Mathreine Biota of Aotearoa New Zealand Kingdom Animalia, phylum Cnidaria 6 corals, medusae, anemones, hydroids, staurozoans & myxozoans Diana Macpherson & co-authors CHAPTER 6 NIWA Biodiversity Memoir 136 2023 To cite this article: Macpherson, D., Tracey, D., Bilewitch, J., Opresko, D., Bo, M., Kitahara, M.V., Cairns, S., Sinniger, F., Kessel, G., Alderslade, P., Rodríguez, E., Neill, K., Miranda, L.S., Schuchert, P., Gordon, D.P. (2023) Chapter 6. Kingdom Animalia, phylum Cnidaria (corals, medusae, anemones, hydroids, staurozoans, & myxozoans). Pp. 131–155 in: Kelly, M., Mills, S., Terezow, M., Sim-Smith, C., Nelson, W. (Eds) The Marine Biota of Aotearoa New Zealand. Updating our marine biodiversity inventory. NIWA Biodiversity Memoir 136, 494 pp. https://docs.niwa.co.nz/library/public/NIWAbm136-ch06.zip Kingdom Animalia, phylum Cnidaria (corals, medusae, 6 anemones, hydroids, staurozoans, & myxozoans) Diana Macpherson1, Di Tracey2, Jaret Bilewitch1, Dennis Opresko3, Marzia Bo4, Marcelo V. Kitahara5, Stephen Cairns3, Frederic Sinniger6, Gustav Kessel7, Phil Alderslade8, Estefanía Rodríguez9, Kate Neill1, Lucília Souza Miranda10, Peter Schuchert11, & Dennis P. Gordon1 1Oceans Centre, National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research, Private Bag 14901, Kilbirnie, Wellington 6241, New Zealand; Diana Macpherson https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0711-0360; Jaret Bilewitch https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5285-6121; Kate Neill https://orcid.org/ 0000-0002-1639-2403; Dennis P. Gordon https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9398-996X 2Fisheries Centre, National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research, Private Bag 14901, Kilbirnie, Wellington 6241, New Zealand; Corresponding author: Di Tracey di.tracey@niwa.co.nz; https://orcid.org/000-0002-4670-7162 3National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC, USA; Dennis Opresko https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9946-1533; Stephen Cairns https://orcid.org/ 0000-0001-7209-9271 4Dipartimento di Scienze della Terra, dell'Ambiente e della Vita, Università degli Studi di Genova, Genova, Italy; Marzia Bo https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8400-6722 5Center for Marine Biology, University of São Paulo, São Sebastião, São Paulo, Brazil; Marcelo V. Kitahara https://orcid.org/ 0000-0003-4011-016X 6Tropical Biosphere Research Center, University of the Ryukyus, Okinawa, Japan; Frederic Sinniger https://orcid.org/ 0000-0002-4175-5931 7University of Victoria, Wellington, New Zealand; Gustav Kessel https://orcid.org/ 0000-0002-8777-4687 8CSIRO, Hobart, Australia; Phil Alderslade https://orcid.org/ 0000-0001-5801-4681 9American Museum of Natural History, New York, USA; Estefanía Rodríguez https://orcid.org/ 0000-0002-5590-6606 10Zoology Department, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil; Lucília Souza Miranda https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4121-8340 11Muséum d'histoire naturelle de Genève, Switzerland; Peter Schuchert https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8195-8031 Summary The total number of described, and known but undescribed, extant marine cnidarian species, from the Aotearoa New Zealand region, is 1420 (Table 6.1; Figs 6.1–6.3). In their first major inventory of the cnidarian fauna of New Zealand, Cairns et al. (2009) recorded 1112 marine species, of which 323 were undescribed or unidentified. Over the last decade there has been a considerable increase in our overall knowledge of cnidarian diversity for New Zealand waters. Described cnidarian species have increased to 1020 and undescribed cnidarians to 400 species. The discovery rate and rate of description of new taxa has increased primarily due to significant new taxa de- scriptions for black corals (Antipatharia) and primnoids (Scleralcyonacea; Primnoidae). The inventory of New Zealand Cnidaria has been updated here and a checklist of extant taxa is included. No updates have been made to the checklist of fossil Cnidaria of New Zealand except for the addition of Bensonularia spatulata (Hamilton 1958). Introduction The New Zealand marine realm and its geologically fishing activity and other kinds of disturbance as deter- varied seafloor support an abundant and diverse cni- mined by the vulnerability of their components (e.g., darian fauna. Many members of this large group live habitats, communities, or species) (FAO 2009), and all are on substrates in shallow to abyssal depths, while others currently protected under an amendment to Schedule 7A occur freely throughout the water column. Cnidarians of the Wildlife Act 1953 (the Wildlife Order 2010 (New are found in the warm waters of Rangitāhua Kermadec Zealand Government 2010)). Due to their slow growth Islands and Manawatāwhi Three Kings Islands in the rates, longevity (hundreds to thousands of years; see north, in the cold-water fiords on the southwest tip of Tracey et al. 2007, Hitt et al. 2020, and Marriott et al. the South Island, and in the waters of the Subantarctic re- 2020), and often very delicate forms, they are vulnera- gion of New Zealand, ranging in water depth from 10 m ble to anthropogenic impacts such as trawling (and oth- to over 2000 m. Many cnidarians play important struc- er types of bottom-fishing gear), mineral exploration, tural and ecological community roles in these various and mining (Clark et al. 2016; Williams et al. 2020). habitats (Rowden et al. 2010; Wagner et al. 2020). Cni- Climate-change effects such as from ocean warming daria are a major invertebrate component of undersea and ocean acidification, are additional anthropogenic ridges and seamounts and include vulnerable marine stressors (Bostock et al. 2015; Gammon et al. 2018). ecosystem (VME) taxa. The coral groups Scleractinia, Knowledge of the productivity of corals is generally Antipatharia, gorgonian octocorals, and stylasterid lacking, but slowly growing for certain groups (Waller hydrocorals in the order Anthoathecata (Fig. 6.1), are et al. 2023). evaluated as being at significant risk from the effects of 132 Table 6.1. Summary of Cnidaria diversity in the Aotearoa New Zealand region expressed as total numbers and percentage change. Data for 2009 are derived from Cairns et al. (2009: p. 61). Fossil taxa were not updated in this chapter so only 2009 numbers are provided. OTU = Operational Taxonomic Unit. Anthozoa Cubozoa Hydrozoa Myxozoa Scyphozoa Staurozoa Total % change 2009 2023 2009 2023 2009 2023 2009 2023 2009 2023 2009 2023 2009 2023 Total extant species diversity 549 799 1 1 477 529 57 58 24 26 4 7 1112 1420 28 Described extant species 279 464 1 1 450 486 41 42 16 24 2 3 789 1020 29 Undescribed extant species (OTU) 270 335 0 0 27 43 16 16 8 2 2 4 323 400 24 Described & undescribed fossil species 185 - 0 - 11 - 0 - 0 - 8 - 204 - n/a Described endemic extant genera 5 11* 0 0 7 3** 0 0 0 0 0 0 12 14 17 Described endemic extant species >111 121 0 0 121 99 18 18 3 0 2 1 255 239 –6 *Falcatoflabellum, Temnotrochus and Kionotrochus are no longer considered New Zealand endemic genera (SW Pacific records now recorded for these genera); however, Helicoprimnoa, Loboprimnoa, Metanarella, Narelloides, Pachyprimnoa, Kotatea and Ushanaia are endemic genera that have been described since 2009. **Tasmanaria, Fiordlandia, Calyptopora and Carpocladus are no longer considered to be endemic hydrozoan genera, Boeromedusa, Barnettia and Pelagohydra are still considered endemic to New Zealand. All six classes of phylum Cnidaria are present and deep-sea invertebrates (Tracey et al. 2011), have in New Zealand waters. The most speciose is class been produced to support the FNZ Fishery Observ- Anthozoa (corals), comprising major benthic groups er Programme, Department of Conservation (DOC), including anemones (actiniarians, cerianthids, Conservation Services Programme (CSP), and NIWA corallimorpharians, zoantharians), black corals, stony efforts. In addition, field guides to the commonly sam- corals, soft corals, and sea pens (Fig. 6.2). Subphylum pled genera of New Zealand black corals and sea pens Medusozoa includes the jellyfishes and hydrozoans were published in 2014 (Opresko et al. 2014; Williams (Fig. 6.3). There is only one species of cubozoan, or et al. 2014). New species identification sheets for use in box jellyfish (Class Cubozoa) known in New Zealand the field are available, and a revised and updated Coral waters, but numerous hydroids, hydromedusae, and Identification Guide produced by CSP is now available siphonophores (Class Hydrozoa) are present. Class (Holland et al. 2023). Scyphozoa (true jellyfishes) are common pelagic Summary of extant cnidarian biodiversity. The organisms and are often quite large and colorful. Stalked number of described, and undescribed but known jellyfishes (Class Staurozoa) are cryptic jellyfishes with (OTU), extant marine cnidarian species from the New a stalk that are found in coastal waters, usually attached Zealand region, is 1420 (Table 6.1). A total of 1020 to seaweeds and rocks (Miranda et al. 2018). Finally, species of cnidarians are now described from the region class Myxozoa (slime animals) is a very abundant and 400 are known yet undescribed. This represents a and diverse group with both benthic and pelagic life- 28% increase in total species diversity since Cairns cycle stages. Most are obligate parasites of marine and et al. (2009). Many known species have also been re- freshwater fishes; a few tiny worm-like forms parasitise described based on new material and new perspectives. freshwater bryozoans. Several species cited in Cairns et al. (2009) are no This chapter updates the inventory of extant New longer considered to be valid for the New Zealand Zealand Cnidaria from the lists provided by Cairns et region, because they were either added in error (as a al. (2009), summarises current diversity, and provides historical mistake) or because their global taxonomic an updated checklist to the extant taxa. While the fossil distribution, or status has been updated. These are Cnidaria have not been revised since the Cairns et al. hereby expunged from the New Zealand record (Table (2009) inventory, a single new record is added below. 6.2). Similarly, 143 species cited in Cairns et al. (2009) have been revised taxonomically, had spelling updates Status of extant & fossil New Zealand or nomenclatural changes, including 21 species that Cnidaria have been relegated to synonymy (Table 6.3). The discovery rate and rate of description of new taxa has In the mid-1960s, the New Zealand Oceanographic In- increased, with the majority of new taxa described being stitute (now National Institute of Water and Atmospher- black corals (Antipatharia) and primnoid octocorals ic Research or NIWA) began a series of exploratory re- (Scleralcyonacea; Primnoidae). search cruises during which many, mainly deep-water, Summary of fossil cnidarian biodiversity. corals were collected. These research cruises continue Campbell et al. in Cairns et al. (2009) provided a today, primarily led by NIWA researchers, with spec- comprehensive summary of the status of our knowledge imens accessioned within the NIWA Invertebrate Col- of the fossil cnidarian fauna of New Zealand, covering lection (NIC) facility at Greta Point, Wellington. Many the Paleozoic, Mesozoic, and Cenozoic time periods. specimens are also collected during Fisheries New Zea- One additional fossil sea pen can be added to the land (FNZ, previously Ministry for Primary Industries) checklist: Bensonularia spatulata (Hamilton 1958), Government Observer fishery trips and FNZ-funded from the Dunedin Eocene. The fossil taxa have not fisheries research voyages. Several field guides to the otherwise been re-assessed and a new checklist of fossil deep-sea protected corals (Tracey et al. 2008, 2014), Cnidaria has not been provided here. 133 Table 6.2. Extant cnidarian species deleted from the New Zealand record. Species cited in Cairns et al. (2009) that are no longer considered to be valid for the New Zealand region, because they were added in error (as a historical mistake) or because their global taxonomic distribution has been updated, or they require renaming. Taxon name as cited in Cairns et al. (2009) Comment & reference ACTINIARIA Actinia striata Quoy & Gaimard, 1833 The known species distribution does not include NZ, material previously identified as this species in NZ is an unidentified species ANTIPATHARIA Antipathella cf. subpinnata (Ellis & Solander, 1786) NIWA material reassigned to closely related species found in NZ waters Antipathes cf. chamaemorus Pax & Tischbierek, 1932 Re-identified as Antipathes cf. pauroclema Antipathes cf. densa Silberfeld, 1909 Described as new species Antipathes leptocrada Opresko, 2015 Antipathes cf. gracilis Gray, 1860 Described as new species Antipathes leptocrada Opresko, 2015 Antipathes cf. grandis Verrill, 1928 Described as new species Antipathes dicrocrada Opresko, 2019 Antipathes cf. spinulosa (Schultze, 1896) Described as new species Antipathes coronata Opresko, 2019 Antipathes sp. D. Opresko Described as new species Antipathes polyhedra Opresko, 2019 Bathypathes n. sp. D. Opresko Re-identified as Bathypathes conferta (Brook, 1889) Cirrhipathes propinqua Brook, 1889 Re-identified as Pseudocirrhipathes sp. (Bo, 2019) Cirrhipathes sp. D. Opresko Re-identified as Stichopathes cf. echinulata (Bo, 2019) Cladopathes sp. D. Opresko Re-identified as Trissopathes cf. tetracrada Opresko, 2003 Cladopathes? cf. A. intermedia Incorrect generic assignment. Antipathella intermedia Brook, 1889, is assigned to the genus Dendropathes (Opresko, 2005) Cupressopathes cf. abies (Linnaeus, 1758) Re-identified as Cupressopathes cf. pumila (Brook, 1889) Cupressopathes cf. cylindrica (Brook, 1889) Described as new species Cupressopathes simplex Opresko, 2019 Dendrobathypathes cf. A. intermedia Incorrect generic assignment. Antipathella intermedia Brook, 1889, is assigned to the genus Dendropathes (Opresko, 2005) Dendrobathypathes n. sp. Opresko, 2002 Specimen was re-identified as Dendrobathypathes isocrada Opresko, 2002 Myriopathes sp. 1 D. Opresko The genus Myriopathes requires further in-depth morphological and genetic study before the number of valid species can be determined Myriopathes sp. 2 D. Opresko The genus Myriopathes requires further indepth morphological and genetic study before the number of valid species can be determined Parantipathes n. sp. D. Opresko Described as new species Parantipathes dodecasticha Opresko, 2015 Plumapathes cf. fernandezi (Pourtalès, 1874) Re-identified as Antipathella aperta (Totton, 1923) Plumapathes cf. pennacea (Pallas, 1766) Re-identified as Antipathella aperta (Totton, 1923) Rhipidipathes cf. colombiana (Opresko & Sánchez, 1997) Re-identified and described as new species Phanopathes zealandica Opresko, 2015 Rhipidipathes cf. reticulata (Esper, 1795) Re-identified as Phanopathes cf. zealandica Rhipidipathes sp. Opresko Re-identified as Phanopathes cf. zealandica Stichopathes sp. D. Opresko Specimens re-identified as Stichopathes diversa (Brook, 1889), S. echinulata Brook, 1889, S. sp. 1 or S. sp. 2 (Det. M. Bo, 2019) Stylopathes cf. columnarus (Duchassaing, 1870) Re-identified and described as new species Stylopathes stenotes Opresko, 2019 Trissopathes pseudotristicha Opresko, 2003 Re-labelled as Trissopathes sp. 1; requires further study Trissopathes n. sp. Re-labelled as Trissopathes sp. 2; requires further study HYDROZOA ANTHOATHECATA Bougainvillia muscoides (Sars, 1846) This is likely a misidentification and material should be re-examined. This species is a Norwegian species (Bouillon & Barnett 1999) Bougainvillia superciliaris (L. Agassiz, 1849) This is likely a misidentification, an Arctic species, not in Schuchert (1996). Suggest material is re-examined. HYDROZOA LEPTOTHECATA Symplectoscyphus johnstoni tropicus Vervoort, 1993 This species is now known as Symplectoscyphus fasciculatus Galea 2016. Galea (2016) expressively excluded this Vervoort & Watson (2003) record for NZ. OCTOCORALLIA MALACALCYONACEA Alcyoniidae gen. et spp. indet. (5) NIWA J. Sánchez Poor taxonomic resolution of material, several new species and two new genera have since been described by Kessel et al. 2022b. Material in this family needs to be further taxonomically revised. Clavularia sp. indet. NIWA G. Williams Poor taxonomic resolution of material, material in this family needs to be further taxonomically revised. Dentomuricea sp. NIWA J. Sánchez No accession numbers provided in Cairns et al. (2009) and unable to find a match to specimens in collections. Likely to have been examined and reidentified since 2009. Drifa sp. NIWA J. Sánchez Does not match genus diagnosis; possibly a new genus (det. J. Bilewitch, 2023) Nephtheidae gen. et spp. indet. (5) NIWA J. Sánchez Poor taxonomic resolution of material, material in this family needs to be further taxonomically revised. Siphonogorgia spp. indet. (2) G. Williams Re-identified as Chironephthya (det. J. Bilewitch. 2023) Stereonephthya spp. (2) NIWA G. Williams Uncertain what this was in reference to, no voucher material evident in NZ collections. Semperina macrocalyx (Nutting, 1911) Now Victorgorgia macrocalyx (Nutting, 1911). No records of this species in NZ collections. OCTOCORALLIA SCLERALCYONACEA  Callozostron sp. indet. NIWA J. Sánchez This genus and its species have now been redescribed in NZ by Cairns (2021). Calyptrophora spp. indet. (4) NIWA J. Sánchez This genus and its species have now been redescribed in NZ by Cairns (2012, 2021). Candidella sp. indet. NIWA J. Sánchez No accession numbers provided in Cairns et al. (2009) and unable to find a match to specimens in collections. Likely to have been examined and reidentified since 2009. Ctenocella sp. Dubious identification, sole specimen at Te Papa (CO.000844) needs to be re-verified. Ellisellidae gen. et sp. indet. NIWA J. Sánchez No accession numbers provided in Cairns et al. (2009) and unable to find a match to specimens in collections. Likely to have been examined and reidentified since 2009. Fanellia sp. indet. NIWA J. Sánchez This species has most likely now been described by S. Cairns. Fanellia has since been synonymised with Callogorgia. Isididae gen. et spp. indet. (2) NIWA J. Sánchez No accession numbers provided in Cairns et al. (2009) and unable to find a match to specimens in collections; likely to have since been examined and reidentified by P. Alderslade or K. Moore. Lissopholidisis? sp. NIWA J. Sánchez No voucher material evident in NZ collections, this may have since been reidentified. Mopsea elongata Roule, 1908 Only Antarctic records of this species (now Notisis elongata (Roule, 1908) in NZ collections Plumarella cf. aurea (Deichmann, 1936) Voucher specimens not located in NIWA collection, deemed unlikely to occur in NZ (Cairns 2016) Plumarella cf. longispina Kinoshita, 1908 Voucher specimens not located in NIWA collection, deemed unlikely to occur in NZ (Cairns 2016). This species is endemic to Japan. Primnoides sp. NIWA J. Sánchez Probably should be Primnoeides, no vouchers found in collections and may have been since redescribed in work by S. Cairns. Primnoisis formosa Gravier, 1913 We only have Antarctic records of this species in NZ collections, and an examination of OBIS indicates this is the same for international collections. Plumigorgia sp. No records in NZ collections.waters, only material in NIWA is from New Caledonia. Tripalea? sp. indet. NIWA J. Sánchez Dubious identification. No specimens can be located in NIWA collections and Tripalea is a South African genus. OCTOCORALLIA INCERTAE SEDIS Daniela sp. G. Williams 1995 Dubious identification, sole specimen at NIWA needs to be re-verified. Scleranthelia sp. indet. NIWA J. Sánchez Uncertain what this was in reference to, no voucher material evident in NZ collections. Stereogorgia claviformis Kükenthal, 1916 Dubious identification, sole specimen at NIWA needs to be re-verified. Xenogorgia sp. NIWA J. Sánchez Uncertain what this was in reference to, no voucher material evident in NZ collections. SCLERACTINIA Rhizopsammia cf. verrilli van der Horst, 1922 No specimens can be located in NZ collections, the authors cannot verify this record. SCYPHOZOA Aurelia cf. aurita (Linnaeus, 1758) The status of Aurelia in NZ is still not well known and will be improved with genetics. This list is reduced until more investigation is done. Aurelia cf. labiata Chamisso & Eysenhardt, 1821 The status of Aurelia in NZ is still not well known and will be improved with genetics. This list is reduced until more investigation is done. Aurelia cf. maldivensis Bigelow, 1904 The status of Aurelia in NZ is still not well known and will be improved with genetics. This list is reduced until more investigation is done. 134 Table 6.2. (continued) Taxon name as cited in Cairns et al. (2009) Comment & reference ZOANTHARIA Zoanthus sp. O. Ocaña F. Sinniger did not observe the genus Zoanthus in the NIC. Although possible for this genus to be present in the Kermadecs alongside Isaurus, it would be very surprising to find this genus any further south. Additionally, no accession numbers were provided in Cairns et al. (2009) for the O. Ocaña specimen, and the authors were unable to find a match to a specimen in NZ collections; therefore this may have since been examined and reidentified by F. Sinniger. Major gains in knowledge of New Calliactis polypus (Forsskål, 1775) is an Indo-Pacific Zealand Cnidaria species that commonly lives as a symbiont attached to hermit crab shells, and in 2015 was discovered in New Subclass Ceriantharia (tube-anemones). Cerianthids Zealand waters, on floating pumice off the northeast are organisms that live in a tube constructed with a coast of the North Island, providing a new record for special type of cnidae and are currently grouped in an New Zealand waters. exclusive subclass of Anthozoa. The cerianthid fauna of Order Antipatharia (black corals). This is an the South Pacific and New Zealand is poorly known, abundant and diverse group, widely distributed at water with few records and often only images available for depths ranging from about 10 m to over 2000 m. Their preliminary identifications. However, recently, Stampar slow growth rates and longevity have been determined et al. (2020) provided the first descriptions of two new by using radio-isotope dating techniques on specimens species of cerianthids from shallow fiords in the New of Bathypathes (e.g., Fig. 6.1D) Leiopathes, Antipathes, Zealand region (Pachycerianthus fiordlandensis Stampar, and Antipathella fiordensis (Grange, 1990) (Hitt et al. Mills & Keable, 2020 (Fig. 6.2F), and Ceriantheopsis 2020; Marriott et al. 2020), which revealed colonies zealandiaensis Stampar, Mills & Keable, 2020). Ceri- with ages of hundreds to thousands of years. antheopsis zealandiaensis represents one of the first re- Knowledge of black coral diversity in the New cords of the genus in the Pacific region. Zealand region has increased substantially since Cairns Subclass Hexacorallia, order Actiniaria et al. (2009) listed 66 provisional species; the current (anemones). New Zealand waters harbour a great number of 88 represents a 33% increase in the number diversity of anemones, particularly in the deep-sea, of taxa, and they comprise about 29% of the total most of which are undescribed. Deep-sea anemones known global fauna. There are now more than 1300 have long been highlighted as a group that needs specimens in NIC, including species that are endemic serious taxonomic attention to improve identification to the region, as well as additional new species that of common by-catch species in fisheries. Anemones are yet to be described. All seven black coral families are listed as VME taxa in High Seas and Antarctic are represented in the New Zealand fauna and include fisheries regions, so it is important to have a thorough four genera of the Antipathidae; eight genera of the understanding of our anemone fauna for fully informed Aphanipathidae; five genera of the Cladopathidae; the fisheries management. No New Zealand anemones have sole genus of the Leiopathidae; three genera of the been formally described since the 1970s, but several Myriopathidae; twelve genera of the Schizopathidae; new species have been recognised over the last twenty and all three genera of Stylopathidae. Two genera and years, and work is underway for their description by 18 species have yet to be recorded from any other region author ER. and are thus considered to be New Zealand endemics. There are about 18 new species of anemone awaiting If known but undescribed species are included, there description, as well as the establishment of a potential may be as many as 34 taxa not yet recorded from areas new family with two undescribed species in suborder outside the New Zealand region. Enthemonae. Preliminary results suggest that one of Since Cairns et al. (2009), considerable progress the new species of Enthemonae has a combination has been made in the description of antipatharian of characters thus far not seen for order Actiniaria corals; Opresko (2015, 2019), and Opresko et al. (2021) (presence of acontia, in addition to an endodermal described three new genera and 19 new species for the marginal sphincter) (Rodríguez et al. 2014), noting, region. Opresko (2015) also provided the first record however, that the presence of acontia is often reduced of the genus Tetrapathes, T. latispina Opresko, 2015, in and difficult to observe in preserved deep-sea New Zealand waters, only the second species in this anemones. The putatively new species closely resembles genus, the first being T. alata (Brook, 1889), known the eastern Australian species, Phlyctenanthus australis from only a single specimen collected near Mauritius Carlgren, 1950, and comparison of the New Zealand over 130 years ago. specimens with the type material of P. australis is Brugler et al. (2016) found that New Zealand and necessary to establish whether the original description Antarctic specimens that bore a superficial resemblance overlooked the presence of acontia. If this is the case, to Telopathes magnus MacIsaac & Best, 2013 in the P. australis may extend to the eastern continental shelf of family Schizopathidae, were genetically closer to New Zealand. If not, the Enthemonae species may truly species of Lillipathes, Dendrobathypathes, Dendropathes represent an undescribed taxon with an unprecedented and Saropathes in the same family. Morphological study combination of characters. 135 Table 6.3. Revised extant species in the New Zealand record. Species cited in Cairns et al. (2009) that have been revised taxo- nomically, had their spelling updated, or had nomenclatural changes and updates. Updates follow the World Register of Marine Species (https://www.marinespecies.org/). Taxon name as cited in Cairns et al. (2009) Revised name in checklist Comment & reference for name change CUBOZOA Carybdea sivickisi Stiasny, 1926 Copula sivickisi (Stiasny, 1926) Accepted, alternate representation in Collins (2023) CERIANTHARIA Pachycerianthus sp. Pachycerianthus fiordlandensis Stampar, Mills & Keable, 2020 This taxon has now been described (Stampar et al. 2020) ACTINIARIA Actinauge verrilli McMurrich, 1893 Actinauge verrillii McMurrich, 1893 Spelling correction of species name (WoRMS 2023a) Actinothoe albens (Stuckey, 1909) Anthothoe albens (Stuckey, 1909) Genus transfer (WoRMS 2023a) Actinoscyphia sp. 2 O. Ocaña Actinoscyphia sp. (NIWA 43995; Ocaña voucher specimens cannot be located, but we det. E. Rodríguez & M. Laird, 2019) assume that material identified by E. Rodríguez and M. Laird in 2019 may represent the same species referred to in Cairns et al. (2009) Anemonactis cf. australis Carlgren, 1931 Anemonactis clavus (Quoy & Gaimard, 1833) Synonymy (WoRMS 2023a) and better understanding of this taxon in NZ Anthopleura aureoradiata (Stuckey, 1909) and Anthopleura hermaphroditica (Carlgren, 1899) Synonymy by Spano & Häussermann (2017) Cribrina hermaphroditica (Carlgren, 1899) Calliactis conchicola Parry, 1952 Calliactis conchiola Parry, 1952 Spelling correction of species name Diadumene sp. O. Ocaña Diadumene sp. (NIWA MITS 72730; det. S. Cox, 2018) Ocaña voucher specimens cannot be located, but we assume that material identified by S. Cox in 2018 may represent the same species referred to in Cairns et al. 2009 Epiactis mortenseni (Carlgren, 1924) Bunodactis mortenseni (Carlgren, 1924) Genus transfer (WoRMS 2023a) Haliplanella lineata (Verrill, 1869) Diadumene neozelanica Carlgren, 1924 Synonymy (WoRMS 2023a) Helianthella kerguelensis (Studer, 1879) Halianthella kerguelensis (Studer, 1879) Spelling correction of genus name Isocradactis magna (Stuckey, 1909) Oulactis magna (Stuckey, 1909) Genus transfer (WoRMS 2023a) Minyas viridula Quoy & Gaimard, 1833 Actinecta viridula Genus transfer (WoRMS 2023a) Saccactis sp. O. Ocaña Oulactis sp. (det. O. Ocaña, 1996) Genus synonymy (WoRMS 2023a) Stomphia sp. O. Ocaña Stomphia? sp. (NIWA 63988; det. D. Fautin, 2010) Ocaña voucher specimens cannot be located, but we assume that material identified by D. Fautin in 2010 may represent the same species referred to in Cairns et al. (2009) ANTIPATHARIA Chrysopathes tetracrada Opresko, 2003 Trissopathes tetracrada Opresko, 2003 Incorrect genus assignment in Cairns et al. (2009) Cirrhipathes spiralis (Linnaeus, 1758) Cirrhipathes cf. spiralis (Linnaeus, 1758) Further study needed, may represent an undescribed species of Cirrhipathes Acanthopathes undulata (van Pesch, 1914) Acanthopathes candelabra Opresko, 2023 Species description by Opresko (2023) Antipathes pauroclema Pax & Tischbierek, 1932 Antipathes cf. pauroclema Pax & Tischbierek, 1932 Further study needed; may represent an undescribed species of Antipathes Antipathes sp. D. Opresko Phanopathes ctenocrada Opresko, 2019 Species description by Opresko (2019) Aphanipathes n. sp. D. Opresko Anozopathes psednocrada Opresko, 2023 Species description by Opresko (2023) Aphanipathes cf. sarothamnoides Brook, 1889 Aphanipathes rosemariae Opresko, 2023 Species description by Opresko (2023) Asteriopathes n. sp. D. Opresko Asteriopathes octocrada Opresko, 2015 Species description by Opresko (2015) Bathypathes alternata Brook, 1889 Alternatipathes alternata (Brook, 1889) Species was assigned to the genus Alternatipathes (Molodtsova & Opresko 2017) Bathypathes n. sp. D. Opresko Telopathes tasmaniensis Opresko, 2019 Species description by Opresko (2019) Leiopathes cf. acanthophora Opresko, 1998 Leiopathes acanthophora Opresko, 1998 Taxonomy of this group in NZ is now better understood and this taxon is confirmed as being present in the region Lillipathes n. sp. D. Opresko Lillipathes ventalina Opresko, 2023 Species description by Opresko (2023) Myriopathes catharinae (Pax, 1932) Myriopathes cf. catharinae (Pax, 1932) Species in the genus Myriopathes require in-depth study before specific assignments can be verified Myriopathes japonica (Brook, 1889)/stechowi Myriopathes cf. japonica (Brook, 1889) Species in the genus Myriopathes require in-depth study (Pax, 1932) before specific assignments can be verified Myriopathes ulex (Ellis & Solander, 1786) Myriopathes cf. ulex (Ellis & Solander, 1786) Species in the genus Myriopathes require in-depth study before specific assignments can be verified Parantipathes n. sp. D. Opresko Parantipathes dodecasticha Opresko, 2015 Species description by Opresko (2015) Saropathes n. sp. D. Opresko Saropathes sp. (NIWA 4308; det. D. Opresko, 2005) Further study is needed to determine if an undescribed species Stauropathes n. sp. D. Opresko Stauropathes stellata Opresko, 2019 Species description by Opresko (2019) Stauropathes n. sp. D. Opresko Stauropathes cf. staurocrada Opresko, 2002 Further study is needed to determine whether species is different from S. staurocrada Triadopathes cf. triadocrada (Opresko, 1999) Triadopathes trilix Opresko, 2023 Species description by Opresko (2023) Triadopathes? glutinata (Totton, 1923) Tylopathes? glutinata (Totton, 1923) Genus transfer (WoRMS 2023a). Originally described as Antipathes glutinata Totton, 1923. Type material is a small fragment and is insufficient for an accurate generic identification Trissopathes n. sp. D. Opresko Heteropathes intricata Opresko, 2019 Species description by Opresko (2019) SCLERACTINIA Anomocora cf. fecunda (Pourtalès, 1871) Anomocora fecunda (Pourtalès, 1871) Taxonomy of this group in NZ is now better understood and this taxon is confirmed as being present in the region Coscinaraea columna (Dana, 1846) Psammocora columna Dana, 1846 Genus transfer (WoRMS 2023a) Fungia (Cycloseris) vaughani Boschma, 1923 Cycloseris vaughani (Boschma, 1923) Genus transfer (WoRMS 2023a) Oxysmilia circularis Cairns, 1998 Monohedotrochus circularis (Cairns, 1998) Genus transfer (WoRMS 2023a) Psammocora haimeana Milne Edwards & Haime, 1851 Psammocora haimiana Milne Edwards & Haime, 1851 Superseded combination (WoRMS 2023a) Stephanocyathus (Odontocyathus) weberianus (Alcock, 1902) Stephanocyathus (Odontocyathus) coronatus (Pourtalès, 1867) Synonymy (WoRMS 2023a) Thrypticotrochus multilobatus Cairns, 1989 Thrypticotrochus petterdi (Dennant, 1906) Synonymy (WoRMS 2023a) ZOANTHARIA Gerardia sp. O. Ocaña Savalia sp. (NIWA 12714; det. F. Sinniger, 2019) Synonymy (WoRMS 2023a) MALACALCYONACEA Acabaria sp. NIWA G. Williams Melithaea sp. (NIWA 76981; det. S. Rowley, 2011) Synonymy (WoRMS 2023a) Alcyonium cf. aurantiacum Quoy & Gaimard, 1834 Kotatea aurantiaca (Quoy & Gaimard, 1833) This species was recently revised in NZ waters (Kessel et al. 2022b) Anthomastus (Bathyalcyon) robustus (Versluys, 1906) Bathyalcyon robustum Versluys, 1906 Superseded combination (WoRMS 2023a) Clavularia thomsoni Benham, 1928 Clavularia thompsoni Benham, 1928 Spelling correction of species name Muricellisis cf. echinata Kükenthal, 1915 Anthothela echinata (Kükenthal, 1915) Genus transfer (WoRMS 2023a) Nidaliidae Gen. et sp. indet. NIWA J. Sánchez cf. Nidalia sp. (NIWA 79255; det. P. Alderslade, 2012) Identification level slightly improved in NIWA Invertebrate Collection database Spongioderma? vickersi Benham, 1928 Anthothela vickersi (Benham, 1928) Genus transfer (WoRMS 2023a) Trachymuricea sp. indet. NIWA J. Sánchez Muriceides sp. (NIWA 25397; det. J. Sanchez, 2006) Trachymuricea is a junior synonym of Muriceides (WoRMS 2023a) 136 Table 6.3. (continued) Taxon name as cited in Cairns et al. (2009) Revised name in checklist Comment & reference for name change SCLERALCYONACEA Acanella eburnea (Pourtalès, 1868) Acanella arbuscula (Johnson, 1862) Synonymy (WoRMS 2023a) Acanella japonica Kükenthal, 1915 and Acanella sibogae Acanella rigida Wright & Studer, 1889 Synonymy (WoRMS 2023a) Nutting, 1910 Acanthoptilum sp. NIWA G. Williams Acanthoptilum longifolium Williams, 2007 Described by Williams (2007) Anthopodium australe Verrill, 1876 Callipodium australe (Verrill, 1876) Genus transfer (WoRMS 2023a) Callogorgia sp. G. Williams 1995 Callogorgia dichotoma Cairns, 2016 Species description by Cairns (2016) Callogorgia cf. ventilabrum Studer, 1878 Metafannyella ventilabrum (Studer, 1878) Included in species redescription (Cairns 2016) Fannyella eos Bayer, 1998 Metafannyella eos (Bayer, 1998) Superseded combination (Cairns 2016) Halipteris finmarchica (Sars, 1851) Balticina finmarchica (Sars, 1851) Genus transfer (WoRMS 2023a) Halipteris willemoesi (Kölliker, 1880) Balticina willemoesi (Kölliker, 1880) Genus transfer (WoRMS 2023a) Halipteris sp. 1 NIWA G. Williams Balticina sp. 1 (NIWA; det. G. Williams, 1995) Genus transfer (WoRMS 2023a) Halipteris sp. 2 NIWA G. Williams Balticina sp. 2 (NIWA; det. G. Williams, 1995) Genus transfer (WoRMS 2023a) Metallogorgia spp. indet. (2) NIWA J. Sánchez Metallogorgia macrospina Kükenthal, 1919; Taxonomy of this group in NZ is now better understood and Metallogorgia melanotrichos (Wright & Studer, 1889) these taxa are now confirmed as being present in the region Narella spp. indet. (8) NIWA J. Sánchez Narella clavata (Versluys, 1906) Included in species redescription (Cairns 2012) Narella spp. indet. (8) NIWA J. Sánchez Narella hypsocalyx Cairns, 2012 Included in species description (Cairns 2012) Narella spp. Indet. (8) NIWA J. Sánchez Narella mesolepis Cairns, 2012 Included in species description (Cairns 2012) Narella spp. Indet. (8) NIWA J. Sánchez Narella mosaica Cairns, 2012 Included in species description (Cairns 2012) Narella spp. indet. (8) NIWA J. Sánchez Narella parva (Versluys, 1906) Included in species redescription (Cairns 2012) Narella spp. indet. (8) NIWA J. Sánchez Narella studeri (Versluys, 1906) Included in species redescription (Cairns 2012) Narella spp. indet. (8) NIWA J. Sánchez Narella vulgaris Cairns, 2012 Included in species description (Cairns 2012) Narella spp. Indet. (8) NIWA J. Sánchez Narelloides crinitus Cairns, 2012 Included in species description (Cairns 2012) Narella spp. Indet. (8) NIWA J. Sánchez Narelloides traceyae Cairns, 2016 Included in species description (Cairns 2016) Nicella sp. NIWA G. Williams Nicella carinata Nutting, 1910 Taxonomy of this group in NZ is now better understood. Pennatula sp. (NIWA; det. G. Williams, 1995) Pennatula cf. moseleyi Kölliker, 1880 (NIWA 72714; Taxonomy of this group in NZ is now better understood. det. G. Williams, 2011) Voucher specimens have been assigned in this publication. Pennatula inflata Ptilella inflata (Kükenthal, 1910) New combination (García-Cárdenas et al., 2019) Plumarella sp. NIWA G. Williams Plumarella cordilla Cairns, 2016 Included in species description (Cairns 2016) Primnoa sp. NIWA G. Williams Primnoa notialis Cairns & Bayer, 2005 Included in species redescription (Cairns 2016) Primnoella spp. Indet. (3) NIWA J. Sánchez Primnoella distans Studer, 1878 Included in species redescription (Cairns 2016) Primnoella spp. indet. (3) NIWA J. Sánchez Primnoella insularis Cairns, 2016 Included in species redescription (Cairns 2016) Primnoisis antarctica (Studer, 1878) Primnoisis (Primnoisis) antarctica Wright & Studer, 1889 Alternate representation, subgenus assignment (WoRMS 2023a) Pterostenella sp. Metafannyella chathamensis Cairns, 2016 Included in species description (Cairns 2016) Radicipes cf. verrilli (Wright, 1885) Radicipes sp. (NIWA 28696; det. J. Sanchez, 2007) Voucher specimens have been assigned to this taxon. Stylatula sp. NIWA G. Williams Stylatula austropacifica Williams, 2007 Described by Williams (2007) Thouarella cf. moseleyi (Wright & Studer, 1889) Metafannyella moseleyi (Wright & Studer, 1889) Included in species redescription (Cairns 2016) Thouarella n. spp. (3) NIWA J. Sánchez; Thouarella (Thouarella) diadema Cairns, 2006 Included in species redescription (Cairns 2021) Thouarella spp. indet. (3) NIWA G. Williams Thouarella n. spp. (3) NIWA J. Sánchez; Metafannyella polita Cairns, 2016 Included in species redescription (Cairns 2016) Thouarella spp. indet. (3) NIWA G. Williams Thouarella n. spp. (3) NIWA J. Sánchez; Metafannyella rigida Cairns, 2021 Included in species redescription (Cairns 2016) Thouarella spp. Indet. (3) NIWA G. Williams HYDROZOA ANTHOATHECATA Calyptopora sinuosa Cairns, 1991 Stylaster sinuosus (Cairns, 1991) Genus transfer (WoRMS 2023b) Conopora anthohelia Cairns, 1991 Paraconopora anthohelia (Cairns, 1991) Genus transfer (WoRMS 2023b) Corymorpha intermedia Schuchert, 1996 Euphysa intermedia (Schuchert, 1996) Genus transfer (WoRMS 2023b) Crypthelia studeri Cairns, 1991 Crypthelia stenopoma Hickson & England, 1905 Synonymy (WoRMS 2023b) Dipurena ophiogaster Haeckel, 1879 Stauridiosarsia ophiogaster (Haeckel, 1879) Genus transfer (WoRMS 2023b) Errina hicksoni Cairns, 1991 Errina australis Cairns & Zibrowius, 2013 Synonymy (WoRMS 2023b) Gravelya antarcticum (Hickson & Gravely, 1907) Rhizorhagium antarcticum (Hickson & Gravely, 1907) Genus transfer (WoRMS 2023b) Hybocodon prolifer Agassiz, 1860 Hybocodon chilensis Hartlaub, 1905 European H. prolifer develops medusa buds on the bulb, something never observed in the NZ Hybocodon medusae. The identification was therefore revised by Galea (2006) to Hybocodon chilensis Hartlaub, 1905 Hydractinia australis (Schuchert, 1996) Podocoryna australis Schuchert, 1996 Genus transfer (WoRMS 2023b) Hydractinia bella (Hand, 1961) Podocoryna bella Hand, 1961 Genus transfer (WoRMS 2023b) Hydractinia minima (Trinci, 1903) Podocorynoides minima (Trinci, 1903) Genus transfer (WoRMS 2023b) Hydractinia minuta Bonnevie, 1898 Lizzia blondina Forbes, 1848 Synonymised with H. carica which according to Schuchert (2008) is not found in NZ. Identification revised to L. blondina Hydractinia rubricata Schuchert, 1996 Clavactinia rubricata (Schuchert, 1996) Genus transfer (WoRMS 2023b) Lepidotheca cervicornis (Broch, 1942) Inferiolabiata cervicornis (Broch, 1942) Genus transfer (WoRMS 2023b) Lepidopora microstylus Cairns, 1991 Leptohelia microstylus (Cairns, 1991) Genus transfer (WoRMS 2023b) Solanderia secunda minima (Hickson, 1903) Solanderia secunda (Inaba, 1892) Invalid subspecies combination (WoRMS 2023b) HYDROZOA LEPTOTHECATA Acryptolaria conferta conferta (Allman, 1877) Acryptolaria conferta (Allman, 1877) Unaccepted subspecies (WoRMS 2023b) Acryptolaria patagonica El Beshbeeshy, 1991 Acryptolaria operculata Stepanjants, 1979 Synonymy (WoRMS 2023b) Clytia gigantea (Hincks, 1866) Clytia hemisphaerica (Linnaeus, 1767) Synonymy (WoRMS 2023b) Cosmetirella davisi (Browne, 1902) Cosmetirella davisii (Browne, 1902) Spelling correction of species name Gymnangium tubulifer (Bale, 1914) Gymnangium tubuliferum (Bale, 1914) Unaccepted spelling variant (WoRMS 2023b) Hebellopsis scandens (Bale, 1888) Hebella scandens (Bale, 1888) Genus transfer (WoRMS 2023b) Lafoeina amirantensis (Millard & Bouillon, 1973) Cirrholovenia tetranema Kramp, 1959 Synonymy (WoRMS 2023b) Monoserius banksii (Gray, 1843) Monoserius pennarius (Linnaeus, 1758) Synonymy (WoRMS 2023b) Monotheca epibracteolosa (Watson, 1973) Plumularia epibracteolosa Watson, 1973 Genus transfer (WoRMS 2023b) Monotheca hyalina (Bale, 1882) Plumularia hyalina Bale, 1882 Genus transfer (WoRMS 2023b) Monotheca pulchella Bale, 1882 Plumularia pulchella Bale, 1882 Genus transfer (WoRMS 2023b) Monotheca spinulosa (Bale, 1882) Plumularia spinulosa Bale, 1882 Genus transfer (WoRMS 2023b) Monotheca togata (Watson, 1973) Plumularia togata Watson, 1973 Genus transfer (WoRMS 2023b) Monotheca sp. Vervoort & Watson, 2003 Plumularia sp. indet. Genus transfer (WoRMS 2023b) Opercularella humilis (Bale, 1924) Phialella quadrata (Forbes, 1848) Synonymy (WoRMS 2023b) Phialucium mbenga (A. Agassiz & Mayer, 1899) Phialucium mbengha (A. Agassiz & Mayer, 1899) Spelling correction of species name Plumularia brachiata Totton, 1930 Plumularia mula Totton, 1936 Synonymy (WoRMS 2023b) Salacia bicalycula spiralis (Trebilcock, 1928) Salacia spiralis (Trebilcock, 1928) New combination (WoRMS 2023b) Sertularella acutidentata acutidentata Billard, 1919 Sertularella acutidentata Billard, 1919 Unaccepted synonym (WoRMS 2023b) 137 Table 6.3. (continued) Taxon name as cited in Cairns et al. (2009) Revised name in checklist Comment & reference for name change Sertularella gayi gayi (Lamouroux, 1821) Sertularella gayi (Lamouroux, 1821) Unaccepted synonym (WoRMS 2023b) Stegolaria operculata (Nutting, 1906) Stegolaria geniculata (Allman, 1888) Synonymy (WoRMS 2023b) Symplectoscyphus irregularis (Trebilcock, 1928) Fraseroscyphus irregularis (Trebilcock, 1928) Genus transfer (WoRMS) Symplectoscyphus johnstoni johnstoni (Gray, 1843) Symplectoscyphus joh2nstoni (Gray, 1843) Unaccepted synonym (WoRMS 2023b) Symplectoscyphus johnstoni subtropicus Ralph, 1961 Symplectoscyphus johnstoni Unaccepted synonym (WoRMS 2023b) Symplectoscyphus macrogonus (Trebilcock, 1928) Fraseroscyphus macrogonus (Trebilcock, 1928) Genus transfer (WoRMS 2023b) Toxorchis polynema Kramp, 1959 Staurodiscus polynema (Kramp, 1959) Genus transfer (WoRMS 2023b) Tulpa diverticulata Totton, 1930 Campanularia diverticulata (Totton, 1930) Genus transfer (WoRMS 2023b) HYDROZOA NARCOMEDUSAE Aegina grimaldii Maas, 1904 Aeginura grimaldii Maas, 1904 Genus transfer (WoRMS 2023b) HYDROZOA SIPHONOPHORAE Cordagalma cordiforme Totton, 1932 Cordagalma ordinatum (Haeckel, 1888) Synonymy (WoRMS 2023b) Moseria convolute (Moser, 1925) Resomia convoluta (Moser, 1925) Genus transfer (WoRMS 2023b) Sphaeronectes gracilis (Claus, 1874) Sphaeronectes koellikeri Huxley, 1859 Synonymy (WoRMS 2023b) MYXOZOA Ceratomyxa constricta Meglitsch, 1960 Ceratomyxa centriscopsi Gunter & Adlard, 2010 Junior secondary homonym (WoRMS 2023c) Ceratomyxa elongata Meglitsch, 1960 Ceratomyxa lepidopusi Gunter & Adlard, 2010 Junior secondary homonym (WoRMS 2023c) Ceratomyxa polymorpha Meglitsch, 1960 Ceratomyxa physiculusi Gunter & Adlard, 2010 Junior secondary homonym (WoRMS 2023c) Leptotheca annulata Meglitsch, 1960 Ceratomyxa annulata (Meglitsch, 1960) Synonym (WoRMS 2023c) Leptotheca minima Meglitsch, 1960 Ceratomyxa minima (Meglitsch, 1960) Synonym (WoRMS 2023c) Leptotheca pinguis Meglitsch, 1960 Ceratomyxa pinguis (Meglitsch, 1960) Synonym (WoRMS 2023c) Leptotheca subelegans Laird, 1953 Ceratomyxa subelegans (Laird, 1953) Synonym (WoRMS 2023c) Leptotheca spp. Meglitsch 1960 Ceratomyxa sp. (Leptotheca spp.) Genus Leptotheca has been synonymised with Ceratomyxa (WoRMS 2023c) SCYPHOZOA Aurelia cf. coerulea von Lendenfeld, 1884 Aurelia coerulea von Lendenfeld, 1884 Taxonomy of this group in NZ is now better understood. Cyanea cf. annaskala von Lendenfeld, 1882; Cyanea sp. nov. Cyanea rosea Quoy & Gaimard, 1824 Taxonomy of this group in NZ is now better understood. Desmonema sp. nov. Desmonema gaudichaudi (Lesson, 1830) Taxonomy of this group in NZ is now better understood. Stephanoscyphus simplex Kirkpatrick, 1890 Nausithoe simplex (Kirkpatrick, 1890) Genus transfer (Collins & Morandini 2023) STAUROMEDUSAE Kishinouyea cf. nagatensis (Oka, 1897) Calvadosia sp. nov. 2 (NIWA 79477; det. L. Miranda, 2016) Taxonomy of this group in NZ is now better understood. Lipkea n. sp. & Lipkea sp. Lipkea sp. (NIWA 27833; det. L. Gershwin, 2007) Now thought to be only one taxon, awaiting description (D. Gordon pers. comm.) revealed that, in fact, they represented a new genus Opresko & Wagner (2022) established the new taxon, and three new species; Diplopathes antarctica Opresko Bathypathes pseudoalternata for a cosmopolitan species & Brugler, 2022, D. multipinnata Opresko & Stewart, commonly found in the New Zealand region at water 2022, and D. tuatoruensis Opresko & Tracey, 2022 depths typically in the range of 600 to 1600 m. (Opresko et al. 2022). A DNA sequencing study based on ‘ultra-conserved The NIC contains over 300 specimens of whip elements’, which included New Zealand antipatharians, black corals in the genera Stichopathes, Cirrhipathes, indicated that major revisions to the classification are and Pseudocirrhipathes; the first comprehensive likely (Horowitz, pers. comm.). characterisation of these corals is currently in Opresko (2023) recently described five new species preparation (M. Bo pers. comm.). of New Zealand antipatharians, including three Holland et al. (2020) studied the genetic connectivity species in the family Aphanipathidae (Anozopathes of Bathypathes patula Brook, 1889, with multi-locus psednocrada, Aphanipathes rosemariae, and Acantho- DNA sequencing methods (16S rDNA, ND5-igr-ND1, pathes candelabra), one species in the family Stylo- and TrnW-igr-ND2). The results indicated limited pathidae (Triadopathes trilix), and one species in the connectivity between northern, southern, and Antarctic family Schizopathidae (Lillipathes ventalina). populations. In the same study, genetic connectivity of Order Corallimorpharia (jewel anemones). specimens identified as Leiopathes secunda Opresko, Jewel anemones are morphologically intermediate 1998, was evaluated using microsatellite fingerprinting. between, and closely related to, sea anemones and No genetic structuring was observed, indicating a high stony corals, lacking a calcareous skeleton, but with degree of genetic connectivity across the New Zealand nematocysts and internal anatomy similar to stony region. corals. Corallimorpharia are found around New Bilewitch & Tracey (2020) used DNA barcoding to Zealand, as well as in the Ross Sea, Antarctica. Three determine genetic connectivity of what was thought of seven globally distributed species of Corallimorphus to be a single species of black coral (Bathypathes occur around New Zealand, and a new species, patula Brook, 1889) across the region. Samples of 77 Corallimorphus niwa Fautin, 2011, was described from specimens, analysed for mitochondrial and nuclear the Chatham Rise. DNA, revealed two dominant clades represented Order Scleractinia (stony corals). The calcifying by specimens identified as B. patula and Telopathes Scleractinia, i.e., stony cup corals and branching tasmaniensis Opresko, 2019, and three smaller clades corals, are widespread and abundant in New Zealand which were thought to be undescribed genera; however, waters (Cairns 1995). Cup corals are mostly solitary or a detailed morphological study has not been conducted clumped, in sediment or attached to rocky substrata, on the specimens in these clades. Molodtsova, other corals or hard structures. Only 17 zooxanthellate species (i.e., that live in symbiosis with photosynthetic 138 Figure 6.1. Examples of protected hard coral groups (Phylum Cnidaria), in New Zealand waters: A. Reef-forming stony coral, Solenosmilia variabilis Duncan, 1873, from the Chatham Rise; B. Sea fan, Primnoa notialis Cairns & Bayer, 2005, Macqua- rie Ridge (Australia EEZ); C. Reef-forming stony coral, Oculina virgosa Squires, 1958 (family Oculinidae), previously listed as endemic, now known from New Zealand and New Caledonian waters; D. Unidentified species of black coral in genus Bathypathes, Tangaroa Seamount, south Kermadec Ridge; E. Unidentified species of bubblegum coral, Paragorgia, southeast New Zealand; F. Stylasterid hydrocoral, Errina novaezelandiae Hickson, 1912, from Fiordland, reproduced with permission by Mike Page, NIWA; G. Hard skeletons of the scleractinian cup coral, Caryophyllia ambrosia ambrosia Alcock, 1898. Images A, B and D captured by NIWA’s DTIS on board RV Tangaroa, all courtesy of the NIWA Deepsea Communities programme led by Malcolm Clark and reproduced with permission. Image C reproduced with permission from Ian Skipworth (ianskipworth. com). Image E collected as part of an environmental survey for OMV New Zealand Ltd and their Joint Venture partners, Beach Energy Resources NZ (Tawhaki) Ltd, and Mitsui E&P Australia Pty Ltd, on voyage TAN1902 and reproduced with permission. dinoflagellates) are known from the New Zealand near the southern limit for shallow water reef-building region, all from the Kermadec Islands, where they are corals, but do not form actual reefs in the region. All 139 other stony corals in the region (164 species), the deep- every environment, with the Atlantic, pagurid- sea species, are azooxanthellate. associated Epizoanthus paguriphilus Verrill, 1883 (Fig. There are six cold-water deep-sea reef-forming coral 6.2E), found mostly between 800–1200 m water depth species in New Zealand waters (Cairns 1995; Tracey et around New Zealand region north of the Southern al. 2011): Solenosmilia variabilis Duncan, 1873 (Family Ocean (49º S). Although no DNA comparisons with Caryophylliidae) (Fig. 6.1A); Madrepora oculata Atlantic specimens have been made yet, New Zealand Linnaeus, 1758 (Family Oculinidae); Enallopsammia specimens share morphological features. rostrata (Pourtalès, 1878) and E. pusilla (Alcock, 1902) Another widely distributed species, E. stellaris (Family Dendrophylliidae); Goniocorella dumosa Hertwig, 1888, lives on the stalks of hexactinellid glass (Alcock, 1902) (Family Caryophylliidae), which is found sponges, between 18º S and 37º S, forming a species only in the Indo-Pacific and New Zealand regions; and complex with at least one other similar species, E. Oculina virgosa Squires, 1958 (Family Oculinidae) (Fig. fatuus (Schultze, 1860). A further, undescribed species 6.1C), previously thought to be endemic but recently found only north of the North Island, associates with recorded in New Caledonian waters (Kitahara & Cairns a eunicid worm to form relatively large (40–50 cm) 2021). arborescent structures composed of agglomerated The living and dead frameworks of most of these foraminiferan ooze. cold-water reef-coral species provide habitat for other In the large family Parazoanthidae, several new genus- fauna and support diverse benthic assemblages (Clark level taxa have been identified and are in the process of & Rowden 2009). In the literature the structures are being formally described. One of these appears to be variously described as three-dimensional matrices, mainly distributed in the Southern Ocean between 56º coppices, bioherms, and thickets. Reef-corals are S and 72º S and grows on primnoid octocorals between protected and comprise VME indicator taxa in the South 400–1500 m water depth. A second new genus is closely Pacific Regional Fishery Management Organisation associated with antipatharians between 35º S and 50º (SPRFMO) region (Parker et al. 2009). Solenosmilia S, found between 500–1000 m. A third new genus is variabilis, Madrepora oculata, Goniocorella dumosa, found mostly on isidid octocorals that occur between and Enallopsammia rostrata are all considered “At Risk” latitudes 35º S and 48º S, in 700–1300 m water depth and “Declining” according to the New Zealand Threat and are thought to be closely related to the Hawai’ian Classification (Freeman et al. 2014; Funnel et al. 2023). gold coral, Kulamanamana haumeaae Sinniger, Ocaña Due to their fragile skeletal composition, growth form & Baco, 2013. Kulamanamana haumeaae is also found and habitat preferences (e.g., seamounts), deep-sea in the region, between 30º S and 45º S and in 300–750 m reef-coral species are vulnerable to various physical water depth, secreting its own golden-brown skeleton. disturbances, such as trawling, (Clark et al. 2016), as Specimens identified as genera Hurlizoanthus and well as ocean acidification (Gammon et al. 2018). From Zibrowius have been collected in New Zealand deep radiocarbon dating (14C), linear growth rate is slow waters. and colony ages can vary from 300 to over 2000 years In shallower waters (10–200 m), the genus Savalia (Tracey et al. 2019). is present mostly along the coast of the North Island Order Zoantharia (zoantharians). Zoantharians and further North (30º S to 36º S). Savalia also are an order of mostly colonial sea anemones that secretes its own skeleton and can easily be confused do not generally secrete a skeleton, and usually with K. haumeaae despite producing a black skeleton. incorporate sediments and other mineral particles Limited shallow-water collections reveal several other into their ectoderm. They are distinguished from true parazoanthid genera, often associated with sponges sea anemones (Order Actiniaria) and corallimorphs (Parazoanthus, Umimayanthus). Isaurus tuberculatus (Order Corallimorpharia) by their tentacles (arranged Gray, 1828, Palythoa tuberculosa (Esper, 1805), and P. in two rows) and what appears to be a colonial mode cf. mutuki (Haddon & Shackleton, 1891) in suborder of life. Some zoantharians, especially from the shallow Brachycnemina, are also found in the shallow waters of and relatively warm-water family Zoanthidae, can the Kermadec Islands in the North. be confused with scleractinian corals, but can be Subclass Octocorallia (soft corals, gorgonians, distinguished by the absence of a calcareous skeleton. bamboo corals, sea pens). Octocorals, with one Many zoantharians colonise gorgonian octocorals and exception, have multiple polyps. The sole exception is can be confused with large-polyped gorgonians. Again, the endemic New Zealand species Taiaroa tauhou Bayer the number of tentacles (many more than eight for & Muzik, 1976, which occurs as a single polyp. The zoantharians) helps to distinguish the two. polyps that make up a colony are united in a common Zoantharian diversity is high in New Zealand connective tissue called the coenenchyme, and they waters, especially in deep-sea habitats. Currently, 26 possess eight tentacles, which are pinnate in all but a taxa are known from the region, 17 of which are still few species. Some octocorals have an internal axis and undescribed—a 46% increase from the 12 taxa listed form colonies that are whip-like, feather-like, tree-like, in Cairns et al. (2009). Within this deep-sea diversity, bushy, or flabellate: the gorgonians and most sea pens genus Epizoanthus is abundant and present in nearly are included in this group. Colonies without an internal 140 Figure 6.2. Examples of a hydroid, sea pen, soft corals and other anthozoans (Phylum Cnidaria) in New Zealand waters: A. Hydroid in family Sertulariidae; B. Sea pen, Pteroeides bollonsi Benham, 1906, reproduced with permission from Richard Kinsey; C. Unidentified species of alcyonacean soft coral, genus Rhodelinda, NIWA image; D. Kotatea raekura Kessel et al., 2022b, reproduced with permission from Gustav Kessel; E. Epizoanthid, Epizoanthus paguriphilus Verrill, 1883, with associat- ed hermit crab, Sympagurus dimorphus (Studer, 1883), NIWA image; F. Tube anemone, Pachycerianthus fiordlandensis Stam- par, Mills & Keable, 2020, reproduced with permission from Mike Page; G. Jewel anemone, Corynactis australis Haddon & Duerden, 1896, reproduced with permission from Jennifer Howe. Image A captured by NIWA’s DTIS on board RV Tangaroa, courtesy of the NIWA programme Biogenic Habitats on the Continental Shelf (voyages TAN1105 & TAN1108), funded by Fisheries New Zealand, led by Mark Morrison, NIWA, and reproduced with permission. Image F reproduced from Kelly et al. (2021: 72) and Mills & Cox (2023: 29), images reproduced with permission from the original photographers and the NIWA Marvellous Marine Biota series (https://www.niwa.co.nz/oceans/resources/marine-identification-guides-and-fact-sheets), un- der an open access CC BY 4.0 license. 141 Figure 6.3. (opposite) Examples of soft jelly-like cnidarians in New Zealand waters: A. Hydromedusa, Oceania cf. armata Kölliker, 1853, reproduced with permission from Crispin Middleton (https://www.seacologynz.com); B. Hydrozoans Portuguese man-o-war, or blue bottle, Physalia physalis (Linnaeus, 1758) (left) and by-the-wind sailor, Velella velella (Linnaeus, 1758), image reproduced with permission from Jennifer Beaumont; C. Staurozoan stalked jellyfish, Lipkea sp. indet. (oral view), Fiordland, image reproduced with permission from Vincent Zintzen, DOC; D. Staurozoan stalked jellyfish, Calvadosia sp. nov. 1 NZ (oral view), Taputeranga Marine Reserve, Wellington (https://inaturalist.nz/observations/139389170); E. Staurozoan stalked jellyfish, Calvadosia sp. nov. 1 NZ (same as D., lateral view) (https://inaturalist.nz/observations/105943715); F. Staurozoan stalked jellyfish, Depastromorpha africana Carlgren, 1935 (oral view), Taputeranga Marine Reserve, Wel- lington (https://inaturalist.nz/observations/103465992); G. Staurozoan stalked jellyfish, Depastromorpha africana Carl- gren, 1935 (lateral view), Taputeranga Marine Reserve, Wellington (https://inaturalist.nz/observations/103465992); H. Hydromedusa, Aequorea sp., reproduced with permission from Chris Woods, NIWA; I. Box jellyfish, Copula sivickisi (Stiasny, 1926), reproduced with permission from Nicole Miller; J. Lion’s mane true jellyfish, Cyanea rosea Quoy & Gaimard, 1824, image reproduced with permission from Crispin Middleton (https://www.seacologynz.com). Images A and B from Macpherson & Gordon (2023: 9, 19, 10), reproduced with permission from the original photographers and the NIWA Marvel- lous Marine Biota series (https://niwa.co.nz/oceans/resources/marine-identification-guides-and-fact-sheets), under an open access CC BY 4.0 license. D–G reproduced with permission from Luca Davenport-Thomas. axis can be massive, digitiform, tree-like, bushy, and 2022), resulting in a shift of all of New Zealand’s bamboo membranous or stolonate. In one very small group, the coral genera from the family Isididae to the Mopseidae Helioporacea, the polyps are united in a hard skeleton and the newly established family Keratoisididae. New of aragonite. bamboo coral species have been described by Moore et Most octocorals contain sparse to abundant al. (2016). calcareous (calcite) sclerites, generally microscopic, Using genetic sequence data, McFadden et al. (2022) that are scattered throughout the colonial coenenchyme completed a major higher-level review of the anthozoan and supply structural assistance to the polyps. Sclerites subclass Octocorallia, which comprises over 3,500 can also occur in internal axes, where they may be species of sea pens, soft corals, and sea fans worldwide. combined in calcareous cement or bound together Octocoral orders Alcyonacea, Pennatulacea and within a matrix of a scleroprotein called gorgonin. Other Helioporacea have now been replaced by the two new axes may consist of continuous solid calcium carbonate orders Malacalcyonacea and Scleralcyonacea, reflecting or of calcium carbonate internodes that alternate two major monophyletic clades, and all families were with gorgonin nodes, while others may consist just of revised, excluding the sea pen families, which have gorgonin, or of gorgonin containing various amounts been moved into the new superfamily Pennatuloidea. of fibrous calcium carbonate. This revision has clarified known issues of octocoral Since the initial inventory of subclass Octocorallia taxonomy and is the most important advance in by Cairns et al. (2009), 50 new octocoral species Cnidaria classification over the last 20 years. The have been described, placing New Zealand in the revised classification impacts New Zealand octocoral top three regions (with Japan and Central America) taxonomy, as several genera have been accommodated for total new species descriptions (Kessel et al. within new families or reassigned to existing ones, and 2022a). For example, for nearly 200 years, Alcyonium some genera have been synonymised. aurantiacum Quoy & Gaimard, 1833 and Clavularia Order Scleralcyonacea (sea pens, some soft corals, novaezealandiae Brewin, 1945 were the only two soft and most of the gorgonians with highly calcified coral species known to inhabit depths of less than 50 m axes). Major gains in our knowledge of Scleralcyonacea around mainland New Zealand. The name Alcyonium since Cairns et al. (2009) have been in the family aurantiacum, or ‘dead man’s fingers’, has been applied Primnoidae, one of the most diverse and species-rich to numerous morphologically disparate forms despite families amongst the Octocorallia (Cairns 2012; 2016; the considerable variability of colour, colony growth 2021; Taylor et al. 2013). The New Zealand primnoid form, and sclerite morphology. Using genetic and octocorals, commonly known as sea fans, sea whips, morphological data, these soft corals were recently and bottlebrush gorgonian octocorals, were examined found to constitute a complex of two new endemic sequentially in three NIWA Biodiversity Memoirs. Cairns genera (Kotatea with seven species; Ushanaia with (2012) described three new genera and 13 new species, three new species), with mostly limited distributions Cairns (2016) established a further two new genera around New Zealand (Kessel et al. 2022b): Alcyonium and 11 new species, and Cairns (2021) reviewed the aurantiacum was reassigned to Kotatea. Several of the genus Thouarella, a common bottlebrush coral species new Kotatea species appear to be restricted to hotspots found in New Zealand’s deep-sea, describing six species of regional endemism—Manawatāwhi Three Kings and transferring T. moseleyi Wright & Studer, 1889 to Islands and Piwhane Spirits Bay (Kessel et al. 2022b). Metafannyella. The total number of primnoid species Bamboo corals, those with calcium carbonate known from the New Zealand EEZ is now 67, including internodes and sclerite-free gorgonin nodes, were 63 named and four unnamed species. About 22% of the recently reviewed on a global basis (Watling 2020; known global species diversity of the family Primnoidae Saucier et al. 2021; Watling & France 2021; Watling et al. is found in the New Zealand EEZ, a disproportionately 142 143 high number of species from a region of small size, and Species (WoRMS) (https://www.marinespecies.org/). the list includes the most species-rich family among the Other minor updates are the additions of a few New Zealand Octocorallia. unpublished species records obtained from personal Superfamily Pennatuloidea (sea pens). The communications or deposited museum samples. importance of sea pens and their associated commun- Myxozoa (slime animals). Only one new myxozoan ities, and their value as indicators of environmental species record has been added to the New Zealand quality, has been recognised internationally under region since Cairns et al. (2009). Lane et al. (2015) have the Convention for the Protection of the Marine recorded the tropical and subtropical cosmopolitan Environment of the North-East Atlantic (OSPAR fish parasite Myxobolus episquamalis Egusa, Maeno Convention) and the European Union Marine Strategy & Sorimachi, 1990 from grey mullet in New Zealand Framework Directive. In New Zealand, sea pen fields coastal waters. are recognised as sensitive environments under the Scyphozoa (true jellyfishes). These are the most Exclusive Economic Zone and Continental Shelf common and best-known jellyfishes around New (Environmental Effects) Act 2012. They are important Zealand and in most parts of the world. The stage of the structural organisms in soft-sediment environments. life cycle that is most commonly seen is the medusa, The total number of described and unnamed sea pen the free-swimming, radially symmetrical, sexual species has increased by eight since Cairns et al. (2009), phase. The polyp stage of most species is rarely seen, bringing the total number to 39. However, the true but the distinctive ghostly-white anemone-like polyps diversity of sea pens in New Zealand waters is uncertain of the moon jelly Aurelia have been photographed on at present as almost half of these taxa currently remain underwater rock walls in the Nelson area and under undescribed. Although Cairns et al. (2009) did not list pontoons at Marsden Marina near Whangarei. Some any endemic species, we now know of three species 24 scyphozoan taxa, not all identified to species, whose distribution appears to be currently restricted were recorded in the Cairns et al. (2009) checklist. to the New Zealand EEZ: Pteroeides bollonsi (Benham, The present checklist comprises 26 species. Eighteen 1906) (Fig. 6.2B), Acanthoptilum longifolium Williams, names are retained from the earlier checklist while 2007, and Stylatula austropacifica Williams, 2007. An six other names, based on uncertain, unverified, additional species, Balticina finmarchica (Sars, 1851), or non-vouchered records, are not retained. In the has been recognised as occurring in New Zealand meantime, seven names are new additions to the list, based on molecular data. based on clarification of the status of some taxa or new Order Malacalcyonacea (most of the soft corals, discoveries in the New Zealand region (e.g., the giant all of the gorgonians with no or limited amounts of phantom jelly Stygiomedusa gigantea (Browne, 1910), calcareous matter in the axes and a few with large found in Taputerthe ‘midnight zone’ of the deep oceans amounts). Important recent increases in knowledge of the world). Only one new species has been described of the biodiversity of massive corals in this group since 2009—Atolla clara Gershwin & Gordon, 2014, a are the discovery of new shallow water genera and deep-sea coronate medusa (see Gershwin et al. 2014). species by Kessel et al. (2022b) and new deep-sea More are almost certain to be discovered or recognised, genera and species by Alderslade (unpublished). Other based on molecular sequencing (especially specimens than the Anthomastinae, massive soft corals are very of Aurelia) and with further exploration of bathypelagic uncommon in cold New Zealand waters. A number of and abyssopelagic realms of the deep sea around New deep-sea clavulariids were also identified by Alderslade Zealand. (unpublished). Staurozoa (stalked jellyfishes). Class Staurozoa, Cubozoa (box jellyfishes). Our knowledge of the commonly known as stalked jellyfishes, is currently Cubozoa has not changed since Cairns et al. (2009), represented by 50 marine species (Miranda et al. 2018). with Copula sivickisi (Stiasny, 1926) (Fig. 6.3I) being the These animals have a peculiar life cycle in which a polyp only species of box jelly found in New Zealand waters gradually and directly metamorphoses into a medusa, (primarily Cook Strait on Wellington’s south coast, and resulting in a benthic stauromedusa with polypoid and Kaikōura). The species is common to coastal locations medusoid characters (Wietrzykowski 1912; Hirano in the Indo-Pacific such as Hawai’i, Japan, Thailand, 1986; Kikinger & Salvini-Plawen 1995; Miranda et Vietnam, Philippines, Great Barrier Reef and Tasmania al. 2010). The body of a stauromedusa is divided into in Australia, and the Caribbean. a basal peduncle and an apical calyx (Hirano 1986; Hydrozoa (hydroids, hydromedusae, siphono- Miranda et al. 2016a). The peduncle is used for substrate phores). Hydrozoans are a very heterogeneous attachment, frequently to seaweeds or rocks (Hirano group, differing morphologically and ecologically, 1986; Mills & Hirano 2007; Miranda et al. 2018). The including ubiquitous benthic hydroids, the often calyx typically presents the manubrium, eight arms inconspicuous but omnipresent hydromedusae and with tentacular clusters, gonads, and different adhesive also siphonophores, such as the Portuguese man-of- structures (Hirano 1986; Miranda et al. 2016a). war. Since Cairns et al. (2009), the species list has only The stauromedusae are mostly found in the changed minimally, comprising taxonomic updates to intertidal and subtidal regions of temperate and polar taxonomy according to the World Register of Marine waters (Miranda et al. 2018). However, there are records 144 of species inhabiting the deep sea (Collins & Daly size and continuous expansion of the collections, the 2005) and tropical waters (Miranda et al. 2018). These lack of national taxonomic expertise, and the inherent animals are generally cryptic, being well camouflaged challenges in working on this group of corals. Other (colour and morphology) against the background of factors that influence the rate of discovery of new taxa algae (Mayer 1910; Corbin 1978; Mills & Hirano 2007), include the availability of sufficient morphological data and seasonal (Corbin 1979; Miranda et al. 2012), which on relevant type specimens, and the availability of suffi- makes them difficult to find. cient information on the range of intraspecific variation A molecular phylogenetic hypothesis was proposed in key skeletal features within populations and between for Staurozoa, resulting in a broad taxonomic geographically separated populations. For example, reassessment (Miranda et al. 2016b). This study also several species of New Zealand antipatharians are mor- suggested possible new species for the class, mainly phologically very similar to species described from in the Southern Hemisphere (see Miranda et al. Japan (Silberfeld 1909a, 1909b; Pax 1932); however, 2017), where the diversity for the group is probably many of the Japanese species were originally described underestimated (Miranda et al. 2018). from a single specimen (and sometimes from only a Two species have already been officially reported fragment of a colony), and some of these type speci- in New Zealand waters. Craterolophus macrocystis von mens are now lost. Consequently, there is insufficient Lendenfeld, 1884, was reported from Port Chalmers, information on species variability to determine wheth- Dunedin, and Lyttleton (Hutton 1880; von Lendenfeld er the minor morphological differences seen between 1884), but never reported again since the original such populations are significant. description. Depastromorpha africana Carlgren, 1935 In the absence of large study populations, it was was reported from Otago (Zagal et al. 2011) and anticipated that DNA barcoding studies might provide here we present new records from the South side of some insight on species delimitation. While such Hoho Bay, Snares Island (NMNZ CO.000172) and studies have been useful at higher taxonomic levels (see https://inaturalist.nz/observations/103465992 and (Brugler et al. 2013; Bo et al. 2018; Bilewitch & Tracey https://www.inaturalist.nz/observations/142126291) 2020, Barrett et al. 2020), in many cases, they have been in Taputeranga Marine Reserve. In addition, we add a unable to clearly differentiate closely-related species. third species to the inventory, Calvadosia tasmaniensis Recent studies suggest that some species have very Zagal et al., 2011, recorded from the Princes Islands at wide geographic distribution patterns (Molodtsova et Three Kings Islands, and Macauley Island, Kermadec al. 2022; Terrana et al. 2021; Gress et al. 2020; Chery et Islands (Auckland War Memorial Museum MA656663, al. 2018), but these studies have used a small number MA182231). of genetic markers. The use of advanced molecular However, we are aware that the staurozoan diversity techniques, such as “ultra-conserved elements” may in New Zealand encompasses more species. An help better define species boundaries (Quattrini et unidentified species of Lipkea has been observed in al. 2017; Horowitz et al. 2020), but such methods are Fiordland (Fig. 6.3C), and in Bernie’s Cave, Middle expensive and time consuming, and it is unlikely that Arch, Poor Knights Islands (NIWA 105665, NIWA they can be applied to entire collections. 27833, NIWA 27834; see Cairns et al. 2009). Three The results of one DNA study suggest that there possible new species of Calvadosia, two of them may be a number of cryptic taxa that are not revealed included in the molecular phylogenetic hypothesis by morphology alone (Bilewitch & Tracey 2020). If true of Miranda et al. (2016b), are waiting formal for the entire order, this would have major implications description, including “Kishinouyea cf. nagatensis” for elucidating species distribution patterns and (Oka, 1897) (see Calvadosia sp. 2 New Zealand, figure understanding regional biodiversity. It would also mean 7, and the taxonomic review of the genus Kishinouyea, that DNA data will, by necessity, have to be an integral synonymised with Calvadosia, in Miranda et al. 2016b) part of future taxonomic studies. reported by Cairns et al. (2009). The three possible new Several octocoral species and genera from the species of Calvadosia occur around New Zealand in the bamboo coral families Keratoisididae and Mopseidae following locations: Bay of Plenty, Wairarapa Coast, are also yet to be described. Cook Strait (Figs 6.3D, E), Kaikōura Coast, Stewart The taxonomic review of coastal soft corals by Kessel Island, and the Subantarctic New Zealand Snares et al. (2022b) revealed a far more diverse soft-coral fauna Islands. inhabiting New Zealand’s shallow to mesophotic waters (~30–200 m) than was previously known. Currently, Knowledge gaps, research progress and virtually nothing is known regarding the ecology and future priorities life histories of new Kotatea and Ushanaia species, Although a number of new antipatharian taxa have including their habitat and feeding preferences, spatial been described from New Zealand and Antarctic wa- distributions, reproduction and growth, vulnerability ters, a large portion of the collections at the NIC and to anthropogenic threats, or representation in New the Museum of New Zealand Te Papa Tongarewa, have Zealand’s network of Marine Protected Areas. The same yet to be studied in detail. This is due in part to the large is true for New Zealand’s numerous other coastal soft corals, many of which remain undescribed. 145 Indeed, coastal soft corals have never been experts to NIWA to confirm and or revise identification systematically surveyed in New Zealand, and even the of coral specimens in the NIC, continues unabated. 10 new species described by Kessel et al. (2022b) relied These proposals address DOC’s Medium-Term entirely on opportunistically collected specimens. This Research Plan for corals and sea turtles, which are key makes it difficult to predict total species richness for protected groups in the region that are vulnerable and this group within New Zealand’s EEZ, but considering commonly occur as trawl and long-line by-catch. They the amount of unnamed material held at the NIC, are thus under pressure from fishing activities while and the number of anecdotal and historical accounts also manifesting many research gaps. International of soft corals that do not fit currently known species, visitors will continue to support and add value to the and for which no specimens apparently exist – such NIWA ‘Cataloguing decades of undocumented protected as a specimen reported in Benham (1928) from the coral specimens’ project in which species diversity of the Auckland Islands being a possible member of Kotatea complex octocoral sea fan family Paramuriceidae, using or Ushanaia or an occasionally reported large, white a genomic approach, is measured. We also propose to alcyoniid from Fiordland (Grange et al. 2010) – this is continue our exploration of the reproductive strategies likely to be considerably higher than the current tally. of key protected deep-sea black corals and stylasterid Knowledge of New Zealand Hydrozoa, and the hydrocorals, and to determine the relationship between number of species in the checklist, have only minimally the abundance of deep-sea corals and the ecosystem changed since Cairns et al. (2009), and no taxonomic services they provide in unfished, fished, and closed studies on New Zealand material or species have been areas in New Zealand. published, indicative of the need for future studies. The description of three possible new species of Acknowledgements the stalked jellyfish (Staurozoa) genus Calvadosia, and a detailed examination of specimens of Lipkea, with The authors are grateful to our many colleagues who DNA and morphological data, will be an important have collaborated in the discovery, description, photo- addition to the known staurozoan diversity of New graphy, and naming of New Zealand Cnidaria: Rob Zealand. Field collection efforts in the reported Stewart, NIWA, Wellington, New Zealand; Gary Wil- localities of Craterolophus macrocystis would be helpful liams (California Academy of Sciences); Juan Arman- to investigate the validity of this species. It has not do Sánchez (Los Andes University, Colombia); Luisa been recorded since the original description, which Dueñas (National University of Colombia); Lyndsey is succinct, without any image or mention of type Holland (CSP, DOC). Drs Allen G. Collins and André material. C. Morandini, editors of Scyphozoa for WoRMS, are Globally, Scyphozoa are a low-diversity group thanked for their information and guidance. morphologically, with only about 200 known species. With the recent recognition of several new species of References Aurelia, based principally on molecular sequencing, there is considerable potential for future such References to the taxonomic authorities and dates discoveries in other genera. However, given such a for taxa in this chapter and the associated checklist low number of scyphozoan species globally, we do not can be located in the World Register of Marine Spe- expect too many more species in surface waters around cies: Cnidaria (https://www.marinespecies.org/aphia. New Zealand, at least based on morphology, than we php?p=taxdetails&id=1267). already know about. Thanks to the commitment of overseas experts, Barrett, N.J., Hogan, R., Allcock, L., Molodtsova, T.N., Hopkins, K.P., Wheeler, A.J., Yesson, C. (2020) Phylogenetics and mitog- we consider that the current state of knowledge of enome organisation in black corals (Anthozoa: Hexacorallia: the Cnidaria of New Zealand is very good. We have Antipatharia): an order-wide survey inferred from complete spent the last 20 years building relationships and mitochondrial genomes. Frontiers in Marine Science 7:440. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2020.00440 collaborating with experts to identify and describe New Benham, W.B. (1928) On some alcyonarians from New Zealand wa- Zealand’s cnidarian fauna. The primary impediments ters. Transactions and Proceedings of the New Zealand Institute for knowledge expansion are funding the training of 59: 67–84. additional taxonomists, particularly those with expertise Bilewitch, J., Tracey, D. (2020) Protected Coral Connectivity in in molecular research. New opportunities, initiatives, New Zealand. 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(2011) tive 3), NIWA, Wellington, 15 pp. New records of Staurozoa from Australian coastal waters, with Tracey, D., Marriott, P., Bostock, H., Bilewitch, J., Komugabee-Dix- a description of a new species of Lucernariopsis Uchida, 1929 son, A., Holland, L., Hitt, N. (2019) Coral Biology. Pp. 20–24 (Cnidaria, Staurozoa, Stauromedusae) and a key to Australian in: Tracey, D.M., Hjorvarsdottir, F. (Eds, Comps) The State of Stauromedusae. Marine Biology Research 7: 651–666. https:// Knowledge of Deep‐Sea Corals in the New Zealand Region. doi.org/10.1080/17451000.2011.558097 NIWA Science and Technology Series 84,140 pp. 149 Checklist of extant Cnidaria known from the New Zealand EEZ The checklist is arranged according to the currently accepted systematics and classificatory scheme of Collins (2023), Collins & Morandini (2023), and WoRMS (2023a–d) in the World Register of Marine Species: Cnidaria (https://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=1267). Endemic taxa are indicated by ‘E’ for those found within the New Zealand EEZ, or ‘E2’ for taxa endemic to the wider New Zealand region encompassing the New Zealand EEZ and surrounding international waters. Non-indigenous species are indicated by ‘NI’. All other taxa are considered native by default, i.e., naturally occurring in New Zealand and elsewhere. More than two tax- onomic authorities have been abbreviated to ‘first author et al.’ in the checklist. Phylum CNIDARIA Family PEACHIIDAE Family ISANTHIDAE Class ANTHOZOA Peachia carnea Hutton, 1880 Eltaninactis infundibulum Dunn, 1983 Subclass CERIANTHARIA Peachia neozelanica Carlgren, 1924 Isoparactis ferax (Stuckey, 1909) Order PENICILLARIA Peachia sp. (NIWA 34826; det. D. Fautin, 2007) Family KADOSACTINIDAE Family ARACHNACTIDAE Superfamily ACTINOSTOLOIDEA Kadosactis antarctica Carlgren, 1928 (NIWA 145867) Arachnanthus sp. Cairns et al., 2009 Family ACTINOSTOLIDAE Family PHELLIIDAE Actinostola crassicornis (Hertwig, 1882) Phellia aucklandica (Carlgren, 1924) Order SPIRULARIA Actinostola sp. 1? (NIWA 141398; det. E. Rodríguez, Family SAGARTIIDAE Family CERIANTHIDAE 2019) Anthothoe albens (Stuckey, 1909) E Ceriantheopsis zealandiaensis Stampar et al., 2020 E Actinostola sp. 2 (NIWA 145815; det. E. Rodríguez, 2019) Anthothoe albocincta (Hutton, 1879) Pachycerianthus fiordlandensis Stampar et al., 2020 E Antholoba achates (Drayton in Dana, 1846) Anthothoe neozelanica (Carlgren, 1924) Cerianthidae sp. (NIWA 30826) E Antiparactis sp. (Det. O. Ocaña, 1996) Anthothoe vagrans (Stuckey, 1909) E2 Bathydactylus kroghi Carlgren, 1956 Habrosanthus bathamae Cutress, 1961 E Subclass HEXACORALLIA Hadalanthus knudseni Carlgren, 1956 Sagartiogeton sp. (NIWA 54758) Order ACTINIARIA Stomphia? sp. (NIWA 63988; det. D. Fautin, 2010) Family INCERTAE SEDIS Suborder ANENTHEMONAE Actinostolidae sp. 1 (NIWA 76304; det. E. Rodríguez, Enthemonae sp. 1 (NIWA 141392; det. E. Rodríguez, Superfamily ACTINERNOIDEA 2019) 2019) Family ACTINERNIDAE Actinostolidae sp. 2 (NIWA 76307; det. E. Rodríguez, Enthemonae sp. 2 (NIWA 141391; det. E. Rodríguez, Actinernus cf. antarcticus Carlgren, 1914 (NIWA 75860) 2019) 2019) Actinernus elongatus (Hertwig, 1882) Actinostolidae sp. 3 (NIWA 43994; det. E. Rodríguez, Superfamily ACTINIARIA INCERTAE SEDIS Family HALCURIIDAE 2019) Paractis monilifera (Drayton in Dana, 1846) E Halcurias endocoelactis Stephenson, 1918 E2 Family ANTHOSACTINIDAE Family ISACTINERNIDAE Tealidium sp. indet. (NIWA 41115; det. D. Fautin, 2010) Order ANTIPATHARIA Isactinernus quadrilobatus Carlgren, 1918 Family EXOCOELACTINIDAE Family ANTIPATHIDAE Superfamily EDWARDSIOIDEA Exocoelactis sp. nov. (NIWA 47871; det. D. Fautin, 2010) Antipathes coronata Opresko, 2019 Family EDWARDSIIDAE Family HALCAMPOIDIDAE Antipathes dicrocrada Opresko, 2019 Drillactis leucomelos (Parry, 1951) E Halcampella sp. (NIWA 25568) Antipathes flabellum Pallas, 1766 Drillactis sp. indet. (NIWA 35329; det. D. Fautin, 2007) Scytophorus striatus Hertwig, 1882 (NIWA 39949) Antipathes fruticosa Gray, 1857 E Edwardsia neozelanica Farquhar, 1898 E2 Family SICYONIDAE Antipathes leptocrada Opresko, 2015 Edwardsia sp. nov. (Det. O. Ocaña, 1996) Sicyonis erythrocephala (Pax, 1922) Antipathes cf. pauroclema Pax & Tischierek, 1932 Edwardsiella sp. indet. (NIWA 35321; det. D. Fautin, Superfamily METRIDIOIDEA Antipathes polyhedra Opresko, 2019 E2 2010) E Family ACTINOSCYPHIIDAE Antipathes cf. sarothrum Pax, 1932 Scolanthus sp. nov. (Det. O. Ocaña, 1996) Actinoscyphia plebeia (McMurrich, 1893) Cirrhipathes cf. spiralis (Linnaeus, 1758) Scolanthus sp. (NIWA 35332) (Det. D. Fautin, 2007) E Actinoscyphia sp. 1 (Det. O. Ocaña, 1996) Pseudocirrhipathes sp. (NIWA 19702; det. M. Bo, 2019) Suborder ENTHEMONAE Actinoscyphia sp. (NIWA 43995; det. E. Rodríguez & M. Stichopathes cf. diversa (Brook, 1889) Superfamily ACTINIOIDEA Laird, 2019) Stichopathes cf. echinulata Brook, 1889 Family ACTINIIDAE Family ACONTIOPHORIDAE Stichopathes cf. variabilis van Pesch, 1914 Actinia tenebrosa Farquhar, 1898 Mimetridium cryptum Hand, 1961 Stichopathes sp. 1 (NIWA 15103; det. M. Bo, 2019) Actinia sp. (Det. O. Ocaña, 1996) Family ALICIIDAE Stichopathes sp. 2 (NIWA 119024; det. M. Bo, 2019) E Anemonia cf. manjano Carlgren, 1900 NI Alicia sp. (NIWA 126101; det. S. Mills, 2017) Family APHANIPATHIDAE Anthopleura hermaphroditica (Carlgren, 1899) E2 Family AMPHIANTHIDAE Acanthopathes cf. undulata (van Pesch, 1914) Anthopleura inconspicua Hutton, 1879 E2 Amphianthus sp. 1 (Det. O. Ocaña, 1996) Acanthopathes candelabra Opresko, 2023 E Anthopleura kohli Carlgren, 1930 E2 Amphianthus sp. 2 (NIWA 25541; det. E. Rodríguez, Acanthosaropathes uniseriata Opresko, 2019 E Anthopleura minima (Stuckey & Walton, 1910) E2 2019) Anozopathes psednocrada Opresko, 2023 E Anthopleura rosea (Stuckey & Walton, 1910) E2 Amphianthus sp. 3 (Det. O. Ocaña, 1996) Aphanipathes sarothamnoides Brook, 1889 Anthopleura sp. (MA8499) (Det. O. Ocaña, 1996) Amphianthus sp. 4 (Det. O. Ocaña, 1996) Aphanipathes cf. sarothamnoides Brook, 1889 Aulactinia veratra (Drayton in Dana, 1846) Amphianthus sp. 5 (Det. O. Ocaña, 1996) Aphanipathes rosemariae Opresko, 2023 E Bolocera cf. kerguelensis Studer, 1878 Amphianthus sp. 6 (Det. O. Ocaña, 1996) Aphanostichopathes paucispina (Brook, 1889) Bolocera kerguelensis Studer, 1879 Amphianthus sp. 7 (Det. O. Ocaña, 1996) Aphanostichopathes spiessi (Opresko & Genin, 1990) Bolocera sp. (Det. O. Ocaña, 1996) Amphianthus sp. 8 (Det. O. Ocaña, 1996) Aphanostichopathes sp. (NIWA 15083; det. M. Bo, 2019) Bunodactis chrysobathys Parry, 1951 E2 Peronanthus sp. 1 (NZOI Stn P941, specimens on Keratoi- E Bunodactis mortenseni Carlgren, 1924 E sis sp.) Ocaña et al., 2004 E Aphanostichopathes cf. filiformis (Gray, 1868) Bunodactis rubrofusca Carlgren, 1924 E2 Peronanthus sp. 4 (NMNZ; specimens attached to An- Asteriopathes cf. arachniformis Opresko, 2004 Cribrinopsis? sp. indet. (NIWA 34748; det. D. Fautin, thothela) Ocaña et al., 2004 E Asteriopathes octocrada Opresko, 2015 2007) Family ANDVAKIIDAE Asteriopathes sp. (NIWA 24286; det. D. Opresko, 2012) Dofleinia? sp. indet. (NIWA 34531; det. D. Fautin, 2007) Flosmaris bathamae Hand, 1961 E2 Phanopathes ctenocrada Opresko, 2019 E Dofleinia sp. nov. (NIWA MITS 69564; det. D. Fautin, Telmatactis sp. nov. (Det. O. Ocaña, 1996) E Phanopathes zealandica Opresko, 2015 E 2010) Telmatactis sp. (Det. O. Ocaña, 1996) Phanopathes cf. zealandica Epiactis thompsoni (Coughtrey, 1875) Family DIADUMENIDAE Tetrapathes latispina Opresko, 2015 Epiactis neozealandica Stephenson, 1918 E2 Diadumene lineata (Verrill, 1869) NI Family CLADOPATHIDAE Isactinia olivacea (Hutton, 1879) E Diadumene neozelanica Carlgren, 1924 E2 Abyssopathes lyra (Brook, 1889) Isotealia antarctica Carlgren, 1899 Diadumene sp. (NIWA MITS 72730; det. S. Cox, 2018) Cladopathes plumosa Brook, 1889 Oulactis magna (Stuckey, 1909) Diadumenidae gen. et sp. indet. (Det. O. Ocaña, 1996) Heteropathes intricata Opresko, 2019 Oulactis muscosa (Drayton in Dana, 1846) Family GALATHEANTHEMIDAE Sibopathes sp. nov. cf. gephura van Pesch, 1914 (NIWA Oulactis sp. (Det. O. Ocaña, 1996) Galatheanthemum profundale Carlgren, 1956 19681; det. D. Opresko, 2005) E Parabunodactis inflexibilis (Carlgren, 1928) Family GONACTINIIDAE Trissopathes tetracrada Opresko, 2003 Parantheopsis cruentata (Couthouy in Dana, 1846) Gonactinia sp. (Det. O. Ocaña, 1996) Trissopathes tristicha (van Pesch, 1914) Phlyctenactis morrisonii Stuckey, 1909 E Protanthea sp. (Det. O. Ocaña, 1996) Trissopathes sp. 1 (NIWA 19862; det. D. Opresko, 2003) E Phlyctenactis tuberculosa (Quoy & Gaimard, 1833) Family HALCAMPIDAE Trissopathes sp. 2 (NIWA 65639; det. D. Opresko, 2003) Phymactis polydactyla Hutton, 1879 E Halianthella kerguelensis (Studer, 1878) Family LEIOPATHIDAE Urticinopsis sp. indet. (NIWA 35303; det. D. Fautin, 2007) Family HALIACTINIDAE Leiopathes acanthophora Opresko, 1998 Actiniidae gen. et sp. indet. 1 (Det. O. Ocaña, 1996) Halcampactis dubia Stuckey, 1909 E Leiopathes bullosa Opresko, 1998 Actiniidae gen. et sp. indet. 2 (Det. O. Ocaña, 1996) Halcampactis mirabilis Farquhar, 1898 E Leiopathes secunda Opresko, 1998 Actiniidae gen. et sp. indet. 3 (Det. O. Ocaña, 1996) Family HORMATHIIDAE Leiopathes sp. 1 (NIWA 34620; det. T. Molodtsova, 2007) Actiniidae gen. et sp. indet. 4 (Det. O. Ocaña, 1996) Actinauge verrillii McMurrich, 1893 Leiopathes sp. 2 (NIWA 19763; det. D. Opresko, 2006) Family CONDYLANTHIDAE Actinauge sp. 1 (NIWA 95136; det. E. Rodríguez, 2019) Family MYRIOPATHIDAE Condylanthus aucklandicus Carlgren, 1924 E Calliactis conchiola Parry, 1952 E Antipathella aperta (Totton, 1923) E Condylanthus magellanicus Carlgren, 1899 Calliactis polypus (Forsskål, 1775) Antipathella fiordensis (Grange, 1990) E Family HALOCLAVIDAE Handactis nutrix (Stuckey, 1909) Antipathella strigosa Brook, 1889 E Anemonactis clavus (Quoy & Gaimard, 1833) Hormathia castanea (McMurrich, 1904) Cupressopathes cf. pumila (Brook, 1889) Family LIMNACTINIIDAE Hormathia lacunifera (Stephenson, 1918) Cupressopathes simplex Opresko, 2019 E Limnactinia nuda Carlgren, 1927 Paracalliactis rosea Hand, 1976 Cupressopathes cf. simplex Opresko, 2019 (NIWA 41693; Family LIPONEMATIDAE Phelliactis sp. (NIWA 76506; det. E. Rodríguez, 2019) det. D. Opresko 2012) Liponema multiporum Hertwig, 1882 Hormathiidae sp. 1 (NIWA 70716; det. E. Rodríguez, Cupressopathes sp. (NIWA 19871; det. D. Opresko, 2006) Family MINYADIDAE 2019) Myriopathes cf. catharinae (Pax, 1932) (NIWA 18782; det. Actinecta viridula (Quoy & Gaimard, 1833) Hormathiidae sp. 2 (NIWA 43998; det. E. Rodríguez, D. Opresko, 2006) Family ACTINIOIDEA INDETERMINATE 2019) Myriopathes cf. japonica (Brook, 1889) (NIWA 19784; Actinioidea sp. 1 (NIWA 75871; det. E. Rodríguez & M. Hormathiidae sp. 3 (NIWA 76507; det. E. Rodríguez, det. D. Opresko, 2006) Laird, 2019) 2019) Myriopathes myriophylla (Pallas, 1766) Actinioidea sp. 2 (NIWA 141393; det. E. Rodríguez, Hormathiidae sp. 4 (NIWA 76540; det. E. Rodríguez, Myriopathes cf. ulex (NIWA 19873) (Ellis & Solander, 2019) 2019) 1786) 150 Family SCHIZOPATHIDAE Polycyathus norfolkensis Cairns, 1995 E2 Family GUYNIIDAE Alternatipathes alternata (Brook, 1889) Polycyathus sp. indet. (MA33944; det. S. Cairns) Pedicellocyathus keyesi Cairns, 1995 E Bathypathes bifida Thomson, 1905 Polycyathus sp. indet. (NIWA 47065; det. S. Cairns) Stenocyathus vermiformis (Pourtalès, 1868) Bathypathes conferta (Brook, 1889) Premocyathus dentiformis (Alcock, 1902) Temnotrochus kermadecensis Cairns, 1995 Bathypathes patula Brook, 1889 Rhizosmilia maculata (Pourtalès, 1874) Truncatoguynia irregularis Cairns, 1989 Bathypathes cf. patula Brook, 1889 Rhizosmilia sp. nov. (NIWA 47011; det. M. Kitahara, Family MERULINIDAE Bathypathes platycaulus Totton, 1923 2018) Hydnophora pilosa Veron, 1986 Bathypathes pseudoalternata Molodtsova et al., 2022 Solenosmilia variabilis Duncan, 1873 Family MICRABACIIDAE Dendrobathypathes grandis Opresko, 2002 Stephanocyathus (Acinocyathus) spiniger (Marenzeller, Letepsammia fissilis Cairns, 1995 Dendrobathypathes isocrada Opresko, 2002 1888) Letepsammia formosissima (Moseley, 1876) Dendropathes intermedia (Brook, 1889) Stephanocyathus (Odontocyathus) coronatus (Pourtalès, Letepsammia superstes (Ortmann, 1888) Diplopathes multipinnata Opresko & Stewart, 2022 1867) Stephanophyllia complicata Moseley, 1876 Diplopathes tuatoruensis Opresko & Tracey, 2022 Stephanocyathus (Stephanocyathus) platypus (Moseley, Family OCULINIDAE Diplopathes antarctica Opresko & Brugler, 2022 1876) Madrepora oculata Linnaeus, 1758 Lillipathes lilliei (Totton, 1923) E Stephanocyathus (Stephanocyathus) regius Cairns & Oculina virgosa Squires, 1958 Lillipathes ritamariae Opresko & Breedy, 2010 Zibrowius, 1997 Family POCILLOPORIDAE Lillipathes ventalina Opresko 2023 Tethocyathus cylindraceus (Pourtalès, 1868) Madracis kauaiensis Vaughan, 1907 Parantipathes dodecasticha Opresko, 2015 E Tethocyathus virgatus (Alcock, 1902) Pocillopora damicornis Linnaeus, 1758 Parantipathes cf. euantha  (Pasternak, 1958) Thalamophyllia tenuescens (Gardiner, 1899) Family PORITIDAE Parantipathes helicosticha Opresko, 1999 Trochocyathus (Aplocyathus) hastatus Bourne, 1903 Alveopora spongiosa Dana, 1846 Parantipathes robusta Opresko, 2015 E Trochocyathus (Trochocyathus) efateensis Cairns, 1999 Family PSAMMOCORIDAE Parantipathes cf. robusta Opresko, 2015 Trochocyathus (Trochocyathus) cepulla Cairns, 1995 Psammocora columna Dana, 1846 Parantipathes wolffi Pasternak, 1977 Trochocyathus (Trochocyathus) cooperi (Gardiner, 1905) Psammocora haimiana Milne Edwards & Haime, 1851 Saropathes scoparia (Totton, 1923) E Trochocyathus (Trochocyathus) gordoni Cairns, 1995 E Family RHIZANGIIDAE Saropathes sp. (NIWA 4308; det. D. Opresko, 2005) E Trochocyathus (Trochocyathus) maculatus Cairns, 1995 Culicia rubeola (Quoy & Gaimard, 1833) Schizopathes affinis Brook, 1889 Trochocyathus (Trochocyathus) rhombocolumna Alcock, Family TURBINOLIIDAE Stauropathes stellata Opresko, 2019 1902 Alatotrochus rubescens (Moseley, 1876) Stauropathes cf. staurocrada Opresko, 2002 E Vaughanella concinna Gravier, 1915 Conocyathus zelandiae Duncan, 1876 Telopathes tasmaniensis Opresko, 2019 Vaughanella multipalifera Cairns, 1995 Cyathotrochus pileus (Alcock, 1902) Umbellapathes cf. parva Lu et al., 2021 Vaughanella oreophila Keller, 1981 Kionotrochus suteri Dennant, 1906 E Family STYLOPATHIDAE Family COSCINARAEIDAE Notocyathus conicus (Alcock, 1902) Stylopathes stenotes Opresko, 2019 Coscinaraea crassa Veron & Pichon, 1980 Peponocyathus dawsoni Cairns, 1995 Stylopathes tenuispina (Silberfeld, 1909) Family DELTOCYATHIDAE Pleotrochus zibrowii Cairns, 1997 Triadopathes trilix Opresko, 2023 Deltocyathus cameratus Cairns, 1999 Sphenotrochus ralphae Squires, 1964 E Tylopathes? glutinata (Totton, 1923) Deltocyathus corrugatus Cairns, 1999 Sphenotrochus squiresi Cairns, 1995 E Tylopathes sp. (NIWA 15504; det. D. Opresko 2006) Deltocyathus inusitiatus Kitahara & Cairns, 2009 Thrypticotrochus petterdi (Dennant, 1906) Deltocyathus ornatus Gardiner, 1899 Order CORALLIMORPHARIA Deltocyathus rotulus (Alcock, 1898) Order ZOANTHARIA Family CORALLIMORPHIDAE Deltocyathus suluensis Alcock, 1902 Suborder BRACHYCNEMINA Corallimorphus niwa Fautin, 2011 E2 Family DENDROPHYLLIIDAE Family EPIZOANTHIDAE Corallimorphus profundus Moseley, 1877 Balanophyllia (Balanophyllia) bairdiana Milne Edwards Epizoanthus cf. paguricola Roule, 1900 Corallimorphus cf. profundus Moseley, 1877 & Haime, 1848 Epizoanthus paguriphilus Verrill, 1883 Corallimorphus rigidus Moseley, 1877 Balanophyllia (Balanophyllia) chnous Squires, 1962 E Epizoanthus cf. paguriphilus Verrill, 1883 Corallimorphus cf. rigidus Moseley, 1877 Balanophyllia (Balanophyllia) crassitheca Cairns, 1995 Epizoanthus stellaris Hertwig, 1888 Corynactis australis Haddon & Duerden, 1896 Balanophyllia (Balanophyllia) gigas Moseley, 1881 Epizoanthus cf. fatuus (Schultze, 1860) Corynactis denhartogi Ocaña, 2003 E2 Cladopsammia eguchii (Wells, 1982) Epizoanthus cf. xenomorphoideus Kise et al., 2019 Dendrophyllia alcocki (Wells, 1954) Epizoanthus sp. nov. (tree forming) (Det. F. Sinniger, Order SCLERACTINIA Dendrophyllia arbuscula Van der Horst, 1922 2019) Family ACROPORIDAE Dendrophyllia ijimai Yabe & Eguchi, 1934 Epizoanthus (cf.) sp. (NIWA 35128; det. F. Sinniger, 2019) Montipora capricornis Veron, 1985 Eguchipsammia fistula (Alcock, 1902) Family SPHENOPIDAE Montipora spongodes Bernard, 1897 Eguchipsammia gaditana (Duncan, 1873) Palythoa mutuki (Haddon & Shackleton, 1891) Montipora turgescens Bernard, 1897 Eguchipsammia japonica (Rehberg, 1892) Palythoa cf. mutuki (NIWA 118551) (Haddon & Shack- Family AGARICIIDAE Eguchipsammia sp. nov. A (NIWA 54319; det. M. Kitaha- leton, 1891) Dactylotrochus cervicornis (Moseley, 1880) ra, 2018) E Palythoa tuberculosa (Esper, 1805) Leptoseris papyracea (Dana, 1846) Eguchipsammia sp. nov. (NIWA 64990; det. M. Kiatahara, Palythoa sp. F (NIWA 118313; det. F. Sinniger, 2019) Leptoseris scabra Vaughan, 1907 2018) E Family ZOANTHIDAE Pavona explanulata (Lamarck, 1816) Enallopsammia profunda (Pourtalès, 1867) Isaurus cf. tuberculatus Gray, 1828 Family ANTHEMIPHYLLIIDAE Enallopsammia pusilla (Alcock, 1902) Suborder MACROCNEMINA Anthemiphyllia dentata (Alcock, 1902) Enallopsammia rostrata (Pourtalès, 1878) Family PARAZOANTHIDAE Anthemiphyllia macrolobata Cairns, 1999 Endopachys grayi Milne Edwards & Haime, 1848 Bullagummizoanthus sp. (NIWA 65899; det. F Sinniger, Anthemiphyllia pacifica Vaughan, 1907 Heteropsammia cochlea (Spengler, 1781) 2018) Family CARYOPHYLLIIDAE Tubastraea coccinea Lesson, 1829 Hurlizoanthus cf. parrishi Sinniger et al., 2013 Anomocora fecunda (Pourtalès, 1871) Tubastraea diaphana Dana, 1846 Kulamanamana haumeaae Sinniger et al., 2013 Aulocyathus recidivus (Dennant, 1906) Turbinaria frondens (Dana, 1846) Kulamanamana cf. haumeaae Sinniger et al., 2013 Bourneotrochus stellulatus (Cairns, 1984) Turbinaria radicalis Bernard, 1896 Mesozoanthus sp. (NIWA 127061; det. F. Sinniger, 2018) Caryophyllia (Caryophyllia) ambrosia Alcock, 1898 Family FAVIIDAE Parazoanthus elongatus McMurrich, 1904 Caryophyllia (Caryophyllia) atlantica (Duncan, 1873) Cyphastrea serailia (Forskål, 1775) Savalia sp. (NIWA 12714; det. F. Sinniger, 2019) Caryophyllia (Caryophyllia) crosnieri Cairns & Zibrowius, Goniastrea australensis (Milne Edwards & Haime, 1857) Umimayanthus sp. (NIWA 12723; det. F. Sinniger, 2019) 1997 Leptastrea bewickensis Veron et al., 1977 Zibrowius cf. ammophilus Sinniger, Ocaña & Baco, 2013 Caryophyllia (Caryophyllia) diomedeae Marenzeller, 1904 Montastraea curta (Dana, 1846) Parazoanthidae gen. nov. B (NIWA 12691; det. F. Sinni- Caryophyllia (Caryophyllia) hawaiiensis Vaughan, 1907 Plesiastrea versipora (Lamarck, 1816) ger, 2019) Caryophyllia (Caryophyllia) japonica Marenzeller, 1888 Family FLABELLIDAE Parazoanthidae gen. nov. C (NIWA 40981; det. F. Sinni- Caryophyllia (Caryophyllia) lamellifera Moseley, 1881 Falcatoflabellum raoulensis Cairns, 1995 ger, 2019) Caryophyllia (Caryophyllia) profunda Moseley, 1881 Flabellum arcuatile Cairns, 1999 Parazoanthidae gen. nov. S (NIWA 88612; det. F. Sinni- Caryophyllia (Caryophyllia) quadragenaria Alcock, 1902 Flabellum cinctutum Cairns & Polonio, 2013 ger, 2019) E2 Caryophyllia (Caryophyllia) rugosa Moseley, 1881 Flabellum flexuosum Cairns, 1982 Parazoanthidae sp. nov. cf. Thoracactis (NIWA 69531; Caryophyllia (Caryophyllia) scobinosa Alcock, 1902 Flabellum impensum Squires, 1962 det. F. Sinniger, 2019) Caryophyllia (Caryophyllia) versicolorata Kitahara et al., Flabellum knoxi Ralph & Squires, 1962 2010 Flabellum aotearoa Squires, 1964 Subclass OCTOCORALLIA Caryophyllia sp. nov. A (NIWA 16035; det. M. Kitahara, Flabellum apertum Moseley, 1876 Order MALACALCYONACEA 2018) Flabellum hoffmeisteri Cairns & Parker, 1992 Family ALCYONIIDAE Caryophyllia sp. nov. B (NIWA 46919; det. M. Kitahara, Flabellum lowekeyesi Squires & Ralph, 1965 Alcyoniidae gen. nov. B et sp. nov. A (NIWA 39958; det. 2018) Flabellum messum Alcock, 1902 P. Alderslade, 2012) Caryophyllia sp. nov. (NIWA 127325; det. M. Kitahara, Javania fusca (Vaughan, 1907) Alcyoniidae gen. nov. C et sp. nov. A (NIWA 40720; det. 2018) Javania lamprotichum (Moseley, 1880) P. Alderslade, 2012) Coenocyathus brooki Cairns, 1995 E Javania sp. 1 (NIWA 26969; det. M. Kitahara, 2018) Alcyoniidae gen. nov. D et sp. nov. A (NIWA 40884, Conotrochus brunneus (Moseley, 1881) Monomyces rubrum (Quoy & Gaimard, 1833) Macquarie Ridge; det. P. Alderslade, 2014) Crispatotrochus curvatus Cairns, 1995 E Placotrochides cf. prolatus Kitahara & Cairns, 2021 Anthothela echinata (Kükenthal, 1915) Crispatotrochus rugosus Cairns, 1995 (NIWA 3056; det. M. Kitahara, 2018) Anthothela vickersi (Benham, 1928) Crispatotrochus septumdentatus Kitahara & Cairns, 2008 Placotrochides scaphula Alcock, 1902 Bellonella (cf.) (NIWA 53640; det. S. Mills & P. Alder- Crispatotrochus sp. nov. A (NIWA 26745; det. M. Kitaha- Polymyces wellsi Cairns, 1991 slade, 2013) ra, 2018) Rhizotrochus flabelliformis Cairns, 1989 Eleutherobia cf. splendens (Thomson & Dean, 1931) Crispatotrochus sp. nov. (NIWA 24599; det. M. Kitahara, Truncatoflabellum angustum Cairns & Zibrowius, 1997 Eleutherobia sp. (NIWA 64414; det. P. Alderslade & S. 2018) Truncatoflabellum arcuatum Cairns, 1995 E Mills, 2014) Dasmosmilia lymani (Pourtalès, 1871) Truncatoflabellum dens (Alcock, 1902) Kotatea amicispongia Kessel, 2022 in Kessel et al. (2022b) Desmophyllum dianthus (Esper, 1794) Truncatoflabellum paripavoninum (Alcock, 1894) E Goniocorella dumosa (Alcock, 1902) Truncatoflabellum phoenix Cairns, 1995 Kotatea aurantiaca (Quoy and Gaimard, 1833) E Heterocyathus aequicostatus Milne Edwards & Haime, Family FUNGIACYATHIDAE Kotatea kapotaiora Kessel, 2022 in Kessel et al. (2022b) E 1848 Fungiacyathus fragilis Sars, 1872 Kotatea kurakootingotingo Kessel, 2022 in Kessel et al. Heterocyathus sulcatus (Verrill, 1866) Fungiacyathus pusillus pacificus Cairns, 1995 (2022b) E Hoplangia durotrix Gosse, 1860 Fungiacyathus stephanus (Alcock, 1893) Kotatea lobata Kessel, 2022 in Kessel et al. (2022b) E Labyrinthocyathus langae Cairns, 1979 Fungiacyathus marenzelleri (Vaughan, 1906) Kotatea niwa Kessel, 2022 in Kessel et al. (2022b) E Labyrinthocyathus limatulus (Squires, 1964) Fungiacyathus margaretae Cairns, 1995 Kotatea raekura Kessel, 2022 in Kessel et al. (2022b) E Labyrinthocyathus sp. A (NIWA 47069; det. S. Cairns, Fungiacyathus turbinolioides Cairns, 1989 Kotatea teorowai Kessel, 2022 in Kessel et al. (2022b) E 1995) Family FUNGIIDAE Sinularia sp. (NIWA 11761; det. G. Williams, 1995) Monohedotrochus circularis (Cairns, 1998) Cycloseris vaughani (Boschma, 1923) Ushanaia ferruginea Kessel, 2022 in Kessel et al. (2022b) E Paraconotrochus antarcticus Gardiner, 1929 Family GARDINERIIDAE Ushanaia fervens Kessel, 2022 in Kessel et al. (2022b) E Paracyathus durhami Kitahara & Cairns, 2021 Gardineria hawaiiensis Vaughan, 1907 Ushanaia solida Kessel, 2022 in Kessel et al. (2022b) E 151 Family ASTROGORGIIDAE Order SCLERALCYONACEA Acanella sp. 5 (NIWA 26607; det. J. Sanchez & L. Dueñas, Astrogorgia sp. (NIWA 115197; det. J. Bilewitch, 2021) Family CHRYSOGORGIIDAE 2007) Family CLADIELLIDAE Chrysogorgia chryseis Bayer & Stefani, 1988 Acanella sp. 6 (NIWA 28306; det. J. Sanchez & L. Dueñas, Cladiella sp. (NMNZ CO.000848; NIWA 11753; det. G. Chrysogorgia comans Kinoshita, 1913 2007) Williams, 1995) Chrysogorgia curvata Versluys, 1902 Isidella sp. 4 (NIWA 14402; det. J. Sanchez & L. Dueñas, Family CLAVULARIIDAE Chrysogorgia elegans (Verrill, 1883) 2007) Clavularia novaezealandiae Brewin, 1845 E Chrysogorgia expansa (Wright & Studer, 1889) Isidella sp. D (NIWA 41130; det. P. Alderslade, 2012) E2 Clavularia thompsoni Benham, 1928 E Chrysogorgia geniculata (Wright & Studer, 1889) Jasonisis sp. (NIWA 64445) Clavularia sp. 1 (NIWA 39699; det. P. Alderslade, 2012) E Chrysogorgia orientalis Versluys, 1902 Keratoisis flexibilis (Pourtalès, 1868) Clavularia sp. D (NIWA 58585; det. P. Alderslade, 2012) Chrysogorgia pinnata Cairns, 2007 Keratoisis glaesa Grant, 1976 E E2 Chrysogorgia rigida Versluys, 1902 Keratoisis hikurangiensis Grant, 1976 E Clavularia sp. E (NIWA 41071; det. P. Alderslade, 2012) Chrysogorgia cf. scintillans Bayer & Stefani, 1988 Keratoisis projecta Grant, 1976 E E2 Chrysogorgia spiculosa (Verrill, 1883) Keratoisis tangentis Grant, 1976 E Clavulariidae gen. nov. A et sp. nov. A (NIWA 39869; det. Chrysogorgia squamata (Verrill, 1883) Keratoisis zelanica Grant, 1976 E P. Alderslade, 2012) E Chrysogorgia stellata Nutting, 1908 Keratoisis magnifica Dueñas et al., 2014 Clavulariidae gen. nov. C et sp. nov. A (NIWA 39609; det. Chrysogorgia tetrasticha Versluys, 1902 Keratoisis peara Dueñas et al., 2014 P. Alderslade, 2012) E Chrysogorgia sp. 3 (NIWA 41159; det. J. Sanchez, 2008) Keratoisis wrighti Nutting, 1910 Clavulariidae gen. nov. D et sp. nov. A (NIWA 39866; Chrysogorgia sp. 8 (NIWA 15608; det. J. Sanchez, 2005) Keratoisis sp. 1 (NIWA 11408; det. J. Sanchez, 2007) det. P. Alderslade, 2012) E2 Chrysogorgia sp. 10 (NIWA 15609; det. J. Sanchez, 2005) Keratoisis sp. 2 (NIWA 26586; det. J. Sanchez, 2004) Clavulariidae gen. nov. D et sp. nov. B (NIWA 40714; det. Chrysogorgia sp. R (NIWA 39716; det. P. Alderslade, Keratoisis sp. 3 (NIWA 90444; det. J. Sanchez, 2005) P. Alderslade, 2012) E2 2012) Keratoisis sp. 4 (NIWA 104169; det. J. Sanchez, 2003) Clavulariidae gen. nov. E et sp. nov. A (NIWA 39765; det. Chrysogorgia sp. (NIWA 118976; “bare area”; det. C. Keratoisis sp. 5 (NIWA 14416; det. J. Sanchez, 2004) P. Alderslade, 2012) E2 Untiedt, 2018) Keratoisis sp. 6 (NIWA 15646; det. J. Sanchez, 2004) Family EUPLEXAURIDAE Chrysogorgia sp. (NIWA 42523; “branches”); det. C. Keratoisis sp. 7 (NIWA 14355; det. J. Sanchez, 2005) Euplexaura sp. 1 (NIWA 86103; det. P. Alderslade, 2012) Untiedt, 2018) Keratoisis sp. 8 (NIWA 14385; det. J. Sanchez, 2005) Family GORGONIIDAE Chrysogorgia sp. (NIWA 47390; “cup”; det. C. Untiedt, Keratoisis sp. 10 (NIWA 28121; det. J. Sanchez, 2007) Gorgoniidae gen. et sp. nov. (NIWA 86098; det. P. 2018) Keratoisis sp. 11 (NIWA 28287; det. J. Sanchez & L. Alderslade, 2012) Chrysogorgia sp. (NIWA 9638; “Dasygorgia”; det. S. Dueñas, 2007) Family KEROEIDIDAE Cairns, 2018) Keratoisis sp. 13 (NIWA 28255; det. J. Sanchez & L. Keroeides sp. (NIWA 57008; det. S. Rowley 2011) Chrysogorgia sp. (NIWA 83012; “pinnate”; det. C. Untiedt, Dueñas, 2007) Keroeididae gen. nov. (NIWA 42490; det. P. Alderslade, 2018) Keratoisis sp. 20 (NIWA 28298; det. J. Sanchez & L. 2013) Chrysogorgia sp. (NIWA 20637; “rods”; det. C. Untiedt, Dueñas, 2007) Family MELITHAEIDAE 2018) Keratoisis sp. 22 (NIWA 28390; det. J. Sanchez & L. Iciligorgia koellikeri (Studer, 1878) Chrysogorgia sp. (NIWA 41741; “scales”; det. C. Untiedt, Dueñas, 2007) Melithaea sp. (NIWA 76981; det. S. Rowley, 2011) 2018) Keratoisis sp. 23 (NIWA 28389; det. J. Sanchez & L. Solenocaulon sp. (NIWA 91088; det. P. Alderslade, 2013) Chrysogorgia sp. (NIWA 72139; “strong point”; det. C. Dueñas, 2007) Family NEPHTHEIDAE Untiedt, 2018) Keratoisis sp. 24 (NIWA 28388; det. J. Sanchez & L. Dendronephthya sp. (NIWA 11706; det. G. Williams, Chrysogorgia sp. (NIWA 41739; “weak point”; det. C. Dueñas, 2007) 1995) Untiedt, 2018) Keratoisis sp. 26 (NIWA 28385; det. J. Sanchez & L. Scleronephthya sp. (NIWA 11729; det. G. Williams, 1995) Iridogorgia sp. (NIWA 82896; det. P. Alderslade, 2013) Dueñas, 2007) Family NIDALIIDAE Metallogorgia macrospina Kükenthal, 1919 Lepidisis solitaria Grant, 1976 Nidalia (cf.) sp. (NIWA 79255; det. P. Alderslade, 2012) Metallogorgia melanotrichos (Wright & Studer, 1889) Lepidisis sp. 1 (NIWA 26598; det. J. Sanchez, 2004) Family PARAMURICEIDAE Pseudochrysogorgia bellona Pante & France, 2010 Lepidisis sp. 2 (NIWA 26587; det. J. Sanchez, 2004) Acanthogorgia sp. 1 (NIWA 9657; det. J. Sanchez, 2005) Pseudochrysogorgia sp. nov. (NIWA 65904; det. P. Alder- Lepidisis sp. 3 (NIWA 26580; det. J. Sanchez, 2004) Acanthogorgia sp. 2 (NIWA 14463; det. J. Sanchez, 2005) slade, 2017) Lepidisis sp. 4 (NIWA 26591; det. J. Sanchez, 2004) Acanthogorgia sp. 3 (NIWA 14465; det. J Sanchez, 2005) Radicipes sp. (NIWA 28696; det. J. Sanchez, 2007) Lepidisis sp. 5 (NIWA 26593; det. J. Sanchez, 2004) Acanthogorgia sp. A (NIWA 46395; det. P. Alderslade, Family CORALLIIDAE Lepidisis sp. 6 (NIWA 26600; det. J. Sanchez, 2004) 2012) Corallium nix Bayer, 1996 Lepidisis sp. 7 (NIWA 26584; det. J. Sanchez, 2004) Acanthogorgia sp. B (NIWA 39575; det. P. Alderslade, Corallium tortuosum Bayer, 1956 Lepidisis sp. 8 (NIWA 26595; det. J. Sanchez, 2004) 2012) Corallium sp. A (NIWA 40626; det. P. Alderslade, 2012) Lepidisis sp. 9 (NIWA 15526; det. J. Sanchez, 2005) Anthomuricea sp. 1 (NIWA 24523; det. P. Alderslade, E2 Lepidisis sp. 10 (NIWA 15649; det. J. Sanchez, 2005) 2012) Hemicorallium abyssale (Bayer, 1956) Orstomisis crosnieri Bayer, 1990 Anthomuricea sp. 2 (NIWA 64633; det. P. Alderslade, Hemicorallium imperiale (Bayer, 1955) Orstomisis sp. (NIWA 42560; det. S. France 2008) 2012) Hemicorallium laauense (Bayer, 1956) Family MOPSEIDAE Anthomuricea sp. 3 (NIWA 73010; det. P. Alderslade, Minabea phalloides (Benham, 1928) E Chathamisis bayeri Grant, 1976 2012) Paragorgia alisonae Sánchez, 2005 E Chathamisis sp. nov. 1 (NIWA 72534; det. P. Alderslade, Anthomuricea sp. 4 (NIWA 83277; det. P. Alderslade, Paragorgia aotearoa Sánchez, 2005 E 2012) 2012) Paragorgia arborea (Linnaeus, 1758) Chathamisis sp. nov. 2 (NIWA 72063; det. P. Alderslade, Bebryce sp. 1 (NIWA 86569; det. P. Alderslade, 2012) Paragorgia coralloides Bayer, 1993 2012) Bebryce sp. 2 (NIWA 15625; det. J. Sanchez, 2005) Paragorgia kaupeka Sánchez, 2005 E Chathamisis sp. nov. 3 (NIWA 24540; det. P. Alderslade, Clematissa sp. B (NIWA 69602; det. P. Alderslade, 2017) Paragorgia maunga Sánchez, 2005 E 2012) Discogorgia sp. 1 (NIWA 72270; det. P. Alderslade, 2012) Paragorgia splendens Thomson & Henderson, 1906 Circinisis circinata Grant, 1976 Discogorgia sp. 2 (NIWA 82930; det. P. Alderslade, 2012) Paragorgia wahine Sánchez, 2005 E Echinisis eltanin Bayer & Stefani, 1987 Discogorgia sp. 3 (NIWA 83050; det. P. Alderslade, 2012) Paragorgia whero Sánchez, 2005 E Echinisis macquariana (Bayer & Stefani, 1987) Echinogorgia sp. (NIWA 97267; det. J. Bilewitch, 2014) Paraminabea sp. (NIWA 34962; det. T. Molodtsova, 2007) Echinisis spicata (Hickson, 1907) Muriceides kuekenthali (Broch, 1912) Pleurocorallium borneense (Bayer, 1950) Echinisis sp. 1 (NIWA 28305; det. P. Alderslade, 2010) Muriceides sp. 1 (NIWA 72698; det. P. Alderslade, 2012) Pleurocorallium konojoi (Kishinouye, 1903) Echinisis sp. nov. C (NIWA 46397; det. P. Alderslade, Muriceides sp. 2 (NIWA 86585; det. P. Alderslade, 2012) Pleurocorallium niveum (Bayer, 1956) 2012) Muriceides sp. (NIWA 25397; det. J. Sanchez, 2006) Pleurocorallium porcellanum (Pasternak, 1981) Echinisis sp. nov. D (NIWA 39761; det. P. Alderslade, Paracis squamata (Nutting, 1910) Pleurocorallium thrinax (Bayer & Stefani in Bayer, 1996) 2012) Paracis sp. 2 (NIWA 86572; det. P. Alderslade, 2012) Sibogagorgia dennisgordoni Sánchez, 2005 E Echinisis sp. nov. E (NIWA 127889; det. P. Alderslade, Paramuricea sp. 1 (NIWA 86581; det. P. Alderslade, 2012) Sibogagorgia tautahi Sánchez, 2005 E 2018) Paramuricea sp. 5 (NIWA 15528; et. J. Sanchez, 2005) Subfamily ANTHOMASTINAE Lissopholidisis nuttingi (Grant, 1976) Paraplexaura sp. (NIWA 67746; det. S. Rowley, 2011) Anthomastus zealandicus Benham, 1928 E Minuisis granti Alderslade, 1998 Placogorgia sp. 2 (NIWA 47206; det. S. France, 2009) Anthomastus sp. 1 (NIWA 12595; det. J. Sanchez, 2005) Minuisis pseudoplana Grant, 1976 E Placogorgia sp. 3 (NIWA 82202; det. P. Alderslade, 2012) Anthomastus sp. 2 (NIWA 12632; det. J. Sanchez, 2005) Minuisis sp. nov. 1 (NTM C014403, NORFANZ; det. P. Placogorgia sp. 4 (NIWA 24520; det. P. Alderslade, 2012) Anthomastus sp. N (NIWA 39563; det. P. Alderslade, Alderslade 2008) E2 Placogorgia sp. 6 (NIWA 15620; det. J. Sanchez, 2005) 2012) Minuisis sp. 1 (NIWA 90442; det. J. Sanchez, 2005) Villogorgia sp. 1 (NIWA 67750; det. J. Sanchez & P. Anthomastus sp. O (NIWA 39563; det. P. Alderslade, Minuisis sp. 2 (NIWA 90451; det. J. Sanchez, 2005) Alderslade, 2012) 2012) Notisis sp. (NIWA 102382; det. K. Moore, 2015) Villogorgia sp. 2 (NIWA 72827; det. P. Alderslade, 2012) Bathyalcyon robustum Versluys, 1906 Peltastisis sp. indet. (NIWA 25688; det. J. Sanchez, 2006) Villogorgia sp. 3 (NIWA 67749; det. J. Sanchez, 2010) Bathyalcyon sp. (NIWA 86181; det. P. Alderslade, 2013) Primnoisis ambigua Wright & Studer, 1889 Villogorgia sp. 4 (NIWA 67755; det. J. Sanchez, 2010) Heteropolypus sp. (NIWA 28667; det. P. Alderslade, 2012) Primnoisis (Primnoisis) antarctica Wright & Studer, 1889 Paramuriceidae gen. nov. D et sp. nov. B (NIWA 40021; Pseudoanthomastus sp. (NIWA 53553; det. P. Alderslade, Primnoisis (Primnoisis) chatham Moore et al., 2016 det. P. Alderslade, 2012) E 2014) Primnoisis (Primnoisis) erymna Moore et al., 2016 Paramuriceidae gen. et sp. nov. (NIWA 56718; det. P. Family ELLISELLIDAE Primnoisis (Primnoisis) fragilis Kükenthal, 1912 Alderslade, 2013) Ctenocella sp. (NMNZ CO.000844) Primnoisis (Delicatisis) niwa Moore et al., 2016 Family PLEXAURIDAE Ellisella sp. (NIWA 134918; det. J. Bilewitch, 2018) Primnoisis sp. 6 (NIWA 41546; det. K. Moore, 2013) Swiftia sp. 1 (NIWA 15481; det. J. Sanchez, 2005) Junceella cf. eunicelloides Grasshoff, 1999 (NIWA 97259; Sclerisis sp. (NIWA 104167; det. J. Sánchez, 2003) E Family ROSGORGIIDAE det. J. Bilewitch, 2014) Mopseidae gen. nov. A et sp. nov. 1 (NIWA 83083; det. P. Rosgorgia sp. (NIWA 66318; det. P. Alderslade, 2017) Junceella sp. (NIWA 4149; det. G. Williams, 1995) Alderslade, 2012) Family SIPHONOGORGIIDAE Nicella carinata Nutting, 1910 Mopseidae gen. nov. A et sp. nov. A (NIWA 54226; det. P. Chironephthya sp. (NIWA 11714; det. J. Sanchez, 2005) Verrucella sp. (NIWA 77475; det. G. Williams, 1995) Alderslade, 2010) Chironephthya sp. 2 (NIWA 11723; det. J. Sanchez, 2005) Viminella sp. (NIWA 77628; det. G. Williams, 1995) Mopseidae gen. nov. B et sp. nov. (NIWA 83368; det. P. Family TAIAROIDAE Family ISIDOIDAE Alderslade, 2012) Taiaroa tauhou Bayer & Muzik, 1976 E Isidoides cf. armata Nutting, 1910 Mopseidae gen. nov. E et sp. nov. C (NIWA 125327; det. P. Family TUBIPORIDAE Isidoides sp. (NIWA 16239; det. S. France & L. Watling, Alderslade, 2017) Rhodelinda gardineri (Gohar, 1940) 2008) Mopseidae gen. nov. F et sp. nov. A (NIWA 46381; det. P. Rhodelinda sp. nov. A (NIWA 39934; det. P. Alderslade, Family KERATOISIDIDAE Alderslade, 2012) 2012) Subfamily KERATOISIDINAE Mopseidae gen. nov. G et sp. nov. A (NIWA 127893; det. Rhodelinda sp. nov. B (NIWA 39850; det. P. Alderslade, Acanella arbuscula (Johnson, 1862) P. Alderslade, 2018) 2012) Acanella rigida Wright & Studer, 1889 Mopseidae gen. nov. H et sp. nov. A (NIWA 46378; det. Telesto spp. indet. (e.g., NIWA 25340; det. J. Sanchez, Acanella sp. nov. A (NIWA 41531; det. Grant, 1976) K. Moore, 2012) 2006) Acanella sp. 1 (NIWA 28345; det. J. Sanchez, 2007) Mopseidae gen. nov. K et sp. nov. W (NIWA 3438; det. J. Family VICTORGORGIIDAE Acanella sp. 2 (NIWA 28276; det. J. Sanchez & L. Dueñas, Sanchez, 2004) Trachythela rudis Verrill, 1922 2005) Mopseidae gen. et sp. nov. (NIWA 41542; det. P. Alder- Victorgorgia eminens Moore et al., 2017 Acanella sp. 3 (NIWA 41548; det. G. Williams, 1995) slade, 2010) Acanella sp. 4 (NIWA 28270; det. J. Sanchez & L. Dueñas, Mopseidae gen. et sp. nov. (NIWA 91077; det. P. Alder- 2007) slade, 2010) 152 Mopseidae gen. et sp. nov. (NIWA 102448; det. K. Family SARCODICTYONIDAE Family HALIMEDUSIDAE Moore, 2015) Sarcodictyon spp. indet. (2 spp.) (det. G. Williams) Tiaricodon sp. indet. (NIWA 4828; det. P. Schuchert, Mopseidae gen. et sp. nov. (NIWA 41549; det. J. Sanchez, Telestula sp. (NIWA 112144; det. J. Sanchez, 2005) 1996) 2005) Family SPONGIODERMIDAE Family PENNARIIDAE Family PRIMNOIDAE Callipodium australe (Verrill, 1876) Pennaria disticha Goldfuss, 1820 Callogorgia dichotoma Cairns, 2016 E Superfamily PENNATULOIDEA Family PORPITIDAE Callogorgia formosa (Kükenthal, 1907) Family ANTHOPTILIDAE Porpita porpita (Linnaeus, 1758) Callogorgia gilberti (Nutting, 1908) Anthoptilum gowlettholmesae Williams & Alderslade, Velella velella (Linnaeus, 1758) Callogorgia histoclados (Cairns, 2016) E 2011 Family SOLANDERIIDAE Callogorgia korema (Bayer & Stefani, 1989) Anthoptilum grandiflorum (Verrill, 1879) Solanderia secunda (Inaba, 1892) Callogorgia sertosa (Wright & Studer, 1889) Anthoptilum lithophilum Cairns, 1991 Solanderia ericopsis (Carter, 1873) Callogorgia tessellata Cairns, 2016 E Anthoptilum murrayi Kölliker, 1880 Family ZANCLEIDAE Callogorgia tuberculata (Versluys, 1906) Family ECHINOPTILIDAE Zanclea polymorpha Schuchert, 1996 Callogorgia sp. nov. cf. granulosa (NIWA 11091) Cairns, Echinoptilum cf. echinatum (Kükenthal, 1910) Suborder FILIFERA 2021 E Echinoptilum sp. 1 (Det. G. Williams, 1995) Family BOUGAINVILLIIDAE Callozostron acanthodes Bayer, 1996 E Echinoptilum sp. 2 (Det. G. Williams, 1995) Bougainvillia aurantiaca Bouillon, 1980 Callozostron carlottae Kükenthal, 1909 E Family FUNICULINIDAE Bougainvillia dimorpha Schuchert, 1996 Callozostron mirabile Wright, 1885 Funiculina quadriangularis (Pallas, 1766) Bougainvillia fulva A. Agassiz & Mayer, 1899 Callozostron pinnatum Cairns, 2016 E Funiculina sp. (Det. G. Williams, 1995) Bougainvillia cf. inaequalis Fraser, 1944 Calyptrophora clinata Cairns, 2007 Family HALIPTERIDAE Bougainvillia macloviana Lesson, 1830 Calyptrophora cristata Cairns, 2012 E Balticina finmarchica (Sars, 1851) Bougainvillia muscus (Allman, 1863) Calyptrophora cucullata Cairns, 2012 E2 Balticina willemoesi (Kölliker, 1880) Bougainvillia platygaster (Haeckel, 1879) Calyptrophora diaphana Cairns, 2012 E Balticina sp. 1 (Det. G. Williams, 1995) Bougainvillia vervoorti Bouillon, 1995 Calyptrophora inornata Cairns, 2012 E Balticina sp. 2 (Det. G. Williams, 1995) Bougainvillia sp. Vervoort & Watson in Cairns et al. 2009 Calyptrophora niwa Cairns, 2012 E Family KOPHOBELEMNIDAE Dicoryne conybearei (Allman, 1864) Calyptrophora wyvillei Wright, 1885 Kophobelemnon cf. pauciflorum Hickson, 1916 Garveia sp. Vervoort & Watson in Cairns et al. 2009 Candidella helminthophora (Nutting, 1908) Kophobelemnon stelliferum (Müller, 1776) Koellikerina maasi (Browne, 1910) Convexella krampi (Madsen, 1956) E Kophobelemnon sp. 1 (Det. G. Williams, 1995) Rhizorhagium antarcticum (Hickson & Gravely, 1907) Dasystenella acanthina (Wright & Studer, 1889) Kophobelemnon sp. 2 (Det. G. Williams, 1995) Family BYTHOTIARIDAE Dasystenella austasensis (Zapata-Guardiola & Lo- Kophobelemnon sp. 3 (NIWA 28827; det. E. Dolan, 2013) Bythotiara murrayi Günther, 1903 pez-González, 2010a) Sclerobelemnon sp. (Det. G. Williams, 1995) Bythotiara parasitica (Kirk, 1915) Faxiella delicatula (Thomson & Rennett, 1913) E2 Family PENNATULIDAE Bythotiara sp. indet. (NIWA 4697; det. P. Schuchert, Helicoprimnoa fasciola Cairns, 2012 E Pennatula aculeata Danielssen, 1860 1996) Loboprimnoa exotica Cairns, 2016 E Pennatula indica Thomson & Henderson, 1906 Calycopsis bigelowi Vanhöffen, 1911 Metafannyella chathamensis Cairns, 2016 E Pennatula cf. moseleyi (NIWA 72714; det. G. Williams, Family CLATHROZOELLIDAE Metafannyella eos (Bayer, 1998) E 2011) Clathrozoella bathyalis Peña Cantero et al., 2003 E Metafannyella moseleyi (Wright & Studer, 1889) Pennatula naresi Kölliker, 1880 Clathrozoella drygalskii (Vanhöffen, 1910) Metafannyella polita Cairns, 2016 E Pennatula phosphorea Linnaeus, 1758 Family CORDYLOPHORIDAE  Metafannyella rigida Cairns, 2021 E Pennatula prolifera Jungersen, 1904 Cordylophora caspia (Pallas, 1771) Metafannyella ventilabrum (Studer, 1878) E Ptilella inflata (Kükenthal, 1910) Family CYTAEIDIDAE Metanarella nannolepis Cairns, 2012 E Gyrophyllum sibogae Hickson, 1916 Cytaeis tetrastyla Eschscholtz, 1829 Mirostenella articulata Bayer, 1988 Gyrophyllum sp. (Det. G. Williams, 1995) Cytaeis cf. tetrastyla Eschscholtz, 1829 Narella clavata (Versluys, 1906) Pteroeides bollonsi (Benham, 1906) E Cytaeis sp. indet. Bouillon & Barnett, 1999 Narella hypsocalyx Cairns, 2012 E2 Pteroeides sp. 1 (Det. G. Williams, 1995) Family EUCODONIIDAE Narella mesolepis Cairns, 2012 E Pteroeides sp. 2 (Det. G. Williams, 1995) Eucodonium brownei Hartlaub, 1907 Narella mosaica Cairns, 2012 E Family PROTOPTILIDAE Family EUDENDRIIDAE Narella parva (Versluys, 1906) Distichoptilum gracile Verrill, 1882 Eudendrium capillare Alder, 1856 Narella studeri (Versluys, 1906) Family SCLEROPTILIDAE Eudendrium generale von Lendenfeld, 1885 Narella vulgaris Cairns, 2012 E Calibelemnon indicum (Thomson & Henderson, 1906) Eudendrium maorianus Schuchert, 1996 Narelloides crinitus Cairns, 2012 E Family UMBELLULIDAE Eudendrium novaezelandiae Marktanner-Turneretscher, Narelloides traceyae Cairns, 2016 E Umbellula cf. lindahli Kölliker, 1875 1890 Ophidiogorgia cf. kuekenthali (Gravier, 1913) (NIWA Umbellula sp. (Det. G. Williams, 1995) Eudendrium ritchiei Millard, 1975 77618; det. S. Cairns, 2016) Family VIRGULARIIDAE Eudendrium terraenovae Watson, 1985 Pachyprimnoa asakoae Cairns, 2016 E Acanthoptilum longifolium Williams, 2007 E Family HYDRACTINIIDAE Paracalyptrophora hawaiiensis Cairns, 2009 Stylatula austropacifica Williams, 2007 E Clavactinia rubricata (Schuchert, 1996) Paracalyptrophora mariae (Versluys, 1906) Virgularia cf. gracillima Kölliker, 1880 Fiordlandia protecta Schuchert, 1996 Parastenella doederleini (Wright & Studer, 1889) Family SCLERALCYONACEA INCERTAE SEDIS Hydractinia novaezelandiae Schuchert, 1996 Parastenella pacifica Cairns, 2007 Stephanogorgia sp. (NIWA 82140; det. P. Alderslade, Hydractinia otagoensis (Schuchert, 1996) Parastenella spinosa (Wright & Studer, 1889) 2012) Hydractinia parvispina Hartlaub, 1905 Perissogorgia colossus Bayer & Stefani, 1989 Podocoryna australis Schuchert, 1996 Perissogorgia rigida Cairns, 2016 E Order OCTOCORALLIA INCERTAE SEDIS Podocoryna bella Hand, 1961 Perissogorgia vitrea Bayer & Stefani, 1989 Pseudothesea sp.? (NIWA 91206; det. K. Moore, 2013) Family MAGAPIIDAE Perissogorgia sp. nov. (NIWA 47808) Cairns, 2016 E Fabienna sphaerica Schuchert, 1996 E Plumarella cordilla Cairns, 2016 E Class CUBOZOA Family OCEANIIDAE Plumarella sp. nov. B (NIWA 39638; det. P. Alderslade Order CARYBDEIDA Oceania armata Kölliker, 1853 2011) Family TRIPEDALIIDAE Rhizogeton conicum Schuchert, 1996 Primnoa notialis Cairns & Bayer, 2005 Copula sivickisi (Stiasny, 1926) Rhizogeton sp. indet. (NIWA 5208; det. P. Schuchert, Primnoa sp. nov. A (NIWA 40770; det. P. Alderslade, 1996) 2012) Class HYDROZOA Turritopsis rubra (Farquhar, 1895) Primnoa sp. nov. B (NIWA 40448; det. P. Alderslade, Subclass HYDROIDOLINA Family PANDEIDAE 2012) Order ANTHOATHECATA Amphinema dinema (Peron & Lesueur, 1810) Primnoella australasiae (Gray, 1849) Suborder APLANULATA Amphinema rugosum (Mayer, 1900) Primnoella distans Studer, 1879 Family BOEROMEDUSIDAE Annatiara affinis (Hartlaub, 1914) Primnoella insularis Cairns, 2016 E Boeromedusa auricogonia Bouillon, 1995 E Barnettia caprai Schuchert, 1996 E Primnoella sp. nov. A (NIWA 39655; det. P. Alderslade, Family CANDELABRIDAE Halitholus pauper Hartlaub, 1914 2012) Candelabrum australe (Briggs, 1928) Leuckartiara annexa Kramp, 1957 Primnoella sp. (NIWA 77617) Cairns, 2016 E Candelabrum sp. indet. (det. P. Schuchert, 1996) Leuckartiara octona (Fleming, 1823) Thouarella (Euthouarella) hilgendorfi (Studer, 1879) Family CORYMORPHIDAE Leuckartiara sp. 1 Bouillon & Barnett, 1999 Thouarella (Thouarella) brevispinosa Wright & Studer, Corymorpha forbesii (Mayer, 1894) Leuckartiara sp. 12 Bouillon & Barnett, 1999 1889 Corymorpha furcata (Kramp, 1948) Merga treubeli Schuchert, 1996 Thouarella (Thouarella) crenelata Kükenthal, 1907 Euphysa intermedia (Schuchert, 1996) Merga sp. (Det. P. Schuchert, 1996) Thouarella (Thouarella) diadema Cairns, 2006 Euphysa problematica Schuchert, 1996 Neoturris papua (Lesson, 1843) Thouarella (Thouarella) koellikeri Wright and Studer, 1889 Family MARGELOPSIDAE Pandea conica (Quoy & Gaimard, 1827) Thouarella (Thouarella) variabilis var. gracilis Wright & Pelagohydra mirabilis Dendy, 1902 E Pandeopsis ikarii (Uchida, 1927) Studer, 1889 E Family TUBULARIIDAE Family PROBOSCIDACTYLIDAE Thouarella (Thouarella) variabilis var. typical Wright & Ectopleura crocea (Agassiz, 1862) NI Proboscidactyla sp. indet. (NIWA 4823; det. P. Schuchert, Studer, 1889 E2 Ectopleura exxonia (Watson, 1978) 1996) Thouarella sp. nov. C (NIWA 40550; det. P. Alderslade, Ectopleura larynx (Ellis & Solander, 1786) NI Family PROTIARIDAE 2012) Ectopleura minerva Mayer, 1900 Halitiara formosa Fewkes, 1882 Thouarella sp. nov. G (NIWA 104093; det. P. Alderslade, Ectopleura multicirrata Schuchert, 1996 Halitiara inflexa Bouillon, 1980 2012) Hybocodon chilensis Hartlaub, 1905 Family RATHKEIDAE Thouarella sp. nov. H (NIWA 40791; det. P. Alderslade, Suborder CAPITATA Lizzia blondina Forbes, 1848 2012) Family CLADOCORYNIDAE Podocorynoides minima (Trinci, 1903) Thouarella sp. nov. L (NIWA 39862; det. P. Alderslade, Cladocoryne floccosa Rotch, 1871 Rathkea formosissima (Browne, 1902) 2012) Family CLADONEMATIDAE Rathkea octopunctata (M. Sars, 1835) Thouarella sp. nov. M (NIWA 41054; det. P. Alderslade, Cladonema radiatum Dujardin, 1843 Family STYLASTERIDAE 2012) Eleutheria dichotoma Quatrefages, 1842 NI Adelopora crassilabrum Cairns, 1991 E Thouarella sp. nov. N (NIWA 41010; det. P. Alderslade, Staurocladia vallentini (Browne, 1902) Adelopora fragilis Cairns, 1991 2012) Staurocladia wellingtoni Schuchert, 1996 Astya aspidopora Cairns, 1991 E Thouarella sp. nov. P (NIWA 104173; det. P. Alderslade, Family CORYNIDAE Calyptopora reticulata Boschma, 1968 E 2012) Coryne eximia Allman, 1859 NI Conopora candelabrum Cairns, 1991 E Thouarella sp. nov. Q (NIWA 39705; det. P. Alderslade, Coryne japonica (Nagao, 1962) NI Conopora gigantea Cairns, 1991 E 2012) Coryne pusilla Gaertner, 1774 NI Conopora laevis (Studer, 1878) Thouarella sp. nov. R (NIWA 105629; det. P. Alderslade, Coryne tricycla Schuchert, 1996 Conopora tetrastichopora Cairns, 1991 E 2012) Coryne? sp. 1 (NIWA 4713) (Det. P. Schuchert, 1996) Conopora unifacialis Cairns, 1991 E Tokoprymno maia Bayer, 1996 E Coryne? sp. 2 (Det. P. Schuchert, 1996) Conopora verrucosa (Studer, 1878) Tokoprymno sp. nov. E (NIWA 39606; det. P. Alderslade & Stauridiosarsia ophiogaster (Haeckel, 1879) Crypthelia curvata Cairns, 1991 E L. Dueñas, 2023) E Crypthelia cymas Cairns, 1986 153 Crypthelia fragilis Cairns, 1983 Halecium corrugatissimum Trebilcock, 1928 E Zygophylax binematophoratus Vervoort & Watson, 2003 E Crypthelia polypoma Cairns, 1991 E Halecium delicatulum Coughtrey, 1876 Zygophylax cervicornis (Nutting, 1905) Crypthelia robusta Cairns, 1991 E Halecium expansum Trebilcock, 1928 E Zygophylax parapacificus Vervoort & Watson, 2003 Crypthelia stenopoma (Hickson & England, 1905) E Halecium fijiensis Watson, 2015 Zygophylax polycarpa Vervoort & Watson, 2003 E Crypthelia sp. 1 (NIWA 42639; det. J. Sanchez, 2010) Halecium fragile Hodgson, 1950 Zygophylax pseudafricana Vervoort & Watson, 2003 Crypthelia sp. 7 (NIWA 53740; det. S. Cairns, 2013) Halecium lenticulare Trebilcock, 1928 E Zygophylax sibogae Billard, 1918 Distichopora dispar Cairns, 1991 E Halecium plicatocarpum Vervoort & Watson, 2003 E2 Zygophylax tizardensis Kirkpatrick, 1890 Distichopora violacea (Pallas, 1766) Halecium ralphae Watson & Vervoort, 2001 Zygophylax unilateralis Totton, 1930 Errina australis Cairns & Zibrowius, 2013 E Halecium sessile Norman, 1867 Superfamily PLUMULARIOIDEA Errina bicolor Cairns, 1991 E Halecium sp. indet. Vervoort & Watson, 2003 Family AGLAOPHENIIDAE Errina carnea Boschma, 1965 Family HEBELLIDAE Aglaophenia acanthocarpa Allman, 1876 Errina chathamensis Cairns, 1991 E Anthohebella parasitica (Ciamician, 1880) Aglaophenia brachiata (Lamarck, 1816) Errina cheilopora Cairns, 1983 E Hebella scandens (Bale, 1888) Aglaophenia ctenata (Totton, 1930) E2 Errina cooki Hickson, 1912 E Hebella striata Allman, 1888 Aglaophenia difficilis Vervoort & Watson, 2003 E Errina cruenta Boschma, 1968 Staurodiscus gotoi (Uchida, 1927) Aglaophenia digitulus Vervoort & Watson, 2003 E Errina dendyi Hickson, 1912 E Staurodiscus polynema (Kramp, 1959) Aglaophenia hystrix Vervoort & Watson, 2003 E Errina fissurata Gray, 1872 Family LAFOEIDAE Aglaophenia laxa Allman, 1876 Errina gracilis von Marenzeller, 1903 Acryptolaria angulata (Bale, 1914) Aglaophenia plumosa Bale, 1882 Errina laevigata Cairns, 1991 E Acryptolaria conferta (Allman, 1877) Aglaophenia subspiralis Vervoort & Watson, 2003 Errina laterorifa Eguchi, 1964 Acryptolaria crassicaulis (Allman, 1888) Carpocladus fertilis Vervoort & Watson, 2003 Errina novaezelandiae Hickson, 1912 E Acryptolaria gracilis (Allman, 1888) Gymnangium ascidioides (Bale, 1882) Errina reticulata Cairns, 1991 E Acryptolaria longitheca (Allman, 1877) Gymnangium birostratum (Bale, 1914) Errina sinuosa Cairns, 1991 E Acryptolaria minima Totton, 1930 Gymnangium explorationis Vervoort & Watson, 2003 Errina sp. nov. (NIWA 73153; det. N. Bax, 2012) Acryptolaria operculata Stepanjants, 1979 Gymnangium expansum (Jäderholm, 1903) Errinopsis sp. nov. (NIWA 53570; det. S. Cairns, 2013) Billardia novaezealandiae Totton, 1930 E Gymnangium hians (Busk, 1852) Errinopsis sp. nov. 2 (NIWA 75879; det. P. Marriott, 2014) Billardia hyalina Vervoort & Watson, 2003 Gymnangium humile (Bale, 1884) Inferiolabiata cervicornis (Broch, 1942) E Filellum antarcticum (Hartlaub, 1904) Gymnangium japonicum Watson & Vervoort, 2001 Inferiolabiata labiata (Moseley, 1879) Filellum serpens (Hassall, 1848) Gymnangium longirostre (Kirchenpauer, 1872) Inferiolabiata lowei (Cairns, 1983) Filellum serratum (Clarke, 1879) Gymnangium profiler (Bale, 1882) Inferiolabiata spinosa Cairns, 1991 E Filellum sp. 1 Vervoort & Watson, 2003 Gymnangium tubuliferum (Bale, 1914) Inferiolabiata sp. nov. 1 (NIWA 54128; det. N. Bax, 2013) Filellum sp. 2 Vervoort & Watson, 2003 Lytocarpia alata Vervoort & Watson, 2003 E Inferiolabiata sp. nov. (NIWA 105098; det. P. Marriott, Filellum sp. 3 Vervoort & Watson, 2003 Lytocarpia brevirostris (Busk, 1852) 2015) Lafoea dumosa (Fleming, 1820) Lytocarpia chiltoni (Bale, 1924) Inferiolabiata sp. C (NIWA 73195; det. N. Bax, 2012) Family LAODICEIDAE Lytocarpia epizoica Vervoort & Watson, 2003 E Lepidopora cryptocymas Cairns, 1985 E Laodicea indica Browne, 1905 Lytocarpia howensis (Briggs, 1918) Lepidopora dendrostylus Cairns, 1991 E Family LOVENELLIDAE Lytocarpia incisa (Coughtrey, 1875) Lepidopora polystichopora Cairns, 1985 E Eucheilota menoni Kramp, 1959 Lytocarpia phyteuma (Kirchenpauer, 1876) Lepidopora sarmentosa (Boschma, 1968) E Eucheilota paradoxica Mayer, 1900 Lytocarpia ?rigida Vervoort & Watson, 2003 Lepidopora symmetrica Cairns, 1991 Eucheilota tropica Kramp, 1959 Lytocarpia ?similis Vervoort & Watson, 2003 E Lepidopora sp. nov. (NIWA 25682; det. P. Marriott, 2015) Eucheilota sp. indet. Bouillon & Barnett, 1999 Lytocarpia spiralis (Totton, 1930) E2 Lepidotheca altispina Cairns, 1991 Lovenella assimilis (Browne, 1905) Lytocarpia striata Vervoort & Watson, 2003 E Lepidotheca chauliostylus Cairns, 1991 E Lovenella sp. indet. Vervoort & Watson, 2003 Lytocarpia subdichotoma (Ralph, 1961) Lepidotheca fascicularis (Cairns, 1983) Family MALAGAZZIIDAE Lytocarpia tenuissima (Bale, 1914) Lepidotheca inconsuta Cairns, 1991 Malagazzia carolinae (Mayer, 1900) Lytocarpia vulgaris Vervoort & Watson, 2003 E Lepidotheca robusta Cairns, 1991 E Octophialucium indicum Kramp, 1958 Lytocarpia sp. indet. Vervoort & Watson, 2003 Leptohelia microstylus (Cairns, 1991) E Family MITROCOMIDAE Macrorhynchia phoenicea (Busk, 1852) Paraconopora anthohelia (Cairns, 1991) E Cosmetirella davisii (Browne, 1902) Monoserius pennarius (Linnaeus, 1758) Pseudocrypthelia pachypoma (Hickson & England, 1905) Mitrocomella brownei (Kramp, 1930) Wanglaophenia longicarpa Vervoort & Watson, 2003 Sporadopora micropora Cairns, 1991 E Mitrocomella frigida (Browne, 1910) Wanglaophenia rostrifrons Vervoort & Watson, 2003 E Sporadopora mortenseni Broch, 1942 Mitrocomella niwai Bouillon & Barnett, 1999 Family HALOPTERIDIDAE Stellapora echinata (Moseley, 1879) Family PHIALELLIDAE Antennella kiwiana Schuchert, 1997 E Stenohelia conferta Boschma, 1968 E Phialella falklandica Browne, 1902 Antennella quadriaurita Ritchie, 1909 Stephanohelia praecipua Cairns, 1991 Phialella quadrata (Forbes, 1848) Antennella secundaria (Gmelin, 1791) Stylaster brunneus Boschma, 1970 Family PHIALUCIIDAE Antennellopsis integerrima Jäderholm, 1896 Stylaster eguchii (Boschma, 1966) Phialucium mbengha (Agassiz & Mayer, 1899) Corhiza scotiae (Ritchie, 1907) Stylaster gracilis Milne Edwards & Haime, 1850 E Family STAUROTHECIDAE Corhiza splendens Vervoort & Watson, 2003 E Stylaster horologium Cairns, 1991 E Staurotheca? megalotheca Vervoort & Watson, 2003 E Halopteris campanula (Busk, 1852) Stylaster imbricatus Cairns, 1991 Staurotheca cf. vanhoeffeni (Peña Cantero & García Halopteris crassa (Billard, 1911) Stylaster sinuosus (Cairns, 1991) E Carrascosa, 1994) Halopteris infundibulum Vervoort, 1966 Stylaster sp. nov. A (NIWA 53704; det. S. Cairns, 2014) Family SYMPLECTOSCYPHIDAE Halopteris minuta (Trebilcock, 1928) Stylaster sp. 1 (NIWA 16233; TAN0413; det. J. Sanchez, Symplectoscyphus amoenus Vervoort & Watson, 2003 E Halopteris prominens Vervoort & Watson, 2003 2005) Symplectoscyphus candelabrum Vervoort & Watson, Halopteris pseudoconstricta Millard, 1975 Systemapora ornata Cairns, 1991 2003 E Family KIRCHENPAUERIIDAE Symplectoscyphus columnarius (Briggs, 1914) Halicornopsis elegans (Lamarck, 1816) Order LEPTOTHECATA Symplectoscyphus confusus Totton, 1930 Kirchenpaueria bonnevieae (Billard, 1906) Family AEQUOREIDAE Symplectoscyphus epizooticus Totton, 1930 Kirchenpaueria halecioides (Alder, 1859) Aequorea australis Uchida, 1947 Symplectoscyphus fuscus (Trebilcock, 1928) Pycnotheca mirabilis (Allman, 1883) Aequorea forskalea Péron & Lesueur, 1810 Symplectoscyphus howensis Vervoort & Watson, 2003 Family PHYLACTOTHECIDAE Aequorea macrodactyla (Brandt, 1835) Symplectoscyphus indivisus (Bale, 1882) Hydrodendron mirabile (Hincks, 1866) Family CAMPANULARIIDAE Symplectoscyphus johnstoni (Gray, 1843) Hydrodendron tottoni Rees & Vervoort, 1987 E2 Campanularia diverticulata (Totton, 1930) Symplectoscyphus macroscyphus Vervoort & Watson, 2003 Family PLUMULARIIDAE Campanularia hicksoni Totton, 1930 Symplectoscyphus odontiferus Vervoort & Watson, 2003 Nemertesia ciliata Bale, 1914 Clytia elongata Marktanner-Turneretscher, 1890 Symplectoscyphus paulensis Stechow, 1923 Nemertesia cymodocea (Busk, 1851) Clytia cf. gracilis (Sars, 1850) Symplectoscyphus procerus (Trebilcock, 1928) E Nemertesia elongata Totton, 1930 E Clytia gregaria (Agassiz, 1862) Symplectoscyphus pseudodivaricatus Ralph, 1961 Nemertesia pinnatifida Vervoort & Watson, 2003 E2 Clytia hemisphaerica (Linnaeus, 1767) Symplectoscyphus pygmaeus (Bale, 1882) Nemertesia sp. indet. Vervoort & Watson, 2003 Clytia linearis (Thorneley, 1900) NI Symplectoscyphus rentoni (Bartlett, 1907) Plumularia anonyma Vervoort & Watson, 2003 E Clytia rangiroae (Agassiz & Mayer, 1902) Symplectoscyphus spiraliformis Vervoort & Watson, 2003 Plumularia mula Totton, 1936 E Clytia simplex (Browne, 1902) E Plumularia caliculata Bale, 1888 Gonothyraea loveni (Allman, 1859) NI Symplectoscyphus subarticulatus (Coughtrey, 1875) Plumularia congregata Vervoort & Watson, 2003 E Hartlaubella gelatinosa (Pallas, 1766) NI Symplectoscyphus subdichotomus (Kirchenpauer, 1884) Plumularia epibracteolosa Watson, 1973 Obelia bidentata Clarke, 1875 Symplectoscyphus tuba Totton, 1930 Plumularia filicula Allman, 1877 Obelia dichotoma (Linnaeus, 1758) NI Symplectoscyphus vanhoeffeni Totton, 1930 Plumularia hyalina (Bale, 1882) Obelia geniculata (Linnaeus, 1758) NI Family SYNTHECIIDAE Plumularia insignis Allman, 1883 Obelia longissima (Pallas, 1766) NI Hincksella sibogae Billard, 1918 Plumularia opima Bale, 1924 E Obelia sp. 1 Vervoort & Watson, 2003 Synthecium brucei Vervoort & Watson, 2003 Plumularia pulchella Bale, 1882 Orthopyxis affabilis Vervoort & Watson, 2003 Synthecium campylocarpum Allman, 1888 Plumularia setacea (Linnaeus, 1758) Orthopyxis caliculata (Hincks, 1853) Synthecium carinatum Totton, 1930 Plumularia setaceoides Bale, 1882 Orthopyxis crenata (Hartlaub, 1901) Synthecium elegans Allman, 1872 Plumularia spinulosa Bale, 1882 Orthopyxis integra (MacGillivray, 1842) Synthecium gordoni Vervoort & Watson, 2003 E Plumularia spirocladia Totton, 1930 E Orthopyxis mollis (Stechow, 1919) Synthecium megathecum Billard, 1925 Plumularia tenuissima Totton, 1930 E Silicularia rosea Meyen, 1834 Synthecium protectum Jaederholm, 1903 Plumularia togata Watson, 1973 Family CAMPANULINIDAE Synthecium subventricosum Bale, 1914 Plumularia wattsi Bale, 1887 Plicatotheca anitae Calder & Vervoort, 1986 Synthecium tottoni Ralph, 1958 E Plumularia sp. indet. Vervoort & Watson, 2003 Tripoma arboreum Hirohito, 1995 Family TIARANNIDAE Superfamily SERTULARIOIDEA Family CIRRHOLOVENIIDAE Chromatonema rubrum Fewkes, 1882 Family SERTULARELLIDAE Cirrholovenia polynema Kramp, 1959 Modeeria rotunda (Quoy & Gaimard, 1827) Sertularella acutidentata Billard, 1919 Cirrholovenia tetranema Kramp, 1959 Stegolaria irregularis Totton, 1930 Sertularella areyi Nutting, 1904 Family CLATHROZOIDAE Stegolaria geniculata (Allman, 1888) Sertularella crassiuscula Bale, 1924 E Clathrozoon sp. indet. Vervoort & Watson, 2003 Stegopoma sp. (CO.000457) Vervoort & Watson, 2003 Sertularella diaphana Allman, 1885 Family EIRENIDAE Family TIAROPSIDAE Sertularella exigua Thompson, 1879 E Eirene ceylonensis Browne, 1905 Tiaropsidium japonicum Kramp, 1932 Sertularella fuegonensis El Beshbeeshy, 2011 Eirene menoni Kramp, 1953 Tiaropsidium roseum (Maas, 1905) Sertularella gayi (Lamouroux, 1821) Eirene proboscidea Bouillon & Barnett, 1999 E Tiaropsis gordoni Bouillon & Barnett, 1999 E Sertularella geodiae Totton, 1930 Eirene tenuis (Browne, 1904) Family ZYGOPHYLACIDAE Sertularella integra Allman, 1876 Eutima curva Browne, 1905 Cryptolaria exserta Busk, 1858 Sertularella leiocarpa (Allman, 1888) Eutima mira McCrady, 1859 Cryptolaria pectinata (Allman, 1888) Sertularella magna Nutting, 1904 Family HALECIIDAE Cryptolaria prima Busk, 1858 E2 Sertularella robusta Coughtrey, 1876 Halecium beanii (Johnston, 1838) Zygophylax antipathes (Lamarck, 1816) Sertularella simplex (Hutton, 1873) 154 Sertularella sinensis Jäderholm, 1896 Suborder PHYSONECTAE Ceratomyxa vepallida Meglitsch, 1960 E Sertularella stolonifera Vervoort & Watson, 2003 E Family AGALMATIDAE Ceratomyxa sp. 1 Meglitsch 1960 Sertularella vervoorti El Beshbeeshy, 2011 Agalma elegans (Sars, 1846) Ceratomyxa sp. 2 Meglitsch 1960 Sertularella sp. 1 Vervoort & Watson, 2003 Agalma okenii Eschscholtz, 1825 Ceratomyxa sp. 3 Meglitsch 1960 Sertularella sp. nov. (NIWA 73416; TAN1105; det. J. Halistemma rubrum (Vogt, 1852) Ceratomyxa sp. 4 Meglitsch 1960 Watson, 2011) Marrus antarcticus Totton, 1954 Ceratomyxa sp. 5 Meglitsch 1960 Family SERTULARIIDAE Family APOLEMIIDAE Ceratomyxa sp. 6 Meglitsch 1960 Amphisbetia bispinosa (Gray, 1843) Apolemia uvaria (Lesueur, 1815) Ceratomyxa sp. 7 Meglitsch 1960 Amphisbetia distans (Lamouroux, 1816) Family CORDAGALMATIDAE Ceratomyxa sp. 8 Meglitsch 1960 Amphisbetia episcopus (Allman, 1876) Cordagalma ordinatum (Haeckel, 1888) Ceratomyxa sp. (Leptotheca sp. 1) Meglitsch 1960 Amphisbetia fasciculata (Kirchenpauer, 1864) Family PHYSOPHORIDAE Ceratomyxa sp. (Leptotheca sp. 2) Meglitsch 1960 Amphisbetia minima (Thompson, 1879) Physophora hydrostatica Forskål, 1775 Ceratomyxa sp. (Leptotheca sp. 3) Meglitsch 1960 Amphisbetia operculata (Linnaeus, 1758) Family PYROSTEPHIDAE Ceratomyxa sp. Hine et al. 2000 Amphisbetia trispinosa (Coughtrey, 1875) Bargmannia sp. indet. Alvariño et al. 1990 Family CHLOROMYXIDAE Crateritheca bidens Vervoort & Watson, 2003 E Pyrostephos vanhoeffeni Moser, 1925 Chloromyxum obliquum Meglitsch, 1960 E Crateritheca billardi (Bale, 1915) Family RESOMIIDAE Family COCCOMYXIDAE Crateritheca insignis (Thompson, 1879) Resomia convoluta (Moser, 1925) Auerbachia anomala Meglitsch, 1968 Crateritheca novaezelandiae (Thompson, 1879) E Family RHODALIIDAE Auerbachia monstrosa Meglitsch, 1968 Crateritheca zelandica (Gray, 1843) Stephalia bathyphysa (Haeckel, 1888) E Family MYXIDIIDAE Dictyocladium amplexum Vervoort & Watson, 2003 Myxidium incurvatum Thélohan, 1892 Dictyocladium monilifer (Hutton, 1873) E2 Subclass TRACHYLINAE Zschokkella sp. Laird 1953 Dictyocladium reticulatum (Kirchenpauer, 1884) Order LIMNOMEDUSAE Family SINUOLINEIDAE Dictyocladium thuja Vervoort & Watson, 2003 E Family GERYONIIDAE Myxodavisia diplocrepis (Laird, 1953) E Dictyocladium watsonae (Vervoort, 1993) Geryonia proboscidalis (Forsskål, 1775) Family SPHAEROSPORIDAE Diphasia subcarinata (Busk, 1852) Liriope tetraphylla (Chamisso & Eysenhardt, 1821) Sphaerospora undulans Meglitsch, 1970 E Fraseroscyphus irregularis (Trebilcock, 1928) E Family MONOBRACHIIDAE Sphaerospora sp. Meglitsch 1970 Fraseroscyphus macrogonus (Trebilcock, 1928) Monobrachium sp. indet. (NIWA 103409; det. P. Suborder PLATYSPORINA Gigantotheca maxima Vervoort & Watson, 2003 Schuchert, 2015) Family MYXOBOLIDAE Gigantotheca raukumarai Vervoort & Watson, 2003 E Myxobolus episquamalis Egusa et al., 1990 Gonaxia australis Vervoort & Watson, 2003 E Order NARCOMEDUSAE Myxobolus tripterygii (Laird, 1953) E Gonaxia constricta (Totton, 1930) Family AEGINIDAE Suborder SPHAEROMYXINA Gonaxia grandis Vervoort & Watson, 2003 Aegina citrea Eschscholtz, 1829 Family SPHAEROMYXIDAE Gonaxia immersa Vervoort & Watson, 2003 E Aeginura grimaldii Maas, 1904 Sphaeromyxa tripterygii Laird, 1953 E Gonaxia intercalata Vervoort & Watson, 2003 E Family CUNINIDAE Sphaeromyxa sp. Hine et al., 2000 Salacia bicalycula (Coughtrey, 1876) E2 Cunina duplicata Maas, 1893 Salacia desmoides (Torrey, 1902) Cunina frugifera Kramp, 1948 Order MULTIVALVULIDA Salacia farquhari (Bale, 1924) E Cunina globosa Eschholtz, 1829 Family KUDOIDAE Salacia macer Vervoort & Watson, 2003 Cunina peregrina Bigelow, 1909 Kudoa sp. Boustead, 1982 Salacia spiralis (Trebilcock, 1928) E2 Solmissus incisa (Fewkes, 1886) Sertularia marginata (Kirchenpauer, 1864) Solmissus marshalli Agassiz & Mayer, 1902 Class SCYPHOZOA Sertularia tenuis Bale, 1884 Family SOLMARISIDAE Subclass CORONAMEDUSAE Sertularia tumida Allman, 1877 Pegantha clara R.P. Bigelow, 1909 Order CORONATAE Sertularia turbinata (Lamouroux, 1816) Pegantha laevis H.B. Bigelow, 1909 Family ATOLLIDAE Sertularia unguiculata Busk, 1852 Pegantha martagon Haeckel, 1879 Atolla clara Gershwin & Gordon in Gershwin et al., 2014 Stereotheca elongata (Lamouroux, 1816) Pegantha triloba Haeckel, 1879 Atolla parva Russell, 1958 Tasmanaria edentula (Bale, 1924) Solmaris rhodoloma (Brandt, 1838) Atolla vanhoeffeni Russell, 1957 Tasmanaria pacifica Vervoort & Watson, 2003 E Family SOLMUNDAEGINIDAE Atolla wyvillei Haeckel, 1880 Family THYROSCYPHIDAE Solmundella bitentaculata (Quoy & Gaimard, 1833) Family ATORELLIDAE Parascyphus simplex (Lamouroux, 1816) Family TETRAPLATIIDAE Atorella vanhoeffeni Bigelow, 1909 Symmetroscyphus australis Vervoort & Watson, 2003 Tetraplatia volitans Busch, 1851 Family NAUSITHOIDAE Nausithoe punctata Kölliker, 1853 Order SIPHONOPHORAE Order TRACHYMEDUSAE Nausithoe simplex (Kirkpatrick, 1890) Suborder CALYCOPHORAE Family HALICREATIDAE Palephyra indica Vanhöffen, 1902 Family ABYLIDAE Botrynema brucei Browne, 1908 Family PERIPHYLLIDAE Subfamily ABYLINAE Halicreas minimum Fewkes, 1882 Pericolpa campana (Haeckel, 1880) Ceratocymba sagittata (Quoy & Gaimard, 1827) Haliscera bigelowi Kramp, 1947 Periphylla periphylla (Péron & Lesueur, 1810) Subfamily ABYLOPSINAE Haliscera racovitzae (Maas, 1906) Periphyllopsis braueri Vanhöffen, 1902 Abylopsis eschscholtzi (Huxley, 1859) Halitrephes maasi Bigelow, 1909 Abylopsis tetragona (Otto, 1823) Family RHOPALONEMATIDAE Subclass DISCOMEDUSAE Bassia bassensis (Quoy & Gaimard, 1833) Aglaura hemistoma Péron & Lesueur, 1810 Order SEMAEOSTOMEAE Family CLAUSOPHYIDAE Amphogona apicata Kramp, 1947 Family CYANEIDAE Crystallophyes amygdalina Moser, 1925 Colobonema sericeum Vanhöffen, 1902 Cyanea rosea Quoy & Gaimard, 1824 Heteropyramis crystallina (Moser, 1925) Crossota alba Bigelow, 1913 Desmonema gaudichaudi (Lesson, 1830) Heteropyramis maculata Moser, 1925 Crossota brunnea Vanhöffen, 1902 Family PELAGIIDAE Family DIPHYIDAE Pantachogon haeckeli Maas, 1893 Chrysaora sp. indet. (Det. A.L. Gershwin, 2009) Subfamily DIPHYINAE Persa incolorata McCrady, 1859 Dactylometra sp. (Det. A.L. Gershwin, 2009) Chelophyes appendiculata (Eschscholtz, 1829) Rhopalonema funerarium Vanhöffen, 1902 Pelagia noctiluca (Forsskål, 1775) Dimophyes arctica (Chun, 1897) Rhopalonema velatum Gegenbaur, 1857 Sanderia malayensis Goette, 1886 Diphyes antarctica Moser, 1925 Sminthea eurygaster Gegenbaur, 1857 Family PHACELLOPHORIDAE Diphyes dispar Chamisso & Eysenhardt, 1821 Tetrorchis erythrogaster Bigelow, 1909 Phacellophora camtschatica Brandt, 1835 Eudoxoides mitra (Huxley, 1859) Family ULMARIDAE Eudoxoides spiralis (Bigelow, 1911) Class MYXOZOA Subfamily AURELIINAE Lensia achilles Totton, 1941 Subclass MYXOSPOREA Aurelia ?clausa Lesson, 1829 Lensia conoidea (Keferstein & Ehlers, 1860) Order BIVALVULIDA Aurelia coerulea von Lendenfeld, 1884 Lensia fowleri (Bigelow, 1911) Suborder VARIISPORINA Subfamily STYGIOMEDUSINAE Lensia grimaldi (Leloup, 1933) Family CERATOMYXIDAE Stygiomedusa gigantea (Browne, 1910) Lensia hardy Totton, 1941 Ceratomyxa aggregata Davis, 1917 Lensia hostile Totton, 1941 Ceratomyxa angusta Meglitsch, 1960 Order RHIZOSTOMEAE Lensia hunter Totton, 1941 Ceratomyxa annulata (Meglitsch, 1960) Family ARCHIRHIZIDAE Lensia leloupi Totton, 1954 Ceratomyxa arcuata Thélohan, 1895 Archirhiza aurosa Haeckel, 1880 Lensia leleouveteau Totton, 1941 Ceratomyxa castigata Meglitsch, 1960 E Cannorhiza connexa Haeckel, 1880 Lensia meteori (Leloup, 1934) Ceratomyxa castigatoides Meglitsch, 1960 E Family CASSIOPEIDAE Lensia multicristata (Moser, 1925) Ceratomyxa centriscopsi Gunter & Adlard, 2010 Toreuma dieuphila (Peron & Lesueur, 1810) Lensia subtilis (Chun, 1886) Ceratomyxa declivis Meglitsch, 1960 Suborder KOLPOPHORAE Subfamily GILIINAE Ceratomyxa faba Meglitsch, 1960 E Family LEPTOBRACHIDAE Gilia reticulata (Totton, 1954) Ceratomyxa flexa Meglitsch, 1960 Leptobrachia leptopus (Chamisso & Eysenhardt, 1821) Family HIPPOPODIIDAE Ceratomyxa gemmaphora Meglitsch, 1960 Family MASTIGIIDAE Hippopodius hippopus (Forskål, 1776) Ceratomyxa gibba Meglitsch, 1960 E Phyllorhiza punctata von Lendenfeld, 1884 Vogtia glabra Bigelow, 1918 Ceratomyxa hama Meglitsch, 1960 E Vogtia pentacantha Kölliker, 1853 Ceratomyxa hokarari Meglitsch, 1960 Class STAUROZOA Vogtia serrata (Moser, 1925) Ceratomyxa inconstans Jameson, 1929 Order STAUROMEDUSAE Vogtia spinosa Keferstein & Ehlers, 1861 Ceratomyxa insolita Meglitsch, 1960 Suborder AMYOSTAURIDA Family PRAYIDAE Ceratomyxa intexua Meglitsch, 1960 Family CRATEROLOPHIDAE Subfamily AMPHICARYONINAE Ceratomyxa inversa Meglitsch, 1960 Craterolophus macrocystis von Lendenfeld, 1884 E Amphicaryon acaule Chun, 1888 Ceratomyxa laxa Meglitsch, 1960 E Family KISHINOUYEIDAE Subfamily NECTOPYRAMIDINAE Ceratomyxa lepidopusi Gunter & Adlard, 2010 Calvadosia tasmaniensis Zagal et al., 2011 Nectopyramis natans (Bigelow, 1911) Ceratomyxa minima (Meglitsch, 1960) Calvadosia sp. nov. 1 (NIWA 62040; det. L. Miranda, Subfamily PRAYINAE Ceratomyxa minuta Meglitsch, 1960 2016) Praya dubia (Quoy & Gaimard, 1833) Ceratomyxa moenei Meglitsch, 1960 Calvadosia sp. nov. 2 (NIWA 79477; det. L. Miranda, Rosacea cymbiformis (Delle Chiaje, 1830) Ceratomyxa nitida Meglitsch, 1960 E 2016) Rosacea plicata Bigelow, 1911 Ceratomyxa pinguis (Meglitsch, 1960) E Calvadosia sp. nov. 3 (NIWA 91895, NMNZ Co. 169; det. Family SPHAERONECTIDAE Ceratomyxa physiculusi Gunter & Adlard, 2010 L. Miranda, 2016) Sphaeronectes koellikeri Huxley, 1859 Ceratomyxa recta Meglitsch, 1960 Suborder MYOSTAURIDA Suborder CYSTONECTAE Ceratomyxa renalis Meglitsch, 1960 E Family HALICLYSTIDAE Family PHYSALIIDAE Ceratomyxa subelegans (Laird, 1953) E Depastromorpha africana Carlgren, 1935 Physalia physalis (Linnaeus, 1758) Ceratomyxa subtilis Meglitsch, 1960 Family LIPKEIDAE Ceratomyxa torquata Meglitsch, 1960 E Lipkea sp. (NIWA 27833; det. L. Gershwin, 2007) Ceratomyxa uncinata Meglitsch, 1960 E 155 This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivs 3.0 Unported License. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/3.0/. All photographic images remain the copyright of the original credited photographers.  _______________________________________ ISSN 1174-0043; 136 ISBN 978–1–99–117447–5 (digital edition) Copyright NIWA 2023