NORTH AMERICAN SAWFLIES OF THE SUBFAMILYCLADIINAE.^
By S. A. RoHWER,Honorary Custodian of Hi/menoptera, United States National Museum.WITHNOTES ON HABITS AND DESCRIPTIONS OF LARVAE.By Wtlliam Middleton,Of the Bureau of Entomology, United States Department of Agriculture.
INTRODUCTION.The adult sawflies of the subfamily Cladiinae are, with one or twostriking exceptions, rather small, black, and inconspicuous insectswhich attract the attention of few people other than the specialist.The larva of most of the species are also rare and seldom seen.Two of our American species, are, however, conspicuous; one {Trich-wcampiis viminalis) because of the coloring of the adult and feedinghabit of the larva, the other {Cladius isomerus) because the larva isthe commonest defoliator of roses in the eastern states. The follow-ing paper, which is a contribution from the Branch of Forest In-sects, Bureau of Entomologj^, contains a revision of the adults anddescriptive notes for the known larvae as well as some observationson the habits of certain species. The work on the adults has beendone by Mr. Rohwer and the new species should be accredited to him,while the work on the larvae was done by Mr. Middleton. The bio-logical work and rearing was done at the Eastern Field Station ofthe Bureau of Entomology (Forest Insects), located at East FallsChurch, Virginia.
^ Since this paper was submitted MacGillivray has published descriptions of seven newspecies of North American sawflies of this group. See " New Species of Cladiinae
?
Hymenoptera," Ent. News, vol. 32, no. 2, 1921, p. 48-50. I have studied these descrip-tions but have been unable to satisfy myself that any of the forms characterized are thesame as the new species described in the present paper. Because of the different inter-pretations of generic limits it is also impossible to be certain that the generic assignmentof Dr. ]\IacGillivray is the same as that here used, and judgin-? from the descriptions aloneit would seem that certain species placed in Trichiocampus would, according to the char-acters, ^ere used, be placed in Priophorus. (See p. 4.) S. A. Rohwek.No. 2396.?Proceedings U. S. National P/sUseum, Vol. 60. Art. I.
2 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL, MUSEUM. vol. GO.The illustrations for the adults were prepared by Miss EleanorArmstrong from sketches made by Mr. Rohwer, by use of a Leitzprojection apparatus. The illustrations for the larvae were madeby Mr. Middleton. EXPLANATORY.In this paper the external genitalia of the female is considered asbeing composed of three primary parts. The outer part is calledthe sheath. The inner parts, or that which has heretofore usuallybeen loosely called the saw, are grouped together under the nameovipositor and the upper (fused dorsally) pair of pieces is termedthe lance and the lower pair the lancets. In preparing the ovi-pository for mounting, the lancets are removed, separated from eachother and from the lance and are mounted as separate parts, whilethe two parts of the lance are mounted as one.The terminology used for the larva is that adopted in two recentpapers^ by the junior author.Subfamily Cladiinae.Gladiinae Ashmead, Can. Ent., voL 30, 1898, p. 282 (part).Cladiinae MacGillitoay, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. 29, 1900, p. 635 (part) ;Bull. 22, Conn. Geol. and Nat. Hist. Survey, 1916 (1917), p. 108 (part).Cladiinae Rohweb, Proc. Ent. See. Wash., vol. 13, 1911, p. 224.As here treated the subfamily Cladiinae deals only with the genusGladius as treated by Hartig, Thomson and Cameron, and comprisesthese species belonging to the subfamily Nematinae as defined byKonow,^ in which the basal vein joins the subcosta close to the originof the cubitus. Both Ashmead and MacGillivray in recognizingtheir subfamily Cladiinae placed more stress on the character of theanal cell and therefore included the genera Platycam'pus and Ano-plonyx. According to the senior author's opinion the anal cell, al-though very useful in classification, is a character so subject tomodifications due to the use of the wing, that it does not necessarilyshow subfamily relationships. He therefore prefers to use the posi-tion of the basal vein as compared to the origin of the cubitus.From the standpoint of the larvae the definition of the subfamily ashere used is much more satisfactory than when the genera Platy-campus and Anoplonyx are included, because the larvae of speciesthat belong to these genera and which we have been able to study,have characters which place them in the subfamily Nematinae ratherthan the subfamily Cladiinae.
2 Middleton, William.?Suggested Homologies between Larvae and Adults in Sawflies,Proc. Ent. See. Wash., vol. 23. no. 8, 1921, p. 173.Middleton, William.?LeConte's Sawfly, an enemy to young pines, Journ. Agi-ic. Re-search. U. S. Dept. Agr., vol. 20, no. 10, 1921, pp. 741-760, pis. 88-92."Gen. Ins.. fasc. 29, 1905, ij. 45.
ART. 1. NORTH AMERICAN" SAWFLIES ROHWER. 3The three genera grouped together in this subfamily althoughclosely allied to the Nematinae have certain characters which sug-gest a relationship to the genus Monoctenus. In venation, especiallyin the position of the basal vein, they are very like Monoctenus,The ovipositor of species of the genera Cladius and Priophorus isvery similar to the ovipositor of species of the genus Menoctenus,while on the other hand the ovipositor of the species of the genusTrichiocarnpus is very similar to that of certain genera and speciesin the subfamily Nematinae. In the structure of the thorax, theadults are more closely allied to the Nematinae than to the genusMenoctenus. In the larva, affinity to the Nematinae is perhaps evenmore striking than in the adult, and there is no more to suggest rela-tionship with Monoctenus in the Cladiinae than there is in theNematinae.The genus Trichiocampus as here defined is more different fromboth Cladius and Priophorus than these two are from each otherand we believe that it will later be found advisable to express thisby the use of subgenera. Such an arrangement would reduce Prio-phorus to a subgenus of Cladius.Subfamily Characters^ Adults.?Small or medium sized, usuallyblack sawflies of a Nematine habitus ; prepectus present although insome of the black species the prepectal furrow is indistinct ; proepis-ternum short, not meeting ventrally ; malar space present, inner mar-gin of the eyes nearly parallel; clypeus somewhat emarginate;antennae nine-jointed; the flagellum variable; interradius wanting;three closed cubital cells (often the first intercubitus is obsolescent) ;basal vein joining the subcosta close to the origin of the cubitus;nervulus at or somewhat beyond the middle of the first discoidal cell
;
basal vein and first recurrent strongly divergent ; second recurrent re-ceived by the third cubital cell; anal cell broadly contracted; dis-coidellan cell present, usually extending beyond the first cubitalellancell; anellan cell longly petiolate; tarsal claws cleft with the innertooth shorter.Larvae.?All larvae studied have the following characters in com-mon, and it is fair to assume that the characters given below are ofsubfamily value.Antennae 4-jointed (chitinized, disk type, with central cone sur-rounded by flattened oval disks, outer disk may be broken into twofloating or disconnected parts) (fig. 53) ; lacinial armature with apair of blades or setae near galea and distinctly separate from themain series of blades or setae*; maxially palpi 5-jointed; labial palpi
* This character is found, so far as known, in only one Nematinae larva (Pteronideaamelanchieridis Rohwer), which clings to the surface of the leaf of Amelanchier cana-densis, upon which it feeds, and which resembles to a considerable degree Cladiinae larvse,although it is deToid of long, prominent hairs.
4 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL, MUSEUM. vol. 60.3-jointed (fig. 54) ; thoracic segments structurally much as Nema-tinae; legs 4-jointed (fig. 52) ; abdominal segments (uropods normalon urites 2-7, inclusive, and postpedes on urite 10 as in Nematinae)4 annulate, A, B, C, and D (figs. 57-61), A, B, and C are large, promi-nent, distinct, and ornamented with spines or hairs, A to a somewhatlesser degree, while D is membraneous, inconspicuous, narrow, notprominent, unornamented, and often infolded or depressed to apparentabsence; spiracle in alar region below B; spiracular area not largeand distinct; alar area, below C in alar region, consisting of a pairof large dorsad-ventrad elongated folds, the anterior fold more dis-tinct.Distributicrn.?This subfamily is represented in both divisions ofthe Holarctic Region, but most of the species occurring in the NearcticRegion are confined to the eastern part of the continent. The best-known species of the subfamily, the bristly rose slug, Gladiusisomerus Norton, which is very abundant and injurious in the easternpart of the Nearctic Region, and has heretofore been confused with aEuropean species.Generic Characters.?Heretofore with the exception of the synopsisgiven by MacGillivray ^ the genera assigned to this group have beenseparated by the modification of the flagellum, especially that of themale. MacGillivray in his recently published synopsis introduces thecharacter of the relative length of the anterior basitarsis and separatesthe genus Priophor-us from the other two genera by the absence of anappendage to the radiellan cell. Although this last-mentioned char-acter applies for certain few species of the genus Priophorus some ofthe species described in this paper and assigned to Priophorus (andwhich agree with the definition here used) have a distinct appendageto the radiellan cell. The relative length and distinctness of this ap-pendage is subject to individual variation and is sometimes differentin the two wings of the same specimens. Because of this variabilitythis character can not safely be used in separating genera and evenfor species it should be used with great care.The secondary sexual characters, as found in the antennae andheretofore used as generic, cannot be considered of such value, sincethey group together species which on biology, larvae, and habitus arenot closely allied. Ti'ichiocampus iiY-egularis (Dyar) has the an-tennae in both sexes simple, and if those antennal characters areused it would be placed in the genus Priophorus., but the larvae, lar-val-habits, ovipositor, and leg characters show that it belongs toTricliiocampus., where in the female it is so closely allied to grega-rius (Dyar) as to offer difficulty in separating it, without examina-tion of the ovipositor. Priophorus uhni (Linnaeus) has thereforebeen placed in the genus Trichiocampus because of the character of
?Bull. 22, Conn. Geol. and Nat Hist. Surv., 1916 (1917), p. 108.
ABT. 1. NOETH AMERICAN SAWFLIES?ROHWER. 5the male antennae, but an examination of the description of thelarva, the female ovipositor, and habits as given by von Vollen-hoven,* shows that in those characters it agrees with Priophorus andnot with the species here assigned to THchiocam'pus. Adults re-ceived from Enslin also show the leg and head characters of Prio-phorus. To use the character of the antenna as of generic valuemakes it impossible to find characters in the larvae or biology whichcan be used to separate species of Cladiinae into generic units. Weare, therefore, of the opinion that the larvae, biology, character ofthe ovipositor and legs offer a satisfactory and natural means ofgrouping these insects and have employed them in the followingsynopsis
:
EKY TO THE GENERA BASED ON ADULTS.
1. Anterior basitarsus distinctly sliorter than tlie three following joints whichare sharply separated from each other; supraclypeal area triangular inoutline, gently convex ; lower margin of tlie lancets nearly straight andwith 12 or more regular teeth ; the posterior margin of the lancet plates atmost feebly armed Trichlocampus Hartig.Anterior basitarsus subequal with or longer than the three following jointswhich are not sharply differentiated ; suproclypeal area rectangular in out-line, strongly convex, almost keel-like ; lower margin of lancets stronglycurved and with eight large teeth ; posterior margin of lancet platesstrongly armed 22. Female antennae short, the tliird joint constricted medianly so it is stronglyconcave beneath ; dorsal side of antennal joints 3 to 6 in male armed withrami apically, the third joint with a projection at base beneath.Cladius Rossi.Antennae of male and female normal, or occasionally the third joint in themale has a projection at the base beneath Triophorus Dahlbom.KEY TO THE GENERA BASED ON LARVAE.The following synopsis gives the most reliable and useable generic charac-ters we have found on the larvae studied. While we have not been able to ex-amine larvae of all of the species, it seems probable that we have had sufficientmaterial to express confidence in the characters here used.1. Gregarious feeders ; body black spotted, sometimes subdorsally, always supra-alar and epipleural regions; head mostly black (at least frons and entiredorsum from eye to eye) ; figures 57-59 and 71 Trichlocampus Hartig.Solitary feeders; body not spotted; head mostly pale (eye spots and some-times vertex black) 22. Vertex and eye spots black ; body usually grayish dorsally, especially inthorax from annulet A mesothorax to and including annulet C metathoraxand abdominally on the eighth and ninth segments ; figures 61 and 73.Priophorus Dahlbom,Head pale excepting black eye spots, body entirely pale ; figures 60 and 62.Cladius Rossi
?Tijdschr. v. Ent., vol. 4, 1860, pp. 84-87.
6 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. vol.60.Genus TRICHIOCAMPUS Hartig.Trichiocampus Haktig, Fam, Blatt-und Holzwespen, 1837, p. 176. Geno-type.? {Nematus grandis Lepeletier) = (Ten^/j redo) Trichiocampus vi-minalis (Fallen).The genus Trichiocam/pus was first recognized by Hartig, whotreated it as a subgenus of Cladvus^ and separated it from the othergroups of this genus Claudius by characters found in the antennae.Westwood, in 1840/ was the first writer to treat this group as ofgeneric value, but he as well as his predecessors and successors de-fined it in much the same way as it was originally defined by Hartig.As here defined the group is more different from the other twogenera of the Cladiinae than these genera are from each other. Thecharacters of the larvae and their gregarious habit together with thecharacters of the ovipositor and legs show that this group is a naturalone and indicates that these characters are better than those previ-ously used.Generic Chardcters^ Adults.?Clypeus emarginate; supraclypealarea gently convex, triangular in outline; lateral supraclypeal areaflat ; antennal foveae small for subfamilj'^ ; inner margins of the eyesparallel; anterior basitarsus distinctly shorter than the three follow-ing joints (fig. 2); radiellan cell with a distinct appendage; cercishort, stout; lower margin of lancets with twelve or more regularteeth; the posterior margin of the plates of lancets not or only feeblyarmed; female antenna long, slender, the third joint simple in specieshere treated; male antenna long slender, the third joint simple orstrongly produced at base beneath.Larvae.?Characters common to the larvae studied. Head mostlyblack (at least frons and entire dorsum from eye to eye) ; frons withmargin spined, median area bare; body always with black spotsin supraalar and epipleural regions and sometimes spotted subdor-sally. Supraalar spots extending from anterior annulet B back toabout middle annulet C ; epipleural spots on the posterior portion ofthe epipleural fold (figs. 49, 57-59). Uropods normal, on urites 2-7,u rites 8 and 9 bare and urite 10 with postpedes.Adult Specific Characters.?The color, the character of the oviposi-tor and the modification of the third antennal joint, in the male, offerthe most valuable specific characters in this genus. The shape of thesheath and the emargination of the clypeus are also useful but moredifficult to use. KEY TO THE ADULTS.1. Females 2Males 42. Abdomen and mesepistemm reddish-yellow; clypeus deeply emarginate.viminalis (Fallen).Body entirely black ; clypeus more shallowly emarginate 3
^Introduction to the Modern Classification of Insects, Synopsis, p. 54.
ART. 1. NORTH AMERICAlvr SAWFLIP^S ROHWER. 7'
3. Apex of the first and all of the following joints of the hind tarsi black
;
clypeus with a shallow V-shaped emargination ; sheath obtusely pointedapically from a broad base irregularis (Dyar).Only the apical joint of the hind tarsi black (apices of some of the jointsmay be slightly brownish) ; clypeus with a shallow arcuate emargination;sheath obliquely truncate from a broad oblique base gregarius (Dyar).4. Third antennal joint not produced at base beneath and not wider at the basethan the pedicellum ; body black 5Third antennal joint strongly produced at base beneath so it is wider thanthe pedicellum 65. Anterior margin of clypeus with a deep V-shaped emargination ; apex of hindtibia and most of hind tarsus black irregularis (Dyar).Anterior margin of clypeus with a rather deep U-shaped emargination ; hindtibia and first four tarsal joints pale simplicicornis (Norton).6. Abdomen and mesepisterum reddish yellow viminalis (Fallen).Body entirely black gregarius (Dyar).KEY TO THE LARVAE.1. Larvae with subdorsal, as well as supraalar and epipleural rows of blackbody spots gregarius (Dyar).Larvae without subdorsal, but with supraalar and epipleural rows ofblack body spots 22. Spiracular area not darkened viminalis (Fallen).Spiracular area partially blackened by spot confluent with epipleural blackspot irregularis (Dyar).TRICHIOCAMPUS VIMINALIS (Fallen).Figures 5, 9, 10, 23, 24, 36, 42, 57, 71.Tenthredo viminalis Fallen, Svensk. Vet. Akad. Handl., vol. 29, 1808, p. 177,n. 59.Aulacomerus lutescens Lintner, 4th Rept. Ins. N. Y., 1888, p. 44, fig. 20,21, 22.Trichiocajiipus viminalis Fallen, Dyar, 1895, Can. Ent., vol. 27, p. 340.
?
CosENs, Rept. Ent. Soc. Ont. 1915 (1916), p. 15.?Caesab, Rept. Ent. Soc.Ont. 1915 (1916), p. 33.?MacGili.tvkay, Bui. 22, Conn. Geol. Nat. Hist.Survey, 1916 (1917), p. 110.The location of the type of this species is unknown to us. Ameri-can specimens have been carefully compared with European speci-mens identified by Konow and there seems to be no reason to doubtthat this is the European species and that it was introduced before1888, when first seen by Lintner. It is our most easily distinguishedspecies in the Cladiinae, as it is the only one in North America inwhich the abdomen and mesepisternum is pale.Female.?Length 8-9.5 mm. ; length of the antenna about 5 mm.Clypeus shining with sparse, setigerous punctures, basally gentlyconvex, the apical margin with a deep arcuate emargination whichin outline is approximately the same as the outline for one of thelobes; supraclypeal foveae deep, punctiform; lateral spyraclypealarea broad, gradually sloping to the antennal foveae ; ocellar basindefined with rounded walls, pentagonal in outline; middle fovea
8 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAl, MUSEUM. vol.60.
elongate, confluent with the ocellar basin; antennal furrows nearly-complete, only slightly interrupted opposite the lateral ocelli ; posto-cellar line distinctly longer than the ocellocular line ; ocellocular linesubequal with the ocelloccipital line; postocellar furrow present,straight, not broken by the faint furrow that runs to the anteriorocellus; postocellar area sharply defined laterally, convex, withoutpunctiform foveae; frontal crest broken medianly; antennae andwings as illustrated in the accompanying figures 5, 10, 23; sheathbroad, straight above, oblique to a sharp apex ; saw as illustrated inthe accompanying figures 36 and 42. Eeddish yellow; head, scape,pedicellum, mesosternum, proepisternum, pronotum medianly, mesoand meta notum and apex of sheath, black ; wings yellowish hyaline,strongly iridescent ; venation reddish yellow.Male.?Length 6.5-7 mm. Clypeus more densely punctured thanin the female, strongly convex basally, deeply, arcuately emarginateanteriorly, the emargination in outline is approximately the same asthe outline of the lobes; supraclj^peal foveae deep, punctiform, therest of the head agreeing well with the female except that the middlefovea is smaller, and more sharply defined and is in a broad depressedarea; antenna as in figures 9 and 24; hypopygidium nearly truncate.Color as in female.Described from specimens from Canada and New York.Oviposition.?Eggs are deposited in cuts in the petiole of the leaves.Lintner has counted twenty-eight to thirty scars in one petiole.Larva.?Length of full fed larva 16 mm. Head blackish andbrownish excepting clypeus, antennae, and ventral mouthparts whichare yellowish (figs. 49, 53, 54). Body yellow, large black spots insupraalar and smaller ones epipleurally (figs. 71 and 57). Annu-let A pale, without prominent areas and with pairs of small hairs,usually two, situated subdorsally and in supraalar region. AnnuletsB and C larger than A and D and with more spines, spines groupedsomewhat upon slightly prominent areas which arrange themselvesin a transverse row across the tergum. Annulet D is quite small,indistinct, pale, and without spines. Epiproct with a single trans-verse black splotch.Cocoon.?Length 14 mm., width 7 mm. Dark brown and translu-cent, papery, somewhat shining, outline irregular.Host.?American Records :?Carolina Poplar and Poj)ulus monUi-fera. European Records :
?
Populus pyramidalis (according to Ratze-burg) ; Populus monilifera (according to Bouche) ; Populus albaand Populus dilatata (according to Ondemann) ; Salix caprea (ac-cording to Enslin).Seasonal History.?Gregarious feeders, eating the entire leaf, ex-clusive of the midrib and larger veins. This species has apparentlytwo generations, the first appearing in June and the second in Au-
AKT. 1. NORTH AMERICAN SAWFLIES ROHWER. 9gust. The latter generation overwintering in cocoons, the adultsemerging in May of the next year.Distrihufion.?This species is generally distributed over Northernand Central Europe. In America it was first discovered by Lintnerat Albany, New York, where he found it defoliating Populus moni-lifera^ and described it under the name Aulacomerus lutescens. Inthe summer of 1915 it was abundant enough on the shade trees atToronto, Ontario, to attract the attention of park supervisors, andspecimens were sent both to Doctor Cosens and Mr. Caesar. Thesame season it was abundant on poplars in Brooklyn, New York,and the Bureau of Entomology received a number of inquiries fromthis place. A' female, reared July 28, 1915, from larvae collectedJune 30, 1915, on poplar at New Haven, Connecticut, has also beenexamined. TRICHIOCAMPUS IRREGULARIS (Dyar).Figures 13, 14, 26, 27, 38, 4-1, 59.
"N" Dyar, Can. Ent., vol. 27, 1896, p. 340.Prioplionis irreffularis Dyar, Journ. N. Y. Eut. Soc, vol. 8, 1900, p. 28.Trichiocampiis irregularis Dyar, MacGillivray, Bull. 22, Conn. Geol. Nat.Hist. Surv., 1916 (1917), p. 110.Type.?Cat No. 21581 U-S-N-M.Female.?Length 6 mm.; length of antenna 3.5 mm. Clypeuswith rather close setigerous punctures, strongly convex in the basalmiddle, the apical margin with a broad, shallow, V-shaped emargina-tion; supraclypeal foveae large, circular in outline; lateral supra-clypeal area flat; ocellar basin faintly indicated ventrally and almosttriangular in outline; dorsally the ocellar basin is more sharplydefined and projects to the postocellar furrow ; frontal crest promi-nent medianly and broken by the elongate middle fovea; antennalfurrows wanting below lateral ocelli; postocellar furrow distinct,straight ; postocellar line distinctly longer than the ocellocular line
;
ocellocular line slightly longer than the ocelloccipital line; posto-cellar area sharply defined laterally, strongly convex, without foveae;antennae as in figures 13 and 26; wings normal, stigma graduallytapering from the basal third; first intercubitus obsolescent; sec-ond cubital cell distinctly longer than the third; second recurrentreceived the length of the second intercubitus from the base of thesecond cubital; sheath straight above, obtusely pointed apically,tapering from a broad base; ovipositor as in figures 38 and 44;lancet with three broad, not emarginate, teeth at apex, then elevenprominent teeth which are pointed slightly backwards, the last twoteeth are slightly larger but are not emarginate; posterior marginof transverse plates seven to ten finely serrate. Black; tibiae and the
10 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. vol.60.base of the first tarsal joint white; Avings fuliginous, subhyaline be-yond the apex of the stigma ; venation dark brown.Male.?Length 4 mm. The description of the female applieswell to the male. The hypopygidium broadly rounded apically;color same as in the female, except the antenna are pale brown be-neath ; antennae as in figures 14 and 27.The above description of the female is made from specimens fromEast Eiver, Connecticut. The male is redescribed from the uniquetype and specimens from East River, Connecticut.Oviposition.?The eggs are deposited in a double row along thestem of a twig of the host. (Observation of Chas. R. Ely.)Larva.?Length of full fed larva 13 mm. Head black exceptingpale clypeus. Body (fig. 59) pale yellowish with large black spotsin supraalar region and with black spots epipleurally which encroach,or are confluent with a spot, upon the spiracular area; spined asTrichiocani'pus gregarius and otherwise the same as that speciesexcepting epiproct which has large, undivided, black splotch.Cocoon.?The cocoon is translucent, pale brownish, thin walledcell, 9 mm. long by 3.5 mm. broad, irregularly oval, spun in rearingon dirt or leaves at bottom or sides of cage.Host.?Salix, one, or more than one species.Seasonal History.?Gregarious feeders. Larvae collected in lateAugust or early September become prepupa and spin cocoons emerg-ing as adults the following May and June, although occasionally afew come out in late September of the same year, in which theycocoon. Larvae collected in early July emerge as adults early thefollowing September.Distribution.?Wood's Hole, Massachusetts and Weirs, New Hamp-shire (Dyar) ; Maine, August 9, 1907; East River, Connecticut (Ely).The type of adult came from Weirs, New Hampshire, and isDyar's No. 9 F; the record from Wood's Hole is based on a larvawhich is under Dyar's No. N.TRICHIOCAMPUS SIMPLICICORNIS (Norton).Cladius simplicicornis Norton, Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc, vol. 2, 1869, p. 367.Priophorus simplicicornis (Norton) Kirby, List Hymen. Brit. Mus., vol. 1,1882, p. 101.?MAcGiLLn-RAY, Bull. 22, Conn. Geol. Nat. Hist. Surv., 1916(1917), p. 109.Type.?Cut. No. 10302, Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia.This species is known only from the single type male, and is closelyallied to in^egularis (Dyar) but may be distinguished by the char-acters given in the above key.ii/aZe.?Length, 4.5 mm.; length of antenna, 3 mm. Anteriormargin of the clypeus with a rather deep U-shaped emargination,the lobes narrow and acute ; middle fovea rather large, shallow, oval
AKT. 1. NORTH AMERICAlSr SAWFLIES KOHWER. 11in outline, and with a tubercule in center; ocellar basin very poorlydefined, especially above, hexagonal in outline; postocellar line sub-equal with the ocellocular line; postocellar area defined laterally bya shallow fovea, very slightly convex, with a median impressed line;antenna strongly tapering, the third joint simple and about one-fourth shorter than the fourth; stigma rather large, obliquely trun-cate apically, broader near base; first intercubitus wanting; secondand third intercubiti subequal in length ; second recurrent the lengthof an intercubitus beyond the second; radiellan cell completelyclosed, without a distinct appendage; hypopygidium rather acutelypointed. Black; knees, tibiae and tarsi yellowish, apical joint oftarsi brownish; wings smoky brown, to the end of stigma, then sub-hyaline; venation dark brown.Redescribd from holotype.Distribution.?Norway, Maine.TRICHIOCAMPUS GREGARIUS (Dyar).Figures 2, 11, 13, 25, 37, 43, 58.Trichiocampus gregarius Dyae, Can. Ent., vol. 27, 1895, p. 191.
?
MacGil-Li\'BAY, Bull. 22, Conn. Geol. and Nat. Hist. Surv., 1916 (1917), p. 110.Type.?Cat. No. 3481, U.S.N.M.Female.?Length 6.5 mm. ; length of antenna 4 mm. Cly]3eus shin-ing with sparse, setigerous punctures, convex along the median axis,the apical margin broadly arcuately emarginate, the lobes obtuse;supraclypeal fovea punctiform; lateral supraclypeal area flat; ocellarbasin practically obsolete, not extending above the anterior ocellus;frontal crest rather prominent medianly, hardly broken; middlefovea shallow, broad; postocellar line distinctly longer than theocellocular line; ocellocular line longer than the ocelloccipital line;antennal furrows obsolete; postocellar furrow distinct, straight;postocellar area sharply defined laterally, convex and withoutfovea (in some specimens there is an indication of a slightmedian furrow ) ; antennae as in figures 13 and 25 ; stigmashort, two and one-third times as long as greatest width,which is at about the middle, from which it tapers sharplyto the apex; first intercubitus obsolescent; second cubital cell dis-tinctly longer than the third; second recurrent received at a dis-tance somewhat greater than the length of the second intercubitusfrom the base of the second cubital; sheath straight above with ashort oblique truncation apically and gradually tapering to a broadbase; ovipositor as in figures 37 and 43; lancets with three broadteeth at the apex which are slightly emarginate at the middle, thenten regular teeth which are pointed backwards, then two teeth whichare pointed backwards and emarginate beneath; the posterior mar-gin of none of the transverse plates armed. Black; tibiae and tarsi
12 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. vol.60.
white; the apical joint of the tarsi in some specimens is brownish;wings fuliginous, subhyaline beyond the stigma; venation darkbrown.Male.?Length 5 mm. The above description of the female applieswell to the male. Hypopygidium broadly rounded apically, brown-ish beneath; antennae as in figure 11.Redescribed from Dyar's type and other specimens from the loca-tions lirted below,Oviposition.?The eggs are laid in two parallel rows of slits oneon each side of the petiole. They are 1.5 mm. long and placeddirectly opposite each other in these rows but each egg has its indi-vidual incision. The incision in deeper and the pocket fuller towardsthe base of the petiole and the opening only extends over the apicaltwo-thirds of the pocket.Larva.?Length of full fed larva 13 mm. Head above, from eyeto eye, frons and apices of mandibles blackish; epicranium aboutfrons, below antennae, epistoma, labrum, mandibles excepting apices,and ventral mouth parts, yellowish to pale brown. Body (fig. 58)pale yellow, with subdorsal, supraalar and faint epipleural blackspots. Annulet A pale excepting faint subdorsal spots, withoutprominent areas and with only a pair of small subdorsal spines, an-nulets B and C large and thickly spined, the spines grouped uponslightly prominent areas arranged in a transverse row across thedorsum; annulet D bare, narrow, indistinct, pale, without spots orhairs. Epiproct with a pair of subdorsal blackish spots.Cocoon.?The cocoon is translucent, pale brown, thin walled cell,length 10 mm., width 4 mm. : irregularly oval. Spun in rearing ondirt or leaves at bottom or sides of cage.Pupa.?Pale, 8.5 mm. long.Host.?Populus neltoides (according to material from Chas. R.Ely) and Populus tremuloides (according to Dyar).Seasonal history.?Gregarious larvae feeding on more or less ofthe leaf tissue depending on the size of larva, the younger larvae skele-tonizing while the larger leave only the principal veins. The numberof generations a year has not as yet been determined; prepupae andlarvae about fullgrown on July 19 became adults between August2 and 7.Distribution.?KeenQ Valley, New York (Dyar) ; East River.Connecticut (Ely); Northeast, Pennsylvania (Cushman).Genus CLADIUS Rossi.Cladius Rossi, Fauna EtrUh-oa. ed. 2, vol. 2, 1807, p. 27. Genotype.?Ten-thredo difformis Panzer.On account of its peculiar antenna in the male and because it isrepresented by such common garden insects the genus Cladius has
Abt. 1. NOETH AMERICAN SAWFLIES ROHWER. 13long been correctly recognized and is one of the few well-lniowngenera of the Tenthredinidae which does not have a synonym. Inthe larva and in the adult the genus Cladius is closely allied toPHophorus.The genus is distributed throughout the Palearctic Eegion. Onespecies has been described from the northern Oriental Region andthere is one species in the Nearctic Region. The fossil Cladius re-cently described by Professor Cockerell should probably be referredto Priophorus (p. 36). From our present knowledge it is fair toassume that the genus Cladius originated in and is naturally confinedto the Palearctic Region. The North American species will prob-ably be found to be an European form and the species from northernIndia be found to occur onl}^ in that portion which is Palearctic.Generic Characters^ Adults.?Clypeus arcuately emarginate; an-tennal foveae deep, large, extending almost to the eyes; supraclypealarea strongly convex, rectangular in outline; inner margin of theeyes slightly converging below ; anterior basitarsus subequal or longerthan the three following joints (fig. 3) ; the male antenna withjoints 3, 4, 5, and 6 with apical dorsal projections and with the thirdjoint with a strong basal projection beneath; the :intcnna of thefemale short, the third joint compressed, distinctly concave be-neath; radiellan cell with a distinct appendage; cerci long andslender; lower margin of lancet strongly curved and armed witheight large teeth ; the posterior margin of the lancet plates stronglyarmed.Larvae.?See characters in above key. Larvae of only one speciesavailable for stud3\ and all characters for genus are taken from thisspecies. CLADIUS ISOMERUS Norton.Figures 3, 7, 16, 17, 28, 2,9, 39, 45, 50, 60, 62-70, 72.Tenthredo (Cladius) isomera Harris, Cat. Ins. Mass., 1835, p. 5S3, withoutdescription.Cladius isomera Norton, Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., vol. 8, 1S61. p. 228;Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc, vol. 1, p. 74.
?
Murtfeldt, U. S D. A. Div.Ent. Bull. 22, 1890, p. 78.Cladius pectinicornis Riley, Ins. Life, vol. 5, 1892, pp. 6-11, figs. 1 and 2.
?
Dyak, Can. Ent.. vol. 27, 1895, p. 340; Can. Ent., vol. 28, 1890, p. 239.?Dalla Torre, Catalogus Hymenopterorum, pt. 1, 1894, p. 291.
?
Marlatt,U. S. D. A. Tecbn. Ser. 3, Bur. Ent., 1896, p. 19.?Chittenden, U. S. D. A.Bur. Ent. Circ. 105, 1908, pp. 6-9, figs. 3 and 4.The location of the type of isomerus Norton is not definitelyknown, but it is presumed that the female bearing number 185 inthe Harris collection is one of the tj'pes ; all others are probably lost.In 1892 Riley synonymized the American bristly rose slug{isomerus) with the common European species {pectinicornis) and
14 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. vol.60.
since then all American authors have followed this synonymy. Thereseemed to be no good reason for doubting that the American specieswas the same as the European and the writers* were much surprised,when they compared American insects with literature and Europeanspecimens, to find that isomerus did not agree with pcctinicomis.Isomerus diifers from pectinicoimis in much the same manner as doesthe European di/formis, and if the American species is the same asany Euroj)ean species it is synonymous with difformis, and not pectiiii-cornis, as previously supposed. The United States National Museumcontains about fifteen specimens of Cladii from the Palearctic region,and while most of these agree with various species as they arecharacterized, some few, especially specimens from Japan, do notagree, and it seems that the understanding of the species in Europeis not yet sufficiently stabilized to make it advisable to try to synony-mize our American species with any of the European. Until it ispossible to carefully compare our American form with authenticEuropean specimens of all the species we prefer to use Norton'sname for our species. We have studied very many specimens, col-lected throughout the range of the species in America, and have ob-served but little variation. The absence of variation in the numberof rami on the male flagellum is especially noticeable. The extentof yellow on the legs is also remarkably constant.Feviale.?Length 5 to 6 mm.; length of antenna about 3 mm.Clypeus coarsely punctured, convex, the anterior margin broadly,arcuately emarginate, the lobes narrow and triangular in outline;supraclypeal foveae deep, oval in outline; lateral supraclypeal areaconvex near the eye, sharply sloping into the antennal foveae ; ocellarbasin completely wanting; frontal crest strong, broken medianly;middle foveae small, oval in outline; postocellar line nearly twice aslong as the ocellocular line; ocellocular line slightly longer than theocelloccipital line; antennal furrows wanting; postocellar furrowcomplete, well defined, straight, not broken by the furrow from theanterior ocellus; postocellar area sharply defined laterally, verygently convex ; antenna as in figures 17 and 28 ; wings as in figure 7
;
sheath straight above, truncate apically, oblique to the broad base;ovipositor as in figures 39 and 45; cerci long, slender. Black; tibiaeand tarsi white; apices of the posterior tibiae and the apical fourjoints of the posterior tarsi brownish ; wings yellowish hyaline ; vena-tion pale brown, costa and the stigma j^ellowish,Male.?Length 5 mm. The above description of the female ap-plies very well to this sex except that the four anterior tarsi areusually brown and the costa is not so distinctly yellowish; hypopy-gidiun narrowly rounded; antenna as in figures 16 and 29.Described from numerous specimens taken in the vicinity of Wash-ington, District of Columbia.
ABT. 1. NORTH AMERICAN SAWFLIES?ROHWER. 15Oviposition.?The egg is laid in an incision in the axis of the leaf.The incision is about 1.75 mm. long, enters the axis on the upperside in the middle of the fluting, is slightly deeper apically where itabout reaches the center. In the living leaves these egg scars arequite readily observed as the edges of the puncture or rip have ayellow brown, dead, and frayed appearance.Egg-?length, 1.25 mm. ; greatest width, 0.33-0.4 mm. ; yellowish,translucent, soft, gelatine-like, oval, somewhat larger towards thecephalic end, thin skinned, the surface smooth to shiny.Larva (fig. 72).?In the earlier stages the head and spines areblackish, but as the larva grows the head becomes tan in appearanceand the spines white. The head when appearing tan is greenishwith tan or pale brown spots (fig. 50) ; the eyes are in black spotsand the frons is spined medianly as well as marginally. The bodyis pale green, very spiny, and with the elementary canal rather dis-tinct and imparting a green hue to the translucent body. AnnuletA smaller than B and C and with but four pairs of spines ; annuletsB and C largest and with numerous spines; and annulet D smallest,and spineless (fig. 60). The spines group themselves somewhat onrather prominent areas which are arranged in a transverse rowacross the segment. Legs semitransparent and 4-jointed. Uropodson urites 2-7, urite 8 bare, urite 9 with a pair of small adventralprotuberances (doubtless uropods but not developed to the extentof those on urites 2-7) and urite 10 with the postpedes.LABVAL INSTARS.The following series of descriptions record the appearance andchanges in the larvae of Cladius isomerus from stage to stage. Acomparison of the mandibles of an early second stage larva and afull-grown larva reveal no fundamental differences. The mandiblesof the mature larva being generally larger and their teeth more bluntand appearing worn, while those of the younger larva were long inproportion to their width, with the teeth sharp and fine.Stage I (both sexes).?Body length, 2-3 mm.; head, 0.5 mm. highby 0.4 mm. wide. Color : Body translucent white ; alimentary canalgreenish ; legs white ; spines long and black on head and body ; headpale or faintly grayish; eyespots black.Stage II both sexes).?Body length, 2.5^ mm.; head, 0.6 mm.high by 0.5 mm. wide. Color : Body whitish green ; spines of headand body not conspicuously blackish ; head pale yellowish with blackeyespots.Stage III (both sexes).?Body length, 4.5 mm.; head, 0.76-0.8mm. high by 0.6-0.7 mm. wide. Color: Body translucent greenishwhite and shiny ; all spines black ; body spines longer than those on3136?22?Proc.N.M.Vol.60 3
16 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. vol. 60.
vertex of head ; head pale grayish yellow, darkened across face be-tween eyes; eyespots black.Stage IV (both sexes).?Body length, 5.5-9 mm. ; head, 1 mm. highby 0.8 mm. wide. Color: Body pale green; alimentary canal leafgreen; spines blackish on head and body; head pale tan darkenedacross face between eyes ; eye spots black.iStage V (ultimate male from leaves).?Body length, 7-11 mm.;head, 1.2 mm. high by 1 mm. wide. Color: Body while feedinggreenish; later, when feeding is completed and alimentarj'' canal isemptied, leaden white; spines, head, and body whitish; head withbrownish freckles ; frons pale brownish ; mouth parts brownish ; eyespots black.(Ultimate male from cocoon).?Body length, 5.5-6.5 mm. Color:Same as larva above with emptied alimentary tract.Stage V (preultimate female).?Body length, 8-10.5 mm.; head,1.3 mm. high by 1.1 mm. wide. Color: Body greenish white; headtan.Stage VI (ultimate female from leaves).?Body length, 11-14mm.; head, 1.5 mm. high by 1.3 mm. wide. Color: Body greenishwhite while feeding; later, when finished feeding and alimentarycanal is emptied, leaden white.(Ultimate female from cocoon just spun).?Body length, 12-13mm. Color: Same as larva above with emptied alimentary tract.The following table (Table I) records, stage by stage, the changein size of a series of isolated larvae:
Mil, 1. NORTH AMEEICAN SAWFLIES?ROHWER. 17
18 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. GO.Cocoon.?The cocoon is a semitransparent, whitish to pale brown,thin walled cell; 7 mm. long by 3 mm. wide, irregularly oval. Itseems to consist of several layers, one complete inner envelope andtwo or three partial outer envelopes that serve as further protectionand at the same time attach more firmly the inner case to the leafupon which it is spun.Pupa.?Pale yellow white, length 6 mm. (alcoholic specimen)
;
living specimen described as grayish green; the thorax and end ofbody slightly yellowish; head whitish green; ocelli brown; eyesblack; antennae, wing sheaths and legs white, with a slight greentinge. Darkened pupa, 6 mm. long; head and thorax black, except-ing legs and wing pad, which are yellow ; abdomen dark brown.LIFE AND SEASONAL HISTOBY.The studies which furnished information on the stages likewiseafforded an opportunity for observations to be made on the lengthof the various stages and periods. Observations of this charactercould hardly be made under natural conditions because the variationin emergence of overwintering adults, coupled with the differencein length of life under varying conditions, makes it but a short whilebefore all forms of the insect, especially all stages of the larvae,may be found in the rose garden at the same time.The following table is summary of the notes made upon the lengthof the various periods and stages of eleven larvae of the secondgeneration. These larvae were under close observation during theirentire life, and since comparisons indicate that the life-cycle of thepreceding and succeeding generations (excepting the resting stageof the overwintering generation, which is longer) is approximatelythe same, the table will serve to represent the average (in days).Table II.
ART. 1. NORTH AMERICAN SAWFLIES ROHWER. 19Upon hatching the larva does not eat the skin of the egg butleaves it in the puncture. Besides shedding and changing its di-mensions as described under " Larval Instars ", the larva characterizesits advance, somewhat by a dijfference in the extent of its feeding.The larvae during the first two stages, skeletonize small separatesplotches usually from the underside of the leaflet. Late in thesecond stage or early in the third the larvae begin to cut holesthrough the leaflets. By the fourth stage the holes are cut clearthrough to the margin of the leaf and some of the edge is eaten,including small veins. The fifth stage larvae feed on the entire leaf,usually stopping only for the heavy midrib and bases of the largerveins.When full grown the larva stops feeding and crawls about search-ing a place suitable for cocooning, in the meantime evacuating bythe usual method, its alimentary tract. During this process itchanges in appearance from geenish white to a yellow or a leadenwhite but neither sheds nor otherwise changes in character. Thecocoon is spun in the leaves, usually in a curled leaflet.In the foregoing table, as in the description of " Larval Instars ",the male and female fifth stages are made separately and the sixthstage is represented only in the female. This treatment indicates aninfluence of sex upon the number of larval stages which is worthy ofespecial mention. The male larvae have one less stage than thefemale. In the fifth stage of the male (which is comparable with thefifth stage of the female in size, proportions, and other characters)the male larva feeds, empties his elimentary tract, and without shed-ding spins his cocoon. The female larva, however, sheds to becomelarger, feeds again, and without shedding in this sixth stage, spinsher cocoon. Thus the male larva has five instars while the femalehas six. Another interesting feature which was discovered in thestudy of this insect's development in the absence of a distinct pre-pupal stage. In this respect not only is the spinning stage identicalin appearance with the feeding form but there is neither a sheddingof the skin nor a loss of hairs between feeding and cocoon spinning,during the spinning nor after it until pupation occurs. This is apeculiarity of note especially in view of the striking changes usuallyexhibited in the sawflies previous to spinning. In the Nematinae,a subfamily close to and much like the Cladiinae, this prepupal stageis clearly defined. Of what significance this change from the usualmethod of development of sawflies is, the authors hesitate as yet toform an opinion.The following information was obtained from notes made on anumber of larvae of both the first and second generations during theperiod between the molting of the penultimate stage and the emer-gence of the adult. This period is divided into several portions;
20 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. vol.00.
first, the ultimate stage feeding period varying from 2 to 3 days inlength and averaging 2.6 days for both males and females of boththe first and second generations; second, the ultimate stage betweenfeeding and spinning, a short time occasionally as long as a day;third, the period spent between the spinning of the cocoon and theappearance of the pupa, five and six days respectively in the twoopportunities in which the appearance of this stage was noted; andfourth, the pupal period, 3 days in both instances noted. The totallength of the cocoon period, or the time spent between spinning andadult emergence is shorter for the first generation, being 8-9 days inlength and the sex of the individual does not seem to be associatedwith the variation in the length of the period, however, the secondgeneration ranges from 10-11 days which variation is associated withthe individual sex as follows: Ten days for the females and 11 daysfor the males. BEHAVIOR.The adults of this sawfly are restless in nature but more so incaptivity, spending most of their time trying to escape. If jarredor disturbed while on a leaf or twig, both sexes fall to the ground,fold their legs, wings, and antennae, close their bodies and remainmotionless, a common habit among sawfiies.For this reason, observations on the habits and functions weredifficult to make, and at best somewhat superficial and wanting indetail and exactness. The following notes on mating and oviposition,however, were deemed worthy of publication.Mating.?A female from one isolation cage where she was rearedwithout access to a male and a male from another were placed in thesame vial?at first they paid no attention to each other, but laterthe male became much agitated and when in close proximity to thefemale exerted his genitalia and endeavored to grasp the female withthe harpes. In a few attempts he was unsuccessful, but after the firstfew trials the female became more submissive and remained quiet,not avoiding the male. A few seconds later a union was effected. Itwas very short, and with the exception of motion of apical part ofabdomen the insects were motionless. On completion the female wasthe first to show desire to break away, and pushed her ovipositor downagainst the top of the abdomen of the male. When the male leftthe female, he remained quiet for a few seconds and again resumedhis activity. No other attempt of mating was observed. The posi-tion normal for Nematinae was the one assumed.*Oviposition.?The eggs of Gladius isomerus are laid in the midribof the leaf from the upperside and in the middle of the fluting.Upon arriving at a favorably considered place for oviposition the
?The Mating Habita of Some Sawflies, S. A. Rohwer, Proc. But. Soc. Wash., vol. 17.1915. pp. 196-8.
ART. 1. NORTH AMERICAN 6AWFLIES ROHWER. 21female bends the apex of her abdomen well under?exerts her ovi-positor slightly from the sheath and endeavors by a posterior slidingmotion to catch it in the stem tissue. Once caught she works herlancets until the slit is well under way, then she raises her abdomen,completing the exsertion of her ovipositor and exposing both thelancets and the lance to view. The lancets are worked opposite eachother up and down, by a somewhat rolling (side to side) motion ofthe apical tergites of the abdomen, while the lance seems to act asguide, brace, and track for the moving lancets. This part of thework is continued anteriorly until the ovipositor is buried in thetissue and the sheath once again is in contact with the st^m. A shortperiod of work follows during which the ovipositor is probably with-drawn from the slit and recased in the sheath, and the egg laid.The abdomen is then swung back, its apex in contact with the stem,until the slit is passed, then it is straightened to the normal positionand the female moves to the next location to be favored with an egg.The following table records the number of eggs laid on each ofseveral days, and the number and sex of these insects present in thecage at the time of oviposition and the result of the day's oviposition.Table III,
Cage No.
22 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. vol.60.ing of the larvae ; they are yellow green in color and so much swollenas to protrude from the slit. The puncture itself becomes more dis-tinct, as a brownish scar, with age.METEOROLOGICAL NOTES.All life has its optimum conditions for growth and also its maxi-mum and minimum requirements and limits for existence of eachof the various factors that go to make up those conditions. The ex-treme heat and humidity of a part of the summer of 1918 gave anexcellent opportunity for observing the effect of high temperatures onthis species. The following account is from notes made by S. A.Rohwer.After a maximum temperature of 105.5? and a minimum of 76?with the humidity varying from 32? to 83? and including a period ofbetween 10 to 12 hours when the humidity was 80? or more,^? but fewlarvae were found in the rose garden, and these " sicklooking " andnot feeding. Three days before a large number of young and par-tially developed larvae were observed on these plants. Further,there was no mature feeding work done at this date, proving thatthe larvae had not completed development. The variation of temper-ature and humidity between the position occupied by the larvaeand that of the hygrothermograph was considerable, the latter record-ing air temperature as 92? and humidity as 54? while a sling psy-chrometer at the former location read 99.5? temperature and 73? hu-midity. Later records of the same day showed 104? temperature and40? humidity by the hygrothermograph and 106? temperature and43? humidity by the sling psychrometer with all larvae gone.This hot spell was of slightly over a week in duration and thesummary of the temperature for the first six days as recorded by thehygrothermograph is as follows:
.6.25 hours above 100'12.5 hours above 95"26.5 hours above 90?80.5 hours below 80"
53.0 hours below 75"9.75 hours below 70"hours below 68'Following this period of excessive temperature and high humidity,Cladius larvae were rare and remained scarce throughout the rest ofthe year, whereas earlier in the season they had been quite abundant.PHENOLOGICAL NOTES.The seasonal phenomena of development for plants are often ofmuch importance in indicating the appearance of or the approach ofa particular stage of an insect. In the bristly rose slug, however, the
1" Records from a hygrothermograph located a few feet from the rose garden and about4 feet above the ground. The long period of high humidity was recorded the day beforethese observations.
ART. 1. NORTH AMERICAN" SAWFLIES ROHWER. 23irregularity of emergence and the overlapping of the generations re-duces the value of such observations to the minimum of first appear-ance. Observations made during the years 1916 to 1919 indicate thatin the vicinity of Washington, District of Columbia, the parent adultsof the first generation of the bristly rose slug appear coincident withthe full blooming of the Snowball {Viburnum opulus and V. plica-tum) and the weigela {Diermlla floHda).
From observations by Mr. Eohwer, made during two seasons onthe roses at the Eastern Field Station, from notes sent by correspond-ents, and from field studies by Mr. Rohwer and the author at FallsChurch, Virginia, and many other places throughout the range ofthis species' distribution, it seems fair to conclude that Cladiusisomerus will attack all cultivated varieties (and species) of rose.Varieties with a small midrib or forms with hairy leaves, while notimmune, are not favorable food plants. The one essential is, however,a midrib of sufficient size to hold the eggs. Preliminary observationsindicated that certain varieties seemed to be preferred but more ex-tended study proved that the condition of the leaves was a more im-portant factor. There are a few authentic records of the species livingon the common eastern wild rose {Rosa palutris Marsh), but the evi-dence seems to indicate that where cultivated roses are present theyare preferred.The following list gives the varieties of cultivated roses on whichlarvae have most frequently been observed.Climbers.?Rasa mMltiflora, Dorothy Perkins, Philadelphia Crim-son Rambler, Climbing Baby Rambler.Hybrid perpetuals.?Paul Neyron, Conrad F. Meyer, GeneralJacqueminot, Clio, Camille de Rohan.Tea.?Radiance, La Tosca, Killamey, White Killarney, Frau KarlDruschki, Mrs. A. R. Waddell, Stanley, Hadley, Mrs. Aaron Ward,Kaiserin Augusta Victoria, Marquise de Querhoent, Gruss an Teplitz,Laurent Carl. PARASITES.Two parasites are recorded in literature as having been reared fromCladius isom?ru^. They are
:
Frontina tenthredinidarum Townsend.^^Coelopisthoidea cladiae Gahan.^^Neither of these parasites are, however, sufficiently abundant to beconsidered as a successful means of control.
"TotMll, Can. Ent., vol. 45, 1913, p. 73."Gahan, Can. Ent., vol. 45, 1913, p. 103.
24 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. vol. CO.Genus PRIOPHORUS Dahlbom.Priophorus Dahlbom, Conspect. Tenthredin. Scan., 1835, p. 4. Genotype.
?
{Priopharus pilicornis 'Da.h\hova) = {Trenthredo) Priophorus padi (Lin-naeus).Stevenia (Lepeletier MSS.) Beull^, Hist. Nat. Ins., Hymen, vol. 4, 1846,p. 667.No species were included by name in BruUes account, but it is evident thathis remarks apply to the species now known as Priophorus (varines (Lepel-etier) )= pa^Zi (Linnaeus), so Stevenia is isogenotypic through synonymy withPriophorus.The genus Priofhorus was first described by Dahlbom as a subgenusof Nematus. Later, Hartig placed it in his genus Cladius and madeit a subgenus of Cladius. Until recently it has been treated as a sub-genus of Cladius, but Konow, Enslin, and MacGillivray consideredit as of generic value. All the species known to us are closely alliedto the species of the genus Cladius, but the larva and antenna aredifferent, so it seems advisable to consider it as a separate group.For the time being, at least, we prefer to treat it as a genus.Genenc Characters?Adults.?Clypeus slightly emarginate ; supra-clypeal area strongly convex, almost keel like, rectangular in outline
:
lateral supraclypeal area narrow, sloping to the large antennalfoveae; the inner margins of the eyes subparallel ; anterior basitarsuslonger than or subequal with the three following joints, which are notsharply separated from each other (fig. 4) ; wings about as in figure6 ; radiellan cell usually without an appendage but occasionally witha short distinct appendage ; cerci medium ; lower margins of the lan-cets curved, armed with eight teeth; posterior margins of all thelancet plates heavily armed ; female antenna long, slender, the thirdjoint simple; male antenna long, slender, the third joint usuallysimple but occasionally with a strong projection at the base beneath.Larvae.?Characters common to the larvae of this genus studied;Head (figs. 51, 55, 56) mostly pale-yellow freckled; eye spots black;vertex black; frons and labrum pale brown, the former spinedmedianly as well as marginally. Thorax, dorsum darkened from Amesothorax to and including C metathorax (D metathorax ?) andsometimes the entire dorsum from A mesothorax to and including C(D?) of urite 9 darkened (fig. 73). Annulet A smaller than annu-let B and C and spined, annulet B and C large and thickly spined,and annulet D bare, narrow, indistinct, and unspined (fig. 61).Uropods normally developed on urites 2-7 ; urite 8 with pair of smallbut distinct adventral protuberances ; urite 9 with similar but smaller,less distinct protuberances. (These structures on urites 8 and 9, asthose on urite 9 of Cladius, are doubtless uropods which, since thelarvae are surface feeders and do not grip the leaf by curling the apexof the abdomen, are retained, though not developed by much use.)
ART. 1. NORTH AMERICAN SAWFLIES ROHWER. 25Distribution.?The species of this genus are distributed throughoutthe Palaearctic Region; one is known from the northern OrientalRegion; and several occur in Nearctic Region, where they are con-fined almost entirely to the eastern part of the Transition and Cana-dian Zones.Sjyeci-fiG Characters.?In the adults the shape of the sheath, theexact dentation of the lancet plates, the character of the frontal crest,and the presence or absence of foveae in the postocellar area offer thebest structural characters for separating the species. The color ofthe legs, even to the number of tarsal joints which are black or in-fuscated, is very useful in separating the species, and for all of thespecies here treated it is found to be surprisingly constant.KEY TO THE ADULTS.The species petrinus (Cockerell) and infuscatus (MacGillivray) are omittetlfrom the following key (see also footnote 1) :1. Females 2Males 112. Lower walls of ocellar basin strong, keel-like, sharply broken by the middlefovea, the lateral walls sharply defined, linelike; postocellar area sepa-rated by a median furrow; wings with a dusky band below the stigma;antennae long, sharply tapering; trochanters white crataegi Rohwer.Lower walls of occellar basin not especially strong, rounded, not or onlyfeebly broken by the middle fovea ; the lateral walls obsolete or poorlydefined ; postocellar area convex, with, at most, a fovea anteriorly 33. Postocellar area without a fovea near the middle of the anterior margin 4Postocellar area with a fovea near the middle of the anterior margin 84. Distinct large, somewhat triangular-shaped depression in front of the an-terior ocellus ; hind tarsi and all of the trochanters black betulae Rohwer.No large or triangular-shaped depression in front of the anterior ocellus 55. Recurrentella distinctly postfurcal rubivorus Rohwer.Recurrentella antefureal G6. Wings before of the anterior margin of the stigma, brownish ; trochantersand hind tarsi brownish black salicivorus Rohwer.Wings uniformly hyaline; trochanters and hind tarsi white 77. Middle fovea deep, large solitaris (Dyar).Middle fovea practically obsolete montanus Rohwer.8. Trochanters black ; ocellar basin entirely obsolete ; frontal crest unbroken
;
sheath oblique above, obtusely rounded apically, tapering to a broad base
;
antennae long, slender, sharply tapering apically rubi Rohwer.Trochanters white; at least the lower wall of the ocellar basin distinctlypresent 99. Frontal crest not broken medianly ; antennae slightly shorter and not stronglytapering; wings brownish basally pruni Rohwer,Frontal crest broken medianly ; antennae slightly longer and sharply taper-ing apically 1010. Wings strongly brownish basally virginianus Rohwer.Wings uniformly hyaline plesius Rohwer.11, Postocellar area with a small distinct fovea at the anterior middle ; tro-chanters white; hind tarsi mostly white 12Postocellar area without a fovea at the anterior middle; trochanters andhind tarsi brownish 13
26 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ISTATIONAL MUSEUM. vol.60.
12. Frontal crest not broken by median fovea pruni Rohwer.Frontal crest distinctly broken by the deep middle fovea__aequalis (Norton).13. A distinct depression in front of the anterior ocellus betulae Rohwer.No depression In front of the anterior ocellus salicivoms Rohwer.KEY TO THE LARVAE.A. Larvae feeding on 8alix salicivorus Rohwer.B. Larvae feeding on Crataegus crataegi Rohwer.Larvae feeding on Prunus serotina pruni Rohwer.plesius Rohwer.virginianus Rohwer.Larvae feeding on Betula populifolia betulae Rohwer.Larvae feeding on Ruhus mbi Rohwer.Larvae feeding on Alnus solitaris (Dyar).On characteristics other than host plant these larvae can not be separatedspecifically, however, differences in the extent of coloration of the head dividesthose larvae available for study into the following two species groups:A. Head with a small (not reaching more than half way to edge of cranium)black spot surrounding eye ; figure 56 salicivorus Rohwer.B. Head with a large (reaching almost to edge of cranium) black spot surround-ing eye; figure 55 crataegi Rohwer.pruni Rohwer.betulae Rohwer.virginianus Rohwer.solitaris (Dyar.)PRIOPHORUS CRATAEGI Rohwer, new species.Female.?Length, 5 mm. ; length of the antenna, 4.5 mm. Clypeusshining with sparse, setigerous punctures, basal middle strongly con-vex, the anterior margin broadly, shallowly, arcuately emarginate,lobes sharply pointed; supraclypeal fovea deep, punctiform; middlefovea large nearly circular in outline with sharply sloping walls;ocellar basin completely defined, lower walls sharp, keel-like andbroken by the middle fovea ; the lateral walls linelike ; antennal fur-rows poorly defined; postocellar area sharply defined laterally, con-vex, parted by a furrow medianly ; postocellar furrow obsolete ; posto-cellar line subequal with the ocellocular line ; antenna sharply taper-ing, the third joint distinctly shorter than the fourth, the apical jointslightly longer than the preceding; stigma broadly rounded below,obliquely truncate apically; first intercubitus obsolescent; thirdcubital slightly longer than the second on the radius; the radiellancell without an appendage; sheath broad, straight above, obliquelytruncate apically, then sharply tapering to the base. Black; trochan-ters, four anterior tibiae and tarsi (the apical joints of the tarsi areinfuscated), the basal two-thirds of the posterior tibiae and the threebasal joints of the hind tarsi white; wings subhyaline, with a duskyband below the stigma ; venation dark brown.Type locality.?East River, Connecticut.
ABT. 1. NORTH AMERICAN SAWFLIES ROHWER. 27Described from one female reared from a larva collected on Cra-taegus by Chas. R. Ely, and recorded under Bureau of EntomologyNumber, Hopk. U. S. 13649^.Type.?C2ii. No. 21587, U.S.N.M.Larva.?Length 10 mm. similar to and with apparently no char-acters distingushing it from that of P. pruni Rohwer. All thelarvae examined were quite dark, blackish along the dorsum.Host.?Crataegus, species.Seasonal History.?Larvae, collected in early July, became pre-pupae and spun cocoons by the twenty-seventh, from which adultshad emerged August third.PRIOPHORUS BETULAE Rohwer, new (pedes.Figure 51.Female.?Length 3.5 mm,; length of the antenna about 3 mm.Clypeus shining, almost without punctures, not strongly convexbasally, the anterior margin rather deeply, arculately emarginate,the lobes nearly triangular in outline; supraclypeal foveae deep,punctiform; middle fovea shallow, wedge-shaped in outline; anten-nal furrows poorly defined along the ocelli; ocellar basin obsoletelaterally, the lower wall rounded, broken; a distinct triangular de-pression in front of the anterior ocellus; postocellar area sharplydefined laterally, convex, without foveae; postocellar furrow want-ing; postocellar line subequal with the ocellocular line; antennarather short, not sharply tapering, the third joint distinctly shorterthan the fourth, the apical joint slightly shorter than the preceding;stigma rounded below, obliquely truncate apically; first intercubitusobsolescent; the third cubital on the radius distinctly shorter thanthe second; radiellan cell with a very short appendage; sheath ob-tusely pointed apically, straight above, tapering to a broad base.Black; the four anterior tibiae and tarsi (the apical joints of theintermediate tarsi are infuscated), and the basal two-thirds of theposterior tibiae white; wings strongly brownish, subhyaline beyondthe apex of the stigma.Male.?Length 4.5 mm. ; length of the antenna 3.5 mm. In struc-ture and color the above description of the female applies well to themale, except the middle fovea is smaller with more sharply slopingwalls and the radiellan cell is entirely without an apendage ; hypopy-gidium broadly rounded apically; antenna very hairy, the thirdjoint considerably shorter than the fourth, concave below and veryfaintly produced basally so it is fully as broad at the base as thepedicel, the entire joint one-fifth broader than the fourth; the apicaljoint distinctly shorter than the preceding.Type locality.?East River, Connecticut.
28 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. vol.60.Described from two females (one type) and two males (oneallotype) reared from larvae collected on Betula populifolia byChas. R. Ely, and recorded under Bureau of Entomology NumberHopk. U. S. 10754*=- (type and allotype) and 10757' (paratypes).Type.?Cat. No. 21588, U.S.N.M.Larvae.?Similar to P. pi^ni Kohwer but in the few specimensavailable for study, entirely pale excepting a faint grayness laterallyon the mesothorax and metathorax and ninth abdominal segment.These larvae, however, were young, the largest being only 6.5 mm. inlength.Host.?Betula populifolia.Seasonal History.?Solitary feeders from the underside of the leafsimilar to P. jn^uni Rohwer. Larvae collected about one-half ortwo-thirds grown on August 25 spun coccoons August 30 and trans-formed to pupae September 4. The adults emerged September 16.PRIOPHORUS RUBIVORUS Rohwer, new species.A small species readily distinguished by the postfurcal recurren-tella. The eastern ruhi is much larger and is very easily separatedby the presence of a median fovea in the postocellar area.Female.?Length, 4.5 mm.; length of antenna about 3 mm. Cly-peus gently convex, the anterior margin not depressed, broadly andvery shallowly emarginate, lateral angles (no distinct lobes) ob-tusely rounded; supraclypeal foveae deep but not distinctly sepa-rated from the antennal foveae; middle fovea very shallow, elon-gate, not sharply defined or breaking through the crest ; ocellar basinvery poorly defined, the walls obsolete above and broadly roundedbelow ; antennal furrows obsolete opposite the ocellar basin ; a ratherdistinct, small depression both immediately before and behind theanterior ocellus; postocellar line subequal with the ocellocular line;postocellar furrow wanting; postocellar area without a median foveaon anterior margin, sharply defined laterally by the slightly diverg-ing vertical furrows; antenna rather short, tapering, the third andfourth joints subequal stigma short, broad, but little more than twiceas long as greatest width, rounded below; first intercubitus obso-lescent; three abscissae of radius subequal in length; second cubitalcell on radius about two and one-third times as long as third inter-cubitus; radiellan cell closed and with a short appendage; recurren-tella postfurcal by about half the length of intercubitella ; sheathbroad, pointed apicaly. Black; palpi dark brown, tegulae almostentirely black; hind trochanters, tibiae and tarsi, except the in-fuscate apices of hind tibiae and apical joints of all tarsi, yellowish-ferruginous ; wings hyaline ; venation brown.Type locality.?Portland, Oregon.
ART. 1. NORTH AMERICAN SAWFLIES ROHWER. 29Described from a single female recorded under Bureau of Ento-mology number Quaintance 14055 collected by E. J. Newcomer,August 10, 1917 and labeled " On raspberry."Type.?Cut No. 23557, U.S.N.M.PRIOPHORUS SALICIVORUS Rohwer. new species.Figures 20, 21, 34, 35, 41, 47, 56.Female.?Length 4.5 mm.; length of antenna 3.5 mm. Clypeusshining, strongly convex medianly, the apical margin broadly, shal-lowly, arcuateW emarginate; supraclypeal foveae punctiform, small,not much deeper than the antennal foveae; middle fovea oval in out-line; ocellar basin with the lateral walls obsolete, the lower wallpoorly defined, rounded and unbroken ; antennal furrows obsolete be-low the ocelli; postocellar area gently convex (incompletely definedlaterally by a foveaeform depression) ; postocellar furrow obsolete;a faint depression behind the anterior ocellus ; antennae as in figures20 and 34, short, not tapering, the third joint distinctly shorter thanthe fourth, the apical joint subequal with the preceding; first inter-cubitus obsolescent; third cubital cell on the radius, slightly longerthan the second; stigma short, broad at base, gradually tapering tothe apex; radiellan cell with a short distinct appendage; sheathstraight above, sharp apically tapering from the broad base, as seenfrom below the sheath is narrow, ovipositor as in figures 41 and 47.Black; four anterior tibiae and tarsi (the apical joints and all ofthe intermediate tarsi are brownish) and the basal two-thirds of theposterior tibiae, extreme base of the posterior basitarsus, whitish;wings strongly brownish basally, subhyaline beyond the apex of thestigma.Male.?Length, 4 mm. The male differs from the above descrip-tion of the female in having the middle fovea more elongate anddeeper, breaking completely through the lower wall of the ocellarbasin; hypopygidium narrowly rounded; posterior tibiae entirelybrownish; antennae (see figs. 21 and 35) pale beneath, the thirdjoint broader than the fourth but simple ; radiellan cell with a veryshort appendage.Type locality.?East River, Connecticut.Described from three females (one type) and two males (oneallotype) reared from larva collected on Salix by Chas. R. Ely, andrecorded under Bureau of Entomology number Hopk. U. S. 13656?.Type.~C?it. No. 21589, U.S.N.M.Larva.?Length, 11 mm. Black spot at vertex small; black spotabout each eye also small and not extending more than half way toedge of cranium (fig. 56). Otherwise the larvae are similar to thosepreviously described, with dorsum pale between the grayish thoraxand the markings on eighth and ninth urites.
30 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. vol.60.Host.?Salix^ species.Seasonal History.?Larvae collected July 27, cocooned August 5,transformed to pupae August 21, emerging as adults August 24.PRIOPHORUS SOLITARIS (Dyar).Cladius solitaris Dyab, Can. Ent., vol. 27, 1895, p. 192 and p. 340.Priophorus solitaris Dyar, Dyar, Journ. N. Y. Ent. Soc, vol 8, 1900, p. 28.
?
MacGillivray, Bull. 22, Conn. Geol. Nat. Hist. Survey, 1916 (1917),p. 110.Type.?Cat No. 4l29, U.S.N.M.Female.?Length, 5 mm. Clypeus flat, anterior margin sub-squarely emarginate, the lobes triangular, obtusely rounded; supra-clypeal foveae deep, punctiform ; middle fovea broad, shallow ; ocel-lar basin obsolete laterally, the lower wall rounded, faintly broken
;
antennal furrows obsolete below the ocelli; postocellar area flat,sharply defined laterally with a faint longitudinal line medianly;postocellar furrow feebly defined; antennae broken but apparentlylong, slender; first intercubitus obsolete; second and third cubitalcells subequal on the radius; stigma long, narrow, broader at base,gradually tapering to the apex; radiellan cell with a very shortappendage; sheath straight above, gradually rounded to the broadbase. Black; trochanters, four anterior tibiae and tarsi, the posteriortibiae except apices and the posterior tarsi except the apices of thejoints, white; wings uniformly subhyaline, venation pale brown.Redescribed from the unique type.The following description is arranged from Dyar:Larva.?Solitary feeder, eating the parenchyma of the leaf fromthe underside.Stage III.?Head round; shining black pilose, width, 0.5 mm.;thorax a little enlarged, thoracic feet faintly yellowish tinged; ab-dominal feet slightly spreading, segments distinct, rather faintlythree annulate;^' annulet first small, second and third with manypale setae, so that the larva is pilose or hairy; color, translucentwhitish, with no yellow tint; the food gives a dark green broad lineby transparency, as far as joint twelve, in join thirteen the fascesshow black.Stage IV.?Head pale whitish, with a black shade at side andvertex; width .8 mm.; body whitish, with a faint greenish tinge,densely hairy; the tubercles slight; alimentary canal gives a darkshade.Stage V.?Head greenish, thickly dotted with brown; a confluentblack patch on clypeus, over eye and above and behind it ; or a patch
*? Doubtless 4 annulate with A, B, and C visible and liaired while D is hidden?annuleffirst probably A, second and third probably B and C.
AET. 1. NORTH AMERICAN SAWFLIES ROHWER. 31
at vertex and another on side covering the eye and reaching to theback of head; head shining, pilose; mouth brown, widfh 1 mm.;dorsal region of body olivaceous blackish; joint second anteriorly"subventral region,^'' venter, feet, and joint thirteen" posteriorlytranslucent whitish, not shiny; body pilose, the hairs arising fromthickly placed pale tubercles on each of the three annulets; hairsrather short and pale.Cocoon.?Double, made of white or brownish silk, large and re-sembling thin paper.Host.?Alnus, species.PRIOPHORUS MONTANUS Rohwer, new species.Closely allied to soUtaris (Dyar), but is somewhat larger and morerobust and the middle fovea is practically obsolete.Female.?Length, 5.5 mm. ; length of antenna about 3.75 mm.Clypeus rather distinctly convex medianly, the apical margin broadlyacruately emarginate, not depressed; suprarcylpeal foveae large,deep ; middle fovea very shallow and indistinctly defined, practicallyobsolete, not breaking through the crest; ocellar basin obsoletedorsally, the lower wall very poorly defined, rounded; a verysmall U-shaped depression in front of the anterior ocellus ; antennalfurrows obsolete ; postocellar area without a pit in the anterior mid-dle, distinctly limited laterally by the nearly complete vertical fur-rows; postocellar furrow wanting; postocellar line distinctly longerthan the ocellocular line, but not quite twice as long as the ocelloc-cipital line; antenna rather long, slender, distinctly tapering api-cally, the third and fourth joints subequal in length; stigma ratherlarge, angled near base then rapidly tapering to apex, about two andone-third times as long as greatest width; first intercubitus obso-lescent ; first abscissa of radius longer than the second and subequalin length with the third ; second abscissa of radius not quite twice aslong as the third intercubitus ; radiellan cell closed and with a shortappendage; recurrentella distinctly antefureal; sheath broad,rounded apically. Black; tegulae brownish; apical joints of palpi,tibiae and tarsi except the infuscate apical joints (posterior onesmore broadly) and hind trochanters, yellowish; wings uniformlydusky hyaline ; venation brown, except the costa and base of cubituswhich are pale brown.Type locality.?Belgrade, Montana.Described from three females (one type) collected July 14, 1909,and sent in under number 228 by an unknown collector.Type.?C2.i. No. 23558, U.S.N.M.
" Mesothorax." Eplpleural, pleural, and hypopleural regions." Urlte nine.3136?22?Proc.N.M.Vol.60 4
32 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM, vol. 00.PRIOPHORUS RUBI Rohwer, new species.Female.?Liength. 6 mm.; length of the antenna 4 mm. Clypeiisflat, shining, slightly convex in the basal middle, anterior marginrather deeply arcuately emarginate; lobes triangular in outline,rather sharply pointed; supraclypeal foveae deep, punctiform; mid-dle fovea shallow, circular in outline ; ocellar basin entirely wanting
;
antennal furrows nearly complete; a small wedge-shaped depressionin front of the anterior ocellus; postocellar line subequal with theocellocular line, and but little shorter than the ocelloccipital line:postocellar area convex, sharply defined laterall3% with a small foveain the anterior middle; postocellar furrow wanting; antenna rathershort, sharply tapering; the third joint distinctly longer than thefourth; the apical joint somewhat longer than the preceding; stigmashort, rounded below, its greatest width at about the middle; firstintercubitus obsolescent; second cubital cell on the radius subequalwith the third; radiellan cell with distinct appendage; sheathstraight above, obtuse at apex, tapering from the broad base. Black;anterior tibiae and tarsi, the posterior tibiae and most of the pos-terior tarsi white ; posterior margin of the tegulae whitish ; wingshyaline, iridescent, venation dark brown.Type locality.?Northeast, Pennsylvania.Described from one adult which was reared from a larva collectedon Blackberry. This larva formed a cocoon on June 11, was apupa on June 16 and an adult on the 23 and emerged on the 24.Material collected and reared by R. A. Cushman.Type.?Cut. No. 21594, U.S.N.M.Another female of this species was collected at Hamburg, NewYork, June 14, 1911, by M. C. Van Duzee.PRIOPHORUS PRUNI Rohwer, new species.Figures 15, 22, 32, 33, 48, 55, 61, 73.Female.?Length 5 mm.; length of the antenna 4 mm. Clypeusgently convex, shining, not prominent in the basal middle; theanterior margin broadly, shallowly, arcuately emarginate; the lobesshort and obtuse, apically; supraclypeal foveae punctiform, middlefovea elongate, deep, Avith sloping walls, not breaking through thefrontal crest; lower wall of ocellar basin defined, the lateral wallsare obsolete ; antennal furrows wanting below the ocelli ; postocellararea flat, sharply defined laterally, with an elongate fovea in theanterior middle; postocellar furrow wanting; postocellar lineslightly shorter than the ocellocular line; antenna short, the thirdand fourth joints subequal, the apical joint subequal with the pre-ceding (see figs. 15 and 33) ; stigma short, broadest at base, graduallytapering to the apex ; first intercubitus obsolescent ; second cubital on
ABT. 1. NORTH AMERICAN SAWFLIES ROHWliR. 33the radius distinctly shorter than the third; radiellan cell without anappendage; sheath oblique above, sharply pointed apically and taper-ing to a broad base; lancet as in figure 48. Black; trochanters, thefour anterior tibiae and tarsi, the posterior tibiae except apices, andthe first four joints of the posterior tarsi, white; wings fuliginous,subhyaline beyond the apex of the stigma.Male.?Length 4.5 mm.; length of the antenna 3 mm. Hypo-pygidium broadly rounded. The above description of the femaleapplies well to the male. The antenna (see figs. 22 and 32) areslightly brownish beneath.Type locality.?East Ei^-er, Connecticut.t)escribed from two females (one type) and two males (one allo-type), reared from larvae collected on Prunus serotina- by Chas. R.Ely, and recorded under Bureau of Entomology number Tlopk. U. S.136G0 i.Type.?CdX. No. 21595, U.S.N.M.Oviposition.?The eggs are placed in punctures in the midrib of theleaf.Larva.? (Fig. 73.) Length of full fed larva, 11 mm. Head pale,tan freckeled; frons and labrum tan; clypeus, ventral mouthparts,mandibles and cranium about antennae pale; black spot about eyelarge, extending posteriorly almost to cranium ; black spot at vertexlarge (fig. 55). Thorax with mesothorax and metathorax darkeneddorsally from above epipleurite gray to almost black, age and size ofthe larva increasing the extent and depth of the color. Abdomenof young larvae almost entirely pale excepting grayish dorsum ofeighth and ninth urites. In larger larvae the dorsum of the eighthand ninth urites is gray or blackish, where gray, the dorsum of theabdomen is pale, where blackish, the dorsum of the abdomen is gray.Annulet A with from 4 to 6 pairs of small spines, annulets B and Cwith numerous spines arranged in clusters forming transverse rowsacross the dorsum, and annulet D narrow, indistinct, and withoutspines (fig. 61).Cocoon.?Length 8 mm.; width 3 mm. Transparent, pale brown,thin walled, irregularly oval, attached to leaves, dirt, or side of rear-ing cage.Host.?Prunus serotina.Parasites.?Mesoleptine pupae found in cocoons (determined byS. A. Rohwer).Seasonal history.?Solitary feeders, the young larvae skeletonizingthe leaf from the under surface while the older larvae eat holesthrough from the under side. Larvae collected August 16th, spuncocoons August 21, and transformed to pupae August 25th, emergingas adults August 30th. September 2d of the same year more larvae
34 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. vol.60.were collected. These spun by September 12th, but did not emerge asadults until April 13th of the following year.PRIOPHORUS AEQUALIS (Norton).Cladius aequalis Norton, Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc, vol. 4, 1872, p. 78.Priophorus aequalis (Norton), Kirby, List Hym. Brit. Mus., vol. 1, 1882, p.101.?MacGallivray, Bull. 22, Conn, Nat. Hist. Geol, Survey, 1916 (1917),p. 109.A single male, with apices of antennae wanting and right fore wingon pin, without locality label but a name label in Norton's handwrit-ing, is in the collection of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Phila-delphia. This specimen agrees perfectly with the original descriptionand is with but little doubt from the type series. It may be designatedas electotype.The species is closely allied to pruni but may be easily separated bythe middle fovea breaking through the crest. It agrees well with thespecies here described as mrginianus ^ and it is not unlikely that it willprove to be the male of that species.Male.?Length, 5.5 mm. Anterior margin of the clj^peus broadly,shallowly, arcuately emarginate; lobes small and obtuse; medianfovea deep, well defined, elongate, breaking through the frontal crest
;
ocellar basin obsolete dorsally ; a faint impression in front of anteriorocellus; antennal furrows present but not strong; postocellar areavery narrow, distinctly limited laterally, and with a distinct medianfovea anteriorly; postocellar furrow wanting; third antennal jointdistinctly shorter and slightly broader than the fourth, with a faintswelling at base beneath ; stigm.a rather broad, about three times aslong as greatest w^idth which is at base and from which it tapers toapex ; first intercubitus obsolescent ; first abscissa of radius shorter thanthe second, which is subequal with the third; second cubital on theradius about two and one half times as long as third intercubitus;second recurrent distinctly before the middle ; radiellen cell closed andwith a short appendage; hypopygidium broadly rounded apically.Black; palpi, four posterior trochanters, four anterior tibiae andtarsi, posterior tibiae and tarsi, except apical tarsi and apices oftibiae which are brownish, whitish ; anterior femora reddish beneathwings brownish to apex of stigma, then hyaline ; venation dark brown.Description of above-mentioned specimen.Distribution.?Farmington, Connecticut.PRIOPHORUS VIRGINIANUS Rohwer, new species.It is not unlikely that more material will prove that this is theundescribed female of aequalis (Norton).Female.?Length 5 mm. ; length of the antenna 4.25 mm. Clypeusstrongly convex medianly ; anterior margin broadly, arcuately emar-
ART. 1. NOETH AMERICAN SAWFLIES ROHWER. 35ginate ; the lobes very obtuse ; supraclypeal foveae deep, nearly circu-lar in outline; middle fovea elongate, oval in outline, with slopingwalls, breaking through the frontal crest; lower walls of the ocellarbasin rounded; lateral walls nearly obsolete; a shallow, poorly de-fined depression in front of the anterior ocellus; antennal furrowspoorly defined below the ocelli; postckcellar area gently convex,sharply defined laterally with an elongate fovea in the anterior mid-dle; postocellar furrow wanting; antenna rather long and sharplytapering, the third joint slightly shorter than the fourth and with aprojection at the base beneath apical joint distinctly longer than thepreceding; stigma rather narrow, broader at base, gradually taper-ing to the apex; first intercubitus obsolescent; second and thirdcubital cells subequal on the radius ; radiellan cell with a very shortappendage; sheath straight above, obtuse apically, and taperingfrom the broad base. Black; trochanters, four anterior tibiae andtarsi, the posterior tibiae except apical third and the four basal jointsof the posterior tarsi, white; wings fuliginous basally, subhyalinebeyond the apex of the stigma.Type locality.?Great Falls, Virginia.Described from one female reared from a larva collected on Pi'u-nus serotina by S. A. Eohwer, and recorded under Bureau of Ento-mology number Hopk. IJ. S. 10718. This species was also collectedand reared from the same host at Newington, Fairfax County, Vir-ginia, by S. A, Eohwer.Type.?Csit. No. 21596, U.S.N.M.Larva.?Length, last stage, 11 mm. Black above vv^ith lower partof latus, legs, and beneath, white ; head with usual black markings.Pupa.?The antennae of the pupa, on reaching their full length,Avere composed of eighteen joints, the division between the regularnine joints more strongly marked.Host.?Prunus serotina.Seasonal History.?These larvae are solitary feeders from the un-der surface of the leaves, the younger larvae skeletonizing, the moremature larvae eating holes. A larva collected June 27, spun cocoonsJune 30, pupated July 2, and emerged as an adult July 16.PRIOPHORUS PLESIUS Rohwer, new spoeiM.Figure 4.Female.?Length 5 mm.; length' of the antenna 3.75 mm. Clypeusstrongly convex; the apical margin rather deeply, subangulatel}-emarginate; the lobes broad, triangular in outline; the apical mar-gin acute; supraclypeal fovese deep, circular in outline; middlefovea elongate, deep, with sloping walls, breaking through thefrontal crest; lower walls of ocellar ba^in rounded: lateral walls
36 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. vol.60.only faintly indicated; an elongate depression in front of the an-terior ocellus ; antennal furrows nearly obsolete below the ocelli
;
postocellar area strongly convex, sharply defined laterally, with apunctiform fovae in the anterior middle; postocellar furrow obso-lete; antenna rather long, sharply tapering apically, the third jointdistinctly shorter than the fourth; the apical joint slightly longerthan the preceding; stigma narrow, broadest at base, sharply taper-ing to the apex ; first intercubitus obsolescent ; the second and thirdcubital cells subequal on the radius; radiellan cell with a short ap-pendage; sheath straight above, obtuse apically tapering from thebroad base. Black; trochanters, the four anterior tibiae and tarsi,posterior tibiae except their apices, the four basal joints of the pos-terior tarsi, white ; wings hyaline ; venation dark brown, stigma palebrown.Type locality.?Profile House, New Hampshire.Described from three females (one type) reared from larv?e col-lected on cherry by Dr. H. G. Dyar, and recorded under his Num-ber 6H.Type.?Ciit. No. 21597, U.S.N.M.This species has also been collected at East River, Connecticut, irthe larval stages on Planus serotina^ by Chas. E. Ely.Larva.?" Spun within a day or two, before I had a chance todescribed it in detail. It was, however, strikingly colored, beingreddish or brownish above and greenish below." (Ely.)Host.?Prunus serotina.Seasonal History.?A larva collected August 15, spun its cocoonAugust 17, emerging as an adult September 20.PRIOPHORUS PETRINUS (Cockcrell).Cludius petrinus Cockerell, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., (1914) 1915, p. 641.A study of the original description and subsequent notes from thetype kindly supplied by Professor Wickham, indicates that thisspecies is more properly referred to the genus Priophorus.This species was described from the shales of Florissant and thetype is in the collection of Professor Wickham.PRIOPHORUS INFUSCATUS (MacGiUivray)
.
Craterocermis infuscatus MacGilli\tiay, Bull. 22, Coun. Geol. Nat. Hist.Surv. 1916 (1917), p. 106.Priophorus infuscaUis (MacGiUivray), Rohwer, Proc. Ent. Soc. Wash., vol.20, 1918, p. 165.Type.?Collection of A. D. MacGiUivray.Although the senior author examined the type of this species heis unable to definitely associate it with any of the species here de-
ART. 1. NOETH AMERICAN SAWFLIES ROHWER. 37
scribed. It is probably more closely allied to the species here de-scribed as j)runi. The original description is as follows
:
" Mesonotum and collar black ; body black, with legs beyond femorawhite; third segment of antennae shorter than fourth; clypeus dis-tinctly emarginate ; median fovea large, shallow, circular ; Avings in-fuscated on basal half. Length 6 mm,"In a letter dated January 13, 1919, Doctor MacGillivray says:
" The type of Craterocercus infuscatus was collected at Ithaca, NewYork, and is without date. The specimen is a female."(PRIOPHORUS) CAULOCAMPUS ACERICAULIS (MacGillivray) Rohwer.Figure 8.Priophorus acericaulis MacGillivkay, Can. Ent., vol. 38, 1906, p. 306.Caulocampus acericaulis (MacGillivray) Rohwer, Proc. U. S. Nat. IMus.,vol. 43, 1912, p. 240 ; Proc. Ent. Soc. Wash., vol. 20, no. 8, 1918, p. 165.In his latest paper ^'' MacGillivray leaves this species in the genusPHophorus, According to our opinion, it does not belong to this sub-family. The basal vein, which joins the subcosta remote from theorigin of the cubitus (see fig. 8), the larvae and their habits are im-portant characters which show that the species is Nematine. Thisspecies, according to our opinion, is generically different from Prio-phornis, and the genus Caulocampus, of which it is the genotype,should be placed in the Nematine, tribe Hemichorini.
"Bull. 22, Conn. Geol. and Nat Hist Survey, 1916 (191T), p. 109.
EXPLANATION OF PLATES.Plate 1.?Legs and Wings of adult Cladiine sawflies.Fia. 1. Claw of Cladius isomerus.2. Leg of Trichiocampus gregarius, female.3. Leg of Cladius isomerus, female.4. Leg of Priophorus plesius, female.5. Wings of Trichiocampus viminalis, female.6. Wings of Priophorus padi, female.7. Wings of Cladius isomerus, female.8. Wings of Caulocampus ac&ricaulis.38
U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM PROCEEDINGS, VOL. 60, ART. I PL. I
somerus,
\1
C.
R jalesLui
T viminalLS P padi
C. l; Ca. acepLCduksNorth American Cladiine Sawflies.For explanation of plate see page 38.
U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM PROCEEDINGS, VOL. 60, ART. I PL. 2
C. Lsomerus P. padC P. salicivorusNORTH American Cladiine Sawflies. P. profFor explanation of plate see page 39
Plate 2,?Antennae of adult Cladiine sawflies.Fig. 9. Antenna of Trichiocampus viminalis, male.10. Antenna of TricMocampus viminalis, female.11. Antenna of Trichiocampus gregarius, male.12. Antenna of Trichiocampus gregarius, female.13. Antenna of Trichiocampus irregularis, female.14. Antenna of Trichiocampus irreoularis, male.15. Antenna of Priophorus pruni, female.16. Antenna of Cladius isomerus, male.17. Antenna of Cladius isomerus, female.18. Antenna of Priophorus padi, female.19. Antenna of Priophorus padi, male.20. Antenna of Priophorus salicivorus, female.21. Antenna of Priophorus salicivorus, male.22. Antenna of Priophorus pruni, male. Hi)
Plate 3.?Antennae of adult Cladiine sawtlies.Fig. 23. Antenna of Tricliiocampus viminalis, female.24. Antenna of Trichiocainpus viminalis, male.25. Antenna of Trichiocampus gregarius, female.26. Antenna of Trichiocamjnis irregularis, female.27. Antenna of Trichiocampus irregularis, male.28. Antenna of Cladius isomerus, female.29. Antenna of Cladius isomerus, male.30. Antenna of Priophorus padi, male.31. Antenna of Priophorus padi, female.32. Antenna of Priophorus pruni, male.33. Antenna of Priophorus pruni, female.34. Antenna of Priophorus snlicivorus, fe.iu:ile.35. Antenna of Priophorus salicivorus, male40
U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM PROCEEDINGS, VOL. 60, ART. I PL. 3
23 T. vimmaks
25 "T- grcgari-us
26 T. irregularis
saltcivoru3
North American Cladiine Sawflies.For explanation of plate see page 40.
U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM PROCEEDINGS, VOL. 60, ART. I PL. 4
C. isomenus P. (aadl P. saiicivoru
C. isomerus ^ 48 sakci.voru3
North American Cladiine Sawflies.For explanation of plate see page 41,
Plate 4.?Parts of the ovipositor of Cladiine sawflies.Fig. 36. Lance of Trichiocampus viminalis.37. Lance of TricJiiocamp^is gregaHus.38. Lance of Trichiocampus irregularis.39. Lance of Cladius isomerus.40. Lance of Priopliorua padi.41. Lance of Priophorus sulicivorus.42. Lancet of Trichiocampus viminalis.43. Lancet of Trichiocampxis gregarius.44. Lancet of Trichiocam^pus iJTCgularis.45. Lancet of Cladius isomerus.46. Lancet of Priophorus padi.47. Lancet of Priophorus salicivorus.48. Lancet of Priophorus prxin-i. 41
Plate. 5.?Larval characters of Cladiine sawflies.Fig. 49. Front view of head, Trichiocampus viminalis.50. Front view of head, Cladius isomcrus.51. Front view of head, Pi'ioplwrus betulae.52. Leg of larva, Trichiocampus viminalis.53. Antenna of larva, Trichiocampus viminalis.54. Mouth parts of larva, Trichiocampus viminalis.55. Side view of head, Priophorus pruni.56. Side view of head, Priophorus salicivorus.57. Abdominal segment, plus annulet A of the following segment, Trichio-campus viminalis.58. Abdominal segment, plus annulet A of the following segment, Trichio-campus gregarius.59. Abdominal segment, plus annulet A of the following segment, Trichio-campus irregularis.60. Abdominal segment, plus annulet A of the following segment, Cladiusisomcrus.61. Abdominal segment, plus annulet A of the following segment, Priophorus pruni.42
U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM PROCEEDINGS, VOL. 60, ART. I PL. 5
T viminalis 49 ^- "-^^niei U5
P. pruoL P. salitivorusT , - T 1- 54 55 56
T. V Imm a lis T.gregarcus T. IrregularLS C. i.somerus P bruni
North American Cladiine Sawflies.For explanation of plate see page 42.
U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM PROCEEDINGS. VOL. 60. ART I PL. 6
67
' ' 65North American Cladiine Sawflies.For explanation of ME SEE PAGE 43
Plate 6.?Larval details of Cladius isomcrus.Fig. 62. Maxilla of larva of Cladius isomerus.63. Labriim of larva of Cladius isomerus.64. Epipharynx of larva of Cladius isomerus.65. Labium of larva of Cladius isomerus.66. Frons of larva of Cladius isomerus.67. Antenna of larva of Cladius isomei-us.68. Leg of larva of Cladius isomerus.69. Ventral interior view?Right mandible of larva of Cladius isomerus.70. Ventral interior view?Left mandible of larva of Cladius isomerus.43
Plate 7.?Larvae of Cladiine sawflies.The bracket above a segment indicates the segment illustrated in detail onplate 5.Fig. 71. Larva of Trichiocampus viminalis. .72. Larva of Cladius isomerus.73. Larva of Priophorus pruni.44
U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM PROCEEDINGS. VOL. 60, ART. I PL. 7
P. (Dpuni '3North American Cladiine Sawflies.For explanation of plate see page 43

INDEX.This index contains the names of tlie species discussed in this paper. Validgeneric names are in bold-face type, valid spef^ific names in roman type, andsynonyms in italics. Pagpacericaulis (MacGillivray) 37aequalis (Norton) 34betulae Rohwer 27Caulocampus 37Cladius Rossi 12crataegi Rohwer 26difformis (Panzer) 12grandis Lepeletier 6gresarius (Dyar) 11infuscatus (MacGillivray) 3Girregularis Dyar 9isomerus (Norton) 13adult of "14behavior of -0cocoon of 18egg of 15hosts of 23larva of 15larval instars of 15life history of 18meteorological notes, in relation to 22oviposition of 15parasites of 23phenological notes, in relation to 22pupa of 18Ivtescens Lintner 7montanus Rohwer 31
" N " Dyar 9padi (Linnaeus) 24pcctinicornis Riley and Authors 13petrinus (Cockerell) 36pilicornis Dahlbom 24plesius Rohwer 35Priophorus Dahlbom 24Key to adults of 25Key to larvae of 26pruni Rohwer 32rubi Rohwer 32rubivorus Rohwer 28salicivorus Rohwer 29simplicicornis (Norton) 1045
46 INDEX. Page.solitarius (Dyar) 30Hlevenia Lepeletier _ 24Trichiocampus Hartig <>varipes Lepeletier : 24virainalis (Fallen) 7adult 7larva 8vlrgiuianns Roliwer 34