Decapod and Stomatopod
Crustacea from Ascension Island,
South Atlantic Ocean
Raymond B. Manning
and
Fenner A. Chace, Jr.
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S M I T H S O N I A N C O N T R I B U T I O N S T O Z O O L O G Y ? N U M B E R 5 0 3
Decapod and Stomatopod
Crustacea from Ascension Island,
South Atlantic Ocean
Raymond B. Manning and Fenner A. Chace, Jr.
SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION PRESS
Washington, D.C.
1990
A B S T R A C T
Manning, Raymond B., and Fenner A. Chace, Jr. Decapod and Stomatopod Crastacea from
Ascension Island, South Atlantic Ocean. Smithsonian Contributions to Zoology, number 503,
91 pages, 47 figures, 4 tables 1990.?Seventy four species of decapods and two species of
stomatopods are recorded from Ascension Island. Of the decapods, 22 (30%) are amphi-
Atlantic, 14 (19%) are endemic to the island, 19 (26%) occur in the central and western Atlantic
only, and 14 (19%) are known only from the central and eastern Atlantic. Two new genera are
recognized, Laleonectes, type species Portunus vocans A. Milne Edwards, and Tetrasqiulla,
type species Lysiosquilla mccullochae Schmitt. Ten new species are described: Typton
ascensionis, Gnathophyllum ascensione, Salmoneus setosus, Salmoneus teres, Processa
packeri, Microprosthema inornatum, Odontozona anaphorae, Clibanarius rosewateri, Mursia
mcdowelli, and Cataleptodius olsoni. Seven of the nine known shallow-water pantropical
species of decapods and the only pantropical stomatopod are found at Ascension. Dardanus
imperator, Euryozius sanguineus, Gecarcinus lagostoma, and Pachygrapsus loveridgei, are
central Atlantic island species, known almost exclusively from Ascension or from Ascension
and St. Helena. The percent of amphi-Atlantic fauna is about the same on Ascension (30%) and
St. Helena (29%),but the percent of eastern Atlantic fauna (26% vs. 19%) and Indo-West Pacific
fauna (23% vs. 16%) are higher at St. Helena; the component of western Atlantic fauna (26% vs.
14%) and endemic species (19% vs. 9%) are higher at Ascension.
OFFICIAL PUBLICATION DATE is handstamped in a limited number of initial copies and is
recorded in the Institution's annual report,Smithsonian Year. SERIES COVER DESIGN: The coral
Montastrea cavernosa (Linnaeus).
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Date
Manning, Raymond B., 1934-
Decapod and stomatopod Crustacea from Ascension Island, South Atlantic Ocean / Raymond B Manning and Fenner
A. Chace, Jr.
p. cm. ? (Smithsonian contributions to zoology ; no. 503)
Supt of Docs, no.: SI 1.27:503
1. Decapoda (Crustacea)?Ascension Island (Atlantic Ocean)?Classification. 2. Decapoda (Crustacea) Ascension
Island (Atlantic Ocean) 3. Stomatopoda?Ascension Island (Atlantic Ocean)
I. Chace,Fenner Albert. II. Title. III. Series.
QL1.S54 no. 503 [QL444.M33] 591 s?dc20 [595.3'84'O9973]
Contents
Page
Introduction 1
Previous Accounts of Ascension Decapoda and Stomatopoda 2
Shore Habitats on Ascension 4
Format Considerations 5
Abbreviations and Repositories 7
Acknowledgments 7
DECAPODA 8
Family PENAEIDAE 8
Metapenaeopsis gerardo/Pe"rez Farfante, 1971 8
Family PROCARIDIDAE 8
Procaris ascensionis Chace and Manning, 1972 8
Family ATYIDAE 9
Typhlatya rogersi Chace and Manning, 1972 9
Family RHYNCHOCINETIDAE 9
Rhynchocinetes rigens Gordon, 1936 9
Family PALAEMONIDAE 9
Brachycarpus biunguiculatus (Lucas, 1846) 9
Pontonia pinnophylax (Otto, 1821) 10
Typton ascensionis, new species 10
Family GNATHOPHYLLIDAE 11
Gnathophyllum ascensione, new species 11
Family ALPHEIDAE 14
Alpheus bouvieri A. Milne Edwards, 1878 14
Alpheus crockeri (Armstrong, 1941) ? 14
Alpheus dentipes Gue'rin-Me'neville, 1832 15
Alpheus holthuisi Ribeiro, 1964 15
Alpheus macrocheles (Hailstone, 1835) 15
Alpheus paracrinitus Miers, 1881 16
Automate dolichognatha De Man, 1888 16
Metalpheus paragracilis (Coutiere, 1897) 16
Metalpheus rostratipes (Pocock, 1890) 16
Neoalpheopsis euryone (De Man, 1910) 17
Salmoneus setosus, new species 17
Salmoneus teres, new species 20
Synalpheus fritzmuelleri Coutiere, 1909 22
Family HIPPOLYTIDAE 23
Lysmata grabhami (Gordon, 1935) 23
Lysmata intermedia (Kingsley, 1878) 23
Lysmata moorei (Rathbun, 1901) 23
Thor manningi Chace, 1972 24
Family PROCESSIDAE 24
Processa packeri, new species 24
Family STENOPODIDAE 26
Microprosthema inornatum, new species 26
Odontozona anaphorae, new species 29
Stenopus hispidus (Olivier, 1811) 31
in
SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY
Family ENOPLOMETOPIDAE 31
Enoplometopus (Hoplometopus) antillensis Lutken, 1865 31
Family AxilDAE 31
Axiopsis serratifrons (A. Milne Edwards, 1873) 31
Family CALLIANASSIDAE 34
Corallianassa hartmeyeri (Schmitt, 1935) 34
Family PAUNURIDAE 36
Panulirus echinatus Smith, 1869 36
Family SCYLLARIDAE 36
Scyllarides delfosi Holthuis, 1960 36
Family DIOGENIDAE 36
Calcinus tubularis (Linnaeus, 1767) 36
Clibanarius rosewateri, new species 37
Dardanus imperator (Miers, 1881) 37
Family PARAPAGURIDAE 40
Sympagurus dimorphus (Studer, 1883) 40
Family PORCELLANIDAE 40
Petrolisthes marginatus Stimpson, 1859 40
Family HlPPlDAE 41
Hippa testudinaria (Herbst, 1791) 41
Family DROMIIDAE 41
Dromia erythropus (Edwards, 1771) 41
Dromia marmorea Forest, 1974 42
Dromia personate (Linnaeus, 1758) 43
Dromidia antillensis Stimpson, 1859 43
Family LATREILLIIDAE 44
Latreillia manningi Williams, 1982 44
Family RANINIDAE 44
Ranilia constricta (A. Milne Edwards, 1880) 44
Family CALAPPIDAE 45
Calappa galloides Stimpson, 1859 45
Mursia mcdowelli, new species 45
Osachila stimpsonii Studer, 1883 46
Family MAJIDAE 47
Acanthonyx sanctaehelenae Chace, 1966 47
Apiomithrax violaceus (A. Milne Edwards, 1867) 47
Family PARTHENOPIDAE 48
Parthenope verrucosa Studer, 1883 48
Family ATELECYCLIDAE 48
Atelecyclus rotundatus (Olivi, 1792) 48
Family PORTUNIDAE 50
Laleonectes, new genus 50
Laleonectes vocans (A. Milne Edwards, 1878), new combination 50
Portunus anceps (De Saussure, 1857) 52
Family GONEPLACIDAE 52
Acidops cessacii (A. Milne Edwards, 1878) 52
Family XANTHIDAE 54
Cataleptodius olsoni, new species 54
Domecia acanthophora (Schramm, 1867) 54
Euryozius sanguineus (Linnaeus, 1771) 55
Microcassiope minor (Dana, 1852) 56
Nannocassiope melanodactylus (A. Milne Edwards, 1867) 57
Panopeus hartii Smith, 1869 57
Paractaea rufopunctata africana Guinot, 1969 57
NUMBER 503
Platypodiella picta (A. Milne Edwards, 1869) 59
Xanthodius denticulatus (White, 1848) 60
Family GECARCINIDAE 60
Gecarcinus lagostoma H. Milne Edwards, 1837 60
Family GRAPSIDAE 63
Grapsus adscensionis (Osbeck, 1765) 63
Pachygrapsus corrugatus (Von Martens, 1872) 66
Pachygrapsus loveridgei Chace, 1966 66
Percnon abbreviation (Dana, 1851) 68
Percnon gibbesi (H. Milne Edwards, 1853) 68
Plagusia depressa (Fabricius, 1775) 69
Family CRYPTOCHIRIDAE 69
Opecarcinus hypostegus (Shaw and Hopkins, 1977) 69
Troglocarcinus corallicola Verrill, 1908 69
STOMATOPODA 70
Family LYSIOSQUILLIDAE 70
Tetrasquilla, new genus 70
Tetrasquilla mccullochae (Schmitt, 1940), new combination 70
Family PSEUDOSQUILLIDAE 71
Pseudosquilla oculata (Brulle\ 1837) 71
Zoogeographical Considerations 71
The Fauna of Ascension and St. Helena 72
The Fauna of St. Paul's Rocks 78
The Fauna of Fernando de Noronha 78
The Fauna of Bermuda 78
Discontinuous Distributions 79
Appendix: Station Data 80
R.B. Manning's 1971 Expedition to Ascension 80
The 1976 Smithsonian Expedition to Ascension 81
Literature Cited 82

Decapod and Stomatopod
Crustacea from Ascension Island,
South Atlantic Ocean
Raymond B. Manning and Fenner A. Chace, Jr.
Introduction
Ascension Island is an isolated oceanic island in the South
Atlantic (Figure 1), situated about 150 kilometers west of the
crest of the mid-Atlantic Ridge at 7?57'S, 14?22'W. Entirely
volcanic, the island is small, with an area of about 97 square
kilometers. Ascension is relatively young, probably of Pleisto-
cene origin; J.D. Bell, who visited Ascension in 1964 with the
Oxford University Geological Expedition (Atkins.et al., 1964),
suggested (in litL) an approximate age of 1.0 to 1.5 million
years for the island. Ascension lies about 2200 kilometers east
of Brazil and more than 3000 kilometers west of the African
coast. The nearest land is the island of St. Helena.almost 1300
kilometers to the south.
The island, discovered in 1501, has been visited by
numerous scientific expeditions, including the French Astro-
labe in 1829,Charles Darwin and the Beagle in 1836 (Darwin,
1871), the Challenger in 1876 (Miers, 1886; Moseley,
1892?earlier edition published in 1879; Wyville Thomson,
1878, first published in 1877), the U.S. Eclipse Expedition in
1890 (Benedict, 1893; Rathbun, 1900), the Gazelle in 1874
(Studer, 1883, 1889), the German Plankton-Expedition der
Humboldt-Stiftung in 1889 (Ortmann, 1893), the German
Sud-Polar Expedition in 1903 (Lenz and Strunck, 1914), the
Scotia of the Scottish National Antarctic Expedition in 1904
(Stebbing, 1914), the Discovery in 1925, and the German
Meteor in 1926 (for background and references to early
expeditions see Wiist, 1960; references given above are to
papers on decapods resulting from the expeditions mentioned).
Historical background on Ascension has been given in the
handbook on the island prepared by John E. Packer (1968,
1974),in Stonehouse's (1960) account of the British Ornitholo-
Raymond B. Manning and Fenner A. Chace, Jr., Department of
Invertebrate Zoology, National Museum of Natural History, Smith-
sonian Institution, Washington, D.C. 20560.
gists' Union Centenary Expedition to the island, and by
Hart-Davis (1972) in a book on the island.
As we noted* in our account of Procaris ascensionis and
Typhlatya rogersi from inland marine pools on Ascension
(Chace and Manning, 1972:1), our interest in the decapods and
stomatopods of Ascension began when Storrs L. Olson, then a
graduate student at Johns Hopkins University, visited Ascen-
sion in June 1970. He returned with a small collection
including 16 species of decapods and two species of
stomatopods, most from a sandy bottom tide pool at Me Arthur
Point. The collection also included material of an undescribed
Typhlatya from salt water pools inland of Shelly Beach that
was sent by Douglas S. Rogers, then an employee of Pan
American Airways and Curator of the Fort Hayes Museum,
Ascension Historical Society. We received additional collec-
tions from the inland pools from Rogers through Blake Lorenz,
National Aeronautics and Space Administration, with the help
of the District of Columbia Police Department, who recovered
the samples after they were stolen from Mr. Lorenz's
automobile. These latter collections included material of the
new Typhlatya and of a second remarkable species that lacked
chelae. These two shrimps were described by us in 1972.
These collections were so interesting that we decided to
collaborate on a study of the decapods and stomatopods of
Ascension. One of us (R.B.M.) visited Ascension for 10 days in
May 1971. The general collections of marine invertebrates
made then led to a second expedition in July 1976 by four
curators from the Department of Invertebrate Zoology, Na-
tional Museum of Natural History: Meredith L. Jones,
Raymond B. Manning, David L. Pawson.and Joseph Rosewa-
ter, accompanied by Anthony L. Provenzano, Jr., Old Domin-
ion University. Several papers on other invertebrates taken
during the 1971 and 1976 expeditions have been published,
including reports on ostracods (Maddocks, 1975), marine
mollusks (Rosewater, 1975), and echinoderms (Pawson, 1978),
and bopyrid isopods taken on Ascension were mentioned by
SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY
GULF OF
AAIDO DC NOI1ONHA
FIGURE 1.?Central Atlantic Ocean,showing location of Ascension Island. (From Pawson, 1978,fig. 2.)
Markham (1978).
Material taken during the two Smithsonian expeditions has
been supplemented by specimens from other sources, particu-
larly the collections made by staff members of the Grice Marine
Biological Laboratory, College of Charleston, in July and
August 1980 (only part of those collections are included in this
report), and a collection made by members of the Operation
Origin expedition to Ascension in 1985, sponsored by Oxford
University,England. Of special interest were collections made
by Kenneth Jourdan and Marion MacDowell and sent to us
from Ascension. Wesley U. Vickrey collected there in 1963
and 1964, and Storrs L. Olson made additional collections in
1971. Arthur Loveridge also provided some collections from
Ascension. Wherever possible, we have re-examined speci-
mens from Ascension reported in the literature.
Collections available to us include 74 species of decapods
and two species of stomatopods. Two species were described
by us in 1972, and 10 additional species are named herein.
PREVIOUS ACCOUNTS OF ASCENSION
DECAPODA AND STOMATOPODA
Excluding species taken by the Smithsonian expeditions to
Ascension, only 18 species of decapods and no stomatopods
had been recorded previously from Ascension.
Although the larger crustaceans of Ascension have received
little attention from carcinologists, several species have long
been known to occur there. Land crabs on Ascension were
mentioned by William Dampier in "A Voyage to New Holland
... in the Year 1699" (Spencer, 1981:252). Two species from
Ascension were known to Linnaeus, Grapsus adscensionis and
Euryozius sanguineus. Apparently the material was supplied to
Linnaeus by students who visited the island, including Per
Osbeck and J.C. Odhelius. The latter's thesis, Chinensia
Lagerstroemiana, was published by Linnaeus in 1754; Odhe-
lius described Cancer retusus, a species of Grapsus, in that
work (Holthuis, 1977b: 145). Linnaeus named Cancer grapsus
in 1758 and in 1771 named Cancer sanguineus, both based, at
NUMBER 503
least in part, on material from Ascension. Osbeck (1757,1765,
1771) named Cancer adscensionis from the island. In 1785
Herbst repeated the record for Cancer sanguineus. Numerous
authors have repeated these records from Linnaeus without
adding new material or information.
Charles Darwin visited the island in 1836 and included
observations on the land crab in his Journal and Remarks (first
published in 1839 and reprinted as Journal of Researches... in
1845 and in numerous later editions; the edition available to us
is that of 1871; see Holthuis, Edwards, and Lubbock, 1980:49
for dates of publication of Darwin's journal). The Ascension
land crab, Gecarcinus lagostoma, was described in 1837 by H.
Milne Edwards, who gave "l'Australasie" as the type locality.
The material was given to Milne Edwards by Quoy and
Gaimard, who studied the mollusks taken by the Astrolabe,
which visited Ascension in 1829.
White (1847) listed Remipes scutellatus (= Hippa testudi-
naria) from Ascension, and Drew (1876) commented on the
biology of Gecarcinus lagostoma. Miers (1878) repeated the
record of Remipes scutellatus.
Miers (1881b) reported on decapods collected on Ascension
by T. Conry.a surgeon then stationed on the island, as follows:
Miers' Name
Leiolophus planissimus
Pachygrapsus transversus
Petrolisthes armatus
Pseudozius Mellissi nov.
Xanthodes melanodactylus
Current Name
Percnon gibbesi
Pachygrapus loveridgei
Petrolisthes marginatus
Euryozius sanguineus
Nannocassiope melanodactylus
Studer (1883) named four species taken by the Gazelle when
it sampled around the island:
Studer's Name
Grapsus pictus var. ocellatus nov.
Lambrus verrucosus nov.
Notopus (Raninoides?) atlanticus
nov.
Osachila St'unpsoniinov.
Current Name
Grapsus adscensionis
Parthenope verrucosa
Ranilia constricta
Osachila stbnpsonii
Studer (1889:50), in the narrative of the Gazelle expedition,
listed 10 species that had been recorded from Ascension,
omitting only the species of Hippa recorded by White (1847)
and Miers (1878):
Studer's Name
Lambrus verrucosus
Pseudozius Mellisii
Xanthodes melanodactylus
Pachygrapsus transversus
Leiolophus planissimus
Geocarcinus lagostoma
Grapsus maculatus
Osachila Stimpsoni
Raninoides atlanticus
Petrolisthes armatus
Current Name
Parthenope verrucosa
Euryozius sanguineus
Nannocassiope melanodactylus
Pachygrapsus loveridgei
Percnon gibbesi
Gecarcinus lagostoma
Grapsus adscensionis
Osachila stimpsonii
Ranilia constricta
Petrolisthes marginatus
The Challenger Expedition stopped at Ascension in 1876
and collected three species, reported by Miers (1886) as
Gecarcinus lagostomai', Grapsus maculatus (= G. adscen-
sionis), and Pseudozius bouvieri va. mellissii (= Euryozius
sanguineus). Land crabs were mentioned by both Wyville
Thomson (1878) and Moseley (1892) in their narrative
accounts of the Challenger Expedition.
Materials taken by the U.S. Eclipse Expedition to West
Africa were reported by Benedict (1893) and later Rathbun
(1900,1918,1930). The species seen by Benedict included:
Benedict's Name
Actaea rufopunctata
Geocarcinus lagostoma
Grapsus maculatus
Remipes scutellatus
Current Name
Paractaea rufopunctata africana
Gecarcinus lagostoma
Grapsus adscensionis
Hippa testudinaria
Rathbun subsequently published other records for three
species taken by the expedition but not included by Benedict:
Xanthias melanodactylus (= Nannocassiope melanodactylus)
(1900), Grapsus grapsus (= Grapsus adscensionis), and
Gecarcinus lagostoma (1918), and Portunus vocans (=
Laleonectes vocans) (1930).
Five species were taken by the Plankton-Expedition der
Humboldt-Stiftung (Ortmann, 1893):
Ortmann's Name
Alpheus ascensionis nov.
Gecarcinus lagostoma
Grapsus grapsus
Pagurus imperator
Xantho melanodactylus
Current Name
Alpheus paracrinitus
same
Grapsus adscensionis
Dardanus imperator
Nannocassiope melanodactylus
Ortmann (1893:52, 53) also recorded a glaucothoe and an
unnamed dromiid from Ascension.
Three species were taken by the German Siidpolar Expedi-
tion (Lenz and Strunck,1914): Gecarcinus lagostoma, Grapsus
grapsus (= Grapsus adscensionis), and Panulirus echinatus.
We have not included in our account below the record of
Nematocarcinus ensifer var. exilis (Bate, 1888) in 2000 meters
near Ascension at 12?11'S, 6?16'W (Lenz and Strunck,
1914:330).
The Scotia of the Scottish National Antarctic Expedition
visited Ascension in 1904 and collected six species,reported by
Stebbing (1914):
Stebbing's Name
Eupagurus modicellus nov.
Gecarcinus lagostoma
Grapsus grapsus
Lambrus verrucosus
Latreillia elegans
Pagurus calidus
Current Name
Sympagurus dimorphus
same
Grapsus adscensionis
Parthenope verrucosa
Latreillia manningi
Dardanus imperator
Station data are somewhat garbled in Stebbing's account,for
he recorded six species from sta 507, as follows: Lambrus
verrucosus, off Pyramid Point, 40 fathoms (p. 262); Grapsus
maculatus (p. 265); Gecarcinus lagostoma, in 5-18 fathoms (p.
269); Latreillia elegans, off Pyramid Point, 45 fathoms (p.
273); Pagurus calidus, Clarence Bay (p. 276); and Eupagurus
modicellus, off Pyramid Point, 40 fathoms (p. 277). The
records for the Grapsus and the Gecarcinus, neither of which
SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY
live subtidally, are obviously in error, and it seems likely that
all of the other specimens were taken at sta 507, off Pyramid
Point, in 40 fathoms. In the narrative of the Scotia Expedition,
Wilton, Pirie, and Brown (1908:81) noted that on June 10
[1904] they trawled in 40 fathoms off Pyramid Point at 7?36'S,
14?33'W, and secured a very rich haul. They mentioned no
other stations from Ascension. The land crab also was
mentioned in the narrative of the expedition. Apparently shore
collections made during the trawling station received the only
station number assigned at Ascension, 507.
Since 1914 there have been few records published that
included Ascension decapods. Stonehouse (1960), Packer
(1968, 1974), Graham (1969), Hart-Davis (1972), Olson
(1973), and Marx (1975) all mentioned land crabs in their
accounts. Stonehouse (1960) also mentioned the occurrence of
Grapsus, and Packer (1968:25; 1974:19) knew of the popula-
tions of shrimps in the inland tide pools of Shelly Beach.
Panulirus echinatus from Ascension was mentioned by
Phinizy (1969), Marx (1975), Lubbock (1980), and Holthuis,
Edwards, and Lubbock (1980). Gore (1974) mentioned that
Petrolisthes marginatus occurred there, and Holthuis and
Manning (1970) reported that the Hippa from Ascension could
be identified with the West Atlantic H. testudinaria. Price and
John (1980) reported both Procaris ascensionis and Typhlatya
rogersi in their survey of inshore organisms and communities
on Ascension. Williams (1982) reidentified Latreillia elegans
from Ascension as L. manningi, and Manning and Holthuis
(1981) studied Euryozius sanguineus and Ranilia constricta
from Ascension. Felgenhauer and Abele (1983) and Abele and
Felgenhauer (1985, 1986) reported on the morphology and
relationships of Procaris ascensionis, based on collections they
made at the type locality.
Balss (1922:108) listed the decapods from Ascension then
known to him,a total of 16 species,as follows:
Balss' Name
Alpheus ascensionis
Panulirus gut talus
Petrolisthes armatus
Pagurus calidus
Eupagurus modicellus
Remipes cubensis
Xanthias melanodaclyla
Pseudozius bouvieri
Grapsus grapsus
Gecarcinus lagostoma
Percnon planissimum
Pagurus imperator
Latreillia elegans
Lambrus verrucosus
Osachila stimpsoni
Notopus (Raninoides) atlanticus
Current Name
Alpheus paracrinitus
Panulirus echinatus
Petrolisthes marginatus
Dardanus imperator
Sympagurus dimorphus
Hippa testudinaria
Nannocassiope melanodactylus
Euryozius sanguineus
Grapsus adscensionis
Percnon gibbesi
Percnon gibbesi
Dardanus imperator
Latreillia manningi
Parlhenope verrucosa
Ranilia constricta
Ranilia constricta
marginatus. In 1930 Rathbun recorded Portunus vocans (=
Laleonectes vocans) from the island.
Decapods collected during the Smithsonian surveys have
been reported in several papers. We (Chace and Manning,
1972) described Procaris ascensionis and Typhlatya rogersi
and reported Grapsus grapsus (= G. adscensionis) from
Ascension, and Provenzano (1978) reported on the biology of
Procaris ascensionis. Chace (1972) remarked that Lysmata
moorei was found on Ascension. That a Corallianassa
occurred on Ascension was reported by de Saint Laurent and Le
Loeuff (1979),and Reaka and Manning (1987) reported that the
stomatopod Heterosquilloides mccullochae (= Tetrasquilla
mccullochae) was found there. Kropp and Manning (1987)
studied the Atlantic gall crabs, and reported that both West
Atlantic species, Opecarcinus hypostegus and Troglocarcinus
corallicola occurred on Ascension.
In summary, the following 18 species were known from
Ascension prior to this study:
Alpheus paracrinitus
Dardanus imperator
Euryozius sanguineus
Gecarcinus lagostoma
Grapsus adscensionis
Hippa testudinaria
Laleonectes vocans
Latreillia manningi
Nannocassiope melanodactylus
Osachila stimpsonii
Pachygrapus loveridgei
Panulirus echinatus
Paractaea rufopunctata africana
Parlhenope verrucosa
Percnon gibbesi
Petrolisthes marginatus
Ranilia constricta
Sympagurus dimorphus
Two of these, Pagurus calidus and P. imperator, were based
on the same species, Dardanus imperator, so Balss knew of
only 15 species from the island; he overlooked the earlier
records for Paractaea rufopunctata africana and Petrolisthes
Of the 18 species known from Ascension prior to the
Smithsonian expeditions, only one is a shrimp (29 are reported
here), one is a lobster, and 16 are anomuran and brachyuran
crabs (we report 34); only eight of the 16 previously recorded
crabs were taken in littoral or supralittoral habitats. The
Smithsonian expeditions added 47 species to the known
shallow water fauna, and a total of 58 decapods and
stomatopods are newly recorded from the island.
SHORE HABITATS ON ASCENSION
The relatively low number of species of decapods found at
Ascension certainly is a reflection of a variety of factors. First
of all, its relatively young geological age (for oceanic islands;
see Briggs, 1966) has played a role in providing a relatively
short time for colonization to occur. Second, its isolation,
compared to that of Bermuda and the Cape Verde Islands, has
contributed to the paucity of the fauna. A third factor has to be
the limited habitats available there?there are no lagoons,
estuaries, grass beds, mangroves, or coral reefs on the island.
Price and John (1978:118) concluded that on Ascension "the
primary facet presented by the intertidal and sublittoral fringe
on Ascension was still that of stark bare rock, sometimes
abutting or adjoining clean sand."
Another factor is the strong tidal surge, supplemented by
rollers, enormous waves that assault the island periodically.
Finally, the most common fish on Ascension, the blackfish,
NUMBER 503
Melichthys niger (Bloch), deters colonization by grazing clean
all surfaces that it can reach. Day (1983:597) studied the effects
of benthic algae in coral reef habitats and concluded that in
areas with algal growth the presence of herbivorous fishes
increased the potential for damage to sessile animals: "her-
bivory effectively 'weeded out' sessile animals from algal
lawns." Grazing blackfish on Ascension have certainly played
a large role in limiting the colonization and growth of sessile
algae and invertebrates on open rock faces.
Lubbock (1980:299) recognized only three habitats on the
island, sand beaches, rock, and rubble, mostly made up of
coralline algal cobbles. Price and John (1980:251) recognized
six categories of habitats, several of them subcategories of
rocky shore habitats. In both articles the authors commented on
the deleterious effects of the Ascension blackfish on shallow
water habitats.
The Smithsonian expeditions found habitats to be as
suggested by Lubbock; in the intertidal areas, rock is the
common substratum, and algal growth is very limited;
barnacles and solitary corals are very rare. Along the coasts the
majority of intertidal rocky areas are covered by a layer of
calcareous algae,which has effectively cemented all rubble into
a uniform surface. Price and John (1978:111) remarked that
"Erect calcareous and non-calcareous seaweeds are restricted in
full growth to areas not exploitable by black-fish for feeding."
Stands of algae and colonies of sabellariid worms are limited to
crevices where tidal flow runs off,to blowholes,and to isolated
tide pools where blackfish cannot penetrate.
Vermeij (1972) commented on the important role played by
habitat in the distribution patterns of species, and noted that
little attention had been devoted to this topic. He suggested that
physically rigorous environments appeared to be used by
species characterized by limited geographic distribution. There
is no question that limited habitats on Ascension have played a
role in limiting the decapods that have colonized it, but
Vermeij's other observations do not hold for the decapods of
Ascension. There physically rigorous environments are charac-
teristic of the intertidal and shallow subtidal areas, but 74% of
the species occurring on Ascension have broad distribution
patterns,occurring somewhere else in the Atlantic.
The beaches on Ascension are high energy beaches made up
of very coarse sand (Figure 2a,b). Only Hippa testudinaria was
found to live in the sand, although Grapsus were seen roaming
over the open beaches at night.
Isolated sandy-bottom tide pools, with a rim of protective
rock often inhabited by dense stands of oysters, Saccostrea
cucullata (Born).were found to be the most productive habitats.
The tide pool at McArthur Point (Figure 2d) yielded no less
than 30 species of decapods, and pools at English Bay (Figure
2e) and Shelly Beach (Figure 2/) each yielded more than 20
species.
A shallow, intertidal flat south of Collyer Point (Figure 2g),
characterized by the presence of many sea urchins of the genus
Echinometra in shallow excavations in the surface coralline
algae (Figure 2h), provided material of Percnon and
Gnathophyllum, found associated with the urchins. Specimens
of Plagusia were most common at the edge of that flat
At Shelly Beach, the substrate is composed largely of loose
cobbles of coralline algae, suggesting the presence of an
extensive sublittoral habitat there similar to that described from
the islands of the Gulf of Guinea by Voss (1966:49,fig. 14) and
Forest (1959:17), who remarked: "Les formations les plus
caracteristiques du plateau littoral, autour des trois lies
[Principe, Sao Tom6,and Annobon], sont constitutes par des
algues calcaires agglomerees en boules (pi. 2, fig. 3) qui sont
libres sur les fonds et qui arbitent une abondante faune
d'endobiotes " The area offshore of Shelly Beach might
prove to be a rich source of decapods. Lubbock (1980:299)
noted that rubble beds in 15-50 meters depth "harboured a
distinctive fauna."
The only place that corals were found to be abundant on the
island was the coral pool inland of Shelly Beach, the type
locality of Procaris ascensionis where Typhlatya rogersi also
was collected. The substrate in that pool is dominated by
colonies of the alga Valonia and beds of the solitary coral
Favia. Although no other decapods were seen in the coral pool,
a formalin wash of coralline algae crusts from the pool yielded
specimens of Alpheus dentipes, Cataleptodius olsoni, Cliba-
narius rosewateri, Lysmata moorei, and Pachygrapsus love-
ridgei. A formalin wash of echinoids from the pool yielded
Clibanarius rosewateri. These are also the most abundant
decapods on the island, other than Grapsus adscensionis,
which was not collected at the coral pool by the Smithsonian
expeditions but which was observed there by Manning in 1971
and by L.G. Abele and B. Felgenhauer (personal communica-
tion).
One of the characteristics shared by many of the decapods on
Ascension is their small size.and this certainly is a reflection of
the kinds of habitats available to them,namely coralline algae
clumps, sabellariid beds, and oyster-lined tide pools. The larger
specimen of Typton ascensionis, for example, has a carapace
length of 1.0 mm, the largest Clibanarius rosewateri has a
shield length of 2.4 mm, and the largest Cataleptodius olsoni
has a carapace length of 5.0 mm. On the other hand,material of
Lysmata moorei is unusually large and robust for the species.
FORMAT CONSIDERATIONS
Synonymies are limited to citations of the original descrip-
tion, the more important of subsequent citations where
additional references may be found, and references to the
occurrence of species at Ascension and on St. Helena (Chace,
1966), St. Paul's Rocks (Holthuis, Edwards, and Lubbock,
1980),and Fernando de Noronha (Fausto Filho, 1974).
Major collecting sites are shown in Figure 3. We have
adopted spellings of localities from the U.S. Board on
Geographic Names gazetteer on Ascension. Some localities
have local names and are not included in the gazetteer; these
SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY
NUMBER 503
ENGLISH BAV
FOBT HAVE
COLLVEB POINT
?HBLL.V H A C H
FIGURE 3.?Map of Ascension Island, showing principal collecting sites. (From Pawson, 1978, fig. 1.)
include Archer Point (north shore), British Pol (midway
between North Point and Pyramid Point), Cable and Wireless
Beach (south of Collyer Point), Guano Jetty, Kettle Cove,
Klinka Bay, Ladies Loo (all north shore), Pan Am Beach
(South West Bay), Powerhouse Cove (north shore), and Turtle
Shell Beach (= Clarke's Beach, northern edge of South West
Bay).
As all of the Smithsonian collections were made in littoral or
shallow sublittoral habitats, data from those collections are
limited to station number and locality, except for those species
taken at the coral pool at Shelly Beach. A complete list of
collecting stations, together with a list of species taken at each
station, in the "Appendix".
Most of the specimens reported here are in the collections of
the National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institu-
tion. Other repositories are identified by acronym before the
number of specimens in each entry under "Material." No
acronym is given for material in the Smithsonian collections,
except for holotypes of new species.
In the "Material" sections, measurements in millimeters are
given in square brackets following the number of specimens.
The measurements are: postorbital carapace length for macru-
rans, shield length for hermit crabs, and carapace length,
measured on the midline.for crabs. In this section,as well as in
that on size, the numbers and size ranges of ovigerous females
are included in the female totals as well as separately.
FIGURE 2 (opposite).?Some habitats on Ascension Island: a,b, sand beach at
North East Bay; c, rocky shore at North East Bay; d, protected tide pool at
McArthur Point; e, English Bay; /, Shelly Beach; g,h, area south of Collyer
Point.
ABBREVIATIONS AND REPOSITORIES
We use the following abbreviations:
cb carapace breadth
cl carapace length
cm centimeter(s)
fm fathom(s)
m meter(s)
mm millimeters)
si shield length
tl total length
Repositories include:
BMNH The Natural History Museum (formerly British Museum
(Natural History)), London
GMBL Grice Marine Biological Laboratory, Charleston
RSM Royal Scottish Museum.Edinburgh
SMF Forschungsinstitut Senckenberg, Frankfurt
ZMB Zoological Museum,Berlin
USNM National Museum of Natural History (formerly the
United States National Museum), Smithsonian Insti-
tution, Washington
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
Manning's 1971 trip to Ascension was arranged by Helena
Weiss, then Registrar of the Smithsonian Institution, and
permission to visit the island was granted by its Administrator,
Brigadier H.W.D. MacDonald. On the island, Douglas S.
Rogers, Pan American Airways and Ascension Historical
Society,provided transportation and introduced the first author
to a variety of habitats there. Ken Double of Pan American
Airways and Pete Kashulines, Thermo Contracting Corpora-
tion, helped make several collections. We thank Major Jack
8 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY
Couch.Base Commander of the U.S. Auxiliary Air Force Base,
for providing dormitory and mess facilities.
The 1976 visit to Ascension was made possible through the
efforts of Ross B. Simons.Office of the Assistant Secretary for
Science, Smithsonian Institution, and the support of the
Smithsonian's Fluid Research Fund; we thank S. Dillon Ripley,
then Secretary of the Smithsonian Institution, for supporting
our visit to Ascension. We also thank Mr. Jeffrey C. Guy, the
Administrator of Ascension, U.S. base commanders Major
Henry Spangler and Lieutenant Colonel Thomas H. Morris.and
the head of the NASA tracking station, Mr. Jefferson Speck.
Mr. Speck provided us with a vehicle, which allowed us access
to several locations. Mr. and Mrs. Speck also were most
gracious hosts, and Mrs. Speck accompanied the Smithsonian
team in the field. Edith Parker, wife of the police chief on the
island, also helped in the field.
For the loan of material or for permission to examine
material in their care, we thank Sue Chambers,Royal Scottish
Museum, Edinburgh; B. Galil, University of Tel Aviv; H.-E.
Gruner, Zoological Museum, Berlin; R.W. Ingle, The Natural
History Museum, London; Norman Chamberlin, Grice Marine
Biological Laboratory, Charleston; and M. Tiirkay,
Forschungsinstitut Senckenberg, Frankfurt. Dr. Tiirkay shared
with us his observations on and figures of Atlantic species of
Grapsus, for which we are most grateful.
H. Zibrowius, Station Marine d'Endoume, found the
cryptochirids in samples of coral from the Ascension collec-
tions and brought them to our attention. Otherwise we would
have overlooked them.
We are grateful to several other people for providing us with
collections, including Storrs L. Olson, Smithsonian Institution,
whose collections of 16 species in 1970 led to this study;
Kenneth Jourdan and Wesley U. Vickrey.Radio Corporation of
America; Marion McDowell, Pan American Airways; Law-
rence G. Abele and Bruce Felgenhauer, Florida State Univer-
sity; Robert A. Irving, Nature Conservancy Council, U.K.
(Operation Origin collection, 1985).
L.B. Holthuis, Nationaal Natuurhistorisch Museum (for-
merly Rijksmuseum van Natuurlijke Historie), Leiden, J.H.
Price, The Natural History Museum, London, and M. Tiirkay,
Forschungsinstitut Senckenberg, provided us with references
that might have gone unnoticed, for which we thank them. We
are especially indebted to Dr. Holthuis for providing the
complete references to both Euryozius sanguineus and Grapsus
adscensionis. We thank Rafael Lemaitre, Smithsonian Institu-
tion, for commenting on our account of Sympagurus dimor-
phus, and David T. Steere.Jr. and Carolyn Hahn, Smithsonian
Institution Libraries, for helping us find many references.
Lilly K. Manning prepared figures 24,27,31,33,42, and 46,
copied all of the figures reproduced from the literature, and
made backup copies of all of the figures. Figure 21 was
prepared by Carolyn Gast.
We thank Marilyn Schotte, Smithsonian Institution, for
proofreading the penultimate draft of this account, and our
colleagues David L. Pawson,Smithsonian Institution,and L.B.
Holthuis for critically reviewing the manuscript for us.
DECAPODA
Family PENAEIDAE
Metapenaeopsis gerardoi Perez Farfante, 1971
Metapenaeopsis gerardoi Perez Farfante, 1971:20, figs. 11,12,13c.
MATERIAL.?Grice Marine Biological Laboratory Collec-
tion: Sta 80-54,off North Point, 20-25 m: 3 males, 10 females
(GMBL).
SEE.?Not measured.
HABITAT.?Collected with rotenone in 20-25 meters.
REMARKS.?We are indebted to Isabel Pdrez Farfante for the
identification of these specimens.
DISTRIBUTION.?Florida Keys, West Indies, and Caribbean
coasts of Central and South America; now from Ascension
Island; usually found in shallow water but recorded from a
depth of at least 229 meters.
Family PROCARIDIDAE
Procaris ascensionis Chace and Manning, 1972
Procaris ascensionis Chace and Manning, 1972:6, figs. 4-9.?Provenzano,
1978:170.?Price and John 1980:263, 278.?Abele and Felgenhauer,
1985:15.
MATERIAL.?Smithsonian 1976 Collection: Sta 5B-76,
Shelly Beach: 1 specimen [9.3].
Other Collections: Shelly Beach, R.M. Hannay (Ascension
Island Historical Society), 9 Apr 1972: 7 specimens (BMNH
1973:129).
Types: The type series from the coral pool back of Shelly
Beach is itemized in Chace and Manning (1972:6).
SEE.?Carapace length of only specimen measured, 9.3
mm.
REMARKS.?Provenzano (1978) maintained P. ascensionis
in aquaria as long as 10 months; they fed upon larval Anemia,
Crangon, and Palaemonetes by contact capture in a feeding
basket formed by the nonchelate pereopods. The same author
subsequently observed the species at the type locality on
Ascension and concluded that they must subsist naturally on
the countless Typhlatya rogersi that shared the habitat with
them there.
Abele and Felgenhauer (1985) also studied these shrimps at
the type locality and in aquaria. They discovered that P.
ascensionis was abundant in unlit caves beneath but connected
with the surface pool and that they fed voraciously on the
gammarid amphipod Melita as well as Typhlatya,but that their
stomach contents contained equal parts of animal and plant
fragments, such as filamentous algae and benthic diatoms.
NUMBER 503
We (Chace and Manning, 1972) originally assigned Procaris
to a distinct primitive superfamily of the Caridea. Felgenhauer
and Abele (1983) and Abele and Felgenhauer (1986) decided,
from cladistic analysis, that the genus may constitute a separate
major taxon, the Procarididea, allied to but distinct from the
Caridea,both of which are different from the Penaeidea and the
Stenopodidea. Kensley and Williams (1986:429) decided,after
limited cladistic examination, to treat the group as a superfa-
mily of the Caridea rather than to accept the new category level
proposed by Felgenhauer and Abele. Felgenhauer, Abele, and
Kim (1988:333, abstract) also assigned the procaridids to the
Caridea after the discovery that the genital apertures corre-
spond closely to those of members of that infraorder and that
the eggs are attached to the pleopods,presumably until the time
of hatching. We are still inclined to believe that the procaridids
are referable to the Caridea but that the penaeoidean characters
displayed by them and the tack-like spermatozoa frequently
found in all three groups suggest that the abandonment of the
category Natantia may prove to be premature, at least until
procaridid larval stages become known.
DISTRIBUTION.?Procaris ascensionis is thus far known
from the coral pool on Ascension, but two species that are
barely distinguishable from it, P. chacei Hart and Manning,
1986, and P. hawaiiana Holthuis, 1973, have been described
from anchialine situations at Bermuda and Hawaii, respec-
tively, and a generically distinct species, Vetericaris chaceo-
rum Kensley and Williams, 1986, was found sharing a
Hawaiian laval tube with P. hawaiiana.
Family ATYIDAE
Typhlatya rogersi Chace and Manning, 1972
Typhlatya rogersi Chace and Manning, 1972:14,figs. 10,11.
Typhalatys rogeri.?Price and John, 1980:263,278.
MATERIAL.?Smithsonian 1976 Collection: Sta 5B-76,
Shelly Beach, coral pool: 2 males [2.8-3.0], 19 females
[2.5-3.4], 68 juveniles [1.7-2.4].?Sta 5C-76, Shelly Beach,
marl pool: 1 male [3.6], 8 females [2.6-4.3], 12 juveniles
[1.8-2.4].
Other Collections: McDowell (1981), Shelly Beach, marl
pool: 13 males [2.8-3.8], 88 females [2.5-4.9], 2 juveniles
[2.2-2.4].?McDowell (1981), Shelly Beach, coral pool: 98
males, [2.6-3.3], 288 females [2.7-3.9], 54 juveniles [1.7-
2.4].?Shelly Beach, R.M. Hannay (Ascension Island Histori-
cal Society), 9 Apr 1972: 20 specimens (BMNH 1973:128).
(The appendix masculina is often in such close contact with the
appendix interna as to be indistinguishable in this species; the
proportion of males cited is therefore probably too small.)
Types: See Chace and Manning (1972:14) for enumeration
of type series from marl and coral pools back of Shelly Beach.
SIZE.?Carapace lengths of males, 2.5-4.2 mm; of females,
2.5-4.9 mm; of juveniles, 1.6-2.4 mm.
HABITAT.?See Chace and Manning (1972:2).
DISTRIBUTION.?Known only from the marl and coral pools
back of Shelly Beach. The nine species of Typhlatya currently
recognized are known from Ascension to the Galapagos
Islands. Five of them,like most members of the family Atyidae,
are known from subterranean fresh water, and two occur
occasionally in brackish water. Only T. rogersi and T. iliffei
Hart and Manning, 1981, from Bermuda are known from fully
saline, anchialine pools.
Family RHYNCHOCINETIDAE
Rhynchocinetes rigens Gordon, 1936
Rhynchocinetes rigens Gordon, 1936:76, figs. 1-4, 5e.?Manning, 1961:1,
figs. 1,2.
MATERIAL.?Grice Marine Biological Laboratory Collec-
tion: Sta 80-71, Pyramid Point, 10 m: 5 males, 13 juveniles
(GMBL).
SEE.?Not measured.
DISTRIBUTION.?Known previously from the Azores and
Madeira in the eastern Atlantic and represented in the
Smithsonian collections from Bermuda, Florida Keys, Gulf of
Mexico to Barbuda and the Caribbean coast of Colombia, and
Brazil in the western Atlantic; now from Ascension in the
central Atlantic; reported from localities in the Pacific by
Fujino (1975) and Tiefenbacher (1976); littoral and sublittoral.
Family PALAEMONIDAE
Brachycarpus biunguiculatus (Lucas, 1846)
Palaemon biunguiculatus Lucas, 1846:45, pL 4: fig. e.
Brachycarpus savignyi Bate, 1888:795,pl. 129: fig. 4.
Brachycarpus biunguiculatus.?Chace, 1966:625.
MATERIAL.?Manning 1971 Collection: Sta ASC-9,McAr-
thur Point: 1 male [5.1].?Sta ASC-15, English Bay: 1 male
[8.3].?Sta ASC-16,Shelly Beach: 1 male [6.8].?Sta ASC-21,
English Bay: 2 females [3.1-3.4].?Sta ASC-22, Me Arthur
Point 1 male [3.9], 1 female [3.2].
Smithsonian 1976 Collection: ASC Sta 8,McArthur Point: 1
male [8.2].
Grice Marine Biological Laboratory Collection: Sta 80-43,
English Bay,0-1 m: 2 males (GMBL).
Operation Origin: Site 31, Spire Rock, 10 m: 1 ovig. female
[10.0].
Other Collections: Olson (1970); McArthur Point, sandy
bottom tide pool: 2 males [7.8-10.5].?Jourdan (1977),Long
Beach: 1 male [8.6].?Castro (1978), Me Arthur Point: 1 ovig.
female [14.3].?Ascension Island, T. Corny: 1 male [6.5]
(BMNH 82.1).
SIZE.?Carapace lengths of males,3.9-10.5 mm; of females,
3.1-14.3 mm; of ovigerous females, 10.0-14.3 mm.
COLOR.?Notes made by Operation Origin personnel indi-
cate that their specimen was orange with black eyes and the
10 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY
chelae were ochre with darker rings.
HABITAT.?Most of the specimens listed above were
collected from tide pools.
DISTRIBUTION.?Pantropical and subtropical; eastern Atlan-
tic from the Mediterranean and off West Africa; central
Atlantic from Ascension; western Atlantic from Bermuda to
Curacao; Clipperton Island, eastern Pacific (Chace, 1962);
Indo-West Pacific from Hawaii to Red Sea; littoral and
sublittoral.
Pontonia pinnophylax (Otto, 1821)
Palaemon pinnophylax Otto, 1821:12.
Pontonia pinnophylax.?Chace, 1966:626, fig. 1.
MATERIAL.?Grice Marine Biological Laboratory Collec-
tion: Sta 80-71, Pyramid Point, 10 m: 1 male, 1 ovig. female
(GMBL).
Operation Origin: Site 15, Lady's Loo, in hooked Pinna
shell, 6 m: 1 female [6.3].?Site 21?, "China" Wreck, off
Georgetown.in live Pinna shell, 10 m: 1 female [9.5].
Other Collections: Vickrey (1963), South West Bay, in
"Atrina rigida" 9 m: 1 male [8.3], 1 female with remains of
hatched eggs [9.8].?Dennis, English Bay, 18-27 m: 1 male
[13.3], 1 ovig. female [10.8].?Olson (1971), from "pen
shells": 4 males [9.9-10.5], 3 females [9.9-12.0], 1 ovig
[11.1].
SEE.?Carapace lengths of males,8.3-13.3 mm; of females,
6.3-12.0 mm; of ovigerous females, 10.8-11.1 mm.
HABITAT.?Probably all of the Ascension specimens oc-
curred in Pinna rudis Linnaeus, the only pen shell recorded
thus far from that Island according to Rosewater (1975), in
depths of 9-27 meters.
DISTRIBUTION.?Mediterranean Sea and western Africa as
far south as northern Angola, Azores; central Atlantic from St.
Helena and Ascension; commensal in bivalve mollusks of the
genus Pinna.
Jypton ascensionis, new species
FIGURE 4
MATERIAL.?Smithsonian 1976 Collection: Sta 1C-76,
McArthur Point 1 female [1.0] (holotype,USNM 221890).?
Sta 3C-76,English Bay: 1 female [0.8].
DESCRIPTION.?Rostrum (Figure 4b) simple, spinelike, not
nearly reaching anteriorly to level of cornea, deepest near
midlength, ventral margin forming obtuse, rounded angle.
Carapace smooth.armed only with blunt antennal tooth (Figure
4a,b) situated at ventral orbital angle and not reaching level of
tip of rostrum; anterolateral margin rounded, not noticeably
produced anteriorly.
Abdomen with pleura of 5 anterior somites broadly rounded.
Sixth somite longer than 5th and more than l/2 as long as telson,
armed with long sharp spine either side of base of telson and
FIGURE 4.?Typton ascensionis, new species, female holotype, carapace length
1.0 mm: a, carapace and anterior appendages, right aspect; b, same, without
appendages; c, anterior part of carapace and eyes, dorsal aspect; d, telson and
uropods,dorsal aspect; e.right antennule,dorsal aspect;/.right antenna,ventral
aspect; g, right 1st maxilla, distal endite and palp; h, right 2nd maxilla; i, right
1st maxilliped; j , right 2nd maxilliped; k, right 3rd maxilliped; /, right 1st
pereopod; m, right 2nd pereopod; n, same, reverse aspect of fingers; o.left 2nd
pereopod; p, same, reverse aspect of fingers; q, right 3rd pereopod; r, same,
dactyl; s, same, distal end; /, right 4th pereopod; u, same, dactyl; v, right 5th
pereopod; w, same, dactyl.
NUMBER 503 11
with acute tooth at posterolateral angle of pleuron. Telson
(Figure Ad) nearly 2/3 as broad as long; posterior pair of
dorsolateral spines arising very slightly posterior to midlength,
anterior pair at about Vio of length from anterior margin; lateral
pair of terminal spines small but distinct, intermediate pair
longer and stouter than mesial pair.
Eyes reaching about to level of distal end of basal segment of
antennular peduncle; cornea much shorter and slightly nar-
rower than eyestalk.
Antennular peduncle (Figure Ae) with short, acute stylocerite
falling considerably short of midlength of basal segment
Second segment slightly shorter than 3rd. Dorsolateral flagel-
lum with both branches fused for 2 joints; free part of shorter
branch vestigial.
Antennular scale (Figure 4/) reduced to indistinct oval
lappet. Antennal peduncle reaching nearly to level of end of
antennular peduncle.
Mandible (distintegrated after extraction) with incisor
process vestigial and unarmed. Other mouthparts as illustrated
(Figure Ag-k). Second maxilla large, endite not cleft, scapho-
gnathite long and rather narrow. All maxillipeds with exopods.
Second maxilliped with well-developed exopod and simple,
ovate epipod. Third maxilliped short and stout; exopod barely
overreaching antepenultimate segment
First pereopod (Figure 4/) with fingers fully 3/* as long as
palm, carpus nearly x/2 as broad as long, shorter than either
chela or merus. Second pereopods dissimilar and unequal.
Major 2nd pereopod (Figure An) less than xli as long as palm,
forming hook twisted into plane nearly at right angle to that of
palm; carpus rather deeply triangular,about x/i as long as palm;
merus fully x/i as long as carpus, armed with 3 teeth on flexor
margin; ischium shorter than carpus, armed with 1 tooth near
distal end of flexor margin. Minor 2nd pereopod (Figure Ao)
with fingers about 2/3 as long as palm, movable finger armed
with blunt tooth near proximal end of opposable margin, fixed
finger with extensor surface (Figure Ap) forming deep flange
bearing subtriangular proximal tooth and concealing most of
flexed movable finger; carpus much shorter than palm; merus
about 2/3 as long as carpus, armed with 1 tooth near proximal
end of flexor margin; ischium about as long as carpus. Third
pereopod (Figure Aq) with dactyl (Figure Ar,s) less than xli as
long as propodus, accessory tooth sufficiently large to form
bifid tip; propodus stout, tapered.bearing 1 or 2 small spines on
flexor margin in addition to distal pair; carpus fully as long as
propodus; merus nearly as long as carpus. Fourth pereopod
(Figure At,u) similar to but slightly more slender than 3rd. Fifth
pereopod (Figure 4v) considerably more slender than 3rd or
4th; dactyl (Figure Aw) about xh as long as propodus; propodus
with subparallel margins; carpus about 2/3 as long as propodus;
merus subequal to propodus; ischium shorter than carpus.
Lateral branch of uropod (Figure Ad) with lateral margin
convex throughout, unarmed except for distal tooth and
movable spine mesial thereto.
SEE.?Carapace length of female, holotype, 1.0 mm; of
female paratype,0.8 mm.
HABITAT.?The holotype was extracted from a clump of
coralline algae and the paratype was associated with rocks,both
along the shoreline.
REMARKS.?These tiny specimens seem to belong to a
distinct species that differs from all other species of Typton,
except T. tortugae McClendon, 1911, T. bawii Bruce, 1972,
and T. australis Bruce, 1973, in the lobate,rather than spinose,
antennal tooth. They differ from those three species in lacking
a well-developed incisor process on the mandible, the first
maxilliped with the caridean lobe less produced, and the first
pereopod with the carpus and chela less elongate.
ETYMOLOGY.?The specific name may serve as a reminder
of the site of the original discovery of the species.
Family GNATHOPHYLLIDAE
Gnathophyllum ascensione, new species
FIGURES 5,6,8
MATERIAL.?Manning 1971 Collection: Sta ASC-22,
McArthur Point: 7 males [1.2-1.7], 7 females [1.2-1.6].?Sta
ASC-23, McArthur Point: 1 male [1.1], 1 ovig. female
[1.9].?Sta ASC-25, south of Collyer Point: 1 male [1.4], 3
females [1.3-2.0],2 ovig. [1.9-2.0].
Smithsonian 1976 Collection: Sta 5A-76, Shelly Beach: 1
ovig. female [2.2].?Sta 6A-76, south of Collyer Point: 1 ovig.
female [2.3].?Sta 9C-76, North East Bay: 3 males [2.0-2.1],
5 females [1.6-2.1], 4 ovig. [1.8-2.1] (1 male is holotype,
USNM 221888).
DESCRIPTION.?Rostrum (Figure 6a) rarely overreaching
basal segment of antennular peduncle, armed dorsally with
4-6,usually 5 teeth,all on rostrum anterior to level of posterior
margin of orbit, and ventrally with or without single denticle.
Orbit not incised into distinct posterodorsal sinus, provided
with blunt projection at anteroventral angle. Antennal spine
strong, arising from carapace slightly posterior to anterior
margin. Anterolateral angle of carapace rounded and produced
anteriorly well beyond antennal spine.
Abdomen smooth, pleura of all somites rounded. Telson
(Figure 6b) fully \xh times as long as 6th somite, nearly l3/4
times as long as wide; anterior pair of lateral spines arising near
midlength of telson, posterior pair slightly nearer to posterior
apex of telson than to anterior pair; posterior margin produced
to sharp point, armed with 3 pairs of spines, intermediate pair
2 or 3 times as long as lateral and mesial pairs, latter slender,
seta-like.
Eye (Figure 6c) with comea rounded or obscurely produced
into papilla.
Antennular peduncle (Figure 6d) with basal segment very
broad, stylocerite reaching about to level of junction with 2nd
segment, distolateral angle armed with strong spine overreach-
ing 2nd segment, ventromesial margin armed with tooth at
about midlength; dorsolateral flagellum with fused basal
12 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY
FIGURE 5.?Gnathophyllum ascensione.nev/ species,male holotype, indicating color pattern.
portion of 4 or 5 articles.
Antennal scale (Figure 6e) overreaching antennular pedun-
cle, nearly twice as long as wide, lateral margin nearly straight,
terminating in strong distal tooth reaching nearly to level of
distal margin of blade.
Mandibles (Figure 6f-h) very small, unequal, without any
vestige of incisor process; molar process of right mandible with
slender distal process considerably overreaching clusters of
stout setae. Other mouthparts as illustrated (Figure 6i-r).
First pereopod (Figure 6s) overreaching antennal scale by
length of chela and 4/s of carpus. Second pereopod overreach-
ing antennal scale by lengths of chela, carpus, and l/3 of merus,
fingers strongly dentate in mature males (Figure 60- Third to
5th pereopods robust, 3rd (Figure 6u,v) overreaching antennal
scale by length of dactyl and at least 4/5 of propodus,merus 3-4
times as long as wide.
Endopod of 1st pleopod of male (Figure 6wpc) narrowly
triangular, armed with 4-8 denticles on mesial margin.
Appendix masculina on 2nd pleopod of male (Figure 6y,z)
considerably shorter than appendix interna and armed with
8-14 long spines on lateral,mesial,and distal margins.
Uropods (Figure 6b) with lateral branch slightly convex
laterally, with movable spine mesial to stout distal tooth.
SEE.?Carapace length of male holotype, 2.0 mm; of
paratypes, males, 1.1-2.1 mm; females, 1.2-2.3 mm; oviger-
ous females 1.8-2.3 mm.
COLOR.?Typically, entire carapace and abdomen blackish,
fading somewhat on posterior l/2 of telson; eyestalks quite dark,
as are 1st and 2nd segments of antennular peduncle, antennal
peduncle except for most of antennal scale, all but 2 distal
segments of 3rd maxilliped, proximal segments nearly to
midlength of merus and distal xh of carpus of 1st pereopod, all
of 2nd pereopod, proximal segments to midlength of merus of
3 posterior pereopods, and extreme proximal part of uropod; all
other areas colorless (see "Remarks").
HABITAT.?All 30 specimens of this species were found in
tide pools. The holotype and seven specimens associated with
it were observed dispersing from beneath specimens of the
echinoid Echinometra when Pro-Noxfish poison was intro-
duced into the pool.
REMARKS.?It was the uniformly dark color of the series of
specimens collected in tide pools at McArthur Point and south
of Collyer Point that first suggested the possibility that the
Ascension species might be distinct from G. americanum
Guerin-Meneville, 1856, the highly variable species that occurs
in the western Atlantic, the Canary Islands, and in the
Indo-Pacific region from the Red Sea and South Africa to the
Tuamotu Archipelago. Comparison of the series of Ascension
specimens with those of G. americanum from both the western
Atlantic and the Pacific islands tends to confirm this
possibility, even though the single ovigerous female from
Shelly Beach displayed somewhat indistinct bands on the
carapace and three abdominal somites much like those of G.
americanum (see Holthuis, 1949:245, fig. 5a; and Manning,
1963a:59,fig. 5).
Gnathophyllum ascensione seems to be a smaller species
NUMBER 503 13
FIGURE 6.?Gnathophyllum ascensione,ncw species, male holotype, carapace length 2.0 mm: a, rostrum, right
aspect; b.telson and uropods, dorsal aspect; c,right eye, ventral aspect; d, right antennule, dorsal aspect; e, right
antennal peduncle, dorsal aspect; / , right mandible; g, same, distal end; h, left mandible, distal end; i, right 1st
maxilla; j , same, margin of endite; k, same, palp; /, right 2nd maxilla; m, right 1st maxilliped; n, right 2nd
maxilliped; o,same,part of extensor margin of distal segment; p, right 3rd maxilliped; q, same, seta from mesial
margin of distal segment; r, same, setae near notch in mesial margin of antepenultimate segment; s, right 1 st
pereopod; t, right 2nd pereopod, fingers; u, right 3rd pereopod; v, same, dactyl; w, right 1st pleopod; x, same,
endopod; y, right 2nd pleopod; z, same, appendices mascuUna and interna.
14 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY
than G. americanum, ovigerous females of the former having
carapace lengths of 1.8 to 2.3 mm compared with 2.3 to 4.4 mm
in the latter species. The orbit is not incised as noticeably
posteriorly in G. ascensione (compare with Figure la). The
cornea is usually less distinctly papillate (compare with Figure
7b). There seem to be fewer fused articles in the proximal part
of the antennular flagellum of G. ascensione,but this difference
is not apparent when specimens of similar size are compared.
The distolateral tooth of the antennal scale is often larger and
reaches farther distally in the Ascension specimens than in any
of those available of G. americanum (compare with Figure 7c).
The right mandible seems to be relatively smaller, more
slender, and to have a more projecting molar tooth in the
Ascension population (compare with Figure le). The walking
legs are nearly as long but more robust in G. ascensione than in
G. americanum (Figure 8), the merus having a length-width
ratio of 2.9-4.0 in the former and 3.2-6.5 in the latter.
Gnathophyllum ascensione may eventually prove to be of no
more than subspecific rank, but it seems best to treat the
Ascension population as a full species for the time being.
ETYMOLOGY.?The remote island home of this possibly
unique population of bumblebee shrimps is reflected in the
specific name.
FIGURE 7.?Gnathophyllum americanum, a-c, male from Key West, Florida,
carapace length 3.2 mm; d,e,ma\e. from Quint ana Roo, Mexico, carapace length
1.9 mm: a, rostrum, right aspect; b, right eye, ventral aspect; c, right antennal
peduncle,dorsal aspect; d,right mandible; ?,same,distal end.
i 5
SIS .Is
o G. americanum from Western Atlantic
? G. americanum from Pacific Islands
? G. ascensione
Carapace Length
FIGURE 8.?Relationship of stoutness of 3rd pereopod in Gnathophyllum
americanum and G. ascensione,new species.
Family ALPHEIDAE
Alpheus bouvieri A. Milne Edwards, 1878
Alpheus bouvieri A. Milne Edwards, 1878:231.?Crosnier and Forest,
1966:273,fig. 22.?Fausto Filho, 1974:5.
MATERIAL.?Manning 1971 Collection: Sta ASC-13,Geor-
getown: 2 males [2.5-2.7].?Sta ASC-18, Shelly Beach: 2
females [2.1-2.2].?Sta ASC-23, McArthur Point: 3 females
[2.2-2.8].
Smithsonian 1976 Collection: Sta 5A-76, Shelly Beach: 3
males [2.7-3.2], 2 females [2.9-4.0].?Sta 6A-76, south of
Collyer Point 1 male [3.5], 1 ovig. female [4.3].
SIZE.?Carapace lengths of males, 2.5-3.5 mm; of females,
2.1-4.3 mm; of ovigerous female,4.3 mm.
HABITAT.?Two of the specimens listed above were found in
algal mats on intertidal rocks; the remaining 12 specimens
occurred in tide pools.
DISTRIBUTION.?Eastern Atlantic from the Cape Verde
Islands and Guinea to Sao Tome and Congo; central Atlantic
from Ascension; western Atlantic from Bermuda and eastern
Florida to Tobago and Fernando de Noronha; eastern Pacific,
including Clipperton Island (Chace,1962); intertidal.
Alpheus crockeri (Armstrong, 1941) ?
Crangon crockeri Armstrong, 1941:8,figs. 2,3.
Alpheus crockeri.?Crosnier and Forest, 1966:225, figs. 4,5.
MATERIAL.?Other Collections: Jourdan (1976), English
Bay: 1 ovig. female [7.8].
SEE.?Carapace length of single ovigerous female,7.8 mm.
HABITAT.?Found under a rock in 6 meters.
REMARKS.?This unique specimen lacks both the first and
second pairs of pereopods but it seems to agree in all other
characters with A. crockeri.
NUMBER 503 15
DISTRIBUTION.?Known previously from the islands of S2o
Tome and Annobon in the eastern Atlantic and from Reunion
Island to Hawaii in the Indo-West Pacific; now from Ascension
Island in the central Atlantic.
Alpheus dentipes Guerin-MeneviIIe,1832
Alpheus dentipes Gu6rin-Menevffle, 1832:39; 1835, pi. 27: fig. 3.?Crosnier
and Forest, 1966:221,fig. 3.
MATERIAL.?Manning 1971 Collection: Sta ASC-5, North
East Bay: 1 female [2.0].?Sta ASC-1 I.English Bay: 3 males
[2.5-3.3], 6 females [1.9-3.0], 2 ovig. [2.8-3.0].?Sta
ASC-12, McArthur Point: 8 males [2.6-5.4], 21 females
[1.9-5.5], 8 ovig. [1.9-5.5], 1 juvenile [1.7].?Sta ASC-15,
English Bay: 8 males [2.7-4.4], 8 females [1.9-5.0], 5 ovig.
[2.0-5.0].?Sta ASC-21, English Bay: 12 males [2.1-7.7],22
females [1.9-7.7], 10 ovig. [2.1-6.4].? Sta ASC-22, McAr-
thur Point: 4 males [2.1-2.9], 12 females [1.9-2.9], 8 ovig.
[1.9-2.9].?Sta ASC-23, McArthur Point: 2 males [2.1-3.0],7
ovig. females [2.6-3.0].?Sta ASC-25, south of Collyer Point
1 female [1.9].
Smithsonian 1976 Collection: Sta 1B-76, Me Arthur Point: 2
males [6.1-7.6], 5 females [4.6-8.0], 1 ovig. [4.6].?Sta
1C-76, McArthur Point: 5 males [3.3-5.6], 9 females [2.8-
7.9], 7 ovig. [2.8-5.3].?Sta 3C-76, English Bay: 4 males
[4.9-6.6], 6 females [3.0-6.6], 5 ovig. [3.0-6.6], 1 juvenile
[1.4].?Sta 3D-76, English Bay: 3 males [3.3-6.0], 1 ovig.
female [5.9].?Sta 5A-76,Shelly Beach: 1 male [3.5], 1 female
[2.1], 1 juvenile [1.8].?Sta 5D-76, Shelly Beach, coral pool: 1
male [3.2].?Sta 6A-76, south of Collyer Point: 3 males
[4.3-6.7], 3 ovig. females [4.3-5.9].?Sta 8-76, McArthur
Point: 13 males [2.4-6.5], 15 females [2.0-7.3], 8 ovig.
[2.8-7.3].?Sta 9C-76,North East Bay: 1 male [5.4],3 females
[2.6-5.5],2 ovig. [4.3-5.5].
Operation Origin: Site 12, Catherine Point, from underside
of small boulder embedded in sand, 15 m: 1 female [5.7].?Site
31,Spire Rock.beneath a stone, 11 m: 1 female [5.1].
Other Collections: Olson (1970), McArthur Point, sandy
bottom tide pool: 3 males [3.3-6.9],9 ovig. females [3.3-7.2].
SEE.?Carapace lengths of males, 2.1-7.7 mm; of females,
1.9-8.0 mm; of ovigerous females, 1.9-7.3 mm; of juveniles,
1.4-1.8 mm.
COLOR.?Notes accompanying the two Operation Origin
shrimps indicate that one was translucent, with a dark grey
carapace with white spectacle-like markings. The other had a
dark green/brown carapace and pinky-red abdomen, with two
light blue "wings" as markings on anterior dorsal of carapace.
HABITAT.?Most of the specimens listed above were found
in tide pools, but the species also occurred in association with
rocks and in or under coralline alga clumps and overcrusts,as
well as in depths of 11 and 15 meters. This species also was
collected in the coral pool, the habitat of Procaris ascensionis.
REMARKS.?The 206 specimens of this species collected at
20 different sites suggest that A. dentipes may be the most
abundant shrimp on Ascension.
DISTRIBUTION.?Known previously from the Mediterranean
and Black seas, and in the Atlantic from Portugal to Guinea,
Azores, Cape Verde Islands, and Annobon; now from
Ascension; intertidal to 73 meters.
Alpheus holthuisi Ribeiro, 1964
Alpheus holthuisi Ribeiro, 1964:1,figs. 1-11.?Crosnier and Forest, 1966:280,
fig. 24.
MATERIAL.?Grice Marine Biological Laboratory Collec-
tion: Sta 80-68,Pyramid Point, 27 m: 1 ovig. female (GMBL).
SEE.?Not measured.
HABITAT.?The single specimen examined was collected at
a depth of 27 meters.
DISTRIBUTION.?Known previously from the islands of
Cape Verde, Sao Tome",and Principe; intertidal to 40 meters.
Alpheus macrocheles (Hailstone, 1835)
Hippolyte macrocheles Hailstone, 1835:395.
Alpheus macrocheles.?Crosnier and Forest, 1966:218, fig. 2a-d.?Chace,
1966:627,fig. 2.
MATERIAL.?Manning 1971 Collection: Sta ASC-9, McAr-
thur Point: 1 female [3.1].?Sta ASC-22, McArthur Point: 7
females [1.9-3.1].
Smithsonian 1976 Collection: Sta 8-76, McArthur Point 4
males [3.8-9.7],2 females [2.1-6.3].
Grice Marine Biological Laboratory Collection: Sta 80-75,
Hummock Point,25 m: 1 ovig. female.
Operation Origin: Site 12,Catherine Point,under a boulder,
13-15 m: 1 female [7.5].
Other Collections: Olson (1970), McArthur Point, sandy
bottom tide pool: 1 male [7.5], 1 ovig. female [8.9].?Jourdan
(1976), English Bay: 1 male [9.7], 2 females [2.1-6.3].?
Jourdan (1977),Pan Am Beach: 1 ovig female [11.3].
SEE.?Carapace lengths of males, 3.8-9.7 mm; of females,
1.9-8.9 mm; of ovigerous females,8.9-11.3 mm.
COLOR.?The Operation Origin specimen was red with
yellow antennae,a transparent carapace.and a banded tail. The
female from sta ASC-9 was bright red in life.
HABITAT.?Most specimens of this species were found in
tide pools with clean sand bottoms at McArthur Point, but the
Operation Origin specimen was found under a boulder in
13-15 meters.
REMARKS.?This species differs most noticeably from its
western Atlantic counterpart^, amblyonyx Chace, 1972, in the
much more pronounced shoulder on the ventral margin of the
minor chela.
DISTRIBUTION.?Known previously from the eastern Atlan-
tic and the Mediterranean Sea from the southern coasts of the
British Isles to the Cape Verde Islands and Gabon; central
Atlantic from St. Helena and now from Ascension; intertidal to
50 meters and, exceptionally, to 185 meters.
16 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY
Alpheus paracrinitus Miers,1881
Alpheus paracrinitus Miers, 1881a:365,pl. 16: fig. 6.?Crosnier and Forest,
1966:253.fig. 15.
Alpheus ascensionis Ortmann, 1893:45.
MATERIAL.?Manning 1971 Collection: Sta ASC-1 I.Eng-
lish Bay: 3 females [1.7-3.3],2 ovig. [2.8-3.3], 1? [3.4].?Sta
ASC-15, English Bay: 3 males [3.8-5.2], 2 females [2.2-
4.8].?Sta ASC-21, English Bay: 1 female [1.8].?Sta ASC-
22, McArthur Point 1 male [2.6].?Sta ASC-23, McArthur
Point 2 females [2.7-5.7], 1 ovig. [5.7].
Smithsonian 1976 Collection: Sta 3A-76, English Bay: 1
male [5.0], 1 ovig. female [5.7].?Sta 3D-76, English Bay: 2
males [3.0-3.8], 1 ovig. female [3.8].?Sta 5A-76, Shelly
Beach: 6 males [3.8-5.0], 6 females [3.0-5.8], 3 ovig.
[3.0-5.8].?Sta 8-76, McArthur Point: 1 male [4.4], 3 ovig.
females [2.8-5.0].
Other Collections: Olson (1970), McArthur Point, sandy
bottom tide pool: 2 ovig. females [3.8-6.2].
SIZE.?Carapace lengths of males, 2.6-5.2 mm; of females,
1.7-6.2 mm; of ovigerous females,2.8-6.2 mm.
HABITAT.?All specimens listed probably were found in tide
pools.
REMARKS.?Previously recorded from Ascension in 20
meters by Ortmann (1893).
DISTRIBUTION.?Pantropical; eastern Atlantic from Senegal
to Angola; central Atlantic from Ascension; western Atlantic
from Bermuda and northeastern Gulf of Mexico to Tobago;
eastern Pacific from Clipperton Island (Chace, 1962); widely
distributed in central Pacific and Indian Oceans; to a depth of
20 meters.
Automate dolichognatha De Man, 1888
Automate dolichognatha De Man, 1888:529,pl. 22: fig. 5.?Chace, 1988:64.
Automate gardineri.?Chace, 1972:74, fig. 23.
MATERIAL.?Manning 1971 Collection: Sta ASC-15, Eng-
lish Bay: 2 females [1.2-2.2].
Smithsonian 1976 Collection: Sta 3A-76, English Bay: 1
ovig. female [3.6].?Sta 5A-76,Shelly Beach: 1 female [1.9].
Other Collections: Olson (1970), McArthur Point, sandy
bottom tide pool: 1 ovig. female [5.8].
SEE.?Carapace lengths of females, 1.2-5.8 mm; of
ovigerous females,3.6-5.8 mm.
HABITAT.?All five specimens were taken from tide pools.
REMARKS.?The discovery of A. dolichognatha at Ascen-
sion tends to reinforce the suggestion of Chace (1972:74) that
the species may prove to be pantropical and that the name A.
dolichognatha may take precedence over A. talismani Coutiere,
1902, from the eastern Atlantic.
DISTRIBUTION.?Pantropical, except for eastern Atlantic
(see above); central Atlantic from Ascension; western Atlantic
from North Carolina, Yucatan, and Antilles; eastern Pacific
from Mexico to the Galapagos (Wicksten, 1981,synonymized
A. haightae Boone, 1931, from the eastern Pacific with this
species); Indo-West Pacific from Samoa to the Red Sea;
intertidal to shallow sublittoral.
Metalpheus paragracilis (Coutiere, 1897)
Alpheus paragracilis Coutiere, 1897b:304.?Chace, 1966:627; 1972:78.
Metalpheus paragracilis.?DM. and A.H. Banner, 1982:282, fig. 86.
MATERIAL.?Manning 1971 Collection: Sta ASC-11, Eng-
lish Bay: 1 male [2.5], 3 females [2.0-3.1], 2 ovig. [2.3-3.1],
1 juvenile[1.5].?Sta ASC-12, McArthur Point: 10 males
[1.7-3.8], 12 females [1.7-3.8], 5 ovig. [2.5-3.8], 3 juveniles
[1.6].?Sta ASC-13,Georgetown: 1 male [2.0],2 ovig. females
[2.9-3.0].?Sta ASC-15, English Bay: 7 males [2.4-3.9], 6
females [1.9-3.3], 1 ovig. [2.9], 13 juveniles [1.4-1.6].?Sta
ASC-21, English Bay: 3 males [2.0-3.8], 7 females [1.7-3.5],
2 ovig. [3.1-3.5], 3 juveniles [1.5-1.6].?Sta ASC-22,
McArthur Point: 11 males [1.7-3.6], 10 females [1.7-2.8], 4
ovig. [2.7-2.8], 4 juveniles [1.4-1.6].?Sta ASC-23, McAr-
thur Point: 2 males [2.1-2.8], 4 females [2.0-3.0], 3 ovig.
[2.6-3.0].
Smithsonian 1976 Collection: Sta IB-76,McArthur Point: 2
females [2.7-4.2], 1 ovig. [4.2].?Sta 3D-76, English Bay: 1
male [3.6], 1 ovig. female [3.9].?Sta 5A-76, Shelly Beach: 2
males [3.2-3.3].?Sta 8-76, McArthur Point: 2 males [2.7-
3.3],5 ovig. females [2.3-3.5].?Sta 9C-76,North East Bay: 2
ovig. females [2.2].
Operation Origin: Site 7, Portland Point in Lithothamnion
ball,25 m: 1 female [2.4].
Other Collections: Olson (1970), McArthur Point, sandy
bottom tide pool: 7 males [2.3-3.7],2 females [1.8].
SIZE.?Carapace lengths of males, 1.7-3.9 mm; of females,
1.7-4.2 mm; of ovigerous females, 2.2-4.2 mm; of juveniles,
1.4-1.6 mm.
HABITAT.?Most of the specimens listed above were found
in tide pools, but some were associated with intertidal rocks,
especially in algal mats, and the specimen taken by Operation
Origin was found in a Lithothamnion "ball" in 25 meters.
REMARKS.?It will be noted that this was one of the
commoner shrimps at Ascension, having been taken at no less
than 14 collecting sites.
DISTRIBUTION.?Indo-West Pacific region from the Red Sea
and Madagascar to Hawaii. The only previous record from the
Atlantic was from St. Helena (Chace, 1966:627), now from
Ascension; littoral and sublittoral.
Metalpheus rostratipes (Pocock, 1890)
Alpheus rostratipes Pocock, 1890:522.?Crosnier and Forest, 1966:246, figs.
12-14.
Metalpheus rostratipes.?Chace, 1972:78.
Alpheus ? rostratipes.?Fausto Filho, 1974:5.
MATERIAL.?Manning 1971 Collection: Sta ASC-13, Geor-
getown: 1 male [2.0].?Sta ASC-25, south of Collyer Point: 1
NUMBER 503 17
juvenile [1.5].
Smithsonian 1976 Collection: Sta lB-76,McArthur Point: 1
male [2.9], 2 females [4.1-4.3], 1 ovig. [4.1].?Sta 1C-76,
McArthur Point: 19 males [2.0-4.8], 28 females [2.2-4.8], 13
ovig. [2.6-4.8], 1 juvenile [1.6].?Sta 3C-76, English Bay: 3
males [3.3-4.0], 4 females [2.3-3.9], 3 ovig. [3.0-3.9], 1
juvenile [1.6].? Sta 6B-76, south of Collyer Point: 1 female
[2.0].?Sta 9C-76,North East Bay: 1 male [2.2].
Other Collections: Olson (1970), McArthur Point, sandy
bottom tide pool: 2 males [3.5-4.0], 1 female [3.6].
SIZE.?Carapace lengths of males, 2.0-4.8 mm; of females,
2.0-4.8 mm; of ovigerous females, 2.6-4.8 mm; of juveniles,
1.5-1.6 mm.
HABITAT.?Although a few of the specimens listed above
were apparently collected in tide pools, most were found
among exposed intertidal rocks, and by far the largest
lot?from sta 1C-76?was taken from clumps of coralline
algae.
REMARKS.?The two species of Metalpheus that occur at
Ascension show great superficial resemblance,but M. rostrati-
pes can be distinguished easily from M. paragracilis by not
having the antennal scale overreaching the antennular pedun-
cle; the ventral margin of the major chela entire, without a
pronounced shoulder; the merus of the 3rd pereopod unarmed
at the distal end of the flexor margin, rather than bearing an
acute tooth; and the pleopods highly modified, the appendix
masculina being completely fused with the endopod of the
second pleopod in males, and the appendix interna reaching to
or beyond the end of the endopod of the posterior pleopods. It
is possible that these differences, especially the form of the
second pleopod of the male, may eventually prove to be of
generic significance.
DISTRIBUTION.?Pantropical; eastern Atlantic from Bay of
Biafra; central Atlantic from Ascension; western Atlantic from
Puerto Rico and Yucatan to Fernando de Noronha; eastern
Pacific from Clipperton (Chace, 1962, as Alpheus clippertoni);
widely distributed in the Indo-West Pacific; littoral and
sublittoral.
Neoalpheopsis euryone (De Man, 1910)
Alpheopsisi Euryone De Man, 1910:308.
Alpheopsis hummelincki Schmill, 1936:364, pi. 11: fig. 1.
Neoalpheopsis euryone.?D.M. and A.H. Banner, 1985:36.
MATERIAL.?Smithsonian 1976 Collection: Sta 5A-76,
Shelly Beach: 2 ovig. females [6.3-7.3].?Sta 8-76,McArthur
Point: 1 male [5.8].
Grice Marine Biological Laboratory Collection: Sta 80-54,
off North Point,20-25 m: 1 female [6.5].
SIZE.?Carapace length of male, 5.8 mm; of females,
6.3-7.3 mm; of ovigerous females 6.3-7.3 mm.
HABITAT.?The three specimens from the Smithsonian 1976
collection were obtained by poisoning tide pools, the one
collected by the GMBL expedition was taken with rotenone in
a depth of 20-25 meters.
REMARKS.?All four of the Ascension specimens have lost
the two anterior pairs of chelipeds.but there is little doubt that
they belong to the presumably monotypic genus Neoalpheop-
sis.
It is quite possible, as suggested by the Banners (1985), that
Parabetaeus culliereti Coutiere, 18%, is a valid earlier name,
based on a deformed specimen of this species. The telson of
Coutiere's specimen from Tahiti, illustrated in his 1899
monograph (fig. 390), appears to be narrower than usually
found in Neoalpheopsis, but the Banners (1985:37) noted
considerable variability in this character.
DISTRIBUTION.?Pantropical; Indo-West Pacific from the
Philippines, Indonesia, and Hawaii; eastern Pacific from the
Galapagos Islands and the Gulf of California; previously
recorded from the Atlantic only from Bonaire and Bermuda (we
have also seen a specimen collected by Wolfgang Sterrer at
Bermuda), and now Ascension. This shrimp seems to be
especially rare on continental shores, the only mainland locality
apparently being Bahia Concepcion, Baja California (Wick-
sten, 1983:40).
Salmoneus setosus,new species
FIGURE 9
MATERIAL.?Manning 1971 Collection: Sta ASC-12, South
West Bay: 3 specimens [1.6-2.0] (1 is holotype, USNM
221892).?Sta ASC-15, English Bay: 1 specimen [1.2].?Sta
ASC-2I.English Bay: 1 specimen [1.6],
DESCRIPTION.?Body sparsely and rather irregularly cov-
ered with stout setae or slender spinules. Rostrum overreaching
2nd segment of antennular peduncle, narrowly triangular with
nearly straight lateral margins in dorsal view (Figure 9b), and
with faint median dorsal carina extending from apex to near
base of rostrum. Supra-ocular teeth prominent,fully xh as long
as rostrum, trending mesiad near tips and separated from
rostrum by broadly rounded sinus. Branchiostegal margin of
carapace (Figure 9a) rounded, slightly produced anteriorly
forming broad sinus in anterior margin at base of antenna. Faint
lateral suture extending posteriad horizontally for about xfa of
length of carapace from anterior margin near dorsal limit of
basal antennal segment.
Abdomen with pleura of 5 anterior somites rounded, but
those of 4th and 5th (Figure 9c) with minute denticle forming
posteroventral angle. Telson (Figure 9d), not including
terminal spines.about lh again as long as 6th somite,more than
l/2 as wide as long, armed in posterior x/2 with 2 pairs of
dorsolateral spines and 2 pairs of terminal spines flanking
shallow sinus in posterior margin beset with 3 pairs of plumose
setae overreaching longer, mesial pair of terminal spines
(Figure 9e).
Eyes concealed from both dorsal and lateral view.
Antennular peduncle (Figure 9/) short and broad,stylocerite
18 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY
FIGURE 9.?Salmoneus setosus.nev/ species,male holotype,carapace length 2.0 mm: a,carapace and anterior
appendages,right aspect; b,same,dorsal aspect; c.posterior abdomen,right aspect; d.telson and uropods,dorsal
aspect; e, telson, posterior margin; / , right antennule, dorsal aspect; g, right antenna, dorsal aspect; h, right
mandible; i, right 1st maxilla; j , right 2nd maxilla; k, right 1st maxilliped; /, right 2nd maxilliped; m, right 3rd
maxilliped; n, right 1st pereopod; o.left 1st pereopod; p, right 2nd pereopod; q, right 3rd pereopod; r, right 4th
pereopod; fright 5th pereopod; f,right 1st pleopod; u,same,endopod; v,right appendices masculina and interna.
reaching beyond midlength of 3rd segment; dorsolateral
flagellum with branches fused for 2 articles, accessory branch
composed of 3 articles.
Antennal scale (Figure 9g) more than 13A times as long as
wide, expanded distal portion of blade slightly overreaching
distolateral tooth. Antennal peduncle extending to distal xh of
scale.
Mouthparts as figured (Figure 9h-m). Incisor process of
right mandible armed with 8 teeth. Exopods of 1st and 2nd
maxillipeds with margins subparallel nearly to distal ends.
Third maxilliped overreaching antennal scale by about x/2
length of distal segment.
All but 5th pereopods with epipods. Major 1st pereopod
(Figure 9o) overreaching antennal scale by lengths of chela,
carpus, and extreme distal end of merus; chela subcylindrical
with semblance of groove in proximal part of flexor surface of
NUMBER 503 19
palm and distinct constriction near base of nonopposable
margin of fixed finger; fingers armed on proximal 4/s of
opposable margins with 9 or 10 rounded teeth, distal 4th, or
slightly less, unarmed. Minor 1st pereopod (Figure 9n) slightly
overreaching antennal peduncle but falling well short of distal
margin of scale; chela fully 173 times as long as carpus.slightly
shorter than merus.and subequal to ischium. Second pereopod
(Figure 9p) overreaching antennal scale by lengths of chela and
four distal articles of carpus, with chela about xli as long as
carpus,proximal article of carpus distinctly shorter than 4 distal
articles, merus slightly shorter than carpus and nearly V* again
as long as ischium. Third pereopod (Figure 9q) overreaching
antennal scale by length of dactyl and nearly xli of propodus,
dactyl fully 2/s as long as propodus, carpus subequal to
propodus,merus more than 1V4 times as long as carpus and 13/S
times as long as ischium; ischium with movable spine. Fourth
pereopod (Figure 9r) slightly overreaching antennal scale,
dactyl less than V2 as long as propodus, carpus about 4/5 as
long as propodus, merus about 1V3 times as long as carpus and
nearer IV2 times as long as ischium; ischium with movable
spine. Fifth pereopod (Figure 9s) reaching nearly as far as 4th,
dactyl less than xh as long as propodus, carpus and merus
subequal, about 3A as long as propodus and 2 times as long as
ischium; ischium with movable spine.
First pleopod (Figure 90 with endopod (Figure 9M) curving
mesiad and armed with 6 long spines. "Appendix masculina"
(Figure 9v) subcylindrical, nearly as long as appendix interna,
armed with 4 stout distal and subdistal spines.
Uropod (Figure 9d) with mesial branch slightly overreach-
ing lateral branch, lateral branch with strong spine inserted
mesial to distolateral tooth.
SEE.?Carapace length of holotype, 2.0 mm; of paratypes,
1.2-1.6 mm.
HABITAT.?All five specimens were living in tide pools,
probably among algae.
REMARKS.?Probably most species of Salmoneus have
inconspicuous hairs on the body, but these setae are so coarse
in S. setosus as to suggest spinules. The species also seems to
differ in other characters from each of the 14 species of
Salmoneus currently recognized in the genus. From S. arubae
(Schmitt, 1936), still known only from the unique type
specimen from the Dutch West Indies, S. setosus is distin-
guished by the more narrowly acute rostrum and much larger
supra-ocular teeth; the shorter and stouter carpus of the minor
first pereopod; the shorter proximal article of the carpus of the
second pereopod; and the movable spines on the ischium of the
third pereopod. From 5. babai Miyake and Miya, 1966, from
the Ryukyu Islands.it also differs in having the rostrum slightly
narrower and the supra-ocular teeth somewhat larger; the
mesial concavity in the posterior margin of the telson much less
distinct; the movable finger of the major first pereopod not
greatly overreaching the fixed finger and armed with more than
four teeth on the opposable margin; the carpus of the minor first
pereopod proportionately shorter; and the dactyl of the third
pereopod slightly longer and much more slender. From S.
brevirostris (Edmondson, 1930) from the Indo-West Pacific
region, it is distinguished by the much shorter dorsal rostral
carina; less prominent mesial notch in the posterior margin of
the telson; and less slender carpus of the minor first pereopod.
From S. bruni Banner and Banner, 1966, from the Gulf of
Thailand, it differs in the larger supra-ocular teeth; the anterior
pair of dorsolateral spines arising posterior to the midlength of
the telson; the eyes completely concealed from dorsal view; a
shorter and stouter antennular peduncle; the major first
pereopod with the opposable margins of the fingers dentate for
nearly their entire lengths, rather than unarmed in the distal
half; the minor first pereopod more robust, the chela distinctly
longer than the carpus; and the third pereopod with the dactyl
less than half as long as the propodus and with a movable spine
on the ischium. From S. cavicola Felder and Manning, 1986,
from the Indian River lagoon, Florida, it disagrees in lacking a
subdistal ventral tooth on the rostrum, much longer supra-
ocular teeth, unexposed eyes, and more robust antennular
peduncle and walking legs. From the Indo-Pacific 5. cristatus
(Coutiere, 1897), 5. setosus may be separated by the shorter
dorsal carina of the rostrum, the absence of carinae extending
posteriorly from the lateral margins of the rostrum, and the
much more prominent supra-ocular teeth; the shorter carpus of
the minor first pereopod; the shorter proximal article in the
carpus of the second pereopod; and the proportionately shorter
carpus of the third pereopod. It may be distinguished from 5.
gracilipes Miya, 1972, from southern Japan and the Ryukyus,
by the much larger supra-ocular teeth, the absence of a distinct
median sinus in the posterior margin of the telson, and the
shorter carpus of the minor first cheliped. It differs from S.
hilarulus (De Man, 1910), from Indonesia, in the broader and
more prominent supra-ocular teeth; the less distinct posterome-
sial notch in the telson; the shorter and stouter antennular
peduncle; and the longer dactyl of the third pereopod. From the
West African S. jarli (Holthuis, 1951), it is distinguished by the
more triangular rostrum,less distinct and shorter median rostral
carina, and much more prominent supra-ocular teeth; by the
shorter and stouter antennular peduncle; by the shorter
proximal article of the carpus of the second pereopod; and by
the much shorter dactyl of the third pereopod. It has larger
supra-ocular teeth than does 5. mauiensis (Edmondson, 1930)
from Hawaii; the posteromesial emargination of the telson is
less prominent; and the carpus of the minor first pereopod is
shorter. It differs from 5. ortmanni (Rankin, 1898) from the
western Atlantic in the narrower rostrum and larger and more
remote supra-ocular teeth; the less expanded palm of the major
first pereopod; the proportionately shorter carpus of the minor
first pereopod; and the dactyl of the third pereopod less, rather
than more, than one-half as long as the propodus. From S.
rostratus Barnard, 1962, from Madagascar, it is distinguished
by the broader and ventrally unarmed rostrum and larger
supra-ocular teeth; the complete concealment of the eyes from
dorsal view; the much shorter and stouter antennular peduncle;
20 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY
the presence of opposable teeth on the distal half of the fingers
of the major first pereopod; the shorter first article of the carpus
of the second pereopod; and the dactyl of the third pereopod
less than one-half as long as the propodus. It differs from S.
serratidigitus (Coutiere, 1896) (see D.M. and A.H. Banner,
1981:58, figs. 7a-g, 8) from the Red Sea, in the larger
supra-ocular teeth and the much shorter carpus of the minor
first pereopod. Its distinctness from S. tafaongae Banner and
Banner, 1966, from Samoa, is indicated by the complete
concealment of the eyes from dorsal view; the much shorter and
stouter antennular peduncle; the shorter carpus of the minor
first pereopod; and the proportionately shorter dactyl of the
third pereopod. It is easily differentiated from S. tricristatus
Banner, 1959, from the Caroline Islands, by the absence of
carinae extending onto the carapace from the rostrum and by
the supra-ocular teeth; the shallow, rather than deep, poster-
omesial sinus on the telson; the shorter carpus of the minor first
pereopod; the shorter proximal article of the carpus of the
second pereopod; and the proportionately shorter dactyls of the
third pereopod.
Christoffersen (1982:95) was apparently the first to notice
the presence of an "appendix masculina" in both sexes of
Salmoneus ortmanni (Rankin, 1898), after that unusual
condition was embarrassingly overlooked in that species by
Chace (1972:79), and Carvacho (1989) has raised the likeli-
hood that the phenomenon may be diagnostic of the genus.
ETYMOLOGY.?The specific name was suggested by the
rather prominent, if sparse, supplement of coarse integumen-
tary setae (bristles).
Salmoneus teres, new species
FIGURE 10
MATERIAL.?Manning 1971 Collection: Sta ASC-23, South
West Bay: 1 ovig. female [2.8] (holotype.USNM 221889).
DESCRIPTION.?Integument bare except for few scattered
very fine setae visible only with optimum illumination.
Rostrum reaching about to level of distal margin of 2nd
segment of antennular peduncle, broadly triangular with
sinuous margins in dorsal view (Figure 106), without indica-
tion of median dorsal carina. Supra-ocular teeth small, little
more than l/6 as long as rostrum, directed anteriorly and
narrowly separated from base of rostrum. Branchiostegal
margin of carapace rounded (Figure 10a),not produced to form
sinus in anterior margin. Very faint lateral suture extending
posteriad and slightly dorsad for nearly xli of length of carapace
from anterior margin near center of basal antennal segment.
Abdomen with pleura of 3 anterior somites rounded,4th with
nearly rectangular posteroventral angle, 5th produced pos-
teroventrally into minute tooth (Figure 10c). Telson (Figure
lOd), not including terminal spines, nearly l/2 again as
long as 6th somite, slightly less than !/2 as wide as long, armed
with 2 pairs of dorsolateral spines, 1 at midlength and 1 at 3A
length from base,and with 2 pairs of terminal spines flanking,
together with 2 pairs of mesial setae, very small and
inconspicuous posteromesial notch (Figure lOe).
Eyes concealed from both dorsal and lateral view.
Antennular peduncle (Figure 10/) robust, stylocerite reach-
ing level of tip of rostrum; dorsolateral flagellum with branches
fused for about 3 articles, accessory branch apparently
composed of 4 articles.
Antennal scale (Figure lOg) not quite twice as long as wide,
distal portion of blade far overreaching distolateral tooth.
Antennal peduncle reaching little beyond midlength of scale.
Mouthparts as figured (Figure \0h-tri). Incisor process of
mandible armed with 8 teeth. Exopods of maxillipeds with
margins tapering slightly to distal ends. Third maxilliped only
slightly overreaching antennal scale.
All but 5th pereopods with epipods. Major 1st pereopod
(Figure lOn) overreaching antennal scale by lengths of chela
and carpus; chela subcylindrical, without distinct grooves but
with constriction near base of nonopposable margin of fixed
finger; fingers (Figure lOo) armed on proximal 5/6 of opposable
margins with 12 or 13 rounded teeth. Minor 1st pereopod
missing. Second pereopod (Figure lOp) overreaching antennal
scale by lengths of chela and slightly more than 4 distal articles
of carpus, with chela about xh as long as carpus, proximal
article of carpus slightly longer than 4 distal articles.merus and
ischium subequal, about 3A as long as carpus; ischium with
movable spine. Third pereopod (Figure IO4) overreaching
antennal scale by length of dactyl and about 2h of propodus,
dactyl slightly less than V2 as long as propodus, carpus slightly
longer than propodus, merus l!/4 times as long as carpus and
l2/3 times as long as ischium; ischium apparently without
movable spine. Fourth pereopod (Figure lOr) overreaching
antennal scale by about length of dactyl, dactyl less than V2 as
long as propodus, carpus slightly more than 4/s as long as
propodus,merus 12/S times as long as carpus and more than IV2
times as long as ischium; ischium without movable spine. Fifth
pereopod (Figure \Qs) reaching about as far as 4th,dactyl about
*/3 as long as propodus, carpus and merus subequal, more than
3A as long as propodus and more than twice as long as ischium;
ischium without movable spine.
Eggs nearly ready to hatch, about 25 in number, measuring
nearly 0.6 mm in major diameter.
SEE.?Unique holotype with carapace length to base of
rostrum of 2.8 mm.
HABITAT.?Tidepool.
REMARKS.?This species differs noticeably from S. setosus
in the virtual obliteration of tegumental setae on the body; the
broader and sinuously outlined rostrum without trace of a
median dorsal carina and smaller supra-ocular teeth; the more
angulate pleura of the fourth and fifth abdominal somites; the
somewhat narrower telson with only two, rather than three,
pairs of plumose setae between the spines of the posterior
margin; the proportionately longer proximal article of the
carpus of the second pereopod and the greater length of the
NUMBER 503 21
FIGURE 10.?Salmoneus teres.new species,ovigerous female holotype,carapace length 2.8 mm: a, carapace and
anterior appendages, right aspect; b, same, dorsal aspect; c,posterior abdomen,right aspect; d,telson and uropods,
dorsal aspect; e.telson, posterior margin; /.right antennule, dorsal aspect; g, right antenna, dorsal aspect; h, right
mandible; i, right 1 st maxilla; j , right 2nd maxilla; k, right 1 st maxilliped; /, right 2nd maxilliped; m, right 3rd
maxilliped; n, left 1st pereopod; o, same, fingers; p, right 2nd pereopod; q, right 3rd pereopod; r, right 4th
pereopod; s, right 5th pereopod.
22 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY
entire carpus; and the more slender posterior pereopods without
ischial spines.
Salmoneus teres differs from S. arubae (Schmitt, 1936),
from the West Indies, in having the rostrum more acuminate
anteriorly in dorsal view; the pleuron of the fourth abdominal
somite subrectangular rather than rounded; the telson with a
small posteromesial notch; the blade of the antennal scale far
overreaching the distolateral tooth; and the three posterior
pereopods more slender, especially the dactyls. It is distin-
guished from the Japanese S. babai Miyake and Miya, 1966, in
having the rostrum not "cutlass shape" in lateral view; the
telson with an inconspicuous posteromesial notch rather than a
broad sinus; the blade of the antennal scale more produced; the
movable finger of the major first pereopod not far overreaching
the fixed finger and armed with three times as many teeth on
the opposable margin; and the three posterior pereopods much
more slender and without ischial spines. From the Indo-West
Pacific S. brevirostris (Edmondson, 1930), it is separated by
the absence of a median dorsal carina on the rostrum and the
posteromesial notch involving much less than one-third of the
posterior margin of the telson. From 5. bruni Banner and
Banner, 1966,from the Gulf of Thailand.it differs in having the
rostrum not arched in lateral view; the telson with a small
posteromesial notch; the eyes completely concealed from
dorsal view; the antennular segments much more robust; the
blade of the antennal scale more produced distally; and the
fingers of the major first pereopod dentate over most of their
lengths, rather than only in the proximal half of the opposable
margins. From S. cavicola Felder and Manning, 1986, from the
Indian River lagoon, Florida, it differs in lacking a subdistal
ventral tooth on the rostrum, in having a slight sinus in the
posterior margin of the telson, a much more robust antennular
peduncle, the blade of the antennal scale far overreaching the
distolateral tooth, and the proximal carpal article of the second
pereopod fully as long as, rather than shorter than, the three
distal articles. From the Indo-West Pacific 5. cristatus
(Coutiere, 1897), it disagrees in the absence of median and
lateral carinae on the anterior part of the carapace and in the
more strongly produced blade of the antennal scale. It
resembles the Japanese S. gracilipes Miya, 1972, but it may be
separated from that species by the absence of a weak median
dorsal carina on the rostrum, the eyes completely concealed
from dorsal view, a more robust antennular peduncle, and the
failure of the distolateral tooth of the antennal scale to attain the
level of the distal margin of the blade. It may be differentiated
from the Indonesian S. hilarulus (De Man, 1910) by the broader
and noncarinate rostrum; the less distinct posteromesial notch
in the telson; and the much longer dactyl and the absence of
ischial spines on the third pereopod. From the West African S.
jarli (Holthuis, 1951), it is also distinguished by the broader
and noncarinate rostrum; the telson with a small posteromesial
notch rather than an uninterrupted posterior margin; the more
robust antennular segments; the more produced blade of the
antennal scale; and the dentate,rather than unarmed, fingers of
the major first pereopod. It may be separated from the Hawaiian
S. mauiensis (Edmondson, 1930) by the sinuous lateral margins
and noncarinate dorsal surface of the rostrum and by the
minute, rather than broadly rounded, sinus in the posterior
margin of the telson. As mentioned above,S. teres is similar in
many repects to S. ortmanni (Rankin, 1898) from the western
Atlantic.but it lacks a median dorsal carina on the rostrum; the
blade of the antennal scale is more strongly produced; and the
chela of the major first pereopod is much less expanded along
the flexor margin of the palm. It may be separated from S.
rostratus Barnard, 1962, from Madagascar, by the much
broader, noncarinate, and ventrally unarmed rostrum; the
concealment of the eyes from dorsal view; the more strongly
produced blade of the antennal scale; and the continuation of
the dentition on the fingers of the major first pereopod well
onto the distal half of the opposable margins. From 5.
serratidigitus (Coutiere, 1896) from the Red Sea.it disagrees in
the broader, noncarinate rostrum; the less broadly rounded
posteromesial notch in the telson; and the absence of a deep
excavation in the palm of the major first pereopod for the
reception of the mcrus. It is distinguished from the Samoan S.
tafaongae Banner and Banner, 1966, by the much broader
rostrum; the concealment of the eyes from dorsal view; the
more robust antennular segments; and the unarmed ischium of
the third pereopod. From S. tricristatus Banner, 1959, from the
Caroline Islands, it differs in the broader, sinuously margined,
and noncarinate rostrum; the smaller supra-ocular teeth without
supporting carinae; the less prominent posteromesial cleft in
the telson; and the more produced blade of the antennal scale.
ETYMOLOGY.?The specific name "teres" has been adopted
from the Latin to describe the nearly bare,smooth,noncarinate,
subcylindrical carapace, in contrast with that of the preceding
species.
Synalpheus fritzmuelleri Coutiere, 1909
Synalpheus fritzmiilleri Coutiere, 1909:35,fig. 18.
Synalpheus fritzmuelleri.?Chace, 1966:629.?Holthuis, Edwards, and Lub-
bock, 1980:30.
MATERIAL.-?Manning 1971 Collection: Sta ASC-21, Eng-
lish Bay: 4 specimens [1.6-3.0].?Sta ASC-22, Me Arthur
Point: 1 ovig. female [4.2].
Smithsonian 1976 Collection: Sta 1C-76, Me Arthur Point: 2
specimens [3.3,4.2].?ASC Sta 3C, English Bay: 1 specimen
[2.2].?Sta 3D-76, English Bay: 3 specimens [3.1-3.8].?Sta
8-76, Me Arthur Point: 1 specimen [4.6].
SEE.?Carapace lengths, 1.6-4.6 mm; of ovigerous female,
4.2 mm.
HABITAT.?The Ascension specimens were found in tide
pools and also associated with rocks and coralline alga clumps
in shallow water.
DISTRIBUTION.?Common in tropical and subtropical waters
of the western Atlantic from North Carolina and Bermuda to
Estado de Santa Catarina,Brazil; also recorded from St. Paul's
NUMBER 503 23
Rocks, St. Helena Island, and now Ascension Island; eastern
Pacific from Baja California, Mexico; to a depth of 50 meters.
Family HIPPOLYTIDAE
Lysmata grabhami (Gordon, 1935)
Hippolysmata graWw/ni Gordon,1935:319,figs. 10,11.
Lysmata grabhami.?Harrison, 1977:60 [color photo].?Criales, 1979:573,
figs. 3,4.
Lysmata amboinensis.?Holthuis, Edwards, and Lubbock, 1980:31 [not L.
amboinensis (De Man, 1888)].
MATERIAL.?Grice Marine Biological Laboratory Collec-
tion: Sta 80-45,English Bay,20 m: 1 ovig. female (GMBL).
Other Collections: Jourdan (1977), Ascension Island: 1
female [9.9].?McDowell (through L.G. Abele), Ascension
Island: 1 male [8.5], 1 ovig. female [13.3],1 specimen [10.9].
SEE.?Postorbital carapace length of male, 8.5 mm; of
females,9.9-13.3 mm; of ovigerous female, 13.3 mm.
REMARKS.?Although Atlantic and Indo-West Pacific popu-
lations of this fish-cleaning shrimp?coveted by marine
aquarists?seem to be morphologically indistinguishable
(Hayashi, 1975), they are readily differentiated by color
pattern, as called to our attention several years ago by A.J.
Provenzano, Jr. In the Atlantic species, L. grabhami, the
middorsal white stripe varies little in width from the rostrum to
the end of the telson,and the basal segment and lateral branch
of the uropod are outlined laterally by a continuous white line
(Harrison, 1977). In the Indo-Pacific species, L. amboinensis
(De Man, 1888), on the other hand, the median stripe is
abruptly expanded into a broad white band near the posterior
limit of the sixth abdominal somite and interrupted on the
anterior third of the telson, while the lateral branch of the
uropod is marked with two prominent lateral white spots
situated proximally and distally (Benchley, 1986:454, lower
color photo). We have not seen Ascension specimens in which
the color pattern is still apparent, but Gordon's illustration of
the holotype of L. grabhami from Madeira (1935:320, fig. 10)
depicts the pattern that is known in the western Atlantic and
suggests that it may be characteristic of the entire Atlantic
population.
DISTRIBUTION.?Previously known from Madeira and the
western Atlantic from Bermuda and the northeastern Gulf of
Mexico to northern South America,including St. Paul's Rocks;
now from Ascension; to a depth of 55 meters.
Lysmata intermedia (Kingsley, 1878)
Hippolysmata intermedia Kingsley, 1878:90.
Lysmata intermedia.?Wicksten, 1983:28.
MATERIAL.?Grice Marine Biological Laboratory Collec-
tion: Sta 80-20, English Bay, 5-7 m: 1 male (GMBL).?Sta
80-28,Porpoise Point, 11-12 m: 1 male (GMBL).
SEE.?Not measured.
HABITAT.?Depth 5-12 meters.
REMARKS.?The best illustrations purported to be of this
species are those published by Sivertsen (1933:5, pi. 2: figs.
9-15) from the single ovigerous female reported by that author
from the Galapagos Islands. In that specimen, the pterygosto-
mian projection was apparently blunt rather than acutely
dentate as is typical of L. intermedia.
We have re-examined the specimen recorded by Rathbun
(1901:116) from Faial, Azores, and can report that it seems to
be correctly identified; it is a large female with a postorbital
carapace length of 8.7 mm.
DISTRIBUTION.?Azores; central Atlantic from Ascension;
western Atlantic from Bermuda and South Carolina to Rio
Grande do Norte, Brazil; eastern Pacific from Gulf of
California to Peru; sublittoral to 22 meters.
Lysmata moorei (Rathbun, 1901)
Hippolysmata moorei Rathbun, 1901:115,fig. 23.
Lysmata moorei.?Chace, 1972:128.
MATERIAL.?Manning 1971 Collection: Sta ASC-9,McAr-
thur Point: 33 males [2.6-5.8], 15 females [1.8-7.8], 12 ovig.
[5.8-7.8].?Sta ASC-16, Shelly Beach: 2 males [4.3-5.1].?
Sta ASC-18, Shelly Beach: 11 males [2.2-6.0], 4 females
[5.4-7.1], 3 ovig. [6.0-7.1].?Sta ASC-22, Me Arthur Point:
80 males [2.2-5.7],20 females [2.2-7.4],9 ovig. [5.8-7.4],28
juveniles [2.0-2.1].?Sta ASC-23, McArthur Point: 1 male
[3.5].
Smithsonian 1976 Collection: Sta 5D-76, Shelly Beach,
coral pool: 1 female [2.2].?Sta 8-76,McArthur Point: 7 males
[3.3-4.6].
Grice Marine Biological Laboratory Collection: Sta 80-28,
Porpoise Point, 11-12 m: 2 males, 5 ovig. females (GMBL).
Other Collections: Olson (1970), McArthur Point, sandy
bottom tide pool: 21 males [2.6-5.9], 14 females [5.3-8.1], 12
ovig. [5.3-8.1].?Jourdan (1977), Pan Am Beach: 1 ovig.
female [5.2].?Castro (1978),McArthur Point: 1 male [3.8].
SEE.?Postorbital carapace lengths of males, 2.2-6.0 mm;
of females, 1.8-8.1 mm; of ovigerous females, 5.2-8.1 mm; of
juveniles, 2.0-2.1 mm.
HABITAT.?Most of the 192 specimens collected at Ascen-
sion were found in tide pools. One female was taken in the coral
pool behind Shelly Beach.
REMARKS.?The abundance of L. moorei in Ascension tide
pools in 1970 and 1971 was surprising in view of the apparent
scarcity of the species elsewhere. It seemed to be less prevalent
in 1976. Can it be that sporadic abundance is characteristic of
this species? The original type series from Playa de Ponce,
Puerto Rico, contained 14 specimens, but only four additional
specimens have come to our attention from the entire western
Atlantic since that lot was collected in 1899.
Chace (1972:128) noted that this species was found on
Ascension.
DISTRIBUTION.?Known elsewhere only from Bermuda,
Puerto Rico,Isla de Providencia,and Estado da Paraiba, Brazil,
24 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY
in the western Atlantic, and from Gabon, West Africa.
Thor manningi Chace,1972
Thor manningi Chace,1972:137,figs. 59-61.
MATERIAL.?Manning 1971 Collection: Sta ASC-22,
McArthur Point 1 juvenile [0.9] (identification tentative).
Grice Marine Biological Laboratory Collection: Sta 80-50,
North Point, 18 m: 1 ovig. female (GMBL).
Other Collections: Olson (1970), McArthur Point, sandy
bottom tide pool: 1 ovig. female [1.6].
SEE.?Carapace lengths of measured specimens, of oviger-
ous female, 1.6 mm; of juvenile, 0.9 mm.
HABITAT.?Tide pool and in 18 meters.
REMARKS.?An excellent analysis of a Puerto Rico popula-
tion of this partially protandric shrimp was reported by Bauer
(1986).
DISTRIBUTION.?Known previously from the western Atlan-
tic from Bermuda and North Carolina to Alagoas,Brazil,and in
the eastern Pacific from Islas Tres Marias, Mexico; now from
Ascension; common in grass flats to a depth of 44 meters.
Family PROCESSIDAE
Processa packeri, new species
FIGURE 11
MATERIAL.?Manning 1971 Collection: Sta ASC-12, South
West Bay: 5 males [1.2-1.4], 1 female [1.2] (largest male is
holotype, USNM 221891).?Sta ASC-22, South West Bay: 1
male [1.6], 2 females [1.9-2.2], 1 ovig. [2.2].?Sta ASC-23,
South West Bay: 1 male [1.6], 3 females [1.6-2.5], 1 ovig.
[2.5].?Sta ASC-25,Collyer Point 1 female [1.1].
Operation Origin: Site 7, Portland Point, in Lithothamnion
ball,25 m: 1 ovig. female [1.8].
Other Collections: Olson (1970), McArthur Point, sandy
bottom tide pool: 1 male [1.2].
DESCRIPTION.?Body comparatively short and stocky for
genus. Rostrum slightly variable in length but very short,
triangular, and little attenuated in dorsal view (Figure 1 la),
falling far short of midlength of eyestalks; minutely and
unequally bidentate in lateral view (Figure 1 lc) with long seta
inserted posterior to notch. Anterior margin of carapace (Figure
lib) armed with minute and inconspicuous antennal spine,
otherwise convexly sloping into ventral margin.
Abdomen with pleura rounded, except for sharp tooth
anteroventral to posterolateral angle of pleuron of 5th somite
(Figure 1 Id). Sixth somite somewhat less than twice as long as
5th, with acute posterolateral tooth; lobe above articulation of
uropod roughly semihexagonal, unarmed. Abdominal sternites
unarmed in both male and female. Telson (Figure l ie), not
including terminal spines, about l4/5 times as long as 6th
somite, nearly 3 times as long as wide, armed with 2 pairs of
dorsolateral spines, anterior pair arising well within anterior !/3
of telson, posterior pair midway between anterior pair and
posteromedian projection; posterior margin (Figure 11/) armed
with 2 pairs of stout spines and pair of robust plumose setae or
spines flanking median projection.
Eye (Figure l la) very large.cornea nearly 4 times as wide as
antennal scale; eyestalk conspicuously swollen toward midline
of animal.
Antennular peduncle (Figure llg) with basal segment more
than twice as long as combined lengths of 2 distal segments.
Stylocerite subtruncate distally, armed with tooth at distolateral
angle.
Antennal scale (Figure IIh) not overreaching antennular
peduncle, about 6 times as long as wide; distolateral spine not
nearly reaching level of distal margin of blade. Antennal
peduncle overreaching 2nd segment of antennular peduncle.
Mouthparts as figured (Figure ll/-m), except 1st maxilla,
lost during dissection. Third maxilliped well developed,
overreaching antennal scale by slightly more than lengths of 2
distal segments; distal segment distinctly longer than penulti-
mate, lateral margin armed with 5 strong spines on median xh
of length, row of minute denticles on distal l/y, penultimate
segment nearly twice as long as distal; exopod well developed.
Right pereopod of 1st pair (Figure lln) overreaching
antennal scale by 3A of length of chela; fingers about 4/s as long
as palm. Left 1st pereopod (Figure 1 lo) with simple dactyl and
overreaching antennal scale by about 2h of propodus. Second
pereopods unequal. Right member of pair (Figure 1 Ip) longer,
overreaching antennal scale by lengths of chela,carpus,and 3A*
of merus; fingers distinctly shorter than palm; carpus about 7
times as long as chela.composed of about 23 articles (proximal
articles indistinct); merus slightly more than V2 as long as
carpus, composed of about 10 indistinct articles; ischium
longer than merus. Left 2nd pereopod (Figure 11^) overreach-
ing antennal scale by lengths of chela.carpus.and 2/s of merus;
fingers noticeably shorter than palm; carpus slightly more than
4 times as long as chela, composed of about 12 articles; merus
about 3/5 as long as carpus, composed of 6 articles; ischium
nearly l'/s times as long as merus. Third pereopod (Figure llr)
overreaching antennal scale by lengths of dactyl,propodus,and
3A of carpus; dactyl simple, not noticeably slender; propodus
24/s times as long as dactyl, unarmed; carpus nearly 1 1/A times
as long as propodus; merus slightly shorter than carpus,
unarmed; ischium less than 2/3 as long as merus, unarmed.
Fourth pereopod (Figure 11 s) overreaching antennal scale by
lengths of dactyl, propodus, and nearly entire carpus; dactyl
simple, moderately slender; propodus about 3 times as long as
dactyl, unarmed; carpus 11/s times as long as propodus; merus
barely longer than propodus, unarmed; ischium slightly more
than 3/s length of merus, unarmed. Fifth pereopod (Figure 110
overreaching antennal scale by lengths of dactyl and propodus;
dactyl simple,slender; propodus fully 3 times as long as dactyl,
armed with 4 long slender spines on flexor margin; carpus
about 3A as long as propodus; merus nearly as long as
propodus, unarmed; ischium 3/s as long as merus, unarmed.
NUMBER 503 25
u
V
FIGURE 11.?Processa packeri,nev/ species, male holotype, carapace length 1.4 mm: a, carapace and anterior
appendages, dorsal aspect; b, anterior margin of carapace, right aspect; c, rostrum, right aspect; d, posterior
abdomen, right aspect; e, telson and uropods, dorsal aspect;/.telson, posterior margin; g, right antennule, dorsal
aspect; h, right antenna, dorsal aspect; i, right mandible; j , right 2nd maxilla; k, right 1 st maxilliped; /, right 2nd
maxilliped; m,right 3rd maxilliped; n, right 1st pereopod; o.left 1st pereopod; p.right 2nd pereopod; <?,left 2nd
pereopod; r, right 3rd pereopod; s, right 4th pereopod; /, right 5th pereopod; u, right 1st pleopod; v, same,
endopod; w, right 2nd pleopod; x, same, appendices masculina and intema.
First pleopod of male (Figure 11M) with endopod (Figure
llv) tapering to narrow retinacular distal projection. Second
pleopod of male (Figure 1 lw) with appendix masculina (Figure
llx) overreaching endopod, armed with 3 mesial, 2 lateral, and
5 distal spines. Uropods (Figure l ie) not greatly overreaching
acute distolateral angle.
Undeveloped eggs measuring 0.36-0.38 mm in major
diameter.
SIZE.?Holotype, male, with postorbital carapace length of
1.4 mm. Paratypes, carapace lengths of males, 1.2-1.6 mm; of
telson, lateral branch with rather prominent spine mesial to females, 1.1-2.5 mm; of ovigerous females, 1.8-2.5 mm.
26 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY
HABITAT.?All but one of the 16 specimens were found in
tide pools; the ovigerous female taken by Operation Origin was
collected in a Lithothamnion ball in 25 meters.
REMARKS.?Of the 47 species and four subspecies of
Processa currently recognized (nearly half of them described
during the last score of years),only one?P. hawaiensis (Dana,
1852(a)),which ranges from eastern Africa to Clipperton Island
in the eastern Pacific?has the rostrum in the adult not
overreaching the midlength of the eyestalks. Processa packed
is very similar to P. hawaiensis but it can be distinguished by
an obscurely notched, rather than simple, rostrum; the
stylocerite of the antennular peduncle subtruncate and bearing
a small distolateral tooth, rather than sloping posterolaterally
and unarmed; and,perhaps most importantly,the exopod of the
third maxilliped fully one-fourth as long as the antepenultimate
segment, rather than vestigial.
ETYMOLOGY.?It is a pleasure to name this species for John
E. Packer in recognition of his profound knowledge and
appreciation of the flora and fauna of Ascension Island and of
his "Ascension Handbook," which imparts to every visitor a
little of the romance associated with this superficially barren
and desolate bit of laval rock.
Family STENOPODIDAE
Microprosthema inornatum, new species
FIGURES 12,13
MATERIAL.?Grice Marine Biological Laboratory Collec-
tion: Sta 80-50, off North Point, 18 m: 1 male [2.0] (holotype,
USNM 221894).
DESCRIPTION.?Rostrum (Figure Yla.c) reaching about as
far as distal margin of anteriorly extended eyes, not overreach-
ing penultimate segment of antennular peduncle, armed
dorsally with 7 irregularly spaced teeth on rostrum proper,
anterior to posterior orbital margin, and ventrally with 1 small
tooth slightly in advance of anteriormost dorsal tooth. Carapace
(Figure \la-c) unarmed except for antennal spine,2 or 3 large
spines on anterior margin nearer pterygostomian angle, 1
postorbital spine, 1 small spine on hepatic region, and 4 or 5
spines immediately posterior to cervical groove on each side of
midline. Postrostral carina unarmed behind level of orbital
margin but extending posteriorly as far as cervical groove.
Abdomen (Figure I2d) smooth, dorsally unarmed, and
without distinct median carina. Tergum of 3rd somite project-
ing posteriorly as broadly obtuse median extension nearly as far
as posterior margin of 4th somite. Pleuron of 1st somite sharply
acute, without marginal spines; pleura of 2nd, 3rd, 4th, and 5th
somites bluntly acute, that of 2nd with small tooth on anterior
margin, those of 3rd and 4th with similar tooth on both anterior
and posterior margins, that of 5th without marginal teeth;
pleuron of 6th somite broadly rounded. Telson (Figure 12e)
nearly twice as long as 6th somite, fully l2/3 times as long as
wide, deeply sulcate mesially,armed with pair of strong lateral
teeth near midlength, 3 small teeth on convex posterior margin,
and 4 subequally spaced dorsal teeth on each ridge flanking
median sulcus.
Eye (Figures 12b, c) with cornea considerably narrower than
eyestalk, apparently imploded in holotype, eyestalk armed with
2 posterodorsal spines overreaching juncture with cornea.
Antennular peduncle (Figure 12f,g) with basal segment
bearing subquadrate flap projecting distomesiad from dorso-
lateral part of distal margin and small spine near distomcsial
angle of ventral surface. Stylocerite hook-like, not reaching
level of anterior margin of basal segment.
Antennal scale (Figure 12/,/t) about 2V2 times as long as
wide, lateral margin armed with 4 subequal teeth in distal V2 in
addition to distolateral spine.
Mouthparts as illustrated (Figure 12i-n).
First pereopod (Figure I3a,b) overreaching antennal scale by
about length of fingers, unarmed but with setiferous organ on
distal part of carpus and proximal part of propodus, fingers
noticeably longer than palm, pectinate on opposable margins.
Second pereopod (Figure 13c,d) overreaching antennal scale
by length of chela and about 2/3 of carpus, unarmed except for
pectinate opposable margins of fingers, latter distinctly longer
than palm. Third pereopods slightly unequal and dissimilar.
Left member of pair (Figure 13c, / ) overreaching antennal scale
by lengths of chela, carpus, and about */4 of merus; movable
finger armed with 1 tooth on extensor margin; propodus with 8
teeth on extensor margin, including distal 1 at articulation with
movable finger,and 7 on flexor margin; carpus with 6 teeth on
extensor and 2 on flexor margin; mcrus with 3, each, on
extensor and flexor margins; ischium with subdistal tooth on
extensor margin. Right member of pair (Figure 13g,h) also
overreaching antennal scale by lengths of chela, carpus, and
about !A of merus, but chela sensibly larger than left one;
movable finger armed with 8 teeth on extensor margin;
propodus with 13 small teeth on extensor margin, including
distal 1 at articulation with movable finger, and about 14 on
flexor margin; carpus with 6 teeth on extensor and 4 on flexor
margin; merus with 4 teeth on extensor and 7 on flexor margin;
ischium with subdistal tooth on extensor margin. Detached
(probably left 4th) pereopod (Figure 13/) with dactyl (Figure
13/) terminating in rather long terminal spines; propodus
indistinctly subdivided into 3 parts and bearing 16 spinules on
flexor margin; carpus even more obscurely divided into 6 parts
and unarmed, like merus and ischium. Fifth pereopod (Figure
13k) similar to 4th but shorter, largely because propodus no
more than 2/3 as long as preceding pereopod and bearing only
10 spinules.
First and 2nd pleopods as illustrated (Figure 13/,m).
Abdominal sterna armed with mesial spine on each somite.
Uropods (Figure 12e) with lateral branch armed with 5 or 6
small lateral teeth, including distal 1, mesial branch with 2
much larger lateral teeth, 1 at about midlength, 1 intermediate
between 1st and proximal end of branch.
SIZE.?Unique male, holotype, with postorbital carapace
NUMBER 503 27
FIGURE 12.?Microprosthema inornatum.ncw species,male hoiotype,carapace length 2.0 mm: a,dorsal aspect;
b, anterior carapace and eyes,dorsal aspect; c,same,right aspect; d,abdomen,right aspect; e.telson and uropods,
dorsal aspect; / , right antennule and antenna, ventral aspect; g, right antennule, dorsal aspect; h, right antennal
scale.dorsal aspect; (.right mandible; j,right 1st maxilla; k,right 2nd maxilla; /.right 1st maxilliped; m,right 2nd
maxilliped; n, right 3rd maxilliped,posteroventral aspect.
length of 2.0 mm.
HABITAT.?The single specimen was taken at a poison
station in 18 meters of water.
REMARKS.?This species clearly displays a scale ("Sch-
uppe"), mentioned by Richters (1880:167) as a characteristic
antennular peduncle. Viewed from a dorsomesial aspect, this
scale considerably resembles those illustrated by Richters
(1880, pi. 18: figs. 25, 27) in his S. plumicornis and S.
crassimanus. Holthuis (1946:48, pi. 3: fig. h) was unable to
detect such a scale in material that he identified as Micro-
feature of Stenopusculus, on the basal segment of the prosthema validum Stimpson, 1860, M. semilaeve (Von
28 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY
FIGURE 13.?Microprosthema inornatum, new species, male holotype, carapace length 2.0 mm: a, left 1st
pereopod; b, same, fingers; c, left 2nd pereopod; d, same, fingers; e, left 3rd pereopod; / , same, fingers; g, right
3rd pereopod; A,same,fingers; i,detached (left 4th ?) pereopod; j,same,dactyl; k,left 5th pereopod; /.right 1st
pleopod; m, right 2nd pleopod.
Martens, 1872), and M. scabricaudatum (Richters, 1880), but
specimens of the first two species available to us have a
somewhat less obvious scale in this position, and Richters
(1880, pi. 18: fig. 32) indicated that the scale in 5.
scabricaudatus is triangular rather than subquadrate. It is
apparent, then, that Holthuis was justified in recognizing the
synonymy of Stenopusculus and Microprosthema first sug-
gested by Balss (1915) and that any subsequently proposed
dichotomy of the genus must be based on characters other than
the antennular scale.
ETYMOLOGY.?The Ascension species is dubbed "inor-
natus" (= unadorned) because it seems to differ from those
previously described by its comparatively smooth carapacial
integument.
NUMBER 503 29
Odontozona anaphorae, new species
FIGURES 14,15
far as distal end of antennular peduncle, armed dorsally with 5
teeth, posteriormost situated posterior to hind margin of orbit,
and ventrally with 3 small teeth, posteriormost opposite
MATERIAL.?Grice Marine Biological Laboratory Collec- anteriormost dorsal tooth. Carapace not especially compressed,
tion: Sta 80-57, off North Point, 10 m: 1 male [4.0] (holotype, with prominent antennal and branchiostegal spines, smaller
USNM 221886). pterygostomian tooth, and scattered and often inconspicuous
DESCRIPTION.?Rostrum (Figures \Aa-c) reaching about as spines elsewhere, larger ones anterior to and immediately
FIGURE 14.?Odontozona anaphorae,new species.male holotype, carapace length 4.0 mm: a,dorsal aspect; b,
anterior carapace and eyes, right aspect; c, same, dorsal aspect; d, abdomen .left aspect; e, telson and uropods,
dorsal aspect; / , right antennule and antenna, ventral aspect; g, right antennule, dorsal aspect; /?, right antennal
scale,dorsal aspect; i,right mandible; j,same,extensor aspect; k,right 1st maxilla; /.right 2nd maxilla; m,right
1st maxilliped; n.right 2nd maxilliped; o.right 3rd maxilliped.
30 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY
posterior to cervical groove, none arranged in close-set
transverse rows (Figure \4b,c). Postrostral carina extending
posteriorly beyond midlength of gastric region but not as far as
cervical groove.
Abdomen (Figure \4a,d) smooth, dorsally unarmed except
on 6th somite, and without median carina. Tergum of 3rd
somite forming broadly rounded cap over anterior part of 4th
somite and causing distinct and permanent bend in abdomen.
Pleuron of 1st somite narrowly rounded, with trace of marginal
denticle; pleura of 2nd to 5th somites armed with tooth or
denticle at either end of ventral margin; 6th somite with strong
lateral spine near anterior end, oblique dorsolateral row of 4 or
5 spines near posterior margin, and with sharply acute
posterolateral angle. Telson (Figure 14e) nearly twice as long
as 6th somite, fully 22/3 times as long as wide, deeply sulcate
mesially.armed with paired lateral teeth at extreme anterior end
near midlength, rather strong tooth at each posterolateral angle
and smaller mesial tooth on posterior margin.paired submedian
teeth near anterior end, and 5 strong dorsal teeth on each ridge
flanking mesial sulcus.
Eye (Figure 14c) with cornea slightly broader than eyestalk,
latter armed with 3 or 4 minute spinules on anteromesial
surface near comea but without transverse series overreaching
juncture with cornea.
Antennular peduncle (Figure 14/,g) with basal segment
unarmed dorsally and ventrally; stylocerite short, hooked,
narrowly separated from proximal part of basal segment; 2nd
segment armed with oblique row of 3 distinct dorsolateral
spines; 3rd segment with single dorsolateral spine at juncture
with lateral flagellum; flagella subequal.more than 12 times as
long as carapace.
Antennal scale (Figure I4h) about 49/io times as long as
wide, lateral margin strongly concave, armed with 5 or 6 rather
closely appressed teeth in addition to distolateral spine.
Mouthparts as illustrated (Figure 14/-o). Third maxilliped
with 1 or 2 teeth on lateral surface of distal V2 of merus,
otherwise unarmed.
Anterior pair of pereopods missing. Second pereopod
(Figures 14a, 15a) overreaching antennal scale by length of
chela and about 2/3 of carpus; fingers slightly shorter than palm,
pectinate on opposable margins. Third pereopod (based on
detached appendage, Figure 15b,c) slender, chela with palm
unarmed, fingers slightly reflexed, about 3/s as long as palm,
armed with triangular tooth at midlength of fixed finger closing
laterad to and not reflected in movable finger.and rounded lobe
at proximal end fitting deep, semicircular sinus in movable
finger; carpus longer than chela, armed with 6 spines, each, on
opposite surfaces; merus shorter than chela, armed with 5
spines, each, on opposite margins and 1 spine near base of
distal 73 between aforementioned rows; ischium 2/3 as long as
merus, armed with 1 subdistal spine. Fourth pereopod (based
on detached pair, Figure I5d,e), with dactyl biunguiculate,
tooth on flexor margin rather short and stout; propodus
a
FIGURE 15.?Odontozona anaphorae, new species, male holotype, carapace
length 4.0 mm: a, chela of right 2nd pereopod; b, detached (right 3rd ?)
pereopod; c, same, chela; d, detached (4th ?) pereopod; e, same, dactyl; / ,
detached (5th ?) pereopod; g, same, dactyl; h, left 1st pleopod; i, left 2nd
pleopod.
indistinctly subdivided into 5 parts and bearing about 22
spinules on flexor margin; carpus about 24/s times as long as
propodus and obscurely subdivided into 7 parts; merus about
2/3 as long as propodus; ischium more than l/i as long as merus.
Fifth pereopod (based on detached appendage, Figure 15/,g)
similar to 4th but propodus longer and carpus, merus, and
ischium slightly shorter.
First and 2nd pleopods as illustrated (Figures \5h,i). Fourth,
5th, and 6th abdominal somites with mesial ventral spine on
sternum.
Uropods (Figure 14e) with lateral branch armed with 6
appressed lateral marginal teeth, including distal one, mesial
branch with 1 or 2 lateral teeth and 2 submedian carinae.mesial
one bearing 4 or 5 long, slender spines or stout setae on distal
one half.
NUMBER 503 31
SEE.?Unique male, holotype, with carapace length of 4.0
mm.
HABITAT.?The single specimen was taken at a poison
station in 10 meters of water.
REMARKS.?Odontozona anaphorae apparently differs from
the still inadequately described 0. edwardsi (Bouvier, 1908),
from off the northwest coast of Africa, in having the carpus of
the fourth and fifth pereopods subdivided into seven rather than
four parts and in its occurrence in only 10 meters as opposed to
depths of 640 and 1150 meters. It is distinguished from O.
ensifera (Dana, 1852(a)), the type species from Indonesia and
the Fiji Islands, by the absence of a postcervical groove and of
transverse rows of spines on the carapace.no transverse row of
spinules on the eyestalk at the juncture with the cornea, the
antennal scale more noticeably concave laterally, and by the
absence of spines on the margins of the palm of the third
pereopod. It superficially resembles O. libertae Gore, 1981,
from the Florida Keys but it lacks transverse rows of spinules
on the posterior half of the carapace and spinules on the
eyestalk at the juncture with the cornea; it has the second
antennular segment armed dorsolaterally but lacks ventral or
ventrolateral spines on most of the segments of the third
maxilliped.as well as a double row of spines on the palm of the
third pereopod. It is distinguished from O. rubra Wicksten,
1982, by the absence of transverse spinulose cinctures on the
carapace, of both transverse and longitudinal grooves on the
abdominal somites, of strong spines on the eyestalks, and of
spines on the chela of the third pereopod. From both O.
sculpticaudata Holthuis, 1946,from Indonesia.and O. spinosis-
sima Kensley, 1981(b), from South Africa, O. anaphorae may
be separated by the far less spinulose carapace and by having
the spines not aligned transversely, by the absence of elaborate
series of grooves and ridges on the abdomen, and by the
absence of spinules on the eyestalk at the juncture with the
cornea. It disagrees with O. spongicola (Alcock and Anderson,
1899) from the Indian Ocean in having relatively few spines
scattered over the carapace rather than concentrated in a
transverse row behind the cervical groove and a second, shorter
row on the frontal region,and in having the eyes pigmented and
the eyestalk without a row of spinules at the juncture with the
cornea. Finally, O. anaphorae seems to be related to the Cuban
O. striata Goy, 1981, in the general arrangement of the
spination on the carapace and on the sixth abdominal somite,
the dorsolateral spines on the second antennular segment, and
the unarmed palm of the third pereopod. It differs in the less
prominent and less distinctly aligned spines on the posterior
half of the carapace, the much less apparent spinules on the
eyestalk, the more markedly concave and less strongly dentate
lateral margin of the antennal scale, the less spinose third
maxilliped.and the larger and differently arranged teeth on the
opposable margins of the fingers of the third pereopod.
ETYMOLOGY.?The name is adapted from "anaphora," the
Greek word for "ascension."
Stenopus hispid us (Olivier, 1811)
Palaemon hispidus Olivier, 1811:666.
Stenopus hispidus.?Holthuis, 1946:12,pl. 1.?Fausto Filho, 1974:6.
MATERIAL.?Grice Marine Biological Laboratory Collec-
tion: Sta 80-45, English Bay, 20 m: 2 males (GMBL).
Other Collections: McDowell (1986),English Bay,50 ft (15
m): 1 male [11.9], 1 ovig. female [12.8].
SEE.?Postorbital carapace length of only male measured,
11.9 mm; of ovigerous female, 12.8 mm.
HABITAT.?These specimens were found in depths of 15 and
20 meters.
DISTRIBUTION.?Pantropical; previously known in the tropi-
cal western Atlantic from Bermuda and south Florida to
Fernando de Noronha; central Atlantic from Ascension Island;
eastern Pacific from Taboga Island, Panama (Goy, 1987); and
tropical Indo-West Pacific to Hawaii and Tuamotu Achipelago;
to a depth of 210 meters.
Family ENOPLOMETOPIDAE
Enoplometopus (Hoplometopus) antillensis Liitken, 1865
Enoplometopus antillensis Liitken, 1865:265.?Chace, 1966:634.?Debelius,
1986:13 Dower right color illustration].?Manning and Camp, 1989:412,
figs. 1-4.
MATERIAL.?Grice Marine Biological Laboratory Collec-
tion: Sta 80-75,Hummock Point,25 m: 1 male (GMBL).
Operation Origin: Site 29, South East Head, underneath
boulder,25 m: 1 juvenile [10.8].
Other Collections: Jourdan (1977), Ascension Island, cave
in 12 m: 2 males [39.0-43.8].?McDowell (1981), off South
West Point: 2 males [25.0-28.0], 1 ovig. female [25.7].?
McDowell (1982),English Bay: 1 postlarva [6.8].?McDowell
(1986),Ladies Loo: 1 male [35.2]; English Bay: 1 male [29.3].
SEE.?Carapace lengths of males, 25.0-43.8 mm; of
ovigerous female,25.7 mm; of juvenile, 10.8 mm; of postlarva,
6.8 mm.
HABITAT.?The Ascension specimens were found in depths
of 12 to 25 meters.
DISTRIBUTION.?Western Atlantic from Bermuda and south-
eastern Florida to northeastern Brazil, eastern Atlantic from
Madeira and the Gulf of Guinea; central Atlantic from St.
Helena and Ascension; to a depth of 201 meters.
Family AXIIDAE
Axiopsis serratifrons (A. Milne Edwards, 1873)
FIGURES 16,17
Axia serratifrons A. Milne Edwards, 1873:87 [11 of separate], pi. 2: fig. 6.
Axiopsis (Axiopsis) serratifrons.?Kensley,1981a:1253,figs. 1-5.
MATERIAL.?Manning 1971 Collection: Sta ASC-15, Eng-
lish Bay: 1 male [16.0].?Sta ASC-25, Collyer Point: 1
32 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY
k
FIGURE 16.?Axiopsis serratifrons, male, carapace length 16.0 mm: a, anterior carapace and appendages, dorsal
aspect; b, same, dorsolateral aspect; c, abdomen, right aspect; d, telson and uropods, dorsal aspect; e, left
mandible,extensor aspect; / , same,flexor aspect; g.left 1st maxilla; A,left 2nd maxilla; t,left 1st maxilliped; j ,
left 2nd maxilliped; Jk.left 3rd maxilliped; /.same,reverse aspect of ischium and merus.
postlarva [2.2].
Grice Marine Biological Laboratory Collection: Sta 80-41,
English Bay,0-l m: 2 males,2 females (1 ovig.) (GMBL).
Operation Origin: Site 19,Powerhouse Cove,found under a
stone,8 m: 1 female [12.7].
SEE.?Carapace lengths of measured specimens, of male,
16.0 mm; of female, 12.7 mm; of postlarva,2.2 mm.
HABITAT.?The GMBL specimens were found in less than
one meter, the Operation Origin female under a stone in eight
meters, and the male from sta ASC-15 taken in English Bay
was living in a burrow in rock, together with several other
axiids, presumably of the same species, found in the same tide
pool.
REMARKS.?The Ascension population was at first believed
NUMBER 503 33
FIGURE 17.?Axiopsis serratifrons.male,carapace length 16.0 mm: a,left 1st pereopod; fe.right 1st pereopod; c,
left 2nd pereopod; d, left 3rd pereopod; e.left 4th pereopod; / , left 5th pereopod; g, same, dactyl and grooming
projection; A,left 2nd pleopod; i, same, appendices intema and masculina.
to represent a species distinct from A. serratifrons, based on the
male collected in 1971. However, Brian Kensley, who has
studied material from various parts of the world.informs us that
the linearity of tubercles between the median and submedian
dorsal rows on the carapace varies with locality, the pitting of
the integument on the carapace tends to become more apparent
with age, the marginal teeth on the abdominal pleura are
occasionally, if rarely, absent, and the smooth, elongate, major
chela of the Ascension male may have resulted from
regeneration. Dr. Kensley suspects that "this is a widespread
species, with isolated populations, e.g., Ascension, showing
more consistent differences due to the limited gene pool."
Perhaps the accumulation of more extensive collections will
eventually reveal the existence of valid subspecies, or even
species, but currently available evidence is insufficient to
support such a conclusion.
34 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY
DISTRIBUTION.?Red Sea and western Indian Ocean to
Indonesia and eastward to Hawaii; previously known from the
Atlantic only from the western part: Bermuda, Florida, and
Belize; now from the central Atlantic at Ascension Island.
Family CALLIANASSIDAE
Corallianassa hartmeyeri (Schmitt, 1935)
FIGURES 18,19
Callianassa hartmeyeri Schmitt, 1935:3,4.
Callichirus.?De Saint Laurent and Le Loeuff, 1979:56.
Callichirus sp. aff. placidus.?Dc Saint Laurent and Le Loeuff, 1979:97.
Corallianassa hartmeyeri.?Manning, 1988:884,figs. 1,2.
MATERIAL.?Manning 1971 Collection: Sta ASC-22,
Me Arthur Point 1 female [6.7].
Smithsonian 1976 Collection: Sta 5A-76, Shelly Beach: 1
male [4.4], 3 females [3.8-5.6].?Sta 8-76, Me Arthur Point: 1
male [4.8].
Grice Marine Biological Laboratory Collection: Sta 80-41,
English Bay,0-1 m: 6 males,4 females (GMBL).
Other Collections: Jourdan (1976), English Bay: 1 female
[6.9].
SIZE.?Of measured specimens, carapace lengths of males,
4.4 and 4.8 mm; of females,3.8-6.9 mm.
COLOR.?Carapace and abdomen largely white, with some
scattered light orange markings; chelipeds mottled with darker
orange and white.
HABITAT.?Most specimens were taken in less than one
meter of water,usually burrowing in sand in shallow tide pools,
but the specimen collected by Jourdan in English Bay was
found under a stone in nine meters.
REMARKS.?Inasmuch as C. hartmeyeri has been known
previously only from the unique holotype from Jamaica, it is
impossible to determine whether the probably minor differ-
ences between the Ascension specimens and the type specimen
(see Manning, 1988, fig. 2) are of more than varietal
significance. The second abdominal somite seems longer than
the sixth somite (Figure 18b,c), rather than subequal to the
latter (Manning, 1988,fig. 2g,h),but the anterior margin of that
somite is obscure in all of the Ascension specimens. Secondly,
the distal extension of the eyestalk does not appear to overreach
the comea in the Ascension specimens (Figures 18a, 19b),
whereas it distinctly does so in the Jamaican specimen
(Manning, 1988, fig. 2b). Finally, the carpus of the major
cheliped is from 0.51 to 0.57 as long as the palm in the
Ascension series, compared with barely 0.50 in the type
(Manning, 1988, fig. 2c). As no other differences could be
detected between the Ascension specimens and the Jamaican
holotype, it seems best to consider the two populations
conspecific until additional western Atlantic material of C.
hartmeyeri becomes available.
An additional cephalothorax of a female Corallianassa, with
FIGURE 18.?Corallianassa hartmeyeri, female, carapace length 6.7 mm: a,
anterior carapace and eyes,right aspect; b,2nd abdominal somite,right aspect;
c,6th abdominal somite and telson, right aspect; d, right 1st (major) cheliped,
chela and carpus (denuded), dorsal aspect; e, same, merus and carpus, flexor
surface.
a carapace length of 14.7 mm, and two detached major
chelipeds were collected at sta 3A-76 in English Bay by A.J.
Provenzano, Jr., in 1976. These specimens differ from the
remainder of the Ascension series in having the lateral frontal
spines completely fused to the carapace without a membranous
interspace, the distal extension of the eyestalk extending far
beyond the cornea, and the carpus of the major cheliped longer
(0.63 and 0.67 as long as the palm) and armed ventrally with a
series of five strong teeth proximal to the distal tooth. It seems
unlikely that these manifest differences could be attributable to
age, but the absence of the abdomen forestalls a definitive
conclusion about the specimens.
The senior author was able to compare the illustrations
presented herewith in Figure 18 with another species of
Corallianassa, the syntypes in the Paris Museum of Calli-
anassa (Callichirus) coutierei Nobili, 1904, from the Gulf of
Aden. That species resembles C. hartmeyeri in having the
dorsal ridge on the palm of the major chela not extending to the
distal end of that segment, but the palm is much wider in C.
coutierei, the carpus displays a field of granules ventrodistally,
and the merus and ischium of both the major and minor
chelipeds are more strongly spinose ventrally.
De Saint Laurent and Le Loeuff (1979:56,97) referred to the
occurrence of this species on Ascension.
DISTRIBUTION.?Known previously only from the unique
holotype from Jamaica, now from Ascension.
NUMBER 503 35
FIGURE 19.?Corallianassa hartmeyeri, female, carapace length 6.7 nun: a, carapace and anterior appendages,
dorsal aspect; ft, frontal region and eyes,dorsal aspect; c.telson and uropods,dorsal aspect; d,right mandible; e,
right 1st maxilla;/, right 2nd maxilla; g, right 1st maxilliped; A, right 2nd maxilliped; i,right 3rd maxilliped; j ,
same,reverse aspect of ischium and merus; A:,right 1st pereopod; /.left 1st pereopod; m,right 2nd pereopod; n,
right 3rd pereopod; ?.right 4th pereopod; p.right 5th pereopod.
36 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY
Family PALINURIDAE
Panulirus echinatus Smith, 1869
Panulirus echinatus Smith, 1869b:20,39.?Chace, 1966:629, figs. 3,4, pis. 1,
2,?Fausto Rlho, 1974:7.?Holthuis. Edwards, and Lubbock, 1980:32, fig.
2 [map].?Lubbock, 1980:285.?Vianna, 1986:25, figs. 1-4.?Williams,
1986:20,fig. 47.
Panulirus guttatus.?Lenz and Stnmck,1914:291,339 [not Panulirus guttatus
(Latreille.1804)].
spiny lobsters.?Phinizy, 1969:27.?Marx, 1975:39.
MATERIAL.?Smithsonian 1976 Collection: Sta 3-76, Eng-
lish Bay: 1 dry specimen.?Sta 7-76, off Collyer Point: 1 male
[85.5].?McArthur Point,found on shore, AJ. Provenzano, Jr.,
13 Jul 1976: 1 dry puerulus stage [9.5].
Other Collections: Ascension Island, R.M. Hannay (Ascen-
sion Historical Society): 1 ovig. female [74.5] (BMNH).
SEE.?Carapace length of male, 85.5 mm; of ovigerous
female,74.5 mm; of puerulus stage,9.5 mm. These specimens
are considerably smaller than the male.cl 190 mm (tl 390 mm),
recorded by Holthuis, Edwards, and Lubbock (1980:37) from
the Cape Verde Islands and of the female,tl 380 mm,recorded
from Ascension by the same authors.
COLOR.?Carapace and abdomen reddish-brown, conspicu-
ously marked with whitish spots, overall appearance speckled;
walking legs longitudinally striped with reddish-brown and
white; uropods very dark.almost black,outlined in white.
REMARKS.?This species was reported from Ascension by
Lenz and Strunck (1914), Phinizy (1969), Marx (1975),
Lubbock (1980),and Holthuis,Edwards,and Lubbock (1980).
DISTRIBUTION.?The easternmost Brazilian states of Ceara,
Rio Grande do Norte, and Pernambuco; Brazilian islands
Fernando de Noronha, Atol das Rocas, and Ilha da Trindade;
western Atlantic islands of St. Paul's Rocks; central Atlantic
from Ascension and St. Helena; and the Canaries and Cape
Verdes in the eastern Atlantic; 0-35 meters. (If the specimen
illustrated by Seba (1761:54,pl. 21: fig. 5) as Squilla, Crangon,
Americana, altera and selected by Holthuis (1959a: 126) as the
lectotype of Panulirus guttatus really came from Suriname,
which may be questionable, it represents the easternmost
locality for that species, rather than the Barbados population
assigned that significance by Holthuis, Edwards, and Lubbock
(1980:35), thereby reducing the gap between the geographic
ranges of that species and P. echinatus.)
Family SCYLLARIDAE
Scyllarides delfosi Holthuis, 1960
Scyllarides americanus.?Holthuis, 1959a:127,pi. 3: fig. 2 [not S. americanus
VerriU.1922].
Scyllarides delfosi Holthuis, 1960:153.
Scyllarides herklotsii.?Chace, 1966:630, fig. 5 [not Scyllarus Herklotsii
Herklots,1851J.
MATERIAL.?Other Collections: McDowell (1985), English
Bay: 1 young male [28.0].
SEE.?The lone male specimen has a postorbital carapace
length of 28.0 mm.
HABITAT.?The single specimen was found among rocks at
a depth of 18 meters.
REMARKS.?The Ascension specimen has the carapace more
deeply sculptured than does a female paratype of S. delfosi
from off Guyana, with a postorbital carapace length of about 49
mm, with which it was compared. It has been identified with
that species, however, because of the possibly diagnostic color
pattern described by Holthuis (1959a:128) and visible in both
the paratype and the Ascension specimen: a trapezoidal
quadrangle of four red spots on the cardiac region and a mesial
subcircular red spot,flanked by a pair of somewhat subtriangu-
lar spots on the first abdominal somite.
DISTRIBUTION.?Previously known from off Guyana, Suri-
name, Brazil, and St. Helena, and now from Ascension; to a
depth of at least 75 meters.
Family DIOGENIDAE
Calcinus tubularis (Linnaeus, 1767)
Cancer tubularis Linnaeus, 1767:1050.?Holthuis, 1977a:59.
Pagurus ornatus Roux, 1830: unnumbered page [ 1091.pl. 43.
Calcinus ornatus.?Forest, 1961:220.
Calcinus tubularis.?Holthuis, 1977a:59.
MATERIAL.?Manning 1971 Collection: Sta ASC-15, Eng-
lish Bay: 1 male [4.0], 1 ovig. female [4.9].
Operation Origin: Site 0, English Bay, 7 m: 1 male
[2.5].?Site 1,Guano Jetty,3 m: 1 female [2.4].?Site 6, White
Rock, 10 m: 1 juvenile [1.0].
Other Collections: Jourdan (1976), English Bay, under
rocks, 20 ft (6 m): 1 male [2.6].
SIZE.?Shield lengths of males, 2.5-4.0 mm; of females,
2.4-4.9 mm; of ovigerous female, 4.9 mm; of juvenile, 1.0
mm.
COLOR.?According to notes accompanying the specimen
from Operation Origin Site l.the color in life is: carapace pink;
walking legs orange/apricot with orange tones, dark red at
joints; chelae dark red at base with white spots; pincers white
with orange spots; antennae white with dark red bands;
antennules with base dark red,rest light purple with pink hairs.
In preservative, walking legs with propodi striped reddish
and white, dactyli with red and white bands, red bands
comprised of spots.
HABITAT.?In tide pool on rocky shore and subtidally, at
3-10 meters.
REMARKS.?Until 1977 this species was known as Calcinus
ornatus (Roux).
The characteristic red stripes on the propodi of the walking
legs are visible even in preserved specimens.
DISTRIBUTION.?Mediterranean, off West Africa, and now
from Ascension Island; littoral and sublittoral.
NUMBER 503 37
Clibanarius rosewateri, new species
FIGURE 20
Clibanarius sp.?Markham, 1978:103.
MATERIAL.?Manning 1971 Collection: Sta ASC-5, North
East Bay: 24 specimens [0.9-2.1],6 ovig. females [1.2-1.6].?
Sta ASC-8, English Bay: 1 specimen [0.8].?Sta ASC-12,
McArthur Point: 71 specimens [0.5-1.1], 2 ovig. females
[0.9].?Sta ASC-13, Georgetown: 3 specimens [0.5-0.6].?
Sta ASC-14, south of Collyer Point: 1 specimen [0.8].?Sta
ASC-15, English Bay: 128 specimens [0.5-1.4], 23 ovig.
females [0.8-1.1].?Sta ASC-18, Shelly Beach: 2 specimens
[0.9-2.0].?Sta ASC-21, English Bay: 102 specimens [0.4-
1.7],9 ovig. females [0.9-1.0].?Sta ASC-22,McArthur Point
5 specimens [0.9-1.9].?Sta ASC-23, McArthur Point 2
specimens [1.0-2.0], 1 ovig. female [1.0].?Sta ASC-25,south
of Collyer Point: 38 specimens [0.6-1.3], 1 ovig. female [0.9].
Smithsonian 1976 Collection: Sta 1B-76, McArthur Point
12 specimens [0.5-1.8], 3 ovig. females [0.9-1.0].?Sta
3A-76, English Bay: 8 specimens [0.5-1.4].?Sta 3B-76,
English Bay: 9 specimens [all -0.5].?Sta 3C-76,English Bay:
3 specimens [0.7-1.0].?Sta 5A-76, Shelly Beach: 21 speci-
mens [0.5-2.2], 1 ovig. female [0.9].?Sta 5D-76, Shelly
Beach, coral pool: 3 specimens [0.9-1.7], 1 ovig. female
[1.8].?Sta 5E-76, Shelly Beach, coral pool: 2 specimens
[0.5-0.7].?Sta 6B-76, south of Collyer Point 20 specimens
[0.5-2.2], 6 ovig. females [0.8-1.0].?Sta 9C-76, North East
Bay: 1 male [2.4] (holotype.USNM 221895).
Operation Origin: Site 4,Klinka Bay.rock pool: 1 specimen
[1.4].?Site 19,Powerhouse Cave,shore: 1 specimen [2.0].
DESCRIPTION.?Size very small, maximum si 2.4 mm in
adults.
Chelipeds subequal, right sometimes slightly larger, surface
with coarse, light-tipped tubercles and scattered, long setae.
Fingers spoon-tipped, longer and lighter in color than palm.
Walking legs each with dactylus shorter than respective
propodus, surface variously punctate and setose, lacking
longitudinal stripes on propodi, propodi with distal light spot
on both faces.
Shield longer than broad, with rostrum extending beyond
low lateral projections.
Eyestalks long and slender, left slightly longer, extending
about to end of antennular peduncles. Ophthalmic acicles
serrate. Antennal peduncles extending about to cornea.
SEE.?Very small, shield lengths of all specimens, 0.4-2.4
mm; of ovigerous females, 0.8-1.8 mm.
COLOR.?In life, reddish brown to brown; eyestalks and
antennae orange; chelipeds brownish with white or blue
tubercles, punctae orange; proximal 2/3 of outer surface of
propodi of walking legs orange, with distinct distal blue spot;
dactyli orange dorsally, white ventrally.
In preservative, dark pigment fades to orange; blue spot on
propodus fades to white; fingers and dactyli may be entirely
white.
HABITAT.?Intertidal and shallow subtidal, in almost all
shore habitats on Ascension. Specimens were even collected in
the coral pool habitat of Procaris ascensionis, some being
taken in formalin washes of algae (sta 5D-76) and echinoids
(sta 5E-76) from the coral pool.
REMARKS.?This diminutive species differs from both C.
tricolor (Gibbes, 1850), from the western Atlantic, and C.
chapini Schmitt, 1926, from West Africa (which Forest and De
Saint Laurent, 1967:103, treat as subspecies), in being much
smaller and in its color pattern. The shield length of C.
ascensionis apparently does not exceed 2.4 mm, whereas
Provenzano (1959:366) studied material of C. tricolor with si
6-9 mm, and Schmitt (1926:49) reported that the male
holotype of C. chapini has a cl of 5.1 mm. In both C. tricolor
and C. chapini the dark color on the chelae extends to the tips
of the fingers; in C. ascensionis the fingers are lighter than the
palm. In C. chapini the P3 propodus is dark dorsally, light
ventrally, and in C. tricolor the propodi and dactyli are light,
with the articulation between them dark. Neither of those
species has the distinctive distal blue spot on the propodus that
is characteristic of C. ascensionis.
M. de Saint Laurent (in litt.) pointed out that Forest and De
Saint Laurent (1967:103) reversed the distinctive features of C.
chapini and C. tricolor in their Table 2. The two species
headings should be transposed.
Several samples, e.g., those from stations ASC-12, ASC-15,
ASC-21, and 6B-76,also included glaucothoe larvae, and many
specimens, including the holotype, were parasitized by bopyrid
isopods. Markham (1978) identified bopyrids from this species
as Asymmetrione clibanarii Markham, 1975, a species origi-
nally reported as infesting Clibanarius tricolor.
ETYMOLOGY.?We dedicate this species to our late col-
league and friend, Joseph Rosewater, former curator of
mollusks at the National Museum of Natural History and
participant in the 1976 expedition to Ascension.
Dardanus imperator (Miers,1881)
FIGURE 21C
Pagwitf tmp?-a/orMiers,1881a:275,375.?Ortmann, 1893:52.
Pagurus calidus.?Stebbing, 1914:255,276 [not Pagurus calidus Risso, 1816].
Dardanus imperator.?Chace, 1966:634.?Biffar and Provenzano, 1972:790,
figs. lc,2c,3c,4c.
MATERIAL.?Smithsonian 1976 Collection: Sta 7-76, off
Collyer Point 1 female [8.5].
Operation Origin: Site 5, Bates Point, in Strombus shell, 30
m: 1 female [12.3].?Site 12, Catherine Point, on top of
bedrock outcrop, 16 m: 1 ovig. female [7.7].
Other Collections: Vickrey (1964), Ascension Island: 1 male
[6.0].?Jourdan (1976), Ascension Island, diving: 1 female
[8.5].?Jourdan (1976),English Bay.under rock,20 ft (6 m): 1
female [7.5].?McDowell (1986), Hummock Point, 60 ft (18
m): 1 male [9.5].?McDowell (1986), Ladies Loo, 50-60 ft
38 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY
k
FIGURE 20.?Clibanarius rosewateri, new species,male paratype, shield length 2.1 mm: a, shield and anterior
appendages; b, left mandible,dorsal aspect; c, left 1 st maxilla; d, left 2nd maxilla; e, left 1st maxilliped;/, left 2nd
maxilliped; g, left 3rd maxilliped; h, left chela and carpus, extensor aspect; i, same, mesial aspect; j , left 2nd
pereopod; k, flexor margin of merus of left 2nd pereopod; /, left 3rd pereopod; m, flexor margin of merus of left
3 rd pereopod; n, dactylus of left 3rd pereopod; o, left 4th pereopod; p, left 5th pereopod; q, left 1 st pleopod; r, left
2nd pleopod; s, tclson,dorsal aspect (Color pattern from male holotype,shield length 2.4 mm.)
NUMBER 503 39
(15-18 m): 1 male [10.5].?Clarence Bay, Scottish National
Antarctic Expedition, 1902-1904, in Strombus: 2 males
[13.0-14.6] (RSM).
SIZE.?Shield lengths of males, 6.0-14.6 mm; of females,
7.5-12.3 mm; of ovigerous female,7.7 mm.
COLOR.?The eystalks are conspicuously banded, purple
proximally shading to red distally, then white, with distal red
spot on stalk extending into cornea. Chelipeds with distal part
of merus and all of carpus purple; spines of carpus tan or
orange, some red setae with white tips present; inner surface of
carpus with reticulated pattern of red lines on white back-
ground; palm yellow-orange, tubercles on outer surface red,
often with white tips; inner face of palm purple dorsally,
reticulated red pattern extending onto fingers, latter with
reticulated red pattern on outer face also. Walking legs, except
second on left side, conspicuously banded; merus light
proximally, orange toward middle, paler distally; carpus light
purple proximally and distally on each side of central orange
ring; propodus purple proximal to orange ring, then distally
with purple above, yellow-orange below; dactyl with four
bands, two orange, two white,distalmost orange band broadest;
legs with numerous red setae with white tips. Second left leg
with merus and carpus as in other legs; outer surface of
propodus and dactylus with scarlet tubercles on middle ridge,
tipped with white in one specimen, dorsal line of tubercles
orange, ventral line lighter, upper and lower lines of tubercles
connected to middle row by orange line. Ventral surface of
thorax largely white, with red reticulated pattern at bases of
legs.
Even in preserved specimens, the walking legs are banded
reddish, orange, or purple and white. The tubercles of the claw
are reddish, often with white tips. The legs all have many
FIGURE 21.?Left third legs (diagnostic legs) of: a, Dardanus venosus, female,shield length 21.3 mm,Bermuda;
b, Dardanus venosus, male, shield length 14.4 mm, Carrie Bow Cay, Belize; c, Dardanus imperator, ovigerous
female.shield length 12.9 mm.James Bay.St. Helena. (By Carolyn Gast.)
40 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY
reddish setae with white tips.
HABITAT.?Sublittoral.in 6 to 30 meters.
REMARKS.?Ortmann (1893) reported this species from
Ascension and also recorded (1893:52) a Glaucothoe rostrata
taken at the same station, in 20 meters. Stebbing (1914) also
recorded this species from Ascension, as Pagurus calidus; we
examined Stebbing's material and found it to be a D.
imperator. Although Stebbing listed P. calidus on p. 276 as
having been taken from Clarence Bay in Strombus, he also
stated that it was taken at sta 507, which is off Pyramid Point
(see "Introduction").
Although Markham and McDermott (1981:1271) included
Dardanus imperator in their list of decapods from Bermuda,
the species is not known to occur there. It apparently is
restricted to the south Atlantic islands of Ascension and St.
Helena.
It seems to us that the perspective is not clear in the figure of
the third left leg of D. imperator given by Biffar and
Provenzano (1972, fig. 4c), for there the cross ridges on the
propodus appear to be convex in cross-section, whereas they
are distinctly concave in material available to us. For that
reason we have re-illustrated the third left leg of a specimen of
D. imperator from SL Helena, along with the third left leg of
two different specimens of D. venosus (H. Milne Edwards,
1848) (Figure 21).
DISTRIBUTION.?Known only from Ascension and Saint
Helena islands; sublittoral, to a depth of at least 30 meters.
Family PARAPAGURIDAE
Sympagurus dimorphus (Studer, 1883)
FIGURE 22
Eupagurus dimorphus Studer, 1883:24, figs. 11,12.
Eupagurus modicellus Stebbing, 1914:255,277,pl. 26D.
Parapagurus dimorphus.?Forest and De Saint Laurent, 1967:115,pL 1: figs.
5,6.?De Saint Laurent, 1972:108.
Sympagurus dimorphus.?Lemaitre,1989:71,pls. 36-38.40E-H.
MATERIAL.?None.
REMARKS.?We believe that Eupagurus modicellus Steb-
bing, originally described from Ascension, is a juvenile
specimen of Sympagurus dimorphus (Studer), a species that is
widespread in the South Atlantic. The rounded rostrum,simple
eye scales, and the very unequal chelipeds of E. modicellus all
are features of S. dimorphus. Stebbing specifically mentioned
and figured (Figure 22) the long ridge on the upper, inner
border of the palm and the serrate dorsal margin of the movable
finger, both characteristic of S. dimorphus. The relatively long
and slender eyes are probably attributable to the size of
Stebbing's specimen,sl 2.5 mm; it is certainly a juvenile.
Although the specimen studied by Stebbing was taken in
relatively shallow water, 73 meters, Forest and De Saint
Laurent (1967:116) reported that S. dimorphus was known to
occur in depths between 70 and 600 meters.
FIGURE 22.?Sympagurus dimorphus (Sluder), holotype of Eupagurus
modicellus, shield length 2.5 mm: a, front and right anterior appendages; b, 1st
maxilliped; c, 3rd maxilliped; d, right 1 st pereopod; e, left 1 st pereopod; /,
dactylus of 2nd pereopod; g, 4th pereopod; h, 5th pereopod. (From Stebbing,
1914,pl.26:fig. D.)
The type of E. modicellus could not be located at the Royal
Scottish Museum (S. Chambers, in litt.).
We reproduce here Stebbing's original figure of this species
(Figure 22).
DISTRIBUTION.?Known from scattered localities in the
southern hemisphere, including South America, Tristan da
Cunha, Namibia (Macpherson, 1983), South Africa, and
Ascension, in depths between 70 and 600 meters.
Family PORCELLANIDAE
Petrolisthes marginatus Stimpson,1859
Petrolisthes marginatus Slimpson, 1859:74.?Gore,1982:17; 1983:91,fig. 1.
Porcellana Cessacii A. Milne Edwards, 1878:229.
Petrolisthes armatus.?Miers, 1881b:432.?Fausto Filho, 1974:8. [Not Pet-
rolisthes armatus (Gibbes,185O).]
Petrolisthes cessacii.?Chace,1956:14,fig. 4.
MATERIAL.?Manning 1971 Collection: Sta ASC-13,Geor-
getown: 2 juveniles [2.6-3.1].?Sta ASC-22, Me Arthur Point:
1 juvenile [3.1].
Smithsonian 1976 Collection: Sta lB-76,McArthur Point: 1
male [10.2], 1 ovig. female [10.0].?Sta 1C-76, McArthur
Point: 6 males [4.4-8.0], 5 females [3.8-12.6], 2 ovig.
[7.2-12.6],3 juveniles [2.4-3.6].
Operation Origin: Site 0, English Bay, from inside of
boulder, 3-4 m: 1 male [6.3].
NUMBER 503 41
Other Collections: Ascension Island, T. Conry: 1 male [4.2]
(BMNH 81.27).?Jourdan (1976), off Collyer Point, diving: 1
female [10.0].? Olson (1970),McArthur Point, sandy bottom
tide pool: 1 male [8.7].
SEE.?Carapace lengths of males,4.2-10.2 mm; of females,
3.8-12.6 mm; of ovigerous females, 7.2-12.6 mm; of
juveniles,2.4-3.6 mm.
COLOR.?Mottled brick red, with eystalks, articulating
membranes and dactyls of walking legs scarlet; ventral surface
uniformly scarlet.
HABITAT.?Intertidal, in algal mats or sabellariid worm
colonies around boulders on exposed shores, and in rocks,
oysters, and coralline algae clumps rimming a protected tide
pool.
REMARKS.?Gore (1982; 1983) showed that Petrolisthes
cessacii (A. Milne Edwards, 1878) was a junior synonym of P.
marginatus Stimpson, 1859.
According to Gore (1974:711), Janet Haig examined
material from Fernando de Noronha reported by Pocock (1890)
as P. marginatus and found it to be correctly identified. Fausto
Filho's (1974:8) record of Petrolisthes armatus from Fernando
de Noronha is based on Pocock's record.
In discussing the distribution of this species in his account of
its synonym, P. cessacii, Gore (1974:711) remarked "It would
seem ... that P. cessacii has been in the western Atlantic since
at least 1890 [based on Pocock's account],but was not actually
recorded as such in publication until 1970 [Coelho's record of
P. cessacii]." We know of no evidence that this species is a
recent immigrant into the western Atlantic.
This species was reported from Ascension by Miers (1881b)
and Gore (1974).
DISTRIBUTION.?Amphi-Atlantic; West Africa from the
Cape Verde Islands to Annobon; western Atlantic, from the
Caribbean to Brazil, including Fernando de Noronha; central
Atlantic from Ascension; littoral and sublittoral.
Family HlPPlDAE
Hippa testudinaria (Herbst, 1791)
FIGURE 23a
Cancer testudinarius Herbst, 179 l:8,pl. 22: fig. 4.
Remipes scutellatus.?While, 1847:57 [part].?Miers, 1878:314,319 [part].?
Benedict, 1893:539. [NoiHippa scutellata Fabricius,1793.]
Hippa testudinaria.?Holthuis and Manning, 1970:251.
Hippa cubensis.?Fausto Filho, 1974:10.
MATERIAL.?Manning 1971 Collection: Sta ASC-3,McAr-
thur Point: 7 males [13.0-15.6],9 females [10.6-24.6],7 ovig.
[17.6-24.6].?Sta ASC-5, North East Bay: 6 males [10.2-
15.1], 1 ovig. female [13.9].?Sta ASC-12, Me Arthur Point: 4
males [14.5-16.0], 7 females [11.6-22.2], 3 ovig. [16.8-21.3].
Smithsonian 1976 Collection: Sta 1D-76, McArthur Point:
13 males [13.1-15.8],8 females [11.6-22.5], 1 ovig. [20.0].?
Sta 9A-76, North East Bay: 5 males [12.8-14.2], 6 females
[12.7-19.4],5 ovig. [16.9-19.4].
Operation Origin: Site 8,South West Bay: 1 male [13.4].
Other Collections: Ascension Island, U.S. Eclipse Expedi-
tion to West Africa, 1889-1890, Wm. Harvey Brown: 1 male
[15.8], 1 female [19.6].?Ascension Island, Admiralty,H.M.S.
Chanticleer: 1 male [15.8], 3 ovig. females [17.5-21.9]
(BMNH 149c-e).?Ascension Island, from intertidal zone,
almost on the breakers.R.A. Davies.Oct 1965: 1 dry specimen
[15.7] (BMNH 1965.12.7.2).?Ascension Island, Mr. Hannay
(Fort Hayes Museum): 3 males [13.3-14.5], 3 females
[14.7-22.2], 2 ovig. [14.7-21.1] (BMNH 1973:130).?
Vickrey (1964), South West Bay: 1 male [14.3], 7 females
[14.6-20.4], 6 ovig. [15.3-20.4].?Georgetown Bay, May
1961: 1 male [14.6], 2 females [16.9-19.4].?Near Geor-
getown: 1 dry female [20.0].?Jourdan (1977),Long Beach: 2
females [17.9-25.5], 1 ovig. [25.5].
SIZE.?Carapace lengths of males, 10.2-16.0 mm; of
females, 10.6-25.5 mm; of ovigerous females, 13.9-25.5 mm.
HABITAT.?Burrowing intertidally on open sand beaches.
REMARKS.?Until recently,this species was known as Hippa
cubensis (De Saussure, 1857). Haig (1970) pointed out that the
name Cancer testudinarius, applied by Herbst (1791) to a
species from Martinique, was the oldest available name for the
only western Atlantic species of Hippa.
As suggested by Holthuis and Manning (1970),all records of
Hippa from Ascension are based on H. testudinaria rather than
on the West African Hippa carcineutes Holthuis and Manning,
1970.
The main difference between this species and H. carcineutes
is that the shorter ramus of the antennular flagellum comprises
four or less segments in H. testudinaria (Figure 23a), five to
eight segments in H. carcineutes (Figure 23b). The distribution
of the number of segments in our materal from Ascension is as
follows: 2-2 (4) [2 segments on each side in each of 4
specimens),2-3 (12),3-3 (48),3-4 (13),and4-4 (4). There is no
indication that the number of segments varies with sex or size.
This species has been recorded from Ascension by White
(1847), Miers (1878), Benedict (1893), and Holthuis and
Manning (1970).
DISTRIBUTION.?Western Atlantic, from Bermuda and Flor-
ida to Brazil; central Atlantic from Ascension Island; on sand
beaches, in surf zone.
Family DROMIIDAE
Dromia erythropus (Edwards, 1771)
FIGURE 24a
Cancer erythropus Edwards, 1771:29.
Dromia erythropus.?Rathbun, 1937:31, fig. l l .p l . 6: figs. 1,2.?Chace,
1966:635 [part].?Forest, 1974:80.figs. \b, 2,3c, Ag, l-n, 5,pl. 1: fig. 3,pl.
3: fig. 3,pl. 5: fig. 5.
MATERIAL.?Other Collections: McDowell (1981), off
English Bay, -60 ft. (18 m): 1 male [30.4].?McDowell
42 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY
FIGURE 23.?Front and anterior appendages of: a, Hippa testudinaria, ovigerous female, denuded, carapace
length 16.7 mm, Ascensiom Island; b, Hippa carcineules, ovigerous female,paratype,carapace length 16.1 mm,
Nigeria.
(1986), English Bay, in cave, lots of sponge in cave, night,
scuba: 1 ovig. female [56.0].
SIZE.?Carapace length of male, 30.4 mm; of ovigerous
female, 56.0 mm.
HABITAT.?Sublittoral.
REMARKS.?This is one of three species of Dromia that
occurs on Ascension and St. Helena. This species differs from
D. marmorea in that the distance from the first anterolateral
tooth of the carapace to the second anterolateral tooth is less
than that from the second to the third and much less than the
distance from the third to the fourth tooth; in D. marmorea
these intervals are subequal. Dromia erythropus agrees with D.
marmorea and differs from D. personata in having the
accessory tooth set between the second and third teeth, not on
the posterior slope of the second tooth.
The small female, cl 14.5, reported from Rupert Bay, St.
Helena by Chace (1966) is referable to D. erythropus.
This species has not been recorded previously from
Ascension.
DISTRIBUTION.?Western Atlantic from Bermuda and Flor-
ida to Brazil, and Ascension and Saint Helena islands in the
central Atlantic; littoral and sublittoral.
Dromia marmorea Forest, 1974
FIGURE 24b
Dromia marmorea Forest, 1974:79,figs. \c, 2,3b, 4df,j, k, 5,pi. 1: figs. 2,4,
pi. 3: fig. 2, pi. 4: fig. 7, pi. 5: figs. 3, 4, pi. 8: figs. 3, 4.?Manning and
Holthuis,1981:ll.
MATERIAL.?Operation Origin: Site 8, South West Bay, 1+
m: cast of 1 female [23.0].
Other Collections: McDowell (1986), English Bay, cave,
lots of sponge in cave,night,scuba: 1 male [58.9].
SIZE.?Carapace length of male, 58.9 mm; of female, 23.0
mm.
HABITAT.?Littoral and sublittoral.
REMARKS.?As pointed out by Manning and Holthuis
(1981:12), in this species the distances between the first and
second, second and third, and third and fourth anterolateral
teeth of the carapace are subequal. This will distinguish this
species from both D. erythropus and D. personata.
Forest (1974) reported this species from St. Helena and there
is a small female, cl 22 mm, from James Bay, St. Helena, in the
Smithsonian Institution collections.
DISTRIBUTION.?Eastern Atlantic from off West Africa
between the Azores and Cabinda, and central Atlantic from
NUMBER 503 43
FIGURE 24.?Outline of carapace of: a, Dromia erythropus, male, carapace length 30.4 mm; b, Dromia
marmorea, male,carapace length 58.9 mm; c, Dromia personata, female,carapace length 25.2 mm; d, Dromidia
artillerists, male, carapace length 20.9 mm.
Ascension and St. Helena islands; littoral and sublittoral,
usually in 50 meters or less.
Dromia personata (Linnaeus, 1758)
FIGURE 24C
Cancer personatus Linnaeus, 1758:628.
Dromia erythropus.?Chace, 1966:635 [part],fig. 6.
Dromia personata.?Forest, 1974:76, figs, la, 3a, 4a-c, h, i, 5,6a, pi. 1: fig.
l.pl. 3: fig. l.pl. 4: fig. 6,pl. 5: figs. l,2,pl. 7: figs. l,3,pl. 8: figs. 1,2.
MATERIAL.?Smithsonian 1976 Collection: Sta 5A, North
East Bay: 1 female [25.2].
Operation Origin: Site 8, South West Bay, 1+ m: 1 female
[23.0].
SIZE.?Carapace lengths of females,23.0-25.2 mm.
COLOR.?Uniform light orange, fingers reddish.
HABITAT.?Littoral, in about one meter and in isolated tide
pools in back of open shore.
REMARKS.?Our specimens from Ascension both have the
accessory tooth appressed to the posterior slope of the second
anterolateral tooth, and differ from both D. erythropus and D.
marmorea in the position of the accessory tooth.
We identify the specimen from off Jamestown figured by
Chace (1966, fig. 6) with this species. There are also two
specimens from James Bay, St. Helena, in the collections of the
Smithsonian Institution.
DISTRIBUTION.?Eastern Atlantic from southern North Sea
to Spanish Sahara, including the Mediterranean, and central
Atlantic from Ascension and St. Helena islands; littoral and
sublittoral, usually in less than 100 meters.
Dromidia antillensis Stimpson, 1859
FIGURE 24d
Dromidia Antillensis Stimpson, 1859:71.
Dromidia antillensis.?Williams, 1984:255,fig. 187.
MATERIAL.?Operation Origin: Site 28, Archer Point, 10 m,
sponge and crab from under stone: 1 juvenile [7.9].
Other Collections: McDowell (1986), English Bay, night,
scuba: 1 male [20.9].
SIZE.?Carapace length of male, 20.9 mm; of juvenile, 7.9
mm.
HABITAT.?Sublittoral, to at least 10 meters.
REMARKS.?Forest (1974:89) recorded this species from St.
Helena,and commented that three species of dromiids occurred
there, Dromia marmorea from the east Atlantic, Dromidia
44 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY
antillensis from the west Atlantic, and Petalomera wilsoni
(Fulton and Grant, 1902) from the Indo-West Pacific. Actually,
there are no less than five dromiids on St. Helena, the four
reported here from Ascension and P. wilsoni.
There is also a male.cl 13.2 mm,and a female.cl 15.8 mm,
of Dromidia antillensis from St. Helena in the Smithsonian
Institution collections.
Ortmann (1893:53) reported a dromiid from Ascension in
120 meters but did not name iL He suggested that it might
represent an undescribed species. We cannot assign it with
certainty to any of the four dromiids reported here from
Ascension, but as D. antillensis lives at greater depths (to 311
meters; see Williams, 1984:256) than any of the species of
Dromia found here, Ortmann's material may well belong to
this species.
DISTRIBUTION.?Western Atlantic from Bermuda and North
Carolina to Brazil; central Atlantic from Ascension and St.
Helena Islands; shore to 311 meters.
Family LATREILLIIDAE
Latreillia manningi Williams, 1982
Latreillia elegans.?Stabbing, 1914:255,273 [not L. elegans Roux, 1830].
Latreillia manningi Williams, 1982:233, figs. lb,c,2a-e,3a,8; 1984:262, fig.
194.
MATERIAL.? Other Collections: Scottish National Ant-
arctic Expedition,Scotia Sta 507,Pyramid Point,45 fm (82 m),
10 Jun 1904: 2 males [7.2-10.0] (RSM).
SIZE.?Carapace lengths of males,7.2-10.0 mm.
REMARKS.?This species was reported from Ascension by
both Stebbing (1914) and Williams (1982).
DISTRIBUTION.?Western Atlantic from off Massachusetts
to Cuba and Venezuela; central Atlantic from Ascension
Island; 82-474 meters.
Family RANINIDAE
Ranilia constricta (A. Milne Edwards, 1880)
FIGURE 25
Raninops constrictus A. Milne Edwards, 1880:35.
Notopus (Raninoides?) atlanticus Studer,1883:17,pl. 1: fig. 5a,b.
Raninoides atlanticus.?Studer, 1889:48,50,pi. 24: fig. 7.
Ranilia atlantica.?Monod, 1956:47,631, figs. 17, 18.?Williams, 1984:265,
fig. 196.
Ranilia constricta.?Manning and Holthuis, 1981:7, figs. 1,2.
MATERIAL.?Other Collections: Ascension Island, 60 fm
(110 m), Gazelle, syntypes of N. atlanticus Studer: 1 male
[18.6], 1 female [14.0] (ZMB 4560).
SIZE.?Carapace length of male, 18.6 mm; of female, 14.0
mm.
REMARKS.?Manning and Holthuis (1981) synonymized
Ranilia atlantica with ft constricta.
FIGURE 25.?Ranilia constricta, male syntype of Notopus atlanticus, carapace
length 18.6 mm.
This is the species referred to by Schmitt (1956:451) and by
Chace and Barnish (1976:105) in their accounts of swarms of
raninid postlarvae washing up on the beaches of St. Lucia,West
Indies, in windrows. Kidd and Rice (1986:679) reported a
swarm of raninid megalopas at Barbados in 1975.
In 1987 another swarm of larvae washed ashore at Barbados,
and Julia A. Horrocks, Bellairs Research Institute of McGill
University,forwarded to one of us (R.B.M.) a cast of a young
crab that had molted from a megalopa. The young crab was
identifiable as Ranilia constricta.
This species has been recorded from Ascension by Studer
(1883,1889) and Manning and Holthuis (1981).
There are two lots of this species from St. Helena in the
collections of The Natural History Museum,London.
DISTRIBUTION.?Amphi-Atlantic; West African coast from
Sierra Leone to Annobon Island; western Atlantic from Florida
to Brazil; central Atlantic from Ascension; shallow water to
365 meters.
NUMBER 503 45
Family CALAPPIDAE
Calappa gattoides Stimpson, 1859
Calappa galloides.?Stimpson,1859:71.
Calappa gallus.?Rathbun, 1937:214, pi. 65: figs. 1,2.?Monod, 1956:100,
figs. 115,116.?Fausto Filho, 1974:10.?Manning and Holthuis, 1981:51.
[Not Calappa gallus (Heibst, 1803).]
MATERIAL.?Grice Marine Biological Laboratory Collec-
tion: Sta 80-68,off Pyramid Point,27 m: 1 juvenile [6.5].
Other Collections: McDowell (1980), offshore of Geor-
getown pierhead,400-500 ft (122-152 m): 1 juvenile [13.9].
SIZE.?Carapace length of juveniles,6.5-13.9 mm.
HABITAT.?Sublittoral, in 27 and 122-152 meters.
REMARKS.?We assign Atlantic specimens formerly identi-
fied with Calappa gallus (Herbst, 1803) to this species,
described by Stimpson in 1859. Stimpson's (1859:71) original
account of this species is as follows: "Very closely allied to C.
gallus of the Pacific, but is less convex, and less strongly
tuberculated. The front or rostrum is distinctly quadridentate."
Rathbun (1937:214) considered C. galloides to be a synonym
of C. gallus.
The front does not appear to be different in members of the
two species, but the other differences mentioned by Stimpson
are characteristic of C. galloides. In addition to the other
characters mentioned by Stimpson, material of the two species
can be distinguished by the relative width of the carapace. In C.
gallus, the carapace length is equal to the carapace width ahead
of the clypeiform expansion; in C. galloides the carapace
length is less than the width ahead of the clypeiform expansion.
This distinction holds for all specimens with carapace lengths
larger than 25 mm. Monod's figure of this species (1956, fig.
115) clearly shows the carapace proportions in C. galloides.
Also,the telson appears to be different in the two species. In
C. galloides, the telson of the males has distinctly concave
sides extending to a slender, elongate apex; the sides are
straighter in C. gallus and the apex is shorter. In the female of
C. galloides, the sides of the telson are more inflated basally.
There also may be a size difference in the two species. The
largest specimen of C. galloides in the Smithsonian collections
is a male.cl 54 mm.cb 78 mm; Monod (1956:100) reported a
male from West Africa with cl 59 mm.cb 83 mm. The largest
C. gallus in the Smithsonian collections is a male.cl 40 mm.cb
55 mm; Sakai (1976:130) studied a specimen with cl 41 mm.cb
54 mm.
The female from St. Helena identified with C. gallus by
Chace (1966:636) proves to be identifiable with C. bicornis
Miers, 1884, an Indo-West Pacific species not previously
recorded from the Atlantic. Calappa bicornis was considered to
be distinct from C. gallus by Rathbun (1911:197) but later was
synonymized with C. gallus by her (1937:214). It is recognized
as a distinct species by Sakai (1976:132).
This species has not been recorded previously from
Ascension. It was taken together with Atelecyclus rotundatus
and Mursia mcdowelli.
DISTRIBUTION.?Amphi-Atlantic; West Africa, from the
Cape Verde Islands to Angola; western Atlantic from Bermuda
and Florida to Brazil, including Fernando de Noronha; central
Atlantic from Ascension; shore to 220 meters.
Mursia mcdowelli, new species
FIGURES 26,27
MATERIAL.?Other Collections: McDowell (1980), offshore
of Georgetown pierhead, bottom net, 400-500 ft (122-152 m):
1 male [38.0] (holotype.USNM 221893).
DESCRIPTION.?Carapace coarsely and conspicuously
granulate, surface granules coarser and larger anteriorly, with
few scattered larger granules on surface anterior to lateral
spines, larger granules not arranged in rows; 2 rounded
tubercles in midline. Front trilobed, median spine slenderer and
longer than laterals, set below and ahead of laterals. Antero-
lateral margin a tuberculate ridge. Lateral spine short, about l/s
cl, directed laterally. Posterior margin of carapace trilobed,
median lobe lower, more obtuse than laterals.
Cheliped coarsely granulate, surface covered with small
granules, fewer large granules also present. Merus with 3 distal
spines,lateralmost largest. Palm with 1 proximal projection on
lower carina, latter entire proximally, interrupted distally;
upper surface of palm with 7 erect spines.
Distal 3 segments of walking legs carinate.carpus with more
than 1 carina and distal dorsal spine.
SEE.?Carapace length of male, 38.0 mm.
HABITAT.?Sublittoral, on dead coral, in 122-152 meters.
REMARKS.?The coarsely granulate carapace and chelipeds,
short lateral spine, and cheliped with a three-spined merus and
a single spine on the lower surface of the palm, will distinguish
this species from all known species of Mursia. This species
FIGURE 26.?Mursia mcdowelli, new species, male holotype, carapace length
38.0 mm.
46 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY
FIGURE 27.?Mursia mcdowelli, new species, male holotype, carapace length 38.0 mm: a, 3rd maxilliped; b,
cheliped.oblique dorsal view; c, chela; d, carpus of chela; e, 5th pereopod;/, abdomen.
resembles the west American M. gaudichaudii (H. Milne
Edwards, 1837) in that the carapace is noticeably granulate, but
that species differs in having the larger tubercles of the carapace
organized into 9 rows,only two spines on the arm.and the palm
much smoother, with the lower ridge uninterrupted.
Mursia mcdowelli is readily distinguished from the two
species of the genus known from South Africa (Barnard, 1950;
Kensley, 1981c). It differs from M. armata De Haan, 1837, in
having a much shorter lateral spine on the carapace, one-fifth
rather than more than one-half of the carapace length, and from
M. cristimanus De Haan, 1837, in having the posterior border
of the carapace trilobed, rather than evenly rounded, in having
three teeth rather than two on the merus, and one rather than
two teeth on the palm of the cheliped.
So far as we can determine, only one other species, M.
cristimanus, has been recorded from the South Atlantic.
Doflein (1900:136) recorded it from St. Helena without
comment or details of his material, and Macpherson (1983)
recorded it from Namibia. Doflein's material from St. Helena
may well belong to the species described here. The possibility
also exists that Doflein's material came from St. Helena Bay,
South Africa, a locality within the known range of M.
cristimanus.
The holotype was taken together with Atelecyclus rotundatus
and Calappa galloides.
ETYMOLOGY.?We dedicate this species to Marion McDow-
ell, whose interest in the marine fauna of Ascension materially
added to the species from that island available to us for this
study.
Osachila stimpsonii Studer, 1883
FIGURE 28
Osachila Stimpsonii Studer, 1883:16,pl. 1: fig. 4; 1889:48,50,pl. 24: fig. 4.
MATERIAL.?Other Collections: Ascension Island, 60 fm
(110 m), on coral (corallinengrund), Gazelle: 2 males [13.4-
14.3],2 females [9.9-11.3], 1 ovig. [11.3] (ZMB 4558).
DESCRIPTION.?Carapace octagonal, length more than 3A
width, with 6 large protuberances dorsally, paired metagastric,
1 mesogastric, paired mesobranchial, and 1 cardiac; protuber-
ances and dorsal surface finely eroded. Front bilobed, with
NUMBER 503 47
FIGURE 28.?Osachila stimpsonii, male syntype,carapace length 13.4 mm: a,
dorsal view; b, left chela.
deep median incision. Anterolateral margin distinctly tubercu-
late. Posterolateral margin shorter than anterolateral, bearing 4
low lobes, all indistinct.
Chelipeds short and stout, chelae tuberculate on outer
surface. Dorsal and ventral margins rough.
Walking legs short and stout, dorsal margins irregularly
carinate, propodus of fifth leg higher than long (measured
dorsally).
SIZE.?Carapace lengths of males, 13.4-14.3 mm; of
females, 9.9-11.3 mm; of ovigerous female, 11.3 mm.
HABITAT.?Sublittoral.in 60 fathoms (110 meters) on coral
(Studer,1883).
REMARKS.?This species can be distinguished easily from
the three western Atlantic species. It resembles 0. tuberosa
Stimpson, 1871(a) and O. semilaevis Rathbun, 1916 and differs
from O. antillensis Rathbun, 1916 in having a relatively
smooth carapace, not eroded all over. It differs from O.
tuberosa and resembles 0. semilevis in having the postero-
lateral margin of the carapace shorter than the anterolateral and
in having tubercles rather than reticulations on the outer surface
of the palm. It differs from O. semilevis in numerous features:
the carapace is less smooth, with shallower depressions and
lower protuberances, the front is less prominent, the chela lacks
dorsal projections or teeth, and the propodus of the fifth leg is
higher.
DISTRIBUTION.?Known only from off Ascension in 110
meters (Studer,1883; 1889).
Family MAJIDAE
Acanthonyx sanctaehelenae Chace, 1966
Acanthonyx sanctaehelenae Chace, 1966:648,figs. 12,13?-A.
MATERIAL.?Manning 1971 Collection: Sta ASC-12, South
West Bay: 4 males [2.1-3.9], 2 ovig. females [3.5-3.7].?Sta
ASC-13, Georgetown: 6 males [5.3-6.9], 1 female [3.3].?Sta
ASC-15,English Bay: 1 male [2.5], 1 female [3.2],3 juveniles
[1.7-2.0].?Sta ASC-21,English Bay: 1 male [4.9], 3 females
[3.1-3.8],2 ovig. [3.1-3.8].?Sta ASC-23,South West Bay: 1
male [4.3].
Smithsonian 1976 Collection: Sta IB-76, Me Arthur Point: 1
ovig. female [3.6].
SEE.?Carapace lengths of males, 2.1-6.9 mm; of females,
3.1-3.8 mm; of ovigerous females, 3.1-3.8 mm; of juveniles,
1.7-2.0 mm. These specimens are considerably smaller than
those reported by Chace (1966) from Saint Helena, which
ranged to 18 mm in carapace length.
HABITAT.?On Ascension this species was collected by
using a formalin wash of calcareous algae on rocks, and of
green algal clumps, colonies of filamentous green algae,
Padina, and Sargassum found intertidally on rocks.
DISTRIBUTION.?Known only from Saint Helena and Ascen-
sion islands; littoral and sublittoral.
Apiomithrax violaceus (A. Milne Edwards, 1867)
Micropisa violacea A. Milne Edwards, 1867:33, pi. 21: figs. 1,2.?-Rathbun,
1925:303,fig. lOO.pls. 101,241: figs. 5-8.
Apiomithrax violaceus.?Monod,1956:502,figs. 682-691.
MATERIAL.?Operation Origin: Site 0, English Bay, from
underside of a boulder,3-4 m: 1 juvenile [8.4].?Site 31,Spire
Rockjrom under a stone, 10 m: 1 ovig. female [13.5].
Other Collections: Ascension Island, found on beach,
Ascension Historical Society: 1 male [24.8].?Ascension
Island: 1 female [29.5] (BMNH 84-31).?Jourdan (1976),
English Bay,20-40 ft (3-6 m): 1 female [28.8].
SEE.?Carapace length of male, 24.8 mm; of females,
13.5-29.9 mm; of ovigerous female, 13.5 mm; of juvenile, 8.4
mm.
HABITAT.?Sublittoral.in 3 to 10 meters.
REMARKS.?This species has not been recorded previously
from Ascension.
DISTRIBUTION.?Amphi-Atlantic; West Africa from Cabo
48 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY
Blanco to Angola; western Atlantic from Brazil; central
Atlantic from Ascension; sublittoral, usually in 35 meters or
less.
Family PARTHENOPIDAE
Parthenope verrucosa Studer, 1883
FIGURE 29
Lambrus verrucosus Studer, 1883:9, pi. 1: fig. 2a, b; 1889:48,50, pi. 24: fig.
2.?Stebbing, 1914:254,261.
MATERIAL.?Other Collections: Ascension Island, 60 fm
(110 m), on sand with coral, Gazelle, syntypes of Lambrus
verrucosus Studer: 2 males [15.4-16.9] (ZMB 4730).?
Scottish National Antarctic Expedition, off Pyramid Point, 40
fm (73 m), trawl, Scotia, 10 Jun 1904: 1 female [19.5] (RSM).
DESCRIPTION.?Carapace subtriangular, 1.1 times broader
than long, anterolateral margin slightly concave, longer than
posterolateral. Deep depressions separating branchial from
cardiac and hepatic regions. Rostrum narrow, with 2 pairs of
lateral tubercles, anterior largest. Preorbital lobe with 2
prominent tubercles, posterior ventral, with smaller intervening
tubercle. Upper margin of orbit with strong tubercle anteriorly.
Gastric region with large, rounded, median tubercle, preceded
anteriorly by pair of smaller tubercles; several other rounded
tubercles on gastric region. Urogastric region with 1 major,
rounded tubercle in midline, 2 smaller tubercles sometimes
present on each side. Cardiac region with 2 large, rounded
tubercles in midline. Intestinal region with small.sharp tubercle
in midline and 2 sharper lateral tubercles. Hepatic projection
angular, sharp, in smaller specimen, more rounded on larger. At
FIGURE 29.?Parthenope verrucosa, male syntype, carapace length 16.9 mm,
dorsal aspect
least 1 tubercle present on depression between hepatic and
branchial regions. Latter with 4 major rounded tubercles
dorsally, 1 large bifid spine posteriorly, and curved row of 7
sharp spines ventrally.posteriormost largest; 2 spines present
posterolaterally on each side betweeen branchial and intestinal
regions.
Chelipeds slender,2.5-2.7 times as long as carapace. Merus
with 2 rounded dorsal projections, an irregular row of spines
and tubercles anteriorly and posteriorly,2 major spines on each
surface,and a row of smaller tubercles ventrally. Carpus with 2
large spines, 1 inner, 1 outer, surface irregular or knobby,
lacking erect spinules. Propodus triangular in cross-section,
with 2 large, rounded knobs dorsally, proximal larger, a row of
5 or 6 large and some smaller projections laterally and mesially,
mesial projections very serrate, and row of low tubercles
ventrally. Chelae tuberculate, dactyl with erect spines proxi-
mally on dorsal surface. Tips of fingers light.
Walking legs with strong, erect tubercles dorsally, smaller
tubercles ventrally. Dactyli of walking legs longer than
propodi, surface covered with low tomentum except at tip.
Second abdominal somite with 3 low conical tubercles,
visible in dorsal view, third to fifth somites with median
swelling.
SEE.?Carapace lengths of males, 15.4-16.9 mm; of
female, 19.5 mm.
HABITAT.?Sublittoral, in 40 fathoms (73 meters) and on
sand with coral in 60 fathoms (110 meters).
REMARKS.?Parthenope verrucosa is similar to the West
African P. notialis Manning and Holthuis, 1981, but can be
distinguished by several features. In P. verrucosa the projec-
tions on the posterior margin of the second abdominal somite
are much lower and less conspicuous, there are fewer dorsal
tubercles on the carapace, and the larger dorsal tubercles of the
carapace are broadly rounded, whereas they are sharp in P.
notialis. The large.rounded dorsal tubercles and projections on
the chelipeds and carapace will distinguish P. verrucosa from
all Atlantic species of Parthenope with a tuberculate carapace
and long chelipeds.
This species has been recorded from Ascension by Studer
(1883; 1889) and Stebbing (1914).
DISTRIBUTION.?Known only from Ascension in 73-110
meters.
Family ATELECYCLIDAE
Atelecyclus rotundatus (Olivi, 1792)
FIGURES 30,31
Cancer rotundatus Olivi, 1792: pi. 2: fig. 2.
Atelecyclus rotundatus.?Christiansen, 1969:37,fig. 13, map 7.?Manning and
Holthuis, 1981:68.
MATERIAL.?Other Collections: McDowell (1980), offshore
of Georgetown pierhead,bottom net,400-500 ft (122-152 m):
NUMBER 503 49
1 male [40.6].
SIZE.?Carapace length of male, 40.6 mm.
REMARKS.?The granulation of the carapace, especially
posteriorly, is much stronger and many more of the tubercles on
the chelipeds are produced into erect spines than in a specimen
from the North Sea available for comparison.
According to notes made by Marion McDowell, the bottom
where this species was collected was "extremely dead, only
dead coral was retrieved, and very few live specimens." It was
collected together with Calappa galloides and Mursia mcdow-
elli.
This species has not been recorded previously from
Ascension.
DISTRIBUTION.?Eastern Atlantic from Scandinavia to South
Africa; now from central Atlantic from Ascension; shallow
water to 200-300 meters.
FIGURE 30.?Atelecyclus rotundatus, male,carapace length 40.6 mm.
a
FIGURE 31.?Atelecyclus rotundatus, male, carapace length 40.6 mm: a, outline of carapace, dorsal view; b,
chela; c, carpus of chela; d, 5th pereopod; e, abdomen.
50 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY
Family PORTUNIDAE
Laleonectes, new genus
DIAGNOSIS.?Portunid crabs with 6 frontal teeth, including
the inner orbital lobe, and 9 anterolateral teeth, posterior
largest. Interantennular projection low, not visible in dorsal
view. Gastric region of carapace with 4 large tubercles in
transverse row. Pterygostomian region of carapace with
stridulating ridge, extending across suborbital margin. Postero-
lateral angle of carapace with distinct recurved spine. Merus of
cheliped with stridulating ridge dorsally, 1 distal posterior
spine; palm of chela prismatic. Walking legs long and slender;
merus with distal ventral spine; dactylus of fifth leg ovate,
spiniform distally. Male abdomen of 5 segments, 3-5 fused.
Male pleopod thick proximally, slender and curved distally.
TYPE SPECIES.?Neptunus vocans A. Milne Edwards, 1878.
ETYMOLOGY.?From the Greek, laleo, talk, and nectes,
swimmer. The gender is masculine.
REMARKS.?We recognize here a new genus for two species
formerly placed in Portunus, Neptunus vocans A. Milne
Edwards, 1878, from the eastern Atlantic, and the Indo-West
Pacific Neptunus nipponensis Sakai, 1938,originally described
from Japan with its synonym Portunus oahuensis Edmondson,
1954,originally described from Hawaii.
Laleonectes can be distinguished from all members of
Portunus sensu lato by the presence of a stridulating ridge on
the pterygostomial region of the carapace.
Laleonectes vocans (A. Milne Edwards, 1878),
new combination
FIGURES 32,33
Neptunus vocans A. Milne Edwards, 1878:225.?Monod, 1956:194, figs. 222,
223.
Portunus vocans.?Raihbun, 1930:60, figs. 8, 9, pi. 25.?Manning and
Holthuis, 1981:107.
MATERIAL.?Other Collections: U.S. Eclipse Expedition to
West Africa, 1889-1890, Wm. Harvey Brown, Ascension,
20-30 fm (37-58 m),25 Mar 1890: 2 juveniles [5.9-6.2].?
Jourdan (1976),off Collyer Point,20 ft (6 m),diving: 1 female
[17.0].?Long Beach,23 Jan 1977: 1 female [16.6].
SIZE.?Carapace lengths of females, 16.6-17.0 mm; of
juveniles, 5.9-6.2 mm. The largest Atlantic specimen is the
holotype of Neptunus vocans, with a carapace length of 22 mm.
COLOR.?The following notes were made from a live
specimen: Background color of carapace light, tan or orange,
smaller surface tubercles and granules red, larger tubercles
white. Gastric region with pair of submedian red spots.
Intestinal region with rectangular red patch extending anteri-
orly onto cardiac region. Remainder of surface mottled with
red, lateral spine with red band. Chelipeds orange, with red and
white granules, banded with red on carpus, propodus, and
fingers, latter with 2 bands. Walking legs prominently banded
FIGURE 32.?Laleonectes vocans, female.carapace length 17.0 mm.
with red: second and third legs with 2 bands on merus,
propodus.and dactylus, 1 on carpus; fourth leg with 3 bands on
merus, 1 each on carpus and propodus.and 2 on dactylus; fifth
leg with 1 band each on merus, carpus, and propodus.
HABITAT.?Sublittoral,between 6 and 58 meters.
REMARKS.?A search of the literature for references to
Portunus vocans led us to the summary of stridulation in crabs
by Guinot-Dumortier and Dumortier (1960:120, 121), who
noted that Portunus vocans had been reported from Hawaii by
Edmondson (1935). In 1954, Edmondson named Portunus
oahuensis, based on the same specimen, a male, cl 6 mm.
Edmondson remarked that the presence of a stridulating
apparatus had in part led him to identify his specimen with
Portunus vocans, the only other member of the genus Portunus
known to have a stridulating apparatus. Earlier, Sakai (1938)
had named another species with a stridulating ridge as
Neptunus nipponensis, based on a male.cl 31 mm,from Japan.
We have compared our specimens of L. vocans from
Ascension, as well as other specimens in the Smithsonian
Institution collections (from Belize and six localities in the
Antilles), including those reported by Rathbun, 1930, and a
male from Kapingamarangi Atoll, Pacific Ocean, with the
accounts of P. nipponensis and P. oahuensis as well as with
specimens from the Pacific. We can find no major differences
in morphology, but Atlantic specimens have two spines and a
tubercle on the merus of the cheliped, whereas Pacific
specimens have three spines. There is also a difference in size.
The largest Atlantic specimen is 22 mm long, whereas the
largest specimen from the Indo-West Pacific is a male.cl 39.2
mm, from Reunion Island (Crosnier and Thomassin, 1975). A
large series from Atlantic and Pacific localities might show that
the two species are conspecific.
Sakai (1939:396) listed six differences between P. nipponen-
sis and P. vocans, as follows:
NUMBER 503 51
a
FIGURE 33.?Laleonectes vocans, female,carapace length 17.0 mm: a, carapace; b, cheliped,dorsal view; c, 5th
pereopod.
1. "The carapace with its antero-lateral borders not so
broadened posteriorly." In Sakai's figure (1939, fig. 6) the
anterolateral border of the carapace forms an arc with its center
on the cardiac region.as in our large female from Ascension,in
Rathbun's figured specimen (1930, fig. 8), and in the type of
Neptunus vocans, figured by A. Milne Edwards and Bouvier
(1900,pl. 14: fig. 6) (reproduced in Rathbun,1930,pl. 25: fig.
3).
2. "The antero-lateral teeth are basally very broad and not so
acuminate as in that species [vocans]." The seventh and eighth
teeth are sharp in the specimen from Reunion Island figured by
Crosnier and Thomassin (1975, fig. 5c). As shown by
Edmondson (1954, fig. 7a) for P. oahuensis and by Rathbun
(1930, fig. 8) for P. vocans, the anterolateral teeth are sharper
in smaller specimens. In general, the second through the fourth
teeth are blunter than the fifth through the eighth.
3. "The cardiac region is not distinctly ridged." The ridges
are shown by Sakai (1939, fig. 6) in his second account of P.
nipponensis. Edmondson (1935:26) reported that the type of P.
oahuenis had "an elevated ridge extending transversely across
the cardiac region with a tubercle at either end." The ridges also
are shown by Serene (1971, fig. A) in a specimen from Borneo
and by Crosnier and Thomassin (1975, fig. 5c) in a specimen
from Reunion Island; both of these latter specimens had been
identified with P. nipponensis.
4. "The epibranchial ridges are more strongly curved
forwards." These ridges are more strongly curved in Sakai's
figure (1939, fig. 6) than shown in the figures given by Monod
(1956, fig. 222) or Rathbun (1930, fig. 8), but they are less
curved than in the figures given by Serene (1971, fig. A) and
Crosnier and Thomassin (1975, fig. 5c). They appear to be
more curved in our larger specimens than in our smaller ones;
the ridges in our smaller specimens resemble those shown by
Edmondson (1954,fig. 20a) for the type of P. oahuensis.
5. "The arm has three spines on anterior border instead of
two." All of our specimens have two spines and a tubercle on
the arm, as described by Rathbun (1930:61) and as figured by
Edmondson (1954,fig. 7d) for a juvenile and Serene (1971,fig.
c) for a female 24 mm long. The distalmost tubercle on
Serene's specimen is larger than that in Atlantic specimens.
6. "Each stria of the stridulating organ of the arm is
interrupted in the middle instead of being entire." It is
interrupted in all of our specimens. Sakai (1938) reported
22-26 striae on the carapace of the type of Neptunus
nipponensis, and Rathbun (1930) observed 24 in her Atlantic
specimens. Our specimens from Ascension have 24.
Only one of the differences originally pointed out by Sakai
can be used to separate the Indo-West Pacific and the Atlantic
populations, the presence of three spines on the merus of the
cheliped in the Indo-West Pacific population, two spines and a
52 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY
tubercle in the Atlantic population. Material from all areas
share the four large tubercles on the gastric region and the
spined posterolateral angles of the carapace.
Although Stephenson (1972a:41; 1972b: 137) commented
that Portunus nippponensis was the only Indo-West Pacific
species of Portunus to have a stridulating ridge on the ventral
surface of the carapace, Edmondson (1935, fig. 7b; 1954, fig.
20b) clearly showed the ridge in his specimen from Hawaii.and
Stephenson and Campbell (1959:90) and Stephenson
(1972a: 15) used this character to distinguish P. oahuensis in
their key.
There is a striking similarity between the color pattern shown
by Sakai (1976,pi. 119: fig. 3) for a specimens from Japan and
that shown by our material from Ascension. The pattern
appears to be identical, with the legs banded with red, the
carapace marked with red spots, and the paired round spots on
the cardiac region.
We believe that Neptunus nipponensis Sakai, 1938 and
Portunus oahuensis Edmondson, 1954 arc synonyms. Sakai
(1938), Serene (1971), and Crosnier and Thomassin (1975)
already have suggested that P. oahuensis is a synonym of P.
nipponensis. In Edmondson's first account of the species
(1935) he identified his material as Portunus vocans, and the
specimen reported by Serene (1971) was originally identified
as Portunus vocans, possibly by M.WF. Tweedie.
Our larger specimens from Ascension have shorter lateral
spines on the carapace than is found in other specimens from
the Atlantic. On the larger Ascension specimens, the length of
the lateral spine of the carapace is less than the width of the two
adjacent teeth. In our western Atlantic specimens, the length of
the lateral spine is equal to or just less than the width of the
three adjacent teeth.
The length of the lateral spine in the type is exaggerated in
the figure of the type given by A. Milne Edwards and Bouvier
(1900, pi. 14: figs. 6,7), where it is shown to be as long as the
width of four adjacent spines. The carapace of the type was
figured by Monod (1956, figs. 222,223), and the lateral spine
is shorter than the width of three adjacent spines.
This species was reported from Ascension by Rathbun
(1930).
DISTRIBUTION.?Amphi-Atlantic; western Atlantic from
localities between Cuba, Mexico, and the Caribbean; eastern
Atlantic from Madeira, the Cape Verde Islands, Sao Tom6,and
Annobon; and central Atlantic from Ascension; in depths to
309 meters.
In the Indo-Pacific Laleonectes nipponensis is known from
Japan (Sakai, 1938, 1939, 1976), Hawaii (Edmondson, 1935,
1954), Borneo (Serene, 1971), Indonesia (Stephenson, 1972b),
Reunion Island (Crosnier and Thomassin, 1975); in depths to
250 meters.
Portunus anceps (De Saussure, 1857)
FIGURE 34
Lupea anceps De Saussurc, 1857:502.
Portunus (Portunus) anceps.?Williams, 1984:387,fig. 302.
MATERIAL.?Manning 1971 Collection: Sta ASC-22,
Me Arthur Point 1 male [8.0].
Smithsonian 1976 Collection: Sta 8-76, McArthur Point: 2
males [10.5-11.7], 1 ovig. female [11.4].
Other Collections: Ascension Island: 1 dry female [12.0]
(BMNH).?Olson (1970), McArthur Point, sandy bottom tide
pool: 2 males [7.3-10.7], 1 female [10.1].
COLOR.?Background color off-white, carapace with some
brown mottling; lateral spine of carapace with brown spot at
midlength; cheliped with brown spot dorsally at distal
two-thirds, smaller spot distally; carpus, propodus, and basal
third of dactylus of cheliped each with brown spot; merus,
carpus, and propodus of walking legs with brown spot near
midlength; distal segment of fifth leg white.
SEE.?Carapace lengths of males,7.3-11.7 mm; of females,
10.1-12.0 mm; of ovigerous female, 11.4 mm.
HABITAT.?In protected tide pool with coarse sand bottom.
REMARKS.?These specimens agree in all important respects
with other material of this species in the Smithsonian
Institution collections. The Ascension specimens appear to be
smoother dorsally.with the gastric ridges and the regions of the
carapace less well-marked; the submedian frontal teeth are
comparatively larger.
This species has not been recorded previously from
Ascension.
DISTRIBUTION.?Western Atlantic from Bermuda and North
Carolina to Brazil; central Atlantic from Ascension; usually in
shallow water, to 20 meters.
Family GONEPLACIDAE
Acidops cessacii (A. Milne Edwards, 1878)
Epimelus Cessacii A. Milne Edwards, 1878:227.
Acidops cessaci.?Monod, 1956:359,figs,469,470.
Acidops cessacii.?Manning and Holthuis, 1981:165.
MATERIAL.?Smithsonian 1976 Collection: Sta 5A-76,
Shelly Beach: 5 males [5.4-8.3],9 females [6.2-12.4], 1 ovig.
[12.3].
Grice Marine Biological Laboratory Collection: Sta 80-41,
English Bay, tide pool: 1 specimen.
Operation Origin: Site 6, White Rock, from underside of
stone, 10 m: 1 male [11.4].
Other Collections: Jourdan (1977), Long Beach: 1 female
[11.8].?Jourdan, English Bay, 20-40 ft (6-12 m): 1 female
[12.1].?McDowell, Boatswainbird [Bosunbird] Island, under
rocks,30-40 ft (8-12 m): 1 male [13.2], 1 female [11.5].
SIZE.?Carapace lengths of males,5.4-13.2 mm; of females,
6.2-12.4 mm; of ovigerous female, 12.3 mm.
NUMBER 503 53
FIGURE 34.?Portunus anceps, male.carapace length 10.7 mm: a, dorsal view; b, front; c, 3rd maxilliped; d, right
1st pereopod,extensor face; e, left 1st pereopod,extensor face;/, merus of right 1st pereopod; g, sternum and
abdomen; h, 1st pleopod,posterior view; i, apex of 1st pleopod;/, apex of 2nd pleopod; k, 2nd pleopod,posterior
HABITAT.?Intertidal and shallow subtidal, in tide pools or Senegal, and the offshore islands of the Gulf of Guinea; now
under rocks. from Ascension in the central Atlantic; shore to 10-30 meters.
DISTRIBUTION.?West Africa from the Cape Verde Islands,
54 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY
Family Xanthidae
Cataleptodius olsoni, new species
FIGURE 35
MATERIAL.?Manning 1971 Collection: Sta ASC-5, North
East Bay: 5 males [2.4-3.6], 8 females [2.8-4.7], 4 ovig.
[2.8-4.7].?Sta ASC-8, English Bay: 2 males [3.0-5.0], 3
ovig. females [3.1-4.2] (larger male,cl 5.0,is holotype.USNM
221887).?Sta ASC-11, English Bay: 4 males [2.6-3.8], 7
females [3.0-4.2], 3 ovig. [3.0-3.9], 10 juveniles [1.8-2.4].?
Sta ASC-12, McArthur Point: 10 males [2.1-3.2], 5 females
[2.3-4.3], 3 ovig. [3.1-3.7], 5 juveniles [1.4-2.1].?Sta
ASC-13, Georgetown: 9 males [2.4-3.9], 9 females [2.3-5.0],
3 ovig. [3.5-5.0], 8 juveniles [1.6-2.1].?Sta ASC-14, south
of Collyer Point: 1 male [3.2].?Sta ASC-15,English Bay: 4
males [2.6-2.7],2 females [3.2-3.5], 1 ovig. [3.2], 3 juveniles
[1.7-2.2].?Sta ASC-21, English Bay: 2 males [2.8-3.0], 8
females [2.7-3.7],4 ovig. [3.4-3.7],5 juveniles [1.8-2.5].
Smithsonian 1976 Collection: Sta 1B-76, Me Arthur Point: 5
females [3.5-4.0], 1 ovig. [4.5].?Sta 1C-76, McArthur Point
1 male [2.9], 2 females [2.7-3.2], 5 juveniles [2.2].?Sta
3A-76,English Bay: 1 male [3.2].?Sta 3C-76,English Bay: 3
females [3.3-3.6], 1 juvenile [2.0].?Sta 3D-76,English Bay:
1 male [2.4].?Sta 5A-76,Shelly Beach: 1 female [4.2].?Sta
5D-76, Shelly Beach,coral pool: 2 males [2.6-2.8], 3 females
[3.7-4.8],3 juveniles [1.4-1.8].
Grice Marine Biological Laboratory Collection: Sta 80-27,
North East Bay, tide pool: 2 males [3.0-4.3], 1 ovig. female
[3.2], 3 juveniles [1.3-2.1].?Sta 80-41, English Bay, tide
pool: exuvium of female [3.0].
Operation Origin: Site 9, Kettle Cove,out of Lithothamnion
nodules, 10 m: 1 male [3.0].
DESCRIPTION.?Carapace (Figure 35a) about IV2 times
broader than long in adults,inflated,convex from front to back,
completely covered with low granules visible under magnifica-
tion. Areas of carapace poorly indicated, especially posteriorly,
dorsal surface almost smooth in some specimens, grooves very
shallow, no distinct ridges present. Front sinuous, incised
medially.distinctly double-edged. All 5 anterolateral teeth very
low, obtuse, poorly defined, separated by shallow emargina-
tions. Lower margin of orbit (Figure 35b) evenly curved, with
low,rounded inner tooth.
Chelipeds (Figure 35c,d) slightly unequal,granulate dorsally
and on outer surface of palm, lacking distinct ridges, spines,or
pits and grooves. Black color of immovable finger continued
backwards on palm. Tips of all fingers spooned (Figure 35/, g).
Abdomen of male (Figure 35c) with segments 3-5 fused.
Gonopod as illustrated (Figure 35/, g).
SIZE.?Carapace lengths of males, 2.1-5.0 mm; of females,
2.3-5.0 mm; of ovigerous females, 2.8-5.0 mm; of juveniles,
1.3-2.5 mm.
HABITAT.?Intertidal in tide pools, associated with rocks or
in clumps of coralline algae; also taken in the coral pool at
Shelly Beach.
REMARKS.?Guinot (1968:704) established Cataleptodius
for four American/West African species formerly placed in
Leptodius, namely: C. floridanus (Gibbes, 1850), from both
sides of the Atlantic.and three species from the eastern Pacific,
C. occidentalis (Stimpson, 1871)(b), C. snodgrassi (Rathbun,
1902), and C. taboganus (Rathbun, 1912). Cataleptodius
olsoni can be distinguished from all of these species by its
much smoother carapace and chelipeds. The carapace in C.
olsoni has the regions and the anterolateral teeth much less well
defined than in any of the other species of the genus. Further,
the chelipeds of C. olsoni appear to be much smoother than in
other species, even though they are completely pebbled with
low granules not visible to the naked eye.
The gonopod of C. olsoni differs from that of the only other
Atlantic species of the genus, C. floridanus, in having a short,
rounded apical projection extending beyond the subterminal
field of spines and long setae.
Cataleptodius olsoni, with a maximum carapace length of 5
mm, is a much smaller species than any of the other species of
the genus. Rathbun (1930) reported a male of C. floridanus
with a carapace length of 22 mm.
ETYMOLOGY.?We dedicate this species to our Smithsonian
colleague Storrs L. Olson, whose name we misspelled in our
1972 reports on shrimps from marine pools, and whose
collections of crustaceans from Ascension led to this study.
Domecia acanthophora (Schramm,1867)
Neleus acanlhophorus Schramm, 1867:35.
Domecia acanthophora.?Holthuis,Edwards,and Lubbock, 1980:38.
MATERIAL.?Smithsonian 1976 Collection: Sta 3D-76,
English Bay: 1 female [3.5].
Operation Origin: Site 9, Kettle Cove, from underside of a
boulder,25 m: 1 female [2.6].
SIZE.?Carapace lengths of females,2.6-3.5 mm.
HABITAT.?Intertidal, in rocks, and from underside of a
boulder in 25 meters.
REMARKS.?Our specimens are too small to determine
whether they can be identified with the western Atlantic D.
acanthophora acanthophora (Schramm, 1867) (treated by
Williams, 1984:417) or the eastern Atlantic D. acanthophora
africana Guinot, 1964, treated by Manning and Holthuis
(1981:122). Their small size may suggest that they belong to
the West African form, which does not exceed 8 mm in width
(Guinot, 1964:275).
DISTRIBUTION.?The nominate subspecies is known from
Bermuda to Brazil; the West African subspecies is known from
the Cape Verde Islands and the offshore islands of the Gulf of
Guinea; from shore to 35-55 meters.
NUMBER 503 55
FIGURE 35.?Cataleptodius olsoni, new species,male holotype,carapace length 5.0 mm: a, dorsal view; b, left
orbital region, anteroventral aspect; c, major 1st pereopod; d, minor 1st pereopod; e, abdomen; / , right 1st
pleopod, mesial aspect; g, apex of right 1st pleopod.
Euryozius sanguineus (Linnaeus, 1771)
FIGURE 36
Cancer sanguineus Linnaeus, 1771:542.?Herbst, 1785:188.?Fabricius,
1787:318.? Statius Miiller, 1789:345.?Gmelin, 1789[?]:2970;
1790:2970.?Olivier, 1791:159.?Gmelin, 1793:471.?Fabricius,
1793:447.
Cancer Sanguineus.?Turton, 1806:741.
orange-red colored crab.?Melliss,1875:206,pl. 22: fig. 3.
Pseudozius Mellissi Miers, 188 lb:432.
Pseudozius bouvieri\ar. mellissii.?Miers, 1886:143,pi. 12: fig. 3.
Pseudozius bouvieri.?Chace, 1966:625, footnote [not Xantho Bouvieri A.
Milne Edwards, 1869].
56 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY
Euryozius sanguineus.?Holthuis, Edwards, and Lubbock, 1980:38.?
Manning and Holthuis, 1981:124,129,fig. Uf-i.
MKTERIAL.?Smithsonian 1976 Collection: Sta 7-76, off
Collyer Point 2 males [17.1-28.6].
Operation Origin: Site 9, Kettle Cove, 20 m: exuvium of
male [20.9].?Site 11,Pyramid Point, 12 m: exuvium of female
[11.0].
Other Collections: Jourdan, English Bay, 20-40 ft (6-12
m): 1 male [25.1].?Jourdan (1976), English Bay, under rocks,
20 ft (6 m): 1 male [6.4].?McDowell (1985), English Bay,
under rocks,60 ft (33 m): 1 male [24.3].?Jourdan (1976),off
Collyer Point, diving: 1 male [11.7].?McDowell, Boat-
swainbird (Bosunbird), under rock, 30-40 ft (9-12 m): 1
female [23.8].
SEE.?Carapace lengths of males,6.4-28.6 mm; of females,
11.0-23.8 mm. Miers (1881b) studied males with carapace
lengths of 25 and 35.5 mm.
COLOR.?Uniform orange-red dorsally; walking legs with
lighter bands; fingers of chelipeds black.
HABITAT.?Sublittoral, under rocks, in 6 to 33 meters.
REMARKS.?This species was described from Ascension and
has been recorded from there by Linnaeus (1771), Miers
(1881b, 1886), and Manning and Holthuis (1981), from St.
Helena by Melliss (1875) and Miers (1881b, 1886), and from
St. Paul's Rocks by Holthuis,Edwards,and Lubbock (1980).
L.B. Holthuis, who provided all of the early references, has
pointed out (in litt.) that all records of Cancer sanguineus in the
literature, except for those of Fabricius, are based on the 1771
record in Linnaeus. Fabricius saw material in the Banks
collection, but did not specifically mention Ascension in his
accounts. In 1798 Fabricius omitted the name from his
Supplementum Entomologiae Systematicae, as did other French
authors in subsequent publications (Lamarck, Bosc, Latreille,
and H. Milne Edwards); the name disappeared from the
literature.
Manning and Holthuis (1981:124,128) erroneously attrib-
uted this species to Linnaeus (1767).
DISTRIBUTION.?Known only from Ascension, St. Helena,
and St. Paul's Rocks; subtidal.
Microcassiope minor (Dana, 1852)
Xantho minor Dana, 1852b:169; atlas, 1855, pi. 8: fig. 7.?Tiiikay. 1986:13.
figs. 1-3.
Micropanope rufopunctata.?Monod, 1956:313, figs. 386-392.?Chace,
1966:639,fig. 8.
Microcassiope minor.?Manning and Holthuis, 1981:138,fig. 30.
FIGURE 36.?Euryozius sanguineus, female.carapace length 25 mm. (From Miers, 1886,pl. 12,fig. 3.)
NUMBER 503 57
MATERIAL.?Manning 1971 Collection: Sta ASC-8,English
Bay: 1 ovig. female [6.4], 2 juveniles [1.1].?Sta ASC-11,
English Bay: 1 male [2.6], 3 females [5.2-5.6], 2 ovig.
[5.2-5.4], 3 juveniles [1.2-2.1].?Sta ASC-12, McArthur
Point 1 male [5.0], 1 female [3.0],2 juveniles [1.4-1.6].?Sta
ASC-13, Georgetown: 3 males [2.8-3.4], 2 juveniles [1.8-
1.9].?Sta ASC-15,English Bay: 2 males [3.4-4.1],2 females
[3.1-3.5], 6 juveniles [1.0-1.5].?Sta ASC-18, Shelly Beach:
1 male [3.9].?Sta ASC-2I.English Bay: 1 male [2.7].
Smithsonian 1976 Collection: Sta 1C-76, Me Arthur Point: 1
male [3.0], 2 females [3.2-3.6].?Sta 3C-76, English Bay: 1
male [4.0], 1 female [4.0].
Grice Marine Biological Laboratory Collection: Sta 80-68,
off Pyramid Point, 27 m: 1 ovig. female [2.2].
Other Collections: Ascension, U.S. Eclipse Expedition to
West Africa, 1889-1890: 1 juvenile [1.9].?Ascension: 1 dry
specimen [4.5] (BMNH 59.118).
SIZE.?Carapace lengths of males, 2.6-5.0 mm; of females,
2.2-6.4 mm; of ovigerous females, 2.2-6.4 mm; of juveniles,
1.0-2.1 mm.
HABITAT.?Intertidal to 27 meters, in coralline and filamen-
tous algae mats.sabellariid worm colonies, and in tide pools.
REMARKS.?This species has not been recorded previously
from Ascension.
Tiirkay (1986) designated a neotype for this species from the
Cape Verde Islands.
DISTRIBUTION.?Amphi-Atlantic; eastern Atlantic from
western Mediterranean Sea and West Africa from Azores to the
Gulf of Guinea; central Atlantic from Ascension and St. Helena
islands; western Atlantic from the Bahamas to Venezuela;
intertidal to -220 meters.
Nannocassiope melanodactylus (A. Milne Edwards, 1867)
Xanthodes melanodactylus A. Milne Edwards, 1867:39, pi. 21 bis: figs. 1,
2.?Miers,1881b:432.
Xantho melanodactylus.?Ortmann, 1893:56.
Xanthias melanodactylus.?Rathbun, 1900:287.
Micropanope me/anodac/y/a.?Monod,1956:320,figs. 401-405.
Micropanope melanodactylus.?Chace,1966:637,fig. 7.
Nannocassiope melanodactyla.?Manning and Holthuis, 1981:143.
MATERIAL.?Operation Origin: Site 9, Kettle Cove, from
under a boulder, 17 m: 1 male [4.1]; from underside of boulder,
8 m: 2 males [4.2-5.1].?Site 11, Pyramid Point, from
underside of small stone, 12 m: 1 male [5.0].?Site 12,
Catherine Point, in sponge sample, 16 m: 2 males [2.7-3.4].?
Site 20, south of White Rock Cove, in rock/lithothamnion
sample, 15-20 m: 1 male [2.6].
Other Collections: Ascension: 1 male [3.2] (BMNH
81.27).?U.S. Eclipse Expedition to West Africa, 1889-1890,
25 Mar 1890,20-30 fm (37-55 m): 1 male [4.9].
SIZE.?Carapace lengths of males,2.6-5.1 mm.
HABITAT.?Sublittoral, associated with rocks, coralline
algae, and sponges, in depths to 55 meters. Ortmann's (1893)
specimens were collected in 20,120, and 240 meters.
REMARKS.?This species has been recorded from Ascension
by Miers (1881b),Ortmann (1893),and Rathbun (1900).
DISTRIBUTION.?Eastern Atlantic from the Azores to An-
gola; central Atlantic from Ascension and St Helena islands;
and eastern Pacific from Baja California, Mexico, Cocos
Island, and the Galapagos Islands; intertidal to more than 600
meters.
Panopeus hartii Smith, 1869
FIGURES 37,38
Panopeus Hartii Smith, 1869a:280; 1869b:5,34,pL l:fig. 5.
Panopeus hartii.?Rathbun, 1930:355, pL 164: figs. 1, 2, 5.?Fausto Filho,
1974:13.
MATERIAL.?Manning 1971 Collection: Sta ASC-8,English
Bay: 1 ovig. female [7.0].?Sta ASC-10,English Bay: 5 males
[4.9-7.0], 5 females [4.1-5.7], 3 ovig. [4.1-5.7].?Sta
ASC-11, English Bay: 2 males [5.2-8.6], 1 ovig. female
[7.5].?Sta ASC-12, McArthur Point: 1 male [5.0], 1 female
[3.0].?Sta ASC-15, English Bay: 5 males [3.6-7.0], 2 ovig.
females [4.3-5.6], 12 juveniles [1.8-3.0].
Smithsonian 1976 Collection: Sta 3A-76, English Bay: 5
males [2.7-7.0], 4 females [2.6-6.4].?Sta 5A-76, Shelly
Beach: 5 males [3.5-6.8], 6 females [4.0-5.7].?Sta 9C-76,
North East Bay: 1 female [5.0].
Grice Marine Biological Laboratory Collection: Sta 80-41,
English Bay, tide pool: 3 males [3.1-7.5], 3 females [4.0-7.0],
1 ovig. [6.5].?Sta 80-43, English Bay, tide pools: 2 males
[4.5-6.3], 1 female [4.0].
SEE.?Carapace lengths of males, 2.7-8.6 mm; of females,
2.6-7.5 mm; of ovigerous females, 4.1-7.5 mm; of juveniles,
1.8-3.0 mm.
HABITAT.?Intertidal,in tide pools.
REMARKS.?This species, originally described from stone
reefs off Brazil, has not been recorded previously from
Ascension.
Several specimens had a distinct red spot on the inner surface
of the third maxillipeds.
Figures of the gonopods of several other species of Panopeus
and of members of related genera are given by Martin and
Abele (1986) and Williams (1984).
DISTRIBUTION.?Western Atlantic from Florida to Brazil,
including Fernando de Noronha; central Atlantic from Ascen-
sion; shore.
Paractaea rufopunctata africana Guinot, 1969
FIGURE 39
Actaea rufopunctata.?Benedict, 1893:536.
Actaea rufopunctata nodosa.?Rathbun, 1925:257 [part].
Paractaea rufopunctata forme africana Guinot, 1969:251,fig. 26.
Paractaea rufopunctata africana.?Guinot, 1976:250,pl. 16: fig. 5.?Manning
and Holthuis, 1981:150.
MATERIAL.?Smithsonian 1976 Collection: Sta 1B-76,
58 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY
FIGURE 37.?Panopeus hartii, a-e, ovigerous female, carapace length 4.3 mm; f-h, male, carapace length 3.6
mm: a, dorsal view; b, left orbital region, anteroventral aspect; c, chela and carpus of right (major) 1st pereopod;
d, chela and carpus of left (minor) 1st pereopod; e, 4th pereopod;/, abdomen; g, right 1st pleopod,mesial aspect;
h, right 1st pleopod, posteromesial aspect.
McArthur Point 1 male [5.1].?Sta lC-76,McArthur Point 2 under rocks,20 ft [6 m]: 1 male [11.4].
females [10.0-10.3]. SEE.?Carapace lengths of males,4.2-l 1.4 mm; of females,
Other Collections: U.S. Eclipse Expedition to West Africa, 9.4-10.3 mm.
1889-1890, Ascension Island: 1 male [4.2].?McDowell, COLOR.?Mottled red and whitish, darker in grooves
British Pol, midway between North Point and Pyramid Point, between elevations; walking legs banded; movable finger of
60 ft [18 m]: 1 female [9.4].?Jourdan (1976), English Bay, chelae brown.
NUMBER 503 59
a
FIGURE 38.?Panopeus hartii, male, carapace length 8.6 mm: a, abdomen; b,
right 1st pleopod, median aspect; c, apex of right 1st pleopod.
FIGURE 39.?Paraclaea rufopunctata africana, female, carapace length 10.3
mill.
HABITAT.?In clumps of coralline algae or associated with
rocks, shore to 18 meters.
REMARKS.?This species was reported from Ascension by
Benedict (1893) and Rathbun (1925).
DISTRIBUTION.?West Africa from Cameroon and the
offshore islands of the Gulf of Guinea; central Atlantic from
Ascension; shore to about 45 meters.
Platypodiella picta (A. Milne Edwards, 1869)
Lophactaea picta A. Milne Edwards, 1869:410.
Platypodia picta.?Monod, 1956:299,figs. 363-367.
Platypodiella picta.?Manning and Holthuis, 1981:155.
MATERIAL.?Smithsonian 1976 Collection: Sta 5A-76,
Shelly Beach: 1 male [9.2].
Operation Origin: Site 31, Spire Rock, from zoanthid
sample,7 m: 1 juvenile [2.1].
SIZE.?Carapace length of male, 9.2 mm; of juvenile, 2.1
mm.
COLOR.?Elevations brown and grooves whitish; palm of
chela with broad brown spot; walking legs banded with
yellow-brown and off -white.
HABITAT.?In tide pools and associated with zoanthids in
seven meters.
REMARKS.?The association of this species with zoanthids
was reported by den Hartog and Holthuis (1984).
This species has not been recorded previously from
Ascension.
DISTRIBUTION.?West Africa from the Canary Islands to the
60 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY
Congo; central Atlantic from Ascension; littoral and shallow
sublittoral.in less than 30 meters.
Xanthodius denticulatus (White, 1848)
FIGURE 40
Xantho denticulatus White, 1848:225.
Xanthodius denticulatus.?Rathbun, 1930:314, pi. 145: fig. 1, pi. 146.?
Manning and Holthuis, 1981:157.?Holthuis, Edwards, and Lubbock,
1980:39.
Xantho (Xantho) denticulatus.?Monod, 1956:280,figs. 335-339.
MATERIAL.?Manning 1971 Collection: Sta ASC-10, Eng-
lish Bay: 2 females [5.7-11.0], 1 ovig. [11.0].?Sta ASC-12,
McArthur Point: 1 male [5.5], 1 female [9.0], 1 juvenile
[4.5]._Sta ASC-15, English Bay: 2 males [11.1-15.8], 2
females [8.4-9.6].?Sta ASC-18, Shelly Beach: 1 female
[7.3].?Sta ASC-21, English Bay: 1 male [8.1], 1 juvenile
[4.5].?Sta ASC-22, McArthur Point: 1 female [8.4].
Smithsonian 1976 Collection: Sta 1B-76,McArthur Point: 1
female [6.4].?Sta lC-76,McArthur Point: 1 male [11.5].?Sta
3C-76,English Bay: 1 male [8.5], 1 female [7.5].?Sta 5A-76,
Shelly Beach: 9 males [4.8-11.0], 8 females [5.1-12.6].?Sta
8-76,McArthur Point: 1 male [6.8], 1 female [11.0], 1 juvenile
[4.5].
Grice Marine Biological Laboratory Collection: Sta 80-40,
English Bay, 2-3 m: 3 females [6.2-7.9].
Operation Origin: Site 9, Kettle Cove, found underneath a
FIGURE 40.?Xanthodius denticulatus, male, carapace length 11.5 mm, 1st
pleopod: a, posterior aspect; b, posteromesial aspect.
boulder, 17 m: 1 male [12.9].?Site 12,Catherine Point, found
under a small boulder, 16 m: 1 male [11.2].
Other Collections: Ascension: 1 male [13.9] (BMNH
82.20).?Olson (1970), McArthur Point, sandy bottom tide
pool: 3 females [9.0-10.3].?Jourdan (1976), English Bay,
under rocks, 20 ft (6 m): 1 damaged male, 1 ovig. female
[10.3].?Jourdan (1977),Long Beach: 1 male [14.2].
SEE.?Carapace lengths of males,4.8-15.8 mm; of females,
5.1-12.6 mm; of ovigerous females, 10.3-11.0 mm; of
juveniles,4.5 mm.
COLOR.?Variable, mottled gray and white, with large red
spot in center of carapace; walking legs reddish; fingers of
chelae black.
HABITAT.?Intertidal, associated with rocks or in clumps of
coralline algae.and subtidal to 17 meters.
REMARKS.?This species has not been recorded previously
from Ascension.
DISTRIBUTION.?Amphi-Atlantic; eastern Atlantic from
Ghana and the offshore islands of the Gulf of Guinea; central
Atlantic from Ascension and St Paul's Rocks; and western
Atlantic from the Bermudas and Bahamas to Brazil; intertidal
to at least 21 meters.
Family GECARCINIDAE
Gecarcinus logos to ma H. Milne Edwards, 1837
FIGURE 41
Gecarcinus lagostoma H. Milne Edwards, 1837:27.?Ortmann, 1893:58.?
Stebbing, 1914:254, 268.?Lenz and Strunck, 1914:285, 339.?Rathbun,
1918:361, figs. 164, 165, pis. 125, 126.?Packer, 1968:59.?Chace and
Hobbs, 1969, fig. 67d.?Olson, 1973:6.?Packer, 1974:45.?Fausto Filho,
1974:20.?Fimpel, 1975:173, 177, 178, 183-185. 188, 195-206, 208, 209,
211.?Hartnoll,1988:23.fig. 2.6.?Wolcott, 1988:68,70,83,85,fig. 3.1.
Land crab [land-crab].?Darwin, 1871:492.?Wyville Thomson, 1878:229.?
Moseley, 1892:487.?Wilton, Pirie, and Brown, 1908:80.?Stonehouse,
1960:17,38,39,44,82,157,174, fig. on p. 39.?Graham, 1969. colored fig.
on p. 479.?Hart-Davis,1972:3,102,105,127,128.
Geocarcinus lagostoma.?Drew, 1876:464.?Benedict, 1893:537.
Geocarcinus lagostoma (?).?Miers, 1886:218,pl. 18: fig. 2.
Telphusa.?Wilton,Pirie,and Brown, 1908,pl. 29: fig. 90.
Gecarcinus (Jokngarthia) lagostoma.?Tiirkay,1973:96,fig. 18,map 2.
MATERIAL.?Manning 1971 Collection: Sta ASC-4, Green
Mountain: 5 males [66.5-75.6], 6 females [47.2-78.2].?Sta
ASC-5, North East Bay: 1 male [77.5].?Sta ASC-6, Green
Mountain: 1 male [37.7], 1 female [26.3].?Sta ASC-7, Green
Mountain: 1 female [21.2].?Sta ASC-20, south of Collyer
Point 1 spent female [42.8],with larvae.
Other Collections: U.S. Eclipse Expedition, 1889-1890,
Ascension Island, 21 Mar 1890: 1 male [70.0].?Meteor
Expedition, Ascension Island, Henschel, 15 Sep 1926: 1 male
[78.2] (SMF).?Ascension Island, Surgeon T. Conry, R.N.: 1
male [21.2], 1 juvenile [11.5] (BMNH 82-20).?Ascension
Island, H.M.S. Challenger: 2 females [43.4-70.8] (BMNH
84-31).?Ascension Island, J.M. Keilor: 2 males [47.8-48.2]
NUMBER 503 61
(BMNH).?Ascension Island, altitude 1500-2300 ft [458-701
m], R. Brown: 5 males [36.8-57.9], 2 females [45.6-47.6]
(BMNH 1967.10.4.1-7).?Mars Bay, R.G. Allan, British
Ornithological Union, 28 Mar 1959: 1 dry male [36.7].?
Sanatorium (at base of Green Mountain), R.G. Allan, British
Ornithological Union, 17 May 1959: 1 dry female [38.6].?
Green Mountain, A. Loveridge,31 Aug 1963: 1 male [76.2], 1
female [73.8].?Georgetown, A. Loveridge, 12 May 1963: 12
dry juveniles [all -3.5].
SEE.?Carapace lengths of males 21.2-78.2 mm; of
females, 21.2-78.2 mm; of spent female, 42.8 mm; of
juveniles,-3.5-11.5 mm.
COLOR.?As noted by both Packer (1968; 1974) and
Stonehouse (1960), Gecarcinus lagostoma is represented on
Ascension by two distinct color phases, one red or purple, the
other yellow or orange. In the red phase the frontal, suborbital,
and anterolateral margins are conspicuously granulated or
tuberculated, whereas in the yellow phase these margins are
usually smooth. Also, in the red phase the lateral margins of the
front are more divergent and the anterolateral margins are
sharper for a longer distance. All of the smaller specimens,
including mature males and a spent female.are red,and most of
the larger specimens are yellow. One large female.cl 76.7 mm,
is in a transitional phase, being predominately yellow with red
markings dorsally. Fausto Filho (1974:21) reported that on
Fernando de Noronha "The color of the living individuals is
dark red, brownish or yellow. The last color is seen more
frequently in females."
HABITAT.?On Ascension Island this species lives at higher
elevations, especially on the wooded slopes of Green Moun-
tain, where it was collected at altitudes of 1300-1600 ft
(396-488 m) and 2558 ft (780 m). The crab has been observed
all over the island, and was even collected on beaches.
Stonehouse (1960:174), in describing Cricket Valley, re-
marked: 'The whole surface of the valley is dotted with
land-crab burrows, each with a pile of ash arranged neatly
before the entrance."
Stebbing (1914:268) commented that two specimens were
given to the Scotia collection by a Mr. Chalmers and that the
Scotia also took a specimen at sta 507 (5-18 fathoms off
Pyramid Point). This is obviously in error.
REMARKS.?Until recently (Tiirkay,1970; 1973) this species
was considered to have a wide distribution in the Atlantic and
the Indo-West Pacific (see Rathbun, 1918). The original
description of G. lagostoma was based on material donated by
Quoy and Gaimard to the Mus6um national d'Histoire
naturelle, Paris. H. Milne Edwards (1837:27) gave "FAustrala-
sie" as the type locality, but several authors, including Monod
(1956),have pointed out that this locality is erroneous. During
the voyage of the Astrolabe, expedition naturalists collected on
Ascension Island in 1829,and several species of mollusks from
their collection were described by Quoy and Gaimard (see
Rosewater, 1975). Rathbun (1918) also included the Caribbean
island of Trinidad within the range of the species, but her
specimen from that locality, correctly identified as G. lagos-
toma, had been mailed to the museum from Trinidad; where it
was collected is unknown.
Miers (1886:218) doubtfully identified a small male.cl 32.5
mm.cb 39 mm, from Bermuda with this species. It certainly is
a juvenile of G. lateralis (Freminville, 1835). Rathbun
(1918:355-356),in her account of G. lateralis, did not mention
Miers's record, but, curiously, listed Ascension as within the
range of G. lateralis. Miers's record from Bermuda was listed
by Rathbun (1918:362) in her account of G. lagostoma, in
which she recorded, with doubt, the species from Bermuda,
noting (p. 362) 'The writer has examined a subfossil specimen
of a movable finger from the Bermudas." In 1970 Tiirkay
(1970: Verbreitungskarte 1) showed several Brazilian mainland
localities as well as Caribbean Trinidad for the species. This
map with the erroneous localities was reproduced in Hartnoll
(1988, fig. 2.6). The mainland Brazilian localities were deleted
from Tiirkay's later account (1973, map 2). Gecarcinus
lagostoma is now known to occur only on oceanic islands in the
south Atlantic.
Gecarcinus lagostoma had been recorded from West Africa
by numerous authors (see Monod, 1956, for references). Now
the West African Gecarcinus is referred to G. weileri (Sendler,
1912) (Tiirkay, 1973; Manning and Holthuis, 1981). Tiirkay
(1973) referred both G. lagostoma and G. weileri to the
subgenus Johngarthia.
Miers's (1886,pl. 18: fig. 2) figure of an adult female of this
species was based on material from Ascension; it has been
reproduced by Stebbing (1893, upper fig. on pi. 2), Zimmer
(1927, fig. 218), and Monod (1956, fig. 619a), and is
reproduced here as Figure 41. Other figures from Miers have
been published by Rathbun (1918,fig. 164) and Monod (1956,
fig. 619b-d).
Chace and Hobbs (1969,fig. 61d) figured the male pleopod.
Relatively little is known about the biology of this species.
Baylis (1915a; 1915b) described an oligochaete worm from the
gill chambers of G. lagostoma from Ilha Trinidade, Brazil, and
noted (1915a: 14): 'The crabs in which the worms occurred
were collected ... at 1,500-2,000 feet above sea line" and were
"feeding on decaying vegetation and perhaps a certain amount
of excreta from sea-birds" and (p. 14, footnote) "It is also
worthy of notice that I found specimens of the same worm in
individuals of Gecarcinus lagostoma collected in South
Trinidad (a) by the 'Discovery' expedition and (b) by the late
Major G.E.H. Barrett-Hamilton's expedition to South Geor-
gia."
Among the earliest observations on G. lagostoma from
Ascension were those of Drew (1876:464,465).
The Land-crab, found on the Island of Ascension, belongs, I believe, to the
species Geocarcinus lagostoma; it inhabits the mountain-ridges,particularly on
the weather-side of the island,owing perhaps to the greater amount of moisture
found there. They burrow in holes, and are but seldom seen during the heat of
62 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY
FIGURE 41.?Gecarcinus lagostoma, female.carapace length 71 nun. (From Miers,1886,pl. 18: fig. 2.)
the day.except after dawn and on their return-journey from the sea,when they
are easily killed. They commit great ravages on the island, destroying the eggs
and young of the various kinds of game, besides the vegetation. The following
incident came under my own observation:?While out shooting, a very young
rabbit, which I wished to capture alive, crossed my path and retreated into a
hole in the rock; at the bottom of the hole.and away from the reach of my arm,
was a Land-crab,which,undismayed by my presence.pounced on the unhappy
Rabbit and killed it before I could come to its rescue. The earliest records of the
island tend to show that the Land-crabs have always been troublesome, as a
reward was and is now given for their destruction. I have only observed them
going to the sea during the months of February and March. Their journey to the
sea is made only at night or towards evening; on their return they come at all
times. I do not know at what season they cast their shells; but I am led to think,
from the number of old ones I have seen, that it is soon after their return from
the sea. They are but seldom eaten on the island, although when properly
cooked they form no mean dish; but they are not of nearly so delicate a flavour
as the West-Indian Land-Crab.
Darwin (1871:492; original account published in 1839) had
reported that "Of native animals, land-crabs and rats swarm in
numbers." Marx (1975:42) commented that the English
explorer, William Dampier, whose ship the Roebuck sank at
Ascension in 1701, and his crew survived on "goat, turtles, land
crabs, and sea birds."
L.B. Holthuis supplied us with a reference to Spencer
(1981:252), who edited a recent reprint of the third edition
(1727) of Dampier's book, in which Dampier mentioned the
occurrence of land crabs on the "high mountain" [= Green
Mountain].
In the narrative of the Scotia voyage, Wilton, Pirie, and
Brown (1908) showed a figure of G. lagostoma (as Telphusa)
at an altitude of 2000 feet on Green Mountain (pi. 29: fig. 90),
and commented (p. 80) that the land crab "does not appear to be
a common animal on the island."
Apparently the bounty offered for land crabs,rum or 6 pence
per hundred for land crab claws,resulted in the destruction of
many of them. Hart-Davis (1972:128) reported that:
These incentives produced a prodigious bag, which for 1879 included 66 cats,
7683 rats,4O13 mice and 80,414 land crabs.. .In January 1887 the Commandant
gave the grand total of vermin killed in the past eight years: 580 cats,70,148
rats, and the phenomenal number of 335,535 land crabs.
Moseley (1892:487), in his narrative of the visit of the
Challenger to Ascension, reported that
Land crabs swarm all over this barren and parched volcanic islet They climb up
to the very top of Green Mountain, and the larger ones steal the young rabbits
from their holes and devour them. They all go down to the sea in the breeding
NUMBER 503 63
Moseley (1892:72) also remarked that "as far as I saw,
Land-crabs ... are absent from Fernando Noronha."
Hart-Davis (1972:105),also mentioned that:
Crab hunting, too, was a fancied pastime, as Brandreth [Lt. H.R. Brandreth,
Royal Engineers] reported. The dogs, he wrote, were specially trained to hunt
the land crabs which are similar to those in the West Indies,and burrow high up
in the mountain district. They are found crossing the tracks from hole to hole,
with their claws bristling with defiance: the dog, when set on them, makes a
spring, gives one cranch, and then tosses the mangled carcass away; but an
occasional sharp howl indicates an unsuccessful attack, and that the crab has
pinned his opponent by the nose. The land crab in the West Indies, after being
penned up physicked fattened and dressed with divers condiments, is
considered a delicacy. I endeavoured to persuade my friends at Ascension to
introduce it among the island delicacies .but in vain.
Wyville Thomson (1878:228,229),in his account of the visit
of the Challenger to Ascension, commented:
The wild quadrupeds and decapods, which may here be classed together, as
their habits and propensities are very similar.are rats and land-crabs; both doing
a great deal of damage in the gardens by destroying the roots of vegetables and
fruit-trees. The rats kept out of the way during the day, but we often saw the
crabs; and we were told to knock them on the head (or whatever answers that
purpose) whenever we fell in with them.
John Packer,in his Ascension Handbook (1968:59; 1974:45)
reported:
The yellow and purple land crabs (Gecarcinus lagostoma) were probably one
of the very early colonizers of the new island. They return to the sea to breed,
and lay eggs in sand or soft ash [??],and one of the puzzles about the Ascension
land crabs is the infrequency with which this cycle is observed. In March, 1963,
Georgetown was over-run with thousands of the minute young crabs going
inland from the beaches,but residents of 12 years or more whom I questioned
at the time could not remember seeing the phenomenon before.and I have heard
of no subsequent observations. Yet all Gecarcinids that have been studied,
make annual migrations to the sea which are normally well-known local
phenomena,as for example on many of the West Indian islands.
Apparently the invasion of young crabs mentioned by Packer
was still underway in May, 1963, when Arthur Loveridge
collected at Georgetown and sent to the Smithsonian Institution
12 juveniles, all cl -3.5 mm. The juveniles lack the
characteristic incision on the third maxillipeds.
Fausto Filho (1974:21) also remarked that these crabs return
to the sea to spawn,'The fishermen of the Archipelago say that
these crabs live on land in holes and they come to the sea only
to wet and release the eggs, during the rainy season." He listed
11 beaches where the crabs had been observed spawning.
In describing the activities of the British Ornithologists'
Union Centenary Expedition to Ascension, Stonehouse
(1960:38) reported:
We met land crabs, too, and were sadly disappointed. They were small, no
larger than an ordinary edible crab, with bloated shells and moderately long
pincers. Some were of beetroot purple, others yellow or orange, apparently two
colour-phases of the same species. They were shy, freezing with pincers erect
when alarmed.usually to be found within a short distance of their burrows and
ready to scuttle down at the drop of a hat In rainy weather they promenaded
more freely, sometimes appearing at the side of road with arms waving like
diminutive but aggressive hitch-hikers. Fringed mandibles [third maxillipeds]
suggest a permanently turned-down mouth.giving them a disgruntled,unhappy
expression; they were disagreeable rather than sinister and fell far short of their
reputation. The first land crab I met was sitting in a prickly pear bush, sadly
munching one of the brilliant red fruits and dribbling juice. I could never take
them seriously after that
Olson (1973:6) found shell fragments of this species in a
fumarole near the base of Sisters Peak.
The female, cl 42.8 mm, taken on the beach near Collyer
Point (sta ASC-20) apparently was there to spawn. Its larvae
were released in a bucket shortly after it was collected.
Fimpel (1975:173) studied the ecology and physiology of
this species from Ilha Trinidade.and remarked: "It was shown
why this species had succeeded in becoming dominant in some
land regions of the tropical hemisphere."
L.B. Holthuis (in litt.) observed:
How popular the landcrabs are in Ascension is shown by the fact that they are
found (with the legend "Land Crab") on the 1 shilling stamp of 1956 (in a series
of 13,the others not crustaceans),and on both stamps (2 p and 16 p) issued in
1973 to commemorate the 25th wedding anniversary of Queen Elisabeth II and
Prince Philip. In the 1956 stamp the crab formed the main motive.in the other
two it is in the background.
Gecarcinus lagostoma has been recorded from Ascension by
Darwin (1871),Drew (1876),Wyville Thomson (1878),Miers
(1886), Moseley (1892), Benedict (1893), Ortmann (1893),
Wilton, Pirie, and Brown (1908), Stebbing (1914), Lenz and
Strunck (1914), Rathbun (1918), Stonehouse (1960), Packer
(1968, 1974), Graham (1969), Hart-Davis (1972), Olson
(1973),Tiirkay (1973), and Spencer (1981). There is material
of this species in the Smithsonian Institution collections from
Ilha Trinidade and Fernando de Noronha.
DISTRIBUTION.?Gecarcinus lagostoma is now known to
occur only on oceanic islands in the South Atlantic, Ascension
and three islands off Brazil, Atol das Rocas (Coelho, 1965;
Coelho and Ramos, 1972), Fernando de Noronha (Rathbun,
1918; Tiirkay, 1970; Fausto Filho, 1974), and Ilha Trinidade
(Baylis, 1915a; 1915b; Tiirkay, 1970; Coelho and Ramos,
1972; Fimpel, 1975). Terrestrial.
Family GRAPSIDAE
Grapsus adscensionis (Osbeck, 1765)
FIGURE 42f-n
Cancer retusus Linnaeus, 1754: [about p. 28],fig. 10 on pi.?Holm, 1957:39.
Cancer Adscensionis Osbeck, 1757:297; 1765:389; 1771:97.?Herbst,
1790:256.
Cancer adscensionis Osbeck, 1757: third [unnumbered] page of register at end
of book; 1765: third [unnumbered] page of "Zweites Register" at end of
book.
Cancer Grapsus Linnaeus, 1758:630 [part, only the material from "Insula
Adscensionis1!; 1759:252,pl. 3: fig. 10; 1760:252,pl. 3: fig. 10; 1767:1048
[part.only the material from "Insula Adscensionis"]; 1788:252,pi. 3: fig. 10.
Cancer r?rtco/a.?lirmaeus, 1759:260,pi. 3: fig. 10; 1760:260,pi. 3: fig. 10;
1788:260,pl. 3: fig. 10. [Not Cancer ruricola Linnaeus, 1758 = Gecarcinus
ruricola.)
Cancer graphicus Houttuyn, 1769:350 [only the material from "het Eiland
Adscension"].
Cancer graphus Sutius Muller, 1775:1016 [only the material from "der Insul
64 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY
Adsension"].
Grapsus Webbi H. Milne Edwards, 1853:167.
Grapsus pictus var. ocellatus Studer, 1883:14.
Grapsus maculatus.?Miers, 1886:255 [part].?Benedict, 1893:538.?
Stebbing, 1914:254,265. [Not Grapsus maculatus H. Milne Edwards, 1853
= Cancer grapsus Linnaeus, 1758.]
Grapsus grapsus.?Ortmann, 1893:57.?Lenz and Strunck, 1914:283,338.?
Rathbun, 1918:227, pis. 53, 54 [part].?Chace, 1966:640.?Monod,
1956:407, fig. 561.?Chace and Manning, 1972:3.?Manning and Holthuis,
1981:232. [Not Grapsus grapsus (Linnaeus, 1758).]
crabs [Grapsus maculatus] Stonehouse,1960:96,118,137,209.
Grapsus w?W>i.?Turkay, 1982:122.
MATERIAL.?Manning 1971 Collection: Sta ASC-3,McAr-
thur Point 4 males [39.1-49.2],2 ovig. females [47.2-50.7], 1
juvenile [6.7].?Sta ASC-5,North East Bay: 1 male [55.4].?
Sta ASC-1 I.English Bay: 2 juveniles [8.0-8.5].?Sta ASC-
12, McArthur Point: 2 females [28.0-36.6].?Sta ASC-18,
Shelly Beach: 4 juveniles [5.0-8.0].?Sta ASC-20, south of
Collyer Point 1 juvenile [4.5].
Smithsonian 1976 Collection: Sta IB-76, Me Arthur Point: 1
male [50.9], 1 ovig. female [38.4].?Sta 4,McArthur Point 24
males [14.7-56.1],8 females [15.7-54.3], 1 ovig. [41.4].?Sta
5A-76, Shelly Beach: 3 males [9.4-16.3], 2 females [10.7-
11.3], 1 juvenile [5.7].?Sta ASC-8, McArthur Point: 1 ovig.
female [49.5].
Other Collections: Ascension Island, shore, H.M.S. Chal-
lenger: 1 male [19.7] (BMNH 84-31).?Ascension Island: 1
dry male [59.1] (BMNH 84-19).?Ascension, Gazelle, type of
Grapsus pictus var. ocellatus Studer: 1 ovig. female [54.4]
(ZMB 4556).?Deutsche Sudpolar Expedition 1901-1903,
Ascension Island, 12 Sep 1903: 2 males [15.1-47.9], 1 female
[27.7] (ZMB 17924).?U.S. Eclipse Expedition, 1889-1890,
Ascension Island: 4 males [17.0-42.1], 4 females [17.7-
25.6].?Vickrey (1964), South West Bay: 2 males [17.1-
23.2].?Olson (1970), Turtle Shell Beach (= Clarke's Beach),
rocky tide pools: 1 female [29.4].
SEE.?Carapace lengths of males,9.4-59.1 mm; of females,
10.7-54.4 mm; of ovigerous females, 38.4-54.4 mm; of
juveniles,4.5-8.5 mm.
COLOR.?Red or black, covered with white spots increasing
in size posteriorly on carapace; spots on carapace not organized
into transverse lines; walking legs spotted; chelae uniform
bright red, fingers white distally, spooned tips of fingers dark.
Zeiller (1974,figs. on p. 96) gave colored figures of Grapsus
grapsus in which there are white lines across the branchial
regions and the posterior part of the carapace,and the chelae are
dark brown with much less white on the fingers. Chace and
Hobbs (1969,fig. 50) also showed that there were lines of white
spots across the carapace in G. grapsus from Dominica.
HABITAT.?Usually supratidal, in splash zone, on rocks. On
Ascension Grapsus was seen at night roaming over open sand
beaches,much like the ghost crab Ocypode.
Stebbing (1914) reported this species from Scotia sta 507, a
trawling station in 40 fathoms; it is unlikely that it was taken
there.
REMARKS.?L.B. Holthuis, who supplied us with all of the
early references to this species stated (in litt.):
The first record of this species is certainly by Linnaeus, 1754, in the thesis
"Chinensia Lagerstroemiana..." This thesis is also published in Linnaeus'
Amoenitates Academicae, vol. 4,pt. 61, pp. 230-260, pi. 3 (1759, with other
editions in 1760 and 1788). This thesis is based on the collections made in
China and on the way to it by C. Tamstrom.O. Toren.and especially those by
P. Osbeck.as stated in the introduction. In the Amoenitates edition of the thesis
is mentioned (as only Crustacean) on p. 252: "Cancer (Grapsus)," followed by
a diagnosis and a good description; also a reference is made to "Pagurus
maculatus, Catesb. car. 2,t. 36." It is also figured, viz. on pi. 3 fig. 10. The
figure shows a Grapsus. Peculiarly, the explanation of the figures says under
no. 10 "10 Cancer ruricola 33" (10 being the number of the figure, 33 the
number of the description of "Cancer (Grapsus)." Unfortunately no locality
indication is provided. But it is most likely that this species is Osbeck's Cancer
adscensionis (1) first because Osbeck's material is definitely included in
Chinensia Lagerstroemiana, (2) that Linnaeus (1758) only referred to Amoen.
Acad. 4 and to Catesby and gave as locality "Habitat in America [Catesby's
material].Insula Adscensionis [obviously the Amoenitates material]."
Holm (1957:39) in his list of the species described in Chinensia
Lagerstroemiana indicates that in the original 1754 thesis the species was
described under the name Cancer retusus, and that Linnaeus later, in Sys. Nat.
and Amoenit. Acad.,changed the name to Cancer Grapsus. As I have not seen
the 1754 thesis,I cannot confirm nor disprove this; also I do not know the exact
pages in the thesis where the name appeared. Holm also indicated that the
material was already missing in 1780.
Gmelin.in the 13th edition of Linnaeus' Systema Naturae does not mention
Ascension anymore under Cancer Grapsus, neither does Fabricius in his
various books. After 1800 the name is evidently quite forgotten.
The names Cancer graphicus Houttuyn, 1769 and Cancer graphus Statius
Miiller.most likely are incorrect subsequent spellings of Cancer Grapsus, even
though Statius Muller used graphus twice on p. 1016. However.in the general
systematic index to the Zoology part of Houttuyn's book (published at the end
of the 1773 part 18) as well as in the index to the insects at the end of Statius
Miiller's vol. 5,the species is listed as Cancer Grapsus. Sherbom (1902,Index
Animalium 1:435) noted graphicus Houttuyn as "err. pro grapsus," but did not
mention graphus Statius Muller.
I found in the Swedish journal "Svenska LJnnesallskapets Arsskrift"
(Yearbook of the Swedish Linnaeus Society), vol. 1972-1974 (published in
1978), pp. 75-145, an article by Anne Fox Maule and Carlo Han sen, entitled
"Linnes korrespondance med Pehr Osbeck 1750-1753. Med inledning og
anmaerkninger" (Linnaeus' correspondence with Pehr Osbeck, 1750-1753.
With introduction and annotations). On p. 94-95 there is a letter by Osbeck to
Linnaeus, dated Goteborg 26 July 1752, in which he says that he has given to
Lagerstroem (director of the Swedish East India Company, through whose
influence Osbeck got a post as a pastor on one of his ships) a collection of
fishes, birds, inserts, deer skull, rocks and plants from "China, Java,
Assension." Footnote 1 on p. 95 says that in a letter of 29 July 1752
Lagerstroem wrote that he has sent Osbeck's and Toren's collections to
Linnaeus. Goteborg was the seat of the East India Company. All of this ties in
nicely with the history of Osbeck's Cancer adscensionis.
A comparison of the gonopods and gonopores of material
from Ascension with those of specimens from the Gulf of
Guinea and the Caribbean (Figure 42) revealed no marked
differences in these structures in specimens from the three
localities, although the gonopores of females from Ascension
appear to be more similar to the gonopores of females from the
Gulf of Guinea than those from females from the Caribbean.
All Atlantic populations of Grapsus generally have been
considered to belong to Grapsus grapsus (Linnaeus, 1758), a
NUMBER 503 65
FIGURE 42.?Denuded right gonopods (a-d, f-i, k-n,) and left gonopores (e, j , o) of Atlantic Grapsus. Grapsus
grapsus, Puerto Rico; ch-d, male, carapace length 57.2 mm, e, female, carapace length 51.8 mm: a, entire
gonopod, denuded; b-d, denuded terminal portion in posterior, lateral, and anterior views, respectively; e,
gonopore. Grapsus adscensionis, Ascension Island; f-i, male, carapace length 50.9 mm,/*, ovigerous female,
carapace length 38.4 mm: /, entire gonopod, denuded; g-i, denuded terminal portion in posterior, lateral, and
anterior views, respectively; /', gonopore. Grapsus adscensionis, Senegal; k~n, male, carapace length 62.8 mm,
o, ovigerous female, carapace length 64.9 mm: k, entire gonopod, denuded; l-n, denuded terminal portion in
posterior.anterior.and lateral views,respectively; o, gonopore.
66 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY
species originally described from the Americas and Ascension.
The type locality was restricted to the Americas by selection of
a lectotype by Holthuis (1977b: 145).
Tiirkay (1982:122) was the first to point out that the east and
west Atlantic populations of Grapsus were distinct, and he used
Grapsus webbi H. Milne Edwards, 1853 for the east Atlantic
species. As we identify material from both Ascension and St.
Helena with the east Atlantic species, the oldest available name
for the species is Cancer adscensionis Osbeck, 1765,a species
described from Ascension. Should the Gulf of Guinea
population prove to be distinct from that in the central Atlantic,
the name Grapsus webbi is available for i t
In his account of the species of Grapsus from Madagascar,
Crosnier (1965) commented that Grapsus was indisputably a
difficult genus, and when comparing species of the genus one
almost always had to use modifiers like "more" or "less." The
Atlantic populations of the genus are no different. Whereas
both Atlantic species differ from the Indo-West Pacific
Grapsus tenuicrustatus (Herbst,1783) in the characters used by
Banerjee (1960), none of these characters can be used to
separate the Atlantic species. The only characters, other than
color, that we could find were in the tubercles lining the ventral
margin of the front. In G. adscensionis the tubercles of the front
are coarser and fewer than in G. grapsus. Material from St.
Helena agrees with that from Ascension in having these
tubercles relatively large, whereas in specimens from Fernando
de Noronha and the Caribbean these tubercles are smaller and
more numerous.
Stonehouse (1960:96) reported:
On the rock beside us small red- and green-spotted crabs hung sideways,
running forwards, backwards, up or down, in any direction they pleased with
enviable facility. I threw a corner of my sandwich on to a ledge, and was
surprised to see the crabs gathering,like sparrows in a park, to squabble over
the crumbs. They picked delicately, bringing tiny pincers alternately to the
complex mouth,menacing each other with squat bodies erect and eyes popping
like organ stops.
On Ascension a crab was seen carrying a baby sea turtle
across a sand beach at night
L.B. Holthuis informed us (in litt.) that:
In the 1982 series of stamps commemorating the voyage of the Beagle.the 15c
stamp shows an excellent picture of Grapsus adscensionis, under the name
"Rock crab."
This species has been recorded from Ascension by Linnaeus
and his student Osbeck in a variety of 18th century works, and
by Studer (1883), Miers (1886), Benedict (1893), Ortmann
(1893), Lenz and Strunck (1914), Stebbing (1914), Rathbun
(1918),Stonehouse (1960),and Chace and Manning (1972).
DISTRIBUTION.?Eastern Atlantic; and central Atlantic at
Ascension and St. Helena islands; splash zone.
Pachygrapsus corrugatus (Von Martens, 1872)
FIGURE 43
Grapsus (Leplograpsus) corrugatus Von Martens,1872:107,pl. 4: fig. 8.
Pachygrapsus corrugatus.?Rathbun, 1918:252, pi. 160: fig. 4.?Holthuis,
Edwards, and Lubbock, 1980:46.
MATERIAL.?Manning 1971 Collection: Sta ASC-13,Geor-
getown: 1 juvenile [3.2].?Sta ASC-25,south of Collyer Point:
1 male [8.5].
SIZE.?Carapace length of male, 8.5 mm; of juvenile, 3.2
mm.
HABITAT.?Intertidal, in algae. Holthuis, Edwards, and
Lubbock (1980:46) reported that at St. Paul's Rocks this
species was seen "very occasionally on pink algal encrustations
around infrequently flushed rock pools, and occasionally in
frequently flushed rock pools. They were not seen elsewhere."
REMARKS.?We provide here a figure (Figure 43) of this
rather rare species. It has not been recorded previously from
Ascension.
Our larger specimen, an adult male, is considerably smaller
than the male.cl 14.8 mm, reported by Manning (1963b) from
the Bahamas.
DISTRIBUTION.?Western Atlantic from the Bahamas, Cuba,
Puerto Rico, the Virgin Islands, and St. Paul's Rocks; central
Atlantic from Ascension; intertidal.
Pachygrapsus loveridgei Chace, 1966
Pachygrapsus transversus.?Miers, 188lb:432 [no. Pachygrapsus transversus
(Gibbes.1850)].
Pachygrapsus loveridgei Chace, 1966:640, figs. 9,10.
MATERIAL.?Manning 1971 Collection: Sta ASC-3,McAr-
thur Point 1 male [6.0].?Sta ASC-5,North East Bay: 1 male
[3.0], 3 females [3.2-4.8].?Sta ASC-8, English Bay: 2
juveniles [3.1-3.2].?Sta ASC-11, English Bay: 7 females
[3.3-6.0].?Sta ASC-12; McArthur Point 1 male [3.2], 4
females [3.9-4.1], 7 juveniles [1.9-3.3].?Sta ASC-13, Geor-
getown: 5 males [3.0-4.8], 4 females [3.2-4.5], 2 ovig.
[3.2-4.5], 2 juveniles [3.1].?Sta ASC-14, south of Collyer
Point 1 male [3.2].?Sta ASC-16,Shelly Beach: 1 male [4.0],
1 female [3.8].?Sta ASC-18,Shelly Beach: 2 males [3.6-5.0],
3 females [3.4-5.3].?Sta ASC-20, south of Collyer Point 1
male [6.8].?Sta ASC-2I.English Bay: 6 males [3.0-9.8], 1
female [7.6].?Sta ASC-23, McArthur Point 6 males [3.0-
7.5],7 females [4.3-6.1].
Smithsonian 1976 Collection: Sta lB-76,McArthur Point: 1
female [3.8].?Sta 1C-76,McArthur Point: 3 males [3.5-4.6],
4 females [3.2-6.3].?Sta 3A-76, English Bay: 1 female
[5.7].?Sta 4-76, McArthur Point 1 male [9.1].?Sta 5A-76,
Shelly Beach: 13 males [3.0-7.4], 4 females [3.1-6.9], 1
juvenile [3.1].?Sta 5D-76, Shelly Beach, coral pool: 2 males
[3.5-3.6].?Sta 6A-76, south of Collyer Point: 3 males
[4.2-4.7], 1 female [3.5].?Sta 6B-76, south of Collyer Point
1 female [3.5].?Sta 8-76, McArthur Point: 1 male [6.5], 1
female [4.4].?Sta 9C-76,North East Bay: 3 males [3.1-3.2],
1 female [3.8].
NUMBER 503 67
FIGURE 43.?Pachygrapsus comtgatus, male, carapace length 8.5 nun: a, dorsal view; b, left chela and carpus,
extensor surface; c, abdomen and adjacent sternum; d, left 1st pleopod,caudal aspect; e, left 1 st pleopod.denuded,
caudal aspect.
Operation Origin: Site 25, Boatswain Bird Rock, in empty
barnacle shell,7 m [?]: 1 female [3.3].
Other Collections: Ascension Island, T. Conry: 2 males
[3.8-5.9], 1 female [3.6] (BMNH 81.27).?Olson (1970),
McArthur Point, sandy bottom tide pool: 1 male (4.5), 2
females [4.8-6.6].
SEE.?Carapace lengths of males, 3.0-9.8 mm; of females,
3.1-7.6 mm; of ovigerous females, 3.2-4.5 mm; of juveniles,
1.9-3.3 mm. These are considerably smaller than the speci-
mens from St. Helena reported by Chace (1966); there the
largest male was cl 12.0,the largest female cl 12.4 mm.
HABITAT.?In almost all intertidal habitats on Ascension,
including the coral pool inland of Shelly Beach. One specimen
was taken in a barnacle at 7 meters.
REMARKS.?This species was reported from Ascension by
Miers (1881b).
DISTRIBUTION.?Known only from Ascension and St.
Helena; intertidal and shallow subtidal.
68 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY
Percnon abbreviatum (Dana, 1851)
FIGURE 44
Acanlhopus abbreviates Dana, 1851:252.
Percnon abbreviatum?Crosnier, 1965:88,figs. 134,139,143,149.
MATERIAL.?Afawtmg 1971 Collection: Sta 21, English
Bay: 1 female [11.0].
Smithsonian 1976 Collection: Sta lB-76,McArthur Point: 1
male [8.0], 1 female [7.0].?Sta 1C-76, McArthur Point 3
females [7.2-12.6], 1 ovig. [12.6].
Operation Origin: Site 31, Spire Rock, from under a stone,
10 m: 1 female [11.8].
Other Collections: Jourdan (1976), off Collyer Point,-20 ft
[6 m]: 1 female [8.3].
SEE.?Carapace lengths of male, 8.0 mm; of females,
7.0-12.6 mm; of ovigerous female, 12.6.
COLOR.?Mottled dark brown and whitish; cornea red;
walking legs conspicuously banded, darker bands brown or
reddish.
HABITAT.?Intertidal and shallow sublittoral. Specimens
were taken from coralline algae and from a rock wash, both
intertidal, and in 6 meters and in 10 meters under a stone.
This is the first Atlantic record for this species,which.so far
as we can determine.is the only pantropical brachyuran.
DISTRIBUTION.?Pantropical; Indo-West Pacific from Ha-
waii, Samoa, Tahiti, and Madagascar; eastern Pacific from
Clipperton Island (Garth, 1965); and now central Atlantic from
Ascension; intertidal.
Percnon gibbesi (H. Milne Edwards, 1853)
FIGURE 45
Acanlhopus Gibbesi H. Milne Edwards, 1853:180.
Leiolophus planissimus.?Miers, 1881b:432 [not Percnon planissimum
(Heibst.1804)].
Percnon ? gibbesi?Fausto Filho, 1974:15.
Percnon planissimum.?Fausto Filho, 1974:15.
Percnon gibbesi.?-Manning and Holthuis, 1981:238.?Williams, 1984:462,
fig. 371.
MATERIAL.?Manning 1971 Collection: Sta ASC-8,English
Bay: 1 ovig. female [12.3].?Sta ASC-16, Shelly Beach: 1
male [7.6].?Sta ASC-18, Shelly Beach: 1 male [7.0].?Sta
ASC-21, English Bay: 1 male [8.8].?Sta ASC-25, south of
Collyer Point: 2 females [6.1-6.9 mm].
Smithsonian 1976 Collection: Sta IB-76, Me Arthur Point: 1
ovig. female [16.1].?Sta 1C-76, McArthur Point 3 males
[12.5-15.2], 1 female [10.9].?Sta 3C-76,English Bay: 1 ovig.
female [16.6].?Sta 5A-76,Shelly Beach: 1 female [9.2].?Sta
6A-76, south of Collyer Point 1 male [15.0].?Sta 8-76,
McArthur Point: 4 males [12.3-23.4], 1 ovig. female [21.7].?
Sta 9C-76,North East Bay: 1 male [7.6].
Other Collections: Olson (1970), North East Bay: 1 male
FIGURE 44.?Percnon abbreviatum, female,carapace length 11.0 mm.
NUMBER 503 69
FIGURE 45.?Percnon gibbesi, male,carapace length 14.2 mm.right cheliped.
[10.2].?Olson (1970), McArthur Point, sandy bottom tide
pool: 4 males [9.0-11.9],3 ovig. females [13.1-21.2].?Olson
(1970), Turtle Shell Beach (= Clarke's Beach), rocky tide
pools: 2 males [8.8-14.2].?Ascension Island, T. Conry: 1
male [13.3],2 females [5.6-10.0] (BMNH 81-27).
SEE.?Carapace lengths of males, 7.0-23.4 mm; of females,
5.6-21.7 mm; of ovigerous females, 12.3-21.7 mm.
COLOR.?Mottled light brown, walking legs not conspicu-
ously banded,articulations yellowish.
HABITAT.?Intertidal, associated with Echinometra in the
flats south of Collyer Point.
REMARKS.?This species was reported from Ascension by
Miers (1881b).
DISTRIBUTION.?Both coasts of America and Amphi-
Atlantic; western Atlantic from Bermuda and Florida to Brazil;
eastern Atlantic from the Azores to Angola; central Atlantic
from Ascension; and eastern Pacific from Lower California to
Chile, Galapagos; intertidal.
Plagusia depressa (Fabricius, 1775)
Cancer depressus Fabricius, 1775:406.
Plagusia depressa.?Chace, 1966:647.?Fausto Filho, 1974:15.?Hollhuis,
Edwards, and Lubbock, 1980:46.?Manning and Holthuis, 1981:239.?
Williams, 1984:463,fig. 372.
MATERIAL.?Manning 1971 Collection: Sta ASC-24, south
of Collyer Point: 5 males [38.1-48.6],3 females [11.2-36.8],
1 ovig. [36.8].?Sta ASC-25, south of Collyer Point: 5 males
[14.4-44.0].
Smithsonian 1976 Collection: Sta 1B-76, Me Arthur Point: 1
male [41.3].?Sta 6B-76,south of Collyer Point 1 male [49.7].
SEE.?Carapace lengths of males, 14.4-49.7 mm; of
females, 11.2-36.8 mm; of ovigerous female, 36.8 mm.
COLOR.?Mottled brown, silver, and red, and legs banded
with these colors; carpus of chelipeds with reticulated brown
lines over silver background; fingers of chela white, extremes
of tips dark.
HABITAT.?Intertidal on rocky shore, at water level.
REMARKS.?This species has not been recorded previously
from Ascension.
DISTRIBUTION.?Amphi-Atlantic; western Atlantic from
Bermuda and North Carolina to Brazil; eastern Atlantic from
the Azores and Morocco to Angola; central Atlantic from
Ascension and St. Helena; littoral.
Family CRYPTOCHIRIDAE
Opecarcinus hypostegus (Shaw and Hopkins, 1977)
Pseudocryptochirus hypostegus Shaw and Hopkins, 1977:179,figs. 1,2a, 3a.
Opecarcinus hypostegus.?Kropp and Manning, 1987:10,figs. 5,6,9.
MATERIAL.?Manning 1971 Collection: Sta ASC-15, Eng-
lish Bay: 1 female [2.2], 1 carapace [2.0].
SEE.?Carapace length of female,2.2 mm.
REMARKS.?Our material was studied by Kropp and
Manning (1987) who recorded the species from Ascension.
DISTRIBUTION.?Western Atlantic from Florida and the Gulf
of Mexico, to Brazil; central Adantic from Ascension; to 27
meters.
Troglocarcinus corallicola Verrill, 1908
Troglocarcinus corallicola Verrill, 1908:427, figs. 48. 49, pi. 28: fig.
8.?Kropp and Manning, 1987:14.figs. 7-9.
MATERIAL.?Manning 1971 Collection: Sta ASC-5, North
East Bay: 1 male [2.0], 1 ovig. female [2.3].? Sta ASC-18,
Shelly Beach: 1 female [3.7].? Sta ASC-23, McArthur Point
3 females [2.0-4.5],2 ovig. [2.0-4.5].
Smithsonian 1976 Collection: Sta 1B-76, McArthur Point,
on Favia: 1 male [2.8],2 ovig. females [3.8-4.5].? Sta 6B-76,
south of Collyer Point 1 ovig. female [2.5], 1 juvenile [1.5].
Other Collections: South West Bay, 10 ft (3 m),on Favia,
Nov 1972, Ascension Historical Society Diving Club: 2 males
[2.5-2.7], 8 females [2.5-4.8], 2 ovig. [4.0-4.8] (BMNH
1978:52).
SEE.?Carapace lengths of males, 2.0-2.8 mm; of females,
2.0-4.8 mm; of ovigerous females, 2.0-4.8 mm; of juvenile,
1.5 mm.
HABITAT.?In crypts on Favia.
REMARKS.?This material was studied by Kropp and
Manning (1987),who reported this species from Ascension.
DISTRIBUTION.?Amphi-Atlantic; western Atlantic from
Bermuda and Florida to Brazil; central Atlantic from Ascen-
sion, St. Helena, and St. Paul's Rocks; and eastern Atlantic
from the Gulf of Guinea; shore to 75 meters.
70 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY
STOMATOPODA
Family LYSIOSQUILLIDAE
Tetrasquilla, new genus
DIAGNOSIS.?A lysiosquillid of moderate size,tl to -70 mm.
Cornea bilobed. Antennal protopod with 4 papillae, 2 mesial, 2
ventral. Raptorial claw with 4 teeth on dactylus and 4 movable
spines on propodus. Mandibular palp and 5 epipods present
Telson with 3-spined median dorsal projection; posterior and
posterolateral surfaces above posterior margin highly sculp-
tured; marginal armature consisting of.on each side of midline,
a convex row of small submedian denticles, a movable
submedian tooth, and 4 large lateral teeth, inner 2 rounded,
separated by an intervening denticle. Uropodal endopod
lacking strong proximal fold on outer margin.
TYPE SPECIES.?Lysiosquilla mccullochae Schmitt, 1940.
ETYMOLOGY.?From the Greek, tetra, four, and the generic
name Squilla. The name is appropriate as the type species has
four papillae on the antennal protopod, four teeth on the
dactylus of the raptorial claw, four movable spines on the
propodus of the claw, and four primary marginal spines on the
telson. Further, we have four specimens in the collections from
Ascension.
REMARKS.?Tetrasquilla shares several features with Tec-
tasquilla Adkison and Hopkins, 1984, containing only T.
lutzae, including the bilobed eye.presence of four teeth on the
dactylus of the claw, and in the ornate telson, but differs from
it and all other genera of the Lysiosquillidae (see Manning,
1980:368) in having four papillae on the antennal protopod in
combination with four teeth on the dactylus of the raptorial
claw. It further differs from Tectasquilla in lacking an anterior
spine on the rostral plate, a median ventral spine on the telson,
and a ventrodistal spine on the uropodal exopod; Tectasquilla
has but two primary marginal teeth on the telson.
Although Manning (1969:57) characterized this species as
having four intermediate denticles on the telson, the specimens
reported here instead have four pairs of primary teeth, separated
by intervening denticles, as shown by Manning (1974, fig. 2)
for a specimen from Panama.
Tetrasquilla mccullochae (Schmitt, 1940),
new combination
FIGURE 46
Lysiosquilla mccullochae Schmitt, 1940-.197.fig. 23.
Heterosquilla (Heterosquilloides) mccullochae.?Manning, 1969:55,fig. 12.
Lysiosquilla jonesi Shanbhogue, 1971:100, pL 1.
MATERIAL.?Manning 1971 Collection: Sta ASC-10, Eng-
lish Bay: 1 female [64].
Smithsonian 1976 Collection: Sta 5A-76, Shelly Beach: 1
male [29].
Other Collections: Olson (1970), McArthur Point, sandy FIGURE 46.?Tetrasquilla mccullochae, female,total length 42 nun.
NUMBER 503 71
bottom tide pool: 1 male [69], 1 female [42].
SEE.?Total lengths of males, 29-69 mm; of females,
42-64 mm.
COLOR.?Eyes silver; claws and background on carapace
and abdomen silver, abdomen marked with mottled red
pigment; paired spots on abdomen black.
HABITAT.?Burrowing in coarse sand in shallow water. The
specimen from English Bay was collected by hand in soft,
coarse sand in water less than 1 foot deep. No burrow was
visible.but activity of the specimen near the surface caused the
sand to move vigorously.
REMARKS.?Lysiosquilla jonesi, described from the Lac-
cadive Islands,Indian Ocean.by Shanbhogue (1971),is clearly
identifiable with this species. Shanbhogue's figure (1971,pi. 1)
even shows some of the paired black spots on the abdomen that
are characteristic of this species.
Reaka and Manning (1987:15) reported that this species
occurred at Ascension.
There is a female of this species.tl 46 mm.from Fernando de
Noronha in the Smithsonian Institution collections.
DISTRIBUTION.?Pantropical; eastern Pacific from Gulf of
California and Panama (Manning, 1974); western Atlantic from
Florida, Puerto Rico, and Fernando de Noronha; central
Atlantic from Ascension Island; and Laccadive Islands, Indian
Ocean; intertidal to 55 meters.
Family PSEUDOSQUILLIDAE
Pseudosquilla oculata (Brulle, 1837)
Squilla oculata Brulle.1837: planche unique: fig. 3; 1839:18.
Pseudosquilla oculata.?Manning,1977:103,figs. 32,33,55.
MATERIAL.?Operation Origin: Site 0, English Bay, found
under a rock,22 m: 1 female [53].
Other Collections: Jourdan (1976), Ascension Island, from
dead Cymatium shell, 20 ft (6 m): 1 female [cl 10].?Jourdan
(1976), English Bay, under rocks, 20 ft (6 m): 1 female
[51].?Jourdan,English Bay, 20-30 ft (6-9 m): 1 male [79], 1
female [96].?McDowell, English Bay, 30-50 ft (9-15 m): 1
female [56].?Olson (1970), McArthur Point, sandy bottom
tide pool: 1 female [31].
SIZE.?Total lengths of male, 79 mm; of females, 31-96
mm.
HABITAT.?Littoral, in rocks around tide pool, and sublit-
toral.to 22 meters; one specimen taken in Cymatium shell.
REMARKS.?This species has not been recorded previously
from Ascension. Manning (1969:271) reported it from St.
Helena.
There is a male of this species, tl 32 mm, from Fernando de
Noronha in the Smithsonian Institution collections.
DISTRIBUTION.?Indo-West Pacific from Hawaii to the
western Indian Ocean, and amphi-Atlantic, including Ascen-
sion and Saint Helena slands; littoral to about 60 meters.
ZOOGEOGRAPHICAL CONSIDERATIONS
With its geographical isolation (Figure 47), almost 1300
kilometers from the nearest land mass, St. Helena, and more
than 2200 kilometers from the nearest continental land mass,
Brazil, Ascension had to have been colonized chiefly by
pelagic larvae.the teleplanic larvae characterized by Scheltema
(1968,1986). As Ascension is a volcanic island, with limited
habitats (no grass flats or coral reefs), only some groups could
colonize it. Yet,no fewer than 74 species of decapod Crustacea
have become established on the island since its emergence in
the the Pleistocene. Not surprisingly, 59 of the 74 species of
decapods found there (80%), occur elsewhere in the Atlantic.
Slightly more species are found only in the western Atlantic
than in the eastern Atlantic, but larvae from both sides of the
Atlantic and the central Atlantic as well have contributed to the
Ascension decapod fauna.
Briggs (1974:95) and Pawson (1978:5,6) have discussed the
current patterns affecting Ascension, pointing out that it lies in
the westward flowing South Equatorial Current, at the northern
edge of the South Atlantic Gyre. It must occasionally come
under the influence of the eastward flowing Equatorial
Countercurrent or the Equatorial Undercurrent (Scheltema,
1971:287,1977:81; Pawson, 1978:6), so that transport mecha-
nisms exist to carry pelagic larvae to Ascension from both sides
of the Atlantic. This is reflected in the faunal composition of
the island. Ascension and St. Helena, and especially the latter,
also are situated so that they come under the influence of the
Benguela Current, flowing northeastward from southern
Africa.providing a way for larvae of Indo-West Pacific species
that have survived the journey around the Cape of Good Hope
AFRICA;;:!
St.Paul Rocks
? Fernando de Noronha
.Ascension
Trindade
3947
? Gough
FIGURE 47.?Map of South Atlantic Ocean, showing major islands. Distances
arc in kilometers. (From Olson, 1973,fig. 1.)
72 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY
or larvae originating from southwestern Africa to reach these
isolated oceanic islands. The unique absence of cyclonic storms
in the South Atlantic (Darlington, 1957:18) eliminates that
distributional factor from consideration. Both islands also lie in
the path of the southeast trade winds, driving surface water
from southwest Africa toward the equator (Olson, 1973, fig. 1;
Briggs, 1974, fig. 4-1; Edwards and Lubbock, 1983, fig. 1).
These factors may account for the number of Indo-West Pacific
species found at both Ascension and St. Helena, including the
occurrence in the Atlantic of several species otherwise known
from the Indo-West Pacific: Alpheus crockeri and Percnon
abbreviation at Ascension, Planes marinas, Petalomera wil-
soni, Calappa bicornis, and Mursia cristimanus at St. Helena,
and Metalpheus paragracilis at both islands.
Scheltema (1971:306; 1977:87) provided estimates of the
number of days required for trans-Atlantic drift across the
South Atlantic, 60-154 days from the Gulf of Guinea to Brazil
in the South Equatorial Current,96 days from Brazil to the Gulf
of Guinea, in the Equatorial Countercurrent. To reach
Ascension from each area would take only about half the time,
30-77 days westward, 48 days eastward. Garth (1965:44)
quoted C.O'D. Iselin (in litt.) in saying that "it is safe to say that
the velocity of ocean currents is about twice that shown on
current charts," so it is possible that much less time would be
needed for larvae to reach Ascension from either side of the
Atlantic.
Hines (1986:449) summarized the average duration in days
of larval periods for several crab families.as follows: Grapsidae
39, Majidae 30, Portunidae 45, and Xanthidae 31. Thus the
duration of larval life for at least some members of all of these
families would allow them to remain in the plankton to
colonize Ascension from either side of the Atlantic. Curiously,
Hines also found (p. 450) that "among marine species there was
no significant relationship between the extent of the range and
duration of the zoeal period or duration of the total larval
period." This is similar to the finding of Brothers and Thresher
(1985), who concluded that in coral reef fishes breadth of
distribution may not correlate with duration of pelagic
developmental stages.
More specific data has been provided by several authors.
Wilson and Gore (1980) reported that the minimum time
needed for completion of larval development of Plagusia
depressa was 60 days, and that this might account for its
amphi-Atlantic distribution. Rice and Provenzano (1966)
reported that Dromidia antillensis required 23-25 days to
reach the megalopa stage, and that a megalopa took another
14.5 days to molt. They also noted that Gurney (1924:191) had
described a dromiid larva from the central Atlantic [22?06'S,
39?40'W] that closely resembled their larvae of D.
antillensis. Gurney (1938:296) identified a larva from 3?17'S,
29?57'W in the South Atlantic as an Enoplometopus. Rice,
Ingle, and Allen (1970) studied the larval development of the
Mediterranean Dromia personata and found that it reached the
megalopa stage 21-28 days after hatching. Laughlin et al.
(1982) found that development to first crab took 28-30 days in
Dromia erythropus. Knowlton (1973, table 1) characterized
Alpheus dentipes, A. macrocheles, and Synalpheusfritzmuelleri
as species with extended larval development. Thus these
species have a larval life adequately long to allow their larvae
to be transported long distances.
All of the species mentioned above and an amphi-Atlantic
species of Enoplometopus occur on Ascension.
That larvae of Ranilia constricta periodically appear in
swarms (Schmitt, 1956; Chace and Barnish, 1976) may help
explain its wide distribution in the Atlantic. Similarly.larvae of
the stomatopod Alima hyalina Leach also can occur in
enormous swarms (material in USNM collections), and it, too,
is a widely distributed species.
Certainly species of some genera, especially grapsids, might
have reached Ascension by rafting. Dawson (1987:43) noted
that "many authors referred to the habit of species of Plagusia
of clinging to driftwood, floating timbers and ships hulls."
Garth (1966:447) also remarked that members of Plagusia,
Planes, and Pachygrapsus are "habitually transported by
drifting logs or on sea turtles as adults."
THE FAUNA OF ASCENSION AND ST. HELENA
Distribution patterns of Ascension decapods (Table 1) can be
summarized and compared with the decapod fauna of St.
Helena (Table 2) as follows:
A total of 74 species is known to occur on Ascension (Table
1). Of these,41 (55%) occur in the western Atlantic,and most
of these are common there. Both Euryozius sanguineus, which
outside of Ascension and St. Helena is found at St. Paul's
Rocks, and Gecarcinus lagostoma, which occurs at Fernando
de Noronha and Ilha Trinidade, off Brazil, and Ascension, are
included as western Atlantic species even though both of these
are actually central Atlantic island species, the ranges of which
do not extend to the continental mainland. Of the 41 species
from Ascension also occurring in the western Atlantic, 19 (26%
of total) are known only from the central and western Atlantic.
In contrast, only 35 species have been reported to occur at St.
Helena (Table 2), and 15 of them (43%) occur in the western
Atlantic. Of the 15, only 5 (14% of total) occur only in the
central and western Atlantic. A larger percentage of Ascension
species is found only in the central and western Atlantic.
Of the 74 species found at Ascension, 36 (49%) occur in the
eastern Atlantic,and 14 of these (19% of total) are known only
from the central and eastern Atlantic. Similarly, 19 of the 35
(54%) of the species known from St. Helena (Table 2) also
occur in the eastern Atlantic, but 8 of these (23% of total) are
known only from the central and eastern Atlantic. Eastern
Atlantic components of the fauna are therefore slightly higher
at St. Helena than at Ascension.
Twenty-two of the Ascension species (30%) are amphi-
Atlantic.and 15 of these (19% of total) do not occur outside of
the Atlantic. Members of the other 8 species, Rhynchocinetes
NUMBER 503 73
TABLE 1.?Distribution patterns of the 74 species of Ascension decapods (ASC = Ascension only; SH = St.
Helena; EA = Eastern Atlantic, WA = Western Atlantic; EP = Eastern Pacific; IWP = Lido-West Pacific).
Ascension Decapods ASC SH EA WA EP IWP
Melapenaeopsis gerardoi
Procaris ascensionis
Typhlatya rogersi
Rhynchocinetes rigens
Brachycarpus biunguiculatus
Pontonia pinnophylax
Typton ascensionis
Gnathophyllum ascensione
Alpheus bouvieri
Alpheus crockeri
Alpheus dentipes
Alpheus holthuisi
Alpheus macrocheles
Alpheus paracrinitus
Automate dolichognatha
Metalpheus paragracilis
Metalpheus rostratipes
Neoalpheopsis euryone
Salmoneus setosus
Salmoneus teres
Synalpheus fritzmuelleri
Lysmata grabhami
Lysmata intermedia
Lysmata moorei
Thor manningi
Processa packeri
Microprosthema inornatum
Odontozona anaphorae
Stenopus hispidus
Enoplometopus antillensis
Axiopsis serratifrons
Corallianassa hartmeyeri
Panulirus echinatus
Scyllarides delfosi
Calcinus tubularis
Clibanarius rosewateri
Daraanus imperator
Sympagurus dimorphus
Petrolisthes marginatus
Hippa testudinaria
Dromia erythropus
Dromia marmorea
Dromia personata
Dromidia antillensis
Latreillia manningi
Ranilia constricta
Calappa galloides
Mursia mcdowelli
Osachila stimpsonii
Acanthonyx sanctaehelenae
Apiomithrax violaceus
Parlhenope verrucosa
Atelecyclus rotundatus
Laleonectes vocans
Portunus anceps
Acidops cessacii
Calaleplodius olsoni
Domecia acanlhophora
Euryozius sanguineus
74 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY
TABLE 1 continued.
Ascension Decapods
Microcassiope minor
Nannocassiope melanodactylus
Panopeus hartii
Paractaea rufopunctata africana
Platypodiella picta
Xanthodius denticulatus
Gecarcinus lagostoma
Grapsus adscensionis
Pachygrapsus corrugatus
Pachygrapsus loveridgei
Percnon abbreviatum
Percnon gibbesi
Plagusia depressa
Opecarcinus hypostegus
Troglocarcinus corallicola
Total
Percentage
ASC SH EA WA EP IWP
+ + +
+ + +
+
+
+
+ +
+
+ +
+
+
+ +
+ + +
+ + +
+
+ + +
14 22 36 41 13 13
19% 30% 49% 55% 18% 18%
rigens, Brachycarpus biunguiculatus, Alpheus bouvieri, Al-
pheus paracrinitus, Metalpheus rostratipes, Lysmata interme-
dia, Sympagurus dimorphus, and Percnon gibbesi, occur in the
Indo-West Pacific and/or the eastern Pacific. Ten (29%) of the
species from St. Helena are amphi-Atlantic. Thus amphi-
Atlantic components of the faunas of these two islands are
slightly greater on Saint Helena.
That the distance across the Atlantic is too great for most
species to cross is supported by the fact that components of the
Ascension decapod fauna with ties to one side or the other, 31
species or 42% of the total, are larger than amphi-Atlantic
components, 22 species or 30% of the total. Cases of
amphi-Atlantic distribution patterns are rare in the decapods,
possibly reflecting their limited long distance dispersal
potential. For example, of more than 200 species of crabs from
West Africa treated by Manning and Holthuis (1981), only 20
or about 10% show amphi-Atlantic distributions. Fourteen of
these are shallow-water tropical species, and 8 of the 14, or the
majority of shallow-water, tropical species, Apiomithrax
violaceus, Calappa galloides, Microcassiope minor, Percnon
gibbesi, Plagusia depressa, Laleonectes vocans, Ranilia
constricta, and Xanthodius denticulatus, are known to occur on
Ascension.
Of these, Apiomithrax violaceus is the only majid, Calappa
galloides is the only calappid, Ranilia constricta is the only
raninid.and Laleonectes vocans is one of only two portunids to
show amphi-Atlantic distributions. Further, the only amphi-
Atlantic palinurid, Panulirus echinatus, also lives at Ascen-
sion.
So far as we can tell, the following species are the only
shallow-water tropical amphi-Atlantic species (including pan-
tropical but excluding introduced species or pelagic species
such as Portunus sayi (Gibbes); an asterisk identifies the
species found on Ascension (ASC) or St. Helena (SH)):
PENAHDAE
Penaeus duorarum nolialis P6rez Farfante
BRESIUIDAE
Dbetas atlanticus Gumey
RHYNCHOCIN ETIDAE
*Rhynchocinetes rigens Gordon ASC
GNATHOPHYLUDAE
Gnathophyllum americanum Guerin Meneville
PALAEMONIDAE
*Brachycarpus biunguiculatus (Lucas) ASC.SH
Pontonia domestica Gibbes
ALPHEIDAE
* Alpheus bouvieri A. Milne Edwards ASC
Alpheus cristulifrons Rathbun
Alpheus cylindricus Kingsley
Alpheus floridanus Kingsley
Alpheus intrinsecus Bate
Alpheus malleator Dana
* Alpheus paracrinitus Miers ASC
Automate evermanni Rathbun
*Metalpheus rostratipes (Pocock) ASC
HlPPOLYTIDAE
Latreutes parvulus Stimpson
*Lysmata grabhami (Gordon) ASC
"Lysmata intermedia (Kingsley) ASC
"Lysmata moorei (Rathbun) ASC
*Trachycaris restricta (A. Milne Edwards) SH
OGYRIDIDAE
Ogyrides occidenlalis (Ortmann)
ENOPLOMETOPIDAE
*Enoplometopus anlillensis Liilken ASC.SH
PAUNURIDAE
* Panulirus echinatus Smith ASC. SH
NUMBER 503 75
TABLE 2.?Distribution patterns of the 35 species known from St. Helena (SH = St. Helena only; ASC =
Ascension; EA = Eastern Atlantic; WA = Western Atlantic; EP = Eastern Pacific; IWP = Indo-West Pacific).
St. Helena Decapods
Brachycarpus biunguiculatus
Pontonia pinnophylax
Alpheus macrocheles
Metalpheus paragracilis
Synalpheus fritzmuelleri
Trachycaris restricta
Enoplometopus antillensis
Panulirus echinatus
Scyllarides delfosi
Dardanus arrosor
Dardanus imperator
Albunea carabus
Dromia erythropus
Dromia marmorea
Dromia per sonata
Dromidia antillensis
Petalomera wilsoni
Ranilia constricta
Calappa bicornis
Cycloes cristata
Mursia cristimanus
Chaceon atopus
Chaceon sanctaehelenae
Ewryozius sanguineus
Microcassiope minor
Nannocassiope melanodactylus
Paractaea margaritaria
Grapsus adscensionis
Pachygrapsus loveridgei
Planes cyaneus
Planes marinus
Plagusia depressa
Acanthonyx sanctaehelenae
Pisa sanctaehelenae
Troglocarcinus corallicola
Total
Percentage
SH ASC EA WA EP IWP
+ + + + +
+ +
+ +
+ +
+ + +
+ +
+ + +
+ + +
+ +
+ + +
+
+
+ +
+ +
+ +
+ +
+
+ + +
+
+
+ +
+
+
+ +
+ + +
+ + +
+
+ +
+
+ + + +
+ +
+ + +
+
+
+ + +
3 22 19 16 5 8
9% 63% 54% 46% 14% 23%
DlOGENIDAE
*'Dardanus arrosor (Herbst) SH
PORCELLANIDAE
Petrolisthes armatus (Gibbes)
*Petrolisthes marginatus Stimpson ASC
ALBUNEIDAE
Albunea paretii (Gu6rin M6neville)
RANINIDAE
*Ranilia constricta (A. Milne Edwards) ASC
CALAPPTOAE
*Calappa galloides Stimpson ASC
MAJIDAE
*Apiomithrax violaceus (A. Milne Edwards) ASC
PORTUNIDAE
Cronius ruber (Lamarck)
*Laleonectes vocans (A. Milne Edwards) ASC
XANTHIDAE
Cataleptodius floridanus (Gibbes)
*Domecia acanthophora (Schramm) ASC
Menippe nodifrons Stimpson
*Microcassiope minor (Dana) ASC.SH
*Xanthodius denticulatus (White) ASC
GRAPSIDAE
Cyclograpsus integer H. Milne Edwards
Geograpsus lividus (H. Milne Edwards)
Pachygrapsus gracilis (De Saussure)
Pachygrapsus transversus (Gibbes)
*Percnon gibbesi (H. Milne Edwards) ASC
*Plagusia depressa (Fabricius) ASC.SH
CRYPTOCHIRIDAE
*Troglocarcinus corallicola Verrill ASC.SH
Whereas many decapod families may contain species that
76 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY
have long enough larval lives for the adults to be very widely
distributed, the fact remains that relatively few species of
decapods have the capability for long distance dispersal. A
measure of the number of species in the western Atlantic is
provided by Abele and Kim (1986), who reported almost 800
species from Florida. Yet less than 50 species are known to
have an amphi-Atlantic distribution pattern. Not surprisingly,
more than half of those, 23, occur at Ascension and/or St.
Helena.
Fourteen species (19%) are endemic to Ascension, whereas
only three species (9%) are endemic to St. Helena. Three other
species,Dardanus imperator, Acanthonyx sanctaehelenae, and
Pachygrapsus loveridgei, are known only from Ascension and
St. Helena islands. Gecarcinus lagostoma is known only from
central Atlantic islands (Ascension, Ilha Trinidade, and
Fernando de Noronha), and Euryozius sanguineus also is a
central Atlantic species, occurring at Ascension, St. Helena,
and St. Paul's Rocks. Endemic elements are higher on
Ascension. In contrast, endemism in shore fishes is somewhat
higher at SL Helena (22%; Briggs, 1974) than at Ascension
(16%;Lubbock,1980).
Briggs (1974:95) remarked that the 22% (27% in Briggs,
1966) rate of endemism among shore fishes at SL Helena is far
higher than on any other oceanic island in the tropical Atlantic,
and Rosewater (1975) reported a much higher rate of endemism
in mollusks from SL Helena (51%) than Ascension (1%). This
has been attributed in part to the age of the islands, St. Helena
of Miocene age (-36 million years old) and with a stable
climatic history (Briggs, 1966), and Ascension of Pleistocene
age,-1.5 million years old. Yet on Ascension endemism of
both decapods (19%) and fishes (16%) is similar to that of
fishes on SL Helena,and both groups differ markedly from the
endemism in the mollusks.
Thirteen Ascension species (18%) also occur in the eastern
Pacific; all but two of these, Nannocassiope melanodactylus
and Percnon abbreviatum, also are recorded from the western
Atlantic. Of the species from SL Helena, five (14%) also are
found in the eastern Pacific. Three of the five, Brachycarpus
biunguiculatus, Synalpheus fritzmuelleri, and Nannocassiope
melanodactylus, also occur at Ascension.but the two species of
Planes known from St. Helena do not.
Seven of the 13 Ascension species known from the eastern
Pacific also live in the Indo-West Pacific.as do three of the five
species shared by SL Helena and the eastern Pacific.
Thirteen species (18%) from Ascension are known from
Indo-West Pacific localities, and the following seven of these
are pantropical: Brachycarpus biunguiculatus, Alpheus parac-
rinitus, Automate dolichognatha, Metalpheus rostratipes,
Neoalpheopsis euryone, Stenopus hispidus, and Percnon
abbreviatum.
Two of those known from the Indo-West Pacific, Metal-
pheus paragracilis and Percnon abbreviatum, are known in the
Atlantic only at Ascension or at Ascension and SL Helena, and
the Indo-West Pacific genus Mursia is represented by a
different species on each island. Sympagurus dimorphus is a
southern hemisphere species, living on both sides of the
Atlantic and in the Indo-West Pacific as well.
So far as we can tell, the seven species listed above and
Gnathophylloides mineri Schmitt and Alpheus sulcatus
Kingsley are the only shallow-water pantropical decapods
(pantropical as in Rosewater, 1975:3, occurring in Atlantic,
eastern Pacific, and Indo-West Pacific; = circumtropical sensu
Ekman, 1953:3). So all but two of the known pantropical
shallow water decapods and the only pantropical stomatopod,
Tetrasquilla mccullochae, occur on Ascension. This must
reflect their dispersal ability, for Tethyan relicts would not be
found on a young island like Ascension, and their ability to
colonize and live in relatively harsh environments. Bruce
(1978:352) commented on how few decapods had a pantropical
distribution.
Briggs (1960:171; 1961:545) reported that only 13 species of
shore fishes had circumtropical (= pantropical) distributions.
His definition of circumtropical includes species occurring in
the eastern Pacific, on both sides of the Atlantic, and in the
Indo-West Pacific as well. Using that definition, there are only
three pantropical decapods (Brachycarpus biunguiculatus,
Alpheus paracrinitus, and Metalpheus rostratipes) and no
pantropical stomatopods.
A slightly larger proportion of the species from St. Helena,
eight (23%), are known from the Indo-West Pacific. Two of
these,Brachycarpus biunguiculatus and Metalpheus paragra-
cilis, also are found on Ascension.but the other six,Dardanus
arrosor, Petalomera wilsoni, Calappa bicornis, Mursia cristi-
manus, Planes cyaneus, and Planes minutus are not. Mursia
cristimanus is an Indo-West Pacific species that also occurs off
Namibia. The records for Petalomera wilsoni and Calappa
bicornis from St. Helena are the only Atlantic records for these
two species.
Excluding the pantropical species, there are relatively few
species of decapods,excluding introduced and pelagic species,
that occur in both the Atlantic and the Indo-West Pacific. These
are listed below (data from Chace, 1972; Kensley, 1981a,
1981c, 1983; Kim and Abele, 1988; Manning and Holthuis,
1981); species occurring on Ascension (ASC) or St. Helena
(SH) are identified with an asterisk:
BRESIUIDAE
Discias atlanticus Gumey
RHYNCHOON ETIDAE
*Rhynchocinetes rigens Gordon ASC
GNATHOPHYLUDAE
Gnathophyllum americanum Guerin Meneville
PALAEMONIDAE
Fennera chacei Holthuis
ALPHEIDAE
*Alpheus crockeri (Armstrong) ASC
Alpheus lottini Guerin-Meneville
Alpheus pacificus Dana
Alpheus sulcatus Kingsley
Athanas nitescens Leach
* Metalpheus paragracilis (Coutierc) ASC, SH
NUMBER 503 77
HlPPOLYTIDAE
Thor amboinensis (De Man)
AMIDAE
*Axiopsis serratifrons (A. Milne Edwards) ASC
DlOGENIDAE
* Dardanus arrosor (Herbst) SH
PAGURIDAE
Pagurus cuanensis (Bell)
DROMIIDAE
"Petalomera wilsoni (Fulton and Grant) SH
DORIPPIDAE
Medorippe lanata (Linnaeus)
CALAPPTOAE
* Calappa bicornis Miers SH
*Mursia cristimanus De Haan SH
LEUCOSIIDAE
Ebalia tuberculata (Miers)
ATELECYCUDAE
*Atelecyclus rotundatus (Olivi) ASC
MAJIDAE
Eurynome aspera (Pennant)
Inachus dorsettensis (Pennant)
Macropodia rostrata (Linnaeus)
PORTUN1DAE
Liocarcinus corrugatus (Pennant)
Thalamila poissoni (Audouin)
Xaiva mcleayi (Barnard)
XANTHIDAE
Leopoldius pisifer (MacLeay)
Panopeus africanus A. Milne Edwards
GRAPSIDAE
Cyclograpsus integer (H. Milne Edwards)
Seven of these, Athanas nitescens, Pagurus cuanensis,
Ebalia tuberculata, Eurynome aspera, Macropodia rostrata,
Leopoldius pisifer, and Panopeus africanus, are eastern
Atlantic species whose ranges extend to South Africa.
Distribution patterns of stomatopods from Ascension and St.
Helena are summarized in Table 3. Both stomatopods from
Ascension are widely distributed. Pseudosquilla oculata is
found across the Indo-West Pacific, from Hawaii to East Africa
and on both sides of the Atlantic, but it does not occur in the
eastern Pacific. Tectasquilla mccullochae is essentially pan tro-
pical, occurring in the eastern Pacific, western and central
Atlantic,and Indian Oceans.
Three stomatopods have been recorded from St. Helena
(Manning, 1969), Alima hyalina Leach, 1817, Pseudosquilla
ciliata (Fabricius, 1787), and Pseudosquilla oculata. The latter
TABLE 3.?Distribution patterns of Stomatopoda from Ascension and St.
Helena (ASC = Ascension; SH = St. Helena; EA = eastern Atlantic; WA =
western Atlantic; EP = eastern Pacific; IWP = Indo-West Pacific).
Species
Alima hyalina
Pseudosquilla ciliata
Pseudosquilla oculata
Tetrasquilla mccullochae
ASC SH EA WA EP IWP
also occurs at Ascension, and all three species are widely
distributed in the Indo-West Pacific and are amphi-Atlantic as
well.
Put another way, three of four (75%) of the amphi-Atlantic
stomatopods and the only pantropical stomatopod,7efrar<7i?7/a
mccullochae, occur on Ascension and/or St. Helena, attesting
to their unusual dispersal ability.
The decapod fauna of St. Helena shows close affinities with
that of Ascension, with 22 of the 35 (63%) of the decapods
known from St. Helena also occurring on Ascension. The
following 13 species known from St. Helena have not been
taken at Ascension (data from Chace, 1966, 1968; Doflein,
1900; Forest, 1974; Gurney, 1940; Manning and Holthuis,
1989; and herein):
Trachycaris restricta A. Milne Edwards, 1878 [reported
from St. Helena by Gurney (1940)].
Dardanus arrosor (Herbst, 1796).
Albunea carabus (Linnaeus, 1758) [This species was
reported from St. Helena by Stebbing (1914:255, 281) and
listed by Chace (1966:635). There is a female.cl 11 mm.from
St. Helena, in the collections of the National Museum of
Natural History,that corroborates Stebbing's identification].
Petalomera wilsoni (Fulton and Grant, 1902) [reported from
St. Helena by Forest (1974)].
Calappa bicornis Miers, 1884 [reported from St. Helena by
Chace (1966:636) as Calappa gallus].
Cycloes cristata (Brull6, 1837 [We consider C. deweti
Chace, 1968, based on a male, cl 73 mm, to be an unusually
large representative of this species. There is a male.cl 37 mm,
from the Canary Islands with the color pattern of C. deweti in
the collections of the Zoological Museum, Copenhagen. There
is material of this species from St. Helena in the collections of
the Zoological Museum, Copenhagen, and the National
Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution].
Mursia cristimanus de Haan, 1837 [reported from St. Helena
by Doflein (1900)].
Chaceon atopus Manning and Holthuis, 1989.
Chaceon sanctaehelenae Manning and Holthuis, 1989.
Paractaea margaritaria (A. Milne Edwards, 1867).
Planes cyaneus Dana, 1852(a).
Planes marinus Rathbun, 1914.
Pisa sanctaehelenae Chace, 1966.
Three of these, the two species of Chaceon and Pisa
sanctaehelenae, are known only from St. Helena. Three species,
Albunea carabus, Cycloes cristata, and Paractaea margari-
taria, are otherwise known only from the eastern Atlantic.
Trachycaris restricta and Dardanus arrosor occur on both
sides of the Atlantic and D. arrosor is found in the Indo-West
Pacific as well. Four of the remaining five species,Petalomera
wilsoni, Calappa bicornis, and the two species of Planes, are
found in the Indo-West Pacific; the records for Petalomera
wilsoni, Calappa bicornis, and Planes marinus from St. Helena
are the only Atlantic records for these species; the presence of
Planes cyaneus in the Atlantic has been discusssed by Manning
78 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY
and Holthuis (1981:236,237). Mursia cristimanus is a South
African species that also occurs off Namibia. The occurrence of
a species of Pisa at St. Helena is the only extension of the range
of this genus outside of the eastern Atlantic.
In summary, a total of 87 species of decapods are known to
occur at both Ascension and St. Helena. Of this total 42 species
(48%) occur in the eastern Atlantic,44 species (51%) occur in
the western Atlantic, 15 species (17%) are found in the eastern
Pacific, and 19 species (22%) also occur in the Indo-West
Pacific. Although a higher percentage of Ascension species
(26%) than species from SL Helena (14%) are found otherwise
in the western Atlantic,20% of the decapods of St. Helena and
19% of the decapod fauna of Ascension is found only in the
eastern and central Atlantic.
Distribution patterns of decapods, fishes, echinoderms, and
mollusks from Ascension are summarized in Table 4. The three
invertebrate groups show a higher proportion of eastern
Atlantic components than do the fishes (16-27% versus 7%).
In fishes, species occurring in the central and western Atlantic
form 30% of the total, whereas in the other groups they form
24-26% of the total. Lubbock (1980:300) suggested that in
fishes this reflects the greater diversity of the western Atlantic
fish fauna.
Among the invertebrate groups, decapods show the highest
percentage of species occurring only at Ascension (20% versus
4-16%). This could certainly reflect lack of collecting effort
elsewhere. Note that two species found on Ascension,
Pachygrapsus corrugatus and Corallianassa hartmeyeri, are
rare elsewhere in the Atlantic; the Ascension record for the
latter is only the second record for the species. Conversely,
some species, like Lysmata moorei, are more abundant on
Ascension than elsewhere in their ranges.
TTHE FAUNA OF ST. PAUL'S ROCKS
Of fifteen species of decapods reported from St. Paul's
Rocks (Holthuis, Edwards, and Lubbock (1980), eight (53%)
also occur at Ascension. Five species (33%), Lysmata
grabhami, Panulirus echinatus, Domecia acanthophora, Xan-
thodius denticulatus, and Plagusia depressa, are amphi-
Atlantic,one,?ury0z/u>s sanguineus, is a central Atlantic island
species, and two, Synalpheus fritzmuelleri and Pachygrapsus
corrugatus, are western Atlantic forms. Of the other species
recorded by Holthuis, Edwards, and Lubbock (1980), three are
widespread pelagic species, one also occurs in the eastern
Atlantic, two are western Atlantic, and the identity of one is
uncertain. Lubbock and Edwards (1981:155) and Edwards and
Lubbock (1983:65) concluded that the fauna of St. Paul's
Rocks formed an impoverished outpost of the Brazilian
mainland fauna, with few ties to the eastern Atlantic. This
seems to hold for the decapods, too.
One stomatopod, Gonodactylus austrinus Manning, 1969,
has been recorded from St. Paul's Rocks; it is a western
Atlantic species.
THE FAUNA OF FERNANDO DE NORONHA
Fausto Filho (1974) reported 62 species of decapods from
Fernando de Noronha, Brazil, and 12 of these (19%) also are
found at Ascension. One species, Gecarcinus lagostoma, is a
central Atlantic island species, eight other species are amphi-
Atlantic, and three, Panopeus hartii, Hippa testudinaria, and
Stenopus hispidus, are otherwise found in the western Atlantic;
the latter species also is widely distributed in the Indo-West
Pacific.
Four stomatopods have been reported from Fernando de
Noronha (Fausto Filho, 1974; herein). The three listed by
Fausto Filho, a Meiosquilla and two species of Gonodactylus,
are western Atlantic species and their ranges do not extend to
the central Atlantic. The fourth species, Tectasquilla mccul-
lochae, occurs on Ascension and is pantropical in distribution.
The decapod fauna of Fernando de Noronha is basically an
extension of the Brazilian mainland fauna.
THE FAUNA OF BERMUDA
Markham and McDermott (1981) listed 265 species of
decapods from Bermuda (not including Dardanus imperator,
which they listed but which doesn't occur outside of the south
central Atlantic), and Manning and Camp (1989) added a
TABLE 4.?The distribution patterns within the Atlantic of Ascension decapods compared with the patterns
shown by fishes (excluding one doubtful record; Lubbock, 1980),echinoderms (recalculated from Pawson, 1978),
and mollusks (Rosewater,1975).
Distribution
Number of species
Amphi-Atlantic
Central & West Atlantic
Central & East Atlantic
Ascension/St. Helena only
Ascension only
Decapods
74
22 (30%)
19 (26%)
14 (19%)
4 (5%)
15 (20%)
Fishes
71
21 (30%)
21 (30%)
5 (7%)
12(17%)
11 (16%)
Echinoderms
25
10 (40%)
6 (24%)
4 (16%)
4 (16%)
1 (4%)
Mollusks
89
27 (30%)
21 (24%)
24 (27%)
5 (6%)
12 (13%)
NUMBER 503 79
record for Enoplometopus antillensis. Of the 265 species
known from Bermuda, 23 (9%) also are found on Ascension,
and all 23 have broad distributions in the western Atlantic. The
fauna of Bermuda is an extension of that of the West Indies and
is characterized by low endemicity,about 2%.
Five stomatopods have been recorded from Bermuda, and
four of the five do not occur outside of the western Atlantic.
The fifth,Pseudosquilla ciliata, a widespread tropical species,
occurs at St. Helena but not Ascension.
The faunas of Bermuda and Ascension are linked by
representatives of two genera that share the anchialine habitat,
Procaris and Typhlatya. On Ascension these genera are
represented by Procaris ascensionis and Typhlatya rogersi and
on Bermuda by Procaris chacei Hart and Manning, 1986 and
Typhlatya iliffei Hart and Manning, 1981. Members of
Typhlatya from Ascension and Bermuda are the only represen-
tatives of the genus to live in salt water. Manning, Hart, and
Iliffe (1986) commented on the difficulties of deriving these
salt water atyids on oceanic islands from fresh water stock in
the Caribbean, and suggested that these populations had
colonized these habitats in the Jurassic, having invaded the
groundwater systems in ancient times and having survived
there until the present. This is what J. Tuzo Wilson had
suggested (in litt.) to us (Chace and Manning, 1972:6), "it is
just conceivable that forms of life might have survived on
Ascension from the times when the Atlantic was very narrow."
Wilson also raised the possibility that Ascension "is only the
latest in a series of islands whose remains form scattered
seamounts and ridges" from Ascension to Cameroon via the
Guinea Rise and from Ascension to Brazil. Garth (1966:466)
pointed out that submerged banks and guyots could have
provided stepping stones for the migration of benthic species
across wide expanses of ocean. These may well have played a
role in the colonization of Ascension, especially by sublittoral
species.
DISCONTINUOUS DISTRIBUTIONS
An interesting phenomenon is the discontinuous distribution
of Nannocassiope melanodactylus, known from the eastern
Pacific and the eastern Atlantic, including Ascension and St.
Helena, but apparently absent from the western Atlantic. The
genus Acidops, with one eastern Pacific and one eastern
Atlantic species, the latter occurring on Ascension, also shows
this pattern, as do members of the genus Globopilumnus (see
Garth, 1968). One stomatopod also shows this discontinuity, as
pointed out by Manning (1977). Squilla aculeata Bigelow,
1893 is represented in the eastern Pacific by Squilla aculeata
aculeata and in the eastern Atlantic by Squilla aculeata calmani
Holthuis, 1959(b),but the species does not occur in the western
Atlantic. These examples all support the recognition of a
distinct Atlanto-East Pacific faunal Province by Ekman (1953).
Perhaps Petrolisthes armatus (Gibbes, 1850), which is
unknown from both Ascension and St. Helena but is recognized
as part of the decapod faunas of the eastern and western
Atlantic and the eastern Pacific, represents a member of this
faunal province in which the western Atlantic population seems
to have diverged from the other two populations but not to the
point of elimination (Chace, 1956:19, 20), as may have
occurred in the discontinuous patterns of the species mentioned
above.
Appendix: Station Data
R.B. Manning's 1971 Expedition to Ascension
RBM ASC-1 Shelly Beach, inland tide pool (marl pool), bottom marl,
depth -18 inches (-50 cm), hand, RBM, Doug Rogers, 18
May 1971: material reported in Chace and Manning (1972).
RBM ASC-2 Shelly Beach, inland tide pool (coral pool), bottom rock,
coral, and algae (Valonia), depth -18 inches (-50 cm), hand,
RBM, Doug Rogers, 18 May 1971: material reported in
Chace and Manning (1972).
RBM ASC-3 McArthur Point, beach (Turtle Shell Beach), and rocky point
at northern edge of South West Bay, coarse sand beach and
rocky intertidal, with large sand bottom tide pool rimmed
with oysters, hand, RBM, Doug Rogers, 18 May 1971:
Grapsus adscensionis, Hippa testudinaria, Pachygrapsus
loveridgei.
RBM ASC-4 Green Mountain, southern face, elevation -1300-1600 ft
(396-488 m), RBM, Doug Rogers, 18 May 1971: Gecar-
cinus lagostoma.
RBM ASC-5 North East Bay, beach and tide pools on rocky point west of
main beach, hand and poison, RBM, Doug Rogers, P.
Kashulines, 19 May 1971: Alpheus dentipes, Cataleptodius
olsoni, Clibanarius rosewateri, Gecarcinus lagostoma,
Grapsus adscensionis, Hippa testudinaria, Pachygrapsus
loveridgei, Troglocarcinus corallicola.
RBM ASC-6 Green Mountain, pasture at summit of central peak, elevation
2558 ft (780 m), RBM, Doug Rogers, P. Kashulines, 19 May
1971: Gecarcinus lagostoma.
RBM ASC-7 Green Mountain, along road just below the farm, in moist
earth under pumice blocks, RBM, Doug Rogers, P. Kashu-
lines, 19 May 1971: Gecarcinus lagostoma.
RBM ASC-8 English Bay, at northern edge of northernmost beach, sand
beach with lava flow, large boulders with sabellariid worms
at 4-15 ft (1-4.5 m) depth, hand and poison, RBM, Doug
Rogers, P. Kashulines, 19 May 1971: Cataleptodius olsoni,
Clibanarius rosewateri, Microcassiope minor, Pachygrapsus
loveridgei, Panopeus hartii, Percnon gibbesi.
RBM ASC-9 McArthur Point, northern edge of South West Bay (Turtle
Shell Beach), tide pool with sand bottom in lava flow, poison,
RBM, P. Kashulines, 20 May 1971: Alpheus dentipes,
Brachycarpus biunguiculatus, Lysmata moorei.
RBM ASC-10 English Bay, rocky point at northern edge of bay, intertidal
pools and subiidal rocky shore, some coarse sand on bottom,
shore to 4 ft (0-1.2 m), hand and poison, RBM, P.
Kashulines, 20 May 1971: Panopeus hartii, Xanthodius
denticulatus; Tetrasquilla mccullochae.
RBM ASC-11 English Bay, rocky point at northern edge of bay, formalin
wash of rock scrapings, RBM, 21 May 1971: Alpheus
dentipes, Alpheus paracrinitus, Cataleptodius olsoni, Grap-
sus adscensionis. Met alpheus paragracilis, Microcassiope
minor, Pachygrapsus loveridgei, Panopeus hartii.
RBM ASC-12 McArthur Point, northern edge of South West Bay, beach and
tide pool with sand bottom in lava flow, formalin wash of
coralline algal mats, RBM, 21 May 1971: Acanthonyx
sanctaehelenae, Alpheus dentipes, Cataleptodius olsoni,
Clibanarius rosewateri, Grapsus adscensionis, Hippa tes-
tudinaria, Metalpheus paragracilis, Microcassiope minor,
Pachygrapsus loveridgei, Panopeus hartii, Processa packeri,
Salmoneus setosus, Xanthodius denticulatus.
RBM ASC-13 Georgetown, rocky point of Fort Hayes, hand and formalin
wash of sabellariid worm colonies, Padina and Sargassum,
and of filamentous green algal mats from intertidal rocks,
RBM. Doug Rogers, 22 May 1971: Acanthonyx sanctaehe-
lenae, Alpheus bouvieri, Cataleptodius olsoni, Clibanarius
rosewateri, Metalpheus paragracilis, Metalpheus rostrati-
pes, Microcassiope minor, Pachygrapsus corrugatus, Pachy-
grapsus loveridgei, Petrolisthes marginatus.
RBM ASC-14 South of Collyer Point, rocky surface with dense algal mat at
low tide adjacent to Cable and Wireless Beach, algal wash
and by hand, RBM, Doug Rogers, 22 May 1971: Catalepto-
dius olsoni, Clibanarius rosewateri, Pachygrapsus love-
ridgei.
RBM ASC-15 English Bay, rocky point at northern edge of bay, intertidal
pool and subtidal rocky shore, some coarse sand bottom,
hand and formalin wash of rocks, RBM, D. Rogers, K.
Double, 22 May 1971: Acanthonyx sanctaehelenae, Alpheus
dentipes, Alpheus paracrinitus, Automate dolichognatha,
Axiopsis serratifrons, Brachycarpus biunguiculatus, Cat-
cinus tubular is, Cataleptodius olsoni, Clibanarius rosewa-
teri, Metalpheus paragracilis, Microcassiope minor, Ope-
carcinus hypostegus, Panopeus hartii, Salmoneus setosus,
Xanthodius denticulatus.
RBM ASC-16 Shelly Beach, flat exposed at low tide on open beach, hand,
RBM, Doug Rogers, 22 May 1971: Brachycarpus biun-
guiculatus, Lysmata moorei, Pachygrapsus loveridgei, Perc-
non gibbesi.
RBM ASC-17 Shelly Beach, inland tide pool (marl pool), bottom marl, hand,
RBM, Doug Rogers, K. Double, 23 May 1971: Material
reported in Chace and Manning (1972).
RBM ASC-18 Shelly Beach, tide pools in flat exposed at low tide on open
beach, hand and poison, RBM, Doug Rogers, K. Double, 23
May 1971: Alpheus bouvieri, Clibanarius rosewateri, Grap-
sus adscensionis, Lysmata moorei, Microcassiope minor,
Pachygrapsus loveridgei, Percnon gibbesi, Troglocarcinus
corallicola, Xanthodius denticulatus.
RBM ASC-19 Shelly Beach, inland tide pool (coral pool), bottom rock,
coral, and algae (Valonia), hand and formalin wash of coral,
RBM, Doug Rogers, K. Double, 23 May 1971: no decapods.
RBM ASC-20 South of Collyer Point, rocky point adjacent to Cable and
Wireless Beach, hand, RBM, Doug Rogers, 23 May 1971:
Gecarcinus lagostoma, Grapsus adscensionis, Pachygrapsus
loveridgei.
RBM ASC-21 English Bay, rocky point at northern edge of bay, tide pools
on rocky flat, hand and formalin wash of green algal clumps,
oyster clumps, and rocks, also poison, RBM, 24 May 1971:
Acanthonyx sanctaehelenae, Alpheus dentipes, Alpheus
paracrinitus, Brachycarpus biunguiculatus, Cataleptodius
olsoni, Clibanarius rosewateri, Metalpheus paragracilis,
Microcassiope minor, Pachygrapsus loveridgei, Percnon
abbreviatum, Percnon gibbesi, Salmoneus setosus, Synal-
pheus fritzmuelleri, Xanthodius denticulatus.
RBM ASC-22 McArthur Point, northern edge of South West Bay (Turtle
Shell Beach), tide pool with sand bottom in lava flow, hand
and poison, RBM, 24 May 1971: Alpheus dentipes, Alpheus
macrocheles, Alpheus paracrinitus, Brachycarpus biun-
guiculatus, Clibanarius rosewateri, Corallianassa harlmey-
eri, Gnathophyllum ascensione, Lysmata moorei, Metalpheus
paragracilis, Petrolisthes marginatus, Processa packeri,
Portunus anceps, Synalpheus fritzmuelleri, Xanthodius den-
ticulatus.
RBM ASC-23 McArthur Point, northern edge of South West Bay (Turtle
Shell Beach), tide pool with sand bottom, hand and poison,
RBM, K. Double, 25 May 1971: Acanthonyx sanctaehelenae,
Alpheus bouvieri, Alpheus dentipes, Alpheus paracrinitus,
Clibanarius rosewateri, Gnathophyllum ascensione, Lysmata
moorei, Metalpheus paragracilis, Pachygrapsus loveridgei,
Processa packeri, Salmoneus teres, Troglocarcinus coralli-
cola.
RBM ASC-24 South of Collyer Point, intertidal rocky flat around blowhole
adjacent to Cable and Wireless Beach, hand, RBM, K.
Double, 25 May 1971: Plagusia depressa.
RBM ASC-25 South of Collyer Point, intertidal rocky flat around blowhole
adjacent to Cable and Wireless Beach, hand and poison,
80
NUMBER 503 81
RBM.25 May 1971: Alpheus dentipes, Axiopsis serratifrons,
Clibanarius rosewateri, Gnathophyllum ascensione, Metal -
pheus rostratipes, Pachygrapsus corrugalus, Percnon gib-
best, Plagusia depressa, Processa packeri.
The 1976 Smithsonian Expedition to Ascension
ASC 1 -76 McArthur Point, 11 July 1976:
1A sand in isolated tide pool: no decapods.
IB associated with rocks: Acanthonyx sanctaehelenae, Alpheus
dentipes, Cataleptodius olsoni, Clibanarius rosewateri, Grapsus
adscensionis, Metalpheus paragracilis, Metalpheus rostratipes,
Pachygrapsus loveridgei, Paractaea rufopunctata africana,
Percnon abbreviatum, Percnon gibbesi, Petrolisthes marginal us,
Plagusia depressa, Troglocarcinus corallicola, Xanthodius
denticulatus.
1C in clumps of coralline algae: Alpheus dentipes, Cataleptodius
olsoni, Metalpheus rostratipes, Microcassiope minor, Nannocas-
siope melanodactylus, Pachygrapsus loveridgei, Paractaea ru-
fopunctata africana, Percnon abbreviatum, Percnon gibbesi,
Petrolisthes marginatus, Synalpheus fritzmuelleri, Typton ascen-
sionis, Xanthodius denticulatus.
ID Hippa in surf,Turtle Shell Beach: Hippa lestudinaria.
ASC 2-76 Green Mountain, farm near summit, elevation -2490 ft (759 m),
12 July 1976: no decapods.
ASC 3-76 English Bay, 12 July 1976: Panulirus echinatus.
3A sand, inner tide pool: Alpheus paracrinitus, Automate doli-
chognatha, Cataleptodius olsoni, Clibanarius rosewateri, Pachy-
grapsus loveridgei, Panopeus hartii.
3B sand, outer pool: Clibanarius rosewateri.
3C associated with rocks, beyond outer pool: Alpheus dentipes,
Cataleptodius olsoni, Clibanarius rosewateri, Metalpheus
rostratipes, Microcassiope minor, Percnon gibbesi, Synalpheus
fritzmuelleri, Typton ascensionis, Xanthodius denticulatus.
3D associated with rocks, outer pool: Alpheus dentipes, Alpheus
paracrinitus, Cataleptodius olsoni, Domecia acanthophora,
Metalpheus paragracilis, Synalpheus fritzmuelleri.
3E algae from pools at north end of bay: no decapods.
3F Hipponyx living under Echinometra.
3G snorkeling in 5-10 m beyond outer tide pool,calcareous sand and
rock bottom: no decapods.
ASC 4-76 McArthur Point, Grapsus from rocks, 12 July 1976: Grapsus
adscensionis, Pachygrapsus loveridgei.
ASC 5-76 Shelly Beach, 13 July 1976:
5A isolated tide pools in back of open shore, poison: Acidops
cessacii, Alpheus bouvieri, Alpheus dentipes, Alpheus paracrini-
tus. Automate dolichognatha, Cataleptodius olsoni, Clibanarius
rosewateri, Corallianassa hartmeyeri, Dromia per sonata,
Gnathophyllum ascensione, Grapsus adscensionis, Metalpheus
paragracilis, Neoalpheopsis euryone, Pachygrapsus loveridgei,
Panopeus hartii, Percnon gibbesi, Platypodiella picta, Xan-
thodius denticulatus. Also Tetrasquilla mccullochae.
5B coral pool, 100 yds inshore from open sea: Procaris ascensionis,
Typhlatya rogersi.
5C marl pool, seined and agitated water Typhlatya rogersi.
5D formalin wash of coralline algae crusts from coral pool: Alpheus
dentipes, Cataleptodius olsoni, Clibanarius rosewateri, Lysmata
moorei, Pachygrapsus loveridgei.
5E formalin wash of echinoids from coral pool: Clibanarius
rosewateri.
5F formalin wash of Manicina from coral pool: no decapods.
ASC 6-76 South of CoUyer Point, 14 July 1976:
6A isolated tide pools,poison: Alpheus bouvieri, Alpheus dentipes.
6B associated with exposed rocks: Clibanarius rosewateri, Metal-
pheus rostratipes, Pachygrapsus loveridgei, Plagusia depressa,
Troglocarcinis corallicola.
6C formalin wash of echinoids: no decapods.
ASC 7-76 Off Collyer Point, diving.collected by K. Jourdan, 14 July 1976:
Dardanus imperator, Euryozius sanguineus, Panulirus echinatus.
ASC 8-76 McArthur Point, isolated tide pool, poison, 15 July 1976: Alpheus
dentipes, Alpheus macrocheles, Alpheus paracrinitus, Brachycar-
pus biunguiculatus, Corallianassa hartmeyeri, Grapsus adscen-
sionis, Lysmata moorei, Metalpheus paragracilis, Neoalpheopsis
euryone, Pachygrapsus loveridgei, Percnon gibbesi, Portunus
anceps, Synalpheus fritzmuelleri, Xanthodius denticulatus.
ASC 9-76 Northeast Bay, with Kilene Speck and Edith Packard, 16 July
1976:
9A sand beach in zone of wave wash: Hippa testudinaria.
9B off sand beach,-1 m deep, in finer sand than upper beach, just
beyond breaking point of waves: no decapods.
9C isolated tide pool,poison: Alpheus dentipes, Clibanarius rosewa-
teri, Gnathophyllum ascensione, Metalpheus paragracilis, Met-
alpheus rostratipes, Pachygrapsus loveridgei, Panopeus hartii,
Percnon gibbesi.
9D associated with rocks.intertidal: no decapods.
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