.In 1864 Professor Morse thus described its jaw : "The buccal plate ismade up of sixteen long, slender, corneous laminae, recurved at theircutting edges, these plates partially lapping over each other,"Morse remarked on the similarity between Lea's species and H. pi/g-mcea, Drap., of Europe, adding, "And it seems singular that it has neverbeen referred to that species"; but after examination of the jaw of thelatter, as figured by Moquin-Tandon, Morse considered it genericallydistinct. He suggested the name Punctum.The following is Moquin-Tandon's description of the jaw of H.pygmwa(Moll, de France, II, p. 103, Plate X, Fig. 2, 1855)
:
72 A MANUAL OF AMERICAN LAND SHELLS.Mdchoire large de 0.25??*, peu arqu^e, mince, k peine corn6e, transparente, assezfacile k 6tudier k cause de la transparence des t6gumeuts ; extr6mit^8 amincies ; partiemoyenne du bord libre un peu surbaiss6e ; cdtes verticales nombieuses, fines, serr^es
;
cr^nelures tr^s petites.In W. G. Binney's Synopsis (Smith. Inst. Coll., p. 4, December, 1863)Hyalina (Conulus) minutissimaj Lea, is enumerated, and Tryon (Amer.Journ. Conch, II, p. 257, 1866) placed the species in Conulus, whilequoting the particulars given by Morse of the jaw.In 1868 Lindstrom (Gotlands Nut. Moll., Taf. HI, Fig. 12) publishedfigures, but without description , of the jaw of H. pygmcea. On compari-son of this with Morse's figure of minutissima, the identity of the twospecies could scarcely be inferred.In Land and Freshwater Shells (Part I, p. 221, 1869) Functum,Morse, is adopted as the generic name of Lea's species, treating thatgenus as belonging to Orthaliciricn, by reason of the supposed structureof the jaw.W. G. Binney (Invert. Mass., 2d ed., p. 403, Fig. 665, 1870) has Hya-lina minutissima as occurring in Massachusetts, adding in a note, "Thecharacter of the jaw would place tue species in the subfamily Orthali-cinw, as a distinct genus, for which Morse's name Punctum might beretained ; otherwise the species would be placed in Hyalina^Mr. J. Gwyn Jeffreys (Ann. and Mag. ISTat. Hist., October, 1872) refersto Hyalina minutissima as being identical with Helix pygmceaj Drap.Dr. G. Schacko (Malak. Blatt., p. 178, 1872) described both jaw andlingual teeth of H. pygmoia, showing that both have the same charac-ters as ascribed by Morse to Functum minutissimum.The following is a translation of Schacko's description of the jaw ofH, pygmcea :The jaw cousists of nineteen plates, which are grouped in the form of a horseshoe.They lie together like the tiles of a roof, and partially cover one another. The platesare connected by a tine transparent membrane. The middle plate, which is the largest,and perfectly straight at the top, lies entirely alone, so that a space is visible betweenit and the two next side plates. These are smaller and of the same length, while thetop is slightly curved. The plates have the same form as regards their length, butthe curve increases towards the cud plates. The third plate from the middle beginsto cover the second, the fifth covers half of the fourth, and the succeeding platesalways more, until the last covers two-thirds of the preceding one.The formula of the lingual membrane is given by Schacko asbeing 114 rows of 19-1-19 ; by Morse, of Lea's species, 51 rows of13-1-13.The centrals of H. pygmwa are said by Schacko to be tricuspid; thetwo side cusps so small and scarcely recognizable that they entirely
UNIVERSALLY DISTRIBUTED SPECIES. 73disappeared in one specimen ; the laterals bicuspid. He remarks thatevery tooth of the radiila lies alone, so that even the cutting points donot cover or disturb the basal surfaces, of the overlying rows.Schacko refers to the near alliance, in form of jaw especially, of H.pygnuca with 21. mimitissima of the genns Pimctum of Morse.Looking at the descriptions and figures of the jaws of pygmcea andminutissima, one will notice, with striking general similarity of char-acters, some differences ; on the other hand, the lingual teeth of the twoforms appear to be the same, and the shells without variation of spe-cific value.The facts regarding the distribution of S. pygmcea, which may betreated as one of the circumpolar species, favor the opinion that Lea'sspecific name must be placed in the synonymy of Punctum pygmwum.Moquin-Tandon describes the genitalia of the European form to haveneither dart nor multifid vesicles.Lately, in studying the jaw of Microphysa vortex from Florida, I havebecome convinced that I was wrong in considering the jaw of pygmceato be related to that of the Orthalicidcc. It is quite similar to that ofMicrophysa.! in which genus, accordingly, I place the species.The jaw is low, wide, slightly arcuate, with blunt, squarely truncatedends ; it is composed of sixteen sepa-rate pieces, each higher than wide,with slightly overlapping edges. Thesepieces do not run obliquely towardsthe middle of the jaw ; there is, there-fore, no appearance of an upper median triangular piece, as in Orthalicus and Liguus.The lingual membrane is long and narrow.1-13 teeth each. The centrals have a baseof attachment much longer than wide, ex-panded below and squarely truncated, very
Fig. 32.
Jaw of M. pygmtea . (M u rse .
)
There are 54 rows of 13-FlG. 33.
Lingual dentition of M. pygmcea.(Morse.)
much narrowed above, reflected. The re-flection is very small, and has, according toMorse, one single cusp ; but Schacko (Malak.Bliitt., 1872, 178) describes the reflection insome European specimens as tricuspid. Laterals of same form as cen-trals, but with wider base of attachment in the first ones, and bicuspidouter laterals much narrower. There are no distinct marginals. Allthe teeth are decidedly separated,
74 A MANUAL OF AMERICAN LAND SHELLS.I have not examined the jaw or lingual membrane of this species, butam entirely dependent on Morse for the descriptions and figures of theAmerican form given above.
Fig. 34.
Animal of 77. lineatus,enlarged. (Voise.)
Fig. 35.
HELICODISCUS, Morse.Animal heliciform; mantle posterior, thin, simple, protected by ashell ; other characters as in Patula.Shell discoidal, widely umbilicated, not shining;si)ire concave; whorls 4, equally visible above andbelow, the last scarcely larger than the rest, notdeflected; aperture rounded, vertical; several pairsof tubercles at intervals within, on the inner surfaceof the outer whorl; peristome simple, straight, itsmargins distant.Jaw, according to Morse, of S. lineatus, low, wide, crescentic, endsmuch attenuated, acute; cutting margin witha median, beak-like projection; anterior sur-jaw of H. lineatus. facc without ribs, but covcrcd with striai con-verging obliquely towards the beak-like prominence.Fig. 36 shows the general arrangement of the teeth upon the lingualFig. 36. membrane. The characters
I
of the separate teeth arebetter shown in Plate IVlof T. M., V, Fig. M. Morse
^
gives 77 rows of 12-1-12Lingual dentition of if. ii/ieatws. (ilorse.) teeth Cach witll 4 PCrfcctlaterals. Leidy, in T. M., Vol. IT, 262, Fig. gives 13-1-13 teeth, with5 i)erfect laterals. The membrane examined by me has 12-1-12 teeth,with 4 perfect laterals. The central teeth have a base of attachmentvery small, longer than wide, with expanded lower angles and reflectedupper margin. Ketiection very small, with a stout, short median cusp,and very short, blunt side cusps, all the cusps with short cutting points.The lateral teeth have a base of attachment three times as wide, andsomewhat longer than the centrals, and asymmetrical by the suppres-sion of the inner, lower lateral expansion; the upper margin is broadlyreflected; the reflection is short but symmetrical, having two equallydeveloped short, stout side cusps, bearing short cutting points; themedian cusp is stout, long, extending nearly to the lower edge of thebase of attachment, beyond which projects slightly the short cutting
UNIVERSALLY DISTRIBUTED SPECIES. 75point. The marginals are low and wide, the reflection as broad as thebase of attachment, reaching nearly to its lower edge, and furnishedwith one inner, long, bhmtl.y bifid, stont, oblique cutting point, andtwo or more short outer cutting points. The same form of marginal isfound in Pnpa. The membrane is very peculiar in the lateral teeth,not only from their large size, but also from their symmetrical, tricuspidreflection, quite like the nsual arrangement of central teeth in the Sel-icidcc. Similar lateral teeth are found in Zonites GundlacM.Ilelicodiscus lincntus. Say.Shell widely umbilicated, discoidal; epidermis greenish; whorlsabout 4, visible on the base of the shell as well as ^ ^,' J IG. ol
,
above, with numerous equidistant, parallel, raised lines ^r=-._,.__:_,revolving upon them; suture much impressed ; apertunremote from the axis, semi lunate, narrow, not expanding;peristome acute, thin; umbilicus wide, forming a concave depression of the base, each volution visible to theapex ; within the aperture, on the external circumference,1 1 , -f i r, ? r. ? . 1 1 -J J .1 llei. lineatus,are placed irom 1 to o,i)airs ot minute, conical, white teeth, eniai-ed.the first pair in sight when looking into the aperture, the others moreremote. Greater diameter 3.^""", lesser S"^"^ ; height, 1^"?.Melix Uneata, Say, Jouni. Phila. Acad., i, 18 (1817) ; ii, 273 (1824) ; Nicb. Encycl., Sded., iv (1819); Binney's ed. 7, 24.?Binney, Bost.Jouru. Nat. Hist., iii,436, pi. xxii, fig. 6 (1840;; Terr. Moll., ii, 261, pi. xlviii, fig. 1.?De Kay,N. Y. Moll., 44(1843).?Gould, Invert., 179, fig. 103 (1841).?Adams, VermoutMollusca, 161 (1842).?Fekussac, Tab. Syst., 44; Hist., pi. Ixxix, tig. 1.?Deshayes luFer.,i, 80.?Chemnitz, 2d ed., ii, 203, tab. ci, figs. 1.3-15.
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Pfeiffer, Mod. Hel. Viv., i, 184.-Reeve, Coii. Icou., 724 (1852).?W. G.Bisney, Terr. Moll., iv, 123.?Morse, Amer. Nat., i, 546, fig. 44 (1867).Planorhis lun-aUdus, Say (?), Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., ii, 164 (1821) ; ed.BiNNEY, 63.Eualina f Uneata, W. G. Binney, L. & Fr.-W. Sh., i, 52 (1869).?GouLD aud BiNNEY,Invert, of Mass., ed. 2, p. 404 (1870).Helicodiscus Uneata, Morse, Jouru. Port!. Soc, i, 25, figs. 61, C2 ; pi. ii, fig. 3 ; pi. vii,fig. 63 (1864).?Tyron, Am. Journ. Conch., ii, 264 (1866).?W. G. BiNNEviT. M., V, 185.Inhabits all of the Eastern, Central, aud Pa-ific Provinces, having been found from Gaspeto Texas j on the Eio Chama, New Mexico ; inIdaho; in Oakland,Cal. Ja-w oiuneatus.Jaw : see Fig. 37 A.Lingual membrane : see p. 74.Animal (see p'. 74) nearly white or rather translucent, mottled withsmall white blotches ; body long and narrow ; upper posterior portion.
'^^ A MANUAL OF AMERlo'AN LAND SHELLS.Of foot conspicuously furrowed. In motion the shell lies perfectly flaton the extreme posterior portion of the body, the eye pednncles stand-ing nearly perpendicularly, and the head with tentacles thrust out someway beyond the base of eye-peduncles; eyes scarcely visible; animalvei y short posteriorly.This peculiar shell is distinguished by its discoidal form, greenishcolor, the line revolving lines upon its whorls, and the singular teethwhich are placed in the interior of the outer whorl. These teeth are ar-ranged in pairs, on the external side of the parietes of the cavity, oneof each pair being on the superior and one on the inferior part of thewhorl. They are prominent, white, and conical, and may be discoveredthough the semi-transparent shell. One pair is so near the apertureas easily to be seen on looking into it ; the other is distant nearly one-half a volution from the peristome, and is of course invisible exceptthrough the shell. At least one pair will be found to exist in everyspecimen when carefully sought for. In one instance I noticed a thirdpair still further within the whorl.i^oticed under the bark or in the interstices of wet and decayingwood, and under layers of wet leaves and stones in damp places inforests. Vallonia, Risso.Animal heliciform (see Bost. Journ. I^at. Hist., I, Plate IX, Fig. 2);
"
other characters as in Patida.Shell umbilicated, depressed, diaphanous; whorls 3^-4; apertureoblique, subcircular; peristome white, thickened, reflected, its marginscontiguous or converging.The single known species is circumpolar, common to the three conti-nents. In North America its range is shown below; in Europe it isfound everywhere, reaching indeed Northern Africa, the Azores, Madeira,&c.; in Asia it occurs in Siberia, Thibet. This wide distribution, sounusual in the land shells, suggests great antiquity for the species. Itis said to have been found in the Red and Norwich Crag (see Prestwich,Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc, XXVII, 493).Jaw low, wide, slightly arcuate, ends but little attenuated, blunt;
^"-38. cutting margin Mithout median projection; an-y^^^nmmMj)^ ^''''''''' ^''''^''''^ ^^'^^ numerous crowded, broad<SA>^ ^A^ ribs, denticulating the lower margin (Fio-. 27Jaw of r. pulchella. (Morse.) X M V^ *= '
I
UNIVERSALITY DiST IB 7TED SPECIES. 77Lingual membrane (Plate VII, Fig". U) long and narrow, arrangedas in Patula. Morse gives 73 rows of 11-1-11 teetb, with 3 i^erfect lat-erals. I counted 10-1-10, with 3 perfect laterals. Centrals with thebase of attachment long and narrow, expanded and notched at teheouter lower angles, narrowed above and retlected; reflection very small,tricuspid, all the cusps bearing very short cutting points, the centralone, as usual, longest. Laterals with the base of attachment twice asbroad as in the centrals, the inner lower angle suppressed, notched atthe outer angle, broadly reflected above;' reflection larger than in thecentrals, with one inner, long, slender cusp, reaching nearly the loweredge of the base of attachment, its cutting point quite reaching it, andone small outer side cusp, also bearing a distinct cutting point. Margi-nals low, wide, the reflection equaling the base of attachment and irreg-ularly denticulated along its edge, the inner cusp the longest and bifid.The dentition is quite that of Pupa,The above description is drawn from a specimen from Maine. TheEuropean form is figured by Moquin-Tandon with a median projectionto the cutting edge of its jaw. Lehmann also figures a wide, slightprojection to the cutting edge. A comparison of the desc!iption andfigure of the dentition of the European specimens given by Thomsonand Lehmann shows no specific difference. It will be noticed that Leh-mann's fljiure of the centrals shows a more developed reflection andcusp and no side cusps. I believe, however, that careful comparisonwill show no variation in this or other particulars.Vallonia piilchella, Muller.Shell widely umbilicated, depressed, slightly convex fig. 39.above, thin and transparent ; epidermis colorless ; whorls4, very minutely striated, the last large and s^jreading atthe aperture like a trumpet; aperture orbicular, a littledilated ; peristome much thickened, white, reflected, makingnearly a continuous circle, ends approaching; umbilicuslarge, exhibiting all the volutions. Greater diameter 3,lesser L'i"" ; height, li?'". *^- p^^'^'^heiia,i ' ? 7 z enlarged.Helix pulchella, Mitller, Verm., 30.
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Pfeiffer, Mon. He]. Viv., i, 365.
?
Binney,Bost. Joum. Kat. Hist., iii, S75, pi. ix, tig. 2 (1840); IVrr. MolJ., ii, 175, pi.xvii, fig. 1.?Leidy, T. M. U. S., i, 256, pi. ix, figs. 7-9 (1851), anat.?Gould,luvertebrata, 176, fig. 102(1841); ed. 2,429 (1870).?Adams, Vermont Mol-lusca, 159 (1842).-AV. G. Binney, L. & Fr.-W. Sli., i, 157 (1869).HeVix minufa, Say, Joiini. Phil. Acad., i, 123 (1817) ; Nicb. Encycl., ed. 3 (1819) ; BiN-NEY's ed. 3.?DeKay, N. Y.Moll., 40, pi. iii, fig. 33 (1843).?Morse, Am.Nat., i, 544, fig. 39 (1867).
78 A MANUAL OF AMERICAN CAND SHELLS.Eelix costata, Muixer, rid. Pfeiffer, Mon. Hel. Viv., i, 366.Vallonm minuta, Mouse, Jonrn. Portl. Soc, i, 21, figs. 54-56; pi. viii, fig. 57 (1864).
?
Tkyox, Am. Journ. ConcL., iii, 36 (1867).Vallonia jmlchella, W. G. Binney, T. M., v, 344.A circumpolar species, common to the three continents. From Can-ada East to Nebraska and Florida, in the Eastern Province, to NewMexico, in the Central Province, as well as in Nevada, Idaho, Ari-zona, and Colorado.The strongly ribbed variety
.( V. vostata) has been found in large num-bers in Kansas, and at Cincinnati and Philadelphia, and in Nevada.Jaw and lingual membrane described above.Genitalia figured by Lehmann (Lebenden Schnecken, Plate XI, Fig.30). Penis sac cylindrical, receiving the vas deferens and retractormuscle at its apex ; genital bladder globose, large, on a long narrowduct; opposite the entrance of the latter into the vagina is a small sac-like receptacle for a dart.The Museum of Comparative Zoology has a reversed individual.Family PUPID^.PUPA. (See below.
i
Pupa iiiiiscoriini, Linn.
riG^4o. Shell perforate, cylindrical, subfusiform, obtuse at bothextremities; epidermis dark chestnut-color or bay; whorls6 to 7, rounded, the anterior 4 of about equal diameter;suture deep; aperture lateral, nearly circular, small, its di-ameter equal to two-thirds of the diameter of thelast whorl,?| a thin, testaceous deposit forming a thickened margin inter-5^ nally, sometimes bearing an obtuse tubercle; upon theparietal wall is a single tubercle; transverse margin sub-reflected ; peristome slightly retiected. Length, 4'"'"
;
Pupa muscorum, ' ' o . o i ?enlarged. breadth, 1*??.Pupahadia, Adams, I'ost. Jourii. Nat. Ilist., iii, 331, pi. iii, fig. 18; Shells of Ver-mont, 157.?Gould, Bost. Journ. Nat. Hist., iii, 404; iv, 360.?DeKay, N. Y.
^ Moli., 49, pi. iv, fig. 45.?Chemnitz, ed. 2, 117, pi. xv, figs. 25-29.
?
Binney,Terr. Moll., 323, pi. Ixx. fig. 3.?W. G. Binney, Terr. Moll., iv, 142.Pupa muscorum, LiNN.EUS, part, Pfeiffek, Mou. Hel. Viv., iv, 666, &c.?W. G.Binney, L. & Fr.-W. Sh., i, 234 (1869); Terr. MoU., v, 197. -Gould andBinney, Invert of Mass., eil. 2, 433 (1870).Pupilla badia, Morse, Journ. Porfl. Soc., i, 37, figs. 89, 91, pi. s, fig. 92 (1864) ; Amer.Nat., i, 609, fig. 52 (1868).?Tryov, Am. Journ. Concb., iii, 302 (1868).A circumpolar species, jjrobably inhabiting the whole continent, as ithas been noticed on the islands in the Gulf of Saint Lawrence, and in
PACIFIC COAST SPECIES. 79Maine, Vermont, and New York, in tlie Central Province, in Nevadaand Colorado. Its range in Europe is very great, being found fromSiberia to Sicily, England, Iceland, &c.The shell is often met with an edentulate aperture. Such is the speci-men figured in the second edition of Chemnitz.Jaw of American specimen sliglitly arched, concave edge waving,anterior surface striate. (See below, under family Pupidcv.)P. muscorum has 90 rows of 14-1-14 teeth, with 6 perfect laterals onits lingual membrane. (See Morse.) Tlie figure and description of Leh-mann of the European P. muscorum confirm my belief in the identity ofthe two forms.b. Species of the Pacific Province. (See p. 19.)It must be borne in mind that the universally distributed speciesare also found in this province.Family SELENITID^.MACROCYCLIS, Beck.Animal heliciform ; mantle posterior, covered with a shell ; eye-peduncles long, slender; foot narrow, twice as long as the diameterof the shell, tail X'ointed, scarcely reaching be- fig. 4i.hind the shell; respiratory and anal orifices /-^^^^T'Xon the right of the mantle, under the peii- ? -^ - J>stome of the shell ; generative orifice behind .4^_^_^. 'S"""the right eye-peduncle; no distinct locomotive Aniwai of j/acrocj/dig concara.disk or caudal mucus pore. Carnivorous.Shell thin, widely umbilicated, depressed, striate or wrinkled, coloruniform; Avliorls 4^-5, the last broad, depressed, moderately deflexedin front; aperture obliquely ovate ; peristome somewhat thickened orexpanded, the margins approximating, the basal shortly reflexed.A few species of this genus have been found in Chili and the WestIndies. It seems, however, to reach its greatest development in ourPacific Province.Jaw crescentic, ends sharply pointed, anterior surface striated; cut-
. ting margin smooth, with a median projection. I have examined thejaw of M. Vancouveremis (Fig. 42), sportellciy concava,Hemphilli, Duranti, Voyana, and in the West Indianspecies, M. Baudoni, Petit, and M. euspira, Pfr. 'J7w oTjJ^^^The general arrangement of the lingual membrane of ^^??^?"''???*^-MacrocycUs is the same as I have described for Glandina.
80 A MANUAL OF AMERICAN LAND SHELLS.There are 32 rows in one lingual examined of M. Vancouverensis.(See Fig. 45.) The rows of teeth are arranged en chevron. Each rowis divided by the median line into two irregular crescents, the teethrapidly increasing and curving in a backward direction, and thengradually decreasing in size and curving forward. In M. Vancou-verensis the sixth tooth is the largest. The teeth of MacrocycUs, asalso of Glandina, are separated, not crowded, as in the Helicidoe.The central tooth is seen with some diflBculty by the microscope. Iam confident, however, that I have drawn it correctly for the variousspecies. In M. Yancouverensis (Plate I, Fig. B, T. M. V., see alsobelow Fig. 45,) the base of attachment is small, triangular, the apexpointed forward, the angles bluntly rounded, somewhat incurved atbase, and bears a delicate, simple, short, slender cutting point, reach-ing from about its center to near its base. This cutting point was notfigured by Morse, and, indeed, was observed by me only on a few ofthe central teeth, and then with difSculty. In M. concava (Plate I,Fig. C) the central tooth has a larger base of attachment, the apex ofthe triangle is truncated and incurved, the base is more incurved, theouter lower corners more expanded and pointed, the cutting pointmore developed, with distinct lateral expansions like very slightlydeveloped subobsolete side cusps. In M. Voyana (Plate I, Fig. D) thecentral tooth has a long, narrow, quadrangular base of attachment,incurved above, below, and at sides, and bears near its base threesmall sharp cutting points, the median the largest ; there seem to beno distinctly developed cusps bearing these cutting points. In M.Duranti (Plate I, Fig. E) the central tooth has a base of attachmentsomewhat like that of M. Vancouverensis^ but longer, and with incurv-ing sides ; the cutting point is the same. I have also examined thelingual membrane of M. sportella (Plate XV, Fig. K) which may bemerely a variety of Vancouverensis ; its dentition is quite the same.The other species mentioned above are readily distinguished one fromanother by the form of their central teeth.The side teeth of MacrocycUs at first sight, especially when seen frombelow, appear to be of the purely aculeate type, as the marginals inZonites and Limax. From this, one is inclined to consider them all asmarginals, and to declare that no true lateral teeth exist, thus makingMacrocycUs to agree with Glandina in this particular also. A more care-ful study shows us that the teeth nearest the median line are modifiedfrom the aculeate type, though they do not have the distinct form of
PACIFIC COAST SPECIES. 81the laterals of Zonifes, with decided cnsps and cutting points. Theyseem rather to represent those teeth of Zonites which show the transi-tion from the laterals to the marginals (see Terr. Moll., V, Plate II,Fig. F, the second lateral tooth of Z. laivigatus). It may be said, there-fore, that the lateral teeth are entirely wanting in MaerocycUs, the firstside teeth being laterals in the transition state, the balance being puremarginals. (See, however, M. euspira, Ann. IST. Y. Ac. Nat. Sc. II, PlateII, Fig. I, which has a lingual membrane of Glandina.) The base ofattachment of these transition teeth is like those of the marginals, *. e.,sole-like, except that the lower lateral expansions are more developedand angular, and in concava and Voyana the lower edge is excurvedrather than incurved. The cusps are long and slender, lengthened intocutting points ; the teeth are asymmetrical by the greater developmentof the outer subobsolete side cusps, both of these cusps being distinctlyindicated by expansion. In M. Vancouverensis there is apparently asmall sharp side point on the inner side of the cusp. I am not certainof its character, and have not ventured to figure it, excepting on thesecond tooth in Fig. B of Plate I of T. M. V., and also wood-cut below.Fig. 45. This process is seen on the first six teeth only. The balanceof the teeth beyond the transition teeth in all the species are marginalsof the pure aculeate type. They vary in sharpness in different parts ofthe same membrane, as will be seen by comparing my Fig. b of PlateI, Fig. C, with the other marginals figured. In M. Duranfi the extrememarginals aie large in comparison with those of the other species. Instudying my figures of the lateral teeth, it must be remembered thatFigs. C and D are drawn as seen from above, to show the form of thecusp. The other figures are drawn from below, to show the base ofattachment.M. Vancouveremis, drawn by Morse, has 22-1-22 teeth ; two othermembranes examined by me gave 24-1-24, one other 18-1-18. M. con-cava has given 20-1-20, 23-1-23, and 25-1-25. Of M. Duranti I havecounted but one membrane having 18-1-18. A single membrane of i?.Toyana had 24-1-24 teeth. M. sportella has 22-1-22.To sum up the characters of the dentition of MaerocycUs, it may besaid to be intermediate between Glandina and Zonites, difiering fromthe former in the presence of the transition teeth from true lateralsto true marginals, differing, however, from the latter by the absence oftrue lateral teeth.Baudonia being preoccupied. Dr. Fischer suggests the name Selenites1749?Bull. 28 G
82 A MANUAL OF AMERICAN LAND SHELLS.for the North American species of this genus, the typical Macrocydisbeing placed by him in the Relicidie. If he is correct in this latterpoint, Selenites must be adopted for our American species.Macrocydis Vancouv ereiisis, Lea.Shell widely umbilicated, depressed, very slightly convex on the up-FiG. 44. per surface; epidermis light greenish-yellow ; whorls5, nearly flat above, protuberant and rounded onthe lower surface, lines of growth very minute, withcrowded, mi(;roscopic revolving striae, the outerMacrocydis Yancouverensis. ^,^^^j expanding a little towards the aperture; um-bilicus wide and deep; aperture transverse, somewhat rounded, flat-tened above by a depression of the peristome near its junction with thebody-whorl, its edge tinged with rufous; peristome thin, acute, slightlyreflected at the base of the shell, simple above, the two extremitiesapproaching each other, and connected by a thin callus, which coversthe columella. Greater diameter 31, lesser 26'?'^; height, 14'"'^.Helix concava, Binney, Bost. Journ. Nat. Hist., iii, 372, pi. xiv (1840), not of Say.Helix Vancouvertiisis, Lea, Am. Phil. Traus., vi, 87, pi. xxiii, fig. 72; Obs., ii, 87(1839).?Troschel, ArcL. fur Nat., 1839, ii, 21.?DeKay, N. Y. Moll. ,45(1843).?Pfeiffer, Symbolae, ii, 41; Mon. Hel. Viv., i, 200; in Chemnitz,ed. 2, ii, 146, pi. xciv, figs, 21, 23.?Binney, Terr. Moll., ii, 1G6, pi. xx.?W.G. Binney, Terr. Moll., iv, 19.?Gould, U. S. Expl. Ex., 36, fig. 37 (1852).?Eeeve, Con. Icon., No. 669 (1852).Helix vellicafa, Forbes, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. Mar. 1850, 75, pi. ix, fig. 1.?Chem-nitz, ed. 2, ii, 454, pi. cliv, figs.. 42, 44.?Reeve, Con. Icon., No. 673 (1852).?Pfeiffer, Mon. Hel. A^iv., iii, 155.MacTOcyclis J'^ancoMrerenjis, Tryon, Am. Journ. Conch., ii, 245 (1866).?W. G. Binney,L. & Fr.-W. Sh., i, 54 (1869) : Terr. Moll., V, 90.A species of the Pacific Province ranging from lat. 60?, in Alaska,to lat. 37? ; above lat. 49? it passes the Cascade Mountains, and rangessoutheasterly into Idaho and Montana.* In these latter localities thespecies is reduced in size. Throughout the rest of its course it is con-fined to the neighborhood of the coast. It reaches its greatest devel-opment in the region of Astoria.Animal short posteriorly, subcylindrical, very light-colored, giving astraw-colored reflection, sides pearly, marked with longitudinal linesof coarse, elongated, squamose granules, about eight or ten on eachside.The species is very nearly allied to M. concava. The differences ob-
*A most interesting paper on the distribution of the West Coast species, by Dr. J.G. Cooper, will be found in Vol. IV of Amer. Journ. of Conch.
PACIFIC COAST SPECIES. 83servable are the followiug: The size of this shell greatly exceeds thelatter in all its proportions, its transverse diameter being nearly twiceas great. This difference is not caused by an" increased number ofwhorls, for the number in both is precisely the same; but this shellseems to be projected originally upon a larger scale, the nucleus beingas much larger as mature specimens. The color is much more yellow.The umbilicus is not so widely expanded, and does not admit of count-ing all the whorls; and the whorls seem to be more voluminous. Thestri? of growth are usually coarser, and the microscopic revolving striaeare stronger and much more constantly present.A dark reddish variety was found by Mr. Dall in Alaska.It also strongly resembles M. sportella^ but in that species the revolv-ing lines usually cut merely the summits of the radiating striae, withoutbeing continuous over the whole surface.Jaw crescentic, ends sharply pointed; anterior surface ridged; con-cave margin smooth, with a median projection. (See p. 79, Fig. 42.)Lingual membrane (see'p. 80) ; the figure here given shows the char-acters of the individual teeth.The genitalia are figured on Plate XII, Fig. L, of Terr. Moll., V.The epididymis is extremely long and very large, form- fig. 45.ing the peculiar feature of the system. The genitalbladder is oval, with a long duct, which is very muchbroader at the end nearer the vagina. The penis sacis long, gradually tapering at its apex, where it receives Linfruai dentition ofM. Yancouverensis.the vas deferens. Upon the side of the vagina, aboutthe middle of its length, is a wart-like protuberance, which may be adart sac a vaginal prostate {d s). A comparison of Dr. Leidy's figureof the genitalia of M. concava, in Vol. I, shows considerable difference,between the two species, especially in the epididymis.Macrocyclis sportella, Gould.Shell much depressed, convex above, concave beneath, sloping intoa broad, tuunel-shaped umbilicus; surface delicate and .shin- fig. 46.ing, of a pale, yellowish-green color, regularly sculpturedwith sharj), coarse strise of growth, which are crossed by Jlacrocycliisfine, crowded, revolving lines, which usually cut merely the Kporteiia.summits of the radiating ridges, so that, to the naked eye, the surfaceappears but minutely granulated, but under a magnifier the raisedspaces are seen to be well-defined squares ; whorls 5, separated by adeep suture, the outer one proportionally large : aperture nearly cir-
84 A MANUAL Oy AMERICAN LAND SHELLS,
cular, a little angular at base, modified by the preceding whorl; peris-tome acute, simple. Greater diameter, 12"^'" ; height, 6"?^.Helix sportella, Gould, Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., ii, 167 (184G) ; Moll. Ex. Ex., 37,*tig, 42 (1852); T. M., ii, 211, pi. xxii, a, fig. 1.?W. G. Binxey, Terr. Moll ,iv, 19.?Pfeiffek, Mod. Hel. Viv., i, 111, v, 246 (1868).?Blaxd, Ann. N. Y.Lye, vii, 366; viii, 165.Macrocyclis sporiella, Tryo^, km. Journ. Concb., ii, 245 (1866).?W. G. Binney, L.& Fr.-W. Sh., i, 57(1869).From San Diego to Puget Sound in the neighborhood of the coast;confined to the Pacific Province.See remarks under M. Vancouverensis.In extreme forms of this species the revolving lines mark the wholesurface, even in the umbilicus and in the interstices between the incre-mental striaB.Jaw and lingual membrane as usual in the genus, the latter resem-bling that of .1/. Vancouverensis. Teeth 22-1-22. Plate XY, Fig. K.,of Terr. Moll., V. The central tooth is like that of last species.]?IacrocycIis Voyana, Newcomb.Shell wiaely umbilicated, depressed, planorboid, thin, translucent,with delicate oblique strife of growth, and fine revolving lines, more de-
nr. 47. veloped below, very light horn-color; spire scarcely ele-vated ; whorls 5, flattened, rapidly increasing, the lastbroad, flattened below, falling in front; umbilicus verylarge ; aperture very oblique, removed from the axis, ir-regular truncatedly ovate ; peristome thickened, subre-flected, flexuose, strongly depressed above and sinuate,ends approaching, connected with a stout, elevated.MacrocycUana(Magnified twice.). browuish, ridge like callus. Greater diameter 21, lesserIgmiu . height, 1"Helix (Macrocyclis) Foyana, Newcomb, Am. Journ. Conch., i. Part iii, 235, pi. xxv,fig. 4 (July, 1865).Helix Voyana, Pfeiffer, Men. V. 247 (1868).Afacrocyclis Voyana, Tryon, Am. Journ. Couch., ii, 246 (1866).?W. G. Binney, L. &Fr.-W. Sh., i, 58, fig. 98 (1868): Terr. Moll., V. 93.Canyon Creek, Trinity County, California, and San Diego are the onlylocalities from which it has thus far been received. It may be said,therefore, to inhabit the whole of the California Eegion, near thecoast.The specimen figured was received from Dr. Newcomb.Jaw as in Vancouverensis.
PACIFIC COAST SPECIES. 85Lingual membrane (Plate I, Fig. D of Terr. Moll., Y. 93): see ante,p. 80, for description of central tooth.Genitalia not observed, but the species is viviparous.Specimens from San Diego are characterized by very coarse strise ofgrowth, not delicate as described above, and with hardly perceptiblerevolving strioe. From the shell alone I do not believe it possible to dis-tinguish sportella from Toyona. Were it not for the difference in thecentral tooth of the lingual membrane of the two specimens examinedby me, 1 should unite the two. A var. simplicilabris is mentioned byAncey (Le Nat. IV, 110).Macrocyclis Heiiipliilli, W. G. B.Shell allied to 31. Vancouverensis, but the umbilicus is narrower andnot so much excavated, the termination of the last whorl not fig. 48.receding from the umbilicus, as in all forms of Vancouveren-sis and concava ; in all, the whorls are more or less stronglystriated within the umbilicus, often almost ribbed in concava;not so in this shell ; the texture of the shell is glassy like Ryalina, and there is no trace of microscopic revolving spiral linesfound in all the other forms ; beneath, the last whorl is propor- ^?^ff/'^^tionally wider. Greater diameter 14, lesser 10"""; height 5??.Macrocyclis HemphilJi, W. G. Binn, An. N. Y., Ac. Sc. i, 356, pi. xv, p. 17.Olympia, Washington Territory, a species of the Oregonian Eegion.Jaw and lingual dentition as usual in the genus ; characters of cen-tral teeth not clearly seen.This species is named in honor of Mr. Henry Hemphill, to whom Iam indebted for collections from Alaska to Cape San Lucas and in theEocky Mountains. Macrocyclis I>uraiiti, Newcomb.Shell widely umbilicated, depressed, discoidal, of a dead white orgreenish color, thin, with very coarse, rough strife; whorls4, flattened, the last discoidal, not descending at the aper-ture, below broadly excavated and channeled; sutnre deli-cate; aperture removed from the axis, transversely rounded;peristome simple, acute, its terminations approaching, joinedby callus, that of the columella not reflected. Greater diam-eter, 4??^; height, l^-""^'.Helix Duranti, Newcomc, Proc. Cal. Acad. Nat. Sci., iii, 118 (1864).?Pfeiffer, Mon.,V. 171 (1868).Fatula Duranti, Tryon, Am. Journ. Conch., ii, 263, pi. iv, lig. 53 (1866).
86 A MANUAL OF AMERICAN LAND SHELLS.Ri/alina Dnranfi, W. G. Binxey, L. & Fr.-W. Sli., i, 37, fig. 49 (1869).MacrocycHs Duranti,'\Y. G. B., T. M., V. 94.A Californian Eegioii species, extending also into the Lower Califor-nia Region as far south as the mouth of the San Tomas River. I havereceived it from Santa Barbara Island, Catalina Island (Hemphill), andfrom near San Francisco. It is a coast species.The specimen figured is authentic.Jaw as usual in the genus. Lingual membrane (Plate I, Fig. E of T.M., Y). See p. SO, for description of central tooth. This species andSportdla from subgenus Hoplohienia (Ancey, Le Nat. IV. 110).Family LIMACID^.ZOIVITES. (See Ijelow.)Zoiiites Whitiieyi, Newcomb.Shell umbilicated, greatly depressed, thin, smooth, scarcely markedFig. 50. ])y the delicatc wrinkles, shining, smoky horn-color; spireslightly elevated; whorls 4, flattened, the last planulate aboveand below; umbilicus broad, pervious; aperture transverselysubcircular; peristome acute, simple. Greater diameter 5^,lesser 4^'"?^; height, 2"'".Z. Whitneyi. ^^^.^ jvhitrieyi, Newcomb, Proc. Cal. Acad. Nat. Sci., iii, 118 (1864).?PFEIFFERy Mou., V. 171 (1868).Patula Whiiiieyi, Tryox, Am. Joiirn. Coucli., ii, 263(1866).Hijalina Whitneyi, W. G. Bixney, L. & Fr.-W. Sh., i, 32, fig. 37 (1869).Zonites Whitneyi, W. G. B., T. M., V. 113, 432.Inhabits the California Region in the Sierra Nevada, near Lake Tahoe,California, under damp logs and bark.The specimen figured is authentic.There are 24-1-24 teeth on the lingual membrane, all of the typeusual in the genus; four of them are laterals, on either side.Zonites conspectus, Bland.
Fig. 51. Shell umbilicate, subdepressed, thin, with oblique, ratherdistant rib-like strife, the interspaces microscoijically striate,dark horn-colored; spire convex, with smooth, obtuse apex;suture deep; whorls 4, convex, gradually increasing, thelast broader, rounded, slightly descending above; umbil-icus about equal to two-sevenths the diameter of the shell
;
aperture oblique, roundly lunate; peristome simple, straight,the margins approaching, the coluniellar margin scarcely
z. congpectAig, dilated. Greater diameter 2,lesser Ij^"? ; height, l'""*.enlarged. 7 -t ? <=> i
PACIFIC COAST SPECIES. 87
Eelix conspecta, Bla^td, Ann. N. Y. Lye. vii, 163, fig. 7 (Nov. 1865).Pseudohijalina conspecta, Tryon, Amor. Jouru. Conch., ii, 265 (1866).Hyalinaconsp?cta,\Y. G. BiNXEY, L. & Fr.-W. Sli. i, 41 (1869).Zonites conspectus, W. G. B., Terr. Moll., v, 121.In Alaska. In tlie Pacific Province, Salem, Oregon, San Francisco,and Monterey, and in Merced County, Cal. In the Central Province atCunningham Gulch, Colorado.Z. conspectus differs from PatuJa asteriscus in having an elevated spireand a smaller umbilicus. The rib-like strise are more numerous, butscarcely raised above the surface of the shell, which, under the micro-scope, is very similar to that of P. asteriscus. Z. cxiguus also has veryprominent ribs, but they are independent of the striii? of growth andrun obliquely to them.Animal not observed. Mr. Bland's description and figures are heregiven.Specimens frome Lone Mountain near San Francisco have been sentme by the Kev. Mr. Eowell as Helix Mazatlanica. (See p. 22.)Zonites cliersiiiellus, Dall.Shell narrowly umbilicated, depressed, transparent, lightest horn-color, shining, with distant incremental wrinkles ; spire slightly ele-vated; whorls 4, scarcely convex, the last depressed- ^.^ ^^globose; umbilicus narrow, pervious; aperture oblique.Innately subcircular; peristome simple, acute. Greaterdiameter, 3""? ; height, 1"*?.Helix (Copulus) cliersinella, Dall, Amer. Jour. Conch., ii, 328, pi.xxi, fig. 4 (1866).Conulus chersinella, TRYOHf, Amer. Jour. Conch., iii, 162 (1867).Hyalina cliersinella, W. G. Binnky, L. & Fr.-W. Sh., i, 47 (1869). z. chemlnellus.Zonites cher8inellus,W. G. Binn., T. M., t, 123.
"Big Trees, " Calaveras County, California: it must be considered aspecies of the California Region, from the region of the Sierra Nevada.The description is drawn from an authentic specimen. The figureis a fac-simile of that of Dall. This is given here because Mr. Dall as-sures me the figures I have formerly given do not represent the spe-cies.Animal not observed.
88 A MANUAL OF AMERICAN LAND SHELLS.VITRINA. (See below.)Vitrina PfeilTeri. Newcomb.Shell moderately depressed, smooth, shiuing, pellucid, greenish-white ?whorls 3, the last composing- most of the shell ; suture very finely mar-Fro. 53. gined; aperture large, obliquely and roundedly ovate; lip^^^ thin, columella arched. Diameter S?'^' j axis, 2"^"^'. (New-17 D, -^ comb.)Vitrina P/ei/eri, Newcowb, Pioc. Cal. Acad. Nat. Sci., ii, 92 (18(51).?Tryon, Am. Journ. Conch., ii, 244, pi. iii, fig. 3 (18G6).?W. G. Bixney,L. & Fr.-W. Sh. i, 28, fig. 26 (1869) : Terr. Moll., v, 138.I have traced this species over all of California as far south as Fres-no County ; in Nevada ; Colorado ; at St. George, Utah ; at Fort Win-gate, New Mexico. It may therefore be said to inhabit both the Califor-nia Province and the Central Region. It is, as usual in the genus,found at high elevations.Like V. limpida it is variable in color.Jaw as usual in the genus.The specimen figured is authentic.The lingual membrane has over 50-1-50 teeth, with 10 perfect lat-erals on each side. I have figured a central and lateral (Plate II, Fig.A. Terr. Moll., V), and one extreme marginal.LIJflAX. (See below.)JLiiiiax Hewstoni, J. G. Cooper.Similar to L. Soicerbii (of England), the back being strongly carinateeven when fully extended, and higher than the front of the body;mantle granulate-rugose, and with a groove, subollii)tic in outline,above the level of the respiratory orifice, which is just behind the mid-dle; color blackish-brown or deep bhick above, the sides paler, thebase of foot whitish. Length, 2^ iiicues or less ; height of body twicethe width of foot.Internal plate oblong-oval, i inch long. Gardens in San Francisco.Pig. 54. In the remarkable groove on the
^.^^''^^^^'"^^^[II^^^^^^^...^ mantle it difl'ers from the other spe-^'"^" '? .i.^s^.^.^g^^^g''^^ cies described. This does not coin-Luna.r iieu.fnni. ^:^^^ ^,-^j^ ^^^ QViiWnQ of the attachedportion of the mantle, or with the internal plate. It is sometimesscarcely visible. (Cooper.) i
PACIFIC COAST SPECIES. 89Limax Hewstoni, J. G. Cooper, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sc. PMla. 1872, 147, pi. iii, fig. B, 1-
.5.?W. G. Blnn., Terr. Moll., v, 150.Jaw as usual iu the geuus.Lingual membrane (Plate 1, Fig. J. of Terr. Moll., V) : the centralsand laterals are of the same type as in L. campestris^ with this impor-tant difference, that there is a well developed cutting point of the usualform (not the peculiar form, as in L. agresiis) to the inner subobsoletecusp of the laterals, and the inner lower lateral expansion of the baseof attachment of the laterals is not suppressed as usual to make thelaterals asymmetrical. From this it follows that the central teeth arewith difficulty distinguished from the laterals, until the outer ones arereached, when the inner cutting point and inner lower lateral expan-sion of the base of attachment are suppressed, as in the other speciesof Limax. The marginal teeth are not bitid. Teeth 30-1-30, with 14perfect laterals. Fig. v represents the very last marginal. As in themembranes of almost all species of land shells, there is considerabledifference in the marginals on different portions of the same membrane.Those figured are the least slender. The specimens examined arefrom the State collection of California, presented by Dr. J. G. Cooper.This species, by the presence of the inner cutting point of the lateralsand non-bifurcation of the marginals, resembles Limax {Amalia) gagates,as figured by Semper (Phil. Archip., Plate XI), and Amalia marginata,as figured by Heynemann (1. c. Plate III, Fig. 7). Goldfuss also fig-ures the dentition of L. marginatus as the same. (Nat. Vereins derpreuss. Eheinl. und West. Plate IV, Fig. 3.)Dr. Cooper suggests its having been introduced from China or else-where, as he found it only in the city of San Francisco. So far asoutward appearance goes, the species somewhat resembles Amaliamarginata, Drap., as figured bj^ Lehmaun (Lebenden Schnecken, PlateV, Fig. B). It is, however, by no means certain that it was introducedinto San Francisco, as Mr. H. Hemphill has sent me specimens of anAmalia collected from Portland, Oreg., to San Tomes, Lower Califor-nia. His species had about 48 teeth in each row, 16 being laterals, thebalance marginals ; a diftereuce of arrangement which may fairly beconsidered to show a specific difference between his specimens and theSan Francisco form, though his discovery leads us to consider Ameliaas native to California.The oviduct of L. Hewstoni is long and greatly convoluted. The pro-state is well developed. The vagina is very short ; the very short
^0 A MANUAL OF AMERICAN LAND SHELLSduct of the genital bladder enters at about its middle. The last-namedorgan is large, globular. The penis sac is small, short, cylindrical, ex-panded, and bulbous at its apex, where the vas deferens enters. Icould detect no accessory organs in the single specimen imperfectlyexamined (Plate XI, Fig. F, Terr. Moll., V). The genitalia are some-what of the same type as those of L.Jiavus, but the dentition of thelatter is quite distinct (see below among locally introduced species).There is a still stronger resemblance to the genitalia of Amalia gagatesas figured by Semper (Phil. Archip., Pla:e XI, Fig. 9), so far as thepenis and genital bladder are concerned.Family HELICID^.ITIICROPIIYSA. (See below.)Microphysa Lansing:!, Bland.Shell imperforate, orbicular-depressed, shining, dark horn-colored,smooth above, at the base substriate; suture impressed; whorls 5^,rather convex, the last not descending, obsoletely angular at theperiphery, more convex at the base, excavated around the umbilicalregion; aperture narrow, lunate; peristome acute, the right marginthickened within by an obsoletely denticulated lamella, columellar mar-gin scarcely reflected. Greater diameter scarcely 3,Fig. 55. lesscr 2^??^, height If""". (Bland.)OZonites Lansingi, Bland, Aun. Lye. Nat. Hist of N. Y. xi, 74, fig.1, 2(1875).Microphysa Laimngi, W. G. Binn. T. M., ^, 169.In damp, moist places, among leaves. Astoria, Oreg.,in the Oregonian Region.The aspect of the upper surface of the shell is verylike that of Z. muUidentatus.The original figure is here given.Micro^h^mLansingi. Mr. Bland jjlaccs the spccics in Zonites, but owing tothe character of the jaw, I am inclined to consider it aMicrophysa. One specimen of Lansingi, appearing to have the animalwithin it, was crushed between two glass slides, enabling me, withoutthe use of potash, satisfactorily to observe thejaw and teeth remaininguninjured in the tissues of the animal.Jaw low, wide, slightly arcuate ; ends scarcely attenuated, blunt;cutting margin without median projection; anterior surface with 14broad, unequal, crowded, flat ribs, slightly denticulating either margin.
PACIFIC COAST SPECIES. 91
Jaw and teeth of If. Laiisingl.
The first impression giveu bythejaw is that it bears narrowseparated ribs as in Bulimu-lus, Cylindrella, &c. A morecareful study of it, however,shows the ribs to be verybroad, crowded, flat, withnarrow interstices betweenthem.Lingual membrane with17_1_17 teeth; 6 lateralson each side. Centrals (Fig.B) with the base of attachment longer than wide, the lower lateralangles expanded; upper margin broadly reflected; reflection very short,tricusi)id ; side cusps decidedly developed, short, bearing distinctcutting points ; median cusp long, slender, bulging at sides, reachingnearly to the lower edge of the base of attachment, beyond whichprojects the long, distinct cutting point. Laterals like the centrals,but asymmetrical by the suppression of the inner lower angle of thebase of attachment, and inner side cusp and cutting point. Mar-ginals (C) aculeate, their bases of attachment less sole-like than inZonites, but more circular in outline. C shows these bases of at-tachment. D gives one marginal tooth in profile.This is the first known instance of a species with ribs on its jaw hav-ing aculeate marginal teeth, or of a species furnished with ZonitesAikeshell having decided ribs upon the jaw. It will be difficult to find aplace for the species under any description of genus or subfamily.The shell is that of Zonites, but that genus has a ribless jaw withmedian projection. It will be seen that its ribbed jaw and aculeatemargnial teeth do not sustain my assertion that for the larger divis-ions these organs may be relied on as systematic characters. Theresult of my examination of this species was as unexpected as it ispuzzling. It proves, however, that the development of the terrestrialniollusks has been too irregular to admit of our expressing it in anysatisfactory system of classification.Micropliysa Stcarnsi, Blaxd.It is larger, more elevated, and more distinctly striated than Micro-physa Lansiiigi, has 7 whorls, with rather wider and more rounded aper-
92 A MANUAL OF AMERICAN LAND SHELLS.
Pig. 57.tme, but without the lamella withiu the outer margin of the peristome.The measuremeutsare, greater diameter4, lesser 3^??; height2^"^^. Haviug beforeme a single specimen,I am unwilling form-ally to describe thespecies, which for theilicrophysa Steamsi. . t i ? j_present I designate asZonites Steamsi (Bland).Zonites Steamsi, Bland, Aun. Lye. N. H. of N. Y., xi, 76, fig. :5 (1875).?W. G. BlN-NEY, Terr. Moll. U. S., v, 128.Astoria and Portland, Oreg. ; Olympia, Wash. Ter.,; a species of theOregonian Region, also found in Alaska by Mr. Dall.The oiiginal figure is given above.The jaw is of the -same type as described under M. Lansingi, withover 19 ribs.The lingual membrane also is the same as in that species, with fourlaterals on each side of the central tooth. (See Bull. Mus. C. Z. Y. No.16, p. 335, Plate I, Fig. M K)ARIOLIITIAX, MoRCH.Animal limaciform, blunt in front, pointed behind. Mantle anterior,j,jg -g small, bluntly trun-cated before and be-hind, free around itsedges, containing awell defined, solid,Ariolitnax CoUvnblaiiux. ouL'-hi\\i uatv.val size. tf><jfappnn>< ulTtP Alongitudinal furrow' along the sides above the foot. A distinct loco-motive disk. Eespiratory orifice at the posterior third of the mantle,with a cleft to its right margin. Anal orifice contiguous to the last,slightly below and behind it. Orifices of generation on the right of thebody, below the anterior, free part of the mantle, distinct but contiguous(in A. Californicus, certainly), that of the male organ anterior. Tailfurnishetl with a perpendicular, triangular mucus pore, with a horizontalmucus slit to the end of the tail.Testaceous i)lateflat, thick, calcareous, simple, not spiral; longer thanwide, hexagonal.
PACIFIC COAST SPECIES. 95Inhabits the Pacific Province, on the Pacific coast of the UnitedStates, at least from latitude 34? to 49?, as far as now known not east-ward of the Sierra Nevada and Cascade Eanges.The genus has affinities with, but is readily distinguished fromUmax, Avion, and PropJtysaon. It agrees with Limax in having aninternal shelly plate, in the position of its respiratory orifice and itsdistinct locomotive disk, but it differs in having a caudal mucus pore,a ribbed jaw, quadrate (not aculeate) marginal teeth on the lingualmembrane, and in the position of its genital orifice. With Arion itagrees in having a mucus pore, a distinct locomotive disk, a ribbedjaw, in its lingual membrane, and position of the genital orifice; but itdiffers in the position of its respiratory orifice and its internal shell.With Prophysaon it agrees in having an internal shell, a ribbed jaw,in its lingual membrane; but differs in the position of the genital andrespiratory orifices, in its distinct locomotive disk, and caudal mucuspore. From the other shiglike, or semi-sluglike American genera,TebennopJiorus, PalUfera, Binneya, HemphilUa, Veronicella, it is mostreadily distinguished.Jaw thick, slightly arcuate, ends but little attenuated, blunt; low,wide; anterior surface with numerous stout ribs,
_J^!!Z^denticulating either margin. The number of ribsvaries in the several species, and in different indi- Jaw of ArioUmaxviduals of the same species. Fig. 59, drawn from coiumUanus.the true northern A. Columhianus, has 18 ribs; another specimen, sup-posed to be the same species, has about 12. A. Californicus has given13 and 14 ribs. A. niger has been described by Dr. Cooper with 20,but I found only 8 in one specimen which I refer to that species. InA. RempJiilU there are from 8 to 12; in A. Andersonif there are 13ribs.Fig. 498 of p. 279, Land and Freshwater Shells IST. A., I., gives thegeneral arrangement of the teeth upou the lingual membrane. It isdrawn from the true northern A. Columbianus. Its general arrange-ment is as in Patula. On Plate V, Fig. E, of Ter. Moll., V, I havegiven more detailed figures of the dentition of a specimen of thisspecies. It will be seen that the central teeth have a base of attach-ment longer than wide, with expanded lower angles and incurved lowermargin ; the upper margin is reflected ; the reflection is large, broad,and has a short, stout median cusp, bearing along, stout cutting point;the side cusps of the reflection are subobsolete, but there are well-de-
94 A MANUAL OF AMERICAN LAND SHELLS.veloped triangular cutting points. The laterals are like the centrals,but asymmetrical by the suppression of the inner lower lateral expan- .sion to the base of attachment, and the inner side cutting point, the \inner side cusps being still subobsolete. The change from lateral tomarginal teeth is shown in b and c, the inner cusps and cutting pointbeing greatly developed, and the base of attachment is still narrowerthan in the first laterals. The marginals are shown in d and e. Theyare about as high as wide, the reflection equals the base of attachmentand bears an extremely long, blunt, stout, oblique cutting point, witha side spur upon the last, in the extreme marginals developed into ashort, stout, side cutting point. The cutting point of the marginalsby its great development forms the chief characteristic of the mem-brane ; it is well shown in i)roflle.* There were 22 perfect laterals inthis specimen. The figure referred to above shows only 12 laterals,with 113 rows of 56-1-56 teeth each.I have examined one specimen of Ariolimax niger, J. G. Cooper, pre-served in spirit, belonging to the State collection of California, labeledand presented by Dr. Cooper, and in all respects an authentic type.Agreeing with this type 1 have other specimens from various Califor-nia localities, so that I believe the species to be well established andgenerally distributed along the coast of California.From the Museum of Comparative Zoology at Cambridge, Mr. An-thony has sent me a specimen, long j)reserved in alcohol, marked fromSan Mateo, California. For reasons given below, I am inclined to con-sider this the form described by Dr. Cooper as A. Californicus. I havehad the opportunity of examining another specimen of this form, re-ceived from Dr. Stearns, who collected it near San Francisco. Andrecently I have examined specimens received from Dr. Cooper.From Mr. Henry Hemphill I have received a specimen from SanMateo County, California, which presents most decided specific difter-ences from the last-mentioned form, especially in its genitalia. Hav-ing considered the last-meutioned form as A. Californicus, I was forcedto consider this as ^. Co/wm&iam/s, the only remaining described species.I had not at that time compared it with specimens from more northernregions, whence the species was originally described, but I have now
* In only one instance have I seen marginal teeth as in my figure (of Plate V, Fig. F,d). In all other specimens examined the marginals are as figured in Plate V, Fig. E, e,with one long cusp and one obsolete side cusp. i
PACIFIC COAST SPECIES. 95Verified the identity of this form, having received it from the originallocality.In treating these various forms,* I have abstained from giving anydescription of their exterior markings. Such description would be un-reliable, as the specimens had been long jireserved in alcohol,t and areevidently in various degrees of contractiou. I will say, however, thatI found in all the blind sac under the mouth (well marked, though notvery deep), which is suspected by Dr. Leidy to be the seat of the ol-factory nerve.I can also here refer to several external characters not affected orobliterated by contraction in alcohol. All the specimens have a dis-tinct locomotive disk to the foot. In all, the orifice of respiration isdecidedly posterior to the middle of the right margin of the mantle.The position of the anus I found in A. ColiimManus to be posterior andinferior to the respiratory orifice, with a gutter like groove to the edgeof the mantle. The position of the orifice of the generative organs isnot so easily decided in alcoholic specimens. I have no doubt, how-ever, that in the living animal it is under the mantle, not close behindthe right tentacle. In one form, Ariolimax Galifornicus, there are be-yond doubt two distinct orifices; that of the male being smaller andanterior. In Dr. Cooper's figure of ^. Califoruicus (Proc. Phila. Acad.Nat. Sci., 1873, Plate III, Fig. D, 3) the two orifices are plainly shown,and suggested to me the identity of my specimens with his species, es-pecially as the external markings also agreed with his description. InA. Columblanus also there is no common duct or cloaca, as Dr. Leidycalls it, to the genitalia, though I could not detect more than one ex-terior orifice. In A. niger there can be but one common orifice, judg-ing from the penis entering into the common cloaca, as shown in Fig.F, of Plate XII of T. M., V. The same may be said of A. Sein^MlU andA. Andersoni?The mantle is free on its margin in its whole circumference, especiallyin front and on its sides as far back as the respiratory orifice. I coulddetect no concentric lines or other markings on the mantle. The mantlewas greatly produced and swollen on its margins in Dr. Steam's speci-men of A. Californicus. In that and all the specimens examined Ifound an internal shell, varying somewhat in thickness, but always
* I have also examined A. Hemphilli, HecocM, and A. Andersoni. Thus I have hadopportunities of examining authentic specimens of all our sj^ecies.t Since the above was written, I have received all the species alive.
96 A MANUAL OF AMERICAN LAND SHELLS.
well marked, calcareous, subhexagonal, longer than wide. In thespecimen of A. Colmnbianus there were decided concentric lines ofgrowth on the shell, as w411 be seen below in my figures, also in Ander-soni and HempMlK.The caudal mucus pore was plainly visible in all the specimens of A.niger which I have examined. In Fig. 64 I have figured the pore ofthis species. It seems to be in two portions, one erect, triangular, atthe end of the body of the animal, with another running at right angleswith it in a gutter-like excavation towards the extreme end of the tail.In A. Colunibianus and A. Andersoni the pore was quite different fromthis, as seen in Figs. 61, 67. In this the erect portion of the pore is en-tirely wanting, the carinated body being arched regularly down to andoverhanging the foot. The longitudinal gutter like pore is, however,plainly visible. In numerous specimens of A. Californicus the body isalso arched down to, and overhangs the foot. On the tail, correspondingto the gutter-like pore of the last-mentioned form, there was no sign ofany pore, but in its place the flesh was sponge-like, without the mark-ings which are found on the neighboring portions of the foot. It maybe, therefore, that in these specimens the mucus pore was contractedor closed. No doubt it exists in the living animal, as I have had theopportunity of seeing it there, in other individuals.Of the internal anatomy I have examined the nervous system inboth A. Galifornicus and A. Gohimhianus. The ganglia present theusual three sets, all globular in form, and so crowded together in thesuboesophageal and superoesophageal as almost to form a continuouschain around the buccal mass.In these same two forms, also, I have examined the circulatory andrespiratory organs. Within the respiratory cavity is a large, spongy,ear-shaped organ, attached only at one point to the roof of the cham-ber. This I suppose to be the renal organ, surrounding, and indeedinclosing, the heart, though it is not so arranged in any of the generadescribed by Dr. Leidy. In Arion hortensis he describes the nearestapproach to such an arrangement.I have examined the digestive system of all the forms and figured(Pr. Phil. Ac. N. S., 1874) that of both A. Galifornicus and Golum-bianus. In the latter (PI. II, Figs. D, F, referred to) the buccal mass(1) is large and round, the salivary glands (4) short and broad; thestomach (5) long and large, with a decided constriction at its middle,and the usual cul-de-sac (6) at its extremity, at which point the biliary1
PACIFIC COAST SPECIES. 97ducts (7, 7) enter; from this the stomach passes into the intestine (8),which proceeds first forward almost to the cesophagus, thence pro-ceeds backward to the extreme rear of the general cavity of the body,and again forward to below the respiratory cavitj'^, into which it pene-trates upwards as the rectum (9), and through which it passes to theanus, whose position is described above. The intestine in its wholecourse winds among, and is imbedded in, the various lobes of the liver,which latter organ is arranged as usual in Limax, Arion, &c.In A. Californicus (Plate XI, Fig. E, 1. c.) there is a difference in thearrangement of the stomach. Before reaching the cul-de-sac (6) thestomach is greatly constricted, and the cul-de-sac runs at right angleswith the stomach in an erect position, not lying on its side, as I haverepresented it, in order to show the connection between it and theanterioi" portion of the stomach, which connection was entirely con-cealed by the cul-de-sac in its upright position. The extreme lengthof the digestive system is three times that of the whole body of theanimal, at least in its contracted state.Tbe jaw in all the forms of ArioUmax is quite thick, dark horn-col-ored, arcuate; ends but little attenuated, blunt; anterior surface withstout ribs, denticulating either margin. I have figured (p. 93) the jawof A. Columbianus, which has about 18 ribs (another specimen had 12).In A. Californicus, from Mr. Anthony, there were 13 ribs to the jaw;14 in Mr. Hemphill's specimen of the same. In A. niger Dr. Cooperdescribes about 20, but in one specimen I found but 8. In A. Hemp-Mlli I found 8-12 ribs; in A. Andersoni, 13 ribs.The pouch of the lingual membrane is shown in Plate II, Fig. D, 5(1. c). The membrane is, as usual in the Selicidce, with tricuspid cen-tral, bicuspid lateral, and quadrate marginal teeth, showing simplya modification of the laterals. In Land and Fresh-Water Shells, I, p.280, 1 have figured the lingual membrane of the true northern A. Co-lumbianus, which has the general arrangement of Patula. (See alsoPlate V, Fig. E, Terr. Moll., V.) The marginal teeth are shown tohave one long denticle and a small, subobsolete side denticle. Thisform of marginal teeth I have found also in one of Dr. Cooper's tyi)esof A. niger (Plate V, Fig. D), and in A. Californicus (Plate V, Fig. F);also in A. Andersoni f (Fig. G) and J.. HempUlli (Fig. H). This formof marginal tooth may therefore be considered characteristic of thegenus, though in one specimen, supposed to be A. niger, I noticedmarginal teeth with the outer cusp much more developed and bifid,1749?Bull. 28 7
98 A MANUAL OF AMERICAN LAND SHELLS.and figure tbem iu Fig. D,/, of Plate V. The gradual change from thefirst lateral tooth to the last marginal tooth is well shown in Fig. H ofPlate V, which re^jresents the teeth of A. Hemphilli. (See also p. 50,Fig. 10.)There is no retractor muscle to the buccal mass in A. CalifornicuBand A. Columhianus, but a very stout, broad one to the whole head,attached to the outer integument below the buccal mass, and runningalong some distance on the floor of the general visceral cavity, to whichfinally it becomes attached.Arioliiiiax Coliinibianus, Gould.Color a dark, dirty, greenish yellow, either uniform or in some varie-FiG. 60. t-i^s clouded with large, purplish-black, irregular blotches.The body is large and corpulent, the anterior portion ele-vated, with the back rounded, and the posterior portionstrongly carinated ; at the posterior tip there is a mucuspore. The margin of the foot extends beyond the mantle,
^ , , , , , and forms a ruffle around the animal, with transverselyInternal plate of 7 ?>A. cohtmbianus. ^y\y\iqy^Q markings. The surface is tessellated with coarseelongated papillae, arranged longitudinally. The mantle is broad, trun-cated in front, minutely granulated, with the respiratory orifice at theposterior third. Face vertically wrinkled; eye-peduncles rather short,thickened at base, colored like the body, and finely granulated; tentacleslong and slender. Length, 5^ inches. (See Fig. 58, on p. 92.)lAmax Columbianus, Gould, in Terr. Moll., ii, 43, pi. Ixvi, fig. 1 (1851); U. S. Expl.Exped. Moll., 3, fig. 1, a, b (1852).?TrYON, Am. Journ. Conch., iii, 315(1868).Arioliviax Columbianus, MoRCH, Mai. Bliitt., vi, 110.?W. G. Binney, Am. Journ.Conch., i, 48, pi. vi, figs. 11-13; L. & Fr.-W. Sh., i, p. 279, fig. 499 (1869);Terr. Moll., v, 231.Internal shell longer than broad, ends rounded.Specimens referred to this species have been found in WashingtonTerritory, Oregon, and California (Straits of de Fuca to Santa Barbara,Cooper). It therefore inhabits the Pacific Eegion.In form, marking, and coloring it may be compared to Avion empiri-corum of Euroije.Dr. Coojier remarks
:
" This large slug abounds in the dense damp forests near the Pacificcoast, and was not observed by me in the dry region east of the Cas-cade Mountains. It is to be found every month of the year iu Wash-ington Territory, being even more ubuudaut in the rainy winter than
PACIFIC COAST SPECIES. 99in warmer seasons, its activity being checked only by extreme cold,while it cannot bear continued drought. It not unfrequeutly dropsfrom the trees, &c. This slug grows to the length of 6 inches, butshrinks to a third of that size in alcohol. Its surface is smooth, notrugose, when alive, as represented in Dr. Binney's plate, and its coloris a pale yellowish olive, usually more or less blotched with black."(Pac. E. R. Rep., p. 377.)
- Jaw narrow, arcuate, dark horn or reddish ; anterior surface withmore than 15 coarse, crowded ribs, denticulating the concave margin(Fig. 59).Lingual membrane, see p. 93.On Plate XII, Fig. C, Terr. Moll, Y, I have figured the genitaliaof A. Columbianus, which has a very large ovary, against fig. ci.which the testicle lies, as in the following species. Theovary is so large as to take up one-half of the entire vis-ceral cavity, extending completely across the body, restingon the floor of the cavity, its end recurved upwards so as Caudal pore ofto rest upon the liver on the upper surface of the viscera. ^- coiumHanus.The body of the animal externally is swollen by the large size of theovary. The oviduct is narrow, long, greatly convoluted, ending in anextremely long, convoluted vagina. The genital bladder is oval, large,with a short, stout duct. The vas deferens, unlike that of the followingform, is as usual in the land shells. It enters the penis at its summit,opposite the retractor muscle. The sac of the penis is very stout, long,cylindrical. The external orifice is described above.The caudal mucus pore described on p. 95 is here figured.Ariolimax Californicus, J. G. Cooper.External characters resembling very nearly those of A. Golumbianus,but differing in the genitalia.Ariolimax Californicus, J. G. Cooper, Proc.Acad. Nat. Sc. of Phila., 1872, 146, pi. iii,fig. D, 1-3.?W. G. BiNNEY, Terr. Moll., v, 232.In the California Province, around San Francisco, and in the SierraNevada (latitude ^^^ ^2390) of the eleva-tion of 3,500 feet.Jaw, see p. 93.The lingualmembrane (PlateV. Fig. F Terr ^' GaUfomxeus^ cpntracted in spirits,
100 A MANUAL OF AMERICAN LAND SHELLS.Moll., V) has the same type of dentition as in A. GolumManus, but thebases of attachment are more developed, and are produced beyond thereflection at their upper margin. There are 80-1-80 teeth, with 9 per-fect laterals.The genital system of A. Californicus is figured in D of Plate XII,T. M., y. The testicle does not lie far away, imbedded in or resting onthe upper lobes of the liver, but lies close against the ovary, in thesemicircle formed by the recurving of the apex of the ovary upon itself.In this respect the position of the testicle is different from that of mostslugs, and affords an excellent specific character. The testicle is kid-ney-shaped, as it is covered by its investing membrane. It appears toconsist of closely bound fasciculi of short,-white, tubular, not aciniformcseca. The epididymis is short, and still more shortened by its exces-sive convolution. The accessory gland is partially imbedded in theovary. The ovary is large and distinctly lobulated. The oviduct is nar-row, very long, greatly convoluted. The genital bladder is oval, large,with a short, stout duct. The penis is inclosed in a long, tapering sac,terminating in a decided flagellum, in which I detected no capreolus.On the end of the flagellum is a large, globular bulb. The retractormuscle of the penis is attached to the roof of the general visceral cavity,below the pulmonary chamber. It joins the penis at the commence-
riG. 63. ^^^^^ ^^ *^^ flagellum. The vas deferens is peculiar. It leavesthe prostate gland as usual, runs alongside of the vagina tothe base of the penis, thence runs upwards, swelling to anenormous extent, so as to equal the breadth of the penis, thenagain becomes gradually reduced to its former size, until, asthe most delicate thread, it enters the penis at the end of theormcia. f^.^?^^^^^ bclow the bulb. The penis sac did not appear in theanimal extended as drawn in the plate, but was twice recurved uponitself. There is also a vaginal prostate, large, ear-shaped, close to theexterior orifice of the female organs, which, with that of the male, isdescribed above (p. 95.)For other anatomical details see pp. 96, 97 et aeq. The internal shellyplate there described is here figured.Ariolimax nig^er, J. G. Cooper.Body long and narrow, blunt before, but little attenuated, andbluntly truncated behind, with the termination of the bod;y uot arched
PACIFIC COAST SPECIES. 101down to the tail, as in Columhianus and Californicus, but rather erect,giving the appearance of being cleft, and showing much J^'f ? ^more plainly the caudal gland. Mantle quite small, bluntlyrounded before and behind. Color leaden below, blackishabove. Length, contracted in spirits, about 30'""\ Dr.Cooper gives 2^ inches as the length of the living animal. ^^A.nFJer!Atiolimax niger, J. G. Cooper, Proc. Phila. Acad. Nat. Sci., 1872, 147, pi. iii, fig. B,1-4,?W. G. BiNNEY, T. M., V, 234.Found in the California Kegion. I have received specimens fromOakland, Bolinas, Santa Eosa, Healdsburg, Sonoma County. Theyall agree in their genitalia, as well as in outward form.This species, preserved in alcohol, is most readily distinguished by itssmaller size, dark color, subcylindrical body, and especially by itsbluntly truncated posterior termination, which is decidedly cleft at themucus pore. The nature of the pore is described above (p. 96).Jaw, see p. 93.Ariolimax niger, also (Plate Y, Fig. D, Terr. Moll., V) has thesame type of dentition as A. Columhianus ; the side cusps of the cen-trals are, however, more developed. On one specimen I found mar-ginal teeth with one inner stout, short, rounded cutting point, andtwo shorter, rounded, side cutting points (see Fig. F), instead of theusual long cutting point. This is the only variation in the dentition ofthe genus which I have noticed. There are about 48-1-48 teeth.On opening the body of A. niger (Terr. Moll., V, Plate XII, Fig. F)the genitalia are found in the usual place, the testicle lying quite atthe rear of the visceral cavity, near the extreme point of the upperlobes of the liver, hardly imbedded in it, connected with the ovary bya long epididymis. The testicle is globular in form, composed of black,aciniform cseca. It contrasts in color wiih the dirty white of the liver.Color, however, I have not found constant in the internal organs oflaud shells preserved in spirits. The above-described arrangement o'fthe testicle is as usual in Liniax, Arion, and other slugs. It forms anexcellent specific character for A. niger, the position of the testiclebeing quite different in A. CaUfornicns and A. Colnmhianus, as will beseen above. The epididymis is long, convoluted at the end nearer theovary. The accessory gland is small. The ovary is large, yellowish.The oviduct and prostate show no unusual characters. The genitalbladder is large, oval, with a short duct. The iienis is in a short,
102 A MANUAL OF AMERICAN LAND SHELLS.
stout sac, which has a bulb -like swelling at its upper extremity, wherethe vas deferens enters. The latter organ has nothing of peculiar in-terest. A vaginal prostate, or perhaps dart sac, is shown in jp, g. Theexternal orifice is described above.Ariolimax Hemphilli.From 25 to 31??* long, of a transparent flesh-color, much more slenderthan the other known species, with a much more pointed tail. ThePic 65. mantle is also longer. These characters,even in specimens preserved in alcohol,readily distinguish the species. On dissect-A. Hemphilli, contracted in spirits. ing the specimens, I also found distinguishingspecific characters in the genitalia (Plate XII, Fig. G, Terr. Moll., Y).The testicle, imbedded in the liver, is brown, composed of thickly packedfasciculi of long, blunt caeca ; the mass formed by them is cuneiform.The ovary is narrow and pointed. The genital bladder is small, oval,with a short, narrow duct, which becomes much more swollen at itsjunction with the vagina. The penis sac is extremely short, globular,receiving the vas deferens at its upper posterior portion and the retractormuscle at its farther end. Opposite the mouth of the penis sac the va-gina is greatly swollen.Arioliviax Hemphilli, W. G. BiNNEY, Ann. Lye. of Nat. Hist, of N. Y., xi, 181, pi. xii,fig. 7 (1875) ; Terr. Moll., v, 235.A species of the Californian Province, found at Mies Station, Ala-meda County, California.A comparison with my figures of the genitalia of A. Andersoni^ Colum-bianus, Californicus, and niger will show how widely they differ fromthose of the present species.The jaw is thick, low, wide, slightly arcuate, ends scarcely attenu-ated; anterior surface with 8-12 decided ribs, denticulating eithermargin.*Lingual membrane (Plate V, Fig. H, Terr. Moll., V) as usual in thegenus. Teeth, 31-1-31.Ariolimax Andersoni, J. G. Cooper
Fig. 66.
A. Andersoni, contracted in spirit.s.
From Dr. L. G. Yates I have received speci-mens ofau Ariolimax found in the mountainsof Alameda County, California. From thefact of the reticulations of the surface of theanimal havingthe foliated appearance noticed
PACIFIC COAST SPECIES. 103in Arion foliolatus, Gld., Prophysaon Hemphilli, Bl. & Binn., and ArionAndersoni, J. G. C, I am iucliued to refer the specimens to one of thosespecies. I am entirely uuacquainted with the first (see below, underlocally introduced species) ; the second is generally distinct ; the lattermay be identical.* The specimens have all the characters of Ariolimax.They are about 35??' long.ArioUviax Andersoni? see W. G. Binney, Ann. Lye. Nat. Hist, of N. Y., xi, 182, pi. xli,fig. 9(1875); Terr. Moll., V, 235.The jaw is, as usual in the genus, wide, low, with about thirteenbroad, separated ribs, deuticulating either margiu. The lingual mem-brane is as usual. Teeth, 48-1-48. The characters of the teeth aresufficiently shown in my Fig. G of Plate V, Terr. Moll., Y. The changefrom laterals to marginals is very gradual, the latter being but a simplemodification of the former.The genitalia (Plate XII, Fig. E, Terr. Moll., V) are very much likethose oi A. niger, especially in the shape of the iienis sac and the pecul-iar accessory organ {p, g), probably a vaginal i)rostate. fic^ct.The genital bladder differs somewhat in shape, and also thetesticle.The rudimentary shell has decided concentric layers. ^ , ,Caudal pore ofThe caudal mucus pore is as in J.. Columbiamis. ^- ^^'^ersoni.Should this not prove the species described as Avion Andersoni byDr. J. G. Cooper, it must receive a new name. It is a true Ariolimax^most nearly related to A. niger. The latter species wants the foliatedreticulations, and has its posterior termination more blunt, with a de-cided transverse cleft at the mucus pore.DOUBTFUL SPECIES OF ARIOLIMAX.In " Some Notes on American Laud Shells," p. 6, Professor Wetherbymentions by name, without description, another species, A. Hecoxi.The genitalia examined by me prove the species to be distinct from anydescribed. There are about CO-1-60 teeth on the lingual membrane,with about 16 laterals on each side.
* I have lately received from Dr. Cooper, under the name of Arion Andersoni, speci-mens agreeing perfectly with the form of Provhysaon referred to as probably nude-scribed on p. 296, Plate XIII, Fig. 5, of Ann. of Lye. of N. H. of N. Y., Vol. X.Should Dr. Cooper's Arion Andersoni prove, therefore, to be a Prophysaon, it will retainits specific name, while the slug before us may also retain the specific name Ander-soni. (Seep. 106.)
104 A MANUAL OF AMERICAN LAND SHELLS.PROPHYSAORT.Animal limaciform, attenuated behind. Mantle anterior, small, ob-tuse before and behind, its margins free as far back as the cleft for the1^10.68. respiratory orifice, inclosing asimple, not sjiiral, subhex-agonal shell, which is longerthan wide. A longitudinalline around the animal just
distinct locomotive disk to foot, but crowded, oblique furrows runningfrom center to edge. Eespiratory and anal orifices on the right marginof mantle, slightly in advance of its center, with the usual cleft to theedge. Genital orifice behind and below, but quite near to the righteye-peduncle. No caudal mucus pore.Jaw of the single species known, P. HempMlU, thick, low, wide,TTG^.g. slightly arcuate, with but little attenuated ends,cutting margin without median projection ; an-terior surface with 15 stout, irregularly devel-oped, separated ribs, denticulating either mar-Jnw of p. HemphilU. gin.Lingual membrane (Plate V, Fig. I, Terr. Moll., Y), long and narrow.Teeth about 40-J-40, with 16 perfect laterals. Centrals with a base ofattachment longer than wide, reflection extending less than one-halfthe length of the base, with a very stout, short median cusp, bearinga stout, short, blunt cutting point, and on either side a subobsoletecusp bearing a stout, bluntly rounded, short cutting point. Lateralslike the centrals, but asymmetrical, as usual, by the suppression of theinner side cutting point and inner lower, lateral expausion of the baseof attachment. Marginals (ft) low, wide, with one inner, stout, ob-lique cutting point and two outer, smaller, blunt cutting points. Asin all lingual membranes, there is a difl'erence in the development ofthe cusps and cutting points on various parts. The teeth figured arethe least graceful in their outlines.Found in the Pacific Province, in Oregon and California. Mr. HenryHemphill, in whose honor the genus is named, has collected specimensfrom Astoria to San Francisco Bay.This genus agrees with Limax by having an internal shell, and by theposition of the genital orifice. It differs by its ribbed jaw, by the sub-
PACIFIC COAST SPECIES. 105quadrate marginal teeth of the lingual membrane, and by the anteriorpositioi} of its respiratory orifice. The genus is allied to Arion by itsribbed jaw, its quadrate marginal teeth of the lingual membrane, andby the anterior position of its respiratory orifice ; it differs in havingan internal shell, in the position of its generative orifice, and by thewant of a caudal mucus pore. The genus is also allied to ArioUmaxin having a ribbed jaw, quadrate marginal teeth to its lingual mem-brane, and an internal shell ; it differs in the position of both genitaland respiratory orifices, and by the want of a caudal mucus pore. Theabsence of a distinct locomotive disk to the foot distinguishes our genusalso from Arion, Limax, and ArioUmax. It is not readily confoundedwith any other known American genus. The Irish genus Geomalacusis somewhat allied, having an anterior respiratory orifice and an in-ternal shell, and quadrate marginal teeth. Geomalacus, however, dif-fers frgm Frophysao'n in having an extremely anterior mantle and ori-fice of respiration close behind the right tentacle. It also has a loco-motive disk and caudal mucus pore. The genus is treated as a sub-genus of Anadenns by Dr. Fischer in his '' Manuel," but the positionof the orifice of respiration is posterior in that genus.Propliysaon Heniphilli.Body blunt anteriorly, attenuated posteriorly, rounded and high onthe back. Mantle granulated, whitish with a circular ring of smoke-color above the respiratory orifice. Body obliquely reticulated withbluish lines, the reticulations larger (about twelve) below each side ofthe mantle, more numerous and smaller on the posterior extremity ofthe body. These reticulations are subdivided by irregularly disposed,rounded tuberosities, with colorless interstices. Above the foot, fromthe longitudinal line running around the animal to the edge of the footare perpendicular lines or furrows, also bluish in color. The foot hascrowded wrinkles, running obliquely backwards from its oeuter to itsmargins. Length of an alcoholic specimen, 40?"". (See Fig. 68.)Prophysaon HempMlli, Bland and W. G. Binney, Ann. Lye. Nat. Hist, of N. Y., X.293, PI. xiii. fig. 8 (1873).?W. G. Binney, Terr. Moll., V.Forest Grove and Astoria, Oregon ; the variety at Oakland and Men-docino County, California ; thus it is found in the Pacific Province, inthe vicinity of the sea.The internal shell (Fig. 70) differs in thickness, but is always well
106 A MANUAL OF AMERICAN LAND SHELLS.marked, sometimes suboval, sometimes subhexagonal, always longerthan wide. The jaw and lingual membrane (Plate V, Fig. I, of Terr.OMolL, V) have been described above.The genitalia are figured on Plate XII, Fig. H. The testicleis composed of black aciniform cteca; it is almost completelyburied in the upper lobes of the liver, the epididymis com-p?ate?fp. pletely so, lying on tlie floor of the cavity foruied by theHemphiih g^^jj^.^j winding of the upper lobes. It appears to pass throughone of the lower lobes to join the oviduct, before reaching which it isgreatly convoluted. The accessory gland of the epididymis appears tobe composed of several aciniform cseca of unequal size. The prostategland is large. The vas deferens is extremely long, ten times as longas the penis, and equals the length of the whole genital system. It isattached to the side of the vagina, quite to the penis sac,, where it be-comes free, and is spirally wound. It is largest about half way fromthe vagina to the apex of the penis sac. It enters the penis sac at thecenter of its truncated apex. The penis sac is very short and stout,cylindrical, of equal breadth throughout. It has no retractor muscle.The cloaca is very short. On the vagina, just above the penis sac, ap-pears on some specimens an extremely small, sac-like organ, not figuredin the plate, as I am not entirely satisfied as to its presence. It is per-haps a dart sac, or a prostate. The ovary has the usual tongue-shapedform. The oviduct is not much convoluted. The vagina is long, andextremely broad, several times convoluted. The genital bladder is oval,small, with a short, stout duct entering the vagina at its upper extrem-ity, by the side of the terminus of the oviduct.This peculiarly stout, cylindrical penis sac and broad vagina wereconstant in eight specimens examined, all from Astoria. In severalother specimens from Mendocino County, easilv detected exteriorly bya more slender, tapering body, and smaller, more rounded mantle, thepenis sac was found more elongated, the vagina less broad, the genitalbladder larger, with a more delicate duct. In these specimens, also,the testicle was very much larger, and was not concealed in the liver,but only slightly entangled in it at one point, against which it lay. Theepididymis in these specimens was also free from the liver. The geni-talia of this form differ enough from those of the Astoria specimens towarrant our belief in the existence of a second species of Prophysaon.I have, therefore, figured also (Fig. I of Plate XII of T. M., V) thegen-
PACIFIC COAST SPECIES. 107ital system of tbe Mendocino County specimens. The question of spe-cific identity is also difficult in living specimens. The digestive systemof the same form is figured on PI. XIII, Fig. 3, of Ann. N. Y. Lye, X.It quite resembles that of Avion hortensis as figured byLeidy in Vol. I.It is much more simple than that of Ariolimax. The salivary glandsare very broad and very aborescent, and form a broad collar aroundthe oesophagus and commencement of the stomach. The last-namedorgan is very broad. This variety has been received by me from Dr.Cooper under the name of Avion Andevsoni. If it really be that spe-cies, it may retain its specific name, but must be considered still a trueProphysaon. Cooper's description of A. Andersoni does not agree withthis slug, especially as to the presence of a caudal mucus pore.
B. notabilis, partially extended,enlarged.
Fig. 72.
BINNEYA, J. G. Cooper.Animal heliciform, obtuse before, rapidly acuminated behind; man-tle subcentral, extending anteriorly beyond fig.ti.the shell ; a distinct locomotive disk ; nocaudal mucus pore; respiratory orifice poste-rior, on the right edge of the mantle; analorifice contiguous to last; genital orifice be-hind the right eye-peduncle.Shell entirely external, ear-shaped, nearly flat, about one-third aslong as the animal, which it does not half cover when retracted. Spireflattened, forming two horizontal volutions, lastwhorl enormously expanded and slightly arched.Columella distinct, entire, hiding the interior ofthe convolutions; peristome simple, acute. Inestivation the part of the animal excluded fromthe shell is protected by a thick, white, parch- ^^*^ ^^p'p^'^s'^ ''' ''"^''*'"?-ment-like epiphragm.A genus of the Mexican fauna, whence it has been introduced onGuadelupe Island off the west coast of Mexico, and Santa BarbaraIsland, coast of California. ftg 73.The jaw is thick, slightly arcuate, endsblunt; anterior surface with six well-devel-oped ribs, denticulating either margin, situ-ated on the central third of the jaw, and asmany subobsolete ribs on each outer third; no median projection.(Fig. 73.)
Animal of Binneya notabilis
Jaw of B. notabilis.
108 A MAKUAL OF AMEEICAN LAND SHELLS.Lingual membrane, as usual in the Hclick1a\ (Plate Y, Fig. K, of Terr.Moll., Y), long and narrow. Teeth 31-1-31, with about 15 laterals,but the change into marginals is very gradual, the latter being a simplemodification of the former. My figures give a central with the first,sixteenth, and thirty-first teeth.See remarks under Binneya notabilis.Biiineya notabilis, J. G. Cooper.Shell im])erforate, depressed orbicular, ear-shaped, opaque, thin, lighthorn-color, striated; spire scarcely elevated ; apex obtuse; suturepj^ ^^ deeply impressed; 1^ whoils, the first half with about thirtyrevolving, separated, prominent, abruptly ending rib-like
^^'^ strise, the last comprising almost the whole shell, depressedB.notahdu. j^^^j^,^^ y^py rapidly increasing; aperture subhorizontal,transversely oval, very large ; peristome thin, acute, simple ; columellaarcuate, with a thin deposit of transparent callus; apex visible frombelow . Greater diameter 7, lesser, 3^?'" ; height, li?'" ; greatest trans-verse diameter of aperture, 7. Of a larger specimen, 14?'" greaterdiameter.
Binveysi' volahiUs, J. G. CoOPER, Proc. Cal. Acad. Nat. Sci., iii, 62 (1863), figures.?Tryon, Aru. Jouni. Conch., ii, 244 (1866).?W. G. Binney, L. & Fr.-W. Sh.,i, 68, tig. 11-2 (1869): Terr. Moll., v, 245.Santa Barbara Island, California; also Guadelupe Island oif thecoast of Mexico ; a species of the Mexican fauna.For views of the animal, and jaw, see above.*Mr. Hemphill, who has contributed so largely to our knowledge ofthe land shells of the Pacific coast, has visited the island of SantaBarbara; among the species found by him is Binneya notabilis, whichwas originally described from thence by Dr. J. G. Cooper. Mr. Hemp-hill has kindly sent me living specimens, as well as others preserved inspirits. I am therefore able to give a full generic description, with afigure of the animal as it appears when half extended. I did not suc-ceed in inducing it to protrude itself fully.When received, the living exami^les were furnished with the peculiarepiphragm described by Dr. Cooper. On becoming again active, thisepiphragm was left entire, still adhering to the surface on which theanimal had formed it. In one individual I observed a second, innerepiphragm, simple, without the perpendicular walls.
* Fig". 74 is drawn from an ant'ionlic .specimen.
PACIFIC COAKT SPECIES. 100
"The Mexican geuus Xanthonyx is uo doubt identical with Binneya, butit does not appear from the figures of alcoholic specimens given byMessrs. Fischer and Crosse (Moll. Mex. et Gnat.) that the mantle ofXanthonyx is extended anteriorly, and the position given by them ofthe respiratory orifice is different. Should future study of the livinganimal prove my opinion correct, Xanthonyx will be considered as asynonyme.Dr. Pfeifter (Mon. Hel. Viv., VII, 4) suggests the indeutity of Bin-neya with Baudebardia, ignoring entirely the distinction of the firstdivisions now recognized among the Geophila of presence or absence ofa jaw, or of aculeate or quadrate teeth. By the modern arrangementthese two genera are most widely separated.The surface of the animal is dirty white, with about seventeen verti-cal rows, on each side, of dark blue or slajte blotches, interrupted bythe longitudinal reticulations running parallel to the foot, but againcommencing and extending to the edge of the foot. These blotches di-verge in all directions from under the shell and mantle, running almostperpendicularly on the side of the animal, but very obliquely in frontand behind. The tail is quite keeled with oblique blotches. Theseblotches also run obliquely from a median line on the forepart of theextended animal. Tentacles, eye-peduncles, and front of head slatecolor. Lips developed and kept constantly in motion as tentacles.The reticulations of the surface are large and few. In specimens pre-served in alcohol there appears a locomotive disk. Theie is no caudalpore. The respiratory and anal orifices are far behind the center ofthe mantle edge on the right of the animal. The genital orifice appearssomewhat behind the right eye-peduncle. The mantle is scarcely re-flected upon the shell, even in front. When the animal is fully ex-tended, Dr. Cooper says the mantle equals one-fourth of its length.The mantle exudes mucus freely. It seems fixed to the shell, not chang-ing its position with the movement of the animal.One of the shells collected by Mr. Hemphill is twice as large as thatwhose measurements are given above.The jaw is thick, slightly arcuate, ends blunt; anterior surface withsix well-developed ribs deuticulating either margin, situated on thecentral third of the jaw, and as many subobsolete ribs on each outerthird; no median projection (Fig. 73). .Lingual membrane (Plate V, Fig. K, of Terr. Moll., V), long and nar-row. Teeth 31-1-31, with about lo laterals, but the change int* tnar^i-
110 A MANUAL OF AMERICAN LAND SHELLS.
nals is very gradual, the latter being a simple modification of the former.My figures give a central with the first, sixteenth, and thirty-first teeth.They are of the usual type.The nervous ganglia and the digestive system present no peculiarfeatures^ The genitalia are figured on Plate XI, Fig. B, of Terr. Moll.,V. The penis sac is long, narrow, tapering to its apex, where it re-ceives the vas deferens ; the retractor muscle is inserted below the en-trance of the latter. The genital bladder is oval, on a long, narrowduct. There is a small, sac-like, accessory organ, probably a dart sac.ids). HEMPHILLIA.Animal limaciform, blunt in front, swollen at center, tapering behind.Fig. 75. Mantle subcentral, large, oval, greatly produced infront, freQ around its margin, and concealing all buta rounded, large orifice, an internal sbell-plate. Nodistinct locomotive disk to foot. Lines of furrows
cootractedli'n spirits, mu near and parallel to edge of foot, rising abovethe extremity and apparently uniting over a transverse mucus slit,overhanging which is a greatly x>roduced horn-shaped process. Res-piratory orifice at right edge of mantle, near its center. Generativeorifice at right side of neck, near right eye-peduncle.Shell-plate horny, small, unguiform, longer than wide, with posteriornucleus and concentric lines of growth, exposed except at its edges,which are covered by the mantle.Jaw wide, low, slightly arcuate ; ends blunt, but little attenuated
;
anterior surface with numerous ribs denticulating either margin.Fig. 7fi Liugual membrane described below under77. ylandulosa. ^'"' ^^'Oregon Region, at Astoria.inteTmai ^^^^ curious slug, by its general outline
^^^Xn- and by the form and position of its shell, ^ giaZuiosa.may be compared to Omalonyx and Amphib-ulima. The former has, however, a jaw with the supplementary ex-tension as in Succinea, the latter has the jaw usual in Bulimulus andCyUridrella, while neither of them has the prolongation of the mantle.Both of those genera also are readily distinguished by their shell beingmore developed ancj approaching a spiral form.Hyalimax is distinguished from ffemphiWa by its Succinea-like jaw.Otherwise it resemblos our genus in its general outward appearanceand by it? ooa-spiral sJjell. This shell, however, in Eyalimax is almost,
PACIFIC COAST SPECIES. Illif not completely, iuternal, while the shell of Hemphillia is almost en-tirely exposed.Binneya, in its prolonged mantle and costate jaw, resembles Hemj)-hillia, but its shell is much more developed, spiral, striate, and almostcapable of protecting, though not absolutely including, the animalwhen contracted.iShiqmlojjsis is described with costate jaw, but has highly developed,decidedly spiral shell.Finally, from all the above-mentioned genera, and from all knownsublimaciform genera, our genus is at once distinguished by the pe-culiar hump-like process on the tail, reminding one of the caudal pro-cess in some of the genera of disintegrated Nanina.*Fig. 78 is drawn from a less contracted and larger specimen collectedby Mr. Hemphill. Hcniphillia $;landulosa.Animal from 12 to 30?? long (preserved in alcohol) ; color smokywhite, mottled with longitudinal, fig. 78.dark-brown blotches, running ob-liquely from the edge of the mantleto the foot, uniformly with thecoarse granulations, of which thereare about twenty-five on either sideof the animal. Caudal process Hemphuua gianduiosa.very large, triangular in profile, dark brown, with a few coarse gran-ulations.Shell unguiform, slightly convex, light horn-color, very thin, itsedges almost membranous, with prominent concentric lines of growth j5mm \oug^ 3mm ^idc, lu & spccimcn of 12?'" length (Fig. 76).Semphillia glaiidulosa, Bland and W. G. Binney, Ann. Lye. Nat. Hist, of N. Y., x,209, pi. ix, figs. 1, 3 (1872); Terr. Moll., v, 248.Tacoma, Puget Sound; Olympia, Wash. Terr., Astoria, Oreg., in theOregonian Eegion.The description is drawn from specimens preserved in alcohol, dueallowance for which fact must be made. They were collected at As-toria, Oreg., by Mr. Henry Hemj)hill, to whom Mr. Bland and myselfdedicated the genus, in return for most valuable addition to our knowl-edge of the land-shells of the Pacific coast.Jaw thick, low, wide, slightly arcuate, ends attenuated, blunt ', cut-*Mr. Hemphill informs mo that in the living animal this hump-like process is lessconspicuous than in specimens preserved in iilcobol. The shell is| central, aud muchbroader thm the ^uini^il when i? motion.
112 A MANUAL OF AMERICAN LAND SHELLS.ting margiu witliout median projection ; anterior surface with about 14crowded, stout, irregularly developed ribs, denticulating either margin(Fig. 77).Lingual membrane (Terr. Moll., V, Plate V, Fig. J) long and narrow.Teeth 23-1-23, with 11 perfect laterals. Centrals with a quadrangularbase of attachment, higher than wide. Eeflection about half as longas the base, with a long, narrow median cusp reaching tlie lowermargiu of the base of attachment, beyond which projects slightly theshort cutting point ; side cusps but little developed, but bearing short,stout, triangular cutting points. Laterals like the centrals, but asym-metrical by the suppression of the inner, lower, lateral angle of thebase of attachment and the inner side cutting point. First marginal(/>) with a square base of attachment, broadly reflected into a stoutcusp, bearing an inner, stout, very long, bluntly ending, oblique cut-ting point and a small outer cutting point. Outer marginals (c) low,wide, the reflection broad, reaching the lower edge of the base of at-tachment, and bearing one inner, long, oblique, blunt cutting pointand a small outer cutting point.The genitalia are figured (Terr. Moll., V, Plate XII, Figs. J, K).The testicle is composed of a large globular mass of aciniform caeca.It lies loosely upon, not imbedded in, the upper lobes of the liver. Theovary and oviduct are as usual. The genital bladder is globular, verylarge, on a short, stout duct, entering the vagina near its base. Thepenis sac is long, cylindrical, larger towards its apex, where both theretractor muscle and vas deferens enter. In several specimens exam-ined the penis sac appeared somewhat different. It had a large glob-ular bulb at its apex. The vas deferens entered beyond the middleof the length of the sac; it was greatly swollen before entering thesac, for a distance equaling about one-half of the length of the sac.At the commencement of this swelling the retractor muscle was in-serted. This form of penis sac is figured in Fig. K.The balance of the anatomy of HempMllia seems to be as in theother slugs. GOXOSTOMA, Held.Animal as in PaUda.Shell umbilicated, orbicularly depressed, arctispiral, often lightlyhirsute; whorls 5-7, gradually increasing, the last angular or acutelycarinated above ; aperture oblique, narrow, lunate, quite often sinuous
;
peristome reflected, thickened, often heavy ; parietal wall without tooth-like processes.
PACIFIC COAST SPECIES. 113An European and Mediterranean genus, found also in the Canariesand at Teneriffe. In North America it is only represented in the Cali-fornia Eegion, and by one species only.Von Martens describes the jaw of Gonostoma as having- distinct ribs.Moqnin-Tandon so figures that of obvohita, Mlill., lenticula, Fer., andE(ntgiana,F6r.: and Gassies (Journ. de Conch.,?^ ' ' ^ ' Fig. 79.XY, 1867, 15) so describes that of H. constricta^B. Our single species has a jaw (Fig. 79) low,wide, slightly arcuate, ends scarcely attenuated,blunt ; cutting margin without median projection
;
?^'^^^ ?^ ^- ^"''^"i-anterior surface with a strong transverse line of re-enforcement, andnumerous (about 12) wide, crowded ribs denticulating either margin.The lingual membrane of obvoluta is described by Goldfuss (1. c, 45)with a type of central teeth differing from that I have shown in Yafesi.This last has its lingual membrane (Terr. Moll., V, Plate Y, Fig. Q) longand narrow ; teeth 24-1-24, with 6 perfect laterals. Centrals with thebase of attachment longer than wide, with expanding lower lateral an-gles and squarely reflected upper margin ; reflection large, stout, bear-ing small but distinct side cusps, with short, blunt cutting points, anda long, stout median cusp reaching the' lower edge of the base of at-tachment, beyond which projects the longi acute cutting point. Lateralslike the centrals, but asymmetrical by the suppression of the inner,lower, lateral angle of the base of attachment, and the distinct innerside cusp and cutting point. Marginals subquadrate (6), a simplemodification of the laterals, the reflection being more developed, andbearing one inner, oblique, long, blunt cutting point and one smallerside cutting point ; the extreme marginals (c) are rather wider thanhigh, and the cutting points are bluntly rounded.Oonostoina Yatesi, J. G. Cooper.Shell globosely planulate, equally depressed above and below, widelyumbilicated, thick, smooth, scarcely marked with incremental strias,
' horn-colored ; spire sunken, apex obtuse; whorls 6J, _^"";? ^-slightly convex, each one raised above the preceding one,the last tumid, obsoletely carinated, descending at theaperture ; aperture oblique, lateral ; peristome thickened,white, its extremities far removed, scarcely reflected, abovedeflected and sinuous ; umbilicus very wide, showing-all the whorls. Greater diameter 9, lesser 7?'" ; height,
^ O. Yatesi.1749?BuU. 28 8
114 A MANUAL OF AMERICAN LAND SHELLS.Ammonitella Yateaii, J. G. Cooper, Am. Jouru. Conch., iv, 209, pi, xviii, figs. 1-14,figure reversed (1869).GonoHtoma Tatesi, W. G. Binney, Ter. Moll., v, 262.In the Califoruia Kegion, in Calaveras County, California, at CaveCity.TLe si)ecimen figured is authentic.Jaw and lingual membrane: see above, p. 113.Genitalia unobserved.POLYGYRA. (See below.)Polygyra Harfordiana, J. G. Cooper.Shell umbilicated, depressed- globose, thin, surface scarcely brokenby incremental wrinkles, horn-colored; spire slightly? elevated, apex obtuse; whorls 4, convex, the lastglobose below; suture impressed, aperture oblique,lunate, trilobed, one tooth on the parietal wall andp. Harfordmna. ^^^ ^^^ ^j^^ reflected peristome ; peristome white,broad, reflected, with a tooth-like process near either terminationGreater diameter 9, lesser 6 """; height, 3"?.Helix Harfordiana, J. G. Cooper, Anier. Journ. Conch., v, 196, pi. xvii, fig. 3(1870).Triodopsis Harfordiana, W. G. BIN^-EY, Terr. Moll., v, 309, exclus. fig. 203.In the Californian Province, in Fresno County, " Big Trees," latitude370, G,500 feet altitude.Jaw, lingual dentition, and genitalia unknown. The figure givenabove is drawn from Dr. Cooper's type in Academy of Natural Sciencesat Philadelphia. Dr. Cooper pronounces the shell formerly figured byme to be the small form of Mesodon devius. This last furnished the jawand lingual membrane described in Terr. Moll., V. Dr. Cooper says thetrue P. Harfordiana is not found in Idaho.The species seems much more nearly related to Polygyra than toTriodopsis. It was described by Dr. Cooper as DccdalocMla, a sectionof Polygyra. STEJVOTREMA. (See below.)Stcnotrcina g:eriiiaiiuin, Gould.Shell imperforate, solid, depressed, low-conical above, convex be-FiG. 82. iieath, slightly angular at periphery, covered with a scabrous,rusty, horn-colored epidermis, beset with scattered hairs;whorls 5.J, closely revolving, separated by a well-impressedS.ger-munum. suturc ; aperturc lunate, the basal portion being but slightly
PACIFIC COAST SPECIES. 115curved and turning upward at a rather sharp angle; peristome incum-bent, with a deep stricture behind it, moderately rellexed, roseate; onthe parietal wall of the aperture is a distinct, oblong, erect, white tooth,not connected with either extremity of the peristome. Greater dia-meter, 7^?"? ; height, 5?>?.Helix germana, GOVLX), U. S. Expl.Exped. Moll. (1852), 70, fig. 40, a,b,c; Terr. Moll.,ii, 156, pi. xl, a, tig. 3.?Pfeiffer, Mon. Hel. Viv., iii, 269.?W. G. BlNNEV,Terr. Moll. U. S.,iv, 11 ; L. & Fr.-W. Sli., i, 120 (1869).Stenotrema germana, Tryon, Am. Journ. Conch., iii, 58 (1867). Sienotrema gervianum,W. G. BiNNEY, Terr. Moll., v, 300.Oregonian Eegion, at Astoria.Jaw more resembling the type usual in the subgenus Stenotrema thanMesodoHj the ribs, 11 in number, being broad and crowded. There areforms of germanum closely connecting the species with Mesodon Colum-hianuSj Lea. I have, while treating the latter species (see below),pointed out the decided specific differences shown in the jaw and geni-talia; at the same time I have stated that, by the want of the internaltubercle, germanum is more nearly allied to Mesodon than to Stenotrema.S. germanum (Terr. Moll., Y, Plate VII, Fig. G) has 28-1-28 teeth, 12perfect laterals. The left-hand figure shows one of the few marginalswhich have the outer cusp bifid.Very much larger specimens than that figured are fouud, formiug aseries of size to Mesodon Columbianus.TRIODOPSIS. (See below.)Triodopsis loricata, Gould. ,Shell umbilicated, depressed, spire less convex than the base, thin,of a yellowish-green color, having the surface everywhere ornamentedwith small, crescent-formed scales of the epidermis, in relief, arrangedalong the lines of growth and in quincunx ; whorls 5^, slightly convex,separated by a deeply impressed suture, and forming a low, conicalspire ; the periphery of the last whorl is slightly angular near fig. 83.its posterior jiortion ; the base is rounded, tending rapidly to adeep, umbilical depression, with a small perforation ; aperturesmall, very oblique, crescentic, having a small, acute tooth on y.jowcata,the right margin of the peristome, a transversely oblong one at enlarged.basal margin, and a prominent, compressed, curved, nearly horizontalone ou the parietal wall, thus giving a three lobed outline to the aper-ture j peristome white, slightly reflected^ having a very profound con-
116 A MANUAL OF AMEBICAN LAND SHELLS.
striction of the whorl directly bobiiid it ; ou the base of the shell is aninternal, transverse tubercle. Greater diameter, 6""'"; height, 3^?"".Selix loricata, Gould, Troc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., ii, 165 (1846); Moll. Expl. Exped.,68, fig. 39, a,i,c.; T.M. U. S., ii, 145, pi. xxix, a, fig. 1.?Pfeiffek, Mon.Hel, Viv., i, 416.?W. G. Binney, Terr. Moll., iv,ll ; L. & Fr.-W. Sb., i, 134(1869).Eelix Leconiii, Lea, Traus. Am. Pliil. Soc, x, 303, pi. xxx, fig. 13; Obs., v, 59(1853).?Pfeiffer, formerly, Mou. Hel. Viv., iii, 265.Triodopsis loricata, TuYON, Am. Jouin. Conch., iii, 54 (1867).?W. G. Binney, Terr.Moll., V, 313.California, near San Francisco and El Dorado County to KlamathCounty, and even to Mariposa County. Both in Coast Eange andSierra Nevada counties. A species of California Eegion.Its general form and its aperture are very much like T. inflecta, Say,though it is a much smaller shell and the teeth of the aperture areless developed. Its peculiar surface, resembling a scaly coat of mailwhen closely examined, is highly characteristic.Jaw long, broad, slightly. arched, ends blunt but little attenuated,with 11 broad, stout, crowded ribs, visible on both anterior and poste-rior surface, and crenulating either margin.T. loricata (Terr. Moll., V, Plate YII. Fig. J) has over 20-1-20 teethon its lingual membrane; 8 perfect laterals.Genitalia not observed.JWESODOJV. (See below.)ITIcsodon Coluiiibianus, Lea.Shell umbilicated, subdepressed-globose ; epidermis with short, rigidFig. 84.* hairs; corneous, thin; whorls 6, slightly rounded, veryminutely striated, rising gradually but regularly, oneabove the other, to an acuminated apex ; suture stronglyM. Coiumbianus. impressed ; aperture roundly lunate, a little contracted andthickened by a testaceous deposit or border at the angle of reflection ofthe peristome ; peristome thickened, whitish or brownish white, reflectedbut not flattened, rather grooved on its face, the basal margin horizon-tal in its direction, with a slight thickening or jn-ojection before itreaches the base of the shell ; umbilicus open, partially hidden by thereflected peristome at its junction w ith the base ; base a little flattened.Greater diameter 17, lesser 14""" ; height, 11?"^.
* The hirsute epidermis ig not eljowii in the figure,
PACIFIC COAST SPECIES. 117Helix Cohmhiana, Lea, Am. Phil. Soc. Trans., vi, 89, pi. xxiii, fig. 75; Obs., li, 89(1839) ; in Troschel, Arch. f. Nat., 1839, ii, 221.?De Kay, N. Y. Moll., 46(1843).?Pfeiffer, Mod. Hel. Viv., i, 343; in Chemnitz, ed. 2, i 3:i2, pi.Iviii, figs. 10-12 (1846).?Reeve, Cou. Icon., No. 692 (1^52).-Binney, Terr.Moll., ii, 169, pi. v.?W. G. Binney, Terr. Moll., iv, lo; L. & Fr.-W. Sh., i,150 (1869).Selix laliosa, Gould, Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., ii, 165 (1846); U. S. Expl. Exped.Moll., 67, fig. 35(1852); Terr. Moll., ii, 170, pi. xiii, a, fig. 1.?Pfeiffer, Mon.Hel. Viv., i, 343 (included in Columbiana in vol. v).Mesodon Columbiana, Tryon, Am. Journ. Conch., iii, 46 (1867).?W. G. BiNNEY.Terr. Moll., v, 333.A species of the Pacific Province, ranging from Sitka and Fort Simp-son (latitude 54^ 40') to Santa Cruz, in California (latitude 37? 20'),along the coast.Animal slender, eye-peduncles and tentacles much elongated. Colorpale ferruginous, with a lilac tint, darker on the neck. Whole surface,even the eye-peduncles, marked with coarse, elliptical granules, in lon-gitudinal series ; no marginal border.There is a variety with a well-developed parietal tooth.I formerly had difficulty in separating certain forms of Mesodon Co-lumhiamis, Lea, and Stenotrema germanwn, Gould, until I had received,through the kindness of Mr. Henry Hemphill, specimens of both species,preserved in alcohol, from several distinct localities. An examinationof their soft parts has proved that in the jaw and genital system thereexists a specific difference readily detected. This difiereuce appears tobe constant, as I have observed it in one specimen, with parietal laminaand quite depressed, of Golunibianufi^ from San Leaudro, Cal., and threefrom another locality. In germanmn I also have found the charac-ters constant, having examined four specimens, one from Astoria, theother three from a separate locality.In the jaw the distinction is in its general outline and in thesize and frequency of the ribs on the anterior surface. In germannmthe jaw is slightly arcuate ; the ribs are about 11 in number, broad,crowded, with narrow interstices only, generally resembling tlie jawfound in Stenotrema. In Columbianus the jaw is r.iorc arched, the ribsare less numerous, about 8, narrower, much more separated, and moredecidedly produced on either margin, as usual in Mesodon. (For figuresof the jaw of each see Ann. N. Y. Lye. Nat. Hist., X, Plate. XIV.)In the genitalia the difference lies in the genital bladder. Thisorgan in Columbianus (Terr. Moll., Y, Plate XI, Fig. I) is clavate, short,
118 . A MANUAL OP AMERICAN LAND SHELLS.with a short, stout duct, but ia germanum (Fig. M) it is globular, audhas a long, narrow duct. It must, however, be borne in mind thatin my anatomical studies of our species I bave had such wealth of mat-ter to examine I have not compared many individuals of any onespecies to ascertain how constant the characters are.In both species the retractor muscle of the penis is attached to thevas deferens a short distance before the latter organ enters the penissac, which it- does at the apex of the last.Jaw : see above.Liugual membrane (Terr. Moll., V, Plate YIII, Fig. P) with 33-1-^3teeth, 15 laterals, the sixteenth tooth having a bifid cutting point.There are decided side cusps and cutting points to the central andlateral teeth. Mesodon devius, Gould.Shell umbilicated, solid, depressed- globose, pale-yellowish horn-color or brown, with fine lines of growth ; whorls (J, convex, suturewell defined ; beneath slightly convex, and perforated by a moderate-sized umbilicus, which appears to have an obtuse channel revolving
Fir.. 85. on the whorls within it ; periphery rounded ; aperturetransverse, obliquely lunate ; peristome thickened,white, or sometimes rufous, rather broadly reflected,horizontal at base, the upper edge sometimes bearingM. devius. a tooth-like process, the inner edge dilated into anelongated, lamellar, white, tooth-like process, and abruptly turningup to form a short columella, where it dilates, and partly surroundsthe umbilicus ; near the upper margin, and on the parietal wall, is awhite trigonal tooth. Greater diameter 24, lesser 19""' ; height, 14??.Helix decia, Gould, Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., ii, 1G5 (184G); Terr. Moll., iii, 11;Moll, of Expl. ExpecL, 69, fig. 74, addeuda, *501 (1852).?Pfeiffkr, Mou.Hel. Viv., i, .383.?W. G. Binney, Terr. Moll., iv, 17, pi. Ixxix, fig. 13;L. & Fr.-W. Sh., i, 1.^j2 (1869).Helix Baskei-villei, Fffafvkr, Proc. Zool. Soc, 1849 ; Mon. Hel. Viv., iii, 230, in vreferred to deiia.?Reeve, Con. Icon., fig. 684.Mesodon devia, Titvox, Am. Jour. Conch., iii, 42 (1867).?W. G. Binney, Terr. Moll.,V, 337.Helix MuUani, BhASD and Cooper, Ann. N. Y. Lye, vii, 363, pi. iv, figs. 16, 17(1861).?W. G. Binney, L. & Fr.-W. Sh.. i, 130 (1869).Triodoima Mullani, Tryon, Am. Jour. Courb., iii, 52 (1867).Triodopnis Hatfordiana W. G. Binney, Terr. Moll., v. 309, fig. only, not description,not of J. G. Cooper.
Pacific coast species. 119An Oregonian Regiou species, ranging from 46<5 to 40^ latitude. Italso lias crossed the Cascade Mountains, ranging south- fig. 86.easterly into the Central Province as far as the Coeurd'Alene Mountains and Salmon River, Idaho. At the... , -, - M. devius, var.latter localities it is smaller and much less globose, and Mtaiani.has its aperture decidedl}^ tridentate. This form is figured here. Itwas also described by Mr. Bland as H. Midlani, his tyi)e beiug moreglobose. I am convinced of the identify of the two forms, but repeathis description and his figures :Helix Miillani, Bland.?Shell -witli umbilicus partially covered, globose-depressefl,dark horu-colored, irregularly striated, having a thin epiderniis with inicro-8Coi>ic spiral lines, and tubercles (the latter with hairs?) ; be-neath the epiderniis shining; spire short; whorls 5| to 6, con-vex, the last gibbous above, scarcely descending, the base rathersmooth, much constricted at the aperture; aperture subtriangular,oblique, with a short, white, liuguiform, parietal tooth ; peristomewhite or reddish horu-colored, thickened, expanded, and roundlyreflected, with 2 teeth on the margin of the callus, the lower ouelamelliform, the other small, often obsolete, the columelhir mar-gin partially covering the middle-sized, pervious umbilicus.Greater diameter 13J, lesser 11?""; height, 7?"'.Jaw (of the Salmon River form) as usual in the genus, with 7 stoutribs.The lingual membrane of the same (Terr. Moll., V, Plate VIII, Fig.O) has 23-1-23 teeth, with IG perfect laterals.The typical form has tjie same type of dentition as the Salmon Rivervariety. It is figured in Terr. Moll., V, Plate XVI, Fig. S. ^.^^There are 28-1-28 teeth. The thirteenth lateral has itsinner cutting cusp split. The jaw has fourteen ribs. Thegenital system has a small, globular genital bladder on along, stout duct, which tapers greatly towards the bladder.The penis sac is stout, long, cylindrical, with both vas defer-ens and the retractor muscle entering its apex ; the ovarv is ^'^^' "1/. devius, var.long and narrow. There are no accessory organs. (See ^uHani.Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., V, Fo. 10 Plate X, Fig. G.)Some forms of this species were formerly confounded by me withTriodopsis Harfordiana. Such are here figured (Fig. 88). It is fromSalmon River.The variations of this species show very markedly the unsatisfactorycharacter of our so-called genera. Here we have the typical devius asa Mesodon, though the variety is a true Triodopsis.
120 A MANUAL OF AMERICAN LAND SHELLS,AOLiAIA, Albers.Animal heliciform, as in Patula; mantle subcentral.Shell umbilicate, orbicularly convex, striatulate, banded; wborls4^-C, the last deeply deflexed in front; aperture lunate-ovate, veryoblique ; peristome thickened, expansively retlexed, white, its marginsapproaching, that of the columellar dilated, reflexed, free, partiallycovering the umbilicus.Within our limits this genus is found only in the Pacific Eegion. Afew Mexican and South American species are also known.Jaw thick, high, arched, ends but little attenuated, blunt; cuttingFig. s9. edge without median projection; anterior surface withstout, separated ribs, denticulating either margin, from 5to 9 in A. infumata (Fig. 89), about 6 in Jidelis. The otherAmerican species, H. Hillebrandi, I have not examined.
^"'^ mate"'"'^"' Lingual membrane long and narrow. That of Hille-hrandi not examined, those of infumata and Jidelis agreeing intheir general characters. The centrals have a base of attachmentlonger than wide, with incurved lower margin and expanded lowerlateral angles; upper margin broadly reflected ; reflection short, stout,with no side cusps or cutting points, but a very stout, short mediancusp, bearing a short cutting point. Laterals like the central'!, butasymmetrical by the base of attachment wanting the inner, lower lateralexpansion ; it is, however, unusually developed on its inner side mar-gin ; first marginals differing from the laterals by the equaling of thereflection and base of attachment, the lesser development of the cusp,and greater development of the cuttiug point, which is bluntly bifid,the inner division the smaller. On some of the first marginals of infu-mata there is a small side cutting point. Marginals low, wide, the re-flection equaling the base of attachment, and bearing one loug, oblique,wide, bifid cutting i)oint, the inner division the smaller, and one or twoshort, sharp, side cutting points. There is great variation in the cut-tiug points.A comparison of the two figures in Terr. Moll., V, will show a longerbase of attachment in Jidelis, with a line of re-enforcement or duplicationto its upper margin. As with all species, there is much variation inthe length of the cutting point in centrals and laterals, and theirarrangement and development in the marginals.Of the dentition of the other species of Aglaia foreign to our limits
PACIFIC COAST SPECIES. 121but little is known. A. Ghieshreghti (see Moll. Mex. et Gnat.) hns verydissimilar teetb, especially the marginals. A. semidausa (Malk. Bliitt.,XY, Plate IV, Fig. 4) also differs in its dentition. The jaws of thesespecies agree with those of infumata and fidelis.
A. fidelis.
Ag:laia fidelis, Gray.Shell umbilicated, orbicularly subconoid, epidermis light yellow orbrownish on the upper surface, with a black orchestnut-colored revolving band visible on thefour outer whorls, the lower surface dark chest-nut, sometimes uniformly black; suture dis-tinct, impressed ; whorls 7, rounded, spirallystriate, with minute, delicate, impressed lines,the strife of increase very distinct, and occa-sionally with rows of tubercles running obliquely to the striae of growth,bearing very distinct raised lines under the ej^idermis, quite like pros-trate hairs; peristome reflected below, simple above, thickened;aperture ovate, banded within ; umbilicus open, a little contracted bythe reflection of the peristome; base flattened-convex. Greater di-ameter 34, lesser 30?'? ; height, 20?^?.Helix fidelis, Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc, July, 1834, 67.?Pfeiffer, Mod. Hel. Viv., i,338; in Chemxitz, ed. 2, i, 321, pi. Ivii, figs. 12, 13.?Muller, Syn. Test,anno 1?34 promulg., 8 (1836).?Eeeve, Con. Icon., No. 657 (1852).?W. G.BiNNEY, Pac. R. R. Rep., vi, 111 (1857) ; Terr. Moll., iv, 14 ; L. & Fr.-W. Sh.,i, 161 (1869).Helix Nuttalliana, Lea, Am. Phil. Trans., vi, 88, pi. xxiii, fig. 74; Obs., 11, 88 (1839)?Troschel, Arch. f. Nat., 1839, ii, 229.?Binney, Boat. Journ. Nat. His., iii,369, pi. xii (1840); Terr. Moll., ii, 159, pi. xviii.?De Kay, N. Y. Moll., 46(1843).?Gould, U. S. Expl. Exped. Moll., 66, fig. 38 (1852).Aglaja fidelis, Tryon, Am. Journ. Conch., ii, 311, 8(1866).?W. G. Binney, Terr. Moll.,V, 350.A species of the Oregonian Eegion, found from Humboldt Bay,California, to Vancouver's Island, and eastward to the CascadeMountains. From Mount Shasta the specimens are fic oi.half as large as usually found.Animal: color dull ocher, slaty towards the tail;coarsely granular upon the neck, but from a linerunning from the dorsal line, where it issues fromthe shell, to the mouth, the granules diminish, and are succeeded bycoarse, undulating, interrupted ridges, radiating in every directionA. fidelis var. minor.
122 A MANUAL OF AMERICAN LAND SHELLS.from the aperture, and terminating in a line nearly marginal; edgesimple.This species varies in coloring. The form figured has its upper sur-face dirty white, with oblique, longitudinal, dark blotches and a revolv-ing dark band, below uniformly dark chestnut. Another form is likethis, excepting that the dirty white is replaced with light chestnut orwith dark chestnut. There are also forms where the dark chestnutprevails over the whole shell, the band being sometimes obsolete, andwhere the chestnut is sometimes replaced by uniform black. Theupper surface is, however, usually lighter than the lower; the bandwhen present is usually edged with white. The peristome is alwayslight-colored. The uniform dark form can hardly be distinguishedfrom A. infumata, sharing also the peculiar sculpturing of that species.Indeed, there are grave reasons for suspecting that Jidelis and infumatawill prove one and the same species.Jaw : see above.The lingual membrane (Terr. Moll, V, Plate IX, Fig. C) has 48-1-45teeth, with 15 laterals, the sixteenth tooth having a split inner cut-ting point. The first marginal is shown as also an outer marginal.The genitalia of Jidelis and infumata are almost exactly similar. Inboth the penis sac is extended into a decided flagellum. The vas def-erens enters below the flagellate extension. The retractor muscle isattached on the opposite side and still lower down. There is a well-marked prepuce. Opposite the entrance of the penis, on the otherside of the vagina, which is here considerably swollen, is a sac-likeorgan (Terr. Moll., V, Plate XV, Fig. E, pr. g), ending in a smoothlyrounded dart sac {d s), with a short dart within it. Just below thisdart sac opens the duct of another very variable organ {a g), cylindrical,hollow, of a reticulated appearance, irregular in size, and bearing aglobular apex; it is much longer than the penis with its flagellum,and stouter, as in Fig. E, or much less developed and without thebulb, as in F. No dart was noticed within this organ. It is, no doubt,a form of vaginal prostate, as described by Moquin-Tandon. Thegenital bladder is globular. Its duct is long, free in the upper halfof its course. The oviduct, ovary, genital bladder, testicle, &c., ofinfumata (Fig. F) are not figured by me. They are as in Jidelis (Fig.E). This comparison of the genitalia strengthens the belief of th&identity of the two forms.
PACIFIC COAST SPECIES. 123
Ag:Iai? iiifiiiiiata, Gould.Shell umbilicated, large, discoidal, biconvex, obtusely carinated atthe periphery, widely nmbilicated, smoky yu-,. 92*above, roughened with minute, oblique,rasp-like irregularities, running obliquelyto the striae of growth, and bearing veryshort, soft hairs in the fresh state, belowvery black, shining and minutely granu-lated; whorls 6J, convex; aperture rhom- A.in/urnata.boidal; peristome reddish, somewhat reflected at base; throat silkylilac, near the peristome smoky. Diameter, 37"""; height, 20??.Helix infumaia, Gould, Proc. Bost. Soc, v, 127 (1B55) ; Terr. Moll., iii, 13.?W. G.BiNNEY, Pac. R. R. Rep., vi, 112 (18:.7); Terr. Moll.,iv, 15, pi. Ixxix, fig. 2;L. & Fr.-W. Sh., i, 161 (1861).?Pkkiffer, Mon.Hel. Viv., iv, 351.Aglaja infumata, Tryon, Am. Journ. Coiicb., ii, 310 (18G7j; W. G. BiNNEY, Terr.Moll., V, 352.Californian Eegion from Hnmboldt Bay to latitude 37? 30', espe-cially in Marin, Alameda, Napa, and Mendocino Counties. A coastspecies.The species has a thick, white, membranous epiphragm. I havealready (p. 122) expressed my belief of its being a variety of Jidelis.Jaw very arcuate, of uniform width throughout ; ends square ; an-terior surface with 5-9 crowded, stout ribs, deuticulatiugeither margin.Lingual membrane (Terr. Moll., V, Plate IX, Fig. B)has 45-1-45 teeth, with 16 laterals, the seventeenth tooth j^w^of a. in/wnata.having its inner cutting point bifid. There are no side cusps or cut-ting points on centrals and first laterals.Genitalia : see above, p. 122.The above figure not showing the rough char-acter of the shell, the accompanying figure of theepidermic of a fresh specimen is given, without thehairs however.The animal is black with, bright red tubercles.Young shells are sometimes found banded. It issometimes seen on branches of buckeye trees.
Fig. 94.
Eularjred view of surfaceof A. infumata.
The figure does not show the hirsute character of the epidermis.
124 A MANUAL OP AMERICAN LAND SHELLS.Ag:laia Hillebraiidi, Nkwcomb.Shell umbilicated, biconvex, orbicularly depressed, carinated, yel-Fic. 95 lowisli liorn color, with a chestnut band within twowhite ones, showing only in the aperture, granulated,finely striate and hirsute ; spire subpyramidal ; whorlsG, slightly convex, the last carinated at its middle, in-flated below, slightly descending; aperture oblique,lunate, subangnlate, white and banded within ; peris-tome white, thickened, reflected, partially concealingthe open umbilicus, ends approached. Greater dlam-A^^Z^ranai. ?tcr 25, lesser 19-"; height, 10-?.Helix Eilleirandi, Nkwcomb, Proc. Cal. Acad. Nat. Sci., iii, 115, 181 (1864).?W. G.BiNNKY, L. & Fr.-W. Sh., i, 163, fig. 281 (1869).Jglaja HiUehmndi, Tryon, Am. Journ. Couch., ii, 310, pL v, fig. 7 (1866).?W. G.BiNXiCY, Terr. Moll., v, 152,Calaveras County, Tuolumne County, California Eegiou; also nearMariposa. A species of the Sierra Nevada and not of the coast coim-ties.The specimen figured is from Dr. Newcomb.Animal unobserved. The species is rarely met with in collections.I regret extremely not being able to describe its genitalia, which wouldshow more clearly its relations to Aglaia and Arionta.ARIOI?TA, Leach.Animal heliciform, mantle subcentral; other characters as in Patula,Provided with a thick, white epiphragm.Shell umbilicately perforate, conic- or depressed -globose, thin ; whorls5-6, the last gradually descending ; aperture lunate-rotund ; peristomebroadly labiate, its margins parallel, the basal dilated, often coveringthe umbilicus.The genus is almost exclusively confined to the California Eegion ofour limits, with the restricted range of the species shown on p. 126.There is, however, one Mexican species, one African, and one European,A. arhusforum. The jaw of the last agrees with that of our species.Jaw thick, high, arched, ends but little attenuated, blunt; cuttingmargin without median projection; anterior surface with a few, sep-
rio.j)6. arated, stout ribs, deeply denticulating either margin,and so disposed as to leave each end of the jaw free
^. from ribs. I have counted 6 ribs on the jaw ofIfav! o( A. arrusa. arrosa ; 9 in Townsendiana ; 6 in tudiculata; 4 in
PACIFIC COAST SPECIES. 125Dupetithouarsi ; 6 in NicMiniana; G in redimita; 6 in exarata; 5 inDiahloensis; about 7 in Carpenteri ; 3 in ramentosa ; 5 in Ayersiana
;
5 in Californiensis ; 4-6 in sequoicola; 8 in Traski; 8 in facta; C inKelletti; 9 of unequal size in Stearnsiana. The jaw of ruficincta differsin having over 10 ribs covering its whole surface, and in being onlyslightly arcuate. I have not examined the tj pica! intercisa, of which,however, redimita is a variety.The lingual membrane is long and narrow, arranged as in Patula.The characters of the individual teeth are shown in my plates. InFigs. O, P, R, S, and U of Terr. Moll., V, Plate IX, the gradual changefrom central through laterals to the extreme marginals is shown. Thecentral teeth have a base of attachment much longer than wide, withincurved lower margin and expanded lower lateral angles ; the uppermargin broadly reflected ; reflection short, stout, with subobsolete sidecusps, bearing no cutting points, and a stout, long median cusp, bear-ing a short, blunt cutting point, which does not reach the lower marginof the base of attachment; the reflection with the median cusp is pear-shaped; in many species there is a duplicate line of re-enforcementparallel to the upper margin of the base of attachment. The lateralteeth are of similar type to the centrals, but are asymmetrical by thesuppression of the inner, lower, lateral angle of the base of attachment.The outer laterals have a side cusp and cutting point. The transitionfrom laterals to marginals is formed by the greater proportional devel-opment of the cutting point, the lesser development of the cusp ; thecutting point then becomes bifid, the reflection becomes more nearlythe same size as the base of attachment, and thus the true marginalsare gradually reached. These last are longer than wide, have a baseof attachment smaller than the reflection, and cut away on its lowerinner angle ; the reflection is produced into one long, sharp, oblique,bifid cutting point, the inner division the smaller, and one outer, muchshorter, sharp, rarely bifid cutting point.Most of the species examined agree in dentition with this descrip-tion. Some have more blunt cutting points to their marginals, assequoicola (Terr. Moll., V, Plate IX, Fig. J), but even on various partsof the same membrane the marginals vary in this respect. In Kelletti,Stearnsiana, tudiculata, arrosa, TrasM, sequoicola, Ayersiana, redimita,Nickliniana, ramentosa, exarata, Diahloensis, facta, Garpenteri, I havefailed to detect any side cutting points to the central and inner lateral
126 A MANUAL or AMEKJCAiN LAND bHELLS.teeth. I found the poiuts, however, iu A. rnjicincia (Plate IX, Fig. N).A. Tow7ismdiana (Plate IX, Fifj. Q) has these cutting points and sidecusps on central and all the lateral teeth; Its centrals and laterals arenot of the same shape as described above, but resemble those of Polygyra, Stenotrema, and Triodopsis. Thus in this as in other genera wefind the type of dentition not constant in all the species.The long, narrow base of attachment and pyriform reflection in the'lingual teeth of most of the species of Arionta agree with those ofHemitrochus more nearly than an\ other of our genera, but that genushas quite different marginal teeth.The dentition of A. arhustornm is alone known of the species foreignto America, and that by a figure of Lehmanu (Lebenden Schnecken,Plate XI, Fig. 29) too unsatisfactory to be of value for the purpose ofcomparison.The geographical distribution of the species is very peculiar. A.Townsendiana belongs to the Oregon fauna. I doubt its ever havingbeen found in Tuolumne County, California. A. Mormonum belongs tothe Sierra Nevada counties, asVlues A. tudiculata, which also is foundin southern coast counties. All the others are restricted to the coastcounties, ranging as stated in the text, the following being islandspecies : A. rujicincta^ Gahbi, intercisa, Ayersiana, and Kelletti. A.Stearnsiana and Carpenteri are Lower Californian species.The genitalia are the same in arrosa, exurata, Kickliniana, Diablo-ensis, Californicnsis, Ayersiana, tudiculata, TrasM, Carpenteri, sequoicola,Siud Dupetithoimrsi. From these the genitalia of Mormonum differ veryessentially, being more nearly allied to those of Aglaia fidelis and in-fumata. A. Townsendiana has simple genitalia, without the accessoryorgans usually found in Arionta. A. Kelletti and Stearnsiana have theorgans still more complicated with accessories. A. rujicincta and Oabbiare related by their genitalia to the last, but differ considerably inwanting the accessory duct of genital bladder. A. redimita has geni-talia as in Euparyplia Tryoni. *=
Arionta arrosa, Gould.Shell globose-conic, thick, umbill^ated, indented, and minutely gran-ulated ; color reddish-olive, varied with yellow, and with a fuscous re-volving band; whorls 7, convex; aperture roundly ovate; peristome re-flected, flesh-colored ; throat bluish. Diameter, 40?""; height, IS"*"",
PACIFIC COAST SPECIES. 127
Fig. 97.
Fig. 98.
A. Holdcriana.
Helix wruginosa, GouLD, Proc. Post. Soc, v, 127 (1855)
;
Terr. Moll., iii, 12.?W. G. Binney, Pac. R. R.Rep., vi, 113 (1857) ; preoc. in Helix, not in Ari-onta.Helix arrosa, Gould, in litt. ; Otia, 215.?\V. G. Binxey,Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philad., 1857, 185; Terr.Moll., iv, 15, pi. Ixxvi, fig. 4 ; L. ?fe Fr.-W. Sh.,i, 163 (1869).?Pfeiffer, Mon. Hel. Viv., iv, 350.,Aglaja arrosa, Tryon, Am. Journ. Conch., ii, 311 (1867).Arionta arrosa, W. G. Binney, Terr. Moll., v, 354. ^ arrosa.In the Califoruian RegioD, Santa Cruz to Mendocino County, two hun-dred miles along the coast, only twenty-five miles inland. (Cooper.)1 have in my cabinet an albino form, and speci-mens very much smaller than that figured. Thelatter variety, called Holderiana by Dr. Cooper, isfigured here, as well as that he calls var. Stiversi-ana. On these there are more decided revolvinglines on the upper surface of the shell, and granula-tions running sometimes obliquely to the lines of growth. A careful ex-amination of numerous specimens of arrosa convinces me that the twovarieties differ only in the greater development of the revolving lines andgranulations.The epiphragm is white, thick, membranous.Jaw arcuate, of uniform breadth throughout ; endsblunt 5 anterior surface with a few (G) rather distant,stout ribs, crenulating both margins (see Fig. 96).The lingual membrane (Terr. Moll., V, Plate IX, Fig.D) has 54-1-54 teeth, 17 laterals, 180 rows. Teeth ofthe type usual in the genus.The genitalia (Terr. Moll., Y, Plate XIII, Fig. I) are as in A. Niclc-liniana. The penis sac is extremely long and gradually tapers into aflagellum. It receives the retractor muscle beyond the middle of itslength, and the vas deferens at three quarters of its length from thevagina. The genital bladder is very small, oval, on a very long duct,which has a very long, stouter accessory duct {a d). The vaginal pros-tate, with its bifurcate flagellum, was not present, or was not noticedby me, in an individual whose genital system was formerly describedand figured by me. I have recently observed it in numerous speci-mens, and it is figured by Semper (Phil. Arch., Plate XY, Fig. 13).tZ s is a dart sac. The dart is short, stout, acuminated, on a broad,flat base.
Fig. 99.
A. Stiversiana.
128 A MANUAL OF AMERICAN LAND SHELLS.
Arioiita Towiisendiaiia, Lea.Shell umbilicated, depressed-globose ; epidermis yellowish and browu-Fig. 100. ish horn color, more or less intermixed 5 sutnredistinct; whorls 5J. with minute, imi)ressed, lon-gitudinal strife, which can scarcely be traced bythe eye, and coarse, oblique wrinkles and strisejbody-whorl large, voluminous, rough, and corru-A. Townsendiana. gated ', apcrture rather large, somewhat rounded
;
peristome white, fully reflected at the base and but partially so to-wards its superior part, thickened and a little projecting internally inthe base of the aperture ; umbilicus open, deep, a little contracted bythe reflection of the peristome ; h-r.^e convex and turgid. Greater di-ameter 29, lesser 24?'". ; height, 10""".
Helix Toicnsendiana, Lea, Trans. Am. P'lil. Soc, vi, 99, pi. xxiii, fig.^0 (1840); Obs.,ii, 99 (1^39) ; in Troschel's 'Arch. f. Nat., 1839, ii, 221.?Binney, Bost.Journ. Nat. Hist., iii, 371, pi. xiii ; Terr. Moll., ii, 161, pi. xix.
?
De Kay, N.y. Moll., 46 (1843).?Pfeiffer, Mon. Hel. Viv., i, 341 ; in Chemnitz, ed. 2, i,323, pi. Ivii, figs. 10, 11 (1846).?Reeve, Con. Icon.,62,''i (1852).?Gould, U.S. Expl. Exp. Moll., 66, fig. 36 (1852).?W. G. Binney, Terr. Moll., iv, 15; L.& Fr.-W. Sh., i, 164 (1869).?Bland, Ann. N. Y. Lye, vii, 362.Mcsodon Toumsendiana, Tryon, Am. Journ. Conch., iii, 46, pi. viii, fig. 8, var. tig. 6.Helix pcdestris, Gould formerly. See Otia, 243.Helix riiida, Gould formerly. ^Helix ptychophora, A. D. Brown, Journ. de Conch., 3d series, x, 392, Oct., 1870.Jrionta Totvnsendiana, W. G. BinneY, Terr. Moll., v, 355.A species of the Oregonian Eegion ; it also passes the Cascade Mount-ains into the Interior Province, and along the mountains extendssoutheasterly into Idaho and Montana. 1 doubt its existence in Cali-fornia at Crescent City, as stated in Terr. Moll., V.Animal corpulent, gradually tapering ; color pale yellowish-greensurface with rather sparse, feebly developed, elliptical granules, notseeming to have any re^;ular arrangement; margiu of disk ratherbroad, granulated, but re ,ularly marked with radiating furrows.A small variety found in Northern Idaho is morestrongl;y and coarsely wrinkled. This is here figured;Fig. 101), as well as a smaller, thinner, smoothervariety, from Salmon Eiver, Idaho, and Bitter EootA. Towsendiaiw^av. Mouutaius aud Valley, called i)tyclio;pliora (Fig. 102).
PACIFIC COAST SPECIES, 129
A. Towsendianavar.ptychophora.
This is the most abundant siiocios, ospocially along the coast, where,unlike most of our American forest snails, it frequents pn, 102open prairies, among the fern. It is particularly abun-dant on low sandy bars just above high tide, which arecovered with a deep, rich deposit of shell marl, and havebeen formerly favorite caui])ing-grounds of the Indians.These places, being very productive, are much cultivatedby the whites, and immense numbers of this animal's shells are foundwhen the grass and bushes are fir^t burnt off. They continue to livein potato fields in the same places, -The bare face of Cape Disappoint-ment, fronting the ocean, is also a locality. I did iiot lind this speciesabout Puget Sound. (Dr. J. G. Copper, P. K. 11. Eep., 376.)Jaw as usual ; 9 ribs. .^^j^The lingual membrane (Terr. MolK;^ V, Plate IX, Fig. Q) has GO-l-GOteeth. Another membrane had 40 1-40 teeth. The variety j>fi!/(7/(/-2)hom (Plate XV, Fig. X) has similar c-ntition. The species is peculiarin having decided side cutting pointstto central and lateral teeth, andside cusps to the laterals.The genitalia are figured (Terr. MolJ., V, Plate XIV, Fig. A). Theaccessory gland of the epididymis is composed of several acini of dif-erent sizes. The genital bladder is l(^Vgthened, oval, having a veryshort, stout duct. At the opening of the penis sac there is a decidedenlargement, perhai)s of the nature of a prepuce or prostate. The vasdeferens enters the penis sac below its apex. The retractor muscle isat the apex of the penis sac. There seems no accessory organ, thegenitalia being reduced to their simplest type, and thus widely differ-ing from the allied species.
FKr 103
Ai'ioaata cxarata, Peeifi-er.Shell umbilicated, dei)ressed -conic, rather solid, mnlleated andwrinkled, yellowish, with one chestnut baud ; spirerather acute, conic; whorls 7, equally coh^wex, grad-ually increasing, the last broader, rounded^ scarcelyfalling in front, narrowed around the open moderateumbilicus; aperture oblique, broadly lunate; peri-stome with a light white thickening, the terminations scarcely con-verging, the right slightly expanded, the columellar triangularly dilatedabove and widening. Greater diameter 30, lesser 25?? ; height,16'"?. 1749?Bull. 28 9
A. exarata.
130 A MANUAL OF AMERICAN LAND SHELLS.
nelix exnrata, Pi-kiiker, Proc. Zool. Soc, 1857, 108; Mon. Ilel. Viv., iv, 268.?W. G.BiNXKY, T.'iT. Moll., iv, 12; L. & Fr.-W. Sh., i, 168, fig. 292 (1869).Aglaja exaiata, Tykon, Am. Journ. Conch., ii, 31? (1867).Ario)ita esarata, W. G. Binney. Terr. Moll., v, 363.Californiaii Region, from near San Francisco to Santa Crnz andMarin County, only a range of eighty miles. A species of the CoastEange.The largest individual I have seen has a greater diameter of 40'"'".There is an albino form, and one in which the band is subobsolete.Jaw as usual ; ribs.The lingual membrane (Terr. Moll., V, Plate IX, Fig. O) has 54-1-54teeth, 19 perfect laterals; the twenty first tooth has its inner cuttingpoint split; the nineteenth tooth is the first with side cusp and cuttingpoint.Genitalia as in KicJcUniana.Ai'ionta Californiensis, Lea.Shell subperforate, ventricose, subglobular, thin and transparent,shining, delicately indented and granulated, faintly but regularlystriate, of a pale yellowish horn-color, minutely flecked with pale spotsand girded by a narrow brown band, paler at its edges; spire elevated
;
Fig. 104. whorls 5, convexly rounded, the last very broad, vesicular;
-^"^ base ventricose ; a])erture subcircular, silky and banded
r, within; the peristome slightly reflected, thickened within,
vx **?'' "l more everted towards its columellar margin, where it is
'^'-Ji^^^' roundly reflected, nearly covering a very small umbilical per-A. cabfmmen- foratiou. Greater diameter 19, lesser IG'""'; height, 15""".Helix CallJomiends, Lea, Trans. Am. Phil. Soc, vi, 99, ]>1. xxiii, fig. 79; Ol)s.. ii,99 (1839).?Tkoscuel, in Weigm. Arch., 1839, ii, 221.?Binney, Terr. Moll.,ii, 121, 1)1. vi, fig. 2.?W. G. BinneI", Terr. Moll., iv, 13; L. & Fr.-W. Sli.,i, 170 (1S69).?De Kay, N. Y. Moll., 46 (1843), not of Pfeiffek, (?) CuEMxrrz,Reeve.Helix vineia, Valencienxes, Voy. de. la Yenus, Moll., pi. i, fig. 2, no descr.
?
Reeve,Con. Icon., No. 660.
?
Pfeifeer, Mou. Hel. Yiv., iii, 183; iv, 269; in Chem-nitz, ed. 2, ii, 487, tab. clx, fig. 2 (1854).Arionia Califoniiensis, Try.on, Am. Journ. ConcL., ii, 317 (1866).?W. G. Binney,Terr. Moll., v, 365.A species of the California Eegion, near Monterey.* I have a spec-imen with simply a broad white band. The typical shell is readilydistinguished by its thin, delicate shell and globose form, but thespecies is very variable, and has been unfortunate in hiiving comeinto knowledge of conchologists from widely separated localities and
*Mr. Lea's original specimen Avas from "Point Cypress, Monterey."
PACIFIC COAST SPECIES. 131by distinctly characterized varieties. Many of tliese were desciibed asdistinct species, and justly so, as tbey were so different from tlie formsbefore known, and the many connecting links of variation were at thetime undiscovered. It is now safe, however, to declaie that .4. Cali-forniensis, ranging as a coast species from Mendocino County to Mon-terey, comprises many forms, variable as to shape from extremely glo-bose to depressed, in the umbilicus being widely open or entirely closed,in the thickness of the shell, and its size. Several prominent formsare mentioned below as varieties, their synonymy being given sepa-rately. All these forms agree in having the i^eculiar reticulated orgranulated surface. This is noticed in no other species, except slightlyon the upper whorls of A. arrosa.Jaw of the typical Californiensis arcuate, of uniform width through-out ; ends blunt ; anterior surface with 4-5 distant, stout ribs, creuu-lating either margin.One lingual membrane had 176 rows of 56-1-56 teeth each. An-other membrane (Terr. Moll., V, Plate IX, Fig. S) had 53-1-53 teeth.All the teeth are as usual in the genus. The central and first lateralshave no distinct side cusps or cutting jioints, though the latter are rep-resented by lateral bulgings on the large cutting i)oint. The side cut-ting points and cusps are distinctly developed on the ninth tooth.There are about 24 laterals, the inner cutting point of the twenty-fifthtooth being bifid. The thirty-ninth and fifty-third (and last) teeth,shown in the plate, are true marginals.The genitalia are as described below in var. Nlcldiniana.Var. Nickliiiiana, Lea.Shell subumbilicated, conic-globose, rather thin, the surface lightlymarked by the lines of growth, faintly indented and delicately sha-greeued with fine microscopic granules arranged in fio. los.quincunx ; pale horn-color or sometimes cinereous,girdled with a single narrow chestnut bronze zone,paler at its edges; the whole covered with a thin,yellowish brown epidermis; spire elevated ; whorls C,moderately convex, the outer one ventricose, with a. xicidijiUma.some approach to an angular periphery; base tumid, depressed atcenter and perforated by a very small umbilicus; aperture rounded,forming two-thirds of a circle, banded within ; peristome white, slightlyreflected above, more so below, until at the umbilicus it is quite revo-lute and mostly covers the opening. Greater diameter 28, lesser 23""?;height, 19"'"'.
132 A MANUAL OF AMERICAN LAND SHELLS.Eriir yicklhiiava, Lka, Trans, Am. Phil. Soc, vi, 100, pL xxiii, fig. 84; Obs., ii, 100(lf<:]<))._Tuosc'HEL, Arcb. f. Nat., 1839, ii, 221.?Binney (part), Terr. Moll.,ii, 119, pi. vi, a.?W. G. Binney, Terr. Moll., iv, 7 ; L. & Fr.-W. Sh., i.?Pkeikfer, Moil. Hel. Viv., iv, 269.Helix CaUf(ir?iensis, Pfeiffer, Moii. Hel. Viv., i, 339; iii, 229; in Chemnitz, e<l. 2332, pi. Ivii, figs. 14, 15, excl. var. 2 (1846).?Reeve, Con. Icon., No. 661.?Not of Lea.milx arhoreiorinn, Valenciennes, Voy. de la Veuns, Moll., pi. i, fig. 3. (See Terr.Moll., iv, pi. ixxvi, fig. 13.)Hilix vemoriraga, Valenciennes, 1. c, fig. 1. (See Terr. Moll., iv, pi. ixxix, fig. 11.)Helix atiachonta, W. G. Binney, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philad., 1857, 185; Terr. Moll.,iv, 11, pi. Ixxvi, fig. 5.?Pfeiffer, Mon. Hel. Viv., iv, 349.Jnhiju yiddiniatio, Tryon, Am. Journ. Conch., ii, 312 (1867).Adhija aiiachorcfa, Tryon, Am. Jonrn. Conch., ii, 311 (1867).Jrioufa yickliniana, W. G. Binney, Terr. Moll., v, 357.California Eegion, from Santa Cruz to Mendocino County. (Cooper.)Tlie animal has a uniform dark lead-color over tbe body, darker on headand eye-peduncles; base of foot dirty white. Tail almost carinated,poiuted.The epiphragm is as usual in the genus.Jaw as usual in the genus ; over ribs.Lingual membrane (Terr. Moll., Y, Tlate IX, Fig. F) as usual; teeth44_1_44^ with IG laterals, the seventeenth tooth having its inner cut-ting point bilid.The genitalia are figured on Plate XIII, Fig. C, of Terr. Moll., Y.The ovary is yellow, long, narrow, concave on one side, convex andcarinated on the other. The accessory gland of th epididymis is com-posed of long white Cfeca. The oviduct is extremely long, narrow,convoluted. The genital bladder is globular, small, with an extremelylong duct, to which is added an accessory duct or branch almost aslong as the oviduct. This branch joins the duct near its end. It isthicker than the duct. The duct enters the vagina at its upper part.The penis sac is long, cylindrical, small, almost equaling in lengththe oviduct and ovary united. The retractor muscle is inserted atabout the middle of its length; it is attached to the diaphragm. Thevas deferens enters about three-fourths of its length; beyond thevas deferens is a tlagellate extension. The vagina is long and narrow;near its base, o])posite the entrance of the sac of the penis, is a stout,
Fi,;. 1(1(5. cylindrical, long, hollow, vaginal prostate, graduallytapering at its apex, and extended into a delicatetube, which soon becomes divided into two longllagella. Just beyond the division, on each flagellum,is a stout, bulb-like enlargement.H.uinuiwiHa. ^ iggg globose fomi, without rcvolvliig baud, wasformerly described by me as H. anachorcta. It is here figured.
PACIFIC COAST SPECIES. 183
Var. i-aiiientosa, Gould.Shell umbillcate, depressed-globose, solid, obliquely striated audmarked with oblong, somewhat regular granu-lations formed by striie descending towardthe anterior part; yellowish, with one re-volving reddish band; spire shortly conic;Avhorls 5i, somewhat convex, the last broad, Heiix reticulata.rounded, not falling in front; umbilicus narrow, not pervious; aper-ture diagonal, roundly lunate; peristome white, thi<kened, its endsnot converging, the right scarcely expanded, the columellar sloping,dilated above aud reflected. Greater diameter 22, lesser 18""" ; height,Hi"'"'. (Pfeiffer.)
Helix ramentosa, GorLD, Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., vi, 11 (184.3); Terr. Moll. U. S.,iii, 12.?Pfkhfeu, Mou. Hel. Yiv., iv, 349.?W. G. Bixxev, Terr. Moll., iv,13.Aglaja ramentosa, TuYOX, Am. Journ. Conch , ii, 3l4 (1862).Helix Farkeri, Tkyon, 1. c, iii, 105.Helix reticulata, Pfeiffeu, Mai. Bliitt., 18.57, 87; Mou. Hel. Viv., iv, 270; Nov.Couch., i, 120, pi. xxxiv, fig. 47.?AV. G. Bixxfy, Terr. Moll., iv, 12; L. &Fr.-W. Sh.,i, 169, fig. 294 (1869).Helix Bridgesii, Newcomb, Proc. Cal. Acad. Nat. Sci., ii,91 (1861).J'jlaja Bridyesii, Tryon, Aui. Jouru. Couch., ii, 313 (1866).Arionta ramentosa, W. G. Bixxey, Terr. Moll., v, ^64.Napa County to Santa Clara County, California, in the CaliforniaEegion.Fig. 107 is a fac-simile of one of Pfeiffer's, of reticulata, and his descrip-tion is given above. A smaller form of this variety, from San Pablo,is here figured (Fig. 108).The original descri[)tion of ramentosa here follows. There can be nodoubt of the identity of the two forms.Shell perforate, suboibicular, depressed, thin, reddish, fig. los.with a smoky, white-margined band revolving at the peri-phery, granulated with incremental lines and equallyoblique, decussating furrows; whorls 5i, rather convex,the last obtusely angulated; suture deeply impressed; ap-erture obliquel}" oblong-ovate; peritreme acute behind,white, decidedly reflected towards the umbilicus; throatreddish. Greater diameter, 20"'"' ; height, 12""". A. ramentosa,Dr. Cooper has informed me that Dr. Newcomb sent the ^""'^^ ^''"-
134 A MANUAL OF AMERICAN LAND SHELLS.
Fig. 100.
types of ramentosa to Dr. Gould, and of reticulata to Dr. Pfeiffer, fromMission Peak, twenty-five miles southeast of Oakland.Dr. Newcomb's description of H. Bridgesi is as follows
:
" Shell deeply umbilicate, depressly globose, plicately striate andcovered with minute granulations, translucentgrayish horn-color; within tinted with i^urple, witha narrow, incircling central brownish band ; si)ireconical ; whorls G, convex ; suture well impressed
;
aperture roundly lunar; lip expanded and re-flected, of a pale lilac-color. Greater diameter, 27'"'";height, 19""". Aperture : Diameter, 13'"'" ; height,11 mm
" Bcmarls.?But a solitary specimen of this shellhas been obtained, but it differs essentially fromany described species. In its lightness of structure
2/. i?n"(V.s), lUpiessed. ^ud general aspect it resembles Helix Bonplandi^from which it is widely separated in most of the detail of character.Its nearest approach to any described California species is to H.ramentosa, Gould, which is much smaller in size, more solid in struct-ure, with a more depressed spire, lighter color, and more scaly granula-tions. From H. XieMiiiiana, Lea, it is readily distinguished by its largeumbilicus and difference of foT^m. San Pablo."The specimen I have figured above (Fig. 109) seems to correspondmore nearly in shape with Dr. Newcomb's description than the shellI iG. no. received by me from him as H. Bridgesi and here figured(Fig. 110), The name FarJxeri was suggested by Mr.Tryon, as Bridgesi was preoccupied in the genus Helix.A small, globose, imperforate, thick form of var.reticulata, from Watsonville, Cal., is also figured.here (Fig. 111).Jaw of var. ramentosa stout, strongly arcuate, darkhorn-color, tranversely striate; ends but slightl}^ at-tenuated, blunt ; anterior surface with 3 stout, widelyseparated ribs on the central third of the jaw, theirHelix Bndgesi. ends projccting beyond either margin.Lingual membrane of ramentosa (Terr. IMoll., Y, Plate IX, Fig. K)with 60-1-GO teeth, with 20 perfect laterals. The eighteenth toothhas the side cutting point, the twenty-first has a split inner cuttingpoint.
PACIFIC COAST SPECIES. 135
A. reticulata, slohose
.
Genitalia of ramenfosa as in var. NickUnicma. It is fiq. m.figured in Proc. Acad. :N'at. Sci., 1874, Plate III, Fig. H.Tlie ovary is brownish below, yellowish above. Theepididymis and testicle are salmon-colored. The ovi-duct is white, the prostate salmon. The genital bladderis small, oval, with an extremely long duct, which has aflagellate branch. The duct enters at the lower end ofthe vagina. The penis sac is narrow, cylindrical, ex-tremely long, with a flagellate extension. The retrac-
. tor muscle is inserted beyond the middle of the lengthof the penis sac, the vas deferens at the commencementof the flagellum. There is a stout, long, cylindricalvaginal prostate, whose apex is extended into a flagellum, whichshortly becomes bifurcate, there being a bnlblike expansion on eachbranch just beyond the bifurcation. In some individuals the bulb-likeexpansions are still larger and stouter than in the figure. The cylin-drical extension of the vaginal ijrostate is abruptly truncated, the twoflagella entering near the end, not at the extreme terminus.
Var. Diabloensis, J. G. Cooper.Shell depressed-globose, nmbilicated, thin, roughened with incre-mental wrinkles, and with regular malleatious arranged in pin. 112.revolving series ; reddish horn-color, the last whorl with ^.-es^^St:^
'a white-margined revolving band of red; spire but little C ^^Aelevated, aj)ex obtuse ; whorls 6, convex, the last not ^~^v_ydescending, globose; ajierture oblique, banded within; a. Diabioe.nit;,.peristome thickened, white, the columellar extremity reflected, par-tially covering the umbilicus. Greater diameter 22, lesser IT'"'";height, O-""'.Helix Diabloensis, J. G. Cooper, Am. Jouru. Conch., iv, 221, no descr. ; Cal. Proc, iii,260, descr., without name.Lysiiwe Diabloensis, J. G. Cooper, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phihi., 1872, p. 150, pi. iii,tigs. G, 1-4.Ariotita Diabloensis, W. G. Binney, Terr. Moll., v, 368.Californiau Region, Mount Diablo, near San Francisco ; also inColusa and Napa Counties. A species of the Coast Range.Jaw as usual ; 5 ribs.Lingual membrane (Terr. Moll., V, Plate IX, Fig. T) as usual in thegenus. The central and first lateral teeth have no side cusps or cut-ting points; these appear on the thirteenth. The eighteenth tooth has
136 A MANUAL OF AMERICAN LAND SHELLS.its inner cusp bifid ; there may, therefore, be said to be 17 hiterals. Themargiuals are low, wide, with one inner, long, oblique, bifid cuttingpoint and one outer small cutting point. There are 37-1-37 teeth.Genitalia as in A. exarata.Dr. Cooper remarks : It is remarkable for having 7 whorls, while A.sequoicola and A. Mormonum of the same size have but G; it is also lesscompressed than the latter, and the umbilicus is less covered. Thecolor where remaining is shining gamboge-yellow (faded), with a singlevery narrow band above the middle, not showing the pale band oneither side of it which is so marked in others of the genus. The sculpt-ure seems to have been very slightly indented, and, with the faintlines of growth, cut by smooth, depressed, waved grooves transversely,and thus obliquely to the sutures (while those of A. Trasld are par-allel).The shell which I have figured above (Fig. 112) was sent me as AriontaFig. 113. Biahloensis by Dr. Cooper. It does not have anyincised revolving lines, but the malleations whichcharacterise it are arranged in revolving series, giv-ing the appearance of the "grooves" as statedabove in Dr. Cooper's remarks. There are on itnone of the granulations or reticulations seen inthe group of A. Californiensis. The figure of an-other specimen here given shows better the pecul-iar sculpturing than does Fig. 113.A comi^arison, however, of Dr. Cooper's figuresquoted above raises serious doubt of my shell be-ing truly, the A. JJiahloensis, as his Fig. 2 showsthe surface of his type to be decidedly reticulate obliqnel}^ to the striiieof growth, as in' Californiensis, &c. It follows either that my shell isnot the A. Diahloensis or that the species varies so much as to raisethe doubt of its not running into one of the forms of A. Califrrni-ensis. It is only by studying a larger series of specimens than I haveaccess to that the limits of this species can be correctly known.It will also be noticed that my shell above (Fig. 112) has one redbaud, white-margined on either side, while Dr. Cooper's figure andmy specimen figured in Fig. 113 show the white band only below thered ; his description shows no white margin either above or below thered.
* Enlarged to show sculptnriug more plainly.
A. Diabloensis.'
PACIFIC COAST SPECIES. 137
A. intercisa.
Dr. Cooper furtber describes A. DiahJocnsis thus: Fiuely rngose-inal-leate, Hues of growth often obliquely cut by delicate grooves; obscurerevolving ridges around umbilical region.Ariontn iiitei-cisa, W. G. Binxey.Shell globose-conic, with 5 slightly rounded whorls ; spire little ele-vated ; suture distiuct; upon the body-whorl a dark re- -Fm.iu.volving band, hardly discernible f aperture very oblique,shape of a horseshoe ; peristome thickened, heavy,dirty white, slightly reflected at the uml)ilicus, whichit entirely conceals, near its junction with the columellafurnished with a tooth-like process, the extremities con-nected by a heavy ashcolored callus, which is spread more lightlyover the wh'ole parietal wall ; epidermis grayish-yellow, apex rufous.The stride of growth are very numerous and distinct, crossed by numer-ous, regular, revolving lines, so deeply impressed as to entirely sepa-rate them into small sections ; thus the whole surface of the shellis divided into minute, raised parallelograms, separated by the deeplongitudinal and horizontal furrows. Greatest diameter 22, lesser19"'?; height, 15""".Helix intercisa, W. G. Bixney, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Pliilad., 1857, 18; Proc. Bost.Soc. Nat. Hist., vi, 156 (1857)-; Terr. Moll., iv, 8 ; L. & Fr.-W. Sh., i,167(1869).?Pff.iffeu, Mon., Hel. Viv., iv, 349.Helix XickHniaiia, var., Bixney, Terr. Moll., ii, I'iO ; iii, pi. vi, tig. 1 (middle tigure).Eelix crebristriaUi, Newcomb, Proc. Cal. Acad. Nat. Sci., iii, 116.Polijmita initrcifid, Tryox, Am. Jourii. Couch., ii, 319 (18r.7).Arionfa crehrintriala, Tkyox, 1. c, ii, 317 (18G7).Arionta intercisa, W. G. Binxey, Terr. Moll., v, 360.A species of the California Eegion, from San Clemente Island andSanta Cruz Island, California. An apparently semi-fos-sil form occurs, with thick shell, heavy, rough growthbeyond the peristome, which is made continuous by itsends being joined by a very solid, raised callus.Jaw as usual in the genus, with 6 separated ribs.Lingual membrane as in other species of the genus. ^- erebHunata.Teeth 31-1-31, with about 15 laterals on each side. The extreme lat-erals only are bicuspid.Genitalia as in Eupaniplia Trijoni.A type oH crebrisiriata, from Dr. Xcwcouib, is figured (Fig. 115).From a series of specimens sent by Mr. Hemphill I am led to be-lieve A. redimita a variety of inicrcim. I formerly suspected it mightbe a variety of ramentom. Th(^ original description and figure are re-peated here.
138 A MANUAL OF AMERICAN LAND SHELLS.
A. redimita.
Yar. redimita.Shell imperforate, globose conic, rather thiu, wrinkled, covered withFig. 116. miunte and crowded granulations; color reddish-brown;apes free from granules, rather blunt; spire elevated;suture impressed; whorls G, convex, the last quite largeand rounded, falling towards the aperture, and bandedwith reddish brown above the middle; aperture ratherlarge in ])roportion to the size of the shell, very oblique,trnnsver.sely rounded, within showing the band ; peristome simple, red-dish ashcolor, thickened, reflected slightly at the base, ends approached;umbilicus entirely covered with a white callus. Greater diameter 21,lesser 17"""; height, 12"'?.Hvlix ndimita, VV. G. Binney, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philad., 1857, 183; Terr. Moll.,iv, 10; L. & Fr.-W. Sb., i, 167 (1809).?Pfeiffer, Mou. Hel. Viv., iv, 349.Helix Xiddiniana, vav., Binney, Terr. Moll., iii, pi. vi, Hj^. 1 (except middle figure).ruh/nuta redimita, Tkyon, Am. Joiini. Conch., ii, 320 (1867).Arionla redimita, W. G. BiNNEY, Terr. Moll., v, 359.San Clemente Island, California, in the California Eegiou.Jaw stout, strongly arched, transversely striate in parts; ends blunt,scarcely attenuated ; with G prominent, sharp ribs, equally visible onboth anterior and posterior surface, their ends strongly pectinatlngboth margins.The lingual membrane (Terr. Moil., Y., Plate IX, Fig. G) has 43-1-43teeth. The seventeenth tooth has its inner cutting point split. I candetect no side cusps to outer laterals.Genitalia as in Euparypha Tryoni.Arioiita Ayrcsiaiia, Newcomb.Shell umbilicated, globosely convex, rather thick, of a dead whiteFig. 117. with a uarrow revolving brownish band, with rough,oblique incremental strife, deeply cut by coarse revolv-ing lines; whorls 7, rather convex, the last globose,descending in front; si)ire elevated; umbilicus small;aperture oblique, subcircular, banded within; peristomesimple, its ends joined by a light callus, that of thecolumella widened, reflected over and half conceal-ing the umbilicus. Greater diameter 21, lesser 19"'"';height, 12^'"'>'.
A. Ayreniana. Helix Ji/resiana, Newcomb, Proc. Cal. Acad. Nat. Sci., ii, 103(1861).?W. G. Binney, L. &. Fr.-W. Sh., i, 72, fig. 120(1869).Aglaja Ayresiana, Tkyon, Am. Journ. Conch., ii, 312 (1866): iii (1867).Ariouta Ayresiana, W. (i. Bixney, Terr. Moll., v, 3.'")9.
PACIFIC COAST SPECIES. 139Santa Cruz Island, San Miguel Island, Santa Eosa Island, in theCalifornia Region; not in Oregon, as erroneously stated.Animal long and slender, smoky white, covered with white, coarsegranulations running longitudinally down the back, one line of granu-lations very prominent and central, bordered on either side by a deepfurrow; also oblique lines of granulations running down the side ofthe foot; foot dirty white below; tail short, broad, pointed. Someindividuals are darker, with a purplish tinge.The usual color of the shell is a light chestnut, bat from San MiguelIsland I have a large iudividual (30'""') of a very dark hue. The shellis sometimes bandless.The epiphr-figm is white, thick, membranous.My description and figure are drawn from an authentic specimen.Jaw as usual; 5 ribs.The lingual membrane (Terr. Moll., Y, Plate IX, Fig. H) has 50-1-50teeth, with 15 perfect laterals. The outer laterals have a long innercutting point, but no side cutting point.Genitalia as in A. Trasli. The flagellate extensions of the vaginalprostate beyond the bulbs in this species are, however, much shorterand stouter. Arionta. ttidiciilata, Bixney.Shell subumbilicated or imperforate, orbiculate-convex ; epidermisolivaceous ; spire a depressed cone ; whorls be- ^2i."^"tween 5 and 6, slightly convex ; body-whorl vo-luminous, expanding somewhat towards the aper-ture; aperture transverse, rather circular; peri-stome whitish, thin, expanded, slightly reflectedat the basal portion, at the columella dilated, ^. tudicuuu^reflected, and aluiost closing the umbilicus; base convex; a well-defined, rather wide, dark chestnut band, margined with a lightcolor above and below, revolves near the the center of the body-whorl,and is more or less visible above the suture on the two whorls preced-ing the last; surface of the outer whorl covered with somewhat reg-ular impressions or indentations, with ridges between, causing it tolook as if covered with scales; Avhen these are not ap])areut it ismarked with oblique wrinkles. Greater diameter 33, lesser 26'""'
;
height lO'"'".
140 A MANUAL OF AMERICAN LAND SHELLS.HeJix tiidiciihtt((, I51NNKY, Bost. Jourii. Nat. Hist., iv, 1360, pi. xx (1843); Terr.Moll., ii, 118, pi. xvi.?Pkkiffek, Mon. Hel. Viv., 1,283; iv, 270.?W. G-BIXXEY, Terr. Moll., iv, 7; L. cV: Fr.-W. Sb., i, 1G5 (18G9).AgJaja iudicuJata, Tkyox, Auier. Joiirii. Couch., ii, 313 (1867).Arionia tudiculata, W. G. Binney, Terr. I\loll., v, 357.A species of the California Province, found in the neigLborliood of thecoast from Sau Diego to San Buenav( ntura, and from the same i)ointfound also ranging into the Sierra Xevadii, through Tulare, Fresno,Merced, Tuolumne, Calaveras, I^sevada Counties. Thus it is the onlyA.rionta inhabiting both the coast and Sierra Nevada.A variety of this species received, under the name of ".ff. cypreo-FiG. 119. 2)hila, Newc, Copperopolis, Cal.," irom Dr. Js\nvcomb,is here figured. It is characterized by a thin shelland partially oi)en nmbilicus. I have also receivedit from San Diego.Jaw thick, long, narrow, slightly arched; ends butA. cypreophiia. slightly attenuated, blunt ; anterior and posteriorsurface equally showing G stout, broad ribs, denticulating either mar-gin.The lingual membrane (Terr. Moll., Y, Plate IX, Fig. E) has 50-1-50teeth, with 20 perfect laterals, all of the type usual in the genus. Thedentition and genitalia of cyprcoiMla is similar to those of the typicalform.Genitalia as in A. XicMiniana.
Fig. 120.
Ai'ioiita IVIoriiioiiiiiii, Pfkiffek.Shell umbilicated, depressed, rather thin, with arching striiie, lightred;spire scarcely elevated-conic ; whorls G, slightlyconvex, gradually increasing, the last convex aboveand below, rather swollen before, scarcely falling,ornamented above the middle with a chestnutband doubly edged with white, convex below; um-bilicus moderate, conical ; aperture very oblique,ear-shaped, lunate; peristome with a white thick-ening, its ends converging, the right very mucliarched, expanded, the columellar curved and slop-Greater diameter !29, lesser 24i"""
;
A. Monniimon.ing, reflected, expanded aboveheight, 12^'"?.
PACIFIC COAST SPECIES. 141Helix Mormonnm, Pfeiffer, Proc. Zool. Soc, 1857, 109; Mon. Ilel. Viv., iv, 276. W. G,BiNNEY, Ter. Moll., iv, l(i, pi. Ixxix, fig. 21 ; L. & Fr. W. Sh., i, 171 (1869).?FISCHER aufl Crosse, Moll. Mex. et Gnat., 251 (1870).AfiJaja Moi-monnm, Tryon, Am. Jouni. Conch., ii, .314 (1867).Arionta Mormonum, W. G. Bixxey, Terr. Moll., v, 365.lu the California Ee^iou ; a species of the Sierra Nevada, not of thecoast. Fresno County to Khimath Lake; not at Dalles, treg.*The specimens received from California, which are singularly granula-ted on the first one and a half apical whorls, and with the epidermis ofthe next two or three whorls sparingly ornamented with small bat verydistinct raised lines or points, something like prostrate hairs, beingpart of and same color as the epidermis, are in this respect differentfrom the usual sculpturing of the species. (See below, under circum-carinata.)Animal uniform leaden color, darker and with a lilac tint on headand tentacles.Jaw as usual ; 8 ribs. (Cooper.)Lingual membrane (Terr., Moll., Y. Plate XV, Fig. P) as usual in thegenus; teeth 50-1-50, with 15 laterals, the sixteenth tooth having itsinner cutting point bifid!Epiphragm as usual in the genus.Genitalia (Terr. Moll., V Plate XIII, Fig. E) : The general appearanceis that of A.Jidelis, as formerly described by me, but there is an addi-tional accessory organ {a p g) of use unknown to me.The organ (/?) is a dart sac. The dart is short, stout,straight, swollen at its base, and with an enlarged,acutely pointed apex (Plate XIII, Fig, F). Uponthe vagina, above the insertion of the penis sac, is aridge-like process (j-), containing in three individualsexamined one round and one oblong calcareous .no-dule (Plate XIII, Fig. G).The genitalia are different from that of the otherArionUv. The vaginal accessories are more likethose of Af/laia Jidelis and infumata.Figure 120 was drawn by Mr. Sowi-rby from Dr.Pfeifter's type in the Cumingian collection.The geographical distribution of this species isquitedift'erent from thatofthe other species of^nowto. -i. arcumcarinata.It is found only between the Sierra Xevada and Coast Eange, whi'e
Fig. 121.
The species found here are Jrjlaia fidelis var. mivor.
142 A MANUAL OF AMEKICAN LAND SHELLS.the others are found in the neighborhood of the sea. A. Hidiculata alsois a Sierra Nevada species, but equally inhabits the southern portion ofthe coast.This species has been erroneously referred to the Mexican State ofSonora, probably by confounding with that locality the Sonora inTuolumne County, California, seventy miles north-northwest of which isMormon Island, a rocky islet in the American Eiver, where Dr. Pfeifferstype was found.Dr. Stearns describes as a variety of A. Mormoniim a carinatedshell, under the name of circumcarinata. It appears to me to be a dis-tinct species, but in deference to Dr. Stearns's opinion I retain it as avariety. The original description and figure are here given, from Ann.K Y. Ac. Sc, I., 316, fig. (1879)
:
Var. circumcarinata, Steakns.Shell widely umbilicated, discoidal, flattened, angulated, with a pe-rii)heral keel; whorls 6 to 6J, slightly tabulated near the sutures,which latter are deeply impressed ; surface finely granulated, varyingin different specimens, and otherwise sculptured by conspicuoussubacute ribs, parallel with the lines of growth both above andbelow, which meet and sometimes cross the peripheral keel; theseribs are more or less irregular and uneven, of varying prominence, andare also unequally spaced, being closely crowded in some places and farther apart in others; aperture obliquely subangulate, semi-lunate;peristome moderately thickened, reflected somewhat, covering theopen umbilicus, and made continuous by a connecting thin deposit ofcallus on the labium; color in some specimens dingy white, inothers a dingy reddish-white, ornamented with a double revolvingband?the upper stripe being whitish, the lower reddish or lightchestnut?just above and contiguous to the peripheral keel; the i)inchor fold of the keel taking up what in Helix Mormonum is the third orlower stripe of white.Number of specimens four, two adult and two immature, but nearlyfull grown.Dimensions: Greater diameter, 92 to l.OL inch; lesser diameter,
.75 to .86 inch; height .30 to .37 inch.Animal not observed. 'Stanislaus County, near Turloch, Cal. *For the specimens from which the above is written I am indebted to
*Dr. Stearns writes me that the loca ity where this species was fouud is near Co-lumbia, Tuolumne Couuty, Caliloruia.
PACIFIC COAST SPECIES. 143Mr. A. W. Crawford, of Oakland, who has examples in liis collection;specimens are also contained in the typical collection of my friendsBinney and liland and in my own musenm.*Most anthors would regard the above as a distinct and well-markedspecies; I regard it (as well as H. HiUehramU of IS'ewxomb) as a va-rietal form of Helix Mormonum, to which it is a near neighbor, inhabit-ing the same region.Binney, in his last volume on "The Terrestrial Air-Breathing Mol-lusks of the United States," &c., in referring to R. Mormonnm (on page367), remarks : "The specimens lately received from Califoruia * * *are singularly granulated on the first one and a half apical whorls, andthe epidermis of the next two or three whorls is sparingly ornamentedwith small but very distinct raised lines or points, something like pros-trate hairs, being part of and same color as the epidermis." I haveobserved the same, but the points are not always epidermidal, butsometimes sculpture the shell as well, and the peculiarity Binney hasdetected is one of the connecting links between the three; as to theother links, and the special and general relations of the species or va-rieties cited to others of our California land-snails, I propose to discussthe matter hereafter. (Stearns.)Arionta Traski Newcomb.Shell umbilicated, globosely depressed, very thin, translucent, d:irkhorn-colored, with a revolving chestnut band, doublyedged with white; with delicate oblique strife andcrowded microscopic revolving lines; spire hardly ele-vated, apex flattened ; whorls 6, slightly convex, gradu-ally increasing, the last rather plane above, inflatedbelow, not falling before, banded above the middle;umbilicus moderate, conical ; aperture very oblique,Innately semicircular, banded within; peristome with ATr^iski.a white thickening, regularly rounding, its terminations joined by alight transparent callus, that of the columellar widened, subreflected,but not at all covering the umbilicus. Greater diameter 21, lesserIG"'"- ; height, 9""".Helix Traskii, Newcomb, Proc. Cal. Acad. Nat. Sci., ii, 91 (1861).Jglaja Traskii, Tryox, Am. Jonrn. Concli., ii, 314, pi. v, fig. 16 (1866).Arionta Traski, W. G. Binney, Terr. Moll., v, 369.Helix Franki, J. G. Cooper, err. typ. ; teste J. G. C. iu letters.In the Californiau Eegion. A coast species, ranging from LosAngeles 50 miles to Fori Tejon, and to San Luis Obispo, 150 miles.
* Also iu the collection of the National Musenm.
144 . A MANUAL OF AMERICAN LAND SHELLS,See remarks under the following species.The specimen figured was received from Dr. Xewcomb. It may notbe entirely mature.The epiphragm is thick, white, parchment-like.Jaw as usual in the genus ; 8 ribs.Lingual membrane (Terr. Moll., Y, Tlate IX, Fig. M) has 3G-l-3() teeth
;
the thirteenth tooth has the side cutting point; IG laterals.The genital system resembles very nearly that of NicJdiniana. Theduct of the genital bladder in this species is, however, very muchlonger, its accessory duct shorter in proportion, the flagellum of thepenis sac longer. There is also a peculiar feature in the genitalia ofTrasM?a globular organ (probably a dart sac) of about equal diameterwith the vaginal prostate, attached laterally to the flagellum of thelatter, before it becomes bifurcated. It is figured in Terr. Moll., V, PlateXIII, Fig. H. The bulbous expansions on the two branches of theflagellumare also much larger in TrasTii.Ariontii Carpeiiteri, Nkwcomb.Shell umbilicated, roundly conical, apex obtuse, obscurely markedFig. 123. with one brown band, well striated,- under the lens num-erous very minute spiral striations; whorls 5i, rounded;suture well marked; aperture circular, with termina-tions approximating; peristome moderately expanded,at the columella broadly so, but not adherent. Greaterdiameter, 23"""; height, 16i"'"'. (Xewcomb.)Helix (.'((vpetiteri, Newcomu, Proc. Gal. Acad. Nat. Sci. (March, 1861),ii, UUAgJaja Carpeiiieri, Tryon, Ain. Jonrii. Conch., ii, :513 (186G).Helix liemomli, Tkyon, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philad., 1863, 281, pi.1,1. ! 7 7 l11, fig. 1.Arionta Eemondi, Tryon, Am. Journ. Couch., ii, 318, pi. v, fig. 18 (1866).Jrioiifa Ccirpenfen, W. G. BixxEY, Terr. Moll., v, 366.Cinaloa; Trinidad; Coronado Island, Lower California; San Diego.Originally in Tulare Valley, in the California Region. The last localityis given by Dr. Xewcomb.The shell figured was received from Dr. Xewcomb.Jaw as usual ; over 7 ribs.Lingual membrane long and narrow. Teeth 48-1-48, with 20 lat-erals. (See Terr. Moll., V, Plate IX, Fig. U.) It will be seen thatthe central and first lateral teeth have no side cusps or cutting points;they appear first on the eighth tooth. The change frox liitcrals tomarginals is formed as usual, the inner cutting point of the twonty-lirsttooth being bifid. A marginal is shown in the thirty-fourth tooth.
PACIFIC COAST SPECIES. 145Genitalia as in A. Nickliniana. The flagellate ends of the vaginalprostate are shorter in this species.This species is nearly allied to, if not identical with, A. TrasM. Itis, however, a more delicate shell, which is readily distinguished fromthe typical TrasM.Arionta Diipetithouarsi, Deshayes.Shell umbilicated, orbicularly convex, smooth or substriate, darkchestnut, lighter above, with a dark-red, white-margined band ; spire obtusely conoid ; whorls 7to S, narrow, rather convex, the last inflated ; ap-erture ovate-semilunar, white, and banded within
;
peristome simple, narrowly reflected, its columellarend arched, dilated and arched above, not cover- a Dupctdhuuan,,ing the moderate umbilicus. Greater diameter 29, lesser 25"" " ; height,17""".Helu Dupetithouarsn, Deshayes, Rev. Zool., 1839, 360; in Guerin, Mag., 1841, tab.XXX ; in Fer., i, 169, pi. xcvii, figs. 8-10.
?
Pfeiffer. Mon. Hel. Viv., i. 338,excl. var. ; iii, 229 ; in Chemnitz, ed. 2, 1, 328, pi. Iviii, figs. G, 7 (not pi. Ivi,figs. 3-5).?Reeve. Con. Icon., 659.?Gould, Terr. Moll., iii, 14.?W. G. Bik-NEY, Terr. Moll., iv, 1.5, pi. Ixxvi, fig. 9; Pac. R. R. Rep., vi, 114 (1857); L.&. Fr-W. Sh., i, 174 (1S69).Helix Oregommsis, Lea, Trans. Am. Philo. Soc, vi, 100 (1839) ; Obs., ii, 100, pi. xxviii,tig. 9; Troschel, Arch. f. Nat., 1839, ii, 221.?De Kay, N. Y. Moll., 46.-Peeiffer, formerly, Mon. Hel. Viv., i, 428.Aglaja Dttpeiithouarsi, Tryon, Am. .Jouru. Couch., ii, 315 (1866).Ai-ionia Dupetithouarsi, W. G. Binney, Terr. Moll., v, 370.A species of the California Province, only found at Monterey, Cal.Animal light slate-color or dirty white.Jaw as usual in the genus ; 4 ribs.Lingual dentition (Terr. Moll., Y, Plate IX, Fig. E) as usual. Teeth50-1-50. The centrals and first laterals have nodecided side cusps and no decided side cuttingpoints, but the latter is represented by a lateralbulging on the large cutting point; the distinctside cusp and cutting point appear on the ninthtooth. There are about 19 laterals, the twentiethtooth having its inner cutting point bifid. Themarginals are as usual in the genus.The genitalia are like those of sequoicola. The \penis sac is, however, more slender. There does -^z-^^*,;not api^ear any retractor muscle of the penis sac.The oviduct is greatly convoluted.1749?Bull. 28 10
Fig. 125.
A. Dvpetithovarsi.
146 A MANUAL OF AMERICAN LAND SHELLS.The figure is a fac-simile of one of those of Desliayes. It representsan luinsually large individual, with two revolving red bands. Theform usually met with is also figured. (Fig. 125.)
A. scqtioicola.
Arioiita. sequoicoia, J. G. Coopek.Shell uuibilicated, globosely depressed, rather thiek, of a light chest-Fu;. 12G. nut-color, lighter below, with a band of darker colorrevolving above the middle of the body-whorl, be-tween two equal bands of white; surface butslightly roughened by coarse, irregular wrinkles ofgrowth, often decussated with coarse, indented re-volving lines, the upper whorls with prominent,crowded, minute, isolated granulations, running inridges or series in an oblique direction to the wrin-kles of growth ; spire obtusely conic; whorls 6, butslightly convex, the last more globose, slightly de-scending before ; umbilicus moderate, conical
;
aperture very oblique, subcircular; jieristome white, thickened, endsapproaching, its columellar portion widened and reflected, partiallycovering the umbilicus. Greater diameter 27, lesser 21""" ; height, 12'""'.
-Helix neqitoicola, J. G. Cooper, Proc. Cal. Acad., iii, 259 (lb66).?W. G. Binney, L. &Fr.-W. Sh., i, 172, fig. 300 (18G9).Afilaja scquoicolfl, Tryon, Am. Jourii. Conch., iii, IGO, pi. xi, tig. 27 (1867).Arionla sequoietla, W. G. BiNNEY', Terr. Moll., v, 367.In the California Eegion, from Santa Cruz County, California, 20miles north. A coast species.Animal dark bluish-slate. Epiphragm as usual in the genus.In form and coloring much allied to A. Mormonum, but readily dis-riG. 127. tinguished by its peculiar sculpturing from that andall other aUied species. (See Fig. 127.) It may behirsute when in a perfect condition.The shell described and figured was received fromDr. Cooper.Jaw as usual ; 4 to 6 ribs.Lingual membrane (Terr. Moll., V, Plate IX, Fig.Sculpturing of ^. se,uoi. j^ ^^.j^^^ 4C-1-4G tccth, 18 laterals, the nineteenthtooth having a split inner cutting point. I can detect no outer cuspand cutting point on any of the laterals,
PACIFIC COAST SPECIES. 147The genital system (Terr. Moll., V, Plate XIII, Fig-. A) has the samegeneral arrangement as in Arionta XicTcliniana, excepting that in thepresent species there is at the end of the vaginal prostate a bulb-likeprocess {!?). In A. TrasJci, also, there is a similar process, but attachedto the flagellate extension, at the middle of its length, before reaching,the bifurcation. The extreme length of the genital system is 87"?The lower part of the oviduct is greatly convoluted.
Ai'ioiitn. I'liflcineta, Nkwcomb.Shell depressed-globose, umbilicated, rather thin, smooth, surfacescarcely broken by incremental stria^, Avith occasional re- fig.i28.volving lines, horn color, with a median revolving dark- gmrbrown band, margined with white; spire little elevated
;
whorls 5 to C, scarcely convex, the last flattened-globose, a. ruficincta.descending at the aperture, convex below; aj^erture banded within,oblique, roundly lunate; peristome white, thickened, its inner marginobtusely rounded, the right portion straight, basal and columellarportions reflected, partially concealing the umbilicus. Greater diameter17, lesser 14"""; height, 9""".
Helix riifocinciu, Nkwcomb, Proc. Cal. Acad. Nat. Sci.,iii, 117(1.^(54).?W. G. Binney,L. & Fr.-W. Sh., i, 174, fig. 30:? (1H(J9).J(lhijariifocinda,TuYOS, Am. Jourii. Conch., ii,3l5, pi. vi, fig. 20 (1866).Arionta rufidncia, W. G. BixxEY, Terr. Moll., v, 371.Catalina Island,* California, in the Californian Region.There is a form with thick shell, heavy peristome, and closed um-bilicus. Greater diameter, 31""".Jaw more like the type common in Mevodon than in Arionta; that is,arc^iate rather than arched, maigins rather i)e(;tinated than scallopedby the ends of the ribs, whicli are about 10 in number.
? Lingual membrane (Terr. Moll., V, Plate IX, Fig. N) as usual in thegenus, with 35-1-5 teeth and 18 laterals, the nineteenth tooth havingthe inner cutting i)oint split. Another meuibrane has a side cuttingpoint on all the laterals.I have examined two individuals, whose genital systems vary consider-ably. That figured on Plate XIV, Fig. B, .of Terr. Moll., V, has a dart
*I omit the locality San Diego aud Santa Barbara Island, as Dr. Cooper has showu,them to be incorrect. (Proc. Am. Phil. Soc, xviii, 285.)
148 A MANUAL Oi' AMLlllCAN LAND SHELLS.
sac, but uoue of the other peculiar accessory orgaus of Arionta. Thatfigured ou Plate XV, Fig. O (from Cataliua Island), has i^'oiu one sideof the base of the dart sac {x-)ii thread-like connection {z) with the baseof the penis sac, and on the other side of the base of the dart sac thepeculiar accessory organ y. These accessories to the dart sac are some-Avhat like those found iu ^tearnsiana.
Arionta Onbbi, Newcomb.Shell subperforate, depressed globose, thiii, smooth, very delicatelystriated, dirty white, darker above, with a median revolving, white-margined, brown band ; spire little elevated ; whorls 5, ratherconvex, the last flattened-globose, descending at the aperture:aperture Innately rounded, oblique; peristome white, thick-ened, somewluit reflected, the columellar i^ortion almost cov-ering the umbilicus. Greater diameter 10, lesser 8"""; height,
Fir,. rJ9.
Edix Gahhii, Newcomb, Proc. Cal. Acad. Nat. Sci., iii, 117 (18C4).?W. G. Binnev,L. & Fr.-W. Sh., i, 175, tigs. 304, 30.5(1869).Aglaja GaWil, Tryon, Am. Journ. Concb., ii, 315, pi. vi, fig. 19 (1866); iii, pi. xi, tig.31 (1867).Htlix facta, Newcomb, Proc. Cal Acad. Nat. Sci., iii, 118 (1864).?W. G. Binxey, 1.c, fig. 306.Atjlaja facia, Tryox, Am. Journ. Couch., iii, 162, pi. xi, fig. 32 (1867).Arionta Gahhi, W. G. Bixxey, Terr. Moll., v, 371.San Clemeute Island, Santa Barbara, and San Nicolas Island, Cal-ifornia. A species of the California Province.Under the name ofiT^ tenuis Iriata (certainly not of Bin-ney) I have received a shell from Catalina Island, ai)pa-rently a less-develoi^ed form of A. Gabhi. It is here figured.(Fig. 130.)Although I am convinced of the identity offacta with Gahhi,I repeat below the description of the former, with a figure ofan authentic specimen.Shell imperforate or subpertorate, globose or depressed-globose,smooth, shining, surfnce hardly broken by delicate incremental stri.Tt;and revolving linens, light fawn-cohT above, below lighter, with a me-dian, white margined, revolving band of a darker-colored hue ; spireelevated, apex obtuse; whorls 5 to 0, rather convex, the last slightly
A.tenuistriata.
PACIFIC COAST SPECIES. 149descending, globose; aperture oblique, banded witliiu 5 peristomethickened, brownish, shining, its inner margin rounded, re- fig. 131.fleeted, the columeUar portion dihited, appressed, partially, *"^ ^"jor entirely covering the umbilicus. Greater diameter 14, " 'Jlesser 12""" ; height, 8'"'". 7"^^^.Santa Barbara Island, California. On this and San Nicolas Islandis found a larger, heavier, extinct variety. South end of CatalinaIsland.The species has the stout, white, parchment like epiphragm charac-teristic Qi Arionta.Jaw arcuate, of equal breadth through out ; anterior surface withdistant, stout ribs, deuticulating either margin.Lingual membrane long and narrow (Terr. Moll., V, Plate IX, Fig.P). Teeth 2G-1-2G, as usual in Arionfa. IMorse counted 114 rowsof 29-1-20. The fourth has a decided side cusp and cutting point,which on the central and first three laterals were replaced by a prom-inent bulging of the large cutting point. The thirteenth tooth has itsinner cutting ])oint bifid. My figures give the central, with the first,fourth, twelfth, thirteenth, seventeenth, and twenty-sixth teeth, the lasttwo being marginals.Genitalia (Plate XVIII, Fig. 9 of Ann. Lye. Nat. His. of N. Y., XI)without the accessory duct of the genital bladder, and with a dart sac.They resemble nearly those of ruficincfa (see above), differing chieflyin the length of the duct of the genital bladder. At the base of thedart sac there ai)pear two simple, thread-like organs, reminding meof those of Stearnsia7ia, but without their terminal complications. Ihave not figured them, being uncertain whether they should be consid-ered as a part of the genital system. They may be the same as figuredon Plate XY, Fig. O, of Terr. Moll., Y, or the individual furnishing thegenitalia there figured may thus show the near relation of facta to rufi-cincta. Ai'ionta Kellotti, Forbes.Shell narrowly umbilicated, depressed-globose, thin, wrinkled, gran-ulated, fulvous; spire subturbinated, with dirty red- * no. 132.dish blotches and one red revolving band ; whorls0, rather convex, the last with a white band at itsperiphery and inflated on its under surface ; aper-ture roundly lunate, light red and banded within;peristome somewhat reflected, its columellar portion ^_ KeiiettL
150 A MANUAL OF AMERICAN LAND SHELLS.dilated, reflected, coveriMg the umbilicus. Greater diameter 22, lesser19""? ; height, 19 '"?. (Forbes.)EeUx A'elletii, Forbes, Proc. ZooL Soc. Loudon, 1850, 55, pi. ix, fig. 2, a, ft.?Reeve,Con. Icon., No. 665 (1852).?Pkeiffer, Mon. Hel. Viv.,iii, 183; in Chemnitz,ed. 2, ii, 467, pi. clvi, figs. 19, 20 (18.')3).?W. G. Bixxey, Terr. Moll., iv, 17,pi. Ixsxvi, fig. 12; L. & Fr.-W. Sli., i, 176, fig. 309 (1869).Arionta Kdktti, Tryon, Am. Jonrn. Couch., ii, 317 (1866).?W. G. Binney, Terr. Moll.,V, 361.San Diego, Cataliiia Island, Sau Nicolas Island (?), California, in theCahfornia Region ; also 12 miles east of San Diego, at 2,000 feet eleva-tion.Animal bluish slate-color.The specimen figured is from Catalina Island, California. I am pos-itive that it is correctly referred to Kelletti. The umbilicus is entirelyclosed in mature specimens. There are traces on different parts ofthis shell of three different series of sculi)turing : the wrinkles ofgrowth, revolving impressed lines, and a series of minute granulationsrunning obliquely, sometimes almost perpendicularly, to the incrementalwrinkles.Forbes's original figure of H. Kelletti is cojiied in Terr. Moll., V.For comi^arison with A. Stearnsiana, see that species.Jaw^ as usual ; G ribs.The lingual membrane (Terr. Moll., Y, Plate IX, Fig. I) has 57-1-57teeth ; the sixteenth has a side cutting point ; the twentieth tooth hasits inner cutting point split ; the outer cutting point of the marginalsis very rarely bifid.The genitalia of a Catalina Island specimen is figured (Terr. Moll., V,Plate XIII, Fig. D). The ovary is light yellow. The oviduct is white.The genital bladder is light yellow. The prostate is large and yellow.The whole genital system is long and narrow. The genital bladder issmall, globular, on an extremely long and delicate duct, which entersthe vagina at its upper end. The duct just below the bladder receivesa branch duct, very long, flagellate, three times the diameter of theduct itself. The penis sac is long, stout, cylindrical, tapering towardsits apex and prolonged into a very long, delicate flagellum. The vasdeferens enters at the point where the flagellum commences. The re-tractor muscle is inserted half way between the vagina and the en-trance of the vas deferens. Opposite the mouth of the penis sac is asmall sac-like organ, probably a dart sac or vaginal prostate.As stated below, this arrangement of the genitalia differs somewhatfrom that of Stearnsiana.
PACIFIC COAST SPECIES. ' If)!Arionta Stearnsiana, Gabb.Shell narrowly umbilicated, subglobose, solid, of a dirty-wliite color,irregularly mottled with crowded ashy blotches^ ^^^ ^g^grouped into revolving series below, with a decided,wide, brownish revolving band above ; with delicate,oblique incremental strife, unequally cut by revolv-ing lines;* spire elevated; whorls 5, rather convex;aperture oblique, semicircular; peristome simple,acute, its columellar termination white, expanded,reflected over the half-concealed umbilicus. Greaterdiameter 22, lesser 17""" ; height, 12?"'.Helix Stearnsia7)a, Gabb, Am. Journ. Conch., iii, 235, pi. svi,fig. 1 (1867).?W. G. BiNNEY, L. & Fr.-W. Sh., i, 177,fig. 310 (1869).
?
Fischer and Crosse, Moll. Mex. et , ," , . . A StearnbianaGuat., 248, pl.xi, fig. 5, 5a (1870).Arionta Sfeariisiana, W. G. Binney, Terr. Moll., v, 362.A species of the Mexican fauna, common in Lower California, fromSan Tomas Elver, Todos Santos Bay, Coronado Island, Todos SantosIsland; admitted here because it is found plentifully within the limitsof the California Eegion around San Diego.The shell figured and described was received from Dr. Newcomb.It is entirely mature.The genitalia (Terr. Moll., V, Plate XIII, Fig. B) resemble verynearly those of KelletU. A comparison of the figures, however, willshow considerable difference, especially in the dart sac (13). In thespecies before me there is a long, thread-like duct leading from thebase of the dart sac to a large globular organ (H:"^), whose character isunknown to me. Opposite the entrance of this duct a correspondingduct (IS'^) branches out, but instead of ending in a globular organ itbecomes much enlarged in size and ends in enveloi)ing the ])repuce{p p). The dart sac contained a small dart of the form figured by Leidy(Terr. Moll. U. S., I) for TehennopJioriis Garoliniensis. The oviductwas closely and spirally wound around the duct of the genital bladder.The testicle and ovary are yellow.Theja^^ is thick, arched, ends blunt, but little attenuated; anteriorsurface with G stout, separated ribs, denticulating either margin, andseveral less de^?eloped, interstitial ribs.The lingual membrane is long and narrow, with about oO-l-oO teeth.The centrals are of the form usual to the genus. The cusp, with its
*The revolving lines are absent in numerous specimens examined by me.
152 A MANUAL OF AMERICAN LAND SHELLS.
cutting- point, is very sbort, reacliing only about half way to the loweredge of the base of attachment. Laterals of same type; the secondhas a side cutting point. Marginals low, wide, very variable in thedenticles, but usually with one long, broad, sharply bifid inner denticle(the inner point much the smaller), and one short, sharp, rarely bifidouter denticle. There are 24 laterals. The twenty-second tooth hasthe side cutting point; on another membrane, the twentieth (Terr.Moll., V, Plate IX, Fig. L).GLYPTOSTOITIA.*Animal as in Fatula.Shell widely umbilicated, depressed, with wrinkle-like stricT, solid;whorls G, the last depressed-globose, not falling- at the aperture ; aper-ture oblique, subcircular; peristome simple, acute, thickened within,its extremities ai)proached, that of the coluniellar short, scarcely re-flected.Inhabits the Californian Eegion at San Diego.One species only is thus far known, Ncwhcrryannm. Its jaw is low,wide, slightly arcuate, ends but little at-tenuated, blunt ; cutting margin withoutmedian projection; anterior surface withnumerous (about 15), stout, separatedJaw of G. Netchcrryanum. rj^j^^ deeply dcnticulating either margin.Lingual membrane (Terr. Moll., V, Plate X, Fig. A) long and narrow.Teeth 47-1-47, with 17 perfect laterals. Centrals with the base ofattachment long and narrow, with greatlj' expanded lower, lateralangles, the upper margin rounded, broadly reflected; reflection large,stout, with obsolete side cusps, but with decided, triangular side cut-ting points ; median cusp very stout, short, with a long, acute cuttingI)oint reaching beyond the lower edge of the base of attachment. Lat-erals like the centrals, but asymmetrical by the suppression of inner,lower, lateral angle of the base of attachment and inner side cuttingpoint. The transition from laterals to marginals is marked by thelesser proportional development of the cusp and greater developmentof the cutting point. Marginals low, wide, tlie retlection equaling thebase of attachment, and bearing one inner, short, stout, oblique, bluntcutting point, and one outer, shorter, blunt cutting point. This species,
*The name is suggested by the sculptured parietal wall of the aperture in youngspecimens of the only species known, q, v.
PACIFIC COAST SPECIES. 153like all others, has great variation in the development of the cnttingpoints on different parts of the same membrane.Olyptostoina J^ewbcrryaiiMni, W. G. Binney.Shell broadly umbilicated, orbicularl}- depressed, solid, lightly decus-sated by incremental strife and numerous fine spiral lines; color blackor reddish-brown, under the epidermis white ^i^- i^^-and shining; suture deeply impressed; spire Mdepressed ; whorls 6, regularly increasing, the =upper ones flattened, the last convex, roundedbelow and slightly deflected at the aperture ; c. ycirU'n-nanifm.umbilicus broad, showing all the volutions clearly; aperture oblique,transversely lunar; in young specimens the decussated sculpturing ofthe shell on the parietal wall of the aperture is covered with a lightcallus as the animal grows, and elegantly marked with numerous fine,crowded, spiral lines; in mature specimens this beautiful marking isentirely obliterated by the deposition of callus, but on breaking theshell the lines will be found to exist within ; peristome simple, acute,thickened within, ends slightly approximated, joined by a white callus.Greater diameter 37, lesser 20'""\; height, 13'"'".Helix Xeu-herriiana. W. G. Binney, Proc. Aca'd. Nat. Sci, Pliilad., 1858, 115; Terv.Moll., iv. 20, pi. Ixxvi, fig. 7.?Pfeiffek, Mai. Bliitt., 18.^)9, 7; Mon., v, IGl(1868).Macrocyclis Neivherryana, Tryon, Am. Joiirn. Couch., ii, '244, 5 (1866).Zoniies Xeichern/niia, W. G. Binney, L. & Fr.-W. Sh., i, 282 (1869).(lli/plo-ttoma Newberryanum, W. G. Binney, Terr. Moll., v, \V7A.Los Angeles, Cal., to Todos Santos Bay, in Lower California. Acoast species of the California Eegion. Very common around San Di-ego, on southerly exposed hill-sides, under piles of detached rocks.My largest specimen has a greater diameter of 47""".Animal bluish slate-color.The jaw (see Fig. 134) is loug, low, shghtly arcuate; ends blunt; ante-rior surface with about 16 stout, separatedribs, scalloping either margin. The jaw islower, less arcuate, and longer than inArionfa. Its ribs resemble those of thatgenus in projecting far beyond and scallop-ing the margins of the jaw, but tliey aremuch more numerous. This descriptionapplies only to the more perfect form of thejaw?noticed only in one individual. Inseveral other individuals the ribs on the q, Newberryanum.
Flc. 13.5i.
154 A MANUAL OF AMERICAN LAND SHELLS.jaw were inucli more narrow and less projecting: at the upper and lowermargins. There is more difference between these than is usually foundin different individuals of the same species.Lingual membrane : see page 152.Genitalia figured on Plate XIV, Fig. D, Terr. Moll., V. The epididymisis very long, convoluted in the lower half of its length, straight above.It runs free for a long distance outside the membrane which covers theoviduct, before entering into the liver, where it joins the testicle. Thelatter is imbedded in the liver, near its upper extremity. It is com-posed of several (apparently 0) separated fasciculi of blind tubes. Thevas deferens enters the penis sac about its middle, not at its end. Thepenis sac is small, cylindrical. It terminates in a small bulb. Thereis no trace of lobuli in the ovary, but its under, concave surface is re-ticulated. The genital bladder is oval ; its duct is long, free only for ashort distance, then attached to the oviduct the whole length of thelatter ; at its base it becomes again free, and enters the vagina below theterminus of the oviduct. At about the same point the vagina receivesthe mouth of a long, broad, rounded organ. This organ is hollow. Itsuse is unknown to me; it may be a dart sac or a prostate gland. Thevagina is very long ; the penis enters it at its lower extremity, near theexterior opening of the genitalia.EliPARYPHA, Hartm.Animal heliciform ; mantle subcentral ; other characters as in Fatula.Shell usually perforate, depressed-globose, corneo-calcareous, banded;whorls 5, the upper ones flattened, carinate, the last inflated; aperturedilate-lunar, often labiate within, its columellar margin reflexed.Inhabits the countries around the Mediterranean, Canaries, Madeira,&c. In North America it is represented in Lower California, one spe-cies being actually found in the California Region.
j-ir; 13(5 Jaw high, arcuate, ends but little attenuated, blunt;cutting margin without median projection ; anteriorsurface with a few ( about 5 in Tryoni) stout, sepa-
'&tP^^ "^^^^ rated, unequal ribs, deeply deuticulating either mar-jaw of H. Tryoni. ^^^ ^^ ^^^^^^j j^^ ^^^^^ ^^ ^^^ spccics of EcUx, &c., ex-amined by me, the number, size, and disposition of the ribs vary indifferent individuals of the only si)ecies of Uirparypha I have examined,jE7. Tryoni. Six jaws are figured (Fig. 138), all differing as to the ribs. ?
PACIFIC COA.ST SPECIES. 155I Lave had no oi)portnnity of examining areolata, tlie only otlierspecies found within our limits. Among the species of the genusforeign to the United States, plsana, ]\liill, alone has been examined,the jaw being figured by Moquin-Tandon with 2-3 ribs only, and thenumber of the teeth being given by Thomson.Lingual membrane as in Arionta.Etipnryplia Tryoni, Newcomb.Shell imperforate, globose-conic, solid, with distant, deep, strong re-volving lines cutting through the strife of increase, of pro. 137.a bluish ash-color above, mottled with irregular ob-lique patches of brown, and with a median revolvingtine of dark brown, below dirty white; spire conic
;
apex obtuse, smooth, shining, light horn-color; whorls5 to 6, scarcely convex, the last globose, descending e. Tryoni.towards the aperture, inflated below; aperture oblique, subcircular,small, within dark above, lighter below; peristome thickened, dirtywhite, its terminations somewhat converging, joined by a light callus,right margin slightly expanded, not reflected, that of the columelladilated, scarcely reflected, appressed, obtusely subdentate. Greaterdiameter 24, lesser 20'""^ ; height, 14?"^'.Helix Tryoni, Newcomb, Proc. Cal. Acad. Nat. Sci., iii, 116 (1864\?W. G. Binney,Am. Jonrn. Couch., i, 47, pi. vi, figs. 1-10 (1865); L. & Fr.-W. Sh., i, 178(1869).Fohpnita Trjioni, Tryox, Am, Jonru. Couch., ii, 319 (1866).Eupanjpha Tryoni, W. G. Binney, Terr. Moll., v, 37;").California Region, on Santa Barbara Island and San Nicolas Island,California. Both recent and fossil, the latter form very large and thick.Not on San Clemente.The species varies in the greater or lesser development of the spireand in coloring. The form figured diifers from that described in havingthe under as well as upper surface mottled, not a dead white. An albinoform is also found; also a fourth variety of a uniform cream-color, show-ing, however, slight traces of the revolving band.The animal is black. It has a thick, white, parchment-like epiphragm.Jaw arcuate, of uniform width throughout, ends blunt; anterior sur-face with stout ribs, denticulating either margin. Figures of the jawsof nine mature individuals are given, showing that the number andarragenment of the ribbs is not constant, a fact noticed in otherSpecies.Lingual membrane (Terr. Moll., Y, Plate X. Fig. B) long and nar-
loG A MANUAL OF AMERICAN LAND SHELLS.
row, quite as in Arionta. Teeth 42-1-42. Anotlier membrane had 190rows of 43-1-43 teeth. The eleveuth hiteral has a decided side cuspFig. 138.
Jaws of ^. Tryoni.and cutting point; the fourteenth has its inner cutting- boint bifid.The characters of the individual teeth are shown in the figure, wliichgives the central, the first, eleventh, fourteenth, thirty-seventli, andforty second teetli.Genitalia (Terr. Moll., Y, Plate XIV. Fig. C) as usual in Arionta, es-pecially in A. Stcarnsiana, but with this important difference, that fromthe base of the dart sac (2) one thread-like organ (3) alone proceeds,the other being rejdaced by a sponge-like process (1), evidently a formof vaginal i^rostate.EXTRALIMITAi^ SPECIES OF EUPARYPHA.E. Jeris, Pfeiffer (see L. & Fr.-W. Sh., i 180), a species of the Lower Californiafauna, has erroneously been quoted from Colniubia Rivor and Southern Cali-fornia. Family PUPID^.PUPA. (See below.)Pupa Rouelli, NEwco:\rr,.perforate, oblong-ovate, dark horn-colored, shining, translucent,fiiieU" striated; apex obtuse; whorls 5, convex ; aperture trun-cately ovate, armed with 4 teeth, 1 prominent and plicate onthe columella, 3 deeply seated within the aperture, 1 on thecolumella, 2 within the peristome; peristome slightly reflected.Length, 2"""; breadth, 1?"'.I'lipn L'oH'elUi, Newcomb, Ann. N. Y. Lye, vii, 146.
?
Bland, Ann. N. Y.Lye, viii, 166, fig. 11 (1865).?W. G. Binxev, L. & Fr.-W. Sh., i,238, fig. 412 (1860); Terr. Moll., v, 202.J'upilln liOweUii, Tryon, Amer, Jonrn. Conch., iii, 304 (1868).
PACIFIC COA.ST SPECIES. 157
Fig. 140.
A species of tbe California Region; California, near Oakland, Mon-terey, San Bernardino, El Dorado County.Animal unobserved.Pupa Californica, Rowell.Shell rimately subperforate, elongate-ovate, thin, dark horn-colored;with oblique rib-like striae; apex obtuse; deep suture; with 5to G convex whorls, the last a little compressed at the aper-ture; aperture oblique, suborbicular, armed with 4 white den-ticles, 1 lamelliform, strongly developed, slightly twisted, onthe parietal wall, 1 on the columella, and 2 deeply seated withinor near the base of the aperture; peristome slightly expanded,columellar margin somewhat reflected. Longitude, 2^;""" di-ameter, 1""".Pwpa Californica, Newcomb, Ann. N. Y. Lyc.,vii, 287.
?
Blaxd, Auu. N. Y. Lyc.,viii,166, fig. 12 (1865).?W. G. Bixney, L. & Fr.-W. Sh., i, 239, lig. 413(1869);Terr. Moll., v, 262.Papilla Californica, Tryox, Aiuer. Jourii. Couch., iii, 304 (1868).San Francisco, Cal., and at Catalina Island, in the California Region.It is also quoted from Colorado by Ingersoll, but I greatly doubt theidentity of his specimens.Animal unobserved.Family SUCCINID^.SUCCII\EA. (See below.)Succiiiea Silliiiiani, Blais^d.Shell oblong-ovate, thin, coarsely striate, shining, whitish (f ) ; spireshort, acute; whorls 3, convex; suture imjiressed; aperture oblique,elongate-oval, angular above, effuse at the base; col-umella slightly arcuate, with a thread-like thickeningabove. Length 20, diameter 8i'""'; aperture, 13"'?long, C?'" broad in middle. Fig. 141.
S. SiUimaui.Succinea Sillimani, Bland, Ann. N. Y. Lye, viii, 167, fig. 13(1865).?Tkyox, Am. Journ. Couch., ii, 236(1866).?W. G.BiNNEY, Terr. Moll., v, 416.Humboldt Lake, Nevada, in Central Province; in the Pacific Prov-ince at Stockton, Antioch, Mount Diablo, and iu San Benito Counly,in California.The original description and figure are given above.Jaw as usual ; no anterior ribs.The lingual membrane (Terr. Moll., V, Plate X, Fig. I) has 24-1-24teeth, of the type usual to the genus,
158 A MANUAL OF AMERICAN LAND SHELLS.Succinea Stretcliiaiia, Bland.Shell globose-conic, thin, pellucid, shining, striatulate, greenishFig. 142. horn-colored; spire short, rather obtuse; suture deep;whorls 3, convex, the last roundly inflated; columellaarcuate, slightly thickeued, receding; aperture oblique,
s. stretchiana. rouudly oval ; pcristouic simi)le, with the mai gins joinedby a thin callus. Length, G^"""; diameter, 5"""; aperture, 5""" long.Succinea Sfrefchiana, Blaxd, Aun. N. Y. Lye, viii, 168, fig. 16 (1865).?Tyuox,Amer. Jouru. Conch., ii, 231, pi. ii, fig. 5 (1866).?W. G. Binney, L. & Fr.-W. Sh., i, 264 (1869); Terr. Moll., v, 422.In both Central Province and Califoruian Eegion ; Little Valley,Washoe County, Nevada, on the eastern slope of the Sierra 2^evada,6,500 feet above the sea ; Mariposa County, California.The original description and figure are given above.Jaw as usual ; no anterior ribs.The lingual membrane (Terr. Moll., V, Mate X, Fig. J) has IG-l-lGteeth and 8 laterals. Succinea Hawkiiisi, Baird.Shell elongate-obovate, thin, pellucid, shining, undulately striated,pinkish, within pearly ; spire acute ; whorls 4, con-vex, the last equaling two-thirds the shell's length;suture impressed; aperture oval, effuse below. Length2, latitude {^ inch.Eahitat.?Lake Osoyoos, British Columbia. (Brit.Mus.)
,s'. naivkimi. rpi^-g ^i^^^^ jg ^f ^u clcgaut fomi and of a pinkishcolor, with the interior of a pearly luster, It is smooth and sliining,but marked with waved strine of lines of growth. It resembles verymuch in figure the Succinea Pfclfferi of Europe, but is of a still moreelegant shape and of a brighter hue.I have named it after Lieutenant-Colonel Hawkins, K. E., commis-sioner of the British T^orth American boundary commission. (Baird.)Succinea Uaivlcinsii, Baird, Proc. Zool. Soc, 1803, 6S; in Lord's Nat. in Vancouver'sIsland, ii, 362 (1866).?Bland, Ann. N. Y. Lye, viii, 168, fig. 16(1865).?Tryon, Amer. Journ. Conch, ii,240 (1866).?W. G. Bixxey, L. & Fr.-W. Sli.,i, 268 (1869) ; Terr. Moll., v, 427.A species of the Northern Region, confined to Briti. h Columbia, asfar as now known, or i^erhaps should be considered of the PacificEegion.Animal unknown.Fig. 143 is coi>ied from the original figure.
PACIFIC COAST SPECIES. 159Succiiioa rusticana, Gould.Shell elongate, ovate-coiiical, rather large, thin and fragile, palegreenish horn-color, surface rude and without Inster, fig 144.coarsely and irregularly marked by the lines of growth;spire acute, of 3 or more moderately convex whorls, sepa-rated by a well-impressed suture, the last whorl largeand long, narrowing towards the base; body portion of s: msticana.the face of the shell moderately large; aperture ovate, three- fourthsthe length of the shell ; fold of the columella distinct. Length of axis,12i"'>"; breadth Ci""".Siicciiiea runlicana, Gould, Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., ii, 187 (Dec, 184(i); Mollnscaof Expl. Expcd., 28, fig. 21) (18r)2^.
?
Pkeiffkr, Moii. Hel. Viv., ii, r)23.?W.G. BiNXEY.TeiT. Moll.,iv,G, pi. Ixxix, fig. 14 ; L. & Fr.-W. Sh., i,269 (I8(;i))
;
Terr. Moll., v, 427.?Tryon, Am. Journ. Condi., ii, 263 (18(i6).Oregon to Tulare Valley, California; White Pine, Nev. ; thus be-longing to both Central and Pacific Provinces.For a figure of the animal see generic description of Succinea (below).Jaw, lingual dentition, and genitalia unknown.Succinea IViittalliaiia, Lea.Shell lanceolate-ovate, thin and fragile of a dull horn-color, some-what rudely undulated by the lines of growth; composed of fig- i45.about 3 tumid whorls, forming a conical spire, the last whorl /Qconstithting nearly the whole shell; suture well marked;aperture nearly two-thirds the length of the shell, ovate,
-1 1 ? /. ? Succineabroadly rounded m front, the posterior angle being also Nuttaiuana.somewhat rounded by the abrupt curvature of the peristome; columellavery gentlj' curved, the region being somewhat gibbous; no fold onthe columella, but in the region of the spire it is slightly sinuous.Length 13, of aperture 10""".Sttcciuca XuitaUudia, Lea, Proc. Aui. Phil. Soc, ii,32 (1841); Trans., ix,4; Ob>s., iv, 4(1844).?PfEiffek, Mou. Hel. Viv., ii, .'J23.?Binxey, Terr. Moll., ii, bl, pi,Ixvii, a, fig. 4.?W. G. Binxey, Terr. Moll., iv,6; L. & Fr.-AV. Sh., i, 269(1869); Terr. Moll., v, 428.?Tryon, Am. Jomu. Coucli., ii, 236(1866).Oregon and California, in the Pacific Province.Jaw as usual ; no anterior ribs.The lingual membrane has 19-1-19 teeth (Terr. Moll., Y, Plate XVT,Fig. Ii). Another lingual membrane had 50 rows of 30-1-30 tei thcentrals obtusely tricuspid ; laterals bicuspid ; marginals tridentate,the inner tooth much the largest.
160 A MANUAL OF AMERICAN LAND SHELLS.Succiiiea. Ore$^oiieiisis Lea.Shell elongated-ovate, thiu, of a somewhat saffrou-yellow color, rathercoarsely though obtusely and distantly striated trans-versely; spire with 2i or 3 well-rounded whorls, separatedby a distinct suture^ the last w^horl seven eighths the lengthof the shell ; aperture two-thirds the length of the shell,Siiccincaorcgonenxis, strictlv ovate, oue-third longer than broad; columella are-enlaip;c-<l. ^ i <^ iuate, but not folded, a thin white callus of considerable extent cover-ing it. Length, 6^"""; greatest lateral diameter 3^, least 2^'"'".Succhiea Oregonensis, Lea, Proc. Am. Phil. Soc, ii, 32 (1841); Traus.,ix,5; Obs., iv,5(1844).
?
Pfeiffer, Mon. Hel. ^''iv., ii, 523.?Bixney, Terr. Moll., ii, 77, pi.Ixvii, lig. 2.?W. G. Binney, Tc --. Moll., iv, 6; L. & Fr.-W. Sb.,i, 270 (1869);Terr. Moll., v, 428.?Tryox, Am. uourn. Concli., ii, 235 (1866).Succ'uwa Gabbii, Tryon, Am. Journ. C'-iich., ii, 234, pl.? ii, fig. 14 (1866).Oregon and California, in the Pacific Province.Animal unknown.Compared with S. aurea, it is inuch smaller and combines red in itscoloration; the aperture is u: re rounded at base, so as to be morebroadly ovate ; the whorls ar' also more rounded. Grains of sandadhere to its surface, much as u the young of S. avar<(, but no epider-mal hairs have been noticed.
Family VERONICELLID^.VEKONICELILA. (See below under species of the Southern Region.)Veroiiicella olivacea, Stearns.Animal elongated-oval, slug-shaped, sides moderately curved, endsobtusely rounded ; substance (in alcohol) coriaceous, back convex andgranidously rugose; coloi olive beneath, darker olive above; lengthof body uearly four times Its width ; foot linear, not quite as long as,and one-third the widtL :)f, the body ; eye-peduncles short, annulated,with rather obscure, stumpy (bifurcate ?) tentacles below. Length oflargest specimen, 1.74 inches ; breadth of largest specimen, .51 inch.Hahitat.?Nicaragua (Occidental Department), where several speci-mens were collected by Mr. J. A. McNiel. This species is found alsoin the Upper Californian Province, fi specimen having been collectedby me near Lobitos in the year 18GG. My collection* contains threeNow in the collection of the Uuited. States Museum.? [A". E. C. ,<?.]
PACIFIC COAST SPKCIFlS. 101specimens, aud the Museum of the Peabody Academy of Science, atSalem, Mass., numerous examples of this species. In connection withthe above measurements, it should be borne in mind that the contrac-tion caused by the alcohol materially affects the proportions; the ani-mal, when alive, is undoubtedly very much longer and somewhatbroader tban above stated.The few species known inhabit tropical or semi-tropical climates;the form above described is quite distinct from V. Floridana^ which isalso found in Nicaragua (Eastern Department), where it was collected
''under stones, Javate, Chontales ; probably the same species, buttwice the size of Toro Kapids." ( Yu'e paper "On the Land and Fresh-water Shells of Nicaragua, by Eai^'^i Tate," in American Jonriud ofConchology, Vol. Y, pp. 151-162.) 1 le "Toro Kapids" specimens ofMr. Tate's collection possibly belong to the species herein described,but it is hardly i^robable that the w II marked differences between thelatter and Y. Floridana could have escf )ed detection. (Stearns.)Veronioella olivacca, Stearxs, Proc. Bost. 8nc. 1 ..Hist., 1871.?W. Cf. Binxf.y, Terr.Moll., V, 243.Lobitos is a small creek, entering the sea about 40 miles south of SanFrancisco Bay. The ranch and hamlet' through which it passes bearthe same name.Jaw of a Nicaragua specimen of the original lot as usual in thegenus (see below); over 20 ribs.Lingual membrane as in V. Floridana.Family ONCHIDITDiE.0]?CHIDEL,L,A, Gray.Animal limaciform; body oblong or oval ; ^nantle covering the wholebody and reflected under the body, _ ^^ ftc m.smooth or granular, without tufts orradiating processes on the dorsal sur-face ; foot broad, simple posteriorly
;
oral appendages lobate, simple, undi-vided ; tentacles none ; eyes at the endof long, club-shaped retractile iieduiicles. o.borcaUs.Respiratory orifice posterior, at the right side. Anal orifice separate,posterior; male organ under the right eye-peduncle, female orifice atthe posterior extremity of the body. No caudal mucous ]iore. No dis-1749?Bull. 28 11
162 A MANUAL OF AMEiaCAN LAND SHELLS.tinct locomotive disk, though the reflection of the mantle on eitherside of the foot gives a tripartite appearance to the under surface ofthe body.Shell none.In three specimens of 0. borealis examined I found a jaw (Fig. 148),low, wide, slightly arcuate, ends scarcelj^ attenuated, blunt, anteriorsurface ribless.Lingual membrane (Fig. 149) long and wide. Teeth about 61-1-61,
^^'' ^^^
- arranged strongly eji chevron. The central tooth is large,^^^^^^Ifck longer than wide, truncated above, expanded below itsJaw of o. borealis. middle and incurved at the basal margin. The reflectionis large, tricuspid, each cusp bearing a decided cutting point. The sideteeth are razor-shaped; they have a long, narrow base of attachment,a small part of its upper portion thrown outwards, the balance curvinginwards, giving an irregular bow-shape to the whole base of attach-ment, whose upper and lower edges are abruptly truncated. The re-riG^i49. flection is near the base, and consists of a very smallinner cusp, bearing a small conical cutting point, andanother outer, larger cusp, bearing an extraordinarilydeveloped, wide, expanding, bluntly truncated cuttingLingual dentition point. As the teeth pass outwards towards the outerof O. borealis. -? '-margin of the membrane they at first increase and then decrease insize, but retain the same shape quite to the edge.The dentition of several Eastern species has also been published.The Onchidiidce were formerly described as agnathous, but I am con-fident of having observed the jaw figured. I found none in OncMdiumSchrammi (see Ann. Lye. Nat. Hist, of N. Y., X, 339) nor in OnchidellaCarj>enteri (see below).Onchidella borealis, Daxl.Animal small, black, with dots and streaks of yellowish white, footlight-colored, also muzzle and tentacles. Back regularly rounded, buta little pointed in the middle, smooth or very finely granulous, toughand coriaceous. Eyes globular, blue, on very short constricted ten-tacles. Muzzle short, rounded -transverse. Head not produced beyondthe anterior edge of the mantle. Sexnal appendages on the right side,near the head. Foot ovate, narrow, rather roundly pointed behind.Lon., .3 in.
CENTRAL PROVINCE SPECIES. 163HaMtat.?Sitka, Alaska Territory, ou the rocks near tide-marks,especially on the small islets in the bay. (Dall.)Onchidella iorealis, Dall, August, 1866, Am. Jouru. Couch., vii, 135.?W. G. Binney,TeiT. Moll., V, 179.Found from Prince William's Sound to Vancouver's Island, by Mr.Dall, to whom I am indebted for specimens, one of which is figured onp. 161.For jaw and lingual membrane and figure of the animal see above.Oiichidciln Csirpenteri, W. G. Bixxey.Body oblong, with its extremities circularly rounded; the upper sur-face is regularly arched ; below, quite near the edge, the fig. iso.border of the mantle is readily distinguished; most of ^i^the under surface is occupied by the broad, distinct, loco-motive disk ; the body is uniformly smoke-colored ; in size Tk carjyenteri.the individuals vary considerably, the length of the largest being 5'"'",the extreme breadth 3'"'".Onchidium Carpenferi, W. G. Binney, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sc. Phila., 1860, 154 ; L. & Fr.-W.Sh. of N. A., i, 308, fig. 545 (1868).Strait of Fuca to Gulf of California. A species of the Pacific Eegion.No jaw found.Lingual membrane as in 0. horeaUs.
i c. Species of the Central Province.It must be borne in mind that the universally distributed species alsoare found in this i)rovince, and several small s^Decies also found in theSierra Nevada (see ante).Family LIMACID^.Liiiiax. (See below.)Liiniax iiiontanus, Ingehsoll.Color bluish-gray. Form stout, with blunt posterior extremity.Length exceeding 1 inch. Hot Sulphur Springs, Col.Umax montanus, Ingersoll, Bull. U. S. Geol. aud Geogr. Survey of the Territories, No.2, secoud series, 132 (1875); ed. 2 (1876), 394, figs. ?W. G. Binney, Terr.Moll., V, 152.Limax casianeiis, Ingersoll, 1. c, e d. 2, 396.Limax Ingersolli (see below).The above is Ingersoll's deseription. Specimens received from himfurnish the anatomical details here given.
164 A MANUAL OF AMERICAN LAND SHELLS.It is a species of the Central Province.Jaw as usual in the genus. Lingual membrane long and narrow.Teeth 50-1-50, with 16 perfect laterals. Centrals with base of attach-ment slightly longer than wide; inferior lateral angles not much pro-duced, lower margin incurved ; reflection slightly shorter than one-halfthe base of attachment : tricuspid, the outer cusps short, stout, bearingshort, stout cutting points; the median cusp stout, reaching almost tothe lower edge of the base of attachment, beyond which projects thecutting point; laterals like the centrals, but asymmetrical, as usual,by the suppression of the inner cusp, with its cutting point and innerlower lateral expansion of the base of attachment. There are 16 per-fect laterals, beyond which are several teeth forming the usual gradualtransition to the marginals. These latter are aculeate, the cuttingpoints bearing at or about the center of their lower edge a blunt spur,which is a modified form of the bifurcation of the marginal teeth oftenfound in Limax. The marginal teeth have the usual characteristicarrangement in oblique rows, and the separate teeth, as they pass out-ward, have at first the rapid increase for a short distance, and thencegradual decrease in size, usual in Zonites.In the genital system (Terr. Moll., V, Plate XII, Fig. B) there areno accessory organs. The penis sac is as long as the vagina, with aconstriction near its commencement, and tapers above to a point, be-low which it receives the vas deferens. The genital bladder is oval,with a very short duct entering the vagina above the penis sac. Thearrangement is very nearly that of L. campestris.This species is referred to by me as L. IngersoUi in Proc. Ac. Nat. Sc.Phila., 1875, and in Ann. Lye. of N. H. of N. Y., X, 169.Limax castaneus is a variety of this species. Jaw as usual ; lingualdentition as in the other form, but diifering in having only 34-1-31teeth, with 12 perfect laterals (Terr. Moll, Y, Plate I, Fig. K). Thisimportant difference is such as to warrant the belief that the form mayprove a distinct species. Genitalia not examined. Blue River Valley,Colorado. It is described thus by Ingersoll : Small and slender; lengthless than 1 inch ; color a lively brown, with a darker spot over theshield ; head, tentacles, and eye-stalks blacTi ; bottom of foot white.
CENTEAL ^ROVI^?CE SPECIES. 165Family HELICIDiE.PATULA. (See below.)Patula strig'osa, Gould.Shell broadly lunbilicated, orbicular, slightly and about equally con-vex above and beneath, surface irregular and roughened ^jg 15^above by indentations and coarse lines of growth andby occasional line revolving lines, smoother and shin-ing beneath ; color asby-gray, somewhat mottled withdusky or altogether rusty brown above, with usuallya single, faint, revolving band on the middle of eachwhorl, and often with numerous bands, unequal in sizeand distance, beneath ; whorls 5, moderately convex,the last one eariuated at its commencement and de- pTstH^osa.flexed; aperture very oblique, circular; peristome simple, acute, almostcontinuous, terminations approaching, joined by thick callus, that ofthe columella subreflected. Greater diameter 21, lesser 18""?; height,lO'"'".Helix strigosa, Gould, Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., ii, 166 (1846); Expl. Exped.Moll.,36, fig. 41 (1852); Terr. Moll., ii, 210, pi. xxvi, a.?Pfeiffer, Mon.Hel. Viv.,i, 121;,iv, 91; Mai. Bl.,1857, 321.?W. G. Binney, Terr. Moll., iv, 23; L. &Fr.-W. Sh., i, 72(1869).dnguispira strigosa, Tryon, Am. Jonni. Concb., ii, 261 (1866).Helix Cooperi, W. G. Binney, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1858, 118; Terr. Moll., iv,97, pi. Ixxvii, fig. 11 ; L. & Fr.-W. Sh., i, 78, figs. 132-137 (1869).?Pfeiffer,Mai. Bllitt.,1859, 6.Anguispira Cooperi, Tryon, Am. Joiirn. Conch., ii, 260 (1866).Helix Hajjdeni, Gabb, Am. JourD. Conch., v, 24, pi. viii, fig. 1 (1869).Patula strigosa, W. G. Binney, Terr. Moll., v, 157.Angiiispira Bruneri, Ancey, Le Nature, iii, 468 (Sept., 1881).This species seems to inhabit all of the Central Province from NewMexico, on the Rio Piedro, to the British Possessions. It is also foundin the mountainous country east of the Rocky Mountains in the East-ern Province, at least as far east as longitude, 108?. It has also pene-trated the Pacific Province, having been found in Eastern Oregon.The species is viviparous. Seventeen embryonic shells were foundin one individual, of which the largest had three whorls.A large specimen in my cabinet has a larger diameter of 26?"'.It will be seen from the above synonymy that I have become con-vinced of the identity of strigosa and Cooperi. Plate XXVI, a, of Terr.Moll., Ill (copied in my figure), represents the former, while the follow-
16G A MANUAL OF AMERICAN LAND SHELLS.ing figures give various forms of the latter. I repeat the description ofthe typical Gooperi:Shell umbilicated, elevated, globose, solid, coarse and rongb, withoblique incremental striae intersected with delicate spiral lines ; colorFig. 152. white, variously marked with a single narrow band orbroader longitudinal and spiral patches of reddish-brown,sometimes uniformly red; suture impressed; spire ele-vated; whorls 5, convex, the last rounded, very de-cidedly deflected at the aperture; umbilicus moderate,pervious, one-fifth the greater diameter of the shell;aperture very oblique, circular; peristome simple, thick-ened, with its extremities very nearly approached andjoined by a heavy white callus, that of the columella re-var coopen. flg(.(-gj_ Greater diameter 20, lesser IG"""; height, IS?-".The species varies greatly in shape, as seen in the figures given ofvarious forms. It is sometimes strongly carinated, and the peristomeis sometimes continuous by the heavy, raised callus connecting its ex-tremities. (Fig. 15-4.)Mr. Ingersoll remarks: "This well-knownHelix, the largest of any collected, was notuncommon in Middle Park and North Park,Colorado, where great numbers of deadshells would be found in isolated spots; /only a few live ones being found in wetplaces in the vicinity. In the Blue KiverYallev we crossed a belt a hundred vards
yia. 153.
P. Cooperi. Tar. Cuoperi.or so wide, and apparently miles in length, where the surface wasthickly strewn with bleached shells, as though an army of these mol-lusks had been overtaken on the march by universal destruction."Jaw (strigosa) long, low, slightly arcuate; anterior surface smoothexcepting near the lower margin, where there are numerous, crowded,subobsolete ribs or coarse strire, crenelating the cutting edge. Thereis a very strong muscular attachment to the upper margin. The jawof extreme forms of Cooperi is the same.The lingual dentition of each form is alike, but I figure that of each.In P. strigosa (Terr. Moll., Y, Plate IV, Fig. II) there are 50-1-50teeth, with 15 perfect laterals; c is an extreme marginal.P. Coopen has (Terr. Moll., Y, Plate lY, Fig. G) 29-1-29 teeth, with11 perfect laterals,
CENTRAL PROVINCE SPECIES. 167Plate XI, Fig. A, of Terr. Moll., V, represents the genitalia of a Sal-mon River specimen of the typical strigosa. The testicle, as usual,was in the summit of the upper lobe of the liver. The epididymis islong, convoluted in its half nearer the testicle. The accessory glandis composed of several long, black cceca. The oviduct is sac-like, not?convoluted, containing eight embryonic shells. The genital bladder issmall, with a long, narrow duct entering the upper part of the vagiua,near which it is swollen. The vagina is short and swollen. The peuissac is long, stout, blunt at apex, where the retractor muscle is inserted.The vas deferens becomes greatly swollen before it enters the sac oftbe penis, which it does above the insertion of the retractor muscle.As the shells of some forms of this species are difficult to distinguishfrom some forms of Patula soUtaria, it is interesting to state that thegenitalia of a specimen of the latter from the same locality offers verydistinct specific characteristics, agreeing with Dr. Leidy's figure in Vol.I of Terr. Moll.E have received from Mr. Henry Hemphill specimens of H. Haydeniwith the animal, and so variable that I am convinced of its being avariety of strigosa. The revolving lines are not always present, andvary greatly in development. The young shells have erect coarse hairson the revolving lines. The discovery is an interesting fig. 155.one, as the species was formerly considered extinct. Oneof the original lot of specimens is here figured. Mr. Hemp-hill found several curious varieties. The ydw of Raydeni(Terr. Moll., V, Plate XVI, Fig. G), as well as its geni-talia and viviparous habit, is the same as in strigosa. Itslingual dentition I figure on Plate XVI, Fig. B. Thereare 33-1-33 teeth. The eleventh tooth has the side cusp p. uaydeni.and cutting point.Another curious form of this protean species was also found by Mr.Hemphill in the same locality, a spur of the Wahsatch Range formingthe western boundary of the valley in which Salt Lake Fig. 156.City lies. This form is here figured. Its dentition isgiven in Terr. Moll., V, Plate XVI, Fig. A. There are27-1-27 teeth, the tenth having the side cusp and cuttingpoint. The jaw and genitalia are as in strigosa. Smallspecimens of this curious form resemble P. Idahoensis, ' '"'^''" "*'*'"?especially by its rib like striie of growth. The latter, however, as wellas F. HcDijjhiUi, has side cusps and cutting points to central and all.the lateyal teeth of the lingual membrane.. -
168 A MANUAL OF AMERICAN LAND SHELLS.Patula Hempliilli, Newcomb.Shell widely umbilicated, sublenticular, rough, with incrementalwrinkles and minute revolving strife, bearing separated, short, stoutbristles; dirty white, with a revolving reddish band; spire slightlyelevated, apex obtuse; whorls 4, the last strongly carinated and deeplyym 151 excavated towards the suture, scarcelj^ descending; aper-ture oblique, banded within ; peristome thin, acute, angular,its terminations approached ; umbilicus very wide, show-r. Hempkiiu. i^^g all the volutions. Greater diameter 12, lesser 10"^?;height, 4"""..Helix JfiDijihilli, Newcomb, Ahj. Jonrii. Conch., v, 165, pi. xvii, fig. 4 (1869-70).Pafiihi IlemphilU, W. G. Binxey, Terr. Moll., v, l.M).A species of the Central Province, having been found in the WhitePine mining district, Nevada; Maniton, Williams Cation, Colorado.Jaw thick, very much arched, of almost uniform breadth throughout,striate tranversely and vertically ; ends not attenuated, squarely trun-cated ; cutting edge with a blunt, |n'ominent, median projection. Astout upper muscular attachment.Tins s])ecies (Terr. :\roll., V, Plate lY, Fig. J) has 20-1-20 teeth onits lingual membrane, with 7 [)erfect laterals. The first laterals aredistinctly bicuspid. (See also Llahoensis.)The species is viviparous. Genitalia not otherwise observed.The specimen figured is typical. It rei)resents an immature specimen.I have retained a distinct specitic name for HempMUi on account ofthe presence of side cusps and cutting jioints to the central and lateralteeth on its lingual membrane : otherwise, the shell would be considereda variety of .strh/osa. It certainly gradually runs into strigosa, formswith revolving stria^ being identical Mith varieties of Haydeni andcalled H. Brvneri, as proved to me by the type of that species kindlyloaned me by Mr. Aucey.PatuSa ]<lalioeiisi?<?, Newcomb.Fig. 158. Shell umbiiicatcd, globosely elevated, thick, white, rough,with srout, distant, oblique, curving, blunt ribs, of which28 are upon the last whorl; suture impressed; spire highlyelevated, apex waxen, smootlier, obtuse; wliorls 5, convex,the last equally globose'above and below, hardly falling be-fore; umbilicus moderate, one-sixth the lesser diameter ofthe shell ; ai)erturu oblicjne, almost circular; peristome sim-J\ idahoei,Hii,. p],.^ made almost continuous by a heavy i^arietal callus con-necting its approximating ends, that of the columella slightly expanded
CENTRAL PROVINCE SPECIES. I(j9aud reflected over a portiou of tlie umbilicus. Greater diameter 13,lesser 11"""; height, T"^"'.Helix Idolioeiiisis, Newcomb, Am. Joiirn. Conch., ii, 1, pi. i, figs. 1-3 (1866).?W. G.BixNEY, L. &. Fr.-W. Sh., i,79, fig. 138 (1869).Anguixpira Idahoensis Tryon, Am. Journ. Conch., ii, 260 (1866).Patula Jdahooisis, W. G. Binnky, Terr. Moll., v, 160.Idaho Territory, between Idaho City aud Cceur d'Aleue miniug dis-trict, in the Central Province.The shell figured was received irom Dr. Newcomb. The species intexture aud form resembles somewhat a small, elevated Gooperi.The jaw very much resembles in form and in its crenelated cuttingedge that of Patula striafella. Its anterior surface has coarse perpen-dicular stria?, or obsolete wrinkles, not well-formed ribs. There is astout membranous attachment to the upper margin.P. Idahoensis (Terr. Moll., Plate IV, Fig. 1) has 33-1-33 teeth onits lingual membrane, with 11 perfect laterals. The transition fromthe laterals to the marginals, however, is very gradual. This speciesand HemphUli have side cusps and cutting points on the central andlirst laterals, while strigosa does not.Genitalia not examined.Patula Iforni, Gabb.Shell umbilicated, globosely depressed, thin, coarse, reddish horn-color, under the epidermis obliquely striate, hirsute; whorls 4, fig. :5o.scarcely convex, the last inflated below ; umbilicus pervious,showing the whorls to the apex ; aperture oblique, subcircu-lar; peristome simple, acute, its ends hardly approaching, thatof the columella uot widened nor reflected. Greater diameter4, lesser 3^'""' ; height, 1"'"'. p. Hom;.Helix Honiii, Gabb, Am. Jomii. Conch., ii, .330, pi. xxi, fig. 5 (1866).?W. G. Bin-NEY^ L. & Fr.-W. Sh., i, 81, lig 143(1869).Hyaliiia Hornii, Tryon, Am. Jonri-. Conch., iii, 163 (1867).Patula Horni, W. G. Bi.xney, Terr. Moll., v, 167.Fort Grant, Ariz., at the junction of the Arivapa and San PedroEivers, in the Central Province.My description and figure are drawn from an autheutic specimen.The latter does not show the hirsute character of the species. In Dr.Gabb's original figure there are^ at right angles with the periphery, arow of erect hairs.Animal uot examined.
170 A MANUAL OF AMERICAN LAND SHELLS.
t MICROPHYSA. (See below.)Micropliysa Ing'ersolli, Bland.Shell iimbilicated, discoidal, thiu, translucid, nearly smooth, white;Fig. 160. spire flat, summit subimmersed; suture impressed; whorls5J, rather convex, slowly increasing, the last not descend-ing, more convex below the periphery; breadth of um-bilicus nearly 1"? ; aperture subvertical, higher thanbroad, lunate; peristome simple, acute, margins remote,columellar margin slightly reflexed, basal margin subsin-uate. Greater diameter 4, lesser Sf"""^; height, 2^"'"'.Micrnphysa Inger- /j>-\r.r,(\ \sola, enlarged. (^CiaUU.;Helix IngcrsoJUi, Bland, Ann. Lye. Nat. Hist, of N. Y., xi, 151, fig. (1874).? Inger-suLL, SjiecialEep. on Recent Moll, of Colorado, ed. 2, 397.Microphysa IngcrsolH, W. G. Binney, Terr. Moll., v, 173.A species of the Central Province. Howardsville, Baker's Park,9,300 feet above the sea ; abundant in wet places on the mountains.Not uncommon at Cunningham Gulch, near the former locality, cling-ing to the almost vertical face of a trachyte cliff, at an elevation ofabout 11,000 feet; the finest specimens came from this spot. Foundalso on the southern slope of the Saguache Mountains, in the LasAnimas and La Plata Valleys, in the same stations as affected by Suc-cinea. All the localities mentioned are in the southwestern corner ofColorado.This species was discovered by Mr. Ernest Ingersoll, naturalist ofthe United States Geological Survey of the Territories, under Profes-
.sor Hayden. It can scarcely be compared with any known NorthAmerican species.At first sight I was disposed to consider the species a Zonites, butexamination of the animal proved it to belong to the Helicea.Jaw low, wide, slightly arcuate, ends slightly attenuated ; whole an-terior surface with about 22 broad, flat, slightly separated ribs, whoseends denticulate either margin.Lingual membrane long and narrow. Teetli about IG-l-lG. Cen-trals as usual in the Helicidw (Terr. Moll., V, Plate III, Fig. V). Theside cusps and cutting points are wHl developed, the base of attach-ment longer than wide. Laterals of same type, but asymmetrical,and consequently only bicuspid. The change from laterals to mar-ginals (eighth and ninth teeth of figure) is very gradual, there beingno splitting of the inner cutting point. Marginals (sixteenth tooth of
CENTRAL PKOVINCE SPECIES. 171figure) very low, wide, with one inner, long, blunt cutting point, andone outer, small, blunt. Tbe low, wide marginal teeth of this speciesare peculiar. SPURIOUS SPECIES OF MICROPHYSA.Microphysa mlnuscula of Von Martens (Alb., eel. 2) is a Zonites (q. v),POLYGYRErLA, Bland.Animal heliciform ; mantle subceutral ; other characters as in Pa-tula.Shell widely umbilicated, discoidal, ribbed above, smoother below
;
whorls 7-8, gradually increasing, the last fio. igi.deflected above, furnished within with tworows of three teeth ; base flattened ; um-bilicus of equal size to the apex ; aperturesubvertical, oblique, lunate-oval 5 peri- jn^ oiP.iwiygyreUa.stome white, simple, much thickened within, margins joined by a white,jiliciform, elevated, triangular tooth.Central Province ; a single species known.Jaw of the onlj' known species, P. poJygyrella, very low, wide, veryslightly arcuate, ends very gradually attenuated ; cutting margin with-out median projection ; anterior surface with numerous (even 20)broad, slightly separated ribs, denticulatiug either margin.Lingual membrane (Terr. Moll., V, Plate VII, Fig. A) long and nar-row. Teeth 27-1-27, with 5 perfect laterals. Centrals sub(iuadrate,the lower lateral angles but little exi)anded, the upper margin broadlyreflected ; reflection large, wide, with distinct but small, rounded sidecusps, bearing short conical cutting points, and a very stout mediancusp, reaching the lower margin of the base of attachment, beyondwhich projects the short, stout, conical cutting point. Laterals likethe centrals, but asymmetrical by the suppression of the inner, lowerangle of the base of attachment and the inner side cusp and cuttingpoint. First marginals a simple modification of the laterals by thelesser development of the cutting point {h). Outer marginals (c) low,wide, the reflection equaling the base of attachment and bearing oneinner, short, stout, oblique cutting point, and two shorter, outer, bluntcutting points.Polygyrella is quite distinct from all the other American genera bythe form of its jaw and the large number of ribs upon its anterior sur-face,
172 A MANUAL OF AMEKICAX LxiNU SHELLS.Poly&yrella polygyrella, Bland,Shell widely umbilicate, discoidal, flat, sbiuing, translucent, yellow-ish horn-colored, ribbed above, the ribs obsolete near the aperture, baseFig. 162. rather smooth; spire scarcely elevated; whorls 7 to 8, some-what convex, gradually increasing, the last slightly deflexedabove, armed within with two rows of three teeth, seenthrough the outer wall; nmbilicus pervious, of equal size tothe apex; aperture snbvertical, oblique, lunate-oval; pcri-p. poiygyreiia. gtomc dcprcsscd above, Avhite, siiiii)le, much thickened with-in, the margins joined by a white, pliciform, elevated, triangular tooth.Greater diameter 114, lesser 10^""" ; height, 5'"'".Eelix pohigip-eUa, Bland and Cooper, Ann. N. Y. Lye, vii, 365, pL iv, figs. 13-15(is(;i)._W. G. BiNNEY, L. & Fr.-W. Sli., i, 112 (1869).rohjijyra pohi<jiirdla, Tkyon, Am. Journ. Conch., iii, 160 (1867).PohjgyrcUa pohjgyri'Ua, W. G. Binney, Terr. MolL, v, 289.Central Province. Common on the Coeur d'Alene Mountains, espe-cially on their eastern slope, in spruce forests ; Salmon River, Idaho.Jaw and lingual membrane : see p. 171.orenitalia unknown.
Fig. 163.
Family PUPID^.PUPA. (See below.)Pupa corpiileiita, Morse.Shell rimateperforate, elongate-ovate, finely striated, polished trans-lucent, dark olive-brown; apex round, obtuse; whorls 4, convex, tumid,wider at the base ; aperture large, subcircular,with 4 obtuse teeth, 1 on the parietal margin, 1 onthe columellar margin, and 2 on the labrum ; peri-stome slightly thickened and reflected. Length,
.10 inch; breadth, M inch. (Morse.) 7Isthmia corpuhnta, Morse, Ann. N. Y. Lye., viii, 210, fig(Nov., 18U5).Piq)a corpuhnta, W. G. Binney, L. & Fr.-W. Sh., i, 238(1869); Terr. Moll., v, 201.Pupilla corpulenta, Tryon, Am. Journ. Concb., iii, 309 (1868),Little Valley, Washoe County, Nevada; on eastslope of Sierra Nevada, G,500 feet above the sea
;
Pupa corpulenta, enlarged. Colorado. Thus far Hot noticcd outside the CentralProvince.Animal unobserved.
CENTRAL PROVINCE SPECIES. l7oPupa Arizonensis, Gabb.Shell rimate, oblong-fusiform, thiu, delicately wrinkled, i^ellucid,born-color; spire elongated, apex obtuse; whorls 5, convex, ^i^- ^^4.the last equaling one-half the shell's length; aperture oblique,oval; peristome thickened, wliite, continuously slightly re-flected, its ends approximating, joined by a light callus, thatof the columella straight, dilated. Length, 4^'""'; diameter,2'"? ; aperture, li""" long, 1""" wide.Piqja {Moclicella) Anzonensis, Gabb, Amer. Journ. Conch., ii, 331, pi. xxi, fig-. 6(1866).?W. G. BiNNEY, L. & Fr.-W. Sb., i, 240, tig. 416 (1869) ; Terr. Moll., v,204.Leiicbchila Arizonensis, Tryon, Anier. Journ. Conch., iii, 305 (1868).Piijja hebes, Ancey.*Arizona, at Fort Grant, junction of Arivapa and San Pedro Rivers;Nevada, at White Pine; Salt Lake City, Utah. It thus api>ears to bea species of the Central Province.The description and figure are drawn from an authentic specimen.The species is less elongated, more blunt, and has more convex whorlsthan Pvpa fallax.Animal unobserved. Pupa hordeacea, 'Gabb.Shell rimate, cylindrical, thin, scarcely striate, pellucid, horn-color;spire elongated, apex obtuse; whorls 5, convex, the last equaling pjg jgs.one-third the shell's length; aperture truncate-ovate; peristomethickened, white, reflected, not continuous; one twisted, tooth- ^^ ?like, entering, prominent fold upon the parietal wall of theaperture, and one prominent, upright tooth within the apertureat its base. Length, 2i'"?; diameter, f"?.Pupa Tiordacea, Gabb, Am. Journ. Conch., ii, 331, jil. xxi, fig. 7 (1866).Pu2}a hordeacea, W. G. Binney, L. & Fr.-W. Sh., i, 241, fig. 417 (1869); Terr. Moll.,V, 255.Leucochila hordacea, Tryon, Am. Journ. Conch., iii, 306 (1868).Arizona, at Fort Grant, junction of Arivapa and San Pedro Rivers,in the Central Province.My description and figure are drawn from an authentic specimen.The latter does not show the basal tooth of the aperture described andfigured by Gabb. Specimens distributed by him as Identical with this
*1 am indebted to the kindness of Mr. Ancey for the opportunity of examining thetypical sjjecimens.
174 A MANUAL OF AMERICAN LAND SHELLS.
species have not ouly these two teeth, but also two other smaller oneswithin the aperture and one on the columella.Animal unobserved.Pupa alticola, Ingersoll.Shell perforate, straight, two and one-half times as long as broad,Fig. 166. densely striate, subtranslucent, chestnut-brown, apexobtuse; whorls G or 7, convex, the middle 3 of thespire equal, causing a parallelism in the sides of the shell,the last noticeably greater, expanding toward the aperture,not closely appressed to the body- whorl; suture deeplyimpressed; ai)erture small, oblique, subtriangular, mar-gins connected by a thin deposit, without internal x)roc-esses; peristome siu)i)le, somewhat reflected over the
I
Pupa alticola.umbilicus.-Cunningham Gulch, Colorado; Rio La Plata.It will not be difticult to re(;ognize this species by its parallel sides,base like expansion of the last whorl, coarse incremental lines, andedentate aperture. It seems to be an essentially alpine species, nonehaving been found at an elevation less than 8,000 to 9,000 feet. Itwas plenty in the localities mentioned above. (Ingersoll.)Pupilla alticola, Ingersoll, Bulletin U. S. Geol. Geogr. Surv. of the Terr., No. 2,128 (1875) ; ed. 2 (1876), 391, fig.-W. G. Binney, Terr. Moll., v, 212, fig. 116.Animal not observed.A species of the Central Region.Fig. IGG is drawn from an authentic specimen.
Family SUCCINID^.SUCCINEA. (See below.)Siicciiiea lineata, W. G. Binney.Shell oblong-ovate, with 3 very convex whorls ; spire elevated,Fig. 167. acute; surface marked with irregular wrinkles of growth, be-
* tween which are coarse parallel revolving lines, somewhat re-moved from each other; aperture large, about as long as one-
a.iimata. half of the whole length of the shell, oval; columella folded;
EASTERN PROVINCE XORTIIERlSf REGION SPECIES. 175
a depositiou of callus on the parietal wall of the aperture. Greatestdiameter, G"^"; altitude, 12""'.Succinea Ihieata, W. G. Binney, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Pbila., 1857, 19 ; Proc. Bost. Soc.Nat. Hist., vi, 155 (April, 1857) ; Terr. Moll., iv, :38, pi. Ixxx, fig. 5; L. & Fr.-W. Sh., i, 2(52 (1869) ; Terr. Moll., v, 420, fig. 298.?Tkyon, Am. Jonrn. Concb.,ii, 235 (186G).Succinea chrysis, West ? see ai>pendix.Fort Uuion, Nebr ; also in New Mexico, Arizona, and Sonora, Mexico.Thus it belongs to both the Interior Kegion of the Eastern Provinceand to the Central Province.The specimens collected being dead and eroded, it is impossible to saywhat is the color of the shell wGen fresh. It is probably ashy-white,resembling the true S. camptstris of the Southern States. The revolvinglines, which distinguish it, are most apparent on the middle of the body-whorl. These are quite coarse and placed at irregular intervals, onsome specimens scarcely discernible. The aperture is unlike that of anyother of our species ; bi.'iiig correctly egg-shaped, it is nearest in formto that of 8. oampestris, but is less expanded. The parietal wall ofthe aperture is unusually horizontal. In general aspect it resemblessomewhat 8. vermeta, bnt is distinguished from that shell by its moreoval shape and the greater convexity of the whorls. It is the heaviestAmerican species.This species must not be confounded with >S'. Uneata, De Kay.Jaw as usual; no anterior ribs.The lingual membrane (Terr. Moll., V, Plate X, Fig. L) has 26-1-26teelh, with 4 perfect laterals, but the transition to marginals is verygradual. The teeth have a very broad base of attachment, and veryslender, sharp cutting points.d. Eastern Province?Species of the IS'orthern Eegion.(See p. 26.)It m\ist be borne in mind that the universally distributed species(p. 60) are found in this region also.
Family LTMACID^.VITRIJVA, Drap.Anim'al heliciform, obtuse before, pointed behind. Mantle posterior,with an anterior prolongation covering the back, and with a process orprolongation which is reflected backward upon the shell. A distinct
17G A MANUAL OF AMERICAN LAND SHELLS.locomotive disk. No caudal mucous pore. Kespiratory orifice (i) snb-central, on tlie rie'ht edge of the mantle, underFig. 168. I the peristome of the shell. Generative orifice (e)somewhat in the rear of the right eye-peduncle.Anal orifice contiguous to the respiratory orifice.Shell external, imperforate, pellucid, glassy, de-pressed; spire short; whorls 2-3, rapidly increasing, the last wide;aperture large ; peristome thin, often membranous.The jaw is highly arched, ends acuminated, blunt; anterior surfacesmooth ; cutting margin with a prominent, beak-like, median iirojeclion.I have figured the jaw of V. limpida*m Terr. Moll., V, Plate XVI,Fig. H. I have found it to be the same in V. exilis and Ffeifferi. Ihave not examined either jaw or lingual membrane in V. Angelica.Fig. 1G9 gives a general idea of the lingual membrane. The centralsjTio. 1(59. have a quadrangular baseof attachment, longerthan broad. The reflec-tion is short, with threedistinct cusps, the me-Liuguul deutitiuu of r. /i)?ijitf?. (Morse.) diau loug and Slcudcr,bulging at the sides, the outer ones very shor t ; all the cusps bear cut-ting points in proportion to their length. The lateral teeth are ar-ranged in straight transverse rows. They are like the centrals, butunsymmetrical by the partial sup])ression of the inner side cusp andinner lower lateral exj)ansion of the base of attachment, and the com-plete suppression of the cutting point to the inner side cusp. Themarginals have a sole-shaped base of attachment, and truly aculeatecutting points, which, however, are bluntly bifid at their iioints. Themarginals are in oblique, curving rows, gradually decreasing in size ofthe teeth as they pass off laterally. They do not first increase andthen decrease, as in Zonites and Glandina, or not, at all events, to thesame degree. In V. limpida, as stated below, the seventh marginalappears, however, to be the largest.Vitrina has a world-wide distribution. In North America it is re-stricted almost exclusively to the Northern Region, excepting on highelevations.
* From Moquin-Tandon.
EASTERN PRUVINCK?NORTHERN R1:GI0N SPECIES. 177
Vitriiiii linipida, Gould.Shell globose-discoid, thiu, fragile, transparent, shining ; whorls 2Jto 3, scarcely convex, with very minute lines of increase, the last whorllarge and much expanded ; suture not much impressed, some- fir. 170.times with an impressed line revolving near it; aperture large,subovate, somewhat diminished by the intrusion of the penul-timate wliorl ; peristome thin and acute, the columellar margin umpida.a little reflected ; axis imperforate. Greatest transverse diameter nearly
VHrina pellucida, De Kay, N. Y. Moll., 25, pi. iii, fig. 42 (1843), not of MxJller.?AoAMS, Sli. ofVt., 162.?BiNNKY, T. M., ii, 58, pi. Ixvii, a, fig. 1.Fitrina Americana, Pfkiffer, Proc. Zool. Soc, Der;., 1852, 1.56.
?
Chemnitz, erl. 2, 9,pi. i, tigs. 22-25 (1854).Fitrina lim2nda,Govi.v, in Agassiz, Lake Superior, 243 (1850) ; Terr. Moll., 1. c.
?
Pfeiffer, Malak. Blatt., ii, 10 (1856) ; Mou. H(3l. Yiv., iv, 798.?W. G. Bin-NEY, T. M., iv, 33; v. 136.
?
Reeve, Cou. Icon., 62.
?
Morse, Joiirn. Portl. Soc,i, 11, pi. V, fig. 17 (1864) ; in Amer. Nat., i, 314, fig. 20 (1867).?Try on, Am.Journ. Conch., ii, 243 (1866).?W. G. Binney, L. &Fr.-W. Sli., i. 27 (1869).?Gould .ind Binney, Invert, of Mass., ed. 2, 394 (1870).Found in Maine, Vermont, New Brunswick, and to the northwest ofLake Superior, and at Troy, Utica, Mohawk, and I'almyra, N. Y. Thespecies may be said to belong to the Northern l\egion.Animal whitish, grayish, or blackish, large compared with the shell.Head, eye-peduncles, and eyes black ; tentacles very short. The pro-longation of the mantle extends from under the shell, over the backand neck, to the base of the eye-])eduiicles, but is unattached and free;from the right side of (lie nuintle posteriorly theie arises a tongue-shaped process, wliich is retiected back upon the shell and reaches tothe spire. Ees])irato]y foramen in the posterior ])art of the mantle,taken with its prolongation.In V. Umpida 1 have counted 71 rows of 3()-l-3(Heeth, with perfectlaterals. The seventh marginal is the largest. Another gave .JU-l-.^!*,with 10 perfect laterals. The membrane figured by Morse had 30 rowsof 2o-l--!5 teeth, with laterals. I h;ne figured of this species, in Terr.Moll., V", Plate II, Fig. C, one central and its adjacent lateral, and thetwenty-third tooth. The marginals increase in size up to the .seventh,then gradually decrease. ,In color the shell varies from almost white to dark horn.Should the species i^rove identical with the European ^e/Zi/ctofa, as
. formerly believed, it must be considered a circumjjolar species. The1749_r,ull. 28 V2
178 A MANUAL OF AMERICAN LAND SHELLS.complete anatomy of peUiicida is given by Lehmann (LebendenScbnecken, 47, Plate IX, Fig. 12). His count of tbe teetb, 103 rows of37_1_37 teetb, does not agree witb our species as to number of trans-verse rows, but tbat may be far from indicating specific difference.Titrina Aiig:elic8B, Beck.Shell convexly depressed, smooth, polished, pellucid, greenish-yel-low; spire short, subprominent; suture delicately crenulated ; whorlsFig. 171. 3i, rapidly increasing, the last broad below; aperture ob-/;^(Ql5j%^ lique, lunate-oval; peristome 'Simple, subinflected, its colu-
^^iCcl__-y mellar margin not receding and slightly arched. Greatest
^;^aS.'^' diameter 6, lesser 4?'"'? ; height, S'"'".Fitrina Angelica', Beck, lud., 1.
?
Moller, Ind. Moll. Gr., 4 (1842).
?
Pfeiefer, Mon.Hel. Viv., ii, 510.?MoRCii, Nat. Bidr. af Gr., 76.?W. G. Bixxey, T. M. U.S., iv, 32, pi. Ixxix, fig. 9; v, 138.?Reeve, Cou. Icon., 4.5.
?
Tryon, Am. Jouru.ii, 243 (1866).?MoRCH, Am. Journ. Conch., iv, 27, pi. iii, figs. 1, 4 (1868).?W. G. BiNNEY, L. & Fr.-W. Sh., i, 28 (1869).Helix pellucida, Fabrxcius, Fauna Gr., 389, excl. syn. Muller (1780).Helix domesfica, Strom,* Der Tronh. Vidensk., iii, 435, pi. vi, fig. 15.Godhavn, Greenland, on ArcJiangelica officinalis.My figure is from a typical specimen in the British Museum. Forother figures and much information regarding the species see Morch,I.e.Animal bluish-gray, head black ; mantle edge bluish-gray, denselyspeckled with black ; hinder part of foot pale gray. The lobe of themantle very small, by which latter character and the smaller numberof whorls it is distinguished from pellucida. (Muller in Morch, I. c.)I have seen no specimen of the species.Vitrina ejcilifsi, Morelet.Shell subperforate, rather convex-depressed, very thin, pellucid, hy-aline, very lightly and distantly striate ; suture impressed, margined ;
* This name I give to a little snail which is represented by Fig. 15, since I findnothing in Linn^'s Systema Nat. to which I can with certainty refer it. It is small,ovate-rounded, and somewhat convex above, and shows 3 small and flat whorls onthe one side. The aperture is large and may be called almost entirely round, and thecolumella, or part attached to the snail's house, comjirises a small segment, or may boinscribed in an exact circle. The shell is yellowish, and so brittle that one cannotpick it up without breaking it in pieces. It contains a bluish snail. It is found ingreat numbers under the moss or turf on houses, and is sometimes fully as large asthe figure, which represents both the upper and lower sides. (Strom.)
EASTERN PROVINCE NORTHERN REGION SPECIES. 179
whorls 3, rapidly iucreasiiig, tbe last broad below, flattened ; apertureobliquely oval, the termiDation of the peristome membranous, i,?;.i72.that of the columella slightly reflected, giving the impression ofa punctiform perforation. Greater diameter 7^, lesser 5?"";height, 3??.Allied to Y. peUucida^ but with less broad spire and differing y-exiUs.in the perforation. (Morelet.)Vitrina exilis, Morelet, Jonrn. de Conch., vii, 8.
?
Pfeiffer, Mon. Hel. Viv., iv,799 (1859).?W. G. Binney, T. M., t.A Kamtschatka species. Petropaulauski (Dall); Ounalaska (Cooper,as pellucidaf Am. Jouru. Couch., V, 200).Jaw and lingual membrane as usual in the genus, the former withends somewhat recurved, as in Zonites arboreus. Vitrina exilis hasabout 37-1-37 teeth on its lingual membrane, with 7 perfect laterals.I have given in Terr. Moll., V, 138, Plate II, Fig. B, one central, lat-eral, and marginal. SPURIOUS species of vitrina.Vitrina latissima, Lewis, is a Viirinizonites.fossil species op vitrina.Fiti-ina obliqua, Meek and Hayden, Proc. Phila. Acad. Nat. Sci., 1857, 134.ZOWITES. (See p. 201.)Zonites Fabricii, Beck.Shell subimperforate, conical, thin, lightly striated, pellucid, red-dish ; spire conical, rather acute ; suture profound ; whorls6, convex, narrow, the last wider, rather convex at base, im-pressed at the center ', aperture vertical, widely lunar ; peri-stome simple, acute, its columellar extremity reflected Z. Fabricii,above, simulating a perforation. Greater diameter 4, lesser enlarged.3^?? ; height, 3?"".Selix Fabricii, Beck, Ind., 21 (no descr).
?
Muller, Ind. Moll. Gr., 4 (1842).? Pfeif-fer, Zeit. f. Mai., 1^48, v, 90; Mon. Hel. Viv., iii, 32.?Reeve, Cou. Icon.,No. 1459.?\V. G. Binney, T. M. II. S., v. 120.Helix Hammonis, Strom, Troudh. Selsk. Skrift., iii, 425, pi. iv, fig. 16.Helix nitida, Fabricius, Fauna Gr., 389 (doubted by Morch, 1. c).Comtlus Fabricii, MoRCH, Nat. Bidr. af Gr., 75 (no descr.).? Tryun, Am. Journ.Conch., ii, 256 (1866).
?
Morch, Am. Journ. Conch., iv, 29, pi. iii, fig. 5(1868).Hyalina Fabricii, W. G. Binney, L. & Fr.-W. Sh., i, 47 (1869).Zonites Fabricii, W. G. Binney, Terr. Moll., v, 126.Greenland.
180 A MANUAL OF AMERICAN LAND SHELLS.Animal black, mantle dirty yellow, with black spots, which are tobe seen throngh the shell. Foot long, narrow. Eye-peduncles longand proportionally rather thick. Tentacles short, blunt. (Morch.)Fig. 173 is copied from an original drawing by Morch, I. c. I havenot seen the species, which certainly must be nearly allied to, if notidentical with, fulvus.
Zonites Biiiiieyanus, Morse.Shell umbilicated, subglobose, transparent, almost colorless, shining,
^if'. 174. smooth, with microscopic wrinkles of growth and(f\\ /%> ^^^^^ more delicate oblique wrinkles; spire not much& ^^^ziSX^ J elevated; whorls about 4, rounded, gradually en-z. Binneyamm. largiug, the last globosc, broadlv umbilicated below;aperture oblique, subcircular, large ; peristome simple, acute, extrem-ities not approaching, that of the columella subreflected. Greatest di-ameter, 4""? ; height, 2?''".Hyalina Binneyana, Morse, Joiirn. Port!. N. H. Soc, i, 13, figs. 25, 2fi; pi. ii, fig. 9;pi. vi, fig. 27 (1864).?Tryon, Amer. Journ. Conch., ii, 252 (1866).?W. G.BiNNEY, L. &Fr.-W. Sh., i, 39(1869).-Gould and Binney, Invert, of Mass.,newed., 400 (1870).Helix Binneyana, Morse, Amer. Nat., i, 542, fig. 32 (1867).Zonites Binneyanus, W. G. Binney, Terr. Moll., v, 123.Southern part of Maine; Tawas Bay, Michigan; Massachusetts;Vermont. It may be considered peculiar to the jSTorthern Eegion.Jaw very broad, arched, ends attenuated, bluntly rounded; concavemargin with a small, rounded median projection, on either side of whichare two smaller projections. (Morse.)Lingual membrane described by Morse with GO rows of 23-1-23teeth ; centrals tricuspid ; laterals 2, bicuspid, but with a third cusp-like process on the inner side; marginals aculeate. In Terr. Moll., Y,Plate III, Fig. I, I give a figure of the teeth on a membrane examinedby me, kindly furnished by Mr. Anson Allen, of Orono, Me. I find19-1-19 teeth, with 3 laterals. I doubt there beiug any inner cuttingpoints to the lateral teeth, as observed by Mr. ]\lorse on the lingualexamined by him.In Am. Journ. Conch., 1, 188, Mr. Tryon proposes for this species thename Morsei, on account of the name Helix Binneyana being preoccu-pied by Pfeifler. 1 have retained Morse's name, as it is not preoccu-pied in the genus Zonites. In his first Catalogue of Maine Shells, Mr.
EASTERN PROVINCE NORTHERN REGION SPECIES. 181
Fig. 175.
Morse uses the name Bimieyi, which can be employed, if necessary, todistinguish the species from Pfeiifer's.Genitalia not observed.Zoiiites ferreiis, Morse.Shell umbilicated, depressed-globose, transparent, of a very lightsteel-gray color, not shining, marked with very delicateincremental wrinkles and microscopic revolving lines;spire slightlj" elevated ; whorls 3, rounded, the last rap-idly enlarging, globose; aperture large, transverselysubcircular ; i^eristome simple, acute, its extremities not approaching,that of the columella scarcely subreflected. Greatest diameter, 2^"""
;
height, l^'""^Striatura ferrea, Morse, Proc. Portl. S. N. H., i, 17, figs. 3G-40, and pi. ii, fig. 10 (1864).Bi/alinaferrea, Tryon, Anier.Journ. Conch., ij,25:i (1866).?W. G. Bixnev. L. & Fr.-W. Sh., i, 40 (1869).?Gould and Binney, Invert, of Mass., ed.2, 401 (1870).Helix ferrea, Morse, Amer. Nat., i, 544, fig. 37 (1867).Zonites ferreus, W. G. BiNiney, Terr. Moll., v, 121.
Z. ferreus.
Fig. 176.
JSivr of Z. ferreus. (Mor.se.)
Maine ; a species of the Northern Eegion.Jaw angularly arched, ends ta-pering, acute ; anterior surfacedeeply channeled in its center;concave margin smooth, with adeep median indentation, probablyworn by the greatly developed cen-tral tooth of the lingual membrane.Lingual membrane with 39 curving rows of 20-1-20 teeth ; centralsenormously developed, very broad, tricusi)id, the middle cusp verybroad; two bicuspid laterals on each side, the inner much the smaller;marginals aculeate. Another membrane (Terr. Moll., V, Plate III,Fig. P) had also 20-1-20 teeth, with 2 perfect laterals. In the greatdevelopment of the central t-oth this species resembles Z. milium.Genitalia unobserved.Zonites exig^uus, Stimpson,Shell broadly umbilicated, depressed, pellucid, greenish horn color,marked with delicate revolving lines, and distant longitud-inal ribs obliquely decussating the incremental striiie; spirescarcely elevated, apex free from strife ; whorls 3i, convex,?^ ' ^ ' -J J Z,e.rigmis,the last rounded, widely umbilicated below ; aperture ob- enlarged.lique, transversely rounded, remote from the axis ; peristome simple,
182 A MANUAL OF AMERICAN LAND SHELLS.
acute, its columellar extremity not reflected. Greater diameter, 2^??^;height ^??.
Helix exigua, Stimpson, Proc. Bost. Soc, iii, 175 (1850).?Gould, T. M.,iii, 16.?W. G.BiNNEY, T. M., iv, 102, pi. Ixxvii, fig. 19.
?
Pfeiffer, Mon, Hel. Viv., iii,102.?Mouse, Amer. Nat., i, 543, iig. 34 (1867).Helix annulafa, Case, in Sill. Journ. [2], 1847, iii, 101, figs. 1-3; Ann. and Mag. Nat.Hist., 1847, 338, preocc*
?
Pfeiffer, Mod., iii, 103.Helix striatella, junior, teste Gould, Sill. .Joiiru., iii, 276 (1847).Pseudohyalina exiqua, Morse, Jonrn. Portl. Soc, i, 16, pi. ii, fig. 8; pi. vii, fig. 33(1864).?Tryon, Amer. Jonrn. Conch., ii,265, pi. iv, fig. 57 (1866).Hyalina exicjua, W. G. Binney, L. &. Fr.-W. Sh., i, 42 (1869).?Gould and BiNNEY,Invert, of Mass., ed. 2, 400 (1870).Zonites exiguus, W. G. Binney, Terr. Moll., v, 122.A species of the Kortheru Region, noticed hitherto in Canada, NewYork, and 'New England; Tawas Bay, Michigan.Fig. 178 shows the peculiar sculpturing of this species.Tig. 178. Jaw very low, wide, but slightly arcuate ; no medianprominence to the cutting margin.The lingual membrane has G9 rows of 16-1-lC teetheach; centrals with one long, slender, middle, and twoshort side cusps ; laterals 4, of same shape, but bicuspid
;
marginals aculeate, diminishing greatly in size as theySurlace ofz. exiguus. pass otf laterally. The transition teeth and several ofthe adjoining marginals are described by Morse witli a small side spurto their cusps, apparently of the same type as I have figured forMacrocycUs Vancouverensis (Terr. Moll., Y, Plate I, Fig. B). On PlateIII, Fig, D, I give a drawing of a specimen examined by me. I found16-1-16 teeth, with 5 laterals.
Fig. 179.
Lingual dentition of Z. exiguus. (Morse.)
*This name is preoccupied in Helix, not in Zonites, but cannot now be adopted ac-cording to the strict laws of nomenclature, which recognize a long-established spe-cific name.
EASTERN PROVINCE NORTHERN REGION SPECIES. 183
Zoiiites niiiltidcntatus, Binnby.Shell umbiiicated, depressed, subplanulate above, very thin, pellucid;epidermis smooth, shining; whorls G, narrow, slightly con- fig. iso.vex, increasing but slowly in diameter, delicately striated,beneath smoother; suture impressed; aperture semilunate,narrow; peristome acute; umbilicus very small, rounded,])ervious; base convex, indented around the umbilicus;two or more rows of very minute, white teeth, radiatingfrom the umbilicus, are seen through the shell, within thebase of the last whorl. Greater diameter 3^, lesser a-^'"; ^""eidargeci!'"*'height, 1^""".
Helix muliidentata, Binnet, Bost. Jouru. Nat. Hist., iii, 42.^), pL xxii, fig. 5 (1840);Terr. Moll., ii, 2.58, pi. xlviii, fig. 3.
?
Adams, Yermout Mollusca, 161 (1842).
?
Chemnitz, eel. 2., ii, 201, pi. ci, figs. 9-12.
?
Pfeiffer, Mod. Hel. Viv., i, 184.W. G. BiNNEY, Terr. Moll., iv, 123.
?
Reeve, Con. Icon., No. 729.
?
Morse,Amer. Nat., 1, 543, fig. 33 (1867).Uyalina mnltidentata, Morse, Journ. Portl. Soc, i, 15, fig. 31; p. 61. fig. 30; pi. vi, fig.32 (1864).?W. G. BiNNEY, L. &. Fr.-W. Sh., i, 50, fig. SO (1869),?Gould andBiNNEY, Inv. of Mass., ed. 2, p. 404 (1870).Gastrodouta multidentafa, Tryon, Am. Joarn. Conch., ii, 258 (1866).Zonites multidentatus, W. G. Binney, Terr. Moll., v, 133.A species of the Northern Eegion, noticed in Maine, Vermont, NewYork, Ohio; also Lower Canada.For a figure of the rosy-white, thread-like animal, see Boston Journ.Nat. Hist., Ill, Plate XXII, Fig. 5.This species possesses characters so marked tliat it at first is notlikely to be mistaken for any other. The numerous narrow whorlsvisible on its upper and plane surface, while only one is seen below, to-gether with its minute, round umbilicus and narrow aperture, wouldsufficiently distinguish it; but there is another still more peculiarcharacter. There are from 2 to 4 rows of very minute, delicate whiteteeth on the lower side of the interior of the last whorl, radiating fromthe center. One row is usually so near the aperture as to be seenwithin it with the aid of a microscope ; the others are more or less re-mote; each row contains from 5 to 6 distinct teeth. They are visiblethrough the shell. The transparency of the shell is so great that fre-quently the sutures of the upper surface can be seen through it whenviewed on the base, With the living animal within, the shell has a,roseate tinge.
184 A MANUAL OF AMERICAN LAND SHELLS.Jaw arcuate, broad in center, greatly attenuated and blunt at ends
;
concave margin smooth, with a slight median projection.The lingual membrane examined (Terr. Moll., V, Plate III, Fig. N)had 14-1-14 teeth, with 2 perfect laterals. Morse gives 68 rows, with15-1-35 teeth, also 2 perfect laterals.
Family HELICID^.ACAKTIII^flJLA, Beck.Animal heliciform ; mantle posterior; other characters as in Pa^iiZa(see below, Fig. 184).Shell perforated, globosely turbinated, with a brownish plicatelyribbed or aculeate epidermis ; whorls 4-5 ; aperture rounded ; peri-stome thin, somewhat expanded, its terminations approached.In Europe this genus is found at the north, but one species rangesas far south as Palermo. Our single species is probably circumpolar,common to the three continents.We have but one species within our limits, A. harpa^ whose jaw andlingual dentition have been described and figured by Morse. Judgingfrom his figure (Fig. 181) and text, the anterior surface ofFig. 181. the jaw seems to have subobsolete ribs which mark thelower margin ; it is low, wide, strongly arched, withJaw of 4.Aorpa. blunt, scarccly attenuated ends; cutting edge with a(Moi'ae.) wide and very slightly produced, broad, median projec-tion ; transversely and longitudinally striate.Lingual membrane long and narrow; 120 rows of 17-1-17 teeth.
l>iiii;ual (Uiititiou of J. liaiua. (^Imwith 6 perfect laterals. The centrals h.ive a square base of attach-ment, the upper margin squarely reflected; the reflection is verysmall, tricuspid, the side cusps very small, blunt, the median cuspsvery long and narrow, not reaching the lower edge of the base of at-
EASTERN PROVINCE NORTHERN REGION SPECIES. 185tachmeiit, not eveu witL tbeir short cutting* point; side cusps also, 1presume, with cutting points, though none are shown in Morse's figure.Laterals like the centrals, but asymmetrical by the suppression of theinner side cusps and cutting points. Marginals low, wide, the broadreflection equalling the base of attachment and irregularly denticu-lated, as in Pvpn.There are two European species of this genus, A. acvleata and laniel-lata, whose jaw is described by Lehmanu as rather striated than ribbed.Their lingual dentition presents no generic differences from that ofharpa, though the cusps of the centrals are described as simply conical.
Acaiitliiiiiila harpa, Say.Shell subperforate, ovately conic, transparent, very thin, with coarse,irregular lines of growth, pellucid, light horn-color; spire fig. i83conical, rather obtuse; whorls 4, convex, the upper onessmooth, the two last with prominent, distant, thin, coloiless,fold like ribs, slightly inclined backwards, the last whoilrounded, somewhat longer than the spire; columella subie-ceding; aperture Innately oval; peristome simple, straight, a hc^its columellar termination briefly reflected above. Greater enlarged.diameter, 2'"?^; length, 3^??; aperture. If'"'" long, l^"^"" wide.Helix harpa, Say, Long's Exped., ii, 256, pi. xv, tig. 1 (1824).
?
Binney's ed., 29, pi.Ixxiv, fig. 1.?W. G. BiNXEY, L. & Fr.-W. Sh., i, 156 (1869).?Gould andBixxEY, Inv. of Mass., ed. 2, 427 (1870).Fupa costulata, Mighels, Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., i, 187 (1844).Bulimus harpa, Pfeifper, Zeitschr. f. Malak., l'-!47, 147; Mon. Hel. Viv., ii, 150; inCheiMNITZ, ed. 2, No. 305, pi. Ix, figs. 17-19.?Reeve, Con. Icon., No. 596(1849).?Binxey, Terr. Moll., ii, 290, pi. lii, fig. :!.?W. G. Binney, Terr.Moll., iv, 135.Zoogenites harpa, Morse, .Jouni. Portl. Soc, i, 32, id. i, ligs. 1-14 (1^64); Amer. Nat.,i, 608, figs. 50,61 (186s).?Tryox, Am. Journ. Couch., iii, 311 (1868).Helix Amuren sis, Gerstf., teste M<)Rcn.AcantMnula harpa, W. G. Binxey, Terr. Moll., v, 342.A circumpolar species, in North America found in the NorthernEegiou?Gaspe ; JNIaine ; New Hampshire. Originally found by Sayon the expedition to Saint Peter's Eiver, &c. In British America,English Kiver and James's Bay; in Europe, Sweden (Mai. Blatt., 1867,200), Norway, Lapland, ?&c. ; in Asia, Petropaulauski, in Kamtschatka.Animal small, <'oinpared to the size of the shell ; body and head slate-color, eye-pedunJcs darker, short, thick, bulbous; eyes large, distinct;
186 A MANUAL OF AMERICAN LANH SHELLS.foot but two thirds leugtli of shell, whitish ; the body, disk, and mantleare marked with white dots; the edge of the mantle is of the same color
? ,?, as the head and eye-peduncles. The disk is roundedFig. 184. "^ '^posteriorly and broad and truncated anteriorly ; thelateral borders are deeply crenulated. The head isseparate from the disk, as in the Pupa, bearing twoAnimal ofA.harpa. minutely crcnulated lappets, which hang down on eith( rside of the mouth like a visor, reminding one of the oblique folds on thehead of Glandina truncata, whicli we believe to be homologous to them.A longitudinal furrow extends from the mouth downward. The body isso translucent that when extended the ganglionic centers can be plainlyseen. In motion it is exceedingly graceful, at times poising its beauti-ful shell high above its body and twirling it around not unlike thePhysa, again hugging its pretty harp close to its body. The shell, whenin this last position, continually oscillates, as if the animal could notbalance it. It rarely ever moves in a straight line, but is always turn-ing and whisking abont, and this is done at times very quickly andabruptly. (Morse.)Jaw and lingual membrane : (see p. 184.)The species is said by Mr. Morse to be viviparous.PATUJLA. (See below.)Patula asteriscus, Morse.Shell widely umbilicated, orbicularly depressed, light brown, decus-sated by delicate incremental and revolving strite andFig. 185. with from 25 to 30 delicate, thin, transparent, i^romi-nent ribs, with waving edges and inclined backwards,more like the epidermis than the texture of the shell
;
whorls 4, the upper ones flattened, the last globose;suture deeply impressed ; aperture subcircular; peris-tome simple, acute, its columellar extremity subreflected.Greater diameter, li""" ; height, ^?'".Helix asierisciis, Morse, Proc. Bost. Soc, vi, 128 (IBS?).?W. G.BixNEY, Terr. Moll, iv, 103, pi. Ixxviii, fig. 9; L. & Fr.-W.Sh., 1., 82, fig. 145 (1869).?Bland, Ami. N. Y. Lye, viii, 163, fig. 8?Morse,Amer. Nat., i, 54G, fig. 43 (1867).
?
Gould aud Binney, Iuv. of Mass., ed. 2, 415(1870).Planogyra asieriscus, MoRSK, Joiini. Portl. Soc, i, 24, figs. 50-52, pi. ii,fig. 5; pi,viii, fig. .^)3 (1864).?TrYON, Am. Joura. CoDch., ii, 263 (1866).Patula asteriscus, W. G. Binney, Terr. Moll., v. 167.
EASTERN PROVINCE NORTHERN REGION SPECIES. 187From Gaspe to the north of Lake Superior, and through New Eng-land ; it may therefore be considered a species of the Northern Eegion.Also Tacoma, Wash Ter.The animal is described by Morse as bluish-white, with head, neck,and eye-peduncles mottled by streaks and dots of bluish-black ; diskyellowish-white.Jaw but slightly arcuate, of uniform width throughout, long, nar-row, ends blunt ; anterior surface with coarse fig. ise.striae, not modifying the concave margin, ^?^<0^^^^I^^^MFrh^which has an obtuse, wide, slight median pro- (mP^ ujnnr_^^^^"''^^^jection. Ja-w of p. asteilscus. (Morse.)Liugual membrane (Terr. Moll., V, Plate lY, Fig. C) : Morse gi\es77 rows of 13-1-13 teeth ; 6 perfect laterals. I counted 11-1-11, with5 perfect laterals. The reflected portion of the central teeth is quitesmall. The marginal teeth are like those of Fupa.Genitalia not examined.
Patiila pauper, Gould.Shell small, discoidal, reddish horn-colored, with incremental ribs,below chalky; whorls 4i, rather convex; suture deep; aperture veryoblique, falling forward. Diameter, -^^ ; axis ^ poll. (Gould.) fig. is?.Hyalina imuper, Gould, Pr. Bost. Soc. N. H., vi, 423; Otia, 102.Fatula })auper, \V. G. Binney, Terr. Moll., v, 166.An Asiatic species, found also in Alaska, if 1 am right inreferring to it the Ounalaska specimens called ruderata byDr. Cooper (Am. Journ. Conch., Y, 202).The specimen figured was collected by Mr. Dall at Petro-paulauski, Kanitschatka. He also found the species over all ?^''?^?''-of Alaska north and east of Sitkan Islands. It is referred by Kein-hardt to Crotikhitei, but erroneously, I believ^e.The young shell, characterized by a mottled color when fresh, wasdescribed by Morelet as H.JIoccata, a year before Gould described^a?<2;(?r.Morelet referred the adult shell to niderata.
188 A MANUAL OF AMERICAN LAND SHELLS.Family PUPID^.PUPA. (8<'e below.Pupa Blaiidi, Morse.Shell rimate, ovate-cylindrical, delicately striated, opaque, lightbrown
;
Fig. 188. apex obtuse, nucleus with microscopic granulations;suture well defined; whorls 6, subconvex, llie lastascending' at the aperture, rapidly expanding, withan external whitish callus, between which and theperistome there is a deep constriction ; aperturesmall, nearly circular, witli .'? obtuse teeth of aboutequal size, one on the parietal margin, one on thecoluraellar margin, and the third far within andat the base of aperture ; peristome subreflected,the margins joined by a thin callus. Length, .13inch; breadth, .06 inch. (Morse.)Puinlla Blandi, Morse, Ann. N. Y. Lye, viii, 211, tig. 8 (Nov.,1865).?Tryon, Am. Journ. Conch., iii,303 (1868).Pupa Blandi, W. G. Binney, Expl. in Nebraska, Ex. Doc.25th Congress, 2d sess., ii, part 2, 725 (1859), nodescr. ; L. & Fr.-W. Sh., i, 235, tig. 402 (1869);Terr. Moll. ,v, 198. .In drift on Missouri Eiver, near Fort Berthold, and in Dakota andColorado. It is evidently a species of tlie iSTorthern Kegion, but ex-tending into the Central Province on the mountain ranges.Animal unknown. Pupa borealis, Morelet.Shell rimate, ovate-oblong, shining, diaphanous, reddish horn-color,with miscroscopic revolving striie; whorls G, rather convex, the lastcompressed below^, forming a medium-sized excavation ; aperture some-what rounded-oval, moderate, four-toothed, one deep, foldlike, on theparietal wall, one columellar, the rest smaller, palatal; peristome simple,straight, its columellar extremity slightly dilated above. Length, 3""";width, 1.V"". (Morelet.)Pupa borealis, Morelet, Journ. de Couch., vii, 9 (1858).?W. G. Binney, Terr.Moll., V, 201.An Asiatic species, said alSo to be found in Alaska.Animal unknown.Eeferred by Eeinhardt to Pujm decora. A specimen from Morelet'soriginal locality, kindly furnished by Mr. Dall, is in the Smithsoniancollection.
Pupa Blandi, en
EASTERN PROVINCK NOivTIIERN RKGION SPECIES. l89Pupa decora, Gould.Shell minute, cylindrical, rounded at apex, thin, shining, translucent,of a "wine-yellow color, regularly striated by lines of growth ; ^i"- 1^^-spire of 5 or 6 closely revolving, rounded whorls, deeply separated at the sutures; aperture nearlj^ round or semioval,obliquely limited by the penultimate whorl, armed with 4slender denticles, the largest of them on the parietal wall, 1on the columellar portion of the peristome, and 2 on theouter portion, all disposed so as to form the arms of a cross;the peristome is slightly reflexed and indented opposite the base ofthe two labial denticles; at the columella it rises against a distinct um-bilical perforation. Length, 2^"""; diameter, 1^""".Pui)a decora, Gould, Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., ii, 263 (Dec, 1847), with a wood-cut; in Terr. Moll., ii, .327, pi. Ixxi, tig-. 3.
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Pfeiffer, Moii. Hel. Viv., iii,555.?W. G. BiNNEY, Terr. Moll., iv, 143; v, 201, L. & Fr.-W. Sh., i, 238(1868.)?Gould and Bixney, Inv. of Mass., ed 2, 435 (1870).Pupilla decora, Tryon, Am. Jonru. Conch., iii, 304 (1868).Near Lake Superior; Fort Eesolutiou, Great Slave Lake. It thusappears to be a species of the Northern Eegion.Animal unobserved. Pupa Hoppii, Moller.Shell subperforate, cyliudrically ovate, thin, very delicately striated,horn-colored, shining, pellucid ; spire terminating in an ob- rio^igo.tuse cone; whorls 5, rather convex, the last scarcely equalingtwo-fifths the shell's length, ascending above, somew4iat nar-rowed towards the base ; columella deeply subplicate, pari-etal wall of the aperture furnished with one tooth-like callus
;
aperture vertical, subsemicircular ; peristome thin, scarcelyexpanded, its right termination quite arched. Length, 2f'"'"; '^eai'a^gfd."'diameter, 1"?.PupaHoppii, Moller, lud. Moll. Gr., 4 (1842).?Troschel, Arch. f. Nat., 1843, ii, 126.?CHEMNrrz, ed. 2, 163, pi. xix, figs. 29, 30.
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Pfeiffer, Mod. Hel. Viv., ii,328; iii, 536; iv, 666.?W. G. Bixney, Terr. Moll., iv, 147 ; L. & Fr.-W. Sh.,i, 235(1869); Terr. Moll., v, 198.?Morch, Auier. Jonrn. Couch., iv,30, pi. iii,figs. 6-9 (1868),Pupa Steenbiichii, Beck, teste Morch, Nat. Bidrag af Gr.,75.Pupilla HopjAi, Tryon, Amer. Jonru. Conch., iii, pi. 4, p. 303.Inhabits Greenland, and has also been found at Anticosti Island. Itis therefore a species of the Northern Region.The description given above is translated from Pfeiffer. The speci-men figured, which I refer to this species, has another denticle on thecolumella and a lamina-like process within the aperture at the base ofthe last whorl.
190 A MANUAL OF AMEHICAN LAND SHELLS.Full information on the species is given by Morcb, I. c. He describesthe animal as grayish j foot bluish gray ; head, eye-peduncles, and man-tle margin black ; eye-peduncles rather long ; tentacles none or nearlynone ; the foot a little shorter than the shell. He refers also to analbino variety, destitute of epidermis.Jaw, dentition, and genitalia unknown.VERTIGO. (See below.)Vertigo Oouldi, Binney.Shell light chestnut, cylindrical-ovate; whorls rather more than 4,ventricose, the last occupying nearly one-half the length of the axis
,
aperture lateral, composed of two unequalcurves meeting in the center of tbe peristome,with five prominent white teeth, namely, oneupon the traverse margin, two upon the um-bilical margin, and two upon the labial mar-gin ; peristome thickened, not reilected ; um-Length, 2?"; diameter, 1'""'; aperture, ?'"'" long.
Fig. 191.
Vertigo Oouldi.bilicus a little openPv2)a Goiddii, Binney, Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., i, 105 (1843) ; Terr. Moll., ii. 332,pi. Ixxi, fig. 2.
?
Gould, Bost. Joiirn. Nat. Hist., iv, 352, pi. xvi, fig. 9 (1843).
. ?Pfeiffer, Men. Hel. Viv., ii, 358; Kuster, iu Chemnitz, id. 2, 124, pl. xvi,figs. 20-23.Vertigo Gouldii, Stimpson, Shells of N. E.. 53 (no descr.).?"W. G. Binney, Terr. Moll.,iv, 148; V, 214; L. & Fr.-W. Sh., i, 250 (1869).?Tryon, Am. Jouru. Coucli.,iii, 309 (1868).?Gould aud Binney, Inv., 440, fig. 701 (1870).?Morse,Amer. Nat., i, 669, fig. 60 (1868).Isthmia Gouldii, Morse, Jouru. Portl. Soc, i, 38, fig. 95, pl. x, fig. 96 (1864).From Maryland through New England. It therefore belongs to theNorthern Eegion, extending along the Appalachians into the InteriorRegion.Animal with no tentacles; black above, foot gray ; tapering poste-riorly and rounded at the extremity ; carries the shell at an angle ofabout forty-five degrees. Jaw scarcely arcuate, of equal sizethroughout, ends rounded, anterior sur-face with longitudinal lines and trans-verse striae ; concave margin simi)le, nomedian projection.Lingual dentition of reriig-oGoMidi (Morse). Liugual membrane with 75 rows, eachrow containing 23 (11-1-11) short and stout teeth ; 7 perfect laterals.Centrals tricuspid ; laterals bicuspid ; marginals serrated.It has been referred to V. Alpestris, Aid., by Gwyn Jeffreys (1872, p.246, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist.).
Fig. 192.
mo^?^
EASTERN PROVINCE?NORTHERN REGION SPECIES. 191Verti?^o Bolleslaiia* Morse.Shell minutely perforate, cylindrical-ovate, delicately striated, sub-translucent; apex obtuse; suture well defined; fig. 193.whorls 4, subconvex ; aperture suborbicular,somewhat flattened on its outer edge, with 5teeth, one prominent and rather curved on theparietal margin, two similar in form, the lower "S^M^'^one the smaller, on the columellar margin, and rcrtigo Boiusiana.two slightly elevated lamelliform teeth within and at the base; peri-stome subreflected and thickened. Length, .065 inch ; breadth, .035inch. (Morse.)Islhmia Bollesiana, Morse, Ann. N. Y. Lyc.,viii, 209, figs. 4-6 (Nov., 1865).Vertigo BoUeaiana, Morse, Araer. Nat., i, 669, figs. 63, 64 (1868).?W. G. Binney, L.& Fr.-W. Sh., i, 250 (1869) ; Terr. Moll., v.?Gould and Binney, Inv.,442,fig. 703 (1870).?Tryon, Am. Journ. Couch., ill, pt. 4, 308, pi. xv, fig. 25(1868).New England ; New York ;. Virginia. Distribution, therefore, likethe last species.Animal unobserved.Jaw of the same width throughout, slightlj' rounded at the ends;cutting edge without projection, finely striated.Lingual membrane with 88 rows of (12-1-12) teeth; base of attach-ment notched at outer posterior corners
;
fi,;. 194.square, widening posteriorly, armed with ^r=a'^'*"*three minute denticles, central one largest; /^-^^^-^Lingual membrane of Vertigolaterals having two minute denticles apart, BoiUsiana. (Morse.)outer denticle nearly obsolete; marginals scarcely notched.A comparison of this description and figure of dentition with that ofLehmann (Plate XIY, Fig. 53) will prove that this species cannot beidentical with P. pygmcea, of Europe, as has been suggested by Mr.Gwyn Jefireys (Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., 1872, 246).Vertigo simplex, Gould.Shell minute, cylindrical, obtuse at apex, smooth, chestnut-color;whorls 5, well rounded, separated by a deep suture ; aperture fig^i95.circular; the peristome nearly continuous, simple or scarcelyeverted, except at its columellar margin, where it partiallyconceals a small umbilicus ; no trace of a tooth has been de-tected in any specimen. Length, If'""' ; breadth, half asgreat.
192 A MANUAL OF AMKh'KWN LAND 8lTELL?.Pupa simplex, Gould, Bo8t. Journ. Nat. Hist., iii, 403, pi. iii, fig. 21 (1840); iv, 3.")')(1843); InvertPbratn, 190, fig. 1-21 (1841).?Pfeiffer, Mon. Hcl. Viv., ii.302.?De Kay, N. Y. MolL, r)2, pi. xxxvi, fig. :M7 (1843).?Binney, Terr. Moll.,ii, 343, 1)1. Ixxii, fig. 3.Vertigo aiviplex, Stimpson, Shells of New England, 53 (no descr. ).?W. (J. Binnky,Terr. Moll., iv, 148 ; v, 219; L. & Fr.-W. Sh., i, 254 (1869).?Mokse, Amer.Nat., i, 670, figs. 67, 6-<(1868).?Tryon, Amer. Jonrn. Conch., iii, 310 (1868).?Gori.D and Bixxey, Inv. of Mass., ed. 2. 444 (1870).Canada and New Englaud; a species of the Nortbein Eegioii.Animal dark gray above, light gray and pellucid below ; foot mod-erately long, trilobate anteriorly, the middle lobe minnte ; eye-pednnclesusually clavate, sometimes very decidedly ; no tentacles; sliell carrie?lperpendicularly, or even inclined forwards ; active in movement.Eeferred to V. edentula, Drap., by Gwyn Jeffreys (Ann. Mag. Nat.Hist., 1872, 246). Vertigo veiitricosa, Morse.Shell umbilicate, ovate-conic, smooth, polished; apex obtuse; suture
^iG- 196. deep; whorls 4, convex; aperture semicircu-lar, with 5 teeth, one prominent on the parie-tal margin, two smaller on the columellar mar-gin, and two prominent within, contracting theaperture at thebase ; peristome widely reflected,the right margin ilexuose, within thickenedVertigo ventricosa. aud colorcd. Length, .07 inch; breadth, .015inch. (Morse.)Isthmia ventricona, Morse, Ann. N. Y. Lye, viii, 1, figs. 1-3 (Nov., 1865).Vertigo ventricosa, Morse, Amer. Nat., i, 669, figs. 61,62 (1868).?W. G. Binxey, L. &Fr.-W. Sh., i, 253 (1869); Terr. Moll., v, 214.?Tryox, Amer. Jonrn. Conch.,iii, 310 (1868).?Gould and Binxey, Inv., 443, fig. 705 (1870).Maine, New Hampshire, aud New York ; a species of the NorthernEegion.I have not seen this species. Mr. Morse says it has been con-founded with V. ovata, but is one-fourth smaller, has one whorl less,and a more circular columellar margin to the apertnie.Jaw wide, narrow, without median projection, but slightly curvingat ends; cutting edge regularly waived.Lingual formula 98 (13-1-13), with 6 perfect laterals; central andFic. 197. lateral bases of attachment ^j,, jyg
,(?? t?^'^ "^ notched at outer lower cor-ners ; central square, hav- ^ ^ t- ,?Lingual membrane of Vertigo ventri- , ,,-..., /..;..,.. ^ /m,?,.^1 \cosa. (Morse.) iug three small denticles: """"* <^""-e>indented at upper margin ; laterals tricuspid, inner <leiiticle largest
;
marginals minutely serrate.Eeferred to V. MouJinsiafia, Dnpn> , by Gwyn Jeffreys {I. c, 246).
EASTERN PROVINCE NORTHERN REGION SPECIES. 193
Family STENOGYRID^.FERUSSACIA, Eisso.Animal heliciform, as in Patula, obtuse before, pointed beliiud ; man-tle subcentral, thin, simj)le, i^rotected by a shell; anal and respiratoryorifices on tbe right of mantle, under the peristome Fig. 199.of the shell ; generative orifice behind the righteye-peduncle; no locomotive disk; no caudal mu-cous pore.Shell ovate-oblong, imperforate, smooth, pellucid, ^^^^, ^, Femssada.glistening, dark horn-colored; whorls rather con- (Keeve.)vex ; aperture less than one-half the shell's lengthj ovate ; columellamore or less truncated ; peristome blunt, its margins joined by callus.The genus seems most developed around the Mediterranean Sea, butit is found also in Madeira and Australia. Our only species is circum-polar.The jaw is low, slightly arcuate, wide, with but slightly attenuated,blunt ends ; cutting edge with a slightly produced, wide, median pro-jection; anterior surface without ribs, but with fine vertical striffi.There is a strong muscular attachment on its upper margin. (SeeFig. 200.)Lingual membrane as usual in the Eelicidw. Plate IV, Fig. E, ofT. M. U. S., V, as well as that of the jaw, I drew from a Mainespecimen, furnished by Mr. Anson Allen.' ' '' Fig. 200.There were 24-1-24 teeth, with 8 perfectlaterals. The central teeth are small andnarrow in proportion to the laterals, with along, narrow base oi attachment, expandingat its lower angles. The reflected portion is very small, tricuspid ; thecentral cusp stout, short ; the side cusps small, blunt ; all the cuspsbear short cutting points. The lateral teeth are about as wide as highin their base of attachment, which iis subrectangular. The whole upperedge is squarely reflected. The reflection is very fig. 201.short, and bears a stout, blunt, long, inner cusp, ^-^^^ C^"^^^reaching almost to the lower edge of the base of ) \(-^attachment, and bearing a long, blunt, cutting Linjiual dpntition of J^.point, which reaches beyond the lower edge. The subcylindrica.outer side cusj* of the reflection is widely separated from the inner cusp,I741)^Bull. 28??13
194 A MANUAL OF AMERICAN LAND SHELLS.is very short, bluutly rounded, aud bears a short, bluut cutting point.The first marginals (Fig. Z) are but a modification of these laterals, bythe greater development of the reflection and shortening of the innercusp. The outer marginals (Fig. c) become wide, low, irregular inshape; the upper edge broadly reflected, the reflection reaching thelower edge of the base of attachment, and bearing along its wholelength numerous (G or 8 in some teeth) short, subequal denticles, somebluntly rounded, others longer and sharp, giving a pectinate api)ear-ance. Fcrussacia subcyliiidrica, Linn.Shell small, thin, transparent, oblong-oval; epidermis smoky horn-FiG. 202. color, smooth, very bright and shining; whorls 5 or 6,somewhat rounded, the last equalling two-fifths the shell'slength, rounded at base; apex obtuse; suture somewhatimpressed; aperture lateral, oval, its plane nearly paralllewith the axis of the shell; peristome simple, thickened,often slightly rufous; umbilicus imperforate; columella ob-F. suhcylindrica,enlarged, golctely truncatcd at base. Length, 6^"'; diameter, 2^'"'";aperture, 2^?"" long, ^'""' wide.Helix subcylindrica, LiNN., Syst., ed. 12, ii, 1248 (1767).?Not MONT.Helix hibrica, Mullkr, Verm. Hist., i, 104 (1774).Bulimua luhrictis, Draparnaud, Moll., 75, pi. iv, 24,?Gould, luvertebrata, 193, fig.124 (1841).?Adams, Sheila of Verniout, 157 (1842).?Dk ICay, N. Y. Moll., 55,pi. iii, fig. 43 (1843).?BiNNEY, Terr. Moll., ii, 283, pl.lii, fig. 4.Jchatina lubrica, Pfeiffer, Mou. Hel. Viv., ii, 272.?W. G. Binney, Terr. Moll., iv,138.Zm lubrica, Leach, Moll., 114.?Gray, Man., 188.?Keeve, Brit. L. & Fr.-W. Sh.,93 (1863).Cionella lubrica, Jeffreys, Linn. Trans., xvi, 327.Zua subcylindrica, Tryon, Am. Journ. Couch., iii, 299 (1868).Cionella subvyrmdrica,W. G. Binney, L. & Fr.-W. Sh.,i, 224 (1869).-Gould andBinney, Iuv., 431, fig. 690 (1870).Fei-unsacia lubrica, Pfr., Mon., vi, 245 (1868).Bulimus lubricoidei, Stimpson, Sh. of N. E., 54.Bulimus subcylindricus, Moquin-Tandon, Moll. Fr., ii, 304, pi. xxii, figs. 15-19.Zua luhicoidea, Morse, Journ. Portl. Soc., i, 30, figs. 79, 81, 84; pi. x, fig. 82 (1864);Amer. Nat., i, 607, fig. 49 (1868).Ftrussacia subcylindrica, W. G. Binney, Terr. Moll.,v, 187.Cionella (Zua) Morseana, Doherty, Quart. Jouru. Conch., i, 342, lA. iv, fig. 2 (1878).From Canada to the Eed Eiver of the North and English Eiver ; inNebraska ; in New England and the States bordering the great lakes.Thus it belongs to the Northern Eegion of the Eastern Province, asfar south as mountains of North Carolina. In the Central Province ithas been found in Colorado, and at Fort Wingate, in New Mexico ; inthe Pacific Province in California, Washington Territory, and in Alaska.
EASTERN PEOVINCE NORTHERN REGION SPECIES. 195It is a circumpoLir species, comuioii to tLe three contiueuts. In Europeit is found iu Spain, Italy, and lllyria, as well as the extreme north-ern countries. Pfeiffer also quotes it from Madeira.Animal: Head, back, and eye-peduncles blue-black, foot paler,shorter than the shell ; tentacles short. (See Fig. 199, p. 193.)This little species, which is hardly larger than a grain of wheat, iscertainly identical with the European shell. It is distributed over avast expanse of country, and exists in immense numbers in certainfavorable localities. Its usual place of abode is under leaves and thebark of decaying trees, in forest and groves. Its surface has a pecul-iarly brilliant reflection, which excels that of any other of our shells
;
and hence it has been kuowji in France as "la brillante." There is aslight sinuosity at the union of the peristome with the columella, ren-dering the aperture a little effuse at this point, aud approximatingthe shell to the genus AchaUna. This, and its other departures fromthe typical BulimuU, have caused it, iu several instances, to receive ageneric distinction. Dr. Leach first indicated it as a separate genus,under the name Ziia.My study of the membrane confirms my belief of the identity of thespecies with the Euroi^ean form (see p. 193). I have carefully com-pared the dentition of our form with that described and figured byLehmann (Lebenden Schnecken, 132, Plate XIII, Fig 44), and findthem to agree. I must therefore disagree with the decision of Morse(Journ. Portl. Soc). I have also examined the genitalia of our species,and found it to agree with Lehmann's figure {I. c), especially in th6 ex-istence of the very peculiar flagellum to the penis sac. This, however,cannot be considered as a most reliable specific character peculiar tothis species, as it exists also iu Cceeilianella acicula.Lingual membrane : see p. 193.I am very confident of the i^resence of well-developed side cusjis tothe central teeth, which Morse [l. c.) does not figure, though they arefigured by Thomson (Ann. Mag. l^T. H., VII, Plate IV, Fig. 8). Theyappear to me also to bear the short cutting points which I have figured.The genitalia are peculiar. The penis sac is short, stout, with the re-tractor muscle near its base ; the vas deferens enters at its apex, andnear its entrance into the vagina it receives a curious flagellate append-age, swollen below, narrow above, as long as the whole system, witha largo, narrowly ovate bulb at its end; the genital bladder is large,ovate, on a long, narrow duct.
196 A MANUAL OF AMERICAN LAND SHELLS.
Family SUCCINID^.SUCCI]VEA. (See below.)Siicciiica Ilaydeiii, W. G. Blnney.Shell elongate-oval, thin, shining, amber-colored ; spire short, acute
;
Fig. 203. whods 3, convex, the last marked with wrinkles ofgrowth and irregular, heavy, spiral furrows ; suturemoderate ; columella covered lightly with callus, andallowing all the interior whorls to be seen from belowto the apex ; aperture oblique, oval, five-sevenths thelength of the shell, the lower portion of its margin con-s.Haydcni. gidcrably cxpaudcd. Length, 21'"'". ; diameter, 9 ?"".Sucdnea Haydeni, W. G. Binney, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. PMla, x, 114 (May, 18r>8);Terr. Moll., iv, 40, pi. Ixxix, fig. 1; v.?Pfeiffer, Mai. Bliitt., 1859,52.?Bland, Ann. N. Y.,Lyc., viii, 1G8 fig. 14 (1865).?Tkyon, Am. Jouru. Couch.,ii, 2:i6 (1866).?W. G. Binney, L. & Fr.-W. Sli., i, 256 (1869).A species of the Northern and Interior Eegions. Nebraska, betweenthe rivers Loup Fork and L'Eau qui Court ; Salt Lake City.Yur. 7ninor : Length, 15?"'. Found by Mr. Eobert Kennicott nearthe Eed Eiver of the North, and at Fort Eesolution, Great Slave Lake.Animal of a uniform amber-color, judging from the specimens pre-served in spirits in the collection of the Smithsonian Institute.This is the largest known American Succinea.Mr. Say describes IS. ovalis as showing the interior apex from thebase of the shell ; in other respects his description does not apply to :this shell. Its aperture is nearer that of S. ovalis, Gould, not Say, butthe peristome is much more fiexuose, and the upper third of the shellbecomes gradually attenuated, so as to give a sharp-pointed appear-ance, though the spire itself is short. The revolving lines are some-times continuous over the whole body-whorl, but generally interrupted,or confined to the interstices of the incremental striai or wrinkles. Itshares this peculiarity with S. Concordialis, Gould, and 8. lincata.Named iu honor of Dr. F. V. Hayden, the discoverer of the species.Jaw without anterior ribs ; lingual membrane as usual ( Terr. Moll.,V, 415, Plate XVI, Fig. E); teeth 35-1-35.
EASTERN PROVINCE NORTHERN REGION SPECIES. 197Succiiiea Vcrrilli, Bland.Shell ovate-conic, thin, striate, subpellucid, orange-yellow colored;spire elevated, obtuse, with globose apex, of a reddish tinge;whorls 3, very convex ; suture deep ; ai)erture oblique,roundly oval; columella arcuate, with a slight callus; peri-stome simple, the margins joined with a very thin callus. ^- ^'''"''^'?Length, 7"""; diameter, 3^"""; aperture, 4"'" long, 3?? wide.Succinea V&rrilU, Bland, Anu. N. Y, Lye, viii, 169, fig. 17 (1865).?Tryon, Am.Jouru. Conch., ii, 234 (1866).?W. G. Binney, L. & Fr.-\V. Sb., i, 254 (1869);Terr. Moll., v, 422.Salt Lake, Auticosti Island, Gulf of Saint Lawrence, is the only lo-cality thus far known ; it must thus be counted among the species ofthe ISTorthern Eegion.Animal (in alcohol) black.The original description and figure are given above.Jaw abrui^tly arched, with one prominent central projection.Lingual membrane with about 80 rows (31-1-31); base of attach-ment notched at its outer posterior edge, longer than wide; centraltooth with three minute denticles, the middle one being largest; lat-eral teeth bidentate, the outer denticle minute ; marginal teeth irregu-larly dentate or notched. (Morse.)Succinea Oroenlandica, Beck.Shell elongated, rather heavy, lightly wrinkled, of a light horn-colormixed with white ; spire scalariform, bulbous ; whorls 4, j-j^, 205.the penultimate quite convex, the last equaling two-thirdsthe length of the shell ; columella receding and narrowed,covered with a white callus; aperture oval; peristomesimple, the right margin covered. Greatest length, 8??^ ; ^ g^^ni^^aica.breadth, 5J?? ; length of aperture 5^, breadth 3J??i.Succinea Groetilandica, Beck, Ind.
?
Pfeiffer, Mon. Hel. Viv., ii, 529.?MoLLER, Ind.Moll. Gr., 4 (1842).?W. G. Binney, Terr. Moll., iv, 38, pi. Isxx, fig. 4 ; v,423 ; L. & Fr.-W. Sli., i, 265 (186&).?Tryon, Am. Jouru. Conch., ii,234, pi. ii,fig. 13 (1866).?Morcii, Am. Jouru. Conch., iv, 31, pi. iii, fig. 10 (1868).Greenland and Iceland, and ijerhaps Denmark. (Morch, I. e.) I musttreat it as one of the circumpolar species of the Northern Eegion.Animal not observed.This species is easily distinguished by its bulbous, turreted spire,and by its light horn-color, broken by longitudinal white vittse. Whenthe epidermis is removed the shell is of a dead white. The specimenfigured is in Mr. Bland's collection.The jaw is said by Morcli to have lateral denticles as in S. amphibia.
198 A MANUAL OF AMERICAN LAND SHELLS.Siiccinea Hig^giiisi, Bland.Shell depressed-oval, tbin, obliquely striated, pellucid, somewhatFir.. 206. shining, pale horn-colored ; spire short, obtuse'; suturedeep; whorls 3, convex, the last rather depressed; thecolumella scarcely arched, above conspicuously plicate;aperture angular!}' oval, frequently armed with a small,oblique, white tooth on the parietal wall; i^eristomesimple, regularly arcuate. Length, 15; diameter, 17""" ; aperture, 11"?long.Siiccinea BUiginsi, Bland, Am. Journ. Coiicb.,ii, 373, pi. xvii, fig. 24 (1866).
?
Tryon,Am. Jouru. Couch., ii, 237 (1866).?W. G. Binney, L. & Fr.-W. Sh., i, 258(1869); Terr. Moll., V, 418.Putin-Bay Island, Lake Erie; a species of the Northern Eegion.Animal not observed.This species is allied to S. Sallcana, Pfr., S. Baydeni, Binn., andesi)Ocially to S. oralis, Gould, not Say. Comi?arod with the latter, thelast whorl is less convex, the aperture is more angular above, thecolnmelki less arcuate and more distinctly plicate.The measurements given are of one of the largest specimens. Thisis the only North American species in which I have noticed theparietal tooth mentioned in the description. Three of my specimenshave this tooth; it is lamelliform, about 1""" in length at the base,the iiointed apex having an elevation of about ^"?. (Bland.)Siicciiica Tottciiiana, Lea.Shell obliquely ovate, of a greenish color, thin, shining, somewhatdiaphanous, obsoletely striated ; whorls 3, convex, the last very largeand globose; spire very short; suture impressed; aperturelarge, oval, oblique ; peristome thin, acute. Greatest length,le--".Siiccinea Tottcniana, Lea, Proc. Pliil. Soc, Ii, 32 (1841) ; Trans. Amer. Phil.Soc, ix, 4 (1844); Obs., iv, 4.?Pfeiffer, Mou. HeL Viv., ii, 526;iii, 15.?Gould, iu Terr. Moll., ii, 65, 72, pi. Ixvii, 6, fig. 2.?W. G.Binney, Terr. Moll., iv, 35; v, 425; L. & Fr.-W. Sh., i, 266(1869).?Morse, Jonrn. Portl. Soc, i, 29, fig. 73; pi. ix, fig. 74(1864); Amer. Nat., i, 606, fig. 46 (1868).?Tryon, Amer. Jonrn.Couch., ii, 230 (1866) -Gould and Binney, Inv. of Mass. (2), 448(1870).SuGcinea ohliqna, teste Binney, I. c.New England and New York ; in Interior and Northern Eegions.Generally considered a variety of S. obliqna. It is a thinner <and
EASTERN PROVINCE?INTERIOR REGION SPECIES. 199more fragile shell, proportionally more veiitricose in form, with a shorterspire and larger aperture ; it has a decided green color, almost un-shaded with yellow, while in 8. ohliqua the amber-yellow predominates.
Fig. 208.
Lingual mombrane of S. Totteniana. (Morse.)By Gwyn Jeffreys referred to S. putris var. (Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist.,1872).Jaw arcuate, ends blunt; anterior surface with three heavy ribs,modifying the concave and convex margins.The lingual membrane is said by Morse, whose figure is given above,lo have 100 rows of 33-1-33 teeth. The bases of attachment are verynarrow, and have a peculiar expansion at their lower inner angles.
e. Species of the Interior Eegion.
It must be remembered that the universally distributed species arealso found in this region. (See p. GO.)
Family SELENITID^.]?IA?ROCY?LIS. (Seep. 79.)Maci'ocyclis concava, Say.Shell depressed, very slightly convex on the upper surface ; epider-mis whitish horn-color, sometimes with a tinge of green ; whorls 5,above flattened, below rounded, finely striate obliquely, rio. 209.and sometimes with microscopic revolving lines, the outerwhorl spreading a little towards the aperture ; suturerather deeply impressed ; umbilicus wide, deep, exhibit-ing all the volutions to the apex; aperture rounded,somewhat flattened above, its edge frequently tingedwith reddish brown ; jieristome subreflected at its colu-mellar extremity, simple above, and in some specimens ^cfrocyciis concava.considerably depriessed near its junction with the outer whorl j colu-
200 A MANUAL OF AMERICAN LAND SHELLS.
mella with n thin calhis, the edge of which connects the upper and lowerextremities of the peristome. Greater diameter 21, lesser 16 """ ; height.
Helix concava, Say, Jouru. Acad., ii, 159 (1821); Binney's ed., 20.?Binney, Boat.Journ. Nat. Hist., iii, 372 (1840), excl. pi.; Terr. Moll., il, 163, pi. xxi.?Adams, Vermont MoUusca, 159 (1842)^ excl. syn. Vancouverensis.?De Kay, N.Y. Moll., 33, pi. ii, fig. 15 (1843).?Pfeiffer, Mon. Hel. Viv., iv, 159.?W. G.BiNNEY, Terr. Moll., Iv, 63.?Leidy, T. M. U. S., i, 258, pi. xii, figs. 9-11(1851), auat.?Morse, Amer. Nat., i, 412, figs. 26, 27 (1867).Helix planorhoides, Ferussac, Hist. Nat. dcs Moll., tab. Ixxxii, fig. 4.
?
Pfeiffer,Mon. Hel. Viv., i, 200; Symbola^, ii, 37.?Chemnitz, ed. 2, ii, 164, pL xcv, figs.17-19; pi. cliv, fig. 45 (1851).?Eeeve, Con., Icon., 674 (1852).?Deshayes, inF^R., i, 87.Helix dissidens, Deshayes, in F]er., Hist , i, 97, pi. Ixxxiv, figs., 1, 2.Macrocyclis concava, Morse, Journ. Portl. Soc, i, 12, pi. v, fig. (1864).?Tryon, Am.Jonru. Conch., ii, 245 (1866).?W. G. Binney, L. & Fr.-W. Sh., i, 56 (1869);Terr. Moll., v, 92.?Gould and Binney, Inv. of Mass., ed. 2, 406 (1870).A Post-pleiocene species still existing in full vigor in the EasternProvince. Eanges from Canada to Georgia, from Michigan to Mis-souri. The finest specimens occur in the southern part of the Appa-lachian chain.Aniinal: Upper surface grayish, tentacles and eye-peduncles bluish,base dirty-white, collar reddish-orange, posterior extremity slightlytinged with the same; eye-peduncles slender, foot narrow, twice aslong as the diameter of the shell.This shell, though frequently seen, does not seem to be so numerousin our forests as some other species. It is peculiar for the elegant,rounded shape of the whorls as seen on their lower surface. It rarelyvaries from the common type, and cannot be mistaken for any otherEastern species. The animal is voracious in its appetite, almost alwayspreying upon other species with which it may be kept, and so certainlydestroying them that I have been obliged to keep them by themselves.Th's it effects by inserting its narrow body, which it has the power ofelongating and protruding very far from its own shell, into the shellsof its victims, and then feeding upon them at its leisure. It burrowsin the soil under decaying logs.See remarks under M. Vancouverensis, (p. 82).Jaw crescentic, ends bluntly rounded ; anterior surface striated ; con-cave margin smooth, with a median projection. (See Terr. Moll., I, PlateXir, Fig. XI.)Lingual dentition (Terr. Moll., V, Plate I, Fig. C) : see above, p. 80.Genitalia figured by Leidy in Terr. Moll., I, Plate XII, Figs., 9-11.The general arrangement is the same as in M. Vancouverensis, but theepididymis is less developed.
EASTERN PROVINCE INTERIOR REGION SPECIES. 201SPURIOUS SPECIES.Macrocyelis Elliotti, Tryon (Am. Joiirn. Conch., i, 246), is a Zonites, q. v.ZOJVITES, MoNTF.Animal lieliciform ; mantle subcentral, protected by an externalshell. Eespiratory and anal orifice on the right of the mantle, underthe peristome of the shell. Orifice of generation under the mantle. Adistinct locomotive disk to foot. Two i)arallel, well-marked, longitudi-nal furrows above the margiu of the foot, meeting at the extremity abovea longitudinal caudal mucous pore.Shell broadly umbilicated, orbiculate, convex or discoidal, striated ordecussated, beneath smooth and shining ; whorls G or 7, gradually in-creasing in size; aperture oblique and lunate; i)eristome straight,acute, and slightly thickened internally.Formerly I separated the American species into two genera, Zonitesand Hyalina, respectively characterized by the presence or absence ofa (1 istinct locomotive disk to the foot, and well-marked furrows no. 210.running above and parallel to the edge of the foot, meeting^above the extremity of the tail over a distinct caudal mucous ^^^^pore (Fig. 210). I now place them all in Zonites, as all I Tail of zonifcs'^ \ " ' ? ? suppresses,have examined {Z.fuliginosKs, capnodes, inorn'atus, Icevigatus, "uiarged.Rugeli, deniissuSj sculptilis, ligerus, intertextus, gularis, suppressns, cerinoi-deus, cellarius, placentula, lasmodon, muUidentatus^ viridulus, indentattis^fulvus, nitidus, limatulus) are so characterized, and I believe all willprove to be so.The nature of the pore is described under Z. fuliginosus.The external orifice of the generative organs in the species I have ex-amined is quite under the mantle, not on the right side of the head, asinadvertently stated on \). 29 of Laud and Fresh-Water Shells, I.The distribution of the genus is world-wide.
Fia. 211. Pig. 212. Fig. 213.
liilMilliii"
3a.vr oi Z.arhoreus. (Morse). S&vr oi Z.fuliginosxts. J-d^r of Z. indentatus. (Morse)-The jaw of Zonites is arcuate, ends acuminated, often recurved, some-times blunt; anterior surface without ribs ; cutting margin with a beak-like projection. I have examined the jaws of almost all of our species.There is considerable variation in their form, but the general charactersare constant. Sometimes there is a vertical median carina, as in Z. min-
202 A MANUAL OF AMERICAN LAND SHELLS.
nuscnlus. Some species have vertical stria3, especially on the middle ofthe jaw (Fig. 211). Some have strong transverse lines of reinforcement(Fig, 212). In several species, such as Z. viridulus and Z. Binneyanuft^Morse has detected projecting points on the cutting edge of the sideof the median beak, but I did not find them in a specimen of the lastspecies examined by me. The jaw of this last species is very high.Tliat of Z. cxigiius \s very low. The median vertical grooves in somespecies have already been mentioned under Z. fcrreus and milium.In the genus Glandina we found only the aculeate form of teeth, orpure marginals; in MacrocycUs we found, in addition to these mar-ginals, a few teeth showing a modification of this type, being the tran-sition teeth from marginals into laterals; in the present genus, Zonites^we find for the first time the lateral teeth in their full developement.Thus we have usually the three forms of teeth?centrals, laterals, and
Flc. 214.
I
.1General view of dentition of Zonites arboreus.
marginals?all present, and apparently a generic characteristic. It willbe noticed however, that in Iwvigatus * (Terr. Moll. Y, Plate II, Fig.F) there is no perfect lateral, the first tooth showing a decided modifica-tion or transition into the marginals. Thus we cannot say that in allspecies of Zonites there are pure lateral teeth. It will be seen belowthat in some species the number of laterals is reduced to two.I give in Fig. 214 a general view of the arrangement of the teeth inZonites.] The centrals have a base of attachment longer than wide, sub-quadrate, with lateral expansions at the corners of the lower margin.The reflected portion varies in size in the various species, from highlydeveloped in viridulus and others to slightly developed in lasmodon andothers, in the latter case resembling the short reflection of Vitrina.The reflection always bears a more or less developed central cusp, gen-
* See also Z. cellarius.tThe characters of the separate teeth of this species are better shown in Plate III,Fig. F, of Torr. Moll., V.
EASTERN PROVINCE INTERIOR REGION SPECIES. 203
erally reacbing to or beyond tlie lower margin of the base of attachment,and always bearing- a distinct cutting point, which last, like the cusp,is usually slender, and projects over the tooth of the adjoining trans-verse line. The side cusps of the reflected portion of the tooth areusually subobsolete, but they are distinctly developed in Z. lasmoclon,sup2)ressus, GundlacM, placentula, gularis, arhoreus, cellarius, Iccvigatns^signtjicans^ferreus, viridulus, nitidus,fuh^vs, milium. On the side cuspsare distinctly developed cutting points in all the species I have ex-amined, excepting Iwvigatus and cellarlns, in which I find no trace ofcutting points. These points when present vary in development in thevaiious species, generally disposed to be triangular and somewhat acu-leate in form, thus bearing a resemblance to the cutting point of themarginal teeth. The greatest development of the cutting points isseen in Z. capnodes (Terr, Moll., V, Plate II, Fig. K). The general outlineof the central tooth is graceful and slender as compared with the othergenera, except Limax and Vitrina. In most of my figures of the teethof this as well as the other genera I have given only the size of thecatting point at its lowest plane, i. e., nearest to the base of attach-ment. It will be understood that from hence the cutting point bulgesoutward as it rises upwards, and again becomes smaller as it archesabove. At its widest development its outline is prominent under themicroscope, as in the shaded portion of the cutting point in Plate II,Fig. H, the dotted line showing at the same time the outline at itslowest plane. The lateral teeth in Zonites are of th(5 same type as thecentral, but are rendered asymmetrical (as usual in the land-shells)by the suppression of the inner, lower, lateral expansion of the base ofattachment and the inner side cusp and cutting point. It is only inZ. Gundlachi (Plate II, Fig. D) that I have observed the inner side cut-ting point, and in this species, even, the lateral teeth are still suffi-ciently asymmetrical to be readily distinguished from the centrals. InZ. Binnei/anus there is also a kind of inner cutting point. As mentionedabove, the number of these lateral teeth varies in the respective species,and is so nearly constant as to be, I believe, a good specific character.I find, however, some difficulty in deciding in all cases where the truelaterals end and the transition teeth commence, so gradual is thechange in some species. Of two Unguals of Z. intertextus examined, Ifound one to have 12, the other 14, perfect laterals. The number oflateral teeth in the different species is given below.The teeth forming the gradual change from laterals to marginals are
204 A MANTJAL OF AMERICAN LAND SHELLS.best illustrated in tlie case of Z. Iwvigatus (Plate II, Fig. F), the firstfour side teeth being transition teeth. As already stated above, thisspecies wants entirely the perfect laterals. In Z. cellarius (Plate II,Fig. G) the two transition teeth have an inner lateral spur near the topof the cusp. The only lateral of this species has also peculiarities inits form easily seen in the figure, but diflQcult of description. Z. inor-natus (Plate II, Fig. H) has peculiar transition teeth.The marginal teeth of Zonites are quite like those of Qlandina andMacroGyelis (see above). The curve of the transverse rows, the rapidincrease and gradual decrease in size as they pass off laterally, areshown in Plate II, Figs. F, G, H. The number of marginal teeth ineach species examined is given below ; it must be borne in mind, how-ever, that the number is not constant in any given species, though therange of variation in number seems limited in the respective species.Thus, though I have found a slight difference in the count of teeth inseveral individuals of Z. inornatus, I have every reason to believe Ishall never find it to have as many teeth as in Z. fuUginosus. It ap-pears, therefore, that the count of teeth has a decided specific value, atleast in most cases.The rapid increase and subsequent gradual decrease in size of theteeth as they pass oft' laterally, though it appears usually a genericcharacter, is somewhat modified in some species. Thus in one lingualmembrane of Z. intertextus examined I find a much more gradual in-crease and decrease from the first to the last marginal tooth.The marginal teeth in Zonites, and, indeed, all the Limacidce are moreseparated than in the Selicidce, and the separate rows are more widelyremoved the one from the other, especially near the outer margin ofthe membrane.Though the simple aculeate form of marginals seems a generic char-acter in Zonites, we find the marginals bifid in Z. fulvus (Plate II, Fig.E), and bifid or even trifid in Z. Gundlachi (Plate II, Fig. D) ; also forthe first four marginals in milium. This character reminds us of Vi-trina (see below), Vitrinoconus (Semper, Phil. Archip., 91), Vitrinoidea(ibid., p. 85), vitrinopsis (ibid., p. 86), and the numerous genera ofdisintegrated Nanina ; also some species of Limax. The first margi-nals of Z. exiguus have a side spur.Taking the general characters of dentition into consideration, Zo-nites is nearest allied to Limax among our genera, but in the latter themarginals are generally more slender or spine-like and have a less sole-like base of attachment.
EASTERN PROVINCE?INTERIOR REGION SPECIES. 205The geuus Zonites being very numerous in species, it will be conven-ient to group the species in several subgenera, founded on the form ofthe shell. Subgenus MESOMPHIX, Raf.Shell umbilicated or perforated, globosely depressed, thin, striated,reddish horn-color, lighter below, shining; whorls 4^-6; aperturelunar-ovate; i)eristome simple, straight, acute, extremities approach-ing, that of the columella subreflexed.Animal (of Z. fuliginosus) nearly twice as long as the diameter ofthe shell, blackish or bluish-black, darkest.on the head, neck, and eye-peduncles. Eye-peduncles short in proportion to the length of theanimal, and set widely apart. Respiratory foramen in the angleformed by the junction of the peristome with the body-whorl. Baseof foot whitish, the locomotive band defined by two very fine lines orfurrows. A double marginal furrow runs along the side of the footfrom the head nearly to the posterior extremity, where it passes up-ward and joins that from the opposite side, leaving posteriorly aflattened, rounded extremity, somewhat prominent and glandular.Upon the center of the extremity is a longitudinal fissure or sinus,which is sometimes expanded and at other times closed and invisible.Secretion of mucus from the extremity profuse.Zonites capuodes, W. G. Binney.Shell depressed, horn-colored or smoky, globose, wrinkled, belowsmooth ; si)ire short, depressed ; suture mod- ^ig- 215.erate; whorls 5, rapidly increasing, the lastvery ventricose and large, sometimes markedwith coarse revolving lines; aperture large,round; peristome simple, acute, ends ap-proached, joined by a slight deposition ofbrownish callus over the jjarietal wall, reflected zonites capiwdes.at the small and deep umbilicus. Greater diameter 35, lesser 28??
;
height, 13??.Helix Icopnodes, W. G. Binney, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philad., 1857, 186; Terr. Moll.,iv, 104, 1)1. Ixxx, fig. 14.?Pfeiffer, Mou. Hel. Viv., iv, 346.Hyalina Icopnodes, Tryon, Am. Journ. Conch., ii, 248 (1866). ,Zonites kojniodes, W. G. Binney, L. & Fr.-W. Sli., i, 284 (1869) (excl. fig. 508 = Iwvi-gaius).Zonites capnodes,'^. G. Binney, Terr. Moll., v, 98.It may be said to belong to the Cumberland Subregion, though ithas spread into the adjoining- subregion. I have actually received it
206 A MANUAL OF AMERICAN LAND SHELLS.from Uniontown, Perry County, Alabama, where it occurs also appa-rently sub-fossil, from Dallas County, Alabama, Stephenson, Alabama,and Sewannee, Franklin County, Tennessee ; from Marengo County,Tennessee, also subfossil; mountains of North Carolina.Animal dirty white, the granules sometimes marked by a darkercolor, running into a light fawn-color on the top of the back near thehead; eye-peduncles and tentacles darker; upper part of tail is alsoa slight slate-color, darker below the furrows. The breadth of theanimal is very much greater than in most of our species, the headFig. 216. broader, blunter, the eye-peduncles shorter, heav-ier, and very much more widely set apart. Anarrow locomotive disk below. Along the sideof the foot, parallel to the base, are two furrows,rather darker in color, running ux)wards towardsthe tail, and meeting on its ui^iier surface, above
zonitcs capn^M^ a mucous \)orQ. The extremity of the tail broadand flattened, spade-like, usually curved at its point when the animalis in motion. The animal is more sluggish and less sensitive to thetouch than the other species. Its labial tentacles are highly devel-oped, being nearly as long as the lower feelers. Measurements of anindividual in motion: Extreme length of foot, 59"""; before shell, 10""";behind shell, 14""" ; of shell on back, 32'""^ ; of tentacles, 10"'"^ ; breadthof head, 11"^"^.I was first inclined to consider it an unnaturally developed form offuliginosus, but have since been convinced of its being distinct bylarge suites of specimens of various stages of growth. The shell islarger, heavier, less globose, the umbilicus is narrower, the aperturelarger and less rounded, the spire less elevated. The coarse, in-terruj)ted revolving lines are i^resent in four out of six specimens be-fore me. The species is very variable, and in its globose form diffi-cult to distinguish from Z. friaUlis. It is, however, always muchheavier. The globose form is figured (Fig. 216).Jaw as usual in the genus.Lingual membrane broad, with numerous rows of about 6C-1-6Gteeth. Another membrane has 70 rows of 46-1-46. Centrals long,with a long, slender, median cusp, reaching the base of attachmentand bearing a long, slender point projecting beyond it. Side cuspssubobsolete, but represented by the cutting points, which are greatlydeveloped, triangular, stretching beyond the sides of the base of
EASTEKN PROVINCE INTERIOR REGION SPECIES. 207attachment. Lateral teeth of same type as centrals, but bicusi)id;there are about 9 perfect laterals. Marginals aculeate, as usual in thegenus. (Terr. Moll., V, Plate II, Fig. K.)The penis has the same arrangement as in Z. Icvvigatus. The geni-tal bladder is large, globular, on a short, narrow duct. (See Ann. KY. Ac. of Sc, I, Plate XIV, Fig. C.)The species is readily distinguished from Z. friabilis, la'vigatus, andfuUginosus by the number of the lateral teeth on its lingual membrane.Zoiiites fuligiiiosus, Gkiff.Shell thin, depressed on the upper surface, epidermis dark, approach-ing to chestnut-color, sometimes almost black, shin- fig. 217.ing and wrinkled ; whorls 4i, rapidly increasing,with irregular, oblique wrinkles, the last whorl veryvoluminous and expanding transversely towardsthe aperture; suture very little impressed; aperturevery oblique, ample, lunate-ovate, within pearly oriridescent; peristome simple, thin, brittle, with alight, testaceous deposit within, the two termina-tions approaching each other very nearly, that ofthe columella somewhat reflected ; umbilicus deep, zonUes/uUginosus.not much expanded. Greater diameter 26, lesser 22?"' ; height, 13""".Helix fuliginosa, Griffith, iu letters,?Binney, Terr. Moll., ii, 222, pi. xxxi (1851);Bost. Jouru. Nat. Hist., iil, 417, pi. xsiv, excl. syn. (1840).?Leidy, T. M. U.S., i, pi. ix, fif?. 4 (auat.).?Adams, Shells of Vermont, 161, excl.syu. (1842).?De Kay, N. Y. Moll., 37, pi. iil, lig. 22 (1843).?Pfeiffer, Mou. Hel. Viv., i,88; iu Chemnitz, ed. 2, ii, 104, pi. Ixxxiv, iigs. 1-3.?Reeve, Cou. Icou., 675(1852).?W. G. Binney, Terr. Moll., iv, 105.?Morse, Amer. Nat., i,315, iigs.23, 24 (1867).Helix capillacea, Pfeiffer, Synibola), ii, 24, uot F^:r., teste Per.Omphalina cuiyrea, Rafinesque, Enum. & Ace. 3; ed. Binney and Tryon, 67.Hyalina fuliginosa, Tryon, Am. Journ. Couch., ii, 248 (1866).
.^onites fuUginosus, W. G. Binney, L. & Fr.-W. Sh,, i, 286 (1869) ; Terr. Moll., v, 100.?Fischer and Crosse, Moll. Mex., 164 (1870).A Post-Pliocene species. It now reaches its greatest developmentin the Cumberland Subregion, but it may extend over all the InteriorEegion. The extreme points from which I have actually received itare Canada, north shore of Lake Superior, and Volusia County, Florida.It is quoted doubtfully from Mexico, on what seems to me most unsatis-factory authority. I have never received it west of the MississippiEiver to the south of Iowa. In all that southwestern region it seemsto be replaced by Z.friaMlis, a species which, on the other hand, doesnot extend, as does fuUginosus, northeasterly beyond the Appalachianchain.
208 A MANUAL OF AMERICAN LAND SHELLS.Animal (see p. 205) lead-color, darker on head.Jaw very arcuate, of almost uniform breadth, ends blunt; anteriorFig. 218. surface with transverse striie; concave margin simple, witha well-developed, blunt, median projection (Fig. 218),Lingual membrane very broad, composed of 87 rows ofJaw of Zonitesfuiiginosus. 129 (64-1-64) loug, slcuder teeth each ; centrals tricuspid
;
laterals 4, bicuspid, in a straight, transverse row; marginals aculeate,in a somewhat crescentic row. Another membrane had 57-1-57 teeth(Terr. Moll., V, Plate II, Fig. 1).Genitalia, as well as complete anatomy, figured in Terr. Moll. U. S.,I, Plate IX, Fig. 4. There is a peculiar glandular structure aroundthe vagina. The penis sac is long and narrow, tapering above into thevas deferens. The retractor muscle is inserted at about its middle.The genital bladder is large, oval, on a long duct. The peculiar acces-sories to the penis sac of capnodes, Iwvigatus, inornatus, and friahilis arewanting.I have in my cabinet a large reversed specimen.Zonites friabills, W. G. Binney.Shell very globose, transparent, brittle, thin, sometimes thick, shin-FiG. 219. iug, reddish ; spire very short, conic ; whorls 5, convex,lightly wrinkled, rapidly increasing, the last very largeand ventricose; suture moderate; aperture circular,equally high and broad, within bluish and slightlythickened by a very thin white callus ; peristomeZonites friahilis. simple, sharp, thin, at its junction with the body-whorlviolet-colored and reflected, so as to cover a portion of the small anddeep umbilicus ; the parietal wall of the aperture is covered with alight violet-colored callus. Greatest diameter 26, lesser 20""" ; height,13""".Helix friaUlis, W. G.Binney, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1857, 187; Terr. Mon.,iv.,106, pi. Ixxx, fig. 2.?Pfeiffer, Mon. Hel. Viv., iv, 346.?Bland, Auu. N.'Y.Lye, vii, 126.Helix luGubraia, Pfeiffer, Mou. Hel. Viv., iv, 68, vi, 132; Mai. Bliitt., 1858, 32, notof Say.nijalina friahilis, Tryon, Am. Journ. Conch., ii, 247 (1866).Zonites friahilis, W. B. Binney, L. & Fr.-W. Sli., i,287, fig. 514 (1869); Terr. Moll.,V, 101.The species belongs to the Interior Eegion, but reaches its greatestdeveloi)ment in the vicinity of Wabash County, Illinois. I have alsoreceived it from Indiana, from the northern and northeastern countiesof Kentucky, from Franklin County, Tennessee. In the southwesterly
EASTEKN PROVINCE INTERIOR REGION SPECIES. 209direction, however, its rauge is greatest, as I have traced it to the HotSpriugs of Arkansas, and to Washington County, Texas.Animal bluish slate-color. The caudal pore, locomotive disk, andlongitudinal furrows above the edge of the foot are all present.Jaw as usual in the genus.Lingual membrane similar in type to that above described of Z. cap-nodes. Teeth about 57-1-57, with 6 perfect laterals (Terr. Moll, V, PlateII, Fig. J).The genital system is figured in Terr. Moll., V, Plate XI, Fig. D. Theovary is stout, light brown, and blunt. The oviduct is short. The vaginais long and narrow, with a yellow prepuce-like expansion (pp) at the en-trance of the duct of the genital bladder, which is near the base. Thegenital bladder is large, oval, on a duct of about equal length and sizeas the vagina. The penis sac is long and slender, and peculiarly char-acterized by a lateral bulbous expansion near its base, bearing theretractor muscle. Beyond this bulb the sac is narrow, but graduallyexpands, and towards its end again very gradually tapers towards theapex, where the vas deferens enters. Its orifice is side by side withthat of the vagina. The external orifice of the system is under themantle. I found no dart in the buib-like organ attached to the penissac. It probably is a form of prostate. It is found in the allied species.The Texas specimens have a much thicker shell than those fromIllinois, so as not to deserve the specific name.Zonites laevig^attis, Pfeiffer.Shell somewhat convex, oftener depressed ; epidermis greenish horn-color, shining, thin ; whorls 5, rather flattened, rapidly fig. 220.enlarging, with beautiful and regular oblique strife andrevolving microscopic lines, the last whorl expandingtowards the aperture, not descending; aperture trans-verse, broadly lunar, ample, with a testaceous depositwithin ; peristome thin, acute, straight, extremities ap-proaching, its lower extremity inserted into the centerof the base and somewhat reflected ; base smooth, per.forate. Greater diameter 18, lesser 15?? ; height, 9'"?. zonites icevigatus.Helix Iwvigata, Pfeiffer, Mod. Hel. Viv., i, 64; iii, 67 (excl. syu.); in Cuemnitz,etl. 2, ii, 106, pi. Ixxxiv, fig. 17-19 (excl. syn.).?Reeve, Con. Icou., No. 672(1852)??Deshayes, in Fdr., i, 94, pi. Ixxxii, fig. 6.?W. G. Binney, Ter.Moll., iv, 106.
?
Bland. Ann, N. Y. Lye, vii, 119 (excl. syu. inornata).Helix hicubrala, Binney, ncc Say, Terr. Moll., ii, 225, pi. xxxii.Helix fuliginosa, Binney, iu Best. Jonru. (pars, excl. descr., syn., ct fig.), 1840.1749?Bull. 28 14
210 A MANUAL OF AMERICAN LAND SHELLS.Helix inornata, Reeve, 1. c, 666, not Say.Hyalina Iwvigata, Tuyon, Am. Jouni. Couch., ii, 247 (1866).Zonitcs hvvigattis, W. G. Binney, L. & Fr.-W. Sli., i, 287, fig. 515 (1869); Torr. Moll.,V. 102.Zonites mpnodes, part, W. G. Binney, 1. c, fig. 508.Animal : Head and eye-peduncles dark blue ; body and foot pearlywhite; margin of foot furrowed, furrows meeting over i)osterior ter-mination; caudal extremity bluish above, with a gland. A distinctlocomotive disk.Fig. 221. I have received specimens from Pennsylvania to Arkan-sas, from Illinois to Saint Augustine, Fla, and Mobile.The species may therefore be said to inhabit the Interior
z. lawujatus, var. and Southcm Eegions. It attains its greatest develop-ment in the Cumberland Subregion.A more globose variety is figured.A variety from Columbus, Ga., and Franklin County, Tennessee,Fig. 221J. is more depressed. I formerly erroneously referredthis form to Z. capnodes.I have given the synonymy of this species in fullto show under how many names it has appeared. It
z. icevigatus, var. sccms to havc bccu scut to Fcrussac by Eafinesque un-der the name it bears, though no description of it by the latter author isextant. FcSrussac mentions it by name only in his " Tableaux" (1821),with no reference, however, to the figure which afterwards appeared(1832) in the " Histoire." In 1840, Dr. Binney evidently refers to it inthe Boston Journal as a striated variety of fuUginosuSj and quotes F6-russac's figure. He also suggests its identity with lucubratus. In 1848the first description of the shell was published by Pfeiffer, whom Ihave given as the authority for the specific name. In continuing ?6-russac's great work, Deshayes also describes the shell, as does alsoPfeifler in the second edition of Chemnitz. It was therefore well es-tablished and universally known by the name of Icevigatus when the
" Terrestrial Mollusks " appeared. The name proposed by Dr. Binneywould not, therefore, have precedence over Pfeiffer's even had it beenan entirely new name. Dr. Binney, however, commits the error of ap-plying to this species Say's name of lucuhrata, though there is no evi-dence of Say's ever having seen the species. On the other hand, Ihave seen in Mr. Poulson's collection specimens of Iwvigatns labeledby Say " Helix , Claiborne, Ala." The label, written, as Mr.Poulson assured me, during the last few years of Say's life, shows con-clusively his ignorance of the species.
EASTERN PKOVINCE INTERIOR REGION SPECIES, 211
Pfeifit'er, Desliaves, Cliemuitz, and Eeeve liave confouuded Z. inor-natus with this species, even qnoting in some instances Dr. Binney'sfigure of inornatus in tbe Boston Journal, which represents an entirelysmooth shell. Pfeiffer also quotes H. riifa, De Kay, as a synonym 'ofkvvigatiis. It seems rather to be the young of some other species.Eeeve figured lawigatus under the name of itiornata, describing it asstriate in the text.Much confusion regarding the species of this group has existed alsoamong American collectors, who have depended for the names of theirshells on their friends rather than on the study of descriptions.The species under consideration is at once distinguished from all theothers of the grou^) by the fact of its being the only one furnishedwith strise over the upper surface.Jaw as usual in the genus.Zonites Iwvigaius (Terr. Moll., V, Plate II, Fig. F) is peculiar in hav-ing no cutting points to the side cusps of the central teeth on its lin-gual membrane, and no perfect lateral teeth (see p. 204). I found in onespecimen 28 rows of 19-1-19 teeth. Another specimen had 17-1-17teeth. One-half of one transverse row, with the central tooth, is figuredon Plate II, Fig. F. This peculiar dentition distinguishes the speciesfrom all its allies. The membrane has peculiarly square ends.The ovary is short and vagina long. The genital bladder, with itsduct, forms a short, cylindrical, sac-like organ, opening near the baseof the vagina and tapering at the apex. The penis sac is long, cylindri-cal, larger. at its apex, where it receives the vas deferens. At its basethe penis sac has its opening into the vagina, w^ith a short, stout organ(dj s) with rounded ajjex, where a retractor muscle (r) seems to be at-tached. This organ may be a dart sac or some form of prostate gland(Terr. Moll., V, Plate XI, Fig. E).Zonites Riig'eli.Shell depressed-globose, perforated, thin, delicately wrinkled, theapical whorls sometimes striate, greenish horn-colored, ^'?- "'^?dark smoky above ; spire slightly elevated, apex flat
;
whorls 6, slightly rounded, the last globose, scarcelyexcavated at the perforation 5 aperture large, rounded,oblique; peristome simple, thin, ends slightly ap-proaching, the columellar one scarcely broadened.Larger diameter 19, lesser 15"""; height, 9""".
Zoiiilvs i;u(/tii, W. G. BiNNEY, Auu. N. Y. Ac. Sc, i, 357, pi. xv, tig.H (lo79). Z. Bugdl.
212 A MANUAL OP AMERICAN LAND SHELLS.A species of the Cumberlaud Subregion, Roan Mountain, MitchellCounty, North Carolina. Mrs. G. Andrews.Lingual dentition {I. c. Fig. I) as usual in the genus. Teeth38-1-38, with 4 or 5 laterals on each side. The eighth is a perfectmarginal.Animal dark slate-color. Caudal mucous pore as in Z. su2>x>ressiis.Genitalia (Z. c, Plate XIV, Fig-. D) as in fuUginosus, Iwvigatits, &c.The accessory part of the penis sac in this species is continued to apoint beyond the retractor muscle.Named in honor of Dr. Eugel, late of Knoxville, to whom Shuttle-worth was indebted for the species of that region.
Zoiiites deiuissus, Binney.Shell perforated, depressed-convex ; epidermis yellowish horn-color,shining ; whorls 6, with minute lines of growth ; spire obtuse ;suture impressed 5 body-whorl expanding very little towardsthe aperture; aperture transverse, not large, slightly ob-lique, a white, testaceous deposit within; peristome thin,z demis- acute; base rather tiat, smooth ; perforation very small; umbil-*"* ical region a little impressed. Greater diameter 11^, lesser10^"?; height, 6"'"\Hdix demissa, Binney, Bost. Journ. Nat, Hist., iv, 361, pi. xvi, fig. 10 (184:i); Terr.Moll., ii, 232, pi. xlii, fig. 1 (1851).?Pfeiffek, Mou. Hel. Viv., i, 58; iv,48.?Reeve, Con. Icon., No. 1491.?AV. G. Binney, Terr. Moll., iv, 116.Mesomplnx demissa, Tryon, Am. Journ. Concli., ii, 255 (1860).HyaUna demissa, W. G. Binney, L. & Fr.-W. Sh., i, 45 (1809).Zonites acerra, Lewis, Proc. Ac. N. Sc. Pliila., 1875, 335.Zonites dcmissus, W. G. Binney, Terr. Moll., v, 104, fig. 125.The center of distribution of this species seems to be the Cumber-land Subregion, where it has attained its finest growth. From here itranges into Western Pennsylvania, North Carolina (at least as far asGoldsborough), Georgia, Alabama to the Gulf of Mexico, Arkansas,and Texas.Animal light slate or smoky white, dark blue on head, eye-peduncles,and tentacles ; tuberosities on back few and large ; a line of farrowsrims along the side of the foot, and, rising on the tail, meets that of theopposite side above a well-marked mucous pore. The sides, labia like,of the poi^ are prominent and swollen. The pore opens and shuts,and freely exudes mucus.
EASTERN PROVINCE INTERIOR REGION SPECIES. 213Jaw as usual in the genus.Z. dcmissus (Terr. Moll., V, Plate II, Fig. O) has 45-1-45 teeth, with15 laterals. My specimen was one of the large East fig. 224.Tennessee form, called Z. acerrus by Dr. Lewis (Proc.Ac. N. Sc. Phila., 1872, 110). The typical form, fromnear Mobile, has, however, a perfectly similar dentition.The genitalia are like those of Z. intcrtcxti(s, Binney, ^- acerms.figured by Dr. Leidy in Terr. Moll., I. The accessory glands of thedart sac are rather shorter in demisum.The large form referred to as Z. acerrus nbove is here figured. Itsgreater diameter is 20?"; height, S""". It has over 7 whorls. Frommountains of Eastern Tennessee and North Carolina. (Fig. 224.)Zonites lig^erus, Say.Shell perforated, orbicularly convex ; epidermis yellowish horn-color,shining; whorls 7, finely and thickly striated transversely, fig. 225.smooth below; suture not much impressed; aperture semi- ,/^lunate, rounded ; peristome thin, acute ; base and side ofthe outer whorl, within the aperture, thickened and white
;
perforation very small ; umbilical region impressed. Greater ^- Hgerus.diameter 15, lesser IS""" ; height, 10"'"'.
Helix ligera, Say, Journ. Acad., ii, 157(1821); Binney's ed., 19.?Binney, Bost.Jonru. Nat. Hist., iii, 412, pi. xx, fig. 1 (1840); Terr. Moll., ii, 204, pi. xxxv(1851).?Leidy, T. M. U. S., i, 257, pi. xii, figs. 4-7 (1851), anat.?DE Kay,N. Y. Moll., 40, excl. fig. ? (1843).?Chemnitz, ed. 2, i, 108, pi. xxxiii, figs.5-7.?DeshaYES, in Fer., i, 184.?Pfeiffer, Mon. Hel. Viv., i, 48.
?
Reeve,Con. Icon., 493 (1852).?W. G. Binney, Terr. Moll., iv, 95 .?Lewis, Am.Journ. Conch., vi, 190, pi. xii, figs. 3, 4.ReUx Fafiiiesquea, Fi^russac, Tab. Syst., 50; Hist., pi. Ii, a, fig. 5; pi. 1, a, figs. 4, 5?
?Pfkiffer, Symb., i, 39.Helix Wardiana, Lea, Trans. Am. Phil., vi, 67, pi. xxiii, fig. 82; Obs., ii, 67 (1839).
?
Troschel, Arch, fiir Nat., 1839, ii, 221.?De Kay, N. Y. Moll., 46.Mesompliix ligeraTRYCm, Am. Journ. Conch., ii, 255 (1866).Hyalina ligera, W. G. Binney, L. & Fr.-W. Sh., i, 44 (1869).Zonites Ugerus, W. G. Binney, Terr. Moll., v, 105.A species of the Interior Kegion, having been found from Arkansasand Georgia to the Great Lakes ; north of Maryland it does not appeareast of the Appalachian chain. It is also found fossil in the Post-Plio-cene of the Mississii^pi Valley.Animal uniform blackish slate-color over the whole upper surface,
214 A MANUAL OF AMERICAN LAND SHELLS.paler on the posterior extremity and base ; collar grayish-white ; footnarrow, exceeding in length twice the transverse diameter of theshell; eye-peduncles long and slender. There are well-marked linesrunning obliquely towards the center of the base of the foot, where isan extremely narrow line, representing, no doubt the locomotive disk.The other characters of Zonites are present in the species, such as thelongitudinal furrows and caudal i>ore.Jaw (see Terr. Moll,, I, Plate XII, Fig. 7) strongly arcuate, endsrounded ; anterior surface striated ; concave margin with a well-devel-oped median projection.Lingual dentition (Terr. Moll., Plate II, Fig. M) : Teeth 38-1-38,with 14 laterals.The genital system (figured by Leidy, Terr. Moll., I, Plate XII,Figs. 4-7) is quite complicated. The genital bladder is small, oval, on ]a loug, delicate duct, from about the middle of the length of whichthere is a connecting duct to the middle of the penis sac and a secondduct to the apex of the dart sac. This last organ is long, large at itsjunction with the vagina, tapering above, and furnished below its apexwith an accessory, short, delicate, cylindrical gland, terminating in asmall pyriform bulb. The dart is long, delicate, strictly arrow-shaped,with pointed, enlarged head and much thickened at the i:)osterior ter-mination. The penis sac is stout, short, receiving at its apex the vasdeferens, on the commencement of which the retractor muscle is in-serted.See remarks on the genitalia of Z. intertextus.Zonites intertextus. Binney.Shell perforated, subpyramidal ; epidermis yellowish horn-color;whorls C or 7, with numerous fine, oblique striae and vervFig. 226. ' ^minute, sprial striae, intersecting each other ; outer whorlwith a narrow, light-colored band and an ill-defined, brown-ish band below it; aperture rounded, a little transverse;peristome thin, somewhat thickened withinbya depositionz. intertextus. ^^ tcstaccous matter, its columellar extremity slightlyreflected at its junction with the base of the shell; perforation small,sometimes nearly obsolete; base whiter than the upper surface.Greater diameter 15, lesser 13^""" ; height, 10?'".
EASTERN PROVINCE INTERIOR REGION SPECIES. 215Helix interiexta, Binney, Bost. Journ. Nat. Hist., iii, 413, pi. xx, fig. 2 (1840) ; Terr.
. Moll., ii, 206, pi. xxxvi.
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Philippi, Icon., ii, 9, .5, pi. vi, fig. 16.?Chem-nitz, ed. 2, i, 208, pi. xxxiii, figs. 8-10.?Pfeiffer, Mod. Hel. Viv., i, 49.
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Reeve, Con. Icon., 668 (1852).?Leidy, T. M. U. S., i, 257, pi. xii, figs. 1-3(1H51), anat.?De Kay, N, Y. Moll., 38, pi. iii, fig. 29 (1843).?W. G. Binney,T. M., iv, 96.Mesomphix intertexta, Tryon, Am. Jonrn. Conch., ii, 254 (1866).TlyaUna intertexta, W. G. Binney, L. &. Fr.-W. Sh., i, 44 (1869).Zoniies intertextus, W. G. Binney, Terr. Moll., v, 107.A Post-Pliocene species, now found over the whole Interior Eegion.The extreme points to which I have traced it are New York to Indiana,Tennessee to Georgia, and Texas.? ' Fifi. 227.Animal resembling outwardly that of Z. Ugerus. It hasall the generic characters of Zonites.The specimen figured above is unusually large. There is a z. huertex-smaller, strongly carinated variety, with a short, conical enlarged.spire, which I here figure.The shell resembles some varieties of Z. Ugerus so nearly that Dr.Binney hesitated some time before he considered it distinct. The spireis less high in a shell of the same size, has a smaller number of whorls,and is more pyramidal in shape than in that species. The diameter infull-grown specimens is greater and the base is flatter. The epider-mis is darker and less shining, the shell is thicker and less pellucid,the deposit of testaceous matter within the aperture is less. The sizeof the umbilicus and the shape of the aperture are the same in both.But the principal distinction consists in the spiral lines which revolveon the whorl, intersecting the stria? of growth, but so minute as hardlyto be perceptible to the naked eye, yet present in every specimen whichI have examined. The whitish, narrow band, shaded below with rufous,apparent on the outer and sometimes on the second whorl, generallyaids in identifying it, though it is sometimes wanting. Young speci-mens are much more depressed than those of Z. Ugerus, and are some-times distinctly carinated. The depression of the umbilical region isnot so evident in this as in the preceding species. The rufous bandbelow the white band is well defined and broad in a single specimenbefore me. Nearly allied as it is by its shell to Ugerus, it differs in amarked manner in its genitalia (see Leidy's figure in Terr. Moll., I,Plate XII, Fig. 1) by having a second accessory pyriform gland to thedart sac (8, 8). It may also be distinguished from Ugerus by the greaternumber of the marginal teeth on its lingual membrane.
216 A MANUAL OF AMEKICAN LAND SHELLS.Z. intertextm (Terr. Moll., V, Plate II, Fig. L) has about 61-1-61 teethon its lingual membrane; there are 12 j)erfect laterals. Anotherspecimen has 45-1-55, with 12 laterals.
Zoiiitcs subplaniis, Binkey.Shell flattened, planulate above and beneath ; epidermis brownish orsmoky horn color, shining ; whorls 5i, those nearest theapex striated transversely with very minute and delicatewrinkles; suture distinct, not much impressed; aperturetransverse, not expanded, the plane of the aperture mak-ing nearly a right angle with the plane of the base of theshell ; peristome simple, thin, acute ; base flattened, um-bilical region a little impressed ; umbilicus small, round,zonites subpianus. ^nd dccp, uot exhibiting the volutions. Greater diameter20, lesser 16?^'" ; height, 6'?'".Helix suhplana, Binney, Bost. Journ. Nat. Hist., iv, part i, cover, p. 3 (1842) ; iv,241 (1842) ; Terr. Moll., ii, 229, pi. xxxiii.?Pfeiffer, Mon, Hel. Viv., i, 112.?W. G. BiNNEY, Terr. Moll., iv, 110.JTi/alina suhi^lana, Tryon, Am. Jouru. Conch., ii, 250 (1866).Zonites subpianus, W. G. Binney, L. & Fr.-W. Sli., i, 288 (1869); Terr. Moll., v, 107.A species of the Cumberland Subregion, having been found in East-ern Tennessee and Lawrence County, Kentucky. It has also beenfound in Western Pennsylvania, in the mountains. An extremely rarespecies, until recently found by Mrs. G. Andrews in Mitchell and Mc-Donald Counties, North Carolina.The only American species which this shell can be said to resembleis Z. inornatuSj which in size and color is quite like it, and at first sightmay be taken for it. It diflers from it in the following particulars : Theupper and lower surfaces are both more flattened and the outline is amore perfect circle ; the number of whorls in specimens of the samesize is greater by nearly one volution ; the surface of the whorls isrounded; the last whorl expands but very little towards the aperture;the base is broader, less indented, and very flat; the umbilicus isrounder and better defined ; and the aperture is not thickened withinby a white, testaceous deposit; upper whorls striate.A variety with almost black shell is found.Lingual dentition as in Z. inornatus (see Ann. N. Y. Ac. Sc, I, PlateXIV, Fig. J). Teeth 37-1-37.Genitalia unobserved.
i
EASTERN PROVINCE INTERIOR REGION SPECIES. 217Zoiiites inornatiis. Say.Shell depressed; epidermis yellowish horn-color, smooth, shining,with very minute lines, not breaking the smoothness of the j,^^ 299surface; whorls 5; suture not much impressed; aperturetrausverse, scarcely oblique, obliquely lunar, with a thick,white testaceous deposit around its whole inner surface, alittle distant from the margin ; peristome thin, acute, fragile,its ends somewhat converging, the columellar margin reach-ing to the center of the base, subdilated above; umbilicussmall ; base rather flattened, indented in the center.Greater diameter 16, lesser 12^"?; height, G""?.Helix inornala, Say, JouTu. Acad. Nat. Sci. Pliilad., ii, 371 (1821); Binney's ed.,24.-^BiNNEY, Bost. Journ. Nat. Hist., iii, 419, pi. xxi, fig. 3 (1840); Terr.Moll., ii, 227, pi. xxxiv.?De Kay, N.Y.Moll., 39 (1843).?Adams, VermontMollusca, 161 (1842).?Pfeiffeh, Mod. Hel. Viv., i, 84 ; iv, 48.?W. G. Binney,Terr. Moll., "iv, 109.?Morse, Amer.Nat., i, 314, figs. 19, 21,22 (1867).ITelix glapliyra, FYFAFFF.n, olim, Symbolje, ii, 29, exel. ayn.fuUginosa ; Mou. Hel. Viv.,i, 57.
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Reeve, Con. Icon., 667.?Not Say.Helix inornata, Binney, not Say, Bland, Anu.N. Y. Lye, vii, 127.Hyalina inornata, Tryon, Am. Jouru. Coucli., ii, 249 (1866).Zonites inornatiis, W. G. Binney, L. & Fr.-W. Sb., i, 289 (1869) Terr. Moll.,v, 108.?Gould and Binney, Inv. of Mass., ed. 2, 453 (1870). .Animal with head, neck, and eye-peduncles bluish-black ; foot whit-ish. Eye-peduncles long and slender. A marginal furrow extendingalong the edges of the foot, and uniting above and before its posteriortermination. Behind the junction is a prominent, longitudinal, bluish-white mucous pore, on the extremity of the foot. A distinct locomotivedisk.I have received specimens from the mountainous regions of NorthCarolina, Kentucky, Tennessee, Virginia, Maryland, Pennsylvania, intothe western part of l^ew Eugland, and from the States bordering onthe Great Lakes. It may therefore be said to inhabit the Interior Ee-gion and the more elevated parts of the Northern Eegion. It was liv-ing in Post-Pliocene days.Fig. 229 represents the usual form of the species. A more glo-bose form is figured in Fig. 230. It was found in the Fig. 230.mountains near Asheville, Buncombe County, NorthCarolina, by Dr. Bavenel.The shell which is described above is well known incollections, and not easily confounded with any otlier. zonues inomatus,It has been unfortunate in its synonymy, whose historyis treated at lengtli and exj>lained in the fourth volume of the Terres-
218 A MANUAL OF AMERICAN LAND SHELLS.trial Mollusks, aud Annals of New York Lyceum, quoted above. Seealso below, under Z. cellarius.I have in my collection a curious specimen from the Pennsylvaniamountains, in which are three well developed, sharp, tootb-like processeson the internal thickened margin of the peristome.My largest specimen has a greater diameter of 22??.Jaw strongly arcuate, ends rapidly attenuated, anterior surfacestriated, concave margin smooth, with an acute median projection.Lingual membrane with 37 rows of 23-1-23 teeth each; centralslong, slender, tricuspid; only 2 perfect laterals, stouter, bicuspid;marginals aculeate. Another membrane had 23-1-23 teeth. Anotherhad 27-1-27 teeth, with 29 transverse rows. The transition teeth arepeculiar in their base of attachment (Plate II, Fig. H, of Terr. Moll., V). iThere are scarcely any perfect lateral teeth.The genitalia have the same general arrangement as in Z. friabilis,already described. The ovary, however, is very much more developed,being in this species the most conspicuous organ in the system ; theepididymis is less convoluted, the oviduct is longer, the vagina shorter,the genital bladder more clavate, with a shorter duct, and there is asmall, globular, vaginal prostate (Terr. Moll., V, Plate XI, Fig. C).Zonites sculptilis, Bland.Shell scarcely perforate, suborbicular, depressed, subpellucid, palehorn-color above, of lighter shade beneath, shining, with regular, sub-FiG.231. equidistant, impressed transverse lines, those on the last |whorl extending over the periphery and converging in theumbilical excavation ; spire very little elevated, scarcely con-vex ; whorls 7, i^lanulate, the last rapidly increasing, equalat the aperture to one-third the diameter of the shell, beneathflattened and little excavated in the umbilical region ; suturelightly impressed ; aperture scarcely oblique, depressed, trans-verse, lunate; peristome simple, acute, sinuate, the columellar marginvery rapidly and narrowly reflected over and almost entirely coveringthe very small perforation. Greater diameter 12^, lesser llm? ; height,
rjinra
C^
Helix sculptilis, Bland, Ann. N. Y. Lye, vi, 279, pi. ix, fige. 11-13 (1858).?W. G,BiNNEY, Terr. Moll., iv, 110, pi. Ixxvii, fig. 15. -Pfeiffer, Mill. BUitt., 1859, 5,Eyalina sculpUlis, Tryon, Am. Jonrn. Conch., ii, 249 (l-'OC)).?W. G. Binney, L. &, Fr.-W. Sh., i, 290 (1809).Zonites sculptilis, W. G. Binney, Terr. Moll., v, 110.
EASTERN PROVINCE INTERIOR REGION SPECIES. 219Anaiitehely Mountains, North Carolina; Eastern Tennessee; Bridge-port, Ala. Formerly considered a species of the Cumberland Subre-gion, but recently collected by Mr. Hemphill in Texas, it may be ratherconsidered one of the Southern Province species.In sculpture it is closely allied to Z. indentatws, of which it mightalmost be termed a gigantic variety, but tlie impressed striiie are morenumerous and closer together. The form of the aperture is very nearthat of Z. inornatus.The general aspect of this shell reminds one of the Asiatic group, towhich Selix resple^idens, Phil., and H. vitrmoides, Desh., belong.Animal long, slender, dirty-white, bluish on head and eye-peduncles;a distinct locomotive disk, and furrows alongside of foot, meeting overa mucus pore ; tail often recurved at tip, and bearing generally a dropof mucus on it; eye-peduncles, long, slender.Jaw as usual in the genus.Z. sculptilis (Terr. Moll., V, Plate II, Fig. P) has 40-1-40 teeth on itslingual membrane, with 4 perfect laterals.Genitalia unobserved.
Zonites EUiotti. Redfielix
Shell with rather a narrow umbilicus, depressed-orbiculate, with finetransverse strife, greenish horn-colored, hardly translucent, ^10^232.shining beneath ; spire convex but not much raised; whorls 5,rather convex, last one sometimes very slightly depressed atthe ajierture ; suture deeply impressed; aperture very oblique,lunate-circular; peristome a little sinuate, acute but thick-ened within. Greater diameter 9, lesser S'"""; height, 4""".
mi\x FJliotn, Redfield, Ann. N. Y. Lye, vi, 170, pi. ix, figs. 8-10 (1856).?Gould,Terr. Moll., iii, 23.?W. G. Binney, Terr. Moll., iv, 116, pi. Ixxvii, fig. 18.MacrnciicUs Elliotti, Tryon, Am. Journ, Conch., ii, 246, pi. iii, fig. 10 (1866).Zouites Elliotti, W. G. Binney, L. & Fr.-W. Sh., i, 291, fig. 523 (1869); Terr. Moll.,V, 110.Mountains of Georgia, Tennessee, and North Carolina, and WayneCounty, West Virginia. It is a species of the Cumberland Subregion.Animal with a distinct caudal mucus pore, locomotive disk, and lon-gitudinal furrows above the margin of the foot. It is therefore a trueZonites.
220 A MANUAL OF AMERICAN LAND SHELLS.Jaw as usual in the genus.The lingual membrane (Terr. Moll., V, Plate HI, Fig. C) has 32-1-32teeth, with 6 perfect laterals.Of the genitalia I can only state the existence of the dart sac anddart as in Z. Ugerus. Subgenus HYALINA.Animal as in MesompMx (see p. 205).Shell umbilicated, sometimes perforated, depressed, shining and vit-reous ; whoi'ls 5 or G, regularly increased ; spire very rarely conic-ele-vated; aperture rounded-lunate; peristome thin, acute, straight.Zonitcs limatiiliis, Ward.Shell widely umbilicated, small, depressed, thin; epidermis whitish,Fig. 233. immaculatc; suture distinctly impressed ; whorls more than4, convex, with very fine, oblique, parallel stria^, which be-come obsolete on the base; aperture oblique, subcircular,slightly modified by the penultimate whorl ; peristome thin,acute, its ends approaching ; umbilicus rounded, large, anddeei>, not exhibiting all the volutions. Greater diameter 5^,
z. limatuius. Icsscr 5""" ; height, 2^""" .Helix Umatilla, Ward, MSS. in Binney, Bost. Joiirn. Nat. Hist., iii, 4M, pi. xxi, fig,2 (1840) ; Terr. Moll. U. S., ii, 219, pi. xxx, fig. 3.?Pfeiffer, Mou. Hel. Viv.,i, 113; iv, 85.?W. G. Binney, Terr. Moll., iv, 100.Pmuloliyalina limaUda, Tryon, Amer. Jonru. Conch., ii, 264 (186G).Hlialina limaUda, W. G. Binney, L. & Fr.-W. Sb., i, 30 (1869).ZottUes limatidus, W, G. Binney, Terr. Moll. U. S. v, 117.
I have actually received specimens from New York to Michigan, andfrom San Mateo, Cal. I believe it will prove, therefore, to have as-wide a distribution as many of the other minute species, though I re-tain it here among the species of the Interior Region.The animal has the longitudinal furrows along the side, above thefoot, and the caudal mucous slit, as in Zonites mppresms. In two in-dividuals examined I found the sac and dart as figured by Leidy in Z.Ugerus (Terr. Moll., I, Plate XII, Fig. 3).Jaw as usual in the genus.The lingual membrane (Terr. Moll., V, Plate II, Fig. N) has 23-1-23teeth, with 5 laterals.
Eastern province?interior region species. 221
Fig. 234.
Zoiiites capsclla, Gould.Shell quite small, plauorboid, pellucid, glistening, amber-colored;spire nearly plane, comiiosed of about 6^ closely revolv-ing, flattened whorls; surface with distant, impressed, ra-diating strite; suture margined; aperture narrow, semi-lunar; peristome simple, not thickened by callus within;base i^erforated by a deep, rather small, funnel-shai^edumbilicus. Greater diameter, 5'""" ; height, 2^"".Helix rotula, Gould, Proc. Bost. Soc, iii, G8(June, 1848).
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Pfeiffkr,Mod. Hel. Viv., iii, 107, preocc* Z.capt,ella-Helix capseUa, Gould, iu Terr. Moll., ii, 239, pi. xxix, a, fig. 2.?W. G. Binnky, Ten-Moll., iv, 117.?Lewis, Amer. Journ. Couch., vi, 188, pi. xii, 12 (1871).Zonites capsdla, W. G. Binney, Terr. Moll., v, 123.Hyalina capsella, Tkyon, Amer. Jouru.Couch., ii, 252 (1866).?W.G. Blnney, L. & Fr.
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V^. Sh., i, 40, fig. 72 (1869).Mountains of Eastern Tennessee and West Virginia; a species ofthe Cumberland Subregion.Formerly 1 referred as a synonym to this species Z. place7itula {q. v.),describing and figuring the animal and dentition. 1 am, however, nowconvinced of its difference.Lingual membrane with 15-1-15 teeth, two laterals on either side.Zonites L.awi.This is the shell figured by me iu Terr. Moll., V, Fig. 44, as Z.placen-tula, as I confounded it with that species. Having re-cently received the true placentula (see below), I find thisdistinct. I suggest for it the name of Miss Law, who hasadded so much to our knowledge of our land-mollusks byher exi^lorations in Tennessee.tUntil the limits of the species in this puzzling group arebetter known, it will be difficult to properly describe thi.sspecies. The figure shows it to be larger, more deeplyand widely umbilicated, and with a more elevated spirethan Z. placentula.Mountainous region of Tennessee ; a species of the Cumberland Sub-region.It is also figured in Ann. of N. Y. Acad. Sc, I, Plate XV, Fig. E.
*Tho rules of nomenclature as now adopted do not require the abandonment of thename capsella after its long prevalence, though rotula is not pre-occupied in Zonites.t As an instance of Miss Law's devotion to science, I can mention her taking a jour-ney of several weeks, by wagon, over mountainous roads, to the locality where Vit-rinizoiiites was oiiginally iound, in search of the liviug auimal, which she kiudlysent to me, and thus fixed the generic character of the species.
Fig. 235.
Z. Lawi.
222 A MANUAL OF AMERICAN LAND SHELLS.Jaw as usual in the geuus.Liugual membrane (Terr. Moll., V, Plate III, Fig. I) witli 2o-l-L*5teeth ; 3 laterals and 1 transition tooth on each side.Zoiiites placeiitula, Siiuttlewouth.Shell widely umbilicated, very much, depressed, arctispiral, veryshining, marked by irregular, distant, impressed striie, horn-color, diaphanous, below of uniform color; whorls 7, mostgradually increasing, scarcely convex, the last convex below,subexcavated around the umbilicus; aperture oblique, lu-nate; peristome simple, acute. Greater diameter 7i, lesser(Jimm. height, 3'"?.Near Z. demissus, but most readily distinguished by itsz.piacentuia. j^^^.^ depressed shell, its wider umbilicus, and especially bj^the absence of the heavy, opaque, white callus in the aperture on thebase of the last whorl. (Shuttl.)Zonites placeniula, Siiuttleworth, Bern. Mit., 1852, 194.?Gould, in Terr. Moll., iii,19.?Pfeiffer, Mon., iii, 631.?W. G. Binney, Ann. N. Y. Ac. Sc, i, pi. xiv,fig. A.A species of the Cumberland Subregion, having been received fromthe mountainous region of Tennessee (Jalapa, ?&c.); from WhitleyCounty, Kentucky ; from Lexington, Ya. I have also received it fromthe Hot Springs of Arkansas, proving that it has the southwesternrange beyond this subregion noticed in many of its species. It is alsoquoted, but incorrectly, from Colorado by Ingersoll.Animal with distinct locomotive disk, longitudinal furrows, and cau-'dal mucus pore.This species has been confounded with Z. capsella, but differs greatlyin many particulars, especially in its general outline, number of whorls,width of umbilicus. There are sometimes 8 full whorls.The jaw and lingual membrane described as those of this species inTerr. Moll., V, are no doubt those of Z. LawLZonites Wlieatleyi, Bland.Shell umbilicated, depressed, thin, shining, pellucid, brownish liorn-FiG 237 colored, finely striated ; spire subplanulate ; suture slightlyimpressed ; whorls little convex, the last more convex at thebase, rapidly increasing, at the aperture scarcely descending;umbilicus jjervious; aperture depressed, obliquely lunate;peristome simple, acute, the margins approximating, joinedby a thin callus. Greater diameter 5, lesser 3i'"'" ; height, 2"^?.Z. WheaUeyi. Zonites Wheatleiji, Bland, Ann. N. Y. Ac. N. Sc, ii, 368, fig. 1 (1883).
EASTERN PROVINCE INTERIOR REGION SPECIES. 223A species of the Cumberlaud Subregiou ; the Olifl's, Kuoxville,Tenn., Mrs. G. Andrews. It is also said to be found at Tiverton, E. I.,which indicates its belonging to the whole Interior Eegion.More nearly allied to Z. viridulus than to any other North Americanform, but differs from it especially in the form of the aperture, in thedescending last whorl, and in having a wider umbilicus. (Bland.)Specimens collected by Mr. Henry Hemphill at Clingham's Peak, N.C, are very much larger than the type, measuring 9?? in greater di-ameter.The lingual membrane is as usual in Zo7iites. There are on each sideof the central tooth two perfect laterals, one intermediate, and fifteenmarginals. Zoiiites petrophilus. Bland.Shell broadly umbilicate, depressed, subglobose, thin, shining, trans-lucent, whitish, irregularly striated ; suture moderatelyimpressed ; whorls 5^-G, rather convex, the last more con-vex, not descending ; umbilicus widely excavated exter-nally, pervious; aperture roundly lunate; peristome simple,somewhat thickened, often rose-colored, the columellarmargin slightly reflected. Greater diameter 6, lesser 5-5^?'?; height, hardly S^^-".Zonites petrophilus, Bland, Ann. N. Y. Ac. Sc, ii, 369 (1883).The Cliffs, Knoxville, Tenn., Mrs. G. Andrews; Haber- ^-p^^'""?''""*-sham County, Ga., and Clarkesville, N. C, by Mr. H. Hemphill ; a spe-cies of the Cumberland Subregion. Allied to Z. arboreus in generalform, but the color is different, the strife are more developed, and theumbilicus is much wider. (Bland.)Lingual membrane as usual in Zonites. Teeth 15-1-15, with 1 lateralon each side. Subgenus GASTEODONTA, Albers.Animal (of Z. suppressus) bluish-black, darker on the head, eye-peduncles, and neck ; eye-peduncles long and filiform ; ten- ^^^ ^g^tacles short. Length twice the diameter of the shell. Onthe upper surface of the extremity of the foot is the mucuspore, a longitudinal fissure or furrow, from which mucus Tail of z<mitcssuppressux,exudes in great quantities, and which the animal shuts enlarged.and closes at will. A distinct locomotive disk and longitudinal furrowsabove the margin of the foot.
224 A MANUAL OF AMERICAN LAND SHELLS.Shell subperforate or umbilicated, orbicularly depressed, liiUiht lioru-color, sometimes glassy, with more or less Dumerous wriiikle-likestrite ; whorls 5-7 ; aperture lunate, its base generally furnished withfold-like denticles, not reaching its margin; peristome simple, acute.Zoiiitcs g^iilaris, Say,Shell subperforated, subconical ; epidermis shining, pale-yellowishhorn color; spire sometimes tending to a point, at other timesobtuse ; whorls 7 or 8, very minute at the apex, increasing indiameter regularly and gradually until they reach the aj)erture,with strongly marked, curved wrinkles ; suture impressed anddistinct; aperture transverse, not much expanded; peristomesimple, thin at its edge, within thickened with a white, testa-ceous deposit; base flat, indented in the center, near the aper-ture yellowish-white and opaque; umbilicus small and rounded inyoung shells, obsolete or diminished to a mere i)oint iu older ones
;
within the base of the ai^erture are one or two lamelliform, elongated,nearly parallel teeth, one near the base, the other more central.Greater diameter, 8?"; height, 5""".Helix gularis, Say, Jouru. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philad., ii, 156 (1822); Binney's ed, 18.
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BiNNEY, Bost. Journ. Nat. Hist., iii, 408, pi. xi, fig. 1 (1840); Terr. Moll., ii,251, pi. xxxvii, figs. 3, 4.?De Kay, N. Y. Moll., 46 (1843).?Fekussac, Hist.,pi. Ii, a, fig. 4 (?).?Pfeiffer, Men. Hel. Viv., i, 183, excl. B', SymLoiic, ii,29, excl. /3; in Chemnitz, ed. 2, ii, 201, tab. ci., figs. 5-8.?W. G. Binney,Terr. Moll., iv, 122.
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Mrs. Gray, Fig. Moll. An., pi. cxci, fig. 4, ex Bost. Journ.
?H. &L A. Adams (Gaslrodonta), Gen. Rec. Moll., pi. Ixxi, fig. 4 (no dcscr.).
?Reeve, Con. Icon., No. 719 (1852).Helix Ucostaia, Pfeiffer, Mon. Hel. Viv., i, 182; Symbol*., iii, 697 (1852); in Chem-nitz, ed. 2, li, 196, pi. c, figs. 21-23 (1846).-Reeve, 1. c.Gasfrodonta (/ularis, Tryon, Am. Journ. Conch., ii, 257 (1866).Zonites gularis, W. G. Binney, L. & Fr.-W. Sb., i, 292 (1869) ; Terr. Moll., v, 129.A Post-Pliocene species. At i)resent it seems to be restricted tothe Cumberland Subregion. It ranges along the Appalachian chaininto Pennsylvania, and southerly into Georgia and Alabama. In EastTennessee it appears to reach its greatest development.Animal bluish-black on head and back, other parts dingy white
;
eye-peduncles long, slender, enlarged, but not much bulbous at tip;foot above dirty-greenish. A distinct locomotive disk; longitudinalfurrows above the margin of the foot, meeting over a longitudinalmucus pore.There is an umbilicated variety of the species.The present species resembles some varieties of Z. ligerus, Say, inform and general appearance, although its size is much less. This re-
EASTERN PROVINCE? INTERIOR REGION SPECIES. 2J5mark, which was made by Say in his original descrij)tion, is entirelyinapplicable to the specimens which are usually known as Z. gularis.It also resembles Z. suppressus, Say, the next-described species, withwhich it has long been confounded. But it has at least one more whorl,the spire is much higher, the nucleus of the shell is smaller, so thatthe first two whorls are finer and more delicate, and the base is not soconvex. The base of the shell is exceedingly like that of Z. internus.It is the totality of the characters which makes up the species, foriudividuals differ considerably in the height of the spire, the size of theumbilicus, and in the degree of prominence of the teeth. One tooth isoften wanting, sometimes both.The deposition of testaceous matter thickening the shell at its aper-ture occupies about one-fourth of the base, through which it is seen.The character of the lamellar folds, within the aperture, resemblesthose of Sagda epistyliuni, Mliller, in which species they are large andI)rominent.Jaw highly arcuate, ends attenuated, anterior surface smooth, cut-ting edge with a well-developed median projection.The lingual membrane (Terr. Moll., V, Plate III, Fig. K) has 30-1-30teeth, with 10 perfect laterals.The genitalia have the two accessory glands to the dart sac, as inintertextus, while suppressus has but one.Zonites suppressus, Say.Shell convex-depressed, thin, pellucid; epidermis polished, yellowishhorn-color ; spire flat ; whorls 6, with crowded, minute, oblique striae
;
suture impressed, distinct ; aperture transverse, not ex- ^n, 241.panded ; peristome simple, thin at its edge, thickenedwithin ; base rather convex, near the aperture opaque,yellowish-white ; umbilicus small but rounded and dis- ^onites suppressus.tiuct in young shells, obsolete or hardly apparent in older ones ; withinthe i^eristome are 1 or 2 lamelliform, elongated, oblique teeth. Greaterdiameter 5, lesser 4'"?; height, 2'""'.Helix 8uj)pressa, Say, New Harm. Diss., ii, 229 (1829) ; Descr., 14 ; Binney's ed., 36.
?
BiNXEY, Bost. Journ. Nat. Hist., iii, 410, pi. xi, fig. 3; Terr. Moll., ii, 253, pi.xxxvii, fig. 1.?De Kay, N. Y. Moll., 38, pi. iii, fig. 24 (1843).?Reeve, Con.Icon., 723.?W. G. Binney, Terr. Moll., iv, 122.?Morse, Amer. Nat., i, 411fig. 25 (1867).?Pfeiffer, Mod. Hel. Viv., iv, 153,?i,EiDY, Anat. Terr. Moll.,i, pi. xii, fig. viii.1749~Bull. 28 15
226 A MANUAL OF AMERICAN LAND SHELLS.Eelix gularis, var. /?, PfeifFer, iu Chemnitz, ed. 2, &c. See Z. gularis.Gastrodonla ??jjjj>'essa, Tryon, Am. Journ. Couch., ii, 258 (1866).Zonites supjiressa, W. G. Binney, L. & Fr.-W. Sh., i, 293 (1869).?Gould and BiN-NEY, Invert of Mass., ed. 2, 454 (1870).Zonites svppressus, W. G. Binney, Terr. Moll., v, 130.I have considered this as a species of the luterior Eegion, which haspassed those limits, ranging into the Northern and Southern Eegions.I have actually received it from New England to Florida and to Mich-igan.Animal: seep. 223, and Bost. Journ. of Nat. Hist., Ill, Plate XI, Fig. 3.This shell does not correspond exactly with Say's description, but Ithink it is the same that he described under this name. Having re-ceived, from different localities, suites of them, of different sizes, Inotice that the "umbilicus small, orbicular, profound," of Say, existsusually only in young specimens, it being oftener closed in the full-grown shell, but not always so.It*resembles the preceding species, but has one whorl less, is moredepressed, and its base is more convex. The tooth in the aperture issometimes so little prominent as to be hardly visible; at other timesthere are 3 teeth. The striie of growth are fine and crowded, and seemto be more nearly at right angles with the suture than is usual in otherspecies.Jaw strongly arcuate, ends rounded, concave margin smooth, withFig. 242. a stout, rouudcd, blunt median iirojectioii.^^ Z. suppressus (Terr. Moll., Y, Plate III, Fig. J ; the mar-Jaw of zonitfs giuals are from near the edge of the membrane) has 30-1-(Leid.v.) 30 teeth, with 8 perfect laterals on each side on its lingualmembrane.The genitalia are figured by Leidy (/. c.) as iu Z. intertextus (seeabove). I have already, under Z. ^wiam, pointed out the specific dis-tinction between that species and suppressus, furnished by the genitalsystem, Zonites ciispidatiis, Lewis.
Fig. 213. Fig. 243 represents the form of Z. gularis which is called byDr. Lewis Z. euspidatus. The internal tooth-like processes,strongly curved one towards the other form, almost anarched sjiace. The umbilicus is entirely closed. It is foundin Monroe County, Tennessee, and on Eoan Mountain, Mitch-ell County, North Carolina. It is a species of the Cumber-z. euspidatus. ],^jj(^i Subregion.
EASTERN PROVINCE INTERIOR REGION SPECIES. 227Zonites lasniodon, Phillips.Shell very much flattened above, a little convex ; epidermis cor-neous, shining; whorls 7, narrow, very slowly increasing in no. 244diameter from the apes, to the ajjerture, and not expandingat the aperture, with minute, transverse strife and wrinkles
;
suture moderately impressed ; peristome thin, acute ; aper-ture nearly circular; within, upon the base, are 2 promi- '^^ don?"uent, white, testaceous lamiu.ne, nearly parallel, and extending farinto the cavity of the wliorl ; umbilicus large, rather expanded, anddeep; base smootli, well rounded from the umbilicus to the circum-ference. Greatest diameter, G""" ; lieight, 2i??.Helix Jasmodon,* Phillips, Joiini. Acad. Nat. Sci., viii, 182 (1842) ; Proc. of same,i, 28 (1841).?BixxKY, Terr. Moll., ii, 254, pi. xxxvii, fig. 2.?DeKay, N. Y.Moll., 47 (1843).?Pfeiffer, Mon. Hel. Viv., iii, 142, v, 216 (1868).?W. G.BiNXEY, Terr. Moll , iv, 122.Gaatrodo))ta lasmodon, Tryon, Am. Journ. Conch., ii, 257 (1866).Hi/alina lasmodon. W. G. Binxey, L. & Fr.-W. Sh., i.Zonites elasmodon, W. G. BlNNEY, Terr. Moll., v, 131.A species of the Cumberland Subregion, found thus far only in East-ern Tennessee and in the mountains of Northern Alabama.Animal with the distinct locomotive disk, the longitudinal furrowsabove the margin of the foot, and . the caudal mucus i)ore character-izing Zonites.Jaw and lingual as usual in the genus.The lingual membrane (Terr. Moll., V, Plate III, Fig. O) has 41-1-41teeth, with 9 perfect laterals. The reflected portion of the centralsand laterals is short, as in Vitrina,Genitalia not observed.Zonites inacilentiis, Shuttl.Shell widely and perspectively umbilicate, depressed, arctispiral,reddish horn-colored, diaphanous, above striated, scarcely F1G.249.shining, smoother and shining and unicolored below;whorls 8, very gradually increasing, subconvex, the lastfurnished within the aperture with a white, subdentiform,deeply entering callus ; aperture lunate-semicircular ; peri-stome simple, acute. Greater diameter 8, lesser 7^"""
;
height, 3""". (Shuttleworth.) Z. macilentus.Helix macilenta, Shuttl., Bern. Mitt., 1852, 195.
?
Gould, in Terr. Moll., iii, 20.
?
Pfeiffer, Mon., iii, 640.Zonites lasmodon, part, W. G. Bixney, Terr. Moll., v.Zonites macilentus, W. G. Binney, Ann. N. Y. Ac. Sc.,i, 359, pi. xv, fig. B.
* Should not the name be rather Elasmodon?
228 A MANUAL OF AMERICAN LAND SHELLS.A species of the Cumberland Subregionand North Carolina. mountains of Tennessee
Fig. 250.
Zonites sii^nificans, Bland.Shell umbilicate, depressed, discoidal, thin, with fine, irregular striae,which are almost obsolete at the base, shining, pale horn-colored;spire little elevated ; suture slightly impressed ; whorls 6,subplanulate, the last roundly inflated, rather flat at thebase, excavated around the umbilicus, which is perviousand equal almost to one-fifth of the diameter of the shell
;
aperture oblique, depressed, lunate, furnished within withseveral rows of upright denticles on the floor of the whorl;peristome simple, acute. Greater diameter 4^, lesser 4""";Z. significant, hgjp'ljt 2""".Helix significans, Bland, Am. Journ. Concb., li, No. 4, 372, pi. xxi, fig. 9 (1866).Gastrodonia significans, Tryon, Am. Journ. Couch., ii, 163 (1866).Hyalina significans, W. G. Binney, L. & Fr.-W. Sh., i (1869).Zonites significans, W. G. Binnky, Terr. Moll., v, 132, excl. fig.Fort Gibson, Ind. T. ; Union County, Tennessee. I consider it aspecies of the Cumberland Subregion, with the western range sharedby many of the species of the subregion.In a young specimen of significaris, having 4 whorls only, thereare 3 small teeth, 1 by itself and at some distance from it 2 others,situated as the teeth are in mnltidentatm. Whether these teeth areor not constant in the antepenultimate whorl of significans^ I am una-ble to determine. It is especially allied to Z. multidentatus, from whichit difiers in being of larger size, with wider umbilicus. (Bland.)Jaw not observed.Lingual membrane (Terr. Moll., V, Plate III, Fig. E) 16-1-6 teeth,with 2 perfect laterals.Genitalia not observed.Zonites Andrewsi, W. G. Binnky.Compared with Z. lasmodon, this species has fully 8 whorls, is 6^"'"Fig. 251. in diameter, the umbilicus 1""" wide, while lasmodon has 7whorls, is 7""" wide, and has an umbilicus 2?'" wide. Thisshell has also five parallel laminae, while lasmodon has onlytwo, or at most three, and does not show the successiverows of lamella} which are characteristic of Andrewsi, radi-ating from the center.
z. Andrewsi. From Z. significans it differs in its larger size, greater
EASTERN PROVINCE^-INTERIOR REGION SPECIES. 229number of whorls, mucli wider umbilicus, and in the character of itsinternal denticles, which are long and winding on the wall of the whorl,while in significans the denticles are simply erect and conical, withbroad base. The same difierences distinguish it from muUidentatus^which is still smaller than significans and has a much narrower um-bilicus.Zonites Andrewsi, W. G. Binney, Aun. N. Y.Ac. Nat. Sc, i, 359, pi. xv, fig. D.A species of the Cumberland Subregion ; Koan Mountain, MitchellCounty, North Carolina. Named in honor of the discoverer, Mrs. G.Andrews, to whom we are indebted for our knowledge of the richnessin molluscan life of this and other mountains of the region.Zonites intei'iius, Say.Shell very narrowly perforated, depressed, slightly convex; epider-mis reddish-brown, shining ; whorls 8, with regular, equi- ^^^'- -^^distant, elevated, oblique, rounded ribs, separated by dis-tinct grooves ; suture deeply impressed; aperture flattened,transverse, narrow; peristome thin, acute, thickened in-ternally; within the base of the aperture, somewhat distantfrom the margin, are 2 prominent, sublamelliform, white z. hiiernus.teeth, not reaching the edge of the peristome; base smooth, polished,umbilical region indented. Greater diameter, 5^"?; height, 3^'"?.Helix interna, Say, Joiirn. Acad., ii, 155 (1822); Binnp::v's ed., 18.
?
Binxey, Bost.Journ. Nat. Hist., iii, 405, pi. xxi, fig. 1 (1840); Terr. Moll., ii, 24V, pi. xxx,fig. 4.?De Kay, N. Y. Moll., 46 (1843).?Chemnitz, ed.2, i, 200, tab. ci, figs.1-4.?Pfeiffer, Mou. Hell.Viv., i, 183.?Reeve, Con. Icon., 718.?W. G. Bin-ney, Terr. Moll., iv, 121.Helix pomum-adami, Green, Doughety's Cab., iii, 35 (1834).Gastrodonta inierna, Tryon, Ain. Jouru. Couch., ii, 258 (1866).Hyalina inierna, W. G. Binney, L. &. Fr.-W. Sh., i, 49, fig. 79 (1869).Zonites internns,W. G. Binney, Terr. Moll., v, 133.A species of the Interior Region, traced thus far from the AlleghanyMountains to Missouri, Ohio to Georgia.The teeth within the aperture are in general formed of a single promi-nent lamina or tooth-like fold ; but sometimes one or both of them arebifid, or even trifid. A second set often, and sometimes a third set ofteeth are seen through the transparent base of the shell, irregularlysituated, but generally having equal spaces between each two sets.They are apparent in the youngest as well as in the oldest specimens,and continue to be formed from time to time, so long as the shell in-creases in size. They probably mark regular periods of growth, and
230 A MANUAL OF AMERICAN LAND SHELLS.it may be that these are annual. The growth seems to go on activelyfor a time, by the addition of new testaceous matter, indicated by theoblique striae, and then alternates with a season of repose, when theteeth and aperture are formed. The teeth appear never to be entirelyabsorbed and removed, although the aperture, near which they wereoriginally i:>laced, is often advanced very far beyond them. When inmotion the shell lies horizontally on the animal's back.A curious subject of investigation is the albinism, or entire absenceof coloring matter, in the shells of certain individuals of this and otherspecies. The albinos of this sjjecies are of a i)ure, lively white, while thecontained animal is highly colored. Mr. Anthony remarks that aboutone-seventh of all the specimens collected by him in the neighborhoodof Cincinnati are colorless. As they are apparently operated upon bythe same physical agents which influence the others, it is not easy toconjecture how this singular effect is produced. The animal is some-times cream-colored throughout; but in such instances the shell isusually colored.Animal with head, neck, and eye-peduncles bluish-black or slate-color;margin and posterior part of foot white. Eye-peduncles very long,tentacles very short; body narrow and delicate, in length not muchexceeding the diameter of the shell. I cannot detect any caudal mucuspore, but it is difficult to see any such, even if existing (as I believe itmust), on account of the extreme transparency of the animal.Jaw slightly arcuate, ends attenuated, pointed; a median, beak-likeprojection to the cutting edge.Lingual membrane as usual in Zonites (Terr. Moll., V, Plate III, Fig.Q), with 28-1-28 teeth; 4 laterals.The genital system has the dart sac and dart of ligerus,DOUBTFUL SPECIES OF ZONITES.Zonites cultellaius (see Terr. Moll., iv, 22, pi. Ixxvi, fig. 6). This species must beremoved from our catalogue, not having again been found in, and mostprobably not belonging to, our limits.Zonites Netcberryana (I.e. iv, 20) is a species of the Helicea, now described as anewgenus, Ghjptostoma, q, v.Zonites alUarius has been foi;nd in hot-houses in Brooklyn, N. Y., and Chicago. It issaid by Morch to be found in Greenland (Amer. .Tourn. Conch., iv, 29).Zonites Lansingi. See Microphysa.FOSSIL SPECIES OP ZONITES.Zonites (Conuliis) prisons, Carpenter, Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc, 1867, 331, with figs.Nova Scotia.Helix {Zonites) marginicola, Conrad, Am. Journ. Couch., vi, 315, pi. xiii, fig. 9 (1871).Oregon.
EASTERN PROVINCE?INTERIOR REGION SPECIES. 281VITRIIVIZONITES.
Animal of V. latissivius.
Animal heliciform, bluut before, iu motion greatly acuminated be-hind ; mantle subcentral, jjrotected I'le. 253.by an external shell ; two longitudi-nal furrows above the margin of thefoot, meeting over a rounded caudalmucus pore ; distinct locomotive diskto foot; external orifice of combinedgenerative organs on right side of body, far behind the right eye-peduncle; of respiratory and excretory organs on the right. of themantle, under the peristome of the shell ; jaw smooth, with medianprojection ; lingual membrane* as in Zonites.Shell external, Vitrina-like.The genus differs from Vifrina in having simple, not bifid, marginalteeth to the lingual membrane, by its caudal pore, and by the want ofan appendiculate mantle. From Zonites it diifers in the form of the shelland by the character of the caudal pore, being circular, not longitudi-nal, with projecting process when open.Thus far known only by F. latissimus of mountains of ]!^orth Carolinaand Tennessee. Titrinizoiiites latissiuius, Lewis.Shell vitrinaform, very much depressed, thin, fragile, translucent,polished; suture deeply impressed; whorls 2, very rapidly F1G.254.expanded, with delicate lines of growth and quite con-spicuous, separated, deeply impressed, arcuate, transverselines, and crossed by a few microscopic, impressed, re-volving lines; aperture nearly equal to half the area of thebase of the shell, very oblique, a&ymmetrically ovate;peristome thin and acute, flexuose above, and at the colu-mellar origin arising from the axis of the shell; axis imperforate; colorof the shell amber-brown. Transverse diameter, 17.3'"'"; lesser diame-ter, ll.O'""'; height, 7.1"?.Tennessee Bald Mountain, G,COO feet. Miss Law; Roan Mountain,North Carolina, Mrs. G. Andrews; Thunderhead. From Blount Countyto Carter County, Tennessee, in the mountains dividing the State fromNorth Carolina. Also found by Mr. Hemphill on the Nantehelah Mount-
T. latibi,unu)i
See Bull. Mus. C. Z., No. 16, pi. ii, fig. H., and ante p. 56.
232 A MANUAL OF AMEHrCAN LAND SHELLS.
ains, between Franklin and Hayesville, N. C, at about 5,000 feet eleva-tion, and on Pinnacle, Blue Kidge. A species of the Cumberland Sub-region.Vilrina latissima, Lewis, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sc. of Phila., 1875, 336, pi. xxiii, fig. 7.?W.G. BiNNEY, Terr. MoU., v, 136, fig. 51.Fig. 254 is drawn from the original specimen.Lingual membrane (see Fig. 11a, p. 56) as in Zonites, broad and notlong. There are 30 rows of 24-1-24 teeth. There are 6 laterals,scarcely one perfect, all being rather transition teeth, on each side ofthe central tooth; the seventh tooth is a marginal ; the twelfth is thelargest.The caudal mucus pore is circular, bordered by a narrow, transverselygrooved rim, and when closed is completely covered; when open, thecover is raised along its longitudinal center into a sharp caiina, leavingposteriorly, when vie^red from that quarter, an erect, triangular open-ing. It thus differs from the usual simple longitudinal slit found inmost of the !N^orth American species of Zonites. Z. Icevigatus has thenearest approach to this peculiar form of pore.Genital system (see Ann. N. Y. Ac. Sc, I, Plate XIY, Fig. B)
:
The ovary is very large and stout ; the genital bladder is globular, ona short, narrow duct; the penis sac is very long, narrow, cylindrical,receiving the retractor muscle near its basal termination and mergingat its apex into the vas deferens ; no accessory processes to the penissac such as are found in Zonites capnodes, &c.L.IMAX, Liinsr,Body subcylindrical, lessening towards the posterior extremity,which terminates in a point. Back with a carina or keel when con-tracted, convex when extended. Integuments with longitudinal elon-gated glands, and anastomosing furrows, arranged in the same mannerupon both sides. Mantle small, anterior, oval, marked with fine con-centric striae or prominent wrinkles, unattached and free at the frontand sides but connected with the body at its posterior part, and con-taining in this part a testaceous rudiment or shell. Base of foot notexpanded at margin, having a narrow locomotive disk running longitud-inally along its center, and separated from the sides by a well definedline or furrow. Respiratory orifice near the right posterior margin ofthe mantle, large. Anal orifice immediately adjacent to but a little belowand anterior to the respiratory orifice, with a cleft or fissure throughthe mantle from the orifice to its edge. Orifice of organs of generation
EASTERN PROVINCE?INTERIOR REGION SPECIES. 238
rio. 255.
Jaw of Umax.
near and immediately behind the right eye-peduncle. (See Fig. 257below, on p. 237.)Testaceous rudiment thin, concentrical, not spiral, covered abovewith a thin and transparent periostraca, below smooth.Jaw arcuate, with slightly attenuated but blunt ends
;
anterior surface smooth; cutting margin with a decidedbeak-like median projection. There is often a centralvertical carina to the jaw. The ends are often morepointed than in the jaw figured. I have examined the jaw of all ourspecies.The dentition of Limax is nearly allied to that of Zonites. The lateralteeth are arranged in straight, transverse rows, the marginals in obliquerows, as aculeate marginal teeth always are. This tendency to obliquityin the rows of aculeate teeth we have seen most plainly shown in Gland-ina. To show the general arrangement of the teeth in straight and ob-lique rows I repeat the figure by Morse in Land and Fresh-Water ShellsN. A., I, which was probably drawn from L. agrestis. It must beborne in mind that this figure is not intended to show the characters ofthe separate teeth, for which I refer to my plates in Terr. Moll., Y.The genus Limax differs from Zonites in its dentition by having moreslender, spine-like marginals, instead of the short, strictly aculeateform. The base of attachment of the marginals in Limax is alsodifferent, being less sole-like and more irregularly circular on the
Fig. 256.
Lingual dentition of Limax.extreme marginals. Another difference is that the marginal teethdo not increase in size so rapidly and then decrease gradually asthey pass off" laterally, thus giving an irregularly crescentic form toeach half of every transverse row. In L. maximus the marginal teethgradually decrease in size from the first to the last. It is the same withagrestis, but I believe the character is not generic, as L. moritanus differsin this respect.It will be seen that even in the few species existing in North Americathere is considerable variation in the lingual dentition, especially in the
234 A MANUAL OF AMERICAN LAND SHELLS.bifurcation or non-bifnrcation of the marginal teeth, the developmentof the side cusps to the central and lateral teeth, and the presence orabsence of distinct cutting points to these cusps. I shall, however,simply describe the dentition of our species, without reference to thesubgeneric or generic value of these differences of dentition or of thepeculiarities of the mantle, on which also generic and subgeneric dis-tinctions have been founded.Species of Limax have been found in every quarter of the globe, butthey may be said to belong rather to the more temperate regions. InNorth America they are less common in the tertiary portions of theSouthern States, but are found abundantly in the Middle and NorthernStates and in the British possessions. Specimens were collected byMr. Kennicott as far north as the junction of the Yukon and PorcupineElvers, in Russian America. The Pacific States also are inhabited byseveral species. I have received one from Lower California. Thegenus is also found in the Central Province. The cellars and gardensof the cities of the Atlantic seaboard are infested with several Europeanspecies, introduced by commerce. Like rats and mice and various de-structive insects which have proceeded from continent to continent andfrom island to island in the same manner, they occupy the houses andother structures in the immediate vicinity of man, preying upon thefruits of his industry and consuming his stores of provisions. Likethem, they thrive only in the vicinity of and, as it were, in contact withman, and never withdraw from him to resume their original manner ofliving in the wild-?!. These habits are the cause of much mischief, and,when the animal are numerous, render them the pests of the house andthe garden. Their increase, therefore, beyond a certain point becomesprejudicial, and means are adopted to keep them in check. In variousways thousands of them are destroyed during the year, but their extra-ordinary fertility enables them to make the loss good and to sustainthemselves in undiminished numbers.Species of the genus found in this country can be readily con-founded only with those of the genus Avion, They can be at once dis-tinguished by their smooth jaw, with its rostriform projection, that ofAvion being ribbed and regularly concave below; the respiratory orificeof Limax is on the hinder part of the shield, while in Avion V is on theanterior portion ; the rudimentary shell of Limax is strong, oblong orsquare, while in Avion there are but irregular grains of calcareous mat-ter.It will be noticed that the genitalia furnish reliable specific char-
EASTERN PK0V1^C1. INTEiUOLi REGION SPECIES. 235
acters in the Limaces found witliin our limits. The variation shown inthe shell of the helicifoiin genera seems here to be transferred to theseorgans. It seems to be a generic character that the testicle is com-posed of aciniform cceca, and is not imbedded within one of the lobesof the liver.As some confusion exists in regard to the specimens furnishing thedescriptions and figures of dentition published in this country, I havetaken pains to be sure of the specific identity of each specimen fromwhich my own are drawn. The L. maximus was collected in Newport,E. I., by my friend Mr. Samuel Powel. It is the same individual fig-ured on p. 408 of my edition of Gould's luvertebrata of Massachusetts.The external markings of the animal are conclusive proofs of its identitywith the European species. I have, however, made it still more certainby examining the genitalia, which I find agree with thoseof L. maximusfigured by Lehmann (Lebenden Schnecken, &c.). I find the dentitionagrees also with the figuies given by Heyuemann (Malak. Blatt., X.),Lehmann (/. c), and Goldfuss (Verhl. Natnrh. Vereins der Preuss.Eheinl., &c.) The L. JJavns was collected in a cellar in Burlington, N. J.It not only agrees with the figure in the Terrestrial Mollusks as far as itsoutward markings are cbncerned, but I find also its genitalia to agreewith Dr. Leidy's figure in the same work, and also with the figure givenby Moquin-Tandon (Moll. Fr.). Its dentition agrees with the figures ofHeynemann and Semper (Arch. Phil.). The L. agresUs was collectedin a garden in Burlington, IST. J. This species I have also found toagree with the figures of the external animal and genitalia given in theTerrestrial Mollusks, as well as with Moquin-Tandon's (Moll. Terr.et Fluv. de la France) figure of the genitalia and Heynemann's andLehmann's figure of the dentition ; also with the figure of the genitaliagiven by Schmidt and Lehmann. The Limax campestris examined wascollected in the country near Burlington, N". J. It agrees with the de-scription and figures in the Terrestrial Mollusks, not only as to its exter-nal characters, but in its genitalia. I will here mention that its denti-tion does not agree with that of L. Weinlandi, Heynemann [l. c, 212),supposed by that author to be the same species. The Umax Hewstoniexamined is a typical specimen, given by Dr. J. G. Cooper to the Statecollection of California. It was labeled by him. There can be nodoubt, therefore, of its identity. The Limax montanus examined wasone of the original lot found by Mr. Ingersoll, and furnished by him.The Limax occidentalis was received from Dr. Cooper.
i
236 A MANUAL OF AMERICAN LAND SHELLS.This completes the list of i^orth American Limaces now known. Iwill add that maximus and Jiavus are put by Heynemann in the sub-genus Mey7iemannia ; agrestis in subgenus AgrioUtnax ; campestris wouldbe placed by him in subgenus Malacolimax ; while Hewstoni would beplaced by him in the genus Amalia.The testicle in the genus is a round or oval body, partiallj' concealedby the liver; it is brown in color, and has the appearance of beingcomposed of rounded acini. In Lj. Jlavus it is lobulated. The epididy-mis is an undulated or moderately tortuous tube, leading from the testicleto the inner side of the junction of the ovary with the prostate gland.It opens into a groove upon the inner side of the interior of the oviduct,which is continuous at its inferior extremity with the vas deferens.Opening into the termination of the epididymis, and lying against theinner side of the ovary, is a small, compound, follicular body, whichappears to be common to all the terrestrial Gasteropoda. The prostategland is a white or cream-colored body, occupying the inner side of thewhole length of the oviduct. It has a transverse, striated appearance,and numerous openings into the groove leading from the epididymis tothe vas deferens. The vas deferens is a comparatively short tube, pass-ing from the prostate gland to the penis. In L. Jlavus, montanus,Hewstoni, and maximus it joins the summit of the latter; in L. agrestisand L. campestris it enters near the base. The penis in L. Jlavus is along, cylindroid, irregular body, lying at the right anterior part of the ;visceral cavity, and joining at its termination a short cloaca. Into itssummit is inserted the retractor muscle, which has its origin from themuscular investment of the visceral cavity, just posterior to the posi-tion of the pulmonary cavity. The interior of the penis is lined bymucous membrane, its exterior of muscular membrane. In L. agrestis 'and li. campestris the organ which corresponds to the penis of L. Jlavusbecomes of a somewhat problematical character. In L. agrestis it is anelongated conical organ, with a protuberant base. Its summit is di-vided into three coeca ; the retractor muscle is inserted into its side.Upon the interior it presents several longitudinal folds of mucous mem-brane, and at its lower part, corresponding to the protuberance of thebase, an oval, pointed papilla. In L. campestris the organ is spiral,and has but a single, pointed summit. The ovary is a large, white,semi-elliptic organ, usually more or less curved and lobulated, andsituated at the summit of the oviduct. In L. agrestis and L. campestrisit is always two-lobed, or double. The oviduct is a long, wide, soft,
EASTERN PROVINCE INTERIOR REGION SPECIES, 237
white, tortuous, sacculated tube, passiug from the ovary to the vagina.The ueck or portion immediately joiniug the vagina commences usuallywhere the prostate gland terminates, and is contracted to less thanhalf the caliber of the upper portion of the tube. Its iuterior surfaceexhibits a number of transverse folds, corresponding to the contrac-tions which j)roduce the sacculated appearauce of the organ, and uponthe inner side upon each side of the spermatic groove, or longitudinalfold. The generative bladder in L. flavus is a large, pointed, ovalreceptacle, opening by a very short, wide tube or duct into the vagina.In L. agrestis it is large, elongated, oval, and opens hj a short duct intothe angle formed by the junction of the vagina with the male portionof the generative apparatus. In L. camj^estris it is a small, oval sac,with a longer, narrow duct, opening into the tube leading from thepenis to the cloaca. In all three species of Umax the cloaca is a shortcanal opening at the generative orifice on the right side of the head.The characters of the various organs in the other species are givenbelow. Liiinax cainpestris, Binnky.Color usually of various shades of amber, without spots or markings,sometimes blackish ; head and eye-peduncles smoky
;
j-j^ 057.body cylindrical, elongated, terminating in a very ..^^short carina at its posterior extremity; mantle oval,fleshy, but little prominent, with fine, coucentrical Umax camj>ostns.lines ; back covered with prominent elongated tubercles and furrows
;
foot narrow, whitish ; respiratory foramen on the posterior dextralmargin of the mantle; body covered with a thin, watery mucus.Length, about 25"".Limax campestris, Binney, Proc. Bost. Soc, 1841, 52; Bost. Journ. Nat. Hist., iv, 169(1842); Terr. Moll., ii, 41, pi. Ixiv, fig. 3.?Adams, Shells of Vermont, 163(1842).?De Kay, N. Y. Moll., 23 (1843).?Leidy, T. M. U. S.,i, 2.50, pi. ii,tigs. 5, 6 (1851), anat.?Tkyox, Am. Journ. Concli., iii, 315 (1868).?W. G.Binney, L. & Fr.-W. Sh., i, 66 (1869) ; Terr. Moll., v, 149.?Gould and Bin-ney, Inv. of Mass., 409(1870).Limax campestris, var. occidentalis, J. G. Cooper, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sc. Phila., 1872, 146,pi. iii, fig. C.Inhabits all the New England, Middle, and Western States, and isprobably widely diflused through the Northern and Interior Eegions.Found also at Aiken, S. C. It has also been quoted from the PacificRegion as var. occidentalis. (See page 239.)The resemblances between some of the species of this genus are sogreat that it is difiQcult to provide them with distinctive characters,
238 A MANUAL OF AMERICAN LAND SHELLS.and it is ouly by close comparison that their differences can be seen.The present species, although considerably smaller, is nearly allied toLimax agrestis. Its differential characters are as follows: It is alwaysmuch smaller, and at all ages possesses a peculiarly gelatinous or semi-transparent consistency. The tuberosities of the surface are moreprominent in proportion to their size, are not flattened or plate-like,and are not separated by darker- colored anastomosing lines, the inter-vening furrows being of the same color as the general surface. It does Inot secrete a milky mucus at evei y part of the surface when touched.Like that species, it is active in its motions, and suspends itself by athread of mucus. In its genitalia (Terr. Moll., I, Plate II, Fig. 5-6) itdiffers widely in wanting the curious trifurcate gland to the penis sacfound in agrestis^ and in the shape of the genital bladder and length ofits duct.This species appears to be common to all the northern parts of theUnited States. It is found under decaying wood in the forests an^in open pastures, and under stones at roadsides. From its wide dis-tribution it would seem to be indigenous.Its testaceous rudiment is minute and delicate in porportion to thesmall size of the animal.Mr. Gwyn Jeffreys (Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., 1872, 245) suggests the ;identity of campestris with ki'vis, Miill., a European species. Lehmann'sfigures of the genitalia and dentition of that species show that there isno foundation for any such opinion.Jaw as usual in the genus. Ends pointed, recurved; center with a
^
transverse, strong line of reinforcement; median projection sharp.Lingual membrane (Terr. Moll., V, Plate, I, Fig. I) : One specimenhas 40-1-40 teeth, with 18 perfect laterals on each side. Another
.
gives 3C-1-36, with 11 perfect laterals. The centrals and laterals areof the same type as described below in L. agrestis, excepting that thereis no peculiar inner side cutting point to the first laterals. Abouthalf of the marginals are bifid. I find great difficulty, however, in de-tecting any bifurcation on the extreme marginals. As stated above,Heynemann's figure of the dentition of L. Wcinlandi could not havebeen drawn from this species. I have no information in regard to L.Weinlandi other than what I find in Malak. Blatt.,X., 212, Plate III, Fig.1. Judging from the dentition alone, I should hardly consider it distinctfrom agrestis, excepting in its wanting the peculiar inner side cuttingpoint to its first laterals.
EASTERN PROVINCE?INTERIOR REGION SPECIES. 239The California form uoticed by Dr. Cooper as var. occidentalis isknown to me by a single specimen received, living, from him. In ex-ternal appearance, genitalia and jaw it cannot be distinguished fromthe Eastern form. Its lingual membrane (Terr. Moll., V, Plate I, Fig.L) has 35-1-35 teeth, of which 13 on each side are laterals. Theinner as well as onter laterals show occasionally the side spur, thusmore nearly resembling those of montanus than campestris. I am in-clined to believe future study will prove all three forms identical, not-withstanding these slight differences in detail of dentition.SPURIOUS AND DOUBTFUL SPECIES OF LIMAX, ETC.Limax marmoratus, De Kay. See Tebennophorus Caroliniensis.Limax Colnmhianus, Gould and Tryon, I Lave referred, to Ariolimax.Limax fiiligiuosits, Gould, andLimax oVivaceus, Gould, are erroneously referred to America by Grateloup (Distr.Geog. Lim., 30).Limax Weinlandi {see p. 238).Limax lineatus, De Kay (see Terr. Moll., ii, 33), is mentioned by name only, withoutdescription.To Terr. Moll., I, 48 et seq., and IV, 32, I refer for information re-garding the following species of Rafinesque. Some of them are men-tioned by Ferussac, Gray, Grateloup, &c., but no additional informationis given by these authors.Limax gracilis (Deroceras). See also De Kay, N. Y. Moll., 22; Gray and Pfeiffer,Brit. Mus. Cat.Eumelus lividus.Eumelus neiulosus.Rafinesque also mentions?by name only, though not from America, no locality beinggiven
?
Ziloiea, Urcinella, and Testacina (Analyse de la Nature ; see Binneyand Tryon's edition of Rafinesque, 17).
, Family PHILOMYCID^.TEBEI>fWOPHORUS, Binney.Animal limaciform. Body somewhat flattened, terminating obtuselyor in a somewhat truncated form, obtuse anteriorly. Back convex,more flat when fully extended. Integuments with irregular ^jg 258.vermiform glands, anastomosing with each other and hav- jj^fFfejving a general longitudinal direction. Mantle covering the |f|P^^--^Mwhole body. Foot expanded at its margin, and visible be- j^^^ . ^^^^^yond the sides of the mantle ; no locomotive disk. Res^pir- 'oiullmsis^'^'''atory orifice near the head, some way to the rear of the right eye pedun-
240 A MANUAL OF AMERICAN LAND SHELLS.
cle. Anal orifice contiguous to and a little above and in advance ofthe pulmonary orifice. Orifice of organs of generation behind and be-low the right eye-peduncle. Without terminal mucus pore. ^STo ex-ternal or internal shell (see Fig. 260, p. 242).Jaw horn-colored, arcuate, with irregular concave margin, bearing ablunt, slightly projecting beak ; terminations blunt ; the anterior sur-face convex, without a decided median carina, and strongly striate orwith decided ribs. (Figs. 258 and 259.)The genus is not peculiarly American, as it is also found in Asia.In iSTorth America it ranges over the whole Eastern Province, in Mexico,and into Central America and Brazil.The internal, rudimentary, nail-like shell described by Dr. Gray hasnot been noticed by any American author.The habits of the genus are similar to those of the native speciesof Limax.I formerly separated from Tehennophorus the species having a ribbedjaw, but finding that in several genera of disintegrated Helix thepresence or absence of ribs is not a generic character, I now unite themin one genus.Megimathium and Incillaria are names suggested for this genus. Theformer antedates the name Tehennophorus, but I do not think it advan-tageous to abandon the latter, so long established, especially as Megima-thium is not accompanied with any description by which the genus canbe recognized. Philomycus I reject, as Eafiuesque did not correctly de-scribe this genus under that name.T. Caroliniensis has an arched jaw (Fig. 258), with blunt, scarcely at-tenuated ends, ribless anterior surface, and decided, blunt median pro-jection to the cutting edge. The jaw is thick, coarse, with vertical andparallel transverse lines of reinforcement, but has no appearance ofribs. 1 have verified this fact by examining numerous specimens ofall ages from various parts of the country. My observations have beenconfirmed by Morse also (Journ. Portland Soc. l!^^at. Hist., 1864, S). Iam therefore inclined to doubt the identity of the specimen whichHeynemaun (Mai. Blatt., 1862, Plate III, Fig. 12) describes with aribbed jaw. Bergh (Zool. Bot. Gesell. in Wien, XX, 833) suggeststhat Heynemaun may have had dorsalis before him. Morch (Journ. deConch., 1865) suggests that it may have been Veronicella Floridana.At all events I do not believe it could have been the species now underconsideration. I suspect it to have been T. Wetherhi/i.
EASTERN PROVINCE INTERIOR REGION SPECIES. 241The lingual membrane (T. M. U. S., V, Plate IV, Fig. O) is arrangedas usual in the Helicidce. Morse 'counted 115 rm. 259.rows of 5G-1-5G teeth ; another membranegave 49-1-49 teeth, with 22 perfect laterals ; Ihav^e myself counted 5G-1-56 teeth, with 11perfect laterals. The central teeth have a very jaw of t. dorsaUs.long, narrow base of attachment, widening towards the lower margin,which is excavated. There is a line of reinforcement running parallelto the lower edge and for a short distance along the sides. The re-flected portion equals only one-fourth of the length of the base of at-tachment. It is stout, and bears a short, stout median cusp, having ashort, blunt cutting point. There are no side cusps or cutting points.The laterals are like the centrals, but asymmetrical; their reflectedportion is also longer. The outer laterals {h) have an outer side cusp.The marginals (c) are a simple modification of the laterals, being quad-rate, longer than wide, with one inner, broad, long, oblique, bluntlypointed cutting point, bearing an inner, side, short, acute cutting point.These cutting i)oints on the extreme marginals [d) are simply short andbluntly rounded. Some membranes examined by me seemed to havean extension to the base of attachment beyond the upper margin of thereflected j^ortion, to which it was parallel. This membrane is peculiarin the long, narrow base of attachment and short, reflected portion ofthe central and first lateral teeth.Tebennophorus Caroliiiiensis, Bosc.Color of upper surface whitish or yellowish-white, variegated withclouds and spots of brownish and blackish, so arranged as to form threeill-defined longitudinal bands, one on the center of the back and oneon each flank, extending from the head to the posterior extremity, anas-tomosing more or less with each other, and having smaller spots ofthe same color between them ; inferior margin white or yellowish ; footwhitish. Mouth surrounded with a circular row of i^apillae. Bodyelongated, subcylindrical, flattened towards its posterior extremity,which is obtuse ; eye-peduncles one-fourth of an inch long, brownish orblackish, stout, terminating in a bulb ; ocular points on the superior partof the bulb ; tentacles immediately below the eye-peduncles, white, veryshort, nearly conical. Mantle fleshy, covering the whole body, its ante-rior edge tinged with brownish, and falling in a slight curve betweenthe two eye-peduncles, reaching on the sides to the margin of the footj1749?Bull. 23 16
242 A MANUAL OF AMERICAN LAND SHELLS.posterior extremity rounded ; cuticle covered with irregular vermiformglands, anastomosing with each other, and having a general tendencyto a longitudinal direction, with shallow furrows between, lubricatedwith a watery mucus, and susceptible of contractions which produce aslow, undulatory motion, like the flowing of water, over the whole sur-face. Foot whitish, extending a little beyond the mantle posteriorly,showing a whitish, flattened border. Orifice of the organs of genera-ation on the right side, at a little distance behind and below the eye-peduncles. Kespiratory orifice large, on the right side, one-fourth of aninch behind the origin ofthe eye-peduncle ; anal orifice in close contact, aFig. 2G0.
Tebennophorvs Caroliniensis.little above and in front of it ; above the respiratory orifice, on the back,is a deep, curved furrow, running upwards and backwards. Locomotiveband not distinguished from the lower surface of the foot. Greatestlength, when fully extended, lOO"""'; ordinary length, 75""". (See Fig.260.)Limax Caroliniensis, Bosc, Vers rle Buffon de Deterville, 80, pi. iii, fig. 1.
?
Yt-RUSSAC, Hist., 77, pi. Yi, fig. 3.
?
Deshayes, in Lam., ed. 2, vii, 719 (183G);ed. 3, iii, 264 (1839).?Mrs. Gray, Fig. Moll. An.Limax Caroliniamis, De Roissy, Buffon de Sonnini, v, 185 (an XIII).Limax togata, Gould, Inverteb. Mass., 3 (1841).Fhylomicus Carolinensis, Ferussac, Tab. Syst., 15.
?
Pfeiffer, Brit. Mus. Cat., 158.
?
H. & A. Adams, Gen., ii, 220.?Chenu, Man. de Conch., i, 469, fig. 3479 (1859).
?Keferstein (anat.), Zeit. flir Wiss. Zool., Bd. xvi, i, 183, pi. ix (1866).Bergh, in Zool. Bot. Geseliscli. in Wien, xx, 833, anatomy (1870).?Heyne-MANN, Mai. Bliitt., 1863, 212, iii, fig. 12, anat. (?)Tebennophorus Carolinensis, Binney, Bost. Journ. Nat. Hist., iv, 171 (1842) ; Terr.Moll., ii, 20, pf. Ixiii, figs. 1, 2.?Adams, Shells of Vermont, 163 (1842).?DeKay, N. Y. Moll., 24, pi. iii, fig. 1 (1843).?Wyman, Bost. Journ. Nat. Hist.,iv, 410, pi. xxii (1844), anat.?Leidy, T. M. U. S., i, 250, pi. iii (18.')!), anat.
?W. G. BiNNEY, Terr. Moll., iv, 3; v, 181; L. & Fr.-W. Sh., i, 297 (1869).?Morse, Journ. Port!. Soc., i, 7, fig. 3; pi. iii, fig. 4 (1864).?Gould and Bin-NEY, Inv. of Mass., ed. 2, 457, figs. 715, 716 (1870).?Tryon, Am. Journ. Conch.,iii, 310 (1868).Limax marmoratus, De Kay, Cat. N. Y. An., 31, no descr, (1839),?Linsley, Shells ofConn., Sill. Journ. [i], xlviii, 279, no descr.From Canada to Texas and Florida; a species of the Eastern Prov-ince.In this species the head never projects beyond the mantle. Thetentacles and eye-peduncles are contractile and retractile, as in theother slugs. When handled it secretes from the skin a thick, milky,adhesive mucus. Small individuals suspend themselves by a tUreadi.,
EASTERN PROVINCE INTERIOR REGION SPECIES. 243'We have noticed its posterior extremity curved upwards wheu the ani-mal was in motion, at other times flattened and expanded, and againvery much corrugated and apparently truncated. Sometimes there ap-pear to be one or more mucous glands at this part, and the secretion ofmucus from it is more plentiful tbau from other parts of the body.The mantle is not cleft from the respiratory foramen to the margin, asin most of the slugs, but is provided with a deep farrow or canal run-ning from the orifice to the edge of the mantle below it.It is very inactive and sluggish in its motions. It inhabits forests,under the bark and in the interior of the decayed trunks of fallentrees, among which it is particularly partial to the basswood {TiliaAmericana).The varir^^ions from the common coloring are numerous. We havealready observed the following varieties :a. Whitish, without clouded spots, tending to grayish.h. Whitish, slightly clouded longitudinally.
c. Irregularly clouded with brownish, without any tendency to longi-tudinal arrangement.d. With three distinct rows of large clouded spots.
e. With great numbers of fine black spots./. Gray, with a line of minute black dots along each side.g. Blackish-gray, with black lines along each side, and an indistinctline down the middle of the back.The appearance of the surface of the mantle is constantly changing,from the play of light on its lubricated eye-peduncles, tentacles, andfurrows, which are in almost ceaseless motion.There can be no doubt that this is the animal originally described byBosc under the name of Limax Caroliniensis, though his description isso imperfect that it can only be recognized by the arrangement of col-ors which belongs to it. His original drawing, engraved in F6russac'swork, is a tolerably accurate representation of one of its varieties. Hemakes no mention of the mantle, and it does not appear in the figure.An individual of this species kept in confinement deposited aboutthirty eggs June 20, 1843 ; on the 10th of July the young made their wayout of the shell. The eggs were semi-transparent, oval, about one-fifthofan inch in the greatest diameter. The young when excluded weremore than a fourth of an inch long, semi-transparent and gelatinous; eye-peduncles and tentacles bluish-black at base, black at tip, the lattervery minute m^ b^rdly visible, Body brof^d 5 back whitish, -^tvitU two
244: A MAKIJAL OF aMLRICAX LAND SHELLS.distinct rows of miuute black dots down the middle, aud other scatter-ing spots on the sides. No perceptible furrow between the mantle andbody. They increased very rapidly in size, and in a few days werefour times as large as when hatched.Of the synonymes I have quoted, Umax togata is said by Gould(Otia, 182) to be identical ; and Umax marmoratus, of DeKay, I haveascertained to be the same from the correspondence of my father withDr. Newcomb.For jaw and lingual dentition see pp. 240, 241.The genitalia are figured by Leidy (Terr. Moll., I, Plate III).The testicle lies upon the right side, partly concealed by the liver j itis round and lobulated. The epididymis is tortuous. The vas deferensis A'ery long, tortuous, and muscular. It joins the penis sac at its sum-mit, and has the retractor muscle inserted into it the length of the pe-nis above the latter. The penis sac is irregularly cylindroid, bent atits summit. The ovary is exceedingly lobulated. The oviduct is tor-tuous, wide, and very much sacculated. The prostate gland is longerthan in Limax or Avion. The generative bladder is large, globular, ornearly so. Its duct is rather less than half the length of the oviduct.At its junction with the neck of the latter an oval muscular organ exists,the dart sac. Within the latter, at the bottom, is a hemispherical pa-pilla, upon the summit of which is placed a white, calcarate dart. Atthe junction of the vagina, common to the neck of the oviduct, duct ofthe generative bladder, and the dart sac, with the penis, there are twoshort retractor muscles inserted. The cloaca is narrow aud cylindrical,and has surrounding two-thirds of its middle a thick, glandular organ.Interiorly the penis sac, cloaca, &c., have a longitudinal rugose sur-face. Tebeiiiiopliortis dorsalis, Binney.Color of ux)per surface ashy, with a shade of blue, an interruptedblack line < xtending down the center of the back ; eye-peduncles black,Fig. 261. about one-eighth of the length of the body ; tentacles^^^^^^S' blackish, very short. Body cylindrical and narrow, ter-
^'^"""S"* ''"' filiating posteriorly in an acute point j base of footwhite, very narrow, its separation from the body not well defined.Upper surface covered with elongated and slightly prominent glandu-lar projections, the furrows between indistinct. Respiratory orificeyery minute, situtVted on the right side^ about one-eighth of an inch
EASTEtlN PROVINCE iNTEtllOR REGION SPfiCIES. 245behind the insertion of the eye-peduncle. The mantle is closely con-nected with the body. Length, 18""?'.Fhilotnycus dorsails, Binney, Bost. Journ. Nat. Hist., iv, 174 (1842); Proc. Bost. Soc.Nat. Hist., 1841, 52.?Adams, Shells of Vermout, 1(53 (1842).?Gray andPfeiffer, Brit. Mns. Cat., 159.?jTryon, Am. Journ. Conch., iii, 317 (1868).Limax dorsalia, De Kay, N. Y. Moll., 22 (1843).Tebennophorua dorsalia, Binney, Terr. Moll., ii, 24, pi. Ixiii, fig. 3 (1851).?W. G. Bin-ney, Terr. Moll., iv, 31 ; L. ?& Fr.-W. Sh., i, 301 (1869).?Gould and Binney,Invert, of Mass., ed. 2, 460 (1870),Pallifera dorsalia, Morse, Journ. Portl. Soc, i, 8, fig. 5; pi. iii, fig. 6 (1864).?W. G.Binney, Terr. Moll., v, 249.Vermont, Massachusetts, New York, thus appearing a species of theNorthern Region. From Kentucky I have received specimens of thisor an allied species 5 it may therefore extend into the Interior Eegion.This animal is found in woods and forests, in the soil under decayingtrunks and logs. It is lubricated by a watery mucus, which is not se-creted in quantity sufficient to preserve its life when removed from itsnative haunts and exposed to the air. It is even difficult to preserveit long enough for examination, as it becomes dry, diminishes in bulkmore than one-half, and dies. We have seen many specimens. Theywere very active in their movements, and one of them suspended itselfby a thread of mucus, in the manner of the Limaces. It sometimesclimbs trees. Our specimens were found in Vermont. Dr. Gould hasrecognized this or a similar species near Boston.It is quite possible that this is one of the species described by Rafin-esque ; but, from the poverty of his descriptions, we are unable to iden-tify it with either of them.When Dr. Binney for the first time procured this animal, not beingable to distinguish the separation of the margin of the mantle from theedge of the foot, he felt assured that it must be a species of Rafinesque'sgenus Philomycus, and he accordingly described it as such. Having anopportunity since that time of examining several of them, he noticed,on throwing some of them into alcohol for preservation, that the con-traction caused by the liquor revealed and detached the mantle from itsadhesion. Its characters, therefore, correspond with those of the pres-ent genus.Jaw (see Fig. 259) low, wide, ends blunt, anterior surface with ninestout ribs.Lingual dentition (see Terr. Moll., V, Fig. I) : Mr. Morse gives 115rows of 56-1-56 teeth each, with perfect laterals. In the si^ecimen ex-amined by me I found 29-1-29 teeth, with 11 perfect laterals, a differ-
246 A MANUAL OF AMERICAN LAND SHELLS.ence sufficiently great to raise a doubt of the specific identity of thetwo specimens. The central teeth have a base of attachment longerthan wide, with short lines of reinforcement running j^arallel to the
Fig. 262.
Lingual dentition of T. dorsalis.outer edges at the lower margin. The upper margin is reflected. Thereflection extends about one-third of the length of the base of attach-ment; it bears a central, stout, well-developed cusp, and one small,little-developed, rounded cusp at each side; all three cusps have stoutcutting points. The lateral teeth are like the centrals, but asymmetricalby the suppression of the inuer cusp and cuttiug i^oint, and inner,lower, lateral expansion of the base of attachment. The marginalteeth are low, wide, broadly reflected, the reflection equaling the lengthof the base of attachment, and very irregularly denticulated, therebeing usually one long, blunt, oblique, inner, bifid cutting point, theouter division much the shorter, and several short, blunt, outer cuttingpoints. Tebennopliorus Wetlierbyi.From near the mouth of Laurel River, Whitley County, Kentucky,Mr. A. G. Wetherby collected many specimens of what appeared to bea small species of Tebennopliorus. It was readily distinguished fromthe numerous young of T. Caroliniensis found in the vicinity by the ar-rangement of the blotches of color, they being in irregular, interrupted,transverse bands, instead of running longitudinally, as in that species.The anterior portion of the body seemed also to be more swollen andthe posterior extremity to taper more rapidly than in Caroliniensis. Onexamining the jaw I found it to be ribbed. The presence of ribs wasverified in four individuals. Small specimens of T. Caroliniensis fromthe same locality had the usual ribless jaw of that species. I havenamed it after its discoverer. It is difficult to draw more satisfactoryspecific characters from specimens preserved in alcohol. One of them,in its contracted state, measures 12"? in length. Subsequently I re-ceived specimens in which the blotches run longitudinally.
EASTERN PROVINCE?INTERIOR REGION SPECIES. 247
Pallifera Wetherhji, W. G. Binney, Ann. Lye. of Nat. Hist, of N. Y., xi, 31, pi. ii, fig.1, 2 (1874) ; Terr. Moll., v, 251.Jaw arcuate, euds blunt, but little attenuated ; anterior surface withdecided, separated, unequal ribs, denticulatiug either margin, about 15on one specimen, those at the ends being less developed than on thebalance of the jaw; cutting edge with a decided, short, blunt, medianprojection. (See Fig. referred to.)The lingual membrane (Terr. Moll., V, Plate V, Fig. M) has 35-1-35teeth, with 13 perfect laterals. The teeth are different from those of T.dorsalis, and nearer those of Tebennopliorus CaroUniensis. The side cuspsof the centrals and laterals are subobsolete, and have no distinct cuttingpoints ; the median cusp is much more produced, stouter, and bears astout, blunt cutting point. The marginal teeth are not so wide ; theyare less irregularly denticulated, having usually one long, stout, blunt,obliaue, inner cutting point and one shorter side cutting point.Genitalia unobserved.Tebennopliorus Henipliilli.On Mount Mitchell, North Carolina, and at Lula, Hall County, Geor-gia, Mr. H. Hemphill found specimens of a species of a Tebennoplioruswhich cannot be referred to any hitherto known. I suggest for it thename of its discoverer.The animal is long, narrow, cylindrical, with ijointed tail. Its coloris black. The jaw is strongly arched with median projection and fouror five ribs converging to the center, all concentrated on the middlethird, the outer thirds being ribless. The lingiial membrane has 24-14
_1_ 14-24 teeth, all of same types as figured by Morse for that of T. dor-salis.The penis sac is long, cylindrical, receiving retractor muscle and vasdeferens at its summit.The largest specimen, contracted in alcohol, measures 25""".SPURIOUS SPECIES OF TBBENNOPHORUS, ETC.
Tebennopliorus Ulineatus, Cart., United States, of Grateloup (Dist. Geog., 30), isunknown to me.Philomycus quadrilm, fuscus, oji^yrus, and flexuolaris of Rafinesque (see Binney andTryon's completed ed.), and Philomycus (Eiimelus) lividus and nebulosus, areplaced in the same genus as Tehennophorus Caroliner}sis by Gray and Pfeif-FER, Brit. Mus. Cat. They are unknown to me.
248 A MANUAL OF AMERICAN LAND SHELLS.
Family HELICID^.HELIX, Lm.In common with all who have studied the Pfeifferian genus Helix, Ihave long been convinced of the necessity of recognizing among itsspecies numerous distinct genera. I had, however, uj) to the publica-tion of Terr. Moll. U. S., V., eliminated those species only whose jawhas no distinct ribs upon its anterior surface. The balance of the spe-cies I retained, grouped as subgenera only. Before recognizing thesegroups as distinct genera, I desired to wait until we can ascertainwhether generic characters can be found in the jaws and lingual den-tition as well as in the shells. Convinced that characters cannot befound in these organs or in the genitalia, I adopted in that work thedismemberment of the genus, so much demanded by the number of itsspecies, founding the distinction on the shell alone. I shall discussthe constancy, of the jaw and lingual dentition under each group, asfar as our material will allow. In this place I will merely mentionthat in general terms it may be said that Pomatia, TacJiea, Eiqyaryplia,Arionta, and Aglaja have few, separated ribs, usually grouped nearthe center of the jaw, leaving both extremities without ribs. Mesodon,Triodopsis, and Polygyra have numerous, separated ribs, spread overthe whole of the jaw. Stenotrema \i2i8 numerous, stout, crowded ribs,also spread over the whole surface of the jaw. The ribs are also nu-merous, crowded, and similarly disposed in StroMla, Gonostotna, Dor-casia, and Fruticicola, but they do not so deeply denticulate both mar-gins, as in the genera mentioned above. All the above have a highjaw. The following have a much lower jaw : Vallonia, with numerouscrowded ribs, slightly denticulating the margins, especially the lowerone; AcantJmiula, with similar ribs, but quite arched; Glyptostoma,with still more numerous, separated ribs, deeply denticulating eithermargin ; and Polygyrella, with more numerous ribs, and proportionallymuch wider to its height than in any of the other North American sub-genera. Thus there seems to be some distinctive subgeneric characterto the jaw. It must, however, be borne in mind that there are excep-tions in some of the subgenera where the species are numerous j thus,in Arionta I found numerous ribs in rujicincta, though the other specieshave but few. The number, disposition, and size of the ribs vary
EASTERN PROVINCE?INTERIOR REGION SPECIES. 249
within certain limits in different individuals of the same species. Ihave repeatedly found this to be the case.In regard to the generic value of the type of lingual dentition, I canonly say in general terms that within certain limits it may prove relia-ble. Here, again, however, we find the type of dentition inconstantwhen many species are known. Thus, in Arionta we find Townsendianaquite differing from the other known species (see p. 126). In Mesodon,also, I find two quite distinct types of dentition, and under each genusI have i^ointed out the variation observed. I am convinced that thepresence or absence of side cusps to central and lateral teeth is not areliable generic character. The same may be said of the side cuttingpoints. The marginal teeth offer more reliable characters. They arevery peculiar in VaUonia and Strohila, in being very low and wide andhaving numerous cutting points, quite resembling those of Pupa. InMesodoUj Triodopsis, and Arionta the marginals are longer than wide,with only two, sometimes bifid, cutting points. In Stenotrenui and Fo-lygyra they are rather wider than long, also with two more bluntly bifidcutting points. It must be borne in mind, however, that my observationshave not led me to believe these characters sufficiently constant to beof generic value. There is also some variation in the mode of passingfrom lateral to marginal teeth, even in the same genus, in some casesthe transition being made simply by a gradual modification of form, inothers by the splitting of the inner cutting point. These points willbe treated more fully under each genus.DOUBTFUL, SPURIOUS, EXTRALIMITAL SPECIES OF HELIX.The following list does not contain the names of our si3ecies of dis-membered Helix
:
Helix (Sheppard, Trans. Lit. and Hist. Soc. Quebec, i, 194). Shell thin, co-noiclal, perforated ; spire very flat ; margin of lip reflected.Common in the same place as the above {H. horfensis, Plains of Abraham,Quebec); it is a much less shell, with a brown epidermis; the i>enultimatewhorl has an elevated white ridge near the aperture, which appears to besome remains of the last year's lip. (Sheppard.) [= ST. ru/escras ?")Helix Sagraiava, D'Orbigny, a Cuban species, is erroneously attributed to California(on the authority of Sowekby) by Pfeiffer (Mon., i, 325) and Carpenter(Report, 214).Helix Sandiegoensis, Lea, is mentioned by name only by Gould, Pac. R. E. Eep., v,331.Helix attenuata, Lake Superior, &c., is given, without description, by J. de C. Sow-erby, iu Richardson's Fauna Boreali-Americana (iii, 315), together withHelix gularis,Helix rudis, andHelix paludosiit (= H. minuta).
250 A MANUAL OF AMEtllCAN LAND SHELLS.Helix angulata, Sheppard, is quoted as a synonyme of Planoriis campanulatus by J.DE C. SowERBY, ill Fauna Boreali-Americana, iii, 315.Helix pallida, Budgin, Virgiuia, is quoted as a synonyme of au unnamed Helicella'bjG. B. SowERBY (Taukerville Coll., 37), andHelix corrugata, Budgin, is quoted by the same (p. 42) as a synonyme oi lAmnoea coT'rugata, andHelix viridata, Budgin, Virginia, is quoted by the same (p. 43) as a synonyme of Pa-luditia i-hidis, andHelix iviperfecia, Budgin, is quoted by the same (p. ix of Appendix) as a synonyme ofMelania inermis.Helix minuta, True (Froc. Essex lust., ii, pt. 2, 193, Salem, Mass., 1860). Shellminute, rouuded conical, smooth, apex obtuse ; epidermis of a uniform red-dish horn-color ; whorls 4, rounded above and below, with a well-defiuedsuture; aperture rounded, lip simple and thin; umbilicus broad and deep.Diameter about one-twentieth inch.Helix peregrina (Bosc, Hist. Nat. des Coq., iv, 60, 1802). Ovale, imperfor^e; lestourade spire ^cart^s, d^croissants ^galement, I'ouverture ovale.Schroet. Eiul. in Conch., ii, p. 254, tab. iv, fig. 11, 1784. West Indies.Schroeter {-r^ Aeh. octona ?).Helix EoweJli, Newcomb (see L. & Fr.-W. Sh., i, 185), has been accredited to Arizona,but not on uudoubted authority. I have not included here the Lower Cal-ifornia species, for which see ji. 22.Helix radiata, Lister (Europe aud Virgiuia), of Bosc, Hist., iv, 32, appears to be H.alternala, as reference is giveu to Lister's figure of that species.Helix irivolris, Eaton (Zool. Text-Book, 194), = Planoriis.Helix hicarinaUis {id., 194) = Planoriis.
' Helix pai-vus (id., 19^):= Planoriis.Helix catascopius (id., 195) = Limnwa.Helix helerosirophus (id., 195) =Physa.Helix suicaritiatus {id., 195) = Lioplax.Helix Firginica {id., 195) = Melania.Helix vivipara {id., 196) = Vivipara contectoides.Helix decisa {id., 196) ^^^Melantlio.Helix CumierJandicus, Lea, of Wheatley's Cat. U. S., 18, is the same, I presume,as Patula Cumierlandiana.Helix immitissima. Lea, of the same. p. 19, := H. mivutissimafHelix pallida, Say, of same, =fi. palliata?Helix depicta, Grateloup, Soc. Lin. Bordeaux, xi, 399, pi. i, fig. 12 (1839). Shellsubglobose, conic, imperforate, thin, white, very delicately striate orna-mented with varied lines aud interrupted bands ; lip simple, acute.This pretty shell has some points of resemblance with Helix pisana, Miill.,but is smaller and not umbilicated. The internal edge of the right lip iswhite instead of rose. The upper surface is covered with numerous yellowish-brown bands, more or less deep, interrupted by oblique lines of same color.Five whorls. Height, ll'"'"; diameter, 15?"".Island of St. Thomas; New Orleans. (See L. & Fr.-W. Sh., i, 187, fig.327.)Helix pisana, MtJLLER, United States.?F]t:RUSSAC, Tabl. Syst., 119.
?
Gray, Turton'sManual.
?
Forbes, Brit. Ass. Rep., 1840, 145. See Bost. Journ., iii. 489. Thisspecies is not known to exist in America at the present day (1878).Helix Trumft M ZZi, LiNSLEY. Shells of Conn. (Sill. Jouru. [i], Klviii. 280), = Skeneaserpuloidcs. See Terr. Moll., iv, 125.Helix pellucida, Fabricius, = Viirina Angelica;.Helix arbustornm. See Terr. Moll., iv, 124, aud Adams, Cat. Cabinet, 32. Does notinhabit America.
I
EASTERN PROVINCE INTERIOR REGION SPECIES. 251Eelix Meroglyphica, Beck, Ind. Am. Sept. ? See Terr. Moll., iv, 124.Helix domestica, Str5m. See Fiirina AngeUcce.Selix dealbata, Say, = Bulimulus.Helix corpuloidea. See Terr. Moll., iv, 124.Helix Bonplandi, Lamarck. See Terr. Moll., iv, 124. Jay, Cat., ed. 2, 33. Tennessee'.Helix haliotoides, Fabricivs, Fauna Gr6enl.,390 (1780), = Sigaretus.Helix heligmoidea, D'Orb. (Ophiogi/rn), is said to have been found by Mr. H. Moores,in 1849, in the foot-hills of the west slope of the Sierra Nevada, about fivemiles south of Coloma and about a quarter of a mile south of Weber Creek,under an old log ; a single old specimen. Certainly very doubtful.The species is described from Guayaquil, Colombia, South America.Helix FirgiHea,'W OOV, Ind. Suppl.,21, fig. 19,= ^e?a?ia Virginica.Helix urceus, Muller, Dillwyn, Cat., ii,918, = Jmpulhn'ia.Helix fuscata, Born, Mus. Vind., 1780, 390, pi. xvi, fig. 17. Virginia.HeUx irrorata,SAY, = H.lact(n, MtLLER. See Terr. Moll., iv, 124. Does not nowexist in America.Helix rastellum, Beck, Ind., 8. Am. s.HeUx personaia, Lamarck, Ohio. Jay, Cat., ed. 2, 3G (1836), aud Villa, Disp., 14(1841).HeUx punctata, Dillwyn, Cat., ii, 899, is from Martinique, not Virginia.Helix ruderata, Studer, Anthony, Ohio Cat., No. 'il, = striatella.?Helix variabilis, Drap., North America. See Forbes, Brit. Ass. Rep., 1840, 145; seealso Bost. Journ. Nat. Hist., iii, 489 ; F^russac, Tabl. Syst., 48.Helix {Eurycratera) lineolata, Lam., is erroneously quoted from North America by Beck(Index, 45).Helix Steenstrupii, MOrch. Greenland. I can find no description of it. Vide Terr.Moll., iv, 117.Helix suhcarinata, Wood (Index, Suppl., pi. vii,fig. 13), = Leptoxia.Helix dis8imilis, WooD (Index, Suppl., pi. vii, fig. 18), = Melantho decisa.Helix decisa, Wood (Index, Suppl., pi. vii, fig. 19), = Lioplax suhcarinata.Helix hidentifera, Phillips (Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philad., i, 27, 1841), erroneouslyquoted from North Carolina, ^H. hariula, Charp., of Portugal (I.e., 133).Helix palustris, Rackett, =: Limno'a palustris.Helix angulata, Rackett, = PlanorMs hicarinaius.Helix alhella, Dillwyn, Cat., ii, 890. Virginia.FOSSIL SPECIES OF HELIX.Dr. Meek furnishes the following list of fossil species
:
Helix Leidyi, Hall & Meek, Am. Acad. Arts & Sci. Boston, v, 394, new ser.Helix amplexus, Meek & Hayden, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philad., 1861, 431 = Planorbisamplexus, M. ?fe. H., Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philad., 1857,135.Helix spaiiosa, M. & H. (MacrocycUs), Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philad., 1861,446.Helix vitrina, M. & H. (MacrocycUs), Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philad., 1861, 447.Helix Nehrascensis, M. & H. {MacrocycUs), Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philad., 1861, 431, =H. occidentalia, M. &. H., 1. c, 1857, 135 (non Recluz, 1845).Helix vetusta (nom trans, ob H. r. MoR. & Dr., 1857, J. C. (2), ii, 153), M. & H., Proc.Acad. Nat. Sci. Philad., 1860, 431, = ?r. vitrinoides, M. & H., 1. c, 1857, 135(non Deshayes, 1830).Helix Evansi, M. & H.,1. c, 1860, 175.Helix obliqua, M. & H., 1. c, 1857, 134.Helix strangulata, Adams. See Conrad, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philad., 1877, 273.In adopting as generic the groups formerly considered as subgenericonly, theLsynonymy of the species is in many cases affected. Thus, the
252 A MANUAL OF AMERICAN h.\Sh SHELLS.name diodonta, preoccupied in Helix, has precedence as a Mesodon. Ihave, however, thought it best to retain the well-established specificname in all cases, to avoid future confusion.The external generic characters of the animal of the various groupsnow recognized as genera do not differ. 1 reier, therefore, for them toPatula, the first genus of dismembered Helix included in this portionof my work. PATULA, Hald.Animal heliciform; body elongated, semi cylindrical, tapering to a,
^^?- 263- point posteriorly, convex above,plane beneath ; mantle simple,central, not extending beyondand accurately fitting to theperistome of the shell, into whichthe whole animal may retire;Animal of Patula soiitaria. liead obtusc J cycs at the cud oflong, cylindrical, retractile, peduncles; tentacles short, retractile;generative orifice on the side of the head, behind the right eye-pe-duncle ; respiratory orifice in the collar, at the angle of the aperture ofthe shell; anal orifice immediately adjoining; no caudal mucus pore,no locomotive disk.Shell widely umbilicated, depressed, discoidal, turbinate, rugose, orcostulately striate ; whorls 4-6, equal or gradually increasing ; aper-ture lunately rounded ; peristome simple, straight, acute.As there appears considerable confusion in regard to the limits ofthe genus, I think it best to make no reference to any species foreignto North America. Here it ranges over both the Central and EasternProvinces.In none of the American species of this genus have I found a jawwith distiuct, well-formed, ribs as in Helix. In several species, how-
FlG. 2C4. Fig. 265.
Jaw o{ Patula antcriscus. (Morse.) Patula striatclla. (Morse. Jever, such as strigosa and Cooperi (see ante, p. 106), there are distinct!traces of subobsolete ribs near the cutting margin ; in asterisciisihere'are coarse wrinkles, resembling subobsolete ribs; in jyerspectiva, stria-tella, and Idahoensis there are such wrinkles, and also coarse vertical
EASTERN PROVINCE INTERIOR REGION SPECIES. 2j3
striae. 1 have not found the striae as oblique as shown iu Fig. 265.In soUtaria, alternata, and HemphiUi there are no traces of either ribs,wrinkles, or striae. In all these species there is a tendency to a medianprojection to the cutting edge. This is greatly developed in solitaria,alternata, Cumber Iandiana (with i^erpendicular striae), and especially inHemphilU. The last two species have also a much more arcuate jawthan the others. I have not seen the jaw of Horni or patqjer.Fig. 2G6 shows the general arrangement of the teeth on the mem-brane. The characters of the individual teeth are better shown in Fig.8, on p. 49.
p. Cumberlandiana.There is a considerable difference in the lingual dentition of thespecies I have grouped in this genus as to the development of the sidecusps to the central and lateral teeth, and the presence of distinct cut-ting points upon these cusps. Such cusps and points are present in soU-taria, alternata, perspectiva, striateUa, HemphiUi, Iclahoensis, asteriscus.I do not detect these cusps in P. strigona, Coopcri (probably the samespecies), or Cumherlandiana, excepting on the outer laterals. The centraland lateral teeth of all the species examined by me are in other respectsas usual in the Helcidw. It will be noticed that the base of attachmentis subquadrate, the reflected portion large (except iu asteriscus), thecusps short, the cutting points short. All the outlines of the teeth areless graceful than in Zoniles. The lateral teeth are made asymmetricalby the suppression of the inner lower angle of the base of attachment,and the less development, if not suppression, of the inner cusp, whichloses the cutting point also. The marginal teeth are quite differentfrom those of Zonites, Limax, Vitrina, Macrocyclis, and Glandina in notbeing aculeate. They are more crowded than in those genera. Theyhave a quadrate base of attachment, not sole like, shortened on itsinner lower side, but produced at its outer lower margin. The reflectedportion is as wide as the base of attachment, is more produced than inthe central and lateral teeth, retains its width throughout, and bearstwo oblique, blunt cutting points, the inner one always much the largerand longer, and the outer one of which, in most of the s])cci( s. has atendency to bifurcation. There i.^ considerable variation in these cut-^
254 A MANUAL OF AMERICAN LAND SHELLS.
Fig. 267.
ting points even in the same lingual membrane, but as a general thingit may be said that the marginal teeth are but a modification of theform of the laterals. They decrease in size greatly at the outer edge ofthe lingual membrane.It must be borne in mind that the cutting points vary in develop-ment on difi'erent portions of any one lingual membrane. I have ineach case chosen for drawing such individual teeth as appear best toillustrate the general character of the dentition (in Terr. Moll., V).It will be seen that Patula differs from all the genera of Limacidwand Agnatha by the presence of quadrate, not aculeate, marginal teeth,a character shared by all the succeeding genera. There does not appearany very essential character in the dentition by which to distinguish itfrom manj' of the other American genera of disintegrated Helix, as willbe seen below. It will be noticed that one species, asteriscus, has mar-ginal teeth like those of Pvpa and Vertigo.Patula solitaria, Say.Shell broadly umbilicated, globosely depressed, coarse, solid, diaph-anous, obliquely arid crowdedly wrinkled, fromwhite to dark-reddish horn-color, with from two tothree brownish revolving bands : whorls 6, con-vex ; suture deep ; aperture roundedly lunate,pearly white and banded within ; peristome sim-ple, acute, its ends joined by a thin, transparentcallus, that of the columella dilated, subreflected.Greater diameter 25, lesser 22'"'" ; height, 15'""'.Helix solitaria, Say, Journ. Phila. Acad., ii, 157 (1821); Binney's ed., 19.?De Kay,N. Y. Moll., 43, pi. iii, fig. 41 (1843).?Binney, Bost. Journ. Nat, Hist., iii,426, pi. xxii (1840) ; Terr. Moll., ii, 20?, pi. xxiv.?Chemnitz, ed. 2, i, 180,pi. xxiv, figs. 5, 6.?Pfeiffer, Symbolae, ii, 39; Mon. Hel. Viv., i, 102.
?
Reeve, Con. Icon., 662 (1852).?W. G. Binney, Terr. Moll., iv, 96.?Leidy,T. M. U. S., i, 254, pi. viii, figs. 7-10 (1851), anat.?W. G. Binney, L. & Fr.-W. Sh., i, 71, fig. 119 (1869).Anguispira solitoria, Tryon, Am. Journ. Conch., ii, 260(1866),Patula solitaria, W. G. Binney, Terr. Moll., v, 156.Microscopic revolving lines have been detected on some specimens.There is a form of a dark reddish-brown color, withone white band at the periphery, and the same colorat the base around the umbilicus. Albino forms arealso found (see Fig. 268).The Museum of Comparative Zoology has a reversedspecimeu,
p. solitaria.
Fig. 268.
Vftr, dl^im,
EASTERN PROVINCE INTERIOR REGION SPECIES. 255A Post-Pliocene species, now very common in the Interior Region,especially in the parts north of the Ohio River. I have never receivedit from south of Missouri. It has ranged widely westward, having beenfound in the Coeur d'Alene Mountains, in Idaho, associating with stri-gosa. Thus it is the only species of the Interior Region which hascrossed the barrier of the Rocky Mountains. It has even passed theCascade Mountains into the Pacific Region, having been found livingat the "Dalles" and on "Government Island," in the Columbia River,within twelve miles of Fort Vancouver, by Prof. O. B. Johnson, whohas sent specimens to the Smithsonian Institution, which I have myselfseen.Jaw long, low, slightly arcuate, ends but little attenuated, anteriorsurface striate, but without ribs ; a median projection to the cuttingmargin.The lingual membrane (Terr. Moll. U. S., V, Plate IV, Fig. K) has25-1-25 teeth, with 14 perfect laterals. The transition to marginalsis very gradual.The anatomy of this species is figured by Leidy {I. c). The genitaliapresent several peculiar features (see Terr. Moll. TJ. S., I, Plate VIII,Fig. 8). The penis sac (5) is short, stout, receiving near its apex theretractor muscle (6), above which it rapidly decreases in size, and atits apex receives the vas deferens (2) ; the last-named organ is verypeculiar in being greatly convoluted before entering the penis sac; thegenital bladder (9) is small, globular, on a long duct, which becomesswollen at its lower end 5 the epididymis (2) is convoluted in its entirecourse. Patula alternata, Say.Shell broadly umbilicated, orbicularly depressed, thin, smoky horn-color varied with red, interrupted, obliquely arranged fig. 2G9.patches and spots, roughened by crowded, elevated,rib-like striae, smoother below; whorls 5i, flattened,the last sometimes obtusely carinated at its perii)hery
;
umbilicus large, pervious; aperture very oblique. In-nately rounded, banded within; peristome simi)le,acute, its terminations joined by a very tbin, trans-parent callus, that of the columella subreflected. ?Greater diameter 21, lesser 19"""; height, 10""". r- aiternata.
256 A MANUAL OF AMERICAN LAND SHELLS.Helix alternata, Say, Nicli. Eucycl., pi. i, lig. 2 (1817-19); Journ. Philad. Acad., ii,161 (1821); BiNNEY's ed. 6, 21, pi. Ixix, fig, 2.?Eaton, Zool. Text-Book, 193(1826).?BiNNKY, Bost. Journ. Nat. Hist., iii, 428, pi. xxv (1840) ; Terr. Moll.,ii, 212, pi. XXV.?Gould, Invert., 177, fig. 114 (1841).?Leidy, T. M. U. S., i,253, pi. vii, figs. 2-5 (1851), anat.?DeKay, N. Y. Moll., k9,pl.li,fig. 9(1843).
?Adams, Vermont Mollusca, 162, fig. (1842).?Fi;RUSSAC, Tab. Syst., 44;Hist., pi. Ixxix, figs. 8-10.?PoTiEZ and Michaud, Galdrie, 104.?Chemnitz,ed, 2, 1, 181, tab. xxiv, figs. 17, 18.?Pfeiffer, Mon. Hel. Viv., i, 102.
?
Deshayes, in Fj5r., Hist., i, 89.?Reeve, Con. Icon., 670 (1852).?Billings,Canad. Nat., ii, 99, figs. 4, 5 (1857).?W. G. Binney, Terr. Moll., iv, 98.?Bland, Ann. N. Y. Lye, vii.?Morse, Amer. Nat., i, 187, figs. 17, 18 (1867).
?W. G. Binney, L. & Fr.-W. Sh., i, 73 (1869).?Gould and Binney, Invert,of Mass., ed. 2, 412(1870).Anguispira alternata, Morse, Journ. Portl. Soc, i, 11, fig. 15; pi. iv, fig. 16 (1864).Tryon, Am. Journ. Conch., ii, 261 (1866).Helix scabra, Lamarck, Anim. sans Vert., vi, part 2, 88.?Deshayes, Encycl. M^th.,ii, 219 (1830) ; in Lamarck, viii, 66 ; ed. 3, iii, 292.?Chenu, 111., pi. vi, fig.11.Helix infecta, Parreyss, MS., Pfeiffer, Mai. Bl., 1857, 86; Mon. Hel. Viv., iv, 91,non Reeve.Helix strongylodcs, Pfeiffer, Proc. Zool. Soc, 1854, 53; Mon. Hel. Viv., iv, 91.Reeve, Con. Icon., No. 1296 (1854).? Fide W. G. Binney, Terr. Moll., iv, pi.Ixxvii, fig. 8.Helix mordax, Shuttleworth, Bern. Mitt. ,1853, 195.
?
Gould, in Terr. Moll., iii, 19.
?W. G. Binney, Terr. Moll., iv, 99.
?
Pfeiffer, Mon. Hel. Viv., iii, 635.Bland, Ann. N. Y. Lye, vii (and var. Fergusoni).Helix duhia, Sheppard, Tr. Lit. Hist. Soc. Quebec, i, 194.
?
McCulloch (where ?), testeBinney, Terr. Moll., i, 192.Patula alternata, W. G. Binney, Terr. Moll., v, 161.It is commonly found in the Post-Pliocene of the Mississippi Val-ley, retaining some of the color of the red, flame-like patches. It nowextends over the whole of the Eastern Province as far north as Lab-rador.Animal: Head and eye-peduncles light slate-color, back brown, re-mainder of upper surface brownish-orange, eyes black, base of footgrayish-white, collar saffron. Eye-peduncles one-third of an inch long,blackish at the extremities. Foot not much exceeding in length thediameter of the shell, and terminating in a broad, obtuse, and flat ex-tremity. A light marginal line runs along the edge of the foot fromthe head to the posterior part, those of the two sides meeting in anacute angle.Variety : Head and neck blackish-brown, eye-peduncles blackish,foot brownish, base dirty white. In a single instance the whole animalwas entirely black.The animal of the ribbed form of alternata found at University Place,Franklin County, Tennessee, by Bishop Elliott, resembles in length,&c., Gumherlandiana. It is dark slate-color on top of head and eye-peduncles, dirty white on bottom of foot, remainder dark orange.
EAflTESN PROVINCE INTERIOR REGION SPECIES. 257
s&^r. allcrnatrt,caiiiKited. P. altei nata,vai. mordax ?
Flo. 272.
The variation of color ranges from pale straw to dark reddish-brown,in each extreme being sometimes uniform. In outline thevariation ranges from depressed to A^ery globose. Insculpturing it varies greatly. A compara- fig. 271.fiveiy smooth variety, with a shining, some-what translucent epidermis, has been noticedin ISTew York by Mr. Bland, under the nameof vi\i\ Fergusoni. A form with stronger stria^and well-developed carina is figured in Fig.270, The coarsely striated form, which I pre-sinne to be II. mordax, is figured also (Fig.271). This is considered by Mr. Bland to bea \ ariety of Cumherlandiana. I have receivedit from Eastern Tennessee and Virginia. Ihave also given a figure (Fig. 272) of the magnified surfaceof a strongly ribbed form from North Carolina, and a view (Fig. 273)of a strongly ribbed form from the Post-Pliocene.In New England this is perhaps the most common species of thegenus. It abounds in the forests, and is not uncommon inthe open country in moist situations, where it can find shel-ter under logs and stumps. It seems to be more gregariousthan other species; at any rate, numbers are more fre-quently found in the same retreat. It does not bear achange from a moist to a dry situation so well as many other species.In captivity it remains buried a great part of the time under the moistearth, with the body half protruded. If removed to the fig. 273.surface, it withdraws within the shell, protects its orificeby three or four coverings, and soon dies unless supplied ^^r^with moisture.
_
WiMiM.The foot of the animal is smaller and the eye-peduncles r. alternata,shorter than in either of the other species possessing so f?^**ii-large a shell ; it is also flatter and thinner. The mantle is deeplytinged with the coloring matter which ornaments the shell, and whichis sometimes secreted in such profusion as to give a saffron tinge to thetrace which it leaves on objects over which it crawls. It is distributedover the animal, and arranged in minute points, which are most thicklyclustered on the margin and on the glandular tubercles of the surface.There is a reversed specimen in the Museum of Comparative Zoologyat Cambridge.1749?Bull. 28 17
Surface ofP. alternata.
258 A MANUAL OF AME'Mr.VN LAND SHELLS.The jaw of alternata, figured by Morse, is arcuate, equally broad inFig 274 ^^^ whole length, with square ends; anterior surfacestroDgly striate both transversely and vertically; con-cave margin not strongly crenulated, but having noJaw of p alter ^^^^^^^^^^ projection. A specimen examined by me wasnata. much morc arched, with attenuated ends, strong medianprojection, and smooth anterior surface.Lingual membrane (Terr. Moll., V, Plate IV, Fig. E): One membranehas 121 rows of 34-1-34 teeth, 10 of which are perfect laterals. Thevariety mordax (Fig. F), agrees with it in dentition, except the nnmberof teeth. 1 counted 20-1-20, with 8 perfect laterals. The change fromlaterals to marginals is very gradual.The anatomy is given by Leidy (Terr. Moll., I, Plate YII, Fig. 2).The genital bladder (15) is small, elongate-oval, on a long, delicate duct;the penis sac (11) is short, stout, cylindrical, receiving the retractormuscle (12) and the vas deferens at its apex. I have found a similargenital system in the heavily ribbed form and in the var. mordax.Patula Cuiiiberlandiana, Lea.Shell broadly umbilicated, lenticular, acutely carinated, rather thin,riG^275. sculptured with coarse, acute rib-strite, of a pale yellow-ish or sometimes ash color, irregularly checked withradiating, waved brown blotches; spire depressed, ofabout 5 whorls, very slightly convex, but excavatedtowards the margin, which is acute, and with a marginal,p. cunib^ndiana. impressed line on both sides of the edge; beneath some-what less convex, but the strisB less prominent, and its center excavatedby a deep, broad umbilicus, one-third the diameter of the base, and ex-hibiting all the whorls to the apex; aperture rather wider than high,rendered somewhat rhomboidal by the acute carina ; peristome simple,acute, its columellar extremity somewhat dilated and reflected. Greaterdiameter 15, lesser IS'""; height, 5'"'".CarocoUa Cumlcrlandiana, Lea, Trans. Am. Phil. Soc, viii, 229, pL vi, fig. 61; Obs.,iii, 67; Proc, i, 289.?Troschel, Arch, fiir Nat., 1843, ii, 124.?De. Kay, N.Y. Moll., 47 (1843).Helix Ciimberlandia)! a, Vfeiffkr, Mon. Hel. Viv., i, 125; iii, 114.?Binney, Terr.Moll., ii, 216, pi. xxvi.?Reeve, Con. Icon., 701 (1853).?W.G. Binney, Terr.
?Moll., IV. 99; L. & Fr.-W. Sh., i, 76 (1869).Anguispira Ctimherlandiana, Tryox, Am. Journ. Concli., ii, 262 (1866).Patula Cmnierlandiana, W. G. Binney, Terr. Moll., v, 163.
EASTERN PROVINCE?INTERIOR REGION SPECIES. 259Animal dirty white, darker towards the tail, the top of the head, andeye-peduncles, which last are dark slate-colored ; foot about the lengthof the lesser diameter of the shell, with a darker submarginal line, as inalternata, and terminating in a flattened, broad, spade-like extremity,like the Zonites. When in motion none of the animal protrudes be-yond the shell behind (looking from above) ; before there Is but littlevisible, about as long as the diameter of the last whorl; the breadth ofthe animal before the shell is about one-half the same diameter.Found at University Place, Franklin County, Tennessee, now Sewa-nee, on the Cumberland Mountain table-land, by Bishop Elliott (1860).It is limited at that place to a very small space on one of the "benches"of the mountains. In habit they resemble Cylindrella and Cyclostoma,living in the crevices of precipitous rocks, over the faces of which theymay be found walking after rains. Helicina orhiculata and a fewribbed alternata found witk them. Mr. Lea's locality is Jasper, MarionCounty. A species of the Cumberland Subregion.Jaw arched, high ; ends blunt ; anterior surface with coarse, perpen-dicular striae ; cutting margin with decided median projection.Lingual membrane (see p. 49, Fig. 8) long and narrow. Teeth of sametype as in P. soUtaria, alternata, &c. The centrals and laterals have,however, a much shorter median cusp. Side cusps subobsolete and sidecutting points wanting on the centrals and first two laterals, the thirdlateral beginning to show them ; the outer laterals, as the seventh lat-eral, &c., have them well developed. The transition to marginals isvery gradual, and is not formed by the bifurcation of the inner cutting-point, which remains simple to the extreme outer edge. The smallerouter cutting point is sometimes bitid in the outer marginals. Theselast are usuall}^ but a simple modification of the laterals, as shown (seeplate) in the twentieth and thirtieth teeth. There are 30-1-30 teeth, withhardly 13 laterals, and certainly not so many absolutely perfect ones.In P. alternata there are decided prominent side cusps and cuttingpoints to centrals and first laterals. The shape of the centrals andfirst laterals also in alternata is quite different from those of this spe-cies.The genitalia agree with those of P. alternata figured by Dr. Leidyin Terr. Moll., I, Plate YII, Fig. 2, excepting, perhaps, that in Cum-herlandiana the genital bladder is smaller and its duct longer and nar-rower.
260 A MANUAL OF AMERICAN LAND SHELLS.Patula perspectiva, Say.Shell broadly and perspectively umbilicated, orbicular, scarcely con-fk; 270. y(^x above, excavated below, Ibin, reddish horn -color, regu-larly ribbed ; whorls C^, gradually increasing ; aperture small,lunately subciicular, within furnished with a single, subprom-inent tooth on the base of the shell ; peristome simjjle, acute,its extremities separated widely. Greater diameter 8, lesser7i-"'" ; height, 3"^"^
Helix perspecHva, Say, Journ. Phila. Acad., i, 18 (1817); Nich. Encycl., iv, ed. 3(1819); Binxey's ed., 9.? Binney, Bost. Jouru. Nat. Hist., iii, 430, pi. xxi,tig. 4 (1840); Terr. Moll., ii, 2^6, pL xxx, fig. 1.?De Kay, N. Y. Moll.,42, pi. iii, fig. 38 ( 1843).?Fekussac, Tab. Syst., 44; Hist. Nat. desMoll., pi.Ixxix, fig. 7.?Deshayes, in Lam., viii, 130; ed. 3, iii, 315; in Fl^R., i, 81.
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Chemnitz, ed. 2, ii, 114, tab. Ixxxv, figs. 30, 32.?Pfeiffer, Men. Hel. Viv.,i, 103; iii, 99 (excl. if. ^/io/a).?Reeve, Cpn. Icon., 695.?W. G. Binney,Terr. Moll., iv, 122.?Leidy, T. M. U. S., i, 453, pi. vii, figs. 4-7 (1851), anat-
?W. G. Binxey, L. &Pr.-W. Sb., i, 79, fig. 139 (1869).Eelix patula, Deshayes, Encycl. M6tb., ii, 217 (1830).An(jiii^'pUa pirnpectiva, Trvon, Am. Journ. Concb., ii, 262 (1866).I'atula pnspeciivn, W. G. Binney, Terr. Moll., v, 164.A Post-Pliocene species. jSTorth of Maryland it is not now found eastof the Appalachian chain, but elsewhere is probably found over thewhole of the Eastern Province. I have received it from Texas.Animal: Head and eye-peduucles bluish-black, margin and posteriorl)art of foot white. Foot transparent, narrow, less in length thantwice the diameter of the shell, terminating acutely.The jaw and lingual membrane are quite like those of F. striatella.The ends of the jaw, however, are more squarely truncated, and thestriae are not converging.Lingual membrane (Terr. Moll., V, Plate IV, Fig. A) 15-1-15 teeth,7 perfect laterals.The genitalia are figured by Leidy (Terr. Moll., I, Plate YII Figs.4-7). The same general arrangement is found as in alternata butall the organs are more elongated ; the duct of the genital bladderis very long and thread-like.A strongly carinated form is found in Union Count}', Tennessee.Patula Bryanti, Harper.Shell broadly and perspectively umbilicate, discoidal, nearly fiatabove, deeply excavated below 5 whorls 5, gradually increasing, regu-larly ribbed, outer whorl bicarinate; color light-brown ; aperture small.
EASTERN PRUVINCE INTERIOR REGION SPECIES. 261
rliomboidal; peristome simple, acute, having its extremities uuited.Greater diameter Gi, lesser 5^"""; height, 2""?; width rm. 277.of umbilicus, 4A""". (Harper.)Patula Bryanti, Harpek, Jonrn. Cinciuuati Soc. N. H., iv, No. 3,
'2:)8, figs. 1, 1ft (1881).Mitchell County, I^orth Carolina; Black Mt., N. C. ; a.species of the Cumberland Snbregion.Probably a bicarinate form of P. pcrspectiva, but r?R^anti.equally claiming a distinct name.DOUBTFUL SPE( lES OF PATULA.Patula Mazatlanica. I do not believe this species c:in really exist at Lone Mountain,Sau Francisco County, California, as asserted. See L. & Fr.-W. Sh., i, 82.Patula hicruslata is a Microphijsa {q. v.), as is alsoPatula vortix (q. v.).Helix tenuistriaia, Binney, is also a Patula. It is an unknown species. Tlio followingdescription is copied from manuscript of Dr. Binney : Shell flattened, theupper surface acutely cariiiated ; epidermis light horn-color; whorls 7, nar-row, increasing in width very gradually from the apex to the aperture, stri-ated with tine, prominent, distinctly separated, curved lines; aperture an-gular, depressed, contracted; peristome above the carina acute, below alittle rellected ; base subconvex, smooth ; umbilicus open, moderate in size,exhibiting two or three volutions. Greatest transverse diameter about one-half an inch.Found hitherto only in the eastern part of Tennessee, whence a singlespecimen was brought by Mr. Haldeman. This pretty species is describedwith some reluctance from a single specimen, as it may be considered doubt-ful, until another be found, whether it may not be a foreign shell introducedby mistake among Tenuessean shells. It is quite flat ou the upper surface,rising a little towards the apex; the whorls, which are distinctly marked,are beautifully striated with delicate, prominent curved lines, which arecrowded towards the apex, and separately by a distinct interval on the outerwhorl; they terminate ou the edge of the carina, which is a little plaited bythem, the base below being smooth. The aperture is narrow and marked byan angle at the carina. The lip below the carina has a distinct though nar-row reflection. The umbilicus is moderate, conical, and rather deep, exhib-iting about three volutions. In Lamarck's arrangement it would be a Caro-colla.Helix tenuisiriata, Binney, Bost. Journ. Nat. Hist., 1842, iv, part i, cover, '.i.?Pfeif-FER, Mon. Hel. Viv., i, 432.?W. G. Binney, Terr. Moll, iv, 118; L. & Fr.-W.Sh., i, 77 (1869).Helix vortex, teste Gould (non Pfeiffer), Terr. Moll., iii, 34.Helix limitaris, G. M. Dawson, Land and Fresh-Water Mollusca collected duringthe Summers of 1873, 1874, in the Vicinity of the 49th Parallel. Lake of theWoods to the Rocky Mountains. British North American Boundary Commis-sion ; Report on the Geology, &c. Montreal, 1875. pp. 347-350. I have seenyoung individuals kindly sent me by Mr. Dawson, and suspect them to beimmature individuals of some variety of /'. strifjosa. The original descriptionhere follows: Shell cous[)icuously uml)ilicated, globosely depressed, solid,coarse; whorls carinate at the periphery and subcariuate near the umbilicus,
262 A MANUAL OF AMERICAN LAND SHELLS.giving the mouth a distinctly rhomboidal form in young specimens; periph-eral carination almost obsolete on the last half whorl ; aperture roundedlylunate, very oblique, slightly reflcxed at the umbilicus, so as to interferesomewhat with its circular outline ; peristome acute, thickened within; cal-lus delicate, transparent ; whorls f)^ ; suture slightly impressed, becomingmore distinct iu the last half whorl: surface marked with coarse transversewrinkles and faint revolving lines, the latter scarcely perceptible on the outerwhorl; color dull yellowish, with four brownish revolving bands, two ofwhich appear pretty constant and are situated on each side of the peripheralcarina, which is generally whitish ; the two remaining bands, near the sutureand umbilicus, respectively, fainter and less constant. Animal resembles H.soUtari'i iu general form, pale, with brownish spots. Greatest diameter, IT'"^;least diameter. 14?? ; height, 11""". Young specimens only 4?"' in diameterare very strongly carinated and flattened above, semi-transparent, brownish-tawny in cojor, delicately marked with close revolving and transverse lines.This shell is closely allied to Helix mlitaria, but is smaller, darker-coloredand rougher, more distinctly carinated, especially in young specimens; theshell is also somewhat thicker, the umbilicus is narrower, and the lip en-croaches slightly on its circular outline. Loc, Waterton Lake, Rocky Mount-ains. HELrlCODISCUS. (See p. 74.)Helicodisciis fiiiibriatus, Wethekby.Shell light-green color, discoidal or planiform, widely umbilicate,
Fir, -278. consistiug of about 5 whorls, very gradually increasing insize; aperture lunate and oblique to the axis of the shell
;
peristome sub-acute, slightly thickened, and darker thanthe rest of the shell, the outline somewhat sinuous whenviewed from the side of the whorl ; spire planiform, notrising above the body-whorl ; suture deeply and regularly
II. fimbiiatus. impressed, umbilicus exhibiting all the volutions; whorlsornamented with from six to eight revolving ridges, terminating in afringe-like projection of the epidermis, following this arrangement.Two or three of these ridges on the upper side of the body-whorl areoften of such prominence as to give that portion of the shell a flutedappearance. In old shells these epidermal fringes are sometimes wornaway, leaving the ridges upon which they stood. Greater diameter 5,lesser 4^""" ; height, 1^'""\Helicodiseus fimiriatus, Wethekby, Journ. Cincinnati See. N. H., iv, 9 (Dec, 1881.)In some specimens as many as six teeth may be observed, none ofwhich can be seen in the aperture.This shell, from its form and general appearance, at once reminds usof R. lineatus, Say, the only other known species of tbis somewhataberrant but perfectly distinct genus. It has, however, about threetimes the cubic capacity of its relative, and is very different in sculptur-ing and ornamentation. The body-whorl is slightly deflected for a short
EASTERN PKOVINCE INTERIOR REGION SPECIES. 263distance back of the aperture. It inliabits crevices in the slates ofthe Ocoee District, where I have found it at the localities above men-tioned. The genitalia of this species, of the H. Uneatus, Z. suhplanus, P.Bryant i, and other rare shells of this region will form the subject of afuture paper.The above is Wetherby's description. A figure of his type is alsogiven. STROBIL.A, Morse.Animal as in Patula.Shell umbilicated, globose-conic or depressed, obliquely and coarselystriated, smoother below; whorls 5 or 6, the last riG.279.globose; aperture lunately rounded; peristomethickened, reflected ; the parietal wall and base ofthe last whorl each with two or more entering re-volving laminae.An American genus ; one of its species, however,
. Animal of iS. labyrinthica.IS also louud in Jamaica. (Morse.)Jaw low, wide, slightly arcuate, ends scarcely attenuated, blunt;cutting margin without median projection; riG.28o.anterior surface with (over twelve in lahy-rinthica, numerous in Huhbardi) crowdedribs,^denticulating either margin, and moredeveloped on the center of the jaw. Jaw ofs. labyrMhica.Lingual membrane of labyrinthica as usual in Helicidw, long niid nar-row, with 78 rows of 13-1-13 teeth each, with 5 perfect laterals. Morsefigures 6 laterals. Centrals with a base of attachment about square,ui^per edge broadly reflected; reflection very short, bearing a long,slender, median cusp, reaching the lower edge of the base of attach-ment, with a short cutting jioint extending slightly beyond it; sidecusps very small, each bearing a short cutting point. Lateral teethlike the centrals, but asymmetrical by the suppression of the innerlower angle of the base of attachment and the inner side cusp andside cutting i)oiut. Outer lateials gradually changing into the mar-ginals, which are low, wide, with a reflection equaling the base ofattachment, and furnished with numerous (about five) subequal, shortcutting points, the inner one longest and bifid (Terr. Moll., V, Plate V,Fig. O).Morse mentions no ribs on the anterior surface of the jaw, but theyare well (leveloped on the specimen examined by me.
264 A MANUAL OF AMERICAN LAND SHELLS.S. Hubhardi, a specimen from Bonaventure Cemetery, near Savannah,kindly opened by Mr. Bland, furnished a jaw and lingual membrane.Jaw long, low, slightly arcuate, ends acuminated; no median projec-tion to cutting edge; anterior surface with numerous crowded ribs,deuticulating either margin. Lingual membrane with 14-1-14 teeth,o laterals. All the teeth like those of 8. lahyrinthica (Terr. Moll., V,Plate V, Fig. N).There are no known species foreign to North America with which tocompare the dentition and jaw of lahyrinthica and Hubbardi.Strobila labyrintliica, Say.Shell umbilicated, globose-conic, brownish horn-color, with stout ribs
,g^ above, and below lighter, witli arborescent wrinkles ; spire
^^^tn^ obtuse ; umbilicus narrow, pervious ; aperture scarcely ob-iMv > liqae, lunately rounded; peristome briefly reflected, thick-
"^^^^s^' ened ; ijarietal wall with three revolving, deeply entering,S. lahyrinthica,enlarged, parallel lamiL'a', the central further within the aperture andless de^'eloped, and around the axis one stout, lamella-like rib, notreaching the columella ; on the base of the outer whorl are two short,deeply seated, internal, revolving, rib-like lamina3. Greater diameter,2^?" ; height, 11'"'".Helix lahyrinthica, Say, Jourii. Hiila. Acad., i, 124 ^817) ; Nich. Encycl., ed, 3, iv (1819);ed. BiNNKY, 10.? BiNNEY, Bost. Journ. Nat. Hist., iii, 393, pi. xxvi, fig. 1(1837); Terr. Moll., ii,20-2,i)l. xvli, fig. 3.?GouLD, Invertebrata, 184, fig. 106(1841).?Adams, Veraiont IMollusca, 160 (1842).?Ferussac, Tab. Syst., 38;Hist., pi. li, B, fig. 1.?Pfeiffer, Symbolic, ii, 31; Mon. Hel. Viv.,i, 416.
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Chemnitz, ed. 2, i, 38^ t. Ixvi, figs. 17-20.?Eeeve, Con. Icon., No. 728(1852).?De Kay,N. Y. Moll., 39, pi. iii, fig. 31 (1842).-Deshayes, in FER.,i,210.?W. G. BiNNEY,Terr. Mo]l.,iv, 95 : L. & Fr.-W. Sli.,i, 84 (1869).?MOKSE, Anier. Nat., i, 545, figs. 41, 42 (1867).?Gould and Binney, Iuv. ofMass.,ed. 2,415 (1870).Strobila lahyrinthica, Morse, Journ. Portl. Soc, i, 26, figs. 64-67, pi. ii,fig. 12, a, &; pi.viii, fig. 68 (1864).?Tkyon, Am. Journ. Concli., ii,259 (1866).?W. G. Binney,Terr. Moll., v, 259.A Post-Pliocene* species, now found over all of the Eastern Prov-ince. It may perhaps also have been noticed in Mexico, under the
* Woodward (Man., 384) refers an extinct English Eocene Helix to this species. Ihave seen no specimens (f it. Mr. Bland -writes me that he has received from Francea fossil shell, under the name of H. labyrinthicida, apparently identical with ourspecies.Whiteaves (Can. Nat., vii, 56) says H. lahyrinthica has been found in Upper Eoceneat Headon Hill, Isle of Wight, and in the Paris basin.
7':astern rROViNci:?ixtkriou region species. 265
Fig. 282.
Fig. 283.
iiaiiie of II. iStrebelij Pfr. (see Fischer and Crosse, Moll. Mex. etGnat.).]\Ir. Morse has ^iven the following description of the interuallaminsBwhich characterize this species:
" The shell has been described as having one revolving tooth withinthe aperture, and sometimes a second one, ter-minating farther within the aperture. I havealways found this second one constant, and alsoa ihird one, but slightly raised between thesetwo. At the base of the shell and fiir Avithinthe aperture are two more revolving ribs, run-ning about a third of one volution. Theseare plaiidy visible through the substance of S- ^-^yrintMca, eni.rsed.the shell. A heavy columellar tooth or rib extends from a slight dis-tance within the aperture, nearly onevolution back. This columellar tooththickens the substance of the shell inthe umbilical region, and causes a dis-tinct fold without the shell. A mostsingular feature is revealed in thestructure of the parietal lamina',.With an ordinary magnifying ])owersmall swellings are seen at close intervals along these laminse, which,when magnified four hundred diameters, are seen to be surmountedwith from five to ten sharj) spines, pointing toward the aperture. Tlieseswellings appear to coincide in number and position with the raised ribswithout the shell, though they are not formed at the same time, foras these laminse approach the aperture they become attenuated anddisappear. The surface upon which these laminae rest is granulated,and not smooth, as is generally the case with the interior of shells. Itis difficult to imagine the use of these spiny projections, unless theymay act in some way as points of resistance to the animal for the sup-port of a very heavy shell."Jaw : see p. 203.Lingual membrane with 78 rows of 1.3-1-13 teeth each; centrals tri-cuspid, central cusp very long; laterals of same shape, but bicuspid;marginals low^ broad, serrated (Terr. Moll.,Y, Plate Y, Fig. O).
Parietal laminfB of S. lahyrinthica.
'266 A MANUAL OF AMERKAN LAND SHELLS.POLVGYRA. (See below.)Polyg'ys'a Iciiorina, Gould.Shell with a partially covered umbilicus, depressed, orbicular, tliin,fk:. 2S4.* reddish horn-color, delicately striated, and, when fresh, hav-ing a delicate down on its surface; spire depressed, composedof five slightly convex whorls, the last of which is obtuselyangular at its upper portion ; base convex, excavated at thep.ieporina. uiubilical rcgiou, with a miuute, partially covered umbilicus;aperture oblique, lunate; peristome incumbent, rose-colored, reflexed,bearing on its dilated basal edge two expanded teeth, separated by adeep, narrow fissure, its terminations joined by a quadiate, erect,oblique lamella, whose upper edge is joined to the upper angle of theaperture by a thread-like callus ; an 'internal, fulcrum-like tubercle,with uneven outer edge, on the base of the shell. Great diameter 6,lesser 5i?'" ; height, 3?".Eelix leporJim, Gould, Proc. Bost. Soc, iii, T.O (1848) ; in Terr. Moll., ii, 199, pi. xl a,fig. 1.
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Eeeve, Con. Icon., 722 (18r)2). ? Blaxd, Ann. N. Y. Lyc.,vi, 348(TsoS).?W. G. BiNNEY,T.M.,lv,92; L. &Fr.-W. Sh., 1, 111 (1869).?Pfeif-FK.K, Mon. Hel. Viv., iv, 320, no descr. .Helix pustula, Pfeiffer, Mou. Hel. Viv., i, 70, descr. ; var. (3] iii, 268, not of Ferus-SAC.DcedaloehUa Jepor'nia, 1'rtox, Am. Journ. Cnnch., iii, 61 (1867).Pohidiira Irporina, W. G. Binney, T. M., v, Lt'8..Indiana; Illinois; Arkansas; Mississippi; Marengo County, Ala-bama; Georgia; Texas. A species of the Southern Eegion, rangingquite into the Interior Eegion.P. leporina is larger th^n ]^ustida , less elevated, the whorls are lessconvex, the incremental stri?e less numerous and distinct, and theaperture is wider. The umbilicus is more nearlj' covered by the peris-tome, and is without the groove which prevails in pvsttda. Within andnear the aperture there is what may be called thefalcrum, extendingfrom the floor of the last to that of the penultimate whorl, aid ap-proaching in character to, but less strongly developed than, that inStenotrema monodon. The outer edge of this fulcrum is uneven, in onespecimen somewhat denticulated.Genitalia not observed.Jaw as usual; over 11 stout, separated ribs; a strong upper muscu-lar attachment.Lingual membrane as usual in the genus (Terr. Moll.,V, Plate YI,Fig. F).. Teeth 18-1-18, with 8 laterals.
* The figure does not show the hirsute character of the epidermis.
EASTERN IKOVINCE N lEinOR REGK'N SPECIES. 267Polyg-yra llazardi, Elaxd.Shell rimately uinbilicated, discoidal, depressed above, convex be-low, light born-color, sparingly hirsute, with separated rib- iio jss.like stri?; spire planulate; whorls 5, gradually increasing,the upper ones rounded, smoother, the last convex, planebelow, scrobiculated, and with an insulated, smooth, promi-nent bulge behind the peristome, deflected at the aperture; ^' en^rgel^''rimation level, at first grooved, showing 1^ whorls, aud ending in anarrow umbilicus; aperture subreuiform, very oblique, contracted;peristome white, thickened, not reflected, continuous, its terminationsapproached, joined by a prominent, excavated, heavy, somewhat flex-uose, emarginate, tongue- like callus, projecting almost across the aper-ture; within the columellar margin of the peristome is an erect, blunt,stout denticle (its inner end continued back within the aperture intoan erect lamella joining the inner wall), somewhat overlapping and thuspartially concealing from view a smaller, more deeply seated, erect, ob-tuse, stout denticle on the right margin of the peristome; an internaltransverse tubercle on the base of the shell. Greater diameter 7, lesser6'"'"; height, S'""".Pohigiira jylicata* Say, Journ. Acad. Pbila., ii, 161 (1821); ed. Binney, 21.Helix fatigiata, Binney, in Bost. Journ. Nat. Hi^t., iii, 3dS (1840), part (excl. syn. andfig.) ; in Terr. Moll., part (excl. syn. aud fig.).Helix Texaniana, Pfeiffeh, Mou. Hel. Viv., i, 418 (excl. syu. and descr.); in Chem-nitz, i, 85 (excl. syn., descr., and fig.).Helix Dorfcitilliana, Deshayes, in Fer., i, 73 (excl. descr., syn., and fig.).Helix Troostiayia, Pfeiffer, Mon. Hel. Viv., iv, 318, part.Helix Hazardi, Bland, Auu. N. Y. Lye, vi, 291, pi. ix, figs. 27-30 (1858).?Pfeiffer,Mai. Bliitt., 1859, 34.?W. G. Binney, Terr. Moll., iv, 84, pi. Ixxviii, fig. 13;L. & Fr.-W. Sh., i, 99 (1869).Helix Jiniiima, Deshayes, in Fer. ?Helicina pUcata, De Kay, N. Y. Moll., 82 (1843).Bwclalochila Hazardi, Tryon, Am. Journ. Conch., iii, 68 (1867).Polygijra Hazardi, \V. G. Binney, Terr. Moll., v, 270.Alabama (Tuscumbia), Kentucky (near Frankfort), Georgia, andTennessee (Cumberland Mountains). A species of the CumberlandSubregiou.Animal small, smoky-white; head aud eye-peduncles dark blue.This shell may be distinguished from fastigans and Troostiana, inde-pendently of the absence of the carina, by its smaller size, and moreparticularly by the different form, relative size, and position of the
* Not preoccnpied in Fohjgyra, and should be used by the strict laws of priority butnot bv the established rules of nomenclature.
268 -A MANUAL OF AMERICAN LAND SHELLS.teeth. lu those species the superior tooth on the peristome is trans-verse, compressed, and larger than the inferior one, from which it isseparated by a "remarkable sinus," distinctly visible on looking intothe aperture; the inferior tooth is obtuse. Immediately behind theperistome the position of the teeth is marked by small shallow pits,giving the character to the last whorl designated bj^ Shuttleworth
^''scrohiculaio-constrictus,''^ and the striae run over the whorl up to theperistome. In Hazardi the two teeth within the peristome are of thesame character as the superior one in fastigans and Troostiana ; the in-ferior tooth is, however, the larger, and so partially conceals the lowermargin of the superior one as to obstruct the view into the aperture,and give no appearance of separation " by a remarkable sinus." Boththe teeth are more deeply seated than in the other species. Thenature of the scrobiculation behind the peristome in Hazardi alone suffi-ciently distinguishes it from its allies. The space behind the peristome,and between it and the curved pit showing the seat of the superiortooth, is convex and smooth, the striae not extending over it.This species has, .in common with fastigans and Troostiana, a thin,brown, but more sparingly hirsute epidermis. I have noticed thetubercle within the last whorl, near the aperture, in fastigans andTroostiana, but no such process exists in the species now under con-sideration. In Hazardi the inferior tooth of the peristome, at its innerend, is continued back within the aperture, forming a white, erectlamella on the floor of the whorl, parallel with and leaving a narrowsinus between it and the inner wall, to which it is joined at its extrem-ity, about two and a half millimeters from the edge of the peristome.The i^osition of this lamella can be seen through the shell.Jaw as usual in the genus ; ribs numerous.Lingual membrane (Terr. Moll., Y, Plate VI, Fig. O) has 16-1-16teeth, with 8 laterals. At least 3 of the transition teeth, or first mar-ginals, have no bifurcation to the inner cutting point. Beyond thesethe marginals have the point bifid.Genitalia unobserved.Polygyra Troostiana, Lea.Shell rimately umbilicated, discoidal, slightly convex above, flat-tened below, obtusely carinated, with separated, strong, rib-like striaethroughout,* hirsute, russet horn-color; spire not much elevated ; whorls
* Some, of the striiB exteud over the carina on to the base of the shell, without beingcjirriecl into the umbilicus.
EASTERN PROVINCE INTERIOR REGION SPECIES. 2G95^, flattened, tlie last more convex, descending at tlie aperture, groovedbehind the peristome, "vrith a smoother bulge, below plane, widely ri-mated, and ending in a small umbilicus j aperture oblique, ^10.286.-subreniform, very much contracted, f;ir within on the baseof the outer whorl, with a small, detached, erect, roundedtubercle; peristome white, thickened, continuous, ends ap-proached, joined by an excavated, emarginate, somewhatflexuose, slighty entering, tongue-like, heavy callus, thebasal margin with a submarginal, obtuse, stout denticle,ri.aht margin with a more deeply seated, broader denticle. ^- Troostiana,Greater diameter 9, lesser 8""" ; height, 3'""".
rolygi/7-a Troostiana, Lea, Tr. Ara. Phil. Soc, vi, 107, pi. xxiv, fig. 119; Obs., ii, 107(18:59).?TrOschel, Arch. f. Nat., 1839, iii, 222.Helix Tronstiana, Pfeiffeu, Mou. Hel. Viv., i, 419, excl. syn. et var. ; in Chemnitz,ed. 2, i, 376, pi. Ixv, figs. 21-24.?Deshayes, iu Fer., i, 75, pi. Ixis, D, fig. 4?? 'Eeeve, Con. Icon., No. 706 (1852).?W. G. Binney, Terr. Moll., iv, 88, pi.ixxviii, tig. U.?L. iS:. Fr.-W. Sh., i, 98, fig. 175 (1869).?Bland, Ann. N. Y.Lye, vi, 288, pi. ix, figs. 21-23 (1858).Selix fatigiata, Binney, Bost. Jonrn. Nat. Hist., iii, 388, pi. xix, fig. 3, part, exclsyn. ; in Terr. Moll., part ii, 193, pi. xxxix, fig. 2.Uelix pUcaia, Binney (not of Say), Terr. Moll., pi. xxxix, fig. 2, uot text.DifdaJochUa Troontiana, Tryon, Am. Jonrn. Conch., iii, 67 (1867).Polygyra Troostiana, W. G. Binney, Terr. Moll., v, 275.Murfreesborough and Franklin County, Tennessee; Kentucky. Aspecies of the Cumberland Subregiou.P. Troostiana is very closely allied to F. fastigans, from which I sep-arate it with some hesitation. In its fresh state it has a thin, sparinglyhirsute epidermis. I have, moreover, two specimens in my cabinet (bothhirsute) which are as acutely carinated ^s fastigans, with the strise asl^rominent below as above (in one more numerous), but both having theparietal tooth of Troostiana.I am not altogether satisfied with the validity of Shuttle-worth's re-mark that the superior tooth in fastigans is larger and more consi^icu-ous than in Troostiana.This species has the same tubercle within the last whorl us fastigans.Jaw as usual iu the subgenus Polygi/ra, with about 10 broad, crowdedribs, denticulating either margin.P. Troostiana (Terr. Moll., V, Plate VI, Fig. D) has 25-1-25 teeth,with 8 laterals on its lingual membrane.
* The figure does not show the hirsute character of the shell.
^70 A MANUAL OF AMERICAN LAND SHELLS.Genital system (Terr. Moll., Y, Plate XV, Fig. I) long and slender,especially the ovary and oviduct; vagina long, receiving tbe duct of thegenital bladder below its middle, and the sac of the penis still lowerdown ; penis sac long, tubular, of about same width as the vagina, witha prominent bulb at its apex, into the end of which is inserted the vasdeferens ;ind at the side of which the retractor muscle i^ artached;genital bladder moderate, oval, on a duct of about equal length andsize as the vagina. Polygyia fnsti^aiis L W. Say.Shell rimately perforated, plane above, inflated below, with fold-likeF^^ striae above, smoother below, somewhat shining, of a russethorn-color, hirsute; spire flattened; whorls ^, flattened,the last acutely carinated above, very abruptly deflected atthe aperture, scrobiculated, constricted, convex below;aperture very oblique, subreniform, very much contracted,tridentate; within the base of the last v^^horl is a small, de-tached, ere.ct, lounded tubercle; peristome white, reflected,p.fast<i;ans. jts terminations joined by a stout, subtriangular, excavated,deeply entering tooth, the right-hand margin with a stout, deeplyseated tooth, the columellar margin with a submarginal smaller tooth.Greater diameter 10, lesser 9'"'"; height, about 4'"'".Polygyrafalifjiata, Say,! N. Harm. Diss., ii, 229 (1829); ed. Binney, 37.Helix fatu/iaia, BixNNey, in Bost. Jouru. Nat. Hist., ill, 388 (1840), ex parte (excl.syu. et tig.); Terr. Moll., ii, 193 (pais), pi. xxxix, fig. 4 (excl. 8yn.).-SHUT-TLEWORTH, Born. Mitt., 1852, 197?Bland, N. Y. Lye, vi, 283. pi. ix, ligs. 17-20 (18r)8).?W. G. Binne\, Terr. Moll., iv, 82; L. & Fr.-W. sii., i, 97, fig. 173(1869).?Pfeiffer, Mou. Hel. Viv., iv, 318.Helix Texamnia, /?, Pfeiffer, Men. Hel. Viv., i, 418; iii, 2?7; in Chemnitz, ed. 2, i,86, excl. descr., syu., et fig.?Deshayes, in Fer., i, 74, excl. descr.' syn.,'etfig.Helix DorfeuiUiana, Deshayes, in Fer., i, 73 (excl. syu.), pi. Ixix, D, fig. 3, not ofLea.Helicinafastif/iata, De Kay, N. Y. Moll., 82 (1843).Helix fastUjans, L. W. Say, MS. in Bland, Ann. N. Y. Lye, vii, 140.Dwdalovhila fastigans, Tkyon, Am. Jouru. Couch., iii, 67* (1867).I'oliigijrafastifjans, W. G. Binney, Terr. Moll., v, 273.A species of the Cumberland Subregion, found in Tennessee atOlarkeville and Nashville and in Franklin County, and in Kentucky inHenry County-.
*Tho hirsute epidermis is not sliown in the figure.tThis uame, or XAthai: fastigiata, for which it was intended, is uot preoccupied inrolijgyra, hut it is not in accordance with the est.nblished rules of nomenclature toiibandon a specific name after it has become firmly established.
EASTERN PROVINCE INTERIOR REGION SPECIES. 271P. fastigans is larger thau Troostiana^ Razardi, .and BorfeuilUana;it is most nearly allied to the first, and thongh it is connected with thesecond, is wholly distinct from the last. The parietal tooth is more rec-tangnlar than that of Troostiana, in which it is slightly emarginatenear the tip, but much more so in Hazardi, while the parietal tooth inDorfeuilUana is rather quadrate. The teeth on the peristome infastigansand Troostiana are much alike as regards form, size, and position, thesuperior one being the largest; both are larger and transverse in Dor.feuilUana and in Hazardi, the infeiior one being the largest in the lat-ter. Behind the peristome there are two small pits, showing the situa-tion of the teeth in fastigans and Troostiana, while there is scarcelymore than a deep, well-marked constriction in DorfeuilUana. P. Troos-tiana has a slight groove on the inner side of the last whorl, the ab-sence of which in fastigans is noticed by Say; but I scarcely considerthat a good specific character. Fresh specimens of fastigans are, Ibelieve, covered with a very thin epidermis, on which hairs are spar-ingly scattered ; the scars of the hairs may be detected, especially onthe last whorl, in denuded shells.P. fastigans has, at a short distance within the aperture, on the baseof the last whorl, a small, detached, erect, rounded tubercle, answeringprobably the same purpose in the economy of the animal as the " ful-crum" originally noticed by Mr. Lea (Observations, Vol. V, p. 80) inStrenotrenia spinosum, though of a different construction.Jaw slightly arcuate, long, Ioav, with about 20 ribs on the anteriorsurface, crenulating either margin.P. fastigans (Terr. Moll., V, Plate VI, Fig. H) has 21-1-21 teeth,with 8 laterals on the lingual membrane.STE.\OTREMA, Raf.Animal heliciform, mantle subcentral; other characters as in Patula.Shell with the perforation covered, lenticular or globosely depressed,hairy ; whorls 4^-6, the last anteriorly gibbous, shortly deflexed, tumidbelow; spire somewhat elevated; peristome with a white, thickenedmargin, briefly reflexed above, somewhat constricted in its basal por-tion, usually sinuous and dentate, furnished with an internal transversetubercle on the floor of the base of the last whorl.A North American genus, meeting its greatest development in theCumberland Subregion.
272 A MANUAL OF AMERICAN LAND SHELLS.Jaw tbick, high, arched; ends but little acnininated, blunt; cuttingi^^^^s- margin without median projection ; anterior surfacewith stout, broad, crowded ribs, denticulating either^ margin. There are about 8 in stenotremum, 11 in ger-
'^''^ fMOTseT"'*''"' manum, 7 in monodon, 8 in hirsutum, 13 in Udmrdsi, 12in barhigerunij 8 in spinosum, 12 in lahrosum.I have had no opportunity of examining Edgarianum ot maxillatum.The subgenus is restricted to North America, as far as known. Itdiffers from our other subgenera in having the ribs on its jaw muchbroader and more closely crowded.Lingual membrane arranged as in Pafula. Centrals with a base ofattachment longer than wide, the lower lateral angles but little ex-panded, the lower margin incurved, the uiiper margin squarely reflected;reflection large, wide, with small, in some species almost obsolete, sidecusps, always bearing distinct, well developed cutting points, and avery stout median cusp, bearing a stout cutting point, which usuallyprojects beyond the lower edge of the base of attachment. Lateralslike the centrals, but asymmetrical by the suppression of the innerlateral angle of the lower edge of the base of attachment and the innerside cusi) and cutting point. The transition from laterals to marginalsis shown in Terr. Moll., V, Plate VII, Fig. B {8. spinosum). It is, asusual, produced by the comparative lesser development of the innercusp and greater development of its cutting point. This cutting pointbecomes bifid, the reflection becomes shorter, the cutting points moreproduced, and thus gradually the form of the marginal teeth is reached.They are low, wide, the reflection equaling the base of attachment,the cutting points long, oblique, usually two in number, the inner onegenerally and the outer one rarely bluntly bifid; the outer bifurcationof each is more produced than the inner. There is great variation inthe denticulation of the marginal teeth even on the same lingual mem-brane. A transition from laterals to marginals similar to that of S.npinosum is found in 8. harhigerum^ lahrosinn, JEdvardsi, stenotremum,hirsutumj germanum, and mcnodon. There seems no difference in thecharacters of the teeth of the different species examined by me, except-ing the slight one of the greater or lesser development of the side cuspsof centrals or laterals, especially the former ; whether this is constantcan only be proved by a careful examination of every portion of eachlingual. In S. hirsutum I found these cusps more developed than inthe other species.
EASTERN PROVINCE INTERIOR REGION SPECIES. 273Steiiotrcnia spiiiosiiin, Lea.Shell imperforate, lenticular, with the upper surface much flattened,acutely carinated ; epidermis dark chestnut-color, with minute, hair-like processes lying flat upon the whorls in the direction of fjg. 289.*their lines of growth, striate ; whorls 6, of nearly uniformwidth, and decreasing very gradually from the aperture tothe spire ; suture distinct, slightly raised ; aperture verynarrow ; peristome yellowish-white, near its junction with ^- ^pinosum.the body-whorl thickened, angulated, and slightly reflected, with amedian cleft; parietal wall with a long, yellowish, narrow, projectingtooth, extending from the umbilical axis to the angle of the peristomeand parallel with its thickened edge ; base convex, with the umbilicalregion slightly indented ; within the shell, springing from the axis, isa transverse, curved, white tubercle. Greatest diameter 14, lesserIS-""'; height, e--.CaracoUa spinoaa, Lea, Am. Phil. Trans., iv, 104, pi. xv, fig. 35; Obs., i, 114 (1834).Helix mnnosa, Binney, Bost. Journ. Nat. Hist., iii, 367, pi. xi, fig. 2 (1840) ; Terr. Moll.,ii, 153, pi. xliv, fig. 1, excl. syn.
?
Pfeiffer, Mon. Hel. Viv., i, 421 ; in Chem-nitz, etl. 2,i, 375, pi. Ixv.figs. 15 17 (1849).?De Kay, N. Y. Moll., 47, pi. v,fig. 114 (1843).?Reeve, Con. Icon., G85 (1852).?W. G. Binney, Terr. Moll.,iv, 65; L. ?fc Fr.-W. Sh., i, 113, figs. 189, 190 (1869).Stenotrema spinosa, Tryon, Am. Journ. Conch., iii, 58 (1867).?W. G. Binney, Terr.Moll., V, 291.A species of the Cumberland Subregion, common in East Tennessee,ranging into Alabama and Georgia.Fig. 289 shows the iuternal tubercle.Animal light colored, head and eye-peduncles darker, foot narrow,translucent, length little more than the diameter of the shell, pointedat the end. Eyes black, eye-peduncles G""" long. Shell carried hori-zont'illy on the baik.Jaw as usual, wi;h 8 ribs.Lingual membrane (Terr. Moll., V, Plate VII, Fig. B) with 27-1-27teeth; 9 perfect laterals; the eleventh tooth has a bifid inner cuttingpoint.Plate XIV, Fig. H, of Terr. Moll., V, represents the genital system ofthis species. The penis sac is very long, attenuated at either end,greatly swollen at the median third of its length. The genital bladderis oval, on a short duct.
* Tlie hirsute character of the epidermis is not shown in the figure.1749_I>?]1. o.S 18
274 A MANUAL OF AMERICAN LAND SHELLS.Stenotreina labrosuiu. Bland.Shell imperforate, lenticular, carinated, the carina somewhat obsoletebehind the aperture, solid, with curved strioe, dark-brown colored be-
^ip- "9"- neath the epidermis ; ei)idermis thin, with prostratehairs ; spire convex-conoid, obtuse ; whorls 5J, ratherconvex, the last deflexed, constricted, the base inflatedand sculptured beneath the epidermis with numerousimpressed spiral lines ; the aperture very oblique, nar-s.iabrosum, eniargei. rowly car-shapcd, coutractcd by a strong linguiformtooth extending along the entire parietal wall; peristome callous, some-what reflected, the margin joined by a sinuous callus, the basal marginthickened, inwardly much dilated, with a deep and wide notch in themiddle ; with an internal transverse tubercle on the base of the shell.Greater diameter 12J, lesser 10"""; height, 6^""'.Helix lairosa, Bland, Anu. N. Y. Lyc.vii, 430, pi. iv, fig. 19 (1861).?W. G. Bixney,L. & Fr.-W. Sh., i, Hi (1869).Sienotrema lahrosa, Tryon, Am. Journ. Conch., iii, 59 (1867).?W. G. Binney, Terr.Moll., V, 292.A species of the Cumberland Subregion, ranging southerly into Ala-bama, southwesterly into Arkansas.The thickened and reflected peristome and deep, wide notch suffi-ciently distinguish labrosum from Edgarianum. The notch in the latter,situated in the center of the aperture, as in stenotremum, is, in a meas-ure, obsolete; but in lahrosum it is strongly developed and nearer tothe outer edge'of the peristome, as in liirsutum. The form of the pa-rietal tooth of this species is like that of hirsutum, while Edgarianumis in that particular more like stenotremiim. Edgarianum^ in fact, con-nects stenotremum with spiriosum, but labrosum is rather allied to Jiirsu-tum, and in the character of the iieristome to maxillatum.Jaw with 12 ribs. Lingual membrane with 35-1-35 teeth, 12 of whichare laterals (Terr. Moll., Y, Plate XVI, Fig. T).Genitalia as in monodon.Steuotreiiia Edg'arianum, Lea.Shell imperforate, lenticular, carinated, solid, arcuately striate, underFig. 291. the epidermis yellowish flesh-color, with distant, short,prostrate hairs ; spire convex-conoid, rather obtuse; whorls5, flattened, the last anteriorly deflected, subconstricted
;
ai)erture very oblique, most narrowly ear-shaped, narrowedby a stout, tongue-shaped, arcuatelv entering tooth on theS. Edgarianum, "^ 7 & i 5 - oenlarged. f^^\\ length of the parietal wall ; jieristome subcontinuous.
EASTERN PROVINCE? iNTl'RIOR REGION SPECIES. 27.')its upper margiu subsiinple, its basal margin much dilated iuwardly,with a slight median cleft ; far withiu, on the base of the shell, is astout, transverse tubercle. Greater diameter 9, lesser S""" ; height,KmvaCaracoUa Edgariana,'LTL\, Trans. Am. I''hil.Soc.,ix,2; Obs., iv, 9 (1843) ; Proc, ii, 31(1841) ; iu Troschel's Arch. f. Nat., 1843, ii, 124.Relix Edgariana, Pfeiffer, Mon. Hel. Viv., i, 425.
?
Binney, Terr. Moll., ii, 155, pi.xliv, fig> 2.?Reeve, Con. Icou., 703.?W. G. Binney, Terr. Moll., iv, 65
;
L. & Fr.-W. Sh., i, 114 (1869).?Bland, Aun. N. Y. Lye, vii, 428, pi. iv,fig. 18.Stenotrema Edgariana, Tryon, Am. Journ. Concli., iii, 59 (1867).?W. G. Binney,Terr. Moll., v, 293.Distribution like S. lahrosum.S. Edgarianum differs from spinosum in the following particulars : Itis smaller, more elevated, and more convex beneath. In form the pa-rietal tooth is most like that of stenotremum, while that of spinosum ismore nearly allied to that usually prevailing in Mrsiitwn. The whorlsof spinosiim are flattened and exserted, the carinated edges of all beingseen, but in Edgarianum the upper whorls are rather convex, and de-fined by a well-marked suture. Traces of hairs rarely exist at the baseof spinosum., and no scars indicating their presence are visible on deador denuded shells, whereas in Edgarianum there are distant, short,prostrate hairs, with strongly marked scars on the shell. Fresh oryoung specimens have, no doubt, the cilia, as in spinosum.Animal not observed.Stenotrema ?dvardsi, Bland.Shell imperforate, lenticular, carinate, the carina obsolete near theaperture, rather thin, beneath the epidermis i)ale brown; the j,^^ ^^^epidermis dark chestnut-color, with numerous, minute, curved,hair like processes lying flat upon and attaclied to the epi-dermidal surface of the upper whorls in the direction of theincremental striae, the epidermis at the base covered with ^s. Edvcu-dsi.acute, raised, transverse tubercles, most numerous and having erectbristles near the aperture ; spire convex conoid ; whorls 5, flattened,gradually increasing, the last gibbous above, suddenly but slightlydeflected; apex minutely granulate; base convex, little indented in theumbilical region, and with impressed spiral lines beneath the epidermis;suture deeply impressed ; aperture oblique, transverse, auriform, nar-rowed by a slender, slightly arcuate, lamelliform parietal tooth extend-ing across from the umbilical axis, and terminating with a short, angular
21 C) A MANUAL OF AMKRIOAN LAND SHELLS.deflection within the aperture; upper margin of tlie peristome acuf6,scarcely reflected, and partially appressed to the body-whorl, with atooth-like callus within, having an almost obsolete notch in the center;with an internal transverse tubercle on the base of the shell. Greaterdiameter 9, lesser 8"?; height, 5"?.HeliJC Edvardsi, Bland, Ann. N. Y. Lye, vi, 277, pL ix, figs. 14-16 (1858).?W. G.BiNNEY, Terr. Moll., iv, 63, pi. Ixxix, figs. 7-9; L. & Fr.-W. Sh., i, 115(1869).?Pfeiffer, Mai. Bliitt., 1859, 13.Stenotrema Edwardsi, Tryon, Amer. Jonrn. Conch., iii, 59 (1867).Stenotrema Edvardsi, W. G. Binney, Terr. Moll., v, 293.Mountains of Fayette or Greenbrier County, W, Virginia ; Laurel andWhitley Counties, Kentucky. A species of the Cumberland Snbregion.This species is allied to, or rather intermediate between, harbigerumand Mrsutuni, Say, the former connecting spinosum with fraternum. Itis smaller, more elevated, less acutely carinated, and readily distin-guished from 8. harbigerum by the partially ai)i)ressed, notched peri-stome and the different character of the epidermis. In barbigerum theattached, hair-like epidermidal processes are i^roduced at the snturesand carina into cilia, which are entirely wanting in this species. Thesame processes, though less numerous and sometimes almost obsolete,are observable at the base of the former, while in the latter the basalepidermis approaches in character to that of Triodopsispalliata. Thedeep characteristic notch in S. hirsutum is considerably less developedin S. Edvardsi, and the callus which connects the parietal tooth withthe upper margin of the peristome in the former does not exist in thelatter. In the general character of the peristome the species underconsideration resembles S. hirsutum, while barbigerum is in that partic-ular more appropriately compared -with fraternum, Say.Jaw as usual, with 13 broad, crowded ribs.Lingual membrane (Terr. Moll., V, Plate VII, Fig. D) with 20-1-20teeth ; 9 perfect laterals ; the eleventh tooth has its inner cutting pointbifid.Genitalia not observed.Stenotrema bai'big:ei'uin, Redfield.Shell imperforate, sharply cariuate, rather thin, dark horn-coloredFig. 203. or brown ; the upper surface has the epidermis raisedinto acute striae, which at the suture and carina are pro-duced into short cilia or bristles ; these epidermidal striaeare sometimes seen beneath, but less distinctly, beingoften obsolete in the mature shell ; basal surface convex,
EASTERN PROVINCE INTERIQR REGION SPECIES. 277but indented in the umbilical region^ spire sliglitly convex; wliorls5J, rather flat, last one suddenly but slightly deflected ; aperture veryoblique, transverse, ear- shaped, narrowed by a rather slender, tongue-shaped tooth, which extends nearly across the whole width of the ap-erture ; peristome callous, margins slightly but distinctly reflected andthickened within; basal margin slightly arcuate, but entire; with aninternal transverse tubercle at the base of the shell. Great''.r diameter10, lesser 9"?; height, 6""".Helix iarUffera, Redfield. Ann. N. Y. Lye, vi, 171, pi. ix, figs. 4, 5, 7, (ISofi).?Gould,in Terr. Moll., iii, 21.?W. G. BiNNEY,Terr. Moll., iv, 63, pi. Ixxvii, fig. 2;L. & Fr.-W. Sh., i, 116 (1869).?Pfeiffer, Mod. Hel. Viv., iv, 348.Stenotrema harhigera, Tryon, Am. Journ. CoDch., iii, GO (1667).?W, G. Binney, Terr.Moll., V, 294.A species of the Cumberland Subregion, ranging into North Caro-lina, Georgia (Habersham County), and Alabama.Smaller and more delicate ihnw S. spinosum ; striiie more numerous,thickly set with fine cilia, which project at the periphery in a finefringe, and not like short, triangular aculei, as in spinosum. The um-bilical region is less depressed, the parietal tooth much more delicate,and does not overlap the peristome, which stands off from the shelland is not appressed to it. S. Udgarianum is much more solid and ele-vated, has the parietal tooth more developed, the peristome notched,as in S. Jiirsutum, but has about the same diameter.Jaw as usual, with 12 crowded ribs.Lingual membrane (Terr. Moll., Y, Plate YII, Fig. C) has 21-1-21teeth ; 8 perfect laterals ; but even the third has its inner cutting pointgreatly produced.Genitalia as in 8. stenotremum.Stenotrema steiiotreiiiuin, Fer.Shell imperforate, globose, diaphanous, reddish, hirsute, convexabove, inflated below; spire elevated; whorls 5, somewhat fig. 294.*convex, the last anteriorl}" gibbous, angularly deflected ; aper- ^^^^ture irregularly transversely lunar, almost linear, contractedby a long, stout, elevated lamelliform tooth along the whole ^-:*0)length of the i)arietal wall, furnished far within, on the base of \^^the last whorl, with a transverse tubercle, springing from the ^'Tmm!^axis; peristome scarcely expanded above, thickened by a heavy, regu-
* The figure does not show the hirsute character of the shell.
278 A MANUAL OF AMERICAN LAND SHELLS.larly curving callus, its basal margin with a small notch. Greater di-ameter 10, lesser 9?" ; height, 6""".Helix stenotrema, Ferussac, in Miis., teste Pfeiffek, Symb., ii, '39, escl. pnsfula.?Eekve, Con. Icon., 702.?W. G. Binney, Terr. Moll., iv, 61 ; L. & Fr.-W. Sh.,i, 117 (1869).?Bland, Ann. N. Y. Lye, vii, 327,Selix hirsuta, var. a, FicRUSSAC, Hist., pi. l,a, fig. 3.?/?, Pfeiffer, Mon. Hel. Viv., i,421 ; in Chemnitz, til. 2, i, 376 (1846), pi. Ixv, figs. 12-14 (1849), var. stenotrema.
?Var. Binney, Terr. Moll., ii, 151, pi. xlii, fig. 4.?Deshayes, in FER.,i,140.Stenotrema co7ivexa,RAFiy;Esqv?.,'Eixnm. and Ace, 3 (1831) ; Binney and Tryon ed.,28.Stenotrema stenotrema, Tryon, Am. Jonrn. Couch., iii, 56 (1867).?W. G. Binney,Terr. Moll., v, 295.A Post-Pliocene species, now ranging over both Interior and South-ern Eegions.In stenotrcmum the notch is invariably small and more central thanin hirsuium ; the parietal tooth is more produced over the aperture,and its lower edge is a regular curve, not somewhat sinuous, as in thelatter and spinosum ; it is also curved downwards at its outer extrem-ity, not terminating abruptly, as usual in those species. The form ofthe parietal tooth, however, varies iii hirsuium, from which this speciescan chiefly, if indeed not alone, be distinguished by the size and posi-tion of the notch.Jaw as usual, with 8 stout, crowded ribs.Lingual membrane (Terr. Moll., Plate VII, Fig. E) has 20-1-20 teeth;10 laterals ; the eleventh tooth having its inner cutting point bifid.Genitalia as in S. hirsutum, with great development of prostate,penis sac, testicle, and epididymis; the last not convoluted.Stenotrema hirsutum, Say.Shell imperforate, subglobose; epidermis brownish or chestnut,covered with numerous, sharj), rigid hairs ; whorls 5, rounded ; sutureFig. 205.* distinct; aperture contracted, very narrow, almost closed^^ by an elongated, lamelliform tooth situated on the parietalwall and extending from the center of the base, withinthe junction of the peristome with the outer whorl, into thes. hirsutum. f^^\gQ yf i]^q apcrturc ; peristome narrow, very much de-pressed, and reflected against the outer \yhorl, with a deep cleft orfissure near the center of the basal margin ; umbilicus wholly covered;base convex ; far within the base of the shell is a transverse tubercle,starting from the axis. Greater diameter 7^, lesser 7'""; height,
* The hairy character of the epideruiis is not shown in the figure.
EASTERN PROVINCE? INTERIOR REGION SPECIES. 279Helix hirsuta, Say, Journ. Phila. Acad., i, 17 (1817); ii, 161; ed. Binney, 8.?BiN-NEY, Bost. Journ. Nat. Hist., iii, 365, \)\. x, fig. 3 (1840); Terr. Moll., ii, 150,pi. xliii, fig. 3, excl. st?notrema.?Di& Kay, N. Y. Moll., 36, pi. iii, fig. 27.
?
Gould, Invertebrata, 175, fig. 116 (1841).?F^.russac, Tab. Syst., 38; Hist.,pi. 1, a, fig. 1.?Deshayes in Lam., viii, 113; ed. 3, 308; Encyl. M6th., ii,253 (1830); in F^R., i, 140.?Mrs. Gray, Fig. of Moll. An., pi. cxciii, fig. 8,ex Bost. Journ.?Pfeiffer, Mod. Hel. Viv., excl. var., (3, i, 421; in Chem-nitz, ed. 2, excl. var., i, 374 (1846), pi. Ixv, figs. 9-11 (1849).?Reeve, Con.Icon., No, 714 (1852).?Leidy, T. M. U. S., i, 257, pi. xi, figs. 5, 6 (1851),anat?W. G. Binney, Terr. Moll., iv, 62; L. & Fr.-W. Sh., i, 118 (1869).?Bland, Ann. N. Y. Lye, viii, 327.?Morse, Am. Nat., i, 151, figs. 14, 15 (1867).
?Gould and Binney, Inv. of Mass. (2), 417 (1870),Helix sinuata, y, Gmelin (teste Pfeiffer).Helix isognomosiomos, y, Gmelin (teste Pfeiffer).Triodopsis hirsuta, Woodward, Man., pl. xiii, fig. 7, no descr.Helix fratcrna, Wood, Index, Suppl., 21, pl. viii, fig. 16 (1828); ed. Hanley, i26,fig. 16.Helix 1 porcina. Say, Long's Exped. (1824), ii, 257, pl. xv, fig. 2 (young); Binney'sed., 30, pl. Ixxiv, fig. 2.?De Kay, N. Y. Moll., 45 (1843).?Pfeiffer, Mon.Hel. Viv., iii, 97.?Bland, Ann. N. Y. Lye, vi, 344, with fig. (1858),Stenotrema hirsuta, Tryon, Am. Journ. Conch,, iii, 57 (1867).?W, G. Binney, Terr.Moll., V, 296 {hirsiitum).ADimal whitish ; head, eye-peduncles, and tentacles slate color
;
foot slender, semi-transparent ; length less than twice the diameter ofthe shell, terminating acutely ; cavity of the eye-peduncles apparent,when they are retracted, by two dark lines with a white space be-tween.A Post-Pliocene species, now found over the Northern and InteriorEegions as far as Kansas and Virginia, and even into Alabama.The last whorl in front of the aperture, especially in the largerforms, is more or less angulated, but never carinated. The positionof the parietal tooth is often rather oblique, but usually nearly parallelwith the peristome, and is more or less distant from it. The natureof the epidermis varies ; in some forms the hairs are very numerous,in others comparatively few. Spiral impressed lines sometimes occurbeneath the epidermis, at the base of the shell.Jaw as usual ; 8 crowded, broad ribs.Lingual membrane (Terr. Moll., V, Plate VII, Fig. F) has 22-1-22teeth; 10 perfect laterals.Anatomy figured by Leidy {I. c).Genitalia (Fig. 5) : Penis sac long, cylindrical, blunt above, whereit receives retractor muscle and vas deferens ; genital bladder narrow,elongate-ovate, on a short, narrow duct ; the convolution in the epidid-ymis commences near the testicle.
280 A MANUAL OF AMERICAN LAND SHELLS.Stenotrema inaxillatiim, Gould.Shell imperforate, globose-conic, rather solid, completely covered withFig. 296. sliort hairs, chestnut-colored; spire convex-conoid, apex ob-^^fik^ tuse; whorls 5, ratljcr convex, gradaally increasing, the last^pfi^^ anteriorly deflected, constricted, subinflated below; aperture
^?iiii^ oblique, linear, almost closed by a broad, jaw-shaped denti-s.maxiUatum. clc withiu the peristome; peristome thickened, its termina-tions joined by a stout, erect parietal callus, the right margin subrecti-liuear, arched, angularly merging into the very heavy basal margin;within the base of the shell is a transverse tubercle. Greater diam-eter 7, lesser C'"" ; height, 5""".Melix maxillata, Gould, Proc. Bost. Soc, iii, 38; in Terr. Moll., ii, 157, pi. xl, a, fig.2.?Pfeifker, Mon. Hel. Viv., iii, 126; iv, 164.?W. G. Binney, Terr. Moll.,iv, 65; L. ife Fr.-W. Sh., i, 119 (1869).Stenotrema maxillata, Tryon, Am. Journ. Conch., iii, 57 (1867).?W. G. BiNNEY, Terr.Moll., V, 297 {maxillatum).Tennessee, Alabama, Georgia (near Columbus). A species of theCumberland Subregion.This is another interesting example of the gradual transition, by al-most imperceptible modifications, from one species to another, and ofthe many changes which are wrought by the varied combination of afew characters signalizing a group. However great its general resem-blance to S. hirsutum may be, this species is decidedly characterized bythe singular jaw-like plate within the fauces.Animal unobserved.Stenotrema monodoii, Rackett.Shell imperforate or umbilicated, globose-depressed, diaphanous,
_, ??- reddish horn colored, covered with shortFig. 297.* i<IG. -J'JS. Fig. 299.t hairs ; spire rather convex : whorls 5i, the& upper ones flattened, the two last convex,Zaii. ^^^- Ser. the last anteriorly gibbous, constricted atnum. ^i^g aperture ; umbilicus more or less openedor completely closed ; aperture widely lunar, somewhat narrowed by alamelliform tooth on the parietal wall ; peristome acute, reflected, thick-ened with white callus within; a transverse internal tubercle on thebase of the shell. Greater diameter 11, lesser 10""" ; height, 6""".
* The specimen figured is abnormal in not having a parietal tooth,t The hirsute character of the shell is not shown in the figure.
r
EASTERN PROVINCE INTERIOR REGION SPECIES. 281Helix monodon, Rackett, Linn. Trans., xiii, 42, pi. v, fig. 2 (1822) ; ed Chenu, 269, pi.xxvii, fig. 5.?Wood, lud. Snpplem., pi. vii, fig. 15 (1828); ed. Hanley, 226,fig. 15.?BiNNEY, Bost. Jouru. Nat. Hist., iii, 360, pi. x, fig. 1 (1840) ; Terr.Moll., li, 147, pi. xli, lower figs.*?Gould, Invertebrata, 174, fig. 113 (1841).?Adams, Vermont Mollusca, 159 (1842).?W. G. Binney, Terr. Moll., iv, 60;L. & Fr.-W. Sb., i, 120 (18G9).?Gould and Binney, Iuv. of Mass., ed.2, 419(1870).?De Kay, N. Y. Moll., 35, part, excl. syn., pi. iii, fig. 19, not fig. 21, ai (1843).?Mrs. Gray, Fig. Moll. An., pi. cxciii, fig. 11 (ex. Bost. Journ., nodesc.).?Billings, Canadian Nat., ii, 100, fig. 6 (1857).?Morse, Amer. Nat.,1, 151, figs. 12,13 (1867).?Pfeiffer, Mou. Hel. Viv., iv, 320.Helix convexa, Chemnitz, part (excl. syn. et tab. Ixvi, figs. 24, 27), pi. x, 17, 18.
?
Pfeiffer, Mon. Hel. Viv., iii, 268 (excl. /? et y).?Deshayes, in Lam., viii, 112 ;ed.3, iii, 308; Encycl. M6th., ii, 253 (1830) ; in Fi;R. l.,c., i, 144.?Reeve, Con.Icon., 696 (1852), excl. syn.; No 717 (1854).Helicodonia Mrsuta, u, F:^russac, Tabl. Syst., 101, no desc.Stenoirema monodon, Morse, Journ. Portl. Soc, i, 10, fig. 13, pi. ii, fig. 2; pi. iv, fig.14 (1864).?Tryon, Am. Journ. Concb., iii, 56 (1867).?W. G. Binney, Terr.Moll., V, 298. Var. fraternum.Helix fraterna, Say, Long's Exp., ii,257, pi. xv, fig. 3; Binney's ed., 30, pi. Ixxir,fig. 3.
?
Mks. Gray, Fig. Moll. An., pi. cxciii, fig. 5, nodescr.
?
Binney, Bost.Journ. Nat. Hist., iii, 363, pi. x, fig. 2, not of Wood.Helix monodon, De Kay, N. Y. Moll., 1. c, ex parte, pi. iii, fig. 21, a, 6(1843).
?
Wood,Ind. Suppl., pi. vii, fig. 15.Helix convexa, Chemnitz, ed. 2, i, 86, ex parte.?Var. Reeve, Con. Icon., 1. c,
?
(3,Pfeiffer, Mon. Hel. Viv., i, 420.Helix monodon, /?, Pfeiffer, 1. c, iv, 320.
Var. L<eaii.Helix convexa, y, Pfeiffer, 1. c.?Var. Chemnitz, 1. c, pi. Ixvi, figs. 24, 25.Helix monodon, y, Pfeiffer, iv, 320.?Part Binney, Terr. Moll., pi. xli, central fig-ures.Helix Leaii, Ward, MS., teste Binney.Lister, Syn. Concb., pi. xciii, fig. 94.In the Post-Pliocene of the Mississippi Valley; now found in Can-ada and all the Eastern Province to Texas.Animal yellowish-brown, darker on the head, neck, eye-peduncles, andtentacles. Foot narrow, cylindrical, one and a half times as long as thediameter of the shell, terminating in a point. Eye-peduncles one-fourthof an inch long. Eyes black. Some individuals much darker thanothers (see B. J. N. H., I, Plate X).The varieties of this shell present remarkable differences in size andcoloring and in the form of the umbilicus. The transverse diametervaries from one-sixth to three sixths of an inch, and the form from sub-globular in small specimens to a very flattened shape in the larger.
*Tbe specimen figured is abnormal in not having a parietal tooth.
282 A MANUAL OF AMERICAN LA]\D SHELLSThe coloring exhibits every shade from light amber to dark chestuut,sometimes with a revolving band, and then known as var. cincta* Thewhorls of some revolve about the axis at such a distance as to leave adeep and wide umbilicus {monodon), while in others they are in suchnear approximation as to permit only a small perforation, which thenarrow, reflected peristome is sufficiently wide to cover (fraternum).The hairy projections of the epidermis are most distinct upon the youngshells, but are often wanting at every stage of growth. The obliquestriae are so fine as hardly to be visible, and in some instances the shellappears to be glabrous. Very beautiful si)ecimens, about one-fourth ofof an inch in diameter, with a dark, shining epidermis and open umbili-cus, occur in Oliio, Indiana, Iowa, and Michigan. They are more convex,and as the same number of volutions is contained in half the space, theyappear to have more whorls thau the common variety. Some i)ersonshave considered these to form a distinct species [H. Leaii, Ward, MS.);but I do not see that they can, with i)ropriety, be separated.In the Western States this species is generally found in the forests.In New Hampshire and Vermont it is also found in forests with otherspecies, but more commonly in hill-side pastures, under flat stones, asituation where other species rarely occur. Two individuals are com-mon I3' found together.Fig. 300 is drawn from a curious pathological specimen. 'The peri-stome having been broken after the animal's arrival at maturity, a newFig. 300. peristome has been formed somewhat in the rear of the first,
^'^^,.^>) and a new parietal tooth added. The base of the shell waspurposely broken to show the position of the internal tubercle.ii.monodon. r^]^Q jaw of iS. mouodon is slightly arcuate, stout, bluntlyrounded at ends ; anterior surface with broad, stout ribs, denticulatiugeach margin (Fig. 288).8. monodon (Terr. Moll., Y, Plate VII, Fig. H) has 21-1-21 teeth onits lingual membrane ; 10 perfect laterals ; the thirteenth tooth has abifid inner cutting point. Morse gives 28-1-28 teeth.The characteristic feature of the genitalia is the penis sac. It isunproportionally long, club-shaped, and greatly enlarged above, whereit receives both vas deferens and retractor muscle. The genital blad-der is small, elongate-oval, on a short, delicate duct. The epididymisis convoluted in its whole length (Plate XI, Fig. L, of Terr. Moll., V).
* Hayesville, N. C. See Lewis, Proc. Phila. A. N. S., 1874, 1G2.
EASTERN PROVINCE INTERIOR REGION SPECIES. 283
TRIODOPSIS, Raf.Animal heliciform, mantle posterior, other characters as in Patula.Shell imperforate or nmbilicated, orbicularly depressed or subglobose,more or less obliquely striated; fig 301.whorls 5-7, the last somewhat de-flexed in front; aperture sinuouslycoarctate, subtriangular ; jteristomewhite, thickened, broadly and an-gularly reflexed, usually dentate
;
Animal of t. paiuata.parietal wall of the aperture with a strong, obliquely entering denticle.The subgenus inhabits almost exclusively ISTorth America, especiallythe Eastern Province. Two Central American species have, however,been described, and one European species, personata, Lam. This last issaid by Moquin-Tandon to have 3-5 separated ribs upon its jaw, whileour American sj)ecies, as shown below, have numerous ribs.Jaw stout, arcuate, low, wide, ends but little attenuated, blunt ; cut-ting margin without median projection; anterior surfacewith numerous decided, separated ribs, denticulating eithermargin. There are about 15 in palUata ; 10 in obstricta ; 15in appressa ; 14 in inflecfa ; 10 in Rugeli ; 14: infaliax ; over10 in Eopetonensis ; 17 in Van Nostrandi ; 14: in introferens ;over 12 in vultuosa ; 11 in loricata ; * over 10 in tridentata.Triodopsis does not differ from Mesodon or Polygyra in the characterof its jaw. Stenotrema, on the other hand, is readily distinguished byhaving the ribs broader and more crowded on its jaw.The general arrangement of the teeth on the lingual membrane is asin Patula. The characters of the individual teeth are given on PlateVII of Terr. Moll., V. I have selected appressa (Plate VII, Fig. Q) toshow these characters, comparing the dentition of the other specieswith it. The centrals are longer than wide ; the base of attachment hasits outer, lower, lateral expansion but little developed, its lower margiuincurved, its upper margin squarely reflected ; the reflection is stout,with subobsolete side cusps but well-developed side cutting points, anda stout, short median cusp, bearing a cutting i)oint which does notreach the lower margin of the base of attachment. The laterals arelike the centrals, but, as usual, asymmetrical by the suppression of the
* The ribs are more crowded in this species.
284 A MANUAL OF AMERICAN LAND SHELLS.inner, lower, lateral expansion of the base of attachraert and tlie innerside cusp, with its cuttingpoint. The transition teeth are characterized bythe gradual lesser proportional development of the reflection and greaterdevelopment of the inner cutting point. As the teeth pass outward, thispont becomes bifid, the reflection becomes gradually shorter, until thetrue marginals are reached. These last are low, wide, the reflectionequaling the base of attachment, the inner cutting point being greatlydeveloped, long, oblique, bluntly bifid, and the inner bifurcation theshorter of the two ; the outer cusp is very short, blunt, sometimes al*obifid. In this species the tenth is the first lateral showing decided modi-fication ; the fourteenth tooth has its inner point bifid ; the seventeenthtootli is a decided marginal. The transition from laterals to marginals isso gradual that it is often dififlcult to give the number of perfect laterals.In many cases, therefore, the number given by me must be considered asonly approximately correct* There is great variation in the denticulationof the marginal teeth. The general character of the dentition of theother species is about the same as in appressa. I found great difficultyin detecting the side cutting points in several species, especially triden-tata and paUiata. In some species I did not find the transition teethor inner marginals with bifid cutting point. Eelix personata is theonly European species of this subgenus, but no figure of its dentitionhas been published to compare with that of our species. The same istrue of the two Central American species known.Triodopsis palliata, Say.Shell with the umbilicus closed, thin, depressed; epidermis darkFifi. 303. brown or chestnut-color and rough with minute, acuteprojections and stiff hairs ; whorls 5, flattened above androunded below, with numerous very fine, oblique strife;ai>erture three-lobed, much contracted by the peristomeand teeth ; peristome white, sometimes edged with brown,T.paihata. widely reflected, with two projecting teeth on the innermargin, the one near its junction with the body- whorl acute and promi-nent; theother, on thebasal portion, long, lamellar, andbut little ])ronii-nent; parietal wall with a very prominent, white, curved tooth, ])rojoct-ing nearly' perpendicularly from the shell, and forming one boundaryof the aperture ; umbilicus covered with a white callus, the continuationof the reflected i)eristome ; base convex. Greater diameter 21, lesser18?"'; height, lO""".
EASTERN PROVINCE INTERIOR REGION SPECIES. 285Helixpalliata, Say, Jonrn. Pliila. Acad., ii, 152(1821) ; BiNNEY'sed., 10.
?
Binney, Boat.Journ. Nat. Hist., iii 353, pi. vii, (1840); Terr. Moll., ii, 136, part, pi. xiv.?Adams, Vermont Mollusca, 159 (1842).?Leidy, T. M. IJ. S., i, 253, pi. vii,fig. 8 (1851), anafc.?De Kay, N. Y. Moll., 33, pi. iii, fig. 36 (excl. a, b) (1843)excl. syu. pars.?Pfeiffer, Mon. Hel. Viv., i, 316; in Chemnitz, ed. 2, i, .359,pi. Ixii, figs. 15, 16 (1849).?Mks. Gray, Fig. Moll. An., pi. cxciii, Fig. 8, exBost. Journ. (no descr.).
?
Deshayes, in Fer., i, 144 (excl. var.).
?
Reeve,Con. Icon., No. 678.?W. G. Binney, Terr. Moll., iv, 56 ; L. & Fr.-W. Sh., 1, 124(1869).?Bland, Ann. N. Y. Lye, vii, 441.?Morse, Amer. Nat., i, 150, figs.10, 11 (1867).?Gould and Binney, Inv. of Mass., ed. 2, 420 ("1870).Helix denotata, Ferussac, Tab. Syst., 38 (1822), no descr. ; Hist., pi. xl, a, fig. 5 ; pi. 1,a, fig. 7.
?
Deshayes, in Lam., viii, 115; ed. 3, iii, 309.Helix notata, Deshayes, Encycl. M6th., ii, 224 (1830).Xolotrema palliata, Tryon, Am. Journ. Conch., iii, 49 (1867).Triodo^sis 2>alliata, W. G. Binney, Terr. Moll., v, 302.A Post-Pliocene species, now found in the Northern and InteriorEegions ; from Canada to Georgia and Louisiana.
, Animal of a uniform blackish slate-color over the whole upper sur-face ; foot narrow, in length double the diameter of the shell, and ter-minating in an acute point; eye-peduncles one-third of an inch long
;
eyes not distinguishable from the general color (see p. 301).The nature of the epidermis and sculpturing are the only constantspecific characters which distinguish ;palliata from obstricta. In theformer the epidermis has " numerous minute tuberculous acute promi-nences "; the striae are close together and somewhat irregular in de-velopment. In the typical' form the whorls are convex, with a well-impressed suture ; the last whorl is obtusely angulated in front of, butnot behind the aperture.The species varies in the form of the whorls and extent of the angula-tion of the periphery, as follows
:
Var. /3.?Whorls flattened above, slightly exserted, the last moresharply angulated in front of the aperture, with the striae, especiallybehind the aperture, more distinctly defined. Greater diameter 22,lesser lO^"?; height, 8^"^". (5 whorls.) Kentucky and Tennessee.Yar. y.?Whorls planulate above, and so exserted as to show thecarinated edges of all excepting the apical whorls, the last whorl withan acute projecting carina continued to the back of the aperture; theumbilicus not always entirely covered by the reflected lip. Greaterdiameter 21^, lesser 18^"?; height, 7""?. (5 whorls.) Tennessee.The lingual membrane (Terr. Moll., V, Plate VII, Fig. O) has 34-1-34teeth ; 12 perfect laterals ; another specimen had 14 laterals. Morsecounted 115 rows of teeth. The inner cutting point of the transitionteeth in this species is very large, as shown in c.
286 A MANI'AL OF AMERICAN LAND SHELLS.
Fig. 304.
T. palliata.
Fir,. 305.
T. obstricta.
Jaw as usual, with more tbau 15 ribs.Geuitalia figured by Leidy, I. c. The gcDital bladder is very elongate-ovate, on a duct of about equal length, swelling to equalsize as it approaches the vagina; the penis sac is short,cylindrical, with a constriction at its ujjper part, beyondwhich it tapers slightly and receives the vas deferens atits apex ; the retractor muscle is inserted in the vas de-ferens near its junction with the penis sac; the vas de-ferens near the prostate gland is swollen into a small bulb-like expansion ; the same is seen in T. obstricta.A curious individual of the species is figured here, in which the peri-stome is carried around the umbilicus instead of over it.Triodopsis obstricta, Say.Shell with the umbilicus closed, depressed, with heavy, rib-likestriae and interstitial, minute, revolving lines, reddishhorn-color; spire flattened; whorls 5, depressed, thelast convex below, with a prominent, acute carinaabove; aperture oblique, subtriangular, narrowed by atongue-shaped, arcuately entering tooth on the parietalwall ; peristome thin, broadly expanded, its inner edge with a heavythickening of white callus, its right portion with a stout, erect denticle,its basal portion straight, dilated, reflected, with a long, lamellar, lessprominent denticle. Greater diameter 26, lesser 22?^? ; height, 11">".Melix obstricta, Say, Jonrn. Pbila. Aca(l.,ii, 154 (1821); Binney's ed., 17.?Pfriffer,Mou. Hel. Viv., i, 317.?Eeeve, Con. Icon., No. 683 (1852).?W. G. Binxey,Terr. Moll., iv, 57; L. & Fr.-W. Sh., i, 125 (1869).-Bland, Ann. N. Y. Lye,vii, 446.Helix palliata, var. a, Say, Journ. Pbila. Acad., ii, 152; Binney's ed., 16.?Var. a,b,De Kay,N. Y. Moll., 33, yl. ii, fig. 16.(1843).-Var., Binney, Terr. Moll., ii.137, pi. XV.Helix appressa, var., Deshayes, in Feh. (in plate, not in text).Helicodonta denotata, var., Ferussac, Tab. Syst., 38 ; Hist., pi. 1, a, fig. 7, no dcscr.CaracoUa helieoides, Lea, Trans. Am. Pbil. Soc, iv, 103. pi. xv, fig. 34; Obs., i, 113(1834).Helix Caroliniensis, Lea, Trans. Am. Pbil. Soc, iv, 108, i>l. xv, fig. 33 ; Obs., i, 112(1834).Xolotrema o&s//k'^?, TuYOX, Am. Jonru. Coucb., iii,49 (1867).Triodopsis obstricta, W. G. Binney, Terr. Moll., v, 303.A Post-Pliocene species (Natchez Bluit), now found in the InteriorEegion, in Ohio, Indiana, Tennessee, Georgia, South Carolina.T. obstricta differs from T. ixdliata in the following particulars : Theepidermis is free from "tuberculous i)romineuces," but has raised spirallines between the costiii, on the upper and lower surfaces of the shell.It has elevated, rigid, distant costa^,, the whorls are subexserted and
EASTERN PROVINCE INTERIOR REGION SPECIES. 287
acutely carinated, the carina of the upper whorls compressed audoverlapping the sutures, as in Patnla Cumberlandiana, The umbilicus,as in the most carinated form of T. paUiata, is not always entirely cov-ered by the reflected peristome.Var. ft.?Whorls subexserted, carina less acute and prominent, par-tially obsolete behind the aperture, not covering the sutures. Greaterdiameter 24, lesser 19"?'; height, 8?"?. (5 whorls.) Columbus, Ga.This variety connects T. Carolinicnsis with T. ohstricta, and is gener-ally found in cabinets under the former name.Var. ;;/.?Whorls more convex, the last obtusely angulated in frontof but \erj little behind the aperture. Greater diameter 21, lesser27mm. ijeight, 7^""". (5 whorls.) South Carolina. This is the typicalT. CaroUniensiSj holding precisely the same relation to ohstricta as pal-liata to palliata var. y. Also found in Tennessee and Georgia.Jaw as usual; over 10 ribs.Lingual membrane (Terr. Moll., V, Plate VII, Fig. P) has 33-1-33teeth ; 10 perfect laterals ; very like T. palliata. My figures are drawnfrom that part of the lingual membrane which has the cutting points ofits teeth quite blunt. Other portions of the membrane would furnishmuch more sharply pointed teeth.The genital system resembles exactly that of T. palliata, Say, as fig-ured by Dr. Leidy, Terr. Moll., I, Plate VII, Fig. 8. (See that species.)Triodopsis appressa, Say.Shell with the umbilicus covered, orbicularly depressed, pellucid,with rib-like strife and minute revolving lines, reddish fig. 306.horn-colored; spire flattened; whorls 5, flattened above,the last obtusely angular (the angle obsolete anteriorly) ; aperture oblique, compressed, subtriangular
;
peristome angularly broadly reflected, thickened within,its terminations joined by a thin callus, on which is an t. appressa.obliquely entering, erect, curved, tongue-shaped tooth, the basalmargin with a lamellar-like, long denticle, the right margin some-times with an erect, tooth -like callus. Greater diameter 18, lesser 15??;height, 8'"?.Helix appressa, Say, Joiiru. Phila. Acad., ii, 151 (1S21); ed. Binney, 15.?Binney,Bost. Journ. Nat. Hist., iii, 356, pi. viii, (1840); Terr. Moll., ii, 140, pi. xiii.,?De Kay, N. Y. Moll., 27, pi. ii, fig. 11 (1843).?Pfeiffer, Mod. Hel. Viv., i,317; in Chemmitz, Conch., ed. 2, i, 361, t. Ixiii, figs. 17, 18.?Reeve, Con.Icon., No. 689.- Deshayes, in Fek., Hist., i, 141.?W. G. Binney, Terr.Moll., iv, 59; L. & Fr.-W. Sh., i, 126, fig. 211 (1869).?Bland, Ann. N. Y.Lye, vii, 432.
^88 A MANUAL OF AMERICAN L\ND SHELLS.
ffelix lingiiifera, Lamarck, An. s. Vert., vi, 90 (1822).? Fkuussac, Prodr., do; Hist.,pi. xlix, a, fig. 3.?Deshayes, Encycl. M6th., ii, 224 (1830) ; in Lam., viii, 70 ;ed. 3, iii, 293.
?
Pfeiffer, Syinb. ad Hist. Hel , 19 (no dcscr. ).
?
Chenu,ni. Conch., pi. xii, fig. v; pi. vii, fig. 6.
?
Delessert, Recueil, pi. xxvi, tig.
.5(1841).Xolotrema a2)pressa, Tryon, Am. Joiirn. Conch., iii, 50 (1867).Triodopsis appresm, W. G. Binnney, Terr. Moll., v, 305.Jn Pennsylvania and New York it is not found east of the Appala-FiG. 307. chian Chain. From thence it ranges to Arkansas, fig. 308and from Georgia to Illinois. It may thus be con-sidered a species of the Interior Kegion. It isbest developed in Tennessee and Georijia. T. appressa,Animal resembling externally T. paUiata. var. a.Fig. 807 represents a smaller, more angular form. Fig. 308 repre-sents the var. a of Say, which has two well developed teeth on theperistome. I have received it from Virginia, Tennessee, Kentucky,Ohio, Indiana, and Illinois.The jaw is very strongly arcuate, of uniform width throughout 5 an-terior surface with 15 ribs, denticiilatiug both margins.Lingual membrane with 105 rows of 40-1-10 teeth each ; anothermembrane (Terr. Moll., V, Plate VII, Fig. Q) had 33-1-33 teeth ; about12 perfect laterals. The fourteenth tooth has a bifid inner cutting-point.I have in my cabinet a reversed individual of var. a, found inFig. 309. my garden, in Burlington, N. J. It is a descendant ofsome Illinois specimens sent me twenty-five years ago bythe lamented Kennicott. The adaptation of the species tocolonization is also proved by its having recently been foundby Mr. J. Matthew Jones in the island of Bermuda, nodoubt imported on plants.The genitalia are figured in Terr. Moll., I, Plate XI. Fig. K. Theovary is long and narrow. The epididymis is very long, convoluted atthe end near the oviduct. The last-named organ is not much convo-luted. The prostate is scalloped along its edges. The genital blad-der is globular, small, with a long, small duct. The sac of the penis isextremely long, ribbon-like, one and one-half times as long as the ovi-duct. The vas deferens enters its apex.The long, ribbon-like sac of the penis resembles that figured by Dr.Leidy of Mesodon Sayii. There is but little resemblance to the genitaliaof T. paUiata^ so nearly allied by its shell.
EASTERN PKOVINC: INTERIOR REGION SPECIES. 289
Tri4>?loi><>?js BBiAccta, Say.Shell with the umbilicus closed, depressed; epidermis brownish horu-color, with very fiue, hair like projections; whorls fig. 310/5, with very minute transverse striie ; suture notmuch impressed; aperture three-lobed, very muchcontracted; peristome white, narrow, reflected,with a deep groove or indentation behind the re- HeUx injiccta.flection, contracting the opening- so that the outer edge of the peristomedoes not project beyond the surface of the whorl ; on the inner margiuof the peristome are two acute teeth with the points directed inwards,one near the base, the other midway between that and the junction ofthe peristome with the body-whorl, with a circular sinus between them,forming one of the lobes of the aperture; parietal wall with a long,aicnated, white tooth; umbilicus covered, its place considerably im-])rossed. Greater diameter 12, lesser 11"""; height, 6??".Jlelix wfltcta, Say, Joiirn. Phila. Acad., ii, 153 (1821); ed. Binney, 16.
?
Bixney,Bost. Joni'ii. Nat. Hist., iii, 358, pi. ix, fig. 1 (1840) ; Terr. Moll., ii, 143, pi.xlv, figs. 2, 3.? Die Kay, N. Y. Moll., 45 (1843).?Mrs. Gray', Fig. Moll. An.,pi. cxciii, fig. 7 (ex Bost. Joiirn., uo descr.)?W. G. Binxey', Terr. Moll., iv,5'J ; L. & Fr.-W. Sb., i, 128, fig. 216 (1869).?Bland, Ann. N. Y. Lye, vii, 425.
?Pfeiffer, Mou. He). Viv., iv, 319.Hdix clausa, Feruss vC, Tab. S.vst., 38, No. 104; Hist., pi. Ii, fig. 2.
?
Deshayes, Eucycl.Metb., ii, 252 (1830) ; in Lamarck, viii, 114; ed. 3, iii, 309; io Fer., i, 143.
?Pfkiffer, Mon. Hel. Viv., i, 420; in Chemnitz, ed. 2, i, 368, t. Ixiv, figs.25, 26.?Rkeve, Cou. Icon., No. 704 (1852).Xoh)tre)na claiiiia, Rafinksque, Eunuieratiou, &c., 3 (1831); ed. Binney and Tryun,
Isofj 110)11 ostoiiia injlcrlii, Tkyox, Am. Journ. Concb., iii, 54 (1867).
'J'riodopgiis bijlccUi, W. G. Binney, Terr. Moll., v, 305.X Post Pliocene species, now found in the Interior Eegion, fromTexas to the Api)alachian Chain in Peuu.?3 Ivania and New York,from sea islands of Georgia through the Northwestern States.The l.irger specimen here figured is from University Place, Tenn.where the species seems most developed.Animal daik-bluish slate-color; head, eye-peduncles, and tentaclesalmost black; eye-peduncles long and slender; foot narrow, in lengthmore than twice in diameter of the shell, terminating in an acute angle(see Dost. Journ. X. H., I, Plate, IX).Jaw thick, short, broad, arched, of almost uniform width quite to theblunt ends, with 14 stout, crowded ribs, visible on both anterior andposterior surface and denticulating either margiu.
' Tbe birsute cbaracter of the epidermis is not shown in the figure.1749?BuU. 28 19
280 A MANUAL OF AMERICAN LAND SHELLS.T. i)\flecta (Terr. iMolL, V, Plate VII, Fig. S) lias 22-1-22 teeth ou itsliiignal niciiibrnTic; 7 perft-ct laterals on each side. This and the fol-lowing species have inner margimil teeth, with siiuple, not bifid, out-ing- points (c). It was bifid in the twenty -first tooth of one specimenexamined, simple in the twenty-second, and bifid in the twenty-thirdand all beyond. There were over 2o-l-23 teeth on this membrane.Genitalia as in T. RugeliTi'iodopsis Bu?:eli, Shuttleworth.Shell imperforate, orbicularly convex, with granulate striations andFig. 311. few hairs, waxen horn-color ; spire short, obtuse ; whorls5i, rather convex, the last suddenly falling in front andstrongly contracted at the aperture; aperture depressed,narrowed by a tongue-shaped, flexuose, strong parietaldenticle ; i^eristome reflected, within thickened, its righttermination with a large, obtuse, very deeply seated
eiihii'ged.' tooth (whose position is marked ou the exterior of theshell by a groove or pit), the basal terminus furnished with a smaller,transverse, submarginal denticle. Greater diameter 13, lesser 11^""";height, 61"?.Helix Rugeli,- ^n\]TTl.^yfORTii, Bern. MittheiL, 1852, 19S.?Pfeiffek, Mou. Hel.Viv.,iii, 268.?Gould, iu Terr. Moll., iii, IS.?W. G. Binxey, Terr. Moll., iv, 60,pi. Ixxviii, fig. 15; L. & Fr.-W. Sh., i, 129 (1869).?Bland, Am. N. Y, Lye,vij, 426.Isoynomostoma Rugch, Tryox, Aui. Journ. Concli., iii, 55 (1867).Triodopsis llugeli, W. G. Binney, Terr. Moll., v, 307.Tennessee; North Carolina; Whitley County, Kentucky. A speciesof the Cumberland Subregion.It is in most respects similar to the i)receding species, and would bemistaken for it unless the aperture be examined. The position of theupper tooth of the peristome far within the aperture' at once dis-tinguishes it. The size is not, however, any criterion, as I have in-dividuals of Rugeli only 10""" in diameter, while some of my specimensof injlecta are full 13""".The figure shows an enlarg(id view of the aperture.Animal externally resembling that of T. inflecta.Jaw as usual ; about 10 ribs.Lingual membrane (Terr. Moll., V, Plate VII, Fig. K) has 21-1-21teeth ; 6 perfect laterals. The inner laterals (eighth to tenth tooth)have a simple inner cutting point; beyond Ihis it is bifid.Genitalia (Terr. Moll., V, Plate XV, Fig. E) generally resembling
EASTERN PROVINCE INTERIOR REGION SPECIES. 291those of tndenfafa, but distiuguished by the genital bladder, which issmall, globular, on a duct of equal width throughout its course, notswelling as it approaches the vagina.Triodopsis trldciatata, Say.Shell umbilicated, orbicularly dei)ressed, with crowded, rib-like stri?e,light horn or chestnut colored; spire very short; Tig. 312.whorls 5.^, rather convex, the last scarcely deflectedin front; aperture lunar, subtriangular; peristomewhite, reflected, its outer contour rounded, thickenedwithin, its terminations converging, joined by a lightdeposition of callus, bearing a tongue-like, erect, en-tering tooth, both the right and basal portions bear-ing on the inner margin a stout, acute denticle. i. truientata.Greater diameter 16, lesser 14""'; height, 8"?.Helix tridentata,^.\x,W\c\\.'E.nQ.\c\.,Y>\. ii.fig. 1(1817-'19); Einney's ed., 6, pi. Ixx,fig. 1.?Eaton, Zool. Text-Book, 193 (1826).?F^bussac, Tab. Syst., 38;Hist., pi. li, fig. 3.?WooT>, Ind. Supplem., 21, pi. vii, fig, 2 (18-^8); ed. Han-ley, 226, fig. 11.?Deshayes, Eiicycl. Mf^tli., 11,213(1830) ; iu Lam., viii,llo;ed. 3, 309; iu F^R., 1. c, i, 72.?BiNXEY,Bost. Jouru. Nat. Hist., iii, 382, pi.xvii (1840), part; iu Terr. Moll., ii, iK?, pi. xxvii.?De Kay, N. Y.Moll., 28,pi. ii, fig. 7 (1843).
?
Adams, Venuont Mollusca, 160 (1-42).
?
Gould, Iiiverte-brata, 173, fig. 115 (1841).-Pp'eiffer, Mon. llel. Viv., i, 412 ; in Chemxitz,
- ed. 2, i,84, pi. x, figs. 7, 8.
?
Potikz et Michaud, Gal., i,ll4.?Mus. Gray,Fig. Moll. Ad., pi. ccxci, fig. 3 (ex Bost. Jonrn., no deser.).
?
Reeve, Con.Icon., No. 690 (18.^)2). -W. G. Binney, Terr. Moll., iv, 70 ; L. ?fc Fr.-W. Sh.,i, 129 (1869).?Bland, Ann. N. Y. Lye, vii, 423.?Morse, Amer. Nat.,i, 150,figs. 8, 9 (1867).?Gould and Binney, Idv. of Mass., ed. 2, 422 (1870).Triodopsis htuula, Rafinesque, En. and Ace., 3; ed. Binney and Tryon, 68.Triodoims nideniata, Tryon, Am. Jouru. Conch., iii, 50 (1867).?W. G. Binney, Terr.Moll., V, 308.
, Lister, pi. xcii, fig. 92.From Canada through all Eastern North America. A species ofthe Eastern Province.A curious pathological specimen, with a double peristome, is figuredhere.Animal dark-bluish slate-color, deeper on the head, eye-peduncles,and tentacles ; length of eye peduncles about a quarter of fig. 313.an inch ; foot narrow, equal iu length to near'y twice the ^^^!f^^^-^,_diameter of the shell, terminating in an acute angle (see B. ^ . jJ. :N". H., I, Plate XVII). r. irUMla.Jaw as usual ; over 10 ribs.The lingual membrane (Terr. IMoU., V, Plate VII, Fig. M) has 2o-l-
292 a" MANUAL OF AMERICAN LAND SHELLS.25 teeth ; 10 laterals. The iuuer cutting point is bifid after the tenthtooth.Genitalia (Terr. Moll., V, Plate XV, Fig. D) : The penis sac is long,cylindrical, receiving the vas deferens and retractor muscle at its sum-mit; genital bladder small, globular, with along duct, which is nar-row above but below its middle gradually enlarges to greater thanthe width of the bhidder. The details of the size of the genital blad-der and Its duct seem to offer an excellent specific character to themembers of this group of THodopsis.Trio?lo|>si?>> fallax, Say.Shell umbili(;ated, depressed-globose, with rib-like striae, reddish]<-i(ijii4. h()rn-c<)l()re<l ; spire convex ; whorls G, rather convex, thelast deflected anteriorly, constricted; aperture trilobed,contracted by a large, oblique, tongue-shaped, arcuatelyentering tooth on the i)arietal wall; peristome reflected,thickened within, white, with 2 teeth, the upper one bend-ing inward not on the edge, the other sub-basal. GreaterT.faiiax. diameter 13, lesser 11"""; height, 7^""".Eelix fallax, Say, Journ. Pliila. Afiul., v, 119 (1825) ; Binney's ed.,27.
?
De Kay, N.Y. Moll., 28,1.1. iii, {\g. 2:5 (184;0-?Pfkiffku, Mou. IK'l. Viv., i,412; in ChemNIT/, (Ml. 2, i, ;5(i4, i>l. ].\i V, iigs. 7-9.?Reeve, Con. Icon., No. G?G (1852).?W. G.BiNNKY, L. & Fr.-VV. Sh., i, i:?l (18(;;)).Helix tridentdla, Binxey, Pr. Bost. Journ. Nat. lli.st., lii, 382, pi. xviii, fig. 3(1840) ; Terr.Moll., ii, 183, pi. xxviii.?W. G. Binney, Terr. Moll., iv, 72.Triodopsia fallax, Tkyon, Anier. Journ. Concb.,iii, 51 (1867).?W. G. Binney, Terr.Moll., V, 309.From Canada to Texas and Florida, all over the Eastern Province.Nearly allied to T. tridcntata, but in this the spire is more elevatedand sometimes has G full volutions. There is a deep groove behind theperistome, contracting the aperture; the peristome is widely reflectedand directed inwards, forming a basin-shaped mouth; the upper toothon the peristome is broader, sometimes bifid, and even trifid, and verymu(;h inflected; the parietal tooth extends quite to the base of theshell and unites with the extremity of the peristome;* the ajierture isnearly filled up by the teeth and the contraction of the peristome.Animal as in T. ttidentata (see B. J. N. H., I, Plate XVIII).Jaw as usual in the genus; 14 ribs.Lingual membrane (Terr. Moll., V, Plate VII, Fig. L) has about40-1-40 teeth; 12 perfect laterals. This (not tridentata) had no bifur-Not, however, iu the shell figured.
EASTERN PROVINCE?INTERIOR REGION SPECIES. 293
cation to the inner cutting point of the transition teeth (thirteenth andfourteenth teeth), at k'-ast on tlie por'tioii of tlie membrane examined byme.Genitalia (Terr. Moll., V, Plate XV, Fig. B) as in IndentaUi, but theduct of the genital bladder is of equal size tliroughout its length?anunimportant, even if constant difference.
Triodo|?i?4 introfcrcns, Bland.Shell und)ilicate, globose, deinesscd, thin, witli rib-like striae, yellow-isli horn-colored ; spire convex ; Avhorls 0, moderately convex, the lastscarcely descending, ninch constricted at the aperture, with no. 315.two exterior pits, subangulur at the periphery, convex be-neath, grooved within the umbilicus; aperture oblique,lunate, with a well-developed, arcuate parietal tooth ; peri-stome white, thi(;kened within, reflected ; on the right mar- 2'. m<ro/emi?.gin an obtuse, inflected tooth, at the base a submarginal, lamelliformtooth, with transverse tubercle in the center; the basal lamella con-tinued within the aperture, where it Ibrms a strong, white tubercle.Greater diameter 15, lesser 13""" ; height, 7""".Belix infroferevs, Bland, Ann. N. Y. Lye, vii, 117, pi. iv, figs. 3, 4 (18G0).?W. G.BiNNKY, L. & Fr.-W. Sh., i, 132 (IHGO).Triodopm introj'vrenn, Tuyon, Am. .Joiirn. Conch., iii, i")l (1867).?W. G. BiNNKY, Terr.Moll., V, 310.Gaston County, North Carolina ; Salem, N. C. ; valley of tlie JIol-ston, Tennessee; Fanning County, Georgia ; Aiken, B.C.; George-town, D. C. A species of the Cumbeiland Sid)region.This shell is closely allied to vultnosa and also to fallax. It differsfrom the latter in the narrower umbilicus, which only shows the penid-timate whorl; in the groo\e in the last wdiorl within the umbilicalopening, the character of the basal tooth, and (lie internal tubercle,which does not prevail u) fallax and its immediate allies, tridenfafa andIlopetimensis. In introfercns the upper tooth is less deeply seated andless inflected and the basal one is broader and more elevated than invultuoHa ; the parietal tooth is more arcuate, being iiidecHl subiingidai-,but is without the indication, noticeable in vtiUuom, oi' n callus extend-ing from its lower termination towards the ui)per angle of the ])eri-stome. T. vultuo.sa is even smaller than the var. minor of this species,which is only 11""" in diameter.
294 A MANUAL OF AMERICAN LAND SHELLS.Jaw as usual in tlie genus ; over 14 ribs.Lingual membrane : Terr. Moll., Y, Plate XVI, Fig. C.Genitalia unobserved.Ti'iodopsis Van IVostrandi, Bland.This species is in form and character of tbe aperture very nearly al-lied to iiiiroferens, but is more decidedly costate, more convex at tbeFio. 316. ^J^se, with smaller umbilicus, and without the internal tuber-cle. It connects introfcrens and iniltuosa with, but is quitedistinct from , fa Uax.T. Van Xos. rj^]^Q measurements of a specimen with Gi whorls are:la.ged. Qi,(.j^t^.i. diameter 12.J, lesser 11""" ; height, 7?'". Of a speci-men with G whorls: Greater diameter 10, lesser 8'"'"; height, 5"^"'.(Bland.)Helix Van Xosfrandi, Bland, Aun. of Lye. of Nat. Hist, of N. Y., si, 200 (1875).Triodoima Van Nostrandi, W. G. Binney, Terr. Moll., v, 312.Trobably a species of the Cumberland Subregion, though thus faronly noticed at Aiken, S. C, and Augusta, Ga.Animal long, tail pointed ; dirty white, darker on head, eye-pedun-cles, and tentacles.Jaw as usual in Triodopsis ; ribs 17.Lingual membrane (Terr. Moll., V, Plate YII, Fig. I) long and nar-row. Teeth 24-1-24, with 10 laterals. The centrals have no distinctside cusps or cutting points, but the latter are replaced by decidedbulgiugs on the median cutting point. The figure gives the central,with the first, tenth, eleventh, nineteenth, and twenty-fourth teeth;the last two are marginals.Genitalia (Terr. Moll., Y, Plate XY, Fig. G) differing from those oftridentata, fallax, and Hopelonensis by the swollen, elongated, ovalgenital bladder, and by its duct, equally swollen, excepting at the baseof the bladder, where it is narrow. The bladder with its duct appearslike one long, swollen organ, with a median constriction. Six individ-uals have these characters constant, but the difference is slight as aspecific character. I?IESODON, Kaf.Animal as in Patula; mantle suboentral.Shell umbilicated or with the umbilicus closed, subglobose or or-bicularly depressed, thin, delicately striate, sometimes decussatedl3'Kculiitured ; whorls 5-C, regular; aperture rotundly lunar, sometimes
EASTERN PROVINCE INTERIOR REGION SPECIES. 295narrowed by a small deuticle on the parietal wall; peristome thick-ened with white, expansively reflexed, its basal margin sometimesunidentate.A genus strictly Korth American, widely distributed over the East-ern Province, scarcely represented in the Central or Pacific Provinces.It has come down from Post-Pliocene days.Jaw stout, high, arcuate, wide, ends but little attenuated, blunt; nomedian projection to the cutting margin ; an- ^"- ?^''?terior surface with numerous, separated, de-cided ribs, denticulaling either margin. Ihave counted 13 in M. major ; 10 in alholabris ;10 in multilineattis ; 11 in Pennsylvanicus ; ] 2 in Ja^^ of ^- -saj/"- (Morse.)Miichellianus ; 12 in elevatus ; 13 in Clar'ki; 13 in exoletns ; 18 in Weth-crhyi ; 14 in dentifenis; 7 in Eocmeri; 13 in thyroides; 10 in claustis;8 in Golumhianns ; 7 in devitis ; 10 in profund^is ; 15 in ^Sayiij 10 inMohilianus ; over 10 in Downieanus ; 10 in Christy i and divestiis.I have had no opportunity of examining M. Wheatleyi and jejumis.Nothing has been ijublished regarding the jaw and lingual dentitionof the subgenus from species foreign to o^orth America, as it is exclu-sively confined to this country.The jaw of Mesodon does not essentially differ from that of Triodopsisand PoJygyra, but may readily be distinguished from that of the otherAmerican subgenera.The lingual membrane is long and narrow. The general arrangementof the teeth is as in Patula. The characters of the individual teethare shown on my Plate VIII of Terr. Moll., V. It will be seen thatthere are two distinct types of dentition among the si)ecies of thesubgenus. The first form of dentition is found in albolahris, Boe'meri,Wetherhyi, Doicnieanus, Sayii, exoletns, Pennsylvanicus, Miichellianus,elevatus, Colnmhianus, Mohilianns, devius, profundus, mulUlineatns, denti-ferus, Christyi, divesius, ClarJci. Even among these species there aresome important variations. Thus, I have failed to detect any side cut-ting points on the subobsolete side cusps of the central and first lateralteeth of Eoemeri, Wetherhyi, Ihivnieanus, Sayii, cxoletus, Pennsylvanicus,and Mitchcllianus. All these si)ecies have their side cusp less devel-oped than in the other species mentioned above. The presence ofthe cutting point may be detected by better manipulation than I amable to give, but as far as my powers go I cannot find it. The largemedian cutting point, however, has a decided lateral bulging, which is
296 A MANUAL OF AMERICAN LAND SHELLS.
readily mistaken for a distinct side cutting point, and indeed replacesit.* The outer laterals, however, in most of the species have a muchmore developed side cusp than the inner laterals, bearing a well-devel-oped cutting lioint (Fig. A, Fig. 16), but not all the species, as somehave no well-developed side cusp and cutting point on their outer lat-erals, nor does it appear except on the decided marginals. It is thusin 31. Sayii. I find also variation in the manner of passing from thelateral to the marginal teeth among the species of this first group ofMesodon. In M. exoletus the cutting point remains the same, and alsoin Sayii, profundus, Wetherhyi, and MitcheUianus, but in elevatus thetransition teeth are characterized by the bifurcation of the large cut-ting j)oint; the same occurs in albolahris, mnltilineatus, Roemeri, Golum-bianus, and devius, and the rest of the group. The general characterof the teeth in this section of Mesodon is about the same as I have de-scribed above for Triodopsis. It will be noticed, however, that themarginals (as in M. exoletus and Wetherhyi) do not always have theircutting points bifid.The other type of dentition in the genus 3l?sodon is shared by M.thyroides, clausus, Andrewsi, and Wheatleyi. The centrals and first lat-erals have subobsolete side cus])s, without cutting points. The outerlaterals have no side cusps, but retain the type of the first laterals; theyare much longer, narrower, and have one extremely long, oblique, stout,bluntly pointed cutting j^oint, reaching far beyond the lower margin ofthe base of attachment. These outer laterals pass gradually into themarginals, which retain their general form, but have a less developedreflection and much more proportionally developed cutting point, some-times bifid in the extreme marginals, and usually with a small side cut-ting point.As in all the genera of disintegrated Helix, the marginal teeth ofMesodon show great variation in their deuticulation, even in most caseson the same membrane.The study of the dentition of 3Iesodon shows that we must be pre-pared to find considerable variation in thecharacter of the teeth of anygenus. The peculiar outer lateral teeth and marginals of M. thyroides,for instance, would hardly have been expected, so utterly different arethey from those of albolahris. Again, we should hardly have expected
* I regret my inability to review the membranes of all our f-pecies to ascertain therelations of this buloing to the side cutting point. Those who in future study thesubject must pay especial attention to this point. The figures of Semper (Phil. Archip.)are the most satisfactory ever published.
EASTERN PROVINCE INTERIOR REGION SPECIES. 297to find such a difference in the same lienns as the presence and absenceof side cutting points on the central nnd first hiteral teeth.Mesodoii majoiN Binney.Sliell imperforate, conoidly subglobose, solid, with crowded, fold-likestriai and a few interstitial, microscopic re- nc sis.volving lines, reddish horn-color or chest-nut; spire conoid, the apical point small 5whorls G, convex, the last ventricose, scarcelydescending in front; aperture diagonal, ^^^roundly lunate, whitish within; peristomewith a white thiclvening, its terminationsjoined by a thin callus, the right and basalportions rather broadly expanding and re- M.major.fleeted, the columellar portion subdeutate, dilated, subexcavated, ad-hering. Greater diameter 37^, lesser .31"'"' ; height, 20?^?.Helix major, Binney, Bost. Joiiru. Nat. Hist., i, 473, pl.xii (l'-37); Terr. Moll., ii, 96,pi. i.?De Kay, N. Y. Moll., 4.') ( 1843).?Mrs. Gkay, Fig. of Moll. An., pi. ccxci,fig. 1, from Bost. Jonrn., no descr.?W. G. Bixney, Terr. Moll., iv, 43; L. ?feFr.-W. Sh., i, 135 (1869).?Pfeiffer, Mon. Hel. A^iv., iv,3-,0.Helix allolalris,\ar., F^eussac, Hist., pi. xliii, fig. 4; pl.slvi, a, fig. 7.
?
Deshayes,in Fer., part.
?
Pfeiffer, SyniLolcT, ii, 22; Mon.Hel.Tiv., i, 290; in Chem-nitz, ed.2, i, 81.?Reeve, Con. Icon., 656.? Bl-.nd, N. Y. Lye, vi, 359.Mesodon major, Tryon, Amer. Jonrn. Couch., lii, 43 (1867).?W. G. Binney, Terr.Moil., Y, 316.This form seems to inhabit a narrow strip of territoiy east of themountains from Abbeville, S. C, to the Gulf of Slexico. At Aiken,S. C, it is well marked ; more so at IMacon, Columbus, and Butler, Ga,Dr. Binne}^ ibund it in West Florida. It is common in the CityCemetery of Macon, Ga. Also from mountains dividing North Caro-lina from Tennessee.It is much more globose than alholahris, of a coarser and more solidtexture, and the striae of increase are much more raised and prominent,so much so, indeed, as to leave distinct grooves between them. Therevolving strife, so distinct on that shell, are either wanting or veryindistinct. The aperture is smaller in proportion to the size of theshell, less flattened towards the plane of the base, and more rounded.The parietal wall and umbilicus are in many instances covered with asmooth and shining, semitrausi)arent, testaceous callus, and in ouespecimen in my cabinet bears a well-developed tooth. The margin ofthe peristome is thickened, the peristome itself is i^arrower, less ab-ruptly reflected, and n.ot so much flattened, and there is often a tooth-like process on the inner and upi^er side of the margin near the umbil-
2P8 A MANUAL OF AMERICAN LAND SHELLS.icus. The color of the epidermis is generally much darker. The onlyconsiderable variation in the characters of the shell is caused hj thedepression of the spire in some individuals, and indeed in all speci-mens from certain localities. In its most perfect condition it is oftensubconical. It is subject to some irregularities in the form of the aper-ture, and there is sometimes an indication of pale bands in the epi-dermis of the body-whorl.A large individual had the greater diameter 48, lesser 40"""; height,30mm^Animal: Head, upper part of neck, tentacles, and eye-peduncles fer-ruginous; eyes black; foot rusty, the sides more or less shaded withblue by the fluids of the animal, which are visible through its semi-transparent substance. Eye-peduncles shoit, in proportion to the sizeof the animal, and robust, their situation, when retracted, marked bybrown lines. Foot large and thick. Genital orifice indicated by aslight prominence. Superficial glands large and distinct. On the cen-ter of the back is a line of them, of an oblong narrow shape, with afurrow on each side ; those on the sides and posterior part of the foot,when examined b}' a microscope, exhibit numerous subcutaneous whitedots or points, arranged in clusters. Length equaling twice thediameter of the shell (see Bost. Journ. N. H., I, Plate 1).Jaw and lingual membrane as in albolabris. Terr. Moll., V, PlateVIII, Fig. G, shows the membrane.Genitalia also same as in- aliolabris (see Proc. Phila. Ac. Nat. Soc,1876, 189, Plate VI, Fig. 1).I still retain as a distinct species the form known as major, thoughthe study of the limits of variation in the shells of our species has ledme strongly to doubt its specific value. I am inclined to consider it asa greatly developed form of albolabris, caused by certain peculiarlyfavorable local causes in a certain portion of the Southern Eegion.See also concluding remarks under Mesodon Andrewsi.ITIesodon aUbolabris, Say.Shell imperforate, convex; epidermis immaculate, of a uniform
^"^'"- yellowish-brown russet or light chestnut-color;whorls 5-G, with fine parallel striae running ob-liquely across them, and spirally striated withvery minute and delicate, but distinct, wavy,imi)ressed lines, which are most apparent on theM. albolabris. h:?<'l^ of thc reflected peristome; suture well
EASTERN PROVINCE INTERIOR REGION SPECIES. 299marked and distinct; aperture contracted by the peristome; peristomewhite, flattened in the plane of the mouth, abruptly and vt-ry widelyreflected; umbilicus of the mature shell covered by the reflected per-istome, which is continued to the base of the shell. Greater diameter30, lesser 20"""; height, 17""".Helix all>olal))is, Say, Nicb. EncycL, pi. i, fig. 1 (1817-'19); Journ. Acad. N.it. Sci.Phila., ii, 101 (1821); Americau Conch., No. 2, pi. xiii (1831) ; Binney's ed.,21, pi. Ixix, fig. 1.
?
Chenu, Bibl. Concb., iii, 21, pi. iii, fig. 3, a.?Adams, inTboinpsou's Vermont, i, loB, witb wood-cnt.
?
Eaton, Zool. Text-Book, 193(1826).?Fkrussac, Tab. Syst., 36; Hist., pi. xliii, figs. 1,2, 3.?Binxey,Bost. Jonni. Nat. Hist., i, 47.5, pi. xiii (1837) ; Terr. Moll., ii, 99, pi. ii.?DeKay, N. V. Moll., 26, pi. ii, fig. 12 (1S43).?Gould, Invert., 170, fig. 101 (1H41)
;
ed. 2, 423(1870).?Leidy, T. M., i, 252, pi. vi (1851), anat.?Pfeiffer, Synib.,ii, 22, excl. y and d ; Men. Hel. Viv., i, 290, excl. |3 and y; in ChEiAInitz, ed2, i, 81, pi. XV, figs. 7, 8 (1847), excl. var. C and D, pi. x, figs. 4, 5.?Potiezet Michaud, Gal., i, 69.
?
Reeve, Con. Icon., No. 624.? Deshayes, in Feu., i,137, pi. xliii, figs. 1, 2, 3, 5.?Billings, Canadian Nat. and Geol., 1857, ii, 98,figs. 2. 3.?Bland, Ann. N. Y. Lye, vi, 358 (1858).?W. G. Binney, Terr.Moll., iv, 43; L. & Fr.-W. Sb., i, 136, figs. 229,230 (1869).?Morse, Amer.Nat., i, 6, pi. i, figs. 1-11; 96, fig. 2 (1867).Helix rvfa, De Kay? N. Y. Moll., 44, pi. iii, fig. 30 (1843).Mesodon alholabris, MORSE, Journ. Portl. Soc, i,8, fig. 7, pi. iii, fig. 8 (1864).?Tryon,Am. Journ. Concb., iii, 39,44 (1867).?W. G. Binney, Terr. Moll., v, 317.A species of the Eastern Province ; Canada to Arkansas, Georgiato Minnesota. Also in the Post-Pliocene of the F1G.320.Mississippi Valley,Specimens of M. alholabris are sometimes foundbearing a well-developed parietal tooth. Such arevery plenty in tlie Alleghany Mountains in Penn-sylvania. One is here figured (Fig. 320). Thegenitalia and lingual dentition of this form are M.aiboiabris,viiT.the same as in the typical form.Pfeifler's var. y and d of the Symbolse are respectively major andexoJetns. In the Monograph his /? is perhaps the former, and his ycertainly is. In Chemnitz ed. uov. he figures exoletus as var. D andplaces major as C. In Vol. VII of the Monographia the- synonymy ofthe group is correctly given.Deshayes, in Ferussac's History, erroneously gives Guadeloupe as thehabitat. From his reference to Ferussac's plates he seems to confoundmajor with albolahris.Petiver mentions this species in Phil. Trans., 1G98, 395.I have this species from fourteen States. The series presents veryremarkable variation in the height of the spire and in the form of theaperture. From Illinois I have a few of a large variety (greater diam-
300 A MANUAL OF AMERICAN LAND SHELLS.
eter, 35"""), furuisbed with a strong, tooth-like prominence on the per-istome, near its cokimella extremity. There is a variety, quite commonamong the Pennsylvania mountains, characterized by a strong parietaldenticle. It is already mentioned above. It might readily be con-founded with ex'olctt(s,hnt wants the more ventricose body-whorl of thelatter, and differs widely in its genitalia (see Fig. 320).It occurs fossil in the Post-Pliocene. From Natchez Bluff I havespecimens with a remarkably flattened spire.A reversed individual has been noticed.Animal varying from pure white and cream-color, through variousshades of gray, to blackish j upper part of head and neck slightlybrownish ; extremities of eye-peduncles smoky ; eyes black. Eye-peduncles more than 12""? ia length when fully extended, slender andcylindrical. Foot with a slightly expanded margin, terminating pos-teriorly in an acute angle. Glandular tubercles very distinct andprominent, on the back arranged longitudinally, on the eye-peduncleslong and narrow. Extreme length, 62""", (See Terr. Moll., Ill, PlateII.)The animal deposits about fifty eggs at each laying, which is repeatedone or more times during the season. The eggs are three sixteenths ofan inch in their greatest diameter, and covered with minute points.The last laying is often delayed to so late a period of the year that theearth is covered with snow before they are hatched. The develoi)mentof the embryo is then suspended until the next spring. When newlyexcluded from the egg the shell consists of one whorl and a half, thelength of its column or axis being about one-eighth of an inch, and itsbreadth somewhat less. No umbilicus is then discernible. I have notbeen able to determine how much time is required to complete itsgrowth, but I am induced to believe that the peristome, the evidenceof maturity, is added in the second year.The jaw is arcuate, of uniform breadth throughout ; ends blunt,smooth on their anterior surface, the balance of the jaw with 10 stoutribs, denticulating either margin.Outer laterals of the lingual membrane have distinct side cusps, aswell as cutting points. Teeth 44-1-44, with about 12 laterals. (Terr.Moll., V, Plate VIII, Fig. K.)Genitalia, as well as complete anatomy, figured by Leidy, I. c. Thepenis sac is stout, rather short, cylindrical, with a median prepuce {h)
;
it receiv^es the vas deferens at its summit ; the retractor muscle is
]:ahtern rKOYixcE?iateriok region species. 301iuseited on the vas delereius near its jnuetioii with the peuis sac; thegenital bladder is long', stont, blunt at its summit; its duct is very nar-row at its entrance into the bladder for a short i^ortion of its course,then becomes suddenly expanded into very much the shape and stillgreater size of the bladder. This peculiar arrangement of the genitalbladder and its duct forms a good specific character distinguishingaJbolabris from cxoleius and other species. I have found its charactersconstant in the numerous individuals I have examined. As it is want-ing in the figure given by Semper (Phil. Archip., Plate XIV, Fig. IG),I am inclined to doubt the identity of his specimen. Lehmann (Mai.Bliitt., XI, Plate I, Fig. 1, 1864) no doubt drew his figure from a true(dholahris.The figure of the jaw given by Leidy represents it imbedded in thetissues of the head above.Mesodon ABidrewsi, W. G. Binney.
Shell imperforate, globose, with delicate wrinkles of growth andmicroscopic revolving stride, horn-color; spire ele-vated, conic, apex obtuse; whorls 0, convex, thelast greatly swollen ; peristome white, thickened,slightly reflected, ends separated, the columellar oneexpanded. Greater 4i"nH'ter 25, lesser 20"""; height,14?-".Mesodon Andreirsi, W. G. Binney, Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sc.,i, 360,pi. XV, fig. i^is-y).Eoau Mountain, IMount Mitchell, Xorth Carolina(Mrs. Andrews). Hayesville, X. C; Toccoa Falls,Georgia; Tallnlah Falls, Georgia: Habersham County,Georgia (Hemphill). A specie of the Cumberland Subregion.It can hardly be said to resemble closely any known species, thoughsomewhat like a gigantic il7. MiicheUianvs.Jaw with IG libs.Lingual membrane [1. c, Plate XIV, Fig. F) long and narrow; teethG4-1-G4:, with about 15 laterals on either side. The centrals and lateralshave no side cusps or cutting points, and only on the extreme margi-nals does a side cutting point appear. The dentition is like that ofchinsus and thyroidcs, with long cutting points.
302 A MANUAL OF AMERICAN LAND SHELLS.Genitalia (/. c, Plate XIV, Fig. E). The genital bladder is large,r>'- 322. oval, on a short, narrow duct ; the penis sac islong and stout, with a subcentral constriction; theprostate gland is greatly developed.On Roan Mountain the shells are very thin.A toothed variety is here ligured. The speciesgrows sometimes very niucli larger than the di-M. Andretvsi, xai: meusious giveu above. Specimens received fromthe mountains of North Carolina and Tennessee, collected by Mr. H.Hemphill, show great variation from the shell originally described.The extreme forms resemble the figure of M. major in Terr. Moll.,Ill, Plate I. I have examined over twenty specimens and find thedentition resembling that of M. Andrewsi, and the genitalia also. Thepenis sac is usually abruptly twisted at its center, which gives the con-stricted appearance described by me. Mesodon major, found in com-pany with M. Aw(7re?rs?', invariably has the lingual dentition and genitaliadescribed and figured by me in in Terr. Moll., V. I have figured heretwo of this large form of M. Andreicfii
:
Fig. 322*.
FUi. 323.
M. Andrewsi, var.This is a noble species, which is justly dedicated to Mrs, G. Andrews,of Knoxville, Tenn., to whom we are indebted for its discovery.Mesodon iiiiiltiliiicatus, Say.Shell imperforate, depressed-subglobose ; spire convex, rather thin;epidermis yellowish-brown or russet-colpr, with nu-merous reddish-brown, finely undulated, revolvinglines and bands; whorls between 5 and G, convex,\ with delicate, parallel, oblique strite, the last ven-tricose ; suture distinctly marked ; aperture lunate,slightly contracted by the peristome; peristome white,not much expanded, reflected, rather thin ; umbilicalregion impressed. Greater diameter L'3, lesser 20"?;height, 14'"'".M. multilmeaUis.
i
EASTERN PROVINCE INTERIOR REGION SPECIES. 303Eelix muliiUneala, Say, Journ. Acad. Phila., ii, 150 (1821); ed. Binney, 15.
?
Fekus-SAC, Hist., 1)1. xlvi, a, fig. 3.? Binnky, Bost. Jouru. Nat. Hist., 1, 480, pi.xLv (1837) Terr. Moll., ii, 103, pi. iii.?Leidy, Torr. Moll. U. S., i, 254, pi.viii, figs. 1-G (1851), auat.?De Kay, N. Y. Moll., 41, pi. iii, fig. M (1843).?Peeiffeh, Synib. ad Hist. Hel., i, 41 ; Mou. Hel. Viv., i, 290; in CnRMNixz,ed. 2, ii, 41, pi. Ixxi, figs. 17-19 (1849).?Reeve, Con. Icon., No. 691 (1852).?Deshayes, IuFer., i, 113.?W. G. Binney, Terr. Moll., iv.Mesodon multUineata, Thyox, Am. Journ. Conch., iii, 45 (1867).?W. G. Binney, Terr.Moll., V, 320.
Ill the States bordering on the Ohio River, from New York toMiune-sota. It is a species of the Interior Region.Animal blackish, granulated ; granules whitish, with darker inter-stices; foot beneath black.The specimens figured show how variable the species is in size. Incolor it is also very variable; sometimes it is found of a uniform red,at others albino.The varieties mentioned by Pfeiffer and Deshayes are distinguishedmerely by the revolving bands. In a large suit of specimens it is rareto find two on which these bands and lines are similarly arranged.Some have a parietal tooth.It would appear from the statement made by Dr. Kirtland that itshabits are somewhat peculiar. "Wet marshes are its principal resort,where, during summer, it may be seen climbing about on weeds andblades of grass, apparently endeavoring to avoid the water collectedbeneath it. At the approach of winter it retreats to the tops of thecarex-bogs, where several dozen may be found collected together in atorpid state, with the mouths of their shells closed with an epiphragra.They usually form a shallow excavation on the bog, concealed beneaththe tufts of dead grass." The numbers collected in these retreats aresometimes "agglutinated into one mass." This habit of attachingthemselves to each other in numbers during their hibernation I havenot witnessed in any other of our species, but I believe it is commonin some European species.Jaw arcuate, of uniform width; ends blunt; anterior surface withnumerous, crowded ribs, denticulating either margin.Lingual membrane (Terr. Moll., V, Plate VIII, Fig. L) with 42-1-42teeth ; 17 perfect laterals.Genitalia (see Terr. Moll., I, I, I. c.) : Penis sac long, stout, with a veryhighly developed prepuce on the greater part of its course, then taper-ing to its summit, where it receives the vas delerens and retractormuscle; genital bladder long, subcyliudrical, its duct but slightly
304 A MANUAL OF AMERICAN LAND bHEILS.
suuiller, short, swollen at its entrance iuto the vagina; oviduct greatlycouvoluted. Mcsofloii Peiiiisylvaiiiciis, Gueen.Shell imperforate, convex, elevated ; epidermis yellowish horn-color orrusset; whorls 6, convex, with crowded, elevated, obliqueFUi. 324. 7 7 7 7 7 1strice ; suture distinctly miirked ; aperture subtriangular,contracted by the peristome; peristome white, narrow,reflected, not flattened, with sometimes a slight thicken-
'^
-_ iug on the inner side near the base; umbilical region in-M.rennsyivanicus. dentcd. Greater diameter 17, lesser 15"""; height, 11""".
Hcl'tx rennsylvanwa, Greex, Contributions to M.'icl.Lyc, Nos. 1, 8.?Binney, Bost,Jonrn. Nat. Hist., i, 483, pi. xvi (1837) ; Terr. Moll., ii, 105, pi. vii.?Pfeikfer,Symbohe, ii, 36; Mon. llel. Viv. , i, 291 (oxcl. II . dausa) ; iv, 321 ; in Chem-nitz, ed. 2, ii, 51, t. Ixxiii, figs. 4, 5 (excl. B. claiisa).?I)v:. Kay, N. Y. ]\Io11.,41, pi. iii, fig. 35 (1843).?Mrs. Gray, fig. Moll. Au., pi. ccxci, lig. 5, fromBost. Jonrn, no descr.?Keeve, Con. Icon., No. 676 (excl. syn.).
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Blaxd,Ann. N. Y. Lye, vi, 299 (1858).?W. G. Binney, TejTr.Moll., iv, 15; L. & Fr.-W. Sh., i, 140 (1869).Helix Mitchclliatra, Desiiayes, in Vi:R., i, 137, pl.xcvii, figs. 4-7, not 13-16.Mesodon Pcnnsijlvnnica, Tryon, Am. Jonrn. Conch., iii, 44 (1867).?W. G. Binney,Terr. Moll., v, 321.Western part of Pennsylvania; Ohio; Illinois; Kentucky; MonroeCounty, Virginia. It thus appears a species of the Interior Eegion.Animal : Upper surface of a dull, uniform leadcolor, lower surfaceof the foot lighter ; about twice as long as the transverse diameter ofthe shell (see B. J. K H., I, Plate V).This species may be readily distinguished from clausus and MitcheUi-anus by its somewhat triangular aperture, which is more like that ofelevatus ; it is more elevated, has usually G whorls, more convex, andwith deeper suture than in clmisus. In mature shells the inner marginof the peristome, near the columelki, has a tooth-like callus, very simi-lar to that often prevailing in forms of exoletus, ihyroides, and albohihris.The umbilicus is invariably more or less open in clansus, but closed inPennsylvanicus and MitclidJianus.Green described this species in 1827, and deposited three specimensof it in the collection of the Philadelphia Academy, where they are
still preserved. In 1837 another description and an excellent figurewere published by Dr. Biuney in a well-known and widely circulatingjournal. It is therefore surprising that so many authors and collect-ors have confounded it with Ji. clausus, quite a distinct species.Such, however, has been the case, as a reference to the above syii'
EASTERN PKOVINCE IKTERIOK REGION .SPECIES. 305onyniy will show. It is, however, well kuowu iiuder its correct nameby meaus of the figures published by Binuey, Keeve, and Chemnitz,ed. _;. Deshayes is the only one who has figured it under a wrongname.Bland has carefully and correctly arranged the synonymy in hisvaluable " i^otes," I. c.Pfeiffer adds doubtfully to the synonymy H. tkyroides var. edentulaof Beck, Ind., p. 23.Jaw very arcuate, of uniform width ; ends blunt ; anterior surfacewith 11 stout, crowded ribs, deuticulating either margin.Lingual membrane (Terr. Moll., V, Plate YIII, Fig. E) with 40-1-40teeth ; 13 perfect laterals. Morse counted 120 rows of 39-1-39 teeth.The outer laterals have the side cusp decidedly developed.The upper portions of the genital system (Terr. Moll., V, Plate XV,Fig. G) not observed. The penis sac is long and slender, with the vasdeferens and retractor muscle entering its apex and its orifice enteringthe vagina near its base. The genital bladder is long, stout, cylindri-cal, with a median contraction ; its duct is hardly distinct from it, withan entrance oi)posite that of the penis sac. The prostate is very large.The animal of this and many other species is often overrun withgreat numbers of Acari resembling Amrus limacum of Europe. Thereappears to be at least two species of them. They are very minute,tlesh-colored, and move with great rapidity, often entering and comingout of the respiratory foramen. Their presence does not seem to causeany uneasiness nor even to be felt by the snail.*MesodoBi JTIitclielliuiius, Lea.Shell imperforate, depressed, conoid globose, thin, with crowdedstriie and very crowded, decussating, microscopic lines,pellucid, horn-color, polished ; spire brietly conoid
;
whorls 5. moderately convex, gradually increasing, the i^last ventricose, subconstricted and briefly deflected an-teriorly' ; aperture diagonal, lunate, subperlaceous ''^' ^"'''''"''""'""''within ; peristome white, thickened, its terminations slightly converg-FlG. 325.
* Hi/jiojyus concolur, Halde^iax. Oval, nearly colorless or very paleochraceous ; bristled ; sides impressed. Length, 0.4"'?.Diflers in outline from the European species, whicli it resembles ingeneral appearance, mode of life, and in tlio. large pair of projectingsetie anteriorly and posteriorly. A colored dorsal line luis been ob-served. 1749_Bull. 28??20
SOG A MANUAL OF AMERICAN LAND SHELLS.
1n<]r, iSubequally reflected, that of the columella narrow, adherent, orsubdilated and spreading. Greater diameter ]6i, lesser 14i'""; height,10""".Helix MUcheUiana, Lea, Am. Phil. Trana., vi, 87, pi. xxiii, lig. 71 ; Obs., ii, 87 (1839);Troschel, Arch. f. Nat., 1839, ii, 221.?De Kay, N. Y. Moll., 45 (1843).?Pfeiffer, Mon. Hel. Viv., i, 291; iv, 322.
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Blaxd, Ann. N. Y. Lye, vi, 339(1858).?W. G. BiNXEY, Terr. Moll., iv, 47; L. A: Fr.-W. Sh., i, 141 (1869).Helix clausa, BiNNEY, Terr. Moll., ii, ll9; in iii, pi. iv, outliue figures.Mesoclon llitcIuJUaua, Try'OX, Am. Jonru. Conch., iii, 45 (1867).? W. G. Binney',Terr. Moll., v, 323.Kentucky and Ohio, along the Ohio Eiver; Monroe County, Vir-ginia ; Cherokee County, North Carolina. A species of the InteriorIJegion.Ill M. claust(s the umbilical region is more widely excavated, andthe groove behind the reflected peristome producing the contractionof the aperture is coutiuued at the base of the shell, becoming wideras it joins the umbilical opening. In M. MitchcUianns the groove isalmost obliterated at the point of reflection of the peristome over theumbilicus by the more tumid character of the last whorl.Jaw arcuate, of uniform width throughout; ends blunt; anteriorFig ill surface with 12 crowded, coarse ribs, denticulatingeither margin.Lingual membrane (Terr. Moll., V, Plate VIII, Fig.Jnwot H) with 40-1-49 teeth; 18 laterals. Outer laterals have2i. Mitclicllianus. ... , . .Side cusps aim cutting points.The genital system is long and narrow. The oviduct is greatly con-voluted. The penis sac is long, stout, cylindrical, with a bulb-likeexpansion at its apex, at which point both vas deferens and retractormuscle are inserted. The genital bladder is lengthened, ovate, notmuch larger than its duct, which is short, and enters the vagina belowthe middle of its length (Terr. Moll., V, Plate XI, Fig. H).Mesodoii t'levatus. Say.Shell imperforate, very convex, elevated, almost conical : epidermisFig. 32?. yellowish horn-color; whorls nearly 7, rounded, withfine, oblique, transverse striie, the last ventricose; su-ture distinct ; a])erture contracted by the peristome,somewhat triangular; peristome white, thickened, re-flected, its basal portion with an obsolete, lamellarM.cicratns. dcuticle ; parietal wall with a large, white, robust, ob-licjuely ciii'sed tooth : umbilicus covered. Greatei- diameter -.'), lesser20- ; height, 7""".
EASTERN PROVINCE INTERIOR REGION SPECIES. 307Helix elcrafa, Say, Journ. Acad. Pliila., ii, 154 (1821); Amerirau Concliolo^y, No. 4,pi. xxxvii, fig. 2 (1H:52) ; Binney's ed.,27, pi. xxxvii, fig. 2; ed.CnENi', ISilil.Concli.. iii, 4S, pi. xiii.fig. 2, a.
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Binnky, Host. Jomu. Nat. Iliwt., i, 4ii(i, pi.xix (lti37); Terr. Mol .,ii,126, pi. iv.?Leidy, T. M. U. S., i, 256, pi. x. ligs.4,5 (I851),aiiat.?De Kay,N. Y. Moll., 36,i)l. iii,lig. 20 (184:i).?Mks. Gray,Fig. Moll. An., pi. cxci, tig. 7, no descr.
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Pfeikfeu, Syuib. Hist. Hel., ii, 27;Mon. Hel. Viv.,i,317; in Chemnitz, ed. 2, i, 56, pi. vii, figs. 11 12 (1846).?Reeve, Coil. Icon., No. C81 (1^52).?Desiiayes, in FliiR ,i,329.Helix TeniiefibCivsis, EEA,T]aus. Am. Phil. Soc., ix, 1; Obs., iv, I (1844); Proc.,ii, 31(1841) ; Tkoschel's Arcli. f. Nat., 1837, ii, 124.Helix ^Hoxri7Zi??rt, Fekussac, Hist., pi. xlix,tigs. 5,6.Xolotrema elivata,Tn\'0'S, Am. Jonru. Concb., iii, 48 (1867).Mesodon elevata, W. G. Binney, Terr. Moll., v, 324.A Post-pliocene species, now found in the Interior Kegion, fromGeorgia (on the banks of the Tennessee Kiver) to Wisconsin, fromNew York to Missouri ; not east of the Allegiianies.Animal ashy brown on tbe upper surface, lighter on the posteriorextremity and sides ; mantle grayisb-wbite; glands prominent and dis-tinct. (See Bost. Journ. Isat. Hist., I, Plate VIII.)There is a form furnished with a brownish, revolving band upon thebody-whorl, found in Eastern Tennessee.Jaw as usual in the genus; over 12 ribs.Lingual membrane (Terr. Moll., V, Plate VIII, Fig. M) with about45-1-45 teeth; 17 laterals; the eighteenth tooth having its inner cut-ting i)oint bifid.Genitalia (see Terr. Moll., I, I. c): Penis sac long, stout, cylin-drical, receiving retractor muscle and vas deferens at its summit;genital bladder long, rounded^ stout, gradually and obtusely attenu-ated above, with a short duct.Mcsodoii Clarkii, Lea.Shell imperforate, globosely rounded, regularly and finely striated,reddish born-color; spire obtusely conic; whorls 7, fig.329.convex, with delicate incremental strite, the last onevery globose and rounded below; aperture lunate;peristome white, thickened, reflected, its basal termi-nation quite heavy and covering the umbilicus en-tirely; one elongated, white denticle on the parietalwall of tbe aperture. Greater diameter 14, lesser13"""; height, 9""". ,__Helix Chirkii, Lea, Proc. Acad. Nat. So. Philad., 1858, 41; J^ ( ; oAm . nlu^ed.Journ.,? ; Obs., xi, 138, pi. xxiv, fig. 111.?W. G. Binxky, Terr. Moll., iv, 53,pi. Ixxvii, fig. 10; L. & Fr.-W. Sh., i, 143 (1869).Xolotrema Clarkii, Tkyon, Am. Journ. Couch., iii, 48 (1867).Mesodon Clarkii, W. G. Binxey, Terr. Moll., v, 324,
308 A MANUAL OF AMERICAN LAND SHELLS.Cherokee Couuty, IS^ortb Carolina; also in Georgia and Eastern Ten-nessee. It is a species of the Cumberland Subregiou.The lower figure was photographed on to the w^ood.Jaw as usual, arcuate, ends attenuated, blunt; anterior surface withabout 14 stout, separated ribs, deuticulating either margin.Lingual membrane long and narrow. Teeth about 35-1-35. Cen-trals with a stout, short median cusp, bearing a very short, blunt cut-ting- point, the outer cusps subobsolete. Laterals 15, like the centrals,but asymmetrical. Marginals wide, low, with one inner, short, broad,sharply bifurcated cutting point, and one shorter, outer, bifurcated cut-ting point. Those figured are very bluntly denticulated; on other por-tions of the same membrane the cutting points are much more devel-oped and more acute (Terr. Moll., Y, Plate VIII, Fig. I).The genital system (Terr. Moll., V, Plate XI, Fig. G) is peculiar inseveral respects. The ovary is very slender, and equals about one-halfthe length of the oviduct. The epididymis is highly developed, greatlyconvoluted, stout, four times the length of the ovary. The oviduct isconvoluted. The prostate is greatly developed. The penis sac is short,cylindrical, entering the vagina near its base, and receiving both vasdeferens and retractor muscle at its apex. The genital bladder is small,oval, with a short duct entering the vagina about the middle of itslength. The vas deferens is swollen on leaving the prostate. Testiclenot observed. Mesodoii Cliristyi, Bland.Shell imperforate, depressed, rather solid, with numerous oblique.Fig. 330. rib-like strife, dark horn-colored ; spire short, obtuse; whorls^^ 4^, rather convex, the last descending at the aperture, slightlyangular at the periphery, constricted, above gibbous; baseconvex, excavated in the middle ; aperture depressed, withM. Christy!, a strong, oblique, lamelliform parietal tooth ; peristome re-flected, with a white callus within. Greater diameter 10, lesser 8""";height, 4^?"'.Eelix Christiji, Blaxd, Ann. N. Y. Lye, vii, 117, pi. iv, figs. 5, 6 (I860).?W. G. BiN-NEY, L. & Fr.-W. Sb., i, 141 (1839).Mesodon Cluistiji, Tryon, Am. Jouru. Conch., iii, 40 (1867).?W. G. Binxey, Terr.Moll., V, 325.Mountains in Cherokee County, ISTorth Carolina; a species of theCumberland Subregion ; also in liutherford County, North Carolina,Jaw as usual in the genus; 10 ribs.
EASTERN PROVINCE INTERIOR REGION SPECIES. 309Lingu;il membrane (Terr. Moll, V, Plate XVI, Fig. E) Avitb 40-1-40teeth.Genitalia unobserved.
IVIe*iiO<toBi exoleftas, Binney.Shell imperforate, convex, somewhat ventricose; epidermis of a uni-form yelh)wish horn or russet color; whorls be- nr.. 331.tween 5 and <?, with fine parallel stria? crossingthem obliquely; body-whorl large and ventrieose;suture well marked and distinct; aperture rounded,contracted by the peristome, the plane of the aper-ture making a considerable angle with the plane of ^- exouius.the base; peristome thickened, white, reflected, its basal portion sub-dentate ; parietal wall with a prominent, white, oblique tooth ; um-bilicus covered. Greater diameter 28, lesser 23""" ; height, 17'"".HtUx cxoleia, Binney, Terr. Moll., ii, 131, pi. x.?Leidy, T. M. U. S., 256, pi. x, figs.1-3, auat.?De Kay, N. Y. Moll., 27, pi. ii, tig. 6.?W. G. Binney, Terr. Moll.,iv, 54 ; L. & Fr.-W. Sli., i, 144 (1869).Helix zalela, Binney, Bost. Jouru. Nat. Hist., i, 492, pi. xx.?Mrs. Gray, Fig. Moll.All., pi. cxci, fig. 9, from Bost. Jonrn., no descr.
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Pfeiffer, Mod. Hel. Viv.,i, 316.?Deshayes, in Feh., i, 139.?Reeve, Con. Icon., No. 622 (1852).JJelix aJbolahris, var., Ferussac, pi. xlvi, a, fig. 6.
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Pfeiffer, Symb., ii, 22, nodescr. ; in Chemnitz, ed. 2, i, 81, pi. x, figs. 19, 20.Mcsodon exoleia, Tryon, Am. Journ. Couch., iii, 39 (1867).?W. G. Binney, Terr.Moll., V, 326.A Post-Pliocene species, now found in the Interior Eegion, fromWestern TsTew York and Pennsylvania to Missouri, from Georgia andAlabama to Illinois.Animal grayish brown or blackish above, paler on the posterior ex-tremity and base; eye-peduncles black, long and slender; glandsvery prominent; length, when fully extended, including the eye-pedun-cles, equal to thrice the breadth of the shell. (See Bost. Journ. Nat.Hist., I, Plate IX.)Though resembling M. albolahris in many respects, it differs in gen-eral aspects and in many very observable particulars. It is smaller,more convex, and the body-whorl is more ventrieose than in that spe-cies. The peristome is less flat and broad and is sometimes a littlegrooved. The aperture is more round, and the plane of the mouth,instead of being flattened in the direction of the plane of the base, ismuch more upright, making a considerable angle with the base of theshell. Attention to these differences will enable one to distinguish theshell even before the tooth is added. In those individuals where the
310 A MANUAL OF AMERICAN LAND SHELLS.tootli is wanting there is often a slight deposition of testaceous matterin its place, not distinguishable without close observation. In itsgenitalia it has decided specific distinction (see albolahris).The color of the animal varies in being more or less dark ; but Ihave never seen an individual which approached the white, pearly, orcream-color which is so common in the animal of M. albolahris. Theeggs are white, one-eighth of an inch in diameter, and are laid in theearth, as deep as the body of the animal will extend, in clusters ofabout twenty.There is certainly a strong resemblance between many of our spe-cies, which, with M. albolahris as their type, form a well-marked divis-ion. But as their differences are as constant as their resemblances,it cannot be proper to unite them into one.When Dr. Binney published the first description of this shell, in1837, he adopted, without examination, the name zaleta, which hefound applied to it in some cabinets, and which he then supposed hadbeen applied by Mr. Say. Finding no description of it, he subse-quently applied the correct name, exoleta, originally suggested, nodoubt, by the idea that the species is an old or superannuated form ofalbolahris.Jaw narrow, slightly arcuate, somewhat attenuated towards theends; anterior surface with 13 ribs; both margins denticulated.Lingual membrane (Terr. Moll., V, Plate VIII, Fig. A) with 60-1-60teeth ; 11 perfect laterals, but even the eighth tooth shows a decidedmodification in form.I have already referred to the i)eculiarity of this species in havingsometimes and sometimes wanting side cutting points to the outerlateral teeth and a bifurcation to the inner cutting point of the mar-ginals (see Proc. Phila. Acad. Nat. Sci., 1875, 243). I figure in Terr.Moll., V, teeth from a lingual membrane differing in this respectfrom that figured by me before {I. c, Plate XI, Fig. 7). The cuttingpoints of the central and first lateral teeth have a lateral bulgingwhich represents the side point. This point appears about the elev-enth tooth. Fig. a represents an inner marginal tooth from anothermembrane, agreeing with mj* former figure in having a simple, notbifid, inner cutting point. I am sure of the identity of each individualexamined, having verified it by the peculiar genital bladder and penissac.Genitalia figured by Leidy, Terr. Moll., I, I c. The penis sac is very i
EASTERN PROVINCE?INTERIOR REGION SPECIES. 311Stout, loner, cyliudrical, receiving the retractor muscle and vas deferensat its summit ; genitil bladder snbconical, on a short, small duct ; thevas deferens is coTivoluted as it leaves the prostate. As alreadystated, these organs are specifically different from those of albolahris,whose shell is so nearly allied to that of exoletus.JTIesodon l^^heatleya, Bland.Shell imperforate, depressed, conoid-globose, thin, reddish horn-col-ored, with numerous rib-like slria^, and microscopic granula- Pm. 332.*tions, with very short hairs; spire shortly conoid; suturedeeply impressed ; whorls oA, rather convex, the last rounded,slijjhtly depressed at the aperture, constricted; base convex,excavated in the umbilical region; aperture oblique, lunate,with a small parietal, tooth like tubercle; peristome acute,rose-colored, equally angularly reflected, appressed at thecolumella. Greater diameter 14, lesser 12""" ; height, 7""". ^uyi!^''^'JTelix JThrafleiii, Bland, Ann. N. Y. Lye, vii, 118, pi. iv, fig. 19 (I860).?W. G. Binxey,L. & Fr.-VV. Sh., i, 145 (1869).Mesodon IVhe/itleyi. Thyon, Am. Journ. Couch., iii, 40 (1867).?W. G. Binney, Terr.Moll., V, 3-27.Mountains in Cherokee County, Hayesville, Eoan Mountain, MitchellCounty, Black Mountain, Pinnacle of Blue Eidge 4,500 feet, iu KorthCarolina. Habersham County iii Georgia. It may prove a species ofthe Cumberland Subregion.Jaw as usual in tlie genus, with about 12 ribs.Lingual membrane long. Teeth about G7-1-G7, with over 12 lateralsCentrals and laterals as usual in the genus. Marginals higli, nar-row, with one very long cutting point to the single cusp. Outer mar-ginals about as high as wide, with one long, inner, obtusely pointedcutting point, and one shorter, outer cutting point. The first marginalteeth resemble those of thyroides in the single, greatly produced cut-ting point. The extreme marginals, however, are bifid. (Terr. Moll.,V, Plate Vlir, Fig. E.)The genital system in the specimens received was too decayed to al-low of complete examination. The i^enis sac, however, was in perfectcondition. It forms the peculiar feature of the system on account ofirs enormous development. It is short, cylindrical, with blunt ends,very stout, three or four times as large as the oviduct, with retractormuscle and vas deferens at its apex.
* The hirsnic character of the shell is not shc^wn in the figure.
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312 A MANUAL OF AMKRTCAX LAND SHELLS.mcsodon dentiferus, Bixnky.Shell imperforate, flattenedconvex on tb^ upper surface, convex be-low ; epidermis yellowish horn-color, immaculate ; spiredepressed ; whorls 5, with delicate, parallel, obliquestriai; suture distinct, not deeply impressed ; aperturecontracted by the i)eristome, flattened towards theplane of the base; peristome thickened, white, broadlyand abruptly reflected ; parietal wall with a prominent,white, tooth- like process, nearly parallel with the lowermargin of the aperture, not projecting towards the um-M. dentiferus. bilicns ; basc convex. Greater diameter 23, lesserIS"""; height, 10""".Helix dentifera, Binney, Bost. Journ. Nat. Hist., i, 494, pi. xxi (1840) ; Terr. Moll., ii,134, pi. xii.
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Adams, Vermont Mollusca, 159 (1842).?Pfeiffer, Mou. Hel.Viv., i, 317.?W. G. Binney, Terr. Moll., iv. 55 ; L. & Fr.-W. Sh., i, 145 (1869).
?DeKay.N. Y.Moll., 34, pi. ii, fig. 17(1843).?Mrs. Gray, Fig. of Moll. Ann.,pi. cxci, fig. 11, no (laser, (from Bo.st. Jonrn.).
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Morse, Amer. Nat.,i, 99, figs.6, 7 (1867).?Gould an?l Binney, Iuv. of Mass., ed. 2,4-24 (1870).?Pfeiffer.Mon., V, 429 (18()8).?Not of Pfeiffer, iii.?Not of Chemnitz, ed. 2 (?Roemeri),Mesodon dcutifera, W. G. Binney, Terr. Moll., v, 328.From Maine to Ohio and North Carolina. It prefers mountainouscountry. It may be considered a species of the isorthern Region, rang-ing into the Interior Eegion, especially along the Appalachian Chain.On Sugar Loaf Mountain, 30 miles east of Roan Mountain, NorthCarolina, Mrs. Andrews fonnd a specimen with 5| whorls, greaterdiameter 30, lesser 25; height, 12""".Readily distinguished from the allied species by the very angularand broad reflection of the peristome.Animal grayish on the sides and posterior extremity, brownish onthe upper parts, darker on the head and neck; foot long and narrow;eye-peduncles long and slender: eyes black. (See Bost. Journ. Nat.Hist., I, Plate X.)Jaw as usual in the genns ; 14 ribs.Lingual membrane (Terr. Moll., Y, Plate VIII, Fig. J) with 32-1-31teeth, with 15 laterals.Genital system (Ann. N. Y. Ac. Nat. Sc, I, Plate XIY, Fig. G): Thegenital bladder is small, oval, on a short duct, which is greatly swollenat a short distance below the bladder; the penis sac is long, stout, andcontracted at a short distance below its blunt end ; the retractor isinserted on the vas deferens at about the middle of its length. Inanother specimen the penis sac was less constricted.
EASTERN PROVINCE?INTERIOR REGION SPECIES. 313Mcsodoii WetS8Prl>yi, Bland.Shell with nmbilicus covered, orbicular depressed, thin, granulatelystriate, pale horn-colored; epidermis dark, covered with no. 331.*oblique, prostrate hairs ; spire soniewliat conoidal ; sutureimpressed; apex obtuse; whorls 5, slightly convex, grad-ually increasing, the last suddenly deflected, rather gib-bous, constricted, beneath convex, subangulate at theperiphery ; aperture oblique, roundly lunate, with a white,erect, oblique, tongued-shaped parietal tooth; peristomethickened, angularly reflected, the upper margin expanded, n. Wethcrhyi.the columellar margiu dilated, covering the umbilical perforation.Greater diameter 17, lesser 15"^"^ ; altitude, 8""".HeMx Wetlierbyi, Blaxd, Ami. Lye. Nat. Hist. N. Y., x, 301 (1873).Mesodon WetlHrlyi, W. G. Binnky, Terr. Moll., v, 330.At the base of sandstone cliffs, inoath of Laurel Eiver, WhitleyCounty, Kentucky; Campbell County, Tennessee; Eoan Mountain,North Carolina. Probably a species of t lie Cumberland Subregion.This species belongs to the same group as flentifcrus, Biuney, andEoemeri, Pfeiffer, but is of smaller size, somewhat more elevated, andreadily distinguished from them by the sculpture and epidermis. Itdiffers from M. divestvs, Gould, 4n having a parietal tooth, and, althoughin general appearance like a small foim of 71/. appressus. Say, is withoutthe lamina on the basal margin of the peristome. (Bland.)Jaw as usual in the genus; about 18 ribs.Lingual membrane (Terr. :\roll., V, Plate VIII, Fig. D) with 35-1-35teeth ; 12 laterals. It will be seen in the figure that the marginalteeth have a simple, not bifid, inner cutting point, a peculiarity sharedby only a few other species.Genitalia unobserved.Animal uniform slate-color.MesodoH thyroides, Say.Shell narrowly umbilicated, depressed globose; spire convex; epi-dermis of a uniform yellowish-brown or russet color; whorls 5, withfine parallel strife running obliquely across them ; spire more or lesselevated ; suture distinctly impressed ; aperture lunate, contracted bythe iieristome, the plane of the aperture making a considerable anglewith the plane of the base of the shell ; parietal wall with a prominent,
* The hirsute character of the epidermis is not shown in the figure,
314 A MANUAL OF AMERICAN LAND SHELLS.
Avhite, tootb-like process placed obliquely to the axis of the shell ; peri-stome white, thickeued, widely reflected, and sometimes grooved on itsface, its exterior yellowish; umbilicus exhibiting only one volution,Fig. 835.
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JIT. thyroides.partially covered by the reflected peristome where it unites with thebase of the shell. Greater diameter 22, lesser lO^""'^ ; height, IS""".Helix Ihi/roiduF, Say, Nich. Encycl. (Ainer. ed,), 1H17, 1818, 1819 ; Joiirn. Phil. Acad,i, 1-23 (1817); American Concliol()f>y (18.31), No. 2, pi. xiii ; ed. Binnky, 33,pi. xiii; ed. Chenu, Bibl., 3, 22, ])\, iii, fig. 3.?Eaton, Zool. Text-Book, li)3(1826).
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Ferussac, Hist., pi. xlix, a, fig. 4; pi. 1, ?, fig. 6?
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Deshayes,Encycl. M<^th., ii, 230 (1^30); in Lam., An. sans Vert., viii, 114; ed. 3, iii, 309;in Fku., i, 209.?Binxey, Bost. Journ. Nat. Hist., i, 488, pi. xviii (1837);Terr. Moll., ii, 129, pi. xi.?Leidy, T. M. U. S., i, 257, pi. xi, figs. 7-9 (1851),anat.? r3E Kay, N. Y. Moll., 29, pi. ii, fig. 8.?Gould, Invertebrata, 171, fig.108 (1841); ed. 2, 425 (1p70).?Adams, Vermont MoUusca, 159 (1842).?Mrs.Gkay, Fig. Moll. An , pi. ccxci, fig. 6, from Bost. Jouru., no descr.Helix thyruidcs, PFEirFER, Mon. Hel. Viv., i, 345; in C'liEMXiTZ, cd. 2, i, 331, pi. Iviii,figs. 8, 9 (1850).?Reeve, Con. Icon., No. 077.?W. G. Bixney. Terr. Moll., iv,53; L. & Fr.-W. Sli., i, 147, fig. 251 (1869).?Mouse, Amer. Nat., i, 98, fig. 3(1867).Anchlsioma ihi/roides, II. & A. Adams, Gen., pi. Ixxviii, fig. 3, no descr.Mesodon ilujroidts, TuYON, Am. Journ. Concb., iii, 41 (1867).Helix hxicculenta, Gould, Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., iii, 40 (1848); Terr. Moll., iii, 9,pi. xi, rt.?Pfeiffer, Mon. Hel. Viv., iii, 271; iv, 323.?W. G. Binney, Terr.Moll., iv, 54 ; L. & Fr.-W. Sh., i, 148, fig. 254 (1869).Helix thi/roides, (3, Pfeiffer, Mon. Hel. Viv., i, 345.?Var. F?ruS8AC, Hist., pi. 1, a,fig. 7.Mesodon bucculcnta, Tryon, Am. Jonrn. Concb., iii, 41 (1867).Mesodon thyroides, W. G. BiNMEY, Terr. Moll., v, 330.Animal: Color a dirty yellowish-white, with a grajish hue in someindividuals, eye peduncles darker, eyes black, base of foot dirty white;foot rather narrow, terminated posteriorly' in an acute angle. Lengthequal to twice the breadth of the shell. (See Bost. Journ. i^. H., I,Plate VII.)A Post-pliocene species, now found over all the Eastern Province.The variation in size of the species is great. The smaller form (fromnear Philadelphia) is often found imperforate and toothless. (See out-side figures above.)A reversed specimen was found by me at Graniteville, S. C.Jaw long, narrow, slightly arcuate, with 13 stout ribs on both an-terior and posterior surfaces, denticulating either margin.The lingual membrane (Terr. UoW., V, Plate YIII, Fiff, S) has
EASTERN PROVINCE INTERIOR REGION SPECIES. 31i
Fig. 33G.
60-1-GO teetb, witb 11 laterals. This species is peculiar in havingextremel}' long cutting points to the single cnsp of its marginal -teeth ;the very extreme marginals have this cutting point bifid, and alsohave a small side cutting point. A similar dentition is found indausns and ^yh?atley^. (See also Fig. 7, on p. 49.)The genital system is figured by Leidj' {I. c). The penis sac isshort, stout, cylindrical, receiving the vas deferens and retractor mus-cle at its summit; the genital bladder is small, elongated, bluntlytapering at its apex, on a short, narrow duct; the oviduct is greatlyconvoluted.In the Southern and Southwestern States, from ITorth Carolina toTexas, the species assumes often, not in all localities, theform described as huccu'lentns. I repeat the description andfigures of the ty])ical form and a small variety from Ala-bama (Figs. 33G, 337). This last often wants the parietaltooth ; this form has same jaw, lingual membrane, and geni-talia as typical ihyroides.Shell usually perforate, globose-conic, more or less ele-vated, rather thin, shining, pale yellowish-green, surface regularly anddelicately furrowed by the strife of growth ; whorls 5 or a little more,rounded, and separated by a well-impressed suture; base convex;aperture rounded ; peristome forming nearly two-thirds of a circle,rather broadly reflected, white, somewhat tiesh-colored behind, notFig. 337.
M. bvcculentus.completely covering a small umbilical i)erforation5 sometimes entirelycovering it ; parietal wall sometimes bears a small white tooth at themiddle, but oftener uot. Greater diameter 38^, lesser 15^?"; height,lO^"'". (Terr. Moll., Ill, Plate XF, a.)Mesodon clatssus, Say. .Shell subim perforate, conoidly semi globose, rather solid, withcrowded, rib-like strife, yellowish horn-color ; spire sub- ^^^ ^^gregularly conoid ; whorls 5i, rather convex, gradually in-creasing, the penultimate subangular, the last rounded,anteriorly subcoustricted, and briefly deflected ; umbilicusnarroWj almost covered by the reflected peristome) aper- M, elausus.
316 A MANUAL OF AMERICAN LAND SHELLS.ture diagonal, subregiilarly lunate; peristome witli a heavy whitethickening, uniforuily subanguhirly reflected, its coluuiellar portionsubdilated. Greater diameter 18^, lesser 16""" ; height, 11^"??>.EiVix dausa, Say, Journ. Pliila. Acad., ii, 154 (1821); American Couch. (1832), No. 4,pi. xxxvii, lig. 1 ; Bixxey's ed., 17, pi. xxxvii, fig. 1 ; ed. Chenu, Bibl. Couch.,iii, 50, pi. xiii, fig. 2.
?
Bixney, Bost. Journ. Nat. Hist., i, 482, pi. xv (1837);Terr. Moll., ii, 107 (excl. syn.), pi. iv (excepting the outline figures).
?
DeKay, N. Y. Moll., 31, pi. iii, fig. 13 (1843).?Eeeve, Con. Icon., fig. 694.?Bland, Ann. N. Y. Lye, vi, 336.?Pfeiffer, Mon. Hel. Viv., iv, 321.?W. G.BiNXEY, Terr. Moll., iv, 46; L. & Fr.-W. Sh., i, 149 (1869).Helix rennsijlvanica, Pfeiffer, ex parte, Synib. ad. Hist. Hel., ii, 36 ; Mon. Hel. Viv.,i, 291 ; in Chemnitz, ed. 2, ii, 51, ex parte.
?
Eeeve, ex parte, Con. Icon.,No. 676 ; not of Green.Helix MitchelUana, Pfeiffer, in Chemnitz, 1. c, i, 332, pi. Ivi, figs. 6-8.Mesodon dausa, Tky-qn, Am. Journ. Conch., iii, 47 (1867).?W. G. Binney, Terr.Moll., V, 332.A Post-Pliocene species, now found in the Interior Region, in theStates bordering on the Ohio Eiver and in Wisconsin, Missouri, Ten-nessee, Mississii)pi, and Alabama.Animal blaclcish.In .1/. clansus the umbilical region is more widely excavated, and thegroove behind the reflected peristome, ])roducing the contraction of theaperture, is continued at the base of the shell, becoming wider as itjoins the umbilical opening. In M. Mitchellianus the groove is almostobliterated, at the point of reflection of the peristome over the umbili-cus, by the more tumid character of the last whorl.Helix Ingalhiana, Shuttleworth {JugaUsiana, err. typ., of Albers, ed.Pjg 39 2), is a small form of daiisi(s. I give a figure copied froman unpublished plate of Shuttleworth. It has since beenpublished in Fischer's Notitire, II, Plate III, Fig. 5,Jaw as usual in the genus ; about 10 stout ribs.H. IvqalUiana.(Sbmtiewoitii.) Lingual membrane as in M. thyroides (Terr. Moll., V,Plate VII, Fig. T) ; it has 41-1-41 teeth, with about 11 perfect laterals.I can detect no side cusps, even on the extreme outer marginals.The genitalia are figured in Terr. Moll., V, Plate XIY, Fig. G. Thepenis sac is the conspicuous feature of the system ; it is longer thanthe oviduct and almost as stout, of about equal size throughout ; ithas the entrance of the vas deferens and retractor muscle at its bluntapex. The genital bladder is small, lengthened oval, with a long, slen-der duct. The prostate is narrow, stout, prominent, cord-like. Thevas deferens is large. The other organs present no peculiar features.
EASTERN PROVINCE IMTEKIOK EEGION SPECIES. 317
Fig. 340.
jwincanus.
Mcsodoii Dowiiicaiius, Bland.Shell umbilicate, imibilicus nearly covered, snbgiobose, thin, Subpel-lucid, with obsolete, rib-like striai decussated with crowded,microscopic spiral lines-, greenish horn-colored; s])ire short,obtuse; whorls 5, convex, the last tumid, anteriorly some-what gibbous, scarcely descending, constricted; aperture,oblique, lunate-oval; peristome white, labiate, reflected,right margin exi)anded, columellar margin angularly di- m. doilated, nearly covering the umbilicus. Greater diameter 10.^, lesser 9^'""';height, G'"'".HeUx Doivnkava, Bland, Ann. N. Y. Lye, vii, 420, pi. iv, figs. 23, 24 (1861).?W. G.BiNNEY, L. & Fr.-W. Sh., i, 151 (IfiO'J).MesodoH Dotvnkana, Tryox, Am. Journ. Conch., iii, 47 (1867).?W. G. BixnfA", Terr.Moll., V, 33.'>.Monroe County; University Place, Franklin County, Tennessee;Whitley County, Kentucky. A species of the Cumberland Subregion,Animal with the usual characters of the genus.Jaw as usual; over 10 ribs.The lingual membrane (Terr. Moll., V, Plate VIII, Fig. F) has 35-1-35 teeth, with 12 laterals. The side cusps and cutting points are visi-ble on the second lateral tooth.Mesodoii L.ii\%'i, Lewis.Shell narrowly umbilicated, globose, surface hardly broken by deli-cate incremental striae, horn-colored; sjiire elevated, apexobtuse; whorls 4, convex, suture impressed, the last globose,descending, deeply constricted behind the j)eristome; aper-ture oblique, lunate, narrow, with a liuguiform tooth on theparietal wall; peristome white, thickened, reflected, its ter-minations approached slightly, that of the columellar some-what concealing the very narrow umbilicus. Greater diam-eter 6, lesser 5"^?; height, 3?".Helix Laid, Lewis, Proc. Acad. Kat. Sci. Pliila., 1874, 118 (fig).Mesodon Lawi, \V. G. Bixney, Terr. Moll., v, 335.Probably a species of the Cumberland Subregion. Hayesville, ClayCounty, North Carolina, in a field, at the loots of strawberry plants,by Miss Annie M. Law. Houston, Hall and Habersham Counties,Georgia; Hemphill. White Cliff", INIonroe County, Tennessee.A toothless form of this species was found by Mr. Hemphill at Tal-lulah Falls, Ga.Animal unobserved.
If. Lawi.
318 A MANUAL OF AMllKICAX LAKD SHELLS.ITIcsodon profundus, Say.Shell broadly umbilicated, orbicularly' depressed ; epidermis yellowishFig. 342. horn-color, with reddish brown revolving Ihies andbands, sometimes uuiformly'brown oralbino ; whorlsfrom 5 to G, convex, obliquely striated with delicateand regular raised striie; suture distinct; aperture
21. profundus. aluiost circular, a little contracted by the peristome,flattened towards the plane of the base; peristome wliite, thickened,reflected, with a slightly prominent callus or obtuse tooth on the inneredge near the base ; umbilicus rather large and prolbund, exhibiting allthe volutions to the apex; base convex, with the stria? converging intothe umbilicus. Greater diameter 29, lesser 24"""; height, 14""".Hetixjirofunda, S\Y, Jonrn. Pbila. Acad., ii, IfiO (1821); American Conchology, No.4, pi. xxxvii, fig. 3; ed. Binnky, 20, 36, pi. xxsvii, lig. 3; ed. Chenu, iii, 51,pi. xiii, fig. 2, b, 2, c.?Bk Kav.N. Y. Moll., 42, pi. iii, fig. 3.?Lkidy,T. M.U. S., i, 25.^), pi. ix. figs. 1-3, anat.
?
Bi>;xky, Best. Jomn. Nat. Hist., iii, 3T7.pi. XV ; Terr. Moll., ii, 177, pi. xxii.
?
Pfeiffeh, Mon. Hcl. Viv.,i, 382; inChemnitz, ed. 2, ii, 63, pi. Ixxvii, figs. 14-16.?Dkshayes in Fer., i, G'J.?Mrs-Gray, Fig. Moll. Au,,pl. cxciii,iig. 12.?Reeve, Con. Icon., 682.?W. G. Bix-NEY, Ter. Moll., iv, 70; L. & Fr.-W. Sh., i, 152 (1869).Eelix Richardi, Ferussac, Tab. Sy8t.,43 ; Hist., jil. Ixx, three lower figs.?Lamarck,An. 8. Vert., vi. 72.
?
Deshayes, Eucycl. M^tb., ii, 212; in Lam., viii, 40;ed. 3, iii, 283.?Ciienu, 111. Couch., pi. xii, fig. 13.?Delessert, Rec. desCoq., pi. XX vi, fig. 7.Junior 'i Eelix bidhina, Deshayes, in F^R. Hist., i, 108, pi. Ixxxv, figs. 14-18.
?
Pfeif-FER, Mon. Hel. Viv., iii, 201.?W. G. Binney, Terr. Moll., iv, 117, pi. Ixxix,fig. 10.Vlosloma 2)rofnnda, Tryon, Am. .lonru. Conch., iii, 37 (1867).Mesodon profunda, W. G. Binney, Terr. Moll., v, 338.A Post Pliocene species, now found in the Interior Eegion, fromWestern New York to Minnesota, Virginia to Kansas. Southern Appa-lachians.Animal light brown, darker on the head, neck, eye-peduncles, andtentacles, and pale on the posterior extremity ; foot rather thick, in lengthless than twice the diameter of the shell, terminating acutely. (SecBost. Journ. Nat. Hist., I, Plate XV.)Jaw arcuate, of uniform width, ends blunt; anterior surface crowdedwith 10 stout ribs, denticulatiiig either margin.The lingual membrane (Terr. Moll., V, Plate VIII, Fig. Q) has 40-1-40 teeth, with about 14 perfect laterals ; but the change from lateralsto marginals is very gradual, being made without sjjjittingof the innercutting point, which is simple on the extreme marginals even.Genitalia figured by Leidy (7. c). The penis sac is not very stout,
EASTERN PROVINCE INTERIOR REGION SPECIES. 319loDg-, receiving- tbe retractor muscle at about the middle of its length,and tai)ering very gradually towards its summit into tbe vas deferens;genital bladder large, globose-oval, on a long, narrow duct. The penissac is very different from that of 21. Sayii.Mesodoii Sayii, Binney.*Shell umbilicated, orbicularly depressed, thin; epidermis light russet,shining ; whorls between 5 and G, with numerous fine, fig. 3J3.oblique stride; suture impressed; aperture Innatelysubcircular, not dilated; peristome white, narrow,thickened, reflected, with a slightly projecting toothon the inner edge of the basal portion near the um- M.sayu.bilicus; parietal wall Avith a subprominent, white tooth; umbi icusopen, deep, not wide, exhibiting all the volutions, slightly contractedby the reflected peristome; base rounded, with the stria? distinct, con-verging into the umbilicus. Greater diameter 27,t lesser 23"""; height,17'"'".Helix diodonta, Say, Long's Exped., ii, 257, pi. xv, tig, 4 (1824); ed. Bixney, 39, pi.Ixxiv, tig. 4.?De Kay, N. Y. Moll., 34, pi. ii, fig. 18.?Deshayes, iu F]6k., pi.Ixix, 1, fig. 2.Helix Sai/i, Binney, Bost. Jonrn. Nat. Hist., ill, 379, pi. xvi (1840); Terr. Moll., ii,180, pi. xxiii.?Adams, Vermont Mollusca, 160 (1842).?W.G. Binney, Terr.Moll., iv, 70; L. & Fr.-W. Sli., i, 153 (1869).? Pfeiffeh, Mon. Hel. Viv., i,382 ; in CuEMNrrz, ed 2, iii, 419, tab. cxlviii, figs. 13, 14.?Leidy, T. M. U. S.,i, 256, pi. xi, figs. 1-4 (1851), anat.?Mks. Gray, Fig. Moll. An., pi. cxeiii, fig.10, from Bost. Journ., no descr.
?
Deshayes, in Vi:R., i, 79.
?
Reeve, Cim.Icon., No. 679 (1852).?Mouse, Anier. Nat., i, 9^, figs. 4, 5 (186T).?Gould andBiNNEY, Inv. of Mass., ed.2,426 (1870).?Lewis, Am. Journ. Conch., vi, 191,pi. xiii, figs. 5-7 (1871).Mcsodon Saijii, Morse, Journ. Portl. Soc, i, 9, fig. 9, pi. iv, fig. 10 (1864).Ulostoma Saiiii, Tryon, Am. Jonrn. Conch., iii, 38 (1867).Mesodon Sayii, W. G. Binnky, Terr. Moll., v, 339.Northern and Interior Eegions, from Canada East to Michigan,]\Iaryland, Kentucky, and Tennessee ; in the last locality greatly de-veloped, a specimen figured by Lewis (/. c.) measuring 1.40 inches.Animal light reddish-brown, eye-peduncles and tentacles smoj^y,eyes black; head and neck cylindrical, foot narrow, terminating in anacute point; length about twice the diameter of the shell. (See Bost.Journ. Nat. Hist., I, Plate XVI.)On the 3d day of July, 1830, Dr. Binney discovered an individual
*The name diodonta, which has not i)recedence iu the genus Helix, may be adoptedin Mcwdou by those who follow the strict laws of nomenclature ; I doubt myself the]ii'opriety of changing the long-established name in any of the genera formed fromdisintegrated Helix, and such is the rule now adopted by universal consent of authors.t One spccimou measured 41"'".
320 A MANUAL OF AMERICAN LAND SHELLS.
of this species iu the act of lying its eggs iu a damp place uuder a log.He transferred them, with the aiiijual, to'a tiu box filled with wet moss.The eggs were not much more than half as large as those of ilf. alho-labris, Say; they were white, adhering together very slightly, flaccid,and apparently not entirely filled with fluid. During the succeedingnight the number had increased to about fift}', and in a few hours theybecame full and distended. As the snail now began to devour the eggs,he was obliged to remove it. On the 29th of July all the eggs werehatched. The youug snails had H whorls; the umbilicus was open; thehead, eye-peduncles, and tentacles were bluish-black, and the otherparts whitish and semi-transparent. They immediately began to feed,and made their first repast of the pellicle of the eggs from which theyhad just emerged. They grew rai)idly, and before the middle of Octo-ber, when they went into winter quarters, they had increased their bulkfour or five times beyond its original measurement.(See Fig. 344.
Jaw of JI. Sayii. (Morse.)
Jaw as usual in the genus ; 15 ribs,figure.)The lingual membrane (Terr. Moll., V,Plate VIII, Pig. B) has 42-1-42 teeth, withabout 15 i)crfect laterals; the change iromlaterals to marginals is made without the splitting of the inner cuttingi'''?- ?'''15- point. The centrals and first laterals have,no distinct side cusps and cutting points.Genital system (see Leidy, /. c.) very re-markable for the enormous development ofthe penis sac; it is stout, cylindrical, as longas the whole genital system, receiving bothM. chiihoiveensis. rctractor musclc and vas deferens at its sum-mit; genital bladder large, elongate-ovate, on a very short duct.The large form from the North Carolina and Tennessee mountains,here figured, was called H, Ckilhoiceensis by Dr. Lewis. He says of it
:
n. Chiihoiveensis differs from typical ^cf^/ii in having a cubic capacitymore than five times as great, smaller or more rudimentary teeth, awider development of the reflected lip on the base, and iu several other,less important details. The greatest diameter of the most perfect shellbefore me is about 1.40 inches." (Lewis.) (See also Proc: Acad. Nat. Sei.Phila., 1875, 334.)The dentition and genitalia of this form* are figured in Bull. Mus. C.Z., y, No. 10, Plates I and II. The [)euis sac is greatly developed.
* Similar to that of the type,
EASTERN PROVINCE INTERIOR REGION SPELIES. 321FOSSIL HELICID^.Anomphalus Meekii, Bradley. Coal of Illinois. See Am. Journ. of Science, August,1872.Cwlocenirum irregttlare, Gabb (see L. & Fr.-W. Sh., i, 23), aud Ba-cndtia Taylori, Pfr.(see same, IbO), Lower California species, are said to have been found fossilat Carson Valley, Nevada, latitude 39?, by Dr. J. G. Cooper, Am Journ.Conch., iv, 217.SPURIOUS SPECIES OF HELICID^.Clausilia acrolepeia is by Pfeiffer referred to "l'Am6rique Russe,"say8 Fischer, in-stead of ''I'Arm^nie Russe."BuJimus (Partula) I!ataviw,ya,i\ P, minor. United States. (Grateloup, Soc. Lin, deBord., xi, 1G5.
)
Partula Otaheitava, YiiR. United States. (Grateloup, 1. c, p. 426.)Agatina ftiscata, Eafinesque, is probably not found in the United States. (SeeTerr. Moll., I, r.O.To the Terrestrial Mollusks, I, p. 348, et seq., and IV. p. 152, I refer for informatiouregarding the following species of Rafinesque:Zolotrema, Raf. Omphalina cuprea, Raf.Pemiloma ovata, Raf. Stevostoma convexa, Raf.Mtnomphis, Raf. Stenotrema convexa, Raf.Jplodon nodosum, Raf. Toxostoma gloiularis, Raf.CMmotrema planiuscula, Raf. Toxotrema globularis, Raf.Hemiloma avara, Raf. Toxotrema covq)laiiata, Raf,Mesodon maculata, Raf. Triodopsis lioiula, Raf.Mesomphix, Raf. Troplwdon, Raf.Odomphiuni, Raf. Xolotrema lunula, Raf.Odotropis, Raf. Xolotrema triodopsis, Raf.Omphalina, Raf.Oxyurus quadrihis Raf., is a typographical error of my own in my "Notes," No.4. No such name was proposed by him.Family PUPID^.PUPA, Dr.Animal beliciform, blunt before, tapering behind; mantle posteriorythin, protected by a shell ; respiratory and anal orifices on the rightside of the mantle, under the peristome of the shell ; generative orificebehind the right eye peduncle ; no caudal mucus pore or locomotivedisk.Shell cylindrical, ovate or buliform, rimate or perforate; last whorlproportionally small; aperture semioval or subrotund, fig. 345.generally furnished with ente'ring, fold like denticles; peri-stome expanded or subsimiile, margins equal, subparallel, ^^distant, usually connected with a callous lamina. Animal of PupaThe genus is widely distributed. pentodon.1749_Bull. 28 21
322 A MANUAL OF AMERICAN LAND SHELLS.Most of the species are so small that it requires much care and nolittle skill to find them. Some are found in forests, under decayingleaves or fragments of dead branches, lying on the ground, or in thecrevices of bark, or about decaying stumps and logs; some are foundin plats of moss, others under stones, sticks, &c., in the open fields, andmany at the margins of brooks, pools, and ponds, under chips orcrawling up the stems of i^lauts, and seem to be incapable of existingunless abundantly supplied with moisture, seeming to be aquatic ratherthan terrestrial in their habits. They feed on decaying vegetable mat-ter, keeping themselves in the shade and adhering closely to the ob-jects on which they rest when in repose. In the winter they burythemselves under the leaves or in the earth.
^ Animal small, about twice as long as broad, wide and square in front,slightly tapering and obtusely rounded posteriorly ; beneath, the headis separated from the foot by a transverse line; the cephalic portion istransverse, more or less lobed in front; the base of foot is long-oval,truncate in front. Tentacles short and sometimes reduced to a minutetubercle. The viscera are remarkable for their great length.I have personally examined the jaw and lingual membrane in onlytwo species, P.fallax (Terr. Moll., V, Plate IV, Fig. T) and P. rupicola(Plate IV, Fig. S). For information about the other species 1 am in-debted to Mr. Morse, whose figures are copied below,Fm 346. The jaw is low, wide, arcuate (in P. rupicola7^};-.^ strongly arched); ends but little attenuated inmuscoriim, pentodon, fallax, rupicola, acutelyJaw o{ Pupa badia. (Morse.) pointed in cor^icfln'o ; a morc or Icss developed,broad, blunt median projection to the cutting edge ; anterior surface
^vithout ribs, but generally with vertical strife.Terr. Moll. V, Plate IV, Figs. S and T, show more correctly thecharacters of the individual teeth of the genus, the general arrangementbeing as in Patula. The membrane is long and narrow, the teeth areas in the genus Vertigo, described below, excepting that in Puj)a thecentral tooth is quite small in proportion to the laterals. The marginalteeth are irregularly denticulated, the inner denticle the largest. (Seebelow, under P. pentodon.)Subgenus PUPILLA, Leach.Animal as in the genus, small, short ; tail short, pointed ; eye-pedun-cles long; tentacles stout, very short.
EASTERN PROVINCE? INTERIOR REGION SPECIES. 323
Pupa pentodon. Pupapentodon.
Shell deeply rimate or perforate, cylindrically shortened, apex ex-tended into au obtuse cone, horn-colored, smooth; whorls 5-9; aper-ture rounded, with few or no folds ; peristome somewhat expanded.Pupa pentodon, Say.Shell subperforate, of an elongated-ovate form, minutely striated,p,g 34. and of a spermaceti or whitish fig. 348.horn -color; whorls about 5, wellrounded, and separated by a deepsuture ; apex rather acute ; aper-ture oblique, nearly semicircular;peristome sharp and somewhatexpanded, but not refiexed ; the submargin of the throat is thickenedby a ridge of white callus, on which the denticles are situated; one ofthese, and sometimes two, is on the parietal wall, two on the columellarportion of the peristome, and two constantly, and from one to fiveothers occasionally, on the other portion of the peristome; of these,that near the middle of the parietal wall is largest, that at the ui>perpart of the columella is next, and one opposite the first, on base of theaperture, is the third in size. Length, 2"""; diameter, 1"""; of aper-ture, length, |""?.Vertigo pentodon, Say, Jouru. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., ii, 476 (1822); ed. Binney, 27.Pupa pentodon , Gould, Bost. Journ. Nat. Hist., iv, 353, pi. xvi, figs. 10, 11 (1843).
?
De Kay, N. Y. Moll., 50, pi. iv, fig. 48; pi. xxxv, fig. 337 (1843).?Pfeiffeb,Mod. Hel. Viv., ii, 359 ; iu Chemnitz, ed. 2, 125, pi. xvi, figs. 24-26.
?
Binney,Terr. Moll., ii, 328, pi. Ixxii, fig. 1.?W. G. Binney, Terr. Moll., iv, 143; v,200; L. & Fr.-W. Sb., i, 238 (1869).?Gould aud Binney, Inv. of Mass., ed.2, 404 (1870).Pupa curvidens, GovLD, Invertebrata, 189, fig. 120 (1841).Pupa Tappaniana, Adams, Sillimau's Journ. fi],xl, Suppl. ; Shells of Vermont, 158(1842).
?
Pfeiffer, Symbolse, ii, 55.Leucochila pentodon, Morse, Journ. Portl. Soc, i, 36, fig. 85; pi. x, fig. 86 (1864);Amer.'Nat., 667, fig. 56 (1868).Pupilla pentodon, Tuyon, Am. Journ. Conch., iii, 303 (,1868).Northern and Interior Eegious, having been found from Georgia andMississippi to the most northern portions of the Union. It is usuallyfound at the foot of trees and under leaves.Animal blackish above, light gray below; foot moderately long, thetransverse fissure very distinct, the anterior portion having the mouthin the center and bilobate in front. Tentacles about one-third as longas the eye-peduncles. Very sluggish in its movements, aud carries theshell nearly horizontally or very slightly elevated.
324 A MANUAL OF AMERICAN LAND SUELLS.
Fig. 349.
Jaw of Pupa pentodon.(Morse.)
Jaw slightly arcuate, of uniform breadth, auterior surface longitud-inally striate, concave margin minutely notched.Lingual membrane with 64 rows of 21 (10-1-10)teeth ; centrals with three subequal, very smallcusps 5 laterals bicuspid ; marginals serrate, theinner point much developed.Tlii.s is a very varial'le species. The ordinary specimeus vary chiefly
v^''- :i'"- in tlie armature of the aperture, the mar-ginal internal rim of calcareous matterthickening with age and developing morenumerous denticles. The Ohio specimensLiugu.i dentition of Pupa pentodon. ^Te of morc thau Ordinary size, clean andshining, and were the form designated by Professor Adams as P. Tap-paniana. Those found in Massachusetts are considerably smaller, cov-ered with a well-developed epidermis, and often, if not always, havetne aperture decidedly modified in form, being more triangular, andthe denticles more or less curved. To these was applied the namecurvidens ;* and the modifications are so constant as to incline us stillto regard them as constituting a distinct species. With all its varia-tions, it has an aspect which enables us readil^^ to separate it from allother species. The form of the shell itself and its semicircular aper-ture are sufficiently peculiar. A more careful examination of the animalshows decidedly that it does not belong to Vertigo, as supposed by Mr.Say. Subgenus LEUCOCHILA, Alb. & Mart.Animal as in Pupilla.Shell rimate, cyliudrically ovate, apex rather obtuse, rather smooth,shining, pellucid ; whorls G-7, rather convex, aperture semi-oval, eden-tulate or narrowed by folds, among which the parietal is the strongest;peristome thickened, reflected, its external margin decidedly arcuate.Pupa fallax. Say.Shell fusiform, regularly diminishing in volume from the body-whorl
riG. 351. to the apex, smooth; epidermis brownish horn-color;whorls G, very convex, stricTS of growth hardly apparent;suture well impressed ; aperture lateral, rounded-oval
;
l)eristome white, rather broadly reflected, lined withinwith white callus, its right termination strongly curved ;umbilicus perforated. Length, 5i"""; diameter, 2-2^'""';ai)erture, If"'"' long.
* See figure 347, ante.Pupa fnllnz,eulaigeil.
EASTERN PROVINCE INTERIOR REGION SPECIES. 325Cyclostovia marginaia, Say, Joiirn. Acad. Kat. Sci. Phila.,ii, 172 (1821) ; BiNNEY'sed.2-2.Bulimus marginatus, Pfeiffer, Mai. Blatt., ii, 94 ; Mon. Hel. Viv., iv, 414.?W. G. BiN-NEY, Terr. Moll., iv, 136.Bulimus fallax, Gould, iu Terr. Moll., ii, 288, j)!. lii,tig. 1.Pupa fallax, Say, Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philad., v, 121 (1825); Binney's ed., 28.?Gould, Invertebrata, 192, fig. 123 (1841), escl. syn. placida ; Best. Journ. Nat.Hist., iv, 357, pi. xvi, fig. 15 (1843).?De Kay, N. Y. Moll., 51, pi. xxxv, fig. 331(1843).?Pfeiffer, Mou. Hel. Viv., ii, 309; iii,333; in Chemnitz, ed. 2, 58, pi.xii, figs. 20, 21 (1844).?W. G. Binney, L. & Fr.-W. Sh.,i, 239 (1869); Terr.Moll., V, 303.Leucochila marginala, Tryon, Am. Jonrn. Conch., iii, 305 (1868).Leucochila fallax, Tryon, 1. c.Fupa PaJTmona, D'Orbingy, Moll. Cnba, 181,pl. xii, figs. 9-11 (1853).Pupa albilabris, Adams, Vermont Mollusca, 158 (1842); Silliman's Journ. [1], xl,271.Pupilla fallax, Morse, Amer. Nat., 609, fig. 53 (1868).Paludina turrita, Menke? Syn. M6tli.,40.From Nebraska to Texas and from New England to South Carolina.It may therefore be considered to range over all of the Eastern Prov-ince.* In several of the West India Islands also.Head, neck, and eye-peduncles black, posterior and lower i)artslighter; eye -peduncles long and slender, tentacles very short.Jaw wide, low, slightly arcuate ; ends blunt, but little attenuated.Lingual membrane (Terr. Moll., Y, Plate IV, Fig. T) as usual in thegenus. Teeth about 15-1-15, with about 7 perfect laterals. Centralsquite narrow, the reflected portion very small, tricuspid. Lateralsquite broad, bicuspid. Marginals quadrate, low, wide, with one inner,long, oblique, blunt denticle, and several outer, small, irregular, bluntdenticles. The outer lower edges of the centrals and laterals havethe projecting or short re-enforcements shown in the figures referredto above.Though we retain the species in the genus Pupa, it must be remem-bered that as treated by Pfeiffer it would be placed in Buliminns ofAlbers and Martens. In general form of shell it certainly approachesBuliminus montanus, Drap.Pupa armiferat Say.Shell cylindrical, subfusiform, smooth ; whorls 6 to 7, convex, thethree next the aperture of about equal diameter, the posterior threediminishing and forming a rather obtuse apex ; suture impressed
;
peristome white, thin, subreflected, forming the whole outline of the
* Referred to cwnopictus and pacifica by Jickeli, Verb. L. C. Akad., xxxiii, 97, pi. v,fig. 1, radula, ii, 1.
326 A MANUAL OF AMERICAN LAND SHELLS.
aperture, except a small i)ortion of the body-whorl, where a thiu, testa-ceous deposit connects its two extremities; aperturelateral, nearly oval, deep, cup-shaped, and narrowingtowards the throat, which is almost filled i\\) by pro-jecting teeth, white within ; teeth commonly 4, one ofwhich, affixed to the body-whorl, commences at thesuperior margin of the aperture, near the junction of theperistome and ultimate whorl, and runs backward anddownward into the aperture ; it is prominent, lamelli-form, irregular, has one or more sharp, i^rojectingI'upa ^^^^^'^<^- en- points, and is sometimes bifid ; another, thick and mass-ive, is situated deep in the throat, and marks internally the jilace of theumbilicus, and two others, projecting and tooth-like, are placed on theperistome at the base of the aperture, and point towards the center ofthe aperture; base of the shell, from the umbilicus to the edge of theaperture, compressed, forming a short and obtuse keel; umbilicus alittle expanded and slightly perforate. Length ; 41'"?^, diameter, 2?'"? ;length of aperture, !?"'"'.Pupa armifera, Say, Jonrn. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., ii, 162 (1821); BixxEv'sed., 21.
?
Gould, Bost. Journ. Nat. Hist., iii, 400, pi. iii, fig. 10 (1840) ; iv, 359 (1843).?Adams, Vermont Mollusca, 157 (1842) ; Silliman's Journ. [i], xl, 271.?Pfeiffer, Symbolie, ii, 53 ; Mon. Hel. Viv., ii, 357.
?
De Kay, N. Y. Moll., 52[1843].?BiNNEY, Terr. Moll., ii, 320, pi. Ixx, fig. 4.?KiJSTER, in Chemxitz,ed. 2, 57, pi. vii, figs. 17-19.?W. G. Binney, Terr. Moll., iv, 142 ; v, 205 ; L. &Fr.-W. Sh., i,241 (1869) ?GouLD and Bixney, Inv. of Mass. (2), 437 (1870).Pupa rupicola, Pff.iffeh, Symbolse, ii, .55, teste Pfeiffek, in Mon.Leucochila armifera, Morse, Amer. Nat., 667, fig. 55 (1S68).
?
Tryox, Am. Journ.Conch., iii, 306 (1868).Pupa armiyera, Potiez ot Michaud, Gal6rie, i, 159, pi. xvi, figs. 1, 2,Probably inhabits every State east of the Rocky Mountains; thusbelongs to the Eastern Province.Animal black ; eye-peduncles long and slender; tentacles conical andprominent. Eespiratory orifice very visible at the angle formed by thejunction of the peristome with the body-whorl.The normal number of teeth, or that number which is most commonlyobserved in adult individuals, is certainly 4; but, in addition to thosedescribed, there is sometimes a small tubercle, or diminutive tooth, verynear the junction of the peristome and body-whorl, and more rarelyanother of the same description at the base of the aperture, near theumbilical tooth. If those only are to be considered fully mature whichpossess all the teeth, then the species may be characterized as hav-
EASTERN PROVINCE INTERIOR REGION SPECIES. 327iug 6 teeth in the aperture ; but as one of them is nearly always, andanother generally, wanting, the description here given is correct. TheFig. 353.
Fig. 353?.
margin of the peristome is sometimes continuous entirely around theaj)erture.The lingual membrane has 68 rows of 14-1-14: teeth, with 7 lateralson either side. (M. de St. Simon.)Pupa coiitracta, Say.Shell subconical; epidermis whitish horn-color; whorls between 5and 6, very convex, diminishing regularly- from the last whorl, which issomewhat ventricose, to the apex ; suturewell impressed ; peristome white, thickened,somewhat reflected, its extremities con-nected by a raised, testaceous fold, makingthe margin of the aperture entire; aperturelateral, rather triangular or trilobate, morethan half as wide as the body-whorl, ex-panded above and diminishing regularly into a very narrow throat,with 4 teeth, one upon the columella, large, coarse, and irregular, pro-jecting into and very much filling up the aperture, and having a con-cavity' on the side towards the peristome; another tuberculous, notlarge, more or less near the margin of the peristome ; and two others,massive and prominent, deep seated in the throat, one being in thebase behind the columellar tooth and the other on the side of the um-bi^^'jus and apparently produced by the umbilical fold; umbilicus with
Pupa contracta.
328 A MANUAL OF AMERICAN LAND SHELLS.a minute perforation ; base of the sliell with a sliarp keel between theumbilicus and margin ; last whorl impressed behind the peristome.Length, 3'"" ; diameter, l^""^ ; of aperture, length, 1""".Pupa coiitracia, Say, Joiirn. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philad., ii, 374 (182-2) ; Binney's ed., 25(Carychiumf).?GouLD, Bost. Jonrn. Nat. Hist., iii, '^99, pi. iii, fig. 22 (1840)
;
iv, 359 (1843) ; Invertebrata, 186, fig. 117 (1841).?De Kay, N. Y. Moll., 49, pi.iv, fig. 47 (1843).
?
Adams, Verinout Mollusca, 157.
?
Pfeiffer, Symbohe, ii,54; Mon. Hel. Viv., ii, 356.?Kuster, iu Chemnitz, ed. 2,96, tab. xiii, figs.16-18.?BiNNEY, Terr. Moll., ii, 3J4, pi. Ixx, fig. 2.?W. G. Binney, T. M., iv,143; V, 207; L. & Fr.-W. Sli., i, 242 (1869).?Gould and Bixney, Inv. ofMass., ed. 2, 438(1870).Pupa corlicaria, Pfeiffer, Syinbol?e, ii, 54 (and var. p ? Pfeiffer, 1. c).Pupa deliostoma, Charpextier, in Chemnitz, ed. 2, 181, pi. xxi, figs. 17-19.
?
Pfeiffer, Mon. Hel. Viv., iv, 683.Leucochila contrada, Morse, Amer. Nat., 666, fig. 54 (1868).?Tryon, Am. Journ.Conch., iii, 307(1868).Pupa Chicinnatiensis, Judge, Quar. Journ. Conch., i, 343, fig. (1878).Inhabits the whole of the Eastern Province.Animal blackish above, foot light gray. Eye-peduncles long andslender, slightly curving; tentacles i^rominent and conical, pellucid attips. Respiratory foramen visible in the external angle of aperture.This is a well-defined species, always known by its subconical shapeand triangular apetture, nearly filled up by the coarse, projecting col-umellar tooth. The descrii)tion here given applies to the most commonform of the mature shell, as ascertained from the examination of morethan one hundred specimens from difierent localities. Among a num-ber of specimens there will of course be different degrees of developmentand consequent variation from the normal form. Specimens from par-ticular localities seem always to be more delicate, and never to attainthat coarseness of parts in the aperture which is common. There issometimes a slight thickening of the left i)eristome near its extremity.Mature specimens vary considerably in size. The aperture is beautifully
"white within.Genitalia, jaw, and dentition unknown.Pupa riipicola, Say.Shell cylijidrical, elongated ; epidermis brownish horn-color; whorls6, convex, the three anterior ones of nearlyequal diameter, the three posterior diminish-ing very slightly and forming an obtuseapex; suture deep; peristome brownish,thickened within, widely reflected; aperturePupa rupicoia enlarged. lateral, semicircuhxr, truncated above by thebody-whorl; teeth 5, one on the middle of the columella, prominent,
EASTERN PROVINCE INTERIOR REGION SPECIES. 329compressed, emarginate in the middle, and often bicuspid ; another atthe termination of the axis, marking internally the situation of the um-bilicus, conical, and often composed of two or more tubercles ; a thirdin the base of the aperture, a fourth upon the peristome, and a fifth,often massive and prominent, deep in the fauces behind the columellartooth ; umbilicus minute. Length, 21""? ; diameter, 1""".Pupa rupicola, Sw, Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., ii, 163 (1821); Binney's ed., 22{Carijchium f)?Gould, Bost. Journ, Nat. Hist., iv, 355, pi. xvi, fig. 13 (1843).?Pfeiffer, Mou. Hel. Viv., ii, 3.5ti; iii,557, nee SymboL-p, ii,55; in Chemnitz,ed. 2, pi. xvi, figs. 17-19.?De Kay, N. Y. Moll., 52 (1843).?Binney, Terr.Moll., ii, 341, pi. Ixx, fig.?W. G. Binney, Terr. Moll., iv, 145; v, 208; L. &Fr.-W. Sb., i, 243 (1866).Pupaprocera, Gould, Bost. Journ. Nat. Hist., iii, 401, pi. iii, fig. 12 (1840) ?KtJSTER,in Chemnitz, 58, pi. vii, figs. 20, 21.?Pfeiffer, Mon. Hel. Viv., ii, 360.Pupa carinaia, Gould (olim), 1842, Bost. Journ. Nat. Hist., iv, 1, cover, p. 3; see alsoiv, 359 (1843).?Pfeiffer, Mon. Hel. Viv., ii, 359; iii, .%7.Pupa gihhosa, Kijster. in Chemnitz, ed. 2, 123, pi. xvi, figs. 13-16.Pupaminuta (Say), Pfeiffer, Mon. Hel. Viv., ii, 356; iii, 555; Symb., ii, 54.Vertigo rupicola, Binney, 1. c.Leucochila rupicola, Tryon, Am. Journ. Conch., iii, 307 (1868).From Key West to Arkausas aud New England ; Louisiana; Texas.It may therefore be said to inhabit all of the Eastern Province.Mr. Saj noticed the resemblance between this species and P. cortica-ria; future observations will, I believe, prove them to be identical.That procera and rupicola are synonymous is fully shown by the com-parison of numerous specimens. The length of the spiral cylinder va-ries considerably. The characters of the aperture are constant; butthe teeth, except those on the transverse margin and at the extremityof the axis, are frequently wanting ; its outline is well rounded andthe peristome broadly expanded. There is often an abrujjt curve ofthe outer peristome between the tooth of that side and its junctionwith the body-whorl. The upper boundary of the aperture is dis-tinctly marked by the body-whorl, which makes a horizontal truncat-ure of the superior part of the oval. The teeth, except the two con-stant ones, are deeply seated in the throat, and cannot always be seenwithout considerable attention.Jaw low, wide, slightly arcuate; ends but little attenuated, blunt;no median projection to cutting edge.Lingual membrane as usual in the genus (see Terr. Moll., V, PlateIV, Fig. S). The cusps on the laterals, however, are very muchstouter. There are 5 perfect laterals ; teeth 11-1-11.Genitalia not observed.
330 A MANUAL OF AMERICAN LAND SHELLS.Pupa corticaria, Say.Shell whitish, shining, cylindrical, obtuse at the apex ; whorls ratherFig. 355. more than 5, convex ; suture well impressed ; aperture lat-eral, two-tbirds as wide as the last whorl, suborbicular,with a single tootb (sometimes two) on the i)arietal wallnear the center, and a tooth-like enlargeinent near tlieumbilical termination of the peristome, which is white,p. corticaria. reflected; umbilicus very minutely perforated. Length,2i"? ; diameter, l"""'.Odosiomia corticaria, Say, Nich. Eucycl., iv, pi. iv, fig. 5; ed. 1 (1817); ed.2 (181S);Binnky's ed., 7, pi. Ixxii, fig. 5.Fupa corticaria, Say, Nich. Eucycl., iv, ed. 3, 1819, pi. iv, fig. 5.?Gould, Bost. Jouru.Nat. Hist., iii, 397, pi. iii, fig. 19 (1840) ; iv, 358 (1843).?De Kay, N. Y. Moll.,50, pi. iv, fig. 49 (1843).?KDsTER, iu Chemnitz, ed. 2, 27, tab. xiii, figs.^9^20.-Pfeiffkk, Mon. Hel. Viv., ii, 328.?Binney, Terr. Moll., ii, 339, pi.Ixxii, fig. 4.?W. G. BiNNEY, Terr. Moll., iv, 146 ; v, 209; L. & Fr.-W. Sh., i,244 (1869).?Gould and Binney, luvert. of Mass. [2], 439 (1870).Carychiiim corticaria, FI^;russac, Prodr., No. 3 (no descr. ).LiucochiUi corticaria, Morse, Jouru. Portl. Soc, i, 36, fig. 87; pi. x, fig. 88 (1864).
?
Tryon, Aiu. Jouru. ConcL., iii, 307 (1868).
? From Maine and Wisconsin to South Carolina and Mississippi. Ibelieve, therefore, that it will prove to be found over all the EasternProvince.Animal whitish, darker upon tbe bead and eye-peduncles ; the latterare long and club-shaped j tentacles short, thick.This is a very thin and delicate shell, and has a peculiar transparency,Pig. 356. resembling spermaceti. The apertureis somewhat circular, the upper partbeing interrupted by the last whorland tbe extremities of the peristomenot being connected. The smallertooth is often wanting, and sometimesboth. In the number and position ofthe teeth it somewhat resembles Cary-chium exiguum, but it is less fusiformand more cylindrical. In general out-line and in the shape of the aperture it very much resembles P. rupi-coJa, but the parts within the aperture are very different. It is, how-riG.357. ever, just what the immature shell of that species
?jjj \ might be supposed to be when tbe dentiform de-j^^ of j'j.pa corticaria. P^^its werc Only commenccd and the peristomethin and unfinished. I am much inclined to be-
l'u]}a corticaria.
(Moi?c.
EASTERN PROVINCE INTERIOR REGION SPECIES. 331lieve that it is only a young shell. In the great number of specimenswhich I possess the teeth are only rudimentary.Jaw slightly arcuate, tapering towards the pointed ends, the centerof the anterior surface marked with ^j^, ^^glongitudinal stride ; concave marginwith a slight, broad, median project-ion. (Fig. 357.)Lingual membrane with 25 teeth(12-1-12) in each row. Central teethvery small, tricuspid; laterals bicus- ungual Amtuiuu of Pupa cvmcaria.pid, modified into serrated marginals. (Fig. 358.)Genitalia unobserved.DOUBTFUL AND SPURIOUS SPECIES OF PUPA.Pupa placida, Say, is probably an accidentally introduced specimen of Buliminusoiscu)-us, Mui.LER (see Boston^Proc, i, 105).The original description here follows
:
Shell dextral, cylindricconic, pale-yello^visb horn-color; apex whitish, obtuse;whorls 6i, somewhat wrinkled: suture moderately impressed; aperture unarmed,longitudinally oval, truncate a little obliquely above by the penultimate volution;columella so recurved as almost to conceal the umbilicus; labrum, with the excep-tion of the superior portion, apxiearing a little recurved when A'iewed in front, butwhen viewed in profile this recurvature is hardly perceptible; umbilicus very nar-row. Length over three-tenths of an inch. Inhabits Massachusetts. For this shellI am indebted to Dr. T. W. Harris, of Milton, from whom I have received manyinteresting species of our more northern regions. At first view it might be mis-taken for the P. vxarginaia, Nob., but it is quadruple the size, and the labrum is notreflected and thickened. (Say.)Pupa placida, Say, New Harmony Diss., ii, 230 (1829); Descr.,24 (1840); Binney'sed., 39.?W. G. Binney, Terr. Moll., iv, 145.Pupafallax, De Kay, N. Y. Moll., 51.?Gould, Invert., 192.Pvpa fallax, (i, Pfkiffer, Mon. Hel. Viv., ii,309.BuUmus hordeannsf De Kay, 1. c?Binney, Bost. Proc, i, 105.Bulimus ohscurus, Gould, Mon. Pupa, 17.?Pfeiffer, iii, 350, on De Kay's au-thority.Pupa costulata, Mighels, is the same as Acantliinula harpa.Pupa exigua, Say, &.c., is the same as Carychium exiguiim. (See Terr. Moll., iv.)Pupa Gouldii, Binney, &c., is the same as Vertigo Gouldi.Pupa milium, GouLD, is the same as Vertigo milium.Pupa modesta, Say, &c.,is the same as Vertigo orata.Pupa ovata, Gould, &c., is the same as Vertigo orata.Pupa ovulum, Pfeiffer, is the same as Vertigo ovata.Pupa simplex, Gould, &c., is the same as Vertigo simplex.Pupa incana = Stro2)]iia.Pupa unicarinata, Binney, Terr. Moll., i, is the same as Macroceramus Kieneri.Pupa Nehrascaiia, of Warren's Report of Surveys, &c., Ex. Doc, ii, pt. 2, 35th Cong.,1859, 725, may perhaps be /'. contracta.P. marginata, Drap., credited to North America by Prestwich, Quart. Journ. Geol.Soc, xxvii, 493.
332 A MANUAL OF AMERICAN LAND SHELLS.FOSSIL SPECIES OF PUPA.Fupahelicoides, Meek and Hayden, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philad., viii, 118.Pupa vefusta, Dawson, Geol. Soc. Proc, 18.^>2, ix, 60, pi. iv (Dendropupa, Owen).Pupa Vermtlionensis, coal of Illinois (see Silliman's Amer. Journ. of Science for Aug.,1872). VEKTIGO, Mull.Animal as in Pupa, but tentacles wanting.Shell deeply rimate, ovate, apex acuminate, obtuse ; whorls 5-6, thelast rounded ; aperture semi-oval, with 4 to 7 folds ; peristome scarcelyexpanded, white-lipped.The distribution of the genus is world-wide.Jaw more or less arched, ends but little attenuated, blunt; anteriorsurface with delicate vertical striss; cutting margin with a more orless developed median projection. I have given Fig. 359, copied fromPIG. 359. that of Morse. In the L. & Fr.-W. Sh. N, A., I, will be
'T'TnTTTx found other figures of jaws, showing the variations inoutline found in the genus. I have personally exam-Jaw of Vertigoovata. (Morse.) incd the jaw in none of our species.For the characters of the lingual dentition I am also entirely de-pendent on Morse.Fig. 360 shows the general arrangement of the teeth on the mem-YiG. 360. brane. The membrane is long andnarrow. The central teeth liave abase of attachment higher thanwide, subrectangular. The wholeui)per margin is broadly reflected.Lingual dentition of y?/-/iV7o oua<a. (Moise.) The rcflcction is Very short, andbears three short, stout cusps, the central the longest, each cusp bear-ing (I presume) a distinct cutting i^oint. The central tooth, in thosespecies whose dentition is known to me, is as large as the laterals, andnot smaller, as seems to be the rule in our species of Pupa. Thelateral teeth are like the centrals, but asymmetrical. The reflectedportion is small, tricuspid, or bicuspid. The marginals are wide, low,with a broad, irregular, denticulated reflection.Subgenus ISTHMIA, Gray.Shell dextral.
'Vei'tig:o milium, Gould.Shell very minute, subcylindrical, diminishing equally to both ex-tremities ; epidermis darl^-amber or chestnut color ; whorls 5, rounded,
EASTERN PROVINCE INTERIOR REGION SPECIES. 333very minutely striated, decreasiog slightly to the apex, which is ob-tuse; suture deep; peristome white, slightly reflected; aperture lat-eral, half the width of the last whorl, within brownish, general r,o. 361.shape semicircular, truncated abruptly and directly by the lastwhorl, a testaceous deposit upon which forms the transversemargin and connects the two extremities of the peristome ; cir- "^cumference made up of two curves of different radius uniting wUium.in the peristome, where the junction causes an angle projecting in-M^ards, the smaller curve comprising about one-fourth part and formingthe superior portion of the peristome; teeth G, two on the transversemargin, sharp, projecting, and tooth-like ; one in the angle betweenthe columellar and transverse margins, broad, massive, and prominent,with occasionally one or more tubercles about its base; one on thelower part of the columellar margin ; two on the peristome, in the baseof the aperture, and at the junction of the two curves ; umbilicusrather wide. Length, A""" ; diameter, |??.Pupa milium, Gould, Bost. Journ. Nat. Hist., iii, 4C2, pi. iii, fig. 23 (1840) ; iv, 359(1843); Invertebrata, 187, fig. 118 (1841).?De Kay, N. Y. Moll., 48, pi. W,fig. 44 (1813).?Adams, Vermont MoUusca, 157 (1842).?Pfeiffer, Mou. Hel.Viv., ii, 362.
?
Binney, Terr. Moll., ii, 337, pi. Ixxi, fig 1 ; v, 25.?Kuster, inChemnitz, ed. 2, 119, pi. xv, fig. 39-42.Vertigo milium, W. G. Binney, Terr. Moll., iv, 148.
?
Morse, Amer. Nat., i, 669, figs.65, 66 (1868).From New England to Texas. A species of the Eastern Province.Animal very light gray, darkest above; foot thick, broadest behindthe middle, tapering suddenly to a point; eye-peduncles somewhatglobular at tips, in the center of which are the eye-spots ; no tentacles.The most minute of our species, but though the eye cannot, withoutthe aid of the microscope, detect its characters, they are very stronglydefined. The parts about the aperture are particularly well-developed,the teeth being long, compressed, and sharp, and the transversemargin distinctly bounded. Professor Adams mentions that twelvemature specimens weighed less than a sixteenth of a grain. It isfound under or among dead leaves. It is gregarious in its habits;when one is found, many others may be quite certainly found near it.Vertigo ovata, Say.Shell minute, ovate-conic, veutricose, dark amber-colored; whorls 5,very convex, the last much intiated, diminishing rather rapidly to asomewhat acute apex, with an indentation towards the aperture;suture rather deep; peristome thin, somewhat expanded, with a groove
334 A MANUAL OF AMERICAN LAND SHELLS.behind and a thickening within ; aperture in general outline semicir-cular, the curve consisting of segments of two different-sized but well-FiG. 362. defined circles, the smaller on the right at the junction ofthe peristome and body-whorl, comprising about one-fourthof the whole contour, and forming an angle at their junc-tion ; teeth generallj^ G, two on the tranverse margin, twoon the columellar margin, the upper of which is massive,the lower pointed, and two on the peristome, in the baseand at the junction of the two curves, sharp and promi-nent; umbilicus expanded. Length, S'""" ; diameter, H"""; aperture,1'"'" long.
Vertigo ovata, Say, Joiirn. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., ii, 375 (1822); ed. Binney, 26.?BiNNEY, Terr. Moll, ii, 334, pi. Ixxi, fig. 4.?W. G. Binney, Terr. Moll., iv,148; V, 210; L. & Fr.-W. Sh., i, 253 (1869).?Morse, Amer. Nat., i, 668, figs.57, 58 (1868).?Tryon, Amer. Journ. Conch., iii, 310, 22, (1868).?Gould andBinney, Inv., 442, fig. 704 (1870).
?
Fischer and Crcsse, Moll. Mex. et Guat.,310 (1870).Vertigo tridentafa, Wolf, Am. Jonru. Couch., v, 198, pi. xvii, fig. 1.Piqm ovata, Gould, Best. Journ. Nat. Hist., iv, 350, pi. xvi, figs. 7, 8 (1843).?De Kay,N. Y. Moll., 50, pi. iv, fig. 50 (1843).?Adams, Vermont Mollusca, 157 (1842);Sillimau's Journal [i], xl, 271.?Kuster, in Chemnitz, ed. 2, 118, pi. xiv,figs. 1, 2; XV, figs. 35, 38.?Pfeiffer, Mon. Hel. Viv., ii, 360; Symbolfe, ii,54.Pupa modesta, Say, Long's Exped., ii, 25, pi. xv, fig. 5 (1824) ; ed. Binney, 32, pi. Isxiv,fig. 5.?Gould, Invertebrata, 189, fig. 119 (1841).Pupa ovulum, Pfeiffer, olim, Symbolje, i, 46.Isthmia ovata, Morse, Journ. Portl. Soc, i, 38, fig. 93; pi. x, fig. 94 (1864).Over all the Eastern Province, having been found from Maine toTexas : also in the CentralFig. 363. Province, in Arizona. For itspresence in Europe see Jen-sen, Bidr. til Kristianiafjor-den Moll., 6S, 80. Alsoquoted from Mexico andCuba.Jaw arcuate, of uniformbreadth, ends square and hor-izontal ; anterior surface withlongitudinal wrinkles ; con-cave margin simple, with amedian projection.Lingual membrane with 90 rows of 29 teeth (14-1-14), 9 perfect laterals
;
centrals and laterals tricuspid, marginals serrated (Figs. 359, 360, i).332).
Vertigo ovata.
EASTERN PROVINCE?INTERIOR REGION SPECIES, 335Head and back deep cherry-red, posterior part of foot bluish, basewhitish. Eye-peduucles larger towards the extremities, or remarkablyclub-shaped ; ocular points distinct. The anterior extremity of the footis dilated and trilobate, the middle lobe minute, lateral lobes rounded.Length rather greater than that of the axis of the shell.Of forty specimens of this shell examined with the aid of a micro-scope, one had a single tooth, two had three teeth, and twenty-eight hadtwo teeth upon the transverse margin, the one nearest the center beingalways largest and most prominent ; and all of them had the bilobate ordouble-curved aperture and the irregular indentation upon the outerwhorl, near the peristome. A single specimen had three teeth upon theperistome and three upon the transverse margin, making, with twoupon the columellar margin, eight in all. The semicircular mouth isabrui^tly truncated by the last whorl, which forms a distinct and nearlytransverse limit. The peristome is thin and a little turned outwards;its edge is often whitish, but within it is brownish and often thickened.The indentation of the last whorl, terminating at the angle of the peri-stome, is a prominent character. The teeth of the peristome are oftencurved towards the center of the aperture.The motion of the animal when in j)rogress is rapid but awkward.The proboscis, which is long and projectile, seems to be thrust forwardand attached and the rest of the foot drawn up to it, reminding one ofthe motion of a caterpillar, the shell at the same time rolling from sideto side. The adherent forces of the animal evidently lie in the anteriorpart of the foot.This is one of the more aquatic species, and is found under deadleaves and sticks and on the stems of plants at the margin of rivuletsand ponds.The species has been referred to P. antivertigo, but the figure of thedentition of that species given by Lehmann (Plate XIV, Fig. 52) doesnot sustain the theory of identity.SPURIOUS SPECIES OF VERTIGO.
Vertigo coniracta, Adams, Geu. Rec. Moll., is the same as Pupa contracta.Vertigo decora, Adams, Geu. Rec. Moll., is the same as Pupa decora.Vertigo minuta, Adams, Gen. Rec. Moll., is the same as Pupa rupicola.Vertigo pentodon, Say, is the same as Pupa pentodon.Vertigo rupicola, Binney, is the same as Pupa rupicola.Vertigo corticaria, Binney, is the same as Pupa corticaria.
336 A MANUAL OF AMERICAN LAND SHELLS.
Family SUCCINID^.SIJCCI]\EA,1)R.Animal heliciform, thick au<l blnut before, short and pointed behind ;Fig. 364. mantle central, simple, protected by a shell, whichdoes not conceal the whole retracted animal ; respir-atory and anal orifices on the right of the mantleA uinmi of ^?^. rusticana. ?dge, nudcr the peristome ; generative orifice behindthe right eye-peduncle; no caudal mucus pore; locomotive disk (?).Shell imperforate, thin, ovate or oblong; aperture large, obliquelyoval; columella simple, acute; i)eristome simple, straight.The genus is world-wide in its distribution.The habits of the animal do not vary much from those of Helix. Theyare described in many works as being amphibious, which means thatthey possess the power of living in the water as well as upon the land.Such appears to have been the opinion of Lamarck. They are not, how-ever, in any proper sense amphibious, as they live upon the land ex-clusively and breathe air, and some of them occupy situations verydistant from bodies of water. It is not difficult, however, to accountfor this general belief. Some of the species inhabit wet localities at theborders of swamps and ponds, and are even found attached to theleaves of plants growing out of the water. They resemble also, in ex-ternal characters, certain species of Limncva^ which live in the wateritself. The two have therefore been confounded in pojjular belief.It is also stated very generally that they cannot withdraw theirbodies entirely into their shells. This is certainly an error as regardsthe American species, and probably as to all others. They all retireinto their shells on the approach of winter and during seasons ofdrought; every i)art of the body is then retracted within the plane ofthe aperture, and over it is extended a membranous epiphragm, likethat of our Helices. They cannot, however, retract the body much be-yond the plane of the mouth, and the foot is never wholly drawn intothe aperture of the mantle and concealed by it, as in Helix, the pos-terior extremity of the locomotive disk being always visible, on a levelwith the mantle or collar.The epiphragm sometimes possesses considerable thickness and con-sistence.
EASTERN PROVINCE ^INTERIOR REGION SPECIES. 33tJaw with an upper, quadrangular, accesoory plate. The jaw is stronglyFiG.^5. ^ arched, the ends acuminated in I'lr-.^oo.S. avara (Fig. 3G6), blunt in ohllqua, ovalis, Totteniana (Fig 305),campestrifi, Uueafa, and effum.There is a median projection to
""W^ the cutting margin, sometimes -^i^vciiw. ?,,??,/.Jaw of *. Toitowajirt. (Morse.) brolvcu by the cudsof ribs. These ril>s are foundin S. Totteniana (3) (see Fig. 305), S. ohliqua (3-7), om//.v (over 7) ; I de-tected no ribs on that of 8. avara, Jineafa, aampestris, Nuttalliana, Mlli-mani, Haydeni, or effnsa.The general arrangement of the lingual membrane is as in Patula.The characters of the separate teeth are seen in Terr. Moll., Y, Tlate X,Fig. K. The peculiar character of the dentition is the cutting away orthinning of the middle portion of the lower edge of the base of attach-ment in the central teetli, and the inner lower lateral angle of the baseof attachment in the laterals and still more in the marginals. Themarginal teeth are also often peculiar in the denticulation of their re-flected cusps. They have usually two small outer side cusps, the innerthe smaller, each bearing cutting points proportioned to their size.The reflection of the- teeth is also small in proportion to the base ofattachment. In other respects the dentition of the genus is very muchlike that of the Helicidce.The genital system in the species examined by me presents one pe-culiarity which may prove a generic character : the testicle is not sep-arated into distinct fasciculi by the parenchyma of the liver, but formsa single mass. The prostate gland, also, is very much swollen, andextends only about the half of the length of the oviduct.Siiccinea rettisa, Lea.Shell ovate oblong, very thin, pellucid, yellowish; spire short;Fin. 3G7. whorls 3 ; aperture below dilate and drawn back. Diameter,
.3 inch ; length, .7 inch.Ohio, near Cincinnati.A single specimen only of this species has come into my pos-session. It differs so much from any of the described speciesin the dilatation and retraction of the inferior part of the aper-ture that I have not hesitated to consider it new. (Lea.)1749?Bull. 28 22
338 A MANUAL OF AMElilCAX LA^D SHELLS.Succinea retusa, Lea, Trans. Am. Phil. Soc, v, 117, pi. xix, fig. ft6 (1837) ; Obs., i, 229.
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De Kay, N.Y.Moll., 55 (1843).?Pfeiffer, Mou.Hel. Viv., ii, 525.?Binney,Terr. Moll.,iii, 65, C6.?W. G. Binney, Terr. Moll., iv, 37, pl.lxxix, fig. 7; v,416; L. & Fr.-W. Sh.,i,250(1869).?Tryon, Am. Jouru. Conch., ii, 238 (1866).Succinea campestria, Anthony, Ohio Cat., uo descr., part (1843), No, 95.Interior Region, near Cincinnati.Mr. Lea's original description and figure are copied above.Jaw, lingual membrane, and genitalia not observed.Succinea ovalis, Gould, not Say.Shell ovate, somewhat conic, very thin, pellucid, watery horn-color.Fig. 368. sometimes tinted roseate ; periostraca shining, very minutelystriate; whorls 3, the last compressed and elongate whenviewed above ; spire short but acute ; suture impressed
;
aperture produced by a deep truncation of the shell, elongateds. ovalis. uiore than three fourths the length of the shell, patulous, ex-panding anteriorly, exhibiting the interior of the volutions ; whenviewed on the side of the aperture the conical shape of the shell ap-pears ; the broadest part of the cone is below the center of the apertureand it tapers gradually to the apex. Extreme length, 15"""; of aper-ture, 10'"".Succinea ovahi', Gould, Invertebrata, 194, fig. 125 (1841), ed. 2, 445 (1870).?Adams,Shells of Vermont, 270.?Binney, Terr. Moll., ii, 78, pi. Ixvii, a, fig. 3.?\V.G.'BiNNEY, Terr. Moll., iv,37; v, 417; L. & Fr.-W. Sh., i, 257.?Pfeiffer,Mon. Hel. Viv., i, 814.?Morse, Jouru. Portl. Soc., i,30 fig., 77; pi. ix, fig.78 (1864); Amer. Nat., i, 607. fig. 48 (1868).?Tyron, Am. Journ Conch., ii,237 (1866).?Not of Say.Succinea Decampii, Tryon, Am. Jouru. Conch., ii, 237, pi. ii, fig. 23 (1866).Succinea Calumeieiisis, Calkins, Valley Naturalist (a newspaper), i, No. 2, 1, fig., SaintLouis, November, 1878Canada and the Northern and Middle States, thus belonging to bothNorthern and Interior Eegions.Animal a little longer than the shell, whitish or amber-colored andtranslucent, with minute black dots, scattered and in clusters of dots,upon the surface, most frequent upon the head and upper part of neck.Foot free from dots. A black line running from the ocular points ofthe eye-peduncles through their length and along the sides of the neckto the shell, marking the sheath of the eye-]ieduncles, which are rathershort, thick at base, attenuated towards the end, bulb distinct; tenta-cles short, small, and rather conical. Respiratory cleft near the peri-stome of the shell, about midway between its center and its junctionwith the last whorl.
EASTERN PROVINCE?INTERIOR REGION SPECIES. 339It appears to prefer the margius of water, on wet and marshy ground,especially where there are fragments of wood saturated with water.We are not aware of its having been found in any other situation. Itis also frequently taken on the leaves of flags {Iris versicolor), on thestems of Pontederia, and other aquatic plants.It deposits its eggs, to the number of about twenty, enveloped in amass of thin, transparent gelatine, at the foot of aquatic plants. Thesegelatinous masses are very numerous in the latitude of Boston in thewarm days of June. The eggs are oval and transparent.This is not the S. ovalis of Say. That shell having been found iden-tical with S. obliqua, Dr. Gould proposes retaining the name ovalis forthis species.Mr. Gwynn Jeffreys refers the species to S. elegans, Eisso (Ann. andMag. K H., 1872, 246).Jaw (according to Morse) arcuate, ends blunt; anterior surface withstrong vertical furrows which modify the concave margin. A specimenexamined by me had a jaw with a smooth anterior surface and well-developed median proiection.Mr. Morse gives 80 rows of 40-1-40 teeth on the lingual membrane.A membrane examined by me (Terr. Moll., V, Plate X, Fig. M) had over60-1-60 teeth. Sticciiiea avara. Say.Shell rather small, very thin and fragile, straw-colored, rosy, amber-colored, or greenish; periostraca shining, or presenting min- i'ig-369.ute hairy processes in the young; whorls 3, very convex, sep- /Aarated by a deep suture; last whorl rather large, not much W]expanded; spire very iirominent, acute; aperture ovate, ^.?,,j?,(jrounded at both. extremities, about half as long as the shell, enkrged.Extreme length, about 6"?.Succinea avara, Say, Loug's ExpecL, ii, 260, pi. xv, fig. 6(1822); Bixxey's ed., 32, pi.Ixxiv, fig. O.-GouLD, luvertebrata, 196, fig. 127 (1841).?Adams, Shells ofVermout, 156 (1842).?De Kay, N. Y. Moll., 54, pi. iv, fig. 55 (1843).?Pfeif-FER, Symbo]?E, ii, 56; Mon. Hel. Viv., ii, 525; iu Chemnitz, ed. 2, 51, pi. v,figs. 18-20 (1854).?BiNNEY, Terr. Moll., ii, 74, pi. Ixvii, c, fig. 4.?W. G.BiXNEY, Terr. Moll., iv, 35; v, 420; L. & Fr.-W. Sb., i, 262 (1869).?Morse,Joiiru. Portl. Soc, i, 29, fig. 75; pl. ix, fig. 76 (1864) ; Anier. Nat., i, 607, fig.47 (IHiiS).-Tryox, Am. Journ. Couch., ii, 2:? (1866).Succlnta Wardiana, Lea, Proc. Am. Pbilos. Soc., 1841, ii, 31; Trans., ix, 3; Obs., iv,3 (1844).?Pfeiffer, Mou. Hel. Viv., ii, 525.Succinea vermeta, Say, teste Gould (see doul)tful species, p. 343.)?Tryon, Am,Jonru. Couch., ii, 233, i>l. ii, fig. 10 (1866).
340 A MANUAL OF AMERICAN LAND SHELLS.From Fort Simpson, on Mackenzie River, to the Gulf of Mexico
;
overall the Eastern Province; also in Colorado and l*few Mexico, ofthe Central Province.Head dark ; foot flesh-colored, narrow.A larger form is also found.This shell at first sight ap]>ears to be the young of some of the largerspecies, but it has as many whorls as any of them, though not attain-ing more than one-fourth j)art their size. It differs from all others inhaving a long and pointed spire, and in its shorter aperture, which isonly half as long as the shell. The whorls do not expand so fast fromthe apex towards the aperture, and the last whorl consequently forms amuch smaller part of the whole volume of the shell. One of its charac-ters, but not entirely peculiar to it, is the loose manner in which thewhorls are united, the suture being in some intances so deep as nearlyto separate them. This variety was considered by Mr. Say to be a dis-tinct species, and described by him under the name of Succinea vermeta.We have carefully compared Siiccinea Wardiana, Lea, with the presentspecies, but cannot detect any difference.In the young shells the spire is not so prominent, and the periostracais covered with numerous fine, hairy poi cesses, as in some Helices, whichaccumulate particles of dirt, which in this way sometimes coat over itsentire surface. The apex of the spire is often rosy.Found under stones and fragments of wood in moist places, and oftenon hillsides and other positions far removed from water.Allied to S. j)w^>/s, var. ochracea, according to Mr. Gwynn Jeffreys(Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., 1872, 24G).Jaw strongly arcuate, ends curved and pointed, anterior surfacesmooth; concave margin simple, with a well-developed, acute medianprojection; convex margin waving (see p. 337, fig. 3GG).Lingual membrane (Terr. Moll., V, Plate X, Fig. K) with 21-1-21teeth, with about 8 perfect laterals. Morse counted 19-1-19 teeth.Succiiiea aiirca, Lea.Shell very symmetrical in form, elongated-oval, the texture veryFig. ^70 ^hiu and lucid and of a clear amber-color; whorls 3, thesuture deeply impressed and the whorls a little tabulatedposteriorly ; aperture narrow-ovate, acute posteriorly ; thecolumella has an indistinct fold. Length, 7^""" ; breadth,
EASTERN PROVINCE INTERIOR REGION SPECIES. 341iSuccinea aiirea, Lea, Tians. Am. Phil. Soc, ix, 4; Obs., iv, 4 (1844); Proc, 1841,ii, 32.?Pfeiffkp, Mon. Hel. Viv., ii, 325.?Binney, Terr. Moll., ii, 76, pi.ixvii, c, fig. 2.?W. G. BiNNEY, Terr. Moll., iv, 37; v, 222 ; L. & Fr.-W. Sh., i,264 (1869).?TUYON, Am. Jouru, Conch., ii, 241 (1^66).Succinea ovliUs, var., Anthony, Shells of Ohio (1843), No. 4."), no clescr.A species of tbe Interior Eegion, but restricted, as far as yet kDownto Ohio.Animal not observed.This siiuill species is about the size of S. avara, but it is less ventri-coseiu form and of a more vitreous structure and more yellow cast ofcolor. The aperture, especially, is far less rounded; indeed, it is morenarrow than in any other American species.Succinea obiiqiia, Say.Shell ovate, pale green, yellowish-green, amber colored, or cinereous,very thin and fragile, pellucid, sometimes roseate at apex; fig. nyi.periostraca shining, minutely wrinkled or striated; whorlsrather moie than 3, the last very large and much ex-panded and more or !ess oblique; si)ire very small, notprominent nor pointed; suture distinct, impressed; aper-lure, oval, large, and expanded, more or less oblique; colii-mellar margin with a slight testaceous glazing; columellathin, sharp, narrowed; peristome thin, its edge blunted by the reflec-tion of the periostraca. Greatest length, 25""" ; ordinary length, 18?".Succinea obliqua, Say, Long's Exped., ii, 260, pi. xv, fig. 7 (1824); Binney's ed., 32,pi. ixxiv, fig. 7.
?
Adams, Shells of Vermont, 156, with fig. (1842).
?
De Kay,N. Y. Moll., 53, pi. IV, fig. 53 (1843).?Pfeiffer, Mon. Hel. Viv., iii, 15 ; inChemnitz, ed. 2, 47, pi. v, figs. 1, 2 (1.^54).?Binney, Terr. Moll., ii, 69, pi.Ixvii, T), fig. 3, excl. syn., Tottciiiaiui.?W. G. Binney, Terr. Moll., iv, 35; v,424 ; L. & Fr.-W. Sh., i, 265 (1869).?Leidy, T. M. U. S., i, 258, pi. xiii,figs. 1-3(1851), anat.
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Tryon, Am. Journ. Conch., ii 232 (1866).
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Goitld and Bin-ney, Inv. of Mass., ed. 2, 447 (1870).Succinea oralis, Say, Jouru. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., i, 15 (1817); Nich. Encycl., ed.3 (1819); Binney's ed., 8.?Adams, Shells of Vermont, 156 (1842).?De-shayes, in Encycl. M^th., ii, 20 (1830); Fer., Hist., 1. c, ii, 139 (excl. syn.Gould) ; in Lam., ed. 2, viii, 319.
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Pfeiffer, Mon. Hel. Viv., ii, 524 ; iii, 15(excl. syn. Gould) ; in Chemnitz, ed. 2, 48, pi. v, figs. 3,4.Succinea Jineula, De Kay, N. Y. Moll., 53, pi. iv, fig. 51 (olim), 1843.Succinea campestris, of all American authors except Say.?GouLD, Invert., 195, fig.126 (1841).?De Kay, N. Y. Moll., .54, pi. iv, fig. 54 (1843).Succinea Greerii, Tryon, Am. Journ. Conch., ii, 232, pi. ii, fig. 8 (1866).A Post-Pliocene species, now found in the Northern and InteriorEegion s, from Gaspe to Georgia and from the Red River of the Northto Arkansas,
342 A MANUAL OF AMERICAN LAND SHELLS.Auiuial with eye-peduncles blackish, their base large and conical
;
tentacles under the last white, very small. Head and neck finely mot-tled with black, mantle grayish, foot light saffron -color, a saffron bor-der around the respiratory foramen. A deep furrow running from un-der the anterior part of the mantle, on each side, downward and for-ward, terminating behind the tentacle Length of the animal somewhatmore than that of the shell.Like the other species, it prefers moist situations, but it is alsospread abroad upon the hillsides, as in Vermont, at considerable dis-tances from water.When the shell is oval, the last whorl very ample and expanded,forming nine-tenths of the whole volume, and but little oblique, thespire being at the same time very small and not prominent and theaperture oval and well rounded at both extremities, it is the form de-scribed as SuGcinea ovalis by Mr. Say. The variation to which it ismost subject is a lengthening and narrowing of all its parts. Thespire becomes more produced and its convolutions less close; the lastwhorl is compressed at the sides and more oblique. The aperture bythis process becomes elongated and narrow, and its j)osterior marginmore angulated. In this condition it is Succinea ohliqua, Say. The ex-tremes of the two varieties differ much from each other, yet they areblended together by almost inappreciable degrees of variation, andwe have never met with specimens in the Northern States which couldnot be referred to one or the other of these varieties.Jaw of shaiDe usual in the genus, with the quadrate accessory plate.Cutting edge with a i^rominent median projection. Anterior surfacewith decided stout ribs, deuticulating the cutting edge; one si)ecimenhad three broad and two intervening narrow ribs ; another specimenhas seven ribs.Lingual membrane (Terr. Moll., V, Plate X, Fig. P) long and nar-row. Teeth about 43-1-43. Centrals subquadrate, tricuspid, the mid-dle cusp long and stout. Laterals about 10, longer than wide, bicus-pid, the third inner cusp being only rudimentary. Marginals a modifi-cation of the laterals, with one long, slender inner cusp and two short,slender outer cusps. The cusps of all the teeth bear shari) cutting-points.In Terr. Moll., I, Plate XIII, Fig. 3, a jaw is figured as that ofSuccinea ovalis. It no doubt represents rather that of the true ohliqua,Say, than that of S. ovalis, Gld., not Say. The jaw of the latter is
EASTKRN PROVINCE INTERIOR REGION SPECIES. 343figured in L. & Fr.-W. Shells of K A., I, 258. The figure of geni-talia given by Dr. Leidy on the plate referred to correctly representsthat of S. obliqua.The genital system is figured (under the name of S. ovalis) by Leidy,
I. c. The testicle is not separated into distinct fasciculi by the paren-chyma of the liver, as in Helix, but forms a single mass ; the epididymisis ver}^ much convoluted, and appears always to be distended withspermatic matter; the prostate gland is usually short, occupying theupper half only of the length of the oviduct, and is thick, clavate, andmore or less colored by pigmentum nigrum cells upon the surface ; thepenis sac is long, cylindroid, curved downward at its upper part, andis joined at its summit by the vas deferens; the retractor muscle is in-serted into the penis sac a short distance below its summit; the genitalbladder is large and globular; its duct is nearly as long as the oviduct,and is narrow; the vagina is moderately long and muscular; thecloaca is short.It will be interesting to study the genitalia of other species of thegenus in order to ascertain whether the peculiarities of the testicle be-ing free and the prostate gland short are generic characters. In S.campestris the same arrangement is found.DOUBTFUL AND SPURIOUS SPECIES OF SUCCINEA.Succinea jmtris, Lix. (Deshayes, Encyl. M^th., 21; De Kay, 1839,31; Ferussac,Tabl. S.vst., 9), andSiiccinea ainjjhibia, Drap. (Forbes, Brit. Ass., 1837, 144; Ferussac, Tabl. Syst.;BiNXEY, Teir. Moll., ii, 159 ; MRS. Sheppard, Tr. Lit. Hist. Soc. Quebec, 18:29,i, 194), have been quoted from America. Having never seen a well-antlieu-ticated s])ecimen of either, I omit them.Succiiiea vermeta, Say, New Harm., Diss., ii, 230 (1829) ; Desc, 23 (1840) ; ed. Binxey,38 {S. vniusia, W. G. B., err. typ.). Gould quotes this in the synouomy ofS. avara. See Terr. Moll., ii, 64, 73, and above, p. 339.Succhiea aperta, Lea, Trans. Anier. Philo. Soc, vi, 101, pi. xxiii, lig. 101; Obs.,ii,107 (1839), is said by Goui.D (Terr. Moll., ii, 67) to bo identical -pio. 371 a.with S. rotundala, of Sandwich Islands.Succinea pdlucida, Lea (Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1864, 109; Journ.ot same ; Obs., xi, 134, pi. xxiv, fig. 106), appears to me to beLimiiwa colvinclla. A figure of an authentic specimen re-ceived from Mr. Lea is here given.Succinea uhlonna and pittris, credited to North America by Prestwich,Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc, xxvii, 493.Succinea Haleana, Lea. Shell obliquely ovate, shining, somewhat transparent, thin,golden color ; spire short ; sutures impressed ; whorls 3, con- j.^^ g^2.vex; aperture large, l)roadly oval; outer lip regularly ex- ^pauded; coUimella incurved. Diameter, .17?"'; length, .23 ^^inch. Alexandria, La. (Lea.) ^fflSuccinea Uahana. Li:a, Proc Acad. Nat. Sci. Philad., 1864, 109 ?Tkyon, Am. Journ. Conch., ii, 241 (1866).
344 A MANUAL OF AMERICAN LAND SHELLS.
Succivefi Halei, Lea, Jouin. Acad Nat. Sci. Pliilad. ; Obs., xi, 136, pi. xxiv, fig. 110.Mr. Lea's origiual description is liere given. Fig. 372 is drawn from aspecimen received Irom liiui. See also L. & Fr.-W. Sli., i, 259, 1869.Sucdnea Mooresiana, Lea. SLell obliquely oval, minutely striate, opaque, whitisb,somewhat thin ; spire exsertcd ; sutures impressed ; whorls 3, a little convex
;
aperture nearly round ; outer lip expanded ; columella incurved and twisted.Diameter, .24 inch., length, .39 inch. Court-House Rock, Platte River.(Lea.)Siicciriea Mooresiatia, T^ea, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philad., 1864, 109; Journ.Fig. .372 a. of the same, pi. xxiv. iig. 109; Obs., xi, 136, pi. xxiv^ tig. 109.
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j^ Tryon, Am. Journ. Couch., ii, 235 (1866).^^^ The above is Mr. Lea's origiual description. Fig. 372aisdrawu^K) from a .specimen furnished by him. See also L. &. Fr.-W. Sh.,^^ 1,259(1869).
-S'. Alooiesiana. 'SKccinea (h-onrenorii. Lea. Shell obliquely ovate, striate, somewhat trans-* ])arent, straw yellow, and thin ; spire exserted; sutures very muchFit;. :!7'J Ik impressed ; whorls 4, convex ; aperture nearly round and ratherhirge ; outer lip expanded: columella bent in and twisted.Diameter, .32 inch.; length, .51 iuch. Santa Rita Valley, Kaus.?and Alexandria, La.SiKciiwa Grosroiorii, IjEA, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci, Philad., 18()4, 109; .Journ.
.V. OrogrejKii-ii. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philad., pi. xxiv, fig, 108; Obs., xi, 135, pi. xxiv,Iig. lOK.?Tryox, Am. Journ. Conch,, ii, 232 (1866).Succ'mta Fomlut/i, Lea, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philad., 1864, 109; Journ. of same;(_)l)s., xi, 134, 1)1. xxiv. Iig. 107.
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Ti;yox, Am. Journ. Conch., ii, 239, pi.ii, tig. 28 (1866).The original descrijjtion of this species is given above, and a tigure of anauthentic s})ecinien. The same is given below of S. Forslieyi, whichap})ears to me identical.Siici'niea Forshe;/}. Shell obliquely elongate, smooth, polishe<l. semi-trans-jtarcMit, i)ale golden color, very' thin ; spire exserted, pointed;sutures imj)resse(l ; whorls 3, a little couAex ; aperture large,wide, ovate; outer lip somewhat expanded j columella thin, in-S.Forshei/i- curved and twisted. Diameter, .23 inch. ; length, .46 inch. Ruters-vilie. Tex. (Lea.) See also L. iV F.-W. Sh., i, 259 (1869).Sncciiwa 1)'iho)ii, Li:a. Shell ol)]i(|nely elongate, very much striate, transparent,
.,.,, , deep-golden color, and somewhat large, ovate ; outer lii) somewhatexpanded; columella thin, iiicuived and twisted. Diameter, .30inch.; bngth .66 inch. Darieu, (ia. (Lea.)Si(ccinca IVilsoni, IjKA, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philad., 1864, 109; Journ of same;Obs., xi, 133, 1)1. xxiv. tig. 105 ?TitYON, Am. Journ. Conch., ii, 239(1866).I have not seen this species. The original dtscrij)tion and a fac-S. Wilnoni. simile of the original iiguve are given here. See also L. & Fr.-W.Sh., i, 260 (1869).Tlic above descriptions and figures of doubtful species are also givenin Terr. Moll., U. S., V./. Species of the Southern Eegion. (See p. 35.)It must be borne in mind that the universally distributed species(see ]).G0) ;ire also found in this region, as well as some of the speciesof the Interior Eegion, which overlaps it on its northern borders,
EASTERN PROVINCE?SOUTHERN REGION SPECIES. 345
Family TESTACELLIDJE.OLAIVDINA, ScHUM.Shell oblong, fusiform, horn-colored ; whorls 6-8, the last attenuatedat base; aperture narrow, fig. 373.c'lliptically oblong: peristomesimple; columella twisted for-ward at the base and trun-cated ; suture often crenu-lated or margined ; uniformin color or ornamented with Glandinatru7icata, one-hidi the natural size.longitudinal, usually brownish streaks.Animal heliciform, elongated, narrowed anteriorly; eye-peduncleslong, having the eye-spots on the posterior face, behind the tips, whichare deflected ; tentacles hall the length of the eye-peduncles, bulbous,and somewhat deflected at tip ; on each side of the oral aperture is aretractile, palpiform appendage, attenuated at tip and more or less re-curved, nearly as long as the eye peduncle, the bases separated byaAssure in front ; buccal pouch capable of a proboscidiform protrusion,tlie aperture furnished with three papilhe ^10.374.a1)<)ve and three on each side. Genital ori-licc at some distance behind the right eye-l)e(luncle. Anal and respiratory orifices onthe right of the mantle, under the peristomeof the shell. Mantle thin, posterior, COV- Lingual membrane of G. <nmca?a.ered b3' a well-developed shell. No distinct locomotive disk. !N^ocaudal mucus pore.The eggs are 8?? long, covered with a hard, calcareous shell.The subgenera Varicella and Oleacina, s. str., are not found withinour limits, but only theSubgenus GLAJ^DINA, s. str.Shell ovate or ovate-oblong, plicately striate, generally of a silkenluster, but never glittering, and usually decussated with delicate revolv-ing lines; suture crenulated : aperture equaling about half the shell'slength, its peristome simple.
346 A MANUAL OF AMERICAN LAND SHELLS.Jaw abseut. Lingual membrane narrow, with chevron-shaped rowsof uuiform, aculeate, separated teeth ; central tooth with a long, slender,straight base of attachment, with incurved sides and with inferior,lateral, sliglitly expanded angles, and with the upper margin reflectedand extended into a long, slender, acutely pointed cusp. There are nolateral teeth, the balance of the membrane being composed of marginalteeth of the pure aculeate form. Each row of teeth on either side ofthe median line curves first backward, with the teeth rapidly increas-ing in size as they pass outwards, and then forwards as the teeth grad-ually again become smaller, giving an irregularly cresceutic shape tothe half-row of teeth. This is shown particularly in Gl. Albersi andG. rosettj less so in GI. truncata. The central tooth was overlooked byWyman, Lei?ly, and other of the earlier investigators. It has sincebeen detected in GI. truncata, rosea, algira, Sowerbyana, pUcatula, fusi-form is, Albersi ; in semitarum, PhilHpsi, of the subgenus Varicella; also
,solidula, of subgenus Oleacina. This central tooth is rather difficult toistudy, being on a different plane from the other teeth and apparentlymuch less developed. Its cusp is generally simple, long, and narrow;but in G. rosea it has a decided blunt cutting point, and in G. semitarumit has a long, slender cutting point; for that of G. truncata see be-low.The side teeth are all of the purely aculeate type ; the base of attach-ment is long, narrow, incurved at sides, gradually rounded above, ex-panded and bluntly truncated below, the general outline being some-what like that of the sole of a shoe. From this base of attachmentS!)rings a large, aculeate cutting point. These side teeth are like themarginals in Zonites, Limax, &c. ; they may therefore be called mar-ginal teeth, and the lateral teeth, usually present intho, Liniacidce, maybe said to be entirely wanting.As stated above, the marginal teeth increase rapidly in size for a
^ ?,, short distance from the median line,Fig. 375. 'and then gradually decrease in sizeas they pass off laterally, the lasttooth being still smaller than thefirst.
'''' In illustrating the dentition of thisLingual dentition ot G. truncata gCUUS I refer tO the figure OU p. 345,to show the general arrangement en chevron of the rows of teeth. The
EASTERN PROVINCE bOLTilERN REGION SPECIES. 317figure here given is inteuded to show the shape of the individnal teethof G. truncata from the central to the extreme marginal.I have not h^id an opportunity of examining the lingual membraneof G. hullata, Te.vasiana, decussata, or Vannxemensis.The restricted subgenus is confined almost exclusively to Mexicoand Central America, but several species are found in our SonthernEegion, even as far north as North Carolina. There is also one Medi-terranean species.
Cilaiidiiia Vaiiuxoniensis, Lea.Shell elongated, ovate-fusiform, thin and fragile, considerably trans-parent, pale fawn-color, in scnne specimens in- fig.376.clined to greenish, and generally flecked withdistant, pale spots ; the surface is, in a measure^coarsely granulated by the decussation of longi-tudinal and revolving lines, the latter of whichare more distant from each other than the former,and become less and less distinct towards theanterior portion of the whorl : whorls 7 or 8,the apical ones smooth and forming a mam-millary tip; suture crenulated; aperture aboutone-half the length of the shell, nearly threetimes as long as broad ; columella stronglyarched, and scarcely glazed by enamel. Lengthof axis, 68'""'; breadth, 25'"'".Glandina Vanuicemensis, Lea, Trans. Am. PLilos. Soc,V, 84, pi. xix, fig. 78; Obs., i, 196 (1837).?Pfeif-FER, Symbolte, iii, 91.
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Binxey, Terr. Moll., ii,299, pi. Ixii, fig. 1.?W. G. Einney, T. M., iv, 141 ;V, 83; L. & Fr.-W. Sh., i, 15.?Fischek aud Crosse, Moll. Mex., 100 (1870)..Glandiva Vanuremii, Tryon, Am. Jourii. Coiicli., ii, 'MG (1806).Achaiina Vanvxemeimis, Reeve, Conch. Icon., pi. xiii, tig. 48.
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Pfeiffek, Monog.Hflic. Viv., ii, 294.Oleacina Vauuxemends, Pfeiffer, Brit. Mus Cat., 36; Mon. Hel., iv, 643.A species of the Mexican fauna, but actually found also in the TexasRegion.I have not seen any other specimen than the one figured in Vol. Illof Terr. Moll.Animal and dentition unknown.
Glandina Tanuxemeusis.
348 A MANUAL OF AMEiUCAN LAND SHELLS.
Olandina triincata.
Olandiiia truiicata, (tmelin.Shell strong, ovate-fusiform, or ellipsoidal, obtuse at tip, of a pale,Fig. 377. asliy fawTi-color, or rather alternately striped with
. ash-color and fawn-color and more or less tintedrose-color, the surface shining and delicately flutedwith longitudinal, raised, and rounded strisie; whorls6 or 7, moderately couvex, the last constitutingthree-fourths the length of the shell, somewhatcompressed at the middle, so as to become ina measure cylindrical, narrowing forward and
' roumled at base; suture strongly marked, delicatelycrenulate; ape,rtnre about one half the length ofthe shell, often more, and twice as long as broad,narrow, ovate-lunate, acute posteriorly, obtuselyrounded anteriorly; peristome nearly rectilinearat its middle portion and springing somewhat for-wards; columella arched at its lower portion anddecidedly truncate at base; throat salmon-colored;edge of peristome pale. Average length, 37""", often very much longer,even 100'""'; breadth somewhat more than one- third the length.Bidla Irunrafa, Gmklix. p. .3434.Bueciiuim striafum, Chemnitz, ix, 36, tab. cxx, fig. 1028, 29?BuUmiis striatus, I^KUGriEKE, Encycl. M(5th., i, 3(i6.CocliUcojm rosea, Fekussac, Prodrome, 3.%; Hist. desMoll., pi. cxxxv, fig. 3, pi. cxxxvi,figs. G-IO.Achalina rosea, Deshayes, Encycl. M(5th., ii, 10 (1830); ed. Lamarck, viii, 313.Aehaiina striata, Deshayes, in Lam., ed. 3, iii, 381.?C'hemxitz, ed. .2, tab. iii, figs.3,4.Achatina trinicata, D'Okbigxy, Moll. Cub., i, 1()3, pi. x, fig. 13.?Reeve, Conch. Icon.,pi. xiii, fig. 47.?Chemnitz, 1. c. (Bui.), tab. xxxviii, figs. 21, 22 {Aehaiina),No. 78.
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Pfeiffer (uec Glandina), Mon., iii, 512.Polyphemus (jlavs, Montfort, Conch., ii, 415, fig. civ. (1810).
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Say, Journ. Acad.Nat. Sci., i, 282 (1818); Nich. Enc, ed. 3(1819); ed. Binney, 13, 7.?Fekus-sac, Tabl. Syst., 11.Glandina francata, Say, Amtr. Conch., ii, pi. xx (1831); ed. Binney, 34, pi. xx
;
ed. Chenu (Bib. Couch.), iii, 28, pi. vii, figs. 2, 2a.?Pfeiffer, Mou. Helic.Viv., ii, 28(5.-De K.\y, N. Y. Moll., 56 (1843).?Mrs. Gray, Fig. Moll. An.,pi. ccci, lig. 5 (ex Bost. Jonm.).?Binney, T. M., ii, 301, pis. lix, Ix, Ixi, fig.2 ; Ixii, fig. 2 ?W. G. Binney, T. M., iv, 141, pi. Ixxx, fig. 9; v, 84; L. & Fr.-W.Sh., i, 15, fig. 5 (l^-^ei)).?Leidy, T. M. U. S., i, 258, 259, pis. xiv, xvi (1851),anat.?Wyman, B. J. N. H., iv, 416, pi. xxiii (1844), anat.?Tryon, Am. Journ.Conch., ii, 225 (186(5).?HoCxG, Tr. Roy. Microsc. Soc.,n. s., xvi, pi. xiii, fig.84 (dentition).Olearina truncata. Pfeiffer, Mon. Hel. Viv., iv, 6.38.?Ib., Brit. Mus. Pulmonata, 23,riaiiurbis (jlans, De Kay, 1. c, 56,
EASTERN PROVINCE SOUTHERN REGION SPECIES. 349Glandina paraUela, W. G. Binney, Philii. Proc, 1857, 189; T. M., iv, 140; L. & Fr.-W. Sh., i, 17.?Tryon, Am. Journ. Concli., ii, 226 (1866).O?eoci?a |)araZ/eZa, Pfeiffer, Malak. Bliitt., 1859, 51.Glandina Texasiana, part, W. G. Binney, T. Moll., iv, j)l. Ixxvii, fig. 21, not of Pfeif-FER.Atlantic and Gulf States from North Carolina to Texas, thus inhabit-ing all the Southern Region.* Very common on the islands and keysalong the coast.Animal: see above, p. 345.The habits of this animal are somewhat aquatic. It is found on thesea-islands of Georgia and around the keys and everglades of Florida,and in these situations the shell often attains the length of 4 inches
;
when found on the oyster hummocks and less humid localities it sel-dom exceeds 1 inch in length. Mr. Say found it in the marshes im-mediately behind the sand-hills of the coast. It is most readily foundin the center of the clumps of coarse grass on these marshes. In youngindividuals the spire forms but a small proportion of the shell, but inthe old it often forms one-third of the length.The animal is in part, if not altogether, carnivorous, and its power-ful lingual membrane, armed with long, sharp-pointed teeth, is welladapted to its food. By its action the soft parts of its prey are rapidlyrasped away or are forced in large morsels down the cesophagus. Theanimal has been seen to swallow entire the half-putrid remains of aHelix, and to attack Limaces confined in the same box with it, raspingoff large portions of the integument, and in some instances destroyingthem. In one instance an individual attacked and devoured one of itsown species, thrusting its long neck into the interior of the shell andremoving all the viscera. I found many specimens of Polygyra vol-voxis in the stomach of individuals collected by me at Saint Augus-tine, Fla.The testicle is an oval mass, separated from the liver, as in the Li-maces. The epididymis appears from a hilum in the side of the testicleat first but slightly tortuous, it becomes convoluted just before end-ing. Its accessory gland is large. The penis sac is long, large, and cla-vate, very gradually enlarging from the base to the summit. The vasdeferens, which joins the latter point, is long, moderately tortuous, andwide. The retractor muscle is inserted into it near its termination inthe penis sac. The bladder is oval, constricted ; its duct is as long as
*Mr. T. R. Aldrich writes me that it is found as far north as Macon, Ga., BibbCounty, Alabama, and Jackson, Miss.
350 A MANUAL OF AMERICAN LAND SHELLS.the oviduct. The vagina is moderately broad. The cloaca is short.The exterior generative orifice is on the right side of the head, consid-erably posterior to the tentacles. (See Terr. Moll. U. S., I, PlatesXIV, XVI.)Jaw absent. Lingual dentition as described above. There areabout 34-1-34 teeth in each row. I have shown in Fig. 375 the centraland various marginals from the first to the last tooth. The figuresshow the teeth as seen from below, thus giving a perfect view of thebases of attachment. The eighth tooth seems to be the largest, in an-other the sixth. The central tooth I find great difficulty in studying.It appears to have a loug, slender base of attachment, truncated and 'emarginate above and below, with slightly expanded lateral angles. [The sides are somewhat incurved, giving the tooth the appearance ofa simple modification of the base of attachment of the marginals.There is a single median cusp, with obsolete side cusps and a long,pointed median cutting point. (See the enlarged figure.) There areno lateral teeth. The marginal teeth are all of purely aculeate type. iThe shell is a very variable one, as shown by the figures in Vols. Illand IV, Terr. Moll. The form from Key West, figured in Plate LXI,Fig. 2, is a well-marked variety, but surely is not a variety of G. Tex-asiana, as I formerly supposed it might be. After further opportuni-ties of judging by the study of more numerous specimens. I am led to Jchange my opinion as to the specific distinction of the form I formerly 'called G. imvaUela. (See outline figure of Terr. Moll., III.)The rose-color of the living shell soon fades.
Cirlaiidiiia. bullata, Gould.Shell elongate ovate, ventricose, widest a little behind the middle,Fio HTs. very light and thin, and so translucent as to show thewhole of the pillar by transmitted light, very pale horn-<;olor, tinged with rusty brown towards the aperture,shining, and marked longitudinally with fine, roundedstriae; whorls 5, tumid, the last composing about seven-eighths of the sliell ; suture delicate, not strongly im-pressed ; a])erture two thirds the length of the shell,narrow-lunate, 8ome\A hat dilated by the moderate arch-ing of the i)illar inargin, the lower third of which takesc.umdina huiiuta. the dircctjou of the axis; pillar margin covered by adelicate lamina of white callus. Length of axis, 37'"'"; breadth, 20'"'".
EASTERN PROVINCE SOUTHERN REGION SPECIES. 351Glandina buUafa, Gould, Pr. Post. S. N. H., iii, 64 (1848); T. M., ii, 298, pi. Ixii, a.?W. G. PiXNEY, T. M., iv, 139; v, 86.?Tryox, Am. Jonrn. Coiicb., ii, 2-2()(1866).?W. G. BiNXEY, L. & Fr.-W. Sli., i, 19 (1869).AchaUna hnllata, Pfeiffer, Mou. Hel., iii, 512.Oleacina hullafa, Pfeiffer. Brit. Mus. Cat., 24.Xear New Orleans and in Saint Laundry Parish, Louisiana; asi)ecies of the Southern Eegion.Animal unknown.Probably a variety of G. iruncaia.Olaiidina^ deciisssaSn, Deshayes.Shell oblong conic, thin, shining, horn-color; whorls 7 to 8, longi-tudiinxlly striate, and covered with numerous rainute fig. 379.revolving lines ; suture slightly creuulated ; apertureoblong, half as long as the sbell; columella curved,truncated, covered witb light callus. Length, 50'"'";diameter, 18'"'".AchaUna clecvssala, Deshayes, in Fee., Hist., 182, pi. cxxiii, fig. 34 ;pi. cxxiv, figs. 33-35 (1850). {Vide Pfeiffer, Moil, iv.644.)(rltnidiiia Iruncaia, var., Binxey, T. M., ii, 302, pi. Ixi, fig. 1.(llandhia corhcola, W. G. Binxey, Proc. Phila. Acad., 1857, 169; T.M., iv, 1.39.Glaudina decussala, Tryon, Am. Jonrn. Conch., ii, 227 (1866).?W.G. BIxXxey, L. & Fr.-W. Sb., i, 18 (1869) ; Terr. Moll., v, 86.
?Fischer and Crosse, Moll. Max., 112 (1870).Oleacina corncola, Pfeiffer, Mai. Blatt., 1859, 51. Glandina dectissata.A Mexican and Guatemalan species ; also found in the Texas Eegionat Devil's River and on the banks of the Nueces River. It is very rarein collections. The shell usually found in collections under this nameis not this species,Animal, dentition, and genitalia unknown.Olandiiia Texasiana, Pfeiffer.Shell oblong, rather solid, with crowded longitudinal striffi, shining,l)eliucid, flesh-colored; spire convex-conic, obtuse; suture fio. 379a.pale, minutely denticulated; whorls rather convex, the lastrather longer than the spire, somewhat attenuated at thebase; columella quite arched, forming at its base a white,twisted, abruptly truncated lamina ; aperture scarcely oblique, acutely oval; peristome simple, obtuse. Length, 2'.\diameter, lOV"" ; length of aperture 16, breadth oi""". nAchaUna Tcjcafiiana, Pfeiffer, Novit. Conch., viii, 82, pi. xxii, figs. 11,12 ( 1857 ) ; Proc. Zool. Soc. , 1856. GlandinaTexasiana,
352 A MANUAL OF AMKRICAN LAND SHELL?.Olandiana Texasiana, W. G. Rinney, T. M., iv, 140 ; v, 87.
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Tryon, Am. Journ. Coucli.,ii, 226, excl. fig. (1866).Oleacmia Texasiana, Pfeiffer, Mod. Hel., iv, 641.Texas Region. I have specimens from Brownsville.Fig. 379cr is a fac-simile of oue of Pfeiffer's figures.Formerly I erroneously referred to this species the small form of G.truncata, figured in Vol. Ill, Date LXI, Fig. 2, of Terr. Moll. U. S.Animal not examined.SPURIOUS SPECIES OF OLANDINA.G. Marminii, Deshay'ES, is referred doubtfully to North America iu Beck's Index, 75.SPURIOUS AND EXTRALIMITAL SPECIES OF AGNATHA.TestaceUa . (Hitchcock's Geol. Rep. Mass., 1835, 27.) It is impossible to saywhat is referred to ; certainly not a Tesiacella, as that genus is not foundnative to North America.TestaceUa haUoto'uha. A single sjiecimeu found in a greenhouse in Nova Scotia.Probably imported on plants.Family LIMACID.^.ZOWflTES. (Seep. 201.)Zoiiifcs cadiiciis, Pfr.Shell umbilicated, depressed, shortly striate, white, with a reddishhorn colored epidermis ; spire slightly elevated, apexdelicate ; whorls 5i, rather convex, the last muchbroader, rather flattened below, excavated around thetunnel-like, minutely closed umbilicus; aperture large,obliquely oval ; peristome simple, thin, with ends ap-proaching, joined with a very light callus, the columella one scarcelybroadened. Greater diameter 27, lesser 22"""; height, 14'"'".Helix caduca, Pfeiffer, Mon. Hel. Viv., i, 89, &c.
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Reeve, Cou. Icon., 530.?W. G.BiNNEY, Terr. Moll., iv, 105.HiiaUna caduca, Tryon, Am. Journ. Conch., li, 248 (1866).Zonites cadiicus, W. G. Bixxey, L. & Fr.-W. Sh., i, 286^ fig. 513 (1869) ; Terr Moll., v,102.?Fischer and Crosse, Moll. Mex., 163, pl.vii, 3 a, 3d (1870).Admitted in the catalogue on the authority of Pfeiffer (Roomer'sTexas, 4t55), who quotes it from !N^ew Washington. It is a Mexicanshell. A specimen from that locality is figured (Fig 380).The dentition of Z caducus is known only by the description and fig-ure of Fischer and Crosse (Moll. Mex. et Guat., 149, Plate VIII, Figs.13-lG.) There are 75-1-75 teeth, with 5 laterals.
EASTERN PROVINCE?SOUTHERN REGION SPECIES. 353This is i)r(>babl.y the species described many years ago by Mr. Sayas Helix luruhrata, from Mexico. Specimens so labeled by one of theearliest curators of conchology at the Philadelphia Academy of Nat-ural Sciences agree perfectly with specimens of caducus received fromDr. PfeifFer. Should 1 prove correct in my judgment, Say's name willtake priority. Zoiiites 4'ei'inoideiis, Anthony.Shell perforated, globosely flattened, shining, light horn-color,scarcely wrinkled by lines of growth ; whorls 7, hardly con- fig. asi.vex, the last slightly inflated below ; aperture oblique, sub-circular; ])eristome simple, acute, its ends joined by a lightcallus. Greater diameter 7, lesser G"'" ; height, 3??.Helix, cerinoidea, Anthony, Am. Journ. Conch , i, 351, pi. xxv, fig. 4 (Oc-tober, 1865).Meeomphix cerinoidea, Tryon, Am. Jouni. Couch., ii, 255, pi. iv, fig. 3fi noideus.(1866).Hyalina cerinoidea, \V. G. Binney, L. & Fr.-W. Sh., i, 30, fig. 30 (1869).Zonites cerinoideufi, W. G. Binney, Terr. Moll., v. 111.Jacksonville, Fla.; Charleston, S. C; Newberne, N. C; Norfolk, Va.It may be a species of the Florida Subregion, thence ranging northwardalong the Atlantic coast.The specimen figured was loaned by Mr. Anthony.Animal with mucus pore, longitudinal furrows, and locomotive diskcharacteristic of the genus.Jaw as usual in the genus.Lingual membrane with 34-1-34 teeth; 9 perfect laterals (Terr. Moll.,Y, J^late III, Fig. B).Genitalia with dart and sac as in Z. Ugerus.Zonites Oimdlaclii. Pfeiffer.Shell perforated, depressed-conic, rather solid, pale rusty-brown,striated with numerous faint lines of growth ; si)ire ele- fig. 382.vated, having about five closely revolving, well-roundedwhorls, separated by a very deep suture; peripheryrounded ; base convexly rounded and excavated arounda small, deep perforation; aperture nearly circular, inter-rupted for a short space by the penultimate whorl ; peri-stome simple, slightly expanded, and at the columellar re- 7.. oundiachi.gion decidedly reflexed. Greater diameter 2A, lesser 2J""'; height,1749?Bull. 28 23
354 A MANUAL OF AMERICAN LAND SHELLS.Helix GundlacM, Pfeiffer, Wiegm. Arch., 1840, i, 250; Mou. IleL Viv., i, 50; in Chem-nitz, ed. 2, i, 239, pi. xxx, figs. 25-2S.?W. G. Bixney, Terr. MoU., iv, 12LHelix pusilla, Pfeiffer, Arch. f. Nat., 1839, i, 351, nee Lowe.Helix egcna, GouLD, in Terr. Moll., ii, 245, pi. xxii, a, fig. 3, not of Say.Conulus Gundlachi, TuYON, Am. Jouru. Conch., ii, 2.5G (18(56).Zonitts Gundlachi, W. G. Binney, Terr. Moll., v, 129.A species of the Florida Subregion found on the southern extremityof the peninsula and also on the west coast as far north as Cedar Keys
;
also in Cuba and St. Thomas, Porto Kico, Vieque, Guadeloupe. Tate(Amer. Journ. Conch., V, 155) quotes it from Nicaragua. The speciesobserved by him has the caudal generic characters (not dentition) ofGuppya.The species is viviparous.Jaw not examined.Lingual membrane of a Guadeloui)e specimen (Plate II, Fig. D, ofTerr. Moll, V,) shows 3 marginals from 2 adjoining transverse rows),23-1-23 teeth, with 4 perfect laterals. This lingual is peculiar inhaving its marginals bluntly bifid, as in J^anina and Vitrina. Some ofthe marginals are even trifld. In this respect it agrees with the denti-tion of Vitrinoconus, as does also Z. fulvus, but from that genus it dif-fers in having its lateral teeth tricuspid, like the centrals. Its denti-tion is altogether peculiar.Genitalia not observed.Family HELICID^.Micropliysa, Albers.Animal as in Patula.Shell umbilicated, depressed, thin, delicately striate, scarcely shin-ing ; spire flattened ; suture distinct ; whorls 4-5, rather convex, grad-ually increasing, the last not descending ; aperture roundly lunate
;
peristome thin, perfectly simple, its extremities converging.A West Indian genus. Two of its species have been introduced intothe Southern Region. One indigenous species has, however, beenfound in the Central Province and one in th3 Pacific Province.The jaw was supposed to be ribless, though I have found that it hasnumerous flat, broad, crowded ribs. In M. turhiniformis (Ann. Lye.Nat. Hist, of N. Y., X, 79, Plate II, Fig. 2) the ribs seem to be of thecharacter common in BiiUmulus, Cylhidrella, &c.Lingual membrane of vortex, turhiniformis^ incrustata, Lansingi, andIngersoUi only known. The base of attachment of the centrals andlaterals is peculiarh^ quadrate ; both have decided side cusps and cut-ing points. The change into the marginals is made in IngersoUi and
EASTERN PROVINCE SOUTHERN REGION SPECIES. r)55incrustata without tlie splitting of the inner cutting point, but it isotherwise in rortex and turb'miformis. Tlie marginals are low, wide*the inner cutting point is long, blunt, simple in Inr/crsolli and incrm-tata, bitid in the other species. The outer cutting points of all areshort, varying in number from one to three. For those of Lansingi seebelow.Thus in this genus, as in most of the others, we find a certain rangeof variation in the dentition and jaw.Mict'opliysa incrustata, Poey.Shell umbilicated, depressed, smooth, horn-colored, usually iucrustedwith dirt, with crowded strife ; spire slightly elevated, com- fig. 383.posed of 4 or 5 well-rounded whorls, separated by a deeply |^^?Kimpressed suture ; beneath with a broad umbilicus, one-third the diameter of the shell, exhibiting all the whorlswithin ; aperture circular, being but slightly inii)inged upon ; |by the penult whorl, its extremities joined by a slightly ap-pressed scale of enamel, rendering the peristome continuous; M.incrmtata.peristome slightly retiexed, so as to render the aperture somewhatcampanulate. Greater diameter 4?, lesser 4"?; height, S""".Helix incrustata, Poey, Meiuorias, i, 208, 212, pi. xii, figs. 11-16.
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Pfeiffer, Mod.Hel. Viv.,iii, 632.?W. G. Binxey, Terr. Moll., iv, 68; L. & Fr.-W. Sh., i,70,fig. 117 (1869).Helix saxicoJa, Gotld, in Terr. Moll., ii, 174, pi. xxis, a, fig. 4, not Pfeiffer.Helix incrassctta, Reeve, Con. Icon., 972.Pseudohyalina incrustata, Tryon, Am. .Jonrn. Conch., ii, 265 (1866).Microphysa incrustata, W. G. Binkey, Terr. Moll., v, 170.Galveston and Corjius Christi, Tex. ; also near Havana, Cuba. Itmust be considered a species of the Southern Eegiou.Its circular, camjianulate aperture, almost disconnected with thepreceding whorl, is one of its most striking peculiarities.Jaw low, wide, slightly arcuate; ends blunt, but little attenuated;anterior surface with numerous crowded ribs, bluntly denticulatingthe lower margin.Lingual membrane with 13-1-13 teeth, of which 5 are perfect later-als. Centrals quadrate, tricuspid ; laterals like centrals, but bicuspid;marginals low, wide, with one inner long, blunt, and several short,side, blunt cutting points. (Terr. Moll., Y, Plate III, Fig. S.)I formerly placed this species in Patula, but having recently ex-amined the jaw of a dried specimen in my cabinet (collected over thirtyyears ago at Galveston), I am led to believe that Von Martens is rightin placing it in Microphysa.
356 A MANUAL OF AMERICAN LAND SHELLS.inicrophysa vortex, Pfr.Shell iirabilicated, depressed, pale bluish-white, pearly, very thin,Fig. 384. transparent ; whorls 5, prominent, with exceedingly minute,
I \ \, oblique strise of increase ; suture deeply impressed ; base\ZL- somewhat convex; axis open, umbilicus infuudibuliform
;
aperture flattenedtransverse; peristome thin, acute, notreilected. Greater diameter G, lesser 5^?" ; height, 23"?.Helix vortex, Pfeiffer, Arch. f. Nat., 1839, ii, 351 ; Mon. Hel. Viv., i,M. vortex. 95.
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Chemxitz, ed. 2, ii, 110, pi. Ixxxviii, figs. 7-9.
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Reeve, Cou.Icon., 644 (1852).?Gould, Terr. Moll., iii, 34.?W. G. BIxVNEY.Terr. Moll., iv, 117; L. & Fr. W. Sli., i.Helix seUnina, Gould, Bost: Proc, ii, 38 (1848); iu Terr. Moll., 11,240, i)l. xxix, a,fig. 2; pi. xlviii, fig. 2.?Reeve, Con. Icon., 716(1862).Hi/alimi vortex, Tryon, Am. Journ. Couch., ii, 252 (1866).Microphysa vortex, W. G. Binney, Terr. Moll.,v, 171.Florida Sul)region ; Southern Florida and the adjacent islands,Fig. ?s5. introduced from the West Indian fauna ; also west coast ofFlorida.The species is apparently viviparous. Fig. 385 representsEmbryonicyouii's of an embryonic shell taken from an adult by Mr. Morse.M. vortex,enlarged. rpj^jg gjQall spccics docs not excccd Zonites arhorens in size.Its transparency is greater than that of any other of our species. Thegeneral character of its upper surface is that of depression ; but thoughthe whorls revolve in nearly the same plane, the suture is so deeplyimpressed that each whorl is rendered convex or tumid. The umbilicusis of small diameter, but well defined and deep. The aperture is trans-verse and flattened in its vertical diameter; the peristome is thin,sharp, and not turned outwards. The convexity of the base beinggreater than that of the upper surface, an obtuse angle is sometimesproduced on the periphery of the shell at the line of their junction,which is more or less prominent in different specimens.Jaw of a specimen collected by Mr. H. Hemphill at Marco, on theFig. 385 a. west coast of Florida, low, fig. 385 6.c^^ C^TlQrO slightly arcuate, with little^^^ / ^1 \)\ attenuated, blunt ends; trans-parent, very thin, so as toLingual dentition of lficro^%sa ? i ivortex. curl ovcr on Us ends and mar-gins ; no median projection to lower margin ; about30 widely separated, delicate ribs, serrating either
, ,. i , ? i' Ti 7 ? 7 Jaw of Microphysa vor-margin; general appearance or the jaw ot Jbuiimulus. tex.Lingual membrane (Terr. Moll., Plate III, Fig T), lS-1-18 teeth,
EASTERN PROVINCE SOUTHERN REGION SPECIES. 357with 8 laterals. The sixteenth marginal tooth is shown. A specimenfrom west coast of Florida (H. nemphill) had lG-1-16 teeth, 7 oneither side being laterals, all like what I have lignred in Terr. Moll.,V, for those of 31. incrnstaia. Fig, 385 a.HEMITROCHtJS, Swainson.Animal heliciform (of H. varians), stont, anteriorly blunt, posteriorlylong, acutely- terminating; mantle central, Fig. 386.thin, simple, protected by a shell ; no dis-tinct locomotive disk ; no caudal mucuspore ; respiratory and anal orifices snbcen-tral, on the right side of the mantle, underthe peristome of the sliell, generative ori- Animal oi h. varians.fice not observed, probably behind the right eye-peduncle.Shell external, with the perforation open or closed, globose, shining;spire short; whorls 4-5, the last large, deflexed at the aperture; colu-mella dilated at the base ; aperture contracted, subvertical, roundlylunate; peristome simple, obtuse, labiate within, its margins distant.A West Indian genus; one species has been introduced into theFlorida Subregion. ?In Ann. Lye. iST. H. of IS". Y., X, 341, I have, in connection with myfriend Mr. Bland, shown the necessity of using this name in preferenceto Folymita. I will here simply repeat that the type of the lattergenus is muscarum, Lea, from which the other species formerly associ-ated with it differ generically in dentition. They will therefore beknown bj" the first published name, Hemitrochus.The jaw is strongly arched, with acuminated ends, smooth anteriorFig. 387. surface, and decided median prominence to cutting margin.Fig. 387 represents the jaw of rarians. The other WestIndian species examined by me have the same type of jaw,excepting H. 31illeri, which has one short median rib.The lingual membrane (Terr. Moll., V, Plate IV, Fig. L)has about 32-1-32 teeth ; another specimen gave 43-1-43 teeth, with 17perfect laterals. The central tooth has a long, narrow base of attach-ment, with lower, outer, angular expansions and fig.sss.incurved lower margin. The reflected portion is ^^ ^^^^.^-^ c^only about one-half the length of the base of at- ^3 ^Hj j\}Qtachment, is short, and bears one short, stout '^ js ^^cusp, with an equally short, stout cutting point; Lingual dentition ofthe side cusps and cutting points are obsolete. ii.varians.
358 A MANUAL OF AMERICAN LAND SHELLS.The laterals are the same as the centrals, but asymmetrical. The outerlaterals commencing at the eleventh, have a side cusp and cuttingpoint; the inner cutting point is bifid on the sixteenth tooth; afterthis the cliange into the marginals is rapid. The marginals are low,wide, and have one broad, long, oblique, bluntly bifid cutting point,the inner division the smaller, and a very much shorter side cuttingpoint. This side cutting point is also sometimes bluntly bifid iu theextreme marginal teeth.The dentition of the other species of this genus, extralimital to NorthAmerica, examined by me, agrees with that of this species. (See Pr.Phila. Ac. Nat. Sc, 1874, 56.)llemitrochus varimis, Menke.Shell subimperforate, of medium size, solid, conic-globose, delicatelystriate, but leaving the surface smooth, and shining; the ground-color isvariable, being white, dusky, greenish, or reddish,and either plain or variously encircled by darkbands ; the apex and the peristome, especiallythe columellar portion, is always rose-red, andgenerally', likewise, the throat; the spire is ele-vated, composed of about 5^ convex whorls, theoutermost broadly rounded at the periphery ; the base is moderatelyconvex and perforated by a minute umbilicus, nearly covered by theexpanded and flattened peristome ; aperture small, approaching two-thirds of a circle; peristome acute, thickened within, a little everted,becoming more so towards its inner junction. Greater diameter 19,lesser 17?? ; axis, IS?-".Helix rarians, Mexke, teste Pfeiffer.?Pfeiffer, Mon. Hel. Viv., i, 238; in Chem-nitz, ed. 2, ii, 221, pi. cix, figs. 1-5.?W. G. Binney, Terr. Moll., iv, 51, pi.Ixxviii, tig. 22.? L. & Fr.-W. Sb., i, 184 (IBGll).Helix carnicolor, Pfeiffek, Symb.,i,37.
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Deshayes, iu Fek., i, 205, pi. xxix. A, figs.14-17.?Reeve, Cou. Icon., No. 283 (1852).Helix Pis?Ha, Pfeiffer, iu Chemnitz, ix, part 2, 139, t. cxxxii, figs. 1186,1187.
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Fe-RUSSAC, Hist., 1. c. ??Not of Mijller.Helix submeris, Mighels, Bost. Proc, i, 187 (1844).
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Pfeiffer, Mou. Hel. Viv., iii,183.Helix rbodochdla, Binney (formerly), Terr. Moll., i.Hemitrochus /(awrts/ojHHs, SwAiNSON,Malac., 165, fig. 19?Hemitrochus varians, W. G. Binney, Terr. Moll., v, 175.Helix pohjchroa, Binney, Terr. Moll., ii, 123, pis. xlvi, xlvii.Polymita rarians, Tryon, Am. Journ. Conch., ii, .321 (1866).A species of the West Indian fauna, common on New Providence;found also in th<' Florida Snbregion, on the keys, Key West, UpperMetacumba Key, Key Biscayne, Cain' Florida.
EASTERN PROVINCE SOUTHERN REGION 8Pr.CIES. 359Animal (see Fig. 386) : Body of a delicate white color, very finelygranulated; eye-peduncles rather long; a dark line, arising betweenthe eye-peduncles and along the back, passes under the shell; a fainterline is found along each side of the neck.Among the varieties the following may be enumerated
:
a. Elevated, white, with a median black band on the outer whorl,which is sutural on the spire, margined with pale citron.fi. The same, with two approximate black basal bands.}/. Elevated, white, with two narrow bauds on the outer whorls, oneof which is median, the other sutural on the spire, the latter inter-rupted.d. The same, with a broad basal fascia.?. Yellowish, with numerous bands, partially blended by dusky linesin the direction of the increment.Z. Fuliginous, with a single white peripheral fascia and white umbili-cal area. (This variety was described by Dr. Mighels under the nameof H. submeris.)
7], Depressed, ashy-olive, with a white peripheral band.6. Elevated, uniform yellowish-green.
I. Uniform pale reddish.For jaw and dentition see above.Genitalia not examined.STROBILA. (Seep. 263.)Strobila Hubbardi, Broavn.Shell umbilicated, depressed, thin, obliquely striated above, smoothbelow, reddish horn-color; whorls 4^-5, convex, regularly increasing,the last but slightly descending; umbilicus wide ; aperture fig^389.quite oblique, subcircular ; peristome thickened, somewhatreflected, white, not covering the umbilicus; internal laminaefour, two upon the parietal wall of the aperture, of whichthe upper one is much more developed than the lower; thetwo remaining ones placed deep within the last whorl on itsbase. Greater diameter, 2^?"' ; height, 1^"".Helix Hubbardi, A. D. Brown, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philad., 1861, 33.3.?W. G. Binney,L. & Fr.-W. Sli.,i,86 (1869).Strobila Hubbardi, Tryon, Am. Journ. Conch., ii, 259 (1866).?W.G. Binney, Terr.Moll., V, 260.
-Helix renffr^<si?Ha,GLOYNE, Journ. de Conch., xi, 333, 1871.
360 A MANUAL OF AMERICAN LAND SHELLS.Found uear Indiaiiola, Calhoun County, Texas; Bonaventure Ceme-tery, near tSavauuab, Ga. ; also Archer, Alachua County, Florida, byW. H. Dall (1885). It thus must have a wide range over the SouthernRegion. It was subsequently discovered at Bellevue, in the parish ofSt. Andrew, island of Jamaica, and described as H. Vendryesiana.Gloyne mentions the parietal lamella only, but there are others as de-scribed by Brown. The species is, in fact, allied to 8. labyrinthica, Say,and not to P<)li/</ijra paludosa. to which group it is referred by Gloyne.The distribution of 8. Huhbardi is certainly curious, but it may beobserved that 8. 8trebeli, Pfr., which is extremely like, if not identicalwith, labyrinthica, belongs to the Mexican fauna.For jaw and lingual dentition (Terr. Moll., V, Plate V, Fig. iS")see p. 203.Genitalia not observed.POI^yOVRA, Say.Animal heliciforra ; mantle posterior ; other characters as in Patula.Shell umbilicated or perforated, orbicularly flattened, obliquely andFig. 390. costulately striate; whorls 5-7^, gradually increas-ing, the last anteriorly constricted, briefly de-flected, inflated below, devious, the penultimateAnimaiof p. geptemroha. ^Jjq,! plainly couspicuous, verj oftcu constrictiugthe rimate umbilicus ; ajierture subreniform or irregularly sinuate
;
peristome narrowly reflected, heavy, its margins usually dentate, andjoined by a triangular dentiform callus, obliquely entering on the pari-etal wall of the aperture.Interior and Southern Kegion, especially the latter in North Amer-ica. It is also represented in the West Indian Islands, in Mexico, andYucatan, and one si>ecies is found in Bolivia.Jaw high, arcuate, ends scarcely iittenuated, blunt, cutting edgewithout median projection ; anterior surface with numerous stout, sep-arated ribs, (ItMiticulatiiig either margin. I have counted 8 ribs inFi(;.3!?i. />. renfro.su'a ; 14 in pnsfula ; 10 in auricidata ; 12 in Pontell-iaiia ; 12 in Carpenteriana ; H) m piistuloides ; 12 in avara ;over 14 in ccreolu.s : 10 in cspiloea ; 13 in ucuUfera ; 10 inJiwof^ Texofiiana and tridontoides ; 12 in TroostUma ; 11 in lepo-p. uentrosuia. ^,.^^^^ ^ ^~ ^^^ ^loorcana ; 20 in fasti(/ans ; 7 in septemvolva ; 10in Febigeri ; in Hazardi and aim/ormis they are also numerous. I havehad no op))ortuiiity of examining the jaw in the other spe(;ies foundwithin t)ur limits
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Hindsi, tholus, hippocrcpiftj oppilata, DorfeuiUiana,Arvidn<v.
EASTERN PROVINCE SOUTHERN REGION SPECIES. 3G1By the character of its jaw Polygyra can be coin[)are(l only to Tri-odopsis and Mesodon among the other North American genera of disin-tegrated Helix. No foreign species has yet been examiued.Fig. 392 shows the general arrangement of the teeth upon the lingualmembrane, the characters of the individual teeth being better shownin my Plate VI of Terr. Moll., V, and also in Fig. 11, on p. 50.Flc. :i9JmmmmmALingual dentition of P. auriformix? (Leidy.)The teeth do not differ from what I have described under Sfeno-trema (see above). As in all the subgenera, there is considerable differ-ence in the length of the base of attachment on the central and lat-eral teeth in the several species.I find considerable difference between the various species in the man-ner in which the lateial teeth pass into the niarginnls. In aurifor-mis, Postelliana, cspiloca^ and Hazardi the change is made simply bythe greater development of the inner cutting point, not by ite bifur-cation (see Terr. Moll., Y, Plate VI, Fig. N). In these species it isonly the extreme outer marginals that have their inner cutting pointbifid; in auriformis a very few extreme marginals have a bifid cuttingpoint. This species has very long inner cutting points to its marginalteeth. In the other species examined by me the first marginals havetheir inner cutting point bifid, the transition from laterals to marginalsbeing thus very distinctly marked (see Terr. Moll., V, Plate VI, Fig.K). With these exceptions the dentition of our species of Polygyrais v^ery like that of Stetwtrema {q. v.).The dentition of no foreign species is known witli which to comparethat of our species. PoSyuyrsi aiii'iciilala. Say.Shell rimately perforated, thittened above, iiitlated below, with rib-like strife, reddish horn-color or brownish; whorls 5^, ^i?- 393.narrow^ the last deflected at the aperture, disjoined,constricted and scrobiculated below ; umbilicus level,showing only the penultimate whorl; aperture subhor-izontal, ear-shaped, ringent, almost closed ; peristomecontinuous, its terminations joined by an oblong, en-tering, excavated fold, the right margin furnished within with a deep
362 A MANUAL OF AMERICAN LAND SHELLS.lamellar fold and formiug a subacute augie with the basal margin, onwhich is one broad tubercle. Greater diameter 16, lesser 13?? ; height,
Polygyra auriculata, Say, Nich. EncycL, 3cl Am. ed. (1819) ; Journ. Phil. Acad., i,277(1818) ; BiNNEY's ed., 10.?W. G. Binney, Terr. Moll., v, 264.Helix auriculata, FiiRUSSAC, Hist., pi. 1, tig. 4 (1822).
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Bixney, Bost. Jonrn. Nat. Hist.,iii,384 (ex parte), pi. xix.fig. 1 (1840), excl. syu. ; Terr. Moll., ii, 186, pi. xl,fig. 1 (left baud).?Leidy, T. M. U. S., i, 255, pi. ix, figs. 5, 6 (1851), anat.?DeKay, N. Y. Moll., 47, pi. iii, fig. 28 (1843).?Pfeiffer, Mod. Hel. Viv., i, 417 ; iv,318, excl. var. (1853).?Chemnitz, ed. 2, 371, t. Ixv, figs. 3,4.
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Desuayes, iuF^R., Hist., 76 (excl. var.), pi. 1, fig. 4; in Lam., viii, 112; ed. 3, iii, 308.
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Reeve, Con. Icon., No. 700, excl. fig. (1852).
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Bland, Ann. N. Y. Lye, vii,26, fig. (1858).?W. G. Binney. Terr. Moll., iv,73; L. & Fr.-W. Sh., i, 87(1869).Dcedalochila auriculaia, Tryo'!^, Am. Journ. Conch., iii, 157 (1867).Saint Augustine, Enterprise, Lake George, Indian Elver, and CedarKeys, Florida. It is confined to the Florida Subregion.Animal longer than the breadth of the shell, acute behind, abovegranulated and blackish, beneath and each side white ; eye-peduncleslong, slender, and tapering ; tentacles short and of nearly equal di-ameter. Shell carried as in P. septemvolva.P. auriculata may be distinguished from the allied species by itslarger size, the greater development of the several parts of its curiousaperture, and especially by the sudden outward deflexure of the cen-tral part of the peristome, which has a deep scrobiculation behind it,corresponding with the uj)per tooth within the aperture. The portionof the parietal process extending from the inferior angle of the parie-tal intruded tooth is erect, and more elevated than in any other of thespecies.Jaw as usual in the subgenus ; 10 ribs. There are 26-1-26 teeth onthe lingual membrane. The inner cutting point of the thirteenth toothis bifid, so that there are 12 laterals. (Terr. Moll., V, Plate YI, Fig. A.)The genitalia are figured by Leidy [l. c). The Saint Augustine formexamined by me has a similar arrangement of the organs. I doubtnot, therefore, that Leidy's figure was drawn from the true auriculata.The penis sac is long, tapering above, where it receives both vas def-erens and retractor muscle ; the genital bladder is elongate-ovate, on ashort, narrow duct.Polygyra iivulifcra, Suuttleworth.Shell rimately perforated, flat above, inflated below, striated, reddishhorn color or brownish, rather solid, shining; whorls 5, slowly increas-
EASTERN PKOVINXE?-SOUTHERN REGION SPECIES. 363jug, narrow, the last abruptly deflected at the aperture, devious below,constricted alid scrobiculated ; aperture very oblique, ear-shaped, rin-geut, very much narrowed; peristome acute, patulously re- ^'f^- 394.fleeted, its terminations joined by an oblong, tongue-shaped, deeply entering, excavated fold, its right marginM'ith a deeply seated lamella, terminating in a reflected, fill- t ,,. ij - Jform, uvula-like point, the basal margin with an oblique, sin- "^'^niarged?'nous, tooth-like tubercle. Greater diameter 12, lesser 11"'"; height, T"".Eelix uvulifera, Shuttleworth, Bern. Mitt., 1852, 199.?Chemnitz, ed. 2, ii, 420, pi.cslviii, figs. 19, 20 c 1853).?Gould; Terr. Moll., iii, 20.?W. G. Binney, Terr.Moll., Iv, 75; L. & Fr.-W. Sh.,i, 87 (1869).?Pfeiffer, Mou. Hel. Viv., iii,267.?Bland, Ann. N. Y. Lye. N. H., vii, 34, fig. 13(1858).Eelix florxiUfera, Reeve, Con. Icon., No. 699 (Aug., 1852).Eelix auricnlaia, minor, Ferussac, Hist., pi. i, fig. 3 ? (teste Pfeiffer).Dcvdalochila uruliftra, Tryon, Am. Journ. Conch., iii, 157 (1867).Polygi/ra uvulifera, W. G. BlXNEY, Terr. Moll., \,264.Found plentifully on the Florida Keys, Key West, Little SarazotaBay, Long Key, and at Dallas and Cape Sable. As I also have speci-mens from Corpus Christi, it probably inhabits the whole Gulf coast ofthe Southern Eegion.F. nvtilifera may be distinguished from P. miriculata by the char-a(;ter of the peristome, which is equa;lly produced from j^m 395the superior angle of the parietal process to the baseof the inferior tooth or fold, where it is reflected, some- (-i*^!'times appressed to the last whorl. The lower angleof the parietal process is connected with the inner ^^'^maioiT.uouUfera.termination of the peristome by a flat, more or less developed calhis.The umbilical region is less open, and there is no groove within it onthe last whorl.Jaw low, arcuate, ends blunt, anterior surface with about 13 ribs,denticulating either margin.Lingual membrane (Terr. Moll., V, Plate VI, Fig. B) with 23-1-23teeth. There are about 8 perfect laterals.Genitalia as in P. auriculata.Polygyra auriformis, Bland.Shell rimately j)erforate, above depressed, with rib-like strife, be-neath inflated, convex, almost smooth, and with micro- fig.j?9g.scopic spiral lines, white or brown horn-color, thin ; spirevery short ; whorls 5^-Q^ rather flat, the last deflected /^^|and shoi'tiy turned outwards from the ])recediiig whorl, ' ","1' i.'"iconstricted, scarcely scrobiculate ; nperture subhorizoutal, ear-shaped,
364 A MANUAL OF AMERICAN LAND SHELLS.
contracted; peristome acute, continuous, the margins joinerl by a shortliuguiform fold, entering within the aperture, the right margin withan obtuse submarginal lamella, and the base with an oblique, sinuous,tooth-like fold. Greater diameter 11^, lesser 10?"^ ; height, G""".Helix am-iformis, Bland, Ann. N. Y. Lye, vii, 37, fig. (1858).?W. G. Binxp:y, L. &Fr.-W. Sh., i, 88 (1869).Helix anriculala, BiNXEY, Bost. Journ. Nat. Hist, (ex parte), pi. six, fig. 2 (1840) : Terr.Moll, ii,l (ex parte), pi. xl, fig. 1 (right hand), 2.
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Reevb, Cod. Icon., 700.
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Deshayes, in Fer., Hist., var. mivor, pi. 1, fig. 3.Helix avara, Chemxitz, ed. 2, 37 (ex parte), t. Ixv, tigs. 1, 2.?Pfeiffer, Men. Hel.Viv., i, 418.?Reeve, Con, Icon., 720.f Helix Sayii, Wood, Ind. Suppl., pi. vii, fig. 34 ; ed. Haxley, 228, fig. 34.
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De Kay,N. Y. Moll.,47.Dadalochila auriformis,TRYO'S, Am. Jonrn. Couch., iii, 15.5 (1867).i'oluyyra auriformis, W. G. BiNNEY, Terr. Moll., v, 265.Inhabits the Southern Region. From Texas to Georgia it is anextremely common species. Immense beds of semi-fossil specimensare found in Middle Alabama.This species is common in American cabinets, and usually labeledP. avara or var. of P. aririculata, but it appears entirely distinct, itis most nearly allied to the former, but is larger, not hirsute, and hasthe groove in the last whorl within the umbilical region, like the latter.The parietal fold is somewhat similar to but does not descend so farinto the aperture as that of P. Postelliana, but the teeth on the peri-stome are in form and position, though more developed, rather likethose of P. avara. They are separated by the same deep sinus, butthe upper one generally without the sharp reflexed hook at its termi-nation.Jaw as usual in the genus ; ribs numerous.The lingual membrane (Terr. Moll., Y, Plate VI, Fig. R) has 2G-1-26teeth, with 8 laterals. Fig. c shows the proportional greater develop-ment of the cutting point in the outer laterals. The change from lat-erals to marginals is not formed by the splitting of the inner cuttingpoint, which remains simple to the extreme outer margin. This i)ecul-iarity is shared by PostelUana, cspiloca^ and Hazardi.Genitalia unobserved.Polysfyra Postelliaiia, Blaxtd.Shell rimately perforate, above slightly convex, with rib-like striic,Fig. 397. wider ai)art and more prominent behind the aperture, be-/^M^k ^^^^^^ inflated, convex, almost smooth, and with microscopicP^^^^^ si)iv<il lines, brown horn-color, thin, sliiuiiig, subpellucid;TB"hlmL) whorls 5, gradually increasing^ rather (jonvex, the last de-
EASTERN PROVIIsCE yOUTHERN REGION SPECIES. o(>5fleeted and turoed outwaids lioai the preceding- one, scrobiculate, con-stricted, grooved within the niubilical region; suture impressed; aper-ture oblique, ear-shaped, contracted ; peristome white, acute, continu-ous, the margins joined by a tongue-shaped fold, excavated above,entering into the aperture, the right margin having a deeply seatedlamella, which terminates in a reflexed hook, the base with an erect,lamelliform, scarcely oblique tooth, produced into and recurved withinthe aperture. Greater diameter 9^, lesser 8J""" ; height, 5"""'.Helix FosteUiana, Bland, Ann. N. Y. I.yc, vii, 35, fig. (1858).?W. G. Binnet, L. &Fr..W. Sh.,i,89(1869).UwdalocliUa Postelliana, Tryon, Am. Journ. Conch., iii, 156 (1867).PoJygyra Postelliana, W. G. Binney, Terr. Moll., v, 26fi.Georgia, in Wayne County, and on the sea-islands of Georgia andSouth Carolina; Baldwin, Fla. Not noticed out of the Southern Re-gion, and j)robably a species of the Florida Subregion.It is smaller than auricuiata, and the rib-like striae which co\^er thewhole of that shell are scarcely developed at the base. The form ofthe parietal process is very like that of uvulifera, but the continuationof its inferior angle to the inner termination of the peristome is not])rostrate, as in that species, but erect, as in auriculata. The positionand form of the upper tooth on the peristome is much the same as inthat species and in uimlifera, but the lower one is entirely different.In those it is an oblique, strongly developed, convex, sinuous fold onthe margin of the peristome, not descending into the aperture, therebeing within a slight thickening only, corresponding with the lowerexterior apertural depression. In Postelliana there is at the base ofthe peristome a thin, erect, oblong, lamelliform tooth, rather oblique,but more closely marginal than the fold in the other species. Theexterior of this tooth is convex, within concave ; it is 1""" in heightand li in length, and descends rapidly into the aperture, where it isrecurved, and terminates obtusely opposite to the lower end of thesuperior tooth, there being a very distinct and tortuous sinus betweenthe two. In opening specimens from different localities these charac-ters are found to be constant.Jaw as usual in the genus, with over 12 ribs.Lingual membrane with 21-1-21 teeth. The marginals, as in auri-formis {q. v.), have their inner cutting point simple, not bifid, even thevery last at the outer edge. "(Terr. Moll., V, Plate VI, Fig. N.)Genitalia as in P. auriculata.
366 A MANUAL OF AMERICAN LAND SHELLS.Polygyra espiloca, Ravenel,Shell rimately perforate, above slightly convex, beneath convex, stri-FiG. 398. ated, reddish horu-color, thin, with very short hairs; spirescarcely elevated ; whorls 5, rather convex, the last deflectedand turned outwards from the preceding one, scrobiculate, con-stricted, grooved within the umbilical region; aperture veryoblique, subreniform. contracted ; peristome acute, continuous,the margins joined by a lamella, excavated above, and pro-p.emioca. duced into a tongue-shaped tooth, the right margin having abroad, liooked lamella, and the base an erect lamelliform tooth i)roducedinto and recurved within the aperture. Greater diameter 9, lesser 8""";height, 4?"'.Helix espiloca, Ravenel, MS., Bland, Ann. N. Y. Lye, vii, 115, pi. iv, figs. 1, 2.?W.fi. BiNNEY, L. & Fr.-W. Sh., ii, 91 (1869).DcvdaJochila espiloca, Tryon, Am. Jouni. Concli., iii, 156 (1867).Polijiiyra espiloca, W. G. BiNNEY, Terr. Moll., v, 267.Sullivan's Island, South Carolina; Saint Simon's Island, Georgia;New Orleans; Indianola, Tex. It seems, therefore, to range over theSouthern liCgion.In the form of the parietal process it is intermediate between F. Pos-telliana and P. avara, but most like the latter; the teeth on the peri-stome are very similar to those in the former, but beneath it is less in-flated, the umbilical region is wider, showing more of the penultimatewhoil, and it is hirsute.Jaw as usual in the genus ; 10 ribs.Lingual membrane (Terr. jMoIL, V, Plate YI, Fig. V) with 25-1-25teeth, with 11 laterals. The inner cutting point of the marginals issimple, not bifid.Genitalia not observed.Polygyra avara, Say.Shell rimately umbilicated, depressed convex above, convex below,striated, especially near the aperture, horn-colored, thin, covered withFig. 399.* numerous short, robust hairs; spire convex, not much ele-vated ; whorls 4, rounded, the last more convex, constrictedbehind the peristome, not grooved within the moderate um-bilicus; aperture very oblique, subreniform, contracted; per-istome white, acute, elevated," continuous, its terminations
"The siriw in this figure are incorrectly re])reseute(l ; they should have been shownouly at the termiiiatiou of the last whorl, over a small space immediately behind theperistome. The figure does not show the hirsute character of the shell.
EASTERN PROVINCE SOUTHERN REGION SPECIES. 367connected by an elevated, oblique, angular fold ; the columellar marginfurnished with two projecting, obtuse, curved teeth, separated by adeep sinus. Orcater diameter 7, lesser G""" ; height, 3'"".Polygyra avara, Say, Nicb. Encycl., 3d Am. ed (1819); Jonru. Pliila. Acad., i, 277(1818); (>d. BiNNEY, 11.?De Kay, N. Y. Moll., 47 (1843).?W. G. Bixney,Terr. Moll., v, 268.Helix avara, Ferussac, Hist., pi. 1, fig. 2.
?
Pfeiffer, var. /3, minor, Mou. Hel. Viv.,i, 418 (ex parte).
?
Deshayes, in Fer., Hist., ii, 78, pi. I, fig. 2.
?
Chemmtz,ed. 9., 370 (ex parte), excl. fig.
?
Rekve, Cou. Icon, (ox parte), No. 720, excl.fig.?Bland, Ann. N. Y. Lye, vii, 30, fig. (1858).?W. G. Binney, Terr. Moll.,iv, 74 ; L. & Fr.-W. Sb., i, 91 (1869).Bwdalochila avura, Thyon, Am. Journ. Concb., iii, 155 (1867).Saint John's Eiver, Florida, "in Mr. Fatio's orange-grove" (Say).The locality is near Eemington Landing. Jacksonville; Oak Hill (T. L.Cunningham).P. avara. Say, may be really distinguished by its smaller size, moredelicate texture, and less globose form ; it has from 4 to 4J whorls, andis the only species of the group which is hirsute, except P. espiloca.The superior tooth on the peristome is armed with a hook, as in theother species, but is narrower, less deeply seated, and more erect; theinferior one is rather a distinct tooth than a lamellar fold. The parie-tal process differs entirely from that of P. auriculata, as plainly shownin the figure. P. avara is without the groove on the last whorl whichprevails in auriculata and the forms represented by Dr. Binney as va-rieties of it. It has until recently been rare in collections, but now isfrequently collected along the Saint John's Eiver.Jaw with over 12 ribs.Lingual membrane as usual in the genus ; teeth 17-1-17, with 8 lat-erals. (Terr. Moll., V, Plate XV, Fig. L.)
**olyS^y>*a ventrosiila, Pfeiffer.
Shell rimately perforated, globosely depressed, thin and shining,pellucid, delicately striated, horn colored ; spire slightly fig.4oo.raised; whorls 5, but little convex, the last one subangulated i^i; ^above, falling suddenly towards the aperture, inflated below, p ^-entronuiaanteriorly gibbous and contracted; aperture very oblique, ringent;peristome acute, broadly reflected, its terminations scarcely approach-ing each other, but joined by two white, elevated laminte, wliich areplaced at acute angles on the parietal wall; the basal margin is also
n68 A MANUAL OF AMKKICAN LAND SHELLS.ftunislied with two white, acute dentich's; on tbe right margin isphiced a white, subper])eudicular, extended lamina. Greater diameter13, lesser 11"""; height, 7i""".Helix vcntrosula, Pfpuffer, Proc. Zool. Soc, 1845, 131; Mon. Hel. Viv., i, 417; inChk.mnitz, ed. 2, i, 373 (1840), pi. Ixv, figs. 5, G (1849).?Reeve, Con. Icon.,No. 687 (185':2).?W. G. Binney, Terr. Moll., iv, 73, pi. Ixsvii, fig. 14; L. &Fr.-W. Sli., i, 92. fig. 1(54 (IH(;9).?Crosse nnd Fischer, Moll. Mex. et Gnat.,274 (1870).Da'daloeliila reiilroiiula. T\:\'0N, Am. Jouni. Conch., iii, 63 (1867).Fohigiira ventrosiiht, W. (J. Binney, Terr. Moll., v, 369.A Mexicaii species, found also in the Texas Subregiou.Jaw strongly arcuate, of uniform width, ends blunt, anterior surfacewith 8 broad ribs, crenulating both margins (see Fig. 301, p. 360).Lingual membrane with 93 rows of 24-1-24 teeth each, 9 laterals;I'lG 401. centrals tricuspid, the sidecusps very small; laterals ofsame shape, but bicuspid;marginals with one inner,Lingual dentition of p. ren?rosM?a. obliqUC, bluutly bifid Cut-ting point and one smaller outer cutting point.Polygyra Bliiidsi, Pfeiffer.
Shell narrowly umbilicated, depressed, delicately striate, brownish
^'J^o^. horn-color, diaphanous, thin, shining; spire slightly elevated;whorls 5, flattened, the last deflected at the aperture, moreconvex and constricted below; umbilicus pervious; aperturep.Hindsi. very oblique, lunate, ringent; peristome slightly reflected, itsterminations converging, joined by a triangular, tooth like, two-forkedcallus, the right-hand margin with one subvertical lamina, the columel-lar margin with tv. o acute denticles. Greater diameter 8, lesser 7""^;height, 4^'""'.EeHx Eindsi, Pfeiffer, in Proc. Zool. Soc, 1845, 132; Mon. IIcl. Viv., i.416; inChemnitz, ed. 2, i, 373, tab. Ixv, figs. 7, 8.
?
Keeve, Con. Icon., 712(1852).?Gould, in Terr. Moll., iii, 17.?W. G. Binney, Terr. Moll., iv, 92,pi. Ixxviii, figs. 5, 6, 8.?L. & Fr.-W. Sli., 93, fig. 167 (1869).?Fischer andCrosse, Moll. Mex. et Gnat., 273 (1876).Dcrdalochila Hhidsi, Tryon, Am. Jonrn. Couch., iii, 63 (1867).PoUjdiira HimM, W. G. Bixney, Terr. Moll., v, 269.In the Texan Subregiou, in Texas and Mexico.Animal not observed.
EASTERN PROVINCE SOUTHERN REGION SPECIES. 369Polysryra Texasiana, Moricand.Shell rimately perforated, depressed, orbicular, rather solid, of a palehorn-color, sometimes with a revolving rufous band, with fig.403.crowded rib-like striae above, smooth or faintly striated and /^shining beneath; spire nearly flat, of 5 whorls, separated bya well-marked suture, the outer one obtusely angular at p- Texasiana.periphery, nearly at the plane of the ppire, and somewhat deflectednear the aperture; beneath couvexly rounded, with a somewhat dis-torted appearance in consequence of the whorl becoming narrower,rather than broader, towards the aperture, leaving a minute umbilicalperforation; aperture very oblique, narrow lunate, the peristome form-ing about two thirds of a circle, reflected, white, with a constrictionbehind it, and armed with two denticles at its inner margin, one nearthe centei, the other at the middle of the basal portion ; the extremitiesof the peristome connected by a callus across the columella of anacutely angular form, pointing to the middle of the portion of the peri-stome above the upi^er denticle, the lower ramus of the angle beinglongest and largest and a little concave inwardly. Greater diameter10, lesser 8^"""; height, 5""".Helix Texasiana, Moricand, M6m. Soc. Phys. Hist. Nat. de Geneve, vi, 538, pi. i, fig.2 (1833).
?
Deshayes, in Lamarck, vii, 133; ed. 3, iii, 316; in FlcR., i, 74, pi,1. c.(excl. eyn.).
?
Feruss>c, Hist. dSs Moll., pi. Ixix, D,fig. 2.
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Pfeiffer,Mon. Hel. Viv., i, 418, excl. syn. and var /? ; Vol. v, 318.?Chemnitz, ed. 2,(1846), i, 85, excl. var. and figure.?Reeve, Con. Icon., No. 707.
?
Binney,Terr. Moll., ii, 191, pi. xlv, fig. 1.?W. G. Binney, Terr. Moll., iv, 79 ; L. &Fr.-W. Sh., i, 93 (1869].?Fischer and Crosse, Moll. Mex. et Gnat., 279(1870).Helix aiiriculala, Binney, Bost. Journ. Nat Hist., iii, 3'7.Helix Tamaulipasensis, 1jKA,Ftoc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. , 1857, 102; Journ.,? ; Ob8.,xi,139, pi. xxiv, fig. 113.Dcedalochtla Texasiana, Tryon, Am. Journ. Conch., iii, 62 (1867).Polijgyra Texasiana, W. G. Binney, Terr. Moll., v, 270.In the Texan Subregion, in Texas and the neighboring Mexican Stat?of Tamaulipas; Fort Gibson, lud. T.Animal brownish or dingy white; eye-peduncles darker, sheathsvisible by a dark line, much enlarged at tip.There is a variety larger, with 6 whorls and with a brown band re-volving above the perijihery.Jaw wide, low, slightly arcuate, ends blunt, with 10 decided ribs,denticulating either m-irgin.Lingual membrane as usual in the genus ; teeth 26-1-26, with 11laterals. (Terr. Moll., V, Plate VI, Fig. G.)1719?Bull. 28 1-4
370 A MANUAL OF AMERICAN LAND SHELLS.Polyg^yra triodoiitoides, Bland.Shell umbilicated, globose-depressed, thin, subpellucid, pale horn-colored, with partially obsolete rib-like strife above; base convex,smooth; si)ire short; whorls 5, somewhat convex, the lastFlo. 404. 7X7' 'plicately ribbed near the aperture, detiexed anteriorly; aper-ture roundly lunate, oblique, contracted; peristome reflected,callous, the margins joined by a sharp, linguiform, triangular,tooth, the right with a tooth on the margin of the callus,basal with an oblique tooth, both teeth small and far apart. Greaterdiameter 9J, lesser 8" '" ; height, 5"""^.Melix Modonfoides, Bland, Ann. N. Y. Lye, vii, 424, pi. iv, figs. 11, 12 (1861).?W. G.BiNNKY, L. &. Fr.-W. Sh., i, 94 (1869).Helix Texasiaita, "NV. G. Binney, Terr. Moll., iv, 79, pi. Ixxviii, fig. 18.Dn>dalocMla iriodontoides, Try'ON, Am. Journ. Conch., iii, 62 (1867).Polygyra triodonloides, W. G. Binney^, Terr. Moll., v, 271.Corpus Christi and De Witt County, Texas, belonging, therefore, tothe Texan Subregion; but I have traced it northward into the IndianTerritory (Choctaw Nation).P. triodontoides is a more delicate shell than F. Texasiana, and doesnot usually attain the same size. It is not as distinctly' ribbed, issomewhat more elevated, and the aperture more round. The lastwhorl is less devious at its termination beneath, the peristome teethare smaller and wide apart. In P. Texasiana they are close together,and the space between them has much resemblance to the notch inStenotrema hirsufum. In that respect, as well as in the form of theaperture, Moricand's shell is more closely allied to P. Mooreana^ W. G.Binney.Lingual membrane as in fastigans, cereolus, &c.I*oIysy*'a Mooreaiia, W. G. Binney.Shell umbilicated, orbicular, globose, white, subcarinated ; spire more405 ^^' ^^^^ depressed, obtusely rounded ; whorls C, distinctlystriated, hardly convex; suture impressed; below thecarina the body-whorl is not rounded, but slants downto the base, which is parallel with the suture; belowthe striae are less distinct; at the umbilical region onlyone and a quarter whorl is visible, the outer one stronglycariuated so as to conceal a portion of the umbilicus and a great partof the remaining whorl ; the umbilicus is very small, but perforatesthe shell to the apex, showing all the volutions with the aid of a lens j
EASTERN TROVINCE SOUTHERN REGION SPECIES. 371aperture rounded, contracted by three teeth ; peristome heavy, broad,white, hardly reflected near the basal extremity, quite on the edge,armed with two short, incurving teeth, separated by a small, roundedsinus ; on the columella there is a tooth-like fold, square, projectingacross the aperture, its extremities joining those of the peristome ; aninternal transverse tubercle on the base of the shell. Greater diameter8J, lesser 7?*"' ; height, 3'"'".Helix Mooreana, W. G. Binney, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philad., 1857, 184 ; Terr. Moll.,iv, 80, pi. Ixxviii.tig. 24 ; L. & Fr.-W. Sh., i, 95 (1869).?Fischer and Crosse,Moll. Mex. et Gnat., 275 (1870).
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Pfeiffer, Mon. Hel. Viv., iv, 52.Dwdalochihi Mooreana, Tryox, Am. Jonrn. Conch., iii, 64 (1867).Helix thoJus, W. G. Binney, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philad., 1857, 186; Terr. Moll., iv,81, pi. Ixxvii, fig. 21 ; L. & Fr.-W. Sh., 1. c, 95*.?Pfeiffer, Mon. Hel. Viv.,iv, 351.Dwdalochila Ihohis,, Tryon, Am. Journ. Couch., iii, 64 (1867).Polygyra Mooreana, W. G. Binney, Terr. Moll., v, 271.Texan Subregion, Washington and Bosque County, Texas ; also inthe neighboring Mexican States. <The specimens from which the descriptions of Mooreana and tholuswere drawn are widely different, but a study of a large suite of individ-uals leads one to doubt their specific distinction. Although I now referP. tholus to 3Iooreana, I here repeat the original description and fig-ure :Shell broadly umbilicated, depressed -globose, rather solid, white,shining, ribbed above, smoother below ; spire obtuse, little fig. 406.elevated, rounded ; whorls 7, convex, the upper onesmore flattened, the last bluntly carinated; carina notreaching the peristome; base parallel to the suture; um-bilicus broad, half the larger diameter of the shell, show-ing two and a half deeply grooved whorls plainly, theothers rapidly retreating towards the apex; aperturevery oblique, semicircular, removed from the axis of theshell, bordered with a scarcely reflected, white, heavyperistome, grooved behind, and armed with two stout teeth near thebasal extremity, broadly reflected at the junction with the body-whorl;on the parietal wall of the aperture is a white fold, hardly connectingthe extremities of the peristome, and projecting across the apertureinto an acute point; an internal transverse tubercle on the base ofthe shell. Greater diameter 11, lesser 9""" ; height, 4'""'.The aperture of this curious shell {tholus) resembles that of P. fasti-
372 A MANUAL OF AMERICAN LAND SHELLS.gans, Say. It is readily distiuguislied from that and all other describedspecies by the umbilicus, broad at the commencement and rapidlynarrowing beyond the second whorl, with the peculiar groove visible inall the whorls of the umbilicus, of the same character as that noticedby Say in auriculata, though deeper.The name tholus is derived from the resemblance of the slightlyraised, rounded spire to a low dome.Jaw with about 15 adjoining, broad ribs, denticulating either mar-gin.The lingual membrane of Mooreana (Terr. Moll., V, Plate VI, Fig. Q)has 20-1-20 teetli, with 8 laterals. There are two transition teeth, withsimple inner cutting points.Genitalia not examined.Polygyra hippocrepis, Pfeiffer.Shell rimately perforated, depressed, rather heavy, closely striated,Fig. 407. opaque, smoky ; spire flattened ; suture impressed ; whorls
'\^h 5 J, narrow, scarcely convex, the last subcarinated above,more convex below, falling abruptly at the aperture, andbehind it very much contracted and with a prominent iso-lated bulge ; umbilicus at first expanded and grooved, butrapidly terminating in a minute perforation ; aperturealmost horizontal, ear-shaped, riugent, complicated withp. hippocrepis. tccth ; peristome white, thickened, its extremities joinedby an elevated, sharp, angular ridge, from which protrude far withinthe aperture two laminre (the ui^per one sharper and more prominent)the connecting terminations of which within the shell resemble a horse-shoo ; the up])er portion of the peristome is slightly reflected and fur-nished with an oblique entering angle, and the basal portion is callousaud reflected ; an internal transverse tubercle on the base of the shell.Greater diameter 12, lesser 10""" ; height, 5""".Helix Ixippocnpis, Pfeiffer iu Eoemer's Texas, 455 (1849); inZeitsch. fiir Mai., 1848,119 ; Moil. Hel. Yiv., iii, 267 ; in Chemnitz., ed. 2, ii, 333, pi. cxxxi, figs. 4~6.?Reeve, Con. Icon., No. 1238 (1854).?W. G. Binney, Terr. Moll., iv, 77,pi. Ixxviii, fig. 19 ; L. &. Fr.-\V. Sh., i, 96, fig. 172 (1869).DwdaJochila (?) hippocrepis, Tryon, Am. Joiirn. Conch., iii, 68 (1867).Pohj<j\jra hipjiocrcpin, \V. G. Binney, Terr. Moll., v, 273.Texan Subregion, at New Braunfels, Tex.Animal not observed.
EASTERN PROVINCE?SOUTHERN REGION SPECIES. 373PoIyg"yra Jacksoni, Bland.Shell narrowly umbilicate, depressed, shining, dark or pale hoin-colored, little elevated above, striated, convex beneath, with fig. 408.finer, almost obsolete stria^ ; whorls 6, slightly convex, fffgradually increasing, the last suddenly detlected, contracted _^^and above gibbously inflated behind the aperture ; suture f ^) Timpressed; aperture oblique, lunate -circular, with 3 teeth ; V J iperistome thickened, brownish-red, shortly reflected, with p.jacksoni.the scarcely approaching margins joined by a white, linguiform, bicru-ral, deeply entering tooth, the basal margin with a strong, oblique,sinuous fold, the right with a deeply seated tooth. Greater diameter7, lesser 6"? ; height, 4'"?.i7e?ij: JacA-soni, Bland, Am. Jonru. Conch., ii, 371, pi. xxi, fig. 8 (1866).?W. G. BiN-NEY, L. & Fr.-W. Sh., i, 98, fig. 174 (1869).Da'dalochila Jacksoui, Tryon, Am. Jouru. Conch., iii, 67 ^^1867).Pohjgyra Jackso>ii,W.G. Binney, Terr. Moll., v, 275.Fort Gibson, Ind. T. (Cherokee); Springfield, Mo. ; Arkansas. I aminclined to rank it among the species of the Texan Subregion.This species belongs to the same group as and is most nearly alliedto P. Hazardi, Bland {Helix plica to, Say), from which, however, it maybe readily distinguished by the very different character of the parietaland basal teeth. This species has no internal tubercle.Jaw as usual in the genus, with stout anterior ribs.Lingual membrane with 17-1-17 teeth; centrals bicuspid; laterals 7on each side, bicuspid; the eighth tooth has the inner cutting pointbifid, beyond which all the teeth are marginals, 10 in number. All theteeth are such as I have figured in Terr. Moll., V, Plate VI, Figs. Ato M, for other species of this genus.Polygyra. oppilata, Moricand.Shell umbilicated, depressed, delicately striate, subpellucid, lighthorn-color or white; si)ire scarcely elevated; whorls 5, rather convex,gradually increasing, the last deflected at the aperture, in- fig. 409.flated below, constricted behind the peristome; umbilicus atfirst widened, then narrow, pervious ; aperture diagonal, lu-nateiy circular, riugeut ; peristome briefly reflected, its termi- p- oppUata.nations joined by a tongue-shaped, entering, two-forked callus, theright margin subequally bidentate. Greater diameter 7, lesser 6??
;
height, 3""".
374 A MANUAL OF AMERICAN LAND SHELLS.EeUx oppilata, Moricand, Test. Novi8s.,i,8.
?
Pfeiffer, Mon. Hel. Viv.,iii,264 ; iv,:i]4.?W. G. BiNNEY, L. & Fr.-W. Sh., i. lOl.fig. 177 (1869).?Fischer andCrosse, Moll. Mex.et Guat.,-^87 (1870).Polygyra oppUaia, W. G. Binney, Terr. Moll., v, 278.The specimen figured is from Yucatan ; Pfeiffer, on Shuttleworth'sauthority, refers to Florida a var., /5, with a somewhat more elevatedspire, 5i whorls, and 8?""" in the greater diameter. The specimen dis-sected by me is from Cedar Keys.The above figure is referred to implicata, Beck, by Crosse andFischer, I. c.Lingual membrane (Terr. Moll., Y, Plate XVI, Fig. D) as usual inthe geuus. The inner marginals have simple, not bifid, cutting points.Polyg:yra Dorfeuilliaiia, Lea.Shell rimately umbilicated, discoidal, slightly convex above, flat-tened below, light horn-colored, striated, below smoother and with mi-FiG. 410. ^'^te revolving lines; spire not much elevated; whorls 6,flattened, gradually increasing, the last more convex, inflatedbelow, constricted behind the peristome, descending at theaperture, below with a grooved rimation of 1^ whorls, endingin a very small umbilicus; aperture oblique, subreniform,p. Dor/euii- coutractcd, far within furnished with ti deeply seated, erectliana, eu-larged. tuberclc OH the base of the last whorl ; peristome white, verymuch thickened, not reflected, continuous, its terminations but slightlyapproached, joined by a heavy, excavated, subquadrate callus project-ing across the aperture, the columellar margin with a deeply seated,transverse, somewhat pointed denticle, distinctly separated from abroader, equally deeply seated obtuse denticle on the right margin.Greater diameter 8, lesser 7"""; height, 3^""".Polygyra Dorfeuilliana, Lea, Trans. Am. Philo. Soc, vi, 107, pi. xxiv, fig. 118; Obs., il,107 (1839) ; Tuoschel's Arch. f. Nat., 1839, ii, 222.?W. G. Binney, Terr. Moll.,V, 278.Helix DorfcuilUana, Bland, Ann. N. Y. Lye. (18.'>8),vi, 294, pi. ix, figs. 24-2G.?W. G.Binney, Terr. Moll., iv, 86, pi. Ixxviii, figs. 2, 14 ; L. & Fr.-W. Sh., 1, 101, notof Pfeiffer, Deshayes, Chemnitz, Reeve.Helix fatujiaia, Binney, Bost. Journ. Nat. Hist., iii, 388 (1840); Terr. Moll., ii, 193(excl. descr., syn., and fig.).Helix Troostiana, var.? Pfeiffer, Mon. Hel. Viv., iii, 318, no descr.Dmlalochila Dorfeuilliana, Tkyon, Am. Journ. Conch., iii, 66 (1867).Washington County, Texas ; Wa'-^hita Springs, Ark. ; Coosa River,Alabama; Kentucky, opposite Cincinnati. It thus appears muchmore widely distributed than the allied species, perhaps enough so tobe considered a species of the Interior Region. Mr. J. G. Anthony
EASTERN PROVINCE?SOUTHERN REGION SPECIES. 375obtaiued from Mr. Dorfeuille some facts concerniDg the original dis-covery of tliis species, which prove beyond all doubt that it was acci-dentally brought from Kentucky. Jt is not an inhabitant of Ohio.P. DorfeuilUana differs materially in its characters from the alliedspecies; the striaj on the upper surface are not so well defined as inTroostiana, but more so than in Hazardi, while the base is more smooththan in either of them, having only very delicate stride, with micro-scopic impressed spiral lines. The parietal tooth is quadrate ; the twoteeth on the peristome are more nearly of the same size and form thanin fastigans and Troostiana. In this species the inferior tooth is trans-verse, and in some specimens broader than the superior one, but has asomewhat pointed apex ; both are very neatly equally deeply seated,but so far apart as to allow a view between them into the aperture,leaving, as Mr. Lea expresses it, "to nppearance three nearly squareapertures." Say would have described the two teeth as " separated bya remarkable sinus." The peristome of this is more thickened and lessreflected than in the other species; behind it is deeply constricted,without any appearance of pits showing the position of the teethwithin.There is a form of DorfeuilUana which differs from the tyj^e in thatthe superior tooth on the peristome is larger and more deeply seatedthan the inferior one, and that the latter, though more developed, ismuch of the same form as the inferior tooth in fastigans and Troost-iana. The parietal tooth partakes of the general character of that inLea's type of DorfeuilUana, but its lower and terminal margins projectmore perpendicularly from the parietal wall. The umbilical perfora-tion is also larger and the base of the shell is more smooth. The fol-lowing are the measurements of a large specimen : Greater diameter 9,lesser 8"""; height, 4""". I am much inclined to consider this a dis-tinct species, but remark upon it, as I believe it is more commonly foundin cabinets under the name of DorfeuilUana than the shell describedby Lea. It is called var. Sampsoni by Wetherby.P. DorfeuilUana, and also the shell last considered, have a tuberclewithin the aperture very similar to that in fastigans and Troostiana.Jaw not observed.Lingual membrane with 20-1-20 teeth, the tenth liaving its innercutting point split. Marginals as usual in the genus. (Terr. Moll., V,Plate VI, Fig. I.)Genitalia unobserved.
S76 A MANUAL OF AMERICAN LAND SHELLS.Polygyra Ariadnse, Pfr.Shell with an arcuate riination, terminating in a minute, oblique per-foration, depressed, subdiscoidal, rather solid, nearlj^ transparent, bluFig. 411. ish-white, with scarcely perceptible wrinkles on the uppevsurface; spire flattened; whorls 5, separated by a distiLCLsuture, flattened, the last one suddenly falling towards theaperture, very much contracted and pinched behind the per-istome, more convex and smoother below; there is a deeplychiseled, arcuated, umbilical rimation ; the umbilical regionis also channeled ; aperture small, extremely complicated
^ith teeth, very oblique. Innately circular, ringent; peri-stome white, slightly reflected, its terminations approaching each otherand joined by two flexuose, elevated, acute lamin.T, converging to apoint far within the aperture; the basal margin of the peristome is alsofurnished with two stout, entering, converging marginal folds ; theright margin of the peristome has a more delicate, deeply seated, elon-gated lamina, running almost parallel with the peristome. Greater di-ameter 12, lesser 10?? ; height, 5??.Belix Ariadna', Pfeiffer, in Zeitsch. f. Mai., 1848, 120 ; Mou. Hel, Viv., iii, 266; inChemnitz, ed. 2, i, 372, pi. Ixv, figs. 19-21 (1846).?W. G. Binney, Terr.Moll., iv, 76, pi. Ixxviii, figs. 1,3,4; L. &. Fr.-W. Sh., i, 104, fig. 180 (1869).?Fischer and Ckosse, Moll. Mex. et Guat., 287, pi. xii, fig. 8 (1870).Helix Couchiana, Lea, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1857, 102; Journ., ? ; Obs., xi, 139,pi. xxiv, fig. 112.Dcedalochila Ariadna', Tryon, Am. Journ. Conch., iii, 66 (1867).Polygyra Ariadna;, W. G. Binney, Terr. Moll., v, 280.In the region of the Rio Grande, both in Texas and Tamaulipas. Aspecies of the Texan Subregion.Animal not observed.Polygyra septeinvolva, Say.Shell broadly umbilicated, ^ubcarinated, discoidal, russet horn-color,Fig. 412. with stou stiiffi abovc, smooth below ; plane above,with 7 (sometimes 8^) or less flattened whorls;equally plane below, with ,3^ full, more convexwhorls on a level, then ending in a deep, perviousumbilicus, the penultimate somewhat overlappedby the last, the antepenultimate much the largest;aperture very oblique, remote from the axis, sub-p. ??p*.?u-o^ a, enlarged, renifomi, coustrictcd behind the peristome; peri-stome thickened, bluntly reflected, continuous, its terminations joined
EASTERN PROVINCE SOUTHERN REGION SPLCIES. 377by an elevated, heavy, tooth-like triangular fold. Greater diameter 15,lesser IS""" ; height, 4"""'.Polygyra septemvolva, Say, Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., i, 278(1818); Nich. Encycl.,ed. 3 (1819); BiNNEY'sed., 11.?Tryon, Am. Journ. Couch., iii, 159 (1867).?W. G. BiNXEY, Terr. Moll., v, 281.Helix septemvolva, Binney, Terr. Moll. U. S, ii, 196 (part), pi. xxxviii, outer figs.
;
pi. xxix, fig. 1.?De Kay, N. Y. Moll., 47 (1843).?Bland, Ann. N. Y. Lye,vii, 131, fig. ou p. 136.?W. G. Binney, Terr Moll., iv, 89, part; L. & Fr.-W.Sh., i, 104 (1869).?Pfeiffer, v, 419 (1868).f Helix volvoxis, Pfeiffer, see below.Saint Augustine and Key West, Fla. Confined to the Florida Sub-region.Animal (see p. 3G0) brownish, eye-peduncles darker, very long andslender, eyes black ; foot narrow, thin, semi-transparent, receiving itscolor in some degree from the substance on which it is placed, notprojecting behind the shell when in motion; length less than twice thebreadth of the shell, which it carries nearly horizontal.The shell described and figured above, which is no doubt the formcalled septemvolva by Say, was iound by him at Saint Augustine, Fla.There are, however, associating with it there, and also found atmanj^ other points on the Georgia, Florida, and Alabama coasts, otherforms which appear to be varieties of it. It may be said, theiefore,that it varies in being occasionally a little convex, more or less carinate,and in exhibiting a greater or less number of full volutions on the base.The lower surface is sometimes marked with the alternate white andbrown flammules which characterize P. Carpenteriana.The reflected peristome in this shell seems to be formed at variousperiods of growth, thus creating a greater diversity of size in the ap-parently mature shell than exists in any other species. From the nu-cleus until the accomplishment of five full whorls, each whorl on thebase is curved a little lower than that which precedes it ; and up to thistime, consequently, the umbilicus is deep and gradually expanding, ex-hibiting, when carefully examined, all the volutions. Up to this period,also, the spire is almost always prominent. After five whorls are com-pleted, the succeeding ones usually follow in the same horizontal planeand give a discoidal character to the shell. It is manifest, therefore,that specimens in each of these stages must present considerable dif-ferences ; and, accordingly, the small, delicate shell, having a slightlyconvex spire of five whorls, a deep umbilicus, and a transverse diameter
378 A MANUAL OF AMERICAN LAND SHELLS.
of only one eighth of an inch, forms a beautiful variety, and has beenthought to be a distinct species.The form known as volvoxis is found on the Atlantic coast of Floridaand Georgia. It is thus described by Pfeiflfer. The synonymy is alsogiven in full. I believe it to be a variety of septemvolva.Shell umbilicatedj orbicularly convex, thin, reddish horn-colored,pellucid, with regular rib-like striae ; spire very short, convex ; whorls7, convex, regularly increasing, the last larger above than the rest, an-gular, below the angle inflated, striated, and shining; umbilicus large,regular, in which the whorls regularly decrease, excepting the last,which is very broad ; aperture rather large, kidney-shaped ; peristomethickened within, reflected, its terminations joined by a short, triangular,tooth-like callus. Greater diameter 9 lesser 8?"" ; height, 4?'".Melix rolvoxu, Parreyss, in Pfeiffer, Symb., iii,80; Mon. Hel. Viv., i, 409; inChemnitz, ed. 2, i. 379 (1846), pi. Ixvi, figs., 4-6 (1849).?Reeve, Con. Icon.,No. 1237 (1K54).?W. G. Binney, Terr. Moll. U. S., iv, 92, pi. Ixxviii, fig. 17.?Bland, Ann. N. Y. Lye, vii, 135.Folygyra volvoxis, Tryon, Am. Jouru. Concb., iii, 159, pi. xi, fig. 25 (1867).Jaw long, narrow, slightly arched ; ends attenuated, bluntly rounded
;
anterior surface with 7 stout, distant ribs, creuulating the cutting edge.There are 28-1-28 teeth, with 9 laterals on the lingual membrane ofthe large form (Terr. Moll., V, Plate VI., Fig. L). The small form, with5 whorls, differs only in having somewhat fewer teeth. The form knownas volvoxis does not differ excepting in having fewer marginals ; Jack-sonville, Fla., specimens have 20-1-20 teeth.The Museum of Comparative Zoology at Cambridge has a reversedspecimen of P. septemvolva.Terr. Moll., V, Plate XV, Fig. H, represents the genital system of thelarge form of this species. It is characterized by its extreme length,as would be expected from the form of the shell. The vagina is ex-tremely long and narrow. The genital bladder is elongated-oval, on ashort, slender duct. The penis sac is very long, attenuated to a pointabove, where the retractor muscle is inserted.The digestive system is also very much elongated. The oesophagusespecially is excessively long, as are also the ducts to the salivaryglands.This species is extremely common all over Saint Augustine and itsvicinity. The large form I found almost restricted to the moat of theold fort, especially at the foot of the main western wall.
EASTERN PROVINCE SOUTHERN REGION SPECIES. SidPolygryrii cereoliis, Muhlfeldt.Shell broadly umbilicated, subcarinated, discoidal, white, scarcelyconvex, and with rib-like strife above, smooth and ^ fig. 413.plane below ; whorls 7 or 8, gradually increasing, thelast subcarinated, briefly deflected at the aperture,constricted behind the peristome ; below three fullwhorls revolving on the same plane, the balance vis-ible in the broad, pervious umbilicus, the penultimatesomewhat lapi)ed over by the last, the antepenulti-mate the most swollen ; aperture remote from theaxis, subreniform ; peristome white, thickened, acutelj' ?reflected, somewhat angular at the carination of thelast whorl, continuous, its terminations joined by tri-angular, elevated, acutely pointed callus ; on the parietal side of theinner fourth of the last, and running round rather obliquely within fromtwo-thirds to three-fourths of the penultimate whorl, thus revolvingnearly once round the shell, is a threadlike, elevated, white internallamina. Greater diameter 14, lesser 12^"""; height, S^"""". A largespecimen, 20"'? greater diameter.i?e?iic cereoZws, Muiilfp:ldt, Berlin Mus.,viii (1816), 41, pL ii,fig. 18.
?
Pfeiffer, Mon.Hel. Viv.,i,408; in Chemnitz, cd. 2, i, 378, pi. Ixvi, figs. 1-3.? ?Reea^e, Con.Icon., 698.?Bland, Ann. N. Y. Lye, vii, 1.36, fig. 2.?W. G. Binney, Terr.Moll., iv,80, part, pi. lxxvii,fig. 23 ; L. & Fr.-W. Sb., 1, 106, fig. 182 (1869).Eelix septemvolva, ? Ferussac, Hist... pi. li, fig. 6.? ? Wood, Index Test. Sqppl., vii,fig. 14 ; ed. Hanley, 226, tig. 14.? ? Sowerby, Conch. Man., ed. 2, fig. 275.
?Binney, Bost. Journ. Nat. Hist., iii, 391, pi. xxix,fig. 4(1840); Terr. Moll.,.ii, 196, 111. xxxviii, central line.
?
Deshayes, in F^r., Hist. ,5.HtUxplanorbuIa, ? Lamarck An. s. Vert., vi, 89.??DESHAYES,inLAM., viii, 67; Encycl.Metb., ii, 208 (18 30).? ? Delessert, Rec, pi. xxvi, fig. 3 (1841).?? Chenu,,Ilhist. Coucb., pi. xii, fig. 3.Helix cereolus, var. laminifera, VV. G. Binney, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Pbila., 1858, 200,no descr.Folygyra cereolus, TRYom, Am. Jonrn. Concb., iii, 158, pi. xi, figs. 19-21 (1867).?W.G. Binney, Terr. Moll., v, 283.Indian Eiver, Indian Key, Key West, Egmont Key, Florida. It is aspecies of the Florida Subregion.The umbilical opening, in sjiecimens of about equal size, is only halfthe width of that in septemvolva; the last whorl is wider, especiallytowards its termination at the aperture, more inflated, and rather lessacutely carinated. The aperture is more orbicular, more contracted,and the peristome more expanded and acutely reflected, and at itsjunction below with its pillar lip more closely appressed to the last
380 A MANUAL OF AMERICAN LAND SHELLS.
whorl. The internal revolving lamina easily distinguishes the species.Fig. 413 represents a specimen broken so as to show the internallamina.Jaw as usual; 14 ribs.There are 22-1-22 teeth, with 9 laterals, on the lingual membrane,the inner cutting point of the tenth tooth being bifid. Marginals withbase of attachment low, wide, with one inner, long, oblique, bifid cut-ting point and one short, bluntly bifid, small, outer cutting point (Terr.Moll., V, Plate VI. Fig. K), all of same type as in septemvolva.Genitalia as in P. septemvolva.Polyifyra Carpenteriana, Bland.Shell umbilicate, orbicular, horn-colored or pale rufous, above flat,Fig 414. obllqucly and acutely ribbed, beneath convex, slightlystriated, shining, often ornamented with indistinct whitespots ; suture deeply impressed ; whorls 5J to 6^, the lastsubangular at the periphery, shortly but suddenly de-flected at the aperture, gibbous, scrobiculate, constricted,tumid behind the aperture and ribbed, base dilated, witha white, internal, thread-like lamina* on the columellarwall near the point of attachment of the aperture ; aper-ture very oblique, lunate; peristome callous within,
enlarged. ' thickcned, little reflected, the margins joined by a trian-gular dentiform lamella. Greater diameter 10, lesser 9""" ; height, 4""",Helix microdonta, Pfeiffer, Mod. Hel. Viv., 499, ex parte? (1848).?W. G. Binney,Terr. Moll., iv, 91, pi. Ixxviii, fig. 28, excl. fig.Helix Carpenteriana, Blaxd, Aun. N. Y. Lye, vii, 137.?W. G. Binney, L. & Fr.-W.Sh., i, 107, fig. 183 (1869).Polygyra Carpenteriana, Thyon, Amer. Joiirn. Conch., iii, 159, pi. xi, fig. 24, not 23(1867).?W. G. Binney, Terr. Moll., v, 284.In the Florida Subregion, on the mainland of the extreme southernpart of the i)eninsula and on the keys from Little Sarasota Bay toKey Biscayne ; Lake Harvey. I have received fossil specimens im-bedded in limestone rock.This species was formerly named microdonta in American cabinets.It is readily distinguished from all the other species of the group byits strong, acute, rib-like striae and the peculiarity of the outer whorl.About the last third of it, behind the aperture, is ribbed and tumid
;
the whorl is then rather abruptly contracted, becoming narrower
* As in P. cereolus (see Fig. 413).
EASTERN PROVINCE SOUTHERN REGION SPECIES. 381above and flatteDtd and slightly striated beneath, but again, as itpasses towards and beneath the aperture, dilated and convex. Thischange of form gives to the last whorl a distorted appearance. Theinternal lamina is on the columellar wall of the contracted and flat-tened portion of the last whorl, and runs obliquely in the direction ofthe ajierture, attaining a length in a large specimen of about 6"""".The character of the aperture is most like that of ccrcolus, but in thatspecies the last whorl has none of the peculiarities above described.The internal lamina is found in a majority of specimens, but not in all;it can generally be seen through the outer wall of the shell.The upper figure is engraved directly from a photograph on wood.Jaw as usual in the genus ; over 12 ribs. One jaw examined has adecided median projection.Lingual membrane with 22-1-22 teeth, of which 9 are laterals, thetenth tooth having its inner cutting point bifid (Terr. Moll., V, PlateVI, Fig. M).I can now state that cereohts, Carpenteriana, septemvolva, volvoxis,and Fehigeri have the same dentition. In all the splitting of theinner cutting point commences at the tenth tooth. The species alsoagree in their genitalia.Genitalia as in P. septemvolva.Polygryra Febigeri, Bland.Shell umbilicate, orbicular, flat, thin, shining, pale or reddish horn-colored, with rather distant rib like strioe above, finely no 415.striated beneath; spire almost level; suture deep; whorls5^ to G, rather couA^ex, regularly increasing, the last an-gular at the periphery, inflated below; umbilicus funnel-shaped; aperture oblique, kidney-shaped; peristome thick-ened, little reflected, the margins joined by a strong, tri-angular callus. Greater diameter 8^, lesser 7^"""; height, P-Fciiaen.
Helix Febigeri, Bland, Am. Joiirn, Conch., ii, 373, pi. xxi, fig. 10 (1866).?W. G. BiN-NEY, L. & Fr.-W. Sh., i, 108, fig. 184 (1869).Polygyra Fibigeri, Tkyon/Aiii. Journ. Couch., iii, 160 (1867).?W. G, Binney, Terr.Moll., V, 285. ^New Orleans; Mobile; also Louisiana. A species of the SouthernRegion.This species certainly differs from P. cereolus, Muhl., septemvolva,Say, volvoxis, Parr., and Carpenieriana, Bid., the four species of the
382 A MANUAL OF AMERICAN LAND SHELLS.same group bitberto found on tbe North American continent. Com-l^ared with ^xiludosa, Pfr., of Cuba, tbe rib-like strife are more regularand prominent, it is more decidedly angular at the periphery, and theform and armature of tbe aperture are different. In Fehigeri there isno such excavation below tbe angle of the periphery as prevails, moreor less, in the other above-named continental species. In this respect,and in the form of tbe aperture, Fehigeri appears to be most nearlyallied to microdonta, Desb., of Bermuda and New Providence, but it ismore coarsely striated and the last whorl is more inflated below.Jaw as usual ; 10 ribs.P. Fehigeri (Terr. Moll., V, Plate VI, Fig. J) has 17-1-17 teeth onthe lingual membrane, with 9 laterals, the tenth tooth having a bifid in-ner cutting point.Genitalia as in P. septemvolva , cereolus, and Garpenteriana.Polygyra pustula, Y?r.Shell umbilicated, orbicularly depressed, minutely striated, reddishor pale horn-color, hirsute; spire scarcely elevated; whorls 4^, flat-FiGMifi* tened, gradually increasing, the last more convex below,deflected at tbe aperture, constricted behind the peristome;umbilicus broad, pervious, with a deep groove markedwithin tbe shell by an internal, revolving, ridge-like la-mella, branching from a stout, transverse, internal tuber-cle ; aperture very oblique, narrow, sinuously lunate ; \iei:'\-I'.pustxda. stome sinuous, white, thickened, acute, somewhat reflected,its terminations joined by a two-forked, elevated, acutely pointed lam-ina, the basal margin with two approximated acute denticles, the colu-mellar termination entering and somewhat covering the umbilicus.Greater diameter 5, lesser 4"'? , height, 2^"'?.Helix pusiula, Ferussac, Hist., pi. 1, lig. 1.? Deshayes, in Fer., i, 78, t. 1, fig. 1.
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Pfeiffer, Sj-mb., iii, 81 ; Mou., i, 422 ; iv, 268, excl. /3 ; in Chemnitz, ed. 2,i, 376, pi. Ixv, figs. 18-20 (1846).?Eeeve, Con. Icon., 721 (1852).?Bland,Ann. N. Y. Lye, vi, 346, fig. 1 (1858).?W. G. Binnev, Terr. Moll., iv, 94, pi.Ixxvii, fig. 12; L. & Fr.-W. Sh., 1, 109 (1869).?Not of BiNNEY.Dcedalochila pusiula, Tkyon, Am. Journ. Concli., iii, 62 (1867).Folygyra pustula, W. G. Binney, Terr. Moll., v, 286.A species of tbe whole Sowtbern Region, having been received fromTexas; Cedar Keys, Little Sarasota Bay, Saint Augustine, Florida;South Carolina ; and Lee County, Georgia.The groove within the umbilicus is a very marked feature in F^rus-The figure does not show the hirsute character of the shell.
EASTERN PKOVIiNCE SOUTHERN REGION SPECIES. 383
sac's species, and though uot referred to iu his description, is distinctlyshown iu one of the figuies ; it is entirely wanting iu leporina, andalso in pustuloides. This groove is not only an external character, butits presence modifies the internal structure of the shell. On openiugthe base of the last whorl, immediately behind the aperture, a stronglydeveloped transverse tubercle is seen within, from which a strong, ridge-like lamella runs round the umbilical opening, corresponding in extentwith the groove. This tubercle, and fhe extension of it, are entirelydisconnected by a sinus or channel from the tioor of the penult whorl.The hirsute character of this species is not generally alluded to byauthors. The outer edge of the peristome in specimens from Saint Au-gustine is of a deep rose-color.Jaw as usual ; 14 crowded ribs.P.pustula (Terr. Moll., V, Plate VI, Fig. E) has 17-1-17 teeth on itslingual membrane, with 8 laterals.Polj Syra piistuloitles, Bland.Shell widely umbilicate, planorboid, thin, rufous or pale horn-colored,delicately striated, with thin, sparingly hirsute epidermis; spire scarcelyelevated ; whorls 4 to 4^, slightly convex, gradually in-creasing, the last subangular at the periphery, at theaperture gibbous, constricted, suddenly deflected, be-neath devious ; suture rather deeply impressed ; umbili-cus wide, equal to one-third of the larger diameter of theshell, showing all, but especially the penult whorl;aperture with an internal, fulcrum-like process on the I', pustuloides.base of the shell, oblique, crescentic, with an erect, ob-lique, white, parietal, lamelliform tooth, joined to the upper angle of theaperture by a slightly arcuate, filiform callus ; peristome reflected, withmargins approaching, and having two dentiform lobes, separated by adeep fissure. Greater diameter 5^, lesser 4^"'"^ ; height, 2.V"'".Helix pusi Ilia, Binney, Terr. Moll., ii, 201, pi. xxxix, fig. 3, not of Fekussac.Helix 2}ustuloides, Bland, Anu. N. Y. Lyc.,vi, 350, fig. 3 (1658).?W. G. Binney, Terr.Moll., iv, 93; L. ?fe Fr.-W. Sh., i, 110 (1869).DcedalocMla pustuloides, Tryon, Am. Journ. Conch., iii, 61 (1867).Foh/gyra jmstuloides, W. G. Binney, Terr, Moll., v, 287. ?Georgia, Alabama, and Tennessee. A species of the Southern Re-gion.F. pustuloides is intermediate in size hetw tien jfustula and leporina?
' The figure does not show the hirsute epirlermis of the shell.
384 A MANUAL OF AMERICAN LAND SHELLS.is less globose than the former aud more sparingly hirsute. It differswidely from both in the character of the umbilicus ; the aperture ismuch like that of pitstida, but more narrow than that of leporina. Theinferior tooth on the peristome is more developed laterally than in pus-tula; indeed, it has a somewhat bifid appearance, in which respect itis more allied to leporina.The fulcrum in pustuloides is of the same nature as that in leporina,but less developed aud with the outer edge entire.As to the station of the species, I copy the following from one of Dr.Wilson's interesting letters from Darien, Ga. :
?
"The i)lace has an eastern exposure to the sea, high tides rising tothe base of the low bluff where they exist. The growth of trees, whichconsists mostly of live oak and Celtis occidentalism has never beencleared off; the Palmetto serrnlata flourishes as an undergrowth. Thesoil is covered for a few inches in depth with oyster-shells thrown thereby the Indians, and decayed leaves and fragments of branches are ofcourse over all these, under which, and among the superficial oyster-shells, the Helices live. P. pustula is nowhere near, or at least a rigidsearch did not reveal anJ^ Macrocyclis concava (dead) occurs in smallnumbers, Triodopsis inflecta abundantly."Jaw as usual in the genus; over 10 ribs.Lingual membrane with 17-1-17 teeth, 8 laterals, the ninth toothhaving bifid inner cutting point (Terr Moll., V, Plate VI, Fig. C).Genitalia unobserved.TRIODOPSIS. (Seep. 283.)Triodopsis Hopctoiicnsis, Shuttleworth.Shell with a narrow, scarcely pervious umbilicus, depressed-globose,Fig. 418. with numerous rib like striae, olive horn-color; sj^ire ob-tuse, convex; Mhorls 5^, rather convex, the last scarcelydeflected in front, constricted at the aperture ; aperturelunar, tridentate ; a moderate, tongue-shaped, slightlyentering parietal denticle ; peristome reflected, withinT. Hopetonensis. thickcued with a white, light callus, its right margin witha small, somewhat anterior denticle, its basal terminus with a marginaldenticle. Greater diameter 13, lesser 11"""; height, 6""".Helix Hopetonensis, Shuttleworth, Bern. Mitt., 1852, 198.
?
Reeve, Con. Icon., No. 709(1852).?Pfeiffer, Hon. Hel. Viv., iii, 263 ; in Chemnitz, ed. 2, 420, pi. cxiviii,figs. 17, 18 (pi. Ixiv, figs. 7-9?).?Gould, Terr. Moll., iii, 17.?W. G. Binney,Terr. Moll., iv, 72, pi. Ixxvii, fig. 16 ; L. & Fr.-W. Sh., i, 132, fig. 224 (1869).
EASTERN PROVIXCE?SOUTHERN REGION SPECIES. 385Helix tridenfata, vnr., Binxey, in Bost. Jonrn. Nat. Hist., iii,382, pi. xviii, fig. 2.?F6-RUSSAC, Hist., pi. 11, tig. .3, small fi;iure on tlic left.Helix iridentala, var. ephahus, sSay, of Ravenel's Cat., 9 (1834), no rlesrr.Triodopsi^ Hopetonensis, Tryon, Am. Jouru. Couch. , ii, 52 (1867).?\V. G. Binnet, Terr.Moll., V, 311.A species of the Florida Subregion, ranging as far north as New-berne, N. C, as far south as Fort George, Saint John's Eiver.It diflers from T. fallax in its smaller, scarcely pervious umbilicus, itsdeeper color, lighter peristome, and denticles being more widely sepa-rated.Jaw as usual in the genus ; over 10 ribs.The lingual membrane (Terr. Moll., V, Plate VII, Fig. N") has 27-1-27 teeth, as far as I can judge from an imperfect membrane. Thereare 7 laterals, the eighth tooth having its inner cutting point bifid.Genitalia (Terr. Moll., V, Plate XV, Fig. A) readily distinguishedfrom those offallax, trklentafa, and others of the group by the lengthand cylindrical form of the genital bladder, and by the size of the ductof the same, which for a small portion of its course is considerablysmaller than the bladder, and then suddenly enlarges and graduallyexpands until it reaches the vagina; in this particular the species ismore like tridenfata than fallax.Triodopsis LiCvettei, Bland.
" Shell umbilicate, orbiculate convex, thin, shining, translucent,slightly and irregularly obliquely striated, chestnut- fig. 419.colored, the upper whorls paler ; spire scarcely ele-vated, apex obtuse; suture impressed; whorls 7,rather convex, gradually increasing, the last some-what depressed at the aperture, obsoletely spirallystriated, constricted behind the aperture, and slightlyscrobiculated ; base subconvex ; umbilicus moderate,one-eighth diameter of the shell, pervious ; aperturevery oblique, subcircular, with a well-developed, flex-nose, transverse white tooth on the parietal wall; T.Levctiei.peristome reflected, pale chestnut colore<l, thickened within, the mar-gins joined by a slight callus, the right margin with a white, obtuse,erect, submarginal tooth, the basal margin with two white transverseteeth, the upper one the larger.iN'ear Santa Fe, X. Mex., where two living and one dead specimenwere collected by my friend Dr. G. M. Levette, who presented to mo1749_Bull. 28 25
386 A MANUAL OF AMERICAN LAND SHELLS.one of tbe former. Cabinet of Dr. Levette, and the Binney and Blandcollection in tbe American Mnseura of Natural History, New York.This species is quite distinct from any known North American orother form. The number of whorls and of teeth, their form and color,with the color of the shell and peristome, are its peculiar features. Thestride are by no means so well developed as shown in the figures.(Bland.)Tiiodopsis Levettei, Bland, Ann. Ac, Sc. N. Y., ii, 115, fig. (1880).The above is a coi)y of Bland's description and figures ; I hardlykJiow to what region the species may be said to belong.Lingual membrane as usual in the genus; teeth 25-1-25.The species varies in the number of teeth on the peristome. Somehave one basal tooth only, which in some specimens is widely andbluntly bifid. TRIODOPSIS. (See p. 283.)Trio<]o|>??i!>? vulHiosa, Goui.d.Shell umbilicated, orbicular.-depressed, about equally convex on bothsides, rather solid, dark horn-color, delicately striated; spirea low dome, composed of about 5^ whorls, which are mod-erately convex and separated by a well-defined suture, theexterior one somewhat angular at periphery ; beneath wellrounded and i)erforated by a deep umbilicus about one-T ruituoK.',. fourth as broad as the base; aperture rather large, lunate;peristome moderately reflexed, tortuous, white, having at the base asmall tooth and at the center a deeply seated, more expanded, reflexedtooth ; the parietal wall bears a stout, elevated, arcuated, obliquelamella, joined to the lower extremity of the peristome only ; on thebase of the shell is a transverse internal tubercle. Greater diameter10, lesser 0"?; height, 5h""^.Helix viiltiiosa, Gould, Pr. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., iii, 39 (1848); in Terr. Moll., ii, 189,pi. xl,a, fig. 4.?Rkeve, Con. Icon., No. 711 (1852).?Pfeiffer, Mon. Hel.Viv., iii, 2();5; in Chemnitz, od. 2, iii, 305, pi. cxxvii, tigs. 10, 12.?\V. G.Binney, Terr. Moll., iv, 75; L. & Fr.-W. Sh., i, 133 (1869).?Bland, Ann. N.Y. Lvc.vii, 439, pi. iv, fig. 21.Triodopsis vultnosa, Tryon, Am. Journ. Conch., iii, 53 (1867).- W. G. Binney, Terr.Moll., V.Arkansas and Texas; a species of the Texas Subregion.Jaw with 12 ribs.Lingual mend)rane as in the genus ; 20-1-20 teeth, with 11 laterals.The form of this species described and figured by Bland {I. c.) has
EASTERX PROVINCE?SOUTHERN REGION SPECIES. 387
recently been called THodopsis Henrietta by Mazyck, Proc. Phila.Acad. Kat. Sci., 1877, 297. I hardly cousider it distinct. His descrip-tion and a figure of his type are given here
:
Shell rimately umbilicated, depressed, globose, rather solid, withnumerous regular, delicate striae, dark-brownish horn-color; fig. 421.s[)ire obtuse; whorls about five and a half, slightly con-vex ; suture deeply impressed; l>eneath convex, smootherthan above; umbilicus very deep, reaching the aj^ex, butonly exhibiting the last three whorls, grooved within;body-whorl gently ascending just behind the apertureand then suddenly and shortly deflected, very much con-stricted behind the peristome, with two deep exteriorpits, having the space between them elevated into a pronii- t. Henriettce.nent ridge; aperture subtriangular, peristome much thickened withinand very slightly reflexed, very tortuous, yellowish-white, furnishedwith a small denticle near its upper termination and an erect, lamelli-form tooth, which is equal in length to about one fifth the diameter ofthe base of the shell, extending from the lower end of the uppermostpit almost to the inner edge of the body-whorl; low down in the mouthof the shell there is, between this tooth and the denticle, a large, white,tongue-shaped, concave tooth, and very near this, but rather lowerdown in the mouth of the shell and on the base of the body-whorl,there is an oblique, stout, white tooth, which is sometimes slightly clefton the edge ; the parietal wall, which is covered with a semi trans-parent callus, bears a very strong, arcuated, entering, white tooth, whoseouter margins form almost a right angle. Diam. maj., ^; min., -j^;alt., J inch.Eastern Texas (Mr. Jacob Boll).This species more nearly resembles Helix vultuosa, Gld., than anyother ]S^orth American species, but differs from that shell in the shapeand size of the umbilicus and in the form and armature of the aperture,which m vultuosa is lunate, almost circular, and in this sjiecies is ratherV-shaped ; in vultuosa the peristome, though moderately so, is decidedlyreflexed, and its plane is almost entirely unbroken; in Henriettce it isvery much thickened, but scarcely at all reflexed, is very tortuous, andbears on its inner margin an obtuse denticle and a long, lamelliform,erect tooth, which are wanting in vultuosa; in Henrietta' the two in-ternal teeth are so far within the aperture as to be seen only on lookinginto it, while in vultuosa they are plainly visible from the base of the
388 A MANUAL OF AMERICAN LAND SHELLS.
side ; in the latter the parietal tooth is arched itpicards and its outermargin is rounded; in Henrietta it takes the opposite direction and itsmargins fowiu almost a right angle; the deep pits behind the peristomeare wanting or obsolete in vultuosa.Triodopsis Copei, Wetherby.Shell reddish, somewhat thin, deeply striated by lines of growth, qndFig. 422. of mcdium size; spire somewhat depressed in some speci-mens, slightly more elevated in others ; whorls 5, trans-versely striated with oblique lines of growth and increasingvery gradually and regularly in size, a faint carina appear-ing at the junction of the upper third and lower two-thirdsof the body- whorl, from which the latter tapers inwardly toT. Copei. the base of the shell ; sutures regularly and moderately im-pressed; peristome subacute and broadly reflected outward and down-ward at its lower two-thirds, and bearing on its basal third an acutecarina, within which is seen a prominent, vertical, double tooth, of whichthe outer portion is the larger; a second tooth is carried by the innermargin of the peristome at the center of the bodywhorl, the point ofwhich is in close relation to an arcuate tooth carried by the parietalwall of the aperture; umbilicus wide, exhibiting most of the volutions.Height, 7""") lesser diameter, 12'""'; greater diameter, 14'"''\ This sizeis about the average. (This reference is to the annexed figures.)This shell differs from the S. vultuosa, Gould, to which it is closelyallied, and of which it is perhaps but a very distinct variety, in thefollowing particulars: It is a larger shell, but of lighter texture; thelines of growth are more deeply impressed, though this character mightnot be constant in a larger number of specimens; the lip is much morebroadly reflected below, with a sharper central angle, and much moreproduced outwardly at the point ofjunction of the upper third with thelower two-thirds ; the umbilicus is much wider, exhibiting the volutionsmore plainly ; the arrangement of the teeth is very distinct in the twospecies or varieties under consideration. This shell I collected underlogs in pine woods, 20 miles north of Beaumont, in Hardin County,Texas, where it was associated with the H. buccidenta, Gould; Zonitesintertextus, Binney; H. monodon, Kacket; Helicina tropica, Jan.; Zonitesdemissus, Binney; and Zonites arhorciis, Say. I dedicate the shell, withgreat pleasure, to my friend Prof. E. D. Cope. (Wetherby, Amer. Nat-uralist, Vol. XII, March, 1878. No. 3, PP- 184-185.)To the original description of this species I add a fac-simile of theoriginfil figure.
EASTERN PROVINCE SOUTHERN REGION SPECIES. 389MESODOIV. (St>e p. 294.)Mesodota Rocsncci, rriciFi-'Eii.Shell with a narrow or i)artially covered umbilicus, sometimes im-perforate, depressed, rather thin, closely- striated, rather . ^^^ ^23.transparent and smooth, horn-colored; spire slightlyelevated; suture lightly impressed; whorls 5, ratherconvex, increasing slowly, the last one subcarinate atits periphery, scarcely descending; aperture lunar, ob-lique, generally slightly contracted by a parietal denti-cle which obliquely enters the mouth of the shell ; per-istome white, thickened, the ujjper portion hardly ex-panded, reflected below, and at the columellar junction spreading into athin, partial covering to the umbilicus. Greater diameter 21, lesser18""" ; height, 10"?^.HcUx Hoenieri, PfkifferJii Roemer's Texas, 455 (1849); Zeitschr. f. Mai., 1848, 117.?Reeve, Cou. Icon., No. 6S0.?W. G. Binxey, Terr. Moll., iv, 55 ; L. & Fr.-W.Sli., i, 146, lig. 250 (1869).Hdix deniifira, part, Pfeiffer, Mod. Hel. Viv., iii, 269; io Chemnitz, ed. 2, 331, pi.cxxxi, fi^s. 1-3, not of Binney.Mesodon Ixoeineri, Thyon, Am. Jouru. Conch., iii, 43 (1867).?W. G. Binney, Terr.Moll.. V, 3:29.Near New Braunfels, Tex.; Washington County, Williamson County,Bosque County, and Colorado Eiver, Texas. A species of the TexasSubregion.This species was formerly confounded b^' Pfeiffer with denfifera, an.authentic specimen of which he had not seen. It is quite a distinctspecies, and inhabits a distinct geographical region. It may be distin-guished from dentifera most readily by attention to the following jnir-ticulars: Its umbilicus is generally but partially covered, while dentiferais always imperforate; its color is lighter, its surface smoother, and,above all, its peristome is not so broadly reflected; it is also distinctlysubcarinate at the periphery.Jaw as usual ; 7 ribs on one, 9 on another specimen examined.The lingual membrane (Terr. Moll., Y, Plate YlII, Fig. C) has 35-1-35 teeth, with 12 laterals. A few of the last laterals may have sidecusps and cutting points.The genitalia are figured on Terr. Moll., V, Plate XT, Fig. J. Theoviduct is scarcely convoluted. The genital bladder is large, oval, witha long, large duct. The penis sac is short, stout, of about equal breadih
390 A MANUAL OF AMERICAN LAND SHELLS.througbout, ending in a stout, oval bulb, into which the vas deferensenters. The retractor muscle is inserted above the entrance of the vasdeferens. Mesodoti divestiis, Gould.Shell imperforate, depressed, somewhat discoidal, of medium thick-ness and a dingy horucolor, sculptured with coarse, oblique furrows;Fig. 424. spire slightly convex; whorls about 6, a little convex, andseparated b}^ a well-imin'essed suture ; the outer whorl isa little augular at its periphery; beneath it is moresmooth, moderately convex, with the central region exca-h vated and covered with a glazing of white callus; theaperture is lunate and very oblique; the peristome iswhite, broadly reflected, its basal portion horizontal andits outer portion flexuous. Greater diameter 20, lesser 15""?; height,OramEeiix dcjeda, GouLD, Terr. Moll., ii, dl. Not preocc. in Mesodon.Helix abjecla, Gould, Proc. Bo-st. Soc. Nat Hist., iii, 40 (Oct., 1848) ; Terr. Moll., ii,122, pi. xii, a, fig. 2.
?
Pfeiffer. Mon. Hel. Viv., iii, 270.Helix divesia, Gould, Terr. Moll., ii, 357.?W. G. Binxey, Terr. Moll., iv, 51 ; L. &Fr.-W. Sh., i, 13f (18(i9).?Pfeiffer. Mon. Hel. Viv., iv, 322.Mesodon divesia, Tryon, Am. Journ. Concb., iii, 45 (1867).?W. G. BIXXEY, Terr.Moll., V, 329.Washita Springs, Arkansas; Vernon County, Mississippi. It mayprove to be a species of the Texan Subregion.Jaw with 10 ribs.Lingual membrane (Terr. Moll., Y, Plate XYI, Fig. V) as in albo-lahris ; teeth 4G-1-4G, with IG laterals.The genitalia are as usual in the genus; the penis sac is very long,cylindrical, stout, tapering at the top; the vas deferens enters at itsapex; the retractor muscle is attached to the vas deferens; the genitalbladder is short, oval, stout, on a short, stout duct.Mesodon jejiiiiiis, Say.Shell umbilicated, subglobose ; epidermis corneous, nearly smooth
;
Fig. 425. spire rather prominent ; suture impressed ; whorls rather moreC|^^ than 5, the last ample; stride of increase hardly visible; peri-M.jejunus. stomc whitc, vcry narrow, reflected, a deep groove behind it;aperture well rounded, semicircular, considerably contracted by the im-pressed groove behind the peristome and a corresponding testaceousdi'i)osit or rib within; umbilicus small, round, not expanded; umbili-cal region not imi^ressed ; base convex. Greater diameter 8, lesser 7??;height, d^"""^.
EASTERN PROVINCE SOU IHERN REGION SPECIES. 391Helix jejuna, Say, Journ. Pbila. Acad., ii, 158 (1821); Bixney's ed., U.?De Kay, N.Y. Moll., 46.? Pfeiffer, Mou. Hel. Viv., i, 147.?Bland, Aim. N. Y. Lye, vi,:M1 (1H.58).?W. G. Binney, Terr. Moll., iv, 07.Iljlfjrontia jejuna, Tkyon, Am. Jouru. Couch., ii, 308 (1866).IJelix Mobiliana, Binney, Terr. Moll., iii.?W. G. Binney, L. & Fr.-W. Sh., i, fig. 258..A species of the Florida Subregion, found originally near Jackson-ville, Fla.,* received by me from Indian Kiver and Saint Augustine,Fla. ; also near Charlotte Harbor, and noticed as far north as Savannah,Georgia; No Name Key, Florida, H. Hemphill.Animal dirty white, neck darker, eye-peduncles black, not quite twicethe breadth of the shell, foot pointed.Jaw, lingual dentition, and genitalia unknown.In revising my work for this manual I have again gone over my col-lection and caiefully compared the specimens of M. Mobilianus andjejunus. I am convinced that they will prove one species. I give herebelow separately (out of respect to the opinion of my friend Mr. Bland)the descriptions and synonymy of the former.Shell globose, perforated, thin, smooth, with very delicate incre-mental striae, horn colored ; whorls 6, convex; suture im- no. 4J6.pressed, last whorl tumid below, globose, slightly descend-ing, deeply constricted behind the peristome, umbilical re-gion scarcely excavated ; apex obtuse; spire elevated ; aper-ture oblique, rounded; peristome thickened, white, reflected, ^?^''''""'""*-its terminations distant, that of the columellar somewhat concealing theperforation. Greater diameter 8J, lesser 6?? ; height, 5'""'.Helix Mohiliaua, Lea, Proc. Am. Phil. Soc, ii, 82 (1841); Traus. Am. Phil. Soc, is,17; Obs., iv, 17 (1H44); iu Tkoschel, Aich. f. Nat., 1843, ii, 124.
?
Pfeiffek,Mon. Hel. Viv., i, 323; iv, 122.?BlJSTNEY, Terr. Moll., ii, 172, pi. xlii, tig. 2, part.Keceived from near Mobile, and from Baldwin, Fla.It must be borne iu mind that the iigures in Terr. Moll., Plate XLII,Fig. 2, and Land and Fresh-Water Shells, Fig. 258, are o? jcjunns, anddo not represent Lea's species.In M. MoMlianvs there are 6 whorls ; the last whoil is remarkablyconstricted and gibbous at the ai^erture, more tumid at the base andwith smaller umbilicus than mjejunus. The microscopic spiral lines onthe embryonic whorls of the latter are absent in the former. The peri-stome at ils junction with the penultimate whorl is sharp, not reflectednor thickened, but elsewhere reflected, thickened by a whitish calluswithin, the edge of which forms a distinct portion of the peristome and
*The Cow Ford' (not Cowfort) of the Saint John's River given by Mr. Say aatheoriginal locality.
m^ Hi
3U2 A MAXUAu OF AxMERICAN LAND SHELLS.lias an obsolete, toolli-like developnieiit near tbe coliiniella. The aper-ture is more lunate tlian in jejunus.]\[. Moinlianns may be compared, so far as regards tlie tuu)id base,small und)ilicus, constricted aperture, and gibbous character of tbe su-perior i)art of the last wborl bebind tbe aperture, with a Texas form inmy cabinet of Dorcasia BerJandieriana.Tbe measurements of my largest specimen (G wborls) of 31. Mobilianus,from Baldwin, are as follows : Greater diameter 10, lesser 7"'? j beigbt,fjniinJaw of Mobilianus as usual ; 10 ribs.Liugmil membrane of tbe true Mohiliauus from Baldwin County. Ala-bama, bas 25-1-2^ teetb, witb 10 perfect laterals. There are decidedside cusps and cuttiug points to centrals aud laterals; tbe transition totbe marginals is made as usual, the inner cutting point becoming bifid.(Terr. Moll., V, Blate VIII, Fig. N.)Genitalia of both forms unobserved.DORCASIA, Gray.Animal beliciform, as in Patula.Shell moderately umbilicated, globose conoid or depressed-globose,roughly striate; whorls 4A-5, the last large, globose, more or less de-flected anteriorly; aperture Innate-ovate; ])eristome thickened, re-flected, its columellar margin dilated and reflected.I hesitate to place our two species, Berlandieriana and griseola, inthis genus, on account of tbe geographical range of its species beingAustralian, Indian, ?S:c. 1 will, however, temporarily leave them here.I do not believe they projjcrly belong to Frnticicola.D. griseola has a jaw slightly arcuate, high, ends scarcely attenuated,
^''" '?27. blunt; cutting maigin without median projec-
'fl \ I \\fYr-. tion; anterior surface entirely covered withnumerous, about 12, broad, crowded ribs, den-jii\\ ui- D.yfUtfoia. ticuiatiug either margin. Lingual membrane(Terr. Moll., V^, Plate VII, Fig. V) long aud narrow. Teeth about 27-1-27, with 12 perfect laterals. Centrals with tbe base of attachmentlong and rather narrow, the outer lower angles but little expanded, theupper margin broadly reflected ; reflection large, with a very stout,long median cusp, bearing a long, stout cutting point, extending belowthe lower edge of the base of attachment ; side cusps obsolete, but sidecutting points present, large, triangular, acute. Laterals like the cen-trals, but asymmetiioal by the suppression of the inner, lower lateral
EASTERN PROVIiSCE?SOUTHERN REGION SPECIES. 393
.'iiiiile of the base of attacliincnt and inner side cuttinj^ point. Margi-nals low, wide, the retiection broad, equaling the base of attachmentand bearing one inner, broad, long, oblique, bitid cutting :)oiut, theinner division the smaller, and two outer, smaller, stout, sharp, sidecutting points. D. Ikrhindieriana has the same dentition.Dorcaisia Bcrlaiidieriana, Moricaxd.Shell perforated, globose, thin and translucid, scarcely striated,shining, and with a somewhat silken or opaline luster, pale Fir..428.yellowish-green, sometimes nearly colorless, and generallyhaving a faint, narrow, brownish band around the posteiiorthird of the last whorl ; spire consisting of 5 well-roundedAvhorls, separated by a deeply inqjressed suture, the lastwhorl broadly rounded at the periphery, contracted at theaperture, which is small, ciescentric, with a white, polished,roundly reilexed peristome, presenting a sharp inner edge to the in-terior; the peristome is somewhat angular near its posterior junction,and at this part the shell is thickened within with callus and is opaquewhite; base rounded and perforated by a minute umbilicus. Greaterdiameter 13, lesser 10"^"' ; height, 8""".Helix BerJandieriana, Moricaxd, M6m. de S. Pbys. et d'Hist. Nat. de Geneve, vi, 537,pi. i, fig. 1 (lrt3'J).?DeshaYES, in Lam., Au. sans Vert., viii, 133; ed. 3, iii,316.?Leidy, T. M. U. S., i, 255, pi. ^^iii, fig. 11 (IriSl), aiiat.?Bixxey, Terr.Moll., ii, 109, pi. xlix, fig, 1.?\Y. G. Bixxey, Terr. Moll., iv, i)l.lxxvii, fig.22; L. & Fr.-W. Sb., 1, 159 (186U).?Pfeiffer, Mon. Hel. Viv., iii, 227 (uoti); iu Chemxitz, cd. 2, ii, 275, pi. cxxiii, figs. 15-18.
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Ri;evk, Cou. Icon., No.708 (18.52).?Fischer and Crosse, Moll. Mex. et Giiat., 2515 (1870).Helix jmchiiloma, Mexke, iu Pfeiffer, 1. c, i, 323; Zeitschr. f. Mai., 1847, iv, 32.Htiix virqinalis, Pfeiffer, Mon. Hel. Viv., iii, 132; i, \(Ji>, as Berlandieriana ; iv, 140;iu Chemxitz, ed. 2, i, 260, pi. xxxviii, figs. 18, 19.Hiifjromia Berhindieriana, Tryox, Am. Journ. Conch., ii, 309 (18G7).Dorcakia Birlandieriava, W. G. Bixxey, Terr. Moll., v, 247.A species of the Texan Subregion, found in Arkansas, Texas, andthe neighboring portions of Mexico.Animal quite transparent, yellowish-white, immaculate ; eye-pedun-cles and tentacles darker, with a dark line running back from theformer quite under the shell ; eyes black.The genitalia are figured by Leidy (/. c). The genital bladder isstout, oval, on a very short duct; the penis sac is narrow, long, taper-ing to the apex, where it receives the vas deferens and one i)art of thedouble retractor muscle, the other being attached at about mid-length;near the base of the penis sac is a long, cylindrical organ, probably adart sac.Lingual membrane as in griscola.
394 A MANUAL OF AMERICAN LAND SHELLS.Dorcasia g^riscola, Pfr.Shell umbilicated, depressed-globose, obliquely striate, sliioiug:, gray-Fic. 429. i^]^ banded with red, \vliite-iiiari;iiied stripes; spire short;whorls 4 to 4.^, rather convex; umbilicus very narrow; ap-erture lunar; i)eristonie simple, white, reflected somewhat,its columellar end rather expanded. Greater diameter 10,lesser 8f "'? ; height, 6'"'".D.griscola. j{gi;^, gnseola, Pfeiffkr, Symb. Hist. Hel., i. 41 ; Mou. Hel. Viv., i, 337,in Chkmxitz, ed. 2, i, 34-2, ])1. Ix, figs. 17, IH.
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Keeve, Con. Icon., No. 327(1852).?W. a. BiXNEY, Terr. Moll., ir, .'iO, ])1. Ixxvii, fig. 20; L. & Fr.-W. Sh., i, 160 (1809).?FISCHEK and Chosse, Moll. Mex. et Guat., 257 (1870).Helix cicercula, Ferussac, in Mas., teste Pfkiffkr.Helix spleiulidida, AxTOX, Verz., 36, no descr., teste Pfeiffer.HeJix albociiida, liiXNEY, Terr. Moll., 1,128.Helix albozonata, BiNXEY, in Tab.,xlix, fig. 2.Helix Birlandieriana, Goui.D, part, in Terr Moll., ii, 109.Helix alboJiiieala, Gould, Terr. Moll., iii, 34.Hijgromia griscola, Tryon, Am, Journ. Conch,, ii, 309 (1867).Dorcasia r/riscola, W. G. Bixney, Terr. Moll., v, 248.A species of. the Texan Subprovince, found at Indianola and inBosque County, Texas. In Mexico its range is wide, extending, in-deed, into Guatemala and Nicaragua.Jaw with about 10 broad, crowded ribs, denticulating the cuttingmargin ; upper margin with membranous attachment. The jaw issomewhat of the type figured by Moquin-Tandon for that of Helixhhpicla (see p. 404).Lingual membrane: see generic description (p. 392).Genitalia unknown. BULiraULUS, Leach.Animal heliciform ; mantle subcentral ; other characters as in Patida,&c.Shell oblong; aperture longitudinal, edentulate; peristome thin;margins unequal ; columella integral.In the present state of our knoAvledge I think it best to leave ourspecies simply under the above generic name, without attempting togroup them into subgenera. As suggested by von Martens, BuUmulusmust eventually be restricted to those species whose dentition is likethat of />. Gnadchipcnfiis, the tyi)e of the genus. All of ours whosedentition is now known agree with that species in this respect, exceptB. Bormam, MarielinuSj and multilineatus.
EASTERN PROVINCE SOUTHERN REGION SPECIES. 395Jaw tliiii, arcuate, ends but little attenuated; no median projectionto the cutting edge : anterior surface with numerous, sep-
.
^ ' Fig. 430.arated, delicate ribs, denticulating either margin, some-times the upper median ones running obliquely towardsthe median line, or even arranged en chevron, as in Macroce-' " ' Jaw otramus, with an upper median triangular compartment. ^' '*''"^'"''"*-The jaw of jB. dealhatus is here figured. It is quite arched. That ofB. Marielimis, Schiedeantts, and alternatus is of tbe same type. I havegiven on Plate XVI, Fig. 12, of Proc. Phila. Acad. Nat. Sci., 1875, amore enlarged view of one end of the jaw of B. sufflatus, to show moreaccurately the character of the ribs (see also below, fig. 144).The lingual membrane of the genus as now received varies too muchto allow of a general description. It can only be said tbat the mar-ginal teeth are quadrate, not aculeate. I have belqw described themembrane of those of our species which I have examined.The general arrangement of the teeth on the membrane of B. deal-hatus is as in Fatnla, the characters of the individual teeth being shownin Terr. Moll., Plate X, Fig. E. There are 94 rows of 25-1-25 teethin one specimen examined. Another had 20-1-20 teeth, with 14 per-feet laterals. The central tooth has a base of attachment longer thanwide, with but little expanded lower lateral angles, its lower marginincurved, its upper margin broadly reflected. The reflection is largeand has subobsolete side cusps, bearing well-developed cutting points,and a short, stout median cusp, bearing a short, stout cutting point,not quite reaching the lower margin of the base of attachment. Thelaterals are of the same general form as the centrals, but are larger,bi'oader in proportion, and are rendered asymmetrical by the suppres-sion of the lower inner angle of the base of attachment and inner sidecusp and cutting point. The marginal teeth are but a simple modifi-cation of the laterals, formed by the proportionally greater develop-ment of the reflection in comparison with that of the base of attach-ment, and the greater development of the cutting points. On theextreme marginals the cutting points are shorter and much blunter.The dentition of Bulimulus alternatus is figured on p. 203 of L. & Fr.?W. Sb., I. (see also below, fig. 436). I have preserved no specimen fromwhich I can more accurately draw the individual teeth. It has 75 rowsof 37-1-37 teeth, all a[>pareutly of the same character as in B. dealhatus,as is also the case in B. Schiedeanus.I have not examined B. Floridamis and B. patriareha. That of
396 A MANUAL OF AMERICAN LAND SHELLS.
B. patriarcha
B. Dormani is very different from alternatiis^ Schiedeanus, and deal-batus. It will be described below, under B. Dormuni. With the lat-ter agrees B. multilineatus and Marielinus, and no doubt Floridanus
;
tbat of patriarcha no doubt agrees with that of dealbatm.BiBliniulus patriarcha, W. G. Bixxey.Shell perforate, ovate, heavy, white, and wrinkled; whorls G, convex.Fig. 431 the last ventricose, equaling in length five-sevenths ofthe shell; aperture ovate; peristome simple, thickenedwithin, the extremities joined by a heavy white callus,the columellar extremity slightly reflected, so as par-tially to conceal the umbilicus. Length, 35""" ; diam-eter, 19?"^. Aperture : Length, lO"'? ; diameter, 12?^?.Bullnms pairxarcha, W. G. Bixxey, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Pliila.,1858, 116; Terr. Moll., iv,130,pl. Ixxx,fig.l3; L. &, Fr.-W. Sh., i,200 (1861)).?Pfeiffer, Mai. Bliitt., 1859, 48.Thaumastus patriarcha, TiiYoy, Am. Jouru. Couch., iii, 171 (1867).Bulimuhis patriarcha, W. G. Binxey, Terr. Moll., v, 388.Mexico, at Buena Vista {BerJandiere) ; also in the Texan Snbregion.Named from its greater size and more antiquated appearance, ascompared with the allied species ; but the young iudividuals are asreadily distinguished as the most mature from any other. It is mostnearly related to B. Schiedeanus^ but differs from that species in havinga shorter, more rapidly acuminated spire, longer and much more globosebody-whorl, more lengthened and narrower aperture, and rougher sur-face.Animal not observed.Bulimiilus alternatiis, Say.Ovate-conic, with alternate gray and brownish longitudinal vittai.Fig. 432. Inhabits Mexico. Shell umbilicated, ovate-conic,with longitudinal lines, subequal, gray and light-brown-ish vittoe ; the brown is paler, almost approachingin some instances a drab ; the white vittie consist ofmore or less confluent, transverse, irregular linesand small spots ; whorls about 0, a little convexsuture not profoundly im])ressed ; labrum (in somespecimens) with alliickeued line or rib on the inner(Mrs swl^>margin, witliin wbite, with a perlaceous tinge.Length 11 inches; gretest breadth, i^o i^ich. Thisspecies appears to be not uncommon iu Mexico, as many specimensB. altcrtinhtsSay.)
EASTERN PROVINCK SOUTHERN REGION SPECIES. 397were sent me by Mr. Machire ; but from what particular locality Iknow not, (Say.)Jiulimus alternalus, Say, New Harmony Diss., Dec. 30, 1630; Descr., 25; ed. Binnet,39.?Pfeiffek, Mon. Hel. Viv., ii, 221.?W. G. Bixney, Terr. Moll., iv, 126,pi. Ixxs, figs. 1, 3, 18 ; L. & Fr.-W. Sh., i, 200 (1869).BnUmus f7ea/6a/?s, Bixxey, part, Terr. Moll., ii,276, pi. li, a, upper and lower fig., pi.li, &.?Not Say.i^K/n??s .l/arifT, Albers, Helicecn, 162.?Pfkiffer, Proc. Zool. Soc, 1858, 23 ; Mon.Hel. Viv., iii, 350; in Chemnitz, cd. 2, 157, pi. xlviii, tigs. 7,8.?W. G. BiN-NEY,Terr. Moll., iv, 128.BuUnuix IHnneiimms, W. G. Binney, Terr. Moll., iv, 128.?Not Pfeiffer.Tliaiimosliis aJleniaiiis, Tryon, Am. Journ Conch., iii, 171, jjI. xiii,rig. 16 (1867).Tlidtiinostiis l/flr(fl', Tryox, Am. Jonrn. Couch., iii, 172, pl. xiv (lH(i7).Ihilimtdiiii alti-niatus, W. G. Binney, Terr. Moll., v, 388.Texan Sobregion, from Louisiana through Texas into Mexico. Itbelongs rather to the fauna of Mexico, extending into the Isthmus ofTehuantepec* Found in great numbers upon bushes, the ground be-low them being often covered with dead shells.This species is readily distinguished from the allied forms by itsgreater soli-lity, its highly polished surface, its ^'^- '^^^more elongated form, its dark-colored aperture,bordered with the white internal margin of theperitreine, and the tooth-like callus upon theupper portion of the columella. It varies con-siderably in form, being sometimes quite slen-der, at others quite globose. In color it showsevery variation from uniform brownish to purewbite. The aperture, however, is always dark, n. aitcmatus.and has a white, thickened rim within the peristome. It is most at-tractive when ornamented with alternate white and brown longitudinalblotches.There can, I believe, be no doubt that the shell under considerationis what Mr. Say described as aliernahis. His description is given above,and a copy (Fig. 432) of a colored drawing by Mrs. Say, under whichis written, in Mr. Say's hand, '' BuUmns olternatvs, Mexico, Wm. Ma-clure."The species was known to Dr. Binney and figured in the TerrestrialMollusks, but as a variety of B. dealhatus. Plate LI, />, and the upperand lower figures of Plate H, <*, certainly represent the species. The
* Forbes (Proc. Zool. Soc, 1850,54) mentions a Bidimulus alternaius from Panama.
398 A MANUAL OF AMERICAN LAND SHELT S.
central figures of Plate LI, ?., represent a variety of B. clealhains (q. v.),as does also, I should judge, Fig. 2 of Plate LI,* though the last maybe B. Schiedeamis.lu Vol. IV of Terrestrial Mollusks I took the same view of J5. cdter-7iatus as at present, having the oiiginal figure of Mr. Say to assist indetermining the species (Plate LXXX, Fig. 3). I figured (Plate LXXX,Fig. 1) a siiecimen on which a dark brown color is but slightly brokenby white upon the u]>per whorls. Fig. 15 of the same plate should boalso referred to B. aJternatm. On account of the lesser developmentof the columellar fold I erroneously referred it to B. Schiedeanii.^. On p.128 I repeated Pfeitfer's description of Bulimus Markc. I had seen nospecimen,' and admitted tlie species only temporarily, observing thatit must be nearly allied, if not identical, with B. altervatus. Since thattime I have received authentic specimens, and have learned that B,Maria' was described from siiecimens similar to those I have consideredas B. aUernaius. While preparing the fourth volume of the TerrestrialMollusks for publication, I sent to Dr. Pfeififer for identification speci-mens like those figured on Plate LI, h. He returned them with thenanre B. Bintieyanus. This "will account for the use of that name on p.128. I have subsequently learned that, deciding the specimens sent toto be a variety of B. Maria\ he applied the luime B. Binneyanus to quiteanother species (Proc. Zool. Soc, 1858, Plate XLII, Fig. 4).Pfeiffer gives Say's description of I?. aJternatns as a species unknownto him. It is not mentioned by other authors.BuUnins Marw^ Albers, is referred to alternalus from the description,Fig. 434. givcu bclow, of Albcrs and Pfeiffer,t from the figure in thesecond edition of ChemnitZj and from authentic specimensin my collection.Bnlimus Maria\? Shell perforate, ovate-pyramidal, stri-atuhite, shining, white, varied irregularly with diaphanousbands'and spaced blotches; whorls GJ, convex, joined by adeep suture, the last a little shorter than the si)ire; cohi-B. Marice. mclla somcwluit constricted, strongly tuberculate above;ai)erture oblong-oval, smoky within; peristome whitely labiate within,broadly expanded, its columellar margin reflexed, patent. Length,
* In the explanation of the plates in Vol. Ill Dr. Gould refers Plate LI, 1), to Bui,Schicdcanus, Plate LI, ?, to htciuriuf:, and Fig. 2 of LI to aUeriiaiucs.t I'lafi' LI, b, of Terr, Moll., is referred by Pfeiffer to a form of B. Maricv, Plate LI,a, \o luvtariun, which he says may be alternalus, and Plate LI, Fig. 2, to Scliiideanus.
EASTERN PROVINCE?SOtlTHEEN REGION SPECIES. 39930""-'; diameter, 12"!"'. Of aperture: Length"'"'; 12, interior breadth,7""". (Albers.DFig. 434 represents a common form of Bnlimns Markv.*Dr. Pfeiffer's description of i>. Maria; is as follows:Shell narrowly nmhilicated, oblong-conic, solid, rather smooth, white,often marked with spots and obsolete blotches of horn- fig. 435.color: spire conic, acnte; whorls Oi, rather convex, thelast nbont as long as the spire, hardly attenuated at base;colnmella with a small dentiform fold; aperture scarcelyoblique, acurainately oblong, brownish within; peristomestraight, its right margin somewhat arched, its columellar ^W^^ jmargin broadened above, spreading. Length, 33?'"; diameter, ^^ ^'14-15""". Of aperture: Length, lG-1 7'"'"; breadth, 7i""". B.aitematus.One of the uuifonnly white forms of the species is figured in Fig. 435,aiul two of the same from the table-land west of Fort Clark, figured inFig. 433, show the variation in breadth of which ^lo. 436.the species is capable.Jaw as usual in the genus; numerous delicateribs; a strong upper muscular attachment.Ihere are about 7G rows of teeth on the nnguai b. aitematus.membrane of B. aitematus, each consisting of 75 (37-1-37) teeth. Cen-tral teeth long, unicuspid, bluntly pointed, the laterals bicuspid, mod-ified as they pass off laterally into the marginals.Genitalia not observed.
Bulinauliis ScliiedeaiiHS, Pfeiffer.
Shell perforated, ovate acute, calcareous, white, with irregular Ion-
? Jgitudiual wrinkle-like striae; whorls Gi,rather convex, the last as long as the spire; i?Saperture oval-oblong, brownish within; n\^colnmella obsoletely folded; peristomesimple, acute, its margins joined with ashining callus, the columellar one broadlyreflected, white and shining. Length, 31, b schiahamis.diameter, 17?". Length of aperture, 17'"'"; breadtli, 0?".
* 'IHie figure being in outline is uushaded in the aperture, which iu the original is(lark brown.
400 A ^[ANUAI- OF AMERICAN LAND SHELLS.Bulinnis Schiedeavus, Pfeiffer, Symb. ad Hel. Hist., i, 43; Mon. Hel. Viv.,* li, 187;in Chemnitz, ed. 2, No. 216, pi. xlvi, figs. 3,4 (1854).
?
Philippi, Icon.,i, 3,p. 5(), pi. i, fig. 12 (1843).?Keeve, Con. Icon., No. 3(il.?W. G. BiXNEY.Terr.Moll., iv, 129; L. & Fr.-W. Sh., i, 204 (18(59).Bnlhnus allij-naliis, Binney, Terr. Moll., pi. li, fig. 2.?Not of Say.Thaumafifus Sr]iicdianus,Ti:YO'S, Am. Jonrn. Conch., iii, 172 (1867).BitUrnulits Sdiiedeaniii^, W. G. Binney, Terr. Moll., v, 391.Texas and the neighboring part of Mexico. Very common in Wash-ington Connty, Texas.From Bvlimulus alfernatus this species is distinguished by a roughersurface, a lightcolorcd aperture, a shorter and more pyramidal spire,and by the want of the highly developed tooth-like fold upon the colu-mella. It is of a dead-white color, not variegated with brown blotches.The aperture is shorter and wider, and there is no strong internal whitethicliening to the peritreme. Like all the species of the group it hasa highly i)olished, very light waxen ai)ex. There are sometimes light,delicate waxen vitta^ upon the first two whorls.No description of this species was given by Dr. Binney, nor was itfigured, unless in Terr. Moll., Ill, Plate LI, Fig. 2, as B. dealbatus, var.On p. 278 of Vol. II, Dr. Gould erroneously refers to it Plate LI, h.There is a great difference in the comparative globoseness of the vari-ous specimens.The shell figured as a variety of B. ScMedeanns, with a dark-coloredaperture, in the fourth volume of the Terrestrial Mollusks (Plate LXXX,Fig. 15) is rather a specimen of Bui. alternatus, in which the columellarfold is not as strongly developed as usual. Fig. 8 of the same plate Idescribe below as variety Mooreanus.Lingual membrane as in dealbatus. Jaw with 13 ribs.Var. Mooreanus.Shell perforated, ovate-conic, thin, white, with a dark lead-coloredapex, and below the middle of the body-whorlof a light coflfee-color; smooth, with microscopicrevolving lines; whorls 7, convex, the last equal-ing about two-thirds the shell's length; aper-ture ovate, light within; columella straight;"l>eiistoine acute, very thin, with an internal deli-cate white rim, its margins unconnected withcallus, tiiat of tiie columella broad, white, slightly rellected. Length,25'"'"; breadth, 12'"'".
* Pfeiffer qnotes also as synonymes the raannscript names B. xantliosfotnm, Wiegm.,and B. candidissimui, Nyst.
Fig. 438.
Jl. Mixircaniis.
EASTERN PROVINCE SOUTHERN REGION SPECIES. 401
Biilhniis Sdiicdeanus, van, W. G. Bixxky, Terr. Mo]]., iv, 120, pi. Ixxx, fig. 8.Bidimits Mooreantis, Pfeiffer, Mou., vi, 143 (1>SGS).Found iu large numbers in ' Wasbiugton and De Witt Counties,Fig. 439. Fir.. 440.Texas, by Dr. F. W. ]\Ioore, and atLeon by Lieutenant Benle.It is a more fragile, highly polishedshell than B. Schiedeanns^ and is pe-culiar in having the dark apex andthe body-whorl light coffee-colored njioorcanus.below the npjter margin of the aperture. Inone case only have I observed the whole shellof this color 5 it was then of a darker hue. There is an extremelylight, transparent callus on the parietal wall of the aperture.To this variety also are to be referred specimens having delicate, lon-gitudinal, light wax-colored patches. (Fig. 439.)Animal not observed.
B. Mooreani'S.
Buliniiiliis dealbatiis, Sav.Shell umbilicated, ovate-conical or rather ventricose, thin, white,with longitudinal lines and blotches of ash ; suture Fig. 441.impressed; whorls G to 7, ventricose, acuminate, thelast equaling the spire; aperture oval; peristome acute,rarely a little thickened within, somewhat reflected atits columellar portion and partially hiding the umbili-cus. Length of axis, 18"'"' ; diameter, 12"'?.Helix dealbata, Say, Jouru. Phi]a. Acad., ii, 159 (1821); ed. Bix Bulimulus dealbatits.NEY, 20.BtUimvs dealbatus, Potiez & Michaud, Gal^rie, i, 139, pi. xiii, figs. 3, 4.?Piituppi,Icon., i, 158, pi. ii, fig. (1844).?Pfeiffer, Mon. Hel. Viv., ii, 187; Chem-nitz, ed. 2,55.
?
Reeve, Cou. Icon., tig. 455.
?
Bixxey, Terr. Moil., ii, 27(5,pi. Ii, fig. 1 ; pi. Ii, a, excepting upper and lower figs. ??W. G. Binney, Terr.Moll., iv, 130, pi. Ixxx, figs. 0, 7 ; L. ifc Fr.-AV. Sh., i, 208 (1869).Bitlimtts covfinis, Reeve, Con. Icon., 643 (1850).?Pfeiffer, Mon. Hel. Viv., iii, 341.Bulbnus liqunhilis, Reeve, Con. Icon., 387.Bulimus lactarius, Mkxke, in Pfeiffer,* Mon., ii, 187.
?
Reeve, Con. Icon., 217.
?
Gould, Terr. Moll., iii, 35.Sciitahis dealbatus, Tryox, Am. Jonrn. Conch., iii, 173 (1867).Bulimulus dealbatus, \V. G. Bixney, Terr Moll., v, 393.A species of the Interior and Southern Regions, found from KorthCarolina to Missouri, Arkansas, and Texas; also Heiny and Lawrence
*Pfeifter quotes as synonyms the nnijublished name of BuJimiis GaIeo1tii,'Sj6ti.1749? Bull. 28??26
402 A MANUAL OF AMERICAN LAND SHELLS.Counties, Kentucky. Very common in Central xVlabama, wliere im-mense beds of semi-fossilized shells are found several feet below thesurface.This species, when found in IS^orthern Alabama, is about three-fourths of an inch in length, is (juite thin, almost transparent, with athin i)eristome. In more southern localities its size is greater, its shellthicker, its coloring richer, and within the aperture the peritreme ismargined with a broad white callus. Under such circumstances itbears considerable resemblance to B. nlternatns, but the interior of theaperture never has the dark coloring of that species nor is the colu-mella furnished with the tooth-like fold. It is especially in Texasthat it is found in such perfection. I have no doubt that the specimensfigured on Plate LI, a, of the Terrestrial Mollusks came from thatState.It is this last-described form of the species which has been calledBulimus lactarius. I have seen no authentic specimen, but from Pfeif-fer's description (see Terr. Moll., IV, 128), and his reference to all butthe lower figure of Plate LI, a (Mon,, IV, 476), there remains no doubtof the identity of the two.The variation in the globoseness of the whorls, and consequentoutline of the shell, may be judged from the following measurementsof two specimens : Diameter, 18""" ; length, 25""". Diameter, 7"'" ; length,19"*?.Of Bulimus liquabilis and confinis 1 have given the original descrip-tion and a facsimile of the original figures in the fourth volume of theTerrestrial Mollusks.The jaw of BuUmiilus dealhatus is narrow, strongly arched, with dis-tant, very delicate anterior ribs, denticulating the concave margin.(See above. Fig. 430.)The lingual membrane consists of. 94 rows of 25-1-25 teeth. (Seeabove, p. 395.)The anatomy is figured by Leidy (/. c). The penis sac is very long;its upper portion is narrow and very tortuous and tiagellate in appear-ance, although the true flagellum, or the free portion of the summitof the penis beyond the insertion of the retractor muscle, is very short.The lower third of the penis is dilated, and presents an annular con-striction ; at its base it is enveloped by a short prepuce. The vas def-erens follows the course of the penis nearly to its summit. The gen-ital bladder is oval, its duct as long as the oviduct.
EASTERN PROVINCE?SOUTHERN REGION SPECIES. 403Biilaniiilus sei-per^strus, Say.Sbell elongate, ovate, even fusiform, thin, with delicate lines of in-crement, yellowish-white, witli about unequal, interrupted, Fk;. 442.sometimes coalescent, bluish -black bands on the large whorl,three of which are continued on the upper wlioi Is; whorlsor 7, sligiitlj' convex, with a fine, well-marked suture; a[)er-ture less than half the length of the shell, lunate, one-halflonger than wide, rather acute at base; peristome sharp, ex-panded, its columellar portion widening upwards and pro-tecting a moderate-sized umbilical opening; columellar mar- Biilimvlusgin straiglit ; the bands of the exterior reappear, in still serperastms.deeper colors, in the fauces, but terminate at some distance short ofthe peristome which is white or tinted more or less rose-color. Lengtli,31"""; diameter, 13"'"^; aperture, 15'"? long, 8 wide.
liiilniiiis serp(rastrus, Say, New Harmony Diss., Dec. 30, 1830; Bixney's ed., 39.
?
Pfeiffer, Mou. Hel. Viv., ii, 102; iii, 341 ; in Chemnitz, ed. 2, 82, pi. xxx,fig. 122; pi. xxxix, fig. .5 (1854).?Philippi, Icon., iii, 23, p. 43, tab. ix, fig. 6(leoO).?Reeve, Cou. Icon., No. 252.?Binney, Terr. Moll., ii, 274, pi. 1, fig.2.?W. G. BixxEY, Terr. Moll., iv, 126; L. & Fr.-W. Sli., i, 192 (1869).Bidimns Liehmfunii, Pfeiffer, Mon. Hel. Viv.. ii, 106.Htilimiis Zkhmaiini, Reeve, Con. Icon., 50fi.BiiliniKS iiilcUnns, Reeve, Con. Icon., 398.T)riiw(vus scrpa-astnif^, Tryon, Am. Journ. Conch., iii, 167 (1867).BuUnudns scrpcra>itrus, W. G. Binxey, Terr. Moll., v, 394.This species belongs more to the fauna of Mexico and CentralAmerica than to that of the United States, but is admitted here be-cause it has actually been found in Texas. It cannot, however, beconsidered a species of the Texan iSubregion.More slender and elongated individuals have been described under-the names of B. Liehmanni and Ziehmanni. The former name is with-drawn in the third volume of Pfeifler's Monograph. An imperfectsm. Her specimen is described as nifeUrms. I do not agree with Dr.Gould in also placing B. Ulacinus, Eve., in tbe synonymy.The specimen figured above is from Dr. Binney's collection. Fig.335 of L. & Fr.-W. Shells, I, is copied from a drawing hy Mrs. Say,under which is written, in Mr. Say's handwriting, ^^ Bulimus serjyeras-Irus, Mexico, Mr. McClure." This places the identity of the speciesbeyond any doubt.In the collection of Mr. Bland is a uniformly white specimen.Animal not observed.
Htdiihu
404 A MANUAL OF AMERICAN LAND SHELLS.
Biiliiiiiilus mulliliueatus. Say.Shell subperforate, tliiii and strong, elongated, ovate-acuminate,Fin. 443. smooth and shining, of a bright yellowish -white color, varie-gated with longitudinal stripes and spiral zones of dark chest-te^ nut, of various widths, none of which are constant exce^it asnbsutural line continued to the aj)ex, which is also black;
^"''J whorls about 7, a little convex; suture delicate; aperturerounded-ovate, a little more than one-third the length of the
^"luicatui shell; peristome acute ; columella straight, widening upwards,and protecting a minute umbilical opening. Length, 25"'? ; diameter,10?'".Bulimus 7n'tiliilhiraiu8, Say, Joiirn. Acad. Nat. Sci. Plii]a., v, 120 (1F25) ; ed. Einney
'28.?Pe Kay, N.Y.Moll., 5(i (1843).?W. G. Bixney, Terr. Moll., iv, 13ti ; L.& Fr.-W. Sh., i, 197 (18(59).?Pfeiffeu, Mou. Hel. Viv., ii, 204.Bulimus Alviilci, Gkixki:, VYiegm. Archlv., 1841, i, 277, pi. xi, fig. 2.?Pfeiffer, Mon.Hel. Yiv., ii, 176.Bulhnu/i rciwsus, Reeve, Con. Icon., pi. xlv, fig. 285 (I848).Bulimus rir(/ul<itu>i, Bixney, not Fekussac, Terr. Moll., ii, 278, pl. Iviii.
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Leidy, T. M.U. S., i, 259, pl.xv, figs. 7, 8 (1851), anat.?Pfeiffer, 1. c, iv.ile-'emhiiiius mulHU'nea'us, Tryon, Am. Jouru. Conch., iii, 1(59 (18{)7).BuJimuhiH mulliliueatus, W. G. BiNXEY, T. M., v, 398.Maco, west coast of Florida, about 40 miles south of Charlotte Har-bor (Hemphill) ; also Key West and Lower Matacumba Key, in theFlorida Subregion ; St. Martha, INfagdalena, and Bambo Bay, NewGranada; IMaracaibo and Porto Cabello, Venezuela (cabinet of Mr.Swift). It evidently belongs to the fauna of New Granada, and it isdifficult to account for its presence in the Florida Subregion. (See p.37.)The species secretes a thin, transparent epiphragm.There is considerable confusion regarding the synonymy of thisshell. An immature specimen from Florida was first described by Mr.Say as BuJimns ounJtiUncaius. It was not ggain met with until Dr.Biuney received specimens from his collector in Florida. From theseshells it was described and figured in the Terrestrial Mollusks. Itsidentity with j\Ir. Say's species was there recognized, but as 7>. multi-lineatiis was considered a synonyme of the West Indian Bidimusvirgu-latus* our shell was placed under that name. In the fourth volume ofthe Terrestrial Mollusks I restored to the species the original name ofmultilineatus. Among European authors the name is mentioned only
* B, rirgulatus is now recognized as a synonyme of B. elongatm, Bolt,
EASTERN PROVINCE SOUTHERN REGION SPECIES. 405by Pfeiffer (Mon,, ii, 204) as a species unknown to liim, and later (IV,482) as a synonyme of Bui. ehmgatus. The last quotation was prob-ably influence'd by the treatment of the species in the Terrestrial Mol-lusks, as he also quotes in the same synonymy the descrii)tion and fig-ure of that work. It appears to me that Dr. Pfeiffer has described tliespecies from specimens from the Orinoco, under the name of BiilimusMenl-ei. While criticising the plates of the Terrestrial Mollusks (Mai.Blatt., 1859, p. 29) he notices the resemblance of the upper figure toBuJ. Men'kei in color.The name Bidimus renosns of Reeve was suggested for the speci-mens from the banks of the Orinoco, on account of Biilimus Menleanusof Ferussac preventing the use of the ttame BuL Mcnlci.Specimens resembling those from Florida have been received fioraVenezuela by Mr. Swift. Theie can be no doubt of the species havingfrequently been found in Florida as well as in South America.I add below the descriptions of Say aud Pfeiffer:
Bitlimuii miillilinealus.? Sbell couic, not very obviously wrinkled; ^vhorls not veryconvex, yellowisb-wliite, "witli transverse, entire, reddish-brown lines; ablackish snbsntural revoh'ing line; snture not deeply indented, lineolar;apex blackish; nmbilicus small, surrounded by abroad blackish line; colu-nielia whitish ; labrum simple, blackish. Length less than seven-tenths ofan inch ; greatest breadth less than seven-twentieths of an inch. This spe-cies was found by Mr. Titian Peale on the southern pai't of East Florida.(Say.)Bulimus ilcnkti.?Shell subperforated, oblong-acute, thin, smooth, white, with threebands (two confluent, one sutural) and streaks of chestnut; whorls 7, ratherconvex, the last about (qualing two fitths the shell's length; columellaobliquely receding; aperture oval-oblong; peristome simple, acute, black,its columellar termination dilated, arcuately reflected, appressed. Length,21"""; diameter, 9">?^ ; aperture. 9"i"' long, 4"'? wide. Near Orinoco, Vene-zuela. (Pfeifter).A study of these descriptions will, I believe, convince one of theidentity of the Florida and Orinoco shells with Bnlimns miiUUineatus.There can be no doubt that the well-known Bui. elongatusis quite a distinct species.Jaw as usual in Bulimnlus, very thin; endsand margins curling up, transparent, very wideand low, with more than 50 delicate, separatedJiuUnnihis ribs, thosc of upper center meeting en chevron UniiimtivsmuUilineaivs- muUdineatus.before reaching the lower margin of the jaw;thus the jaw strongly resembles that of CylindreUa.Lingual membrane with very numerous rows of excessively numer-
Fig. 4(5.
406 A MANUAL OF AMERICAN LAND SHELLS.ous teeth, arranged en chevron ; teeth as described by me for Buli-mulus Dormant. Two margiual teeth are here figured.Genitalia (see Leidj^, I. c): The penis sac is long, irregularly cylin-droid, and has its base inclosed in a short prepuce ; the vas deferensterminates in and the retractor muscle is inserted into its summit
;
the genital bladder is oval, its duct is not more than one-third thelength of the oviduct and dilates as it passes downwards.
Biiliniiiltis Doriiiaiii, W. G. Binney.Shell perforated, thin, transparent, shining, elongated-conic, of aFig. 446 yG^rj light waxen color, with several regular revolving seriesof interrupted, perpendicular, reddish-brown j^atches; su-ture distinctly marked ^ apex j^unctured; whorls G, ratherconvex, marked with numerous very fine revolving lines;upper whorls striate, last whorl full, with a hardly' percep-tible obtuse carina at the upper extremity of the i^eristomeLength, 29""^ ; diameter, 12'"?.B.Dormani. ^,,;-,,j?g Dormani, W. G. BiNNEY, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philacl.^ 1857,188; Terr. Moll., iv, 132, pi. Ixxx, fig. 10; L. it. Fr.-W. Sh., i.?Pfeiffek,Mai. Bliitt., 1859, 45.Liostraciis Dormairi, Tryon, Aiu. Journ. Conch., iii, 109 (1867;.Bidimtthiii Dormani, W. G. Binxp:y,. Terr. Moll., v, 397.Florida Subregion. Pound at several points, among them Hanson's,near Saint Augustine, Florida, by O. M. Dorinau ; also at General Her-nandez's plantation on the Matanzas Eiver ; Port Orange, HalifaxEiver ; from between Cedar Keys and Suwanee ; Oak Hill.Judging from the description and figure given by Reeve, BuUmusmaculatus, Lea, of Carthagena, New Granada, must be nearly relatedto this species.The original specimen from which my former description was drawnwas thickened and of a chalky white, probably having been burned.I have since received from various quarters fresh specimens, wliich arevery thin and of a waxen hue and with a much more flaring aperture.Animal of a dirty white; mantle banded as the shell. Usuallyfound adhering to the under side of the leaves of palmetto, high abovethe ground.Jaw as usual in the subgenus, tliin, transparent, slightly arcuate,wide, ends atteiniated, blunt; anterior surface with about 54 distant,plait-like ribs, those of the upper median portion decidedly converging.
EASTERN PROVINCE SOUTHERN REGION SPECIES. 407Lingual membrane (Terr. Moll., V, Plate X, Fig. F) with, about 70-1-71) teeth (copied iii Fig. 447), of the form already fig. 447.noticed in B. laticinctus, Baliamensis, aurisle^oris, "^V^^Ns
'papyracem, Jonasi, memhranaceuH^ &c., but hith- 'v^^VJ <^-\^eito unnoticed in any Xorth American species.The centrals have a base of attachment longer ^'"^^'ion^ani" "^than wide, a stout, short, tricuspid reflection, each cusp bearing a dis-tinct cutting point. Laterals with equilateral base of attachment, large,irregularly tricuspid reflection ; the cutting point is extremely wide,oblique, tricuspid, the central division the largest. The marginalsdiffer only in smaller size, more elongated reflection, and instead of thesingle outer cutting point there are three or four, giving a serratedappearance. The lingual membrane is broad. The figure gives a cen-tral tooth, with two adjacent laterals aud two marginals.Genitalia (Terr. Moll., V, Plate XY, Fig. J) without accessory organs.The penis sac is long, cylindrical, tapering into a flagellum above andreceiving the vas deferens near its lower termination. The genitalbladder is ovate, on a long duct.Buliinultis Floridaiius, Pfeiffer.Shell narrowly perforated, ovate-elongate, rather smooth, grayish-green, variegated with white, oi)aque streaks and spots ; spire elongate-conic, somewhat acute ; whorls 6i, rather convex, theFig. 448. ' ' -'
,
'ui^per ones banded with interrupted brown, the lastabout three-sevenths the length of the shell, subangu-lated below the middle, attenuated at the base; colu-mella somewhat twisted, receding ; aperture slightlyoblique, oval ; peristome thin, its right terminationB. Fioridanus. jj^rrowly expanded, the columellar termination dihited,reflected, hardly touching the shell. Length, 15|-17"""; diameter, 17.V"'".Length of aperture, 7i""" ; diameter, 4i'"'".BuHmus Fioridanus, Pfeiffer, Proc. Zool. Soc, 1856, 330; Mou. Hel. Viv., iv,406.?W. G. BiNNEY, Terr. Moll., iv, 134, pi. Ixxix, fig. 3 ; L. & Fr.-W. Sh., i, 194,fig. 338 (1869), not of COxXRAD.Liostracm Fioridanus, Tryon, Am. Jouru. Conch., iii, 168 (1867).BiiUmuhis Fioridanus, W. G. BlXNEY, Terr. Moll., v, 398.Florida, in the Florida Subiegion. (Pfeiffer.)The specific name must not be confounded wiih that pro])osed byConrad for a fossil species of Bulimus (Sill. Am. Jour. |'2], II, ;599).
408 A MANUAL OF AMERICAN LAND SHELLS.I Lave not seen this species. Fig'. 448 is copied from drnwings by G.Fig. 449. B. Sowerby of tbe original specimen jn Mr. Cuming's col-lection. It will be noticed that tbe coloring of this speci-men does not agree with tlie description. The latter showsthe species much more nearly related to B. Dormani andMarielinus than would be suspected from the figure.B. Fioridanus. ]\^p, jj, Hemphill -has lately collected (1884) in the vicinityof Charlotte Harbor, Florida, specimens which I refer to B. Fioridanus,One of these is here figured (Fig. 449).Animal not observed.Btiliinuliis insirieliniis, Poey.Shell imperforate, ovate-conic, thin, very minutely substriate, some-FiG. 450. what shining, pellucid, white, varied above the middle bynumerous subinterrupted, reddish-chestnut bands; spireconic, somewhat acute; whorls 5, scarcely convex, the lastabout equaling tlie spire, subatteuuated at base ; aperturescarcely oblique, subelliptical, narrowed at base; peristomesim))le, straight, its columellar termination subreflectedabove, appressed. Length IG'"'"; diameter, 8""' . Of aperture: Length,9"""; breadth in its center, 5'""'.Bulimus ilaricUniis, Poey, Meaiorias, i, '212, 447 ; ii, pi. xii, iigs. 32, 33 (youug).
?
Pfkiifeh, Mon. lid. Viv., iii, 407,?W. G. Binney, L. & Fr.-W. Sh., i, 193(1869).Bulimus {Leptomeriis) Marielinuit, Tryon, Am. Joiirn. Conch., iii, 174 (1867).Bulimidus Alarielhius, W. G. BiNNEY, Terr. Moll., v, 398, fig. "281.A Cuban species, specimens of which were found by Dr. J. Gr. Cooperin the Florida Subregiou in Southern Florida ; one of them is drawn inFig. 450. I have also received it from near the Miami Kiver.The shell is very thin. It may readily be distinguished fromi>. Dor-mani. It is more cylindrical in outline, its bands of color are revolving-,not longitudinal.Jaw short, boad, strongly arched above, moderately so below; endsattenuated, blunt; anterior surface with coarse longitudinal strite andwith rib like processes, scarcely elevated, but denticulating the cuttingedge.Liugual membrane like that of Dormani,Genitalia not observed,
EASTERN PROVINCE?SOUTHERN REGION SPECIES. 4U9SPURIOUS SPECIES OF BULIMULUS, ETC.Btt4imns radaius, Lamakck, is attributed to the Western prairies iu Wheatley'sCatalogue of U. S. Shells, 21.Bulimus luglccliis, Pfu., has been erroneously referred toTexas (Mart. &Alb., Helic,188).
?
Pfkiffer, ii, 113, says Brazil; in vi, 55, he says Texas, on authorityof Alb. , ed. 2.Bidimus acutitx, Muller, is quoted, without description, from N. A. by Forbes (Br.Ass. Rep., 1840, 145). See also Bost. Journ. Nat. Hist., iii, 409.Bulimus oclona, Brug., has been found in greenhouses and gardens, where it has beenintroduced on plants. It is a Slenogi/ra.Bulimus exiguHS. BiXN., is the same as Carychium exiguum.Bulimusfasciatns, BiXN., is the same as Liguusfasciatus.Bulimus Gossei, Pfu., vid. ATacrocernmus.Bulimus Eitneri, Pfr., vid. Macroceramus Kieneri.Bulimus luhricus, Ad., &c., is the same as Fcrussacia suhci/lindrica.BuHmus obscurus, Dr., vid. Pupa placida, Say.Bulimus siriatus, Brug., is the same as Glandina iruucata.Bulimus vexillum, Brug., is the same as Liguus fasciatus.Bulimus vermetus, Anthony, is unknown to me, nor during my intimate acquaintancewith him, lasting for many years, could he ever give me any information aboutit. He thus describes it (cover of Haldemau's Monograph, No. 3, July, 1841):Shell turriculated, livid brown ; whorls 5, striated longitudinally ; suturedeeply indented ; apex entire ; body-whorl a little more than equal to thespire ; spire two and a half times the length of the aperture ; length 3, width1^ lines ; aperture obliquely ovate ; length of the aperture equal to the widthof the body-whorl. Ohio, near Cincinnati.Distinguished by its peculiar mouth, which is curved in a regular curvefrom right to left, contracted at the upper angle and spreading below; thewhorls are also very deeply indented, and twisted as they are in Succineavermtfa.Bulimus Mexicnnus, Lamarck, andBulimus Humboldti, Reeve, have been doubtfully referred to Mazatlan and are ex-tralimital to our work.Bulimus Laureniii, Sowerby', Sitka, is, I presume, from Sitcha, San Salvador, not fromthe northwest coast (see Terr. Moll. U. S., iv, 25).Bulimus acicula. Mull., T. M., iv, 137, vide Ca'cilianella acicula.Bulimus margiuatus, W. G. BiNN., = Pu2}a fallax.Bulimus )uodicus, \V. G. Binn., = Pupa modica.Bulimus clwrdatus, Pfr., = Fiyja c/iorrfate extralimital Mazatlan.Bulimus duollatus an<\ B. mutilaius, Say., = Stenogyra decollala.Bulimus suhulus, W. G. BiNN , = Stenogi/ra oclonoides.Bulimus gradUimus, W. G. BiNX., =: Steuoggra gracillima,Bulimus harpa, BiNX., = Acanthiuula harpa.Bulimus carinat us, Brug., Encycl. M6th , i, 301 (1792); Bosc, iv, 89 (Buccinum, Lis-ter &. Petiver), is an exotic Me anian, not inhabiting Virginia.lulimus urceus, Brug., Encycl. M6th., i, 298 (1792), from Mississippi River, = Am-puUaria.MelauiasU-iala, Perry, Conch., pi. xxix, tig. 5, " New California," is i/n/inu/s we/awia,F^russac.Bulimus Berlanditriauus, Bixx., in Am. Journ. Conch., 18()5. Amer. bor., Pfr., Mon.,vi, 1.53 (1868), probably confounding the Limniean BuUnus.Bulimulus Califomicufi, Reeve. Shell somewhat acuniiuately ovate, rather thin,scarcely umbilicated ; whorls (J in number, smooth; columella reflected, lipsimnle ; creaTu-color, encircled with intfrrupted, transverse, blue-black zones(Reeve, Con. Icon., 378). Is not a California species, but probably Mexican.See L. &, Fr.-W. Sh., i, 199.
410 A MANUAL OF AMERICAN LAND SHELLS,Colmnna Californica, Pfeiffeu. SlieJl subulate, tbiu, with very crowded, obliquestriuB or wriukles, waxen while ; whorls 12 to 13, the upper convex, the lastthree or lour flat, the last exceeding slightly one-sixth the shell's length,sharply cariuated at base, below the carina somewhat hollowed out ; colu-mella arched, thickened, eubtruncated, reaching the base ; aperture somewhatfour sided; i?eristome simple, acute. Length, 23'>J'^ ; diameter, 3^?'". Aper-ture, 4""" long, 2^-?'" wide.Achaiina Califoriiica, Pfeiffer, Symb. ad. Hist. Hel., iii, 69; Mon. Hel. Viv., ii, 267.?Eeeve, Con. Icon., 115.?W. G. Binney, Terr. Moll., iv, 26, pi. Ixxix, tig.19; L. & Fr.-W. Sh., i, 190.?Bland, Ann. N. Y. Lye, viii, 166, tig. 10(1865). Columna Californica, CllENU, Man.de Couch., i, 431, tig. 3172.Referred to Monterey, Cal., but certainly not found there. I have givena copy of Reeve's figure, and a figure of a specimen from Bogota, NewGranada, which seems identical with it, in L. & Fr.-W. Shells, i. The speciesis a Ehodea. FOSSIL SPECIES OF COLUIMNA.Columna f teres, Meek & Haydex, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci.Philad., 1860, 431, = Bul.fteres (Clamiliaf), M. &. H., 1. c, 1H56, 117.Columna f vermiciilus {Claitsiliaf) Meek & Hayden, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philad.,1860, 431, ?Bal.f vermictihis, M. & H., 1. c, 1856, 118.FOSSIL SPECIES OF EULIMULUS, ETC.BuUmuslimneiformis, Meek & Hayden, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philad., 1860, 431, =B.Xebrasceusis, 1. c.BuHmus Floridanus, Coxrad, Sill. Am. Journ. Sc. [2],ii, 399.Bulimus 2feri'ersus, Meek & Hayden, = Clausilia contraria, M. & H.DOUBTFUL SPECIES OF ACHATINA, ETC.JJguus Firr//neMS, Montfort, Conch. Syst., ii, 423, Louisiana. (A. Virgineus, Jay,Wheatley. Bulimus vexilIum,DE Kay.) The species is from Hayti.Achaiina lubrica, BiNNEY. See Ferusnacia snhci/livdrica.Achatina buIIaia.VFii. See Glctndina.Achaiina truncata, Pfr. See Glandiua.Achaiina Vanuxemensis, Lea. See Glandina.Achaiina rosea, Deshayes. See Glandina truncata.Achaiina striata, De Kay, is Glandina truncata. See Terr. Moll., iv, 139.Acliatina subula, Pfr. See Slenogyra.Achaiina Texasiana, Per. See Glandina.Achaiina austraiis, Villa, N. Am. Disp., 19. Unknown to me.Avhatinu, pellucida, Pfr. See Blauncria, in vol. iv of Terr. Moll.Achaiina gracillima, Per. See Stenogyra.Achatina flammigera. Say (ed. Binney, 29), = Orthalicus undatus.Achaiina fiammigera, Fl^RUSSAC. See Terr. Moll., vol. iv, 138.Achatina mucronata, &c., Maine, Ravenel's Cat., 1874,44, is a typographical error forAchalinella mucronata of Maui.Achatina , Baffin's Bay. See Morch, Am. Jouru. Conch., iv, 38.CTLIIVDRKLLA, Pfeiffer.Animal heliciform, blunt and short before, rapidly attenuated behind
;
mantle slightly posterior, simple, thin, protected hy an external shell;respiratory, anal, and genital orifices as in Patula ; no caudal pore, nodistinct locomotive disk.Shell cylindrical or pupaeform, multisj)iral, generally truncated, with
EASTERN PROVINCE SOUTHERN REGION SPECIES. 411remarkable differences in Ibe form of tlie axis, often furnished with re-volving lamin;TB or other curious processes ; aperture subcircular, eden-tulate ; peristome expanded, continuous.A West Indian genus, represented only in the Florida Subregionwithin our limits.Jaw as in Maeroceramus, described below.The dentition of the genus is very lioculiar and constant in the variousgroups or subgenera. The lingual membrane is exceedingly long andinirrow. The base of attachment of the centrals is small, long, narrow,with the upper margin broadly retiected into a blunt, rounded, andexpanded, gouge shaped cutting i)oint; the laterals have a long, sub-quadrangular base of attachment, bearing below a large, bluntlyrounded, greatly expanded, palmate cusp and cutting point, represent-ing the inner and central cusps of the laterals, and above a long,slender, graceful extension, representing the external cusp of the otherEeUcidce, This last is bluntly truncated or bears a recurved cusp,smaller but of same shape as that below, or it has a laterally extended,small, blunt point. la some species the laterals extend to the marginof the lingual membrane ; in others there are distinct marginal teeth,long, narrow, laminar, with bluntly recurved apices. A full descrip-tion and figures of these various forms of teeth will be found in Journalde Conchyliologie, January, 1870.Subgenus GOis^GYLOSTOMA, Albers.Animal small and short compared with the shell, in general like thatof PaUda ; eye-peduncles of medium length, the tentacles quite short.Motions sluggish ; the shell drags horizontally, nearly in the line ofmotion.Shell cylindrically- fusiform or conic-turreted, apex attenuated, cos-tellately striate ; whorls 9-20, the last more or less protracted, terete,sometimes obsoletely angulated ; aperture circular; peristome expandedin every part.The lingual membrane of three species only is known? C. elegans,C. ornata, and C. Foeyana. They all agree in theircharacters. On the laterals the inner cutting pal-mate cusp (it can hardly be called a cutting edge orpoint) is surmounted by a simple, long, squarely <^-truncated extension ; the outer palmate cusp is on along pedicle ; the change from lateral to marginalteeth is very gradual; the last become very small, ^'"^VplJ^aHa?Liujiual (leutitioil of
412 A MANUAL OF AMERICAN LAND SHELLS.wider tbau Ligh, witli one inner, large, and one outer, small palmatecusp J the two pedicles are quite wanting.Cylindrella Pocyana, D'OnniGXY.Shell very long, thin, horn-colored or whitish, loiigiliidiiially stronglyFig. 452. ^ striated; spire very long, inliated, aciiininate behindtruncated; whorls 11, rather convex, the last carinatedbefore; aperture round; peristome acute and continu-ous, in contact with the preceding whoil. Axis simple.Length, 15""" ; breadth, 1""".v Pupa /'oe_!/flHa,D'ORBiGXV, Moll. Cuba, i, 1.^5, pi. xii, figs. 24-26.Cylindrclla Foeyana. CijUndreUa Foeiiana, Pfeikkeu, Moii. Hel. Viv.. ii, :3.-0.?Chemnitz,od. 2, 20, pi. iii, figs. 29-31.?W. G. Binxky, T. M., iv, 141>; v, 382 ; L. & Fr.-AV. Sh., i, 22(18t;U).CiiUndrella ladaria, Got'LD, in T. ]\I , pi. Ixix, fig. 2, not in text.Goiigylobtoma roeyana,TiiYO'S, Am. Jouru. Conch., iii, 311 (I'-^tW).A Cuban species, found also in the Florida Subregion, both on themainland in the Miami country and on Key West and other keys.Animal white, with a dark line along the back of each eye peduncle,one along the median line, and a \ery delicate one along each cheek;ocular points large and black.The description in the Terrestrial Mollusks is drawn fiom C. hictaria,Gould, which is identical with varur/ata, Pfeiffer, and is characterizedby tiexuose, milk-white lines and more delicate striiie.The apical nucleus of the shell is a small globule ; this is succeededby a large number of closely revolving whorls of still smaller diamt ter,which scarcely augment in length, and then there is a rapid dilatationto the full size of the shell. At this part, either by fracture or moreprobably by absorption, the slender tip is thrown off, so that we haveonly the truncated lower portion left.The animal is very small compared with tbe shell, being less thanone-fourth the length of the shell, which it carries with its axis nearlyhorizontal, and in the line of motion, with api)arent dithculty. Thesnout is thrown forward and firmly attached at every undulation,simultaneously with the contraction of the posterior extremity. Whenthe curve flowing along the sides of the loot reaches the head, the at-tachment of the snout is released, and it is again thrown forward andfixed as before.Jaw as usual in the genus, with about 40 deli'^ate ribs.Lingual membrane (see Fig. 451) as described above; teeth 14-1-14.Genitalia not examined.
EASTERN PROVINCE?SOUTHERN REGION SPECIES. 413
I
Cylindrella jejuna, Gould.Shell ratber small, fusiform, truncated at apex, quite solid, of a palehorii-color, longitudinally striped with delicate, white fig. 453.lines ; spire composed of about 9 whorls, though whenentire the whole number would be about twice as many;they are convex and separated by a well-marked suture;the liist whorl has a delicate carina and extends in ashort necli ; the iipertuie is bell-shaped ; the peristome CyiindreUn jejuna.white, continuous, and not in contact with the preceding whorl ; axissimi)le. Length, 10""" ; breadth about 2i""".CyliDdreVa Jejuna, Gould. Pmc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., iii, 41, Juue, 1848; Terr. Moll.,ii. :UU, pi. Ixix, liy. :{.?W. G. Binm:y, T. M., iv, 150; v, 383; L. & Fr.-W.Sh., i, 23 (18()'J).CtjlindieJIa faiicgnia, Pfeiffe]!, part, Mai. Bliltt., ii, 13.Gonfjjjlosioma jejuna, Tkyon, Am. Joiiru. Coiicli., iii, 312 (18G8).Found abundantly in the Florida Subregion, near the mouth of theMiami Itiver. SPUEIOUS SPECIES OF CYLINDRELLA.CiilindrdJa pontificK, Gox'ld, is Macroceramus i)ontificus, Pfk.Ci/liiirlrdla doldfun'-i ami lUieiiieri are species of HvJosjjira.CytindieUa caiiqianulata of Terr. Moll. U. S., i, 109, is uuknown to me.
Fig. 454.
MACROCERAMUS, Gould.Animal as in Cylindrdla {q. v.). See also below under M. poritijicns.Shell turreted or lengthened conic, rimate; whorls 9-15, graduallyincreasing, the last often angular; aperture round, short, columellausually plicate; peristome expanded, its margins subequal, subparal-lel, not continuous, the external arched, the columellar dilated, re-flected.Jaw thin, almost membranous, semi-transparent, light horn colored,strongly arched, ends acuminated; cutting marginwithout median projection ; anterior surface with num-erous delicate, separated ribs, denticulating both mar-gins ; these ribs run obliquely towards the median lineof the jaw, so that the central ribs meet before reachingthe lo^er margin of the jaw, forming an upper mediantriangular space between the ribs. It was formerlyconsidered that this jaw was actually in separate pieces,whose overlapping margins formed the ribs upon theanterior surface (see Fig. 454). More careful examina- *^^ "(BianT)"" "*"tion, however, has preyed the jaw to b? in one single piece, with
414 A MANUAL OF AMERICAN LAND SHELLS.delicate ribs upon its snrfiice. There are over 50 ribs on tlie jaw ofthe only one of our species I have examined, ilf. Gossei. I give a copyof Mr. Bland's figure of the jaw of J7. signatus, which is similar.The lingual membrane of Macroceramns was supposed to be thesame as in CylindreUa, described a.bove, as that of M. signatus was sofound by Mr. Bland (Ann. Lye. Nat. Hist. N. Y., VIII, 162) andCrosse and Fischer (Journ. de Conch., 1870, Plate III, Figs. 14-16).It was, therefore, with surprise that I found an entirely different typeof dentition in M. Gossei. I can in this place only note the difference,and leave to future study the question of its bearing on the genericposition of the species.M. Gossei (Plate X, Fig. Q, of Terr. Moll.; see Fig.455)hasa membraneriG.455. very long and narrow; teeth about 40-1-40, inscarcely oblique transverse rows, decidedly not enchevron. Centrals with a long, narrow base of at-tachment, with somewhat expanded lower lateralangles, its upper margin squarely reflected. TheLingual dentition ofM. Gossei. reflected portion is very small, and bears threeshort, blunt cusps, the median the largest, all three with distinctcutting points. The base of attachment of the laterals is long andnarrow, its outer lower angle irregularly cut away; the upper marginbroadly and obliquely reflecte<l, the reflected portion thrown off' ob-liquely towards the margin of the lingual membrane, very short, andbearing two stout, bhmt, short cnsps, the inner the larger, also thrownobliquel}' towards the outer margin of the membrane; both of thecusps bear distinct cutting points, the outer one small, the inner onenarrow, blunt, almost as long as the base of attachment. There areno distinct marginals, the laterals decreasing in size as they pass offlaterally, those at the edge of the membrane having one large innercutting point and several outer, irregular, smaller ones. I have givena group of centrals and laterals, a group of laterals, and an extremelateral or marginal.*I have had no opportunity of examining M. pontificus.Maci'ocorainus pontificiis Gould.Shell fusiform, attenuated-cylindrical, whitish, or grayish cloudedand marbled with brown; spire acuminate; whorls from 9 to 13,
* Similar deutition is found in M. turricula, Pfr., of Cuba. See ]Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci.Pbilad., 1875, Plate XX, Fig. 9.
EASTERN PROVINCE SOUTHERN REGION SPECIES. 415
roimded, with numerous oblique, prominent strife or ribs; sutureimpressed, creuulated by the extension of tlie al eruate y^^, ^.gribs across it; aperture rounded, oblique ; ])eristome tliiu,somewhat reflected ; axis impressed, not truly perforate;on the last whorl a colored line revolves; this is some-times raised a little from the surface, and sometimes issharp, like a delicate carina. Length, IS?""; diameter ofantepenultimate whorl, 6^""'. Of aperture: Length, 4J""";breadth, 4J'""\ pontificus.Pupa nnicarinata, Bixney, Terr. Moll., i.?Not Lamarck.BuUmus Kieniri, Pfeiffek, Proc. Zool. Soc, 1846, 40; Moii. Hel. Yiv., ii, 79 ; in Chem-nitz, ed. 2, 131, pi. xlii, figs. 23, 24.
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Reeve, Con. Icon., 463.CtjUndrella poniifica, Gould, Proc. Bust. Soc. Nat. Hist., iii, 40 (1848) ; Terr. Moll., ii,306, pi. ixix, fig. 1.?Chenu, Mnn.de Concli., i, 446, figs. 3305, 3306 (1859).Macroceramus pontificus, W. G. Binney. Terr. Moll., iv, 137.Macroceramus Kieneri, Pfeiffek, Mon. Hel. Viv., iv, 689, not of vol. vi.
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Tuyon. Am.Journ. Couch., iii, 301 (1868).?W. G. BiNXEY, L. & Fr.-W. Sh., i, 221 (1869);Terr. Moll., v, 383.In the Florida Subregion, both on tie mainland from the Miamicountry to Tampa Bay and on the islands from Key West to Key Bis-cayne.Animal whitish, translucent, a little darker above the head; body veryshort, terminating- in a blunt extremity ; eye-peduncles of moderatelength, of nearly equal diameter throughout, terminating in a roundedbulb; tentacles very short, nearly rudimentary; ocular points largeand black. When in motion the axis of the shell is parallel with theline of progress and lies almost horizontally. The rapidity with whichthe animal moves is quite surprising. The advance seems to be effectedin this way : The posterior point of the disk of the foot, being detachedfrom the object on which it rests, is carried forward by muscular con-traction and again fixed, leaving a curve between the attac^ied pointand the next anterior part of the disk, which is not yet detached. Thisoperation is continued throughout the whole disk, every part of whichbecomes successively detached, curved upward, and again attached,from the extremity to the snout, exhibiting in action a curved or wavymotion or undulation, commencing at the extremity, proceeding rapidlyforward, and terminating at the h':>ad. But before one muscular waveis exhausted at the head another has begun to flow, so that two seriesof undulations are visible at one time. With this double alternationof action tlie body is propelled with a rapidity greater than can be
416 A MANUAL OP iiMERICAN LAND SHELLS.
Fig. 457.
attained by the more common gliding motion of the Helices. Duringmotion the eye-peduncles are extended and remain steadily in oneposition.They are found in woods, on the ground, under leaves, but are notvery plentiful. The most northern point wherethey have hitherto been noticed is Tampa. Onthe eastern shore of the j^eninsula they occur atCape Florida and Key Biscayne.There is considerable confusion regarding theidentity of this species. Pfeift'er (in Vol. VI)and Fischer and Crosse (Moll. Mex. et Guat.)consider pontijicus as distinct from Kiencri. A figure of the latter ishere given, drawn from types in Dr. Pfeifter's collection from Honduras.Jaw and lingual membrane and genitalia not observed.
MacroCernmiix Kiencri.(I'lcifler.)
ITIaci'Occi'aniiis Oossei, Pfeiffer.Shell rimate, turrito-cyliudrical, obliquely ribbed, white, opaque,Fig. 458. with semilunar blotches and pellucid, horn-colored spots ; spire cylindraceous, apex attenu-ated and acute ; suture crenulated ; whorls 11,convex, the last about one-fourth the length ofthe shell, rounded, subaugulateatbase; aperturesubcircular ; peristome briefly expanded, withM. Gossei. approHching termini, tlie columellar expansivelyreflected. Length, ll"^'"; diameter, 3f "'"'; aperture, 3^?? long, Si?'"broad.Bulimus Gossei, Pfeiffer, Proc. Zool. Soc, 1845, 137 ; Mon. Hel, Viv., ii, 81 ; in Roe-nier's Texas, 456.?Reeve, ?fcc.?W. G. Binnev, Terr. Moll., iv, 135.CiiVinflreUa Ilydeajia, coiicisa, &c., see Pfeiffer.Macroceramus Gossei, Pfeiffer, Mon. Hel. Viv., iv, 689.
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Tryon, Am. Journ. Conch.,iii, 302 (1868).?W. G. Binney, L.?t.Fr.-W. Sh., i, 22-2 (1869); Terr. Moll.,V, 380.Var. /?. Somewhat smaller, the spots and blotches more obsolete.A West Indian species, found also in the Texan Subregion and in theFlorida Subregion, at Little Sarasota Bay, near Charlotte Harbor,Florida.Jaw and lingual dentition : see fig. 455.
EASTERN PROVINCE?SOUTHERN REGION SPECIES. 41 7
Family PUPIDvE.PUPA. (See p. 321.)Pupa variolosa, Goulo.Shell minute, ovate-conical, with a pointed apex, of a yellowish-greencolor, apparently smooth, but when examined by a fig. 459.considerable magnifying i)ower is iound to be thickly ^,^?^4pitted with jdots of unequal size and irregularly dis-posed ; there are 4 or 5 narrow, tumid whorls, sepa-rated by a profound suture ; the a[)erture is obliquely Pupa variolosa.semi-oval, and has a jjosterior lamellar tooth winding within the shell,a tooth on the columella, and another a little to the right of the basalapex; a small umbilical opening is covered by the reflected columellsirmargin of the i)eristome, and the other margin is slightly everted.Length, 2?"'; diameter, 1'"'".Piijm variolosa, Gould, Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., iii, 40 ; Terr. Moll., ii, 331, pi. Ixxii,fig. 3.?Pfeiffer, Mou. Hel. Viv., iii, 55G.?W. G. Bixxey, Terr. Moll., iv,146; V, 199; L. ?fe Fr.-W. Sh., i, 236 (1869).?Tryox, Amer. Journ. Conch.,iii, 303 (1868).Florida Subregion,, on the extremity of the peninsula.This species is our smallest, and is most readily distinguished by itssliort, conical form. The five specimens examined all presented thecrowded, thimble like impressions under a magnifying power of twentydiameters. It is the only American species which has a tooth revolv-ing within the shell on the penultimate whorl.Animal unobserved. Pupa inodica, Gould.Shell small, delicate, elongated, ovate-conic, whitish or pale horn-col-ored, imperforate ; whorls 5, convex, the apex of the spire acute, Fir..46o.aperture expanded ; peristome revolute but not iiattened, itsright margin strongly curved above ; throat destitute of teeth.Length, 2A""" ; diameter, 1""".J'uim modica, Gould, Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., iii, 40 (1848); Terr. Moll.,ii,3l8, pi. Iii, iig. -2.?W. G. Bixney, Torr. ]Moll., iv, 142; v, 204 ; L.& Fr.-W. Sh., i,240 (1869).?Pfeiffek, Mon. Hel. Viv., iii, .533.Bidimiis modicHH, Pfeiffer, Mou. Hel. Viv., iv, 414.Piipilla modica, Tryon, Amer. Jonrii. Conch., iii, 306 (1868).Southern Region, in Georgia, Florida, and Alabama.The form and other characters of this shell are almost ])recisely those1749?Bull. 28 27
418 A MANUAL OF AMERICAN LAND SHELLS
of Pupa fallax, except that it is only about half as large and has abouttwo whorls less to the spire. The aperture is somewhat more bell-shaped, aud the peristome is thin and revolute instead of being thickand flattened.Animal unobserved. Pupa pellucida, Pfr.Shell subperforate, cylindrical, thin, pellucid, shining, pale yellow
;
Fig. 461. spire somewhat attenuated, apex obtuse ; whorls 5, con-vex, the last flatter than the penultimate ; aperture semi-oval, with 5 teeth ; single strong teeth on columella andparietal wall of aperture, two moderate ones on right side,a fifth small basal one within the aperture ; peristome sim-Pup a pellucida. pie, its right end exjoanded, its columellar end reflected.Length 2""" ; diameter scarcely 1'""' ; aperture scarcely |?'" long.Pu2}a pellucida, Ffeiffer, Symbolse, i, 46; Hon. Hel. Viv., ii, 360: in Roomer's Tex-as, 456.?KusTER, in Chemnitz, ed. 2, S9, pi. xii, figs. 24, 25.?W. G. Binney,Terr. Moll., iv, 147; v, 211 ; L. & Fr.-W. Sh., i, 246 (1869).Pujja serviUs, Gould, Bost. Journ. Nat. Hist., iv, 356, pi. xvi, fig. 14.
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Pfeiffer, Mod.Hel. Viv., ii, 360.Pupa EUsei, Pfeiffer, olim, Mon. Hel. Viv., iii, 532.
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Kuster, in Chemnitz, ed. 2,176, pi. xxi, figs. 13, 14.Leucochila pellucida, Tryon, Amer. Journ. Conch., iv.(1868).A. West Indian species, quoted by Pfeiffer from Texas, but not else-where noticed; it is probably confined to the Texan Subregion. Ihave seen no specimens of it. Fig. 401 is a fac-simile of that of P.servilis.Animal unobserved. STROPHIA, Albers.Animal heliciform, blunt before, pointed behind; mantle posterior,protected by a shell ; respiratory and anal orifices on the right of themantle, under the peristome of the shell; generative orifice behind theright eye-peduncle ; no caudal mucus pore or locomotive disk.Shell rimate, cylindrical or oblong-ovate, perpendicularly costulate orribbed, solid, white, often variegated with red; whorls 9-12, the lastnarrowed towards the base, often ascending; aperture semi-oval,usually bluish-brown within, columella with a dentiform fold, parietalwall furnished with an internal denticle; peristome thickened, reflexed,its margins connected by a somewhat heavy callus.A West Indian genus, found also in the Florida Subregion.But one species, S. incana, Binn., is ^ound within our limits. I have
EASTERN PROVINCE?SOUTHERN REGION SPECIES. 419foniul it to agree in the characters of its jaw and lingual membrane ^ itlithe extialiraital species which I have examined, S. iostoma,
-'^^Hi^--mumia, and decumana. Semper, however (Phil. Arch.,128), describes the jaw of -8. uva as being without median jawocs.
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projection to its cutting edge; that character, therefore, cannot beconsidered generic.Jaw of S. incana (Fig. 462) arcuate, thick, coarse, of about equalheight to its bluntly truncated ends; cutting edge with a slightlyproduced median projection ; anterior surface without ribs.Lingual membrane arranged as iu Fatula (see Terr. Moll., V, Plate Y,Fig. A, and Fig. 4G3), with 27-1-27 teeth.' The change from laterals tomarginals is as shown in the ninth and ^i?- ^^s.tenth t?^eth. There is the usual splitting ^i;^ ^ c^c^ ST^'CT^?of the inner cutting point beyond the ^r %X ^^W^ ^^ftAninth tooth. The extreme marginals are Lingual dentition of s. incana.low, wide, with one inner, long, bluntly bifid cutting point and oneouter, short. All the changes from centrals to extreme marginals areshown in the figures. The splitting of the inner cutting point of themarginals was not detected by me before in S. iosioma and mumia. Ihave, however, lately found it in those species.Atrophia incana, Binney.Shell deeply rimate, cylindrically oblong, solid, smooth or delicatelystriate, shining, chalky; spire elongate, gradually atten- ri?-4G4.uated into a rather acute cone ; suture light, margined
:
whorls 11, flat, very gradually increasing, the last scarcelyequaling or shorter than the length, wrinkled anteriorly,more or less arcuately ascending, at base subcompressed ;aperture small, i^oundly lunate, light flesh-color within,furnished with a moderate, deeply seated j^arietal toothand an obsolete columellar fold ; peristome somewhat . g, incana.thickened, shortly reflected all round, its terminations joined by a tliincallus, that of the columella dilated and arched above, i.ength, 26"""
;
diameter, 10""". Of aperture : Length, 8-9"?; diameter, 7-8??.A variety has irregular longitudinal streaks of reddish-brown (Fig.465).Pupa incana, Binney, Terr. Moll., i, 109 ; iii, pi. Ixviii.?Leidy, T. M. U. S., i, pi, xv,tigs. "2-4, anat.?Pfeiffer, Mai. Bliitt., ii, 13 ; Mou. Hel. Viv., iv, 657.?W.G. BiNNKY, Terr. Moll., iv, 140, pi. lxxix,fig. 17; L. & Fv.-W. Sli., i, 247,fig.*430 (18G9).?Tryon, Amer. Journ. Conch., iii, 308 (1868).
420 A MANUAL OP AMr^EIOAN LAND SHELLS.Pupa mnmia, Potiez and Michaud, Gal., i, 169, pi. xvii, figs. 1-2 (teste Pfr.).Piqia iiiarUima, y, Pfeiffeu, Mon. Hel. Viv., iii, 539.
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Gould, in Terr. Moll., i 1,3 16.I'upa detrita, Shuttleworth, MS., Pfeiffer, in Mai. Bliitt., i, 158 (1853) ; i, 205 (1854),pi. iii, tigs. 9, 10.Strophia iucana, W. G. Binney, Terr. Moll., v, 220.A Cuban and Baliamas species, found in the Florida Subregion,both on the southern part of the mainland and on the keys fromCai)e Florida to Key West ; ;]6?'" long, in Boca Chica Key (Hempliill).Animal wliitish, brownish, smoky, or nearly black, darker on theback and upper part of head. Body finely granulated, the granulesarranged in regular lines longitudinally, making the surface look as ifminutely and longitudinally furrowed. Eye-peduncles rather short,slender, bulbous at the extremities ; tentacles very short.This species is found plentifully at Key West, where it inhabits lowgrounds near salt-water ponds. It attaches itself to saline plants, afew inches from the soil. At other times it retreats under stones. Itis probably confined to the vicinity of the ocean. It has also beenfound on other neighboring keys, and on the mainland from KeyWest to Cajie Florida. The animal varies much in color; it is shywhen kept in confinement. In winter it forms a membranous epi-l)hragm.The general appearance of this shell is cylindrical, with both extrem-
riG. 465. ities obtuse. The width of the central whorls is nearly uniform
;
^^ the upper only become gradually narrower to the apex. Thenumber of whorls is usually about 9, but sometimes 12; andthe progressive increase of the width, of the whorl, in revolvingfrom the apex to the aperture, though regular in each specimen,differs so much in different specimens, that 'some shells areS iucana,var. very short and robust, while others are long and fusiform.The whorls are nearly flat, the surface shining and marked with num-erous angular strife, which on the back and last whorl attain some-times the prominence of wrinkles. The peristome is often very thick
;
it is not added until the shell has acquired at least seven or eight fullvolutions. The outline of the external aperture is an oval, whose great-est diameter is parallel with the axis of the shell, truncated obliquelyby the columellar margin ; internally it is modified by a lamellar toothor fold on its superior parietes, and another marking the depression ofthe axis; when these are prominent the outline of the throat of theai)erture is somewhat trilobate. One or both of the teeth are some-times wanting. The apex of the spire is corneous. Its color is chalkyor horny white, with frequently a livid brown tint beneath.
i
EASTERN PROVINCE SOUTHERN REGION SPECIES. 4-:lJaw: se<^Fig. 462.Lingual membrane with 129 rows of 24-1-24 teeth each (see p. 410).The complete anatomy, includiug genitalia, is figured bj- Leidy (T.M. U. S., 1, Plate XV, Figs. 2-4). The penis sac is short, nairow,and cylindrical . The vas deferens is of a very great length when(?ouii)ared with what it is usually in the other genera. Its lower partabout the length of the penis, is dilated to the size of the latter organ,is strongly muscular, and terminates at the base of the penis sac. Theletractor muscle is inserted into the summit of the latter. The liningmembrane of the penis sac presents a single, longitudinal fold. Atthe base of the penis sac is a short, muscular sac or protuberance,l)i()bably a dart sac, although the individual dissected possessed nosuch instrument. The genital bladder is oval; its duct is as long asthe oviduct, and midway receives a long, narrow duct, derived from agranular, glandular organ combined with the testicle in the i)osteriorlobe of the liver. MOLOSPIRA, Mart. & Alb.Animal unknown.Shell riuiate, turreted or fusiform, apex j,^^, ^ggconical, not truncated; whorls 11-14, the ^^ aix^/^ r^last not at all or but slightly protracted, Q&\, {Jl ^^nK ^3carinated at base ; columella plicate ; aper- '
, . . ,. Lingual dentition of iT. GoM/wssi.ture quadrangular; peristome tree, ex-panded.A Mexican genus, extending into the Texan Subregiou.It was formerly considered a subgenus of Gylindrella, but now isknown to widely differ in jaw and dentition.There are two species of this genus found within our limits, H. Gold-fussi and Boemcri. I have not been able to examine the lingual mem-brane of H. Roemeri, but, thanks to Mr. Bland, I have examined andfigured (Terr. Moll., V) that of B. Qoldfimi. There are 20-1-26teeth, with about 9 laterals. The cusps of the marginals are quitewidely separated. The general characters of the teeth are as describedbelow. I can refer also to Messrs. Fischer and Crosse for informationregarding the jaw and dentition (Journ.de Conch., XVIII, 13,1870,Plate V, and Moll. Mex. et Guat., 320, Plate XVI). The lingual mem-brane in H. Trjjoni and Pfcifferi, examined and figured by thoseliuthors, is of the same type. The centrals and laterals have a singleshort cusp, bearing a short, blunt cutting point, both side cusps and
4-2 A MANUAL OF AMERICAN LAND SHELLS.side catting- points being absent; marginal teetli a simple modificationof the laterals, which pass very gradually into them, quadrate, wide,jow, with one long, inner, obtuse cutting point and one outer side,short, blunt cutting point. (See also Fig. 460.)Tliejawis arcuate, with slightly acuminated, blunt ends, thin; anterior surface ribless; cutting edge simple; transversely and verticallystriated. Holospira Roeineri, Pfu.Shell scarcely rimate, subcylindrical, with an obtusely conic, non-riG.467. truncated spire, ^substriate, light flesh-colored; whorls 14narrow, rather flattened, tlie lasj; carinated at base, separatedg from the shell and twisted ; aperture vertical, oblong, circular,^ within narrowed by a fold on its right margin ; peristome con-%? tinuous, equally and briefly expanded. Length, 13-14'""^ ; di-ameter, 4^'"?. Aperture, 3""" long, 2^?"' broad.W /5. Smaller, more ventricose above; whorls 12, the lastH. Boemeri. ^^Qj.Q briefly looscucd. Length, ll'^"" ; diameter above themiddle, 4'"'".Cylhidrella /i-oemfn", Pfeiffer, Mon. Hel. Viv., ii, 383; iu Roemek's Texas, 4.^6; inChemn., e(L 2. No. 81, pi. vii, figs. 4-6.?W. G. Bixney, T. M., iv, 150 : L. &Fr.-W. Sh., i,'24, fig. 18 (1869).BoloKpirn Uuemeri, Tryon, Am. Journ. Conch., iii,312 (1868).?W. G Binxey TerrMoll., V, 177. 'New Biaunfels and Howard Springs, Tex. It has not been noticedoutside the Texan Subregion.Holospira Ooldfussi, Menke.Shell umbilicated, elongated, more ventricose at the middle, apesFig. 468. conic, nottruncated, thin, diaphanous, light horn-color, marked^ with numerous light, subarcuate stri;p; whorls 12, scarcelyP convex, narrow, the last slightly extended beyond the body^ of the shell, carinated, its right side somewhat furrowed,rounded at base; aperture subveriical, obliciuely and sub-i^ triangularly pear-shaped; peristome slightly expanded at itsH.ooidj-ussi. pjjtj^p Circumference, its right termination flexuose; axiswith revolving lamella, and also with a curious one on the under sideof the septum of the third whorl from the base. Length, II"""; di-ameter, 4^'""\
EASTERX PROVINCE? SOUTHERN REGION SPECIES. 423Cylindrella Goldfussi, Menke, in Zeitcsh. f. Mai., 1847, iii, 2.
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Pfeiffer, Moii. Hi 1.Viv., ii, 383.? PniLiPPi, Icon., iii, 6, tab. iii, 9(1847).?W. G. Bixney, Terr.Moll., iv, 151, pi. Ixxix, fig. 33; L. & Fr.-W. Sh., i, 24, tig. 19 (18(39).Holospira Goldfussi, Tryon, Amer. Joiiru. Conch.,, iii, pi. xv, fig. 31 (1869).?W. G.BiNNEY, Terr. Moll., v, 177.Texas, on the Blanco ; a species of the Texas Subregion.lu the penultimate whorl of Ooldfussit\i&YQ are 4 lamellae; one, stronglydeveloped, situated on the under side of the upiier septum, and inlength about equal to one halt' of the circumference of the whorl
;
another on the upper surface of the lower septum, immediately beueatliand opposite to the above-mentioned lamella, and of about equal lengthbut not so much developed ; a third lamella'on the middle of the lowerhalf of and revolving on the axis ; the fourth on the inner side of tbeouter wall of the shell (opposite the axial lamella) and visible from theexterior.For lingual membrane and jaw see above.STENOGYRA, Shuttl.Animal: see \\vh\q,v Bumina.Shell turreted, sometimes truncated, hyaline or white, with a delicatehorn-colored, sometimes reddish epidermis; whorls straight, numerous,7-13, gradually enlarging; apex obtuse; aperture serai-oval or ovate-oblong ; peristome straight, generally simple ; columella usually trun-cated.For further details see under each subgenus.I have not been able to examine the jaw or lingual dentition of 8.octouokles {S. Huhiila of L. & Fr.-W. Shells, I) or S. gracilUina, but onlyM defollata, Liu., from Charleston, S. C, a species introduced fromEurope by commerce, and the true S. siihiila, found near Mobile, Ala.Of extralimital species I have examined /S'. octona, gonostoma, and hasta.Semi)er has examined 8. Panayensis.The jaw (s"c Fig. 4G9 for that of 8. snhiila) is low, wide, with attenu-ated, blunt ends, and a wide, slightly pig. 470."Pin Ar.n ])rodu('ed median projection. There are _^^
'Idistinct vertical ttrisd on that of 8. de- -^ JLcoUata.Jaw of S. subula. Lingual dentitionThe lingual membrane is long and nar- ?>f ^- subuia.row. The central tooth has a very small, high, narrow base of attachment,the lower outer angles generally somewhat expanded. The reflectedportion is very small, and bears a short, stout median cusp and two
424 A MANUAL OF AMERICAN LAND SHELLS.very small side cusps ; all the cusps bear distinct cutting points. Thelateral teeth are very much larger than the centrals. The base ofattachment is about as high as wide, its inner lower lateral expansionsuppressed as usual. The upper edge is squarely reflected. Thereflection is very large, and bears one stout median cusp, extendingalmost to the lower edge of the base of attachment ; there is also anouter, much smaller side cusp, and a less developed, sometimes subob-solcte inner side cusp; all the cusps have distinct cntting points, pro-])ortioned to their size, that on the central cusp being greatly devel-oped. In S. (lecollata (Terr. Moll., V, Plate IV, Fig. Q) the innercutting point is also much developed and joined to the central cuttingpoint. The marginal teeth in S. decollata {b) are but a modification ofthe laterals, with the suppression of the inner cusp and cutting point;the extreme marginals (c) differ in the greater development of thereflected portion and equalization with it of the cutting points, of whichthere are but two (see also below). In S. suhula (Terr, Moll., V, PlateIV, Fig. P) the marginal teeth (b) have more numerous cutting points,formed by the bifurcation of tlie inner and outer cutting points. Thesecond denticle from the inner side is the largest (see Fig. 470). It willbe noticed that in 8. decollata both the side cutting points of the lateralsare quite thorn-shaped.Subgenus EUMINA, Risso.Animal heliciform, blunt before, pointed behind ; mantle posterior,thin, protected by a shell ; respiratory and anal orifices on the rightof tlie mantle, under the peristome of the^^ shell; generative orifice behind the right
.t--^^**^ eye-peduncle; no locomotive disk ; no cau-Aiiinnl ot Stinurji/ia decollata. ^hll mUCUS porC.Shell obsoletely rimate, calcareous, normally truncated, cylindricallyelongate ; remaining whorls 4-G, the upper truncated ones 8-10, theupper one globular; aperture semi-oval ; peristome straight, thickenedwithin, its margins connected with callus, the columella twice as shortas the external one ; columella not truncated.Jaw and lingual membrane: see p. 458.A single species is known, which inhabits Europe. It has been in-troduced by commerce into Charleston, S. C. (See below, p. 456.)
EASTKLiN PROVING K SOUTHERN REGION SPECIES. 425Subgenus OPEAS, Albers.Auinial not observed.Shell iniuutely perforated or rimate, thiu, striated, slightly or mod-erately smooth ; whorls 6-8, rather convex, the last usually com-])ressed ; aperture ovate-oblong, equaling one-third to one fourth ofthe shell's length; peristome simple, acute, its coluinellar margin re-flected. Size moderate or small.East Indies, West Indies, Africa, South America. In our country ithas only been introduced into the Southern Eegion.Jaw and lingual dentition : see above, p. 423.Sfenofe'yra octoiioides, D'Orbigny.Shell small, elongated, turreted, transparent, with delicate, longitud-inal striii:', sometimes of a spermaceti- white and sometimes ^^^ ^.,wax yellow ; whorls about 8, convexly rounded, revolvingmore closely at apex than elsewhere, so as to form a some-what obtuse summit, the lastwhorl less than one-third thelength of the shell ; suture deeply impressed ; columella nearlystraigiit; aperture elongated, narrow, rhomboid-elliptical; stenogyra
. , octonoides.))eristome simple, its right margin straight, its columellarmargin slightly reflexed, protecting a minute umbilical perforation.Ij(Migth of axis, IS'"""; diameter, about 3"".
Hiiliniii'i octonoides, D'Orb., Moll. Cub., i, 177, tab. xi, figs. 23, 24; pi. xi, bis, tigs. 22-24.
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Pfeiffer.JSiilimiis siibuJa, Binney, Terr. Moll., ii, 285, pi. liii, fig. 4.?W. G. Binney, Terr.Moll., iv, 134.?Not of Adams.Stciiofiiira octoiwidcs, W. G. Binney, Terr. Moll., v, 194.Found in the Florida Subregion, at Fort Dallas, Fla , and in severalof the West India Islands?Cuba, St. Thomas, Jamaica, Porto Rico.It has also been found in Charleston, S. C.This species belongs to a somewhat numerous group found in thetroi)ics wherever the banana and other Musacea' flourish, some ofwhich have the columella truncated, and were formerly arranged underthe genus AchaUna, like *S'. octona^ though by their natural affinitiesthey are clearly associated. The banana and plantain have, by trans-X)lantation, become naturalized throughout the tropics, and it is highlyprobable that many shells found with them, which have received dif-ferent names merely because they have been found in localities far re-mote from each other, are really identical. This shell is considerably
420 A MANUAL OF AMERICAN LAND SHELLS.smaller and more rapidly tapering than S. octona, which has its colu-mella somewhat truncated and has not as yet been found on this con-tinent.This, according to Mr. Bland, is not the true S. suhula {q. v.).Stenogyra subiila, PfrShell subperforate, subulately turreted, delicately striated, shining,transparent waxen ; whorls 8, rather convex, the last about equalingFig 473 two-sevenths of the length ; columella straight ; apertureoval-oblong; peristome simple, acute, its right extremitystraight, its columellar extremity very slightly reflected, ap-pressed. Length, Hi"'?; width, 3'""^. Of aperture: Length,;;'"": width, 3^-"'"'. (Pfeiffer.)Stenogyra suhula, Pfeiffer, Mon., ii, 158.?W. G. Binney, T. M., v, 195.
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Not of BiNNEY, &c.A West Indian species, introduced into the Southern Regionat Mobile.For jaw and dentition see ante, p. 423, Figs. 469, 470. (Plate IV, Fig.P, b, of Terr. Moll., V, is an extreme marginal.) There are 24-1-24teeth, with G perfect laterals.There were eggs in the oviduct of the Mobile individuals examinedby me.It must be borne in mind that this is not the shell described and fig-ured under this name in Terr. Moll., II, and Land and Fresh-WaterShells, I, which is S. octonoides, D'Orb. (See above.)Subgenus MELANIELLA, Pfr.Animal not observed.Sbell imperforate, ribbed, usually decussated, sculptured, brownishhorn-colored, rather solid; whorls 9, rather convex, graduated, thethree or four upper ones without ribs ; aperture effuse at base, ovate
;
columella constricted; peristome simple, subcontinuous.A West Indian subgenus. One species has been introduced into theFlorida Subregion. Steiiog:yra gracilliina, Pfr.Shell im])erforate, minute, elongated, very slender, thin, t)f a drab-white color, ornamented with elevated, compressed, sharp, rather dis-
EASTERN PROVINCE SOUTHERN REGION SPECIES. 427taut, longitudinal ribs, of which there are from 20 to 30 on each whorl,the iuterstices sculptured by very crowded lines; spire obtuse fig.47j.at the apex and composed of about 8 flattish whorls, the lastof M'hich is about one-fourth the length of the shell and some-what angular below the middle ; suture deeply impressed
;
aperture small, elongated, rhomboidal-ovate ; peristome sharpand somewhat pressed inward, so as to be parallel to theaxis ; the columella is straight and joins the peristome at anangle, so as almost to form a notch at the base of the aper- stcnof,i,rafjraciUinia,ture. Length, T?'" ; diameter, If"'" ; aperture, 2'"? long, 1""" '"'4 ^J^g''^wide.Achaiiva graciUima, Pfeiffer, in "WiEGM., Arch., 1839, i, 352.?Binney, Terr. Moll.,ii, 293, pi. liii, fig. 3.Bnlimus graciUimus, Pfeiffer, Symb., iii, 54; Mod. Hel. Viv., ii, 160.
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Reeve, Con.Icon., 594.?W. G. Binney, Terr. Moll.,iv, 134.Jchatina strialo-costata, D'Orbigny, Moll. Cub., i, 176, pi. xi, figs. 19-21?Melaniella graciUima, Tryon, Am. Journ. Couch., iii, 301 (1868).Sttvogyra graciUima, W. G. Binney, L. & Fr.-W. Sh., i, 232 (1869); Terr. Moll., v,196.Cuba, St. Thomas ; also Bahamas ', introduced into the Florida Sub-region, having been found on the keys and on the mainland near theMiami River.Animal not observed.EXTRALIMITAL SPECIES OF STENOaYRA.Stenogyra (Suhulina) octona, Chemnitz, has been found in greenhouses, having beenintroduced on plants.CffiCII^IAWJELLA, BouRG.Animal as in Ferussacia (p. 193), Blind.Shell elongate, imperforate, polished, vitreous, white, apex ratherobtuse; aperture equaling about one-half the shell's fig. 475.length, oblong, columella subarcuate, distinctlytruncated; peristome simple, acute.Within our limits it has only been accidentallyintroduced. It is common among the West Indian "^^^'"''jReeYe.T"^" "'Islands, in Europe, South America, &c.I bave not been able to examine thejaw or dentition of C. acicula,the only species found in our limits. They are both well known, bow-ever, from the descriptions and figures of Moquin-Tandou, Tbomson,
428 A MANUAL OF AMERICAN LAND SHELLS.Soidelli,* and Lebmann. TLc jaw is low, wide, arcuate, with delicatevertical stride. The lingual membrane (Lehmann, Lebeuden Schueeken,p. 128, Plate XIII, Fig. 43) has 120 rows of 11-1-11 teeth each. Thecentrals are small, tricuspid (Sordelli); the laterals, G in number, arelarger, and have a more highlj' developed reflection, and are also dis-tinctly tricuspid ; marginals subquadrate, with a broad reflection, bear-ing delicate denticles.I have examined the jaw and lingual dentition of C. Gundlachi, which,for the sake of comparison, I repeat here :Jaw low, wide, slightly arciate, ends attenuated; whole surfacecovered with about 22 crowded, broad, flat ribs, denticulatiug eithermargin.Lingual membrane long and narrow. Teeth 18-1-18, with 4 perfectlaterals. Centrals with their base of attachment long, narrow, theirreflected portion about one-half the length of the base of attachment,tricuspid; the middle cusp stout, with a short, blunt cutting point;side cusps subobsolete, but with small, distinct cutting points. Lateralteeth with their base of attachment subquadrate, much longer andvery much broader than that of the centrals, the reflected portion short,stout, tricuspid ; the middle cusp very stout and long, reaching thelower edge of the base of attachment, beyond which projects the short,stout cutting point : side cusps subobsolete, but bearing distinct,though small cutting points. There are 4 perfect laterals, the fifthtooth being a transition to tbe marginals, by the base of attachmentbeing lower, wider, not exceeding the reflected portion, with one innerlarge cusp, bearing one outer large cutting point, representing the outercutting point of the first four lateral teeth, and one inner, still largercutting j)oint, representing the middle cutting point of the first fourlaterals, and one smaller outer cusp, bearing one small, sharp, bifidcutting point, representing the outer side cutting point of the first fourlaterals. The sixth tooth has the largest cutting point bitid. Thebalance of the teeth are true marginals. They are very low, wide, withtwo low, wide cusps, bearing each several irregular, blunt cutting j^oints.The dentition of tbis species is, as would be anticipated, of the sametype as the allied Cwcilianella ocicula, as figured by Lehmann, LebendenScbnecken Stettins, p. 128, Plate XIII, Pig. 43, and Sordelli, /. c, Fig.
* Sordelli (Attl deila Soc. Italiaua di Sc. Nat., XIII, fasc. 1, p. 50, Plate I, Fij?. 25)describes the ribs to be not straight, but curving, with a median point projectingtoward the (snd of the jaw, so that each rib resembles quite exactly the sign called
" brace " by printers.
EASTERN PROVINCE SOUTHERN REGION SPECIES. 4292G. The jaw, however, luis no appearance of the "brace"-like ribsdescribed in that species by Sordelli (Atti Soc. Ital. Sc. ISTat., XIII,3870, 49, PUite I, Fig. 25). The ribs are quite like those figured ofMicrophysa Lansingi, q. r., altliou^h they are narrower.
?<Ecitianella stciciila, irfi.LER.Shell cylindrically fusiibini, needle-bke, attenuated towards the ob-tuse apex, glassy, ijolished, white; suture narrowly margined; riG-47G.whorls G to 7, flattened, the last equaling two-fifths of theshell's length ; columella arcuate, narrowly and abruptly trun-cated at its base; aperture narrow, lanceolate; peristomesimple, straight, acute. Length, 4|""" ; diameter, 1|??. Of aper-ture : Length, 2""" ; breadth, f'""'. ?niarSi^Buccinmn aciciila, MtJLi,ER, Verra. Hist., ii, 150 (1774).Bidimus acicula, Brugcjikre. &c., Moquin-Tandon, Moll. Fr., ii, .309, pi. xxii, figs.32, 34.Achaiiiia acicula, Lamarck, &c., Pi^'EIFfer, Mon. Hel. Viv., ii, 274.
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Reeve, Brit. L.&Fr.-AV. Sh.,'97, fig.Bucc'mum ierreslre. Montagu, &c. For further syu. see Pfeiffer.Acicula acicula, Tryon, Am. Jonni. Conch., iii, 300 (1869).Cionella acicula, W. G. Binney, L. & Fr.-W. Sh., i, 227, p. 3d7 (1869).CoccilianeUa aiicula, W. G. Binney. Terr. Moll., v, 190.The shell figured is from Florida (JB^rf/e^/.' in coll. A. Binney). Itagrees well with English specimens, so that I have no doubt of its be-ing the species to which I have referred it. It is not like A. iota, ofJamaica, or A. Gundlachi, of Cuba, or any West Indian species.Pfeiffer gives Europe and Madeira as the habitat of A. acicula. It issaid by Moquin-Tandon to live in the crevices of rocks and under mossand dead leaves.(Specimens have lately been found at Princeton, N. J. doubtless im-ported on plants.Jaw and lingual membrane: see pp. 427, 428.Genitalia as in Ferussacia snbcylindrica, excepting that the flagellumis shorter and enters the penis sac at its apex (Lehmann).tlGUUS, MONTF.Animal heliciform, obtuse before, long and pointed behind; mantlesubcentral, protected by a shell ; other characters as in Orthalicus, q. v.Shell imperforate, solid, elongate-conic, apex acuminated, variouslyfasciated ; whorls 7-8, the last equaling about one-third the i^lieirslength ; columella constricted, distinctly truncate in adult indi\ iduals ;
430 A MANUAL OF AMERICAN LAl^^D SHELLS.
aptM-lure lunate-oval, subaiigulated ', peristome straight, acute, its mar-gins joiued by an entering callus.But very_few species of this genus are known, restricted to Cuba andHayti. One of them has, however, been quoted from Guiana, and an-other has become naturalized in our Florida Subregion, having beenintroduced into the southern extremity of the j)cniusula.Jaw thick, arcuate, cuds rapidly attenuated, pointed ; composite, be-F1G.47-. ing in numerous, separate, free, imbricated, triangu-
^^^;^Xf',/r>>>. lar pieces, with sutures inclined obliquely to the
^'^^''^^^^^^^^^ center of the jaw, so as to leave an upper medianJaw of i. ruv/incws. angular i^iece; other pieces are soldered togetherabove. Cuttiug edge with no median projection, serrated by the lowerangles of the oblique pieces. For more detailed description see below,under Orthallcus, which has a similar jaw. I am not able to give a figureof thejaw of the only species found within our limits, L.fasciatus.* Itis, however, figured by Leidy (Vol. I, Plate V,.Fig. 4, a, h). It is sim-ilar to that of the allied species, L. virgineus, which is figured here.The only species found within our limits, L. fasciatus, has about 69-1-69 teeth, judging from a lingual membrane examined by me. Thatfigured in L. and Fr.-W. Sh., I, p. 214, has 94 rows of 55-1-55 teetheach. As elsewhere stated, there is often a diflerence in the numberof transverse teeth in almost all species, and indeed upon differentparts of the same membrane. The membrane is shaped like that ofOrthalicus. (See Terr Moll., V, Plate XVI, Fig. M.)The central tooth (Terr. Moll., V, Plate X, Fig. G) has a base of at-tachment long and narrow, with strongly incurved sides, widely ex-panded, excurved, and fringed lower margin, and upper margin lessexpanded, rounded, and broadly reflected. The reflection is stout, andvery rapidly narrows, without any appearance of side cusps, into avery broad, loug, bluntly rounded median cusp, bearing a still broader,short, bluntly truncated cutting edge (as such a blunt organ cannot becalled a point), reaching nearly to the lower edge of the base of attach-ment. It may be that Ihave here incorrectly considered the uppermargin of the base of attachment as reflected and extended into thecusp. As in the case of the side teeth, I should, perhaps, rather saythat the upper margin is not reflected, but that just below the middleof the base of attachment there springs up from its surface a broad,
* Specimens lately collected by Mr. Hemphill have furnished me \^ith the jaw.These are ouenpper, triangular, median i^late and six plates on either side of this.
EASTERN PROVINCE SOUTHERN REGION SPECIES. 4Mgoageshaped cusp, bearing a still broader cutting edge (see d, wLerethe form of the cusp of the side teeth is shown by the profile). Theside teeth run rapidly and obliquely backward from the central tootli,thus giving a chevron-like arrangement to the membrane. The teethare crowded together both longitudinally and transversely, exceptingas they approach the outer edges of the membrane, where they aremuch more separated.I have used the term side teeth instead of lateral and marginal teeth,because it is difficult to decide which of these types they properly are.Taking into consideration the fact of there being distinct lateralteeth in the allied species, L. virgineus, and that the marginals of thatspecies resemble the side teeth of L. fasciatus, I am inclined to believe weshould consider all the side teeth offasciatus as marginals. In this casewe must consider that the lateral teeth are entirely suppressed. Themarginals, as I have decided to call them, are of the same tyi)e as thecentrals. The base of attachment is, however, asymmetrical by thesuppression of both upper and lower inner lateral expansions ; the up-];er margin is simply squarely truncated. Above the center of thebase of attachment springs from its surface the gouge-shaped, rounded,gradually expanding cusp, reaching nearly the lower margin of thebase of attachment, and produced into a still more expanded, bluntlytruncated cutting edge (one cannot call it a cutting point), which iiro-jects far beyond the lower margin of the base of attachment on tothe teeth of the next tranverse row, and is also greatly expanded onthe outer side, so as to overlap the adjoining tooth* This cutting edgeis slightly incurved at its center. There is one point of difference be-tween the central and adjoining marginal teeth which is very marked;in the centrals the lower margin of the base of attachment is more ex-panded than the cutting edge, the reverse of which is found in themarginals.The marginals retain this general form to the extreme edge of themembrane, but they decrease greatly in size upon the edge. Theouter marginals have to their cusps a small side spur, gouge-shapedas the cusp itself; the extreme marginals have such a spur at eitherside. In both cases the cutting edge springs from the outer side ofthis side spur, which must be considered as representing the sidecusps of the usual Helicidce type of dentition. I have elsewhere (Ann.Lye. :N^. H. of N". Y., XI, 39) shown that this type of tooth is but amodification of the usual type, brought about by the expansion, bluntly
432 A MANUAL OF AMERICAN LAND SHELLS.
1 '^'iiimKLingual dentition of L. fasciatus.
rouuding, and sliortenmg of the cus))s, aud the still greater expansion,bluntly rounding, and shortening of the cutting points, which are quitechanged into wide cutting edges.I have given in Terr. Moll., V, Plate X, Fig. G, a group of centraland marginal teeth in a, an outer marginal in e, a marginal in profileill d. (See also Fig. 478.)The allied species, X. vmiineus^^i&idTsfvomfasiiatiis in having a long,
^"'"?^"^- blunt cutting point to its cen-tral tooth, aud by the presenceof several true lateral teeth withlong cutting points; also in thepresence of several teeth show-ing a gradual change from thelaterals to the marginals. A fulldescription aud detailed figures
< f its dentition are given by mein Ann. Lye. Nat. Hist. N. Y., XI, 41, Plate III.Liguus is nearly allied in its lingual dentition to Orthalicns, but inthat genus also I have found one species with true lateral teeth, aswill be shown below. Liig:uus fasciatus, Muller.Shell imperforate, conical, rather thick, smooth, shining, minutelystriated ; whorls 7 to 8, convex, decreasing in diam- ^^?' *^^'eter gradually and regularly from the body-whorl tothe apex ; suture impressed ; apex obtuse, commonlywhite, sometimes rosy; aperture suboval, purelywhite internally, sometimes with a thickened ridgewithin and parallel to the peristome; peristomeacute, sometimes crenate; columellar margin with athin callus, sometimes rosy; columella subtruncatein the young, entire in the mature shell, imperforate;surface beautifully variegated with broad, entire orinterrupted bands, lines, and spots of brown, withbands and lines of green and yellow, and with lines z./asdatus.of rufous, revolving upon the whorls from the apex to the aperture,but more distinct upon the outer whorls; a single system of coloringprevails in some shells, while in others there is a mingling of all ofthem ui)on the same specimen. Extreme length, 58"""; diameter, 23""".
teASTER^ t>ROVINCE SOUTHERN REGION SPECIES. 43^Biiccinum fnsciatuw , Mi'hLEK, Venn., ii, 145 (1774).Bulla fasciata, Chemnitz, Conch., ix, tub. cvii, figs. 1004-1006.Bulimus vexillxm, Brugui^ires, Encycl. M^th., No. 107.Helix vexillum, Fi;RUSSAC, Hist., pi. cxxi.Achaiina vexillum, Lamarck, An. a. Vert., ed. 2, viii, 298.?Not of De Kay.Achatina crenata, Swaixson, Illiist., pi. Iviii.A chatina pallida, Swaixson, 111., i>l. xli.Achatina fasciala, SwAixsox, 111., pi. <lxii.?Reeve, Conch. Syst., ii, fig. 12.?D'Or-BlGXY, Moll. Cnb., i. 172, pi. vi, tigs. 1-7.
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Pfeiffer, Mou.Hel. Viv.,ii, 245.
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W. G. BixxEY, Ten-. Moll., iv, 138; L. & Fr.-W. Sh., i, 213 (1869).Achatina solida, Say, Jouni. Phil. Acad., v, 122 (182.'i); ed. Binxey, 20.?De Kay, N.Y. Moll., 5(5 (1843).?Pfeiffer, Mou. Hel. Viv., ii, 24(5.Agatina variegata, RafinesqUE, Emuu. ai d Ace, 3 (1831) ; ed. BiXNEY and Tkyon, 68.Bulimus fasciatus, Binney, Terr. Moll. , ii, 266, pLs. Iv, Ivi, Ivii.?Leidy, T M. U. S., i,252, pi. V (1851), anat.Liguus fasciata, Tryon, Am. Jonrn. Conch., iii, 165 (1867).?W. G. BiNNEY, Terr.Moll., V, 403 (fasoiatub).Liguus picta, Tryon, I.e., 165, 4 (1867).Lister, Icon., 1. c, tab, xii, fig. 7.?Gault., 1. c, tab. vi, figs, C, D.?D'Argbnville,1. c, pi. xi, fig. M.Miami Eiver, southern part of Florida, and islands and keys adjacentto the coast; Key West to Key Biscayne. Recently (1884) it has beenfound by Mr. Henry Hemphill as far north on the west coast as Good-land Point, about 40 miles south of Charlotte Harbor. Probablyintroduced from Cuba.Animal dark-brown or chocolate color over the whole body; surfacevery prominently granulated ; eye-peduncles very long when extended,thick at their base, ocular points black and small; tentacles long, con-ical, rounded at the extremities; collar lead-color; extremity of footusually rounded ; when in motion the whole foot glides smoothly for-ward, without any perceptible alternate motion of the margins ; no dis-tinct locomotive disk.This species inhabits trees, upon the branches of which it is found.In winter it hibernates by attaching its aperture very strongly to thebark of the tree by means of a tliick, viscid, oi)aque secretion, whichhardens to the consistency of glue. In tearing it away, the bark orthe shell is fractured sooner than this secretion. At other times, whenthe animal withdraws into the shell, it secretes only a thin, transparentepiphragm.This is one of the species evidently due to the geographical proximityof their locality to the island of Cuba. It occupies only the extremeend of the peninsula and tlie nearest islands, whose shores are washedby the Gulf Stream, which has already swept by the northern coast ofCuba. Man.v of the varieties of coloring and marking common to Cu-1749?Bull. 28 28
434 A MANUAL OF AMERICAN LAND SHELL^.ban specimens may be noticed among the Florida shells; but there isone well-defined variety which, so far as we know, is peculiar to Flor-ida. This variety is longer and less ventricose than the others, and itsaperture is less ample. Upon a ground of pure white it is markedupon the body-whorl, and above and below the sutures, with broad,ill-defined, pale-yellow bands. The apex and aperture are alwayswhite. The yellow bands are sometimes confluent or nearly so, andthe yellow color appears to be diffused over the whole surface ; morerarely the shell is entirely white. The columella is only slightly foldedand the lip is not crenate. The shell is somewhat thick. The varietyis constant; and Mr. Say, supposing it to be a distinct species, calledit Achatina solida, from the last-named character. (Terr. Moll., Ill,Plate LV.)There are two other varieties existing also in Florida specimens,which are well marked. The first (Plate LYII) is distinguished bygrass-green lines, more or less numerous and of greater or less diame-ter, and by narrow bands of the same color, revolving upon a whitegTOund. They are more numerous and more distinct upon the body-whorl, and become almost obliterated on the posterior whorls; they areoften undulating and differ in the intensity of the color. The peri-stome, at the points where the lines terminate, is crenate or notched,which peculiarity has suggested one of the synonymes of the species.The axis is usually shorter than in the preceding variety, and conse-quently the body-whorl and aperture are larger in proportion to thewhole magnitude of the shell; the columella is also more folded audthickened. The aperture is white. The other variety is marked bybroad, entire or interrupted bands or blotches of deep brown. (PlateLVI.) These sometimes cover nearly the whole surface; at other timesthey are broken into irregular spots, which are arranged above andbelow the sutures. The apex and the columellar margin are rosy; andso closely connected are these two characters with the presence of thebrown color on the surface, that if a single spot or line of it is seen ex-ternally, the columellar margin will be i)retty certainly found to be rosy.The columella is more prominently folded and thickened than in eitherof the other varieties.Well-characterized specimens of these three varieties differ so muchfrom each other that they might well be considered to be specificallydistinct; but the passage from one to the other may be readily detectedin some specimens. We see some retaining the wide yellow bands,
KASTERiV PROVTXC^E SOTITHl]R\ RKGION SPECIES. 4.) )amidst wbicb are imnierons fine, greeu lines; this shows the connec-tion of the two first-named varieties; but such specimens are compara-tively rare. On tbe other baud, specimens are much more common ex-hibiting the broad brown bands or blotches upon the sni^erior part ofspire, while the last, and perhaps the penultimate, whorls are markedwith green lines alone.On Key Vaccas Mr. Hemphill found a beautiful variety, small, thick ;four upper whorls white, with longitudinal dark chestnut blotches
;
lower three whorls very dark green, almost black, with white longitu-dinal flammules and black revolving bands.The columella is sometimes prominently plaited and thickened, andthe peristome joins it at an obtuse angle, but it is never truly truncated.In young shells there is a more near approach to a truncation, and adistinct angle or carina may be noticed on the body- whorl.Jaw and lingual dentition : see pp. 430-432.The genitalia are figured by Leidy {I. c). The penis sac is long,^cylindrical, and strongly muscular; the vas deferens joins it near thesummit, and the retractor muscle, which is very lony, is inserted intothe latter; the oviduct is long, and its central part presents the pecul-iarity of being colored brown; the genital bladder is ovate, situatednear the ovary, and its duct is narrow and as long as the oviduct; thevagina is broad and muscular; at the base of the penis there opens ashort, cylindrical duct, derived from a single multifid vesicle, whichpresents six or seven rounded or ovate divisions ; there is no dart sac.ORTHAJLICUS, Beck.Animal : see below. .. .> ^Shell imperforate, oVate or oblong, ornamented with often articulatedfillets; apex obtuse, last whorl inflated; columella uniforndy thick-ened, sometimes callous, arcuate, obliquely subtruncate at base ; aper-ture longitudinal, oval.The genus OrthaUcus does not properly belong to the fauna of NorthAmerica, but rather to that of tropical Aiherica, from whence speci-mens have been introduced to the Florida mainland and keys andJamaica. In what manner it was introduced it is difficult to say (seep. 37). Subgenus ORTHALICUS, Beck, s. str.Animal heliciform, large, scarcely included in the shell, long andobtuse before, rapidly attenuated behind ; mantle posterior, slightly
48 n A MANUAL OF AMERICAN LAND SHELLS
overlapping the peristome of the shell, and bilobed; respiratory andaual orifices iiuder the peristome ; orifice of generative orgaus behindthe right eye peduncle ; no caudal mucus pore; no locomotive disk.Shell imperforate, ovate or oblong-conic, thin, striated, decussated
Fig. 480.
Animal of O. undatus.with curling lines, and ornamented with usually articulated fillets andoblique swaths; whorls 6-8, the last inflated; columella filiform, looselyarcuated intorted, obliquely subtruncated at base; aperture oval;peristome straight, its margins connected by a light callus.The jaw of the only species within our limits, 0. itnclatusj Brug. (seeFig, -481), is of the type usual in this genus and Ligims (see above), butup to the present time never observed in any other genus. It is com-l)osife, its separate pieces being ai)parently soldered firmly at theirupper portions, where, indeed, they seem collectively to form a jaw in asingle piece, as in Patula, ?&c., but at their lower portion positively de-tached and free, imbricated one upon another. The jaw may in onesense be said to be in a single piece, as -argued recently by Messrs.Fig. 481. Fischer and Crosse (Moll. Mex. et Gnat.),but with equal correctness it may surelybe said to be composite, as the amalga-mation of the upper j)ortion is producedby the joining of absolutely separateJaw of o. undaHis. picccs. There are seventeen of theseplates in the jaw figured, though the number varies, the upper centralone apparently lying upon the adjoining ones, which are broad and ex-tend from the upper to the lower margin of the jaw. The jaw isstrongly arched, with attenuated, blunt ends. There are well-markedperpendicular grooves upon the anterior surface of many of the plates.The upper central plate is triangular, from which fact the name Goniog-natha has been applied to the section. Cylindrella, Ifacroceramus,
I
EASTERN PROVINCE SOUTHERN REGION SPECIES. *437Pineria, Partula, and sonic species of BuUmnlns also have an uppermedian triangular compartment to their jaw; but in their case the jawis in one single j^iece, with distant, delicate ribs, running obliquely tothe central line, some of the upper ones meeting before reaching thelower margin of the jaw, thus leaving a triangular space, not a separatepiece.I have myself figured the jaw of 0. melanochilus, Val., under thename of 0. zehra (L. and Fr.-W. Shells N. A., I, 215, Fig. 367), ofgalUna-statana (Ann. N. Y. Lye. Nat. Hist., XI, Plate IV, Fig. E). Thelast-named has also been figured by Troschel (Arch, fur Nat., 1849,Plate IV, Fig. 3) ; the jaw of 0. iostomus is figured by Crosse andFischer (Moll. Mex. et. Guat., Plate XIX, Fig. 8), and 0. longus by thesame authors {I. c, Plate XIX, Fig. 1). I have also examined the jawof 0. obductus, Shuttl. (Ann. Lye. X. H. of X. Y., XI, 37). All thesespecies have the same composite type of jaw.The lingual dentition of OrtlialicuH undatus is so nearly similar tothat of Hguus fiisdatus that I merely compare it with the descriptiongiven above of that species. The membrane is broad (see Terr. Moll.,V, Plate XVI, Fig. xAI). In 0. undatus the central tooth (Plate X, Fig.H) is broader in proportion to its length; the base of attachment isless expanded at the upper margin, and very much less so at its lowermargin, and the sides are not incurved ; tbe cusp is stouter, longer,reaching the kwer edge of the base of attachment, and it has subobso-lete but distinctly marked side cusps ; tiie cutting edge is much moreexpanded, overlapping the next row of teeth. The first marginalsdiifer from those of L. fasciatus in having a less developed cutting-edge, the outer marginals have the side spurs to their cusps muchmore developed, and even the cutting edge is trilobed. The extrememarginals are not so small. There are about 53-1-53 teeth on one partof one membrane; a wide part of another membrane had lOG-1-106.All the species of Orthalicus enumerated above whose dentition isknown have the same type of teeth as 0. undatus excepting 0. gallina-sultana. This last (see Ann. Lye. X. H. of X. Y., XI, 38, Plate IV,Fig. A) is peculiar iu having a long, stout cutting point, with subobso-lete side points to its central tooth, and three lateral teeth of same formbut asymmetrical. The dentition of 0. obductus is very similar. Thusin both Liguus and Ortlialicus we find the usual type of dentition is notconstant excepting as to the marginal teethI have also examined the form figured in Terr. Moll., IV, Plate
438 A MANUAL OF AMERICAN LAND SHELLS.LXXVIII, Fig. 12, and copied in L. and Fr.-W. Shells K A., I, 216,Fig. 370 (not Fig. 371, which is referred by Fischer and Crosse to 0.melanochilus, Val.). It is jirobably a variety of undatus, not O. zebra, asI at first believed. The jaw has 7-1-7 separate pieces. The liugualnienibraiie has 12G-1-126 teeth. The teeth are of same type as in 0.undatus, but the cutting edge of the centrals and first laterals is shorterthan the base of attachment. (Fig. 484.)Orthalicus undatus, Brug.Shell imperforate, subcorneal, rather thick, smooth ; incrementalFig. 482. Strife fiue, whitish, with longitudinal, irregular,undulating or somewhat zigzag, dark-brownbands and clouds, intersected by straight, revolv-ing lines of the same color ; the body-wJiorl oftenwith one or more straight, brown lines, at. irreg-ular intervals, indicating the former margins ofthe aperture; spire conic, apex obtuse; whorls6 to 7, diminishing in diameter rapidly ; body-whorl capacious, occupying two-thirds of thewhole length of the shell ; aperture ample, ovate,showing the external colors within ; jieristomesimple, acute, bordered with dark brown orOrthalicus undatus. black both internally and externally ; parietal wallwith a thin, shining, brownish, entering callus; columella slightlythickened, not reflected nor truncate, making a continuous curve withthe peristome. Common length of axis about 50"""; diameter of largewhorl rather more than 25""?.(Bulla) Zebra MitUeri, Chemnitz, ix, pt. 2, 24, pi. cxviii, figs. 1815, 1816.Helix {Cochloslifla) undaia, FiSrussac, Tab. Syst., 32, No. 337 ; Hist., jil. cxv, figs. 1,4 ; pi. cxiv, figs. .5, 6.Biilimiis (0.) nnrhitus, D'Orbingy, Cuba, i, 174, pi. vi, figs. 9, 10.Bulimus zebra, Binxey, Terr. Moll., ii, 271, y>\. liv. {=Ferussaci, Mart, teste FiS(niKRami Crosse).?W. G. BiNNEY, Terr. Moll., iv, pi. Ixxvil, fig. 13??Pfeiffer,Mon.Hel. Viv., ii, 143.Orthalicus undatus, Shuttleworth, Not., 63, pi. iii, figs. 4, 5.
?
Pfeiffer, Mod. Hel.Viv., iv, 589.?Tryon, Amer. Journ. Conch., iii, 166??W. G. Binney, L. &Fr.-W. Sb., i, 217 (1869); T. M. U. S., v, 408.Bulimus zebra, W. G. Binney, Terr. Moll., iv, pi. Ixxviii, fig. 12.?Var., Reeve, Cou.Icou., pi. xxvii, fig. 90 b?Orthalicus zebra, Fischer and Crosse, Moll. Mex.,et Guat., 441, pi. xviii, figs. 8,Sa.Bulimus reses, .Say, New Harm. Diss., Dec. 30, 1830; Binney's ed., 39.Jgatiiia J'uscafa, Rafinesquk. Enum. and Ace, 3 (1831); Binney and Tryon'scomplete edition, 68,
EASTERN PKOVINCE SOUTHERN REGION SPECIES. 439Animal thick aud massive, dirty or yellowish white, darker on themiddle of the back ; surface i ugose, with prominent, oblong glandsand deep furrows. Whole length, exclusive of eye-peduncles, threeinches. Eye-peduncles, when fully extended, one inch long, bulbous,with small, black, ocular points ; tentacles one-fifth of an inch long,slender. Orifice of generation behind the eye-peduncle on the rightside. Mantle somewhat bilobed, protruding beyond the aperture, andslightly reflected. Posterior extremity rounded, sides corrugated,lower surface smooth, squalid. Eggs moderate, oblong-subrotund,with a granulately roughened, thick, calcareous covering.Found in Jamaica and Cuba and at Key West ; also in Mexico.The specimens figured in the Terrestrial Mollusks were receivedfrom the southern part of the peninsula of Florida, in the Miami coun-try, and from Key West to Key Biscayne. It has been refeired also toLouisiana and Texas, but I have nev^er heard of its presence therebeing well authenticated. It is diflBcult to explain its distribution ex-cept by supposing it to have been a widely distributed species of someextinct fauna which has survived at various points around the Gulf ofMexico.This species inhabits trees. It attaches itself to the tree during hi-bernation or estivation, and covers its aperture by an opaque, iuspif*-sated, glutinous secretion, which, though exposed to wind aud rain,forms a perfect adhesion and protection to the animal, and only yieldsto its own solvent powers on the approach of spring. It exists ingreat numbers, and the dead shells are a favorite habitation of a spe-cies of hermit crab.The figure of the animal of Orthalicus given on p. 436 is reducedfrom a drawing prepared for the Terrestrial Mollusks, but not therefigured. On Plate LXXVII, Fig. 13, of Terr. Moll., lY, I have givenanother view of the same shell, also prepared for publication in theTerrestrial Mollusks. I am not certain from what locality the shellwas received, but from the fact of Dr. Binney describing in his workno shells but what he knew to exist in the United States, I am inclinedto believe he received it from Florida. His collector would be morelikely to furnish him with a living specimen from that point than heto receive it. from some Mexican or South American locality. I do notknow to which species it may be referred, but presume it to be B. un-dains. He thus describes it:
" The mojst beautiful form of the species is that figured in Plate LIY,
440 A MANUAL OF AMERICAN LAND SHELLS.
a. It is quite thick aud ponderous; its general color is deep brown-ish, variegated with undulating intervals of white on the spire andoLheis more obscure on the columellar side of the body-whorl. On theside opposite to the aperture the brown color is relieved only by threeindistinct and ill-defined dark bands, and by the black line showingthe margin of a former j)eristome. The columella is considerablythickened and folded, the columellar margin is covered by a black cal-lus, and the peristome is broadly margined internally with black; fur-ther in,' the aperture is i^urely white."Mr. Say no doubt referred to 0. undatus under the name of AchathiaJianwiigera, Fer. (ed. Binney, p. 29). He mentions also the manuscriptname of reses, which he had intended to give to a shell found on treesat the southern extremity of East Florida, but which he afterwardsfound to be Buiimns undatus, Brug.Eafinesque's description of Agatina fuscata will be found on p. 50 ofTerr. Moll., I, and in Binney and Tryon's edition. The locality (Louisi-ana) is doubtful.The specimen figured (Fig. 483) was collected at Key Biscayne, Flori-FiG.483. tla. It is also found at Key ri(;.484.West. Formerly I was inclinedto refer it to 0. zebra, and con-sidered it as identical withspecimens from the SierraMadre, Mexico, which Messrs.Fischer and Crosse consider 0.melanochilus, Val. (1 figure oneof this species in Fig. 484), butam now persuaded that it issimply a variety 0. undatus.o. undatus, Via- Its genitalia agrees with those o. meianochnus.of 0. undatus, as well as its jaw and lingual dentition (see ante, pp. 437,438).For jaw and lingual dentition see above, pp. 436, 437, and Plate X,Fig. H, Terr. Moll., V.It will be interesting, in connection with my comparison of Orthalicusaud Liguus, to state that, having had an opportunity of dissecting sixspecimens of this species from Jamaica, I found the genitalia constantlyagreeing with Lehmann's figure in Malak. Blatt., 1864, Plate I, Fig. 4.Tlierc is no multifid vesicle on the penis, as in the species of Orthalicnsfignred by Fischer and Crosse (Moll, Mex.). With this exception the
EASTERN PROVINCE SOUTHERN REGION SPECIES 441genitalia are quite like those figured by lieidy for Liguus fasciatus (Terr.Moll., I, Plate V).Jt will be seen (Ann. Lye. Nat. Hist, of N. Y.,XI, 38) that Orthalicus(lallina sultana is also characterized bytbe want of the niultifid vesicle.This organ cannot, therefore, be considered n generic characteristic.Family 8UC0INIU^.SUCCIWEA. (Seep. 336.)Succinca Coiicordialis. Gould.Shell obliquely ovate, elongate, retlexed, apex acute, thin but firm,transparent, shining, feebly striated lengthwise and spirally, color palelioiiey-yellow, with the tip ruddy; whorls 3 and somewhat fig.485.more, very oblique, the two ui)permost very small, outerwhorl somewhat compressed above the middle ; suture wellmarked; aperture ample, not less than two-thirds the length ofthe shell, well rounded at base; columella regularly arcuated, concordioais.more so than the peristome, simple, but its upper portion is reflexed andraised so as to form a marginal wall to the ai)erture as it enters theshell, and produces a slight fold where it disappears within the spire
;
a broad, thin callus covers the left margin, which is slightly detachedanteriorly, so as to form the rudiment of an umbilicus. Length, 14??;of aperture, 9""\Succinea Concordialis, Gould, Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., iii, 37 (June, 1848); in Terr.Moll., ii, 82, pi. Ixvii, a, fig. 2.
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Pfeiffkr, Mon. Hel. Viv., iii, 16.?W. G.BiNNEY, Terr. Moll., iv, 41; v, 419; L. &, Fr.-W. Sli., i, 260 (1869).?Tryon,Am. Journ. Coucli., ii, 239 (1866).Succinea munitu, Binney, Terr. Moll., i, in tables.Lake Concordia, in Texas ; a species of the Texan Subregion.Jaw and lingual membrane as usual in the genus.SiiccJBica luteola. Gould.Shell of a conical, turreted form, sometimes rather cori)ulent andagain quite slender, the last whoii being much less ventricose in fig. 486.proportion than the upper ones, rather thick in substance; color, jAwhen young, pale yellowish-green or drab, becoming bleached ^^or gray with age, the interior, however, sometimes having the ^-^Succineabright yellow of yolk of egg, and always more or less tinted luteoia.thus when living, becoming at last dead white; surface irregularly andloosely wrinkled; whorls 4, forming a well-proportioned spire, the up-
442 A MANUAL OF AMERICAN LAND SHELLS.per ones well rounded and separated by a deep suture, tlie apex acute,colored yellow, last whorl conical at its upper third ; aperture ovate,rather more than half the length of shell, the columellar extremity ofthe peristome somewhat incumbent; columella without a fold, rounded,its edge above being seen winding far within the spire. Length,12^"""; breadth, 6'"?.Succinea hileola, Gould, Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., Juue, 1848, iii, 37; Terr. Moll.,ii, 75, pL Ixvii, c, fig. 1 (1851).?W. G. Binney, Terr. Moll., iv, 41; v, 410;L. &, Fr.-W. Sli., i, 261 (1869).?Tryon, Am. Jouni. Conch., ii, 239, pi. ii, fig.30 (186(J).?Pfeiffkr, Moil. Hcl. Viv., iii, 16.Succinea Texaftiatw, Pfeiffer, olim, Mon. Hel. Viv., ii, 526 ; in Eoemer's Texas, 45G(1849); ill Chemnitz, ed. 2, 4 J, pi. iv, 6^8.21-23 (1854).Succinea citriiia, Hhuttleworth, lUKlescribed, teste Pfr.Florida and Texas, thus belonging to the Southern Eegion.Animal not observed.This species is very variable in its proportions, but is easily distin-guished from our other species by its small aperture, elongated spire,and its color, its golden interior in fresh specimens, instead of theusual silvery luster, being its principal characteristic. Its charactersagree pretty well with a Mexican species described by Mr. Say underthe name of S. undulata ; and if any of our species were in view in thatdescription, it must have been this one. In form it most resembles S.avara, but it differs in size and color. The shortest specimens resembleS. campestris, but there is no fold of the columella.Succinea eflTiisa, Shuttleworth.Shell depressed-oval, very thin, transparent and shining, lightly
nc. 487 striated, grayish horn-colored; spire remarkably short, acute;whorls 2i, the last one very much the largest, dejiressed, equal-ing five-sixths the length of the shell; columella scarcelyrounded and hardly receding; aperture very large, oblique,
s. cjnma. j^jj^i oval; peristome siuii)le, regularly rounding. Length,12"""; diameter, 7""". Length of the aperture, 10"'"'; breadth, 6'"?.Succinea cffusa, Shuttleworth, MS.?Pfeiffer, Mon. Hel. Viv., iii, 17; in Chem-nitz, ed. 2, 42, pi. iv, figs. 18-20 (lrt54).?W. G. Binney, Terr. Moll., iv, 41,pi. Ixxx, fig. 12; v, 429; L. & Fr.-W. Sh.,i, 270 (1869).?Tryon, Am. Jourii.Couch., ii, 231 (1866).East Florida; Spring Garden Lake, -Florida ; in the Florida Sub-region.It is readily distinguished from the other American species by theproportionally short spire, the very large body-whorl, and expandedaperture.
EASTERN PROVINCE SOUTHERN REGION SPECIES. 443Jaw strongly arched; ends blunt, attenuated; cutting edge deeplyconcave and furnished with a prominent, pointed beak; anterior sur-face with vertical and horizontal striae, but no grooves or rib-like proc-esses ; accessory plate large, subquadrate.Lingual membrane (Terr. Moll., V, Plate X, Fig. N) has 15-1-15teeth, with 10 perfect laterals.Succiiiea Sallcaiia, Pfeiffer,Shell depressed-ovate, very thin, delicately striated, irregularlymarked with impressed spiral lines, i^ellucid, shining, whitish ^'^^^^?
1 lorn -colored ; spire very short, subtuberculous ; whorls 2^,the penultimate convex, the last exceeding three-fourths thelength of the shell; columella with a slight callus, strictlyreceding; aperture subi)arallel to the axis, angularly oval; s.stdUcuia.peristome subthickened, its right end scarcely arched. Length, 10'"";diameter, 10'"?; height, 17"?. Length of aperture, 16"'?; breadth belowmiddle, 9'""'.Succinea Salleana, Pfeiffer, Proc. Zool. Soc, Nov., 1849, 133; Mon. Hel. Viv., iii, 16;in Chemnitz, ed. 2, 49, pi. v, figs. 7, 8.?W. G. Binney, Terr. Moll., iv, 42, pi.Ixxix, fig. 18; V, 429; L. & Fr.-W. Sh.,i, 270 (1869).?Tryon, Am. Journ.Conch., ii, 240 (1866).Near New Orleans, belonging perhaps to the Texas Subregion.Animal not observed.Succinea canipestris, Say.Shell yellowish-white or yellowish horn-color, rounded-ovate ; peri-ostraca shining, wrinkled ; whorls 3, not oblique, the ^"^ *^^-last whorl large and ventricose, the other two consti- yr-^^ ^-rjjvluting the spire; spire short, with acute apex ; aper- '^/'^^ture ample, not much elongated, rounded anteriorly;peristome thin and sharj). Length, 15""" ; of aperture, suennea campestris.10""".Succinea campestris. Say, Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci. Pbila., i, 281 (1817); Nlch. Encycl.,ed. 3 (1819); Bixney's ed., 12.?Ferussac. Tabl. Syst., 31, pi. xi, fig. 12.?Pfeiffer, Symbolae, ii, .56 (excl. syn. Gould); Mon. Hel. Viv., ii, 524 (cxcl.do.); iii, 15 (excl. syn. De Kay); in Chemnitz, ed. 2, 48, pi. v, figs. 5, 6(1854).
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Desha.yes, in Per., ii, 139.
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Binney, Terr. Moll., ii, 67, pi. lxvii,Z),fig. 1.?W. G. Binney, Terr. Moll., iv, 32; v, 426; L. & Fr.-W. Sh., i, 266(1869).?Tryon, Am. Journ. Conch., ii, 231 (1866).?Not of De Kay, Adams,LiNSLEY, Anthony, Prescott (no desc).Succineaivflafa, Lea, Trans. Am. Phil. Soc, ix, 5; Obs., iv, 5 (1844) ; Proc, ii, 31 (1841).?Pfeiffer, Mon. Hel. Viv., ii, 526; in Chemnitz, ed. 2, 49, pi. v, figs. 9-11(18.')4).?W. G. Binney, Terr. Moll., iv, 34, pi. Ixxx, fig. 11.?Tryon, Am.Jouru. Concb., ii, 230 (1866).Succinea unicolor, Tryon, Am. Journ. Couch., ii, 230, pi. ii, fig. 3 (1866).
414 A MANUAL OF AMERICAN LAND SHELLS.It is a strictly Southern Eegion species, observed as yet only inFlorida and Georgia.Whitish; eyes, tentacula, and a line passing from the eyes, disap-pearing uuder the shell, black ; a gamboge-colored vitta is visiblethrough that part of the shell which is opposed to the moutli. AtSaint Augustine I found specimens copulating in December.Jaw as usual ; no anterior ribs.The lingual membrane (Terr. Moll., V, Plate X, Fig. O) has 18-1-18teeth, with about 10 perfect laterals. Morse gives 50 rows of 30-1-30teeth. The central tooth has a peculiarly narrow base of attachmentand a very greatly developed median cusp, the side cusps being sub-obsolete.Genitalia as in S. ohliqua {q. v.).Family VERONTCELLID^.VERONICEL.L.A, Blainville.Animal limaciform (see Fig. 492). Body oblong-oval when contracted,more or less linear when extended ; mantle covering the whole body
;
foot narrow, wrinkled transversely as if composed of numerous rings,simple posteriorly; head distinct and capable of being retracted underthe mantle; buccal mass with a jaw and with papillae arranged aroundthe mouth ; tentacles two, bifid, unequal, contractile; eye-peduncles longand slender, annulated, obtuse and oculiferous at tip. Pulmonary cav-ity on the right side, at about two-fifths the length of the animal, andopening, by means of a tube running along the side, at the posteriorextremity, between the mantle and the free point of the foot, in com-pany with the anal opening. Organs of generation separate and dis-tant, the male organ protruding at the base of the right tentacle; thefemale opening about the middle of the right side. Mucus pore none.No distinct locomotive disk, though by the wide overlapping of themantle the whole base of the animal is tripartite.Shell non(;.There are but few known species of this genus, found in SouthAmerica, the Philippines, South Africa, and the West Indies and Mex-ico (whence it ranges into Southern California). Our single Floridaspecies belongs rather to the fauna of tropical than ]N"orth America.The name Vaginula, sometimes used for the genus, was publishedseveral years after Veronicella ; it is now ai)plied to an agnalhousgenus resembling outwardly Veronicella (Stolicska, Journ. Asiatic Soc.of Bengal, n. s., XLII, Part II, pp. 33-37).
I
EASTERN PROVINCE?SOUTHERN REGION SPEJIES. 445The anatomy of Veronicella is given in Vol. I, Plate IV, of Terr.i\Ioll.The contractility of the animal is very great. When extended it isvery long and slender and smooth or faintly reticulated, tliree or fourtimes as long as when contracted, in which latter state it has an oblongform equally rounded at both ends, and its surface is coai-sely wrinkled,granular, or tuberculated. The tentacles are generally bifurcate at tip,or rather there is a supplementary tentacle or spur, which can be pro-truded just short of the point of the tentacle; sometimes the tips aresaid to be even palmate. In the plate the tentacles are simple (see be-low, p. 440).It lives in families under stones and trunks of trees, and sometimesburied in the earth. It is capable of retiring, from damp places, andsometimes inhabits very dry localities. It issues forth in the night andon wet days, when it maj' be found upon trees. Its movements arevery rapid ; .no slimy traces are left behind them, as in the case of theLi))iaces.The eggs are large and oval, ten or fifteen being joined together in anecklace-like, gelatinous thread, which is coiled and more or less coveredwith mucus.Jaw (Fig. 490) low, wide, thick, slightly arcuate; ends but little at-riG. 490. tenuated, blunt; cutting margin without median projection
;
^ ^^% anterior surface with numerous stout, fiq. 491
rlrlvicliia crowded ribs, denticulating either margin,Floridana. ^^ ^^ y ^f^.^.l^J^^^^^The lingual membrane is long and very broad, com-T^rising (in the Florida species) about 60-1-60 teeth. ^?^ * ^ ^ '^ Liugiial dentition of F.The centrals have their base of attachment quite riotidana.small, long and narrow, attenuated to a point above, gradually enlarg-ing towards the base, above which are lateral, bluntly pointed, wing-like expansions ; the lower margin is broad and has a deep, roundedexcavation ; in some cases the lateral expansions are so produced as togive an almost cruciform appearance to the base of attachment; belowthe center of the base of attachment, on its anterior surface, is a stout,blunt, short, simple cusp, ending in a short, stout cutting point. Thelateral teeth are very irregular in shape, but retain the bicuspid char-acter peculiar to the GeopMla ; they are longer and much wider thanthe centrals ; the bases of attachment are very irregular in shape, veryasymmetrical, subquadrate or irregularly excavated above, thence curveoutwards and downwards, until at their lower extremity they exhibit
446 A MANUAL OF AMERICAN LAND SHELLS.the lateral expansions and basal excavation of the central tootb, butboth these characters are much more developed than in the centrals,and, from the want of symmetry in the teeth, are found only on theouter side of each tooth ; the upper edge is squarely reflected ; the re-flection is very large, extends half-way to the lower edge of tbe baseof attachment, and is produced beyond that into a blunt, stout cuspbearing a stout cutting point; the side cusps are almost obsolete, theinner one is much larger than the outer one, neither with distinct cut-ting point. The marginal teeth are a simple modification of the lat-erals, being reduced to a subquadrate shape, with the cutting point ofthe cusp much more produced.I give on Plate V, Fig. P, of Terr. Moll., V, and also in Fig. 491, agroui) of central and laterals in a, a marginal in b.I have also examined V. olivacea, the only other species found withinour limits. Its dentition is the same.For genitalia see below, under V. Floridana.Veroiiicella Floridana, Binney.Animal (contracted in alcohol) elongated-oval, about four times aslong as broad, the sides very slightly curved and the extremities cir-
^' "?? '*?'"? cularly rounded ; back con-vex, regularly arched in
^^~^ "^ every direction; surfacevery slightly wrinkled
;
color dark ashy-gray, mot-Veronicella Floridana. tlcd with bhick, with a mediau whitish line, on each side of which, at about one-third the distancetowards the margin, is an ill-defined stripe of black; beneatji drab-colorcd ; foot occupying about one-third the width; eye peduncles short,annnlated, the tentacles not very distinctly bifurcate. Length, 50'""';breadth, 18'"'".Vaj'niulus Floridaints, Binney, Terr. Moll., ii, 17, pi. Isvii (1851).
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Leidy, T. M. U.S., i, 251, pi. iv, anat.FfionictUa Floridana, Ciienu, Mau. de Conch., i, 472, figs. 3501, 3502 (1859).?W. G.Binney, L. & Fr.-W. Sh., i, 305 (1869); Terr. Moll., v, 240.?Tryon, Am.Joimi. Conch., iii, 317 (18,68).Jaw arcuate, narrow, ends rounded, anterior surface with 24 ribs,Fi(;.492i. crenulating the concave margin. (Fig. 492^i.)#^^^ Lingua] membrane : see p. 445. (Plate V, Fig. P, of T.
.
Jaw (if Vrroni- ixr -y xcella Floridana. -iH., V.)
EASTERN PROVINCE?SOUTHERN REGION SPECIES. 447Has been fouiul at Charlotte Harbor and Punta Eassa, on the westcoast of Florida,* and on the Southern Keys.The above description is obviously very imperfect, inasmuch as it isdrawn from a dead and greatly contracted specimen, and as no notes ofthe animal have been found excepting as to its locality. The charac-ters, however, are suflBciently marked to distinguish the species. Fromits slight reticulation in its contracted state it must have been quitesmooth when extended. Its colors are similar to those of TebennophorusCaroUniifisis, and similarlj^ distributed. The tentacles are not veryconspicuously spurred, but the puncture for the protrusion of a spur ismanifest.The genitalia are figured by Leidy {I. c). A remarkable peculiarityof this genus is the removal of the male and female portions of the sex-ual apparatus from each other. The former, except the testicle andprostate gland, occupies the usual position, but opens externally be-tween the mouth and olfactory orifice ; the latter is placed in the mid-dle inferior part of the visceral cavity, and opens exteriorly on the rightside, interiorly just posterior to the middle of the body. The testicleis situated between the posterior part of the stomach and the liver, onthe right side. It is not lobulated, but has the same aciniform arrange-ment as in other limaciform genera. The epididymis is moderately tor-tuous, and becomes the vas deferens at the junction of the ovary withthe oviduct. The vas deferens takes a remarkable course to get to thepenis. It is at first attached for a short distance to the commencementof the oviduct, which it leaves, and then winds around its lower ex-tremity, where it is joined by a comparatively very small prostaticgland. It continues its attachment to the lower part of the oviduct tothe junction of the latter with the duct of the generative bladder, whereit receives a small duct from the duct of the latter organ, and thenpasses nearly to the external female orifice, where it turns abruptly for-wards between the muscular peritoneum and the right edge of the podaldisk, and continues this course to the head. It now turns abruptlybackwards to the right, and again appears within the visceral cavityand passes to the base of the penis sac. The penis is a conico cylin-droid, contorted organ, contained within a thin, muscular sheath. Itsapex i)resents a small, round papilla or glans, and into its base is in-serted the retractor muscle, which arises just anterior to the pulmonarycavity. The lower part of the preputial sheath of the penis is joined
* Stearns refers it also to Nicaragua, but I doubt its beiug so widely distributed.
448 A MANUAL Ot' AMERICAN' LAND SHELLS.by the common duct of a highly developed, multifid vesicle. This lat-ter organ consists of twenty-five long, narrow, cylindrical, blind tubes,contorted at their termination, and opening separately into a commontube, containing, in the specimen examined, attached to its bottom, anarrow, cylindroid organ, which probably may have been an uncalci-fied dart. The tube formed by the prepuce and the duct of the multifidvesicle, as previously mentioned, opens exteriorly immediately beneaththe mouth. The ovary is small and unusually lobulated. The oviductis a narrow, cylindrical tube, which winds forwards and then back again,so as to form a double spiral, after which it makes a curve downwards,and is joined by the duct of the generative bladder. The latter organis globular; its duct is short, gradually increases in breadth, and is spir-ally twisted. From the duct, as previously mentioned, passes a smallofiset to the vas deferens. The common duct of the bladder and ovi-duct, or vagina, is cylindrical, and just before terminating is joined bya short, wide tube, derived from a large, oval sac, which is filled witli adelicate, reticulated substance. This sac is peculiar to Yeronieella ; itsuse is problematical. The position of the female orifice of generationhas been already stated.SrURIOUS SPECIES OF VERONICELLA. ?The followiug species are catalogued by Grateloup among the American FaghiuH(Dist. Geog. des Limaciens, 22). They were all described by Rafinesqiie, and by himplaced iu his genus Philomycus (see Binuey and Tryou, reprint). From the generalinaccuracy of that author, as well as the deficiency of the descriptions, I think theyshould be excluded from this or any genus.Vaginuliis flexuolaris. Vaginuhts oxynrus.Vaginulus fuseus. Vaginuhts quadrilns.
g. Locally Introduced Species.Family LIMACID^.ZOIVITES. (Seep. 201.)Zoiiltes cellariiis, Mulleu.Shell very much depressed, thin, fragile, pellucid; epidermis light-FiG. 493. greenish horn-color, smooth, highly jiolished; whorls 5, slightly^^^^ rounded, with minute and almost imperceptible oblique striae;
. aperture not dilated, its transverse diameter the greatest; um-bilicus moderate, regularly rounded, deep ; base rounded,thickened within by a testaceous deposit, bluish-white; peri-
z.ceiiaHiis. gtomc Simple, acute. Greater diameter 13, lesser 11^"'"';height, S-""".
LOCALLY INTRODUCED SPECIES. 449Helix cellaria, MViiA^Kn, Hist. Verni.,ii, 28.
?
Pfeiffer, Mon., i, 111.
?
Binney, Bost.Joiirn., iii,4-21 ; Terr. Moll., ii, 230, pi. xxix, fig. 4.
?
Gould, lav., 180, fig.104, excl. syn.? (1841).?De Kay, N. Y. Moll., 37, pi. iii, fig. 35 (1843).?LEiDY,in Terr. Moll. U. S., i, 233, pi. vii, fig. 1 (1851), anat.?W. G. Binney,Terr. Moll., iv, 111.Hyalina celJaria, Morse, Journ. Portl. Soc, i, 12, figs. 18, 19, pi. v, fig. 20 (1864).
?
Tryon, Am. Journ. Conch., ii, 249 (1866).?Morse, in Am. Nat., i, 541, fig. 29(,1867).?W. G. Binney, L. & Fr.-W. Sh., i, 30 (1859).-Gould and Binney,Invert, of Mass., ed. 2, 395 (1870).Helix glapJnp-a, Say, 'Sich., 'Encycl., Am. erl., pi. i.fig. 3, 1816; Binney's ed., 7, pi.Ixix, lig. 3.?Eaton, Zool. Text-Book. 194.?Bland, N. Y. Lye. Ann., vi,352.?Not of Pfeiffer, Reeve, Deshayes.Zonites cellaritis, W. G. Binney, Terr. Moll., v, 112.A European species, introduced by commerce into Philadelphia,,Astoria, K. Y., Connecticut, Providence, Newport, E. I., Bostofi, Salem,Lynn, Marblehead, Portland, Me., Halifax, N. S., and Portland, Oieg.It is common in cellars and gardens in Boston. It has also been carriedto Australia.Animal : Upper surface light indi go-blue, darkest on the head, neck,Fig. 494. and eye-peduncles, collar greenish, eyes black; footnarrow and slender, not much exceeding in length thediameter of the shell, terminating acutely. A distinctAmtiia) of z.ceiiarius. locomotivc disk : longitudinal furrows above the mar-gin of the foot, uniting over a longitudinal mucus pore* of the samenature described under Z. fuliginosus (p. 205).Jaw strongly arcuate, ends bluntly rounded ; center of anterior sur-face slightly striate 5 lower margin smooth, with a median jirojection.Lingual membrane quite peculiar; the figure (Terr. Moll,, V, Plate II,Fig. G) shows one half of one transverse line with the median tooth;14-1-14 teeth. The central tooth has side cusps, but not cuttingpoints, as in Z. Iccvigatus. There can hardly be said to be one perfectlateral, the first side tooth being peculiar in having an inner side cut-ting point instead of the usual outer side cusp and cutting point. Thesecond side tooth is like the first, the third is decidedly modified, thefourth is a true marginal of the usual aculeate form.The figures of dentition of the foreign form (by Lehmann, Lindstrom,Semper, &c ) agree with mine.I am not aware of this peculiar dentition having been noticed in anyother species but aUiarius.Genitalia (Terr. Moll., I, Plate VII, Fig. I) with no accessory organs.
* No mention of the caudal pore is made by Draparnaud, Moquiu-Tandon, Forbesand Hauley, Keeve, Gray, or Gwyn Jeff'reys. It is also overlooked in Semper, Phil,Archip. 1749?Bull. 28 29
450 A MANUAL OF AMERICAN LAND SHELLS.The penis sac is long, tapering towards the apex, where it receives thevas deferens and retractor muscle. The genital bladder is elongate-oval, on a short duct. In this figure the caudal mucus pore is not shown.The penis on the outside presents a row of minute, round, glandulaibodies. LIITIAX. (Soep. 232.)JLimax iiiaximus.Color light brown or ashen, with alternate longitudinal rows of roundspots and uninterrupted stripes of black along the back and sides, re-placed by irregular blotches on the mantle 5 lighter on the sides, dirtywhite below; eye-peduncles and tentacles short, blackish. Body elon-gated, terminating in a well-marked dorsal carina, covered with coarse,elongated, longitudinal tubercles, constantly exuding mucus from itswhole surface, giving a vermicular, glistening efiect. Mantle large,bluntly oval, with tuberosities more delicate and arranged concentric-ally; orifice of respiration very large at its hinder lateral portion.Foot with a narrow locomotive disk. Length about 4 inches.Limax maximus, Lin., Syst. Nat. Sci.?Gould and Bixney, luvert. of Mass., ed. 2,408, fig. 669 (1870).?Tryon, Am. Jonm. Conch., iii, 31.j, pi. xvi, 2 (1867).?W. G. BiNNEY, Terr. Moll, v.Limax antiquorum, Fi;RUSSAC, Podr., 20; Hist., 68, pi. 4, pi. 8, A, fig. 1.A specimen of this common European slug was found in Newport,E. I., in a garden, by Mr. Samuel Powel (1868). It is figured below.This species has also been recently noticed in Philadelphia, and inBrooklyn, K Y. It is an introduced species. Its rich brown or black
Fig. 495.
L. maximus.
stripes, giving it a leopard like api)earance, and its great size, at oncedistinguish it from any species hitherto known to inhabit EasternNorth America.Jaw long, narrow, arcuate, strongly striated both vertically andtransversely, ends attenuated ; cutting edge with a prominent median
I
LOCALLY INTRODUCED SPECIES. 451projection. There is a strong line of reinforcement running parallel tothe upper margin, and a decided vertical median carina.The lingual membrane (Terr. Moll., V, Plate I, Fig. F) has about 76-1-76 teeth. The centrals have a large, subquadrate base of attachment.The reflection is large, subquadrate, and bears a single stout mediancusp, vrliich has a short cutting point, often longer than in the teeth fig-ured; the side cusps are subobsolete and bear no cutting points. Thelateral teeth, about 18 in number, are like the centrals, but asymmet-rical. The marginal teeth are aculeate. Only a few are simple, as inFig. b; the balance are bifid, as in Fig. c. The bifurcation of the mar-ginals in my specimens commences much nearer the median line thanin the specimens examined by Lehmann and Heyuemann. There are,indeed, but 12 marginals without the bifurcation on one membrane ex-amined.Individuals kept in confinement were guilty of cannibalism.The eggs are globular, transparent, over two hundred in number,laid in a comi^act mass.Genitalia (Terr. Moll., V, Plate XII, Fig. A) with a strongly lobu-lated ovary; penis sac long, cylindrical, tapering to its apex, where itreceives the retractor muscle and the vas deferens; genital bladdersmall, on a short duct. Limax flaviis Linn.Color brownish, yellowish-brown, or ashy brown, with oblong-oval,uncolored spots, which have a longitudinal disposition; mantle withrounded spots; head, neck, and eye-peduncles blue, semi-transparent;tentacles white; base of foot
_
fig. 4og^sallow white. Body whenextended cylindrical, elon-gated, terminating acutelywith a short but prominent \s?sra!?^*--''-*T^-i^^5s*keel ; upper part coveredwith long and narrow, proini- Limax flamsneut tubercles. Mantle ample, oval, rounded at both ends, withnumerous very fine, concentrical strife. Sides paler and without spots.Respiratory foramen large, placed near the posterior lateral margin ofthe mantle and cleft to the edge. Generative orifice indicated by awhite spot a little behind the eye-peduncle of the right side. Length,when fully extended, usually about 75??; an individual kept in con-finement, with abundance of food, attained the length of nearly 125??,and several others that of 200??.
452 A MANUAL OF AMERICAN LAND SHELLS.lAmax flavus, Linn^us, Syst. Nat [x], 1758, i, 652 (not Muller, 1774).?Bixn'i.y, Bo&t.Jouru. Nat. Hist., iv, 164 (1842).?De Kay, N. Y. Moll , 21, pi. i, fig. 5(1843).
?
Gkay and Pfeiffer, Reeve, ?fec,?Tryon, Am. Journ. Conch., iii,314 (1868).?W. G. BiNNEY, L. & Fr.-W. Sh., i, 61 (1869); Terr. Moll., v,143.?Gould and Binney, Invert, of Mass., ed. 2, 410 (1870).Limax -variegatus, Draparnaud, Tabl. Moll., 103 (1801).
?
Ferussac, Moquin-Tan-DON.?Binney, Terr. Moll., ii, 34, pi. Ixv, fig. 1 (1851).
?
Leidy, anat., T M.,i,248, pl.i (1851).An introduced species, noticed hitherto in Massachusetts, at Bostonand Cambridge ; in the cities of New York, Philadelphia, and Balti-more; in Virginia, at Eichmond and at the University of Virginia; inAthens and Savannah, Ga. ; Graniteville and Charleston, S. C. ; and atother cities. It is also found in Europe, Syria, and Madeira.The contrast of colors and the elegant arrangement of the spots andlines render this a beautiful species. The tubercles of the surface arevery fine, and so much compressed as to appear in some lights to becarinated. There is often a well-defined row of spots down the back.The eye-peduncles are long and delicate, the mantle sometimes termi-nates posteriorly in an obtuse point, and the locomotive band of thefoot is narrow and well defined. There is a prominent ridge on thehead and neck between the eye i)eduncles, and a furrow marks theedge of the foot. It is active in its motions, turns rapidly, and oftenbends the body so as to form two parallel lines. It does not secretemucus so freely as Limax agrestis. The carina is often yellowish. Thetestaceous rudiment (Terr. Moll., I, Plate I, Fig. V) is oblong-oval,convex above and concave below, thin and membranaceous in youngindividuals, with the superior surface smooth and covered with a deli-cate periostracum, and with the lower surface uneven. No spiralarrangement is visible to the eye, and it appears to be only a thin,testaceous i)late, imbedded in the mantle. In old individuals it attainsa greater thickness.It inhabits cellars and gardens in moist situations in the cities. Itis considered noxious to vegetation. It feeds upon the leaves of plantsin kitchen gardens, and upon the remains of the cooked vegetables andbread thrown out from houses. Its most common habitat is in cellars,where it makes its presence most disagreeable by attacking articles offood, and especially by insinuating itself into vessels containing mealand flour. It is common, but not so numerous as Limax agrestis. Theyoung suspend themselves hy a thread of mucus.This species is of foreign origin, bat the jieriod of its introduction isnot known. It was noticed by Mr. Say more than fifty years since. It
LOCALLY INTRODUCED SPECIES, 453is probable that it inhabits all the cities of the sea-coast and theirvicinage, and most of the cities of the interior.Jaw (Terr. Moll., I, Plate I, Fig. VI) of a light horn-color, its anterior surface not on one plane, but projecting fig-497.towards a strong median vertical carina; arcuate, ends ,, ^square, striated, concave margin smooth, with a well- jawot i./aws.developed median projection.The lingual membrane (Terr. Moll., V, Plate I, Fig. G) of one speci-men* examined has about GO-l-'^O teeth, with 16 laterals. The centralsand laterals are of the same type as in L. maximus ; the outer marginalsare also bifid. On other portions of the same membrane the cuttingpoints are longer and sharper. Fig. c represents an extreme marginal.The genital system, as well as full anatomy, is figured by Leidy inTerr. Moll., I, Plate I. The testicle (1), composed of a globular mass ofaciniform cceca, is not imbedded within one of the lobes of the liver.The penis sac (4) is long, stout, cylindrical, receiving the vas deferens(2) and retractor muscle (5) at its apex. The genital bladder (8) issmall, elongated-ovate, with pointed apex and short duct.Liinax agrestis, Linn.Color varying from whitish through every shade of cinereous andgray to black, and through various Pio. 493.shades of yellowish or amber-colorto brownish, and sometimes irregu- ^^^^^larly spotted with small black points Umax agresus.or dots ; eye-peduncles and tentacles darker than the general surface,sometimes black; mantle sometimes mottled with a lighter color; baseof foot sallow white ; sheath of eye-peduncles indicated by black linesextending backwards from their base under the edge of the mantle.Body when in motion cylindrical, elongated, terminating acutely, thesides towards its posterior extremity compressed upwards, so as toform a short carina or keel ; foot very narrow. Mantle oblong-oval,fleshy, convex, and prominent, rounded at both extremities, equalingin length one- third of the length of the body, its surface marked byprominent, irregularly waved, concentrical lines and furrows havingtheir center on the posterior part, and its edges free throughout thewhole circumference. Upper surface of the body marked with longi-
* L. & Fr.-W. Sh. N. A., I, p. 63, fig. 105, is no doubt L. agreKlis. Fig. (5, p. 285, ofAmi. Lye. N. H. N. Y., Vol. IX, would more correctly repieeent the dentition of thisspecies if the extreme marginals were bifid. *
454 A MANUAL OF AMERICAN LAND SHELLS.tudinal Hues or shallow furrows, darker than the general surface,sometimes black, anastomosiug with each other, and forming a sort ofnetwork ; between the reticulated lines are narrow, irregular, oblongplates, or smooth, flattened tubercles, giving the surface the appear-ance of a mosaic work, with lineS of dark cement; reticulations lessdistinct on the sides and disappearing towards the base ; a prominenttubercular ridge extends from between the eye-peduncles backward tothe mantle, with a furrow on each side. Eye-peduncles cylindrical,about one-eighth the length of the body, with small, black, ocularpoints on the superior part of the terminal bulb; tentacles immediatelyunder, very short. Respiratory foramen near the posterior lateraledge of the mantle, large, surrounded with a whitish border. Orificeof rectum immediately adjacent, but a little above and anterior to therespiratory foramen. Foot narrow ; locomotive band bounded by twodistinct longitudinal furrows.Generally about 25'^'" in length, but when fully grown nearly SO*""^.Limax agrestis, LiNNiEUS, Syet. Nat. [x], 1758, i, 652.
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Moquin-Tandon, Reeve&c.?BiNNEY, Bost. Journ. Nat. Hist., iv. 166 (1842); Terr. Moll., ii, 37, pi!Ixiv.fig. 2 (1851).?Leidy, Terr. Moll., i, 250, pi. ii, figs. 7-9 (1851), auat.?De Kay, N.Y. Moll., 20, pi. i, fig. 4 (1843).?Tryon, Am. Journ. Concb., hi,315(1868).?W. G. BiNNEY, L. & Fr.-W. Sh. N. A., i, 64 (1869); Terr. Moll.^V, 146.
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Gould and Binney, Inv. of Mass.,ed. 2, 408 (1870).
?
Morse, Jouru.Portl. Soc, i, 7, fig. 1, pi. iii, fig. 2 (1864).lAmax tunicata, Gould, olim. Invert. 3 (1841).
It is undoubtedly of European origin. Inhabiting Boston, NewYork, Philadelphia, and other maritime cities of the Atlantic coast;also in Greenland.* It is common in the neighborhood of Boston,under stones at road-sides and about stables and farm-yards, and inother moist situations, under wet and decaying pieces of wood. It isalso found in cellars and gardens, and causes some mischief by itsdepredations. A considerable number of individuals often congregatein the same retreat. Their food appears to be the green leaves ofsucculent plants, and sometimes ripe fruits ; they feed during thenight, and are rarely found out of their retreats in the daytime. Theirgrowth is rapid, the animal excluded from the egg in the spring ar-riving at full maturity and producing eggs before the succeedingwinter. They defend themselves from injurious contact by instantlysecreting, at the part touched, a quantity of milky-white, glutinousmucus. They are active in their motions, and soon escape when dis-
' Doubted by M6rcb,*Am. Jouru. Conch., IV, 37. i
* LOCALLY INTRODUCED SPECIES. 455turbed. Suspending themselves, head downwards, they lower them-selves from plants and fences by forming a mucus thread, which theyattach to the point from which they hang. They are occasionallyseen in this situation in rainy weather. During the process of excret-ing the mucus thread, the alternate undulating expansions and con-tractions of the locomotive band of the foot are seen to take place inthe same manner as when they are in motion on a plane surface.This species is much more prolific than the others, the number ofeggs deposited during the year being sometimes several hundred ; itsnumbers, in favorable localities, are therefore very great. It beginsto lay its eggs early in the spring, and continues, with intervals, untilchecked by the cold of approaching winter. The last deposit of themoften remains in the soil until the succeeding spring, when they arehatched with the first generation of the year. The eggs are semi-transparent and nearly globular. They produce young in abouttwenty days after they have been deposited.M. Bouchard-Chantereaux has observed them to deposit eggs insixty-six days after their own birth, and to attain their full size ineighty-two days.This species varies very much in color, and the descriptions bydifferent authors, being drawn principally from it, differ greatly fromeach other; but whatever may be the color, the peculiar character ofthe furrows and the tubercles remains constant. In a state of contrac-tion the back is arched ; the head is entirely withdrawn under themantle ; the glands of the skin are very prominent, making the sur-face appear rough ; the carina is more apparent ; and the posteriorextremity, being a little turned to one side, appears to be oblique.It is described by some authors as constantly oblique, but the obliquitydisappears when the animal is fully extended. When in motion thehead extends considerably beyond the mantle, and there is an intervalbetween its m.irgin and the base of the eye-peduncles equal to thelength of the tentacles. The mantle adheres to the body by its poste-rior central portion, and it is in this part of it that is found imbeddedthe testaceous rudiment or shell. This is oval, curved above, verythin and delicate, having a transparent epidermis. At its posteriorpart there is a slight apical prominence and the appearance of indis-tinct concentric lines of growth.There is no considerable variation in the species except in regard tocolor, which varies almost infinitely.Jaw wide, low, slightly arcuate, with broad median projection.
466 A MANUAL OF AMERICAN LAND SHELLS.Limax agrestis* (Terr. Moll., V, Plate I, Fig:. H) has about 50-1-50teeth on its linjjual membrane, with 18 perfect laterals. The centralshave a much more graceful outline to the reflection than in the twolast-named species. The median cusp is longer and more slender, with amore slender cutting point; the subobsolete side cusps are more markedand bear well developed, triMngular, slightly curved cutting points.The lateral teeth are like the centrals, but unsymmetrical by the sup-pression of the inner lateral lower expansion of the base of attachment.There is, however, an inner cutting point lying against the inner sideof the cusp, rather than in a position corresponding to the outer cut-ting point; it is very difficult of detection, being on a different planefrom the outer cutting point, and readily confounded with the innerlower angle of the base of attachment. It is figured by Lehmaun andHeynemann. The marginals are long and slender, without bifurca-tion even on those on the extreme edge of the membrane. Fig. 105 ofp. 63 of L. & Fr.-W. Sh. N. A., I, probably was drawn from a speci-men of this species, certainly not from one of Jfavus.Goldfuss {I. c, Plate V, Fig. 4) omits the cutting points from hisfigure.The genitalia, as well as complete anatomy, are figured by Leidy(Terr. Moll., I, Plate II, Figs. 7-9). The genital bladder (7) is short,narrowly elongate ovate, with blunt apex and short duct. The penissac (4) is peculiar; it is short and stout, narrowing towards its apex,where it is extended into a short, trifurcate gland (3) ; the retractormuscle (5) is attached on the side of the penis sac, below this gland.STENOGYKA. (Seep. 424.)Stenojfyra decollata, Linn.Shell rather thick, long, cylindrical, turreted ; epidermis shining,Pig. 499. whitish, with a sliiilit tint of brownish or yellowish; apex ob-tuse; spire gradually enlarging from the apex to the aperture,commonly abruptly truncated between the third and fifthwhorls next the aperture; whorls remaining 3 to 5, flat, a littlewrinkled, and in tiie last two or three slightly crenate orplaited below the suture; suture not impressed; aperture lat-eral, oval, angulated superiorly, its plane very nearly parallelwith the axis of the shell ; peristome simple, thickened within,
*The figure given of the deatition of L, agrestis by Lindstrom (Gotlands nntidaMoUusker, PL I," Fig. 3) disagrees with my observatiou by the bifurcation of themarginals.
LOCALLY INTRODUCED SPECIES. 457its columellar portion reflected. Axis of the truncated shell usuallyabout 25?'" ; diameter of the larjjest whorl less than 12""^Helix (iecoUafa, Linn^us, S.vst. Nat., I"i47, ?&c.BuUmus dccollatiis, Drapaknaud, 7fi, pi. iv, fig. 27, &c.
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Pfeiffer, Mon. Hel. Viv.,iv, 456.?BiNNEY, Terr. Moll., ii, 280, pi. i, fig. 1.?W. G. Binney, Terr. Moll.,iv, 1:51.?Leidy, T. M. U. S., i, 259, pi. xv, figs. 5, 6 (1851), anat.BuUmus miilHIatus, Say, Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci. PLllad., ii, 373 ; ed. Binney, 25 (err.typ. for mulilafus).BuUmus viutUatufi, De Kay, N. Y. Moll., 56 (1843).
?
Pfeiffer, Men. Hel. Viv., ii, 153;iii, 397,
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Reeve, Con. Icon., tig. 331.Eumina deroUata, Tryox, Am. Journ. Conch., iii, 300 (1868).Stenogyra decoUata, W. G. Binney, L. & Fr.-W. Sh., i, 228 (1869); Terr. Moll., v, 192.A European species, introduced at Charleston, S. C, where it hasincreased very rapidly and has retained its position for more thanfifty years. It has also been introduced in Cuba and Brazil.Animal (see Fig. 471, p. 424) : Body short, extending but little behindthe aperture, blackish or bluish-black on the head and back, with de-cidedly green reflections in certain lights, the sides and posterior ex-tremity olivaceous ; surface finely granulated ; eye-peduncles slenderand rather short; ocular points very small 5 tentacles very short. Theshell is carried nearly horizontally when in motion. It is very vora-cious in its habits. I kept a number of individuals received fromCharleston a long time as scavengers, to clean the shells of other snails.As soon as a living Helix was placed in a box with them, one wouldattack it, introduce itself into the inner whorls, and completely removethe animal. Leaving a number ot Snccinea ovalis, Gld., with them oneday, the former disappeared entirely in a short time. The Stenogyrahad eaten shell as well as animal. *The young shell is thin, transparent, and fragile ; the old is opaqueand rather thick. It is very peculiar in respect to the manner of break-ing off and abandoning successive portions of the spire. According tothe plan upon which the shell is projected, it would, when it reachesthe full size which it attains in this country, possess ten or more fullvolutions if it retained all of them from the apex downward. But asfast as the growth of the animal compels it to increase the number andvolume of the whorls it releases its connection with the superior whorls,creates a new attachment lower down, forms a new apex or spiral cal-careous septum, which separates it from the abandoned part, and, insome manner which is not understood, breaks and throws off those
* I find no notice of any such carnivorous habits mentioned by Moquiu-Tandon. Itmay be the species prefers vegetable food, but being deprived of that, was forced byhunger to devour animal food.
458 A MANUAL OF AMERICAN LAND SHELLS.whorls which are no longer of use. * This commences at a very earlyperiod, the original apex being thrown off when the shell has acquired6 or 6 whorls. They differ in this particular from most of land-shells,and especially from the Helices, which always, so far as I know, retaintheir original attachment to the apex of the shell. It has been thoughtthat the breaking of the spire, after being left by the animal and be-coming dry and brittle, is accidental ; but I conceive that the effect ismuch too constant to be accounted for in that way. I have never beenable to find a mature specimen with the apex. And in all the variouscountries which it inhabits, including the whole southern part ofEurope, the northern part of Africa, the islands of the Mediterranean,the Canaries, Madeira, &c., the same peculiarity attends it. If it wereonly an accident, some few in this wide extent might escape. I doubtnot, therefore, that it is effected by the action of the animal itself. Itmay be that the calcareous matter of the shell is absorbed at the pointof division previous to the formation of the new septum.Mr. Say made out his description from an immature specimen.The epiphragm is white, pearly, and opaque ; it fills up the aperture,and when i^ushed out by the animal generally falls entire. It may bef?een in numbers about their winter quarters. Its outline is repre-sented in Terr. Moll.', Ill, Plate 1.Jaw and lingual membrane : see pp. 423, 424.Lingual membrane (Terr. Moll., Plate IV, Fig. Q, ft, and also myFig. 500, Fig. 500, is one of the first marginals, c extreme mar-^ r\ r\<rf^ ginal)?a Charleston specimen : There are 38-1-38 teeth,
'^ ^MAM^ with 11 perfect laterals (see p. 424).The genitalia are figured by Leidy (Terr. Moll., I,Lingual dentitiou ofs. decoiiata. pj^te XV, Figs. 5, 6). The genital bladder (6) is small,globular, with a short, narrow duct entering the vagina near its upperend; the penis sac (3) is short, stout, cylindrical, with a median con-striction ; it receives the vas deferens and retractor muscle at its apex.ARIOJV, FiiRussAc.Animal limaciform (see Terr. Moll., Ill, Plate LXIV, Fig. 1). Pos-terior termination of body obtuse. Integuments crowded with elongatedtuberosities on the back, and on the sides with elongated, tubercularplates having furrows between. Mantle anterior, oval, small, covered
* Moquin-Tandon says (on the authority of Gassies) that the animal breaks off theupper whorls by jerking round its shell against some hard object.
LOCALLY INTRODUCED SPECIES. 459
with granulations, free at the front and on the sides, attached pos-teriorly, containing in its posterior part numerous fine, calcareous, sandygrains. Locomotive disk not expanded at the margin, when the animalis fully extended very narrow, having in some species a narrow medianband and in others not. Respiratory orifice at the anterior margin ofthe mantle, small. Aual orifice contiguous to the former. Orifice oforgans of generation under the two last, bn the upper part of theposterior extremity of the body is a triangular pore or sinus, with thepoint directed forwards, a process or projection of the integument serv-ing as a cover to the sinus.The genus is not indigenous to North America, the only knownspecies here having been introduced by commerce.The genus Avion was separated from Limax by F6russac, to containthose species of the latter genus having a terminal pore or sinus. It isuniversally recognized, and has been fortunate in escaping any con-fusion of synonymy.The habits of the i^orth American species have been given on p. 462.I have not been able to give any information regarding two of thespecies found within our limits, A. Andersoni and A. foliolatus (seebelow). Indeed, there seems so much uncertainty in regard to themthat I doubt their belonging to this genus. For fuller information seeabove. This leaves only one species, A. Jiortensis, F6r., described andfigured in Vols. II and III, and in L. & Fr.-W. Sh. N. A., I, referredto A.fuscus, Miill.The species was introduced by commerce into Boston many yearsago. It still exists there,* specimens having been found by me in 1871,from one of which I extracted the jaw and lingual membrane here de-scribed. I have compared the figures of the genitalia of A. hortensisgiven by Lehmann and A. Schmidt t with those given by Leidy in Terr.Moll. U. S. There is a difierence in the position of the retractor muscleof the penis. Leidy places it at the base of the penis sac, Lehmann atthe top, Schmidt omitting it entirely. The last two authors figure aretractor to the duct of the genital bladder, and so does Leidy (thoughin the description of the plates he refers it to the vagina). Lehmannfigures a retractor also to the genital bladder itself. Lehmann's figureof the genitalia of A.fuscus (Plate VI, Fig. 2) agrees more closely with
? Specimens can readily be found in gardens between Chestnut and Mount Vemoastreets above Willow street, as well as elsewhere.tDer Geschlecbtsapparat der Stylommatopboren, 1855.
460 A MANUAL OF AMERICAN LAND SHELLS.Leidy's figure iu all respects, indeed, but the jiosition of the retractorpenis, ^Yhich Lehmaun places at the top of the penis sac. His figureof the dentition offuscus is nearer mine of the Boston specimens thanis his of Jiortensis, though the transverse count of teeth is larger. Gold-fuss's figure of the dentition of A. Jiortensis also {I. c, Plate V, Fig. 6)differs from my figure in the same way, i. e., by the presence of an innerside cusp and cutting point to the lateral teeth. Thus I find it impos-sible to decide from the genitalia whether to refer our species to fuscusor Jiortensis, though I incline to the former. From the dentition Ishould assuredly adopt the former name also.The jaw of the Boston specimen (Fig. 501) is thick, arcuate, ends butFig. 501. little attenuated ; no median projection to the cut-ting edge ; anterior surface with 8 stout, separated,unequal ribs, denticulatiug either margin.Lingual membrane (Terr. Moll., V, Plate V, Fig.jawof^./?.c?*. fj^ j^^g. ^jj^j narrow. Teeth about 31-1-31, withabout 10 perfect laterals. Centrals with the base of attachment longerthan wide ; reflection half as long as the base of attachment, bearing onelong, stout cusp, extending to the lower margin of the base of attach-ment, beyond which projects the stout cutting point ; side cusps dis-tinct, but small, with distinct, small, stout cutting points. Lateralslike the centrals, but asymmetrical by the suppression of the inner,lower, lateral expansion of the base of attachment and the inner sidecusp and cutting point. The marginals are low, wide, with one long,bluntly pointed, oblique cutting point, bearing a subobsolete smallerpoint low down upon its outer side. This subobsolete side cuttingpoint is on some of the marginals much more developed.From the above remarks it will be seen that in this genus, as in Umax,Zonites, and others, the lateral teeth are either bicuspid or tricuspid.The number of cusps does not seem a generic character.The internal calcareous grains which represent the shell are in somespecies isolated, in others aggregated into a nearer resemblance to theinternal plate of Limax. On this distinction are based the subgeneraLocJiea and Prolepis.Subgenus PEOLEPIS, Moq.-Tand.Shield covering an imperfect, rugose, shell like plate, formed by theaggregation of a certain number of calcareous granulations.
LOCALLY INTRODUCED SPECIES. 461Arion fuse us, Mt]rLLER.Color whitish or light ashy, sometimes with a tinge of brown ordark grayish ; an obscure, nc 502.ill-defined, dark-coloredline or band rises wherethe mantle meets the baseof the eye-peduncles, on ^"^=^4^5^^^^both sides, and, extending Arion/uscus.along the wliole length of the mantle to its posterior extremity, con-verges towards the line of the opposite side ; another band, proceed-ing from under the posterior edge of the mantle, not quite continuouswith tlie above-described line, runs along the sides of the body to itsextremity. Body cylindrical, narrow, when extended very much elon-gated, expanding a little towards its extremity, and ending in a flatand rounded termination ; its upper surface is covered with narrow,oblong, prominent glands, appearing sometimes as if carinated, andarranged in jiarallel rows, the flanks with elongated, tuberculatedplates and finer granulations. Head darker than the body, jirojectingvery little beyond the mantle. Eye-peduncles blackish, one-eighththe length of the body, stout; bulbs translucent; ocular spot at thesuperior part, black. Tentacles immediately under the eye- peduncles,very short, conical. Mantle small, oval, narrow, commencing justbehind the insertion of the eye-peduncles, less than one-third of thelength of animal, covered with granulations tending to a vermiformshape. Disk of the foot whitish, without a separate locomotive band,the marginal boundary between it and the body marked by a furrow,projecting beyond the body posteriorly. Eespiratory foramen smali,with a cleft to the margin of the mantle. Between the eye-pedunclesis a tubercular ridge, with furrows on each side. The triangular mu-cus pore is on the upper surface of the posterior extremity, is veryapparent, and has a process of the skin which seems to cover it andsometimes to project above it. When fully grown the extreme lengthis more than 50""", the usual length about 25??. Internal granu-lations coarsely united or aggregated into a somewhat ovular, semi-transparent, very granular plate.Limax fuscm, Mullkr, Hist. Venn., ii,ll (1774).Arion horteiihix, Fekussac, Hist., 6.'), pi. ii, figs. 4, 6; Snppl., 96, a (1819).
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Bixney,Bost. Jonru. Nat. Hist., iv, 170 (1842); Terr. Moll., ii, 27, pi. lxiv,fig. 1; Ixv,fig. 2 (1?.51).?LEiDy,T. M. U. S.,i,249, pi. ii, figs. 1-4 (1851), anat.?De KatN. Y. Moll., 23 (ld43).?Reeve, Brit. L. &. Fr.-W. Moll., 11, fig.
462 A MANUAL OF AMERICAN LAND SHELLS.Arion fuscu>t, Moquin-Tandon (which see for further foreign synonyms).?W. G,. Bix-NEY.L. & Fr.-W. Sh.. 1, 275 (l-'69); Terr. Moll., v, 224.-Tryon, Am. Journ.Conch., iii, 316 (18(58).
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Gould and Binney, Inv. of Mass., ed. 2, 451 (1870).Found in the city of Boston. It is an introduced species, commonover the whole of Europe. Has also been introduced into Greenland(see Morch, Am. Journ. Conch., IV, 37).When the animal is fully extended the mantle occupies less than afourth part of its whole length, and the dark lines on the mantle andback are continuous with each other. The head only projects fromthe mantle, the neck not being visible. Its surface is constantly cov-ered with a watery mucus, and it suspends itself with a thread of mu-cus, like the other species. The mucous secretion from the terminalpore is transparent and very viscid. It is not distinguished by anyconsiderable variety of color or markings. It occurs in small numbersin the city of Boston and vicinity, under stones, at road-sides, in com-pany with Limax agrcstis, and more plentifully in gardens within thecity. In the remarks on this species formerly published by Dr. Bin-ney he hesitated in considering it to be identical with the foreign spe-cies of the same name. Having later found it somewhat numerous ina locality in Boston, he procured specimens agreeing verj^ well withforeign descriptions and figures, especially with that variety describedby Ferrusac as grise us, unicolor, fasciis nigris, and had no longer anydoubt on the subject. The specimens found in gardens are, however,much larger than the size indicated by the descriptions. It is called asmall species by both Ferussac and Lamarck, and so it is as it existsin the country; but in the city it is sometimes two inches in length,when not fully extended, and of a corresponding bulk. The darklines are most strongly marked in the large variety. The small vari-ety is more delicate in its markings and has a tinge of yellow on thefoot. It is s'till restricted in its distribution, so far as known, to theneighborhood of Boston alone.For jaw and dentition see p. 460.The generative system (figured by Leidy, I. c.) resembles more thatof Limax variegatus than the other species. The penis sac is cylindri-cal, dilated at base, and has its retractor muscle inserted into the latterpoint. The genital bladder is large, oval, pointed at summit, and hasa very short but muscular duct, joined midway by the vagina. At thelatter junction is inserted a second retractor muscle. The cloaca islong and dilated in the middle.
LOCALLY INTRODUCED SPECIES. 463.SPURIOUS AND DOUBTFUL SPECIES OF AKION.Arion {Lochea) empiricorum is quoted, without authority or description, from the West-ern States by Grateloup (Distr. Geogr. de la Famille des Limaciens).Arion foUolutus, Gould (Terr. Moll., Vol. iii, pi. Ixvi, fig. 2).Fig. 503.
Arion foliolaUis.Color a redd'sh-fawu, coaiNely and ohliqnely Teticulattd with flate-co.'nrcd L.iis,forming areol?B, -which are indented at, the sides, when viewed by a magnifier, so asto resemble leaflets ; the mantle is concentrically mottled with slate-color, and th?projecting border of the foot is also obliquely lineated. The body is rather depressed,nearly uniform throughout, and somewhat truncated at the tip, exhibiting a con-spicuous pit, which was probably occupied, by a mucus gland. The mantle is verylong, smooth, and has the respiratory orifice very small, situated a little in front ofthe middle. The eye-peduncles are small and short. Length, 8.5?"'.Arion foliolatus, Gould, Moll. U. S. Exped., 2, fig. 2, a, i (1852).?Binney, Terr. Moll,ii, 30, pi. Ixvi, fig. 2 (I85I).?W. G. Binney, Terr. Moll., iv, 6; copied als*by Tryon and W. G. Binney, L. & Fr.-W. Sh., i, 377.Jaw?Lingual membrane ?Found at Discovery Harbor, Puget Sound.This species is still unknown otherwise than by the original description and figure.Arion Andersoni (see p. 103, foot-note, and pp. 103, 107).FRUTICICOLA, Held.Animal lieliciform ; mantle subcentral ; other characters as in Pa-tula.Shell umbilicated or perforated, depressed-globose, sometimes pilose;whorls 5-7, rather convex ; aperture broadly lunate or lunate-rounded,peristome acute, veiy biiefly expanded, labiate within, its basal mar-gin reflexed.A European genus, of which two species have been introduced withinour limits by commerce.The two specie.s of this subgenus found within our limits, rufescensand Ms2)ida, are purely local, having been introduced by commerce atQuebec and Halifax, respectively. I have not had an fig.504.opportunity of examining the latter. The jaw of the ({jJUUTiXsubgenus is described as arcuate, with blunt ends; an- Ja.w of F.hispida.terior surface with broad, crowded ribs (see figure of that of hispidacopied from Moquin-Tandon). Lehmann {I. c, Plate XII, Fig. 57) figure*
46 4 A MANUAL OF AMERICAN LAND SHELLS.the lingual membrane of hispida with centrals having a long, narrowbase of attachment, a stout, pear-shaped, unicuspid reflection; lateralsbicuspid ; marginals a simple modification of the laterals. I do notfind it so in rufescens (see below). Other species are also figured byLehmann. ?Friiticicola hi<$pi<la, Linn.Shell openly umbilicated, suborbiculately depressed, born-color, shin-ing, with short hairs; spire convex; whorls 5 to 6, ratherconvex, narrow; aperture broadly lunate; peristome spread-ing, thickened with white within, its basal terminus more nar-row, prominent, and acute. Greater diameter 10, lesser 9??;height, 5J">"".Helix Msjnda, Linn.eus, Syst., 675, &c.?Pfeiffer, Mon. Hel.Viv., i, 148.F. hispida. jj,fgro?,ia MsjmJa, Tryon, Am. Jonrn, Conch., ii, 308, pi. v, fig. 2 (1866).Fruiicicola hispida, W. G. Binney, Terr. Moll., v, 343.This is a European species which has been found at Halifax, NovaScotia, probably accidentally introduced from England on plants.Moquin-Tandon figures the jaw of a French specimen as slightlyarcuate; ends rounded, somewhat attenuated; anterior surface withnumerous ribs, denticulating the concave margin. Fig. 504.For dentition see above. I have no'; myself had an opportunity ofexamining the dentition.The genitalia are figured by Lehmann (Lebeuden Schnecken, PlateXII, Fig. 35. The penis sac is double, always consisting of one uppersmall, and one lower wider, division, making the whole system of sacsquadripartite ; in each of these lower divisions is a small conical dartwith apex slightly recurved.H. pJebeium, var. of hispida, has been credited to North America byPrestwich, Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc, XXVII, 493.Friiticicola rufescens, Pennant.Shell umbilicated, subglobose depressed, subcarinate, striate, paleFig. 506. 'reddish ; spire moderately elevated ; whorls 6, rather convex,the last banded with white, not deflected anteriorly ; apertureovate-lunar ; peristome spreading, thickened with white atsome distance within, the columellar margin somewhat re-flected. Greater diameter 11, lesser 10?"" ; height, 6??.Helix rufescens, Pennant, &c.,?Pfeiffer, Mon. Hel. Viv., i, 141. ?W. G.Binney, L. & Fr.-W. Sh., i, 159, lig. '.^TS (1869).Hygromia rufeseeiis, Tryon, Am. Jouru. Concb., ii, 301, pi. v, fig. 1 (1866).Fruticicola rufescens, W. G. Binney, T. M., v, 346.
* The figure does not show the hirsute character of the shell.
LOCALLY INTRODUCED SPECIES. 465Germany, England, and other European countries; also found at Que-bec, probably introduced from England. It is also said byTryon (1. c.)to have been found in Canada, Nova Scotia, and Massachusetts, but Ihave many doubts of its actually having been found at those points.Jaw as described above (Lehmann, I. c).Lingual membrane (Terr. Moll., V, Plate IX, Fig. A) with 26-1-26-teeth. The central teeth have decided side cutting points, but not de-cided side cusps. These last are developed on the laterals. The changeinto marginals is gradual, and is not formed by the splitting of the in-ner cutting point. My figure does not in all respects agree with thatof Lehmann, I. c.Lehmann, in Mai. Blatt., XVI, p. 197, figures the genital system tobe as in hispida (q. v.), TURRICUJLA, Beck.Animal heliciform, mantle subcentral ; other characters as in Patula.Shell umbilicated or perforated, conical, often obliquely costulate,banded with chalky white or of a uniform tawny color; whorls 5-10,rather flattened, sometimes turreted, more or less angular or carinated;aperture lunate, narrow ; peristome straight, its extremities thickenedwithin.Jaw described with from 8 to 10 ribs. That of several French spe-cies is figured by Moquin-Tandon. T. terres- fio. 507.Iris has over 18 broad, flat, crowded ribs,slightly denticulating either margin; the jawis low, wide, slightly arcuate, ends but littleacuminated, blunt.Lingual membrane (of T. terrestris, from ja^ of T.terresti is.Charleston, S. C.) with 20-1-20 teeth, the ninth tooth having its innercutting point bifid, centrals tricuspid, laterals bicuspid, marginals low,wide, with one inner, long, oblique, bluntly bifid cutting point, and oneouter, smaller, sharply bifid (see Plate XY, Fig. M, of Terr. Moll., V).A genus of the circa-Mediterranean fauna, one species of which, T.terrestris, has been introduced by commerce within our limits.Turricula feri-estris, Chemnitz.Shell umbilicated, conic-roof shaped, white, above with delicatestriae, and hardly unifasciate, flattened below : whorls 6, flat,' '^ ' 7 ? ? Fig. 508.somewhat turreted, narrowly carinated ; umbilicus very nar-row, pervious ; aperture ax-shaped ; peristome straight,acute, within thickened with white. Greater diameter 10, j, fg?estrislesser O'"'^; height, 6^?^?^. enlarged."1749?Bull. 28 30
466 A MANUAL OF AMERICAN LAND SHELLS.Trochus terrestris, Chkmnitz.Helix terrestris, Pfeiffer, Mou., i, 179.Turricula terrestris, W. G. Binney, Terr. Moll., v, 349.Found in Italy, Sicily, and South of France. I have lately receivedliving specimens collected by Mr. W. G. Mazyck in St. Peter's church-yard, Charleston, S. C, no doubt imported on plants. These speci-mens resemble Moquin-Taudon's (Plate XX, Figs. 10, 11).Jaw arcuate, ends blunt, but little attenuated ; anterior surface with18 stout, crowded, flat ribs. (See Fig. 508.)Lingual membrane : see above.Genital system, as figured by Moquin-Tandon, has a penis sac short,stout, with a very long, flagellate extension, on the middle of which en-ters the vas deferens; the retractor muscle is inserted at the com-mencement of the flagellum ; the genital bladder is small, suboval,with a duct three times its length and very stout ; at the entrance ofthis duct into the vagina there are, on both sides, a bundle of (four)multifid vesicles; quite near the common orifice there is a small, glob-ular sac, inclosing, in place of the usual dart, a small body fringed ordigitated by four or five unequal obtuse lobes.TACHEA, Leach.Animal heliciform, mantle subcentral ; other characters as in Patula.(See Bost. Journ. Nat. Hist., I, Plate VIII.)Shell imperforate, globose or subdepressed, white or yellow, orna-mented with distinct bands ; whorls 5, the last convex, tumid, descend-ing at the aperture; aperture broadly lunate, obsoletely angular;peristome thickened, reflexed, its coluraellar margin constricted, cal-lous.A genus of Middle and Southern Europe; one species also common toAmerica, perhaps imported by commerce.Our single species, T. hortensis, found only alongthe northeastern coast, and there usuallv restrictedto the islands, agrees in its jaw with the other knownJaw of i\icin^jortcn<.-h: gpe^ies of the subgcuus. [t is stout, arched, withblunt, unattenuated ends ; anterior surface with stout, few, separatedribs, denticulating either margin.The lingual membrane has 116 rows of 32-1-32 teeth each. Thecentrals have a subtriangular base of attachment, so greatly are thelower lateral angles expanded ; upper margin reflected ; reflection pear-shai)ed, without developed side cusps, but a single stout middle cusp,
LOCALLY INTHODl'CKD SPECIES. 467half as loug as the base of attachment, and bearing a short, conical cut-ting point, reaching only about one-half the distance to the lower edgeof the base of attachment; fig. 510.this cutting point has lateralbulgings. First laterals likethe centrals, but asymmet-rical by the irregular cut-ting away of the lower innerangle of the base of attach- Lingual dentition T. hortemis. (Morse.)meut; outer laterals with a more developed cutting point and a de-cided side cusp and cutting point ; the change from the laterals to themarginals is shown in the sixteenth tooth in Morse's figure in L. & Fr.-W. Sh., I, in the eleventh in the membrane figured by me, where thebase of attachment is wider, the reflection stouter, and the inner cut-ting point becomes bifid. The marginals are low, wide, the reflectionequaling the base of attachment, the inner cutting ijoint short, bluntlybifid, the outer shorter and blunt, often bifid (Terr. Moll., V, Plate X,Fig. C). Tacliea liorteiisis, Muller.Shell imperforate, subglobose ; epidermis shining, smooth, olivace-ous-yellow, and often variously ornamented with rufous ^'f- ^^1horizontal bands or lines ; whorls 5, convex; sj^ire some-what elevated ; suture, at the extremity of the last whorl,curved towards the aperture ; peristome slightly reflected,white, obsolete on the base, with the margin thickenedinternally ; aperture rounded, slightly contracted at the base by thethickening and indentation of the peristome; umbilicus covered, in-dented ; base convex. Greater diameter 20, lesser 17"" ; height, 12'"'".Helix hortensis, Muller, &c.?Pfeiffer, Mod. Hel. Viv., iii, 195.
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Mrs. Sheppard,Tr. Lit. Hist. Soc. Quebec, i, 193 (18-.i9).?Gould, Invert., 172, ed. 2, 429(1870).?BiNNEY, Terr. Moll., li, 111, pi. viii.?W. G. Binney, Terr. Moll., iv,51 ; L. ?fe Fr.-W. Sh., i, 181 (1869).?Morse, Amer. Nat., i, 186, fig. 16 (1867).Helix suhgloiosa, Binney (formerly), Bost. Journ. Nat. Hist., 1, 485, pi. svi (1837).
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De Kay, N.Y.Moll., 33, pi. ii, fig. 14; pi. iii; fig. 39.Tachea horfcnsis, Morse, Journ. Portl. Soc, 1, 10, fig. 11 ; pi. iv, fig. 12 (1864).
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Tryon,Am. Journ. Conch., ii, 321 (1866).?W. G. Binney, Terr. Moll., v, 379.A European species, introduced by commerce (*?) to the northeasternportion of North America. It is found on islands along the coast fromNewfoundland to Cape Cod, and on the mainland plentifully in Gaspe,Canada East ; also along the Saint Lawrence, Vermont (?), Connecticut
T. hortensis.
468 A MA^LAL OF AMERICAN LAND SHELLS.
(?), &c. It also inhabits Greenland and Iceland (see Morch, Am. Journ.Conch., lY, 45).Animal: Head and neck blackish, with a slight tinge of brown; eye-peduncles and tentacles smoky ; eyes black ; base of foot inky, poste-rior extremity dirty flesh-color. Foot rather slender, terminating acutely.Respiratory foramen surrounded with a blackish circle. Genital orificeindicated by a blackish spot a little behind the right eye-peduncle.Length about twice the breadth of the shell. (See Bost. Journ. Nat.Hist, I, Plate VIII.)Having kept a large number of this species in confinement, Dr. Binneyhad frequently an opportunity of noticing the manner in which theepiphragm is formed, a process which seems not to have been hereto-fore correctly described. The aperture of the shell being upwards,and the collar of the animal having been brought to a level with it, aquantity of gelatinous matter is thrown out, which covers it. The pul-monary orifice is then opened, and a portion of the air within suddenlyejected with such force as to separate the viscid matter from the collarand to project it, like a bubble of air, from the ai>erture. The animalthen quickly withdraws further into the shell, and the pressure of theexternal air forces back the vesicle to a level with the aperture, when ithardens and forms the epiphragm. In some of the European species, inwhich the gelatinous secretion contains more carbonate of lime thanours, solidification seems to take place at the moment when the air isexpelled, and the epiphragm in these is strongly convex.The T. nemoralis, of Europe, distinguished readily from T. hortensis byFig- 512. ^ its black peristome, but by many consideredidentical, does not appear to have been in-troduced from Europe into the New EnglandStates or British i)rovinces. In 1857 I im-
r'nevwraiis. portcd scvcral hundred living specimens fromnear Sheffield, England, and freed them in my garden, in Burlington,N. J. They have thriven well and increased with great rapidity, sothat in 1878 the whole town was full of them. They are not so plentynow (1885). They retain the habit of the species of climbing hedgesand trees, not remaining concealed under decaying leaves, logs, &c.,like the American snails. Fig. 512 is drawn from Burlington specimens.The experiment of introducing the T. nemoralis is interesting, as show-ing the adaptability of the species to a new climate. Other species,among them Campylcca lapicida, from England, and Stenogyra decoUata^
LOCALLY INTRODUCED SPECIES. 469from Charlestou, S. C, placed in my garden at the same time, disap-peared at once.The jaw of a Burlington specimen of nemoralis is very strongly arched,with 4 stout ribs on its anterior surface, denticulating each margin.For lingual membrane and jaw of T. hortensis see above, pp. 466, 467.The genitalia of the European T. hortensis is figured by Schmidt (Ge-schlechts. der Stylomm., Plate III, Fig. 15). The genital bladder issmall, globular, on a very long and delicate duct, to which is a shortaccessory duct. The penis sac is long, cylindrical, tapering above theinsertion of the retractor muscle to the point where the vas deferensenters, beyond which it has a long, flagellate extension. About halfway between the end of the duct of the genital bladder and the commonorifice is an elongate-ovate dart sac, from the base of which, on eitherside, is a bundle of greatly developed multifid vesicles, each composedin the specimen figured of four long caeca.POITIATIA (Leach), Beck.Animal heliciform ; mantle subcentral ; other characters as in Pa-tula.Shell imperforate or subimperforate, globose, striate, horny-calcare-ous, generally banded ; whorls 4-6, convex, the last large, ventricose,descending 5 aperture lunate-orbicular ; peristome patulous or straight,within labiate with callus, the columellar margin reflected, generallycallous.Foundaround the Mediterranean Sea; a few species found elsewhere
?
Mexico, Japan, &c. One species only introduced by commerce withinour limits.Jaw of our only species, P. aspersa, introduced by commerce at Charles-ton, S. C. (where it is still common), high, thick, arcuate; ends but littleattenuated, blunt; cutting margin without median projection; anteriorsurface with 6 stout, separated ribs, deeply denticulating either margin(see Fig. 513). Lingual membrane of the same species (Terr. Moll., V,Plate X, Fig. D) long and narrow. Teeth 50-1-50, fig. 513.with 15 perfect laterals. Centrals with base of at-tachment longer than wide, the lower lateral anglesbut slightly produced, the lower margin in somecases with a quadrate excavation or thinning, asusually found in Succinea, the upper margin broadly Jaw of p. aspersa.reflected, reflection very large, with a very stout, short median cusp,
470 A MANUAL OF AMERICAN LAND SHELLS.bearing a short, stout cutting point, reaching the lower edge of the baseof attachment ; side cusps obsolete, but bearing well-developed, shortside cutting points. Laterals like centrals, but asymmetrical by thesuppression of the inner, lower, lateral angle of the base of attachmentand the iuner side cutting point. Transition teeth from the laterals tothe marginals with a more developed reflection, a shorter inner cusp,bearing v, greatly developed bifid cutting point. Marginals low, wide,the reflection equaling the base of attachment, and bearing one inner,long, oblique, acutely bifid cutting point, and one shorter, outer, some-times bifid, side cutting point.The only other Pomatia whose dentition has been figured is pomatia^which shows the same type of teeth (Goldfuss, I. c, Plate IV, Fig. 6), andSleboldtiana, Pfr. (see Proc. Am. Nat. Soc. Phila., 1875, Plate XXI, Fig.8), which difi'ers in detail. The jaw of these and of numerous Europeanspecies is known, and of the same type as in aspersa.Pomatia aspersa, Mui.ler.Shell imperforate, subglobose, rather thin, the surface rather coarselyFig. 514. and irregularly striate and finely wrinkled andindented J the ground -color is yellowish or gray-ish, with chestnut colored bands of variouswidtli, across which are narrow, undulatingflammules of yellowish ; the spire is rather ob-tuse, composed of 4 or 5 moderately convexwhorls, the principal one being very large andventricose ; the aperture is large, a little oblique,p.aspersa. rouuded-luuate ; the peristome white, sharp,turned slightly outward, and in the region of the umbilicus turningover the columella in a broad, appressed callus, which is continued tothe upper junction of the peristome. Greatest diameter, 32"'?; height,22""".
Helix aspersa, Muller, Verm., ii, 59.?Pfeiffer, Mon. Hel. Viv., i, 24L?Dk Kay, N.Y., Moll., 47 (1843).?BiNNEY, Terr. Moll., ii, 117, not in plate?W. G. Bix>NEY, Terr. Moll., iv, 51, pi. IxxNii, fig. 4 ; L. & Fr.-W. Sh., i, 183 (1869).Pomatia aspersa, Tryon, Am. Journ. Couch., ii, 322, 16 (18(6).?W. G. Bi.vney, Terr,Moll., V, 380.In gardens in Charleston, S. C, and vicinity, where it has existedfor fifty years; I found it plentifully in Saint Michael's church yard in1875 ; also has been found at Kew Orleans and Baton Rouge ; Portland,Me.; Nova Scotia; Santa Barbara, Cal.; Hayti; Saint lago. Chili, &c^
LOCALLY INTRODUCED SPECIES. 471It is a European species, accidentally introduced into this country, orrather by commerce as an article of food. It evidently is a speciespeculiarly adapted to colonization.Jaw and lingual membrane : see above.Genitalia figured by Schmidt (Geschlechts. der Styl., Plate I, Fig. 5).The genital bladder is small, globular, on a long duct, which has atabout the middle of its length a much longer and stouter accessoryduct. The penis sac is long, cylindrical, greatly swollen at its junctionwith the vagina ; the retractor muscle is inserted above this swelling,the vas deferens enters at the apex, beyond which is an excessivelylong, thread-like flagellum. Opposite the entrance to the penis sac isa very long, stout dart sac, above which are two bundles of numerous^short, closely packed, multifid vesicles.EXTRALIMITAL SPECIES OF POMATIA.Pomatia Buffoniana, Pfelffer, a Mexican species, has been erroneously quoted fromAlameda County, California. It is figured on Plate LXIII of Vol. Ill, Terr.Moll. U. S

Vlir.?APPENDIX.
Receut explorations in extreme northern regions have added severalnames to our catalogue of laud shells which I refer to here. I am notable to decide on the accuracy of the identification of the species.Limax hyperboreus, Westerlvst), KM. (See below.)Pupa arctica, Wall.columella, Benz.Succinta chrysis, Westerlund. (Also p. 198, pi. iii, fig. 10.) Alaska, Greenland.(See below.)turgida, West.a?! nexa, Westerlund. (Also p. 198, pi. iii, tig. 11.) Port Clarence, Alaska.Vallonia asiaiica, Nev., p. 164.Pupa edevtula, Drp. (?)signata, MSS.The above are from "Vega Expeditionens," Stockholm, 1885. I amenabled to give a figure of a specimen of Suceinea chrysis, col- ^^^' ^^^'lected by Mr. Dall, at St. Michael's, Alaska. It is the formgenerally considered as a variety of S. lineata. (See also Nach.der Deutsch. Mai. ges., 1883.)? ' ' S. chrysis.I am indebted to Mr. W. H. Dall for authentic specimens of Xtwaj? hyper-boreus, from which I extracted the jaw and lingualmembrane here described.Jaw arched, smooth, with blunt median projec-tion. Lingual membrane with about 42-1-42 teeth
;
Fin. 516.?Lingual dentitioncentrals tricuspid; laterals bicuspid, twelve m of l. hyperboreus.number on each side ; marginals about thirty in number on each side,aculeate, simple, without bifurcation or side spur.Fig. 516 shows a central tooth with its adjacent lateral and threeextreme marginals.
Vertigo BoUesiana var, Arthuri. (See VON Martens, Gesell. nat. Freunde zu Berlin,21 Nov., 1882, p. 140.) Dakota.Pupa muscorum var. bigranata, Rossm., ibid., p. 141. Fort Berthold.Pupa muscoruvi var. Lundatromi, Westerl., 20 March, 1883, p. 36. Alaska.(473)
474 A MANUAL OF AMERICAN LAND SHELLS.Fupa columella, Benz. var. Gredleri, Clessin. Same aa last.Pupa Kravaaeana, Reinh., p. 38. Alaska.
Selenitea Voyana var. aimplidlabria, Ancey, Le Nat. IV, p. 110, 111. This and S.Duranti form subgenus Haptotrema.Mesodon armigera Ancey.?The type kindly loaned me by Mr. Anceyshows this to be the large form of Stenotrema germanum, forming aconnecting link to Mesodon Columbianus. It will be noticed that ger-manum is sparsely hirsute 5 Columbianus more crowdedly so, but armi-gera is still more covered with hairs. I have this form from San Fran-cisco, Santa Cruz, Watsonville, and other California locajities.Pupa sublubrica Ancey.?White Pine, Nevada. Seven whorls; gen-eral outline of badia; aperture very much like that of same as figuredin Terr. Moll., III.BXPL/\NATORY NOTE TO THE CATALOGUE OF THE BIN-NEY COLLECTION.That portion of the museum register which follows this note relatesto and covers only such species and specimens as are referred to in thisvolume, and which have been presented by the author to the U. S.National Museum, and are distinct and separate from the Smithsoniancollection, registered in L. and F. W. Shells, I.The various species of Auriculidce were used in the preparation of L.and F. W. Shells, II ; and so of the Operculated genera, as illustrative ofL. and F. W. Shells, III.
CATALOGUE OF BINNEY COLLECTION. 475
476 A MANUAL OF AMERICAN LAND SHELLS.
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X.-INDEX OF FIGURES.
Page.Acanthinnla harpa 184, 1 85, 186Aglaia fidelis 121Hillcbrandi 124in fiimata 1 20, 1 23minor 121Ariolimax Andersoni 102, 103Californicus 99, 100Columbianus - 92, 93, 98, 99Hemphilli 50,102niger 101Arion foliol.atns 463fuscus 460, 461Arionta arrosa 124, 127Ayresiana 138Califoruiensis 130Carpenteri 144circnmcarinata 141crebristriata 137cypreopbila 140Diabloensis 50, 135, 136Dapetithouarai 145esarata 129facta 149Gabbi 148Holderiana 127intercisa 137Kelletti 149moriuonum 140Nickliniana 131ramentoaa 133redimita 138reticulata 135ruficincta 147sequoicola 146Stearnsiana 151Stivcrsiana 127tenuistirata 148Townsendiana 128, 129Traski 143tudiculata 139Binncya notabilis 107Bulimulus alternatus 396, 397, 399dealbatus 395,401Dorman 406,407rioridanua 407,408Marielinus 408Mooreanus 400, 401multilineatus 404, 405patriarcha 396Schiedeanus 399serperastrus 403
Page.Bulimna Maris 398CcBcilianella acicula 427, 429Cylindrella jejuna 413Poeyana 411, 412Dorcasia Berlandieriana 393griseola 392, 394Eupar5T)ba Tryoni 1 55, 156Ferrassacia 193subcylindrica 193, 194Fruticicola hispida 463, 464rufescens 464Glandina bullata 350decussata 351Texasiana 351truncata 345,346,348
"Vanuxemensis 347Glypstostoma Newberryanum 152, 153Gonostoma Yatesi 113Helicodiscus fimbriatus 262lineatus 74,75Helix anachoreta 132Breweri 62Bridgesi 134Cooperi 167inflecta 289MuUani 119reticulata 133tholus 371Tryoni 154Hemitrocbus varians 357, 358Hempbillia glandulosa 110, 111Holospira Goldfussi 421, 422Koemeri 422Liguus fasciatU3 432virginicus 430Limax 233agrestis 453campestris 14, 237flavus 451, 453Hewstoni 88hyperboreus 473maximus 450Macroceramus Gossei 414, 416Kieneri 416pontiticus 415signatus 413Macrocyclis concava 79, 199Duranti 85Hempbilli 85sportella 83Vancouverenaia 79, 82, 83
602 INDEX OF FIGURES.
Macrocyclis Voyana 84Mesodon albolabris 298, 299Andrewsi 301. 302bucculentus 315Chiloweensis 320Chrysti 308Clarkii 307claasas 315Columbianus 116dentiferas 312devius 118,119divestns 390Downieanus 317elevatus 306exoletus 309IngallsiaDa 316jejnnus 390Lawi 317major 297Mitchellianus 305, 306Mobilianua 391multilineatus 302Pennsylvanicus 304profundus 318Roemeri 389Sayii 295, 319, 320tbyroides 49,314
"Wetherbyi 313
"Wheatleyi 311Microphysa incrustata 355IngersoUi 170Lansingi 90, 91pygmaea 71,73Stearnsi 92vortex 356Onchldella borealis 161, 162Carpenter! 163Orthalicus melanochilus 440undatus 436, 438, 440Patula alternata 255, 257, 258asteriscus 186, 187, 252Bryanti 261Cooperi 166Cnmberlandiana 49, 253, 258Haydeni 167Hemphilli 168Horni 169Idahoensis 168mordax 257pauper 187perspectiva 260solitaria 252, 254striatella 70, 252strigosa 165Polygyra Ariadnae 376auricnlata 361aTiriformis 361, 363avara 366Carpenteriana 380cereolus 379Dorfeuilliana 374espicola 366fastigans 270Febigeri 381^arfordiana , , , 114
Page.Polygyra Hazard! 267Hinds! 368h!ppocrep!8 372Jackson! 373leporina 50, 266Mooreana 370oppilata 373Postelllana 364pustula 382pustnloides 383septemvolva 360, 376Texasiana 369triodonto!de8 370Troostiana 269uvul!fera 363ventrosula 360,367,368Polygyrella polygyrella 171, 172Pomat!a aspersa 469, 470Prophysaon Hemphilli 104,106Papaalticola 174Arizonensis 173armifera 326,327badia 322Blandi 188Californica 157contracta 327corpulenta 172corticaria 330, 331decora 189fallax 324Hoppii 189hordeacea 173modica 417muscorum 78pellucida 418pentodon 321,323,324Rowelli 156riipicola 328variolosa 417Stenogyra decollata 424, 456, 458gracillima 427octonoides 425subula 423,426Stenotrema barbigerum 276Edgarianum 274Edvards! 275fraternum 280hirsutum 278labrosum 274Leaii 280maxillatum 280monodon 272,280,282spinosum 273stenotremum 277Strobila Hubbard! 359labyrinthica 47, 263, 264, 265Strophia incana 48, 419, 420Succinea aurea 340avara 337,339campestris 443chrysis 473Concordialis 441effusa 442Forshey! 344Grcenlajidic^ ...,..,.., 197
INDEX OF FIGURES. 503
Page.Snooinea Grosvenorii. 344Haleana 343Hawkinsi 158Haydeni 196Higginsi 198lineata 174luteola 441Mooresiana 344Nuttalliana 159obliqua ^ 341Oregonensia 160ovalis 338pellacida 343retusa 337rnsticana 159, 336Salleana 443Sillimani 157Totteniana 198, 199, 337Verrilli . 197
"Wilsonl 344Tachea hortensis 466, 467neraoralia 468Tebennophorna Caroliniensia 239, 242doraalia 241, 244, 246Triodopais appreaaa 283, 287, 288Copei 388fallax 292Henriettse 387
? Hopetonensia , 384introferens 293Levettei 385loricata 115obstricta .*. 2?6palUata 283, 284,286Rugeli ! 290tridentata 291Van Nostrandi 294vnltuoaa 386Turricnla terreatria 465Vallonia pulchella 76, 77Veronicella Floridana 445, 446Vertigo BoUeaiana 191Gouldi 190ovata 332, 334aimplex 191ventricoaa 192Vitrina 176Angelicae 178exilia 179limpida 176, 177
Vitrina Pfeifferi 88Vitrimzonitea latiaaimua 50, 231Zonitea arboreas 61, 201, 202acerrua 213Andrewai 228Binneyanua 180caducua 352capnodoa 205, 206capaella 221cellariua 448, 449cerinoidens 353cherainellus 87conspectua 86cuspidatua 226demisaua 212Elliotti 219exiguua 181, 182Fabricii 179ferreua 181friabilia 208fuliginoaua 48,201,207,208fulvna 07,69gnlaris 224Gundlaohi 353indentatus 62, 63, 20iinornatua. 49, 217internua 229intertextua 214,215Isevigatua 209,210laamodon 227Lawi 221ligerus 213limatulus 220macilentua 227milium 66,67minusculua 63, 64multidentataa 183nitidus 60placentula 222protophilua 223Rugeli 211aculptilia 218aigniflcana 228atriatella 69aubplanna 216suppreaaua 201,223,225viridulua 64, 65
"Wheatleyl 222Whitneyi 86

XL-GENERAL INDEX.
[For systemittlo index Bee page 57. Figures in heavy-face type refer to page* on which the genus or
?pecies is described.]
rage.
ahjecta (Helix) 390Acanthinula '. 54,184,248aculeata ]85harpa 27, 33, 184, 185, 186, 409lamellata 185Acarus limacam 305acerra (Zonites) 212acerrus (Zonites) 213Achatina 195, 425australis 410bullata 351, 410Californica 410crenata 433decussata 351fasciata 433flammigera 410, 440gracillima 410, 427lubrica 194,410mucronata 410pallida 433pellucida 410rosea 348, 410solida 433, 434striata 348, 410striato-costata 427subnla 410Texasiana 351, 410trancata 348, 410Vanuxemensis 347, 410vexillum 433Achatinella 47mucronata 410acicula (Bulimus) 409(coeciliauiiUa) 37, 195, 409, 427, 429acrolepeia (Clausilia) 321aculeata (Acantbiuula) 185
.ncutedentata (Polygyra) 22acutus (Bulimus) 409feruginosa 127Agatina fuscata 321, 438, 440variegata 433Aglaia 24,120fidelis 120, 121, 126, 141fidelis minor 141Ghiesbregbti 121Hillebrandi 124infumata 120,123,126,141
Page.Aglaia minor 121semiclausa ? 121Aglaja .. 54,248anachoreta 132arroea 127Ayresiana 138Bridgesii 133Carpenteri 144Dupetithouarsi 145exarata 130facta 148fidelis 20,23,12!Gabbii 148Hillebrandi i. .21, 23, 124infumata 21,23,123Mormoniim 141Nickliniana 132ramentosa 133rufocinct a 147sequoicola 146Traski 143tudiculata 140Agnatha 52,254,352a^restis (Limax) 28, 89, 233, 235, 236, 237, 238,452, 453, 462Agriolimax 236albella (Helix) 251Albersi (Glandina) 22, 346albilabris (Pupa) 325albocincta (Helix) 394albolabris (Helix) 297,299,309(Mesodon) .... 30, 31, 33, 35, 295, 296, 298,299, 301, 304, 309, 310, 311, 390albolineata (Helix) 394albozonata (Helix) 394albus (Zonites) C5algira (Glandiua) 46alliarius (Zonites) 230alpestris (Vertigo) 28, 190altemata (Anguispira) 256(Helix) 255(Patula) . . 12, 13, 30, 31, 32, 35, 253, 255, 259alternatus (Bulimulns) 38,395,396,402(Bulimus) 397,398,400(Thaumastus) 397alticola (Pupa) 174Amalia 236gagates 89,90505 .
506 GENERAL INDEX.Page.Amalia marginata 98Americana (Vitrina) 177Ammonitella Yatesi 113Tatesii 114Amphibula 110amphibia (Succlnea) 343amplexus (Helix) 125(Planorbis) 251AmpuUaria 251,409Araurensis (Helix) 185anachoreta (Aglaja) 132(Helix) 132Anadenus -- 105Anchistoma thyroides -114Andersoni (Ariolimax) 20,23,95,96,97,102,103, 463( Arion) 21, 23, 103, 107, 4:>9Andrewsi (Mesodon) 34, 298, aOl(Zonites) 34, 228Angelic? (Vitrina) 27, 28, 176, 177, 178Angnispira alternata 255Braneri 165Cooperi 165Cumberlandiana 258Idahoensis 169perspectiva 260solitaria 254striatella 70strigosa 165angnlata (Helix) 250, 251anilis (Polygyra) 22annexa (Succinea) 473annuLita (Helix) 182Anomphalus Meekii 321antiquorum (Limax) 450antivergo (Vertigo) 28antivertigo (Pupa) 335aperta (Succinea) 343apex (Helix) 63AplodoD nodosum 321appressa (Helix) 286,287(Triodopsis) 29, 30, 33, G5, 283, 287(Xolotrema) 288appressua (Meaodon) 313arborea (Hyalina) 61arboretorum (Helix) 132arboreas (Zonitea) 19, 23, 30, 31, 32, 35, 61, 65,179, 201, 202, 203, 356, 388arbnstorum (Arionta) 124, 126(Helix) ., 250arctica (Pupa) 473areolata (Euparypha) 22Ariadnae (Polygyra) 376(Daedalochila) 376(Polygyra) 38,360,376Ariolimax 24,40,43,54,92,103,104,107Andersoni 20, 23, 93, 95, 96, 97, 102,103, 463Califomicus . .20, 23, 92, 93, 94, 95, 97, 99,100, 101, 102Coiombianus 19, 23, 92, 95, 96, 98,101, 103Hecocki 95HeQQxi. 103
Page.Ariolimax Hemphilli 20, 23, 50, 93, 95, 96, 97,98, 102niger 20, 23, 93, 94, 95, 97, 100, 102Arion 43, 54, 93, 96, 101, 104, 234, 458Andersoni 21, 23, 103, 107, 459, 463empiricorum 98, 463foliolatua 20, 23, 103, 459, 463fuscus 28,459,400,461,462boitenais 96,107,459,460,461( Locbea) empiricorum 463Arionta 24,41,43,54,124,248arbustorum 124, 126arrosa 21, 23, 124, 125, 126, 131Bridgesi : 134Ayresiana 2 1, 23, 125, 126, 138Californionsia .... 21,23,125,126,130,136Carperteri 21,22,23,125,126,144cii cumcarinata 141, 142crebristriata 137cypreophila 140Diabloensis 21, 23, 50, 125, 126, 135Dupetithouarai 21, 23, 125, 126, 145exarata 21, 23, 125, 126, 129, 136facta 125,148,149Gabbi 21, 23, 126, 148Holderiana 127intercisa . .21, 23, 125, 126, 137Kelletti 21, 23, 125, 126, 149, 151Lohri 22Morraonuni 21, 23, 126, 136, 140NickliDiana 21, 43, 125, 126, 127, 130,131,135,140,144,145,147ptycophora 128ramentosa , 21,125,133,137redimita 125,137,138Remondi 144reticulata 134,135Rowelli 22,25ruficincta 21,23,126,147,149,248sequoicola .... 21, 23, 125, 126, 136, 145, 146Stearnaiana 21, 22, 125, 126, 148, 149,150, 151, 150Stiversiana 23,127tenuistriata 148Townsendiana 20, 23, 25, 43, 124, 126,128, 249Traski . ... 21, 23, 125, 126, 139, 143, 145, 147tudiculata .... 19,21,23,124,125,126,139Arizonensis (Leucocbila) 173(Pupa) 25,173arraifera (Leucocbila) 326(Pupa) 30,31,33,36,325arniigera (Mesodon) 474(Pup.i) 326arrosa (Aglaja) 127(Arionta) 21,23,124,125,126,131(Helix) 127artemisia (Bulimulas) 22Arthuri (Vertigo) 473nsiatica (Vallonia) 473aspersa (Helix) 470(Pomatia) 37,41,469.470asteriscua (Helix) 186(Patula) 27, 87, 186, 252. 253,
GENERAL INDEX. 507
astedecus (Planogyra) 1^6atienuata (HeUx) 249aurea (Succinea) 31,33,160,340auriculata (DsedalocMla) 362(Helix) 362,363,364,369(Polygyra) 36, 360, 301 , 363, 365,367, 372auriformis (Dsedalochila) i564(Helix) * 364(Polygyra) 30, 33, 360, 361, 363aurisleporis (Bulimus) 407anstralis (Achatina) 410avara (Dsedalochila) 367(Helix) 364,367(Hemiloma) 321(Polygyra) 36, 360, 364, 366(Succinea) 30. 31, 33, 36, 337, 339Ayresiana 23,125,126,138(Aglaja) 138(Arionta) 21,138(Helix) 138B.badia (Pupa) 78,322(Pupilla) 78Bahameusis (Bulimus) 407barbigera (Helix) 277(Stenotrema) 277barbigerum (Stenotrema) 34, 272, 276barbula (Helix) 251Baskervillei (Helix) 118Batavise (Bulimus) 321Baudoni (Macrocyclis) ' '^^Baudonia 53, glBehri (Polygyra) 22Bebrii (Helix) 22Berendtia Taylori 22Berlandieriana (Dorcaaia) 38, 392, 393(Helix) 393,394(Hygromia) 393Berlandierianus (Bulimus) 409bicarinatus (Helix) 2b0(Planorbis) 251bicostata (Helix)... 224bidentifera (Helix) 251bigranata (Pupa) 473bilineatus (Tebennophorns) 2 47Binneya 11,24,54,93,107,111(Hyalina) 180notabilis 20,22,23,107,108Binneyana (Helix) 180Buineyanus (Bulimus) 397, 398(Zonites) 27,180,202,203Blandi(Pupa) 27,188(Pupilla) 188Bollesiana (Vertigo) 27,28,191,473Bonplandi (Helix) 134,251borealis (Onchidella) 20, 23, 161, 162(Pupa) 27,28,188Breweri (Helix) 61,62(Hyalina) 61Bridgesi (Arionta) 134Bridgesii (Aglaja) 133(Helix) 133,134Biuneri (Angnispira) 165
Pa?e.Bruneri (Helix) 168Bryanti (Patula) 34,260Buccinum fasciatum 433striatum 348bucculenta (Helix) 314,388(Mesodon) 314bucculentus (Mesodon) 30,315Buifoniana (Pomatia) 471bulbina (Helix) 318Buliminus 325montanus 325obscurus 331Bulimulidas 54Bulimulus 24, 25, 38, 40, 47, 54, 91, 110, 354, 394alternatus 38,395,396,402artemisia 22Californicus 22,409dealbatus. .36, 394, 395, 396, 398, 400, 401Dormani 36, 37, 394, 396, 406, 408excelsus 22Floridanus 36, 37, 395, 396, 40TGuadelupensis 394inscendens 22maculatua 37Marielinus 37, 394, 395, 408Mooreanus 400mnltilineatus 37. 394, 396, 404pallidior 22patriarcha 38, 395, 396pilula 22proteus 22Schiedeanus 38, 395, 396, 398, 399serperastrns 39,403sufflatus 22,395Xantusi 22Ziegleri 22Bulimus 409acicula 409acutus 409alternatus 397,400aurisleporis 407Bahameusis 407BatavisB 321Berlandierianus 409Binneyanus 397, 398Californicus 22candidissimus 400
chordatus 409confinis 401,402dealbatus 397,401decollatus 409,457Donuani 406elongatus 404,405exiguus 409fallax 325fasciatus 409,433Floridanus 407, 410Gabbi 22Gossei 409,416gracillimus 409, 427harpa 185-409hordeanus ? 331Humboldti 409Jouaaj ...?--.-.- .--?? 4.07,
508 GENERAL INDEX.
Page.Bulimus Kieneri 400, 415lactariua 401, 402lacticinctus 407Laurentii 409LiebmaDni 403lilacinns 403limneiformis 410liquabilis 401, 402lubricoides 194lubricus 194, 409maculatus 406marginatua 325, 409Maris. 397,398,399Marielinus 408luembranaceus 407Menkeanus 405MeDkei 404, 405Mexicanus 409modicus 409, 417Mooreanus 401multilineatus 404, 405mutilatus 409, 457Nebrascensis 410neglect us 4O9nitelinus 403obscurus 331octona 409octoDoides 425papyraceus 407patnarcha 396perversua 410radiatus 409reses 438Schiedeanus 400, 401spirifer 22striatus 348,409subcyliudricus 194sabula 425Bubulas 409snperastrns 403undatus 438urceus 409venosus 404, 405vermetns 409vexillum 409, 410, 433virgulatus 404xanthostomus 400zebra .-. . . 438Ziebmanni 403Bulla 438fasciata 433-tnincata 348biillatn (Achrttina) 351,410(Glandina) 38,347,350(Oleacina) 351C.caduca (Helix) 352(Hyalina) 352caducus (Zonites) 38, 352CaUfornica (Achatina) 410(columua) 22, 410(Pupa) 21,23,^157(Pupllla) *157
Page.Californicus (Ariolimax) 20,23,92,93,04,95,97,99, 101, 102(Bulimulns) 22, 409(Bulimus) 22Californiensls (Arionta) 21, 23, 125, 126, 130, 136(Helix) 130, 132Calumetensis (Succinea) 338campestris (Limax) 14, 19, 23, 28, 30, 32, 35, 89.164, 235, 236, '231(Succinea) 36, 175, 337, 338, 341, 413(Zonites) 27Campylssa lapicida 468capillacea (Helix) 207capnodes (Helix) 205(Zonites) 33, 201, 203, 205, 209, 210capsella (Helix) 221(Hyalina) 221(Zonites) 34,221,222CaracollaEdgariana 275helicoides 286spinosa 273carinata (Pupa) 329carinatua (Bulimus) 409carnicolor (Helix) 358Carocolla Curaberlandiana 258Carolinensis (Limax) 242(Tebennopbortis) 247Carolinianus (Limax) 342Caroliniensis (Helix) 286(Philomycus) 242(Tebennophorus) 31, 33, 36, 151,239, 240, 241, 246(Triodopsis) 287Carpenteri (Aglaja) 144(Arionta) 21, 22, 23, 125, 126, 144(Helix) 144(Ouchidella) 19, 162, 163(Oncbidium) 23,163Carpenteriana (Helix) 380(Polygyra) .36, 360, 377, 3S0, 381, 3S2Carycbium corticaria 330exiguum 51, 409castaneus (Limax) 163, 164catascopius (Helix) 250ccUaiia (Helix) 449(Hyalina) 449cellarius (Zonites) 28, 201, 202, 203, 204, 218, 448cereolus (Helix) 379(Polygyra) 36, 360, 370, 379, 382cerinoidea (Helix) 353(Hyalina) 353(Mesompbix) 353cerinoideus (Zonites) 36, 201, 353cbersina (Helix) 67,68(Hyalina) 67cbersiuella (Conulus) 67(Helix) 87(Hyalina) 87chersinellus (Zonites) 20, 21, 87cbersiiius (Connhi.s) 67Cbilboweensis (Helix) '. 320(Mesodon) 320Chimotrema planiuseula 321Chondiopoma dentatnm 37
GENERAL INDEX. 509
Pa-IP.chordata (Papa) 22, 409chordatus (Bnlitnus) 409chrysis (Succinea) 175, 473Chrysti (Helix) 308(Mesodon) 34,295,308cicercula (Helix) 394cingulata (Succinea) 22Cionella lubrica 194subcylindrica 194(Zna) Morseana 194circunicarinata (Arionta) 141, 142citrina (Succinea).: 442Clarkii (Helix) 307(Mesodon) 34, 295, 307(Xolotrema) 307clausa (Helix) 289, 306, 316(Mesodon) 316(Xolotrema) 289Clausilia 40acrolepeia 321contraria 410clausns (Mesodon) 30, 33, 49, 295, 304, 306, 315candidissimus (Bulimus) 400Cochlicopa rosea 348Cochlo.styla undata 438Coecilianella 55, 427acicula 37, 195, 409, 427, 429CcBlocentrum irregulare 22, 321coenopictus 325Columbiana (HeUx) 117(Mesodon) 117Columbianus (Ariolimax) 19, 23, 92, 95, 96, 98,101, 103(Limax) .98,239(Me.sodon) 19, 23, 115, 116,295, 296,474colnmella (Limnsea) 343(Pupa) 474Columna Califomica 22,410teres 410vermiculus 410complanata (Toxotrema) 321concava (Helix) 200(Macrocyclis) 30, 31, 32, 35, 79, 83, 85,199, 384concisa (Cylindrella) 416concolor (Hypopus) 305Concordiali.s (Succinea) 38, 196, 441confinis (Bulimus) 401,402conspecta (Helix) 87(Hyalina) 87(Pseudohyalina) 87conspectus ( Zonites) 20, 22, 23, 8ttcontectoides (Vivipara) 250contracta (Leucochila) 328(Pupa) 30, 31, 33, 36, 327, 335(Vertigo) 335contraria (Clausilia) 410Conulus 67chersinella 87cber.sinns 67Fabricii 179Gundlacbi 354minutissima 71priscus 230eonrexa (H?lix) 281
Page.convexa (Stenotrema) 278, 321Cooperi (Anguispira) 165(Helix) ' 165(Patala) 32,166,252Copei ( Triodopsis) 38, 39, 388corneola (Glandina) 351(Oleacina) 351corpulenta (Pupa) 25, 172(Pupilla) 172corpuloides (Helix) 251corrugata (Helix) 250corticaria (Carychium) 330(Leucochila) 330(Odostomia) 330(Pupa) 31, 33, 36, 322, 328, 830, 335(Vertigo) 335costata (Helix) 78costnlata (Pupa) 185, 331Concbiana (Helix) 376crebristriata (Arionta) 137(Helix) 137crenata (Achatina) 433Cronkbitei 187(Helix) 70(Patula) 70Ctenoporaa rngulosnm 37cultellata (Helix) 230cultellatus (Zonites) 22, 229Cumberlandiana (Anguispira) 258(Carocolla) 258(Helix) 258(Patnla) 34, 49, 250, 253, 256,257, 258, 259, 287Cumberlandicns (Helix) 250ctiprea (Omphalina) 207, 321curvidens (Pupa) 323, 324cuspidatus (Zonites) 34,226Cyclostoma ." 259marginata 325Cylindrella 47, 54, 91, 110, 259, 354, 405, 410, 436concisa 416elegana 411Goldfussi 413, 423Hydeana 416jejuna 36, 37, 413lactaria 412ornata 411Poeyana 37,411,412pontiiica 413, 415Eoemeri 413, 422variegata 412, 413CyUndrellidsa 54cypreophila (Arionta) 140(Helix) 140D.Dsedalochila 114Ariadnse 376auriculata 362auriformis 364avara 367Dorfeuilliana 374espicola 366fastigans 270Hazard! 267
510 GENERAL INDEX.Page.Dsedalochila Hindsi 368hippocrepis 372Jacksoni 373leporina 266Mooreana 371Postelliana 365pustula 382pastuloidea 383Texasiana 369tholus 37]triodontoides 370Troostiana 269uvulifera 363ventrosula 368Dandebardla 109dealbata (Helix) 251,401doalbatua (Bulimulus) .36, 394, 395, 396, 398, 400, 401(Bulimus) 397, 401(Scutalua) 401Decampii (Succinea) : 338decisa (Helix) 250, 251(Melantho) 251decoUata (Helix) 457(Runiina) 457(Stenogyra) . .34, 409, 423, 424, 456, 457, 468decollatus (Bulimua) 409,457decora(Pupa) 27,188,189,335(Pupilla) 189(Vertigo) 335decnmana (Strophia) 419decaasata (Achatina) 351(Glandina) 38,347,351dejecta (Helix) 390deltostoma (Pupa) 328demissa (Helix) 212(Hyalina) 212(Mesomphix) 212demissua (Zonitea) 34,201,212,222,388denotata (Helix) 285dentatum (Chondropoma) 37Dentellaria 47dentifera (Helix) 312,389(Meaodon) 312,389dentiferua (Meaodon) 30, 31, 33, 35, 295, 312depicta (Helix) 250detonata (Helicodonta) 286detrita (Pupa) 420devia (Helix) 118(Meaodon) 118deviua (Meaodon) 20, 23, 25, 1 18, 295, 296Diabloenaia ( Arionta) 21, 23, 50, 125, 126, 135(Helix) 135(Lyainoe) 135diodonta 252(Helix) 319diaaidena (Helix) 200diaainiilia (Helix) 251Ditiemata 52, 56divesta (Helix) 390divestus (Meaodon) 38, 39, 295, 313, 390domestica (Helix) 178, 251Dorcaaia 54,248,392Beilandieriana 38, 392, 393griseola 38, 392, 393, 394Dorfeuilliana (Dtedalochila) 374
Page.Dorfeuilliana (Helix) 267,270,374(Polygyra) 30, 32, 271, 360, 374Dormani (Bulimul ua) 36, 37, 394, 396, 406, 408(Bulimns) 406(Lioatracua) 406dorsalis (Limax) 245(Pallifera) 245(Philomycua) 245(Tebennopbonis) .. .31, 33, 36, 240, 241, 244Downieana (Helix) ? 317(Meaodon) 317Downieanua (Meaodon) 34, 295, 317DrymsBus aerperaatrua 403dubia (Helix) 256Dupetithouarsi (Aglaja) 145( Arionta) 21, 23, 125, 126, 145(Helix) 145Duranti (Helix) 85(Hyalina) 86(Macrocyclis) 20, 23, 79, 81, 85(Patula) 85(Selenitea) 474E.edentula 305(Pupa) 47S(Vertigo) 2?Edgariana (CaracoUa) 275(Helix) 275Edgarlanum (Stenotrema) 34, 272, 274, 277Edvardsi (Helix) 27ff(Stenotrema) 34,272,275Edwardsi (Stenotrema) 275eflfuaa (Succinea) .., 36,337,442egena (Helix) 67,68, 354elaamodon (Zonitea) 227Elaamognatha 45, 55electrina (Helix) 64(Hyalina) 64elegana (Cylindrella) 411(Succinea) 28elevata (Helix) 307(Meaodon) 307(Xolotrema) 307elevatns (Meaodon) 30, 33, 35, 295, 296, 306EUiotti (Helix) 219(Macrocyclia) 219'(Zonitea) 34,201,219elongatua (Bulimua) 404,405'empiiicorum (Arion) 98, 463:ephabua (Helix) 385eapicola (Dasdalochila) 365(Helix) 365(Polygyra) 36, 360, 361, 364, 366, 367Eumelua lividua 239nebnloaua 239Enparypha 54,154,248areolata 22levia 22,156Pandorse 22Tryoni 21, 23, 126, 137, 138, 155Veitchii 22Enrycratera lineolata' , 251euspira (Macrocyclis) 79, 81Evanai (Helix) 261
GENERAL INDEX. 511Pageexarata (Aglaja) 130(Arionta) 21,23, 125, 126, 129, 136(Helix) J 130excavatus (Zonites) 62excelans (Bulimulus) 22exigua (Helix) 181(Hyalina) 182(Pseudohyalina) 182(Pupa) 331exiguum (Carychium) 51, 409exjguus ( Bulimns) 409(Zonites) 27,87,181,202,204exilis {Vitrina) 27, 28, 176, 178exoleta (Helix) 309(Mesodon) 309,310exoletus (Mesodon) 30, 33, 295, 296, 299, 301,304, 309,311F.Fabricii (Connlua) 179(Helix) 179(Hyalina) 179(Zonites) 27, 28, 175)facta (Aglaja) 148(Arionta) 125, 148, 149(Hehx) 148fallax (Bulimus) 325(Helix) 292(Leucochila) - 325(Pupa) 31, 33, 36, 38, 173, 322, 324, 331,409,418(Papilla) 325(Triodopsis) ... 30, 31, 33, 35, 283, 292, 294, 385fasciata (Acliatina) 433(Bulla) 433(Liguus) 433fasciatus (Bulimus) 409, 433(Liguus) . . 13, 37, 409, 430, 431, 432, 437, 441fasciatum (Buccinuni) 433fasciis nigris 462fastigans (Daedalochila) 270(Helix) 270(Polygyra) 34, 268, 269, 270, 360, 370,371, 375fastigata (Polygyra) 270fastigiata (Helicina) 270(Helix) 267, 269, 270, 374Febigeri (Helix) 381( Polygyra) 36, 360, 381Fergusoni (Patula) 257ferrea (Helix) 181(Hyalina) 181( Striatura) 181ferreus (Zonites) 27,67,181,203FeruBsacia 55, 193lubrica , 194subcylindrica 20, 23, 25, 27, 28, 193,194, 409, 410, 429fldelis (Aglaia). 120,121,126,141(Aglaja) 20,23,121(Helix) 121fimbriatus (Helicodiscus) 34, 2G2finitima (Helix) 267flammigera (Acatina) 410, 440flavus (Limax) 28, 90, 235, 236, 237, 451
Page.flexuolaris (Philomyons) 247(Vaginulus) 448floccata(H.) 187Floridana (Veronicella) 23, 36, 161, 446Floridanus ( Bulimulus) 36, 37, 395, 396, 407(Bulimus) 407,410(Lioetracns) 407(Vaginulus) 446flornlifera (Helix) 363foliolatus (Arion) 20,23,103,450,463Forsheyi (Succinea) 344Frank! (Holix) 143frateina (Helix) 279,281frateinum (Stenotrema) 276,280,281friabiUs (Helix) ... 208(Hyalina) 208(Zonites) 30, 32, 206, 207,208, 218Frnticicola 54,248,392,463hispida 28,463,464rufescens 28, 464fuliginosa (Helix) 207,209(Hyalina) 207fuliginosus (Limax) 239(Zonites) 30, 31, 32, 35, 201, 204,205, 207, 212fulva (Helix) 67(Hyalina) 67fulVU8 ( Zonites) 20, 23, 25, 27, 28, 32, 36, 65, 67180, 201, 203, 354fuscata (Agatina) 321, 438, 440(Helix) 251fuscus (Arion) 28,459,460,461(Limax) 461(Philomycus) 247(Vaginulus) 448fusiformis (Glandina) 346G.Gabbi (Arionta) 21,23,126,148(Bulimus) 22G-abbii (Aglaja) 148(Helix) 148(Succinea) 160gagates (Amalia) 90(Limax) 89gallina-sultana (Orthalicus) 437,441Gastrodonta 223gularis 224interna 229lasmodon 227multidentata 183significans 228suppressa 228Georaalacus 105Geophila 51,199,445germana (Helix) 115(Stenotrema) 115germanum (Stenotrema) 114, 117, 272, 474germanus (Mesodon) 19,23Gbiesbreghti (Aglaia) 121gibbosa (Pupa) 329Glandina 24, 25, 37, 38, 41, 43, 52, 79, 80, 202, 204,233, 253, 345, 410Albersi 22, 346aleira _ 846
512 GENERAL INDEX.
Page.Glandina bnllata 38, 347, 350corneola 351decussata 38,347,351fusiformis 346Marminii 352parallela 349plicatula 346rosea 346semitarum 346Sowerbj-ana 346Texaslana 38, 347, 349, 351truncata....36, 345, 346, 348,351,409, 410Vanuxemensis. .38, 347Vanuxeraii 347glandulosa (Hemphillia) 20,23,110,111glans (Planorbis) 348(Polyphemus) 348glapbyra (Helix) 217, 449globulaiis (Toxostoma) 321(Toxotrema) 321Glyptoatoma 25,54,152,248Xewberryanum 21, 23, 152, 153Gnatbophora 52Goldfusai (Cylindiella) 413, 423(Holospira) 38, 421, 422Gongylostoma 411jejuna 413Poeyana 412Gonioguatba 45, 436Gonostoma 54,112, 248(Stenogyra) 423Yatesi 21,23,113Gossei (Bullmus) 409, 416(Macroceramus) 37, 38, 39, 414, 416Gouldi (Vertigo) 27,28,190Gouldii (latbmia) 190(Pupa) 190, 331gracilis (Limax) 239gracillima (Acbatina) 410, 427(Melaniella) 427(Stenogyra) 37, 409, 423, 426gracillituus (Bulimus) 409, 427Greeiii (Succinea) 341griscola (Dorcasia) 38, 392, 393, 394(Holix) 394(Hygroma) 394griseus 462Grcenlandica (Succinoa) 27,28, 197GroBvenorii (Succinea) 31,33, 344Guadelupensis (Bulimulus) 394gularis (Gastrodouta) *. 234(Helix) 224,226,249( Zonites) 30, 32, 201, 203, 224, 226Gundlachi (Connlus) 428,354(Helix) 354(Zonites) 37,69,203,353Guppya 354
hsemastomus (Hemitrochus) 358Haleana (Succinea) 38, 343Halei (Succinea) 344baliotoidea (Teatacella) 352baliotoides (Helix) 251Hammonig (Helix) 178
Page.Harfordiana (Helix) 114(Polygyra) 21,114(Triodopsifl) 114,118,110harpa (Acantbinula) 27, 33, 184, 185, 409(Bulimus) 185, 409(Helix) 185(Zoogenites) 185hasta (Stenogyra) 423Hawkinsi (Succinea) 20, 23, 168Hawkinsii (Succinea) 158Haydeni (Helix) 165, 167(Patula) 167(Succinea) 27,196,197,337Hazardi (Doedalocbila) 267(Helix) 267(Polygyra) 34, 267, 271, 360, 361,364, 373,375bebes (Pupa) 173Hecocki (Ariolimax) 95Hecoxi (Ariolimax) 103Helicea 170Helicidffi 53, 69, 80, 90, 97, 165, 170, 184, 193, 248,263, 321, 354, 411Helicina occulta 30fastigiata 270orbiculata 30, 259plicata 267subglobulosa 37tropica 388Helicodiscus 54, 74, 262flmbriatas 34,262lineata 75lineatus 19, 25, 23, 27, 30, 31, 32,35, 74, 75Helicodonta 13detonata 286hirsuta 281helicoides (Caracolla) 286(Pupa) 332heligmoidea (Helix) 251Helix 24,33,40,43,248abjecta 390aeruginosa 127albella 251albocincta 394albolabris 297,299,309albolineata 394albozonata 394alternata 255amplexus 251Amurensis 185anacboreta 132angulata 250, 251aunulata 182apex 63appressa 286, 287arborea 61arboretorum 132arbustornm 250ii-riadnae 376arrosa 127aspersa 470asteriscua 186attenuata 249auricolata 862, 363, 364, 369
GENERAL INDEX. 513Page.Helix auriformia 364avara 364,367Ayresiana 138barbigera 277barbula 251Baskervillei 118bicarinatns 250Brthrii 22Berlandieriana 393, 394bicarinatus 250bicostata 224bidentiiera 251Binneyana 180Bonplandi 134, 251Breweri 61, 62Bridgesii 133, 134Bruneri 168bncculenta 314, 388bulbina 318caduca 352Californiensis .130, 132capillacea 207capnodes 205capsella 221carnicolor 358Caroliniensis 286Carpenteri 144Carpentoriana 380catascopius 250cellaria 449cereolua , 379cerinoidea 353chersina 67, 68chersiuella 87Chiloweensia 320Chrysti 308cicercula 394Clarkii 307clausa 289, 306, 316Colambiana 117concava 200conspecta 87convexa 281Cooperi 165corpuloidea 251corrugata 250costata 78Couchiana 376crebristriata 137Cronkheitei 70cultellata 230Cumberlantliana 258Cumberlandicua 250cypreophila 140dealbata 251,401decisa 250,251decollata 457dejecta 390demissa 212denotata 285dentifera 312, 3K9depicta 250devia 118Diabloensia 135dlodonta 3191749_Bull. 28 33
Page.Helix dissidena 20Odisaiinilia 251divesta 390domestica 178, 251Dorfeuilliana 267, 270, 374Downieana 317dabia 256Dupetithouarsi 145Duranti 85Edgariana 275Edvardsi 276egena 67, 68, 354electrina 64elerata 307Elliotti 219ephabus 385espicola 366Evanai 251exarata 130exigna 181exoleta 30?Fabricii 17afacta 148fallax 29afastigaDa 270fatigiata 267,269,270,374Febigeri 381ferrea 181fldelis 121flnitima 267florulifera 363.Frank! 14afraterna 279, 281friabilis 20Sfuliginoaa 207, 20?fulva 67fuscata 251Gabbii 148germana 115glaphyra 217, 44?griseola 394gularis 224, 226, 249Gundlachi 354haliotoidea 251Haramonis 179Harfordiana 114harpa 18SHaydeni 165, 167Hazard! 26Theligmoidea 251HemphUli 168heteroatrophua 250hieroglyph!ca 251Hillebrandi 124,14*H!ndai 368hippocrepia 372hirs 11 ta 278, 279hispida 394,464Hopetonenais 384Horuii 169hortensis 467Hubbard! 359hyrtrijphila 60Idahoenais 169immitissima 259
514 GENERAL INDEX.Page.Helix imperfecta 250incrassata 355incrustata 355indentata 62infecta 256inflecta 289infumata 123Ingallslana 316Ingersollii 170inomata 210, 211, 217intercisa 137interna 229intertexta 215introferens 293irrorata .. 251isognomostomos 279Jackson! 373ianus 64jejuna 391Kelletti 150Knoxvillina 307kopnodes 205labiosa 117labrosa 274labyrinthica 264liEvigata 209laminifera 379lasmodon 227Lavelleana 63Lawi 317Leaii 281,282Lecontii 116Leidyi 251leporina 266levis 156ligera 213limatula 220limitaris 261lineata 75lineolata 251linguifera 288Lohrii 22loricata 116lubrica 194lucida 60lucubrata 208, 209macilenta 227major 297marginicola 230Mauriniana 63maxillata 280Mazatlanica 87microdonta 380milium 66minuscula 63, 71minuta 77, 250minutalis 63minutissima 71Mitcbelliana 304, 306, 316Mobiliana 391monodon 280, 281, 388Mooreana 371mordax 256, 257Mormonum 141,142,143Mnllani 26,118,119
Page.Helix maltidentata 183multilineata 303Nebrascenais 251nemorivaga 132Kewberryana 153KickUniana 132, 134, 137, 138nitida 60, 179notata 285Nuttalliana 121obliqua 251obstricta 286occidentalis 251oppilata 374Oregonensis 145Ottonis 61pachyloma 393paUiata 285, 286pallida 250paludosus 249palustris 251Parkeri 133, 134parvus 250patula 260pauper 187pedestris 128pellucida 178, 250Pennsylvanica 304, 316peregrina 250persouata 251pei'spectiva 260pisana 250Pisana 358planorboides 200planorbula 379plebeium 464plicata 269,373polychroa 358polygyrella 172pomum-adami 229porcina 279PosteUiana 365priscus 230profunda 318ptychophora 128,129pulchella 77punctata 251pura 64pusilla 354pustula 266, 382, 383pustuloides 383pygmaa 71Rafinesquea 213ramentosa 133rastellum 251redimita 138Eemondi 144resplendens 219reticulata 13Srhodocbeila 358Richardi 318Eoemeri . 389lotula 221Kowelli 250ruderata 70, 251rudis 249
GENERAL INDEX. 515Page.Helix rufa 211,299rufescens 464nifocincta 147Kugeli 290raida 128Sagraiana 249Sandiegoensis 249Sayi 319Sayii 364aaxicola 355scabra 256sculptilis 218selenina 356septemvolva 377, 379sequolcola 146signiflcans 228sinuata 279solitaria 254, 262spatiosa 251spinosa 273splendidula 394sportella 84Stearnsiana 151Steenstrupii 251stenotrema 278strangulata 251striatella 69, 182strigosa 165strougylodes 256subcarinata 251subcarinatus 250sabcylindrica 194subglobosa 13, 467aubmeris 358snbplana 216suppresaa 225Tamaiilipasensis 369Tennesseensis 307tennistriata 148, 261terrestria 466Texaaiana 267, 270, 369, 370tholus 371thyroides 305, 314Townsendiana 128Traskii 143tridentata 291,385triodontoides 370trivolvis 250Troostiana 267,269,374Trumbnlli 250Tryoni 154,155tudiculata 140undata 438urceus 251uvulifera 363Vancouverenais 82Van Noatrandi 294variabilia... 251varians 358Vendryesiana 359vellicata 82ventrosula 368vetiista 251vexillum 433vincia 130
Jlelix virginalia 393virgiDea 251virginica 250viridata 250viridula 64vitrina 251vitrinoides . 219, 251vivipara 250volvoxia 377, 378vortex 261, 356Voyana 84vnltnosa 386, 387, 388Wardiana 213Wetherbyi 313Wheatleyi 311Whitneyi 86zaleta 309Hemiloma avara 321ovata 321Hemitrocbus 54, 126, 35Tbaemaatonms 358Milleri 357varians 13, 37, 357, 35SHemphilli (Ariolimax) 20, 23, 50, 93, 95, 96, 97,98, 102(Helix) 168(Macrocyclis) 20, 23, 79, 85(Patula) 25, 32, 167, 168, 253( Piophysaon) 19, 23, 103, 104, 105(Tebennophorus) 241HempbUlia 24, 40, 43, 54, 93, 110glanduloaa 20,23,110,111Henriettae (Triodopsis) 387beterostrophua (Helix) 250Hewstoni ( Limax) 20, 23, 88, 235, 236Heynemannia 236hieroglypbica (Helix) 251Higginsi (Succinea) 198Hillebrandi (Aglaia) 124(Aglaja) 21,23,124(Helix) 124,143Hindsi (Dajdalocbila) 368(Helix) 368(Polygyra) 38,360,368hippocrepia (Daedalochila ?) 372(Belix) 372(Polygyra) 38,360,372birsuta (Helicodonta) 281(Helix) 278,279(Stenotrema) 279(Triodopsis) 279birsutum (Stenotrema) 30, 31, 33, 35, 272, 274,275, 276, 277, 278, 280, 370bispida (Fruticicola) 28,464(Helix) 394,464(Hygromia) 464Holderiana (Arionta) 127Holognatba . .45, 52, 53Holospira 25, 38, 55, 413, 421Goldfussi 38,421,422Pfeifferi 421Kemondi 22Roemeri 38,421,422Tryoni 421Hopetonensis (Helix) 384
616 GENERAL INDEX.
Page.Hopetonensis (Triodopsis) 31, 33, 35, 283, 292,294, 384Hoplobienia 86Hoppii (Pupa) 27,28,189(PapiUa) 189Hoptotiema 474hordacea (Leucochila) 173(Pnpa) 25,173hordeanns (Balimtis) 331HomiPatula 25,169,253Homii (Helix) 169(Hyaliua) 169hortensis (Arion) 06,107,459,460(Helix) 467(Tachea) 12, 28, 41, 42, 466, 4?7, 469Hubbardi (Helix) 359(Strobila) 38,39,263,264,359Hnmboldti (Bulimus) 409Hyaliinax 110Hyalina 201,220arborea 61Binneyana 180Breweri 61caduca 352capaella 221cellaria 449cerinoidea 353cbersina 67cherainella 87conspecta 87demissa 212Duranti 86electrina 64exigua 182Fabricii 179feirea 181friabilis 208fiiliginosa 207fnlva 67Hornii 169indentata 62inomata 217interna 229intertexta 213kopnodes 205laevigata 210lasmodon 227ligera 213limatula 220lineata 75miliam 66multidestata 183minuscnla 63miDutissima 71nitida 60otton is 61pauper 187sculptilis 218significans 228subplana , 216subrupicola 62, 63viridula 64vortex. 356Hydeana (Cylindrella) 416hydropbila (HeUx) 60
Pago.Hygromia Berlandieriana 39?griseola 394hispida 464jejnna 391rnfescens 464hyperboreus (Limax) 473Hypopns concolor 305I.Idahoensis (Anguispira) 169(Helix) 169(Patula) 25, 32, 167, 168, 252immitissima (HeUx) 250imperfecta (HeUx) 250implicata 374incana (Pupa) 331,419(Strophla) 37.48,418,419Incillaria 240incrassata (Helix) 355Incrustata (Helix) 355(Micropbysa) 38,39,354,355(Patula) 261(Pseudohyalina) 355indentata (Helix) 62(Hyalina) 62indentatns (Zonites) 19,23,25,30,31,32,35,38,62, 65, 201, 219infecta (Helix) 256inflata (Snccinea) 443inflecta (Helix) 289(Isognomostoma) 289(Triodopsis) . . .30, 33, 116, 283, 289, 290, 384infnmata (Aglaia) 21.120,123,126,141(Aglaja) 23,123(Helix) 123Ingallsiana (Helix) 316(Mesodon) 316Ingersolbi (Helix) 170(Limax) 163,164(Micropbysa) 25, 170, 354, 355inomata (Helix) 210,211,217(Hyalina) 217inornatus (Zonites) 30, 31, 32,35, 48, 49,201,204,211,216,217,219inscendens (Bnlimulus) 22intercisa (Arionta) 21, 23, 125, 126, 137(Helix) 137(Polymita) 137interna (Gastrodonta) 229(Helix) 229(Hyalina) 229internns (Zonites) 30,32,229intertexta (Helix) 215(Hyalina) 213(Mesomphix) 215intertextus (Zi.nites) 30. 32, 35, 201, 204, 214, 388introferens (Helix) 293(Triodopsis) 283,293iostoma (Stiopbia) 419i08i omus (Orthalicus) 437irregulare (Coelocentrum) 22, 321irrorata (Helix) 251Isognomostoma inflecta 289Rugeli 290isognomostomos (Helix) 279
GENERAL INDEX. 517Page.Isthmia 332fiollesiana 191Gouldii 190ovata 334ventricosa 192J.
"Jacksonl (Dsedalocjiila) 373(Helix) 373(Polygyra) ^..38,39,373janus (HeUx) 64jejuna (Cjlindrella) 36, 37, 413(Gongylostoma) 413(Helix) 391(Hygromia) 391jejunu.'i (Mesodon) 36, 295, 390Jonasi (Bulimus) 407Junior ? Helix bulbina 318K.Kelletti (Arionta) 21, 23, 125, 126, 149,151(Helix) 150Kieneri (Bulimns) 409,415( Macroceramus) 37, 409, 415KnoxviUiua (Helix) 307kopnodes (Helix) 205(Hyalina) 205(Zonites) 205Krausseara (Pupa) 474L.labiosa (Helix) 117labrosa (Helix) 274(Stenotrema) 274labrosum (Stenotrema) 34, 272, 274, 275labyrinthica (Helix) 264(Strobila) 30, 31, 32, 35, 41, 47, 263,264, 360lactaria (Cylindrella) 412lactarius 398(Bulimus) 401,402lactea (H.) 251laevigata (Helix) 209(Hyalina) 210la;vigatu8 (Zonites) 30, 32, 81, 201, 202, 203, 204,207,209, 212,213laevis (Limax) 28, 238iamellata ( Acanthinula) 185laminifera (Helix) 379Lansingi (Microphyea) 20, 23, 90, 354, 429(Zonites) 90, 230lapicida (Campylaea) 468lasmodon (Gastrodonta) 227( Helix) 227(Hyalina) 227(Zonites) 34, 201, 203, 227, 228iaticinctus (Bulimus) 407latissima (Vitrina) 179, 232latissimus ( Vitrinizonites) 34, 50, 231Lanrentii (Bulimns) 409Lavelleana (Helix) 63Lawi (HeUx) 317(Mesodon) 34, 317(Zonites) 34, 221Leaii ( Helix) 281, 282
Leaii (Stenotrema) 280Lecontii (Helix) 116Leidyi (Helix) 251lenticula 113leporina (DadalochUa) 266(HeUx) 266(Polygyra) 30, 32, 50, 266, 360, 383, 384Leptomerus Marielinus 408Leptoxis 251LeucochUa 324Arizonensis 173armifera 326contracta 328corticaria 330fallax 325bordacea 173marginata 325pellucida 418pentodon 323rupicola 329Levettei (Triodopsis) 38, 39, 385levis (Enparypha) 22, 156(Helix) 156Liebmanni (Bulimus) 403ligera (Helix) 213(Hyalina) 213(Mesomphix) 213ligerus (Zonites) 30, 32, 35, 201, 213, 215, 220, 353Lignus 47, 55, 73, 429fasciata 433fasciatus .... 13, 37, 409, 430, 431, 432, 437, 441picta 433virgineus 410, 430, 431, 432lilacinus (Bulimns) 403Limaces 17Limacidffl 13, 53, 60, 86, 163, 175, 204, 254, 352, 448limacum Acarus 305limatula (Helix) 220(Hyalina) 220(Pseudohyalina) 220limatalus (Zonites) 30,32,201,220Limax 43, 53, 80, 88, 97, 101, 104, 163, 232, 233,253, 450, 459, 460agrestis 28, 89, 233, 235, 236, 237, 238,452,453, 462antiquorum 450campestris 14, 19, 23, 27, 28, 30, 32, 35,89,164, 235, 236, 237Carolinensis 242Carolinianus 242castaneus 163, 164Columbianus 98,239dorsalis 245flavus 28,90,235,236,237,451,452fuliginosus 239fuscus 461(Amalia) gagates 89gracilis 239Hewstoni 20,23,88,235,236hyperboreus 473Ingersolli 163,164laevis 28, 238lineatus 239marmoratus 239, 242, 244maximus 28, 233, 235, 236, 450, 453
518 GENERAL INDEX.
Page.Limax montanus 25,163,233,236occidentalis 235,237oliyaceas 239Sowerbi 88togata 242,244tnnicata 454variegatns 452, 462
"Weinlandi 235,238,239limitaria (Helix) 261LimnaBa .259,336colamella 343palustris 25tlimneiformia (Bnlimns) 410Limnophila 51limpida (Vitrina) 27, 28, 88, 176, 177lineata (Helicodiscus) 75(Helix) 75(Hyalina) 75(Succinea) 31, 33, 174, 196, 337, 341lineatus (Limax) 239(Helicodiscus) 19, 23, 25, 27, 30, 31, 32,35, 74, 75lineolata (Enrycratera) 251(Helix) 251lingnifera (Helix) 288Lioplax 250snbcarinata 251Liostracns Donnani 406rioridamis 407liqnabilis (Bulimns) 401, 402lividns (Eumelus) 239(Pliilomycue) 247Lochea 460,463Loliri (Arionta) 22Lohrii (Helix) 22longus (Ortbalicus) 437loricata (Helix) 116(Triodopsis) 21,23,115,283labrica (Achatina) 194,410(Cionella) 194(Ferussacia) 194(Helix) 194(Zaa) 194Inbricoidea (Zua) 194lubricoides (Bulimus) 194lubricus (Bulimus) 194, 409lucida (Helix) 60lucubrata (Helix) 208,209(Zonites) 210lucubratus (Zonites) 210Lundstromi (Pupa) 474lunula (Triodop-sis) 291, 321Inteola (Succinea) 38, 441Lysinoe Diabloensis 135M.MacUenta (Helix) 227Macilentus (Zonites) 34,227Macroceramus 331, 409, 411, 413, 436Gossei 37, 38, 39, 414, 416Kieneri 37,409,415pontiflcns 413, 414signatus 413, 414turricula 414
Page.Macrocyclis 24, 40, 53, 70, 199, 202, 204, 251, 265Baudoni...! 7&concava-30, 31, 32, 35, 79, 83, 85, 199, 384Duranti 20,23,79,81,85Elliotti 21&euspira 79, 81Hemphilli 20,23,79,85Newberryana 153sportella 19, 23, 79, 80, 81, 83Vancouverensis 19, 20, 23, 25, 79,80,81, 82, 84, 85, 182, 200Voyana 20,21,23,79,80,84maculata (Mesodon) 321maculatus (Bulimulus) 37(Bulimns) 406major (Helix) 297(Mesodon) 34, 36, 37, 295, 297, 299, 301Malacolimax 236marginata (AmaUa) 89(Cyclostoma) 325(Leucochila) 325(Pupa) 331marginatns (Bulimns) 325, 409marginicola (Helix) 230MarisB (Bulimus) .397,398,399Marielinus (Bulimulus) 37, 394, 395, 40S(Bulimus) 408maritima (Pupa) 420Marminii (Glandina) 352marmoratus (Limax) 239, 242, 244Mauriniana (Helix) 63maxillata (Helix) 280(Stenotrema) 280m.ixillatum (Stenotrema) 34, 272, 274, 280maximus (Limax) 28, 233, 235, 450, 453Mazatlanica (Helix) 87(Patula) 22,261Meekii (Anomphalus) 321Megimathium 240Melania Virginica 251Melaniella 55,426gracillima 427melanochilus (Ortbalicus) 437,438,440Melautbo 250decisa 251membranaceus (Bulimus) 407Menkeanus (Bulimus) 405Menkei (Bulimus) 404, 405Menompbis 321Mesembrinus roultilineatus 404Mesodon 24, 38, 40, 41, 54, U5, 116, 119, 147, 248249, 252, 283, 294, 361albolabris 30, 31, 33, 35, 295, 296, 298299, 301, 304, 309, 310, 311 , 390Andrewsi 34, 298, 301appressus 313armlgera 474bucculenta 314bucculentus 30,315CtiUoweensis 320Cbristyi 34,295,308Clarkii 24,295,301clausa 316clausus 30, 33, 49, 295, 304, 306, 3 1
5
Coliunbiana 117
GENERAL INDEX. 519
Mesodon Columbianus. . 19, 23, 115, 11?, 295, 296, 474dfentifera 312,389dentiferus 30, 31. 33, 35, 295, 312devia 118devius 20,23,25,118,295,296divestus 38, 39, 295. 313, 390Downieana 317Downieanus 34, 295, 317elevata 307elevatus 30, 33, 35, 295, 296. 306exoleta 309, 310exoletua 30, 33, 295, 296, 299, 301, 304,309,311germanus 19, 23Ingallsiana 316jejunus 36,295,390Lawl 34,317maculata 321major 34, 36, 37, 295, 297, 299, 301Mitcbelliana 305Mitchellianu8.30, 33, 295, 296, 301, 304, oOoMobilianus 36, 295, 391, 392Mullani 25, lit)multiliueata 303nmltilincatus 30, 33, 295, 296, 302Pennsj'lvanica 304Pennsylvanlcus 30, 33, 295, 304piotuuila 318profundus 30, 33, 295, 296, 318Roemeri 38, 39, 295, 296, 313, 3S9Sayii 30, 31, 33, 35, 288, 295, 296, 319thyroidea 29, 30, 31, 33, 36, 44, 49, 295,296,304,311,313,316TowTiseiidiana 128Wetberbyi 34, 295, 296, 313Wbeatlevi 34, 49, 295, 311, 315Mesompbix 33, 205, 321cerinoidea 353demissa 212intertexta 215ligera 213Mexicanus (Bulimus) 409microdonta 380, 382(Helix) 380Micropbysa 54, 71, 90, 170, 354incrustata 38, 39, 354, 355Ingersolli 25, 170, 354, 355Lqnsingi 20, 23, 90, 354, 429luinutissima 19, 23, 27, 28, 171pygmaja 71Stearnsi 20,23,91turbiniformis 354, 355vortex 37, 73, 354, 355, 356milium (Helix) 66(Hyalina) 66(Pupa) 331, 332(Pseudobyalina) 66(Stiiatura) 66(Vertigo) 31,33,36,332(Zonites) 19, 23, 27, 28, 45, 66, 202, 203Milleri (Hemitrocbus) 357minor (Aglaia) 121(Bulimus) 321minuscula (Helix) 63,71(Hyalina) 63
Page.minuscala (Micropbysa) 171(Pseudobyalina) 63minuscnlus (Zonites) . . 19, 23, 25, 30, 31, 32, 35, 38, 63minuta ( Helix) 77, 250(Pupa) 329( Vallonia) 78(Vertigo) 335-minutalis (Helix) 63minutissima (Conulus) 71(Helix) 71(Hyalina) 71( Micropbysa) 19, 23, 27, 28minutissimum (Punctnm) 71,72Mitcbelliana (Helix) 304, 306, 316(Mesodon) 305Mitcbellianus (Mesodon) 30, 33, 295, 296, 301,304, 305Mobiliana (Helix) 391Mobilianus (Mesodon) 36, 295, 391, 392modesta (Pupa) 331, 334(Vertigo) 65modica (Pupa) 36, 409, 417(Pupilla) 417Modicella Arizonensis 173modicus (Bulimus) 40^, 417uionodou (Ht lix) 280, 281, 388(Stenotrema) 31, 33, 35, 266, 272, 280Monotremata 52montanus (Buliminus) 325(Limax) 25, 163, 233, 236 'Mooreana (Dtedalochila) 371(Helix) 371(Polygyra) 38, 360, 370Mooreanus (Bulimnlus) 400(Bulimus) 401Mooresiana (Succiuea) 31, 33, 344mordax (Helix) 256,257(Patula) 257Mormonum (Aglaja) 141(Arionta) 21, 23, 126, 136, 140(Helix) 141, 142, 143Morseana Uionella 194Morsel (Zonites) 180Mortoni 69Moulinsiana (Vertigo) 28mucronata (Acbatina) 410(Acbatinella) 410MuUaui (Helix) ng, 119(Mesodon) 25,119(Triodopsis) 118Mulleri Zebra (Bulla) 438multidentata ( Gastrodont?) 183(Helix) 183(Hyalina) 183multidentatus (Zonites) 27,28,90,183,201,228, 229mntilatus (Bulimus) 409,457multilineata (Helix) 303(Mesodon) 303multilineatus (Bulimnlus) 37, 394, 396, 404(Bulimus) 404,405(Mesembrinus) 404(Mesodon) 30, 33, 295, 296, 302mnmia (Pupa) 420(Stropbia) 419.
520 GENERAL INDEX.
Page.Tnunita (Snccinea) 441mnacorum (Pupa) 27, 33, 78, 323, 473, 474N.Nanina 111,204,354Nebrascana (Pupa) 331ifebrascensis (Bulimus) 410(Helix) 251nebulosus (Enmelns) 239(Philomycus) 247neglectus (Bulimus) 409nomoralis (Tachea) 29, 42, 468, 469nemorivaga (Helix) 132lUewberryana (Glyptoatoma) 23, 152, 153(Hells) 153(Macrocyclis) 153(Zonites) 153,230^ickliniana (Aglaja) 132( Ariouta) 21, 43, 125. 126, 127, 130,131, 135, 140, 144, 145, 147(Helix) 132, 134, 137, 138Miger (Arioliinax) 20,23,93,94,95,97,100,102nitolinua (Bulimus) 403nitida (Helix) 60,179
? (Hyalina) 60uitidus (Zonites) 23, 27, 28, 32, 60, 201, 203nodosum (Aplodon) 321notabUis ( Binneya) 20, 22, 23, 107, 1 08notata (Helix) 285NuttaUiana (Helix) 121(Succinea) 19, 23, 159, 3370.obductns (Orthalicus) 437obliqna (Helix) 251(Succinea) 30,31,33,36, 198, 337, 339,341, 342, 444(Vitrina) 179oblonga (Succinea) 343obscnrua (Buliroinus) 330(Bulimus) 331obstricta (Helix) 286(Triodopsis) 30, 33, 283, 2S6, 287(Xolotrema) 286obroluta 113occidentalis (Helix) 251(Limax) 235, 237occulta (HelicLna) 30ochracea (S. putris var. ) 340octona (Bulimus) 409(Steuogyra) 423,427octonoides ( Bulimus) 425(Stouogyra) 38, 39, 409, 423, 425, 426Odomphium 321Odostomia corticaria 330Odotropis 321Oleacina 345buUata 351corneola 351paraUela 349Texasiana 352truncata 348Vanuxemensis 347
-olivacea (Veronicella) 22, 23, 160, 446
Pago.olivaceus i Limax) 239olivetorum (Zonites) 33Omalonyx HOOmphalina 321cuprea 207, 321Onchidella 56, 161borealis 20, 23, 161, 162Carpenteri 19, 162, 163Onchidiidse 56, 161Onchidium Carpenteri 19,23,162, 163Schrammi ? 162Opeas 55, 425oppilata (Helix) 374(Polygyra) 37,360,373orbiculata ( Helicina) 30, 259Oregonensis (Helix) 145(Succinea) 19, 23, 160ornata (CylindreUa) 411Orthalicidas 55, 73Orthaliciuae 72Orthalicus 47,55,73,429,435gallina-sultanjv 437, 441iostomiis 437longus 437melanoehilus 437, 438, 440obductus 437nndatus 22, 37, 410, 436, 437, 438, 440zebra 437, 438, 440Otaheitana (Partula) 321Ottonis (Helix) 61ottonis ( Hyalina) 61oralis (Succinea) 28, 31, 33, 196, 198, 337, 338,341, 457ovata (Hemiloma) 321(Isthmia) 334(Pup-^) 331,334(Vertigo) 28, 31, 32, 33, 36, 38, 332, 333ovulum (Pupa) 331, 334oxyrus (Philomycus) 247quadrilns 321(Vaginulus) 448P.pachyloma (Helix) 393pacifica 325palliata( Helix) 285,286(Triodopsis) 30, 31, 33, 35, 276,283,284,286, 288Xolotrema 285pallida (Achatina) 433(Helix) 250pallidior (Bulimulus) 22PalUfera 93dorsalis 245Wetherbyi 247Paludina turrita 325paludosa 382(Polygyra) 360paludosus (Helix) 249palustris (Helix) 251(Limnaea) 251Panayensis (Stenogyra) 423Pandorai (Euparypha) 22papyraceus (Bulimus) 407parallela (Glandina) 349
GENERAL INDEX. 621Page.parallela (Oleacina) 349parallelus (Planorbis) 75Parkeri (Helix) 133,134Parraiana (Pupa) 325Partula 437Otaheitana 321parvus (Helix) 250patriarcha (Bulimulus) 38, 395, 396(Bulimus) 396(Thaumastus) 396Patula 24,41,54, 69, 74, 93, 113, 165, 186, 252alteriiata..l2, 13, 30, 31, 32, 35, 253, 255, 259asteriscus 27,87, 186, 252, 253Bryanti 34,260Cooperi 32, 166, 252Cronkhitea 70Cumberlandiana 34, 49, 250, 253, 256, 257,258, 259, 287Dnranti 85Fergnsoni 257Haydeni 167(Helix) 260Hemphilli 25, 32, 167, 168, 253Horni 25, 169, 253Idahoensis 25, 32,167,168,252incrustata 261Mazatlanica 22,261mordax 257pauper 27, 28, 187, 253perspeotiva 30, 32, 252, 260ruderata 187solitaria ...24, 30, 32, 167, 252, 253, 254, 259striatella 19, 23, 25, 27, 28, 32, 45, 69,169, 252strigosa 25, 32, 163, 165, 252, 255tenuistriata 261vortex 261Whitneyi 86piuper (Helix) 187(Hyalina) 187(Patula) 27, 28, 187, 253pedestris (Helix) 128pellucida (Achatina) 410(Helix) 178, 250(Leucochila) 418(Pupa) 38, 39, 418(Snccinea) 343(Vitrina) 28,177, 178, 179Pennsylvanica (Helix; 304, 316(Meaodon) 304Pennsylvanicus (Mesodon) 30, 33, 295, 304pentodon (Leucochila) 323(Pupa) 30, 31, 33, 36, 322, 323, 335(Pupilla) 323(Vertigo) 323, 335peregrina (Helix) 250personata (Helix) 251(Triodopsis) 283perspeotiva (Auguispira) 260(Helix) 260( Patula) 30, 32, 252, 260perveiiaus (Buhnius) 410Petrophilas (Zonites) 223Pfeiflferi (Holospira) 421(Vitrina) 20, 21, 23, 25, 88, 176
Page.Phillipsi 346Philomycidse 53, 239Philomycu8 240, 245Caroliniensis 242dorsalis 245flexuolaris 247fnecus 247lividua 247nebulosis 247oxyrus 247quadrilus 247Physa 250picta (Liguns) 433pilula (Bulimulus) 22Pineria 437Pisana (Helix) 358pisana (Helix) 250placentula (Zonites) 34, 201, 203, 221, 222placida (Pupa) .. 331,409planiuscnla (Chimotrema) 321Planogy ra asteriscus 186Planorbis 250amplexus 251bicarinatus 251glans 348parallelus 75planorboides ( Helix) 200planorbula (Helix) 379plebium (Helix) 464plicata (Helicina) 267(HeUx) 269,373(Polygyra) 267plicatula (Glandina) 346Poeyana (C.ylindrella) 37, 411, 412(Gongylostoma) 412(Pupa) 412polychroa (Helix) 358Polygyra -24, 38, 41, 54, 114, 126, 248, 249, 266, 283, 360acutedentata 22anilia 22Ariadnae 38, 360, 3T6auriculata . . .36, 360, 361, 363, 365, 367, 372anriformis 30, 33, 360, 361, 363avara 36, 360, 364, 366Behri 22Carpenteriana . . .36, 360, 377, 380, 381, 382cereolus 36, 360, 370, 379, 382Dorfeuilliana 30, 32, 271, 360. 374eapicola 36, 360, 361, 364, 366, 367fa8tigan8.34, 268, 269, 270, 360, 370, 371,375fastigata 27CFebigeri 36,360,381Harfordiaoa 21, 114Hazaidi 34, 267, 271, 360, 361, 364,373, 375Hindsi 38, 360, 368hippocrepis 38, 360, 372Jacksoni 38, 39, 373leporina 30, 32, 50, 266, 360, 383, 384Mooreana 38, 360, 370oppilata 37,360,373paludosa 360plicata 267polygyrella 172Postelliana 36, 360, 361, 364, 366
522 GENERAL INDEX.
Page.Polygyra pnstnla 36, 266, 360, 382, 384pustuloides 36, 360, 383, 384Sampsoni 375septemvolva 36, 39, 360, 362, 37(5, 379,380, 381, 382Texasiana 38, 39, 360, 3?9, 370tholus 38,360triodontoides 38, 360, 370Troostiana 34, 268, 271, 360, 375nvulifera 36, 360, 362, 365Tentrosula 22, 38, 360, 367Tolvoxis 378, 381vnltuosa 38PolygyreUa 56,171,248(Helix) 172(Polygyra) 172polygyrella 25,171,172Polymita intercisa 137redimita 138Tryoni 155varians 358Polyphemus glans 348Pomatia 54, 248, 469, 471aspersa 37, 41, 469, 470Buflfoniana 471poraum-adami (Helix) 229pontifica (Cylindiella) 413, 415pontiflcus (Macroceramus) 413, 414porcina (Helix) 279PosteUiana (Dadalochila) 365(Helix) 365(Polygyra) 36, 360, 361, 364, 366priscas (Helix) 230(Zonites Connlus) 230procera (Pupa) 329profunda (Helix) 318(Meaodon) 318TJlostoma 318profundus (Meaodon) 30, 33, 295, 296, 318Prolepis 460Prophyaaon 24, 40, 43, 54, 93, 1 04Hemphilli 19, 23, 103, 104, 105proteus (BuUtnulus) 22protophilua (Zonites) 34,223PsendohyaUna conspecta 87exigua 182incrustata 355limatula 220milium 66
.
minuscula 63ptycophora (Arionta) 128(Helix) 128, 129pulchella (Helix) 77(Vallonia) 20, 25, 27, 28, 33, 36, 76, 77Pulmonata 30, 51pimctata (Helix) 251Punctum 72minulisaimum 71, 72pygmaeum 73Pnpa 24,40, 55, 78, 156, 172, 188, 249, 254, 321albilabris 325alticola 174antivertigo 335arctica 473Arizonensis 25, 173
Page.Pupa armifera 30, 31, 33, 36, 325armigera 326badia 78,322bigranata 473Blandi 27,188borealis 27, 28, 188Californica .21,23, 157carinata 329cbordata 22, 409columella 474contracta 30, 31, 33, 36, 327, 335corpulenta 25, 172corticaria 31, 33, 36, 322, 328, 330, 335costulata 185,331curvidena 323,324decora 27,188,189,335deltoatoma 328detrita 420edentula i7^>exigua 331fallax . .31, 33, 36, 38, 173, 322, 324, 331, 409, 418gibbosa 329Gouldii 190,331bebea 173helicoides 332Hoppii 27,28,189hordeacea 25, 173incana 331, 419Krauaseara 474Luudstromi 474marginata 331maritima 420milium 331, 333minuta 329niodeata 331, 334modica 36,409,417mumia 420muscorum 27, 33, 78, 322, 473, 474Nebrascana 331ovata 331,334ovulum 331,334Parraina 325pellucida 38, 39, 418pentodon 30, 31, 33, 36, 321, 322, 323, 335placida 331,409Poeyana 412procera 329Rowelli 21, 33, 156rupicola 31, 33, 36, 322, 326, 328, 335Eusei 418aervilia 418simplex 192,331Steenbuchii 189aublubrica 474Tappaniana 323,324tmicarinata 331,415varioloaa 36, 417Vermilionenaia 332vetusta 332Pupidas 54, 78, 156, 172, 188, 321, 417Pupilla 32, 322alticola 174badia 78Blandi 188corpulenta 172
GENERAL INDEX. 52a
Page.Pupilla decora 189faUax 325Hoppii 189modica 417pentodon 323Howellii 156pura (Helix) 64p Qsilla (Helix) 354pustula (Deedalochila) 382(Helix) 266, .162,383(Polygyra) 36, 266, 360, 382. 384pustuloides (Dsedalochila) 383(Helix) 383(Polygyra) .' 36, 360, 383, 384putris (Succinea) 28, 199, 340, 343pygmjea (Helix) 71(Microphysa) 71(P.) 191(Vertigo) 28pygmseum (Punctum) 73Q.quadrilus (Oxyarus ) 321(Philomycus) 247( Vaginulus) 448K.radiatns (Bulimus) 409radiatulus (Zonites) ....' 64, 65Eaflnesquea ( Helix) 213ramentosa (Aglaja) 133(Arionta) 125,133,137(Helix) 133rastellum (Helix) 251redimita (Arionta) 125,137,138(Helix) 138(Polymita) 138Remondi (Arionta) 144(Helix) 144(Holospira) 22reses (Bulimus) 438resplendens (Helix) 219reticulata (Arionta) 134, 135(Helix) 133retusa (Snccinea) 31, 33, 337Ehodea 410rhodocheila (Helix) 358Richardi (Helix) 318Roemeri (Cyllndrella) 413,422(Helix) 389(Holospira) 38,421,422(Mesodon) 38, 39, 295, 296, 313, 389rosea (Achatina) 348, 410(Cochlicopa) 348(Glandina) 346rotula (Helix) 221rotundata (Snccinea) 343RoweUi (Arionta) 22,25(Helix) 250(Pupa) 21,23,156Rowellii (Pupilla) 156
; uderata (Helix) 70, 251(Patula) 187rudis (Helix) 249rufa (Helix) 211,299
Page.rufescena (Frnticicola) 88, 4tt4(Hygromia) 464mflcincta (Arionta) 21,23,126,147,149,248rufocincta ( Aglaja) 147(Helix) 147Rugeli (Helix) 290(Isognomostoma) 290(Triodopsis) 34,283,290(Zonites) 34,201,211rugalosam (Ctenopoma) 37ruida (Helix) 128Rumina 55, 424decoUata 457rupicola (Leucochila) 329(Pupa) 31,33,36,322,326,328,335(Vertigo) 329, 335Riisei (Pupa) 418rnsticana (Succinea) 19,21,23,159,336
S.Sagda epistylinm 225Sagraiana (Helix) 249-Salleana (Succinea) 38,198,443Sampsoni (Polygyra) 375Sandiegoensis (Helix) 249-saxicola (Helix) 355Sayi (Helix) 319Sayii (Helix) 364(Mesodon) 30, 31, 33, 35, 288, 295, 296, 319(Ulostoma) 319-scabra ( Helix) 256Schiedeanus (Bulimus) 400, 401
{ Bulim ulus) 38, 395, 396, 398, 399(Thaumastus) 400Schrarami (Oncbidium) 162scnlptilis (Helix) 218(Hyalina) 218(Zonites) 34, 201, 218Scutalus dealbatns 401selenina (Helix) 356Seleiiiles 81, 82Duranti 474simplicilabris 474Voyana 474Selenitidaj 53,79,199semiclausa (Aglaia) 121semitarnm 346(Glandina) 346aeptemvolva (Helix) 377, 379(Polygyra) 36, 39, 360, 362, 370,379,380,381,382sequoicola (Aglaja) 146(Arionta) ... .21, 23, 125, 126, 136, 145, 14(?(Helix) 146serperastrus (Bulimulus) 39, 403(Drymaeus) 403servilis (Pupa) 418signatus (Macroceramns) 413,414signiflcans (Gastrodonta) 228(Helix) 228(Hyalina) 228(Zonites) 38, 39, 203, 228Sillimani (Succinea) 21, 38, 167, 198, 443simplex (Pupa) 192, 331(Vertigo) 27,28,191
524 GENERAL INDEX.
PajTP.eimplicUabris ( Selenites) 474Simpulopsis Illsinuata (Helix) 279solida (Achatina) 433, 434solitaria (Anguispira) 254(Helix) 254,262(Patnla) 24, 30, 32, 167, 252, 253, 254, 259Sowerbii (Limax) 88Sowerbyana (Glandina) 346spatiosa (Helix) 251spinosa (CaracoUa) 273(Helix) 273(Stenotrema) 273spinosnm (Stenotrema) 34, 271, 272, 273, 274,275, 278spirifer (Bulimus) 22splendidula (Helix) 394?porteila (Helix) 84(Macrocyclis) 19, 79, 80, 81, 83Steamsi (Micropbysa) 20, 23, 91(Zonites) 92Steamsiana ( Arionta) 21, 22, 125, 126, 148, 149,150, 151, 156(Helix) 151Steenstrapii (Helix) 251Steenbuchii (Pupa) , 189Stenogyra 55, 409, 410, 423, 456decollata 37, 409, 423, 424, 456, 457,468gonostoma 423gracillima 37, 409, 423, 426hasta 423octona 423, 427octonoides 38, 39, 409, 423, 425, 426Panayensis 423snbula 37, 423, 424, 426(Subnlina) octona 427Stenogyridae 55, 193Stenostoma convexa 321Stenotrema 24, 126, 248, 249, 271, 283, 361barbigera 277barbigerum 34, 272, 276convexa 278, 321Edgarianum 34, 272, 274, 277Edvardsi 34, 272, 275, 276fraternum 276, 280, 281germana 115germanum 114, 117, 272, 474(Helix) 278hirsnta 279Mreutum 30, 31, 33, 35, 272, 274.275, 276, 277, 278, 280, 370labrosa 274labrosnm 34, 272, 274, 275Leaii 280maxillata 280maxillatum 34, 272, 274, 280monodon 30, 31, 33, 35, 266, 272, 280spinosa 273spinosum. .34, 271, 272, 273, 274, 275, 278stenotrema 278stenotremum .^ 30, 33, 272, 274, 275,277,278Stenotremata 40, 41, 54, 114
Page.stenotremum (Stenotrema) 30, 83, 272, 274, 275,277, 278Stiversiana (Arionta) 23, 127strangulata (Helix) , 261Strebeli (H.) ^ 32,265(S.) ? OCOStretchiana (Succinea) 21, 23, 25, 158striata (Achatina) 34S, 410striatella (Anguispira) 70(Helix) 69,182(Patnla) 19, 23, 26, 27, 28, 32, 45, 69,169, 252(Zonites) 64striato-costata (Achatina) 427striatum (Buccinum) 348Striatura ferrea 181milium 66Striatus (Bulimus) 348, 409Strigosa (Anguispira) 165(Helix) 165(Patula) 25, 32, 163, 165, 252, 255Strobila 54,248,249,263,359Hubbardi 38,39,263,264,359labyrinthica. 30,31,32, 35,41,47,263, 2^4, 360strongylodes (Helix) 256Strophia 55, 331, 418decumana 419incana 37, 48, 418, 419iostoma 419mumia 4vl9snbearinata (Helix) 261(Lioplax) 251subcarinatus (Helix) 25osubcylindrica (Cionella) 194(Ferussacia) 20, 23, 25, 27, 28, 193,194, 409, 410, 429(Helix) 194(Zua) 194subcylindricns (Bulimus) i 194subglobosa (Helix) 13,467subglobulosa (Helicina) 37sublubrica (Pupa) 474submeris (Helix) 358subplana (Helix) 216(Hyalina) 216subplanus (Zonites) 34, 216subrupicola (Hyalina) 62, 68Hubula (Achatina) 410(Bulimus) 425(Stenogyra) 37,423,424,426Subulina octona 427subulus (Bulimus) 409Succinea 43, 56, 110, 157, 174, 196, 336, 441amphibia 343annexa 473aperta ' 343aurea 31, 33, 160, 340avara 30, 31, 33, 36, 337, 339Calumetensis 338campestris 36, 175, 337, 338, 341, 443chrysis 175, 473cingulata 22citrina 442Concordialia 38, 196, 441
GENERAL INDEX. 525Page.Snocinea Decampii 338eflpQsa 36,337,442elegans 28Forsheyi 344Gabbii 160Grcenlandica 27, 28, 197Grosvenorii 31,33,344Greerii 341Haleana 38,343Halei 344Hawkinsii 20, 23, 25, 158Haydeni... 27, 19?, 197, 337Higginsi 198inflata 443lineata 31, 33, 174, 196, 337, 341, 473luteola 38,441Mooreaiana 31, 33, 344mnnita 441Nnttalliana 19,23,159,337obliqna 80, 31, 33, 36, 198, 337, 339, 341342, 444obloDga 343Oregonensis 19, 23, 160ovalis. . .28, 31, 33, 196, 198, 337, 338, 341, 453pellucida 347putris 28,199,340,343retasa 31,33,337rotundata 343rusticana 19,21,23,159,336Salleana 38,198,443Sillimanl 21,23,25,157,337Stretchiana 21,23,25,158Texasiana 442TotteniaDa 27, 28, 33, 198, 337turgida 473nnicolor 443vennsta 343vermeta 175, 339, 340, 343, 409Verrilli 27,197Wardiana 339, 340Wilsoni 36,37,344Saccinidae 55,157,174,196,336sufflatns (Bulimnlas) 22.395Buperastrus (Bulimus) 403sappressa (Gastrodouta) 226(Helix) 225(Zonites) 226Boppressos (Zonites) 30, 31, 32, 35, 201, 203, 212,220, 223, 225T.Taohea 54,248,4??hort^nsis 12, 41, 42, 466, 467, 469nemoralis 29,42,468,469Tamaalipasensis (Helix) 369Tappaniana (Pupa) 323,324Taylori (Berendtia) 22Tebennophorua 24,53,93,239biliDeatns 247Caroliniensia 31, 33, 36, 151,239, 240, 241, 246, 247dorsalis 31, 33, 36, 240, 241, 244HemphilU 247Wetherbyi 34,240,246Tenneseensis (Helix) 307
Page.Tenneseensia (Arionta) 148tenuiatriata (Helix) 148,261(Patula) 261teres (Colamna) 410terrestris (Helix) 466(Trochua) 466(Tnrricula) 465Teatacella 16,352haliotoidea 352TestacellidsB 52, 53, 345Testacina 239Texasiana (Achatina) 351, 410( Dsedalochila) 369(Glandina) 38, 347, 349, 351(Helix) 267, 270, 369, 370(Oleacina) 362(Polygyra) 38, 39, 360, 369, 370(Succinea) 442Thalaasophila 51Tbanmastua alternatns 397patriarcha 396Scbiedeanns 400tholua (Daedalochilii) 371(Helix) 371(Polygyra) 38,360thyroidea (Anchiatoma) 314(Helix) .305, 314(Mesodon) 29, 30, 31, 33, 36, 44, 49,295,296.304,311,313,316togata (Limax) 242, 244Totteniana (Succinea) 27, 28, 33, 1 98, 337Townsendiana (Arionta) 20, 23, 25, 43, 124, 126,128, 249(Helix) 128(Meaodon) 128Toxotrema complanata 321globularis 321Traaki (Aglaja) 143(Arionta) . . .21, 23, 125, 126, 139, 143, 145, 147Traakii (Helix) 143tridentata (Helix) 291, 385(Triodopais) 30, 31, 33, 35, 283, 291,292, 294, 385(Vertigo) 334triodontoides (Dsedalochila ) 370(Helix) 370(Polygyra) 38.360.370Triodopsis 24, 40, 41, 54, 115, 119, 126, 248, 249,283, 361appreasa 29, 30, 33, 35, 283, 287Caroliniensia 287Copei 38,39,388fallax 30, 31, 33, 35, 283, 292, 294, 385Harfordiana 114, 118, 1 19HenriettSB 387hirauta 279Hopetouensia 36. 283, 293, 294, 3S4inflecta 30, 33, 116, 283, 289, 290, 384introferena 283,293Levetti 38,39,385loricata 21,23,115,283lunula 291,321MuUani 118obsti icta 30, 33, 283, 286, 287
526 GENERAL INDEX.
Pajre.Triodopeis palliata 30, 31, 33, 35, 276, 283, 284,286, 288peraonata 283Rugeli 34,283,290tridentata 30, 31, 33, 35, 283, 291, 292,294, 385Van Nostrandi 35^ 283, 294vultuosa 283,293,386(Xolotrema) 32itrivolvis (Helix) 250Trochus terrestris 466Troostiana (DaedalochUa) 269(Helix) 267,269,374(Polygyra) 34, 268, 271, 360, 375Trophodon 32itropica (Helicina) 3ggTrnmbulli (Helix) 250truncata (Achatina) 348^ 410(liulla) 348(Glaiidina) . . .36, 345, 346, 348, 351, 409, 410(Oleacina) 348Tryoni (Euparypha) 21, 23, 126, 137, 138 155(Helix) 155(Holospira) 42i(Polymita) 155tudicalata (Aplaja) 140(Arionta) 19, 21, 23, 124, 125, 126, 139(Helix) 140tunicata (Limax) 454tnrbinifomiis (Microphysa) 354,355turgida (Succinea) '473
^'"''"^"l'' .'-.'.' ".'.'.'.'.'.'.".".'."54, 465(Macroceramus) 414terrestria
.
, ., _ 465tumta (Paludina) 325U.TTlostoma profunda 318S*-^? "-" 319undata (Cochloatyla) 438nndatua (Buliraus) 438(Orthalicus) . . . .22, 37, 410, 436, 437, 438, 440nnicarinata (Pupa) 331 j-, ?unicolor ' .??Wi(Succinea) 4^3orcena (Buliraus) [' 409(Helix) 251ITrcinella 239uvniifera (Dffidalochila) 353(Helix) '; 3g3(Polygyra) 36^ 36o, 362, 365V.3*^'?"^'' 56,444Vagumlidffi ,~Vaginulus flexnolaiis ' 443rioridanua 446fuacna 4^0oxyurus 448quadrilus 448^^""''i'*-: V.V54,76,'248,249asiatica 4^0minuta ^opnlchella 20, 25, 27, 28, 33, 36, 76, 77"Vancoaverensis (Helix) 82
Pai^e.Vancouverenaia (Macrocyclis) 19, 20, 23, 25,'79,80,81,82,84,85,182,200Van Noatrandl (Helix) 094(TriodopaiB) 35, 283, 294Vanuxemensis o.y(Achatina) 410(Glandiua) 38,347Vanuxemii (Glandina) 347varians (Helix) ggg(Hemitrochus) 13, 37, 357 35^(Polymita) 358variabilis (Helix) 351^^"^ella .'."."!." .'."345, 346variegata ( Agatina) 433(Cylindrella) 412 413variegatus ( Limax) 452* 46-^varioloaa (Pupa) 36 41"Veitchii ' go(Euparypha) 2-^vellicata (Helix) ggVendryesiana (Helix) 39 359venosus (Bulimus) 404^405ventricosa (Isthmia) 192(Vertigo) ....: 28,192ventrosula (Dadalochila) 3^3(Helix) 368(Polygyra) 22,38,360,367venusta (Succinea) 3^3vermeta (Succinea) 175, 339^ 340, 343^ 409vermetua (Bulimus) '409vermiculus (Columna) 410Vermilionenais (Pupa) 332Veronicella 37,56,93,160,444Floridana 23, 36, 161, 240, 445, 446olivacea 21,22,23,160,446VeronicellidsB , 56,160,444Verrilli (Succinea) 27 197"^^rtigo 55,190,254,322,332alpeatris 28,190antivergo 28Arthuri 473BoUesiana 27,28,191,473contracta 335corticaria 335decora 335edontola 08Ci^ouldi 27,28,190?il'ini 31,33,36,332minnta 335modesta 65Monlinaiana 28o'^ata 28. 31, 32, 33, 36, 38, 332, 333pentodon 323,335pygmsea 28rupicola 329,335simplex 27,28,191tridentata 334ventricosa 28 192vetuata (Helix) 251(Pupa) 332vexillum (Achatina) 433(BuUmus) 409,410,433(Helix) 433vincta (Helix) 139virginalia (Helix) 393
GENERAL INDEX. 527
virginea (Helix) 251(Liguna) 410. 430, 431, 432
25064
Americana
virgineusvirginica (Helix) . . -(Melania)virgulatus (Bulimus) *^*viridata ( Helix).-
-
viridula (Hyalina)Tiridulns (Zonites) 23, 27, 28, 32, 36, 64, 201, 202,203, 223Vitrina 40, 53, 88, 175, 204, 231, 253, 35417727,28,176,177,178exilis 27,28,176,178(Helix) 20]latissiraa l^^' 232limpida 27,28,88,176,177obliqua ^'^pellucida 28,177,178,179Pf^.ifferi 20, 21, 23, 25, 88, 176Vit I iuizonites 53, 221, 231latisaimus 34, 50, 231
,
69,204,354
... 204VitrinoconusVitrinoideavitrinoides (Helix) 219,251vitrinopsisVivipara contectoides 250(Helix) 250Tolvoxis (Helix) 377,378(Polygyra) 378,381vortex (Helix) 261.356(Hyalina) ^^^(Microphysa) 37, 73, 354, 355, 356(Patula) 261Vovana (Helix) ^*(Macrocy clia) 20, 21, 23, 79, 80, 84(Selenites) '^'^^vultuosa (Helix) 386,387,38(Polygyra) 38(Triodopsis) 283,293, 386W.Wardiana (Helix) '=i<'(Succinea) 339, 340Weinlandi (Limax) 235,238,239WetlierbYi (HeUx) 313(Mesodon) 34,295,296,313(Pallifera) 247(Tebennophorus) 34, 240, 246Wheatleyi (Helix) 311(Mesodon) 34,49,295,311,315(Zonites) 34,222
?Whitneyi (Helix) ^^(Patula) ^^(Zonites.) 20,21,23,25,86WUsoni (Succinea) 36,37,344X.Xolotrema appressa 288Clarkii 307clausa 289elevata 307obstricta 286palliata 285triodopais 3-1Xanthonyx ^"^
Page.Xanthoatomus (Bulimus) 400Xantuai (Bulimnlua) 22
Yateai (Gonoatoma) 21, 54, 113Tatesii (Ammonitella) 114Z.Zaleta (Helix) 309Zebra (BuUmus) 438(Mulleii) 438(Orthalicua) 437,438,440Ziebinanui (Bulimus) 403Ziegleri (Bulimulus) 22Zilotea 239Zoogenites harpa 1^^7olotrema ...,.....--.------?--?-??---" 3?1Zonites 24, 26, 40, 43, 53, 60, 80, 81. 86, 170, 201
,
204, 253acerra '-''13acerrua -'albua ^^alliarius 230Andrews! 34, ?2narboreus. . . .19, 30, 31, 32, 35, 61, 65, 179, 201202, 203, 356, 388Binneyanua 27, 180, 202, 203caducus- .--. - ? ' o^lcapnodes 33, 201, 203, 205, 209, 210capaella 34,221,222cellarius 28, 201, 202, 203, 204, 218, 44Scerinoideua 36,201,353chersinellua 20,21,87conspectus 20,22,23,86cnltellatus 22,230cuspidatus 34,226demissua 34,201,212,222,388elasmodon "-
'
Elliotti 34,201,219excavatusexiguus 27,87,181,202,204Fabricii 27,28,179ferreua 27,71,181.203friabUis 30,32,206,207,208,218fnliginosus 30. 31, 32, 35, 201, 204, 205.207, 212fulvus 20, 23,25, 27, 28, 32,36, 65,67,180,201,203,354gularis 30, 32, 201, 203, 224, 226Gundlachi 37,69,203,353indentatua 19, 23, 25, 30, 31, 32, 35. 38,62,65,201,219inornatus 30, 31, 32, 35, 48, 49, 201, 204,211,216,217,219internus 30,32,229intertextus 30, 32, 35, 201, 204, 214, 388kopnodea 205Lanaingi 90- 230lasvigatus 30, 32, 81, 201, 202, 203, 204,207, 209, 212, 232lasmodon 34, 201, 203, 227Lawi. 34, 221ligerus 30, 32. 35, 201, 213, 215, 220, 353limatulua 30,32,201,220
528 GENERAL INDEX.
Page.Zonitea lacabrata 210laoabratns 210macilentus 34,227marginicola 230miliam 19, 23, 27, 28, 45, 66, 202, 203minuscnlus 19, 23, 25, 30,31, 32, 35,38,63Morsei 180multidentatas 27, 28, 90, 183, 201, 228i229Newberryana ] 53, 230nitidns 23, 27, 28, 32, 60, 201, 203oliTetomm 33petrophilus 34, 223placentula 34, 201, 203, 221, 222prisons 230radiatoliu 64,65
Page.Zonltes Eugeli 34,201,211Bcnlptllia. 34,201^218significans 38,39,203,228Steamsi aostriatella g^subplanns 34,216suppressa 226snppreasus 30, 31, 36, 35, 201, 203, 212,220, 223, 225'^iridnlus 23, 27, 28, 32, 36, 64, 201, 202,203, 223"Wheatleyi 34,222"Whitneyi 20,21,23,25,86Zaa.--.. 195Inbrica jg^Inbricoidea 194(aaboylindiioa) 194











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