A REVIEW OF THE FLAT-HEADS, GURNARDS, AND OTHER^IAn.-CHEEKED FISHES OF THE WATERS OF JAPAN.By David Starr Jordan and Robert Earl Richardson,Of Stanford University. In earlier volumes of these Proceedings the Japanese represent-atives of certain families of Scleroparei, or Mail-cheeked fishes(Scorpsenida?,, Hexagrammida?, Cottidse, Agonida?, Liparidas, and Cy-clopterida?) , have been described b}^ Messrs. Jordan and Snyder andby jSIessrs. Jordan and Sta'rks. In the present paper the remainingfamilies of this group are consitlered. The specimens examined werecollected in 1900 by Professors Jordan and Snyder. Series of thesespecimens are in the United States National Museum and in themuseum of Stanford University- The accompanying illustrations arethe work of Mr. William S. Atkinson.Family PLATYCEPHALID^.THE FLATHEADS.Head flattened and more or less armed with spines and serratures,scaly posteriorly; body depressed anteriorly, subcylindrical pos-teriorly, covered closely everywhere with ctenoid scales; lateral linepresent; two dorsal fins, the first preceded by a short detached spine;vsntrals I, 5, thoracic, inserted wide apart, and well behind pectorals;lower rays of pectorals more or less free at tips; no pectoral append-ages; jaws, vomer, and palatines with bands of villiform teeth, someof the teeth sometimes enlarged and more or less canme-lil^e; tonguefree at tip; no air bladder; pyloric appendages in moderate number.Japan and the northwest Pacific, and all Indian, Polynesian, andAustralian seas, to the eastern coast of Africa. Species about 40;genera 4. Tliree genera and 7 species found in the waters of Japan.They are- abundant market fishes and in coimiion with the largerProceedings U. S. National Museum, Vol. XXXIII?No. 1581. 629 680 PliOCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. vol. xxxiii. species of Calliony7nus, which they resemble in form, color, and habits,they are known as " Kochi."KEY TO GENERA. a. A stout antrorse spine on the lower face of the preopercle; margin of iris entire; noocular cirri; scales 50; lateral line nearly smooth Rogadius ?1aa. Preopercle without antrorse spine; ocular cirri present and margin of iris fringedin some species; scales 40 to 120.b. Head more or less strongly armed with spines and serratures; teeth in villiformbands on jaws, vomer, and palatines, the vomerine bands separate, paired, andset lengthwise of the shaft of the bone; scales 40 to 90; lateral line armed ornot Thysanophrysb2c. Ocular cirrus wanting Insidiatorbb. Head entirely or nearly smooth; vomer with small canine-like teeth, in a cres-centic band, set at right angles to the shaft of the bone; palatines with asingle most prominent row of canine-like teeth; scales very small, usuallymore than 100; lateral line smooth Platycephalus ^31. ROGADIUS Jordan and Richardson, new genus.Head rather longer and less depressed than in most species ofInsidiator, and much more so than in Platycephalus, well armed withspines and small serratures; a stout antrorse spine on the lower faceof the preopercle and 3 spines at the angle, directed backward; corneawithout cirri or lappets; scales moderate, about 50 in lateral line,which is smooth except anteriorly; teeth as in Tkysanophrys.A single species is found in the seas of China and Japan.(rogad, Arabian name of Platycephalus indicus.)Type of genus.?Rogadius asper. I. ROGADIUS ASPER (Cuvier and Valenciennes.)Platycephalus asper Cuvier and Valenciennes, Hist. Nat. Poiss., IV, 1829, p. 257(Japan). ? Richardson, Ichth. China and Japan, 1846, p. 217 (Canton). ? Temminck and Schlegel, Faun. Japon., Pise, 1843, p. 40, pi. xvi, figs. 4 and5 (after Cuvier and Valenciennes) .?GtJNTHER, Cat. Fishes, II, 1860, p. 190(China). Ishikawa, Cat. Fishes, Imp. Mus. Tokyo, 1897, p. 48 (Kagoshima).(?) Platycephalus macrolepis Nystrom, Svensk, Vet.-Akad Handl., 1887, p. 13,IV, No. 4, p. 26 (Nagasaki) (not of Bleeker).Habitat.?Sandy coasts of southern Japan and southern China. a In addition to the single species {R. asper) found in the waters of JapC'."'-. Platyce-phalus pristiger Cuvier and Valenciennes and P. polyodon Bleeker may be referred tothis genus.b In addition to the Japanese species, the following may be regarded as belonging tothe genus Thysanophrys: scaber Linnseus, neglectus Troschel, detrusus Jordan and Seale,mcdabaricus Cuvier and Valenciennes, isacanthus Cuvier and Valenciennnes, malaya-nus Bleeker, bosschei Bleeker, bataviensis Bleeker, rodericensis Cuvier and Valen-ciennes, borboniensis Cuvier and Valenciennes, bobossok Bleeker, sundaicus Bleeker,macracanthus Bleeker, celebicus Bleeker, pristis Peters, cirronasus Richardson, etc.c The following extra Japanese species may be retained in the genus Platycephalus:P. fuscus Cuvier and Valenciennes, tasmanius Richardson, Isevigatus Cuvier andValenciennes, inops Jenyns, grandispinis Cuvier and Valenciennes, bassensis Cuvierand Valenciennes, proximus Castelnau, richardsoni Castelnau, castelnaui Macleay,dnereus Gtinther, grandis Castelnau. NO. 1581. FISHES OF JAPAN?JORDAN AND RICHARDSON. 631Head 2.4 in length without caudal; depth 6.5; depth of head 3 inits length; width of head 1.9; eye 3.6; interorbital space 5 in eye;maxillary 2.5 in head; nose 3.3; D. I-VII?11; A. 11; scales 54;first 2 or 3 scales of lateral line with short spines.Head rough, angular; superorbital and suborbital ridges finelyserrated for their entire length; a stout spine in front of each orbit;top of head with low spines; opercular, scapular, and humeral spinessharp; preopercle furnished posteriorly with 3 spines, the upper spinestrong, reaching to the opercular margin; a stout curved spine on theinferior face of the preoperculum, directed forward ; opercular mem-brane under preopercular spines entire; eye without tentacle or cirroselappet; jaws with broad bands of villiform teeth; vomerine and pala-tine bands with many of the teeth sharp and longer than the rest,canine-like; tongue convex at tip.Spinous dorsal slightly lower than soft dorsal, the longest spine 2.75in head; anal inserted under third ray of soft dorsal; pectorals 2 inhead; ventrals 1.75; caudal rounded behind, squarish at upper andlower corners. Fig. 1.?RoGADius asper.Color in spirits grayish brown, tinged with purplish; back obscurelybanded with dusky; spinous dorsal mottled in the meml^ranes; softdorsal with spots on the rays, forming rows; caudal indefinitely cross-banded and mottled with dusky; upper pectoral rays specked withdusky; lower half of pectorals blackish with an outer whitish edge;ventrals pale toward base, blackish outwardly, with a narrow palemargin; anal pale.Here described from a single specimen, 5f inches long, taken atSwatow, China. It was not found by Jordan and Snyder in Japan.{asper, rough). 2. THYSANOPHRYS Ogilby.Thjsanophrys Ogilby, Proc. Linn. Soc. N. S. "W., 1898, XXIII, p. 40 (cirronasus).Insidiator Jordan and Snyder, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., XXIII, 1900, p. 368(rudis^meerdervoortii) . Gravimoplites Fowler, Journ. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., XII, 1904, p. 550 (scnber).Head broad and much depressed, although less so than in Platy-ephalus, well armed with spines and serratures; angle of preopercle 632 FROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MVSEUM. vol. xxxm.with 2 or 3 spines, the upper of which is longest; no spine on lowerface of preopercle; teeth in villiform bands on jaws, vomer, andpalatines, the vomerine bands 2, separate, and set lengthwise of theshaft of the bone; ocular cirri absent or present; scales large orsmall, 40 to 90 in the lateral line, which is variously smooth or armed,partially or for its whole length.Species numerous, in sandy bays in the East Indian, Chinese, andJapanese seas, five species found in Japan. This genus was origi-nally separated from Platycephalus by the minor character ofthe ocular cirrus. We are unable to separate from Thysanophrys , the subgenera Insidiator, based on the large scales, and Grammo-plites based on the spinous armature of the lateral line.(evffavog. fringe; ocpgvs, eyebrow.)KEY TO THE SPECIES OP THE CxENUS THYSANOPHRYS POUND IN JAPAN. a. Insidiator, scales relatively large, about 40 in the lateral line; a small cirrose lap-pet on upper rim of cornea; preopercular spines 3; D. I-VIII-11 or 12.b. Lateral line armed ; ventrals reaching past front of anal ; color dark grayish brown,the back crossed with about four indefinite broad bars; pectorals specked above,their lower half blackish ; ventrals pale at base and tip, the middle blackish.spinas us, 2hb. Lateral line smooth; ventrals not quite to front of anal; color light yellowishbrown, with vague dusky bars; pectorals and ventrals specked in the rays.macrolepis , 3aa. Scales smaller, 70 to 90 in lateral line. c. Preopercular spines 3; scales 75; lateral line smooth; D. I-VIII-11; A. 11; nocirri; color grayish, with small spots of dusky on head and trunk forward;caildal crossed by vague broad l)ars of dusky meerdervoortii, 4cc. Preopercular spines 2.(/. Ocular cirri present. {Thysanophrys, Platycephalus longlceps Cuvier andValenciennes) nematophthahiius Giinther, tcntaculatus Riippell, cirron-asiis Richardson, etc., of the East Indies.)dd. Ocular cirri absent. e. Lateral line armed for its entire length. {Platycephalus scaber Linnseus,type of Grammoplites Fowler, and other East Indian species.)ee. Lateral line smooth, or armed only anteriorly./. Opercular membrane under preopercular spines with a conspicuoustongue-like flap, behind which is an acute notch; scales 70-80';D. I-VIII-12; A. 12; color, reddish brown, with 6 vague cross bands;no spots; rays of both dorsals and of pectorals speckled, the membranesclear; caudal with numerous small spots japoniciis, 5ff. Margin of opercular membrane below preopercular spines entire; scales90; D. I-VII or VIII-11; A. 11; color, dark purplish gray with 4 or 5broad cross-bands; back, sides; top of head, and muzzle with numer-ous small black spots; spinous dorsal blackish outward; soft dorsalwithrather large spots, extending into the membranes; caudal with afew large spots and band-like splashes crocodilus, 6 NOo 1581. FISHES OF JAPAN?JORDAN AND RICHARDSON. 633 2. THYSANOPHRYS SPINOSUS (Temminck and Schlegel),ONIGOCHI. Devil Kochi.Platyccphalus spinosus Temminck and Schlegel, Faun. Jap., Pise, 1843, p. 40,pi. XVI, figs. 1, 2 (Nagasaki). ? Richardson, Iclith. China and Japan, 1846,p. 217 (Canton).?Bleeker, Niewe Nalez. Ichth. Japan, 1857, p. 77 (Naga-saki).?GtJNTHER, Cat. Fishes, II, 1860, p. 190 (Japan). ? Ishikawa, Cat.Fishes Imp. Mus. Tokyo, 1897, p. 48 (Izu).Imidiator ynacmlcpis Smith and Pope, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., XXXI, 1906,p. 487 (Kagoshima; Yamagawa). (Not Platycephalus macrolepis of Bleeker.)Hahitat.?Southern Japan from Suruga Bay to Southern Cliina.Head, 2.6 or 2.7 in length wdthout caudal; depth, 6.3; depth ofhead, 2.5; width of head, 1.3; eye, 4 to 4.2; interorbital space, 3 to3.2 in eye; maxillary, 2.5; nose, 3.5; D. I-VIII-11 or 12; A. 12;scales, 40; scales of anterior tliird or half of lateral line armed withshort but sharp spines.Head much roughened with spines and serrated ridges; supercil-iary ridges mth about 12 close serratures extending their entire Fig. 2.?Th-ssanophrys spinosus.length; a spine and 2 or 3 smaller serratures in front of each orbit;infraorbital ridges serrated closely for their entire length, being inter-rupted by a slightly deeper notch opposite pupil; J^ost-orbital,parieto-occipital, opercular, scapular, and humeral spines well devel-oped; preopercular spines 3, the upper stout, reaching more thanhalfway to the opercular margin; a shallow notch in the margin ofthe opercular membrane under the preopercular spines; a cirroselappet on cornea above pupil; teeth villiform, in bands on jaws,vomer, and palatines; vomerine bands set lengthwise; no canines;tongue trilobed (emarginate, wdth a secondary median convexity).First dorsal somewhat liigher than second, the longest spine 2.1 or2.2 in head; anal inserted slightly beliind soft dorsal; soft dorsaland anal margin scarcely notched between the rays; pectorals, 1.8 to2 in head; ventrals, 1.4; caudal subtruncate, but slightly rounded.Color in alcohol dark grayish-brown above, the back crossed with4 to 6 indefinite bands of darker color (there being typically 4 bands, 634 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. vol. xxxiii.the middle two of which are broader than the others and show atendency to spHt up into narrower bars); belly yellow; soft dorsaland caudal with specks on the rays, forming rows; spinous dorsalwith the rays specked and with the membranes clouded with dusky,especially posteriorly; ventrals pale at base and tips, with a blackishband across the middle; upper half of pectorals specked in the rays,the membrane pale ; lower half of j^ectorals blackish ; anal pale.Of this species we have 34 specimens from Nagasaki, 2 to 4^ inches.Here described from two specimens from Nagasaki, 4J inches long.(spinosus, spinous.)3. THYSANOPHRYS MACROLEPIS (Bleeker.)ONESAGOCHI, Eldest Kochi.Platycephalus maa-olepis Bleeker, Niewe Nalez. Ichth. Japan, 1857, p. 76, pi.IV, fig. 1 (not. good) (Nagasaki).?Gunther, Cat. Fishes, II, 1860, p. 188.?Steindachner and Doderlein, Beitr. Kennt. Fische Japan's (IV), 1887,p. 260 (Tokyo).Insidiator hosohawae Smith and Pope, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., XXXI, 1906, p.486, fig. 8 (Urado, island of Shikoku).Habitat.?Southern Japan, north to Tokyo.Head, 2.8 in length without caudal; depth 6.5; depth of head, 2.65in its length; width of head, 1.4; eye, 4.1 or 4,2; interorbital space,2.6; maxillary, 2.5; nose, 3.3; D. I-VIII-11 or 12; A. 12; scales,38 to 40 ; lateral line smooth.Head less strongly armed than in T. sfinosus; superciliary ridgesserrated beliind middle of eye ; a short bluntish spine in front of eachorbit; infraorbital ridges serrated closely for their whole length, thenumber of teeth about 12; a deep semicircular notch in the infraor-bital ridge under middle of pupil ; two opercular spines terminatinglow, short ridges; two scapular spines, the anterior one liighest;post-orbital and parieto-occipital spines low; preopercular spines, 3,the upper reacliing more than halfway from the notch under it to themargin of the operculum; lower preopercular spines short, the thirdoften scarcely developed; lower margin of opercvdar membraneentire; a cirrose lappet on cornea above pupil; jaws, vomer, andpalatines with bands of villiform teeth; vomerine bands short, placedlengthwise; no canines; tongue emarginate, with a slight medianconvexity.First dorsal slightly higher than second, the longest spine 2.16 inhead; anal inserted slightly beliind soft dorsal; margin of anal andsoft dorsal not noticeably notched between the rays; pectorals, 2.2in head; ventrals, 1.6; caudal subtruncate, scarcely rounded.Color in spirits light yellowish brown, the back crossed by 4 or 5indistinct dusky bars; belly yellowish; dorsals, caudal, pectorals, andventrals with black specks on the rays, arranged more or less inrows; last membranes of spinous dorsal faintly clouded with dusky;anal pale. NO. 1581 . FISHES OF JAPAN?JORDAN AND RICHARDSON. 635Of this species we have 55 specimens from Nagasaki, 2 3 to 4 incheslong.Here described from 2 specimens from Nagasaki, 4 inches long.(piaKpo?:, large: X^ttis, scale.) 4. THYSANOPHRYS MEERDERVOORTII" (Bleeker).ONAGOCHI (Woman Kochi, MAGOCHI Big-eyed Kochi).Platycephaliis vieerderroortii Bleeker, Acta Soc. Sci. Indo-Nederl., VIII, 1860,pi. I, fig. 3 (Nagasaki; Yedo). ? Bleeker, Enum. Poiss. Japon., 1879, p. 12(Nagasaki; Yedo; Tokyo).Platycephaliis rudis Gunther, Shore Fishes, Challenger, 1880, p. 66, pi. xxix,fig. B (Yokohama). ? Steindachner and Doderlein, Beitr. Keiint. FischeJapan's, IV, 1887, p. 260 (Tokyo).Msidiator rudis Jordan and Snyder, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., XXIII, 1900, j).368 (Tokyo).Hahitaf.?Southern Japan, north to Tok^'o.Head 2.8 in length without caudal; depth 7.75; depth of head3.25 in its length; width of head 1.5; eye 4.2; interorbital space 3in eye; maxillary 2.5; D. I-VIII-11; A. 11; scales 75; lateral linesmooth.Head moderately armed; superciliary ridges each with about 6low" and rather closely approximated serratures, in front of andbeliind each ridge a single higher spine; infraorbital ridges with 5distant spines, the last one just in iront of the base of the long pre-opercular spine; two smooth ridges on upper part of opercle, eachterminating behind in an inconspicuous spine; scapular ridgesshort, each with two spines; parietooccipital region with a pair oflow" ridges, each terminating in a moderate spine; post-orbitalridges ill-defined, each with two low spines; preopercular spines 3,the upper more than twice the length of the second, and reachingalmost to the gill-opening, third spine about half as long as second;a slight but sharp notch on the opercular membrane, imder thesecond spine; anterior nostril with a short dermal flaj); teeth in finevilliform bands on jaws, vomer, and palatines, the vomerine bandsshort, and disposed lengthwise, scarcely reacliing past front of pala-tines; no canines; tongue emarginate, with a very slight medianconvexit}". No ocular cirrus.Spinous and soft dorsals of about equal height; longest dorsalspine 2.2 in head; soft dorsal inserted slightly in front of anal; themargin of the fui notched to a depth (measured on ray forming hinderboundary of notch) equal to two-fifths of the diameter of the orbit;pectorals 2 in head, reacliing to opposite sixth ray of spinous dorsal; a A nominal point of difference between Bleeker's figure of this fish and Giinther'sfigure of P. rudis consists in the absence in the figure of Bleeker of the third (lowest)preopercular spine. In \'iew of the perfect agi'eement of the figures in all other essen-tial particulars, it appears that the point may be waived with entire safety. 636 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. vol. xxxiii.ventrals 1.4, their tips to a vertical from second ray of soft dorsal;caudal rounded posteriorly, with the upper and lower angles rathersquarish.Color (in alcohol) grayish, with black dots on the sides forwardand on cheeks and opercles; spinous dorsal clouded with blackish,being darkest behind, especially between the fifth and seventh spines;rays of soft dorsal specked with black; pectorals with the raysspecked with black and also with some dusky in the membranes ; ven-trals blackish except near base and at tips; anal pale; caudal crossedby broad bars of dusky, one near base, a narrower one midway, anda broad one across tip.Specimens: Wakanoura, 1 specimen, 2f inches; Sliimizu, onSuruga Bay, 1 specimen, 5f inches.The above description is from a Suruga specimen, 5f inches inlength.(Named for J. C. L. Pompe van Meerdervoort) . 5. THYSANOPHRYS JAPONICUS (Tilesius).(?) Silurus fnerniis?HouTTUYN, Verhandl. Haarlem, XX, 1782 (2), p. 450 (Naga-saki).PlatycephalusjaponinisTiijEsivs, Krusenst. Reise, 1812, pi. lix, fig. 1 (Nagasaki).^ ? CuviER and Valenciennes, Hist. Nat. Poiss., IV, 1829, p. 256 (after Tile-sius).?(?) Richardson, Ichth. China and Japan, 1846, p. 217 (Canton).Temminck and Schlegel, ^ Faun. Japon., Pise, 1843, p. 40, pi. xvi, fig. 3(Nagasaki). ? Bleeker, Niewe Nalez. Ichth. Japan, 1857, p. 78 (Nagasaki).GtJNTHER, Cat. Fishes, II, 1860, p. 181 (China and Japan); Shore Fishes,Challenger, 1880, p. 55 (Hongkong).?Macleay, Cat. Austral. Fishes, I, 1881,p. 220 (Port Darwin). ? Steindachner b and Doderlein, Beitr. Kennt.Fische Japan's (IV), 1887, p. 260 (Tokyo).?Smith and Pope. Proc. U. S. Nat.Mus., XXXI, 1906, p. 486 (Kochi; Kagoshima).Platyccphalus crocodilus Jordan and Snyder, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., XXIII,1900, p. 368 (Tokyo) (not P. crocodilus of Tilesius). ? Schmidt, Pise. Mar.Orient., 1904, p. 368 (Fusan, Korea). o We give here a translation of Houttuyn's description of Silurus inermis: No bar-bels or serrated pectoral spine. Body terete, scaled. Head very flat, with large eyes,close together, as in the Stargazer. Opercle with two fine spines. D. VII-11; P. 20;V. 6; A. 10; C. 13. Caudal fin roundish, black and white spotted, like all the otherfins. Body reddish. Jaws without teeth. Length, 6 inches. It seems more prob-able that Houttuyn may have made a miscount (under) of the dorsal and anal raysthan that he would have omitted mention of the spotting, if his specimen had beenan T. crocodilus. The description of the color fits well T. japoniciis, and it may bethat the species should stand as Thysanophrys inermis.&The fullness and accuracy of Doctor Steindachner 's description, together withthe fact that he had a specimen of P. japoniciis from Schlegel for comparison, seems toestablish beyond serious question the identity of the specimens of Schlegel andSteindachner with P. japonicus of Tilesius. Certain essential points of Doctor Stein-dachner 's description follow (in translation): "Dorsal 1/8/12-13; scales 65-70, not100, as stated by Doctor Giinther; * * * a well-developed membranous flapbelow the preopercular spines; color gray, with obscure bands and blotches; dorsalsand pectoral with rows of brown spots."- NO. 1581. FISHES OF JAPAN-JORDAN AND RICHARDSON. 637Habitat.?Southern Japan and China, north to Tokyo.Head, 2.8 in length \vithout caudal; depth, 7.5 to 9; depth of head,3.5 in its length; width of head, 1.6; eye, 4.6 to 4.8; interorbitalspace, 2.5 to 3 in eye; maxillary, 2.5; D. I-VIII-12; A. 12; scales,70 to 80; lateral line smooth except for the first 3 or 4 scales, whichmay bear small spines.Head moderately armed; superciliary ridges each mth about 6low spine-like serratures, all behind middle of eye; a sharp spine infront of and behind each superciliary ridge; infraorbital ridges withtwo distant spines, one under middle of pupil, the other under backof orbit; an upper short and a median long, smooth ridge on opercles,each ending in a good spine; a short (anterior) and a long (posterior)scapular spine on each side of nape; parieto-occipital ridges low,beginning and ending with a rather low spine; 3 moderate post-orbital spines on each side, without a continuous ridge; preopercularspines 2 (with sometimes a minute third spine), hoih short, theupper being about twice the length of the lower and contained 3 or Fig. 3.?Thysanopheys japonicus.more times in the diameter of orbit; a sharp and deep notch on theedge of the opercular membrane directly under the preopercularspines, -the membrane in front of the notch produced in a V-shaped,tongue-like flap, which is as long as the upper preopercular spine;jaws, vomer, and palatines with bands of fine villiform teeth;vomerine bands short, obovate, placed lengthwise and reachingscarcel}^ past front of palatines; no canine teeth; tongue emarginate,sometimes with a very slight median convexity.Spinous dorsal noticeably higher than soft dorsal fui, the longestspine 2.3 m head and about 1.25 times length of highest ray; analfill inserted under second ray of soft dorsal; margin of anal and softdorsal moderately notched to a depth (measured on ray forminghinder boundary of notch) equal to nearly two-fifths of diameter oforbit; pectorals 2 in head; ventrals 1.4, reaching a vertical fromthird soft dorsal ray; caudal rounded.Color in alcohol, grayish-brown above, the back crossed by 6obscure and ill-defined bands of darker; head obscurely and fuielyspecked and vermiculated ; cheeks below the suborbital ridge crossedtransversely by alternating obscure light and dark band-like mark- 638 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. vol. xxxni.ings, which are continued for a short distance underneath; exposedupper edges of mandible finely banded and vermiculated with pale anddusky; under parts yellowish; dorsals and pectorals with the mem-branes pale, the rays being specked with black, the spots forming rows ; caudal with dark spots in the membranes, the anterior ones small androundish and forming indistinct rows ; the spots toward back of finlarger and more or loss in the form of elongate lengthwise splashes.Specimens.?Tokyo, 4 specimens, 7^ to 8 inches; Misaki, 1 speci-men, 6 inches; Tsuruga, 1 specimen, 7 inches; Nagasaki, 34 speci-mens, 4 to 8 inches; Wakanoura, 19 specimens, 4 to 6^ inches.Here described from 2 specimens, 7^ and 8 niches long, fromTsuruga arid Tokyo, respectively.The species is generally common in the markets of southern Japan.6. THYSANOPHRYS CROCODILUS (Tilesius).INEGOCHI, RiceKochi.Platycephalus crocodilus Tilesius, Krusenstern's Reise, 1812, pi. lix, fig. 2 (Naga-saki).?CuviER and Valenciennes, Hist. Nat. Poiss., IV, 1829, p. 256 (afterTilesius) . Platycephalus punctatus Cuvier and Valenciennes, Hist. Nat. Poiss., IV, 1829,p. 243 (Hindustan, Voy. Peron).?GtJNTHER, Cat. Fishes, II, 1860, p. 180;Shore Fishes, Challenger, 1880, p. 66 (Inland Sea of Japan). ? Day, FishesIndia, I, 1878-1888, p. 277, pi. lx, fig. 3 (Indian seas). ? Nystrom, Svensk.Vet.-Akad. Handl., 13, IV, No. 4, '1887, p. 25 (Nagasaki).?Steindachnerand Doderlein, Beitr. Kennt. Fische Japan's (IV), 1887, p. 259 (Tokyo). ? Sauvage, Poiss. Madagascar, 1891, p. 307, pi. xxxvi, figs. 5 and 5a. ? Ishikawa,Cat. Fishes Imp. Mus. Tokyo, 1897, p. 48 (Suruga). ? Smith and Pope, Proc.U. S. Nat. Mus., XXXI, 1906, p. 486 (Yamagawa).?Jordan and Seale,Bull. U. S. Fish. Comm., XXVI, 1906, p. 38 (Cavite, Philippine Islands).Platycephalus (/uttatus Cuvier and Valenciennes, Hist. Nat. Poiss., IV, 1829,p. 244 (Japan).?TEMMiNCKand Schlegel", Faun. Japon., Pise, 1843, p. 39,pi. XV, fig. 2 (Bay of Nagasaki).?(?) Richardson, Ichth. China, 1846, p. 217(Canton).?Namiye, Class. Cat., 1881, p. 104 (Tokyo). a In the figure of Temminck and Schlegel the number of dorsal bands is incorrectlyrepresented, being 8 and not 5, as in specimens; and the number of soft dorsalrays is stated in the description to be 12, "and not 10, as said by Cuvier." In all ourspecimens we find 11 soft dorsal rays, the last one being split fully to the base. Enu-merating, on the other hand, the points of agreement between our specimens (oneof which is 14 inches long) and both the figure and description of Temminck andSchlegel, we find the following:(1) General color, grayish to reddish-brown, with purplish tinge.(2) Distribution of spotting: On back, top of head, int('rorl)ital space, muzzle, andunder eyes.(3) Spotting of spinous dorsal: The spots in three obscure series, and extending intothe membranes. (The young have the outer half of the fin blackish. Schlegel's speci-men was 20 inches long.)(4) Coloration of soft dorsal.(5) "Adipose," club-like tips of anal rays.In all of the points enumerated the present species diffcn-s markedly from T.japonicu^. NO. 1581. FISHES OF JAPAN?JOBDAN AND RICHARDSON. 639Habitat.?Southern Japan to the East Indies north to Tokyo.Head 3 in length without caudal; depth 9; depth of head 3.5 to 4in its length; width of head 1.6 or 1.7; eye 4.5 to 5.2; interorbitalspace 2.5 in eye; maxillary in head 2.5 to 2.7; D. VII or VIII, 11; A.11; scales 90: lateral line smooth.Size and arrangement of spines on top of head about as m T. japon-icus; 5 or 6 superciliary serratures, all behind center of orbit; a sharpspine at the upper anterior corner of each orbit: infraorbital ridgewith 3 distant spines, one under back of orbit, one below anterior thirdof pupil, and a third (not foimd in T-jajJonicus) nearly opposite pos-terior nostril, upper part of opercle with two low smooth ridges, eachending in a short blunt spine; scapular ridges each with two spines;parieto-occipital ridges low, with two short spines; 3 post-orbitalspines on each side, not connected by a continuous ridge; preopercularspines 2, longer than in T. japonicus, the upper contained less than2h times in the diameter of the orbit, the lower less than half thelength of the upper; opercular membrane not notched nor provided Fig. 4. ? Thysanophrys crocodilus. with a flap under angle of preoperculum; bands of fine villiform teeth;vomerine bands short, as in T. japonicus; no canine teeth; tongueemarginate, occasionally with a very slight median convexity.Highest dorsal spine 1| times height of longest soft ray; marginof soft dorsal and anal behind middle- of fins deeply notched, the fin-membrane joining the anterior edge of the rays about midway oftheir length; free ends of soft dorsal rays expanded (by branching)and brush-like; anal rays similarly expanded outwardly, and cov-ered with rather thick skin; pectorals 2 to 2.2 in head; ventrals 1.4to 1.6; caudal margin convexo-truncate.Color (in alcohol) reddish-brown, tending to purplish, back, sides,back and top of head, muzzle, cheeks, and opercles with numeroussmall roundish black spots; similar spots between the eyes, belowthem, and on the upper third of each eye itself; back crossed with 4or 5 broad bars of dusky, the last three directed obliquely forward,and all subject to fading and disintegration with age; under partsProc. N. M. vol. xxxiii?07 11 640 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. vouxxxm.whitish forward, dusky behind ventrals; spinous dorsal in youngspecimens with its outer half or third blackish; in adults (specimen14 inches) the darker color fading and breaking into more or less rec-ognizable black spots, which form indistinct rows, but are not con-fined to the rays as in T. japonicus; soft dorsal with large spots,encroaching on the membrane, and forming, on the posterior half ofthe fin, 3 rows; membranes of anal blackish, in a broad and longsplotch between each two rays, pectorals and ventrals dusky, theupper pectoral rays with the spots forming obscure rows; caudal inyoung with spots and witle longitudinal band-like splashes of blackish,which break up more or less in old specimens.The color alone sufficiently distinguishes this species from /.japonicus. Other more or less important differences are: The absencein the present species of the tongue-like flap on the opercular mem-brane; the deeper notching of the margins of the soft dorsal and anal;the longer spines of the preopercle; and the thickened, "adipose"anal rays.Specimens.?Tokyo, 3 specimens, 6 to Sh inches; Onomichi, 1specunen, 4^ inches; Hiroshima, 1 specimen, 7 inches; Nagasaki, 2specimens, 9 inches and one 14 inches; Wakanoura, 4 specimens, 7to 8| inches.Here described from measurements made on a specimen 8 incheslong from Wakanoura and one 14 inches long from Nagasaki.It is common in southern Japan, and southward to India and thePhilippines.(crocodilus, crocodile.)3. PLATYCEPHALUS Bloch.Platycephalus Block, Ichth., XII, 1795, p. 90 {spathula=insidiator=indicus).Calliomorns Lacepede, Hist. Poiss., II, 1800, p. 343 {indicus).Neoplatycephalus Castelnau, Proc. Zool. Soc. Victoria, I, 1872, p. 87, (grandis).Head broad and extremely depressed, being smooth or scarcelyarmed; angle of preopercle with 2 spines, subequal, or the lower onelongest; lower face of preopercle without spine; vomer with smallcanine-like teeth, in a crescentic band, which is placed at right anglesto the shaft of the bone; palatines with a single most prominent rowof canine-like teeth, teeth in jaws in broad villiform bands; no ocularcirri; scales very small, more than 100 in t^q^ical species; lateral linesmooth.East Indies, Chinese and Japanese seas. Red Sea, Cape of GoodHope, and Australia. Species less numerous than those of Thysa-nophrys; a single one is known from Japan, the center of distributionof the genus being apparently Australia.{nXarvg, flat; Ke(j)a\r'}^ head.) NO. 1581. FISHES OF JAPAN?JORDAN AND RICHARDSON. 641 7. PLATYCEPHALUS INDICUS (Linnaeus.)KOCHI, MAKOCHI (True Kochi), GINGOCHI (Silver Kochi).Callionymus indkus Linn.*;us, Syst. Nat., lOtli ed., 1758, p. 250; 12111 ed.. 17()6,p. 434; ("habitat in Asia").CaUiomorus indicns Lacepede Hist. Poiss., II, 1800, p. 343.PlatyaphaJMs .'^pathula Block, Ichth., XII, 1795, p. 90, pi. ccccxxiv (Tranque- 'bar).CottKs hmdiator FokskAi., Descr. Animal., Pise, 1775, p. X (Rod Sea).Cottiis rogad: insidiator ForskIl, Descr. Animal., Pise, p. 25.riatyirphalus iusidialor, ("uvier and Valenciennes, Hist. Nat. Poiss., IV, 1829,p. 227 (Pondicherry; Moluccas). ? Temminck and Schlegel, Faun. Jap.,Pise. 1843, p. 39, pi. xv, fig. 1 (Nagasaki). ? Richardson, Ichth. China andJapan, 184(i, p. 216 (Canton).?Gunther, Cat. Fishes, II, 1860, p. 177 (China;Japan; India; Red Sea; Cape of Good Hope; N. W. Australia).?Shore Fishes,Challenger, 1880, p. 66 (Yokohama Bay).?Namiye, Class. Cat., 1881, p. 104(Tokyo).?Day, Fishes India, 1878-1888, p. 276.?Nystrom, Svensk. Vet.-Akad. Handl., 13, IV, 1887, No. 4, p. 25 (Nagasaki).?Steindachner andDoDERLEiN, Beitr. Kennt. Fische Japan's (IV) 1887, p. 259 (Tokyo; Kochi;Kagoshima).(?) Platycephahis (inyKsliis Steindachner, Sitzber. Ak. Wiss. Wien.. LIII, 1866,p. 213, pi. I. lig. 4 (Surinam, error in locality).Plafycephalus indicns Bleeker, Atlas, IX, 1878, Platyc, pi. i, iig. 3. ? Smithand Pope. Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus.. XXXI, 1906, p. 486 (Kagoshima).Habitat.?East Indies to India and the Red Sea, and north to Japan.Head 3.2 to 3.4 in length witht)ut caudal; depth to 10; depth ofhead 3.7 to 4 in its length; width of head 1.5; eye 7 to 9; inter-orbital space tAvice diameter of eye, maxillary 2.6 in head, D. I-VII-13; A. 13; scales about 120, lateral line entirely smooth.Head smooth, except for the lo\y superciliary, parieto-occipital,scapidar and preopercular ridges, none of which is proyided with anyspines or serratiu-es ; a low blunt spine with a broad base in front ofthe upper anterior orl)ital angle; preoperculum ending in two robustspines, of almost equal length, both slightly upturned, and the lowerone reaching about half way to the margin of the opercle; a tongue-like flap on the opercular membrane under the preopercular spines;vomerine teeth canine-like, the bands bearing them semicrescentic inform and set nearly transversely to the vomerine shaft; palatineswith a single most prominent row of canine-like teeth; jaws withvilliform teeth in broad bands; tongue as a rule convex in front,sometimes (in large specimen) showing a very slight emargination.Highest dorsal spine scarcely equal to longest soft ray; posteriormargin of soft dorsal and anal cleft deeply between the rays, the mem-brane joining the front edge of the rays below their middle ; free ends ofthe rays well branched; pectorals 2 in head in young (2.4 in a specimen14+ inches long); ventrals 1.5 to 1.7; caudal subtruncate posteriorly.Color in spirits brownish, with 8 or 9 obscure dusky, cloud-like bandsover back; back and top of head and muzzle everywhere vaguely 642 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. vol. xxxm.mottled in fine pattern, the spots on the head of a more or less round-ish form and encircled with a ring of pale ; bars and mottlings tendingto become obsolete in old specimens; underparts yellowish; fins,except caudal, with rows of dusky spots on the rays; caudal with amedian longitudinal black band, above and below which are twooblique ones, the upper band being shorter than the other two.Specimens.?Nagasaki, 2 specimens, 7 to 8 inches; Wakanoura, 3specimens, 9 to 10^ inches; Tsuruga, 2 specimens, 8^ inches; Tokyoand Misaki, 5 specimens, 8 to 9 inches. It was also seen at Tsuruga,Kobe, Hiroshima, and Onomichi.Here described from measurements made on a specimen 10 incheslong from Wakanoura and one 144^ inches long from Hongkong,China. This species is a common market fish from Tokyo southward,the largest member of the family in Japan, and by far the mostabundant. It is known at once by the flat, smooth head, and bythe coloration of the caudal f\i\.(indicus, Indian.) Family BEMBRID.E.?Head not greatly depressed, armed and scaly on the sides; bodycovered with scales of large or rather small size; a lateral line; 2dorsal fins, the first with 6 to 11 spines; ventrals thoracic, butinserted a little before the pectorals, I, 5; no pectoral appendages;villiform teeth in the jaws, on the vomer, and on palatines; branch-iostegals 7; no air-bladder.Waters of Hawaii^ and Japan. Four genera and 4 species, 3 ofthese inhabiting waters of Japan.KEY TO GENERA. a. Anal fin long, of 14 or 15 rays.h. First dorsal of 11 spines; top of head with spines and ridges; lateral line trav-ersing middle of side; jaws subequal; scales 55 Bembras, 4.bb. First dorsal of 6 spines; top of head smooth; lateral line (not described); lowerjaw projecting (as in Parabembras) ; scales 40 Bambradon, 5aa. Anal fin short, of 8 rays, lateral line above middle of side, ninning parallel witlithe back; lower jaw projecting, scales about 47 (figure) Parabembras, 64. BEMBRAS Cuvier and Valenciennes.Bembras Cvvmn and Valenciennes, Hist. Nat. Poiss., IV, 1829, p. 282 {japonicus).Dorsal spines XI; anal fin long, of 14 or 15 rays; lateral line trav-ersing middle of side; top of head with spines and ridges. Char-acters otherwise those of the family.A single species, from Japan.(fSejufSpas, a grasshopper.) "According to Prof. Henry R. Fairclough, of Stanford University, it is good usagein Latin to omit one d in patronymics in which two d's occur together, in the interestof euphony. Thus Liparidm should be preferred to Liparididae.^Bembradium roseum Gilbert; D. IX-12; A. 11; scales 28; lateral line near middleof body; lower jaw included. Hawaii. N0.15S1. FISHES OF JAPAX-JORDAN AND BICHARD80N. 043 8. BEMBRAS JAPONICUS Cuvier and Valenciennes.Bembras japoniciis Cuvier and Valenciennes, Hist. Nat. Poiss., IV, 1829, p. 282,pi. Lxxxiii (Japan, Coll. Langsdorf). ? Temminck and Schlegel, Faun.Japon., Pise, 1843, p. 41, pi. xvi, fig. 8 (Nagasaki). ? Richardson, Ichtli.China and Japan, 1846, p. 217.?GiJNTHER, Cat. Fishes, II, 1860, p. 191(Japan, stuffed specimen). ? Bleeker, Enum. Poiss. Japon., 1879, p. 12(Nagasaki). ? Ishikawa, Cat. FishesImp.Mus., Tokyo, 1897, p.48(Boshu). ? Steindachner and Doderlein, Beitr. Kennt. Fische Japan's (IV), 1887,p. 261 (Tokyo Bay).?Smith and Pope, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., XXXI, 1906,p. 488 (Susaki; Urado; Kochi).Habitat.?South Japan and nortli to Tokyo.Head 3.5 in length; D. VI-12; A. 1-4; scales 55; muzzle longerthan eye; jaws subequal; infraorbital ridge with 4 denticulations,directed backward.Color clear red, more or less mottled or spotted; the dorsal finswith greenish spots.We have no specimens of this rare species. The above descrip-tion is condensed from the accounts of Schlegel and Cuvier. Thesenior writer has, however, examined a specimen from Boshu in theImperial Museum at Tokyo. It was brick red wdth distinct spots,D. X-12, A. 14.(japonicus, Japanese.)5. BAMBRADON Jordan and Richardson, new genus.Dorsal spines VI; anal rays 14 or 15; lateral line probably trav-ersing middle'* of side, as in Bembras and Bembradium, with whichthis genus is apparently more closely allied than with Parabembras;top of head smooth, without spines or ridges.A single species, from the waters of Japan.{f3aiA(3padoov, a grasshopper.)Type of genus.?Bambradon Isetns. g. BAMBRADON L^EVIS (Nystrom.)Bembras Ixvis Nystrom, Svensk. Vet.-Akad. Handl., 13, IV, 1887, No. 4, p. 26(Nagasaki).Upper ])art of head wholly without spines and ridges; body slen-derer than in Bembras japonicus; breadth behind head somew^hatgreater than the depth; D. VI-14; A. 15; P. 23; scales 40; eye 4 inhead; snout 3 in head; lower jaw projecting considerably beyondupper; second dorsal spine longest, somewhat longer than body'sdepth; anal slightl}' longer than soft dorsal; scales thin, ctenoid.Color brownish, with a row of dusky spots along body's lower edge;under parts dirty white; a black blotch at front of spinous dorsal;anal pale, with a dusky band at base; pectorals brownish, withoutspots or bands. " Direction of lateral line not stated by Nystrom. iy44: PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. vol. xxxiii.This species has not been taken since originally described byNystrom in 1887. The above description is condensed from theoriginal description by Nystrom.Qsevis, smooth.) 6. PARABEMBRAS Bleeker.rnrabembras Blp^eker, Versl. Ak. Amst. (2), VIII, 1874, p. 370 {curhis).Lateral line high, parallel with the back; anal fin short, of 2 spinesand 6 rays (figure of P. curtus Temminck and Schlegel) ; lower jawstrongly projecting.A single species, kno^v^l only from Japan.{napa, near hemhras.) 10. PARABEMBRAS CURTUS (Temminck and Schlegel).Bembras rwrfus Temminck and Schlegel, Faun. Japon., Pise, 1843, p. 42, pi.XVI, figs. 6, 7 (Nagasaki). ? Richardson, Ichth. China and Japan, 1846, p. 217(after Schlegel).?Gunther, Cat. Fishes, II, 1860, p. 191 (after Schlegel).Parabembras curtus Bleeker, Versl. Ak. Amst. (2), VIII, 1874, p. 370.Habitat.?Island of Kiusiu.Head, 2 in length of trunk (figure of Temminck and Schlegel);depth 6; D. IX-9; A. 8; P. 21; scales about 47 (figure); muzzleshort (shorter than eye in fig.); lower jaw projecting; opercular andsubopercular spines feeble ; teeth much fuier than in Bemhras japoni-cus; infraorbital ridge with 3 denticulations.Color uniform reddish in the dried specimen.This species appears not to have been taken since it was originallydescribed by Temminck and Schlegel in 1843 from a dried specimen.{curtus, short.) Family HOPLICHTHYID^.Head broad and flattened, strongly armed, with upper surface andsides bony; back and sides covered with bony plates; belly andbreast naked; two dorsal fins; ventrals I, 5 set at a moderate dis-tance apart, as in Triglidx, but somewhat in front of pectorals; 3detached pectoral rays, as in Triglidse; jaws, vomer, and palatineswith mjnute teeth; no air-bladder; pseudobranchise present.Japanese and Hawaiian seas; a single genus known, with fourspecies, two of which belong to Japan.The affinities of these fishes seem to be with the Tnglidsp ratherthan the Platycephalidsf.7. HOPLICHTHYS Cuvier and Valenciennes.IlopUchtliys Ci'ViER and Valenciennes. Hist. Nat. Poiss.. W . 1829. lalile of con-tends (langsdorfi).Oplirhthys Cuvier and Valenciennes, Hist. Nat. Poiss.. IV. 1829, \>. 266{langsdorfii). Ko. 1581. FISHES OF JAPAN?JORDAN AND RICHARDSON. 645Characters those of the family. Two species known from Japan.(ottXoVj armature; ix^vs, fish.)KEY TO SPECIES. a Anal rays 16; longest pectoral appendage reaching tip of pectoral; a tuft of strongspines on the under side of the head at the outer posterior angle of each mandible;lateral facial edges rather strongly lobed and furnished with strong curved spines;color light grayish brown, the back with 4 obscure crossbars langsdorfii, 11aa Anal rays 17 or 18; longest pectoral appendage one eye-width short of tip of pec-toral; no spines on under side of head; lateral facial edges scarcely lobed, ratherweakly serrated except posteriorly; color grayish, the back crossed by 4 duskycrossbars gilberti, 12 II, HOPLICHTHYS LANGSDORFII Cuvier and Valenciennes.Oplichthys langsdorfii Cuvier and Valenciennes, Hist. Nat. Poiss., IV, 1829, p.264, pi. Lxxxi (Japan). (Hoplii-hthys in table of contents; not Hoplichthyslangsdorfii Temminck and Schlegel.)? ? {?)b Smith and Pope, Proc. U .S.Nat. Mus., XXXI, 1906, p. 487 (Urado; Kagoshima).Hoplichthys langsdorfii Gvntker, Cat. Fishes, II, 1860, p. 191 (China, Japan). ? (?) IsHiKAWA, Cat. Fishes Imp. Mus. Tokyo, 1897, p. 48 (Boshu; Tosa).Hoplichthys langsdorfii (?) Nystrom, Svensk. Vet.-Akad. Handl., 13, IV, 1887,No. 4, p. 25 (Nagasaki).?(?) Steindachner and Doderlein, Beitr. Kennt.Fische Japan's (IV), 1887, p. 261 (Tokyo Bay).Hoplichthys pusillus (?) Bleeker, Enum. Poiss. Japon., 1879, p. 13 (Nagasaki),(after Aspidophorus pusillus Langsdorff, mss.).Habitat.?Seas of Japan, north to Tokyo. -^Head, 3.7 in length to base of caudal; depth, 12.5, depth of head,3.75 in its length; width of head, 1.3; eye, 3.6; interorbitalspace,4.2 in eye; maxillary, 3 in head; nose, 3.6; D. VI-15; A. 16; lateralscutes, 28.Body without scales or plates except for an upper dorso-lateralrow of keeled scutes on each side, the dorsal wings ot which overlapantero-posteriorly and extend inward nearly to the base of the dorsalrays, torming an almost complete coat of mail for the back ; the keelof each scute terminating behind in a sharp, backwardly-directedspine, below which, on the free hinder margin of the scute, is a verysmall obscure spine; head roughened with a few short spines andmany low serrated ridges; free lateral margins of preorbitals, sub-orbitals, and preopercles, forming a thin edge, which is notched intolobes bearing long, sharp, spine-like serratures; a noticeably broad,shallow notch in the suborbital edge under the front of the pupil,bounded by 2 curved spines, pointing toward each other; angle ofpreoperculum with 2 long curved spines, the inner and posterior one ? For a discussion of the identity of the specimen of Temminck and Schlegel seethe conclusion of the present description.b The synonyms in this list which are preceded l)y an interrogation point are unac-companied by any descriptive matter, and may not refer to Hoplichthys langsdorfiiuvier and Valenciennes. See conclusion of present description. 646 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. XXXIII.twice as long as the outer and reaching to the base of the pectoralfin; a tuft of small curved spines on the under side of the head ateach outer posterior angle of the mandibula; teeth in villifonn bandson jaws, vomer, and palatines; tip of tongue convex.Spinous dorsal (in male ?) relatively high, the fin when depressedreaching to the second ray of the soft dorsal; longest dorsal spine1.6 in head; soft dorsal highest posteriorly, without filamentousrays, its longest ray 1.3 in head; soft dorsal and anal nearly opposite,both very long, the anal base being nearly twice head; pectoral,1.4 in head; 3 detached pectoral rays, the longest extending fully totip of pectorals, 1.3 in head; ventrals, 1.8; caudal rounded.Color in spirits yellowish brown, the back crossed with 4 obscurecross-bars of dusky, and with many fine punctulations in small,vaguely outlined clusters; belly pale; spinous dorsal with obscurespots of dusky, forming rows across both rays and membranes; soft Fig. 5 ?Hoplichthys langsdorfii.dorsal mottled, the light color in roundish spots between the rays;caudal and pectorals with the rays specked and \vith the membranesclouded with dusky; anal pale except for a narrow outer edging ofblackish.This species differs from Hopliclithys gilherti and from Hoplichthyscitrinus Gilbert in having fewer (only 16) rays in the anal fin, in itsmuch longer pectoral appendages, and in the presence of a tuft ofspines on the under side of the head at the outer posterior edge ofeach mandible. The representation of two well-developed spines atthe angle of each lateral scute in the figure of Cuvier and Valenciennesis doubtless fallacious, the figure correctly shoA\dng, however, practi-cally all of the remaining essential features of Cuvier' s descriptionand of our own specimen, including the tuft of spines under each jaw.The fins of Cuvier' s specimen were damaged and no certain value canbe attached to the rendering of their form. The number of anal rays. NO. 1581. FISHES OF JAPAN?JORDAN AND RICHARDSON. 647figured as 17, but stated by Cuvier to be 16, is likewise 16 in ourspecimen, and was found by Doctor Gtinther to be 16 in severalspecimens from Cliina and Japan. The larger number of anal raysin Sclilegel's specimens, stated in the description to be 17 or 18, andthe much lower spinous dorsal and shorter pectoral appendages, asshown in the figure, make it ahnost certain that it represents a speciesdistinct from H. langsdorjii Cuvier and Valenciennes, and probablyidentical with Hoidichthys gilherti, next described.Here described from a single specimen 5^ inches long, obtained atKagoshima and presented to Stanford University by ProfessorMitsukuri.(Named lor M. Langsdorf, who brought the first specimens fromJapan.) 12. HOPLICHTHYS GILBERTI Jordan and Richardson, new species.Hoplichthys langsdorjii Temminck and Schlegel, Faun. Jap. Pise, 1845, p. 156,pi. Lxxix, fig. 2 (not Hoplichthys langsdorjii Cuvier and Valenciennes) (Naga-saki).?Gilbert, Bull. U. S. Fish Oomm., XXIII, 1903, Pt. 2, p. 641 (SurugaBay, off Ose Point).Hoplichthys langsdorji Jordan and Starks, Bull. U. S. Fish Comm., XXII, 1902,p. 593 (Suruga Bay, off Ose Point).Habitat.?Seas of Japan, north to Suruga Bay, in deep water.Head 3.4 in length to base of caudal; depth 13; depth of head 3.6in its length; width of head 1.3; eye 3.6; interorbital space 4 m eye;maxillary 3.2 in head; nose 3.3, longer than eye; D. VI-15; A. 17;scutes 27.Back and sides with an incomplete coat of mail formed of two rowsof keeled scutes, as m Hoplichthys langsdorjii; each keel ending in astrong spine, below which is a small concealed one, as in that species;top of head with low serrated ridges; lateral facial edge less spinousthan in Hoplichthys langsdorjii, and with much less distinct lobes, thenotch under pupil scarcely noticeable, being nearly continuous withthe weakly serrated edge in front of and immediately behind it; angleof preoperculum with 2 long curved spines, as in Hoplichthys langs-dorjii; spines on under side of head rather weaker than in Hoplichthyslangsdorjii; villiform teeth in bands on jaws, vomer, and palatines;tip of tongue slightly emarginate.Spinous dorsal (m female) low, its longest spine 3 in head, thedepressed fin falling well short of the second fin; soft dorsal long andlow, without filamentous rays, its longest ray (anterior) 2.2 in head;soft dorsal and anal about opposite; pectoral 1.4 in head, the 3 de-tached pectoral rays much shorter than in Hoplichthys langsdorjii,the longest 1.7 in head, failing of reaching tip of pectoral by a distancenearly equal to diameter of eye; ventrals rather short 2.25 in head;caudal slightly emarginate. 648 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NA TIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. xxxin.Color in spirits grayish, with dark specks and small clusters ofpunctulations ; back with 4 dusky cross bands; belly whitish; spinousdorsal dusky in the membranes posteriorly, the tips of the rayswhitish; rays of soft dorsal specked at broad intervals with dusky;caudal rays specked outwardly, the base of the fin with a diffuse blotchof dusky; latter third of anal with a subedging of dusky, in the mem-brane; pectorals specked in both rays and membranes.(Named for Dr. Charles Henry Gilbert, of Stanford University.)This species differs from Hoplichthys langsdorfii in its greater numberof anal rays, shorter pectoral appendages, shorter ventrals, longer nose,less lobed and less spinous lateral facial profile. The figure of Hop-licMJiys langsdorfii in Temminck and Schlegel, which is evidently inac-curate in several particulars, whether it be intended to represent H.langsdorfii or the present species, may with some reservation be re-ferred to H. gilherti, with which it agrees in the short pectoral append-ages and in the larger number of anal rays. The fact that those Fk;. fi.?Hopi.irHTHYS (jii.berti.authors say in their description that their specimen had 17 or 18 analrays would alone seem to leave little question that they were at leastnot the same as Hoplichthys langsdorfii Cuvier and Valenciennes.Hoplichthys citrinus Gilbert, recently described from Hawaii, isclose to the present species, differing from it chiefly in the more markedlobing and spination of the lateral facial edges, and in the yet shorterpectoral appendages, the longest of which is contained 2.2 in head(female) , Known and here described from 9 specimens, 3 to 6.50 inches long,taken by the United States Bureau of Fisheries steamer Albatross in75 to 100 fathoms off Ose Point, Suruga Bay, in 1900, and one speci-men 5.25 inches long from station 5070, Suruga Bay, in 1906, Alba-tross expedition of 1906, in 108 fathoms.Type.?The last-named, Cat. No. 51271 U.S.N.M., is the type of thespecies. The figure is taken from it. N0.15S1. FISHES OF JAPAN?JORDAN AXD RICHARDSON. 649Family TRIGLID.^.THE GURNARDS.Body elongate, usually more or less fusiform, covered with scalesor bony plates; head externally bony, entirely cuirassed with rough,bony plates, some of which are armed with spines; eyes high; mouthterminal or sid)inferior; premaxillaries protractile; maxillary with-out supplemental bone, slipping under tlie preorbital; teeth verysmall, in bands in the jaws, and usually on vomer and palatines; gills4, a large slit behind the fourth; pseudobranchise present; gill rakersvarious; gill membranes free from the isthmus; ventral fins thoracic,\vdde apart, separated by a flat area, their rays I, 5; spinous dorsalpresent, short; soft dorsal similar to the anal, which is without spines;caudal narrow, few-rayed; pectoral large, with broad base, with 3lower rays detached, forming feelers, which are used chiefl}" in thesearch for food, in turning over stones, exploring shells, etc.; airbladder present; pyloric caeca usually present, few in number. Sin-gular looking fishes, found in all warm seas. Species about 40, someof them in rather deep water, these red in color, the others living aboutrocks; .3 genera and 7 species known from the waters of Japan.KEY TO THE GENERA OF JAPANESE TRIOLID.K. a. Lateral line unarmed; no teeth on palatines.h. Scales relatively large, about 50 to 65 in number: a row of spinous l^ucklers alongbase of dorsal Lepidotrigla, 8hb. Scales relatively small, more than 100 in the lateral line.c. Base of both dorsals with a series of shields, each ending in a sharp spine directedbackward; opercular spine small; soft dorsal and anal long; dorsal raysIX-16; anal 15: no anal spine Chelidonichthys. 9cc. Back with blunt shields along base of spinous dorsal Qnly; base of soft dorsalunarmed; opercular spine very long; soft dorsal and anal short; dorsal raysVIII- 10; anal 11: anal spine distinct Otohime, 108. LEPIDOTRIGLA Gunther.L< pidotrigla GvNTHER, Cat. Fishes, II. 1800, p. 196 {aspera=cavillone).Scales moderate, about 45 to 55 in number, being much larger thanin Chelidonichthys; teeth on vomer; no teeth on palatines; a row ofspinous bucklers along base of dorsal fin; characters otherwise thoseof the family.East Indies, South Seas, and Japanese and Chinese .seas; 5 speciesknown from the waters of Japan.(XsTris, scale; rpiyXa, Trigla, classical name for MuUus harhatus,the name Trigla transferred to these fishes, for no evident reason.)KEY TO SPECIES. n. Pectorals short, not reaching middle of dorsal.h. Nasal prominences long, pointed, and divergent, the distance between them attips usually more than U times interorbital distance; dorsal IX-16 or 17; anal16; scales 63; no dor.sal blotch alata, \.\ 650 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. vol. xxxiii.hh. Nasal prominences less developed, pointed or not, the notch between them shal-low and the distance between their outer tips little more than the interorbitaldistance, if any. c. Upper detached pectoral ray falling short of tip of ventral Vjy a distance aboutequal to diameter of eye; dorsal VIII or IX-15 to 17; anal 15 to 17; scalesmore than 60; a dark blotch between fourth and seventh spines of dorsalfm miaoptera, 14cc. Upper detached pectoral ray reaching almost or quite to tip of ventral; spinousdorsal without a dark blotch.d. Second dorsal spine much elongated, its length 1^ times that of third spine,and its anterior edge strongly serrate nearly to tip; dorsal VII-16; anal 16;scales 61; spinous dorsal without permanent blotch; though there may besome specks present guntheri, 15dd. Second dorsal spine but very little longer than third, its anterior edgesmooth or very weakly serrate; dorsal VIII-15; anal 15; scales 56; nodorsal blotch abyssalis, 16aa. Pectorals very long, reaching nearly to end of dorsal; dorsal VIII-15; anal 15;scales 55; no dorsal blotch japonica, 1713. LEPIDOTRIGLA ALATA (Houttuyn).KANAGASHIRA, Metal Head.Trigla alata Houttuyn, Verhandl. Hollandsch. Maatsch. Weetensch., Haarlem,XX, Deel 2, 1782, p. 320 (ca.), (Nagasaki).Trigla biirgeri Temminck and Schlegel, Faun. Japon., Pise, p. 35, pi. xiv, figs.1 and 2 (Nagasaki). ? Richardson, Ichth. China and Japan, 1846, p. 218(coasts of China and Japan).?Gunther, Cat. Fishes, II, 1860, p. 198 (Jap-anese and Chinese seas). ? ^Bleeker, Niewe Nalez. Ichth. Japan, 1857, p. 73(Nagasaki); Enum. Poiss. du Japon, 1879, p. 13 (Nagasaki; Shimoda).?Nystrom, Svensk. Vet.-Akad. Handl., 13, IV, No. 4, 1887, p. 21 (Nagasaki).?Steindachner and Doderlein, Fische Japan's, 1887, IV, p. 261 (Tokyo;Nagasaki).?IsHiKAWA, Cat. Fishes Imp. Mus. Tokyo, 1897, p. 47 (Nagasaki).Lepidotrigla alata Jordan and Starks, Bull. U. S. Fish Comm., XXII, 1902, p.596 (shores of southern Japan).Habitat.?South Japan, and north to Tokyo; China.Head 3.2 to 3.5; depth 4 to 4.3; D. IX-16 or 17; A. 16; scales 63;eye 3.2 to 3.3; snout 2.1 to 2.2; maxillary 2.5; interorbital space 3 to3.25; second dorsal spine 1.8 to 2; pectoral 1; ventral 1.2.Snout with two long, pointed, divergent processes, the distancebetween their apices nearly or quite twice the diameter of the pupil,and the depth of the emargination equal to or greater than the widthof the pupil; interorbital space concave; pre- and postocular spinesobsolete; an extremely small postocular cross groove; nuchal spineshort; opercular spine barely crossing gill-opening, humeral spinequite long and sharp, reaching the vertical from the sixth dorsalspine; second and third dorsal spines subequal, both shorter than inother Japanese Lepidotriglse; pectoral reaching vertical from thirdray of soft dorsal; upper pectoral appendage reaching about to tip ofventral; dorsal scutes rather small, ending in sharp points.Color in life clear red, with pale edgings; "brick red * * *;belly, anal, and membranes of ventrals whitish; pectorals greenishyellow with reddish borders." (Schlegel.) "Pectorals for the most NO. 1581. FISHES OF JAPAN?JORDAN AND RICHARDSON. 651part milk-white externally, inside dusky violet with the exception ofthe upper and the three undermost rays, which sliow a yellow shade."(Steindachner. ) This abundant species is readily recognized by its long, divergingnasal prominences, and short spinous dorsal.(alatd, winged.) Fig. 7.?IjRPinoTRKir.A a lata.In the Museum of Stanford University are specimens as follows:Nagasaki, 40 specimens, 3 to 8 inches; Wakanoura, 18 specimens,3 to 4^ inches; Misaki, 1 specimen, 3f inches; Kobe, 5 specimens,2^ to 3 J inches; Tsushima, 1 specimen, 3 inches. It was also seen atTsuruga and Onomichi.The above description is based on 2 specimens, 6 and 6^ incheslong, from Nagasaki.14. LEPIDOTRIGLA MICROPTERA Giinther.Lepidotrigla microplera Gunther, Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., 1873, p. 241 (Shang-hai). ? Gunther, Shore Fishes Challenger, 1879, p. 67 (Inland Sea of .Japan). ? Namiye, Class. Cat., 1881, p. 101 (Tokyo). ? Steindachner and Doderlein,Beitr. Kennt. Fische Japan's (IV), 1887, p. 26.3 (Tokyo; Hakodate; Shang-hai).?Jordan and Starks, Bnll. U. S. Fish Com., XXII, 1902, p. 595(localities at conclusion of present description).Lepidotrigla straucki Steindachner, Ich. Beitr., V, 1876, p. 166 (Hakodate).Lepidotrigla scrridens 'H.iLG'Et^DOKF, G-es. Naturf. Freunde, 1879, p. 107 (Tokyo).Nystrom, Svensk. Vet.-Akad. Handl., 1.3, IV, No. 4, 1887, p. 21 (Nagasaki).Lepidotrigla smithii Regan, Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist. (7), XV, 1905, p. 22, (InlandSea of Japan).Habitat.?Japan, north to Hakodate; China.Head 3.4; depth 4.5 D.'' VHI or IX, 15 to 17; A.'' 15 to 17;scales^ more than 60 (as a rule about 65); eye 3.5; snout 2.25;?0f 15 specimens examined (various localities), three had Vni-15, five VIII-16,two VIII-17, one IX-16, tln-ee IX-17, and one IX-18.b A. 17, Giinther; 16-18, Steindachner; 14, Regan (young si?eciniens). of 14examined, three (young) had A. 15, five 16, and six 17. <- Lat. line 75, Gunther; 65-66 (adults), 59-60 (young), Steindachner; 58-63,Regan (young). 652 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MU8EVM. vol. xxxm.maxillary 2.3 to 2.6; interorbital space 3.4 to 3.0; second dorsalspine 1.4; pectoral 1 ; ventral 1.2.Snout moderately emarginate, the lateral prominences short andsharp, consisting typically of a single spine on each side, or (in adults)of a single prominence (or two) longer than the rest; preocular spinesvery small, nearly obsolete; nuchal spine reaching past base of seconddorsal spine; opercular spine extending on anterior fifth of base ofhumeral spine ; humeral spine long and sharp, reaching nearly tobase of filth dorsal spine; second dorsal spine but little (about one-eighth) longer than third and very weakly serrated, being as a rulesmooth for the outer fourth of its anterior edge; pectoral to verticalfrom fifth ray of soft dorsal; u})per detached pectoral ray short,missing the tip of the ventral by a distance about equal to diameterof eye; dorsal scutes moderatel}^ developed, their spines short andnot very sharp.Life color, bright brick red above, the belly abruptly white, thejunction marked by a silver line; fins red, or with some cream}'white; a black blotch on the spinous dorsal between the fourth andseventh spines; no blue. In preserved material the dorsal blotchshows most plainly in young specimens (vmder 4 inches). In adultsit is sometimes almost wholly wanting."This species differs plainly from both L. gilntheri and X. ahyssalisin its shorter detached pectoral rays and in the presence of the(usually) prominent tiark blotch between fourth and seventh spinesof first dorsal. There appears to be no doubt that L. smithii Reganis the young of this species. Young specimens in our collectionsfrom Nagasaki and Wakanoura have D. VIII-15 and A. 15. In oneof these the first (rudimentary) anal ray is but three-eighths of thesecond, and the second only two-thirds of the third. Regan's figureshows the first spine fully five-sixths of the second, a condition wehave not observed in any specimen. As his specimens were all small(7 to 9 cm.) it seems not impossible that he may have overlooked arudimentary spine. The dark longitudinal bar on the soft dorsal,described by Regan, is a characteristic of young specimens, appearingin two 3"Oung individuals 4? inches long in our collection from Aomori.(/uiKpog, small; Trrspov, wing, i. e., fin).Specimens in the Stanford University Museum are fi'om localitiesas follows: Tokyo, 3 specimens, 6| to 8 inches; Hakodate, 6 speci-mens, 3 1 to 7^ inches; Kobe, 3 specimens, 3 to 4 inches; Waka-noura, 1 specimen, 3 inches; Nagasaki, 21 specimens, 3 to 4 inches;Aomori, 13 specimens, 3 to 7^ inches; Hirosliima, 1 specimen, 3inches; Tsumga, 115 specimens, 2 to 3| inches; ]\Iatsushima Bay,station 3770, in 42 to 45 fathoms, 1 specimen, 8^ inches; Suruga ? Steindachner says that the spot was wanting in adult specimens described by himas L. strauchii. NO. 1581. FISHES OF JAPAN?JORDAN AND RICHARDSON. 653Bay, station 3715, off Ose Point, in 64 to 65 fathoms, 1 specimen, 5inches.This is the commonest species of the genus in Japan, except aboutNagasaki, where Lepidotrigla alata is more abundant. It extends itsrange well to the northward. It is commonest about the shores,although running also into deeper water.The above description is based on two specimens, 11 and s incheslong, taken at Aomori and Tokyo. 15. LEPIDOTRIGLA GXJNTHERI Hilgendorf.Lepidotrigla (J untheri HihGENDORF, Gos. Naturf. Freunde, 1879, p. 106(^Tokyo). ? Jordan and Starks, Bull. U. S. Fish Com., XXII, 1902, p. 594. (Locali-ties given below.)Lepidotrigla longipinnis Steindachner and Doderleik, Beitr. Kennt. FischeJapan's, 1887, IV, p. 262, pi. iv, fig. 1 (Tokyo).Habitat.?Japan, north to Tokyo.Head, 3.25; depth, 4.4 to 4.6; D. VIII-15 or 16; A. 15 or 16;scales, 56-58: eye, 3 (young) to 3.4; snout, 2.2; maxillary, 2.4;interorbital space, 3.8 to 4; second dorsal spine, 1.25 (young) to 1.5;pectoral, 1.2; ventral, 1.3.Snout moderately emarginate, the lateral prominences rather broadand unevenly serrated; interorbital space quite concave in young, inadults the excavation forming a broad, almost flat-bottomed groove;two small preocular spines; a low post ocular spine with a cross fur-row behind it; nuchal spine reacliing to base of second dorsal spine,its inner edge rather strongly serrate; opercular spine reaching butlittle past opercular opening, humeral spine sharp, reaching pastfourth dorsal spine; pectoral reaching to vertical from base of fourthsoft dorsal ray; upper detached pectoral ray extending nearly to tipof ventral; dorsal scutes strong, with long and sharp spines, thesebecoming increasingly sharp posteriorly.Color brown, with 3 brown cross shades, one under each dorsal andone at base of caudal, these becoming fainter with age; young witha blackisii bar at tip of caudal; pectoral black witliin; back mot-tled; no black dorsal spot, but sometimes a dusky cross shade ondorsal; no sharp line on side bounding the pale color of belly.This species is readily distinguished fi'om L. microptera by its dif-ferent coloration, by its long, saw-edged second dorsal spine, betterdeveloped cephalic armature, longer and sharper dorsal scutes, andlonger pectoral appendages. For the differences between it andL. abyssalis see the description of that species.(Named for Dr. Albert Gimther.)We have examined specimens fi*om the following locaHties : North-west Pacific, station 5070, Suruga Bay {Albatross, 1906), 108 fath-oms, 1 specimen, 3 inches; Northwest Pacific, station 4876, TsushimaStrait (Albatross, 1906), 59 fathoms, 9 specimens, IJ to 4i inches; 654 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. vol. xxxra.Tokyo, 1 specimen, 8 inches; Suruga Bay, off Ose Point, severalspecimens, under 5 inches, taken in depths of from 60 to 500 fath-oms; Totomi Bay, station 3727, under 5 inches; Yokohama, market, ' 1 specimen, nearly a foot in length.Measurements used in above description made on two specimens 8and 5 inches long, taken at Tokyo and in Suruga Bay.i6. LEPIDOTRIGLA ABSYSSALIS Jordan and Starks.Lepidotrigla japonica NysTROM, Svensk. Vet.-Akad. Handl., 13, IV, No. 4, 1887,p. 23 (Nagasaki). (Name preoccupied.)Lepidotrigla abyssalis Jordan and Starks, Bull. U. S. P^isH Com., XXII, 1902,p. 595, fig. (Suruga Bay).Habitat.?Japan, north to Tokyo, in rather deep water.Head 3; depth 4.2; D.VIII-15; A.15; scales 56; eye 3.16 in head;snout 2.5; maxillary 2.75; interorbital space 4; first dorsal spine 2.1;second dorsal spine 1.75; pectoral 1.1; ventral 1.25.Snout almost truncate at tip, a sharp spine slightly projecting ateach angle; interorbital space rather deeply concave; a short narrowcross furrow above posterior margin of eye, as in L. gilntheri; nuchalspines and ridges little developed; humeral spine moderately strong,reaching vertical from third dorsal spine; second dorsal spine some-what longer than third, but more slender and much less elevated thanin L. guntheri; upper detached pectoral ray reaching tip of ventral,which reaches to base of second anal ray, pectoral reacliing to verticalfrom base of fifth ray of soft dorsal.Color mottled red; pectoral bluish black, other fins without mark-ings; no traces of a spot on spinous dorsal.In its long pectoral appendages, postorbital furrow, and plaincolored spinous dorsal this species resembles L. guntheri. From thatspecies it differs, however, in its more slender dorsal spines and shortersecond spine, which is also not strongly serrated.(a^vffffog, an abyss; in allusion to the deep water habitat of thisspecies.)We have examined specimens from the following localities : Station4904, Albatross, 1906, 107 fathoms. One specimen, 4 inches (headnot as smooth as in type of L. abyssalis: otherwise identical) ; SurugaBay, station 5713, 50 to 60 fathoms, one specimen, 3J inches.The above description is condensed from the original descriptionby Jordan and Starks, who first described it from Cat. No. 51440,U.S.N.M. This is apparently the species named japoiiica by Nystrom,but there was already a japonica in this genus.17. LEPIDOTRIGLA JAPONICA (Bleeker).Prionotus japonicus Bleeker, Niewe Nalez. Ichth. Japan, 1857, p. 75, pi. v,fig. 1 (Japan). ? Gunther, Cat. II, 1860, p. 196.Lepidotrigla japonica Steindachner and Doderlein, Fische Japans, 1887, IV,p. 264 (Oshima; Kagoshima). ? Jordan and Starks, Bull. U. S. Fish. Com.,XXII, 1902, p. 596, fig.; (Misaki). (Not of Nystrom). NO. 1581. FISHES OF JAPAN?JORDAN AND RICHARDSON. 655Habitat.?South Japan, north to Tokyo.Head 3.3; depth 4.2; D.IX-15; A.14; scales 57; eye 3.25; snout 2.2;maxillary 2.3; interorbital space 3.75; first dorsal spine 1.4; seconddorsal spine 1.5; pectoral 0.6; ventral 1.0.Snout moderately emarginate, with a small secondary notch atcenter, the angles without spine-like prominences; interorbital spacedeeply concave; pre- and post- ocular spines little developed; a deeppostocular groove on each side; nuchal spine nearly to base of thirddorsal spine; opercular spine scarcely crossing gill opening; humeralspine reaching past vertical from fourth dorsal spine; pectorals verylong, reaching to the eleventh or twelfth ray of soft dorsal; ventralspast fourth anal ray; pectoral appendages short, the upper onemissing tip of ventral by a distance nearly equal to diameter of eye;dorsal scutes moderately developed, with broad, flattish (not spine-like) points.Preserved specimens show a rather sharp line separating the upper(darker) part of side from the lower silvery portion; spinous dorsalwith a diffused blotch between the fourth and seventh spines, andwith more or less dusky shade forward, especially near margin of fin ; soft dorsal \\dth cross rows of faint dusky spots; pectoral black inside,with scattered lighter spots; pectoral appendages with some darkpigment midway of their length.(japonicus, Japanese.)The long pectoral fins of tliis species separate it unmistakably fromthe other species of Lepidotrigla found in Japan.Specimens have been examined from the following localities: Naga-saki, market, 1 specimen, 4 inches (1906); Misaki, 1 specimen, 4^inches; Wakanoura, 4 specimens, 3 to 4 inches.The above measurements were made on a Misaki specimen, 4^inches. 9. CHELIDONICHTHYS Kaup.ChdidonichOiys Kaup, Archiv. f. Naturgeschichte 1873, p. 87 (hirundo).Scales small, no long shields along lateral line.Each dorsal fin \vith a series of spine-tipped sliields along its baseopercular spine small; dorsal rays IX-16; anal 15; anal spine want-ing. This genus, like the next (Otohime) differs markedly fromLepidotrigla in the smaller scales. From the closely related Europeangenus, Trigla, this genus differs in the unarmed lateral line. TheAmerican genus, Prionotufi, has palatine teeth, these being wantingin the old-world gurnards. Characters otherwise those of the family.The numerous species abound on the coasts of Europe, Africa, andIndia; ranging north to Japan.(XsXiSgov, swallow; ix^v<;, hsh.)Proc. N. M. vol. xxxiii?07 42 656 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. xxxin. i8. CHELIDONICHTHYS KUMU (Lesson and Garnot.)HOKO (Sword), KUROHOBO (Black Gurnard).Trigla humu Lesson and Garnot, Voy. Coquille, Poiss., 1830, p. 214, pi. xix(New Zealand, "le grande Bale des lies"). ? Cuvier and Valenciennes,Hist. Nat. Poiss., IV, 1829, p. 50 (advance printing of description of Lessonand Garnot). ? Jenyns, Zool. Beagle, Fishes, 1842, p. 27 (New Zealand; Bayof Islands). ? Temminck and Schlegel, Faun. Japon. Pise, 1843, p. 37,pi. XIV (seas of Japan). ? Bleeker, Niewe Nalez. Ichth. Japan, 1857, p. 74(Nagasaki). Gxjnther, Cat. Fishes, II, 1860, p. 204 (New Zealand to coastof China).?Namiye, Class. Cat., 1881, p. 101 (Tokyo).?Macleay. Cat.Austral. Fishes, I, 1881, p. 225 (Port Jackson). ? Nystrom, Svensk. Vet.-Akad. Handl-., 13, IV, No. 4, 1887, p. 21 (Nagasaki).?Steindachner andDoDERLEiN, Beitr. Kennt. Fische Japan's, 1887, IV, p. 265 (no locality). ? IsHiKAWA, Cat. Fishes Imp. Mus. (Tokyo), 1897, p. 47 (Tokyo).Trigla spinosa McClelland, Calc. Journ. Nat. Hist., IV, p. 396, pi. xxii, fig. 2(China). ? Richardson, Ichth. China and Japan, 1846, p. 218 (Chusan).(?) Trigla pictipinnis KAW, Archiv. fiirNaturgesch., 1873. p. 87 (Barbados) (localityerroneous).Triglakumu dorsomaculata STEnelly flattened; head broad anddepressed, squarish in section; interorbital space less concave thanin Dactyloptena orientalis, the depth in middle being only al)out two-thirds width of ])upil; eye almost exactly equidistant between tij) ofsnout antl upper corner of gill opening; distance between apices ofscapular shields contained U times in the depth of the notch betweenthem, which is acute; tips of shields reaching to opposite second rayof spinous dorsal; preoperciilar j^rocess reaching scarcely |)ast base 668 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. XXXIII. of ventrals; an elongated filament-like spinous ray on occiput, its tipreaching to the back of the continuous spinous dorsal; spinous dorsalnot preceded by a short detached ray or finlet directly in front of itsbase; spinous and soft dorsals of about equal height, wdth a strongbut short keel-like spine situated in the interval between them; ori-gin of anal fin slightly nearer to base of caudal than to gill opening;caudal lunate; pectorals elongated, their tips reaching base of caudal;the long pectoral rays free at tip, somewhat filamentous; caudalpeduncle as long as head, depressed, and broad and flat above anteri-orly; 3 pairs of enlarged keeled scales along ventro-caudal edge, thefirst pair opposite middle of anal; base of caudal with an upper andlower pair of similar enlarged scales; no lateral line. Pig. 9. ? DAicocr.s peterseni.Color in alcohol yellowish brown, the back and top of head withnumerous roundish black spots, which are of smaller size than thespots of Dactyloptena orientalis; belly dirty white, the scales bearingconsiderable pigment in the form of fine punctulations; single raysof spinous and soft dorsal of alternating light and dark color frombase to tip; pectoral membranes chiefly dark, but more or lessstreaked and spotted with whitish; the rays mostly pale, but blotchedor banded at intervals with dusky. Life colors not recorded.Here described from a single specimen 1 1 inches long, taken atMisaki.(Named by Nystrom for "J. V. Petersen i Japan.") NO. 1581 FISHES OF JAPAN?JORDAN AND RICHARDSON. (i69SITMMARY.Family Pi.atycephaiju.*:.]. Rogadius ^i.m\-M\ ,\\v\ Rirlianlsoii, 1908. 1. asper vCuvi(-r and Valenciennes), 1829.2. Thysanophrys Ogilby. 1898, ? Insidiator Jordan and Snydin% 1900. 2. spinosus (Temminck and Schlegel), 1843; Nagasaki.3. macrolepis (Bleeker), 1857; Nagasaki. ? Ofamrnoplitcs Fowler, L904. 4. mecrdervoortii (Bleeker), 1860; Wakanoura; Shinii/Ai.5. japonicus (Tilesius), 1812; Tokyo; Misaki; Tsuruga; Wakanoura; Nagasaki.6. cTocof?iZ?s(Tilesius), 1812; Tokyo; Wakanoura; (^nomichi; Hiroshima; Nagasaki. 3. Platycephahis Bloch. 179.5.7 indicus (Linnaeus), 1758; Tokyo; Tsuruga; Wakanoura; Enoshima; Misaki;Nagasaki; Tsuruga; Kobe; Hiroshima; Onomichi.Family Bembrid-k.4. Bembrns Cuvier and Valenciennes, 1829.8. japonicus Cuvier and Valenciennes, 1829; iJoshu.5. Bambradon Jordim and Ricliardson, 1908.9. Ixvis Nystrom. 1887. (I. Parabcmbras Bleeker, 1874.10. curtus (Temminck and .Schlegel^ 1843.Family Hopi.ichthyid.e. 7. HopJichihys Cuvier and Valenciennes, 1829.11. langsdorfii Cuvier and Valenciennes, 1829; Kagoshima.12. gilberti Jordan and Richardson, 1908; Suruga Bay.Family Triglid.e. 8. Lepidofrigla Giinther, 1860.13. (data (Houttuyn), 1782; Nagasaki; Wakanoura; Misaki; Kobe; Tsushima; Tsuruga;(])nomichi.14. microptera Giinther, 1873; Hakodate; Aomori; Hiroshima; Tsuruga; MatsushimaI'ay; Suruga Bay; Kobe; Wakanoura; Tokyo; Nagasaki.15. giintheri Hilgendorf, 1879; Tokyo; Suruga Bay; Totomi Bay; Yokohama.16. abyssaiitf Jordan and Starks, 1902; Suruga Bay.17. japonica (Bleeker), 1857; Nagasaki: Misaki; Wakanoura. 9. C'hflidonichthys Kaup, 1873.18. kumu (Lesson and Garnot), 1830; Aomori; Tsuruga; Misaki; Kawatana; Kago-shima; Nagasaki; Tokyo; Kobe, 670 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. vol. xxxiii. 10. Otohtme Jordan and Starks, 1906.19. heniisticta (Temminck and Schlegel), 1847; Misaki or Awa.Family Peristediid.b.11. t'eristedion hacepede, 1802.20. or?!enia?c Temminck and Schlegel, 1843; Misaki; Tokyo; Suruga Bay.21. ann'scus Jordan and Starks, 1902; Sagami Bay.22. rieffeli (Kaup) 1859. Family Cephalacanthid^.12. Dactyloptena Jordan and Richardson, 1908.23. orienfflZis (Cuvier and Valenciennes), 1829; Nagasaki; Wakanoiu-a.13. Daicocus Jordan and Richardson, 1908.24. peterseni (NysLrom); Misaki.