Proceedings ofthe United StatesNational MuseumSMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION ? WASHINGTON, D.C.
Volume 114 1963 Number 3472
REVIEW OF THE HAWKFISHES(FAMILY CIRRHITIDAE)
By John E. Randall ^
The Cirrhitidae is a famil}'^ of 10 genera and 34 species of carniv-orous fishes, usually small and often colorful, which inhabit warmseas. One of the genera and six of the species are herein describedas new. The family is characterized as follows: pectoral fins with14 rays, the lower 5 to 7 rays unbranched and usually enlarged withmembranes deeply incised; 1 dorsal fin, notched between spinousand soft portions, with 10 spines and 11 to 17 rays (the spinousportion, however, of greater basal length than the soft); anal finwith 3 spines and 5 to 7 (usually 6) rays; 15 principal caudal rays;6 branchiostegal rays; pelvic rays 1,5; 1 or more cirri projecting pos-teriorly from interspinous membranes near tips of dorsal spines; afringe of cirri on hind edge of anterior nostril; gill membranes broadlyjoined with a free fold across isthmus; no air bladder; 26 vertebrae.
' Contribution Ko. 409 from The Marino Laboratory, University of Miami. Author now Professorof Biology, University of Puerto Rico, Mayagiiez, Puerto Rico. 389
390 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM vol. ii4With the exception of the presence or absence of palatine teeth, thedentition of cirrhitids is relatively unchanging from species to spe-cies. Teeth are present on the vomer. There is a row of canineteeth in both jaws which are usually longer anteriorly in the upperjaw; the longest canines in the lower jaw are usually a group of 2 to4 on each side about half way back in the series of teeth. A bandof small villiform teeth, broader anteriorly, occurs inside the caninesof the jaws (restricted to front of lower jaw). Additional character-istics and discussion of the closely related families Chironemidae,Aplodactylidae, Cheilodactylidae, and Latrididae are given byRegan (1911).Hawkfishes occur mostly in shallow water, often only a few feetdeep. Species of the genera Oxycirrhites and Cyprinocirrhites, how-ever, appear to live primarily at depths of about 15 to 60 fathoms.The shallow-water cirrhitids, at least, dwell upon the bottom as dothe related scorpaenids. The thickened condition of the lower pec-toral rays may be an adaptation for the demersal habit, inasmuchas the lower part of these fins makes contact with the coral or rocksubstratum. In general, the cirrhitids are more active than thescorpaenids and frequently move short distances from one part ofa reef to another. Some smaller species commonly seek refuge ininterstices of hving coral. Chacko (1949), Randall (1955), andHiatt and Strasburg (1960) reported on the food habits of some ofthe cirrhitids.The Cirrhitidae is dominantly an Indo-Pacific family. Only 2species are known from the Atlantic, 1 from west Africa and theother from the West Indian region. Within the vast Indo-Pacificarea the number of cirrhitid fishes recorded from subregions or islandgroups in the last 2 decades is as follows: western Indian Ocean, 9(Smith, 1951); East Indies, 10 (de Beaufort, 1940); Philippine Islands,5 (Herre, 1953); Phoenix and Samoa Islands, 7 (Schultz, 1943);Gilbert Islands, 5 (Randall, 1955); Marshall Islands, 6 (Schultz inSchultz and collaborators, 1960); Hawaiian Islands, 5 (Gosline andBrock, 1960).To obtain the above numbers of species, the following allocationof certain nominal and valid species must be considered: Cirrhitusmossambicus Smith has been referred to the synonjony as a juvenileof C. nigropunctatus Schultz (?Cirrhitus punctatus Cuvier in Cuvierand Valenciennes) by Schultz in Schultz and collaborators, 1960.Cirrhitichthys aprinus (Cuvier), a name applied by most recent authorsto C. oxycephalus (Bleeker), is distinct from oxycephahis. Paracirr-hites polystidus (Giinther) appears to be a color phase of P. hemistic-tus (Giinther) (Marshall, 1950). Amhlycirrhitus oxyrhynchos (Bleeker)
REVIEW OF THE HAWKFISHES?RANDALL 391and Paracirrhites amblycej^halus (Bleeker), placed in synonymy byde Beaufort (1940) and other authors, are valid species.Specimens of 12 species of hawkfishes were collected in FrenchOceania (Society Islands, Marquesas Islands and Tuamotu Archi-pelago) and nearby Caroline Atoll (10? S., 150? W.) by the authorin 1956 and 1957. These have been deposited in the U.S. NationalMuseum under numbers 190564 to 190586 and the George VanderbiltFoundation, Stanford University (SU). Analysis of these collectionshas led to the present review of the family.That southeastern Oceania should have more species of cirrhitidfishes than the East Indies or Philippines is contrary to the usualfaunal picture wherein the number of species in a group is greatestin the Indo-Malayan region and diminishes eastward. This appar-ent contradiction with respect to the distribution of cirrhitids probablyreflects a greater collecting effort in Oceania.All available specimens of the Cirrliitidae deposited at the followinginstitutions have been examined: U.S. National Museum (USNM),Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia (ANSP), AmericanMuseum of Natural History (AMNH), Museum of ComparativeZoology at Harvard University (MCZ), Bingham OceanographicLaboratory at Yale University (BOC), Marine Laboratory of theUniversity of Miami (UMML), Museum National d'Histoire Naturellein Paris (MNHN), and Museu e Laboratorio Zool6gico in Lisbon.Assistance of the curators of fishes of these institutions and especiallyof the staff of the Division of Fishes of the U.S. National Museum isgratefully acknowledged; that institution provided working quartersfor the author during part of the study, and its material of theCirrhitidae formed much of the basis for this revision.Thanks are due W. J. Baldwin of the University of California atLos Angeles, M. L. Bauchot of the Museum National d'HistoireNaturelle in Paris, M. Bocseman of the Rijksmuseum van NatuurlijkeHistoric at Leiden, E. H. Bryan, Jr. of the Bernice P. Bishop Museumin Honolulu, K. Deckert of the Zoologisches Museum in BerlinW. A. Gosline of the University of Hawaii (UH), T. Kamohara ofKochi University, W. EQausewitz of the Senckenberg Museum atFranMurt, T. Monod of tlie Universite de Dakar, J. Nielsen of theUniversitets Zoologiske Museum at Copenhagen, R. Rosenblatt ofthe Scripps Institution of Oceanography (SI), D. W. Strasburg ofthe U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service in Honolulu, M. Torchio of theMuseo Civico di Storia Natiu-ale in Milan, A. C. Wheeler and N. B.Marshall of the British Museum (Natural History) (BM), G. P. Whitleyof the Australian Museum, and L. P. Woods of the Chicago NaturalHistory Museum for information on specimens and loans. Drawings
392 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM vol. lu
of new species were made by Fanny L. Phillips; the photographswere taken by the author.Standard length was taken from the front of the upper Up withmouth closed to the base of the caudal fin (that is, end of hypuralplate). Head length was measured from the front of the upper lip tothe most posterior part of the opercular membrane, snout length fromthe front of the upper lip to the edge of the eye, and length of caudalpeduncle from a vertical at rear base of dorsal fin to base of caudal fin.All fin rays that have a separate basal element, regardless of spacing,were counted. Scale rows above the lateral Une were counted in themiddle of the body. Only the rows of large scales were counted;once a rov/ of scales showed a marked diminution in size to the rowbeneath it, it was not counted. If the scale rows are counted fromthe lateral line to the origin of the dorsal fin, there is often one scalemore than may be counted in the middle of the body. Gill-rakercounts include rudiments. Capped roman numerals designate spinesand lowercase roman numerals unbranched soft rays (pectoral countsonly). The number of serrations on the free margin of the preopercleincrease with age (fig. 1); therefore, this count is often without valueunless lengths of specimens are given. The number of specimens onwhich meristic data are based is enclosed in parentheses after thecounts in species discussions, along with locahty or localities of thesespecimens. All counts are included in species diagnoses, althoughnot all are diagnostic. Chp.racters given in the diagnoses and key togenera are usually not repeated in species accounts.Key to the Genera of the Cirrhitidae ^la. Scales ctenoid; 3 spines on opercle; 2 rows of scales above lateral line (sub-family Isobuninae) Isobinia (p. 393)lb. Scales cycloid; 2 indistinct flattened spines on edge of opercle; 3 to 5 rowsof scales above lateral line (subfamily Cirrhitinae).2a. Snout not elongate, its length about 3 to 5 in head length; body notslender, the depth 2 to 3.4 in standard length; canine teeth in jawsmarkedly longer than inner villiform teeth, those at front of upperjaw and side of lower jaw enlarged.3a. Caudal fin rounded, truncate, or slightly emarginate; dorsal soft rays11 to 15.4a. No large scales on cheek (small scales in more than 12 irregular rows).5a. Body not deep and not compressed, the depth 2.6 to 3.4 in standardlength and the width 1.5 to 1.9 in depth; dorsal soft rays 11(rarely 12); palatine teeth present; upper margin of preoperclefinely serrate or smooth; lower 7 pectoral rays unbranched.Cirrhitus (p. 395)
' The Japanese genus SerranocirThitus Watanabo (1949), no specimen of which has been examined, Is notconsidered in the present paper. Although this genus may ultimately be placed in the Cirrhitidae asintended by Watanabe, it differs notably from other clrrhitids in having all the pectoral rays unbranchedand not thickened, no teeth on the vomer, and the configuration of a pomacentrld. Like Isobuna, it hasctenoid scales.
REVIEW OF THE HAWKFISHES?RANDALL 3935b. Body deep and compressed, the depth 2 to 2.4 in standard lengthand the width 2.9 to 3.1 in depth; dorsal soft rays 13; palatineteeth absent; upper margin or preopercle coarsely serrate; lower6 pectoral raj's unbranched Neocirrhites (p. 403)4b. Rows of large scales on cheek 4 to 6 (small scales also usually present).6a. Rows of large scales between lateral line and spinous portion ofdorsal fin 5; a single cirrus from membrane near tip of each dorsalspine; membranes of spinous portion of dorsal fin not deeplyincised, those between longest dorsal spines extend four-fifths ormore of distance from base to tips of spines; palatine teeth absent.Paracirrhites (p. 404)6b. Rows of large scales above lateral line in middle of body 3 or 4; atuft of cirri from membrane near tip of each dorsal spine; mem-branes of spinous portion of dorsal fin deeply incised, thosebetween longest spines extend less than two-thirds of distancefrom base to tips of spines; palatine teeth present or absent.7a. Dorsal soft rays 14 (rarely 15); first 2 pectoral rays unbranched;free posterior margin on preorbital; interorbital not scaled;snout not pointed, the profile from interorbital to upper lipconvex Cirrhitops (p. 419)7b. Dorsal soft rays 1 1 or 12 (rarely 13) ; first pectoral ray unbranched,second usually branched; free posterior margin on preorbitalpresent or absent; interorbital scaled or not scaled; snout pointedor not pointed.8a. Palatine teeth absent; longest dorsal spine 3.5 to 4 in depth;snout not pointed, profile from interorbital to upper lipconvex Isocirrhitus, new genus (p. 422)8b. Palatine teeth present; longest dorsal spine 1.7 to 3.2 in depth;snout pointed, profile from interorbital to upper lip nearlystraight.9a. Preopercular margin finely serrate; preorbital without a freehind margin; interorbital scaled; first dorsal soft ray notproduced into a filament; lower 5 (rarely 6) pectoral raysunbranched Amblycirrhitus (p. 423)9b. Preopercular margin coarsely serrate; preorbital with hindmargin free for about }i to }2 distance from lower edge toeye; interorbital not scaled; first dorsal soft ray usuallyproduced into a filament; lower 6 or 7 pectoral raysunbranched Cirrhitichthys (p. 429)3b. Caudal fin lunate, the lobes produced; dorsal soft rays 16 or 17.Cyprinocirrhites (p. 443)2b. Snout elongate, its length about 2 in head length; body slender, the depth4.4 to 4.6 in standard length; canine teeth in jaws only slightly longerthan inner villiform teeth and nearly uniform in size.Oxycirrhites (p. 445)Subfamily IsobuninaeGenus Isobuna JordanIsobuna Jordan, in Jordan and Herre, 1907, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., vol. 33, p. 158.(Type species, Paracirrhites japonicus Steindachner, by original designationand monotypy. New name for Paracirrhites Steindachner, preoccupied byParacirrhites Bleeker.)
394 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ]VIUSEUM vol. inIsobuna is apparently known from one specimen of a single species,japonica Steindachner (for a description, see species account below),which was deposited in the Museo Civico di Storia Naturale in Milan,Italy; M. Torchio of this institution has \vritten that he is unable tolocate the type and is certain that it was destroyed as a result ofbombardment during World War II. It has not been illustrated.Of this genus, Smith (1951, p. 626) stated, "If it is a cirrhitid, Isobunawould merit subfamily rank." It is here considered as a subfamily ofthe Cu'rhitidae, but not with assurance. With its ctenoid scales, threeopercular spines, large mouth, and lower pectoral rays unbranched butnot thickened, it may represent primitive stock of the family, and itseems to link the CuThitidae with the Serranidae.Isobuna japonica (Steindachner)Paracirrhites japonicus Steindachner, in Steindachner and Doderlein, 1884,Denkschr. Akad. Wiss. Wien, vol. 48, p. 25 (type locality, Japan).Description.?Dorsal rays X,15; anal rays 111,7; lower 6 or 7pectoral rays unbranched; lateral-line scales 33 or 34; 2 scales abovelateral hne; 10 scales below lateral hne.Head length shghtly more than 2}^ and body depth almost 2% inbody length. Eye 5, interorbital 8, and snout including lower jawnearly 4 in head length.Body compressed; upper profile of head and body moderatelyarched; snout pointed, the lower jaw projecting slightly; ventraloutline to anal fin nearly straight. Mouth large, oblique, the maxil-lary extending a little beyond posterior edge of eye; teeth in jawsslender, pointed, those of outer row slightly longer and stouter thanthose of inner row; a small canine on each side at front of premaxillary;teeth on vomer and palatines; free preopercular margin rounded andfinely serrate; operculum terminates in 3 short spines, the middleone the sharpest; lateral line almost parallel to base of dorsal fin;scales ctenoid; head scaled except for lips and a narrow band on snoutto nostrils; scales on cheek and operculum large, those on top of headsmall; basal part of fins scaled; dorsal fin deeply notched betweenspinous and soft portions; fifth and sixth dorsal spines the highest,then length two-sevenths head length; last dorsal spine equal inheight to fii'st and about half diameter of eye; fii'st soft ray as long aslongest dorsal spine; the following rays up to the eighth increasegradually in length, the eighth 2K in head length; remaining raysdecrease gradually in length, the last 3 times in head; caudal fin weaklyconcave, its length 1% head length. Second anal spine longer andstouter than other spines, its length slight!}'' longer than longestdorsal spine; fourth soft ray of anal fin the longest, its length halfthe head length; pelvic fins not quite reaching anus, their origin in
REVIEW OF THE HAWKFISHES?^RANDALL 395front of lowest pectoral rays; eighth and ninth rays of pectoral finsthe longest, reaching to a vertical at base of fourth anal soft ray;length of pectoral fins l}i length of pelvic fins, Iji in head length.Color yellowish bro\vn with a diffuse golden yellow spot in thecenter of each body scale (after Steindachner).Described from a single 150 mm. specimen from Japan. The totalnumber of pectoral rays, number of gill rakers, number of vertebrae,presence or absence of air bladder, and presence or absence of cirridistally on dorsal fin membranes and at rear edge of anterior nostrilare not known. Subfamily CirrhitinaeGenus Cirrhitus LacepedeCirrhitus Lacepede, 1S03, Histoire naturelle des poissons, vol. 5, p. 2. (Typespecies, Cirrhitus maculatus Lacepede by monotypy = Labrus pinnulahisSchneider. Spelled Cirrhites by some authors.)Diagnosis.?Uppermost and lower 7 pectoral rays unbranched;dorsal soft rays 11 or 12; palatine teeth present; upper margin ofpreopercle finely serrate or smooth; preorbital \^dthout a free hindedge; small scales on cheek; 4 rows of large scales above lateral fine inmiddle of body; depth of body 2.6 to 3.4 in standard length; snoutlength 2.7 to 3.8 in head length; a tuft of cirri from membrane near tipof each dorsal spine; membranes of dorsal fin not deeply incised, theone between fifth and sixth spines notched one-third or less of the lengthof the spines; longest dorsal spine 2.2 to 3 in body depth; pectoralfins do not reach origin of anal fin; pelvic fins reach or nearly reachanus; caudal fin slightly emarginate to slightly rounded.Key to the Species of Cirrhitusla. Lateral-line scales 38 to 44.2a. Supraorbital ridge low; pectoral fins not reaching vertical at tips of pelvicfins; longest unbranched pectoral rays only slightly longer than longestbranched rays.3a. Supraoccipital crest visible as a low ridge; no scales on interorbitalspace; no small white spots on head, bodj', and fins (white blotchesnearly as large as eye present on body) (Indo-Pacific) . . pinnulatus3b. Supraoccipital crest not visible externally; a narrow median band ofscales on interorbital space; small white spots on head, body, andfins, those on body arranged in about 12 lengthwise rows (NiuafooIsland, near Tonga Islands) albopunctatus2b. Supraorbital ridge high and prominent; pectoral fins reach slightlyposterior to vertical at tips of pelvic fins; longest unbranched pectoralrays nearly one-third longer than longest branched rays.4a. Supraorbital crest not hooklike and extending more than half an eyediameter in distance posterior to eye; scales on thorax not markedly
396 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM
smaller than those on rest of body; dorsal soft rays 11; upper two-thirds of body, head, and pectoral base with scattered small solidblack spots (western Indian Ocean) punctatiis4b. Supraorbital crest slightly hooked posteriorly and extending onlyslightly posterior to eye; scales on thorax markedly smaller than thoseon rest of body; dorsal soft rays 12; no small solid black spots on upperpart of body or head (Lord Howe Island) splendenslb. Lateral-line scales 45 to 49.5a. Depth of body 2.6 to 2.8 in standard length; longest dorsal spine about 3.3in head length; 5 near-vertical dark bars on body of young which breakup into groups of irregular oblong spots with bicolored border (blackinwardly and pale outwardly) on adults; dark bands on head withsimilar border (tropical eastern Pacific) rivulatus5b. Depth of body about 3 in standard length; longest dorsal spine about 2.4in head length; color pattern not of dark bars or oblong black spotsarranged in bars (Ilheo das Rolas, tropical west Africa) . . atlanticus
Cirrhitiis pinnulatus (Schneider)Figure 2Labrus pinnulatus Schneider, in Bloch and Schneider, 1801, Systemaichthyologiae . . . , p. 264 (type locahty, Tahiti).Labnis marmoratus Lacepede, 1802, Histoire naturelle des poissons, vol. 3, pp.438, 493, pi. 5, lower figure (no locality).Cirrhitus maculatus Lacepede, 1803, Histoire naturelle des poissons, vol. 5, pp. 2,3 (type locality, Mauritius).Cirrhites maculosus Bennett, 1828, Zool. Journ., vol. 4, p. 38 (type locahty,Hawaiian Islands).Cirrhitus alfernatus Gill, 1862, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, vol. 14, pp.106, 107 (type locality, Hawaiian Islands).Cirrhitus spilotoceps Schultz, 1950, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., vol. 100, pp. 548, 551,pi. 13,C (type locality, Red Sea).Diagnosis.?Dorsal rays X,ll; anal rays 111,6; pectoral raysi,6,vii; lateral-line scales 39 to 44 (table 1); 4 rows of large scales abovelateral line in middle of body (3 beneath soft portion of dorsal fin);9 large scales below lateral line to origin of anal fin; gill rakers 5 to7+1 + 11 to 13 (29 specimens, localities of table 1).Table 1.
?
Counts of lateral-line scales of specimens of Cirrhitus pinnulatus
Locality
REVIEW OF THE HAWKFISHES?RANDALL 397Supraorbital ridge low; supraoccipital crest visible as a low ridge;pectoral fin tips do not reach vertical at distal ends of pelvic fins;interorbital not scaled; depth of body about 3 in standard length.Color in alcohol brown with 3 rows of 5 or 6 white spots of thesize of the eye or slightly smaller; brown area of body overlaid withclose-set dark brown spots; head with dark brown blotches or irregularbands, usually the most prominent being a dark blotch behind loweredge of eye; a dark spot medially on chin adjacent to lower lip, rimmedposteriorly by an arc of dark brown; dorsal cirri white. In life thedark bro\vn spots on the body are brownish red, the markings on thehead orange-brown, and the abdomen white.A 22-mm. juvenile from Morotai, East Indies (USNM 147682), iscolored nearly like adults. The rows of white spots are more promi-nent; the intervening brown areas are dark and no darker spots arevisible on them; the darkest marking is a broad extension of darkbrown into base of dorsal fin at juncture of spinous and soft portions.Remarks.?A wide-ranging species, C. pinnulatus is known through-out the Indo-Pacific. Jordan and Herre (1907) and Kamohara (1954)have recorded it from southern Japan. The author collected it inHaw^aii, Gilbert Islands, Society Islands, and Tuamotu Archipelago.It is an inshore species, characteristically found in a region subject towave action. Klunzinger (1870) and Harry (1953) have pointed outthat this hawkfish hides in crevices on the reef front by day andforages on the reef by night.The type of pinnulatus was not located; it is not in the Berlinmuseum. A specimen listed as the type of maculatus Lacepedefrom Mauritius via Dussumier (MNHN 2775) proved to be the sameas pinnulatus. M. L. Bauchot of the Paris museum has informedthe author that the true type of maculatus should be the maculatusof Commerson whose manuscript was the basis for Lacepede's name.She located this specimen (MNHN 5449A), a dried half-examplemeasuring 172 mm. in standard length. Although no color patternis apparent, the specimen is evidently conspecific with pinnulatus.Schultz (1950; pp. 548, 551, pi. 13,C) noted slight differences inthe number of lateral-line scales, gill rakers, and color of pinnulatusin the Red Sea. The scale counts of Red Sea specimens are higher(see table 1), and the gill rakers on the lower limb of the first archseem to be slightly higher (12 or 13, as opposed to 11 or 12); the brownspots on the cheek, snout, and upper lip are more numerous and moredistinct. Schultz has assigned the specific name spilotoceps tothis geographical variant. I would prefer to utilize this name forsubspecific designation.Some authors have applied the name alternatu^ GUI to pinnulatusin Hawaii. The differentiation of the Hawaiian form is less marked
398 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM vol. ii4than that of the Eed Sea form. Color differences are shght; thereappear to be 5 or 6 gill rakers on the upper limb of the gill arch in-stead of 6 or 7. Should a name be desired for the Hawaiian variant,maculosus Bennett (1828) would have priority over alternatus.In the same year that Bennett proposed maculosus, Riippell appliedthis name to 'pinnulatus in the Red Sea; however he attributed maculo-sus to Lacep^de. Lacepede's name was maculatus. In a later workRiippell (1835, p. 95) indicated this mistake to be a printer's error.Largest specimen examined, 230 mm. in standard length, fromHawaii. Cirrhitus alhopunctatus SchultzFigure 3Cirrhitus alhopunctatus Schultz, 1950, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., vol. 100, pp. 547,548, pi. 13,A (type locality, Niuafoo Island, near Tonga Islands).Diagnosis.?Dorsal rays X,ll or 12; anal rays 111,6; pectoral raysi,6,vii; lateral-line scales 39 to 42; 3 rows of large scales above lateralline in middle of body (4 beneath most of spinous portion of dorsal fin)
;
9 scales below lateral line to origin of anal fin; gill rakers 7+ 14-10 or11 (2 specimens).Supraorbital ridge low and not extending posterior to eye; supra-occipital crest not visible externally; pectoral fins do not reach avertical at tips of pelvic fins; interorbital with a narrow medianband of small scales; depth of body about 3.1 in standard length;caudal fin slightly rounded; snout length 3.5 in head length (3 to3.3 for other species of Cirrhitus); suprascapular margin smooth(serrate on other species of Cirrhitus, although reduced on xnnnulatus){atlanticus not checked).Color in alcohol brown with small white spots on head, body, andfins, those on body in about 12 rows. These small white spots aresuperimposed on a pattern of about 4 rows of pale spots about thesize of the eye, the 2 most prominent spots being at the base of thecaudal fin; uppermost of these 2 white spots edged with dark brownblotches, the largest of which lies dorsally on caudal peduncle.Remarks.?Known from 2 specimens from Niuafoo Island near theTonga Islands, the holotype (USNM 91883), 101 mm. in standardlength and an 80 mm. paratype, now in the Museum of ComparativeZoology at Harvard University.Cirrhitus punctatus CuvierFigure 4Cirrhites pxmctatus Cuvier, ^n Cuvier and Valenciennes, 1829, Histoirenaturelle despoissons, vol. 3, p. 70 (type locality, Madagascar).Cirrhites punclatus Bleeker, 1866, Nederlandsch Tijdschr. Dierk., vol. 3, p. 176(Reunion).
REVIEW OF THE HAWKFISHES?EANDALL 399
Cirrhiius nigropunctatus Schultz, 1950, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. 100, pp. 547,549, pi. 13,B (type locality, Mauritius).Cirrhiius mossambicus Smith, 1951, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 2, vol. 4, p. 629,fig. 1 (type locality, Mozambique Island, east Africa).Diagnosis.?Dorsal rays X,ll; anal rays 111,6; pectoral raysi,6,vii; lateral-line scales 40 to 43; 4 rows of large scales above lateralline in middle of body; 9 large scales below lateral line to origin ofanal fin; gill rakers 6 or 7+1 -f 10 or 11 (5 specimens, Mauritius andMadagascar).Prominent bony supraorbital ridge extending more than half an eyediameter posterior to eye; pectoral fins reach beyond tips of pelvicfins; interorbital scaled; depth of body 3.14 to 3.35 in standardlength; caudal fin truncate to slightly rounded.Color in alcohol: upper half of body with large dark and paleblotches forming 5 alternate dark and light bars, lower half pale witha series of 5 dark blotches; upper two-thirds of body, head, and pec-toral base with scattered small dark brown or black spots; a curveddark line extending posteriorly from eye; a dark blotch on lower lip;all fins blotched with dark brown.Remarks.?The type of punctatus (MNHN 2772) was obtainedfrom Madagascar by Quoy and Gaimard. The following counts andmeasurements were made from the specimen: lateral-line scales 43;gill rakers 6+ 1 + 10; standard length 136 mm., total length 167 mm.,depth 43.5 mm., head length 51.5 mm., eye diameter 9.5 mm., lengthof pectoral fin 41 mm., longest dorsal spine (the third) 19 mm. Sixteencanine teeth on one side at front of upper jaw; 6 lower canines, thelast 2 the longest, followed by 1 1 shorter, more slender teeth of aboutequal height. Inner rows of villiform teeth extend the length of upperjaw but are restricted to anterior part of lower jaw; palatine teeth in2 short anterior irregular rows.Another specimen in the museum in Paris is also listed as a type.This is a dried, varnished, 132.5-mm. half-specimen, with a locality of
''Mer des Indes" (Indian Ocean) and attributed to Commerson. TheMadagascar specimen is well preserved in alcohol and is here desig-nated lectotype.The largest specimen examined, 149 mm. in standard length, is aparatype of nigropunctatus Schultz from Mauritius in the Museum ofComparative Zoology at Harvard University. The holotype of nigro-punctatus was examined and photographed in the U.S. NationalMuseum.The species is apparently known only from the localities listed inthe citations above, which suggest that it is restricted to the westernIndian Ocean.
400 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM vol. luCirrhitus splendens (Ogilby)Figure 5Cirrhitichthys splendens Ogilby, 1889, Mem. Australian Mus., no. 2, p. 58, pi. 2(type locality, Lord Howe Island).Diagnosis.?Dorsal rays X,12; anal rays 111,6; pectoral raysi,6,vii; lateral-line scales 43; 4 rows of large scales above lateral line inmiddle of body; 9 scales below lateral line to origin of anal fin; gillrakers 5+1 + 10 (1 specimen).Bony supraorbital ridge moderately high, the hind edge slightlyhooked (that is, upper portion overhanging base), but extending onlyslightly posterior to eye; scales on thorax markedly smaller than thoseon rest of body (scales essentially the same size on thorax as on bodyof other species of Cirrhitus) (atlanticus not checked); pectoral fins ex-tending beyond pelvic fin tips and posterior to anus, but do not reachorigin of anal fin; longest unbranched pectoral ray nearly one-thirdlonger than longest branched ray; interorbital deeply concave, un-sealed; snout length about 2.7 in head length; longest dorsal spineabout 2.2 in body depth; depth of body about 3.2 in standard length;small scales on thorax like those on cheek; fii-st dorsal soft ray notice-ably longer than remaining rays (decidedly longer on type) (otherspecies of Cirrhitus lack prolonged first dorsal soft rays) ; upper half ofpreopercular margin with 26 serrations which are larger than those inspecies of Cirrhitus with serrations on the preopercle but still smallcompared to those in species of Cirrhitichthys; suprascapula with 16serrations.Color in alcohol brown, with 5 indistinct broad darker brown barson about upper two-thirds of body, the last on caudal peduncle repre-senting an aggregation of 6 dark brown spots, 3 above and 3 belowlateral line; each broad bar of body divides below lateral line to 2 or 3lesser bars (this pattern obscm'e for first 2 bars); head entu-ely coveredwith dark-edged pale spots the size of pupil or smaller except for ahorizontally elongate one posterior to eye, a transversely elongate oneon occipital part of head, and a bilobed one with broad dark bordermiddorsally on nape; caudal fin pale w^th elongate black spots ar-ranged in about 3 irregular vertical rows; spinous portion of dorsal finwith a row of 5 large dark-edged pale spots at base; upper triangularportion of each dorsal interspinous membrane black; soft portion ofdorsal fin pale, except basal scaled portion which is colored like body;anal and pelvic fins light broAvn; pectoral fins light brown, faintlyspotted basally, except outer two-thirds of the thickened simple lowerrays which are abruptly pale.The life color of the type is given by Ogilby as follows:The head is rich brown with numerous round crimson black-edged spots, abouttwo-thirds of the size of a body scale; the body is pale yellowish-brown with six
REVIEW OF THE HAWKFISHES?RANDALL 401broad dark brown bands which ahnost totally obliterate the ground color supe-riorly, but are discontinued on the lower third of the sides, while many of the scalesabove the lateral line are crimson, occasionally even forming short longitudinalbars, and in front of the bases of the pectorals there are several spots similar tothose on the head; the spinous portion of the dorsal fin is mottled with black,crimson, and grey; the soft is light-colored with a broad black basal band, andindications of a dusky median longitudinal band more pronounced posteriorly;the anal fin is reddish brown; the ventral fins are crimson on the inner side, whilethe pectoral rays are crimson, v.ith the intervening membrane grey; the base ofthe caudal is crimson, the remainder grey, and it is ornamented with two rows ofoblong black spots.Remarks.?Apparently only 2 specimens are known, both fromLord Howe Island off Australia. The type, 8% in. in length, iscatalogued in the Australian Museum as No. 1.1841. According toOgilby, it was caught in "deep water" by hook and line and was
"quite unknown to the islanders." The second specimen, 161 mm. instandard length (7% inches in total length), was kindly sent onloan to the author by A. C. Wheeler of the British Museum (No.1926.6.30.88). Cirrhitus rivulatus ValenciennesFigure 6Cirrhites rivulatus Valenciennes, 1855, Voyage autour du monde ... la Venus,vol. 5, p. 309, pi. 3, fig. 1 (type locality, Galdpagos Islands).Cirrhitus betaurus Gill, 1862, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, p. 259 (typelocality, Cape San Lucas, Baja California).Diagnosis.?Dorsal rays X,ll or 12; anal rays 111,6; pectoralrays i,6,vii; lateral-line scales 45 to 49; 5 rows of large scales abovelateral line in middle of body (6 to origin of dorsal fin and 4 beneathmost of soft portion of dorsal fin); 9 scales below lateral line to originof anal fin; gill rakers 5 to 7+ 1 + 10 to 12 (rarely 12) (14 specimens,Panama, Mexico, and Clipperton Island).Bony supraorbital ridge low; pectoral fins do not reach tips ofpelvic fins; interorbital on adults not scaled, covered with tinypapillae (juveniles seem to have a few imbedded scales on inter-orbital space); depth of body 2.6 to 2.8 in standard length (3 to 3.4for other species of Cirrhitus); snout length of adults about 3 inhead length (about 3.3 in small juveniles); longest dorsal spineabout 3 in depth (4 on large adults) (2.2 to 2.7 for other species ofCirrhitus); caudal fin of juveniles slightly emarginate, of adultsslightly rounded; upper margin of preopercle of juveniles with fineserrations, smooth on adults.Color m alcohol brown, w'lih. irregular but usually verticallyelongate spots with dark inner and pale outer edges arranged in 5near-vertical bars on body (on juveniles these bars are solid darkbrown); bands on head, mostly radiating from eye, and at pectoral
402 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM vol. lubase with the same dark inner and pale outer edges; median fins alsowith irregular spots. Valenciennes described the life color as olive-green, the spots and bands lighter with dark olive inner and cobaltblue outer borders. The fins are olivaceous with blue rivulations.Kemarks.?The holotype (MNHN A5563) is a dried specimenmounted on wood; the length given by Valenciennes is 445 mm.C. rivulatus is probably the largest species of the family. Tee-Van(1940) recorded a specimen 450 mm. in total length (his addendumreport of a 505-mm. specimen from the Galapagos Islands, USNM38302, is erroneous; this specimen measures 360 mm. in total length).Another USNM specimen (144465) from Bona Island, Panama is520 mm. in total length and 430 mm. in standard length.Gregory (1933; p. 259, fig. 135) has briefly described the osteologyof rivulatus. Widely distributed in the tropical eastern Pacific.
Cirrhitiis atlanticus OsorioFiGUBE 7Cirrhitxis atlanticus Osorio, 1893, Jorn. Sci. Math. Phys. Nat. [Acad. Sci. Lisboa],ser. 2, vol. 3, p. 138 (type locality, Ilheo das Rolas, west Africa).Diagnosis.?Dorsal rays X,ll; anal rays 111,6; pectoral raysi,6,vii; lateral-line scales 46 (47); 4 rows of large scales above lateralline in middle of body; 10 scales below lateral line to origin of analfin; gill rakers 5+ 1+ 13 (1 specimen).Bony supraorbital ridge low and not extending posterior to eye;pectoral fins do not reach tips of pelvics; small scales on interorbitalspace; depth of body about 3 in standard length; longest dorsalspine about 2.3 in depth; caudal fin slightly emarginate.Color in alcohol brown, the upper half of the body darker, especiallyposteriorly, and containing 4 pale blotches at base of dorsal fin;first white blotch centered at base of eighth dorsal spine, the second,somewhat larger (slightly larger than eye) and roughly square inshape, located from base of second to fifth dorsal soft rays, the thirdat base of last 3 dorsal soft rays, and the last dorsally on caudalpeduncle; no irregular white spots on head, as described by Osorio,are now visible, and the row of white spots below the lateral linementioned in his description is now very faint.Remarks.?The type (No. 510), which was examined at theMuseu e Laborat6rio Zool6gico in Lisbon, is in good condition. Thefollowing measurements and notations were made from the specimen
:
standard length 155.5 mm.; total length 192 mm.; depth 51 mm.;head 54 mm.; width 23 mm.; eye 9.5 mm.; bony interorbital 8 mm.;pectoral fin 40 mm., longest dorsal spines (fourth to sixth) 22 mm.;first dorsal soft ray 23 mm.; upper margin of preopercle finely serrate,
REVIEW OF THE HAWKFISHES?RANDALL 403lower smooth; 7 large scales on opercle with small scales anteriorlyand on opercular flap; small scales on interopercle; no scales on gillmembranes.Apparently known only from the type collected at Ilheo das Rolas(0?0' N., 6?32' E.), west Africa. The only cu-rhitid fish recordedfrom the eastern Atlantic.Genus Neocirrhites CastelnauNeocirrhites Castelnau, 1873, Proc. Zool. Acclim. Soc. Victoria, vol. 2, p. 101.(Type species, Neocirrhites armatus Castelnau, by monotypy).Hughichthys Schultz, 1943, U.S. Nat. Mus. Bull. ISO, p. 136. (Type species,Cirrhites melanotus Giinther, by original designation and monotypy)
.
Generic characters are given in the key to the genera and the diag-nosis of the single species, which follows.
Neocirrhites armatus CastelnauFigure 8Neocirrhites armatus Castelnau, 1873, Proc. Zool. Acclim. Soc. Victoria, vol. 2,p. 101 (type locality, Nob Island, east of Cape Grenville, northeasternAustralia).Cirrhites melanotus Giinther, 1874, Fische der Siidsee, vol. 1, pt. 3, p. 72, pi. 52,C (type locality. Society Islands).Paracirrhites melanotus Fowler and Ball, 1925, Bull. B. P. Bishop Mus. 26, p. 16(Wake Island).Hughichthys melanotus Schultz, 1943, U.S. Nat. Mus. Bull. 180, p. 136 (HullIsland, Phoenix Islands).Diagnosis.?Dorsal rays X,13; anal rays 111,6 or 7 (one with 7);pectoral rays i,7,vi; lateral-line scales 42 to 45; 4 rows of large scalesabove lateral line in middle of body (6 to origin of dorsal fin) ; 10 or 11scales below lateral line to origin of anal fin; gill rakers 5+ 1+ 10 or11 (12 specimens, Society Islands and Caroline Atoll).Palatine teeth absent; margin of preopercle with about 12 coarseserrations; preorbital without a free hind margin; small scales oncheek in more than 12 irregular rows; interorbital space not scaled;4 rows of large scales above lateral line in middle of body (6 to originof dorsal fin); body deep and compressed, the depth 2 to 2.4 in stand-ard length and the width 2.9 to 3.1 in depth; a tuft of cirri frommembrane near tip of each dorsal spine; dorsal spines short, thelongest about 3.2 to 3.8 in depth; membranes of dorsal fin not deeplyincised, that between fifth and sixth dorsal spines notched less thanone-fourth length of spines; first dorsal soft ray not prolonged into afilament; pectoral fins do not reach tips of pelvic fins; pelvic finsreach anus; caudal fin slightly rounded.
404 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM vol. ii4Color in alcohol light brown, the upper fifth abruptly dark brown;a large dark brown blotch encircling posterior half of eye; a dark spoton tip of snout and lower lip; fins pale except basal part of dorsal finwhich is dark brown.Color in life of a specimen collected by the author at CarolineAtoll (10?S.,150?W.): body brilHant red except upper fourth to fifthwhich is dark brown, the demarcation of red and brown not as abruptas dark and light brown of preserved specimens; head red like bodyexcept dorsally on tip of snout, front of lower lip, and a large areaadjacent to posterior edge of eye which are dark brown; all fins brightred except dorsal, the spinous portion of which is dark brown up totips of membranes which are red-orange; soft portion of dorsal findark brown on basal third, red-orange on outer two-thirds.Remarks.?^The type of armatus was not located. Gilbert P.Whitley has written that it is not in the Australian Museum. Thereis no record of it at the Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle inParis.The minute scales on the cheek, lack of teeth on palatines, height alittle over 2% in total length, preopercle armed with a series of stoutspines, 10 dorsal spines of about equal length except the first whichis much shorter, 13 dorsal rays, 6 simple pectoral rays, 43 lateral-linescales, 16 rows of scales in vertical series, and light brownish colorwith the back darker, all mentioned in the original description byCastelnau, are diagnostic for the hawkfish subsequently namedmelanotus by Giinther (1874).N. armatus is known from northeast Australia, Society Islands,Wake Island, Phoenix Islands and Caroline Atoll. Harry (1953, p.89) recorded it from Raroia, Tuamotu Archipelago as an undeter-mined genus and species. Fowler (1931) (after Pohl) listed it fromMortlock (Caroline Islands) by name only.A small species, the largest specimen examined measures 75 mm.in standard length. Genus Paracirrhites BleekerParacirrhites Bleeker, 1875 Verh. Akad. Wettensch., Amsterdam, vol. 15 (1874),pp. 2, 5. (Type species, Grammistes forsteri Schneider, by monotypy).Gymnocirrhites Smith, 1951, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 12, vol. 4, pp. 627, 638.(Type species, Cirrhites arcatus Cuvier, by original designation).Diagnosis.?Upper 1 or 2 and lower 7 (rarely 6) pectoral rays un-branched; dorsal soft rays 11; palatine teeth absent; upper margin ofpreopercle very finely serrate or smooth; serration on suprascapulareduced (well-developed in other genera except for Isocirrhitus and
REVIEW OF THE HAWKFISHES?RANDALL 405some species of Cirrhitus and Amhlycirrhitus) ; preorbital without afree hind edge; 5 or 6 rows of large scales on cheek; cheek scales withsmall basal scales; interorbital scaled; 5 rows of large scales abovelateral line to spinous portion of dorsal fin (scales in upper row becomesmaller beneath soft portion of fin) ; depth of body 2.4 to 3.2 in stand-ard length; snout length 2.7 to 3.6 in head length; a single cirrus frommembrane near tip of each dorsal spine; membranes of dorsal fin notdeeply incised, the one between fifth and sixth dorsal spines notchedless than one-fifth of the length of spines; longest dorsal spine 2.8 to3.8 in body depth; pectoral fins short, their length about 1.5 to 2 inhead length, and not reaching tips of pelvic fins; unbranched pectoralrays only slightly longer than branched rays of fin; caudal fin truncateto rounded.Remarks.?Smith (1951) erected the genus Gymnocirrhites, desig-nating arcatus as the type species. He distinguished it from Para-cirrhites by the naked membranous fold across the tlu"oat and by thelack of scales on the snout before the nostrils. D. W. Strasburg, in anunpublished report on the fishes of the southern Marshall Islandssubmitted to the Office of Naval Research Aug. 11, 1953, noted thepresence of imbedded scales on the gill membranes over the isthmus ofsome specimens of arcatus (and of hemistictus as well). Randall(1955, p. 196) placed Gymnocirrhites in synonymy. Schultz (Schultzand collaborators, 1960, p. 252) stated that arcatus lacks scales on thegill membranes at 48 mm. but has them well developed at 100 mm.standard length. The absence of scales anterior to the nostrils ischaracteristic of arcatus; however, this distinction would not seem to beof generic rank. At least 3 of the 4 other species with postocularmarks similar to that of arcatus (these species certainly belonging in thesame genus as arcatus) have scales on the snout anterior to the nostrils(although not as many and none over the median process of thepremaxillary as is seen on jorstei'i).Key to the Species of Paracirrhitesla. Second pectoral ray branched, at least near tip; scales on snout anterior tonostrils; no color mark extending diagonally upward from hind edge of ej^e.2a. Ninth and tenth dorsal spines subequal (the tenth slightly longer) ; lateral-line scales 45 to 49; small dark spots, if present, located on head andanteriorly on body.3a. Depth of body 2.6 to 2.8 in standard length; small scales on cheek do notseparate rows of large scales or adjacent large scales within rows;numerous small dark spots on head and anteriorly on body; no verti-cal dark bars on body; no pale lines on ventral half of body followingscale rows (In do-Pacific) forsteri
646748?G3-
406 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM vol. lu3b. Depth of body about 2.9 in standard length; small scales surroundlarge scales on check, separating the rows and adjacent scales withinrows; no small dark spots visible on head or anteriorly on body;about 9 shghtly irregular dark bars on body; ventral half of body withpale lines following scale rows (Nuku Hiva, Marquesas Islands).typee, new species2b. Tenth dorsal spine noticeably longer than ninth spine; lateral-line scales48 to 51; numerous small dark spots on body, but none on head (centralPacific, excluding Hawaii, and Cocos-Keeling Islands). . hemistictuslb. Second pectoral ray unbranched; no scales on snout anterior to nostrils; aprominent elongate solid or U-shaped mark extending diagonally upwardfrom hind edge of eye.4a. Three dark-edged pale transverse bands on interopercle; postocular marknot black within U-shaped border; a lengthwise pale band lacking adark border often present on body; lateral-line scales 45 to 50 (Indo-Pacific) arcatus4b. No transverse bands on interopercle; postocular mark dark brown or blackwithin U-shaped border; if a lengthwise pale band is present on body,it is broadly bordered with black; lateral-line scales 48 to 52.5a. Body uniformly pale or pale with faint lengthwise brown lines followingscale rows; lower border of postocular mark does not extend to andbeyond lower edge of eye; no dark-edged white spots anteriorly onsnout; no markings on maxillary; no white spot in vicinity of anteriornostril.6a. Posterior margin of caudal fin rounded; postocular mark broader thanpupil and originating above center of hind edge of eye; color of bodyin life orange-red (after Bleeker) (East Indies) . . . amblycephalus6b. Posterior margin of caudal fin straight; postocular mark narrower thanpupil and originating at or below center of hind edge of eye; color inlife bright yellow (Society and Tuamotu Islands, and Caroline Atoll)
.
xanthus, new species5b. Body not uniformly pale; lower border of postocular spot extends pastlower edge of eye almost to upper lip; a pair of dark-edged white spotsanteriorly on snout near upper lip; 1 or more small markings onmaxillary; anterior nostril nearly enclosed in a white spot.7a. Body light brown; a lengthwise pale band, broadly bordered withblack (except anteriorly), enclosing posterior part of lateral line andrunning from beneath rear of spinous portion of dorsal fin to middleof caudal fin; upper margin of preopercle smooth or with only a fewsmall serrations (Tuamotu Archipelago) .... nisus, new species7b. Bod}' dark brown except caudal peduncle and extreme ventral portionof body posterior to insertion of pelvic fins which are pale yellowish;no lengthwise pale band on body; upper margin of preopercle finelyserrate (Caroline Atoll) bicolor, new speciesParacirrhit.es forsteri (Schneider)Figure 9Grammistes forsteri Schneider, zn Blochand Schneider, 1801, Systema ichthyolog-iae , . . , p. 191 (type locality, St. Christine= Tahuata, Marquesas Islands).Sparus pantherinus Lac^pede, 1802, Histoire naturelle des poissons, vol. 4, p. 160,pi. 6, lower figure (no locality).Gerranus tankervillae Bennett, 1834, A selection of the fishes . . . Ceylon, ed. 2,p. 27, pi. 27 (type locahty, Ceylon).
REVIEW OF THE HAWKFISHES?RANDALL 407Diagnosis.?Dorsal rays X,ll; anal ra3"s 111,6; pectoral raysi,6,vii; lateral-line scales 45 to 49; 5 rows of large scales between lateralline and spinous portion of dorsal fin; 11 large scales below lateral lineto origin of anal fin; gill rakers 5 or 6+1+10 to 12 (28 specimens,Gilbert Islands, Mauritius, Formosa, and French Oceania).Snout almost entirely scaled; depth of body 2.6 to 2.8 in standardlength; width of body about 2.2 in depth; upper two-fifths of freemargin of preopercle very finely serrate; a slight concavity in marginof preopercle just below upper serrate portion; ninth and tenth dorsalspines nearly equal; small scales on cheek do not isolate rows of largescales or individual large scales from one another.Color in alcohol light brown, with a broad dark brown band alongthe back, the lower edge of which approximately coincides withlateral line; entire head, nape, pectoral base, and chest with smallblack spots. The usual color in life pale yellow dorsally and on sides,abruptly pale pinldsh tan ventrally, mth a broad dark band fromeye to base of caudal fin dividing the yellow area of the back intonarrow upper and broad lower bands; dark band begins on head asreddish brown or purplish and becomes dark bro\vn or black onposterior two-thirds of body; numerous dark reddish-bro\vn spotsover head and anterior part of body; dorsal, caudal, and pectoralfins pink; anal and pelvic fins yellowish. On some specimens thedark band is obscure. Specimens occasionally have a series of largecojoined black spots on the posterior two-thirds of the body as por-trayed by Bleeker (1876-77, pi. 149, fig. 5) instead of a uniformlengthwise band. A 58 mm. specimen collected by the author inMoorea was entirely white on the head and body below the darkband. The spots on the head were small and bright red except forthose on the lighter anterior portion of the dark band which wereblack.Remarks.?One of the more abundant and widespread of thecirrhitids, P. jorsteri is known from east Africa to Polynesia. Thisspecies has been collected by the author in the Hawaiian Islands,Gilbert Islands, Society Islands, and the Marquesas. In additionto these localities, specimens were examined in the U.S. NationalMuseum from the Philippines, Formosa (collected by R. E. Kuntz),Rynkyu Islands, Fiji, Solomon Islands and New Hebrides (collectedby W. M. Chapman), Palau Islands (collected by E. Clark), andAlarshall Islands. The Museum of Comparative Zoology at HarvardUniversity has specimens from the Red Sea and Mauritius. Thelargest specimen examined is 172 mm. in standard length, fromHawaii.
408 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM vol. luThe type of P.forsteri was not located. Giinther has given a briefdescription of the osteology of this species.Paracirrhites typee, new speciesFigure 10HoLOTYPE.?MNHN 2908, 157.5 mm. in standard length, NukuHiva, Marquesas Islands, Zelee expedition, under command ofDumont d'Urville; probable collector, H. Jacquinot, late August-early September, 1838.Description.?Dorsal rays X,ll; anal rays 111,6; pectoral raysi,6,vii, lateral-line scales 49 (48); 5 rows of large scales betweenlateral line and spinous portion of dorsal fin; 10 scales below lateralline to origin of anal fin; gill rakers 6+ 1+ 11.Each of the following measurements is given as a percentage ofthe standard length: greatest depth of body 34.3; width of body atgiU opening 15.7; head length 34.1; snout length 12.1; eye diameter5.6; postorbital length of head 18.8; bony interorbital space 5.7;least depth of caudal peduncle 13.3; length of caudal peduncle 14.9;snout to origin of dorsal fin 37.7; snout to origin of anal fin 67.8;snout to origin of pelvic fin 43.4; length of dorsal fin base 54.7; lengthof anal fin base 16.9; length of pectoral fin 17.5; length of pelvicfin 18.2; length of pelvic spine 10.2; length of first dorsal spine 6.4;length of longest (fifth and sixth) dorsal spines 11.9; length of ninthdorsal spine 8.0; length of tenth dorsal spine 8.3; tips of dorsal softrays broken; length of fu'st anal spine 7.8; length of second analspine 12.7; length of third anal spine 10.8; tips of anal soft raysbroken; ends of caudal rays broken (longest existing rays 19.1 percentof standard length).In addition to those of the family and genus, the following charactersapply to this species: interorbital slightly concave, fully scaled;snout entirely scaled except for narrow region just above upper lip;5 straight rows of large scales on cheek; small scales surround largescales on cheek separating the rows and isolating adjacent scaleswithin rows (possibly this character will not hold in smaller specimens);6 large scales on opercle with small basal scales; region of large scaleson opercle surrounded by small scales; smaU scales on free fold of gillmembranes that passes over isthmus; interopercle covered with smallscales; 10 rows of scales above lateral line on caudal peduncle on oneside to lateral line on other; about 11 median predorsal scales; smallscales basally on fins; maxillary extends to a vertical at center of eye;upper two-fifths of free margin of preopercle finely serrate (about 43serrations); a slight concavity in free margin of preopercle just belowserrate portion; pelvic fui tips not reaching anus; tenth dorsal spine
REVIEW OF THE HAWKFISHES?RANDALL 409
only slightly longer than ninth spine; third of lower 7 unbranchedpectoral rays the longest; shape of caudal fin, though unlvno\^Ti be-cause of broken tips, probably truncate or sHghtly rounded; hind flapon anterior nostril with about 18 cirri.Color in alcohol brown, with 9 irregular slightly diagonal darkbrown bars, the first on nape and the last at base of caudal fin; faintlongitudinal pale lines following centers of scale rows, these mostevident below lateral line (lines appear to be formed by white connec-tive tissue beneath a scale at the juncture of the two scales that itoverlaps); fins light brown. Life color unknown.Remarks.?This species is morphologically similar to P. forsteriand P. hemistictus (see Key), but very different in color.It is apparently known only from the holotype which was collectedin Nuku Hiva by the Zelee expedition in 1838. During a brief stayin the Marquesas Islands, the author noted that this island group,although possessing essentially an impoverished Indo-Pacific fishfauna, appears to have a moderate number of endemic species;however, these species do not approach in magnitude the endemismof the shore fishes of the Hawaiian Islands. P. typee may proveto be an example of one of these indigenous forms.Paracirrhites hemistictus (Giinther)Figures 11, 12Cirrhites hemistictus Giinther, 1874, Fische der Siidsee, vol. 1, pt. 3, p. 69, pi. 50,B (type locality, Raiatea, Society Islands).Cirrhites polystidus Giinther, 1874, Fische der Siidsee, vol. 1, pt. 3, p. 70, pi. 50,A (Society Islands).Amblycirrhitus hemistictus Marshall, 1950, Bull. Raffles Mus., no. 22, p. 183, pi.18 (Cocos-Keeling Islands, Indian Ocean).Paracirrhites species one. Harry, 1953, Atoll Res. Bull. 18, p. 88 (Raroia, Tua-motus)
.
Paracirrhites hemistictus Schultz, in Schultz and collaborators, 1960, U.S. Nat.Mus. Bull. 202, vol. 2, p. 265, pis. 106,E and 111,C (Bikini Atoll, MarshallIslands)
.
Diagnosis.?Dorsal rays X,ll; anal rays 111,6; pectoral ra3^s i,6,vii;lateral-line scales 48 to 51; 5 rows of large scales between lateral lineand spinous portion of dorsal fin; 11 scales below lateral line to originof anal fin; gill rakers 6 or 7+ 1 + 11 to 13 (9 specimens, Gilbert,Society, and Tuamotu Islands).Snout almost entirely scaled; depth of body 2.8 to 3.2 in standardlength; width of body 1.9 to 2.2 in depth (width relatively greater inlarger specimens); upper two-fifths of free margin of preopercle finelyserrate; a slight concavity in margin of preopercle just below serrate
410 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL IVIUSEUM vol. H4portion; tenth dorsal spine noticeably longer than ninth spine; smallscales on cheek do not isolate rows of large scales or individual largescales from one another.Color in alcohol either light brown, with a median lateral length-wise pale band and numerous dark brown spots on back, or brown,with numerous brown spots on body and a white spot about the sizeof the eye in the middle of the body on the lateral line.Remarks.?Marshall (1950) reported on a single specimen 142 mm.in standard length from Cocos-Keeling which was intermediate incolor pattern to the 2 nominal species Paracirrhites hem,istictus and P.polystictus. This led him to a comparison of the 2 Giinther typesand the decision that these fishes represent a single species, hemistictus.Three immature specimens, 74 to 78 mm. in standard length, collectedby the author in Makatea, Tuamotu Archipelago, are also inter-mediate in color pattern to hemistictus and 'polystictus, having boththe pale band of the former and the pale spot of the latter.Schultz (Schultz and collaborators, 1960) sexed 3 specimens ofhernistictus and the 2 of polystictus and concluded that polystictusis the male of hemistictus. Additional determinations now reveal thatthe 2 color patterns are not correlated with sex. Three specimens ofthe polystictus form from 166 to 190 mm. in standard length arefemales, and 2 specimens of hemistictus 170 and 195 mm. in standardlength are males.Although these 2 forms are here treated as a single dichromaticspecies, the possibility that they are valid species and the inter-mediates are hybrids, as suggested by the author (1955, p. 198),should be investigated.The color from a 35-mm. kodachrome taken of a 185-mm. specimenof the hemistictus form collected by the author at Arno Atoll in theMarshall Islands is: upper half of body grayish green, lower halfgreenish white, these two regions separated by a pinkish-white band;upper green part of body densely spotted with black; brownish yellowspots just beneath white band; more ventrally, lengthwise rows ofyellow spots; head gray; dorsal fiii duslry yellow; caudal and anal finsyellow; paired fins yellow-orange.Color from a kodachrome of a 190-mm. specimen of the polystictusform from Onotoa, Gilbert Islands : head brownish lavender-red, bodybluish gray with numerous close-set dark brown spots, those on ven-tral part of body not as large and forming lengthwise lines; a promi-nent bright pinkish white spot, almost as large as eye, on lateral linebelow base of eighth and ninth dorsal spines; median and pelvic finsdark gxayish brown, the spinous portion of the dorsal fin with faintbrownish orange spots; pectoral fins lavender-red proximally, brightorange distally.
REVIEW OF THE HAWKFISHES?RANDALL 411The type of hemistictus (No. 1874.11.2.5), a specimen 153.5 mm.in standard length, from Raiatea, is in the British Museum.This species is known in the tropical Pacific from Guam (Fowler,1925), Phoenix Islands (Schultz, 1943), Society, Tuamotu, Gilbert,and Marshall Islands, and from one locality in the Indian Ocean,Cocos-Keeling Islands. Fm'ther collecting will probably dispel thepresent discontinuities in its range. Apparently the largest speciesof the genus; both forms are known to attain at least 190 mm. instandard length.Two specimens at the Museum of Comparative Zoology are labelledas collected by Garrett in the Hawaiian Islands. This locality isprobably an error, for Giinther did not list any Garrett specimensfrom Hawaii, and the species has not turned up in other extensivecollections from this archipelago.
Paracirrhites arcatiis (Cuvier)Figure 13Cirrhites arcatus Cuvier, in Cuvier and Valenciennes, 1829, Histoire naturelledes poissons, vol. 3, p. 74 (type locality, Mauritius and Tahiti).Cirrhites vittatus Cuvier, 1829, Le r^gne animal . . ., vol. 2, p. 146 (after Renardpi. 18, fig. 102).Diagnosis.?Dorsal rays X,ll; anal rays 111,6; pectoral raysii,5,vii or ii,6,vi (usually with lower 7 rays unbranched) lateral-linescales 45 to 50 (see table 2); 5 rows of large scales between lateral lineand spinous portion of dorsal fin; 11 large scales below lateral hne toorigin of anal fin ; gill rakers 4 or 5+1+ 11 or 12 (20 specimens, Societyand Tuamotu Islands).Table 2,
?
Lateral-line scales of species of Paracirrhites of the arcatus complex
412 PROCEEDIXGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM vol. inNo scales on snout anterior to nostrils; depth of body about 2.6 instandard length; width of body about 2.7 in depth; upper margin ofpreopercle smooth; no concavity in preopercular margin; caudal fintruncate to slightly rounded.The usual color in alcohol is brown with a pale lengthwise bandwhich begins beneath spinous portion of the dorsal fin and followsthe lateral line to the upper base of the caudal fin; a diagonal U-shapedmark behind eye; 2 to 4 dark-edged pale transverse bands (whichmay be broken into 2 or more elongate spots) on interopercle.Color in life of specimens collected by the author in the Tuamotus
:
light gTayish brown, the centers of the scales a little paler than edges,resulting in a faint lengthwise banding; a broad lengthwise pale pinkto white band running over region of lateral line from beneath base ofabout the seventh dorsal spine to caudal fin; a large U-shaped area,only slightly darker than rest of head and enclosed by a tricoloredborder of bright orange, dark brown, and outwardly light blue, ex-tending diagonally upward from rear of eye; three bright orange bandscross interopercle, the uppermost at edge of opercle, these bandsnarrowly edged with dark brown and broadly with pale blue; anteriornostril, tips of snout above upper lip, front edge of lower lip, maxillaryand premaxillary groove bright orange; fins light yellowish brown.Remarks.? Occasional specimens of arcatus, which may be eithermale or female, are dark brown and lack the lengthwise pale band onthe body. Giinther (1874, p. 70, pi. 49, B, C) illustrated both formsand regarded them as color varieties. Specimens intermediate incolor have been examined, and no meristic differences between thetwo forms were ascertained (see table 2 for comparison of lateral-linescale counts) ; Giinther's judgment, therefore, seems correct.A syntype of arcatus from Mauritius (MNHN 2854) measures82 mm. in standard length and is well preserved; it is here designatedas the lectotype, and the type locality is thus restricted to Mauritius.This Indo-Pacific species is at least as widespread and abundantas P. forsteri. Largest specimen examined, 111 mm. in standardlength, from Hawaii.Paracirrhites amblycephalus (Bleeker)Figure 14Cirrhites aynblycephalus Bleeker, 1857, Natuurk. Tijdschr. Nederlandsch-Indie,vol. 13, p. 378 (type locality, Sangi Islands).Paracirrhites amblycephalus Bleeker, 1876-77, Atlas ichthyologique . . . , vol. 8,pp. 143, 145, pi. 350, fig. 1.Diagnosis.?Dorsal rays X,ll; anal rays 111,6; pectoral raysii,5,vii; lateral-line scales 48; 5 rows of large scales between lateralline and spinous portion of dorsal fin; caudal fin strongly rounded;
REVIEW OF THE HAWKFISHES?RANDALL 413depth of body about 2.6 in standard length (3% in total length);preopercular margin serrate, rounded, without a concavity.Color of body orange-red with 16 to 18 brownish longitudinalstreaks, one on each scale row; a U-shaped dark brown mark widerthan pupil of eye and edged with orange extending diagonally upwardfrom posterior upper half of eye (after Bleeker).Remarks.?Known only from the Sangi Islands, between Celebesand Mindanao. This species has erroneously been placed in thesynonymy of arcatus by some authors, probably because of its similarpostocular mark.Bleeker described a median crest on the head of amblycejjhalus,although there is no evidence of this from his figure. M. Boesemanexamined the type (No. 5841), evidently the only known specimen,at the Rijksmuseum van Natum-fijke Historic at Leiden. He reportedthe specimen, about 78 mm. in standard length, to be in poor condition.The upper part of the head has been skeletonized, and the mediancrest appears to be only the bony ridge of the supraoccipital exposedby the removal of soft tissue. It was hoped that the position andshape of the postocular mark and the shape of the caudal fin, asdescribed and figured by Bleeker, could be verified; however, the post-orbital part of the head is badly damaged and no color markings arevisible. The caudal fin is mutilated.Paracirrhites xanthus, new speciesFigure 15HoLOTYPE.?USNM 190568, a male specimen, 104.0 mm. in stand-ard length, Takapoto Atoll, Tuamotu Archipelago, southeast side ofatoll off village on sea side, depth about 25 feet, spear, J. Randall,Nov. 19, 1956.Paratypes.?USNM 190569, 94.5 mm. in standard length, samecollecting data as holot3"pe; SU 54224, 80.4 mm. in standard length,]Moorea, Society Islands, 200 yards west of Tareu Pass, depth 15feet, spear, J. Randall, May 15, 1957; USNM 190570, 2 specimens,66.7 and 68.0 mm. in standard length, Takaroa Atoll, TuamotuArchipelago, north side of pass where enters sea, depth 15 feet, spear,J. Randall, Nov. 5, 1956; BM 1960.10.3.1, 69 mm. in standardlength, same data as preceding; USNM 190571, 3 specimens, 51.5to 65.6 mm. in standard length, Caroline Atoll (10?S., 150?14'W.),anchorage on west side outside reef, depth 20 to 30 feet, spear, J.Randall, Feb. 12, 1956.Description (data in parentheses are the extremes in counts andmeasurements for paratypes when differing from holotype).?Dorsalrays X,ll; anal rays 111,6; pectoral rays ii,5,vii; lateral-line scales50 (49 to 52) (table 2); 5 rows of large scales between lateral line and
414 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM vol. lu
spinous portion of dorsal fin; 12 scales below lateral line to origin ofanal fin; gill rakers 4+ 1 + 12 (4 or 5+ 1+ 12 or 13) (9 specimens).Each of the following measurements is given as a percentage of thestandard length; measiu-ements of paratypes are based on 4 specimens,94.5, 80.4, 66.7, and 51.5 mm. in standard length: greatest depth ofbody 38.9 (38.1 to 39.9); width of body at gill opening 16.8 (14.8 to16.9); head length 37.0 (36.5 to 39.1); snout length 12.0 (10.6 to 13.0);eye diameter 7.2 (7.4 to 9.7); postorbital length of head 20.6 (19.3 to22.2); bony interorbital space 5.3 (5.1 to 5.4); least depth of caudalpeduncle 13.0 (13.2 to 14.2); length of caudal peduncle 14.5 (14.0 to15.2); snout to origin of dorsal fin 40.1 (38.6 to 40.5); snout to originof anal fin 66.4 (65.8 to 69.8); snout to origin of pelvic fin 44.2 (43.0to 47.3); length of dorsal fin base 53.8 (52.0 to 54.0); length of anal finbase 18.0 (18.5 to 18.9); length of pectoral fin 22.1 (22.5 to 24.9);length of pelvic fin 18.5 (20.1 to 22.2); length of pelvic spine 11.3 (11.7to 11.8); length of first dorsal spine 5.5 (5.8 to 6.3); length of third(longest) dorsal spine 12.1 (12.6 to 14.5); length of tenth dorsal spine8.6 (8.4 to 8.6); length of first dorsal soft ray 18.5 (18.0 to 19.4); lengthof last dorsal ray 10.7 (11.2 to 12.0); length of first anal spine 8.4 (8.7to 9.7); length of second anal spine 12.3 (13.6 to 16.5); length of thirdanal spine 11.7 (12.8 to 14.9); length of first anal soft ray 17.8 (18.2 to20.6); length of last anal ray 13.5 (14.7 to 15.6); length of caudal fin20.1 (20.7 to 24.1).In addition to those of the family and genus, the following charactersapply to this species: interorbital slightly concave with a median bandof small scales about one-half total width of bony interorbital space;small scales middorsally on snout extend forward to anterior nostrils;a few small embedded scales on preorbital; 6 straight rows of largescales on cheek; large scales on cheek and opercle with small basalscales; large-scaled areas on cheek and opercle bordered by smallscales; interopercle covered with small scales; 10 rows of scales abovelateral line on caudal peduncle on one side to lateral line on other;about 12 median predorsal scales; small scales basally on fins; maxillaryextending to or beyond a vertical through hind edge of pupil; uppermiddle part of free margin of preopercle with a few tiny serrations;margin of preopercle rounded with no marked concave indentation;pelvic fin tips reach to or slightly beyond anus, but not to origin ofanal fin; first dorsal ray slightly extended; second and third of the lower7 unbranched pectoral rays the longest; caudal fin truncate; hind flapon anterior nostril with about 9 to 17 cirri (17 on holotype).Color in alcohol light yellowish brown, a little darker dorsally, somespecimens with about 3 broad bars faintly visible on back; a pale-edged,slightly irregular black mark about as long as eye extending diagonallyupward from rear center of eye; fins pale yellowsh, the posterior part
REVIEW OF THE HAWKFISHES?RANDALL 415
of the upper and lower edges of the caudal fin with a very narrowblack margin; on some specimens a dusky streak on membranes insoft portion of dorsal fin just above basal scales; no spots or bands onsnout, maxillary, or interopercle.Life color of holotype bright yellow, the back bro^vnish yellow, witha narrow black postocular mark edged narrowly in pale yeUow extend-ing diagonally upward from hind part of eye; spinous portion of dorsalfin yellow, soft portion yellow on basal two-fifths and hyaline withyellow rays on outer three-fifths; remaining fins hyaline with yellowrays except basal scaled portions which are solid yellow; iris yellowwith a ring of red-violet. Close inspection of the yellow of the sideof the body reveals alternate lines of bright yellow and yellowishwhite with a faint bluish cast. The overall effect, as when observedunderwater, is of an entirely bright yellow fish with a black markbehind the eye. All paratypes were yellow.Remarks.?Named xanthus in reference to the life color.Unlike other cirrhitids which are often not seen until they movefrom part of the reef to another, this bright yellow hawkfish is veryconspicuous as it rests on the bottom?usually on a small head ofbrownish or pinkish Pocillopora. Individual fish could be approachedclosely. When an attempt was made to capture one and it escaped,it would either swim to a nearby coral head or hide within cracks inthe coral on which it was encountered.The species was common at Caroline Atoll, occasional in theTuamotu Archipelago, and rare in the Society Islands. It was ob-served only on exposed outer reefs at depths of less than 10 to 80 feet.Paracirrhites xanthus is closely related to the East Indian P. ambly-cex>halus (Bleeker). The rounded caudal fin, shape and positionof the postocular mark, and orange-red color attributed to amhly-cephalus by Bleeker constitute the principal differences from xanthus.The type of amhlycephalus is badly damaged, and the differences canno longer be demonstrated (see "Remarks" under amhlycephalus)',thus the distinction of these 2 species draws heavily on Bleeker'sfigure and description.
Paracirrhites nisus, new speciesFigure 16Holotype.?USNM 190572, a ripe female specimen, 77.0 mm. instandard length, Takapoto Atoll, Tuamotu Archipelago, southeastside of atoll off village on sea side; depth about 25 feet, spear, J.Randall, Nov. 19, 1956.Paratype.?USNM 190573, a male specimen, 51.5 mm. in standardlength, same collecting data as holotype.
416 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM vol. luDescription (data in parentheses are the counts and measurementsof the paratype when differing from holotype).?Dorsal rays X,ll;anal rays 111,6; pectoral rays ii,5,vii; lateral-line scales 48 (49);5 rows of large scales between lateral line and spinous portion ofdorsal fin; 11 scales below lateral line to origin of anal fin; gill rakers4+1+ 11.Each of the following measurements is given as a percentage of thestandard length: greatest depth of body 38.3 (36.8); width of bodyat gill opening 17.0 (15.3); head length 39.4 (39.1); snout length11.6 (11.2); diameter of eye 8.3 (9.5); postorbital length of head21.8 (21.5); bony interorbital space 5.5 (5.4); least depth of caudalpeduncle 13.6; length of caudal peduncle 14.5 (14.6); snout to origmof dorsal fin 41.7 (42.1); snout to origin of anal fin 67.5 (65.2); snoutto origin of pelvic fin 44.2 (45.5); length of dorsal fin base 53.5 (51.5)length of anal fin base 18.2 (18.5); length of pectoral fin 23.7 (24.3)length of pelvic fin 20.6 (20.4); length of pelvic spine 12.9 (13.6)length of first dorsal spine 7.8 (7.7); length of third and fom'th (longest)spines 13.7 (13.8); length of tenth dorsal spine 9.1 (9.7); length of firstdorsal soft ray 18.5 (19.4); length of last dorsal ray 11.4 (11.6); lengthof first anal spine 8.2 (9.7); length of second anal spine 13.0 (15.1);length of third anal spine 11.6 (12.6); length of first anal soft ray 16.3(19.0); length of last anal ray 13.7 (13.8); length of caudal fin 21.4(22.4).In addition to those of the family and genus, the following charac-ters apply to this species : interorbital slightly concave with a medianband of small scales about one-half total width of bony interorbitalspace; small scales middorsally on snout extend forward almost toanterior nostrils; a few small scales on preorbital; 6 straight rows oflarge scales on cheek; large scales on cheek and opercle with smallbasal scales; large-scaled areas on cheek and opercle bordered by smallscales; interopercle covered with small scales; 10 rows of scales abovelateral line on caudal peduncle on one side to lateral line on other;about 11 median predorsal scales; small scales basally on fins; maxil-lary extending to or beyond a vertical through hind edge of pupil;upper margin of preopercle smooth or with only a few tiny serrations;margin of preopercle rounded, with no marked concave indentation;tips of pelvic fins reaching anus (holotype) or extending beyond anus;first dorsal soft ray only slightly longer than second; third of lower 7unbranched pectoral rays the longest; caudal fin truncate; hind flapon anterior nostril with 13 cirri (8 on paratype).Color in alcohol light brown with a pale lengthwise band, containingposterior portion of lateral line, beginning at level of last dorsalspine and ending in middle of caudal fin; pale band broadly borderedwith black except anteriorly (and posteriorly on paratype); an elon-
REVIEW OF THE HAWKFISHES?RANDALL 417gate black mark extending diagonally upward from middle of pos-terior edge of eye, this mark bordered with a pale, dark-marginedband which continues along ventral edge of eye and ends on preorbital;anterior nostrils enclosed in a dark-rimmed white spot; upper edge ofeye black with 2 white spots; a pair of small white spots, edged in darkbrown, anteriorly on snout next to upper lip; a few small blackishstreaks on maxillary (one on paratype); spinous portion of dorsal finand outer part of anal fin slightly dusky; remaining fins pale exceptdark borders of pale band which extend into center of caudal and theposterior branch and base of the last dorsal ray which are black.Color in life of holotype: back dusky brown, shading on sides andventrally to alternate bands of yellow and pale grayish blue; a pinkishwhite horizontal band on posterior half of body broadly bordered withblack except anteriorly, these black borders extending on to middleof caudal fin; an elongate irregular black mark extending diagonallyupward from hind edge of eye, this mark narrowly bordered by bright3^ellow, a trace of red, a narrow black, and finally a narrow brightblue hne; multicolored lower border of black mark extends along loweredge of eye almost to upper lip; small blotches of yellow, borderednarrowly with red, black, and bright blue lines on maxillary, tip ofsnout, anterior nostrils, and dorsal part of eye; spinous portion ofdorsal fin dull orange-yellow with a yellow line in outer part of fin;soft portion of dorsal fin hyaline with orange-yellow rays exceptrear base and posterior ray which are black, this black continuouswith upper black border of pinkish white band on body; anal and pelvicfins yellow; caudal fin posterior to pinkish white, black-borderedmarking hyaline with orange-yellow rays; pectoral fins orange-yellow;cheeks and opercle dull yellow; lips and chin reddish.Remarks.?Named nisus from the Greek Nisos, a fabled king saidto have been changed into a hawk.A juvenile was observed underwater at the locality on the outerreef of Takapoto where the only 2 specimens were collected. It wasabout 25 mm. long and was colored like the larger fish. A singleadult was sighted outside the barrier reef at the atoll of Takaroain the Tuamotu Archipelago at a depth of 45 feet.Paracirrhites bicolor, new speciesFigure 17Holotype.?USNM 190574, a ripe female specimen, 73.5 mm.in standard length, Caroline Atoll (10? S., 150? 14' W.), outer reef,west side of atoll at anchorage, depth about 15 feet, spear, J. Randall,Feb. 12, 1956.Paratype.?USNM 190575, a male specimen, 60.5 mm. in stand-ard length, same collecting data as holotype.
418 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM vol. ii4Description (data in parentheses are the counts and measure-ments of the paratype when differing from holotype).?Dorsal raysX,ll; anal rays 111,6; pectoral rays ii,5,vii; lateral-line scales 48 (50on one side, 52 on other); 5 rows of large scales between lateral lineand spinous portion of dorsal fin; 12 scales below lateral line to originof anal fin; gill rakers 4+1 + 12 (5+1+13).Each of the following measurements is given as a percentage ofthe standard length: greatest depth of body 38.1 (40.2); width ofbody at gill opening 17.4 (16.2); head length 37.7 (37.8); snoutlength 11.1 (10.2); eye diameter 8.6 (8.8); postorbital length ofhead 20.5 (20.7); bony interorbital space 5.6 (5.8); least depth ofcaudal peduncle 12.9 (13.2); length of caudal peduncle 15.1 (14.9);snout to origin of dorsal fin 40.7 (40.5); snout to origin of anal fin69.5 (70.2); snout to origin of pelvic fin 45.7 (42.0); length of dorsalfin base 53.5 (51.3); length of anal fin base 18.1 (19.0); length ofpectoral fin 24.1 (23.1); length of pelvic fin 20.4 (20.6); length ofpelvic spine 12.9 (13.5); length of first dorsal spine 6.8 (7.1); length ofthird (longest) dorsal spine 14.7 (14.5); length of tenth dorsal spine8.8 (7.1); length of first dorsal soft ray 17.9 (18.1); length of lastdorsal ray 11.0 (11.2); length of first anal spine 8.9 (8.7); length ofsecond anal spine 15.2 (14.7); length of third anal spine 12.9 (12.4);length of first anal soft ray 18.8 (18.3); length of last anal ray 13.3(14.0); length of caudal fin 21.1 (21.0).In addition to those of the family and genus, the following charactersapply to this species: interorbital slightly concave with a medianband of small scales about one-half to two-thirds the total width ofbony interorbital space; small scales middorsally on snout extendforward to anterior nostrils; preorbital scaled, especially posteriorly;a small patch of scales on side of snout just below and slightly anteriorto anterior nostril; 6 straight rows of large scales on cheek; largescales on cheek and opercle with small basal scales; large-scaledareas on cheek and opercle bordered by small scales; interoperclecovered -with small scales; 10 to 11 rows of scales above lateral line oncaudal peduncle on one side to lateral line on other; about 1 1 medianpredorsal scales; small scales basally on fins; maxillary reaching pastcenter of eye but not posterior to a vertical at hind edge of pupil;about upper two-fifths of free margin of preopercle finely serrate;preopercular margin rounded with no concave indentation; pelvic fintips reaching anus; first dorsal soft ray very slightly longer thansecond; thh-d of the lower 7 unbranched pectoral rays the longest;caudal fin truncate; hind flap on anterior nostril with 10 cutI.Color in alcohol dark brown, the caudal peduncle and ventral partof abdomen and body just above base of anal fin pale yellowish (brown
REVIEW OF THE HAWKFISHES?RANDALL 419body color of paratype extends to base of anal fin); a black marknearly as long- as eye and about equal in width to the diameter ofpupil extending diagonally upward from midposterior edge of eye,this mark bordered with a bicolored band which is pale inwardly andblack outwardly, the band extending along lower edge of eye half wayto upper lip; anterior nostrils in a dark-edged pale blotch, the flappale, the cirri dark brown; an elongate pale spot on maxillary; 2 smallpale spots anteriorly on snout next to upper lip; upper edge of eyeblack; spinous portion of dorsal fin brownish, soft portion dark brownon basal scaled part, rays light yellowish, membranes with a paleyellowish band just above scaled basal part, this separated by a darkline (better seen on paratype) from upper hyaline part of fin mem-branes; caudal fin pale yellowish like caudal peduncle except for verynarrow black margins on upper and lower edges of fin; anal fin brown-ish, almost as dark as spinous portion of dorsal fin; pectoral fins brownbasally and in middle of fin, becoming pale yellowish outwardly ; pelvicfins brownish with pale yellowish rays, the lateral edge of fins darkbrown. Life colors not recorded.Remarks.?Named hicolor in reference to the contrasting darkanterior and pale posterior parts of the body.Of the 5 species of Paracirrhites with postocular marks, which mightbe termed the arcatus complex, hicolor seems most closely related tonisus. Genus Cirrhitops SmithCirrhitops Smith, 1951, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 12, vol. 4, pp. 627, 637. (Typespecies, Cirrhites fasciatus Bennett, by original designation.)Diagnosis.?Uppermost 2 and lower 6 pectoral rays unbranched;dorsal soft rays 14 (rarely 15) ; a few small teeth anteriorly on palatines;upper thi'ee-fifths of free margin of preopercle finely serrate, lowertwo-fifths smooth; preorbital without a free hind edge; interorbitalnot scaled; 5 rows of large scales on cheek; 4 rows of large scales abovelateral line in middle of body; depth of body about 2.8 in standardlength; snout length about 3.5 in head length; snout not pointed,profile from interorbital to upper lip convex; a tuft of cirri frommembrane near tip of each dorsal spine; membranes between spinousportion of dorsal fin moderately incised, the one between fifth andsixth spines notched about one-third of spine lengths; longest dorsalspine about 2.3 in depth of body; first dorsal soft ray not produced;longest pectoral ray (tenth) reaching to or slightly beyond origin ofanal fin, this ray about 1.5 times longer than longest branched ray offin; uppermost simple pectoral ray (ninth) intermediate in length tolowermost branched ray (eighth) and longest unbranched ray; pelvicfins reach anus; caudal fin truncate.
420 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM vol. luKey to the Species of Cirrhitopsla. Body with 5 vertical dark bars, the most posterior one the darkest; no darklines on lips (Hawaii, Japan, Madagascar, and Mauritius) . . . fasciatuslb. Body without vertical bars, having instead 4 lengthwise rows of pale spots(the upper 2 rows being more evident because of darker upper half of body)and a pale caudal peduncle containing a large black spot; lips crossed withbrown lines (Phoenix Islands and Tuamotu Archipelago) . . . hubbardiCirrhitops fasciatus (Bennett)Figure 18Cirrhites fasciatus Bennett, 1828, Zool. Journ., vol. 4, p. 39 (type locality, HawaiianIslands)
.
Cirrhites cindus Gunther, 1860, Catalogue . . . fishes . . . British Museum, vol.2, p. 73 (type locality, Hawaiian Islands, Madagascar, Mauritius).DiAGNOsis.^?Dorsal rays X,14 (one with 15); anal rays 111,6;pectoral rays ii,6,vi; lateral-line scales 48 to 53; 4 large scales abovelateral line in middle of body; 11 or 12 large scales below lateral lineto origin of anal fin; gill rakers 4+ 1 + 12 (10 specimens, Hawaii).Color in alcohol: alternate broad dark-brown and narrow pale barson the body, the pale bars divided ventrally by narrow dark bars;broad dark bars vertical anteriorly, slanted posteriorly; last dark bar(fifth) on caudal peduncle the darkest; a dark spot on opercle; headand chest with a reticulation of dark lines.Life color from kodachromes of 3 Hawaiian specimens (60 to 75 mm.standard length) taken by the author: body with 5 broad red or red-dish-brown bars (the last across caudal peduncle the darkest) whichnarrow and angle slightly posteriorly as they pass downward; whiteinterspaces between these bars bisected ventrally by narrow brownish-red bars; head and chest with orange-red to reddish-brown vermicula-tions on white; an indistinct brown spot on opercle at level of loweredge of eye formed by a coalescing and darkening of head markings;dorsal fin mottled red, penetrated basally by continuations of whitespaces between dark bars on body; caudal peduncle and fin posterior todark bar light red; anal and paired fins pale (pinldsh in darker speci-mens).Kemarks.?USNM specimens from the Hawaiian Islands and Yoko-hama, Japan, were examined. Gunther (1860) recorded the species(as cinctus) from Madagascar and Mamitius, thus giving the speciesa unique distribution at the present time. Specimens may eventuallybe taken at intervening localities between Japan and the westernIndian Ocean, such as the Philippines and East Indies. Fowler (1927)recorded a specimen which he identified as cinctus from ChristmasIsland, Line Islands; however, this fish proved to be Cirrhitichthysoxycephalus Bleeker.
REVIEW OF THE HAWKFISHES RANDALL 421Cirrhitops hiibbardi (Schultz)Figure 19AmUijcirrhitus hubbardi Schultz, 1943, U.S. Nat. Miis. Bull. 180, p. 132, fig. 12(type locality, Enderbury Island, Phoenix Islands).Diagnosis.?Dorsal rays X,14; anal rays 111,6; pectoral raysii,6,vi; lateral-line scales 52; 4 rows of large scales above lateral linein middle of body; 11 or 12 scales below lateral line to origin of analfin; gill rakers 4 to 5+ 1 + 12 or 13 (4 specimens).Color in alcohol brown shading to light tan on lower half of body,with 4 rows of white spots on the side and a large jet-black spot oncaudal pedmicle; a blackish area on opercle composed of several ir-regular black markings; vertical dark lines on lips; irregular smalldark spots and lines on head and chest.Color from a 35 mm. kodachrome transparency taken of a specimen70 mm. in standard length from Makatea in the Tuamotus by theauthor: body brown on back, shading on sides to brownish orange, andbecoming white on abdomen; 4 lengthwise rows of white spots on body;caudal peduncle light orange with a large black spot ; head and chestwith irregular rows of small spots and short lines, those on dorsal partof head brown and those ventral to eye bright red; a group of spotsand irregular short lines on opercle at level of lower edge of eyedarker than other head markings; dorsal fin mottled with red; caudalfin light red, abruptly light orange at base; anal fin pale; paired finspinkish.Remarks.?Smith (1951, p. 637) placed hubbardi in the synonymy ofcinctus {=jasciatus) , stating that it is almost certainly the juvenileof fasciatus. Although these 2 species are obviousl}^ very closelyrelated, they do appear distinct. The color pattern of hubbardi isdefinitely not the juvenile color of fasciatus. W. A. Gosline kindlychecked specimens oi fasciatus in the collection of the University ofHawaii down to 26 mm. in standard length and reported them looking
"pretty much like the larger ones."C. hubbardi is presently known only from the 3 small type specimensfrom the reef of Enderbury Island, the single spechnen from theTuamotu Archipelago, and a specimen in the Academy of NaturalSciences of Philadelphia (No. 84311), 79 mm. in standard length, withno locality but labelled "probably Oceania". The specimen iscataloged as a type; however, Henry W. Fowler informed the authorthat the name he proposed has not been published.C. hubbardi and C. fasciatus, as mentioned, are closely related.They may represent allopatric species, the former being restrictedto Oceania except Hawaii. Further collecting is necessary to verifythis. (54G748?G3 3
422 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM vol. ii4The 70-mm. Tuamotu specimen was collected with rotenone on anexposed reef in less than 15 feet of water near the phosphate loadingdock of Makatea. Amblycirrhitus himacula, Isocirrhitus sexfasciatus,Cirrhitus pinnulatus, Paracirrhites arcatus, and P. hemistictus werecollected at the same station.The holotype (USNM 115750), 35 mm. in standard length, wasexamined. The 47-mm. paratype is now in the Museum of Com-parative Zoology at Harvard University (No. 37288).Isocirrhitus, new genusDiagnosis.?Uppermost and lower 5 pectoral rays unbranched;dorsal soft rays 11; palatine teeth absent; upper third of free marginof preopercle finely serrate, lower two-thirds smooth; suprascapularmargin smooth (serrate on other genera except for some species ofCirrhitus, Paracirrhites and Amblycirrhitus) ; preorbital without a freehmd margin and bearmg only a few scales posteriorly; interorbitalscaled; 4 or 5 rows of large scales on cheek; 4 rows of large scales abovelateral line in middle of body; depth of body 2.7 in standard length;snout length about 3.7 in head length; snout not pointed, theprofile from interorbital to upper lip convex; a tuft of cirri from mem-brane near tip of each dorsal spine; membranes of dorsal fin moder-ately incised; longest dorsal spine 3.5 to 4 in body depth; first softray of dorsal fin not produced into a filament; pectoral fins short,their length about 1.4 in head length; longest unbranched pectoralray about 1.25 times longer than longest branched pectoral ray;pelvic fins do not reach anus; caudal fin truncate.Type species.?Cirrhitoidea sexfasciata Schultz. Monotypic.Remarks.?Although evidently related to Cirrhitops, Amblycirrhi-tus and Cirrhitichthys, Isocirrhitus is distinct from all these genera inits lack of palatine teeth and the shortness of its dorsal spines. Othercharacters, such as degree of serration of preopercle, presence orabsence of a free margin on preorbital, number of dorsal rays andshape of snout, are variously shared among the four genera. Iso-cirrhitus cannot be differentiated from Paracirrhites on the basis ofabsence of palatine teeth and short dorsal spines; however, it isseparable from this genus by having 4 instead of 5 rows of scales abovethe lateral Ime, a tuft of chri instead of a single cirrus from the mem-brane near the tip of each dorsal spine, and the lower 5 (instead of 7)pectoral rays unbranched. Its unbranched pectoral rays are not aslong relative to the branched rays as those of Cirrhitops, Ambly-cirrhitus and Cirrhitichthys but longer than Paracirrhites.
REVIEW OF THE HAWKFISHES?RANDALL 423
Isocirrhitiis sexfasciatus (Schultz)Figure 20Paracirrhiles cinctus Hurry, 1953 (non Gunther) , Atoll Res. Bull. 18, p. 88,(Raroia, Tuamotu Archipelago).Cirrhitoidea sexfasciata Schultz, in Schultz and collaborators, 1960, U.S. Nat.Mus. Bull. 202, vol. 2, pp. 255, 257, fig. 106 (type locality, Bikini Atoll,Marshall Islands).Diagnosis.?Dorsal raysX,ll; anal rays 111,6; pectoral rays i,8,v;lateral-line scales 44 or 45 ; 4 rows of large scales above lateral line inmiddle of body; 9 scales below lateral line to origin of anal fin; gillrakers 4 or 5+1+ 11 (3 specimens, Tuamotu Archipelago).Color light tan with 7 broad blackish vertical bars, the first on thenape and the last at the base of the caudal fin. A drab species for acirrhitid, its Hfe color is not much different from that in alcohol.Harry (1953) gave a detailed color description. Further charactersare given in the generic diagnosis.Remarks.?Three specimens, 61 to 70 mm. in standard length,were collected by the author at Makatea in the Tuamotu Archipelagoat the same collecting station as the previous species. KnowTi onlyfrom the Marshall Islands and the Tuamotu Archipelago, but con-tinued collecting will probably reveal its presence elsewhere in theIndo-Pacific.The holotype (USNM 141980) is 77.5 mm. in standard length.Genus Amblycirrhitus GillAmblycirrhilus Gill, 1862. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, p. 105. (Typespecies, Cirrhites fasciatus Cuvier, by original designation and raonotypy =Amblycirrhitus indicus Fowler.)Cirrhitoidea Jenkins, 1903, Bull. U.S. Fish Comm., vol. 22 (1902), p. 489. (Typespecies, Cirrhitoidea bimacula Jenkins, by monotypy.)Pseudocirrhites Mowbray, in Breder, 1927, Bull. Bingham Oceanogr. Coll., vol. 1,p. 48. (Type species, Pseudocirrhites pinos Mowbray, by monotypy.)Diagnosis.?Upper 1 or 2 and lower 5 (rarely 6) pectoral raysunbranched; dorsal soft rays 11 or 12; palatine teeth present; uppermargin of preopercle finely serrate; preorbital without a free hmdmargin; interorbital scaled; 4 or 5 rows of large scales on cheek; 3 or4 rows of large scales above lateral line in middle of body; depth ofbody 2.3 to 3.2 in standard length; snout length 3.1 to 3.8 in headlength; snout pointed, profile from interorbital to upper lip nearlystraight; a tuft of cirri from membrane near tip of each dorsal spine;membranes of dorsal fin moderately to deeply incised, the one be-tween fifth and sixth dorsal spines notched more than three-tenthslength of spines; longest dorsal spine 2.3 to 3.2 in body depth; firstdorsal soft ray not produced into a filament ; pectoral fins moderately
424 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM vol. ii4long, extending to anus and usually to origin of anal fin; lower un-branched rays of pectoral fin markedly longer than upper branchedrays, the uppermost unbranched ray usually the longest; caudal fintruncate. Key to the Species of Amblycirrhitusla. Lateral-line scales 38 to 45; pectoral fins reach or extend beyond origin ofanal fin; dorsal soft rays 11 or 12; ocellated black spot on opercle presentor absent.2a. Dorsal soft rays 11; upper Yz to ^i of preopercular margin serrate; smallpale spots on head, anteriorly on body, and on dorsal fin.3a. Depth of body 2.3 in standard length; dorsal profile from snout formsan angle of 48? to horizontal; lateral-line scales 45; upper 2 pec-toral rays unbranched (based on a single 93 mm. specimen) (India).indicus3b. Depth of body about 2.7 in standard length; dorsal profile fromsnout forms an angle of about 35? to horizontal; lateral-line scales41 to 44; upper pectoral ray unbranched (West Indies and Florida).pinos2b. Dorsal soft rays 12; upper Yb to % of preopercular margin serrate; no smallpale spots on head, anteriorly on body, or on dorsal fin.4a. A large dark brown or black ocellated spot on opercle; head not crossedwith 3 vertical dark bars; longest dorsal spine about 2.7 in depthof body (Indo-Pacific) bimacula4b. No large dark brown or black ocellated spot on opercle; head crossedwith 3 vertical dark bars, the first running ventrally from eye, thenext 2 on operculum; longest dorsal spine about 2.3 in depth of body(East Indies) oxyrhynchoslb. Lateral-line scales 48 to 50; pectoral fins do not reach origin of anal fin;dorsal soft rays 11; ocellated black spot on opercle absent (Rj'^ukyuIslands and Formosa) unimaculaAmblycirrhitus indiciis FowlerFigure 21Cirrlilies fascialus Cuvier, in Cuvier and Valenciennes, 1829 (non Bennett),Histoire naturelle des poissons, vol. 3, p. 76, pi. 47 (type locality, Pondich^ry,India).Cirrhitichth ys fascial us Day, 1888, Fishes of India . . . , suppl., p. 788 (Madras)
;
1889, Fauna of British India, Fishes, vol. 2, p. 145.Amblycirrhitus indicus Fowler, 1938, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., vol. 85, p. 49 (newname for Cirrhites fasciatus Cuvier, preoccupied by C. fasciatus Bennett,1828).Diagnosis.?Dorsal rays X,ll; anal rays 111,6; pectoral raysii,7,v; lateral-line scales 45; 4 rows of large scales above lateral linein middle of body (one specimen, Pondichery).Depth of body about 2.3 in standard length; dorsal profile fromsnout forms an angle of 48? with a line from tip of snout to centerof caudal fin; longest pectoral rays (tenth and eleventh) nearly reach avertical through origin of anal fin (from Cuvier's illustration; rays
REVIEW OF THE HAWKFISHES?RANDALL 425broken on specimen); pelvic fins reach origin of anal fin; snout about3.5 in head length.Color light brown with 8 alternately broad and narrow verticaldark bars on body which narrow as they pass ventrally; bar on caudalpeduncle and upper part of preceding bar the darkest; small palespots on snout, nape, and spinous portion of dorsal fin.Remarks.?The holotype (MNHN 5428 A) is a dried half-specimenvarnished and mounted on glass. The color pattern is so remark-ably close to the West Indian pinos that indicus was thought to bethis species at first glance. There are adequate morphologicalcharacters, however, to separate the two. The holotype of indicusmeasures 93 mm. in standard length (which is considerably largerthan the largest of many individuals of pinos that have been ob-served). Other measm^ements from the type are: depth 40.5 mm.;liead 32 mm.; snout 9.3 mm.; eye 7 mm.; depth of caudal peduncle13.5 mm.; caudal fin 13.5 mm.; pelvic fins 24.2 mm.; first dorsal spine4.7 mm.; second dorsal spine 8.5 mm.; third dorsal spine 12.6 mm.;ninth dorsal spine 10.8 mm.; tenth dorsal spine 14 mm.; fu'st dorsalsoft ray 19 mm.; last dorsal soft ray 10.7 mm.; fh'st anal spine 12 mm.;second anal spine 22 mm.; thu'd anal spine 17 mm.; first anal soft raybroken; last anal ray 12 mm.The type shows some notable difTerences from Cuvier's plate. Theorigin of the dorsal fin is not anterior to the hind edge of the pre-opercle as illustrated, but is in line with a vertical at the hind edge;the caudal fin is longer than illustrated; instead of a single cirrus fromthe membrane at the tip of each dorsal spine there is a tuft of cirri(congealed to a single unit by the varnish); the preorbital has no freehind edge; there are 27 small serrations on the free margin of thepreopercle.Known only from India from the type and two small specimensreported by Day. Aniblycirrhitus pinos (Mowbray)Figure 22Pseudocirrhites pinos Mowbraj^ in Breder, 1927, Bull. Bingham Oceanogr. Coll.,vol. 1, p. 48, fig. 23 (typo locality, Isle of Pines).Pseudocirrhites pinos Tee-Van, 1940, Zoologica, vol. 25, p. 61, text fig. 3 (Isle ofPines and Saba Bank).Diagnosis.?Dorsal rays X,ll; anal rays 111,6; pectoral rays i,8,v;lateral-line scales 41 to 44; 4 rows of large scales between lateral lineand spinous portion of dorsal fin (3 rows beneath soft portion of fin);9 scales below lateral line to origin of anal fin; gill rakers 4 or 5 -h 1 +8 to10 (18 specimens. West Indies and Florida).
426 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM vol. luDepth of body of adults about 2.7 in standard length; dorsal profilefrom snout forms an angle of about 35? with a line from tip of snoutto center of caudal fin; longest pectoral rays reaching a verticalthrough base of second to third anal spines; pelvic fins not reachingorigin of anal fin; snout of adults about 4 to 4.5 in head length.Color in alcohol light tan with alternate broad and narrow darkbars on body, the one across caudal peduncle and upper part of pre-vious one at base of soft portion of dorsal fin jet black; small palespots on head, nape, chest, pectoral base, and spinous portion ofdorsal fin.Color in life: body with 5 broad dark bars, the first 3 yellowishbrown, the upper rounded part of the fom*th black and the fifth acrossthe caudal peduncle entirely black; white interspaces between first 4broad bars bisected by narrow yellowish brown bars; head, anteriorpart of body, and dorsal fin with, bright red-orange dots; scaledportion of dorsal fin colored like body, imscaled portion hyaline;red-orange spots on soft portion of fin located on fin rays (fade inpreservative); caudal fin pink, becoming white basally; anal and pelvicfins hyaline with light brownish rays; pectoral fins pale pink; hisyellowish.Remarks.?Known previously from the Isle of Pines just south ofwestern Cuba and the Saba Bank in the Lesser Antilles. The SabaBank specimen is a 26-mm. juvenile collected by William Beebe at adepth of 25 fathoms. In recent years the species has been collectedby the author in the Vu'gin Islands, Puerto Rico, Cm-agao, Haiti, andthe Bahamas, and by Walter A. Starck II and the author at AlligatorReef in the Florida Keys. Starck collected a 23-mm. specimen fromBanco Chinchorro, off Yucatan. Collecting depths have been 8 to120 feet. These specimens are deposited at the Marine Laborator}^of the University of Miami and at the University of Puerto Rico,Mayaguez, Puerto Rico. Largest specimen, 68 mm. in standard length,from the Florida Keys.The holotype (BOC 382) is 54.5 mm. in standard length.Two specimens collected in August 1955 measure 24.0 and 24.7 mm.in standard length and appear to be transforming from the late post-larval stage to the juvenile form. Although pale, the barred colorpattern may be faintly seen, the caudal peduncle and upper part ofpreceding bar being the darkest. These specimens differ from largerpinos in being relatively more elongate (depth 7.5 and 8.1 mm., re-spectively), in having a forked caudal fin (caudal indentation 3 and2.5 mm., respectively), and in having the eye nearer the center of thehead (separated by more than 0.5 mm. from upper profile of head).A 25-mm. juvenile collected in November 1959 has the typical adultcolor pattern, a slightly forked tail, a body depth of 9 mm., and the
REVIEW OF THE HAWKFISHES RANDALL 427
upper edge of the eye at the profile of the head. A 24-mm. juvenilecollected in Jul}^ 1959 is adultlike in its color and has slightl}'- emargin-ate caudal fin, body depth of 9.5 mm., and eye which juts slightlyabove the profile of the head. These 4 specimens were collected in theBahamas in connection with the ichthyological program of Charles C.G. Chaplin and James E. Bohlke and are deposited in the Academy ofNatural vSciences of Philadelphia under Nos. 93637 to 93640.Amblycirrhitiis biniacula (Jenkins)Figure 23Cinhitoidea bimacula Jenkins, 1903, Bull. U.S. Fish Comm., vol. 22 (1902), p. 459,fig. 36 (type locality, Honolulu)
.
Diagnosis.?Dorsal raj^s X,12; anal reijs 111,6; pectoral raysi,8,v; lateral-line scales 40 to 42 (only one with 42); 3 large scalesabove lateral line in middle of bod}^; 9 scales below lateral line to originof anal fin; gill rakers 3 to 5+ 1 + 10 or 11 (12 specimens, MarshallIslands, Johnston Island, and Tuamotu Archipelago).Longest pectoral ray reaching a vertical through base of second analspine; depth of body of adults 2.8 to 3 in standard length; origin ofdorsal fin slightly anterior to a vertical at hind edge of opercularmembrane.Color in preservative light brown mth about 10 slightly irregularbrown bars (some of which break into spots on occasional specimens);an ocellated black spot almost as large as eye on opercle slightly belowlevel of eye and another on back and scaled portion of soft dorsal cen-tered at base of ninth soft ray of fin; upper portion of 3 body barsusually cojoin to enclose that portion of ocellated spot on body andbase of soft dorsal; head mottled with brown, some specimens with 1 or2 diagonal brown bands on cheek; tips of spinous dorsal membranes notblackish.Remarks.?Jenkins was mistaken in stating that bimacula has nopalatine teeth. The holotype (USNM 50702), 41 mm. in standardlength, was examined, and teeth were found on the palatines.A. bimacula has an extensive range, east Africa (Smith, 1951) toHawaii; however, records of the species are not numerous. Inter-mediate localities from which it has been taken are: Aldabra (Smith,1955, name only); Comore Islands (Fourmanoir, 1954, name only);Saleyer, East Indies (Weber, 1913; de Beaufort, 1940); Rose Island,Samoa Islands (Schultz, 1943); Raroia, Tuamotu Archipelago(Harry, 1953); and the Marshall Islands (Schultz, in Schultz andcollaborators, 1960). A specimen, 54.5 mm. in standard length, wasrecently collected in the Seychelles by James Morrow and depositedin the Bingham Oceanographic Laboratory at Yale University. Theauthor collected one, 51.5 mm. in standard length, at Makatea in the
428 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM vol. inTuamotu Archipelago. A 43-mm. specimen from Tahiti and 3 speci-mens from 43 to 51 mm. in standard length from the Solomon Islandswere sent on loan from the British Museum by A. C. Wheeler. Largestspecimen examined, 67 mm. in standard length, from Kwajalein.Ainblycirrhitus oxyrhynchos (Bleeker)Figure 24Cirrhitichthys oxyrhynchos Bleeker, 1858, Natuurk. Tijdschr. Nederlandsch-Indie,vol. 15, p. 205 (type locality, Goram Islands, East Indies).Cirrhitichthys oxyrhynchus Bleeker, 1876-77, Atlas ichthyologique . . . vol. 8,p. 146, pi. 303, fig. 4.Diagnosis.?Dorsal rays X,12; anal rays 111,6; pectoral raysi,8,v; lateral-line scales 40; 3 rows of large scales above lateral linein middle of body; 10 scales below lateral line to origin of anal fin.Longest pectoral rays reaching a vertical through base of third analsoft ray; depth of body 3.1 m standard length; origin of dorsal finover hind margin of opercle; lower jaw projects slightly anterior toupper; longest dorsal spine (sixth) 2.3 in depth of body (2.6 to 3.2for other species of AmhlycirrMtus)
.
Color of body and fins rose with 8 near-vertical bro\\m bars orelongate spots on body and 3 bars on head ; a round dark brown spoton back at rear base of soft portion of dorsal fin (after Bleeker'sdescription and figure).Remarks.?M. Boeseman kindly examined the holotype (No. 5842)at the Rijksmuseum van Natuurlijke Historic at Leiden. He verifiedBleeker's fin-ray counts, length sho^vn for the pectoral fin, and slightjutting of the lower jaw. The following measurements were made:standard length 43 mm.; total length 52 mm.; body depth 13.8 mm.;snout length 4.2 mm.; longest dorsal spine 6 mm. The margin ofthe preopercle above the level of the center of the eye bears 15 smallserrations. Color markings are no longer visible on the specimen.De Beaufort (1940, p. 10) erroneously placed oxyrhynchos in thesynonymy of Cirrhitichthys oxycephalus Bleeker.Fowler (1959, p. 288) recorded oxyrhynchos from Fiji without seeinga spechnen. He based his record on an entry in the catalog of theMuseum GodefFroy. Otherwise known only from the type locality,Goram Islands. Ainblycirrhitus unimacula (Kamohara)Figure 25Cirrhitoidea xmimacula Kamohara, 1957, Rep. Usa Mar. Biol. Sta., vol. 4, pp.2, 30, fig. 19 (type locality, Somachi, Ryukyu Islands).Diagnosis.?Dorsal rays X,ll; anal rays 111,6; pectoral raysi,8,v; lateral-line scales 48; 4 rows of large scales above lateral line
REVIEW OF THE HAWKFISHES?RANDALL 429in middle of body; 12 scales below lateral line to origin of anal fin(1 specimen, Formosa; gills and viscera have been removed).Longest pectoral rays extending slightly posterior to a vertical atanus; depth about 3.2 in standard length; origin of dorsal fin overhind edge of opercular membrane.Color in alcohol light tan with about 10 vertical dark brown barsof unequal width, most of which narrow as they pass downward onthe body; an ocellated black spot as large as eye on back abovelateral line extending on to posterior half of soft portion of dorsalfhi; several bro^vn bands and blotches on head, but no large darkspot on opercle; membrane behind tip of each dorsal spme blackish,cirri pale.Remarks.?In the description of unimacula, Kamohara stated thatpalatine teeth were absent. Because other species of Amhlycirrhitushave teeth on the palatines, the author wrote Kamohara requestingthat he re-examine the type for such teeth. He reported that pala-tine teeth were present but small and difficult to see.After Kamohara was queried, the second knowm specimen of thisspecies was cataloged at the U.S. National Museum. It was col-lected by R. E. Kuntz in shallow water on the west coast of the islandof Lan Yu, about 40 miles east of southern Formosa. The fishmeasures 63 mm. in standard length. The holotype (No. 6387,Biological Laboratory, Kochi LTniversity, Japan) is 85 mm. in standardlength. It was taken in a tide pool at Somachi, Ryukyu Islands.The Lan Yu fish difi'ers from the type as described m having 48 in-stead of 50 lateral-line scales, in the lower jaw not projecting anteriorto the upper, and in the pelvic fins just reaching the anus insteadof falling short of it.Genus Cirrhitichthys BleekerCirrhitichthys Bleeker, 1856, Natuurk. Tijdschr. Nederlandsch-Indie, vol. 10, p.474. (Type species, Cirrhites graphidopterus Bleeker, probably by monotypy =Cirrhites aprinus Cuvier.) (Bleeker, 1856, reference not seen; pagination fromGill, 1862, and Bleeker, 1876-77.)Cirrkitopsis Gill, 1862, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, pp. 105, 109. (Typespecies, Cirrhites aureus Temminck and Schlegel, by monotypy; proposedas a subgenus.)Acanthocirrhitus Fowler, 1938, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. 85, p. 50. (Typespecies, Cirrhites oxycephalus Bleeker, by original designation and monotypy.)Diagnosis.?LTpper 1 or 2 and lower 6 or 7 pectoral rays un-branched; dorsal soft rays 12 or 13; palatine teeth present; uppermargin of preopercle coarsely serrate (the serrations usually spinous),lower margin smooth or serrate; preorbital w^ith hind margin free forabout one-fom"th to three-fourths the distance from lower edge to eye(this free edge may bear small spiuelike serrations in some species);
430 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM vol. luinterorbital not scaled posteriorly; 3/2 to 4 rows of large scales on cheek;3 or 4 rows of large scales above lateral line in middle of body; depth ofbody 2.2 to 3 in standard length; snout length 2.9 to 3.8 in head length;snout pointed, profile from interorbital to upper hp nearly straight; atuft of cu-ri from membrane near tip of each dorsal spine; membranes ofdorsal fin moderately to deeply incised, the one between fifth and sixthdorsal spines notched more than three-tenths the length of spines;longest dorsal spine (usually fifth but may be fom'th or sixth) about 1.5to 2.6 in depth of body; fu-st dorsal soft ray produced into a filament(with exception of jalco and possibly guichenoti) ; pectoral fins mod-erately long, extending nearly to or beyond a vertical at origin of analfin; lower unbranched pectoral rays markedly longer than branchedrays (except uppermost of the lower unbranched rays of those speci-mens with 7 such rays); pelvic fin tips reach or extend slightlyposterior to anus (except for bleekeri and Red Sea oxycephalus) ; caudalfin emarginate to truncate.Key to the Species of Cirrhitichthysla. Lateral-line scales 40 to 47; 3 rows of large scales above lateral line in middleof body; dorsal soft rays 12 (rarely 13); anal soft rays 6 (rarely 7); snoutlength 3.2 to 3.8 in head length.2a. Longest dorsal spine 1.7 to 2.2 in body depth; depth 2.4 to 3 in standardlength; lower 6 pectoral rays unbranched.3a, Depth 2.4 to 2.7 in standard length; bony interorbital space not narrow,its width in adults about 1.7 in diameter of eye; free hind edge ofpreorbital usually with one to a few small spines; spinous serrationson preopercle 17 to 22 (45 mm. standard length or greater); 6 darkbars on body (faded in some specimens), with a dark spot on lateralline on pale interspaces (East Indies and Phihppines) . . aprinus3b. Depth 2.7 to 3 in standard length; bony interorbital space narrow, itsTvidth in adults about 2 in diameter of eye; free hind edge of pre-orbital without spines (except rarely on serratvs); spinous serrationson preopercle less than 20; no solid dark bars on body (bars, if present,comprised of spots, blotches, or dark-edged scales).4a. Dorsal profile of head, excluding eye, with a marked indentation justabove eye; orangish red bars on body in hfe, the fir.st 2 usuallypersisting in preservative as zigzag dark lines following scale rows(probably Mariana Islands) serratus, new species4b. Dorsal profile of head, excluding eye, a slightly convex curve, withoutan indentation; color pattern of subquadrate dark blotches in 3or 4 rows on body.5a. Hind edge of maxillary falling slightly forward of a vertical atfront edge of eye; fourth dorsal spine the longest; first dorsalsoft ray not decidedly longer than more posterior rays (at leastin sizes up to 42 mm, standard length) ; a group of 20 or moresmall dark brown spots forming a broad bar on nape and opercle,centered on origin of dorsal fin, and a second less conspicuous barof spots centered on sixth to seventh dorsal spines (these groupsof dark spots superimposed on rows of dark blotches) (Phihp-pines) falco, new species
REVIEW OF THE HAWKFISHES?RANDALL 4315b. Hind edge of maxillary reaches or extends posterior to a vertical atfront edge of eye; fifth dorsal spine the longest; first dorsal softray decidedly longer than more posterior rays (35 mm. standardlength or greater) ; no groups of 20 or more dark spots formingbars anteriorly on body (ludo-Pacific and tropical easternPacific) oxycephalus2b. Longest dorsal spine 2.2 to 2.6 in body depth; depth 2.2 to 2.5 instandard length; lower 7 (occasionally 6) pectoral rays unbranched.6a. Pelvic fins reaching anus; color not as in 6b.7a. Median anterior part of interorbital space and region between nos-trils scaled; color in alcohol uniform pale yellowish brown (orangeor yellow in life) (Japan and China) aureus7b. Median anterior part of interorbital space and region between nos-trils not scaled; color dark brown with a pale yellowish caudal finwhich is sparsely spotted with blackish and has a broad blackishposterior border (Gulf of Oman and Red Sea) calliurus6b. Pelvic fins not reaching anus; color rosy with light longitudinal lines anda large ill-defined dark blotch below soft portion of dorsal fin; a darkspot behind upper edge of preopercle (India) (after Day) . . bleekerilb. Lateral-line scales 52; 4 rows of scales above lateral line in middle of body;dorsal soft rays 13; anal soft rays 7; snout length about 3 in head length(Reunion Island, Indian Ocean) guichenoti
Cirrhitichthys aprintis (Cuvier)Figure 26Cirrhites aprinns Cuvier, in Cuvier and Valenciennes, 1829, Histoire naturelledes poissons, vol. 3, p. 76 (type locality, Timor).Cirrhites graphidopterus Bleeker, 1853, Natuurk. Tijdschr. Nederlandsch-Indie,vol. 4, p. 106 (type locality, Amboina).Cirrhitichthys aprinus Bleeker, 1876-77, Atlas ichthyologique . . ., vol. 8, p. 146,pi. 303, fig. 1 (East Indies).Cirrhitichthys aprinus Ramsay and Douglas-Ogilb}', 1886, Proc. Linn. Soc. NewSouth Wales, vol. 10, p. 575 (Shark Reef, Port Jackson, Austraha).Cirrhitichthys analis Fowler, 1938, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., vol. 85, p. 48, fig. 18(type locality, Jolo, Philippines).Diagnosis.?Dorsal rays X,12; anal rays 111,6; pectoral raysi,7,vi; lateral-line scales 41 to 43; 3 rows of large scales above lat-eral line in middle of bodj"; 9 or 10 scales below lateral line to originof anal fin; gill rakers 4 or 5+ 1+9 to 11 (9 specimens, Philippinesand East Indies).Depth of body 2.4 to 2.7 in standard length; snout 3.5 to 3.8 inhead length; longest dorsal spine 1.8 to 2 in depth; bony interorbitalspace about 1.7 in eye of adults; median anterior part of interorbitalspace and region between nostrils scaled; profile of head, excludingeye, with a marked indentation above eye; serrations on preopercle17 to 22 (at standard lengths greater than about 45 nmi.); pre-orbital unsealed, its free hind edge usually wdth one to a few spines;maxillary ending beneath anterior fourth of eye; fu'st dorsal soft
432 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM vol. ii4
ray prolonged; tips of pelvic fins reaching beyond anus; caudal finslightly emarginate.Color in alcohol light brown with 6 dark vertical bars (faded onsome specimens), the middle 4 of which extend into base of dorsalfin; a dark spot on lateral line on pale interspace between the first4 bars; a group of small dark brown spots in a diamond shape onposterior part of interorbital space and a comparable area of nape;scattered small spots anteriorly on interorbital and dorsally on snoutmay be present; a group of larger dark brown spots on opercle andone just above upper end of gill opening; 3 dark streaks on head,running ventrally from eye; a small blackish blotch anteriorly ondorsal fin and a larger one on the outer posterior part of spinousportion of fm; soft portion of fin spotted with black; remaining finspale. Life color given by Cuvier and Bleeker as red with verticalblackish bars.Remarks.?-The holotype of aprinus (MNHN 2774) is 61 mm. instandard length and 75 mm. in total length. Other measurementsand counts of this specimen are: depth 23.5 mm.; head 20.5 mm.;snout 5.5 mm.; eye 5.5 mm.; bony interorbital 3.2 mm.; first dorsalspine 5.5 mm.; longest dorsal spine 10.2 mm.; first dorsal soft raybroken; pectoral fui 20.5 mm.; lateral-line scales 43; 3 scales abovelateral line in middle of body, 4 to origin of dorsal fin, 10 to originof anal fin; a few small scales anteriorly on interorbital; gill rakers4+1 + 11; serrations on preopercle 18.Tlie U.S. National Museum has 8 Philippine specimens (Nos.150609-13), 40 to 71 mm. in standard length, and the holotype ofCirrhitickthys analis Fowler (No. 98901). The American Museum ofNatural History has a 71-mm. specimen from Bali (No. 15011).The types of grajyhidopterus Bleeker cannot be sorted from a seriesof 10 specimens (No. 6810) in the Rijksmuseum van NatuurlijkeHistoric at Leiden.Some recent authors have erroneously used the name aprinus forthe species oxycephalus Bleeker.Cirrhitichthys serratus, new speciesFigure 27Holotype.?USNJM 195943, a female specimen, 62.7 mm. instandard length. Pearl Harbor, Oahu, Hawaiian Islands, S. Tinker,April 1950, from a drydock hauled one year before from Guam,Mariana Islands.Paratypes.?USNM 195944, 10 specimens, 49.8 to 63.0 mm. instandard length; SU 55573, 2 specimens, 50.5 and 60 mm. in standardlength; BM 1961.3.24.1-2, 2 specunens, 54 and 63.5 mm. in standard
REVIEW OF THE HAWKFISHES?RANDALL 433length; UH 2584, 2 specimens, 51 and 60.5 mm. in standard length.All paratypes with same collecting data as holotj'pe.Description (data in parentheses are the extremes in comits andmeasm-ements for paratypes when differing from holotype).?Dorsalrays X,12; anal raj^s 111,6 (2 parat}"pes with 5); pectoral rays 1,7, vi(i,7,vi or ii,6,vi, usiiall}'' the former); lateral-line scales 45 (44 to47; see table 3); 3 rows of large scales above lateral line in middle ofbody; scales below lateral line to origin of anal fui 10 (9 or 10); gillrakers 4+ 1 + 10 (3 to 5+ 1+9 to 11, modally 4+ 1+ 10) (17 specimens).Each of the following measm'ements is given as a percentage ofthe standard length. jMeasurements of paratj^pes are based on 4USNM specimens, 49.8, 55.7, 62.0 and 63.0 mm. in standard length.Greatest depth of body 35.9 (34.5 to 35.7); width of body at gillopening 14.4 (13.6 to 15.7); head length 32.3 (32.3 to 34.3); snoutlength 9.6 (9.0 to 10.6); eye diameter 8.8 (8.4 to 9.0); postorbitallength of head 14.3 (14.4 to 15.2); bony interorbital space 4.6 (4.3 to4.7); least depth of caudal peduncle 12.4 (11.6 to 12.7); length ofcaudal peduncle 14.5 (14.3 to 14.9); snout to origin of dorsal fin 30.9(29.5 to 31.7); snout to origin of anal fin 65.2 (63.2 to 65.4); snout toorigin of pehdc fin 41.0 (40.3 to 43.5); length of dorsal fin base 59.0(58.1 to 59.7); length of anal fm base 17.7 (16.2 to 17.5); length ofpectoral fui 34.2 (34.4 to 37.7); length of pelvic fin 23.1 (21.6 to22.9); length of pelvic spine 16.8 (14.4 to 16.7); length of fh-st dorsalspine 7.7 (6.5 to 7.8); length of longest (the fourth or fifth) dorsalspine 18.7 (17.5 to 18.5); length of tenth dorsal spine 13.9 (13.5 to14.3); length of first dorsal soft ray 24.0 (21.1 to 24.2); length of lastdorsal ray 12.0 (11.4 to 12.4); length of first anal spine 10.3 (9.9 to11.7); length of second anal spine 21.8 (20.5 to 22.6); length of thirdanal spine 16.6 (14.4 to 17.7); length of fii'st anal soft ray 22.4 (18.0to 21.0); length of last anal ray 15.3 (13.5 to 15.6); length of caudalfin 24.8 (24.4 to 26.9).In addition to those of the family and genus, the following charac-ters apply to this species: profile of head, excluding eye, with a markedindentation above eye; maxillary nearly reaching a vertical at frontedge of e3"e; interorbital space markedly concave, scaled only aiite-rioii}", the scaled region extending to space between anterior nostrils;preorbital not scaled, its hind margin free for about half the distancefrom lower edge to eye and rarely bearing a few serrations (only 2 of17 specimens showed distinct serrations on the lower hind edge of thepreorbital); margin of preopercle smoothly curved, all but anteriormost part with from 11 to 19 (more on larger specimens) coarse,spinelike serrations (18 on holotype on one side and 19 on the other);suprascapula with 4 to 7 coarse serrations (6 on holotype); 4 rows of
434 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM vol. lularge scales on cheek, the third row overlapping the fourth, making itnarrower than preceding rows; no small scales basally on cheek scalesor at margins of this scaled region except anteriorly near hind edge ofpreorbital; 8 or 9 large scales on opercle with a few small scales ante-riorly and posteriorly; interopercle scaled; free fold of gill membranesacross isthmus scaled; about 6 median predorsal scales; 8 rows ofscales above lateral line on caudal peduncle on one side to lateral lineon other; small scales basally on fins; first dorsal soft ray slightlyprolonged; membranes of spinous portion of dorsal fhi moderatelyincised, the one between fifth and sixth dorsal spines indented aboutfour-tenths the length of the spines; pelvic fuis reach beyond anus,almost to origin of anal fin; pectoral fuis reach a vertical from base ofsecond anal spine to second anal soft ray; second of lower unbranchedpectoral rays usually the longest, extending beyond longest branchedray for a distance equal to about half the length of the branched ra}";fh"st anal soft ray unbranched; caudal fin emarginate, the caudalindentation about one-thhd to two-fifths eye diameter; a fringe ofabout 6 cirri on flap at rear of anterior nostril; chri near tips of dorsalspines relatively thin and short.Color in alcohol light tan with 2 broad vertical dark browm bars,one running downward from occipital region of head and anteriorpart of dorsal fin to upper part of opercle and the other centered atbase of sLxth to seventh dorsal spines and running to lateral line,these bars formed by dark edges on scales which aj^pear as lengthwisezigzag lines (bars very faint on some specimens); a third faint duskyregion on back may be seen on some specimens centered at originof soft portion of dorsal fin, and 2 still fainter regions more poste-riorly, the last dorsaUy on caudal peduncle; dorsal fui whitish basaUy,hyaline distally, the clear part of soft portion of fin with faint duskyrings about the size of the pupil; anal fin dusky, especially anteriorlyin soft portion, except outer part of membranes in spinous portionwhich are hyaline; caudal fin hyaline with dusky spots arranged ina large median posterior crescent, those in lower part of fin darkerthan those in upper part; paired fins pale.The following color note was made by L. P. Schultz on May 16,1950, when the specimens reached the U.S. National Museum:"Upon arrival this cirrhitid was barred with bright reddish orange;mouth orange; a red bar from behind eye do\vn across cheek, anotherfrom front of eye across preorbital, corner of mouth, meeting itsfeUow on underside of head; tip of chin red; red streak along middorsalline of snout to tip of snout; giU membranes over isthmus red; redspots with black margms on dorsal fhi; caudal fin posteriorly withblack spots; vertical red bars (on head and body) made up of redblotches which are more or less arranged in lengthwise rows."
REVIEW OF THE HAWKFISHES?RANDALL 435Remarks.?Named serratus both in reference to the zigzag linesthat form the dark bars on the body and the coarse serrations onthe preopercle.A problem exists with respect to the type localitj^ Although thefish were collected in Pearl Harbor, Oahu, they were taken fromaround a drydock that was hauled to the Hawaiian Islands a yearbefore from Guam, Mariana Islands. It is possible that this speciescame from Guam with the drydock. Three adult specimens ofCirrhitichthys oxycephalus that were taken at the same time as theseries of serratus constitutes evidence in favor of an initial MarianaIslands locality, for the wide-ranging and relatively common oxyce-phalus is unknown from other collections from Hawaii.^Cirrhitichthys falco, new speciesFigure 28HoLOTYPE.?AMNH 20412, a female specimen, 41.8 mm. instandard length. Gulf of Davao, Mindanao, Philippine Islands,Van Name Philippine Expedition, 1937.Paratypes.?AMNH 20413, 25.2 mm. in standard length; USNM195954, 32.2 mm. in standard length. Paratypes with same collectingdata as holotype.Description (data in parentheses are the extremes in counts andmeasurements for paratypes when differing from holotype).?Dorsalrays X,12; anal rays 111,6; pectoral rays i,7,vi (smallest paratypewith upper 2 pectoral rays unbranched); lateral-line scales 42 (42to 45); 3 rows of large scales above lateral line in middle of body;scales below lateral line to origin of anal fin 9; gill rakers 4+1+9(3+ 1+9 or 10).Each of the following measurements is given as a percentage ofthe standard length. Greatest depth of body 34.0 (29.3 to 32.3);width of body at gill opening 14.4 (12.7 to 14.9); head length 35.9(35.3 to 35.7); snout length 11.2 (10.6 to 10.7); eye diameter 9.8(10.0 to 10.2); postorbital length of head 16.0 (15.1 to 16.7); bonyinterorbital space 4.5 (4.4 to 4.6); least depth of caudal peduncle12.0 (12.1 to 12.7); length of caudal peduncle 14.1 (14.7 to 15.1);snout to origin of dorsal fui 36.3 (33.8 to 35.7); snout to origin ofanal fin 65.9 (62.7 to 64.7); snout to origin of pelvic fin 45.0 (42.2 to46.2); length of dorsal fin base 55.5 (51.2 to 56.0); length of anal finbase 14.3 (14.6 to 15.8); length of pectoral fin 39.0 (30.5 to 37.6);length of pelvic fm 22.2 (21.8 to 23.3); length of pelvic spine 15.6(15.2 to 15.4); length of first dorsal spine 8.8 (7.8 to 8.0); length of
> After the above was written, additional specimens oi serratus were collected by W. A. Starck, II, D. P.do Sylva and others of the Marine Laboratory, University of Miami, in September and October 1961 atGorgona Island, Colombia, and La Plata Island, Ecuador, within the depth range 5 to 35 feet.
436 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM vol. ii4longest (fourth) dorsal spine 19.1 (16.3 to 20.8); length of tenth dorsalspme 13.4 (13.5 to 14.3); length of fu-st dorsal soft ray 22.5 (18.7to 20.8); length of last dorsal ray 11.7 (10.9 to 11.9); length of firstanal spine 10.5 (10.3 to 10.5); length of second anal spine 23.2 (22.0,broken in smallest paratype); length of third anal spine 16.4 (15.1)to 16.5); length of first anal soft ray 21.3 (18.3 to 21.7); length oflast anal ray 12.2 (12.6 to 13.1); length of caudal fui 23.1 (24.9 to25.8).In addition to the characters of the family and genus, the follo\vingapply to this species: profile of head, excluding eye, without a markedindentation above eye; hind edge of maxillary slightly forward of avertical at front edge of eye; interorbital space markedly concave,scaled only anteriorly, the scaled region extending slightly anteriorto anterior nostrils; preorbital not scaled, its hind margin free foralmost one-half the distance from lower edge to eye and bearing noserrations; preopercular margin smoothly rounded, the upper three-fifths with 11 (6 or 8) coarse serrations; suprascapula with 3 or 4serrations (only one developed on small paratype); 4 rows of largescales on cheek, the third row overlapping the fourth, making itnarrower than preceding rows; no small scales basally on cheekscales or at margms of this scaled region except anteriorly near hindedge of preorbital; 9 large scales on opercle with a few small scalesanteriorly and posteriorly; interorbital scaled; free fold of gill mem-])ranes across isthmus scaled ; about 7 median predorsal scales ; 8 rowsof scales above lateral Une on caudal peduncle on one side to lateralline on other; small scales basally on fins; first dorsal soft ray notprolonged into a filament; membranes of spinous portion of dorsalfin moderately incised, the one between fifth and sixth dorsal spinesindented about three-eighths length of the spines; pelvic fins reachbeyond anus, almost to origin of anal fin ; pectoral fuis reach a verticalfrom base of third anal spine to fu'st anal soft ray; second of lowerunbranched rays the longest, extendmg beyond longest branched raya distance contained 1.6 times in length of the branched ray; fu'stanal soft ray unbranched; caudal fhi emarginate; a fringe of about 4cutI on hind margin of anterior nostril (only one cutus seen onparatypes) ; cirri near tips of dorsal spines relatively long and thick.Color in alcohol light brown with 5 vertical dark brown bars onbody (it may equally be stated that the basic pattern consists of3 lengthwise rows of dark blotches), the fu'st 2 comprised of small darkbro^vn spots (which appear superimposed on dark blotches) andthe last 3 of large brown blotches; fii'st bar, which is centered onorigin of dorsal fin and passes on to opercle, decidedly darker thanremaining bars; a pair of brown spots, one above and one belowlateral line, between dark bars; a dark brown line running ventrally
REVIEW OF THE HAWKFISHES?RANDALL 437from eye to throat and another rimnmg diagonally forward anddo\vnward from eye across maxillary and mandible to chin; a mediandorsal dark band running from interorbital to upper lip; a few darkbro^\^l spots on occiput; a dark streak at base of pectoral; 3 darkspots in a vertical line at extreme base of caudal fin, the uppermostlocated middorsally; caudal fin crossed with 3 vertical rows of spotswith slightly paler centers; dorsal fin hyaline with a few dark spots,mostly representing continuation of body bars into base of fin; analfin hyaline ^^^th a faint bro^vnish band from base of third spine todistal ends of first few soft rays; paired fins pale. Life color notknown.Remarks.?This species is very closely related to serratus. Itdiffers in the straighter profile of the head the fewer lateral-linescales (see table 3), the larger dorsal cirri, and in color principallyin the more obvious posterior bars of dark blotches and intermediatespots and the occurrence of discrete spots to form the dark anteriorbars rather than dark edges of the scales as in serratus. Some of thesedifferences, such as the lack of indentation in the dorsal profile of thehead of falco and the color pattern, may be due to the difference inthe size of the specimens. The largest specimen oifalco, the holotype,is 41.8 mm. in standard length and the smallest serratus, 51 mm. Theholot3^pe of falco, however, is definitely not a juvenile. It is a ripefemale with ova up to 0.3 mm. in diameter.Table 3.
438 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM vol. inDiagnosis.?Dorsal rays X,12 (one with 13); anal rays 111,6;pectoral raj^s i,7,vi (one with ii,6,vi); lateral-lme scales 41 to 45(usually 43 or 44); 3 rows of large scales above lateral line in middleof body; 10 scales below lateral line to origin of anal fin; gill rakers3 to 5+ 1 + 9 to 11 (usually 4+ 1+ 10) (20 specimens, Red Sea, PhoenixIslands, Marquesas Islands, and Gorgona Island, Colombia).Depth of body 2.8 to 3 in standard length; snout 3.5 to 3.7 in headlength; fifth dorsal spine the longest, its length 1.7 to 2.2 in depth;bony mterorbital space about 2 in eye of adults; median anterior partof interorbital and region between nostrils scaled; profile of head,excluding eye, without a marked indentation above eye; serrationson preopercle 14 to 19 (at standard lengths greater than about 45mm., see fig. 1); preorbital unsealed or with a few scales, its free hindedge without spines; maxillary ends slightly posterior to a vertical atfront of eye (except Red Sea specimens; on these the maxillary ex-tendmg ahnost to center of eye); first dorsal soft ray prolonged, atleast in sizes gi'eater than about 35 mm, standard length; tips of pelvicfins extending beyond anus (except Red Sea specimens), caudal finslightly emarginate to truncate.Color in alcohol light tan with 4 lengthwise rows of subquadratedark brown spots on body; in addition, a row of smaller spots on lateralline interspersed between larger spots; a series of spots as large as thelast-mentioned one at base of dorsal fin; opercle and interopercle witha line of about 5 blackish spots; dark brown spots on nape, snout, andventrally on head, those at latter location arranged in 2 bands runningventraUy from eye; dorsal and caudal fins spotted with dark brown;remaining fins pale.Life color of 70 mm. specimen from the Marquesas: light browTi onback shading almost to white ventrally, with prominent dark brownto red blotches (those on caudal peduncle and above anal fin red)on head and in 4 lengthwise rows on body (in addition, 4 smaller spotsin a row along lateral line between upper 2 rows) ; dorsal fin light brown,spotted with dark brown on spinous portion and basal soft portionof fin and with red on outer part of soft portion; cirri near tips ofdorsal spines red; filamentous first dorsal soft ray yeUow; caudal finwith dusky membranes and reddish rays, and spotted with red anddark browi^i (some spots red with dark brown centers), except distalhalf of upper 3 principal caudal rays which are j^ellowdsh; anal andpelvic fins reddish; pectoral fin membranes hyaline, rays dusky basal-ly, red distaUy; mouth slightly reddish; iris orange with a ring ofbrown.Remarks.?The holotype (No. 5844), 61 mm. in standard length, isin the Rijksmuseum van Natuurlijke Historic at Leiden.
REVIEW OF THE HAWKFISHES?RANDALL 439This cirrhitid has the greatest kiiOAVii range of the family, occurringthroughout the tropical Indo-Pacific and eastern Pacific. There arespecimens in the U.S. National Museum from the Red Sea (collectedby D, S. Erdman); Christmas Island (Indian Ocean), East Indies,Philippines, Fiji, Solomon Islands (collected by W. M. Chapman);Gilbert Islands and Marquesas (collected by the author); MarshallIslands (collected by D. W. Strasburg); Phoenix Islands; GorgonaIsland and Port Utria (Colombia), Panama, Costa Rica, and CocosIsland (collected by W. L. Schmitt) ; and Clipperton Island (collectedby W. J. Baldwin).A hawkfish from Christmas Island, Line Islands (B. P. BishopMuseum 4129) which was identified as Paracirrhites cinctus byFowler (1927, p. 18) was sent to the author by E. H. Bryan, Jr.Although m poor condition, it could be identified as G. oxycephalus.A 33-mm. specimen of oxycephalus from Madras, India, sent on loanby A. C. Wlieeler of the British Museum (No. 1889.2.1.3033) bears thename Cirrhitichthys stictos Day. No publication could be foundwhich lists stictos, and it is probably only a manuscript name.The 3 Red Sea specimens that were examined appear differentiatedfrom the species elsewhere m its range by havmg a maxillary whichextends almost to a vertical at the center of the eye, shorter dorsalspines, and shorter pectoral fuis (extending only slightly posterior toa vertical at end of pelvic fuis). Two of the specimens have pelvicfins which do not reach the anus.Largest specimen examined, 70 mm. in standard length. Thisspecimen was collected with a spear in 8 feet of water from a smallhead of Pocillopora in Anaho Bay, Nuku Hiva, Marquesas Islands.Cirrhitichthys aureus (Temminck and Schlegel)Figure 30Cirrhites aureus Temminck and Schlegel, 1843, Pisces, in Siebold, Fauna Ja-ponica . . ., p. 15, pi. 7, fig. 2 (type locality, Nagasaki, Japan).Cirrhites gibbosus Guichenot, 1869, Nouv. Arch. Mus. Hist. Nat., Paris, vol. 5,p. 199, pi. 12, fig. 2 (type locality, Macao, China).Cirrhitichthys aureus Jordan and Herre, 1907, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., vol. 33,p. 161, fig. 1 (southern Japan and China).Cirrhitichthys aureus Fowler, 1931, Hong Kong Nat., vol. 2, p. 306 (Hong Kong).Diagnosis.?Dorsal rays X,12; anal rays 111,6; pectoral raysi,7,vi or i,6,vii; lateral-line scales 40 to 44; 3 rows of large scales abovelateral line in middle of body; 10 scales below lateral line to origin ofanal fin; gill rakers 4 to 6+ 1+ 9 (7 specimens, Japan and China).Depth of body 2.2 to 2.5 in standard length; snout 3.4 to 3.6 inhead length; longest dorsal spine 2.2 to 2.6 in depth; bony interorbitalspace about 1.6 in eye of adults; median anterior part of interorbitalspace and region between nostrils scaled; profile of head, excluding
440 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM vol. lu
eye, with a marked indentation above eye; preorbital unsealed, itsfree hind edge with or without 1 to 4 small spines; maxillary endsbeneath front edge of eye; first dorsal soft ray prolonged; tips ofpelvic fins reach beyond anus; caudal fin slightly emarginate.Color in alcohol of 3 specimens from Japan (USNM 57752-53),81 to 87 mm. standard length, uniform light yellowish brown, thefins pale yellowish. The life color is golden yellow. Two specimensin the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia from Hong Kong(ANSP 76759), 92 and 93 mm. in standard length, show about 5faint bars on the body with short bars between centered on the lateralline and a spot on the opercle behind the eye. Fowler recorded thelife color of these as golden yellow brown with brown edges to thescales, yellowish pink caudal peduncle, and red caudal fin.Remarks.?The types of aureus are in the Rijksmuseum vanNatuurlijke Historic at Leiden. Boeseman (1947, p. 33) designatedNo. 536 as lectotype. The type of Cirrhites gihhosus Guichenot fromMacao (MNHN 3060) is the largest specimen of aureus seen; itmeasures 117 mm. in standard length and 138 mm. in total length.Guichenot described his type as yellow, with brownish j^ellow backand yellowish fins.The 4%-in. specimen reported from Misaki, Japan, by Jordan andHerre was believed to have been taken from "rather deep water."Cirrhitichthys calliiirus ReganFigure 31Cirrhitichthys calliurus Regan, 1905, Joiirn. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc, vol. 16,p. 322, pi. B, 3 (type locality, Muscat, Gulf of Oman).Diagnosis.?Dorsal rays X,12; anal rays 111,6; pectoral raysi,6,vii or ii,5,vii; lateral-line scales 42; 3 rows of large scales abovelateral line in middle of body; 10 scales below lateral line to origin ofanal fin; gill rakers 3 or 4+ 1 + 9 or 10 (2 specimens. Red Sea).Depth of body 2.4 in standard length; snout 3.6 in head length;longest dorsal spine 2.3 in depth; bon^^ interorbital space 1.6 in eye;median anterior part of interorbital space and region between nostrilsnot scaled; profile of head, excluding eye, with a marked indentationabove eye; preorbital unsealed, the free hind margin without spines;maxillary ends slightly posterior to vertical at front edge of eye; fu-stdorsal soft ray prolonged; tips of pelvic fins reaching slightly beyondanus; caudal fin slightly emarginate, almost truncate.Color in alcohol brown (the centers of the scales are a little palerthan the edges, hence the body has a slight linear pattern); caudalfin abruptly pale yellowish with a broad blackish posterior borderand about 18 small blackish spots; dorsal and anal fins brown likebody; paired fins pale; lips pale. Regan stated that the fish is brown-
REVIEW OF THE HAWKFISHES
?
RANDALL 441isb, darkly marbled (his figure shows dark bars), the soft dorsal andanal fins and caudal peduncle almost blackish, and the caudal finpale yellowish with a pink tinge at the base, dark posterior marginand dark spots.Remarks.?Two specimens (MNHN 95.174-5), 57 mm. in standardlength, collected by M. Jousseaume at Obock, Red Sea, were examinedin Paris. Otherwise known only from the 2 original specimens, 64.5and 84 mm. in standard length, taken at 15 to 30 fathoms off Muscat,Gulf of Oman. These are cataloged in the British Museum underNo. 1904.5.25.C. calliurus is closely related to hleekeri and aureus (see "Remarks"under hleekeri). Cirrhitichthys bleekeri DayFigure 32Cirrhitichthys hleekeri Day, 1873, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, p. 705 (type locality,Madras, India).Cirrhitichthys aureus Day, 1875, (non Temminck and Schlegel), The fishes ofIndia . . ., p. 145, pi. 35, fig. 5, (Madras, India).Diagnosis.?Dorsal rays X,12 or 13; anal rays 111,6 or 7; lower 6 or7 pectoral rays unbranched; lateral-line scales 43 (given as 45 or 46in original description); 3 rows of large scales above lateral line inmiddle of body (4 to origin of dorsal fin); 12 scales below lateral lineto origin of anal fin.Depth of body about 2.4 in standard length; profile of head,excluding eye, with a marked indentation above eye; preorbitalwithout scales; no mention of spines on hind margin of preorbital;maxillary reaches to below first third of eye; first dorsal soft ray pro-longed; pelvic fins do not reach anus; caudal fin slightly emarginate.Color rosy with light longitudinal lines and a large ill-definedblotch below the soft portion of the dorsal fin extending half waydo^\^l the side; in some specimens 2 more descend from spinous portionof dorsal fin; a small dark spot behind upper edge of preopercle;dorsal and caudal fins more or less banded, the caudal with red spots;soft portion of dorsal darker than spinous portion and having a lightouter edge.Remarks.?Day's original description (1873) differs from his accountof the species in his "Fishes of India" (1875-78, pp. 145-146)which, in turn, does not correspond in all respects with the plate(reproduced herein as fig. 32). Notable among the differences are thelateral-line scale counts (given as 45 or 46 in original descriptionand as 43 in "Fishes of India"), size of the eye, and length of the snoutand of the longest dorsal spines. These differences are impossibleto resolve without seeing specimens.
442 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM vol. ii4No type or other specimens were located in those museums visitedor at others through correspondence (see p. 391).C. bleekeri is evidently very closely related to aureus and calliurus.Day, in fact, ultimately placed his bleekeri in the synonymy of aureus.However, the pelvic fins falling short of the anus, noted by Day,and the different color pattern seem to differentiate bleekeri. It is notinconceivable that aureus, bleekeri, and calliurus may be demonstratedeventually as subspecies of one species in continuous distribution fromJapan and China to the Red Sea.Day stated that bleekeri is rather common at Madras and that itattains a length of about 4 inches.Cirrhitichthys gutchenoti (Sauvage)Figure 33Cirrhites guichenoti Sauvage, 1880, Bull. Soc. Philomath. Paris, p. 221 (typelocality. Reunion); 1891, Histoire Naturelle des Poissons in Grandidier,Histoire physique, naturelle et politique dc Madagascar, vol. 16, p. 212, pi.23, fig. 1 (Reunion).Diagnosis.?Dorsal rays X,13; anal rays 111,7; pectoral rays i,7,vi;lateral-line scales 53; 4 rows of large scales above lateral line in middleof body; gill rakers 5+ 1 + 11 (1 specimen).Depth of body about 3.1 in standard length; snout 2.95 in headlength; longest dorsal spine about 1.8 in depth; bony interorbitalspace about 2 in eye; median anterior part of interorbital space andregion between nostrils scaled; profile of head, excluding eye, with amarked indentation above eye; preorbital with a few small scalesposteriorly, the free hind margin without spines; maxillary endsbefore eye; relative length of first dorsal soft ray unknown (this raybroken on specimen) ; caudal fin truncate.Color in alcohol brown with 3 lengthwise rows of large dark brownspots; middle row of spots, which follows lateral line, with a smallspot between successive large spots; a small black spot behind eye atupper end of free margin of preopercle ; a dark streak from eye almostto angle of preopercle, a second running from eye to maxillary, and athird running anteriorly on snout from eye; median fins spotted withbrown; cirri at tips of dorsal spines pale.Remarks.?The holotype (MNHN 4091) measures 112 mm. instandard length and 166 mm. in total length. Other measurementsare: depth of body 35.5 mm.; width of body at gill opening 9.3 mm.
;
head length 38.1 mm.; snout length 12.9 mm.; snout to end of maxil-lary 11.5 mm.; diameter of eye 12.1 mm.; bony interorbital space 6mm.; first dorsal spine 9 mm.; fifth dorsal spine the longest, 20 mm.;ninth and tenth dorsal spines subequal, 16 mm.; length of pectoralfins 38 mm., the tips of elongate lower rays reaching slightly posterior
REVIEW OF THE HAWKFISHES?RANDALL 443to a vertical at ends of pelvic fins; length of pelvic fins 24 mm. Thereare 20 coarse serrations on the free margin of the preopercle.The illustration of guichenoti in Sauvage (1891) is in error in failingto show the branched pectoral rays abruptly shorter than the lowerunbranched rays. The lowest branched ray on the specimen is abouttwo-thirds the length of the adjacent unbranched ray. The caudalfin is not rounded, but nearly truncate, and the first dorsal spine isslightly less than half the length of the fifth dorsal spine instead ofthree-fifths the length, as shown in the figure.This species is remarkably similar in color pattern to Cirrhitichthysoxycephalus but is easily distinguished from this and other membersof the genus by its longer snout and higher scale and fin-ray counts.Judging from the length of the one known specimen from Reunion(166 mm.), it is the largest species in the genus.Genus Cyprinocirrhites TanakaCyprinocirrhites Tanaka, 1917, Dobuts. Zasslii (Zool. Mag., Tokyo), vol. 29, no.347, p. 269, (Type species, Cyprinocirrhites ui Tanaka? Cirrhitichthyspolyactis Bleaker.)Diagnosis.?Generic characters are given in the key to the generaand the diagnosis of polyactis, which appears to be the only species inthe genus.Cyprinocirrhites seems to be closely related to Cirrhitichthys.Smith's (1951) belief that further study of Cyprinocirrhites mightwarrant its elevation to family rank seems unlikely.Cyprinocirrhites polyactis (Bleeker)Figure 34Cirrhitichthys polyactis Bleeker, 1875, Verb. Akad. Wetensch., Amsterdam, vol.15 (1874), p. 16 (tj^pe locality, Amboiua, East Indies); 1876-77, Atlasichthj^ologique . . ., vol. 8, p. 147, pi. 76, fig. 1.Cyprinocirrhites ui Tanaka, 1917, Dobuts. Zasslii (Zool. Mag., Tokyo), vol. 29,no. 347, p. 269 (type locality, Tanabe, Japan).Cyprinocirrhites stigma Fowler, 1943, U.S. Nat. Mus. Bull. 100, vol. 14, pt. 2,p. 65, fig. 11 (type locality, Labuan Blanda Island, Buton Strait, East Indies).Diagnosis.?Dorsal rays X,16 or 17 (one with 17); anal rays 111,6;pectoral rays i,7,vi; lateral-line scales 47 to 49; 3 rows of large scalesabove lateral line in middle of body; 9 scales below lateral line toorigin of anal fin; gillrakers 4+ 1+ 11 or 12 (one with 12) (6 specimens,Philippines).Palatine teeth present; free margin of preopercle almost entirelyserrate, the upper margin with 12 to 16 coarse serrations; preorbitalwith hind margin free for about one-fom'th the distance from loweredge to eye; interorbital and dorsal part of snout scaled; 4 rows of
444 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM vol. ii4large scales on cheek (the lower row partially covered by third row)
;
depth of body about 2.7 to 2.8 in standard length; snout short, notpointed, its length about 4 to 5 in head length; mouth highly oblique;lower jaw projecting anterior to upper; maxillary short, ending slightlyposterior to front edge of eye; a tuft of cirri from membrane near tipof each dorsal spine; membranes of dorsal fin not deeply incised, theone between fifth and sixth dorsal spines notched less than one-fourthlength of spines; third dorsal spine the longest, its length about 2.3 to2.5 in depth of body; first dorsal soft ray produced into a filament;pectoral fins long, the longest rays reaching to a vertical at base offirst or second anal soft rays; longest unbranched pectoral ray nearlytwice as long as longest branched ray; tips of pelvic fins reaching ornearly reaching origin of anal fin ; caudal fin lunate, the lobes extendingas filaments, the caudal indentation about 1.3 to 1.5 in head length.Color in alcohol uniform light yellowish brown, the fuis pale yellow-ish except outer thu'd of spinous portion of dorsal fin which is dusky.Life color probably orange-yellow.Remarks.?Two syntypes of iwlyactis , 84 and 92 mm. in standardlength, are in the Rijksmuseum van Natuurlijke Historic at Leiden(No. 5845). M. Boeseman wrote that the larger example is in bettercondition than the smaller. The larger one is here designated as thelectotype.C. polyactis is known from the 2 type specimens from Amboina,one specimen from Timor (Weber, 1913, p. 259), one from Japan(Tanaka, 1917), one from Queensland, Australia (McCulloch, 1922,p. 243), one from the Philippines (Fowler, 1943, p. 65, fig. 11), andone from Madagascar (Smith, 1951, p. 647, fig. 3). In addition, theU.S. National Museum has 6 from the Philippines.The holotype of Cyprinocirrhites stigma Fowler (USNM 99505), a42-mm. specimen, was examined. It has a dorsal fin formula of X,16(not XI, 17 as given by Fowler) and possesses palatine teeth. Thedark markings on the body ascribed to the specimen b}^ Fowler aremerely regions where scales are missing. Fowler distinguished hisspecies from C. ui Tanaka on the basis of several characters, mostof which do not appear valid. The larger size of the eye and thelonger dorsal spines of stigma (the latter dift"erence not mentioned byFowler) may be due to the dift'erence in size of the specimens undercomparison. The holotype of ui is about 50 ram. longer than thesingle specimen of stigma.The largest of all the known specimens is the one from Madagascarwhich is 112 mm. in fork length (about 90 mm. standard length).The species appears to live at moderate depths. The Madagascarspecimen, for exjimple, was taken at 60 fathoms. The type of C.stigma was collected from 24 fathoms.
REVIEW OF THE HAWKFISHES?RANDALL 445The deeply forked caudal fin, somewhat elongate body, and smalloblique mouth of Cyprinocirrhites suggest plankton-feeding habits anda more open-water mode of life than that of other cirrhitids. Toconfirm this suspicion, the stomachs of 4 Philippine specimens, 50 to70 mm. in standard length (one of which, a 66 mm. specimen, is aripe female), were opened. The contents proved to be zooplankton:copepods, larval shrimp, larval crabs, fish eggs, and soft material thatappears to be pelagic tunicate. Several families of tropical marinefishes have representatives that depart from a bottom-dwelling exist-ence typical of the group to live in a semipelagic habitat. All havemore lunate caudal fins, more fusiform body shape, and smallermouths, generally, than their benthic relatives. Examples are Pa-ranthias of the Serranidae, Caesio and Ocyurus of the Lutjanidae,Clepticus of the Labridae, and certain species of Chromis of thePomacentridae. These fishes do not strain the organisms from thesea, but pick the individual plankters one by one. When dangerapproaches, they retire to the reef for shelter. Cyprinocirrhites maybehave in the same way.Genus Oxycirrhites BleekerOxycirrhites Bleeker, 1857, Act. Soc. Sci. Indo-Ne^rlandicae, vol. 2, p. 39. (Typespecies, Oxycirrhites typus Bleeker, by monotypy.)Fowler (1934, p. 358) created a new subfamily, Oxj^cirrhitinae, forthe genus Oxycirrhites. De Beaufort (1940, pp. 13-15), on the otherhand, included the species Amblycirrhitus himacula in the genus.Oxycirrhites is here regarded as a monotypic genus of the subfamilyCirrhitinae. Generic characters are given in the discussion of typus.Oxycirrhites typus BleekerFigure 35Oxycirrhiles typus Bleeker, 1857, Act. Soc. Sci. Indo-Neerlandicae, vol. 2, p. 40(type locality, Amboina, East Indies) ; 1876-77, Atlas ichthyologique . . . ,vol. 8, pp. 141, 148, pi. 351, fig. 2.Oxycirrhites typus de Beaufort, 1940, The fishes of the Indo-Australian Archipelago,vol. 8, pp. 14, 15, fig. 4.Oxycirrhites morrisi Fowler, 1934, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, vol. 85, p. 359fig. 109 (type locality, eastern Palawan, Philippine Islands).Oxycirrhites seftoni Bohlke and Briggs, 1935, California Fish and Game, vol. 39,p. 375, figs. 1, 2 (type locality, off Pulmilla Point, San Jose del Cabo Bay,Baja California).Diagnosis.?Dorsal rays X,13; anal rays 111,7; pectoral rays ii,7,vor ii,6,vi; lateral-line scales 51 to 53; 4 rows of large scales above lateralline in middle of body; 10 scales below lateral line to origin of anal fin;gill rakers 5+ 1 + 11 or 12 (4 specimens, Philippines, Sumatra and BajaCalifornia).
446 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM vol. luCanine teeth in jaws small, not markedly longer than inner villiformteeth, and nearly uniform in size; palatine teeth absent; free marginof preopercle serrate, the serrations on upper limb coarse; curved hindmargin of preorbital free for about one-fourth the distance from loweredge to eye; interorbital not scaled; 3 rows of large scales on cheekwith a few forming an incipient fourth row; depth of body 4.4 to 4.6 instandard length (Bohlke and Briggs, 1953, p. 375, reported the depthof seftoni as 4.2; however their figm-e shows a depth of about 4.4 instandard length) ; snout very elongate, its length about 2 in head length
;
dorsal profile of head slightly concave; 2 to 4 cirri from membrane neartip of each dorsal spine (1 or none from last 2 spines); membranesbetween dorsal spines deeply incised, the one between the fifth andsixth spines notched nearly half the length of these spines; fourth dor-sal spine the longest, its length 1.28 to 1.46 in body depth; first dorsalsoft ray not produced into a filament; pectoral fin length variable, thetips of longest rays not reaching pelvic tips in Indo-Malayan form butextending to or beyond origin of anal fin in eastern Pacific form;longest branched pectoral ray contained 1.2 to 1.35 in length of longestunbranched pectoral ray; tips of pelvic fins reach slightly posterior toanus; caudal fin emarginate.Color in alcohol pale, some specimens retaining 9 bars which slantdiagonally posteriorly as they pass downward on the body, and 4lengthwise dark bands, resulting in a cross-hatching effect on the body.The dark marldngs are red in life and the ground color whitish. Twolengthwise dark bands in dorsal fin.Kemarks.?Known in the literature from 4 specimens: the typefrom Amboina, a specimen from Mauritius (Giinther, 1860, p. 76), thetype of mormi from the Philippines, and the type oisejtoni from BajaCalifornia. The holotype of tyjpus is in the Rijksmuseum van Natu-urlijke Historic at Leiden (No. 5846). M. Boeseman kindly suppliedthe following information on the specimen: standard length 84 mm.,total length 100 mm., depth of body 19 mm., head length 36 mm.,snout length 18.9 mm., postorbital part of head 11.2 mm., diameter ofeye 6 mm., length of longest unbranched pectoral ray 18 mm., lengthof longest branched pectoral ray 15 mm., length of third dorsal spine12.2 mm., length of fourth dorsal spine 13 mm., length of tenth dorsalspine 10.1 mm., length of second anal spine 13.7 mm., length of pelvicspine 9 mm., caudal indentation 4.5 mm., indentation of membranebetween fifth and sixth dorsal spines 5.4 mm., number of serrations onpreopercular margin 23 (20); number of pectoral rays (both sides)ii,7,v.The type of 0. morrisi Fowler (USNM) measures 72 mm. in standardlength, and it is uniformly pale (probably faded). In his description of
REVIEW OF THE HAWKFISHES?RANDALL 447
morrisi, Fowler made errors (he reported lateral-line scales as 47instead of 51; dorsal spines as IX instead of X; pectoral raj^s as iii,6,vinstead of ii,7,v; thii'd dorsal spine as 2% in head instead of 2.7; secondanal spine as 2.5 in head instead of 2.7) which led Bohlke and Briggsinto erroneous conclusions on most of the differences they attributedto morrisi and their sejtoni.Bohlke and Briggs distinguished seftoni from typus by the differentplacement and size of the bars on the bod}^, the longer second lowerunbranched pectoral ray, the shorter tenth dorsal spine (relativeto the third), the shorter second anal spine, the shorter pelvic spine,larger eye, and more numerous preopercular serrations.De Beaufort (1940, p. IG) reported and Boeseman confirmed thatthe type of typus is discolored; thus the comparison in size and place-ment of bars between tyx^us and seftoni must depend on the figm-e ofBleeker (reproduced as fig. 3 by Bohlke and Briggs). Unless anerror was made by the artist, the bars are narrower and begin moreposteriorly on typus. More impressive than these possible differencesis the similarity in pattern. Both typus and seftoni have 9 verticaloblique bars and 4 lengthwise bands (5 in figure of typus, but Bleeker'sdescription gives 4). Both have 2 lengthwise dark bands in thedorsal fin.Table 4 presents the counts and proportional measurements thatBohlke and Briggs have utilized to distinguish sejtoni from tyjmsand morrisi. Included also are data from a specimen (No. 1929.6.12.2)from Sumatra sent on loan from the British Aluseum and two speci-mens from Baja California collected in 1959 and 1961 oft' Cape SanLucas by R. Rosenblatt and associates of the Scripps Institution ofOceanography and loaned to the author.The differences of Bohlke and Briggs appear to be resolved in themore accui-ate data from specimens not seen by them and from speci-mens collected since then* paper was wi'itten. The short second analspine of the type of sejtoni is probably an abnormality. This spineappears blunt in the figure of the species. The two additional speci-mens from Baja California have a more normally pointed spine whichis consistent in length with that of typus and morrisi. Instead of 1,these specimens have the upper 2 pectoral rays unbranched, and theSumatra specimen has the lower 6 pectoral rays branched like sejtoni;the i,7,vi count of sejtoni is therefore no longer distinctive.Two specimens of Oxycirrhites have recently been collected inHawaii. These may be reported upon by R. and D. Morris.Oxycirrhites is evidently a moderately deepwater form. The typeof morrisi was dredged from 51 fathoms, the Sumatra specimen from53 fathoms, and the type of sejtoni from 25 fathoms. The second
448 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM
specimen from Baja California was collected with rotenone at adepth of 110 to 120 feet. The third one was taken at 65 feet.*Table 4.
?
Comparison in certain counts and measurements of specimens ofOxycirrhites
REVIEW OF THE HAWKFISHES?RANDALL 449Chacko, p. I.1949. Food and feeding habits of the fishes of the Gulf of Manaar. Proc.Indian Acad. Sci., no. 29B, pp. 83-97.Day, Francis1875-78. The fishes of India ... xx+ 778 pp., 198 pis. B. Quaritch,London.FOURMANOIR, P.1954. Ichthyologie et peche aux Comores. Mem. Inst. Sci. Madagascar,ser. A, vol. 9, pp. 187-239, 2 maps, 19 figs.Fowler, Henry W.1925. Fishes of Guam, Hawaii, Samoa, and Tahiti. Bull. B. P. BishopMas. 22, 38 pp.1927. Fishes of the tropical central Pacific. Bull. B. P. Bishop Mus. 38,pp. 1-32, 1 pL, 6 text figs.1931. The fishes of Oceania?Supplement 1. Mem. B. P. Bishop Mus.,vol. 11, no. 5, pp. 312-381, 7 figs.1934. Descriptions of new fishes obtained 1907 to 1910, chiefly in thePhilippine Islands and adjacent seas. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci.Philadelphia, vol. 85, pp. 233-367, 117 figs.1938. Descriptions of new fishes obtained by the United States Bureau ofFisheries steamer Albatross, chiefly in Philippine seas and adjacentwaters. Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., vol. 85, pp. 31-135, 56 figs.1943. Contributions to the biology of the Philippine Archipelago and adja-cent regions. Descriptions and figures of new fishes . . . U.S.Nat. Mus. Bull. 100, vol. 14, pt. 2, pp. 53-91, 22 figs.1959. Fishes of Fiji. 670 pp., 246 figs. Government of Fiji, Suva.GosLiNE, William A., and Brock, Vernon E.1960. Handbook of Hawaiian fishes, ix+ 372 pp., frontis., 277 figs. Univ.Hawaii Press, Honolulu.Gregory, William K.1933. Fish skulls: a study of the evolution of natural mechanisms. Trans.Amer. Philos. Soc, vol. 23, no. 2, vii+ 75-481, 302 figs.GtJNTHER, Albert C. L. G.1860. Catalogue of the acanthopterygian fishes in the collection of theBritish Museum. Vol. 2, xxi+ 548 pp. Taylor and Francis,London.1874. Andrew Garrett's Fische der Siidsee. Vol. 1 (Journ. Mus. Godeffroy,vol. 2), 128 pp., 83 pis.Harry, Robert R.1953. Ichthyological field data of Raroia Atoll, Tuamotu Archipelago.Atoll Res. Bull. 18, 190 pp., 7 figs. Pacific Science Board, NationalResearch Council, Washington, D.C.Herre, Albert W.1953. Checklist of Philippine fishes. U.S. Fish Wildl. Serv. Res. Rep. 20,977 pp.IIiatt, Robert W., and Strasburg, Donald W.1960. Ecological relationships of the fish fauna on coral reefs of the MarshallIslands. Ecol. Monogr., Durham, N.C., vol. 30, no. 1, pp. 65-127,9 figs.Jordan, David S., and Herre, Albert C.1907. A review of the cirrhitoid fishes of Japan. Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus.,vol. 33, pp. 157-167, 2 figs.
450 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM vol. mKamohara, Toshiji1954. Eleven additions to the fish fauna of Prov. Tosa, including one newspecies of the family Serranidae. Res. Rep. K6chi Univ., vol. 3,no. 26, pp. 1-7, 3 figs.1957. A list of fishes from Amami-Ochima and adjacent regions, KagoshimaPerfecture, Japan. Rep. Usa Mar. Biol. Sta., vol. 4, no. 1, pp.1-65, 38 figs.Klunzinger, C. B.1870. Synopsis der Fische des Rothen Meeres. I. Theil. Percoiden-Mugi-loiden. Verh. Zool.-Bot. Ges. Wien, vol. 20, pp. 669-834.Marshall, N. B.1950. Fishes from the Cocos-Keeling Islands. Bull. Raffles Mus., Singa-pore, vol. 22, pp. 166-205, 3 figs.McCuLLocH, Allan R.1922. Notes and illustrations of Queensland fishes. No. 3. Mem. Queens-land Mus., vol. 7, no. 4, pp. 241-244.Randall, John E.1955. Fishes of the Gilbert Islands. Atoll Res. Bull. 47, xi+ 243 pp., 2 figs.Pacific Science Board, National Research Council, Washington,D.C.Regan, C. Tate1911, On the cirrhitiform percoids. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. S, vol. 7,pp. 259-262.RtJPPELL, E.1828. Atlas zu der Reise im nordlichen Afrika, Part 4. Fische des rothenMeeres. 141 pp., 35 col. pis. Heinr. Ludw. Bronner, Frankfurt.1835. Neue Wirbelthiere zu der Fauna von Abyssinien gehorig. Fische desrothen Meeres. Vol. 1, pp. 81-148, pis. 22-23. Frankfurt.ScHULTz, Leonard P.1943. Fishes of the Phoenix and Samoan Islands collected in 1939 duringthe expedition of the U.S.S. Bushnell. U.S. Nat. Mus. Bull. 180,ix+ 316 pp., 9 pis., 27 text figs.1950. Three new species of fishes of the genus Cirrhitus (Family Cirrhitidae)from the Indo-Pacific. Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., vol. 100, pp. 547-552,Ipl.ScHULTz, Leonard P., and collaborators1960. Fishes of the Marshall and Marianas Islands. U.S. Nat. Mus. Bull.202, vol. 2, ix+ 438 pp., 49 pis., 42 text figs.Smith, J. L. B.1951. The fishes of the family Cirrhitidae of the western Indian Ocean.Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 12, vol. 4, pp. 625-652, 3 figs.1955. The fishes of Aldabra, Part I. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 12, vol.8, pp. 304-312, 1 pi.Steindachner, Franz, and Doderlein, L.1884. Beitrage zur Kenntniss der Fische Japan's. II. Denkschr. Akad.Wissensch. Wien, vol. 48, pp. 1-40, 7 pis.Tee-Van, John1940. Eastern Pacific expeditions of the New York Zoological Society.XVII. A review of the American fishes of the family Cirrhitidae.Zoologica, vol. 25, no. 1, pp. 53-64, 1 pL, 4 text figs.
REVIEW OF THE HAWKFISHES?RANDALL 451Watanabe, Masao1949. Studies on the fishes of the Ryukyu Islands. II. Anewcirrliitoid fish.Bull. Biogeog. See. Japan, vol. 14, no. 2, pp. 17-20, 2 figs.Weber, Max C. W.1913. ?Si6o3a-Expeditie . . . Monogr. 57, Die Fische, xii+ 710 pp.,12 pis., 126 text figs. E. J. Brill, Leiden.

PRCC. U.S. NAT. MUS., VOL. 114 RANDALL. PLATE t
18
16o
0)C/) 12 ? ? ? ?
EZ 8
6 25 ??30 35 40 45 50Standard Length (mm.) 55Figure 1.?-Relationship of standard length and number of serrations on preopercle ofCirrhitichihys oxycephalus. Specimens from a collection from Gorgona Island, Pacificcoast of Colombia.
n ?*. '.-# ^^..,*fP- i
Figure 2.
?
Cirrhitus pinnulatus (Schneider), 87 mm. standard length, Tuamotu ArchipelagoUSNM 164564.
PROC. U.S. NAT. MUS., VOL. 114 RANDALL. PLATE 2
Figures 3-5.?Species of Cirrhitus. 3. C. alhopunctatus Schuhz, holotype, 100 mm. standardlength, Niuafoo, USNM 91883. 4. C. punctatus Cuvier, 138 mm. standard length, holo-type of C. vigropunctatus Schultz, Mauritius, USXM 13218. 5. C. splendens (Ogilby),161 mm. standard length, Lord Howe Island, BM 1926.6.30.88.
PROC. U.S. NAT. MUS , VOU. 114 PANDALL. PLATE 3
Figures 6-8.?Species of Cirrhitus and Neocirrhites. 6. C. rivulatus Wilencieniies, 175 mm.standard length, Secas Island, Panama, USNM 144464. 7. C. atlanticus Osorio, holotype,155.5 mm. standard length, Ilheo das Rolas, west .\frica. Xo. 510, Lisbon. 8. N. armatusCastelnau, 46 mm. standard length, CaroHne Atoll, USXM 190581.
PROC. U.S. NAT. MUS., VOL 114 RANDALL. PLATE 4
i- i 4 /
10
? ? ? ? ?
'
11
Figures 9-11.?Species of Paracirrhites. 9. P. forsteri (Schneider), 122 mm. standardlength, Gilbert Islands, USNM 167407. 10. P. typee, new species, holotype, 157.5 mm.standard length, Nuku Hiva, Marquesas Islands, MNHN 2908, Paris. 11. P,hemistictus (Giinther), 175 mm. standard length, Marshall Islands, USNM 166715.From a 35 mm. kodachrome transparency.
PROC. U.S. NAT. MUS.. VOL. 114 RANDALL. PLATE 5
)2
iMGLREs 12-14.-Species of Paracirrhites. 12. P. hemislictus (Ganther), polysikuu phaseUSXX 90S8.- 14 J"^%(^"7f ' S9 mm. standard length, Tuamotu Archipela.o,\^J^^\^-Jt''''''''' ^^'-'-^' S^"^' ^^^^"^? (^f- Bleeker,' Atlas'
PROC. U.S. NAT. MUS , VOL. 114 RANDALL, PLATE 6
RW?<!tt.Hiiij?(|l*!lifJ???8J?J?fj?f*t,
PROC. U.S. NAT. MUS . VOL. 114 RANDALL, PLATE 7
-^ /
U^
PROC. U.S. NAT. MUS., VOL. 114 RANDALL, PLATE 8
O
0^
PROC U.S. NAT. MUS . VOL. 114 RANDALL. PLATE 9
19
^ -^
2^0
Figures 18-20.?Species of Cirrhitops and Isocirrhitus. 18. C. fasciatus (Bcniieit), 92 mm.standard length, Hawaiian Islands, USNM 51041. 19. C. hubhardi (Scluill/.). 70 mm.standard length, Tuamotu Archipelago, USNM 190580. 20. /. sexfascialus (Schultz),62 mm. standard length, Tuamotu Archipelago, USNM 177694.
PROC U.S. NAT. MUS . VOL 114 RANDALL. PLATE 10
Figures 21-23.?Species of Aniblycirrhitus. 21. J. indicus Fowler, holotype, 93 mm.standard length, India, MNHN 5428 A, Paris. A dried half-specimen mounted on glass.Both pelvic fins present. Fourth dorsal spine broken. 22. A. finos (Mowbray), 54 mm.standard length, Virgin Islands, UMML 8438. 23. A. bimacula (Jenkins), 67 mm. standardlength, Marshall Islands, USNM 141983.
PROC. U.S. NAT. MUS , VOL 144 RANDALL. PLATE 11
|3C 25
Figures 24-26.?Species of Amblycirrhitus and Cirrhitichthys. 24. A. oxyrhynchos (Bleeker),Goram Islands (after Bleeker, Atlas ichthyologique, pi. 303, fig. 4). 25. A. unimacula(Kamohara), 63 mm. standard length, Lan Yu, Formosa, USNM 179312. 26. C. aprinus(Cuvier), 59 mm. standard length, Philippine Islands, USNM 150609.
PROC. U.S. NAT. MUS.. VOL. 114 RANDALL. PLATE 12
o
A^\
PROC. U.S. NAT. MUS . VOL. 114 RANDALL, PLATE 13
?7:
y
f#%^.
'
}
<
PROC. U.S. NAT. MUS . VOL 114 RANDALL. PLATE 14
Figures 29-31.?Species of Cirrhitichthys. 29. C. oxycrphalus (Bleeker), 70 mm. sundardlength, Marquesas Islands, USNM 190576. 30. C. aureus (Temminck and Schlegel),82 mm. standard length, Japan, USNAI 57752. Caudal fin frayed. 31. C. calliurusReean, 57 mm. standard length. Red Sea, AIXHX 95174. Paris.
PROC. U.S. NAT. MUS., VOL. 114 RANDALL. PLATE 15
Figures 32, 33.?Species of Cirrhtlichthys. 32. C. bleekeri Day, Madras, India (after Day,Fishes of India, pi. 35, fig. 5). 33. C. guichenoti (Sauvage), holotypc, 112 mm. standardlengtli, Reunion, MNHX 4091, Paris.
PROC. U.S. NAT. MUS . VOL. 114 RANDALL, PLATE 16
Figures 34, 35.?Species of Cyprinocirrhites and Oxycirrhites. 34- C. polyactis (Bleeker),Ti mm. standard length, Philippine Islands, USNiM 150615. 35. 0. typus Bleeker,53 mm. standard length, Baja California, SI059-215.
U.S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING 0FF1CE:1963