The Gateways Project 2009 Land Excavations at Hare Harbor, Mécatina William W. Fitzhugh May 2010 Produced by Hanul Kim and Lauren Marr iTable of Contents St. Lawrence Gateways Project: 2009 Field Report Figure List ii 1. Strategies of Intervention 1 Acknowledgments 2 2. Project Narrative 3 3. 2009 Hare Harbor-1 Square Summaries 47 4. SI Gateways Project Field Data and Site Reports 56 5. Hare Harbor-1 (EdBt-3) 78 Area of Research 79 2009 Excavation Maps 80 2009 Profiles 85 Structure 1, Area 1 Artifact photos 87 Area 5 Artifact photos 88 Area 6 Artifact photos 90 Structure 4, Test Pit 1, 2 Structure 5, Test Pit 3 Structure 6, Test Pit 4 6. Place Merkit, Cumberland Island (EhBn-8) 144 7. References Cited 146 Appendix 1: LNS 2009 Artifact Catalog 147 ii Figure List Figure Page Caption 2.01 3 Pitsiulak team at Cumberland Harbor: (l-r) Will Richard, Vincent Delmas, Hanul Kim, and Perry Colbourne. 2.02 4 Greg Wood crooning at his home in Deer Lake. Photo by Wilfred Richard. 2.03 5 Long Island Day celebrations at the fire hall. Photo by Wilfred Richard. 2.04 6 Arrival dinner at Boyce Roberts’ place in Quirpon, Newfoundland. Photo by Wilfred Richard. 2.05 7 Hare Harbor 1 site after cutting ‘the lawn.’ 2.06 7 HH-1 Structure 1 cookhouse floor, tile midden to right. View north. 2.07 8 Perry Colbourne working the weed-whacker overlooking cookhouse, view NW. 2.08 10 HH-1 with lower site structures to left and blacksmith shop (S2) to upper right. Photo by Wilfred Richard. 2.09 12 Harrington Harbor inlet with Amy Evans B&B in upper rear. Photo by Wilfred Richard. 2.10 12 Paul Rowsell and Perry Colbourne: the winter’s stories. Photo by Wilfred Richard. 2.11 15 Hanul Kim working in S1 tile midden. View to SE. 2.12 16 Vincent Delmas finds iron axe in tile level north of S1. View N. 2.13 17 Hanul Kim with drilled soapstone lamp fragment in 8E/4S. 2.14 17 Tile dump squares under excavation. 2.15 18 Structure 5 Inuit (?) structure in foreground and S4 Inuit rectangular sod house foundation. View to SE. 2.16 19 HH-1 from cliff-top. View SE. Photo by Vincent Delmas. 2.17 19 Petit Mécatina uplands above HH-1 site. Photo by Vincent Delmas. 2.18 21 S1 cookhouse (right) and tile dump (left) under excavation. Photo by Wilfred Richard. 2.19 21 S1 tile dump squares back-filled. View NW. Photo by Wilfred Richard. 2.20 22 A dark spiny creature comes calling, but refuses lunch. Photo by Wilfred Richard. 2.21 23 View to north with S1 cookhouse and back-filled tiles in foreground and S2/3 blacksmith shop and its sub-floor Inuit winter house in upper right. 2.22 24 S4 rectangular Inuit sod house foundation, view SE. 2.23 25 Bernard Mercier of Providence Harbor pays a noon-time visit. Photo by Wilfred Richard. 2.24 25 Thérese Mercier and her dog out for an excursion. Photo by Wilfred Richard. 2.25 26 Vincent Delmas and Hanul Kim working at TP2 on the floor of S4 Inuit house while Will Richard excavates TP2 outside entryway to SW. 2.26 26 Will Richard with toy Inuit soapstone lamp from S1, with holed bottom. 2.27 27 A second iron axe found at the site, this one on S4 Inuit house floor. 2.28 28 Gilles Chagnon and friends Diane and Danielle sailing in Hare Harbor on catamaran. Photo by Wilfred Richard. 2.29 28 Breaking in a new crew: Chagnon, Diane, and Danielle join Bill in excavating the S1 tile dump. Photo by Wilfred Richard. 2.30 29 Vincent Delmas with large stoneware vessel fragment found ion TP1 on S4 Inuit house floor. 2.31 30 S5 Inuit foundation and south wall entrance, viewed to SW. 2.32 31 Northwest end of HH-1 site with Vincent, Will standing at S6 charcoal pit, and Hanul on large cube-shaped rock-fall perched on cliff breakdown boulder. View NW. 2.33 31 View over S4, 5, 6 towards S1 (far right) and S2 (far left). View to SE. iii Figure Page Caption 2.34 32 Our three poster display of Smithsonian Gateways research results (2002-8) produced by Will Richard at its debut opening in the Rowsell House Museum in Harrington Harbor. Photo by Wilfred Richard. 2.35 33 Providence Harbor/Tête á Baleine community gathers to inspect our finds at Hare Harbor during our season-end ‘lawn party.’ Photo by Wilfred Richard. 2.36 33 Vincent Delmas gives group our ‘French language’ tour of the newly-found Inuit house, S4. View W. Photo by Wilfred Richard. 2.37 34 Harrington Harbor residents visit the site later during lawn-party day. Photo by Wilfred Richard. 2.38 34 The Harrington Harbor crowd rafted up to Pitsiulak for an afternoon of sun and picnicking after visiting the site. Photo by Wilfred Richard. 2.39 35 Perry Colbourne processing his Cumberland Island bakeapple stash. 2.40 36 Bill Fitzhugh inspects Cumberland Is. 2 Inuit tent ring on boulder beach. 2.41 37 Basque harpooner mannequin with bowhead flipper at Parks Canada’s Red Bay site museum. 2.42 39 Porringer at Red Bay Museum similar to one recovered at Hare Harbor underwater site. Photo by Wilfred Richard. 2.43 39 Portrait of Selma Barkham displayed at Red Bay Museum. 2.44 40 Florence and Clifford Hart at Blanc Sablon hospital where Clifford was recouping after a medical set-back. Photo by Wilfred Richard. 2.45 41 One of many humpbacks encountered in the Straits off Blanc Sablon. 2.46 41 Early morning sunrise over Quirpon Island, Newfoundland. Photo by Wilfred Richard. 2.47 42 Lushes Bight just before the arrival of Hurricane Bill. Photo by Hanul Kim. 2.48 43 Perry Colbourne and surrogate daughter, Hanul Kim. Photo by Wilfred Richard. 2.49 44 Vincent Delmas and Hanul Kim recording finds at HH-1 S4, TP1. 2.50 44 Wilfred Richard getting that perfect shot of the northern-most end of the Appalachian Trail between L’Anse aux Meadows and Quirpon. Photo by Hanul Kim. 2.51 45 Bill Fitzhugh enjoying the ‘smell of Vikings’ off L’Anse aux Meadows. Photo by Wilfred Richard. 4.01 56 Triangular piece of drilled, Inuit-worked soapstone. Possibly a fragment of a cooking pot refashioned for some unknown use. Photo by Wilfred Richard. 4.02 57 Cluster of grey Normandy stoneware sherds found in the large pit hearth in S1. Most likely part of a pitcher or milk container, parts of which have been found here previously. View N. 4.03 57 Large hearth pit in south end of S1, where finds of grey stoneware were concentrated. View N. 4.04 58 Excavating the north edge of S1 pavement. View SW. 4.05 58 Iron blade found among pavement stones in northeast corner of S1. 4.06 59 Iron axe found at the top of the tile layer north of S1 pavement. Trowel points N. 4.07 59 East wall stratigraphy of 4S/6E showing tile level above tile-less black, charcoal-rich lower cultural level (LCL). 4.08 60 A small charred, oil-encrusted hearth base on the 4S line in LCL in eastern squares beneath tile dump. Trowel points N. 4.09 60 Earthenware marmite sherds from LCL. 4.10 60 Blue-glazed faience earthenware sherds from the LCL. 4.11 60 Light green-yellow glazed earthenware with fluting grooves. 4.12 61 Sterile cobble beach after excavating LCL, showing east wall profile of 4S/8E with tile dump on top of LCL. 4.13 61 Drilled fragment of Inuit soapstone lamp. 4.14 61 Small sherd of blue and white glazed faience earthenware from S1 LCL. iv Figure Page Caption 4.15 62 Charred hearth base in LCL at ca. 6S/9E. Trowel points N. 4.16 62 Completed excavation of tile dump and LCL, revealing sterile beach at base of deposit in southern part of the tile dump. View to SE. 4.17 63 Hearth in 0N/10E surrounded by baleen strips. View to E. 4.18 64 Small toy Inuit lamp with hole found in upper (tile) level at northeast end of S1 pavement. 4.19 64 Northern Area 5 showing baleen hearth, back-filled north S1 pavement edge, and 2N/8E. View to NW. 4.20 65 S1 and A5 tile dump, back-filled, viewed to NE. 4.21 66 S4 Inuit sod house entryway, viewed to NE. 4.22 66 Early morning view of S4 Inuit house, viewed to SE. Photo by Wilfred Richard. 4.23 66 Structure 5 with SW wall entryway and NW end of S4 seen to the NE. 4.24 67 Structures 4,5, and 6, view west with Vincent Delmas and Hanul Kim at left. 4.25 67 Iron axe and mass of nails (left) in TP2. View south. Photo by Wilfred Richard. 4.26 68 Lead knife handle from S4, TP2. Photo by Wilfred Richard. 4.27 68 Lead bullets and fishing jiggers from S4, TP2. Photo by Wilfred Richard. 4.28 68 A mass of congealed iron nails, probably having been contained in a bag, found in S4 TP2 just inside doorway. 4.29 68 Area 6, Structure 5, TP1, showing cobble floor. 4.30 68 Structure 5, TP1, showing cobble floor. 4.31 69 Rectangular bead made from a perforated roof tile, found on surface NW of S6 charcoal pit. 4.32 69 Lenticular light blue glass bead from TP4 in S6 charcoal pit. 4.33 70 Cumberland Island 1 Inuit tent ring excavated in 2008, viewed to south. 4.34 70 Cumberland Island 2 Inuit tent ring and stone trap structure found in 2009, viewed to southeast. 4.35 71 HH-1, S1 after pavement excavation. View N. 4.36 71 HH-1 Area 5 tile midden excavation in progress. View NE. 4.37 72 HH-1 Area 5 tile dump excavation in process. View to SE. 4.38 73 View of Area 6 lower site with Structures 4-6. View to S. 4.39 74 Bill Fitzhugh, Vincent Delmas, and Hanul Kim documenting Structure 5, TP3, viewed to SW. Photo by Wilfred Richard. 4.40 74 Structure 5, TP3, with tile and cobble floor, viewed to east. Photo by Wilfred Richard. 4.41 74 HH-1, Structure 1 in foreground and S4, 5 in distance, viewed to NW. Photo by Wilfred Richard. 4.42 75 Bakeapple pickers about to return to Pitsiulak from Cumberland Island on a windy day. 5.01 77 Area of research on Quebec Lower North Shore, 2001-2009. 5.02 77 Map of areas visited on 2009 voyage. 5.03 78 Map of Petit Mécatina Hare Harbor-1 site. Section of map 12 J/11. 5.04 79 HH-1 areas of excavation 2002-2009. 5.05 80 Buckets and weights of tiles taken from 2009 excavation. 5.06 81 2009 A5 excavation finds by type. 5.07 82 2009 A5 excavation finds by serial field number per square. 5.08 83 2009 A5 excavation finds by early cultural period. 5.09 84 2009 A5 excavation finds by late cultural period. 5.10 85 2009 Profiles recorded in A5. 5.11-1 85 South wall profile from 2N 6E to 2N 10E. 5.11-2 85 South wall profile from 0N 10E to 0N 6E from the south. vFigure Page Caption 5.12-1 86 South wall profile from 2S 6E to 2S 10E. 5.12-2 86 South wall profile from 4S 6E to 4S 10E. 5.13-1 86 South wall profile from 6S 10E to 6S 10E. 5.13-2 86 South wall profile from 2S 8E to 4S 8E. 5.14 87 Excavating the north edge of S-1 pavement, view southwest. 5.15 87 Artifact EdBt-3: 3016, iron point blade found in Area 1 Structure 1, 2N 4E. 5.16 87 Artifact EdBt-3: 3077, blond flint nodule (fire-starter) in Area 1 Structure 1 0N 4E. 5.17 87 Artifact EdBt-3: 3012, round stone pebble found in Area 1 Structure 1, 2N 4E. 5.18 87 Artifact EdBt-3: 3162, flint or chalcedony flake, found in Area 1 Structure 1, 2S 4E. 5.19 87 Artifact EdBt-3: 3276, red glass bead from Area 1 Structure 1, 4S 4E. 5.20 88 HH-1 Area 5, tile midden excavation in progress, view northeast. 5.21 88 Artifact EdBt-3: 3510, limestone rock with many holes, ballast rock. 5.22 88 Artifact EdBt-3: 3057, possible iron whaling spear point from Area 5, 2N 8E. 5.23 88 Artifact EdBt-3: 3062, iron spike from Area 5, 2N 8E. 5.24 88 Artifact EdBt-3: 3506, clenched nail found in Area 5, 2S 8E. 5.25 88 Artifact EdBt-3: 3181, iron axe found in Area 5, 2S 8E. 5.26 88 Artifact EdBt-3: 3199, Inuit soapstone lamp fragment with drilled holes from Area 5 5.27 88 Artifact EdBt-3: 3206, light blue and white majolica sherd found in Area 5, 2S 8E. 5.28 88 Artifact EdBt-3: 3223, pumice abrader from Area 5, 2S 8E. 5.29 88 Artifact EdBt-3: 3244, olive glazed EW found in Area 5, 2S 10E. 5.30 88 Artifact EdBt-3: 3312, flint nodule (fire starter) found in Area 5, 4S 8E. 5.31 89 Artifact EdBt-3: 3340, irregular shaped lightly polished red glass bead from Area 5 5.32 89 Artifact EdBt-3: 3076, object of unknown function (soapstone). 5.33 89 Artifact EdBt-3: 3312, flint nodule (fire starter) found in Area 5, 4S 8E. 5.34 89 Artifact EdBt-3: 3359, flint/quartz strike-a-light found in Area 5, 4S 10E. 5.35 89 Artifact EdBt-3: 3364, white flint/chert spall Area 5, 4S 12E. 5.36 89 Artifact EdBt-3: 3022, miniature Inuit soapstone lamp with hole in bottom from Area 5.37 89 Artifact EdBt-3: 3042, several pieces of EW with white glaze from Area 5, 2N 8E. 5.38 89 Artifact EdBt-3: 3047, nail from Area 5, 2N 8E. 5.39 89 Artifact EdBt-3: 3053, sandstone grindstone fragment from Area 5, 2N 8E. 5.40 89 Artifact EdBt-3: 3314, iron hook made from bent nail from Area 5, 4S 8E. 5.41 89 Artifact EdBt-3: 3335, iron spike found in Area 5, 4S 8E. 5.42 89 Artifact EdBt-3: 3338, large flint nodule worked for a fire-starter or gun flints found in A5, 4S 8E. 5.43 90 View of Area 6 lower site with structure 4-6. View to the south. 5.44 90 Artifact EdBt-3: 3441, clay pipe stem encrusted with tile or rust, A6, S4 TP2. 5.45 90 Artifact EdBt-3: 3442,heavy lead rectangular piece probably used as a knife handle, 5.46 90 Artifact EdBt-3: 3474, molded and grooved lead jigger weight found in A6, S4, TP2. 5.47 90 Artifact EdBt-3: 3450, lead musket ball, A6, S4, TP2. 5.48 90 Artifact EdBt-3: 3453, iron axe head with wood handle preserved, A6, S4, TP2. 5.49 90 Artifact EdBt-3: 3459, lead musket ball, A6, S4, TP2. 5.50 90 Artifact EdBt-3: 3500, large square ‘bead’ 1 made of roof tile found near A6, TP4. 5.51 90 Artifact EdBt-3: 3511, Mica sheet sample. 5.5A 90 Artifact EdBt-3: 3478, pieces of brown-grey Normandy stoneware. 5.52 91 HH-1 Area 1 S1 0N 2E artifact drawings. 5.53 92 HH-1 Area 1 S1 0N 4E artifact drawings. 5.54 93 HH-1 Area 1 S1 0N 6E artifact drawings. 5.55 94 HH-1 Area 1 S1 0N 6E artifact drawings. 5.56 95 HH-1 Area 1 S1 0N 8E artifact drawings. 5.57 96 HH-1 Area 1 S1 0N 8E artifact drawings. 5.58 97 HH-1 Area 1 S1 0N 10E artifact drawings. vi 5.59 98 HH-1 Area 1 S1 0N 10E artifact drawings. Figure Page Caption 5.60 99 HH-1 Area 1 S1 2N 4E artifact drawings. 5.61 100 HH-1 Area 1 S1 2N 6E artifact drawings. 5.62 101 HH-1 Area 1 S1 2N 8E artifact drawings. 5.63 102 HH-1 Area 1 S1 2N 8E artifact drawings. 5.64 103 HH-1 Area 1 S1 2N 8E artifact drawings. 5.65 104 HH-1 Area 1 S1 2N 4E artifact drawings. 5.66 105 HH-1 Area 1 S1 2S 2E artifact drawings. 5.67 106 HH-1 Area 1 S1 2S 4E artifact drawings. 5.68 107 HH-1 Area 1 S1 2S 4E artifact drawings. 5.69 108 HH-1 Area 1 S1 2S 6E artifact drawings. 5.70 109 HH-1 Area 1 S1 2S 8E artifact drawings. 5.71 110 HH-1 Area 1 S1 2S 8E artifact drawings. 5.72 111 HH-1 Area 1 S1 2S 8E artifact drawings. 5.73 112 HH-1 Area 1 S1 2S 8E artifact drawings. 5.74 113 HH-1 Area 1 S1 2S 10E artifact drawings. 5.75 114 HH-1 Area 1 S1 2S 10E artifact drawings. 5.76 115 HH-1 Area 1 S1 2S 10E artifact drawings. 5.77 116 HH-1 Area 1 S1 2S 10E artifact drawings. 5.78 117 HH-1 Area 1 S1 2S 12E artifact drawings. 5.79 118 HH-1 Area 1 S1 4S 4E artifact drawings. 5.80 119 HH-1 Area 1 S1 4S 4E artifact drawings. 5.81 120 HH-1 Area 1 S1 4S 6E artifact drawings. 5.82 121 HH-1 Area 1 S1 4S 8E artifact drawings. 5.83 122 HH-1 Area 1 S1 4S 8E artifact drawings. 5.84 123 HH-1 Area 1 S1 4S 8E artifact drawings. 5.85 124 HH-1 Area 1 S1 4S 10E artifact drawings. 5.86 125 HH-1 Area 1 S1 4S 10E artifact drawings. 5.87 126 HH-1 Area 1 S1 4S 10E artifact drawings. 5.88 127 HH-1 Area 1 S1 4S 12E artifact drawings. 5.89 128 HH-1 Area 1 S1 4S 12E artifact drawings. 5.90 129 HH-1 Area 1 S1 4S 12E artifact drawings. 5.91 130 HH-1 Area 1 S1 4S 12E artifact drawings. 5.92 131 HH-1 Area 6 S4 TP1 artifact drawings. 5.93 132 HH-1 Area 6 S4 TP1 artifact drawings. 5.94 133 HH-1 Area 6 S4 TP1 artifact drawings. 5.95 134 HH-1 Area 6 S4 TP1 artifact drawings. 5.96 135 HH-1 Area 6 S4 TP1 artifact drawings. 5.97 136 HH-1 Area 6 S4 TP1 artifact drawings. 5.98 137 HH-1 Area 6 S4 TP2 artifact drawings. 5.99 138 HH-1 Area 6 S4 TP2 artifact drawings. 5.01 139 HH-1 Area 6 S4 TP2 artifact drawings. 5.02 140 HH-1 Area 6 S4 TP2 artifact drawings. 5.03 141 HH-1 Area 6 S4 TP2 artifact drawings. 5.04 142 HH-1 Area 6 S5 TP3 artifact drawings. 5.05 143 HH-1 Area 6 S5 TP3 artifact drawings. 6.01 144 Map of Place Merkit site (Cumberland Island-1) near St. Augustine. Section of map 12 0/2 Edition 2 (1984). 6.02 145 Cumberland Island site map and feature drawing. vii Cover photo: Hare Harbor-1 from southridge, view northwest showing structure-1, Area5 midden and area 6 in distance with structures 4 and 5. Photo by Willfred Richard. Photo contributions provided by William Fitzhugh, Willfred Richard, Vincent Delmas, Hanul Kim, and Fréderic Simard. 11-Strategies of Intervention The Smithsonian’s St. Lawrence Gateways Project 2009 utilized a variety of archaeological methods during different phases of this season’s investigations at the land portion of the Hare Harbor-1 site, now in its seventh year of study. These include site mapping and recording; test pits of newly discovered features, systematic excavation; cataloguing of finds; and production of archaeological reports. Field Investigations: The 2009 summer season took place during the first three weeks of August during which we conducted archaeological research in the Hare Harbor/Petit Mecatina area. Our entire effort was directed at the Hare Harbor-1 (EdBt-3) site on Petit Mecatina Island, which has been investigated yearly since 2002. This year’s activities were devoted to the land portion of the site. Site Surveys: No site surveys were conducted during the 2009 season. On land, the same survey, evaluation and mapping techniques, using standard field data forms were employed as in previous years. Sites were photographed and sketched, and test pits were used to determine subsurface stratigraphy and presence of cultural deposits. Notes on the soil, cultural deposits, and notable features were measured and drawn. Ground surface elevations were taken and depths of rocks and excavated artifacts, samples, and features were also measured. Several balks were mapped as well to identify the stratigraphy of the soil. Artifacts recovered were given temporary field numbers for identification and were recorded as to location and depth recovered. If portions of a structure were visible, they were mapped in relation to the grid as well. Record photographs of all objects were taken. Systematic Excavation: For a site requiring full scale excavation such as Hare Harbor-1 (EdBt- 3), we have used a grid of coordinates in meters based on a datum point with a recorded height above sea level and latitude/longitude. The grid established in 2002 was based on x/y coordinates and employs 2x2m units named from the point at the northeast corner of the square (e.g. 12North/22East) to maintain accurate recording and maps. Artifacts uncovered are numbered in the field and are described, traced in field notes, and photographed. Significant artifacts are photographed in situ, immediately after removal. Photographs and maps of the structural aspects of the site are also made. Structure 1/Areas 1,5 Excavation and testing in 2009 focused on excavating beneath the floor of the Hare Harbor-1 (EdBt-3) S1 (“Cookhouse”) structure in Area 1 to recover artifacts between and below the paving stones, and to explore whether there were sub-floor deposits or earlier components as we had discovered at S2 (‘Blacksmith shop”). Although we discovered more artifacts relating to the cookhouse structure, we did not find earlier components. The second objective was excavation of the tile dump (Area 5) along the north edge of the S1 cookhouse. We presume these tiles resulted from several re-tiling episodes of the S1 roof. Below the tile level we found a thin lower stratigraphic level representing an earlier horizon with numerous small hearths, charcoal, and earthenware ceramics dating to the 16th century. Lower site Area 6 While cutting the brush and grass to complete a site map we discovered several important new features, including two sod foundations and a pit. The foundations appeared to be rectangular sod walls of Inuit-style winter dwellings with entrances in their southwest walls. Two 2x2m test pits were excavated in Structure 4, one in Structure 5, and a 1x1m test pit in the nearby Structure 6 pit. An overall map of the entire site area was 2Acknowledgments The 2009 field season was conducted with the assistance of Perry Colbourne (Pitsiulak skipper), Vincent Delmas (University of Montreal), William Fitzhugh (Smithsonian Institution), Hanul Kim (Dartmouth College), and Will Richard (photographer and Smithsonian Research Collaborator). As in previous seasons we received support from the Colbourne clan of Lushes Bight, Newfoundland, and many friends in Harrington Harbor, Quebec. Permits were provided by Frank Rochefort and the Department of Culture and Communication of Quebec, and financial support came from the Smithsonian’s National Museum of Natural History and Robert Malott. Lauren Marr provided research assistance and drafted the site map. Frederic Simard cleaned and catalogued the collections and prepared the catalog with some assistance from Anja Herzog. Hanul Kim prepared site maps, plans, and profile from field data, edited and formatted the text, helped select illustrations. Lauren Marr compiled and produced the report. prepared, but time did not permit a detailed planimetric map. Excavations of the S1/Area 5 area were conducted to beach sand and gravel. Test pits in S4-6 were limited to the deposits above the pavements, leaving their floors intact for future work. All units were back-filled. Processing, Analysis, and Reporting: All of the artifacts collected were catalogued in the field and photographed, then packaged and delivered to the archaeological laboratory of the Ministère de la Culture du Québec for cleaning, preservation, and cataloguing by Fréderic Simard at the Center of Conservation. All field notes and details of activities are kept with the records of the excavation in previous seasons. Photographs, illustrations, maps and field notes appear in this report. A detailed report of the 2009 project is presented here and several published reports are also being prepared. 32 - Project Narrative 2009 Field Research Plans This year’s Gateways Project was planned to be a final season at the Hare Harbor site with additional testing at the Hart Chalet Inuit winter village in Brador. As reported below, the surprising discovery of more Inuit houses and other structures at Hare Harbor resulted in a shift in plans, including the postponement of our work at the Brador Inuit winter village site. This year our team included Perry Colbourne (Pitsiulak skipper), Vincent Delmas (University of Montreal), William Fitzhugh (Smithsonian), Hanul Kim (Dartmouth College), and Will Richard (ASC Research Collaborator). The principal activities at Hare Harbor were to clear vegetation in order to prepare a detailed site map; to excavate beneath the upper pavement of the cookhouse (Structure 1); and to determine if there were other important excavation targets before completing research at the site. Will and I drove to Perry’s home at Lushes Bight, Newfoundland, on July 22-23 in Will’s immaculate ten year old Volvo station wagon, a veteran of many trips to Quebec and Newfoundland. The drive was pleasant even though we followed in the wake of a ‘summer northeaster.’ Our stop at the St. Stephens Canadian-US border across from Calais, ME. proved eventful, not because of duty we paid on a case of wine but because the Canadian officials wanted lots of information about our archaeological project, stimulated by a flag on my name relating to a 1980 incident about which their files contained no other information. I was pleased to up-date Canada Customs about the infamous ‘W.W. (Bud) Winchester Affair’ in which an overzealous immigration official wrote me up for giving an invited lecture to the Goose Bay Heritage Society, “a talk,” he told me (erroneously), “that could have been given by a Canadian.” I heard later that Winchester was censured for breach of protocol fueled by that era’s anti-American sentiment in Canada. We finally were cleared after a young official filled out a visa-like work permit that allowed us to remain in Canada until 30 August. I mentioned to her that this seemed remarkably like a visa, to which she replied, ‘No, we’ve always had these papers for people conducting business in Canada for more than three days.” Well, I’ve been in Canada maybe fifty times for more than three days and have never had to have a work permit. The document itself is a fancy piece of paper which looks neat enough to frame. My guess is that there must be a US-Canadian squabble going on that calls for this type of ‘special’care of visitors. As for “why us?” she replied, “It’s the interviewing Immigration Officer’s call if they think documentation is necessary.” Fig. 2.01: Pitsiulak team at Cumberland Harbor, left to right: Will Richard, Vincent Delmas, Hanul Kim, and Perry Colbourne. 4Arriving in Deer Lake after the ferry ride from North Sydney, N. S., we met Hanul Kim at midnight at the airport, following an enjoyable musical evening at the home of Greg and Joanne Wood, Don Ferrole (Joanne’s father), and relatives John and Jennifer Collier, now of Scarborough, Ontario, but formerly from the Newfoundland south coast. We drove to Lushes Bight on the morning of the 24th, finding Perry had the Pitsiulak freshly painted and fully loaded, docked at the Lushes Bight wharf and ready for sea. Will and I spent the afternoon rounding up supplies, changing money, paying bills, and collecting crucial equipment like a weed whacker and a replacement EPIRB, an emergency locator radio beacon for the vessel. Our previous one sprang mysteriously from its mount on the side of the vessel one day in April, resulting in a flurry of Canadian Coast Guard calls to the Triton Marine Center and the Smithsonian. I received the call from an official who asked if I was the Pitsiulak’s owner, informing me that its EPIRB beacon had been activated at a location several miles off- shore from the Triton Marina where she was dry-docked for the winter—thus an impossible location for that time of year! Later they refined the fix to the Triton Marine Center and workers soon found the beacon had sprung from its mount and was broadcasting from the deck. Apparently the hydrostatic pressure indicator had failed, activating the ejecting mechanism and the beacon. The unit was irreparable and its replacement cost me $1,000. Perry had been dealing with two other outfitting problems: a leak in the inflatable port pontoon of our zodiac. We’d had a slow leak for the past couple years, but this year the zodiac required pumping every few hours. Despite several attempts, Perry could not stop the leak, which was from an inner seam. We’ll have to live with the problem for this season and try for a professional repair or a new boat next spring, when we will also need to service the life raft. The second problem—a more serious one—was a glitch in our ship’s navigation computer. Last August, during the run from St. Anthony to Lushes Bight, after I had left the boat, they were caught in high seas and took a major thumping. One wave threw everything off the captain’s console, including the computer and a mug of coffee, which landed in the computer, causing it to operate erratically and by spring the machine was useless. Chad Caravan was called in to see what could be done, but given our imminent departure, repairs were impossible, and we decided to replace the computer and get a needed up-grade for our Nobeltec charts, incurring another $1500 of unexpected costs. The chart up-date is much improved and includes photos of docks and harbors, email addresses and telephone numbers of harbor masters, and other useful information. As a result we have learned about several refuge harbors we did not know existed in northern Newfoundland along our route. This year Perry had repainted the outside hull and done a major Fig. 2.02: Greg Wood crooning at his home in Deer Lake. 5job on the speedboat. All in all, we were well-prepared and ready to depart, especially as we were not going to be diving and did not need to rent the compressor and tanks from Robert and Kelly Linfield’s Dive Master shop in Gander. This year our departure coincided with ‘Long Island Day,’ the island’s annual festival attended by residents and a large group of ‘returnees’ who had married off the island or were living elsewhere in Newfoundland or further a-field in Canada. Saturday the 25th was the holiday, which included a big lunch with special Newfoundland foods like fried squid rings, fisherman’s brewis, and other delicacies. There were games for the kids and an opportunity to pitch a ball and dunk a guy in a tub of water (I only heard one splash). Evening events featured a small fireworks display accompanied by banter between the viewers on shore and the operators on a tiny island in Beaumont harbor (“That’s all folks! Come on out here! We’re roasting wieners now!”), and a dance. Perry’s daughters were primed for the latter, having spent the late afternoon in the ‘beer tent’ at the festival. About 3am we heard the revelers returning, and three hours later, we pulled out of the harbor into drizzle, light fog, and a bit of southeasterly wind. Our stay in Lushes Bight had been brief but enjoyable and allowed us to catch up with Perry’s extended family and get acquainted with some off-island Colbournes I’d never met. As we left the harbor, I caught a glimpse of Elmo Parsons, now getting elderly but still out fishing for cod in his skiff. He had been mate on the Pitsiulak in 1978 when Lloyd Wiseman was skipper. Lloyd was the one who recommended Perry for skipper when we began using the Pitsiulak regularly after 1988. 26 July (Sunday)—Lushes Bight to Quirpon The breeze remained easterly and light throughout the crossing to Quirpon, which took 14 hours. The fog cleared soon after passing the Horse Islands and we saw quite a few large icebergs along the way. In other years we’ve seen none or only a few. Whales and porpoises were completely absent this trip. As we passed several miles off-shore we had a fleeting glimpse of explorer Donald MacMillan’s famous Schooner Bowdoin just as she was about to enter St. Anthony Harbor Narrows. Her sails gave her away, and soon after, we heard her skipper calling the harbor authority for permission to enter the Narrows. She’s on a tour of Newfoundland ports as part of this year’s celebration of Captain Bob Bartlett and his Arctic voyages, some accompanying Robert Peary, whose 1909 trek to the North Pole is being celebrated this summer. There is a write-up on Bartlett and the Bowdoin cruise in a Newfoundland vacation guide magazine. Once docked at Quirpon we made our way to Boyce Roberts’ place and found he had prepared a fine dinner, during which we heard lots about his winter work in the oil sands of northern Alberta, the absence of codfish in Quirpon waters, and the impending changes in Newfoundland Fig. 2.03: Long Island Day celebrations at the fire hall. 6resulting from the rapidly-expanding off-shore oil industry, both on the Grand Banks as well as in the Port-au-Port region of southwest Newfoundland. Boyce had not found his winter work as profitable or interesting as in past years, partly due to cut-backs resulting from the flagging economy, and he’s not certain he’ll be returning for the winter season, November to April. They can only work when the ground is frozen, and this makes for tough conditions—dark and cold. Several Parks Canada interpreters stopped during dinner to say hello, and one had recently been at a meeting in Port aux Choix where he had met Priscilla Renouf and Pat Sutherland, the latter speaking about Viking finds, including a possible Viking house find in East Baffin and ‘Norse’ connections at the Avayalik site in northern Labrador where we had worked in the late 1970s. We decided to finesse Boyce’s suggestion that we visit Skipper Hot’s bar for a few beers and opted for a quieter evening, which livened up after Boyce’s daughter Jamie and three-year old Nicholas stopped by to say hello. She’d just finished the evening waiting on tables at the Norseman Restaurant. Nicholas is shaping up to have a true Newfie wit. Jamie mentioned that Gina’s Noordhof and Adrian’s son is also doing well, as is their restaurant and gallery business, despite a reduction in US visitors due to the economy this year. However, many French Canadians are traveling to L’Anse aux Meadows now, more each year. The interpreters say visitation is up 15% from last year, despite the economy and scarcity of Americans. 27 July (Monday)—Quirpon to St. Augustine The weather remained perfect all night and reports indicated light northeasterly winds around the northern peninsula for the next day, so we decided to leave immediately and forego a visit to the LAM site. We would also save a couple hours by not having to overnight at Cook Harbor. So at 6am we steamed off into the fog, with no wind at all. At one point a large whale surfaced near the bow, but otherwise we saw no game except fulmars and gannets until reaching Blanc Sablon. The fog cleared as we passed down the Newfoundland shore and then closed in again as we crossed towards Labrador, but cleared once we were off Forteau light. A few shrimpers were dragging near Blanc Sablon, and Woodward’s Apollo, the Labrador ferry, pulled out just as we approached the terminal. We had decided to dock here for a couple hours so Will could call his wife, Lindsey, who was at home in Maine and was not feeling well. We bought some fish and noted the extreme tourist-orientation of the craft store at the ferry depot, where vacuum-packed codfish was being sold, along with scallops, lobsters, and all sorts of kitsch, at very high prices. We opted for codfish ‘in the round’ from the plant below the tourist center and got two nice fish for $16. Perry cleaned them, giving Hanul a chance to see a second Long Island fish-cutter pro in action; earlier she had seen Perry’s brother Dennis processing some very small cod in Lushes Bight. There, the fish were all small but numerous, their stomachs filled with capelin. Leaving Blanc Sablon, the crossing to St. Fig. 2.04: Arrival dinner at Boyce Robert’s place in Quirpon, Newfoundland. 7Augustine was uneventful, with calm conditions continuing until we reached our anchorage in the run near the St. Augustine marine terminal, where we encountered both rain and mosquitoes. It looked like the weather would close in for the night. We settled in for a great fried cod fish dinner mastered by Perry, luxuriating in the nearly empty galley with only four people at the table. We had noted many new cottages built around the St. Augustine entry channel, though few were occupied now. 28 July (Tuesday)—St. Augustine to Hare Harbor It rained and blew from the southeast most of the night, and well into the morning. We slept late, adding the hour and a half gained switching from Newfoundland time to Eastern Daylight time. By 9am the weather improved and a couple outboards passed on their way out to the islands. By 10 we were on our way with a tailwind and rain, but as we approached the village of La Tabatiere the ceiling lifted and we decided not to haul in at Mutton Bay and instead continue on to Hare Harbor to get a couple days of work in before Vincent Delmas arrives in Harrington on the 2nd. We saw no vessels or game other than gannets the whole way. Hare Harbor looked very green when we arrived, no doubt enhanced by the recent rain. We anchored, unloaded the archaeological gear, and spent two hours at the site, which was soaking and running water everywhere; it’s fortunate we had excavated the boggy upper site last year and not now. The pavement we had reconstructed at the blacksmith shop was intact and vegetation had already begun to cover the surrounding back-filled areas. Grass and weeds were knee-high everywhere. We stripped the tarps off the cookhouse area and found the pavement barren of vegetation except for moss and a few patches of grass. But it was clear that excavating beneath the floor would be slow and tedious work and would take more time than I expected. Not having the weed trimmer ashore yet, we had to cut the grass and scrub brush with shovels, wielding them like scythes, to locate the grid stakes, and eventually found enough to piece together a 6x6m grid of 2-meter squares over the old excavation. The mosquitoes and black flies were hungry but not debilitating, but by 6:30 we’d had enough and returned to the boat, where Will prepared a spaghetti dinner with his pre-prepared sauce and back-yard trumpet mushrooms. It was strange being back in the anchorage, over the ballast piles, knowing that our underwater grid and excavations were down there but would not be seen this year. The harbor’s water was dark brown, full of flotsam and very warm from the Gulf surface waters blowing into the cove. Diving would have been warm but murky. Three lobster pots were set right among the ballast piles, and no doubt our ferocious lobster was down there lording it over the creatures and untouched Basque materials. I called Wilson Evans in Harrington to let him know we were in the area and discovered Christine was on a bicycle trip in Ireland until the 10th, and Alley was at Fort Good Hope in the Mackenzie region helping run the post office—more LNS/Newfoundlanders working in Canada’s North, just Fig. 2.05: Hare Harbor-1 site after cutting ‘the lawn.’ 8like the old days! Only Sarah was home with Wilson. I also reached Lynne and found her fine and anticipating the coming weekend’s paddle and volunteer work on Upper Connecticut River campsites with a group connected with the Northern New England Canoe Trail. The wind turned into the west in the evening and then died to calm by 10pm. Will showed us a DVD he had from Uummannaq in Greenland promoting heritage training for teenage school kids who were on a week’s winter excursion that included fishing, seal hunting, dog-sledding, and survival training. 29 July (Tuesday)—Hare Harbor We took advantage of the extra hour and a half light in the morning by rising at 6am, finding the wind calm and sun shining brightly. We were at the site by eight and spent most of the morning clearing vegetation, sod, and earth from the cookhouse floor. Sun and wind had taken a toll on the plastic, which had been in place for five years and had broken down, letting light and water through and allowing vegetation to grow. While cleaning the floor in unit 0N/4E (see artifact lists for 0N/2E & 0N/4E to confirm) Will found a triangular piece of oil-encrusted soapstone with numerous drilled holes, looking like it might have been made from a rectangular Inuit cooking pot. It has three drilled holes, one of which is probably a mending hole while the other two were used to lash the piece to another object. I have never seen an Inuit object of this type before, so perhaps it is some adaptation to Basque technology. The morning was hot and buggy, with no wind, and the site was still wet from yesterday’s rain. We had the first of Will’s canned beans for lunch, along with a bannock Perry prepared. Fog started rolling in just as we headed back to the site. Will photographed each of the squares from overhead, and after a couple of oblique shots we started removing the paving stones and excavating underneath, beginning with the northernmost three squares. Perry came ashore with our weed-trimmer and started cutting a swath across the site between the cove bank and the settlement area. After several hours he had cut a large area, revealing the ground for the first time. This area is quite bouldery Fig. 2.06: HH-1 Structure 1 cookhouse floor, tile midden to right. View north. Fig. 2.07: Perry Colbourne working the weed-whacker, view overlooking cookhouse to the northwest. 9but is relatively level, and it may contain features we need to explore. In previous years we had excavated a few test pits here and found roof tiles but no evidence of structures or features; but now we can be more systematic about deciding where to make tests. By the end of the afternoon we had completed six 2x2 units in the 0N and 2S tiers. I worked at the western tier and found very little of interest. Here the ground level appears to have been built up adding about 50cm of peat, boulders, and roof tiles in order to level up the down-slope side of the cookhouse floor. No artifacts other than tiles are found here except in the upper 10-20cm of soil, which we had excavated several years ago. While 2S 2E had a large pit ringed with heavy rocks, the pit itself and surrounding deposits had little charcoal, so It’s difficult to suppose the pit had been used for fires. The squares to the east, 0N/4E, 0N/6E, and particularly 2S/4E and 2S/6E were found to have many artifacts between and directly under the shop pavement, including small seed beads; bottle, pane, and drinking glass fragments; square nails of all sizes; charcoal; and a few pieces of earthenware. We were particularly pleased to find more sherds of Normandy stoneware, as they will contribute to the reconstruction of the vessel Anja Herzog is constructing from our earlier finds here. In these squares sterile beach sand and cobbles were found immediately under the paving stones; the western squares had deposits of sterile peat beneath the lowest mixed levels of introduced peat mixed with rocks and roof tiles. Everywhere we found roof tiles being used, along with other rocks, as shims to level up the paving stones. Unlike Structure 2, here there clearly is no ‘lower floor’ or earlier component; all the finds are identical with the materials above the pavement and are found between or immediately under the pavements. [Note: this statement applies to the area beneath the S-1 pavement slabs only. Beneath the heavy spruce growth north of the slab pavement we discovered evidence of an earlier occupation—as reported below.] Supper was a tomato and vegetable stew that Perry had made, fortified with sandwiches made from Will’s Underwood deviled chicken paste. We don’t seem to have much dinner food aboard now, and the tap water is beginning to sputter—a sign of low water level in our stern tanks. Fog persisted into the evening, and the forecasts—fog and rain (but at least no wind)—are not great for the next two days. The other thing in short supply are showers (like ‘bath’) and this also will become a driving force moving us to Harrington in a day or so if the weather turns to wet. Finally, there is the bakeapple report: berries are present but not abundant and are about a week from being ripe. That’s good news, as we are always afraid of missing the season in this relatively warm region of the Quebec Lower North Shore (LNS). 30 July (Thursday)—Hare Harbor The weather report had not been promising last evening, and this was confirmed with a late night thunderstorm and rain squalls that lasted into early morning. As a result we did not turn out until almost 8am and enjoyed a leisurely breakfast as we assessed our chances for work. We were at the site by 9:30 but after an hour driving rain had begun, forcing us to take shelter under the cliff. By that time I had raked up most of the vegetation Perry had cut yesterday; it made a huge pile that looked like it would make excellent fodder and silage. The surface thus revealed was pock- marked with small buried boulders and was inclined at 5-10 degrees, making for a less-than-ideal living or working area. I cut out some of the alder and birch that had grown back from our initial clearing activities. Perry had planned to come out this morning to continue mowing, but the weather and the air leak in the zodiac caused him to put the boat back on deck and wait for better conditions. Hanul and Will continued working throughout the rain, Will at 4S/4E with the large pit hearth, and Hanul at 6S/6E. They found quite a few artifacts—mostly nails; but Will also 10 found a blue bead. After drying out over lunch we decided to quit for the day, and the rain and fog continued until evening. I spent part of the afternoon reading and editing Will’s Maine to Greenland manuscript. Dinner was Mexican, with soft tacos, re-fried beans, some moose meat sauce, and other delicacies. Our fresh water is now down two-thirds and the generator has been running all day to alleviate stress on the batteries. After supper Will showed us the power-point presentation he, Ron Lavere, and I had prepared for the Harrington Museum, to accompany our three posters on the Gateways Project. We found a few errors that need to be corrected in the fall; otherwise it’s a very nice summary of results to date. The weather is supposed to improve tomorrow, and we need the day to finish the sub-floor work at the cookhouse, which is proceeding faster than I anticipated due to the absence of early occupation levels. 31 July (Friday)—Hare Harbor The morning began with a bright warm sun, sparkling water, and a light westerly wind; but by the time we had finished a mess of Will’s pancakes, fog was seeping in across the peninsula. We got to the site by 9:30 and began working on the final three cookhouse pavement squares that needed clearing: 2S/4E, 4S/4E, and 6S/4E. The southeast quadrant of the latter had never been excavated previously, and most of the thick black earth and tile deposits here—some 30- 35cm thick—apparently having been a tile dump of some sort—also had not been excavated. This square turned out to have quite a few large nails and spikes, and one of these nails was in a vertical position, perhaps having been embedded in a decayed roof timber. In the SE quadrant two separate accumulations of tile had been deposited, as indicated by a lens of black earth that separated them. Most of this square had mixed black earth and tiles resting directly on sterile peat or beach rocks and sterile coarse sand, with no evidence of purposeful paving, except for a few thick flat beach rocks in the NE corner of the square. Will and I spent the day excavating the two squares that contained S-1’s central ‘hearth pit’. This large circular arrangement of large angular blocks and beach cobbles was built north of and against a huge boulder embedded in the beach deposits. The walls of the hearth had been built up 50 cm higher than the rest of the surrounding floor pavement and continued up over the boulder. Except for the uppermost ring rocks, all were embedded in black charcoal-stained earth containing tile fragments and artifacts. Sherds of grey Normandy stoneware were found in the uppermost levels of this culture layer as well as at the bottom of the deposit, both on the sub- pavement basal hearth pavement and on the sterile gravel when no paving stones were present. All of these sherds appear to come from a single vessel, and if so, all of these contexts must have existed at one point in time, unless they had been disturbed and mixed after the vessel was shattered. In addition to finding them in the upper stone hearth ring and basal hearth pit levels, Fig. 2.08: HH-1 with lower site structures to left and blacksmith shop (S2) to upper right. 11 this stoneware also occurred 5-6m away at the northern edge of the S-1 pavement; so they are found almost everywhere in the structure. Why they should have been distributed so widely is unknown. The greatest concentration from this year’s work (7-8 pieces) was from the hearth wall fill northeast of the large boulder. By now I believe we have found nearly all of the grey stoneware fragments so that Anja can fill in most of the voids in reconstructing this vessel. [Note: later two varieties of grey stoneware were found in S-4, the new Inuit house find at the western edge of the site. S-1 stoneware needs to be checked to see if fitting fragments can be found among the S-4 Inuit house remains.] Clearing the hearth base revealed that slab paving was restricted to an oval area about 75x100 cm on the east side of the boulder. This pavement—most of which is found in the center-east part of 4S/4E—is about 20-25 cm lower than the paved floor in the northern part of the structure and extended only a short distance beneath the boulder walls of the hearth; otherwise the pit walls rested on sterile beach deposits. 2S/4E had a large concentration of artifacts under the hearth ring rocks. Most of these were nails, but also some bubbly glass, and must have been deposited before the large hearth wall was constructed. Cultural materials were always found in the black earth layer and in the eastern half of the structures, from ca. the 2.5-3.0 east line, and extended from the sod to sterile beach sands and cobbles. West of this line the culture level terminated under the pavement rocks and was underlain by peat mixed with occasional tile fragments, but no artifacts. This deposit, also containing cobbles, seems to have been fill introduced by the builders to level up the western edge of the structure. A strong southwest wind blew up in the afternoon, carrying a thick fog with it. Despite mechanical difficulties with the weed trimmer—running out of cutting cord and overheating— Perry was able to clear much of the upper portion of the site area, up to the steep slope beneath the cliff. The fisherman from Whale Head who was tending the lobster traps around the cove showed up, but did not come ashore to visit. He is the only sign of life we’ve seen since we arrived. Dinner was pea soup à la Perry, with “dough-boys,” and a bottle of Will’s Argentine wine. The forecast for tomorrow is similar to today’s—strong southwest winds, shifting to the northwest and diminishing in the evening. We need to leave for Harrington in the afternoon to reach the stores while they are open, and to meet Vincent Delmas, who arrives on Sunday afternoon, the second. 1 August (Saturday)—Hare Harbor to Harrington The wind was down in the morning, but the forecast called for a strong southwest breeze during the afternoon, so we decided it was prudent to leave for Harrington right away and forego a few hours of digging. The run to Harrington was smooth, though foggy, but it burned off as we approached the village, which we reached about 9:30. We found the wharf in the midst of preparations for loading frozen fish (turbot, cod, crab) on the Nordik Express which was due in on its westward run in late afternoon. The east side of the dock was occupied by a huge barge— the Labmover—and its tug, owned and operated by Brian Evans, Wilson Evans’ half-brother who lives in La Tabatiere and runs the barge service for this part of the coast. I have wanted to meet him for years, but always missed him when we were working around Tabatiere. There were lots of ‘hellos’ on the dock as we met old friends from the fish plant and freight office. We quickly learned that the summer so far has been a very good one here for fishing and boating operations, but with lots of rain and fog, resulting in a late bakeapple season. The 12 crab and turbot fishing has been excellent, so much so that quotas were filled in the first 4-5 net hauls per boat, leaving the fishermen with little to do now. Cod are plentiful but the price is so low that it’s not economic to fish for them. Rumor has it that the Chinese dumped huge amounts of black cod on the market, reducing the price of all types of cod worldwide, just as the stock here has been rising and quotas are good. The seal hunt was largely a bust, as the prices were low owing to the European Union’s ban on imports, and ice conditions were not ideal. The same was true for northern Newfoundland, where only a small hunt took place, mostly for local needs and tradition. Only in the Magdalen Islands were seals plentiful and ice conditions suitable. Nevertheless, Harrington seems to be bustling with activity, with new buildings and renovated sections of boardwalk. The major new change to the shore front is a large structure Paul Rowsell has built across from his store—a combination workshop and storage shed for his canoe and small boats. With its loft and nifty Nordic-style design on its door, it makes an interesting addition to the harborside, and maybe someday could be fitted out as a cafe. While at CMR Sales, Paul’s store, an elderly Harringtonian struck up a conversation with me. It turned out to be Clarence Rowsell, Paul’s father and the one who initially built up CMR Sales, named after his and his wife’s initials. He had been a fisherman in his early years and was very familiar with Hare Harbor, though he did not recall any stories about why it is named “Hare Harbor”; nor had he heard that Tête à Baleine people used to call it “Eskimo Bay.” He used to spend much time in this area and still “owns” the small cabin, now in disrepair, on the cove just south of Hare Harbor. He said Hare Harbor used to be a fine harp sealing spot where large numbers of seals were netted when they passed through in the fall. He mentioned that a Mr. Cox who had the old broken down cabin and stage at the mouth of the harbor might know more of the region’s history. I remember meeting Cox in 2002 or so and have some notes on his recollections. Clarence recalled also that the harbor, while always thought of as a good refuge in storms can be bad for boats in an easterly gale. I quickly took advantage of the fish plant’s shower and its inexhaustible hot water supply, dispensed next to a large tank of lobsters, to wash clothes, while the rest of the crew headed for Wilson’s place to clean up. I found Wilson riding a bike around town and heard more about his ‘Coast Raid’ sporting event in Blanc Sablon last August. After that I had a long conversation with Keith Rowsell who works at the school and is chair of the local tourist and museum committee. Will, Ron Lavere, and I had prepared three posters and a power-point presentation on our work along the Lower North Shore, especially focusing on the Hare Harbor project, for the Rowsell House Museum here. Most of Will’s discussions about the presentation materials were with Sharon Ransom, so we filled Keith in on the details and then visited with Sharon and Jim Fig. 2.09: Harrington Harbor inlet with Amy Evans B&B in upper rear. 13 Ransom and showed them the posters, and later did the same at the museum with Monica Anderson, manager of the museum, and Nadia Rowsell, who is working part-time there this summer. Everyone thought the posters and slide show would be a great addition to the museum displays. While we were there a number of tourists from Nordik Express were viewing the exhibits. Later in the afternoon Will had a phone conversation with Bob Bryan, who established the Quebec-Labrador Foundation and has lived in Harrington during the summer for decades. Bob had been here in Harrington in July but left for his home in the Sherbrooke region of Quebec a few weeks ago. This year is the fiftieth anniversary of his Anglican ministry in Harrington and along the Lower North Shore, and local people here put on a celebration for him during his visit. Next year he hopes to visit most of the towns along the LNS where the QLF was active. Will has been working closely with Bob over the past year to gain support for publishing Maine to Greenland. The major event of the evening was a party for teens Nadia threw in Paul’s new shop, which ended way past midnight with a bunch of hooting and hollering teenagers on the wharf near our berth. 2 August (Sunday)—Harrington to Hare Harbor Sunday turned out to be another beautiful day, which we spent hanging around Harrington waiting for Vincent Delmas to arrive by plane from Montreal in mid-afternoon. We watered the boat and fetched ice for the cooler, and were about to drop in on the church service when we heard there would be no service this week because there was no minister. Instead Will and I went hunting for Jim Ransom’s brother Lloyd, whom we had met the day before. In Will’s conversation with Bob Bryan yesterday, Bob mentioned that Lloyd might be able to help us find some volunteers for the dig, and might let us use Bob’s house if we needed it. We found Lloyd returning from a boat excursion and had a long talk. In all these years it’s odd that, like Clarence Rowsell, I had never met him; but then, we had had little direct contact with Bob Bryan also, because he usually leaves Harrington about the time we arrive. During the morning a sailboat rigged as a yawl like Grandpa Fitzhugh’s Type High pulled into the dock. She was home-ported in Woods Hole, Mass. and was skippered by a seasoned gentleman who had just sailed from the Bras d’Or lakes in Nova Scotia with two companions via the west coast of Newfoundland. He was about to change crew and head back again. They were surprised to hear about the little- known Basque history in the Gulf. I spent the afternoon catching up on email at Wilson’s house, discovering to my great sorrow email about the death in June of Smithsonian volcanologist, Tom Simkin, from throat cancer. I had known Tom was sick and expected to catch up with him in September. Vincent arrived on time and arrived in Harrington on the water taxi, and we left for Hare Harbor almost the moment he stepped aboard, taking advantage of the good weather for a couple of hours’ work at the site. Fig. 2.10: Paul Rowsell and Perry Colbourne swapping the winter’s stories. 14 We nearly finished the two squares at the north end of Structure 1 (2N/4E and 2N/6E), and I whacked away at the spruce thicket so we could open a few squares and find out if S-1 activities were present here. Perry did his first bakeapple pick out on the point and returned discouraged, finding only a few. His peregrinations are a bit restricted now that the zodiac is leaking air and needs frequent pumping. Will and I made a dinner of his pre-prepared spaghetti sauce and a salad. We had hoped for a lobster meal for Vincent’s first night aboard, but the fish plant closed Saturday before we had a chance to buy either lobsters or fish. Weather reports called for increasing southeast wind and rain after midnight, but it held off, allowing us a nice night’s sleep without memories of the violent easterly storm we experienced here last year. 3 August (Monday)—Hare Harbor The predicted storm fizzled out and became a grey day with drizzle late in the afternoon. As a result we got nearly a whole day’s work in before rain drove us back aboard about 6pm. Perry came out and cut the grass and brush from the upper part of the site in the morning, and Will and Vincent finished their squares at the north end of S-1. These squares were relatively uninteresting except for finding several roof tiles with perforated upper corners—a feature I had not seen in other tiles from Hare Harbor. Another find of note was an iron blade—perhaps a whaling lance point or knife blade—that Vincent found at the base of the black earth/tile deposit under a paving slab. Unfortunately I broke this piece while cleaning it for a picture. I finished cutting the spruce brush and laid out a 2x6 m trench east from 4S/6E, and another at 2S/8E, to see if the site extended into the tuckamore thicket. By the end of the afternoon we had good indications that this area has extensive tile deposits that extend from the southeast side of S-1, with a new nails and other artifacts, the most important of which—so far—are another irregular large red glass bead, several pieces of a drinking glass or goblet, and sherds of brown earthenware. We’ll see what more turns up tomorrow. I also marked the margins of our former excavation areas and put in a datum triangle and opened up the square Abby McDermott had begun last summer in the boggy area between A2 and A3/4, to explore the multiple peat lenses Yves Chrétien had noticed here several years ago. [Note: Later I had to fill this unit without further excavation when we ran out of time for working any further here this year.] Perry returned from berry picking north of Hare Harbor with reports of more success than he had had previously. By this time we were all soaked from the rain and returned to the boat for a supper of roasted chicken legs, fried veggies, and rice. We had run the generator all day after we discovered the battery nearly dead at breakfast. We’re hoping for drier weather tomorrow. So far we have seen little game in Hare Harbor, except gulls and the scattered duck. A small squirrel investigated us from the top of the ledge south of the site for a couple minutes in the morning, but we’ve seen no seals or whales in the harbor, and the mink that used to come around the shore has not been seen. Perry found a large hawk eggshell at the base of the cliff, right beneath the falcon nest up on the cliff. If it’s the falcons, they’ve been silent and are probably sitting on the nest tending the chicks. In past years they started flying around 10 August; but this year it might be later, if at all; last summer we found a dead falcon on the ledge south of the site and we thought it might be one of our pair. We’ll see what happens this year. It’s been so foggy at night that we have not been able to see if the Providence Harbor people are out there this summer. They also see us and usually pay a visit to the boat. We look like a hotel to them since we have been using our generator a lot in the evening and have kept many lights burning. 15 4 August (Tuesday)—Hare Harbor By morning the storm had passed and there was a light breeze from the southwest, with a predication of fair weather with patches of fog. Perry was up and out of the boat by 6:30 after bakeapples. We were at the site by 8:30, working on the squares I cut out in the southern part of the spruce thicket. The southwest breeze freshened and kept the flies down. Perry returned mostly empty-handed, saying someone had beat him to the berries and spent a couple hours cutting the grass and weeds from Areas 3 and 4, and expanding the area he had cut in the lower part of the site near the cliff. After lunch, fog rolled in and it grew wetter throughout the afternoon, with a strong wind to boot. We seem to be getting fog or rain whichever way the wind blows. Despite less than ideal weather (it did keep the bugs down), we had spectacular results from the three squares we had opened up: 2S/8E, 4S/10E and 4S/12E. All had thick deposits of tile in their upper levels, mixed with large spikes and few small nails, probably the remains of rotting roof timbers that were tossed off when the cookhouse roof was renovated. This layer was mostly tile with very little earth, with no identifiable occupation lapses that would have resulted in accumulation of an organic soil horizon; so it’s possible that all the tiles accumulated in one dumping or rebuilding episode. The one notable exception to the paucity of interesting artifacts in the upper level was a major find: a large iron axe resting near the top of the tile level only a meter north of our earlier S-1 eastern excavation limit. This axe has a thin blade (ca. 0.6 cm), making it suitable for finishing work rather than for felling trees and splitting firewood. The butt end has a small hammer head for driving nails. This and the double-ended maul (hammer) from S-2 for splitting wood with a wedge and driving large spikes are the most important tools we’ve found so far at the site. At the base of the cultural deposit, between 20-30 cm depth from the surface, in a thin layer (5-10cm) of black, charcoal-rich soil with few tiles, all three squares began to produce large numbers of ceramic sherds. Hanul’s square (4S/10E) yielded thin tan and thicker brown earthenware sherds—the latter probably from the globular ‘marmite’ cooking pots we had recovered in the underwater excavations. Many were burned on the outside, but this pottery does not spall and split internally like the thinner and lighter tan ceramics we recovered. A few intact pieces of the latter showed they belonged to flat-bottomed jars not intended for heating. Also present was a variable-colored glazed ware having a green-yellow or mustard color and uneven or horizontally-grooved surfaces. A large nodule of iron pyrites also turned up. Fig. 2.11: Hanul Kim working in A5 tile midden. View to SE. 16 Will’s square (4S/12E) abutted the rock ledge rising at the eastern limit of the site under the spruce thicket. The upper tile level thinned to the east and ended near the middle of the square, where a large rock had been placed, with several smaller rocks on its northeastern side, creating a small hearth enclosure about 50 cm in diameter. Here Will found a 5 cm thick layer of burned sherds cemented into a mass of charred oil and charcoal. The ceramics in this feature included sherds of plain brown marmite vessels, glazed olive- green colored ware, and several sherds of faience with a white- glazed background and green decoration. As usual the glaze was spalling off, but enough remains to indicate the general type. This small hearth must be one of the earliest features in the S-1 area, and its variety of ceramics may help pin down a date for this area’s early occupation. Since almost all of the ceramics from the S-1 tile midden are from the lowest level, a charred zone beneath the tiles, they all may be combined to determine a probable date for this event. One of the marmite rim sherds from 4S/10W fits another from 2S/8E, and both are from the basal black earth/tile level. The latter square is not yet complete, but it seems to have the same pottery types as the others. One atypical sherd here has a dark brown glaze I have not seen before on the site. The distribution of ceramics and thickness of the tile level suggests we will need to dig further into the spruce thicket. Vincent and Hanul teamed up to prepare supper and produced a fine baked casserole with mashed potatoes, cheese, corn, and meat. Talk ranged all over, but came back to one of our favorite topics—lobsters. The fog continued into the night and the wind dropped to calm. 5 August (Wednesday)—Hare Harbor We had high hopes for a better day, but woke to fog and dead calm conditions. Over the course of the day the wind came on from the southwest, and for a couple hours we had some sunlight, but fog soon closed in again. This is what I understand July is like and is the reason we work here in August, after the Gulf waters have warmed and the fog ceases. Perhaps this is another symptom of the delayed weather pattern we have seen here in bakeapples as well as mackerel and falcons, which have not yet made a showing. Despite less that ideal digging conditions, which requires me to keep my notes covered all the time, we had a very successful day. Vincent’s square produced a section of an Inuit soapstone lamp that had been mended with several drilled holes. This may be a fragment of the same lamp we found on the cookhouse floor during our first season of excavation and was found in the upper part of the black earth/tile layer. Besides a few nails, little else came from this level, Fig. 2.12: Vincent Delmas finds iron axe in A5 tile level north of S1. View North. 17 which produced huge pile of tiles, roughly a 2x2x.20 volume. We have decided to quantify the tiles by square by counting the number of 5-gallon buckets of tiles per square and multiplying this by 45 pounds, the average weight of a bucket of tiles. So far there does not seem to be any stratigraphy within the tile level, suggesting it may come from a single re-roofing episode. However, beneath the tile level we found a distinct band of charcoal-stained soil, and in some cases we could trace the charcoal to charred poles or pieces of wood about 10-15 cm wide, most of which were oriented a bit west of north, parallel with the pavement of the cookhouse structure. This charred layer contained many artifacts— including brown marmite earthenware, a small amount of light blue and white faience, a single piece of brown glazed ware, and sherds of an olive-green pitcher or cup with a spout. All of this material correlates closely with material from the basal layers of 4S/10-12E, which Will did a nice job cleaning up for mapping and photography today. In the process he found a second hearth base paved with burned sherds. Will also excavated under the slabs pavements at the north edge of S-1, finding what might be an iron harpoon point and a beautiful rectangular whetstone. Hanul began clearing the upper tile layer of 4S/8E, finding many iron nails, once fashioned into a hook, and pieces of a small cup-like container made from brown siltstone, with a drilled hole in its side. Again, the tile level seems to have few artifacts except nails, and accumulated without the formation of any buried soils. Perry returned from berry-picking in the last afternoon and started mowing the weeds in the lower section of the site, near the cliff. After finishing, he called me over to check a couple of lumps and depressions in the sod, and I could hardly believe my eyes. Clear as day in front of me was an earth-mounded rectangular wall with a gap in the middle of its lower, south-facing, wall facing the cove. The gap was bordered by a couple of large stone blocks and seemed to lead to a channel with mounded walls on either side. The internal depression was rectangular, but its rear and south end had been hidden by a thick growth of alders and grass. The configuration is very much like an 18th century Inuit communal house. We’ll check it out tomorrow, but if it is, it certainly adds an important new dimension to the site and its Inuit history, making much more sense of the old local name, “Eskimo Bay,” and the Inuit Fig. 2.13: Hanul Kim with drilled soapstone lamp fragment in A5, 8E/4S. Fig. 2.14: A5 Tile dump squares under excavation. 18 soapstone vessels and toys we have been finding. The question then will be: what is its relation to the Inuit structure beneath the Basque smithy, and to the Basque occupation? With these exciting new finds we returned to the boat for dinner, which Will and I had decided should utilize some of Will’s beans—perhaps baked beans and brown bread—but that idea was quickly vetoed, resulting in the replacement of the cooking team by Vincent and Hanul, who prepared a spaghetti dinner. Hanul regaled us with tales of Dartmouth antics, like the annual streakers—naked runners, male and female—who have made a tradition of invading the biggest college final exams. Damp and fog again tonight. Perry has been chasing the ‘electric leak’ that continues to plague our electrical system. Every summer we have this problem and have to run the generator much of the time to keep the batteries up. 6 August (Thursday)—Hare Harbor Finally today we found our “August” weather—sun and strong southwest wind—and these conditions held throughout the entire day. We began with a breakfast of Will’s French toast and got to the site by 8:30. I spent a couple hours cutting the alders out of the area we suspected was an Inuit sod house, and Will and Vincent cut out the gnarled old spruce trunk from the patch of spruce we wanted to excavate east of the S-1 pavement. Vincent and Hanul continued on their squares, 2S and 4S/8E, and Will began opening up 2S/10E. Before I knew it they had wiped out part of the wall I had intended to profile in 2S/8E; but I was able to salvage most of the data before they got too far along. Hanul expressed an interest ”whim” she later described it) to go hiking up on the mountain, so I gave her and Vincent the afternoon off to tromp around and get a view of the “upper Mecatina world.” They had a great time, and Hanul found it quite like the country and plants she had seen around Baffin Island. Will and I had the site to ourselves in the afternoon, and he made good progress on 2S/10E, finding a large rim fragment of a marmite vessel and several more sherds with olive-colored glaze, some which had an iridescent quality while I did profiles and other chores about the site. Perry came out about 4pm and cut the grass and ferns from our one remaining island of untrimmed vegetation, and when he was finished there was no question about the presence of a large 18th C. rectangular Inuit communal house that had been built into the hillslope up near the cliff: three clearly formed sod walls on the NW, S, and SE sides, and a stone-lined doorway midway in its SW wall leading to a 4-5 m long entrance tunnel. The internal space consists of a single main room with a small adjoining room at the east end separated from the main room by a low sod and rock wall. A possible second structure may exist to the west, sharing the larger structure’s SW wall, and has its NE wall cut into the hill slope, a low wall on its NW side, and Fig. 2.15: Structure 5 Inuit structure in foreground and A6, S4 Inuit rectangular sod house. 19 a SW wall incorporating large blocky rocks interrupted by what looks like a sinuous entrance passage. Dinner was a pot of mussels collected from the head of the harbor by Hanul, Vincent, and Perry. Today this part of the harbor had become occupied by a group that arrived in a fancy zodiac in the afternoon and put up a tent. At first Perry thought they were fishery officers on a scouting mission; but after they spent the evening prowling around the hills, we decided they were campers or tourists. They picked a campsite exactly where some kayakers we had met camped a few years ago, so perhaps they had knowledge of this spot from their predecessors. A near full moon rose tonight along with Venus, and the sky is bright and full of stars for a change. We decided not to leave for Harrington this evening but to wait for calmer conditions in the morning. We need to intercept the fresh produce being delivered to Harrington by the Nordik Express this evening, which will be on the store shelves in the morning. By Saturday all the good stuff will be sold. 7 August 2009 (Friday)—Hare Harbor-Harrington-Hare Harbor This morning found us with a mild southwest breeze and a left-over swell from yesterday’s strong wind from the same direction. We left immediately for Harrington, just as our camping visitors on shore were having their morning coffee. I suppose they visited our site as they left the harbor later in the morning; Wilson spotted them not far from here as he was making his wildlife rounds. Out at the cape we found Bryan Evans hauling his barge with equipment for the Route 138 road extension, which everyone here sees as a joke because it’s so poorly planned and operated. They still don’t have the road any farther east than Kegashka, where it was when we were there in 2001. We arrived in Harrington at 9:00am and found the wharf crew distributing the Nordik’s cargo of goods and food. I had a shower and washed clothes at the fish plant while the rest of the crew trekked up to Wilson’s for washing. I was fortunate to find the Harrington radio station team at work later in the morning and had an interview about our work with Nancy Bobbitt, who had been a ‘QLF person’ in her youth and spent summers out at St. Mary’s Island. Kate Nadeau is now the station manager. They seem to have an active program and in the future probably will be more connected with the CBC network, providing local material for national programs. I announced on the air that we will be holding an “open house”—or rather a lawn party, now that we’ve cut the grass—at Hare Harbor a week from Sunday. This fits well with the museum’s plans, as Keith Rowsell just announced the museum would be holding an open house the Saturday before, during which our archaeological posters would be unveiled. I spent much of the afternoon on Wilson’s computer dealing with email and revising captions for a paper on Mongolian deer stones being published in Arctic Anthropology. Fortunately the AA editor, Susan Kaplan, was able to send me low-res images of the illustrations so I could see Fig. 2.16: HH-1 from cliff-top. View SE. 20 what was what. Will and the crew did the grocery shopping, and Vincent and Hanul went berry- picking up in the hills behind town. By 7:00pm we were ready to leave and had a smooth trip back to HH, anchoring at dark, and having a meal of baked cod and salad soon after. Mission accomplished—clean, re-provisioned, and ‘communicated’ all in one day, with weather gorgeous throughout. Now we just need it to hold for several days. Peering into the Mecatina waters we noticed that phytoplankton were starting to luminesce when we dump water over the side or flail a rope in the water; but this year there is no agitation for midnight underwater viewing, which Christie Leece always used to be promoting. Now that we have some clear night skies we can see lots of stars, planes, and satellites. August 8 (Saturday)—Hare Harbor This was a fine day all around—sunny, little wind, and great archaeology—; fine all around except for one thing—the flies. We began with a set of Will’s great bakeapple pancakes, thanks to Hanul’s and Vincent’s foraging in the Harrington hills. Ashore, we took a few moments to probe the Inuit site location with a steel rod and found flat paving stones beneath the surface on the house floor and on its sleeping platform, as well as in the adjoining room at the south end of the house. More surprising—and gratifying—was discovery of buried pavements in the depression west of the large communal house. Here we can see what seems to be a twisted entrance passage, whose shape may have been determined by the large rock-fall blocks that also seemed to define the front wall of a structure; and there is also a low wall on the west side, but no eastern wall. The rear of the depression appears to have been excavated into the rising bank. From the surficial features we were not certain this was a house; but probing conclusively indicated the paved interior of a smaller dwelling, making this Inuit settlement a two-structure site, similar in size to the Belles Amours site and only slightly smaller than the Hart Chalet site. Despite tempting prospects for excavation, we decided to forego testing until the end of the week so we could concentrate on finishing work at the Structure 1 Basque site. At that site the warm morning turned into a hot and windless afternoon that got the flies stirred up, to our great discomfort. By 7pm when it was starting to get dusky we all were chewed up, in spite of liberal use of fly dope and head nets. Vincent took the worst beating, with Hanul close behind, both wondering why the flies were not so attracted to Will and me. Will and I disputed the claim, but admit that perhaps seasoned old codgers might have psychological, or more likely, chemical advantages. Nevertheless we got a considerable amount of work accomplished. I back-filled and re-sodded the 1x6m trench we had re-excavated north of the S-1 pavement. Hanul nearly finished her 4S/8E square and Will and Vincent worked 0S/10E and 2S/10E, Fig. 2.17: Petit Mécatina uplands above HH-1 site. 21 respectively. Will’s square produce a large amount of ceramic fragments, mostly from the charcoal-rich level beneath the black earth and tile zone. In particular, a large number of olive- colored glazed majolica sherds turned up, many of them in a 1.5m diameter hearth along the 4S line. A few brown-glazed and mustard-glazed sherds were recovered also. A few ceramic pieces came from the tile level, but in general that level is poor in finds and does not have any obvious internal stratigraphy. The absence of internal humic bands or other stratigraphy and artifacts suggests this level was created in one re- tiling episode of the S-1 structure. The many hearths, ceramics, and other finds from the base of the tile layer, and in the charcoal- rich level with few tiles, suggest burning for land clearance and use of the area for several hearths that burned the sand and cobble layer below into a very hard surface. Two of these hearths had used sherds for the base of the hearths or else these sherds had accumulated there after having been broken in the fire, as they were embedded into the scorched and oil-saturated earth. This activity would seem to have taken place before (but probably after) the time when S-1 was constructed. The absence of finds on top of the tile dump level indicates relatively little activity following the second re-furbishing of the roof. The evening came quickly and our scorched hides found replenishment in a big lobster dinner. We cooked Will’s and my lobster (we shared halves of three 3-4 pounders) by the “Richard style,” boiled with seaweed, while the other two were cooked “Colbourne style.” Perry was horrified by the idea of cooking with seaweed, but Will is convinced seaweed enhances lobster sweetness. In the end our taste buds judged no difference between the two—all of the lobsters were excellent. We agreed on one thing: seaweed is probably a god-send for the lobsters in their luminous state betwixt sea and stomach awaiting consumption in an ice- chilled cooler. 9 August (Sunday)—Hare Harbor A good day for digging, all day, and we made much progress, finishing Hanul’s and Will’s squares (4S/8E and 2S/10E), and Fig. 2.18: S1 cookhouse (right) and tile dump (left) under excavation. Fig. 2.19: A5 S1 tile dump squares back-filled. View NW. 22 profiling the 6S and 8S lines, and the 8E line between 2S and 4S. Will’s square turned out to be extremely productive in ceramics, including olive-colored glazed majolica, a small amount of light blue and white ware, some mustard-colored glazed ware, and unglazed marmite sherds, several of which had decorative vertical bands made with roulette-stamped patterns. Most of this material came from the 1-3cm thick band of charcoal that separated the black earth/tile level from the sterile beach sand and cobbles. This horizon was also the location of the one meter diameter hearth, which Will finished excavating, finding more sherds and—surprisingly—a small iron fishhook, lacking a barb but retaining its flattened, expanded, proximal end embedded inside a lump of rust that fell apart upon excavation. Vincent began digging 0N/10E and found a small hearth-like arrangement of rocks that had tiles used as shims in the rock stack. North and east of this hearth the ground was covered with short sections of baleen, resting in the basal charcoal layer and oriented north and northeast. This is a boggy area, and the baleen may have been laid down as flooring. In the late afternoon we measured the tiles excavated from each square, by five-gallon bucket-loads. Hanul’s square 4S/8E produced 34 buckets, not counting small fragments that went out with the dirt; at 45 pounds per bucket this square alone contained 1530 pounds of tile. We also had an interesting encounter, but not with the peregrines who we are starting to hear calling from up on the cliff and are out flying, indicating we may soon see the young ones learning to fly. While Will was photographing the site in the afternoon, a dark-colored creature ambled across the mowed area below the cookhouse. An array of quills looking like a bonnet around his rump identified it as a porcupine—but what a strange place for one of these forest critters! He seemed in no hurry to run off when we rushed up with our cameras. Hanul was first on the scene and got behind him to cut off his retreat toward the rocks at the base of the cliff. For a horrifying instant I thought she was about to pick him up and cuddle him. After posing for us he wandered up toward the cliff rock-fall and got between two rocks, thinking he could not be seen; but he would periodically poke his head up to see where we were, and at one point, in a grand Reaganesque gesture, he raised one of his front paws as if to say “hi.” After taking pictures we let him be, wondering where he was headed. When we inquired with the Tête à Baleine people they said it was unusual to see porcupines this far out on the coast. 10 August (Monday)—Hare Harbor The night was a bit rough, and we sawed around on the anchor chain; but the southwest wind calmed for a few hours in the morning, giving us good working conditions until mid-afternoon when clouds came in from the west and a slow drizzle developed. Will and I spent much of the morning doing landscaping chores—moving back-dirt and sod into the squares off the main pavement of S-1. With all the tiles back in the squares they came from the site looks quite grand and neat, and it certainly Fig. 2.20: A dark spiny creature comes calling, but refuses lunch. 23 gives a powerful impression of the amount of tiles that went into the settlement. Structure 1 must have a total of more than 80 5-gal. buckets of tiles; and if all the small pieces were counted, perhaps more than 100 buckets. At ca. 45 pounds per bucket, that makes 3600 pounds of tiles. But this probably is not much weight if you consider it as ballast for a ship. Vincent’s square (0N/10E) produced a very interesting feature—a hearth built up with three piles of stones, using tiles as chinking and building materials with an array of short, axe-cut baleen plates lined up in a northerly direction immediately to the north and east. Vincent and Hanul did a great job excavating and cleaning the hearth and baleen, which will make a good photo of this feature. Most of the baleen pieces were cut in short 30-50cm length strips, laid down in a pavement-like arrangement, and were in two width classes, most ca. 8-13cm wide (8-10cm was most common), but one was 15cm wide, indicating a different species or size of whale. The function and placement of the baleen is mysterious, unless as a kind of pavement over the boggy ground in this area. The hearth did not produce many sherds or other materials. The deep ‘ceramic midden’ we had excavated during the past few days ends in the southern half of this square. Hanul’s square (2N/10E) had baleen strips across its southern end but yielded only a couple of nails and earthenware. Her cultural level was thin and just below the surface and rested on sterile boggy peat. After removing our old back-dirt pile from 2002-3, Will began excavating 0N/8E and so far has not made any surprising discoveries, except for the tile dump finds reaches its northern limit in this area. I began opening up 2N/0W and found old back-dirt, some mussel shells, and a clay pipe bowl fragment, but these seem to be in the previously excavated level, so their provenance is uncertain. The pipe bowl must have come from the Structure 1 pavement area. Toward the end of the day writing notes became a problem because of the mist and rain, so we returned to the boat where we found Perry had done a ‘spring cleaning’ with Mr Clean, mopping up some of our own middens. Our battery problem still persists, and we think it may be the water pump that drains the batteries within a short while after breakfast. So we have to live with the rackety-rack of the generator most of the time. While brushing my teeth on the stern I spotted a red phalarope hanging around. We see one or two in the harbor almost every year about this time. Hanul put on “Planet Earth” on Will’s computer, and we enjoyed seeing the Arctic section. I concocted dinner with macaroni and Vincent’s left-over lasagna mix of last night, and Will made a salad—“Not so heavy on the onions this time, Will!” 11 August (Tuesday)—Hare Harbor We have only three or four more days to work at Hare Harbor as we must be on hand in Fig. 2.21: View to north with S1 cookhouse and back-filled tiles in foreground and S2/3 blacksmith shop and its sub- floor Inuit winter house in upper right. 24 Harrington for the Rowsell House Museum open house on Saturday. What remains to be done is finishing off the two squares in S-1, improving our site map, and testing the Inuit houses—a tall order for four days. On the other hand, finding the Inuit dwellings means we will have to return for at least another year, depending on how productive they are; so a more detailed site map can be worked up next year. Our agenda got off to a good start this morning when I saw we had bright sun and only a small breeze from the east. I woke Will up at 5:45 (not yet remembering that it was his birthday!) and we went off to photograph the Inuit houses while they still had their early morning shadows to reveal the outline of the walls. The site looks completely different in this early morning light. Normally we see it at mid-day, and by early afternoon the sun slips behind the cliff and everything is in shadow. Back at the boat, Vince reminded us that it was Will’s birthday, and we discussed the dinner menu. I promised Will he could be the first to start testing the Inuit house. After breakfast we were back out on the site at 8:30am. Most of the morning’s excavation was devoted to finishing 0N/8E, a relatively unproductive square with only a few pieces of pottery. Will picked up where I left off yesterday in 2N8E, and within a couple minutes produced a beautiful little Inuit soapstone lamp (kudlik) with a hole worn or cut through its thin bottom. His reaction to the discovery was characteristically low-key: “Hey! A soapstone lamp!” Of the five or six miniatures we’re recovered so far, this is the largest and finest, most diagnostic, and because of the hole—perhaps ‘killed’ purposefully (?)—and the most interesting. Why it should turn up on the “Basque” cook-house floor is a question to ponder, and I have no obvious answers, unlike the large soapstone lamp and pot fragments we found earlier, which could easily have been used by Inuit in a cook-house context. While we were having lunch we had a visit from Bernard and Thérese Mercier of Providence Harbor, Tête à Baleine’s summer village in the islands. They had seen the lights of the boat and decided to drop by for a visit. They were traveling in a beautiful clinker-style home-made skiff with an old dog looking which looked like my dog Mickey, and a puppy, and were on their way in to Tête à Baleine. Bernard speaks French and English, and his wife mostly French, so we had a cross- ways conversation. Bernard had lived summers in a cabin near the Mecatina cape and knows this country well. He says there used to be two summer cabins at the head of Hare Harbor. His family had their winter place up near the Mecatina isthmus. He had no new information about the origin of the Hare Harbor name, or the story I had heard about a man narrowly escaping with his life when his dog team went over the cliff about the site in a winter white-out (others from Tabatiere confirmed this account later on). But he knew well the old name ‘Eskimo Bay’ for Hare Harbor and supposed Eskimos had once lived here. Nevertheless he was surprised to hear about our discoveries. After a half-hour they left and we returned to the site, but had hardly starting Fig. 2.22: A6, S4 rectangular Inuit sod house foundation, view SE. 25 working when two outboards appeared and came ashore. This group was also from Providence and included some people who had visited here previously. One of the men was Bernard’s son, who says he visits the site area to snare foxes in the fall and winter. He’d taken a few tiles for souvenirs. He was carrying his 6-year old daughter who has a several disability and can’t speak, walk, eat or take care of herself. Despite her condition she had a pleasant disposition and enjoyed interacting with strangers. After they left we got back to work and laid out two test squares in the largest of the Inuit houses, Structure 4, one (TP1) at the outer end of the entrance passage and another in the center of the house (TP2) just inside the entrance. Will took the first and Vincent and Hanul the second. I continued working on 2N/8E, which produced a number of ceramic pieces and nails, but nothing spectacular. We did not have to wait long for Structure 3 to announce itself. Within an hour Will had found several pieces of Normandy stone ware of a different type than we had recovered from Structure 1; the S-4 pieces had a grey interior but a pinkish exterior that was the same color as the paste. He also found a piece of plain earthenware with part of its strap handle attached. TP2 looked like it was going to be even more spectacular (see below). It looked like this house would produce lots of material and had a typical Inuit architectural construction, with an entrance passage, sod and rock walls, and paved floors. The day was wonderful all around. The weather remained fine, winds were light, and Will had a couple of great archaeological finds—the soapstone lamp and European materials in the Inuit winter house. The weather was so warm that the flies were down for the count. By noon it was so warm I could not resist taking a dive into the bay before returning to the boat. Only Hanul seemed eager to join in, and when she got to the Pits she changed into her bathing suit and hopped in—refusing to take off her sunglasses—and stayed in for twenty minutes doing side-stroke laps around the boat. She lost a lot of BTUs for sure! At the end of the day Will also dove into the bay from our landing rock; by this time the day was quite chilly, and in addition to adding another chapter to his family tradition of ‘polar bear’ swims he landed a sea urchin spine in his foot. For Will’s birthday supper Vincent and Hanul made a great rice meal with sauce that used a can of Will’s favorite refried beans and deviled meats with veggies Fig. 2.23: Bernard Mercier of Providence Harbor pays a noon-time visit. Fig. 2.24: Thérese Mercier and her dog out for an excursion. 26 and spices. A chocolate-base BD cake was also prepared with birthday greetings written in bakeapples across the top. Will was able to reach Lindsay by phone in Maine; topping off day that would be hard to beat. Even the night cooperated with light breezes. One of the day’s equally memorable events was not so pleasant. Just before dinner Hanul emerged from the WC asking Perry to help flush the toilet. When Perry took a couple of vigorous strokes with the pump handle an explosion erupted from the bowl, and the remnants could not be pumped out. We ended up having to bail the bowl, swab down the walls and floor, and wait for Perry’s worse nightmare to materialize in the morning— the disassembly of the piping and clearing the plugged line. Meanwhile we had to improvise, using the old standard—the bucket—on the stern or nature’s best ashore. 12 August (Wednesday)—Hare Harbor Another fine day, making up for the foggy days of last week. It was too nice to leave the boat early, even without a toilet, and we lingered over Will’s bacon and eggs. After a day of freedom, he was back in the galley. Ashore I plugged away in the muddy S-1 pit, finding a tile-strewn gully and huge amounts of charcoal between the baleen deposits to the north and the eastern, ledge-bounded north side of the cookhouse. The only really interesting find was a few pieces of poorly-preserved white-glazed earthenware with gold painted designs. But the Inuit house provided very important and striking finds. Will (TP1) found part of a riveted iron knife or point blade and more sherds of grey stoneware. An important find came from the south wall of the entrance passage, in which a chunk of whale bone had been used as an architectural element, as so often occurs in Inuit houses further north. The square in the interior (TP2) produced amazing finds: a large iron axe was resting on the paving stones near the doorway, and next to it a large mass of iron that turned out to be a bag of iron nails—a treasure for any Inuit person. In addition, a large flat-bottomed stoneware vessel lay in pieces where it had been crushed by a head-sized boulder lying on the floor. Also found were two lead fishing jigger weights molded around the shanks of Fig. 2.25: Vincent Delmas and Hanul Kim working at TP2 on the floor of S4 Inuit house while Will Richard excavates TP 2 outside entryway to SW. Fig. 2.26: Will Richard with toy Inuit soapstone lamp from S1, with holed bottom. 27 iron hooks, a coiled up strip of lead, a large fist-sized rectangular chunk of lead that had iron blades molded into lead in two places, and pieces of earthenware and stoneware. The axe quickly became known as the “Venus of Mecatina” because of its resemblance to a well-endowed female figure with a flaring skirt. It is hard to imagine all this European material being left lying within a 2-meter area (still only partially excavated) on the floor of an Inuit winter house. If it was not for the architecture you certainly would not know it as an Inuit context. Much of this material seems to have originated with the Basque occupation, for roof tiles were used as paving stones and foundation shims. Still, other than the whale bones, we have not yet seen a single piece of seal bone or any other bone material. Apparently the acid soils, derived from sand and detritus from the granite and schist above, have eaten away any faunal material that may have been here. Soon after returning to the site the small sailboat we had seen tacking toward the harbor sailed into our cove. In the double- hulled Hobie Cat-type vessel was a crew of three, one swung out over the side on a trapeze to act as a counterweight for the sail. They set up camp and later in the afternoon had a large fire burning. Another visitor also appeared. Midway through the afternoon while I was talking to Will at his S3 test pit I heard a noise in the dried mown grass behind me and discovered Mr. Porcupine approaching, only 15 or 20 feet away. He kept coming at ‘porcupine’ speed—that is to say—a slow amble, but stopped when we stood up and stared. There followed a 30-minute ‘conversation’ in which we offered him a slice of apple; he had no interest, but would occasionally nibble a stalk of grass or a fern shoot. Then he would rock back on his rump of spines, hoist his front paws up in ‘begging’ posture, and stare at us. Many times he turned away, showed us his prickly rear end, and then turned back to us. Eventually he wandered off up to the blacksmith shop area and disappeared into the alders. His motions are very slow and sloth-like; his only sounds the softest of grunts. 13 August (Thursday)—Hare Harbor The wind never went down much at all over night and was brisk in the morning. On the way to the site we called on the sailboat campers and met Gilles Chagnon, who owns the sailboat and with two female friends is traveling from Havre St. Pierre to St. Augustine, where he will take up a job teaching history and geography in the local school. They had disembarked the Nordik at Tête à Baleine and sailed out to Mecatina. Gilles has quite a history on the coast, with teaching stints at Havre St. Pierre and Tête à Baleineand and had heard about our work from our website. Because the wind was high they decided not to sail today, and Gilles and Diane Suavé walked over to the site along the shore—quite a feat through boulders, cliffs, and tuckamore (tangled stunted spruce thickets) so thick you can’t see the ground beneath you. He arrived on the site alone just after we had left for lunch, and while waiting for us to return, discovered the Fig. 2.27: A second iron axe found at the site, this one on A6, S4 Inuit house floor. 28 porcupine. Diane took a different route through the brush and got there looking flushed and bug- bitten just as we returned to work. We returned to their camp after a bit to pick up the third member of their party, Danielle Kapochena, whose accent was a surprise until we found out she grew up in New York and later moved to Montreal. They spent the afternoon exploring the site and helped us with archaeological tasks. They may not have been prepared for our long working hours—today until after 7pm, well into dusk—and the wind got quite chilly as the evening approached. We had hoped to have them for dinner onboard, but they needed to re-set their tents and ferrying them back into the shallow cove in the dark at low tide would have been difficult. Gilles has an abiding interest in the LNS and knows well its geography and history, which he teaches. It’s great to see people so committed to teaching along this coast. With only a few days left, we hurried with our excavations at S-1 and S-3. I was able to complete 2N/8E, finding masses of charcoal and tiles in the bottom half of the cultural zone and densest in the southern side of the square, in a trough on the northern side of the S-1 pavement. This portion of the site area seems first to have been burned over to prepare the land for the shore facilities, because much of the charcoal consisted of burned roots and wood with twisted grain. Burned or sterile peat underlay this level. However I did not see any half-burned pieces of wood as one would expect with burning brush in place, so it’s possible the charcoal was from a local hearth. It was mixed with burned and eroded tiles and contained few artifacts. Most of these were found in the upper half of the black earth deposit, where tiles were less frequent and charcoal chunks were rare. A small amount of ceramics was recovered, including specular gold wares, and plain EW, and a couple pieces of olive green glazed majolica. Two features were noted, one being the charcoal-filled hearth in the middle of the south wall, above the drainage trench, and a second Fig. 2.28: Gilles Chagnon and friends Diane and Danielle sailing in Hare Harbor on catamaran. Fig. 2.29: Breaking in a new crew: Chagnon, Diane, and Danielle join Bill in excavating the S1 tile dump. 29 hearth around a large rectangular rock in the northern wall where the Inuit lamp was found. A few large nails, two pyrites nodules, a lead bullet, and a piece of iron shaped like a harpoon blade were recovered. In addition to excavating the balk along the south wall, I took two baleen samples from 0N/10E, one 15 cms wide and another about 6 cms wide. These might indicate two varieties of whales, and the large specimen may be identifiable to species from its size alone. Work at S-3 was less exciting than yesterday, as the work was mostly clean-up and mapping. Will’s TP1 continued to produce grey stoneware and some earthenware and nails, and the structure of the outer part of the entrance passage was clear, whose west side wall rocks had collapsed into the passage onto a portion of pavement. However within the square, only one pavement stone was found, along the northern wall. Artifacts were quite plentiful and were found throughout the square. Tile and whale bone pieces had been used as building material in a several instances. S-4 revealed a well-made floor pavement with a couple areas of charcoal concentration. Hanul and Vincent spent most of the afternoon mapping the rock-built wall and floor pavement. At least two stoneware vessels can be partly reconstructed from the remains found. One appears to Vincent similar to containers used in his hometown today to store fat or grease. We also opened up a 2x2 m square (TP3) in the middle of the S-5 floor, immediately west of S4. Instead of a nice flat pavement we found a charcoal and sand layer resting directly on a pavement of small beach cobbles. The charcoal layers did not seem to have been from a house fire, and it contained a fair number of dispersed tile fragments and a few nails, not particularly indicative of domestic use and more like the type of soil and finds from Basque contexts. Beneath the cobbles, which may also be beach deposits, are sterile sand and cobbles. If this is an Inuit house, as it appears from its shared wall with S4, its apparent sleeping bench, and its boulder and sod front wall and entranceway, its floor and artifacts are not similar to S-4. 14 August (Friday)—Hare Harbor This was our last ‘science’ day at the site, as tomorrow we have to be in Harrington for the museum open house, and Sunday back here for an open house at the site. Wednesday I called Nancy Bobbitt at the Harrington radio station and asked her to announce the event on the radio. The morning started calm but quickly turned windy. Our sailor- campers cruised by the site on their way out of the harbor, with Perry tailing like a paparazzi photographer in our constantly deflating zodiac. My pea soup was on stage for lunch and turned out quite well, considering it was my first solo attempt without instruction. Perry wouldn’t eat it because I did not start off boiling the peas with fat back, rather, soaking them, but the end result was about the same. Perry came ashore during the afternoon Fig. 2.30: Vincent Delmas with large stoneware vessel fragment found in TP1 on S4 Inuit house floor. 30 and helped us clean up the site for Sunday. Will used his last batch of pre-made spaghetti for supper, fortified with a jar of Perry’s moose meat. Discussions ranged from the qualities of natural vs. plastic wine corks; the intrinsic differences between whole grain vs. refined spaghetti, and whether growing and eating your own food from gardens “is better”. Of course there are trade-offs, and we often don’t know what’s in commercial products, but growing your own and eating locally is a luxury many people can’t afford. I would rather spend my extra time on other endeavors than growing food. By supper time the wind dropped right out, and the mosquitoes were anxious to get their piece of the pie. Fortunately we left the site just in time and were not camping ashore. At the site we were able to complete everything we really needed to do, leaving other chores, like production of a detailed topographic map, for next year, now that we know there will be a ‘next year.” I finished 2N/8E and cleaned up 2N/10E, 0N/8E, and 0N/10E and photographed this set of squares, as well as the whole site, which now looks striking when seen from the ledge to the south, with operations at the Inuit sites underway. Hanul and Vincent completed and mapped TP3 in S-4, finding a very rough type of cobble pavement, but few artifacts other than tiles and nails. Perhaps this is not a dwelling but some other kind of structure relating to the Basque occupation. Will dug a test pit into the depression at the far western end of the site, a few meters west of S-5. This depression had a huge rock slab embedded into it at an angle and may be natural rock- fall, but the pit is man-made, and as soon as it was opened up we found the soil full of charcoal. Beneath the turf was black earth with small amounts of tile and a few artifacts, nails, part of a lenticular-shaped clear blue glass bead, and a tiny piece of very thin goblet glass. Below this was a layer containing large tiles overlaying 20-30 cms of almost pure charcoal, which often occurred in large chunks and extended beneath the rock slab to a depth of 50cm. It’s possible that a large rock-fall event occurred midway through the site’s occupation and may have covered some of the shore-side activities; but if so, there it still no evidence of blubber-encrusted tiles or rocks along the shore. Structure 4 and its adjoining ‘rooms’ will be interesting to explore, as they may represent some European industrial activities conducted by Inuit. Charcoal production would seem to be the obvious front-runner for the pit feature, but for what purpose? Black-smithing would seem most likely. We have found no remains of slag or iron forging, or furnaces. By the end of the day I had mapped all the areas we had excavated in 2002- 9, and traced out the outline of the Inuit houses and nearby structures. It’s not a contour map, but it illustrates the close physical relationship of the Basque and Inuit settlement areas, whether or not they were sequential or contemporary. Hanul mapped TP1 and 2 in S-4—a difficult task since the 2x2m units are literally paved with stone, and frequently stone-on-stone in the entrance passages and wall areas. We returned to the boat in the evening with a pail of roof tiles to weigh in Harrington, and another partial pail that Vincent will use for compositional studies to Fig. 2.31: A6, S5 Inuit foundation and south wall entrance, viewed to SW. 31 determine provenance studies. The strong westerlies of the past few days brought in very clear water, so that when the wind died this evening the ballast piles in the underwater site were clearly visible. 15 August (Saturday)—Hare Harbor to Harrington The harbor was still all night land remained so in the morning when we left for Harrington about 8:30. A couple of young pitsiulaks—sea pigeons—had been swimming around the boat for the past couple of days, coming closer each day. I thought they were red phalaropes, but Perry seemed sure they were pigeons. They are the only sea critters we’ve seen in the harbor this summer other than gulls. The young peregrines, if they exist this year, are still in their nest and have not yet flown, which they usually do at the end of the first week of August. On the way in to Harrington Perry gave Hanul some piloting lessons driving the boat, and she steered us through the narrows without mishap, lining up the range markers. Since it was Saturday, we were unable to get fuel, but we have plenty to reach Blanc Sablon. Will and I stocked up on groceries, and I paid the CMR bill. The surface of the Harrington wharf was almost completely empty because the fish plant had closed at the end of the week and all their boxes and gear have been stored. Several of the fishing boats have already been pulled out of the water and others are not far behind; it’s too expensive to keep them in the water without any income. Christine Vatcher-Evans had returned from her bicycling trip with a friend in Ireland, and she was full of tales about biking up the Devil’s Pass, the toughest part of the ride, and being befriended by true Irish ‘characters.’ They are hoping to organize a biking trip in France next year. Daughter Alley is managing the post office in Fort Good Hope on the Mackenzie River, an Indian village with only a few white people present. She’ll return to college in Ottawa in the fall. Christine whipped up a tasty lunch of bean chili and salad while we Fig. 2.33: View over S4, 5, 6 towards S1 (far right) and S2 far left). View to SE. Fig. 2.32: Northwest end of HH-1 site with Vincent, Will stand- ing at A6, S6, TP4, charcoal pit, and Hanul on large cube- shaped rock-fall perched on cliff breakdown boulder. View NW. 32 had showers and coaxed our laundry through their washing machine. The Rowsell House Museum open house began at 1pm with a good-sized crowd. We were delighted to see our posters on display in nice wooden frames. When we get the powerpoint show revised it will compliment the posters nicely. I gave two talks on our work during the afternoon, and Will spoke about his photography. Everyone thought the event was successful, and Keith Rowsell (who grew up in the museum building when it was his family home), Monica Anderson, and Naomi Rowsell did a great job setting everything up. When I got back to Wilson’s and started my email triage, the first message was from Ada Cochrane of Chevery asking about our research, saying she’d heard the radio broadcast of last week and wanted to talk with us about the project, its results, what happens to the artifacts, and so forth. She’s a heavy promoter of heritage programs along the LNS and was curious why there has not been more local recognition of our work. I responded that we’d love to help promote knowledge about the coast but had been keeping a low profile since our major effort has been in the Harrington region. She copied a number of people active in tourism, development, and heritage, so we’ll see how this develops. One thing is clear: that bit of radio exposure with Nancy Bobbit last week—like cutting the grass on an archaeological site—was very helpful. 16 August (Sunday)— Harrington to Hare Harbor Today—our last in the Harrington-Mecatina region— was a special day. Following on the heels of the Rowsell House opening, we entertained a group of more than sixty people for a tour of the Hare Harbor site. There was a lot of discussion in Harrington about how to get out to the site because the wind was supposed to be 20-25 knots from the northwest, but it turned out to be just a light breeze off the land. We got underway about the same time as Paul Rowsell and his family, who planned to stop and catch a few codfish along the way. We arrived and had barely got ashore before a flotilla of speedboats arrived from Providence Harbor like a swarm of bees. There must have been 7-8 boats, loaded with kids and old folks. About half had visited us earlier this summer, and all were eager to see what we had been up to all these years. Vincent gave the group a French-language tour, and it turned out that they were as intrigued with his French and his background as they were about the archaeology. Later in the day they ‘kidnapped’ him to Providence for a tour of their summer places and their famous Catholic church. They kept him busy “eating beer” (as he phrased it), and it was all he could to turn down their invitation to stay for dinner, and surely then for the night, since no one would have been able to safely operate a boat by that time. Vincent was a willing accomplice in this abduction. He told me he was just going to inspect some “Inuit” graves outside Hare Harbor. I had heard of these earlier in the day from one of the Providence elders who said he had dug four feet into the ground under some wood stakes that he thought Fig. 2.34: Our three poster display of Smithsonian Gateways research results (2002-8) produced by Will Richard at the debut opening in the Rowsell House Museum in Harrington Harbor. 33 might be grave markers, but found nothing. Vincent found the site covered by a huge rock-fall that had occurred sometime after the Providence folks’ excavations. Possibly it might have been a burial place for Inuit killed in the 1728 “Mecatina” raid, but it so it was an unlikely location, up against the cliff and not in the open, or in the Hare Harbor site area. More likely, it may have been a Christian cemetery from a later period. Several people confirmed the story of a man losing his dog team over the cliff in a winter storm, barely saving his own life by jumping off the komitik just in time. We also heard of a book by a Tête à Baleine priest named V. A. Hourd who write about “Eskimo Bay” in a book dating to the 1890s. There may be some other tidbits of information about Hare Harbor found here. In addition, Sharon and Jim Ransom, who sailed out to the site in their yawl, knew about Dr. Hare, the first doctor to live on this part of the coast and who would have been the cause of the name change from “Eskimo Bay” to Hare Harbor. This was also around the turn of the century. After the Tabatiere group left, the Harrington crowd showed up in Paul’s and Wilson’s boats, which rafted up alongside Pitsiulak. Lloyd Ransom also came out and tied on, creating what may be the largest flotilla to assemble in Hare Harbor since the Basques days. They also toured the site and were surprised by the Inuit house (and how we could be sure that that’s what it is). The artifacts I had laid out from the Basque and Inuit sites fascinated everyone, even the kids. In addition to the usual rap about Basques and Inuit we talked about site preservation, artifact conservation, the need for museum displays and educational programs. Many hoped to have some of the finds displayed locally. After chatting from our sunny perch on the shore, drinking sodas and beer from bay-cooled buckets, the Harrington folks returned for lunch aboard Wilson’s boat, which has a Fig. 2.35: Providence Harbor/Tete a Baleine community gathers to inspect our finds at Hare Harbor during our season-end ‘lawn party. Fig. 2.36: Vincent Delmas gives group our ‘French language’ tour of the newly-found Inuit house, S4. View West. 34 nice open after-deck, where stories continued until lunch was interrupted when Jim and Sharon’s yacht drifted by with her anchor line vertical. The wind had shifted from the north to southwest and lifted his danforth off the bottom. As the Ramsons scrambled to get aboard and underway before their boat reached the rocks by the site, Wilson and Christine also decided to get underway for Mutton Bay. We were soon alone, and thoughts turned to finishing work at the site. This took almost six hours, and included taking elevations of the S-1 site borders, getting elevations for the Inuit sites and the general site map, and back-filling all but the central floor area of S-1 and three of the eastern tile-filled squares. We finished about 9pm and got everything back aboard the Pits by dark and were greatly relieved to find that that Perry had cooked a mess of small codfish Paul’s family had given us. The day ended up being one of the most interesting of the summer, seeing so many people fascinated by what had taken us seven summers to accomplish, withimportant new chapters of the story coming to light every year. 17 August (Monday)—Hare Harbor to St. Augustine We survived our final night at Hare Harbor without a weather crisis, making it one of the few summers on the Lower North Shore when we did not have a storm or some boat emergency. Will made French toast for breakfast, and after cleaning up we pulled the anchor and steamed out. Another chapter of the Hare Harbor saga was over, and like other summers it had a surprise ending requiring a return for another season. Our Harrington friends, and now the Tête à la Baleiners, seem pleased with our presence and are looking forward to our reports during the coming year, as well as next year’s dig. I can’t say the same for our ‘porc-epic,’ who has not been seen since Gilles Chagnon interviewed him several days ago. Perhaps cutting the grass was too great an insult, or too destructive of his summer Fig. 2.37: Harrington Harbor residents visit the site later during lawn-party day. (photo: Richard) Fig. 2.38: The Harrington Harbor crowd rafted up to Pitsiulak for an afternoon of sun and picnicking after visiting the site. 35 economy. The passage to Mutton Bay was smooth and took only two hours, during which I worked on site maps and profiles, cross-referencing elevations and cleaning up the field notes, while Vincent got a few pictures of whales and porpoises. We found the Mutton Bay pier loaded up with four boats. Wilson’s was moored outboard of a high-sided monstrosity owned by someone involved with the LNS road construction project. This party-style vessel was so out of place in the LNS’s traditional maritime culture—and so ugly to boot—that only an outsider could get away with using it. Apparently it’s for sale, but there are no likely buyers in sight. It has almost no outside deck space, two enclosed decks and a flying bridge. The master bedroom takes up the entire stern, and she’s built so high you’d think a puff of beam wind would knock her over. We spent a couple hours visiting with Wilson and Christine and her parents, the Vatchers, hearing about Phil’s recent successful knee operation and tales of his colorful life. One small example of his knowledge helped document a site we visited last summer south of St. Augustine known us only as “Mikey’s Place”. Phil instantly knew the spot and Mikey’s missing last name. “I guess you’re talking about Mickey LaVallee, a bachelor fisherman who lived a reclusive life at his small camp in the islands.” Phil needs to write a book about his life and memories. We left about 1:30 to make an appointment with Paul Wilcott, the Ultramar dealer in Tabatiere, to buy fuel at 4pm. Arriving an hour early, we found him ready with the hose. The old part of the wharf was in a bad way, having collapsed from ice damage during the winter. The fuel was $1.17 a liter, and loading 800 liters set us back $1000. After buying a few supplies at the town store, where Perry purchased a pair of ‘racket’ (snowshoes) frames, we set out for St. Augustine, two hours down the coast, arriving at our usual anchorage in the run, which they know here in French as “La Grande Rigoulette,” outside the steamer dock. Weather called for northeast wind and rain tomorrow, and it appeared to be closing in as we anchored. Vincent and Hanul prepared a great soup of chicken legs and wings, and we turned in, wondering what the weather demons would cook up for the morning. Everyone we’ve met has commented on the exceptionally fine weather this past month, and that’s certainly our assessment also, other than a few foggy but workable days when we first arrived. But something in the weather mix seems to have put the kibosh on the bakeapples, which have been few, spotted, and stunted. Perhaps it was the wet July and slow season, with sun but no rain in August. As Phil Vatcher said, “It was a poor year for bakeapples, not like the past few years; people, you know, got enough for home use, but none for selling or giving away.” Right after we anchored Perry went “into the hole” with the tube of hard crease we’d bought at Tabatiere to grease the Pits’ infamous shaft bearings (‘infamous’ for the trouble they gave Tony Morse after his Labrador caretaker put the boat on the rocks during its first years). Fortunately, since we’ve had the boat we’d never had much bearing trouble, but they require regular greasing on long voyages. I think the grease gun is Tony’s original contraption, and this time the tube exploded. I looked down in the hold at Perry’s cry and found him struggling with the grease gun’s stuck pump handle, with goop oozing out all over everything, including Perry—a disaster ranking right up there with the toilet episode. On a more serene note, Hanul brought along the BBC series “Planet Earth” and has been watching it on computer after supper. Some fantastic imagery and a great script, but David Attenborough’s “pithy Englishisms” can become wearisome after hours of listening. 18 August (Tuesday)—St. Augustine to Cumberland Harbor This day began and ended with the same conditions—lots of northeast wind, rain, and low 36 menacing clouds. We had hoped to reach Blanc Sablon, but had to settle for a ‘rain day’ at anchor in Cumberland Harbor, where we lay to under similar conditions last year on almost the same date. At that time we had Nick Shattler with us to show us the Inuit tent ring he had found on a boulder beach at the southeast end of Cumberland Island. Nick had piloted us through the northern part of the Grand Rigoulette, and this year, with our improved electronic charts we had no trouble negotiating the narrow passages and tight ‘rattles’ on our own. Sometimes you could almost touch either side of the run ‘with a broomstick.’ We had barely anchored when a couple of men pulled up in their speedboat, out, they said, “to get a breakfast of bakeapples.” We had left early and it was still only about 8:00. They said they “supposed” it was us, having recalled our visit last year, and reminded us that there was a better anchorage in a small inlet to the northeast where they moor their boat. The bakeapple reference was a good sign that berries were still ripe in this outer coast region, and by 11:00, after Vincent used up all our sugar baking cookies and a cake, we went ashore with berry buckets and found the best picking we’ve seen all month. While some berries had peaked and were pale and wrinkled, many were still in the red pre-ripe phase while others were in perfect condition, especially in the protected, moister bogs and gullies. We spread out in small groups, and Will and picked our way over to the Inuit tent ring site of last summer, Cumberland Island-1. I feared the wind had blown away the thin moss and berry turf, but we found the site in good condition, with the sod re-rooting. I still think this must be an Inuit site, mostly based on its architecture, its location in a very exposed spot, and the associated cairns and possible grave cairn. After checking on CI-1, I walked to the next cove to the south and on a similar exposed boulder beach near the shore found another old tent ring. No artifacts or bone were present on the surface. About five meters to the west there was a second stone structure which had a parallel arrangement of flat-sided rocks about 40cm apart separated by an inner chamber about two meters long. This feature resembles the traditional Inuit fox trap, although it has a slightly wider chamber than the usual fox trap, and it also lacked the slot for a rock slab door. The stones had been covering the roof of the chamber had been removed and were lying outside of the chamber walls. This structure looks like a modification of the traditional Inuit fox trap, combining the stone chamber with use of a steel trap, making a falling stone door unnecessary. A few hundred meters to the south there is a high granite outcrop whose northern side has broken down creating a series of small caves and shelters. Crawling around inside I found a few seal bones and the gnawed bone of a larger animal, but no artifacts or human remains. On the way back to the boat we collected mussels and spent the rest of the day reading and eating mussels and bakeapples. The wind gradually Fig. 2.39: Perry Colbourne processing his Cumberland Island bakeapple stash. 37 subsided to the point where we had a fine night’s sleep. 19 August (Wednesday)—Cumberland Harbor to Brador When we pulled the anchor about 5:30 in the morning it came up with muddy black sand—the sign of an anchorage with good holding ground. There was still a good breeze from the northeast, and outside the harbor the sea had a sharp chop, but not the wind-driven rollers that were careening into the harbor yesterday. We decided to run east along the shore, taking cover from the inshore islands. I had not seen this shore from so close before and noticed a cove east of Napetipi Inlet which has a sandy beach backed by grassy shores and with raised terraces further inland, making it an excellent location for early Indian sites. And as we passed through the western islands of the Vieux Fort/St. Paul River region, the steep grassy slope on the southwest side of Petit Green Island, and also on Ile du Cap and Lobster Island just to the east, look like good prospects for an Inuit winter village. These locations are steep and rocky, with no protection for wooden boat landings, so I doubt it is a European site. Since the St. Paul area featured prominently in the Indian-Eskimo ‘wars’ of the 17-18th centuries, perhaps this was the location of their winter headquarters. There must be several Inuit winter sites in the region to account for the amount of activity reported in the literature and oral history, and to support the boulder sites Charles Martijn found here in the 1970s. We did not have time to stop, but next year we should take a look at these locations. We reached Brador about 10:30 and docked on the outside of the pier; fishing boats had taken the safe berths located on the inside of the wharf. The outer berths are “bad” during southwest winds, which were predicted for the next few days, associated with Hurricane Bill which is surging up the US East Coast with winds of 160mph, the strongest hurricane recorded this far north in many years. We need to be in a secure location for this event, even if it moves off—as expected—east of Newfoundland, following the warm waters of the Gulf Stream. The Brador fishermen were catching a few mackerel and codfish, but this year the best catch has been halibut. We heard that Clifford Hart was in the hospital, having had a heart attack and a stroke and was suffering from dementia. We were able to rent a car from the National/Arctic Cat dealer and Hanul, Vincent, and I got on the road immediately for Red Bay. The drive was about ninety minutes and was partly in the fog, but the kids still got a good view of the Labrador countryside away from the shore, which is especially dramatic along the Pinware River. At Red Bay we met Phil and some of the other Parks Canada museum staff who are accustomed to seeing us drop in this time of year. Fig. 2.40: Bill Fitzhugh inspects Cumberland Is. 2 Inuit tent ring on boulder beach. 38 We learned that Selma Barkham had not been heard from, as is usual after she arrives at Plum Point in Newfoundland. Her portrait, dedicated in a ceremony two years ago in August that was witnessed by Will and Perry and some of our crew who happened to be visiting the museum then, hangs by the door. Phil was interested to learn that our DNA studies of the Hare Harbor whale bones indicated Greenland bowheads and humpbacks (not the North Atlantic Right Whale) as the principal catch at the Hare Harbor site; this same pattern is showing up in the new DNA work on the Red Bay whale bones. The museum arranged for us to visit Saddle Island to see the site locations, which I had seen a couple years ago with a Smithsonian ship cruise group. This year I was struck by how the sites and features had become so overgrown with grass that you could not identify what you are looking at. Only at one station among several dozen such sites could you make out the oven depressions. The same is true of the coopers’ shops and Amerindian sites (Groswater and recent Indian). Some basic house-keeping and a reconstruction or two would make a visit to the island much more meaningful to visitors. If the rationale is that the island should remain in its original condition before excavation, this is not happening either because the excavations have resulted in tall grass replacing the tundra and shrubs, making the original ground surfaces and structures invisible. The information on some of the interpretive panels would be better served were the structures visible to the viewer. These problems notwithstanding, we had a great visit, and Hanul and Vincent came away with a much better understanding of the Basque whaling operations and of the archaeological work done at the site. We found a nice example—a small pitcher—of the same light blue majolica ware we had seen for the first time this summer, and a straight-sided conical drinking cup of thin glass with the same folded rim we have been finding, although ours is much thinner- walled. Examples of the light yellow ware and green-glazed ware were also present, as well as almost exact copies of our marmite earthenware storage and cooking pots. It was particularly meaningful to Vincent because his professor, Brad Loewen, spent several years working on the underwater excavations and wrote his PhD thesis on the barrel remains. I was pleased to see the sales shop carrying Lynne Fitzhugh’s book, Labrador: Voices from the Land of Cain and purchased a copy of Marianne Stopp’s annotation of the George Cartwright journals, The New Labrador Papers of Captain George Cartwright. After having supper at the restaurant next to the museum with its fanciful recreation of a try-works, we returned, mostly in the fog, to Brador, stopping briefly to see the L’Anse Amour burial mound (“The Oldest Burial Structure Known in the New World”) and the Forteau Point Lighthouse Museum, whose its diaphone was booming Fig. 2.41: Basque harpooner mannequin with bowhead flipper at Parks Canada’s Red Bay site museum. 39 out across the Strait where the current was running south at an astonishing pace, something like 6-8 knots, kicking up tide rips and whirlpools. It was dusk and rather magical; the foghorn seeming to transport you back in time over hundreds and thousands of years of human settlement, even to the ancient tropical seas that supported the strange cone-like creatures that dominates the ancient life captured in the limestone beds of the straits. 20 August (Thursday)— Brador to Quirpon Morning came with sun and a light breeze, and by 7:30 fishermen were returning to the dock with halibut and mackerel and nets fouled with slub, a slimy type of seaweed that clogs the net twine. “It’s the warm water,” they said, “You can’t keep nets clean this time of year.” One of the halibut was 59 pounds and was still alive, its eyes following us as we took pictures of him. I drove over to the Hart’s place about 8am to see if Florence was there, and found her just getting up. She’s been tending Clifford in the Blanc Sablon hospital for the past several weeks, and with luck he will to come home today. Florence invited us to continue our work at the chalet site, but now that we have the Hare Harbor Inuit site to work on next year, the Hart site will probably have to wait until 2011. More important right now, with a hurricane approaching, is getting across the Strait and gaining a day on our schedule. While Perry, Hanul, and Vincent drove the Pits around to the Blanc Sablon pier, where we needed to take on water, Will and I visited Clifford and Florence in the hospital. He was up, alert, and surprisingly attentive, recognizing us and able to follow our conversations, including our recollection of his accordion-playing and archaeology. Will showed him pictures of Florence and him in his book, and he joked, pretending not to recognize himself. We stayed only a brief Fig. 2.42: Portrait of Selma Barkham displayed at Red Bay Museum. Fig. 2.43: Porringer at Red Bay Museum similar to one recov- ered at Hare Harbor underwater site. 40 while, and Will promised to send them a nice shot he’d taken of them a couple years ago. A lot of personality still shines through his Alzheimer’s veil. While settling our rental car bill at the Arctic Cat dealership, we learned that high-rolling Blanc Sabloners are buying four-wheelers that can do “nearly 200” (he must have meant km/hour!) on flat frozen lakes, for the tidy sum of $25,000. When Pitsiulak arrived at the dock we watered ship in record time and about 10am set off for Quirpon. Immediately after getting into open water we found ourselves steaming through a large group of whales and porpoises who were in a feeding frenzy. Vincent and Will got some excellent pictures of leaping whales, whales with mouths agape, and porpoises and gulls charging in for leftovers. A short distance further we encountered a fleet of eight or nine evenly-spaced fishing boats dragging—most likely—for shrimp. This part of the Straits must be very productive now. We saw no other fishermen during our eight hour crossing except a single boat on its way into Cook Harbor, in the same area where we passed a large three-masted sailing vessel. Later at Boyce Robert’s, Paul, the ‘slave’ at the Parks Canada L’Anse aux Meadows site, told us she had called at LAM that morning and was en route to Red Bay with about fifteen tourists. Not a good summer for bookings—but apparently OK for the general tourism tallies, which are almost as high as last year. Boyce met us and gave us the loan of his van soon after we landed at Quirpon, and we went to his house for a visit and showers. He was chipper and did not speak of returning to Alberta this winter. A couple from New Brunswick including the son of one of Boyce’s best friends was visiting; he is enrolled in genetic studies at one of the provincial universities. While we sampled Boyce’s Lamb’s rum, along with his brother, who dropped in, Paul filled us in on the latest LAM news (plans for a big celebration next year at the 25th anniversary of the interpretation site and reconstruction of the longhouse). We later drove to the Norseman Restaurant for diner at Newfoundland’s northernmost and best place to eat. While Jamie was serving and Adrian cooking, Gina filled us in with information about their excellent summer season and doings at Norstead. Everyone (especially cook Adrian!) is looking forward to closing down in a few weeks and in the fall taking a trip to Paris, young son in tow. We bought a few books and crafts in Gina’s Gaia Gallery and returned to the boat via Skipper Hot’s (“sorry boys, no party tonight!”). The night was quiet on the pier, but the forecasts called for northwest wind tomorrow. 21 August (Friday)—Quirpon to Lushes Bight Instead of a morning visit to the Viking LAM site, Perry and I decided we had better steal Fig. 2.44: Florence and Clifford Hart at Blanc Sablon hospital where Clifford was recouping after a medical set-back. 41 another march on the weather. Boyce and Perry had been listening to the reports while we sampled the Lamb’s brew, and it appeared that if we did not get out now we might be spending the entire week in Quirpon, as “Hurricane Bill” was tracking off the East Coast and seemed to be headed for a landfall in Nova Scotia or Newfoundland. There were strong westerlies around, and a storm system converging from the west gave the weather picture the look of a ‘perfect storm’. So after leaving a note of thanks for Boyce in his van we untied, pumped up the leaking zodiac, and steamed out into big swells but calm seas. Off St. Anthony we passed the Canadian Coast Guard cutter Harp, which seemed to be putting to sea to be of assistance if the hurricane appears. For the next six hours we steamed along close to shore with the northwest wind off the land, passing the folded sedimentary rocks around Cape Rouge. When it was clear we’d have fair weather the rest of the day we set course offshore to the Horse Islands and Cape St. John, and arrived at Lushes Bight just after dark. A couple of small boats were fishing outside the harbor, debating what vessel this could be, since we weren’t due for another week. Dennis, though, decided it must be the Pits, coming home early to avoid the storm. At the pier we found a menagerie of vessels tied up, big and small, occupying every inch of the pier, so we tied on outboard one of the longliners, doubling our lines for insurance even though the hurricane was not due until Sunday night. Will fixed us a final meal of soft tacos for dinner and we turned in. Fourteen hours of steaming today. The wear and tear on the engine was beginning to show: Perry found one of our alternator belts in the bilge and the other one loose— which may explain our battery charging problems. Other than Harp, only one other vessel was seen today: a longliner heading in to La Scie. There had been no whales until we were between the Horse Islands and Cape St. John. 22 August (Saturday)—Lushes Bight Today was a day of upkeep— washing clothes, ourselves, and artifacts. We cleared out most of the cameras and archaeological gear from the boat and set up in Perry shop, where we went through every bag of finds, inventorying each against the field notes, and washing the dirty material. Seeing the collections laid out was quite impressive and gave me a better Fig. 2.46: Early morning sunrise over Quirpon Island, Newfoundland. Fig. 2.45: One of many humpbacks encountered in the Straits off Blanc Sablon. (Photo: Richard) 42 idea of the importance of the month’s work, which brought a new early Basque (16th C.?) chronological component clearly into perspective. Anja had been talking about a 16th century Basque component at the site, but I had not yet seen stratigraphic evidence of this in either S1 or S2. However, below the tile black earth level east of the cookhouse, the absence of grey stoneware, pipe stems, and beads gave us a clear shot at identifying a 16th or early 17th century component full of faience and majolica. The Inuit house S-3 has a different type of Normandy stoneware with a reddish or uncolored exterior and light grey interior that more squarely aligns with the cookhouse component. I’ll be interested to see what Anja thinks of this new material. We photographed all the material on the artifact sheets and re-bagged and numbered everything so it would not get crushed or loose their numbers. Almost everything has survived the return, except some of the badly rusted iron nails. Perry went off to collect raspberries, and with Louise made a dinner of pea soup, turbot, and mackerel. Off and on we checked in on Hurricane Bill’s progress, which seems to be following the projected course, grazing Nova Scotia and Avalon. Dennis and others dropped by the shop occasionally to check on what we’d found this year, finding the lead cod jiggers, lead musket balls, and iron axes most interesting. The mystery object—our solid lead handle- like piece—was deemed a makeshift handle for two small iron blades. 23 August (Sunday)—Lushes Bight I woke up to find Uncle Jim Colbourne caulking the windows of his fancy cruiser, anticipating the coming storm this evening. But the day turned out to be a fine one, mostly sunny with westerly wind. Louise cooked us a big brunch, and we got to work on the collections, finishing them by mid-afternoon and finding they would fit nicely into a couple of plastic pails. Vincent will shepherd the collections to Montreal and take them to Quebec a couple weeks later. We pulled the speedboat and got her blocked up on the lawn (full of nettles, I discovered, painfully) on the south side of Grandma Nan’s house— one less boat to worry about tonight when the wind starts to blow. Vincent got his air ticket shifted to Monday evening, so Will and I will drive him to Deer Lake, where we will stay at Greg and JoAnn Wood’s place for a day before our ferry from Port au Basque Wednesday night. Hanul will stay at Perry’s until her flight on Friday, helping Perry put the boat up in Triton. Louise cooked a turkey for Sunday dinner, and during the evening we watched a DVD of ‘The Perfect Storm’ as the rain began to pound down and a southeast breeze came up—the northwestern edge of the wimpy storm for whose name I’m taking a lot of grief. We returned to the boat about 11pm in a downpour and rising wind, which fortunately was off the land and Fig. 2.47: Lushes Bight just before the arrival of Hurricane Bill. 43 was pushing us harmlessly against the inboard boat. I adjusted the bumpers to be sure they were secure and turned in as the wind began to sing in the rigging. Fortunately, that was almost of last I heard of the storm. It rained hard, and by 2pm there was stronger wind; but nothing more than 25 knots, and no swells got into the harbor. A nice surprise. 24 August (Monday)—Lushes Bight to Deer Lake Hanul cooked up her French toast breakfast—our last meal on board—and we packed our gear and moved off the vessel to Perry’s, where we had large breakfast and said goodbyes. Jasper the cat, who had been particularly rambunctious the past few days, perched himself up in the tiny window above the kitchen sink watching over the ceremonious departure. Perry accompanied us off the island to Triton, where we paid our hardware store bill, and made arrangements for ordering new front windows for the boat, and repairs and upkeep for the zodiac and life raft. We’ll need a set of new batteries next year also, hopefully ‘deep cycle’ ones that will hold a charge for our lighting system better than the ‘engine starting’ batteries which we’ve been using for the past few years. We also checked in with the marine center, now owned by “Duralite Industries” who are angling for a contract producing piping for the refinery that will process the Voisey Bay nickel ore. The planned expansion would take most of the boat lot now used for vessel storage. As a result it has been uncertain whether they would take Pitsiulak for storage this year. When we inquired, we got approval from the boss, but with a caveat that they could not guarantee us space if they get the contract and need to clear the lot. We are considered good business, and the yard has been forced by the government to serve vessels needing haul-outs and space on land for up to one month. But that does not meet the fishermen’s needs for longer winter storage, and many of them have looked elsewhere for their layovers. If the Voisey Bay contract does not come through (and what after that?) what will the yard and shop be doing? They need the community, and the community needs them. At least Pitsiulak seems OK for the short term. Vincent, Will, and I left Perry and Hanul and drove to Deer Lake, where we dropped Vincent and his gear and artifacts off at the airport. Checking the ferry reservations, Will discovered we could get on the 7:30am passage of the new ferry Atlantic Vision, the new boat that had had a number of mishaps in her first few weeks of service, including a recent fire. So we had a quick meal at Jungle Jim’s at the Driftwood Inn and caught a few winks on Greg’s living room floor. His rangy cat made a few mad dashes for the door, trying to get outside where she was decimating the mouse population, and reportedly also—according to Don, JoAnn’s father—rabbits as well. 25 August (Tuesday)—Deer Lake to New Brunswick Fig. 2.48: Perry Colbourne and surrogate daughter, Hanul Kim. 44 Will and I were on the road at 1am along with a few other intrepid TCH (trans-Canada highway) travelers searching the shoulders and near bush for moose eyes. By 4am we were sipping coffee at Tim Horton’s in Port aux Basques, and at the ferry terminal discovered the departure had been delayed to 10am. We snoozed in the car for a few hours, wandered about, and generally got disenchanted with the management of the ferry service for not planning ahead for the more crowded terminal and docking space needed with commissioning a new vessel. The ship, Atlantic Vision, looks great, and when we finally got underway, about 12:30, we discovered she was very fast. At 25 knots we arrived in four hours at North Sydney, but she has no chairs with headrests for sleeping and they don’t allow sleeping on the couches. If you want to put your head down you have to take a cabin berth. On the other hand, she’s nicely fitted out and a Newfi musical-comedy team performed in the lounge for much of the passage. With unusual luck, we were one of the first cars off the boat, avoiding the delays and frustrations of being stuck in a huge procession of vehicles on the two- lane section of the road from North Sydney to the Bras d’Or bridge. From there on it is mostly four-lane. The countryside is beautiful and for the next four hours you pass through a succession of mixed boreal environments until you reach Nova Scotia lands that sustain farming and more deciduous forests. We stopped on the outskirts of Amherst for the night. Will was anxious to avoid the chain hotels, and the one stab at a small hotel we made, a motel in Oxford, N.S., was full and its restaurant had already closed for the evening. Across the road was the town swimming hole, and it looked inviting, but we rolled on until we found a reasonable room at a Wandlyn hotel on the east side of Amherst. Here we were welcomed by voracious mosquitoes that make the Mécatina version look like amateurs. Fig. 2.50: Wilfred Richard getting that perfect shot of Crow Head, the northern-most end of the Appalachian Trail between L’Anse aux Meadows and Quirpon. Fig. 2.49: Vincent Delmas and Hanul Kim recording finds at HH-1 S4, TP1. 45 26 August (Wednesday)—Amherst N.S. to Fairlee, Vt. The bugs were waiting for us outside in the morning, and a good number snuck into the car while Will was packing it, so we had some companionship for several hours. The weather looked awful, drizzle, fog, and southwest wind, but this is just the way the north Fundy folks get treated early on summer mornings, courtesy of their swampy coast and exposed mud flats. The weather soon cleared and we had broken clouds and dry weather, except for showers around St. John’s, New Brunswick. The country here is a mix of boreal and temperate woodlands, largely owned by timber companies and with little human occupation; but in the river valleys and low coastal zones farms predominate. Will says N.B. was part of Nova Scotia until after the American Revolution, when many British sympathizers from the southern colonies moved here and eventually got NB designated a separate province, now roughly half French- speaking and Indian, and the other English- speaking. It’s great blueberry country, and when he passes this time of year Will likes to buy a large amount, which he makes into his “winter jam.” We found the blueberry stand open and doing a brisk business at 9am. The proprietor was a bit surprised to hear Will wanted forty pounds of berries and six muffins. I opted for ten and a pie. We rolled on with the smell of blueberries in the car for the remainder of the trip. At the Canadian-U.S. border in St. Stephen’s, which advertises itself as Canadian ‘chocolateer’, we added a few boxes of Ganong chocolates to the bakeapple and blueberry freight, wondering what the U.S. border folks would have to say if they discovered our produce; but other than gigging Will for not having an electronically-readable passport, we sailed through. We did have to relinquish our Canadian work permits at the Canadian side, which is too bad because I wanted to frame mine as a momento of our encounter with that bureaucracy. When Will asked if we would need to go through this procedure next year, the young female officer replied that would depend on what happened when we were “processed” at the time. The rest of the trip was uneventful, and we arrived at Will’s home about an hour before Ben Fitzhugh arrived with dog Mickey and his daughter Larissa to pick me up. By 10pm we were reached Fairlee, Vermont, completing this year’s Quebec project. Concluding Remarks As in 2008, when we discovered the remains of an Inuit winter house below the pavement of the S2 blacksmith shop, we had a major surprise when we began to excavate below the pavement of Fig. 2.51: Bill Fitzhugh enjoying the ‘smell of Vikings’ off L’Anse aux Meadows. 46 the S1 cookhouse. Most of these paving stones were laid on top of outcropping ledges. Between the pavement slabs and the ledges we found finds like those from on top of the pavement, including an Inuit soapstone lamp with a hole in its bottom and fragments of other soapstone vessels. But as we excavated along the east edge of the pavement we encountered a thick layer of highly fractured roof tile. Other than a few nails and a large iron axe in the upper tile level, this layer was relatively free of charcoal and other artifacts. However, below the tile was a 5-10cm thick layer of dark charcoal-stained earth in which we found numerous small circular hearths containing large amounts of earthenware. Many of these ceramics were burned and were cemented by the heat into the hearth deposits. Glazed majolica of several types was present, as well as fragments of undecorated cooking vessels (marmites) that had been broken in the cooking process. Large amounts of baleen were found around one of the hearths, and a small iron fishhook was recovered from another. This find forces re-evaluation of the cookhouse floor deposits, which were previously interpreted as representing a ‘late Basque’ occupation dating to ca. 1700. This belief was based on the presence of tiles and a low frequency of earthenware sherds throughout much of this level. I reasoned that Basque earthenware and tiles represented a continuation of 16th century Basque ceramics into the 17/18th century and that incorporation of Normandy Stoneware, late-style clay pipes, and glass beads dating to ca. 1700 resulted from incorporation of these materials into an expanded sphere of Basque economic activity. This view depended on the stratigraphic integrity of the floor deposits. However, the presence of a deeper 16th century level could explain the presence of Basque materials as inadvertent admixture to a later occupation during the construction of the cookhouse pavement. This is possibility is discussed more in the concluding remarks. The second major discovery was the presence of at least one well-constructed Inuit winter house foundation, with sod walls, raised sleeping benches, and entry tunnel in the previously unexplored northwestern portion of the site, together with a second structure of possible Inuit manufacture. A nearby pit containing large amounts of charcoal may indicate local preparation of charcoal. Large amounts of stoneware, an iron axe, a bag of nails, lead cod jiggers, whale bones, and other materials was found in a single test pit in the middle of the S4 Inuit house and outside its entryway. These ceramics are similar to materials found on the cookhouse floor and offer a possible explanation for the presence in S1 of numerous pieces of Inuit soapstone vessels, including several additional pieces found in our 2009 excavations. Another observation of interest is that the material in S4 is so abundant and found in such large fragments as to suggest rapid or catastrophic abandonment of this structure, without subsequent scavenging. All in all, the 2009 season produced surprising results which prompt a return to continue field research in 2010 to further explore the new site components and their chronology, the nature of the S4/5 Inuit occupations and their relationship to the late European component, and the cause of possible rapid abandonment. All of the archaeological collections obtained in 2009 have been cleaned and catalogued by Frèderic Simard at the Quebec Government Conservation Laboratory. A copy of the catalog accompanies this report. 47 3-2009 Hare Harbor-1 Square Summaries Area 1, Structure 1 0N 2E (excavated by W. Fitzhugh, 29 July 2009) The square is located in the northwestern part of the Structure 1 pavement. Its upper black earth deposits above the pavement had been previously excavated, but cultural deposits remained between and below the pavement stones. Pavement rocks were not plotted this year as they had been drawn and photographed previously. Excavation proceeded rapidly as each pavement stone was removed one at a time and the sub-pavement deposits were excavated until sterile soil or bedrock was reached. These deposits were only a few cm thick, and in most cases the pavement slabs rested directly upon washboard-like ridges of bedrock with small pockets of earth between the ridges. Dark charcoal-stained black earth (BE) below the pavement was just like the deposit above the pavement and contained the same types of artifacts. Seven artifacts were recorded, scattered in the east and southern part of the square, and all were small-to-medium-sized nails. There was no sign of a lower cultural layer (LCL), and the artifacts all appear similar to those found on or above the pavement. 0N 4E (exc. by Will Richard, 28 July) This square’s sub-pavement deposit contained thirteen artifacts in a BE deposit similar to that found in 0N 2E. A triangular fragment of an Inuit soapstone vessel (broken in two pieces) was found in a patch of earth on top of the pavement. It had been drilled with three counter-sunk holes as part of a lashing repair. Possibly it may fit one of the other soapstone vessel fragments found earlier in this area of S1. Other finds include fragments of grey Normandy stoneware, a blond flint flake, green and clear glass fragments, and two nails—all found above the pavement. Between and below the paving stones were more nails and stoneware and a small piece of thin flat glass with bubbles. Again, soil and finds from above and below the pavement appear to belong to a single occupation ca. 1700. Most of these finds were from the outer portions of the square and very few were from its central area. 0N 6E (exc. By Fitzhugh, 28 July) All finds here came from the SW corner of the square except for a single piece of light blue glass from the NW quad, and this piece was found in backdirt from this area. This piece, a piece of green bottle glass, and a nail were found on the pavement while from under the pavement in the SW came similar green glass, small nails and one large spike, a small blue seed bead, and a tan earthenware dish rim-sherd. Again, the same type of material came from above and below the pavement. 2N 4E (exc. by Fitzhugh and Will Richard, 2-3 August) These two half-squares (only their southern halves) were excavated after the northern tier of S1 sub-pavement excavations were done when we discovered that the earlier excavations of these squares had not been completely dug. These squares marked the northern edge of the pavement, which angled out from the southern wall of the 0N 6E line and disappeared in the west wall at 3N 0E. The pavement slabs just east of the 0N line were the most carefully-selected and best-laid paving rocks in the entire structure and made a careful E-W alignment, mostly of thick, squared slabs. North of these slabs, smaller slabs and cobbles dropped down into a deep peaty black 48 earth layer up to 30-40 cm deep above sterile beach sands where they seem to have served as a foundation for the proper pavement to the south. Many finds were made among these foundation stones, mostly nails, but including a few sherds of earthenware, some identifiable as marmite sherds by their strap handles. A very nice small rectangular whetstone was also found quite deep in the black peaty earth. Roof tile fragments were mixed in with the floor foundation rocks. 2N 6E (exc. by Will Richard, 3 August) The S1 pavement edge angled out of the south wall of this square, and was supported by a small amount of foundation stones at the base of which was a thick layer of charcoal. Later we recognized this layer as the 16th century deposit. From just below the pavement we found two badly-corroded iron blades that may be harpoon points since they were short and broad. Here beach sands and small cobbles formed the base of the deposit rather than ledge rock. Very little except charcoal was found north of the pavement edge, but in the next square to the east in the A5 tile midden (2N 8E), there were lots of finds, but no pavement. 2S 2E (exc. by W. Fitzhugh, 28 July) When this unit located just north of the large boulder in the east end of S1 was first excavated we found it to be a jumble of boulders embedded in secondary peat deposits. Relative few artifacts were found and there was no systematic slab pavement present. The cultural level was sporadic beginning with a BE layer with tiles and nails under the surface sod, grading into a mixture of peat containing tiles down to 50-60 cm depth. Because of the many boulders and lack of BE and artifacts other than tiles, we stopped excavating and never reached a sterile level. Re-excavating this unit this year we found a small area of BE beneath a pavement slab in the NE corner with nails, a piece of green bottle glass, and thin piece of curved greenish glass, perhaps part of a drinking vessel. This was the only part of the unit that had been paved. 2S 4E (exc. by Will Richard, 28-30 July) The southern part of this unit contained a ‘wall’—more like a pile—of rocks that formed the northern border of a large pit hearth east of the big boulder in the middle of A1/S1. The northern half of the unit was paved and this pavement extended beneath the hearth rock pile, suggesting the hearth had been constructed after the S1 pavement. Most of the finds (nails, bubbly green bottle glass, a chalcedony flake) came from under the northern part of this hearth wall and on the pavement slabs below it. Finds from BE between and under the paving slabs in the northern part of the unit included spikes and nails, a ‘large’ blue glass seed bead, and bubbly green bottle glass. Normandy Stoneware came from the top of the hearth wall as well as on the basal rock pavement in the bottom of the hearth pit. It would appear that NS is associated with the construction and use of this hearth feature. 4S 4E (exc. by W. Fitzhugh, 28 July) The western part of this unit was paved with S1 slabs while the eastern part had no pavement and instead marked the western boundary of the tile midden. This midden consisted of loosely packed tiles with very little soil and few artifacts and began immediately beneath a thin turf and humus level. The tile dump extended down to a basal level of black charcoal-rich soil. This lower level lensed out to the west where the tile pavement began. Below this was sterile sandy beach gravel with cobbles. All finds in 2009 came from on, between, or just beneath the paving stones and included nails, black and blue seed beads, bubbly green bottle glass, and a clear glass fragment. 49 4S 4E (exc. by W. Fitzhugh, 28-31 July) This is the unit with the large hearth pit where many of the Normandy Stoneware (NS) sherds were found during our early excavations. We had not previously disturbed the northern part of the ring of rocks piled above the level of the pavement surrounding the hearth which arced around the pit just north of the square and crossed its NE corner and ran along the eastern unit edge. Originally it had circled the south side of the pit, but these stones we removed in our earlier excavation. Or purpose now was to excavate the ring wall rocks and check to be sure we had excavated it entirely. We suspected not because there were many missing sherds from the two Normandy Stoneware vessels Anja had reconstructed from earlier finds. Most of the work this year concentrated in the bottom of the pit, where I found the slabs lining the pit base extended out further than I had excavated previously. Two NS sherds were found on the S1 pavement slabs south of the pit. Virtually all the rest of the material came from the edges of the pit but mostly on or under the slabs that lined its bottom. These included bubbly bottle glass, nails, a red asymmetric glass bead, many fitting fragments of NS (also found on and in the ring of rocks surrounding the hearth). A single sherd of brown EW came from the base of the hearth, just above the sterile sand. At the SE edge of hearth pit we found a small vertical pit lined with small stones and tiles, probably a post-hole. This unit showed no sign of an upper tile layer except in near the SE corner, and did not contain a recognizable lower cultural level, which had probably been destroyed when the hearth pit was excavated. Area 5 Tile Dump with 16th C. Basque Lower Cultural Level 2N 8E (exc. by Will Richard and W. Fitzhugh, 11-12 August) There was no pavement in this unit which had been under a back-dirt pile for the past several years and before that, beneath the edge of a spruce thicket. As we excavated the tile midden we found that the tile level and LCL (Lower Cultural Layer) extended north into this square and 2N 10E. Beneath the back-dirt we found the old grassy ground surface, a layer of black humus, and then a layer of water-logged peat. At the bottom was cultural BE level with artifacts resting on beach sand and ledge rock (along the south wall), and on sterile peat in the NE. Tiles were very common, especially in the bottom of the deposit where the artifacts were concentrated. There was no clear stratification between an upper tile dump layer and the lower charcoal-rich cultural deposit. Here and in other nearby units we found the LCL lay on a layer of pure charcoal and partially burned spruce roots that seems to represent fire-clearance of the original vegetation with people first moved onto the site. Artifacts were found throughout the square, and 5.5 large buckets of tiles were recovered. Charcoal/tile concentrations were in two areas, south-central (Feature 1) and in the central area around the north wall where there was a large rectangular rock resting on the soil which seemed to be in the center of a hearth area (Feature 2). Along the south side of this rock, above the tile level and in the upper black earth (BE), we found a small soapstone lamp with a hole in its bottom. Tiles extend 10cm beneath the large rock and we found a piece of olive-glazed majolica in the BE beneath the tile. Lots of EW and glazed majolica came from the lower black earth level from 80cm BT to as deep as 100cm BT. A clay pipe stem and iron blade were found in the upper BE. Other than the clay pipe and probably the Inuit lamp, everything in this square seems to belong to the 16th C. occupation. A 10-15cm wide piece of charred log lay in the base of the deposit along the top of a lower outcropping ledge along the south wall. 50 2N 10E (exc. by Hanul Kim and Fitzhugh, 9 August) The finds from 2N 8E tapered off in this square, most of which consisted of a thick layer of sterile mucky peaty which had underlain some of the big spruce stumps growing in this square. The cultural layer (tiles, EW, charcoal) lensed out to the east in the middle of the lower peat. Two rocks were part of the cultural layer in the western part of the square. A pavement of short segments of baleen positioned in a N-S direction with one or two sections running E-W were found along the southern edge of the square, extending into 0S 10E, lying at the base of the cultural level upon sterile wet peat. A barrel stave was also found in the eastern part of this baleen concentration. Given the soggy nature of the peat here and the N-S and E-W orientation of the baleen and barrel stave, it seems likely they served as flooring or pavement surrounding the hearth in 0S 10E. In the SW corner of the unit a pit extended down into the sterile peat, probably a post-hole, and had pieces of tile lining its sides. 3.5 buckets of tiles were found in this square. There was no sign of 17/18th c. material. 0S 8E (exc. by Will Richard, Hanul Kim, and W. Fitzhugh, 9-11 August) This square was positioned where the underlying beach gravel to the west met rock ledge outcropping in the northern one-third of the square, and sterile peat deposits to the east. A cluster of three large angular rocks seem to mark the remains of a small hearth in the SW quadrant and in the northwest we found an cluster of small flat slabs lying on the outcropping ledge and marking the northeastern corner of the S1 pavement. A strip of baleen was lying at the base of the cultural deposit on top of sterile beach sand in the east-central area of the square. 5.5 buckets of tiles were recovered, with the largest concentration in the southern half of the unit. Below a surface level of peat and roots, the cultural horizon consisted of an upper 5-15cm thick level of tile-filled black earth overlying a 1-5cm thick layer of charcoal-filled BE containing baleen strips and EW ceramics. Both level thinned up-slope toward the east. In the NE sterile peat underlay the cultural level; to the south and west, sterile beach sand and gravel. The upper tile level contained a few nails, most found in the southern part of the square; a few nails and pieces of majolica came from the basal level. Pieces of iron bar and flat iron plate were found in the upper level. 0S 10E (exc. by Vincent Delmas, Hanul Kim, and Will Richard, 8 August) A large bedrock outcrop sloped down into this unit from the east and disappeared into the subsoil in the eastern part of the square. Stratigraphy here was similar to that in 2N 10E with turf and spruce roots overlying a BE/tile cultural zone with many tiles, overlying a charcoal-rich basal BE with baleen, tile, and EW ceramics. A large concentration of baleen strips varying length from 15-70cm long, were laid down in an N-S direction. The baleen seemed to segregate into two types: strips between 8-10cm wide and others that were 15cm wide, perhaps representing different species or ages of whales. In the center of this pavement, resting on the baleen was a stack of two small rocks with a roof tile in between them. A few larger rocks lay on the baleen strips near the center of the square. Most of the artifacts came from the LCL and were EW and majolica fragments found in three small clusters and some thin plates of flat glass. The upper tile level contained several large iron spikes. 2S 8E (exc. by Vincent Delmas, 3-5 August) This unit had a layer of tiles increasing in thickness toward the east, with many tiles in large fragments. Artifacts from the tile layer included nails, a clay pipe stem, and from the middle of this level, a large iron axe and a piece of Inuit soapstone lamp with drilled repair holes (may 51 fit earlier finds). Also in the tile level were a few pieces of bubbly green glass, marmite EW, majolica, and yellow-glazed ceramic. However, such finds were concentrated in the basal BE lower stratum, which included light blue and white and olive-green faience, brown glazed ceramics, a white glass seed bead, a gun (?) flint fragment, a spherical pumice abrader, an iron (?) knife handle-shaped object, and nails. Artifacts were abundant and distributed evenly throughout the unit. A large triangular-shaped slab was found in the upper tile level in the western part of the unit. A post-hole like feature was found in the basal level in the NW and NE quads, both bordered by small rocks, and in the eastern feature the remains of charred wood were sampled. Feature 1 had a flat slab at its base. In the east and south parts of the unit we could trace the outlines of charred timber or flooring that was part of the LCL and ran parallel in a N-S direction, with a few running E-W. Beneath these charred pieces in the northern and SW parts of the square were remnants of a basal level of charcoal without cultural material that seems to have resulted from initial land clearance and firing of vegetation. 2S 10E (exc. by Will Richard, 5-8 August) The NE part of this unit was dominated by a downward-sloping bedrock outcrop which was covered by a layer of roots and forest duff with a few tiles lying on the surface of the rock. Most finds came from the NW quad where EW ceramics were associated with a concentration of hearth charcoal at depths of -101 to -105cm BT, and in EW ceramic clusters along the edge of the rock where it dipped beneath the sterile sand. The tile level lay like a thick blanket over this square but contained no artifacts other than a piece of limestone ballast rock. The LCL contained a few iron nails, flint fragments, glazed and unglazed marmite EW of brown, olive, tan, and green shades, some with roller-stamped decorative bands; blue and white majolica, yellow- glazed ceramic, and a small iron fishhook with an expanded shank. Most of these finds were cemented into charcoal and oil-saturated basal deposits of small ca. 0.75-1.0m diameter hearths resting on sterile sand. This area seems to have been used repeatedly as a kind of outdoor kitchen where cooking was done in small hearths with marmite cooking vessels. No central hearth was found, only small hearths, sometimes within meters of each other. 2S 12E (exc. by Vincente Delmas, 8 August) This unit was almost completely taken up by the large high bedrock outcrop that had been in the middle of the spruce thicket before we cut it back. Only a small area of cultural deposit was found in the SW corner. Here an upper BE level contained many tiles, and at the bottom, two nails, plain EW marmite sherds and olive-colored glazed EW sherds were recovered from a BE deposit on top of a layer of charcoal without cultural material, which in turn lay on sterile sand. 4S 6E (exc. by W. Fitzhugh, 30 July) This square bordered the hearth pit and was dominated by a thick upper layer of tiles that appeared to have been a dump because this level contained few artifacts. The boundary of the tile deposit crossed into this unit halfway up its western line. Virtually all of the artifacts except one bubbly flat glass piece were nails and were found in the tile level, and one nail was in a vertical position, suggesting it might have been lodged in a wood timber that rotten away leaving the mail upright. This and the dominance of nails strengthens the interpretation of the tile as a dump resulting from various episodes of roof repair in the S1 area. The western edge of the tile deposit runs exactly along the eastern edge of the S1 floor pavement. This is where one would expect tiles to accumulate if they were shucked off a sloping roof whose ridgepole runs N-S over the center of the S1 pavement. 52 4S 8E (exc. by Hanul Kim, 5-8 August) This unit was full of broken tiles and nails that were distributed more or less evenly throughout the square in the upper BE tile level. At the time we did not detect a LCL, but a few marmite and faience sherds were recovered that may have come from a thin basal charcoal-rich level, but it was not distinct and we thought it was probably just the result of clearing vegetation for the S1 pavement. An unusual find was the basal fragment of a small sandstone vessel that resembled some of the small toy Inuit vessels, but was peculiar in being made of sandstone. It had a perforation in its wall as though for a sewing repair, which added to its Inuit appearance. The only other find was a number of thin frosted glass fragments from the edge of a plate that had molded loopy decoration. A pit feature in the SW quad 15 cm in diameter and extending to -125cm BT, surrounded by small rocks, was probably a post-hole. No tile was noted in the profile at the 6S/8E corner of the square. The tile dump lenses out roughly along the 6S line. There were no rocks or slabs in this unit except around the post-hole. 4S 10E (exc. by W. Richard and W. Fitzhugh, 3-4 August) This unit contained 13.75 buckets of tile – a staggering amount. Several large rocks rested on sterile sand but were probably placed there even though we did not find associated hearths or artifact clusters. Finds from the upper tile level included a pyrites nodule, an irregular-shaped red glass bead, nails, rim fragments of a glass drinking cup—all in the tile layer. At the base of the tile level we found large numbers of EW, olive-green EW, and glazed faience sherds, including a number of rim fragments, in a charcoal-rich layer that represented an undisturbed LCL. There was also a very well-defined oil and charcoal-encrusted hearth with a deposit 1-2cm thick in the LCL in the eastern part of the unit’s northern border. 4S 12E (exc. by Will Richard, 3-5 August) This was the eastern-most unit we excavated and it was wedged in between the high rock outcrop to the north, which slanted across the NE corner of the unit, and the high site-bounding ledge to the south. As such it would have been very well-protected from the wind. A large cluster of rocks lay in the middle of the unit, surrounding a hearth deposit with fire-burned and indurated soil that had served as a hearth base for cooking with marmites (some with roller-stamped decorative bands) and other EW pots, many of whose sherds were found here. A large number of flint flakes, results of fire-making, were also in this deposit, as well as fragments of a glass drinking vessel and white and green glazed pieces of faience. A second small hearth base was also found in the NW corner of the square. Only a small amount of tile was found in the upper cultural deposits, marking the eastern limit of the tile layer. Area 5: Lower Site Two 2x2m test pits were excavated in the new Inuit house (S4) found in the lower, northwestern part of the site, one in the outer end of the short entrance passage (TP1) and another (TP2) inside the house in the middle of the floor area just inside the door in the south wall. Structures 5 and 6 lay to the northwest of S4. Structure 4, TP1 (exc. by Will Richard, 12-14 August) This TP was located in the outer part of the gap in the center of the southwest wall of this structure, which was certainly its doorway but less certainly a typical Inuit ‘entrance passage’. 53 Rather it was more or less an ‘extended doorway’ through the thick southwest wall, which was composed of angular, blocky stones, whalebone fragments, turf, and roof tiles. It was impossible to excavate completely because many of the wall stones had fallen into the doorway depression, and its lateral walls had slumped in, narrowing the opening. We did not want to remove the lateral wall rocks and sods in this test excavation, and this made it impossible to fully expose the base of the entry and the paving stones that we found buried below wall material in the northern (inner) and southern (outer) parts of the square. Nevertheless the presence of slabs indicates the likihood of a full entryway pavement as would be common for an Inuit house dating to the 17/18th century. Most of the artifacts found were recovered from the N-S depression between the slumped wall rocks although some were found embedded in the wall construction material; toward the south side of the unit the artifact distribution fanned out to the southeast—an expected pattern for an Inuit midden outside an entry. The soil deposit consisted of a thin turf level and dark humic soil 5-10 cm thick with a cultural layer immediately below formed of sandy, charcoal-rich BE containing many artifacts. The actual cultural level was thin but, being filled with many fallen cobbles, it was difficult to gauge its real thickness. This layer rested on sterile beach deposits. The shallow, well-drained sandy soil may be responsible for the absence of any bone material except for whale bones. We found no evidence of a bone-rich midden which would have been another typical feature outside an Inuit winter dwelling. Immediately below the sod we began finding rather large and well-preserved fragments of brown EW and Normandy Stoneware vessels, nails, pieces of iron (a possible knife blade). The square was difficult to map because of the many blocky rocks. This square will need full excavation in the future to further define the entry and recover artifacts that could not be reached under the collapsed walls. The find distribution of the 44 artifacts suggests this distribution extends down-slope to the southwest. Structure 4, TP2 (exc. by Hanul Kim and Vincent Delmas, 11-14 August) TP 2 was located about 2m north and slightly east of TP1, just inside the S4 southwest wall, northeast of the inner door in the NW part of the house interior. The turf here was very thin, less than 5cm thick and transitioned immediately to a 10-15cm thick sandy, charcoal-filled deposit with artifacts directly underlain by a slab floor pavement. We did not excavate below the pavement or into the slumped inner walls of the dwelling. North of this unit there is a suggestion of a raised sleeping platform that has been mostly covered with slumpage from the north wall. The general topography suggests that the builders excavated into the rising slope of the beach to use the in situ soil as the rear wall of the house, and used the excavated material to build its lateral and front (southwest) walls. Some of the large boulders and rockfall southeast of the structure may have been moved there when the house site was being cleared. A thick concentration of charcoal was found on the floor crossing from NW to SE and may be the remains of a charred roof beam. Artifacts were very numerous and included large fragments of two types of NS, one a thin grey type like that found in S1 and a second lighter-colored type with a beige or pink interior paste. Bases and other parts of two NS vessels were found smashed beneath a large cobble on the floor pavement in the eastern side of the unit. Also found were large pieces of roof tile, a large iron axe, and a fist-sized mass of nails that must have rusted in place inside a bag or some type of container that did not survive. Other significant finds include two lead cod jiggers, a large hand-sized piece of lead that appears to have been fashioned by Inuit into a peculiar type of knife with small inset iron blades, a rolled sheet of lead, a few sherds of faience. Clay pipe fragments, part of an iron pot, green and aqua-marine colored bottle glass, and lead bullets. The large amount of lead formed into implements was surprising, and some of 54 this material appears to have been melted and caste locally by the inhabitants. Overall, there was a feeling of destruction and rapid abandonment of this house as indicated by the abundance of loose charcoal, a charred timber lying across the floor, large vessel fragments, valuable items like masses of nails, an iron ax, jiggers, and other materials left behind. Structure 5, TP3 (exc. by Hanul Kim and Vincent Delmas, 11-15 August) A third 2x2m TP in Area 6 was placed in the center of the ‘floor’ of a structure directly northwest of S5. This structure was not as well-defined as S4 but its somewhat jumbled SW wall had an apparent doorway angling through the wall. The structure was roughly rectangular in shape and shared a common wall with S4. Its NE (rear) wall seems to have been created by excavating into the rising bank, and there is a suggestion of a rear sleeping platform below this wall. A line of cobbles formed a barrier of sorts NW of the entry, but the rear wall continued to the NW and joined another possible wall that extends to the SW to join the front house wall, which seems to have been built of large boulders cleared from the interior area. The absence of a clear NW wall makes interpreting this structure as a dwelling difficult; perhaps it has some other function, like a shop or specialized work area. Since it is also adjacent to a large pit feature (S6) this idea may have merit. Our TP revealed a very thin turf layer and beneath it a 5-10cm thick BE deposit with charcoal and artifacts resting on a floor made of small cobbles rather than slabs. This may also indicated a non-house function. Tiles were common on the western part of the floor. Artifacts were not common; only eight were recovered, of which most were nails. Other finds were green bottle glass and beige Normandy Stoneware. Tiles and charcoal were common everywhere except in the NE quadrant. Structure 6 (Pit), TP4 (exc. by Will Richard, 14 August) While Perry was cutting the brush and grass a few meters northwest of S5, he found a small piece of roof tile that had been shaped into a square with rounded edges and perforated with a large hole in its center, making it look like a large, rough bead. This piece was sitting on the surface and probably had been dislodged from the turf by the weed whacker. A couple meters to the SE we noted a pit in the earth and excavated an 80x80cm test pit which revealed a feature partially covered by a large slab of rock angling down into the pit. Below the 2cm thick turf layer was an upper BE layer 4-5cm thick with pieces charcoal and roof tile and a large nail. This lay upon a 2cm thick layer of clean brown sand. Under this was a large tile, and below that, a sandy deposit containing many large lumps of charcoal extending down to 56 cm from the surface, at which point we stopped excavating because of constrictions resulting from the rocks above. Two bags of charcoal were collected from this lower stratum, which also produced a thin shard of clear glass and a half of a lenticular blue-tinted clear glass bead. Possibly this feature represents a charcoal production facility or some other type of industrial pyrotechnic operation. 55 4-Smithsonian Gateways Project Field Data and Site Reports 2009 Introduction 2009 Field Research Plan This year’s Gateways project was planned to be a final season at the Hare Harbor-1 site with additional testing at the Hart Chalet Inuit winter village in Brador. As reported below, the discovery of one and possibly two Inuit houses and other structures at Hare Harbor caused us to postpone our work at the Brador Inuit winter village site. The principal activities at Hare Harbor were to clear vegetation in order to prepare a detailed site map; to excavate beneath the upper pavement of the cookhouse (Structure 1); and to determine if there were other important excavation targets before completing research at the site. The 2009 project took place from 22 July to 25 August. Will Richard and William Fitzhugh drove to Newfoundland where they met Hanul Kim in Deer Lake, and arrived in Lushes Bight, on Long Island, on the 23rd. We departed by boat for Quebec on the 26th, worked at Hare Harbor until 16 August, and arrived back at Lushes Bight on 21 August. During the past year, the following papers have been published about the 2009 field season. The first paper currently in press, authored by Fitzhugh, William, Anja Herzog, Sophia Perdikaris, and Brenna McLeod, “Shore: Inuit, Basques, and Maritime Landscapes in the Northern Gulf of St. Lawrence” will be published in Maritime Archaeological Landscapes: Terrestrial and Underwater Sites, edited by Ben Ford and published by the Society for Historical Archaeology as a Springer publication. This paper summarizes Hare Harbor project results to date including ceramic analyses and zooarchaeological findings from 2007-8 based on faunal remains, primarily fish and whales, recovered from the underwater site. The analysis of the Hare Harbor artifact collections by Anja Herzog, is being prepared as a master’s thesis for Laval University. njoa Herzog completed the following L’Île du Petit Mécatina sur la Basse-Côte-Nord du Québec: Résultats Préliminaires des Analyses Céramiques d’un Site Voué aux Activités de Pêche Saisonnière dans le Golfe du Saint-Laurent entre le XVIe et le XVIIIe Siècle. In Les actes du 133e congrès du Comité des travaux historiques et scientifiques, held in Québec from 2 to 6 June 2008. Also authored by Anja Herzol, Petit Mécatina Island: Basque and French Whalers and Cod-Fishers in the Gulf of St. Lawrence from the 16th to the 18th Centuries. Paper presented at the Annual Meeting of the Council for Northeast Historical Archaeology, held at Québec, 15-18 October, 2009 and The Study of Petit Mecatina 3 and the History of Whaling and Cod-Fishing in the Gulf of St. Lawrence During the 16th to the early 18th Century. Paper presented at the 2010 Conference on Historical and Underwater Archaeology, held at Amelia Island, Florida, 6-9 January, 2010. Archaeological Permit The 2009 season was conducted under a permit (09-Fitz-01) from the Quebec Government’s Ministry of Culture and Communications administered by Frank Rochefort, with assistance of Geneviève Meunier. This permit authorized research and excavations at Petit Mécatina and at the Harp Chalet site in Brador, as well as survey work along the Lower North Shore from Blanc Sablon to Harrington Harbor. 56 Field Reports (Archeological excerpts from the field journal) Project Goals The 2009 St. Lawrence Gateways Project began as a final season at the Hare Harbor site, which has been investigated yearly since 2002. The principal goal was to complete the excavation of Structure 1 (“cookhouse”) to see if there were earlier occupations, as had been found in Structure 2 (“blacksmith shop”), where an Inuit winter structure was found immediately below the blacksmith floor pavement. We also planned to prepare a detailed site map and in the process hoped to identify and excavate other structures that might turn up. Further tests were also planned at the Hart Chalet Inuit site in Brador, but time did not permit this activity. Hare Harbor-1 (29 July) While cleaning the floor in unit 0N/2E Will found a triangular piece of oil-encrusted soapstone with numerous drilled holes, looking like it might have been made from a rectangular Inuit cooking pot. It has three drilled holes, one of which is probably a mending hole while the other two were used to lash the piece to another object. I have never seen an Inuit object of this type before, so perhaps it is some adaptation to Basque technology. Clearing the Structure 1 Floor (29 July) By the end of the afternoon we had completed six 2x2 units in the 0N and 2S tiers. I worked at the western tier and found very little of interest. Here the ground level appears to have been built up adding about 50cm of peat, boulders, and roof tiles in order to level up the down-slope side of the cookhouse floor. No artifacts other than tiles are found here except in the upper 10-20cm of soil, which we had excavated several years ago. While 2S 2E had a large pit ringed with heavy rocks, the pit itself and surrounding deposits had little charcoal, so it’s difficult to suppose the pit had been used for fires. The squares to the east, 0N/4E, 0N/6E, and particularly 2S/4E and 2S/6E were found to have many artifacts between and directly under the shop pavement, including small seed beads; bottle, pane, and drinking glass fragments; square nails of all sizes; charcoal; and a few pieces of earthenware. We were particularly pleased to find more sherds of Normandy stoneware, as they will contribute to the reconstruction of the vessel Anja Herzog had constructed from our earlier finds here. In these squares sterile beach sand and cobbles were found immediately under the paving stones; the western squares had deposits of sterile peat beneath the lowest mixed levels of introduced peat mixed with rocks and roof tiles. Fig. 4.01: Triangular piece of drilled, Inuit-worked soapstone. Possibly a fragment of a cooking pot refashioned for some unknown use. 57 Everywhere we found roof tiles being used, along with other rocks, as shims to level up the paving stones. Unlike Structure 2, here there clearly is no ‘lower floor’ or earlier component; all the finds are identical with the materials above the pavement and are found between or immediately under the pavements. [Note: this statement applies to the area beneath the S-1 pavement slabs only. Beneath the heavy spruce growth north of the slab pavement we discovered evidence of an earlier occupation—as reported below.] (31 July) We got to the site by 9:30 and began working on the final three cookhouse pavement squares that needed clearing: 2S/4E, 4S/4E, and 6S/4E. The southeast quadrant of the latter had never been excavated previously, and most of the thick black earth and tile deposits here—some 30-35cm thick—apparently having been a tile dump of some sort—also had not been excavated. This square turned out to have quite a few large nails and spikes, and one of these nails was in a vertical position, perhaps having been embedded in a decayed roof timber. In the SE quadrant two separate accumulations of tile had been deposited, as indicated by a lens of black earth that separated them. Most of this square had mixed black earth and tiles resting directly on sterile peat or beach rocks and sterile coarse sand, with no evidence of purposeful paving, except for a few thick flat beach rocks in the NE corner of the square. Will and I spent the day excavating the two squares that contained S-1’s central ‘hearth pit. This large circular arrangement of large angular blocks and beach cobbles was built north of and against a huge boulder embedded in the beach deposits. The walls of the hearth had been built up 50 cm higher than the rest of the surrounding floor pavement and continued up over the boulder. Fig. 4.02: Cluster of grey Normandy stoneware sherds found in the large pit hearth in S1. Most likely part of a pitcher or milk con- tainer, parts of which have been found here previously. View North. Fig. 4.03: Large hearth pit in south end of S1, where finds of grey stoneware were concentrated. View North. 58 Except for the uppermost ring rocks, all were embedded in black charcoal-stained earth containing tile fragments and artifacts. Sherds of grey Normandy stoneware were found in the uppermost levels of this culture layer as well as at the bottom of the deposit, both on the sub-pavement basal hearth pavement and on the sterile gravel when no paving stones were present. All of these sherds appear to come from a single vessel, and if so, all of these contexts must have existed at one point in time, unless they had been disturbed and mixed after the vessel was shattered. In addition to finding them in the upper stone hearth ring and basal hearth pit levels, this stoneware also occurred 5-6m away at the northern edge of the S-1 pavement; so they are found almost everywhere in the structure. Why they should have been distributed so widely is unknown. The greatest concentration from this year’s work (7-8 pieces) was from the hearth wall fill northeast of the large boulder. By now I believe we have found nearly all of the grey stoneware fragments so that Anja can fill in most of the voids in reconstructing this vessel. Clearing the hearth base revealed that slab paving was restricted to an oval area about 75x100 cm on the east side of the boulder. This pavement—most of which is found in the center-east part of 4S/4E—is about 20-25 cm lower than the paved floor in the northern part of the structure and extended only a short distance beneath the boulder walls of the hearth; otherwise the pit walls rested on sterile beach deposits. 2S/4E had a large concentration of artifacts under the hearth ring rocks. Most of these were nails, but also some bubbly glass, and must have been deposited before the large hearth wall was constructed. Cultural materials were always found in the black earth layer and in the eastern half of the structures, from ca. the 2.5-3.0 East line, and extended from the sod to sterile beach sands and cobbles. West of this line the culture level terminated under the pavement rocks and was underlain by peat mixed with occasional tile fragments, but no artifacts. This deposit, also containing cobbles, seems to have Fig. 4.05: Iron blade found among pavement stones in at northeast corner of S1. Fig. 4.04: Excavating the north edge of S1 pavement. View SW. 59 been fill introduced by the builders to level up the western edge of the structure. (31 July) Perry came out and cut the grass and brush from the upper part of the site in the morning, and Will and Vincent finished their squares 2N//4E and 2N/6E at the north end of S- 1. These squares were relatively uninteresting except for finding several roof tiles with perforated upper corners—a feature I had not seen in other tiles from Hare Harbor. Another find of note was an iron blade—perhaps a whaling lance point or knife blade—that Vincent found at the base of the black earth/tile deposit under a paving slab. Unfortunately I broke this piece while cleaning it for a picture. The Area 5 Tile Midden (31 July) I finished cutting the spruce brush and laid out a 2x6 m trench east from 4S/6E, and another at 2S/8E, to see if the site extended into the tuckamore thicket. By the end of the afternoon we had good indications that this area has extensive tile deposits that extend from the southeast side of S-1, with a new nails and other artifacts, the most important of which—so far—are another irregular large red glass bead, several pieces of a drinking glass or goblet, and sherds of brown earthenware. (4 August) We had spectacular results from the three squares we had opened up: 2S/8E, 4S/10E and 4S/12E. All had thick deposits of tile in their upper levels, mixed with large spikes and few small nails, probably the remains of rotting roof timbers that were tossed off when the cookhouse roof was renovated. This layer was mostly tile with very little earth, with no identifiable occupation lapses that would have resulted Fig. 4.06: Iron axe found at the top of the tile layer north of S1 pavement. Trowel points N. Fig. 4.07: East wall stratigraphy of 4S/6E showing tile level above tile-less black, charcoal-rich lower cultural level (LCL). 60 in accumulation of an organic soil horizon; so it’s possible that all the tiles accumulated in one dumping or rebuilding episode. The one notable exception to the paucity of interesting artifacts in the upper level was a major find: a large iron axe resting near the top of the tile level only a meter north of our earlier S-1 eastern excavation limit. This axe has a thin blade (ca. 0.6 cm), making it suitable for finishing work rather than for felling trees and splitting firewood. The butt end has a small hammer head for driving nails. This and the double-ended maul (hammer) from S-2 for splitting wood with a wedge and driving large spikes are the most important tools we’ve found so far at the site. At the base of the cultural deposit, between 20-30 cm depth from the surface, in a thin layer (5-10cm) of black, charcoal-rich soil with few tiles, all three squares began to produce large numbers of ceramic sherds. Hanul’s square (4S/10E) yielded thin tan and thicker brown earthenware sherds—the latter probably from the globular ‘marmite’ cooking pots we had recovered in the underwater excavations. Many were burned on the outside, but this pottery does not spall and split internally like the thinner and lighter tan ceramics we recovered. A few intact pieces of the latter showed they belonged to flat-bottomed jars not intended for heating. Also present was a variable-colored glazed ware having a green-yellow or mustard color and uneven or horizontally-grooved surfaces. A large nodule of iron pyrites also turned up. Will’s square (4S/12E) abutted the rock ledge rising at the eastern limit of the site under the spruce thicket. The upper tile level thinned to the east and ended near the middle of the square, where a large rock had been placed, with several smaller rocks on its northeastern side, creating a small hearth enclosure about 50 cm in diameter. Here Will found a 5 cm thick layer of burned sherds cemented into a mass of charred oil and charcoal. The ceramics in this feature included sherds of plain brown marmite vessels, glazed olive-green colored ware, and several sherds Fig. 4.08: A small charred, oil-encrusted hearth base on the 4S line in Lower Cultural Layer in eastern squares beneath tile dump. Fig. 4.09: Earthenware marmite sherds from LCL. Fig. 4.10: Blue-glazed faience earthenware sherds from the LCL. Fig. 4.11: Light green-yellow glazed earthenware with fluting grooves. 61 of faience with a white- glazed background and green decoration. As usual the glaze was spalling off, but enough remains to indicate the general type. This small hearth must be one of the earliest features in the S-1 area, and its variety of ceramics may help pin down a date for this area’s early occupation. Since almost all of the ceramics from the S-1 tile midden are from the lowest level, a charred zone beneath the tiles, they all may be combined to determine a probable date for this event. One of the marmite rim sherds from 4S/10E fits another from 2S/8E, and both are from the basal black earth/ tile level. The latter square is not yet complete, but it seems to have the same pottery types as the others. One atypical sherd here has a dark brown glaze I have not seen before on the site. The distribution of ceramics and thickness of the tile level suggests we will need to dig further into the spruce thicket. (5 August) Vincent’s square produced a section of an Inuit soapstone lamp that had been mended with several drilled holes. This may be a fragment of the same lamp we found on the cookhouse floor during our first season of excavation and was found in the upper part of the black earth/tile layer. Besides a few nails, little else came from this level, which produced huge pile of tiles, roughly a 2x2x20 volume. We have decided to quantify the tiles by square by counting the number of 5-gallon buckets of tiles per square and multiplying this by 45 pounds, the average weight of a bucket of tiles. So far there does not seem to be any stratigraphy within the tile level, suggesting it may come from a single re-roofing episode. However, beneath the tile level we found a distinct band of charcoal-stained soil, and in some cases we could trace Fig. 4.13: Drilled fragment of Inuit soapstone lamp. Fig. 4.12: Sterile cobble beach after excavating LCL, showing east wall profile of 4S/8E showing tile dump on top of LCL. Fig. 4.14: Small sherd of blue and white glazed faience earthenware from S1 LCL. 62 the charcoal to charred poles or pieces of wood about 10-15 cm wide, most of which were oriented a bit west of north, parallel with the pavement of the cookhouse structure. This charred layer contained many artifacts—including brown marmite earthenware, a small amount of light blue and white faience, a single piece of brown glazed ware, and sherds of an olive-green pitcher or cup with a spout. All of this material correlates closely with material from the basal layers of 4S/10- 12E, which Will did a nice job cleaning up for mapping and photography today. In the process he found a second hearth base paved with burned sherds. Will also excavated under the slabs pavements at the north edge of S-1, finding what might be an iron harpoon point and a beautiful rectangular whetstone. Hanul began clearing the upper tile layer of 4S/8E, finding many iron nails, once fashioned into a hook, and pieces of a small cup-like container made from brown siltstone, with a drilled hole in its side. Again, the tile level seems to have few artifacts except nails, and accumulated without the formation of any buried soils. (6 August) Vincent and Hanul continued on their squares, 2S and 4S/8E, and Will began opening up 2S/10E. Will made good progress on 2S/10E, finding a large rim fragment of a marmite vessel and several more sherds with olive-colored glaze, some which had an iridescent quality. I worked on drafting profiles for the S-1 excavations. (8 August) I back-filled and re-sodded the 1x6m trench we had re-excavated north of the S-1 pavement. Hanul nearly finished her 4S/8E square and Will and Vincent worked 0S/10E and 2S/10E, respectively. Will’s square produce a large amount of ceramic fragments, mostly from Fig. 4.15: Charred hearth base in A5, lower cultural layer at ca. 6S/9E. Trowel points N. Fig. 4.16: Completed excavation of tile dump and A5 lower cultural layer, revealing sterile beach at base of deposit in southern part of the tile dump. View to SE. 63 the charcoal-rich level beneath the black earth and tile zone. In particular, a large number of olive-colored glazed majolica sherds turned up, many of them in a 1.5m diameter hearth along the 4S line. A few brown-glazed and mustard-glazed sherds were recovered also. A few ceramic pieces came from the tile level, but in general that level is poor in finds and does not have any obvious internal stratigraphy. The absence of internal humic bands or other stratigraphy and artifacts suggests this level was created in one re-tiling episode of the S-1 structure. The many hearths, ceramics, and other finds from the base of the tile layer, and in the charcoal-rich level with few tiles, suggest burning for land clearance and use of the area for several hearths that burned the sand and cobble layer below into a very hard surface. Two of these hearths had used sherds for the base of the hearths or else these sherds had accumulated there after having been broken in the fire, as they were embedded into the scorched and oil-saturated earth. This activity would seem to have taken place before the time when S-1 was constructed. The absence of finds on top of the tile dump level indicates relatively little activity following the second re-furbishing of the roof. (9 August) Today we finished Hanul’s and Will’s squares (4S/8E and 2S/10E), and profiled the 6S and 8S lines, and the 8E line between 2S and 4S. Will’s square turned out to be extremely productive in ceramics, including olive-colored glazed majolica, a small amount of light blue and white ware, some mustard-colored glazed ware, and unglazed marmite sherds, several of which had decorative vertical bands made with roulette-stamped patterns. Most of this material came from the 1-3cm thick band of charcoal that separated the black earth/tile level from the sterile beach sand and cobbles. This horizon was also the location of the one meter diameter hearth, which Will finished excavating, finding more sherds and—surprisingly—a small iron fishhook, lacking a barb but retaining its flattened, expanded, proximal end embedded inside a lump of rust that fell apart upon excavation. Vincent began digging 0N/10E and found a small hearth-like arrangement of rocks that had tiles used as shims in the rock stack. North and east of this hearth the ground was covered with short sections of baleen, resting in the basal charcoal layer and oriented north and northeast. This is a boggy area, and the baleen may have been laid down as flooring. In the late afternoon we measured the tiles excavated from each square, by five-gallon bucket-load. Hanul’s square 4S/8E produced 34 buckets, not counting small fragments that went out with the dirt; at 45 pounds per bucket this square alone contained 1530 pounds of tile. (10 August) Structure 1 must have a total of more than 80 5-gal. buckets of tiles; and if all the small pieces were counted, perhaps more than 100 buckets. At ca. 45 pounds per bucket, that makes 3600 pounds of tiles. But this probably is not much weight if you consider it as ballast for a ship. Fig. 4.17: Hearth in 0N/10E surrounded by baleen strips. View to E. 64 Vincent’s square (0N/10E) produced a very interesting feature—a hearth built up with three piles of stones, using tiles as chinking and building materials with an array of short, axe-cut baleen plates lined up in a northerly direction immediately to the north and east. Vincent and Hanul did a great job excavating and cleaning the hearth and baleen, which will make a good photo of this feature. Most of the baleen pieces were cut in short 30-50cm length strips, laid down in a pavement-like arrangement, and were in two width classes, most ca. 8-13cm wide (8-10cm was most common), but one was 15cm wide, indicating a different species or size of whale. The function and placement of the baleen is mysterious, unless as a kind of pavement over the boggy ground in this area. The hearth did not produce many sherds or other materials. The deep ‘ceramic midden’ we had excavated during the past few days ends in the southern half of this square. Hanul’s square (2N/10E) had baleen strips across its southern end but yielded only a couple of nails and earthenware. Her cultural level was thin and just below the surface and rested on sterile boggy peat. After removing our old back-dirt pile from 2002-3, Will began excavating 0N/8E and so far has not made any surprising discoveries, except for the tile dump finds reaches its northern limit in this area. I began opening up 2N/0W and found old back- dirt, some mussel shells, and a clay pipe bowl fragment, but these seem to be in the previously excavated level, so their provenance is uncertain. The pipe bowl must have come from the Structure 1 pavement area. (11 August) Most of the morning’s excavation was devoted to finishing 0N/8E, a relatively unproductive square with only a few pieces of pottery. Will picked up where I left off yesterday in 2N8E, and within a couple minutes produced a beautiful little Inuit soapstone lamp (kudlik) with a hole worn or cut through its thin bottom. Of the five or six miniatures we’re recovered so far from the Hare Harbor site, this is the largest and finest, most diagnostic, and because of the hole—perhaps ‘killed’ purposefully (?)—and the most interesting. Why it should turn up on the “Basque” cook-house floor is a question to ponder, and I have no obvious answers, unlike the large soapstone lamp and pot fragments we found earlier, which could easily have been used by Inuit in a cook-house context. (13 August) I was able to complete 2N/8E, finding masses of charcoal and tiles in the bottom half of the cultural zone and densest in the southern side of the square, in a trough on the northern side of the S-1 pavement. This portion of the site area seems first to have been burned Fig. 4.18: Small toy Inuit lamp with hole found in upper (tile) level at northeast end of S1 pavement. 65 over to prepare the land for the shore facilities, because much of the charcoal consisted of burned roots and wood with twisted grain. Burned or sterile peat underlay this level. However I did not see any half-burned pieces of wood as one would expect with burning brush in place, so it’s possible the charcoal was from a local hearth. It was mixed with burned and eroded tiles and contained few artifacts. Most of these were found in the upper half of the black earth deposit, where tiles were less frequent and charcoal chunks were rare. A small amount of ceramics was recovered, including specular gold wares, and plain EW, and a couple pieces of olive green glazed majolica. Two features were noted, one being the charcoal-filled hearth in the middle of the south wall, above the drainage trench, and a second hearth around a large rectangular rock in the northern wall where the Inuit lamp was found. A few large nails, two pyrites nodules, a lead bullet, and a piece of iron shaped like a harpoon blade were recovered. In addition to excavating the balk along the south wall, I took two baleen samples from 0N/10E, one 15 cms wide and another about 6 cms wide. These might indicate two varieties of whales, and the large specimen may be identifiable to species from its size alone. (14 August) I finished 2N/8E and cleaned up 2N/10E, 0N/8E, and 0N/10E and photographed this set of squares, as well as the whole site, which now looks striking when seen from the ledge to the south, with operations at the Inuit sites underway. Lower Site Complex (Area 6) (5 August) Perry returned from berry-picking in the last afternoon and started mowing the Fig. 4.20: S1 and A5 tile dump, back-filled, viewed to NE. Fig. 4.19: Northern Area 5 showing baleen hearth, back-filled north S1 pavement edge, and 2N/8E. View to NW. 66 weeds in the lower section of the site, near the cliff. After finishing, he called me over to check a couple of lumps and depressions and I could hardly believe my eyes. Clear as day in front of me was an earth-mounded rectangular wall with a gap in the middle of its lower, south-facing, wall facing the cove. The gap was bordered by a couple of large stone blocks and seemed to lead to a channel with mounded walls on either side. The internal depression was rectangular, but its rear and south end had been hidden by a thick growth of alders and grass. The configuration is very much like an 18th century Inuit communal house. We’ll check it out tomorrow, but if it is, it certainly adds an important new dimension to the site and its Inuit history, making much more sense of the old local name, “Eskimo Bay,” and the Inuit soapstone vessels and toys we have been finding. The question then will be: what is its relation to the Inuit structure beneath the Basque smithy, and to the Basque occupation? (6 August) There is no question about the presence of a large 18th C. rectangular Inuit communal house that had been built into the hill-slope up near the cliff: three clearly formed sod walls on the NW, S, and SE sides, and a stone-lined doorway midway in its SW wall leading to a 4-5 m long entrance tunnel. The internal space consists of a single main room with a small adjoining room at the east end separated from the main room by a low sod and rock wall. A possible second structure may exist to the west, sharing the larger structure’s SW wall, and has its NE wall cut into the hill slope, a low wall on its NW side, and a SW wall incorporating large blocky rocks interrupted by what looks like a sinuous entrance passage. Fig. 4.21: Area 6, S4 Inuit sod house entryway, viewed to NE. Fig. 4.22: Early morning view of S4 Inuit house, viewed to SE. Fig. 4.23: Area 6, S5 with SW wall entryway and NW end of S4 seen to the NE. 67 (8 August) We took a few moments to probe the S-4,5 Inuit site location with a steel rod and found flat paving stones beneath the surface on the house floor and on its sleeping platform, as well as in the adjoining room at the south end of the house. More surprising— and gratifying—was discovery of buried pavements in the depression west of the large communal house. Here we can see what seems to be a twisted entrance passage, whose shape may have been determined by the large rock-fall blocks that also seemed to define the front wall of a structure; and there is also a low wall on the west side, but no eastern wall. The rear of the depression appears to have been excavated into the rising bank. From the surficial features we were not certain this was a house; but probing conclusively indicated the paved interior of a smaller dwelling, making this Inuit settlement a two-structure site, similar in size to the Belles Amours site and only slightly smaller than the Hart Chalet site. (11 August) We laid out two test squares in the largest of the Inuit houses, Structure 4, one (TP1) at the outer end of the entrance passage and another in the center of the house (TP2) just inside the entrance. Within an hour Will had found in S4 several pieces of Normandy stone ware of a different type than we had recovered from Structure 1; the S-4 pieces had a grey interior but a pinkish exterior that was the same color as the paste. He also found a piece of plain earthenware with part of its strap handle attached. TP2 looked like it was going to be even more spectacular (see below). It looked like this house would produce lots of material and had a typical Inuit architectural construction, with an entrance passage, sod and rock walls, and paved floors. Fig. 4.24: Structures 4,5, and 6, view west with Vincent Delmas and Hanul Kim at left. Fig. 4.25: Iron axe and bag of nails (at left end of tape) in S4, TP2. View south. 68 (12 August) In S-4, Will’s TP1 produced part of a riveted iron knife or point blade and more sherds of grey stoneware. An important find came from the south wall of the entrance passage, in which a chunk of whale bone had been used as an architectural element, as so often occurs in Inuit houses further north. Hanul’s and Vincent’s square in the interior (TP2) produced amazing finds: a large iron axe was resting on the paving stones near the doorway, and next to it a large mass of iron that turned out to be a bag of iron nails—a treasure for any Inuit person. In addition, a large flat-bottomed stoneware vessel lay in pieces where it had been crushed by a head-sized boulder lying on the floor. Also found were two lead fishing jigger weights molded around the shanks of iron hooks, a coiled up strip of lead, a large fist-sized rectangular chunk of lead that had iron blades molded into lead in two places, and pieces of earthenware and stoneware. It is hard to imagine all this European material being left lying within a 2-meter area (still only partially excavated) on the floor of an Inuit winter house. If it was not for the architecture you certainly would not know it as an Inuit context. Much of this material seems to have originated with the Basque occupation, for roof tiles were used as paving stones and foundation shims. Still, other than the whale bones, we have not yet seen a single piece of seal bone or any other bone material. Apparently the acid soils, derived from sand and detritus from the granite and schist above, have eaten away any faunal material that may have been here. (13 August) Will’s TP1 continued to produce grey stoneware and some earthenware and nails, and the structure of the outer part of the entrance passage was clear, whose west side wall rocks had collapsed into the passage onto a portion of pavement. However within the square, only one pavement stone was found, along the northern wall. Artifacts were quite plentiful and were found throughout the square. Tile and whale bone pieces had been used as building Fig. 4.26: Lead knife handle from S4, TP2. Fig. 4.27: Lead bullets and fishing jiggers from S4, TP2. Fig. 4.28: Mass of nails from S4, TP2. Fig. 4.29: Area 6, Structure 5, TP1, showing cobble floor. 69 material in a several instances. S-4 revealed a well-made floor pavement with a couple areas of charcoal concentration. Hanul and Vincent spent most of the afternoon mapping the rock- built wall and floor pavement. At least two stoneware vessels can be partly reconstructed from the remains found. One appears to Vincent similar to containers used in his hometown today to store fat or grease. We also opened up a 2x2 m square (TP3) in the middle of the S-5 floor, immediately west of S4. Instead of a nice flat pavement we found a charcoal and sand layer resting directly on a pavement of small beach cobbles. The charcoal layers did not seem to have been from a house fire, and it contained a fair number of dispersed tile fragments and a few nails, not particularly indicative of domestic use and more like the type of soil and finds from Basque contexts. Beneath the cobbles, which may also be beach deposits, are sterile sand and cobbles. If this is an Inuit house, as it appears from its shared wall with S4, its apparent sleeping bench, and its boulder and sod front wall and entranceway, its floor and artifacts are not similar to S-4. (14 August) Hanul and Vincent completed and mapped TP3 in S-5, finding a very rough type of cobble pavement but few artifacts other than tiles and nails. Perhaps this is not a dwelling but some other kind of structure relating to the Basque occupation. Will dug a test pit into the depression at the far western end of the site, a few meters west of S-5. This depression had a huge rock slab embedded into it at an angle and may be natural rock-fall, but the pit is man-made, and as soon as it was opened up we found the soil full of charcoal. Beneath the turf was black earth with small amounts of tile and a few artifacts, nails, part of a lenticular-shaped clear blue glass bead, and a tiny piece of very thin goblet glass. Below this was a layer containing large tiles overlaying 20-30 cms of almost pure charcoal, which often occurred in large chunks Fig. 4.30: Structure 5 cobble floor, viewed to west. Fig. 4.31: Rectangular bead-like object made from a perforated roof tile, found on surface NW of S6 charcoal pit. Fig. 4.32: Lenticular light blue glass bead from TP in S6 charcoal pit. 70 and extended beneath the rock slab to a depth of 50cm. It’s possible that a large rock-fall event occurred midway through the site’s occupation and may have covered some of the shore-side activities; but if so, there it still no evidence of blubber-encrusted tiles or rocks along the shore. Structure 4 and its adjoining ‘room’ will be interesting to explore, as they may represent some European industrial activities conducted by Inuit. Charcoal production would seem to be the obvious front-runner for the pit feature, but for what purpose? Black-smithing would seem most likely. We have found no remains of slag or iron forging, or furnaces. By the end of the day I had mapped all the areas we had excavated in 2002-9, and traced out the outline of the Inuit houses and nearby structures. It’s not a contour map, but it illustrates the close physical relationship of the Basque and Inuit settlement areas, whether or not they were sequential or contemporary. Hanul mapped TP1 and 2 in S-4—a difficult task since the 2x2m units are literally paved with stone, and frequently stone-on-stone in the entrance passages and wall areas. Cumberland Island (18 August) After checking on Cumberland Island-1, walked to the next cove to the south and on a similar exposed boulder beach near the shore found another old tent ring. No artifacts or bone were present on the surface. About five meters to the west there was a second stone structure which had a parallel arrangement of flat-sided rocks about 40cm apart separated by an inner chamber about two meters long. This feature resembles the traditional Inuit fox trap, although it has a slightly wider chamber than the usual fox trap, and it also lacked the slot for a rock slab door. The stones had been covering the roof of the chamber had been removed and were lying outside of the chamber walls. This structure looks like a modification of the traditional Inuit fox trap, combining the stone chamber with use of a steel trap, making a falling stone door unnecessary. Project Summary and Results The 2009 St. Lawrence Gateways Project began as a final season at the Hare Harbor site, which has been investigated yearly since 2002. The principal goal was to complete the excavation of Structure 1 (“cookhouse”) to see if there were earlier occupations, as had been found in Structure 2 (“blacksmith shop”), where an Inuit winter structure was found immediately below the blacksmith floor pavement. We also planned to prepare a detailed site map and in the process Fig. 4.33: Cumberland Island 1 Inuit tent ring excavated in 2008, viewed to south. Fig. 4.34: Cumberland Island 2 Inuit tent ring and stone trap structure found in 2009, viewed to southeast. 71 hoped to identify and excavate other structures that might turn up. Further tests were also planned at the Hart Chalet Inuit site in Brador, if time permitted. S-1 Pavement Component (Area 1) Two weeks were spent working in the Structure 1 area, with important new results. Within a few days we had cleaned the pavement surface and excavated below its pavement to sterile ground. The most important results were the recovery of nails, a few beads and clay pipe stems, double-sided grey Normandy stoneware, and other materials that we may categorize as the “cookhouse complex.” These materials disappeared at the base of the pavement zone, under which we found sterile beach sand and cobbles, or areas underlain by ledge, sterile peat. From the area around the large pit hearth many sherds of Normandy stoneware ranged from the upper surfaces of the hearth mound to where these rocks mete sterile soil below, sometimes 50cm deeper. To the north and west sides of S-1 peat, large rocks, and tiles had been used to build up the ground until it was more or less level with the structure pavement. Area 5 Tile Midden Component North of the pavement we excavated an area containing a large mass of tiles we had found but left untouched in 2002-3. This level began at the edge of the S-1 pavement and extended two to six meters to the east, beneath a thick growth of spruce, much of which we had to cut down this summer. The center of this spruce thicket was occupied by a large rounded bedrock outcrop that formed the eastern border of the cultural deposits. Here we found two distinct stratigraphic units: a 20-40 cm thick upper level of roof tiles containing clenched Fig. 4.35: HH-1, S1 after pavement excavation. View N. Fig. 4.36: HH-1 Area 5 tile midden excavation in progress. View NE. 72 iron nails, a few plain earthenware sherds, a few scattered beads, and an iron axe. This tile- dominated zone also extended around the northeast corner of Area 1 along its north side, where we recovered several iron harpoon or knife blades. In this tile level we also found several pieces of Inuit soapstone vessels, including a small-size but complete soapstone lamp. There is no evidence of internal stratigraphy in the tile level. Presence of many clenched medium to large nails (spikes) suggests that this level accumulated as a result of periodic renovation of the S-1 roof, during which its tiles and horizontal timbers were removed, with the nails embedded, which would account for finding nails sometimes in upright position. 16th Century Lower Component (Area 5) At the base of this tile midden was a second clearly- defined stratigraphic unit that contained few tiles, a large amount of charcoal, and several well- defined hearth bases. Three of these had thick encrustations of charcoal and charred fat that included large numbers of plain earthenware (marmite) sherds, and remains of glazed majolica and faience wares, having brown, olive green, yellow, and sometimes specular gold glaze or paint (lusterware?). One of these hearth deposits yielded a small iron fish-hook while another hearth, located in a wet area, was surrounded with short sections of baleen plate with widths clustering ca. 8-9cm and 15 cm. Below this level was either sterile sand or peat. No soapstone or beads were found in this unit. This appears to be the earliest occupation at the site, and its materials look distinctively Iberian Basque. No stonewares, glass beads, Inuit soapstone, or clay pipes occurred in this level. These small hearths are interpreted as the remains of short-term bivouacs in which meals were prepared at campfires using round-based marmite pots and various types of glazed earthenwares, including flat-bottomed vessels. This unit is clearly different in artifact composition, function, and time from the S-1 cookhouse floor and the blacksmith shop. Surprisingly, we did not find any evidence of this level below the cookhouse pavement, possibly because the ground beneath this feature was underlain by ledges and troughs rather than sandy, level ground, as was found north of the S-1 pavement. Lower Site Complex (Area 6) The second important effort involved production of a detailed site map, replacing the sketch map that we had used since 2002 to control the location of excavations and tests. While we had removed many of the alder thickets that were found in the site area in 2002-3 we had not cut the knee-high grass or several of the alder clumps in the northwestern area of the site. We had test- pitted these areas, but our tests produced only scattered tiles, and nails, and thin stratigraphy, with no evidence of pavements or structures. This summer we cut the entire site area clear and among several large clumps of rock-fall discovered the foundations of two distinct Inuit winter houses with square or rectangular walls, entrance passages, and rear benches. Probing revealed Fig. 4.37: HH-1 Area 5 tile dump excavation in process. View to SE. 73 slab floor pavement in both structures. Structure 4, the largest, ca. 6x12 meters, with a 5m long entrance passage, has an additional enclosure or room at its southeastern end. Structure 5, while having the appearance of an Inuit winter house, could not be easily interpreted from surface indications. Structure 4 Two 2x2m test pits in S-4, one in the outer end of the entrance passage and another on the floor just inside the house door, produced a large volume of European material culture in a thin cultural deposit that was immediately below the sod and directly on top of a carefully-laid floor pavement in the center of the house. Dozens of finds were made, of which the most important were an iron axe identical in form to one found in the upper tile level of S-1, large amounts of stoneware, some grey inside and out and others grey inside and pinkish outside, the same color as the matrix paste, with walls about twice as thick as the grey Normandy stoneware in S1. Two lead cod jiggers, a large lead handled knife with two small iron blades, clay pipe stems, lead musket balls, a few pieces of earthenware, and a large rusted amalgam consisting of hundreds of nails that had been contained in a bag, were found. Pieces of whale bone and tile were used as floor pavements and wall components. Other than whale bones, no food bone was found, or baleen, and the cultural deposit was only a few cm thick, indication a short occupation. Charcoal was a prominent component of the deposit and consisted on a thick bed in one area on the house floor. The valuable materials left on the floor, and the remains of a stoneware vessel that appears to have been crushed by a large boulder which remained on top of the fragments, suggest a rapid if not forced abandonment of the structure. Structure 5 and the Charcoal Pit Time was available for only a single test pit in Structure 5, which we placed in the middle of its floor area. Unlike S-4 the floor was composed of rounded or irregular beach rocks, rather than flat slabs, and the artifacts recovered were primarily nails and roof tiles. Fragments of thin goblet glass, some tan earthenware, and charcoal were also found, suggesting that this structure may not have been a dwelling, but a workshop or some other function, even though it seems to have an entrance passage and a rear sleeping bench. The northwestern wall of S-5, suggested by a line of rocks perpendicular with the rear wall, which is cut into the rising ground, is not clearly defined. Several meters to the NW is a depression into which a large rock slab has fallen from above, and below it we found a thick, concentrated deposit of nearly pure charcoal. Half of a lenticular clear blue glass bead, a fragment of green bottle glass, and an iron nail were found in the midst of the charcoal deposit. This feature may be a Fig. 4.38: View of Area 6 lower site with Structures 4-6. View to S. 74 charcoal production facility whose operation was terminated by a rock fall from the cliff above. Site Map Discovery of the Inuit houses curtailed work on preparation of a final site map. However we did gather data on elevations of all major grid points, excavation boundaries, and feature outlines. Further work will be needed in 2010 to complete the map with the remaining topographic elevations for landforms and beach gradients. Correlations To date the Hare Harbor site has five distinct structural, stratigraphic, or assemblage components (A1 (S-1), A2, A3 (S-2), A3 (S-3), A5, A6) present at the land site and three from the underwater site. Tentatively I estimate the chronological relationships of these components as follows: Occupation 1: S-1 and A5 lower level, A3 early finds, underwater site levels 1 (wood zone), and whaling level. Estimated date: late 16th century Spanish Basque. No Inuit presence. Occupation 2a: S-1 cookhouse floor and tile midden; S-2 lower level Inuit house with toy soapstone lamps and bow fragments; underwater ballast rock and cod fish horizon. (absence of glass beads, stoneware, some clay pipes). During this period the S2 Inuit winter house (S3) is burned and blacksmith shop (S2) is established on its ruins. Estimated age: ca. Fig. 4.39: Bill Fitzhugh, Vincent Delmas, and Hanul Kim Fig. 4.40: A6, Structure 5, TP3, with tile and cobble floor, viewed to east. Fig. 4.41: HH-1, Structure 1 in the distance and Area 6, S4, in foreground, viewed to NW. 75 1700-1730. Occupation 2b: S-1 cookhouse stone hearth; top of S-1 tile midden; underwater site ballast and upper level cod fish horizon; Inuit S-3 (and 4?) houses. (stoneware, iron axes, beads, clay pipes, soapstone vessels). Inuit collaborating with Basque fishery. Estimated age: ca. 1700-1730. Future Work We need to return for another season to Hare Harbor to excavate, in full, the newly-discovered Inuit houses and to determine what sort of industrial activities took place in the northwestern end of the site, where cliff rock fall has disturbed the original ground and perhaps has covered the remains of Basque and Inuit features. We also need to prepare the final site map and, if funds are available, test some of the underwater deposits and conduct a remote sensing survey of Hare Harbor to ascertain whether archeological materials exist further offshore. We would also like to explore the Tabatiere area for Inuit sites that are reported to have existed in this area, to survey the island region of St. Paul River for Inuit sites that must have been located in this region, and to begin an excavation program at the Hart Chalet site in Brador. Information from these sites and regions will provide important confirmation of the age, range, and nature of Inuit occupations of the Lower North Shore and Straits region, settling once and for all the long-standing controversy surrounding the “Southern Inuit.” Fig. 4.42: Bakeapple pickers about to return to Pitsiulak from Cumberland Island on a windy day. 76 77 5 - Hare Harbor (EdBt-3) Fig. 5.01: Area of research on Quebec Lower North Shore, 2001-2009. Fig. 5.02: Map of areas visited on 2009 voyage. Baies des Belles Amours (EiBi-12) Boullet Harbor/Tickle (EeBr-13) Hart Chalet (Ei Bh-47) Place Merkit-1 (EhBn-8) Chateau Harbor Red Bay Hare Harbor (EdBt-3) Cape Whittle ������ 78 Borden Number: Ed Bt-3 Height ASL: ca. 9.14 meters Military Grid Ref.: 50º 33.73’ N 59º 18.12’W Culture(s): Groswater, Dorset, Basque (primary deposit), European. Tentative Dating: 2400 B.P., 16-18th ca. Areal Extent of Site: The entire area from the stone outcrop shelter to the southern ledge to the shore contains cultural materials. The along the shore also contains cultural materials-the extent of this area has yet to be determined. Nature of Soils/Sediments/ Vegetation Cover: Grassy, alders, and some juniper under the dry areas of the shelter. There is drainage through Area 2 from the boggy area (A3) down to the shore. Spruce clusters cover the boggy area in the eastern part of the site. Collection Procedure: Controlled excavation- piece-plotted except for small pieces of tile, test pits of underwater deposit. Samples taken are now at Goverment Archaeological Laboratory, Quebec for analysis, preservation, and cataloging by Anja Herzog. Excavated By: William Fitzhugh, 2009 Pitsiulak crew. Dates Excavated: July 28 - August 14, 2009 Hare Harbor-1 Fig. 5.03: Map of Petit Mécatina Hare Harbor-1 site. 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Tile Bou ndry L E D G E N 0 2E 4E 6E -9 8 cm 2 00 9 D at um 8 N 5 E ST R U C TU R E 1 20 09 E xc av at io ns S -1 C en tim et er s be lo w 2 00 9 D at um 15 A ug us t 2 00 9 Ti le M id de n 1 bu ck et = 45 lb s H = H ea rth *= to p of b ou ld er in S -1 is 9 6 cm b el ow d at um N ot E xc av at ed 8E 10 E 12 E - 5 7 cm 2N 2N 1 0E -6 0 cm -1 54 c m -5 2 cm Sp ru ce T hi ck et 0N -3 7 cm -3 2 cm2 S 12 E Le dg e -8 7 cm 4S 1 2E -6 4 cm 6S 1 2E -7 4 cm -8 1 cm -7 6 cm -9 6 cm -9 0 cm 7S 4 E -8 1 cm -9 8 cm 7S 1 E -1 12 c m 6S 0 E -1 16 c m -1 28 c m -1 41 c m -1 46 c m -1 44 c m- 14 3 cm 0N 0 E -1 47 c m -1 53 c m 2 N 0N 2S 4S 6S -1 43 c m 20 02 D at um -1 23 c m -1 37 c m 1 N 4 E 1N 6 E 20 03 E xc av at io n A 2 Ti le B ou nd ry -6 9 cm H H2N 8 E -8 7 cm ba le en H2N 1 0E 0N 8 E 0N 1 0E 2S 8 E 2S 1 0E H 2S 1 2E bo ul de r H pi t 4S 6 E 4S 8 E 4S 1 0E H 4 N 6 N 8 N 20 02 E xc av at io n A 1 10 6 cm 20 09 E xc av at io n A 5 * 4S 1 2E 1 B uc ke t o f t ile s = 45 lb s of ti le s 5 ga llo n bu ck et s of ti le s fo r 2 00 9 at S 1 Sq ua re 2S 8 E 4S 8 E 2S 1 0E 0N 1 0E 4S 1 2E 2S 1 2E 4S 1 0E 4S 6 E 2N 1 0E 2N 8 E 0N 8 E Ex ca va to r V in ce nt H an ul W R /W F V in ce nt W R V in ce nt W F H an ul H an ul W F H an ul / V nc en t B uc ke ts 23 39 13 7 2. 5 0. 2 13 .7 18 3. 5 5. 5 5. 5 20 09 d at um tr ia ng le 5 30 m et er s be lo w up pe r l ed ge d at um p oi nt o f 2 00 1/ 20 02 20 09 tr ia ng le is 1 .2 0 lo w er th an 2 00 8 tri an gl e da tu m (i f l in es a re in th e rig ht pl ac e; o r 1 .1 0 lo w er th an la rg e pe ak ed bo ul de r t o ea st o f 2 00 8 tri an gl e. 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Fig. 5.10: Profiles recorded Fig. 5.11-2: South wall profile from 0N 10E to 0N 6E from the south. ������ ��������������� �������������� ��������� ����� ����� ��������������� ��������� ������������ ����� ������ ������ ���������� ����������� ������ �������������������� ������ ������������ ��������������������� ���� ������������ ���������������� ��������������������������� ���������� ���������������������� ������������������ ������������ �������������� ���� �� ���� �������� �������������� ��������������� ������ ����� ����������� ������� ������� ������ ������� ��������������� ������������� ������������� �������������� ��������������� 1 2 3 4 5 6 1 2 86 Fig. 5.12-1: South wall profi le from 2S 6E to 2S 10E. ������������������ ��������� ������ ��������� ���������������� ��������� ��������� ����� ����� ������ ������ ������� ������� ��������� ��������� ��������� ��������� ������������������ ������������������ Fig. 5.12-2: South wall profi le from 4S 6E to 4S 10E. ���������������� ������� ������� ������ ������� ������� ������� ������������� ������ ������� ������������ ��� ��������� ��������������� ������������� ������� �������������� Fig. 5.13-1: South wall profi le from 6S 10E to 6S 10E. Fig. 5.13-2: South wall profi le from 2S 8E to 4S 8E. ����� ����� ��������� �������������������� �������������������� ������� ��������� ��������� ��������� 3 4 5 6 87 Hare Harbor-1 Artifact Photos - Land Site Fig. 5.17: Artifact EdBt-3: 3012, round stone pebble found in Area 1 Structure 1, 2N 4E. Fig. 5.15: Artifact EdBt-3: 3016, iron point blade found in Area 1 Structure 1, 2N 4E. Fig. 5.16: Artifact EdBt-3: 3077, small piece of blond flint nodule (fire-starter), found in Area 1 Structure 1 0N 4E. Fig. 5.19: Artifact EdBt3: 3276, irregular-shaped dull polish red glass bead from Area 1 Structure 1, 4S 4E. Fig. 5.18: Artifact EdBt-3: 3162, flint or chalcedony flake, found in Area 1 Structure 1, 2S 4E. Fig. 5.14: Excavating the north edge of SI pavement, view southwest. Area 1, Structure 1 88 Fig. 5.21: Artifact EdBt-3: 3510, Limestone. Rock with many holes. Seems like sponge, ballast rock from A5, 2S 10E. Fig. 5.23: Artifact EdBt-3: 3062, Iron Spike from Area 5, 2N 8E. Fig. 5.22: Artifact EdBt-3: 3057, possible Iron whaling spear point from Area 5, 2N 8E. Fig. 5.28: Artifact EdBt-3: 3223, pumice abrader from Area 5, 2S 8E. Fig. 5.25: Artifact EdBt-3: 3181 iron axe found in Area 5, 2S 8E. Fig. 5.26: Artifact EdBt-3: 3199, Inuit soapstone lamp fragment with drilled holes from Area 5, 2S Fig. 5.27: Artifact EdBt-3: 3206, light blue and white majolica sherd found in Area 5, 2S 8E. Fig. 5.29: Artifact EdBt-3: 3244 olive glazed EW found in Area 5, 2S 10E. Fig. 5.30: Artifact EdBt-3: 3312, flint nodule (fire starter) found in Area 5, 4S 8E. Fig. 5.20: HH-1 Area 5, tile midden excavation in progress, view northeast. Fig. 5.24: Artifact EdBt-3: 3506, Clenched nail found in Area 5, 2S 8E. Area 5 89 Fig. 5.31: Artifact EdBt-3: 3340, irregular shaped lightly polished red glass bead from Area 5, 4S 10E. Fig. 5.32: Artifact EdBt-3: 3076, object of unknown function (soapstone). Fig. 5.33: Artifact EdBt-3: 3312, flint nodule (fire starter) found in Area 5, 4S 8E. Fig. 5.34: Artifact EdBt-3: 3359, flint/quartz strike-a-light found in Area 5, 4S 10E. Fig. 5.35: Artifact EdBt-3: 3364, white flint/chert spall Area 5, 4S 12E. Fig. 5.36: Artifact EdBt-3: 3022, miniature Inuit soapstone lamp with hole in bottom from Area 5, 2N 8E. Fig. 5.37: Artifact EdBt-3: 3042, several pieces of EW with white glaze and iridescent gold glaze or paint (lusterware) from Area 5, 2N 8E. Fig. 5.38: Artifact EdBt-3: 3047, nail from Area 5, 2N 8E. Fig. 5.39: Artifact EdBt-3: 3053, sandstone grindstone fragment from Area 5, 2N 8E. Fig. 5.40:Artifact EdBt-3: 3314, iron hook made from bent nail from Area 5, 4S 8E. Fig. 5.41: Artifact EdBt-3: 3335, iron spike found in Area 5, 4S 8E. Fig. 5.42: Artifact EdBt-3: 3338, large flint nodule worked for a fire-starter or gun flints found in A5, 4S 8E. 90 Fig. 5.44: Artifact EdBt-3: 3441, clay pipe stem encrusted with tile or rust, A6, S4 TP2. Fig. 5.45: Artifact EdBt-3: 3442,heavy lead rectangular piece probably used as a knife handle, A6, S4, TP2. Fig. 5.47: Artifact EdBt-3: 3450, lead musket ball, A6, S4, TP2. Fig. 5.48: Artifact EdBt-3: 3453, iron axe head with wood handle preserved, A6, S4, TP2. Fig. 5.49: Artifact EdBt-3: 3459, lead musket ball, A6, S4, TP2. Fig. 5.46: Artifact EdBt-3: 3474, molded and grooved lead jigger weight found in A6, S4, TP2. Fig. 5.50: Artifact EdBt-3: 3500, large square ‘bead’ 1 made of roof tile found near A6, TP4. Fig. 5.51: Artifact EdBt-3: 3511, Mica sheet sample. Fig. 5.43: View of Area 6 lower site with structure 4-6. View to the south. Area 6 Fig. 5.5A: Artifact EdBt-3: 3478, pieces of brown-grey Normandy stoneware. 91 HH-1 Artifact Drawings - Land Site ����������������������� ���������������������������� ���������������������������������������������� ����������������������������������������������� ���������������������������������������� ���������������������������������������� ���������������������������������������� � � � � �� �� � �� �� ��������� ������ ������������ Fig. 5.52: HH-1 Area 1 S1 0N 2E artifact drawings. 92 � � � � � �� �� �� �� � � ������ ��������������������������������� ��������������������������������������������������������� ����������������������������������������� ������ ����������������������� ������ ��������������������������������� ������������������������������� ����������������������������� ������ ������������������ ����������������������������������������� ������������������������������������� ����� ����������������������������������������������� ����� ���������������������������������������� ��������������������� ���������������������������������� ������������� � �������� ����� ������������ � ����������� �� �� Fig. 5.53: HH-1 Area 1 S1 0N 4E artifact drawings. 93 �������� ����� ������������ ���������������������������������� ��� ������������������������������������ ������������������������������������� ��� �������������������������������������� ������������������������������������ ����������������������������������� ��� �������������������������� �������������������������������������������� � � � � ��������������������������������������������������������������������� � � � � � ������������� � Fig. 5.54: HH-1 Area 1 S1 0N 6E artifact drawings. 94 �������� ����� ������������ ��� ���������������������������������������������������������� ������������������������������������������������ ���������������������������������� ��������� �������� ������������������������������������������������������������������ �� � � � ������������������������ � Fig. 5.55: HH-1 Area 1 S1 0N 6E artifact drawings. 95 �������� ����� ������������� ������������������������������������������������������������� ��� �������������������������� ��� ���������������������������������� �������� ���������� ������������������������������������������������������ ��� �������������� �������������������������������������� ���������������������������������������������� � � � � �� �� �� � � � �� ���� ������������� ���� � ����������������������������� ��� ��������������� ������������������������� ����������������������������������� ��������������������������� ����������� �� �� Fig. 5.56: HH-1 Area 1 S1 0N 8E artifact drawings. 96 ��������� ����� �������������� ������������������������������������������ ������������������������������������� ���� ���������������������� ���� ���������������������������������� ���� ���������������������������������������� �� �� �� ��� ��� ������������������������ ���� � Fig. 5.57: HH-1 Area 1 S1 0N 8E artifact drawings. 97 ����������������������������� � ��������� ������ ������������� ��������������������������������������� ��� ����� �������������������������������������� ��� ��������������������������� ��������������������������������������� ��� ��������������������� �������������������������� ���������������������������� ������������������������������������ ��������������������������������������� ������������ ��� ������������������������������������������� ������������������������������������������� � � � � � �� ���� ����� �������� � �� �� ��� ��������� ������������ ���� ������� �� Fig. 5.58: HH-1 Area 1 S1 0N 10E artifact drawings. 98 ��������� ������� ������������� ���� ��������������������� ����������������������������������������������� ���� �������������������������������������������������������������������������������� ������������� ����� ������������������������������������� ��������������������������������������������� �������������������������������������������������������� ��������������������������������������������� ��������������������������������������������������������������� ���������������������������� ���� ������������������������������������ ��� ��� ��� ��� ��� �� ����� �� ��� ���� �� ����� ���� ��� ����������������������������� � ��� ��� ��� Fig. 5.59: HH-1 Area 1 S1 0N 10E artifact drawings. 99 HH-1 S-1 2N 4E 2 August 2009 1 3 4 5 8 6 9 7 11 12 13 strap fragment handle 1. Bubbly glass, bottom of BE. 2. Iron nail, in BE. 3. Iron nail, in BE. 4. Iron nail, in BE. 5. Iron nail, in BE. 6. Iron nail, in BE. 7. Iron nail, in BE. (found when WR excavated under/among slabs and wall rocks at north end of pavement) 8. Earthen ceramic sherd, in BE, 15 cm below surface, on tile fragments. 9. Nail, -137 cm BT in BE. 10. Marmite rim shard, -145 cm in BE. 11. Round pebble, -145 cm BT in BE. 12. Nail, -148 cm BT in BE. 13. Rectangular whetstone with square cross section, -143 cm BT in BE. Excavated by VD & WR Fig. 5.60: HH-1 Area 1 S1 2N 4E artifact drawings. 100 � � � � � � �������� ����� ������������� ����������������������� ���������������� � ��� ���� ���������������������������������������������� ��� ��������������������������������� ��������������������������������������������������������������������������� ����������������������������������������� ������������������ � ����������� Fig. 5.61: HH-1 Area 1 S1 2N 6E artifact drawings. 101 � �� �� � � � �� �� �� �� ��� ��� �� �������� ������ �������������� ������������� ���� �� �������������������������������������������� ������������������������������������������������������� ������������������������������� ����������������������������������� ��� ������������������������������������������������������� ������������������������������������������������� ��������������������������������� ������������������������ ���������� ��� ��������������� ������������������������������������������������������ ��������� �������������� ���������������������������������� ��������������������������������������������� ���� ������������ ������������������������� �������������������������������������������������� ��������������������������������������������� ���� �������������������������� �� �� �� ������������ � � � Fig. 5.62: HH-1 Area 1 S1 2N 8E artifact drawings. 102 ���������������� ���� ���������������������������� ��������������������������� ���� �������������������� ���� �������������������� ����������������������������������������� ����������������������������������� ���������������������������������������������������������������� ��� ��� ���������� ���������� ������������������ �� �� ����� �� ����������� ���� ��� �������� ����������� ��� ��� Fig. 5.63: HH-1 Area 1 S1 2N 8E artifact drawings. 103 �� �� �� ������ ����� ���������������������������������������������������� ���������������������������������� ���������������������������������� ����������������������������������������������������������� ���� ����� 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������������������������������������� � � � � � � �� �� �� � ��� ��� �� �� � ����� ����� �� ������������� ������ ������ ��������� �� �� ��������� � � ����������������������������� � ����������������������� ������ ����� Fig. 5.98: HH-1 Area 6 S4 TP2 artifact drawings. 138 �������������� ������������������������������������� ������������������������������� ��������������������� �������������������������������� ���� ���������������������������������������������������������������������� ���������������������� ����������������������������������������������� �������������������������������������� ������������������������������������������������� ��������������������� ��������������������������������� �������������������������������������������������� ������ ��������� �������������� ����������������������������������������������������������������������� ��������������������������������������������������� �������������������������������������������� 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��������������������������������������������� ������������������������������������������������������������������������������� ������������� ��������������������������������� ������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� ��������������������������������� �� ��� ��� ��� �� �� �� ��� ��� ���� ��� ��� ��� ��� ��� �� �� ��� �� ��������������� ���� ������ ����� �� ��� ��� ��� ��� ��� ����������������������������� �� �������� ���� ���������� Fig. 5.01: HH-1 Area 6 S4 TP2 artifact drawings. 140 ����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� ��������������� ���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� ���������������� ������������������������������������������������������������������������������� � ���������������������� ����������������������������������������������� ������������������������ ������������������������������������������������� ����������������������������������������������������������������� �������������������������������������������������������������� ��� ��� ��� ��� �� �� �� ��� ��� ��� ��� ��� ��� ��� ����������������������������� � �������� ���� ���������� ��� ��� ��� ��� ��������������� ����������� Fig. 5.02: HH-1 Area 6 S4 TP2 artifact drawings. 141 ���������� ��������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� �������������������������������� ������ ��� ��� ��� ���� ����������� ��� ������������������ � �� ��� ��� �������� ���� ���������� Fig. 5.03: HH-1 Area 6 S4 TP2 artifact drawings. 142 �������� ���� ������������������������ ������������������������������������������ �������� ������������������������������ ����������������������������������������� ����������������������������������������� ������������������������������ ��������������������������������������������� ������������������������������ ������������������������������ �� �� �� �� �� �� �� � �� �� �� �� ������ ������� �� ��� ������� �� ������������������ � ����������� Fig. 5.04: HH-1 Area 6 S5 TP3 artifact drawings. 143 �������� ���������������������� �������������� ������������������������ ����������� ������ ��������� ������������������������������������������������������������������������ ������������ ������������������� ��������� Fig. 5.05: HH-1 Area 6 S5 TP3 artifact drawings. 144 6 - 2009 Place Merkit Site Cumberland Island Site Name: Place Merkit Cumberland Island-1, St. Augustine Borden Number: EhBn-8 GPS: 51º13.533’ N \ 58º17.645’ W Map Ref.: 12 O/2 Culture: Historic Inuit Tentative Dating: 18th - 19th c? unknown Areal Extent of Site: ~ 25 m sq. Site Type/Seasonality: Inuit summer camp Site Location: Positioned on a boulder beach, about 10 m from the shoreline. Description of Site: See site report. Nature of Soils/Sediments/ Vegetation Cover: A thin cover of moss and berry plants over a loose brown peat contaning cultural mateirals, over sterile humified brown peat between boulders. Raw Materials: Seal bones, iron, green bottle glass. Collection Procedure: survey, excavation of Inuit tent ring. Cairn grave: Burned spoon, seal wrist bone. Tent ring: Green bottle glass, iron, bone, shell Samples Taken: Yes, collected and cataloged. Potential for Further Work (# of Squares, Depth of Deposit ?): Uncertain Color slides: Yes, digital shots Surveyed by: William Fitzhugh, Will Richard Date: 18 August 2008 Fig. 6.01: Map of Place Merkit site (Cumberland Island-1) near St. Augustine. Section of map 12 0/2 Edition 2 (1984). 145 ������������������ �������������� ����������������� �������������������������� ������������������������������������� ������������������������������������������������ ����������������� ����������� � ��������������� �� �������������������������������������������� ��������������� ��� ������������������������������������ ���������������������������� ��������������������� ���������������������������������������������������������������������������� ��� ���� ����� ��������������������� ��������������������������������������������������������� ������������������������ ������������� ���������� ��������������������� ���������� ������������ ������������ ����� ��������������� ��������� �� ��������� ����������� �� � ������ �� ����������������������� � � �������� ���� Fig. 6.02: Cumberland Island site map and feature drawing. 146 7 - References Cited Belvin, Cleophas 2006 The Forgotten Labrador: Kegashka to Blanc Sablon: a Short History of the Lower North Shore. Montreal: Queens University P ress. Brouague, Marcel de 1923 Divers Mémoires de M. de Brouague au Conseil de Marine, Rapport de l’Archiviste de la Proncince de Québec pour 1922-23, pp. 356-406. Ls. A. Proulx, Québec. Drouin, Pierre 1988 Des Baleiniers Basques á l’Ile Nue de Mingan. Canadian Journal of Archaeology 12:1-15. Dumais, Pierre, and Jean Poirier 1994 Témoignage d’un Site Archéologique Inuit, Baie des Belles Amours, Basse-Côte-Nord. Recherches Amérindiennes au Québec 24(1-2):18-30. Fitzhugh, William W. 2001 The Gateways Project 2001: Archaeological Survey of the Quebec Lower North Shore, Gulf of St. Lawrence, from Mingan to Blanc Sablon. 90 pp. Arctic Studies Center, Smithsonian Institution. Report on file at the Ministry of Culture and Communication, Quebec. Fitzhugh, William W. 2006 Cultures, Borders, and Basques: Archaeological Surveys on Quebec’s Lower North Shore. In: From the Arctic to Avalon: Papers in Honour of James A. Tuck. Edited by Lisa Rankin and Peter Ramsden, pp. 53-70. British Archaeological Reports International Series 1507. 2009 Exploring Cultural Boundaries: the ‘Invisible’ Inuit of Southern Labrador and Quebec. On the Track of the Thule Culture from Bering Strait to East Greenland, edited by Bjarne Grønnow, pp. 129-148. Studies in Archaeology and History, 15. National Museum of Denmark, Copenhagen. Fitzhugh, William W., and others (eds.) 2001-2010 St. Lawrence Gateways Project Field Reports. Published annually by Arctic Studies Center, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution. Copies on file at Government of Quebec, Ministry of Culture and Communication and published online: http://www.mnh.si.edu/arctic/html/pub_field.html . 2006-2010 St. Lawrence Gateways Project Annual Reports published in The Provincial Archaeology Office Newsletter. Provincial Archaeology Office, Government of Newfoundland and Labrador. Department of Tourism, Culture, and Recreation. St. John’s, Newfoundland. http://www.tcr.gov.nl.ca/tcr/pao/Newsletters/Newsletters.htm Fitzhugh, William W., Anja Herzog, Sophia Perdikaris, and Brenna McLeod 2008 Baleines, Morues, et les Basques: l’Archéologie d’un Site Basque du XVIIe siècle dans le Golfe du St. Laurent, Québec. Paper presented at Les actes du 133e congrès du Comité des travaux historiques et scientifiques, held in Québec 2 to 6 June, 2008. Fitzhugh, William W., Anja Herzog, Sophia Perdikaris, and Brenna McLeod In press Ship to Shore: Inuit, Basques, and Maritime Landscapes in the Northern Gulf of St. Lawrence. In Maritime Archaeological Landscapes: Terrestrial and Underwater Sites, edited by Ben Ford. Society for Historical Archaeology. Springer Publications. Grenier, Robert, Marc-Andre Bernier, and Willis Stevens (eds.) 2007 The Underwater Archaeology of Red Bay: Basque Shipbuilding and Whaling in the 16th Century. 4 vols. Parks Canada. Herzog, Anja 2008 L’Île du Petit Mécatina sur la Basse-Côte-Nord du Québec: Résultats Préliminaires des Analyses Céramiques d’un Site Voué aux Activités de Pêche Saisonnière dans le Golfe du Saint-Laurent entre le XVIe et le XVIIIe Siècle. In Les actes du 133e congrès du Comité des travaux historiques et scientifiques, Québec 2 to 6 June, 2008. 147 2009 Petit Mécatina Island: Basque and French Whalers and Cod-Fishers in the Gulf of St. Lawrence from the 16th to the 18th Centuries. Paper presented at the Annual Meeting of the Council for Northeast Historical Archaeology, held at Québec, 15-18 October, 2009. 2010 The Study of Petit Mécatina 3 and the History of Whaling and Cod-Fishing in the Gulf of St. Lawrence During the 16th to the early 18th Century. Paper presented at the 2010 Conference on Historical and Underwater Archaeology, held at Amelia Island, Florida, 6-9 January, 2010. Levesque, René 2002 Bible d’Aménagement du Saint-Laurent Fleuve, Estuaire, Golfe. Phase Premier. La Basse-Côte-Nord: Porte Priviliégée des Pionniers d’Amérique. Draft manuscript available from the author and on file at Arctic Studies Center. Loewen, Brad 2009 Historical Data on the Impact of 16th-Century Basque Whaling on Right and Bowhead Whales in the Western North Atlantic. Canadian Zooarchaeology 26:3-24. McLeod, B.A., M.W. Brown, M.J. Moore, W. Stevens, S.H. Barkham, M. Barkham, and B.N. White 2008 Bowhead Whales, and Not Right Whales, Were the Primary Target of 16th- to 17th-Century Basque Whalers in the Western North Atlantic. Arctic 61(1):61-75. 148 Appendix 1: LNS 2009 Artifact Catalog Site Name: Petit Mécatina 3 / Hare Harbor 1 Borden Code No.: EdBt-3 Date of Collection: 2009-08 Date of Inventory: 2009-02 LNS 2009 ARTIFACT CATALOG 1 Artifact no. Feature/ Provenance Classification Number Object Name Remarks Specific treatment and analysis 2N-4E-1 A1, S1 EdBt-3: 3002 bubbly green glass fragment 2N-4E-2 A1, S1 EdBt-3: 3003 nail 2N-4E-3 A1, S1 EdBt-3: 3004 nail 2N-4E-4 A1, S1 EdBt-3: 3005 nail 2N-4E-5 A1, S1 EdBt-3: 3006 nail 2N-4E-6 A1, S1 EdBt-3: 3007 nail 2N-4E-7 A1, S1 EdBt-3: 3008 nail 2N-4E-8 A1, S1 EdBt-3: 3009 earthenware sherd 2N-4E-9 A1, S1 EdBt-3: 3010 nail 2N-4E-10 A1, S1 EdBt-3: 3011 marmite earthenware rim sherd 2N-4E-11 A1, S1 EdBt-3: 3012 round stone pebble Picture available 2N-4E-12 A1, S1 EdBt-3: 3013 nail 2N-4E-13 A1, S1 EdBt-3: 3014 rectangular sandstone, whetstone with square cross section Picture available 2N-4E-14 A1, S1 EdBt-3: 3015 round pyrites nodule 2N-6E-1 A1, S1 EdBt-3: 3016 iron point blade Picture available 2N-6E-2 A1, S1 EdBt-3: 3017 nail head 2N-6E-3 A1, S1 EdBt-3: 3018 iron 2N-6E-4 A1, S1 EdBt-3: 3019 nail 2N-6E-5 A1, S1 EdBt-3: 3020 iron plate 2N-6E-6 A1, S1 EdBt-3: 3021 nail ON-2E-1 A1, S1 EdBt-3: 3068 iron nail in baulk ON-2E-2 A1, S1 EdBt-3: 3069 iron nail head in baulk ON-2E-3 A1, S1 EdBt-3: 3070 iron nail fragments on pavement ON-2E-4 A1, S1 EdBt-3: 3071 iron nail fragments on pavement ON-2E-5 A1, S1 EdBt-3: 3072 iron nail head under pavement in BE ON-2E-6 A1, S1 EdBt-3: 3073 iron nail head under pavement in BE ON-2E-7 A1, S1 EdBt-3: 3074 iron nail head under pavement in BE ON-4E-1 A1, S1 EdBt-3 3075 grey Normandy stoneware ON-4E-2 A1, S1 EdBt-3: 3076 object of unknown function (soapstone) in two pieces perforated and grooved for lashing to something. Made from a soot-covered piece of an Inuit soapstone cooking vessel; Picture available ON-4E-3 A1, S1 EdBt-3: 3077 small piece of blond flint nodule (fire-starter) Picture available ON-4E-4 A1, S1 EdBt-3: 3078 nail ON-4E-5 A1, S1 EdBt-3: 3079 bubbly green glass fragment ON-4E-6 A1, S1 EdBt-3: 3080 clear bubbly light green glass ON-4E-7 A1, S1 EdBt-3: 3081 iron nail Area 1, Structure 1 Site Name: Petit Mécatina 3 / Hare Harbor 1 Borden Code No.: EdBt-3 Date of Collection: 2009-08 Date of Inventory: 2009-02 LNS 2009 ARTIFACT CATALOG 2 Artifact no. Feature/ Provenance Classification Number Object Name Remarks Specific treatment and analysis ON-4E-8 A1, S1 EdBt-3: 3082 fragment of grey Normandy stoneware ON-4E-9 A1, S1 EdBt-3: 3083 iron nail ON-4E-10 A1, S1 EdBt-3: 3084 large nail ON-4E-11 A1, S1 Edbt-3: 3085 Normandy stoneware fragment ON-4E-12 A1, S1 EdBt-3: 3086 Normandy stoneware fragment ON-4E-13 A1, S1 EdBt-3: 3087 flat glass pane of bubbly green glass ON-6E-1 A1, S1 EdBt-3: 3088 olive green bottle glass with small bubbles not on map because, found in back dirt, from above pavement ON-6E-2 A1, S1 EdBt-3: 3089 iron nail above pavement, found in back dirt ON-6E-3 A1, S1 EdBt-3: 3090 light blue glass above pavement ON-6E-4 A1, S1 EdBt-3: 3091 iron nail beneath pavement ON-6E-5 A1, S1 EdBt-3: 3092 small green glass fragment beneath pavement ON-6E-6 A1, S1 EdBt-3: 3093 blue glass seed bead between pavement slabs ON-6E-7 A1, S1 EdBt-3: 3094 small blue bottle glass fragment between pavement slabs ON-6E-8 A1, S1 EdBt-3: 3095 marmite EW vessel rim fragment between pavement slabs ON-6E-9 A1, S1 EdBt-3: 3096 nail beneath pavement rocks ON-6E-10 A1, S1 EdBt-3: 3097 large iron spike under pavement rocks 2S-2E-1 A1, S1 EdBt-3: 3132 iron nail 2S-2E-2 A1, S1 EdBt-3: 3133 iron nail 2S-2E-3 A1, S1 EdBt-3: 3134 iron nail 2S-2E-4 A1, S1 EdBt-3: 3135 iron nail 2S-2E-5 A1, S1 EdBt-3: 3136 iron nail 2S-2E-6 A1, S1 EdBt-3: 3137 iron nail 2S-2E-7 A1, S1 EdBt-3: 3138 olive green glass bottle fragment 2S-2E-8 A1, S1 EdBt-3: 3139 very thick olive green glass drinking vessel fragment to assemble 2S-2E-9 A1, S1 EdBt-3: 3140 clenched iron nail 2S-4E-1 A1, S1 EdBt-3: 3141 iron nail 2S-4E-2 A1, S1 EdBt-3: 3142 iron nail 2S-4E-3 A1, S1 EdBt-3: 3143 iron nail 2S-4E-4 A1, S1 EdBt-3: 3144 blue glass bead 2S-4E-5 A1, S1 EdBt-3: 3145 pieces of bubbly green bottle glass 2S-4E-6 A1, S1 EdBt-3: 3146 medium-sized nails 2S-4E-7 A1, S1 EdBt-3: 3147 green bubble glass 2S-4E-8 A1, S1 EdBt-3: 3148 iron nail 2S-4E-9 A1, S1 EdBt-3: 3149 iron nail 2S-4E-10 A1, S1 EdBt-3: 3150 olive green bottle glass with bubbles 2S-4E-11 A1, S1 EdBt-3: 3151 Normandy stoneware rim fragment 2S-4E-12 A1, S1 EdBt-3: 3152 iron nail 2S-4E-12a A1, S1 EdBt-3: 3153 iron nail 2S-4E-13 A1, S1 EdBt-3: 3154 nail 2S-4E-14 A1, S1 EdBt-3: 3155 bubbly green glass Site Name: Petit Mécatina 3 / Hare Harbor 1 Borden Code No.: EdBt-3 Date of Collection: 2009-08 Date of Inventory: 2009-02 LNS 2009 ARTIFACT CATALOG 3 Artifact no. Feature/ Provenance Classification Number Object Name Remarks Specific treatment and analysis 2S-4E-15 A1, S1 EdBt-3: 3156 bubbly green glass 2S-4E-16 A1, S1 EdBt-3: 3157 nail head 2S-4E-17 A1, S1 EdBt-3: 3158 nail head 2S-4E-18 A1, S1 EdBt-3: 3159 green bubbly glass fragment 2S-4E-19 A1, S1 EdBt-3: 3160 green bubbly glass fragment 2S-4E-20 A1, S1 EdBt-3: 3161 large spike 2S-4E-21 A1, S1 EdBt-3: 3162 flint or chalcedony flake Picture available 2S-6E-1 A1, S1 EdBt-3: 3163 clear greenish glass fragment 2S-6E-2 A1, S1 EdBt-3: 3164 clenched iron nail 2S-6E-3 A1, S1 EdBt-3: 3165 black glass seed bead 2S-6E-4 A1, S1 EdBt-3: 3166 iron nail 2S-6E-5 A1, S1 EdBt-3: 3167 blue seed bead 2S-6E-6 A1, S1 EdBt-3: 3168 nail head 2S-6E-7 A1, S1 EdBt-3: 3169 nail 2S-6E-8 A1, S1 EdBt-3: 3170 nail 2S-6E-9 A1, S1 EdBt-3: 3171 bubbly green bottle glass 2S-6E-10 A1, S1 EdBt-3: 3172 nails 4S-4E-1 A1, S1 EdBt-3: 3271 Normandy stoneware sherd 4S-4E-2 A1, S1 EdBt-3: 3272 nail 4S-4E-3 A1, S1 EdBt-3: 3273 nail 4S-4E-4 A1, S1 EdBt-3: 3274 green bubbly glass fragment 4S-4E-5 A1, S1 EdBt-3: 3275 Normandy stoneware fragment 4S-4E-6 A1, S1 EdBt3: 3276 irregular-shaped dull polish red glass bead Picture available 4S-4E-7 A1, S1 EdBt-3: 3277 nail 4S-4E-8 A1, S1 EdBt-3: 3278 Normandy stoneware 4S-4E-9 A1, S1 EdBt-3: 3279 Normandy stoneware fragment 4S-4E-10 A1, S1 EdBt-3: 3280 Normandy stoneware base fragment 4S-4E-11 A1, S1 EdBt-3: 3281 Normandy stoneware (base fragment ?) 4S-4E-12 A1, S1 EdBt-3: 3282 Normandy stoneware 4S-4E-13 A1, S1 EdBt-3: 3283 Normandy stoneware 4S-4E-14 A1, S1 EdBt-3: 3284 Normandy stoneware 4S-4E-15 A1, S1 EdBt-3: 3285 15a.Normandy stoneware 4S-4E-16 A1, S1 EdBt-3: 3286 Normandy stoneware rim 4S-4E-17 A1, S1 EdBt-3: 3287 Normandy stoneware on sand/gravel 4S-4E-18 A1, S1 EdBt-3: 3288 nail 4S-4E-19 A1, S1 EdBt-3: 3289 nail 4S-4E-20 A1, S1 EdBt-3: 3290 Normandy stoneware rim fragment 4S-4E-21 A1, S1 EdBt-3: 3291 large iron spike 4S-4E-22 A1, S1 EdBt-3: 3292 brown EW sherd 4S-4E-23 A1, S1 EdBt-3: 3293 Normandy stoneware rim Area 5 (A5) Site Name: Petit Mécatina 3 / Hare Harbor 1 Borden Code No.: EdBt-3 Date of Collection: 2009-08 Date of Inventory: 2009-02 LNS 2009 ARTIFACT CATALOG 4 Artifact no. Feature/ Provenance Classification Number Object Name Remarks Specific treatment and analysis 2N-8E-1 A5 EdBt-3: 3022 Miniature Inuit soapstone lamp with hole in bottom Picture available 2N-8E-2 A5 EdBt-3: 3023 clay pipe bowl fragment 2N-8E-3 A5 EdBt-3: 3024 iron blade 2N-8E-4 A5 EdBt-3: 3025 two plain EW sherds 2N-8E-5 A5 EdBt-3: 3026 diamond-shaped piece of sandstone (a possible gaming piece?) Picture available 2N-8E-6 A5 EdBt-3: 3027 two pieces of plain EW 2N-8E-7 A5 EdBt-3: 3028 tan ceramic sherd 2N-8E-8 A5 EdBt-3: 3029 thin frosted glass vessel rim sherd 2N-8E-9 A5 EdBt-3: 3030 nail 2N-8E-10 A5 EdBt-3: 3031 plain EW sherd 2N-8E-11 A5 EdBt-3: 3032 plain tan EW sherd 2N-8E-12 A5 EdBt-3: 3033 three pieces of plain tan EW sherds 2N-8E-13 A5 EdBt-3: 3034 olive glazed EW to assemble 2N-8E-14 A5 EdBt-3: 3035 plain EW sherds 3 fitting pieces 2N-8E-15 A5 EdBt-3: 3036 plain EW sherd 2N-8E-16 A5 EdBt-3: 3037 nail 3 pieces 2N-8E-17 A5 EdBt-3: 3038 thin clear or slightly greenish glass drinking vessel fragment 2N-8E-18 A5 EdBt-3: 3039 white-glazed EW (decomposed but bits of glaze survives) 2N-8E-19 A5 EdBt-3: 3040 small iron pyrites nodule 2N-8E-20 A5 EdBt-3: 3041 fine-grained sandstone grindstone with concave grinding surface on one side and small area of grinding on reverse side 13x13x3cm 2N-8E-21 A5 EdBt-3: 3042 several pieces of EW with white glaze and iridescent gold glaze or paint (lusterware) Picture available 2N-8E-22 A5 EdBt-3: 3043 nail head 2N-8E-23 A5 EdBt-3: 3044 nail head 2N-8E-24 A5 EdBt-3: 3045 pyrites nodule 2N-8E-25 A5 identified among EdBt-3:3028 tan ceramic sherd (included with #7 fragments) 2N-8E-26 A5 EdBt-3: 3047 nail Picture available 2N-8E-27 A5 EdBt-3: 3048 tan ceramic spout fragment 2N-8E-28 A5 EdBt-3: 3049 nail 2N-8E-29 A5 EdBt-3: 3050 nail 2N-8E-30 A5 EdBt-3: 3051 two pieces of a thin glass cup 2N-8E-31 A5 EdBt-3: 3052 highly fragmented and deteriorated sandstone 'plate' with raised lateral edges ends broken off; possibly natural and not an artifact 2N-8E-32 A5 EdBt-3: 3053 sandstone grindstone fragment Picture available 2N-8E-33 A5 EdBt-3: 3054 corroded lead bullet remains and fragments Site Name: Petit Mécatina 3 / Hare Harbor 1 Borden Code No.: EdBt-3 Date of Collection: 2009-08 Date of Inventory: 2009-02 LNS 2009 ARTIFACT CATALOG 5 Artifact no. Feature/ Provenance Classification Number Object Name Remarks Specific treatment and analysis 2N-8E-34 A5 EdBt-3: 3055 plain EW fragment 2N-8E-35 A5 EdBt-3: 3056 plain EW fragment 2N-8E-36 A5 EdBt-3: 3057 Iron whaling spear (?) point Picture available 2N-8E-37 A5 EdBt-3: 3058 fragments of green-olive glazed EW to assemble 2N-8E-38 A5 EdBt-3: 3059 nail 2N-8E-39 A5 EdBt-3: 3060 pyrites nodule 2N-8E-40 A5 EdBt-3: 3061 iron knife blade 2N-8E-41 A5 EdBt-3: 3062 iron spike Picture available 2N-8E-42 A5 EdBt-3: 3063 iron nail 2N-I0E-1 A5 EdBt-3: 3064 nail Picture available 2N-I0E-2 A5 EdBt-3: 3065 plain marmite EW sherds 2N-I0E-3 A5 EdBt-3: 3066 nail 2N-I0E-4 A5 EdBt-3: 3066 two plain EW sherds ON-8E-1 A5 EdBt-3: 3098 iron bar fragment ON-8E-2 A5 EdBt-3: 3099 nail head ON-8E-3 A5 EdBt-3: 3100 nail ON-8E-4 A5 EdBt-3: 3101 fitting pieces of a blue glazed majolica rim sherd and fragments of spalled glaze ON-8E-5 A5 EdBt-3: 3102 nail possibly made into a cutting tool ON-8E-6 A5 EdBt-3: 3103 fitting pieces of thick green glass ON-8E-7 A5 EdBt-3: 3104 flint chunk Picture available ON-8E-8 A5 EdBt-3: 3105 nail ON-8E-9 A5 EdBt-3: 3106 Iron spike ON-8E-10 A5 EdBt-3: 3107 iron plate or sheet ON-8E-11 A5 EdBt-3: 3108 iron spike ON-8E-12 A5 EdBt-3: 3109 iron spike in two pieces ON-8E-13 A5 EdBt-3: 3110 selected samples of charcoal sample from base of BE just above sterile peat throughout the square ON-8E-14 A5 EdBt-3: 3111 nail to assemble ON-8E-15 A5 EdBt-3: 3112 nail ON-8E-16 A5 EdBt-3: 3113 nail ON-10E-1 A5 EdBt-3: 3114 iron nail ON-10E-2 A5 EdBt-3: 3115 green and brown group of EW sherds to assemble ON-10E-3 A5 EdBt-3: 3116 nail ON-10E-4 A5 EdBt-3: 3117 thin curved green glass cup fragment ON-10E-5 A5 EdBt-3: 3118 Large iron spike/nail ON-10E-6 A5 EdBt-3: 3119 Large iron spike/nail ON-10E-7 A5 EdBt-3: 3120 Batch of green glazed to assemble ON-10E-8 A5 not found among the wood handle (?) badly decayed ON-10E-9 A5 EdBt-3: 3122 pieces of plain EW Site Name: Petit Mécatina 3 / Hare Harbor 1 Borden Code No.: EdBt-3 Date of Collection: 2009-08 Date of Inventory: 2009-02 LNS 2009 ARTIFACT CATALOG 6 Artifact no. Feature/ Provenance Classification Number Object Name Remarks Specific treatment and analysis ON-10E-10 A5 EdBt-3: 3123 Marmite EW rim sherds found between pieces of baleen ON-10E-11 A5 EdBt-3: 3124 grey olive-glazed EW sherds found in a cluster to assemble ON-10E-12 A5 EdBt-3: 3125 Blue and white glazed majolica ON-10E-13 A5 EdBt-3: 3126 plain EW sherd to assemble ON-10E-14 A5 not found among the collection 2 plain EW sherds ON-10E-15 A5 EdBt-3: 3128 plain EW sherd ON-10E-16 A5 EdBt-3: 3129 plain EW sherd of a large vessel to assemble ON-10E-17 A5 EdBt-3: 3130 plain EW sherd to assemble ON-10E-18 A5 EdBt-3: 3131 nail head or rust lump (?) 2S-8E-1 A5 nail in upper BE (crumbled to nothing not collected) 2S-8E-2 A5 EdBt-3: 3174 nail 2S-8E-3 A5 EdBt-3: 3175 faience majolica fragment and two spalls from it 2S-8E-4 A5 EdBt-3: 3176 undecorated clay pipe stem Picture available 2S-8E-5 A5 EdBt-3: 3177 two tan ceramic fragments with trace of yellow glaze to assemble 2S-8E-6 A5 Not found among the collection piece of iron Possibly a decomposed spring mechanism (?) Not found in the collection (Frédéric Simard) 2S-8E-7 A5 EdBt-3: 3179 tan ceramic fragment to assemble 2S-8E-8 A5 EdBt-3: 3180 nail 2S-8E-9 A5 EdBt-3: 3181 iron axe Picture available restoration 2S-8E-10 A5 EdBt-3: 3182 two nails 2S-8E-11 A5 EdBt-3: 3183 iron spike 2S-8E-12 A5 EdBt-3: 3184 tan ceramic jar shoulder fragment to assemble 2S-8E-13 A5 EdBt-3: 3185 nail 2S-8E-14 A5 EdBt-3: 3186 iron spike 2S-8E-15 A5 EdBt-3: 3187 tan ceramic 2S-8E-16 A5 EdBt-3: 3188 nail 2S-8E-17 A5 EdBt-3: 3189 bubbly green glass 2S-8E-18 A5 EdBt-3: 3190 nail 2S-8E-19 A5 EdBt-3: 3191 nail 2S-8E-20 A5 EdBt-3: 3192 blue glazed majolica fragment 2S-8E-21 A5 EdBt-3: 3193 EW ceramic with brown glaze to assemble 2S-8E-22 A5 EdBt-3: 3194 brown EW rim sherd fragment 2S-8E-23 A5 EdBt-3: 3195 brown EW sherds 2S-8E-24 A5 EdBt-3: 3196 EW sherds 2S-8E-25 A5 EdBt-3: 3197 iron spike 2S-8E-26 A5 EdBt-3: 3198 nail Site Name: Petit Mécatina 3 / Hare Harbor 1 Borden Code No.: EdBt-3 Date of Collection: 2009-08 Date of Inventory: 2009-02 LNS 2009 ARTIFACT CATALOG 7 Artifact no. Feature/ Provenance Classification Number Object Name Remarks Specific treatment and analysis 2S-8E-27 A5 EdBt-3: 3199 Inuit soapstone lamp fragment with drilled holes Picture available 2S-8E-28 A5 EdBt-3: 3200 nail 2S-8E-29 A5 EdBt-3: 3201 nail 2S-8E-30 A5 EdBt-3: 3202 flat iron pieces 2S-8E-31 A5 EdBt-3: 3203 tan ceramic sherd 2S-8E-32 A5 EdBt-3: 3204 ceramic sherd with yellow glaze 2S-8E-33 A5 EdBt-3: 3205 nail 2S-8E-34 A5 EdBt-3: 3206 light blue and white majolica sherd Picture available 2S-8E-35 A5 EdBt-3: 3207 blue majolica fragments 2S-8E-36 A5 EdBt-3: 3208 ceramic rim fragment with brown glaze 2S-8E-37 A5 EdBt-3: 3209 nail 2S-8E-38 A5 EdBt-3: 3210 iron rust with rock and charcoal 2S-8E-39 A5 EdBt-3: 3211 nail 2S-8E-40 A5 EdBt-3: 3212 nail 2S-8E-41 A5 EdBt-3: 3213 iron strap 2S-8E-42 A5 EdBt-3: 3214 olive green glaze EW sherds to assemble 2S-8E-43 A5 EdBt-3: 3215 nail 2S-8E-44 A5 EdBt-3: 3216 nail 2S-8E-45 A5 EdBt-3: 3217 blue and white majolica sherd 2S-8E-46 A5 EdBt-3: 3218 iron knife handle-like (?) object Picture available 2S-8E-47 A5 EdBt-3: 3219 white glass seed bead 2S-8E-48 A5 EdBt-3: 3220 tan ceramic sherd (x2) to assemble 2S-8E-49 A5 EdBt-3: 3221 gun flint (?) Picture available 2S-8E-50 A5 EdBt-3: 3222 iron spike 2S-8E-51 A5 EdBt-3: 3223 pumice abrader Picture available 2S-8E-52 A5 EdBt-3: 3224 charcoal sample 2S-10E-1 A5 EdBt-3: 3225 fragment of EW (crumbled to nothing not collected) 2S-10E-2 A5 EdBt-3: 3226 tan ceramic fragments to assemble 2S-10E-3 A5 EdBt-3: 3227 faience majolica fragment to assemble 2S-10E-4 A5 EdBt-3: 3228 flat EW fragments to assemble 2S-10E-5 A5 EdBt-3: 3229 One tan ceramic fragments with trace of yellow glaze 2S-10E-6 A5 EdBt-3: 3230 iron spike 2S-10E-7 A5 EdBt-3: 3231 large fragment of marmite EW vessel rim 2S-10E-8 A5 EdBt-3: 3232 marmite fragment EW sherd 2S-10E-9 A5 EdBt-3: 3233 marmite EW sherd to assemble 2S-10E-10 A5 EdBt-3: 3234 yellow glazed EW sherds 2S-10E-11 A5 EdBt-3: 3235 plain tan EW to assemble 2S-10E-12 A5 EdBt-3: 3236 plain tan EW to assemble 2S-10E-13 A5 EdBt-3: 3237 cluster of olive glazed EW sherds to assemble Site Name: Petit Mécatina 3 / Hare Harbor 1 Borden Code No.: EdBt-3 Date of Collection: 2009-08 Date of Inventory: 2009-02 LNS 2009 ARTIFACT CATALOG 8 Artifact no. Feature/ Provenance Classification Number Object Name Remarks Specific treatment and analysis 2S-10E-14 A5 EdBt-3: 3238 plain tan EW sherds to assemble 2S-10E-15 A5 Not found in the collection flint fragment 2S-10E-16 A5 EdBt-3: 3240 pieces of brown EW 2S-10E-17 A5 EdBt-3: 3241 (olive ?) yellow glazed EW 2S-10E-18 A5 EdBt-3: 3242 olive glazed rim sherd to assemble 2S-10E-19 A5 EdBt-3: 3243 plain white EW sherd 2S-10E-20 A5 EdBt-3: 3244 olive glazed EW Picture available to assemble 2S-10E-21 A5 EdBt-3: 3245 blue and white majolica fragment glazed on both sides 2S-10E-22 A5 EdBt-3: 3246 yellow (mustard) glazed EW 2S-10E-23 A5 EdBt-3: 3245 plain EW 2S-10E-24 A5 EdBt-3: 3248 pieces of tan EW found together 2S-10E-25 A5 EdBt-3: 3249 pieces of tan EW some with olive-colored glaze (?) having salmon pink paste to assemble 2S-10E-26 A5 EdBt-3: 3250 bag of tan EW 2S-10E-27 A5 EdBt-3: 3251 tan paste EW vessel strap handle 2S-10E-28 A5 EdBt-3: 3252 cluster of brown paste EW marmite sherds some with different complicated roller stamped designs in a strip heavily burned in hearth 2S-10E-29 A5 EdBt-3: 3253 olive glazed EW to assemble 2S-10E-30 A5 EdBt-3: 3254 olive glazed EW to assemble 2S-10E-31 A5 EdBt-3: 3255 iron (?) fish hook with expanded shank that was embedded in a chunk of corrosion that crumbled away restoration 2S-10E-32 A5 EdBt-3: 3256 plain EW sherd 2S-10E-33 A5 EdBt-3: 3257 group of yellow and two olive glazed EW sherds (not drawn or numbered individually) to assemble 2S-10E-34 A5 EdBt-3: 3258 cluster of sherds including olive colored glaze and a marmite sherd to assemble 2S-10E-35 A5 EdBt-3: 3259 group of olive-colored EW sherds some fitting together to assemble 2S-10E-36 A5 EdBt-3: 3260 plain EW sherd some fitting together to assemble 2S-10E-37 A5 Edbt-3: 3261 yellow glazed sherds 2S-10E-38 A5 EdBt-3: 3262 yellow glazed sherd 2S-10E-39 A5 EdBt-3: 3263 green glazed EW to assemble 2S-10E-40 A5 EdBt-3: 3264 yellow glazed EW 2S-10E-41 A5 EdBt-3: 3265 burned green-brown (olive?) EW to assemble 2S-12E-1 A5 EdBt-3: 3266 large nail Site Name: Petit Mécatina 3 / Hare Harbor 1 Borden Code No.: EdBt-3 Date of Collection: 2009-08 Date of Inventory: 2009-02 LNS 2009 ARTIFACT CATALOG 9 Artifact no. Feature/ Provenance Classification Number Object Name Remarks Specific treatment and analysis 2S-12E-2 A5 EdBt-3: 3267 pieces of marmite EW 2S-12E-3 A5 EdBt-3: 3268 pieces of plain EW 2S-12E-4 A5 EdBt-3: 3269 olive glazed EW to assemble 2S-12E-5 A5 EdBt-3: 3270 nail 4S-6E-1 A5 EdBt-3: 3294 iron clasp or barrel gripper 4S-6E-2 A5 EdBt-3: 3295 nail 4S-6E-3 A5 EdBt-3: 3296 nail 4S-6E-4 A5 EdBt-3: 3297 nail 4S-6E-5 A5 EdBt-3: 3298 nail 4S-6E-6 A5 EdBt-3: 3299 large bent iron spike 4S-6E-7 A5 EdBt-3: 3300 iron spike 4S-6E-8 A5 EdBt-3: 3301 iron spike 4S-6E-9 A5 EdBt-3: 3302 flat fragment of bubbly glass 4S-6E-10 A5 EdBt-3: 3303 nail 4S-6E-11 A5 EdBt-3: 3304 nail 4S-6E-12 A5 EdBt-3: 3305 nail upright 4S-6E-13 A5 EdBt-3: 3306 large clenched spike 4S-6E-14 A5 EdBt-3: 3307 nail 4S-6E-15 A5 EdBt-3: 3308 nail 4S-6E-16 A5 EdBt-3: 3309 nail 4S-8E-1 A5 not found among the collection miniature sandstone vessel, decomposed upon excavation 4S-8E-2 A5 not found among the collection miniature sandstone vessel, decomposed upon excavation 4S-8E-3 A5 EdBt-3: 3312 flint nodule (fire starter) Picture available 4S-8E-4 A5 EdBt-3: 3313 seal ear bone (?) 4S-8E-5 A5 EdBt-3: 3314 iron hook made from bent nail Picture available 4S-8E-6 A5 EdBt-3: 3315 nail 4S-8E-7 A5 EdBt-3: 3316 EW fragments 4S-8E-8 A5 EdBt-3: 3317 nail 4S-8E-9 A5 EdBt-3: 3318 ruby red piece of flat glass 4S-8E-10 A5 not found among the collection blue and white majolica sherd 4S-8E-11 A5 EdBt-3: 3320 fragments of brown (and green) marmite ceramic to assemble 4S-8E-12 A5 EdBt-3: 3321 green-olive glazed EW vessel spout to assemble 4S-8E-13 A5 EdBt-3: 3322 bone fragments (drawn on sheet 3) 4S-8E-14 A5 EdBt-3: 3323 flint fragment 4S-8E-15 A5 EdBt-3: 3324 pieces of EW Site Name: Petit Mécatina 3 / Hare Harbor 1 Borden Code No.: EdBt-3 Date of Collection: 2009-08 Date of Inventory: 2009-02 LNS 2009 ARTIFACT CATALOG 10 Artifact no. Feature/ Provenance Classification Number Object Name Remarks Specific treatment and analysis 4S-8E-16 A5 EdBt-3: 3325 nail 4S-8E-17 A5 EdBt-3: 3326 nail 4S-8E-18 A5 EdBt-3: 3327 nail 4S-8E-19 A5 EdBt-3: 3328 nail 4S-8E-20 A5 EdBt-3: 3329 nail 4S-8E-21 A5 EdBt-3: 3330 nail 4S-8E-22 A5 EdBt-3: 3331 nail 4S-8E-23 A5 EdBt-3: 3332 nail 4S-8E-24 A5 EdBt-3: 3333 iron spike 4S-8E-25 A5 EdBt-3: 3334 nail 4S-8E-26 A5 EdBt-3: 3335 iron spike Picture available 4S-8E-27 A5 EdBt-3: 3336 small thin piece of bubbly flat glass 4S-8E-28 A5 EdBt-3: 3337 green bottle glass fragment 4S-8E-29 A5 EdBt-3: 3338 large flint nodule split in half and worked for a fire-starter or gun flints. Picture available 4S-10E-1 A5 EdBt-3: 3339 iron pyrites nodule 4S-10E-2 A5 EdBt-3: 3340 irregular shaped lightly polished red glass bead Picture available 4S-10E-3 A5 EdBt-3: 3341 iron spike 4S-10E-4 A5 EdBt-3: 3342 nail 4S-10E-5 A5 EdBt-3: 3343 nail 4S-10E-6 A5 EdBt-3: 3344 iron spike 4S-10E-7 A5 EdBt-3: 3347 frosted glass drinking vessel rim sherd 4S-10E-8 A5 EdBt-3: 3346 olive-colored glazed EW sherd to assemble 4S-10E-9 A5 EdBt-3: 3347 olive-colored glazed EW sherd to assemble 4S-10E-10 A5 EdBt-3: 3348 olive-colored glazed EW sherd to assemble 4S-10E-11 A5 EdBT-3: 3349 olive-colored glazed EW sherd to assemble 4S-10E-12 A5 EdBt-3: 3350 sherds of olive-colored glazed EW sherds to assemble 4S-10E-13 A5 EdBt-3: 3351 sherds of olive-colored glazed EW sherds to assemble 4S-10E-14 A5 EdBt-3: 3352 tan EW fragments to assemble 4S-10E-15 A5 EdBt-3: 3353 plain EW rim fragments fits rim from 2S-8E 4S-10E-16 A5 EdBt-3: 3354 iron spike 4S-10E-17 A5 limestone whetstone (not collected) 4S-10E-18 A5 EdBt-3: 3356 iron spike 4S-10E-19 A5 EdBt-3: 3357 frosted glass cup fragments 4S-10E-20 A5 EdBt-3: 3358 limestone whetstone (?) Picture available 4S-10E-21 A5 EdBt-3: 3359 flint/quartz strike-a-light Picture available 4S-12E-1 A5 EdBt-3: 3360 marmite sherd Site Name: Petit Mécatina 3 / Hare Harbor 1 Borden Code No.: EdBt-3 Date of Collection: 2009-08 Date of Inventory: 2009-02 LNS 2009 ARTIFACT CATALOG 11 Artifact no. Feature/ Provenance Classification Number Object Name Remarks Specific treatment and analysis 4S-12E-2 A5 EdBt-3: 3361 marmite sherd 4S-12E-3 A5 EdBt-3: 3362 pieces of frosted glass drinking vessel misplaced or broken and 4S-12E-4 A5 EdBt-3: 3363 olive green EW sherd to assemble 4S-12E-5 A5 EdBt-3: 3364 white flint/chert spall Picture available 4S-12E-6 A5 EdBt-3: 3365 nail 4S-12E-7 A5 EdBt-3:3366 group of brown marmite EW sherds only a few of which are numbered and illustrated in notes (7 a-o); the rest are bagged in a batch; 4S-12E-8 A5 EdBt-3:3367 tan ceramic fragments only 6a-k illustrated. 4S-12E-9 A5 EdBt-3: 3368 more tan ceramics 4S-12E-10 A5 EdBt-3: 3369 nail 4S-12E-11 A5 EdBt-3: 3370 flint (?) spall 4S-12E-12 A5 EdBt-3: 3371 burned and oil encrusted sherds (not illustrated) 4S-12E-13 A5 EdBt-3: 3372 two tan ceramic sherds 4S-12E-14 A5 See Added below several large chunks of charcoal sampled from this square 4S-12E-15 A5 EdBt-3: 3376 EW rim fragment 4S-12E-16 A5 EdBt-3: 3375 two tan EW sherds 4S-12E-17 A5 EdBt-3: 3376 flint (?) fragment 4S-12E-18 A5 EdBt-3:3377 brown EW including rim fragment 4S-12E-19 A5 EdBt-3: 3378 four sherds of tan ceramics (two misplaced in 4S-12E-20 A5 EdBt-3: 3379 hearth base with charcoal and oil-encrusted earth and sherds only 20a-c numbered and illustrated 4S-12E-21 A5 EdBt-3: 3380 flint nodule and spalls 4S-12E-22 A5 EdBt-3: 3381 faience majolica ware with white glaze in hearth at base of BE Test Pit 1-1 A6, S4, TP-1 EdBt-3: 3382 brown EW in BE level with charcoal fragments Test Pit 1-2 A6, S4, TP-1 EdBt-3: 3383 plain brown EW rim and handle fragment Test Pit 1-3 A6, S4, TP-1 EdBt-3: 3384 Normandy stoneware Test Pit 1-4 A6, S4, TP-1 EdBt-3: 3385 Normandy stoneware Test Pit 1-5 A6, S4, TP-1 EdBt-3: 3386 nail Test Pit 1-6 A6, S4, TP-1 EdBt-3: 3387 nail Test Pit 1-7 A6, S4, TP-1 EdBt-3: 3388 Normandy stoneware Test Pit 1-8 A6, S4, TP-1 EdBt-3: 3389 plain EW Test Pit 1-9 A6, S4, TP-1 EdBt-3: 3390 Normandy stoneware rim Test Pit 1-10 A6, S4, TP-1 EdBt-3: 3391 Normandy stoneware rim Test Pit 1-11 A6, S4, TP-1 Edbt-3: 3392 Normandy stoneware Test Pit 1-12 A6, S4, TP-1 EdBt-3: 3393 iron knife blade (?) with rivets Area 6, Structure 4, Test Pit 1 (A6, S4, TP-1) Site Name: Petit Mécatina 3 / Hare Harbor 1 Borden Code No.: EdBt-3 Date of Collection: 2009-08 Date of Inventory: 2009-02 LNS 2009 ARTIFACT CATALOG 12 Artifact no. Feature/ Provenance Classification Number Object Name Remarks Specific treatment and analysis Test Pit 1-13 A6, S4, TP-1 whalebone in wall foundation (not collected) Test Pit 1-14 A6, S4, TP-1 whalebone in wall foundation (not collected) Test Pit 1-15 A6, S4, TP-1 EdBt-3: 3396 nail Test Pit 1-16 A6, S4, TP-1 EdBt-3: 3397 Normandy stoneware Test Pit 1-17 A6, S4, TP-1 EdBt-3: 3398 Normandy stoneware Test Pit 1-18 A6, S4, TP-1 EdBt-3: 3399 nail Test Pit 1-19 A6, S4, TP-1 not found among the collection Normandy stoneware Test Pit 1-20 A6, S4, TP-1 EdBt-3: 3401 nail Test Pit 1-21 A6, S4, TP-1 EdBt-3: 3402 nail Test Pit 1-22 A6, S4, TP-1 not found among the collection Normandy stoneware Test Pit 1-23 A6, S4, TP-1 EdBt-3: 3404 Normandy stoneware rim Test Pit 1-24 A6, S4, TP-1 EdBt-3: 3405 brown EW rim Test Pit 1-25 A6, S4, TP-1 EdBt-3: 3406 brown EW sherd Test Pit 1-26 A6, S4, TP-1 EdBt-3: 3407 Normandy stoneware base fragment (manufacturing damage) Test Pit 1-27 A6, S4, TP-1 EdBt-3: 3408 Normandy stoneware Test Pit 1-28 A6, S4, TP-1 EdBt-3: 3409 Normandy stoneware sherd Test Pit 1-29 A6, S4, TP-1 EdBt-3: 3410 29 Normandy stoneware or tile fragment 29b. Nail Test Pit 1-30 A6, S4, TP-1 EdBt-3: 3411 iron fragment Test Pit 1-31 A6, S4, TP-1 EdBt-3: 3412 iron spike Test Pit 1-32 A6, S4, TP-1 EdBt-3: 3413 nail head Test Pit 1-33 A6, S4, TP-1 EdBt-3: 3414 nail head Test Pit 1-34 A6, S4, TP-1 EdBt-3: 3415 Normandy stoneware sherd Test Pit 1-35 A6, S4, TP-1 EdBt-3: 3416 brown EW sherd Test Pit 1-36 A6, S4, TP-1 EdBt-3: 3417 large iron spike Test Pit 1-37 A6, S4, TP-1 EdBt-3: 3418 Normandy stoneware sherd (manufacturing damage) Test Pit 1-38 A6, S4, TP-1 EdBt-3: 3419 Normandy stoneware base sherd (manufacturing damage) Test Pit 1-39 A6, S4, TP-1 EdBt-3: 3420 Normandy stoneware sherd Test Pit 1-40 A6, S4, TP-1 EdBt-3: 3421 Normandy stoneware sherd Test Pit 1-41 A6, S4, TP-1 EdBt-3: 3422 Normandy stoneware sherd Test Pit 1-42 A6, S4, TP-1 EdBt-3: 3423 plain brown marmite EW rim fragment Test Pit 1-43 A6, S4, TP-1 EdBt-3: 3424 nail Test Pit 1-44 A6, S4, TP-1 EdBt-3: 3425 brown EW sherd Test Pit 2-1 A6, S4, TP-2 EdBt-3: 3426 clay pipe stem with large stem and larger bore hole Area 6, Structure 4, Test Pit 2 (A6, S4, TP-2) Site Name: Petit Mécatina 3 / Hare Harbor 1 Borden Code No.: EdBt-3 Date of Collection: 2009-08 Date of Inventory: 2009-02 LNS 2009 ARTIFACT CATALOG 13 Artifact no. Feature/ Provenance Classification Number Object Name Remarks Specific treatment and analysis Test Pit 2-2 A6, S4, TP-2 EdBt-3: 3427 nail with encrustation looking like a iron vessel sherd Test Pit 2-3 A6, S4, TP-2 EdBt-3: 3428 nail Test Pit 2-4 A6, S4, TP-2 EdBt-3: 3429 nail Test Pit 2-5 A6, S4, TP-2 EdBt-3: 3430 nail head Test Pit 2-6 A6, S4, TP-2 EdBt-3: 3431 burned wood fragment Test Pit 2-7 A6, S4, TP-2 EdBt-3: 3432 nail Test Pit 2-8 A6, S4, TP-2 EdBt-3: 3433 nail Test Pit 2-9 A6, S4, TP-2 EdBt-3: 3434 Basque tile fragment Test Pit 2-10 A6, S4, TP-2 EdBt3: 3435 Basque tile fragment Test Pit 2-11 A6, S4, TP-2 EdBt-3: 3436 Basque tile fragment Test Pit 2-12 A6, S4, TP-2 EdBt-3: 3437 Basque tile fragment Test Pit 2-13 A6, S4, TP-2 EdBt-3: 3438 nail Test Pit 2-14 A6, S4, TP-2 EdBt-3: 3439 tile fragment Test Pit 2-15 A6, S4, TP-2 EdBt-3: 3440 tile fragment Test Pit 2-16 A6, S4, TP-2 EdBt-3: 3441 clay pipe stem encrusted with tile or rust Picture available Test Pit 2-17 A6, S4, TP-2 EdBt-3: 3442 heavy lead rectangular piece with riveted iron blades inset into its end and one side probably used as a knife handle Picture available Test Pit 2-18 A6, S4, TP-2 EdBt-3: 3443 nail Test Pit 2-19 A6, S4, TP-2 EdBt-3: 3444 nail Test Pit 2-20 A6, S4, TP-2 EdBt-3: 3445 nail Test Pit 2-21 A6, S4, TP-2 EdBt-3: 3446 nail Test Pit 2-22 A6, S4, TP-2 EdBt-3: 3447 two pieces of green bottle glass sherds in charcoal layer Test Pit 2-23 A6, S4, TP-2 EdBt-3: 3448 nails Test Pit 2-24 A6, S4, TP-2 EdBt-3: 3449 thick piece of green bottle glass Test Pit 2-25 A6, S4, TP-2 EdBt-3: 3450 lead musket ball Picture available Test Pit 2-26 A6, S4, TP-2 EdBt-3: 3451 nail Test Pit 2-27 A6, S4, TP-2 EdBt-3: 3452 nail Test Pit 2-28 A6, S4, TP-2 EdBt-3: 3453 iron axe head with wood handle preserved Picture available restoration Test Pit 2-29 A6, S4, TP-2 EdBt-3: 3454 brown EW Test Pit 2-30 A6, S4, TP-2 EdBt-3: 3455 tile fragment Test Pit 2-31 A6, S4, TP-2 EdBt-3: 3456 tile fragment Test Pit 2-32 A6, S4, TP-2 EdBt-3: 3457 tile fragment Test Pit 2-33 A6, S4, TP-2 EdBt-3: 3458 roll of sheet lead (fishing sinker?) Picture available Test Pit 2-34 A6, S4, TP-2 EdBt-3: 3459 lead musket ball Picture available Test Pit 2-35 A6, S4, TP-2 EdBt-3: 3460 nail Test Pit 2-36 A6, S4, TP-2 EdBt-3: 3461 tile fragment Test Pit 2-37 A6, S4, TP-2 EdBt-3: 3462 tile fragment Site Name: Petit Mécatina 3 / Hare Harbor 1 Borden Code No.: EdBt-3 Date of Collection: 2009-08 Date of Inventory: 2009-02 LNS 2009 ARTIFACT CATALOG 14 Artifact no. Feature/ Provenance Classification Number Object Name Remarks Specific treatment and analysis Test Pit 2-38 A6, S4, TP-2 EdBt-3: 3463 molded lead jigger with end groove and iron hook remnant in core. Picture available Test Pit 2-39 A6, S4, TP-2 white majolica sherd fragment (not located) Test Pit 2-40 A6, S4, TP-2 EdBt-3: 3465 nail Test Pit 2-41 A6, S4, TP-2 EdBt-3: 3466 nail Test Pit 2-42 A6, S4, TP-2 EdBt-3: 3467 nail fragments Test Pit 2-43 A6, S4, TP-2 EdBt-3: 3468 nail Test Pit 2-44 A6, S4, TP-2 EdBt-3: 3469 tile fragment Test Pit 2-45 A6, S4, TP-2 EdBt-3: 3470 tile fragment Test Pit 2-46 A6, S4, TP-2 EdBt-3: 3471 four pieces of iron nails Test Pit 2-47 A6, S4, TP-2 EdBt-3: 3472 clay pipe stem 2cm long Picture available Test Pit 2-48 A6, S4, TP-2 EdBt-3: 3473 tile fragment Test Pit 2-49 A6, S4, TP-2 EdBt-3: 3474 molded and grooved lead jigger weight Picture available Test Pit 2-50 A6, S4, TP-2 EdBt-3: 3475 mussel shell Picture available Test Pit 2-51 A6, S4, TP-2 EdBt-3: 3476 clay pipe stem Picture available Test Pit 2-52 A6, S4, TP-2 EdBt-3: 3477 iron nail pieces Test Pit 2-53 A6, S4, TP-2 EdBt-3: 3478 pieces of brown-grey Normandy stoneware fit to form the bottom of a pot Test Pit 2-54 A6, S4, TP-2 EdBt-3: 3479 pieces of brown-grey Normandy stoneware fit to form the bottom of a pot Test Pit 2-55 A6, S4, TP-2 large pile of nails ca. 20cm in diameter encrusted together (not collected left for full house excavation in 2010) Test Pit 2-56 A6, S4, TP-2 EdBt-3: 3481 nails Test Pit 2-57 A6, S4, TP-2 EdBt-3: 3482 nails Test Pit 2-58 A6, S4, TP-2 EdBt-3: 3483 nail Test Pit 2-59 A6, S4, TP-2 EdBt-3: 3484 nail Test Pit 2-60 A6, S4, TP-2 EdBt-3: 3485 stoneware fragment Test Pit 2-61 A6, S4, TP-2 EdBt-3: 3486 aquamarine bottle glass fragment Test Pit 2-62 A6, S4, TP-2 EdBt-3: 3487 plain EW vessel rim fragment Test Pit 2-63 A6, S4, TP-2 EdBt-3: 3488 nail fragments Test Pit 3-1 A6, S5, TP-3 EdBt-3: 3489 fragment of thin glass from drinking vessel Test Pit 3-2 A6, S5, TP-3 EdBt-3: 3490 nail Test Pit 3-3 A6, S5, TP-3 EdBt-3: 3491 nail pieces Test Pit 3-4 A6, S5, TP-3 EdBt-3: 3492 nail pieces Test Pit 3-5 A6, S5, TP-3 EdBt-3: 3493 iron nail Test Pit 3-6 A6, S5, TP-3 EdBt-3: 3494 beige pottery sherds Area 6, Structure 5, Test Pit 3 (A6, S5, TP-3) Site Name: Petit Mécatina 3 / Hare Harbor 1 Borden Code No.: EdBt-3 Date of Collection: 2009-08 Date of Inventory: 2009-02 LNS 2009 ARTIFACT CATALOG 15 Artifact no. Feature/ Provenance Classification Number Object Name Remarks Specific treatment and analysis Test Pit 3-7 A6, S5, TP-3 EdBt-3: 3495 iron nail Test Pit 3-8 A6, S5, TP-3 EdBt-3: 3496 iron nail Test Pit 4-1 A6, TP-4 EdBt-3: 3497 large iron nail Test Pit 4-2 A6, TP-4 EdBt-3: 3498 thin green glass drinking vessel fragment (similar to others in S-l) Test Pit 4-3 A6, TP-4 EdBt-3: 3499 oval-shaped blue glass bead fragment Test Pit 4-4 A6, TP-4 EdBt-3: 3500 large square 'bead' 1 made of roof tile Picture available Added A-1 EdBt-3: 3501 charcoal sample Added A-2 EdBt-3: 3502 charcoal sample Added A-3 EdBt-3: 3503 charcoal sample Added A-4 EdBt-3: 3504 charcoal sample Added A-5 EdBt-3: 3505 charcoal sample Added A-6 2S-8E-42b EdBt-3: 3506 42b. Clenched nail Picture available Added A-7 EdBt-3: 3507 charcoal sample Added A-8 EdBt-3: 3508 Tan paste EW sherd to assemble Added A-9 (from 2N 8E) EdBt-3: 3509 Bag of EW fragments (some are green glazed) Added A-10 (from 2S 10 E) EdBt-3: 3510 Limestone. Rock with many holes. Seems like sponge Ballast rock Picture available Added: A-11 EdBt-3: 3511 Mica sheet sample Picture available Added:A-12 EdBt-3: 3512 Baleen sample Added: A-13 EdBt-3: 3513 Box containing 9 bags of unnumbered fragments of EW Added: A-14 EdBt-3: 3514 bag of eroded fragments of EW Added: A-15 EdBt-3: 3515 bag of eroded fragments of EW Miscellaneous Additions Area 6, Charcoal Pit, Test Pit 4 (A6, TP-4)