Catalog of Tunicate Type Specimens in the United States National Museum Collections LINDA L. COLE I W9\ SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY ? NUMBER 487 SERIES PUBLICATIONS OF THE SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION Emphasis upon publication as a means of "diffusing knowledge" was expressed by the first Secretary of the Smithsonian. In his formal plan for the Institution, Joseph Henry outlined a program that included the following statement: "It is proposed to publish a series of reports, giving an account of the new discoveries in science, and of the changes made from year to year in all branches of knowledge." This theme of basic research has been adhered to through the years by thousands of titles issued in series publications under the Smithsonian imprint, commencing with Smithsonian Contributions to Knowledge in 1848 and continuing with the following active series: Smithsonian Contributions to Anthropology Smithsonian Contributions to Astrophysics Smithsonian Contributions to Botany Smithsonian Contributions to the Earth Sciences Smithsonian Contributions to the Marine Sciences Smithsonian Contributions to Paleobiology Smithsonian Contributions to Zoology Smithsonian Folklife Studies Smithsonian Studies in Air and Space Smithsonian Studies in History and Technology In these series, the Institution publishes small papers and full-scale monographs that report the research and collections of its various museums and bureaux or of professional colleagues in the world of science and scholarship. The publications are distributed by mailing lists to libraries, universities, and similar institutions throughout the world. Papers or monographs submitted for series publication are received by the Smithsonian Institution Press, subject to its own review for format and style, only through departments of the various Smithsonian museums or bureaux, where the manuscripts are given substantive review. Press requirements for manuscript and art preparation are outlined on the inside back cover. Robert McC. Adams Secretary Smithsonian Institution S M I T H S O N I A N C O N T R I B U T I O N S T O Z O O L O G Y ? N U M B E R 4 8 7 Catalog of Tunicate Type Specimens in the United States National Museum Collections Linda L. Cole SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION PRESS Washington, D.C. 1989 A B S T R A C T Cole, Linda L. Catalog of Tunicate Type Specimens in the United States National Museum Collections. Smithsonian Contributions to Zoology, number 487,12 pages, 1989.?This catalog includes holotypes, paratypes, and syntypes of tunicate species deposited in the United States National Museum Collections, which are in the National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution. It also includes whole-mount slides as noted. For types other than holotypes, the number of specimens is noted. As of January 1988, the tunicate type collection of the National Museum consists of 256 lots and approximately 500 specimens. The catalog lists types in alphabetical order according to genus and species by the originally assigned names; changes in nomenclature are noted. Preceding the alphabetical type list is a systematic listing of the types, by originally assigned names only. OFFICIAL PUBLICATION DATE is handstamped in a limited number of initial copies and is recorded in the Institution's annual report, Smithsonian Year. SERIES COVER DESIGN: The coral Montastrea caver nosa (Linnaeus). Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data Cole, Linda L. Catalog of tunicate type specimens in the United States National Museum collections. (Smithsonian contributions to zoology ; no. 487) Includes bibliographic references. 1. Tunicata?Catalogs and collections?United States. 2. Type specimens (Natural history)?United States. I. Title. IL Series. QL1.S54 no. 487 [QL613] 591 s?dc20 89-600296 [596'2'074753] Contents Page Introduction 1 Acknowledgments 1 Systematic Listing of Tunicate Types 1 Alphabetical List of Tunicate Types and Noted Name Changes 4 Selected References 10 in Catalog of Tunicate Type Specimens in the United States National Museum Collections Linda L. Cole Introduction The United States National Museum (USNM), Smithsonian Institution, was established not only for the public viewing of objects, but also for the benefit of scientific knowledge and the classification of organisms. In 1968, almost 100 years after the United States National Museum was established, its collections were divided between two twentieth-century museums: the National Museum of Natural History (NMNH) and the National Museum of History and Technology (now the National Museum of American History). At this point the USNM ceased to exist as an organizational entity, but the USNM name continued to be applied to the collections for which NMNH assumed responsibility. Most of the tunicate type specimens were collected during various expeditions funded by the Smithsonian. The collection also consists of tunicate type specimens from various other sources, such as the "Albatross" and "Fish Hawk," that were commissioned by the United States Bureau of Fisheries. Other types were generously donated by research teams and individual scientists. Most of the types in this collection belong to the class Ascidiacea. However, the collection also includes types of pelagic tunicates, members of the classes Thaliacea and Appendicularia. All specimens belonging to the class Ascidi- acea are now stored in alcohol, and all pelagic specimens have always been stored in formalin. If an author listed a specimen as a "type" in a description, referring to the single specimen that was used to describe a species, in this listing the term has been changed to holotype. If an author listed a specimen as a cotype in a description and the author did not designate a holotype, in this listing the term Linda L. Cole, Department of Invertebrate Zoology, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C. 20560. has been changed to syntype (the term currently recognized by the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature). The systematic list in the present work follows the classification of Goodbody (1982), with allowances for the fact that many former type names are now junior synonyms of present-day species. In both the systematic listing and the alphabetical listing, junior synonyms are listed as though they were currently accepted. In the alphabetical listing, their senior synonyms are noted as commentary. Also in the alphabetical listing, taxa renamed because of particular revision are noted. In synonymies of either sort, specimens are listed by their original names and parenthetically by their current designation as well. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS.?I am very grateful to Dr. A.T. Newberry (University of California, Santa Cruz), Dr. I. Goodbody (University of the West Indies), and M. Downey (formerly NMNH) for reading the manuscript and giving valuable suggestions and comments. I am also indebted to Dr. S. Cairns (NMNH) for his scientific advice and encouragement concerning the manuscript. A special thanks to Norman and Derrick Cole for their patience and understanding during preparation. Systematic Listing of Tunicate Types Class ASCIDIACEA Order APLOUSOBRANCHIA Family POLYCLINIDAE Verrill, 1871 Genus Aplidium Savigny, 1816 Aplidium abyssum Kott, 1969 Aplidium balleniae Monniot and Monniot, 1983 Aplidium bilinguae Monniot and Monniot, 1983 Aplidium gracile Monniot and Monniot, 1983 Aplidium miripartum Monniot and Monniot, 1983 Aplidium pellucidum Kott, 1971 Aplidium siderum Monniot and Monniot, 1983 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY Aplidium yezoense Tokioka, 1967 Genus Amaroucium Milne Edwards, 1841 [= Amaroecium sensu Verrill and Smith, 1873; = Amoroecium sensu Verrill and Rathbun, 1879; = Amaroucium sensu Hartmeyer, 1909] Amaroucium constellatum Verrill, 1871 Genus Psammaplidium Herdman, 1886 Psammaplidium spauldingi Ritter, 1907 Genus Aplidiopsis Lahille, 1890 Aplidiopsis amoyense Tokioka, 1967 Genus Polyclinum Savigny, 1816 Polyclinum indicum Sebastian, 1952 Polyclinum johnsoni Monniot and Monniot, 1989 Genus Synoicum Phipps, 1774 Synoicum ostentor Monniot and Monniot, 1983 Synoicum ramulosum Kott, 1969 Synoicum tentaculatum Kott, 1969 Genus Ritterella Harant, 1931 Ritterella mirifica Monniot and Monniot, 1983 Ritterella rubra Abbott and Trason, 1968 Genus Euherdmania Ritter, 1904 Euherdmania morgani Millar and Goodbody, 1974 Genus Placentela Redikorzev, 1913 Placentela translucida Kott, 1969 Family DIDEMNIDAE Verrill, 1871 Genus Didemnum Savigny, 1816 Didemnumfusiferum Van Name, 1921 Didemnum macrospiculatum Tokioka, 1967 Didemnum nekozita Tokioka, 1967 Didemnum opacum Ritter, 1907 Didemnum santa elenae Van Name, 194S Didemnum siphonale Tokioka, 1967 Didemnum sphaericum Tokioka, 1967 Didemnum studeri Hartmeyer, 1911 Genus Didemnopsis Hartmeyer, 1903 Didemnopsis jolense Van Name, 1918 Genus Leptoclinides Bjerkan, 1905 Leptoclinides hawaiiensis Tokioka, 1967 Genus Diplosoma MacDonald, 1859 Diplosoma antarcticum Kott, 1969 Genus Echinoclinum Van Name, 1902 Echinoclinum philippinense Tokioka, 1967 Family POLYCITORIDAE Michaelsen, 1904 Genus Eudistoma Caullery, 1909 Eudistoma albatrossi Tokioka, 1967 Eudistoma carolinense Van Name, 1945 Eudistoma marianense Tokioka, 1967 Eudistoma mexicanum Van Name, 1945 Eudistoma platense Van Name, 1945 Eudistoma hepatic us Van Name, 1921 Genus Hypodistoma Tokioka, 1967 Hypodistoma palauense Tokioka, 1970 Genus Clavelina Savigny, 1816 Clavelina puertosecensis Millar and Goodbody, 1974 Genus Holozoa Lesson, 1830 Holozoa bursata Van Name, 1921 Holozoa domuncula Hartmeyer, 1913 Genus Protoholozoa Kott, 1969 Protoholozoa lilium Monniot and Monniot, 1981 Protoholozoa pedunculata Kott, 1969 Genus Hypsistozoa Brewin, 1953 Hysistozoa obscura Kott, 1969 Genus Distaplia Delia Valle, 1881 Distaplia megathorax Monniot and Monniot, 1981 Distaplia smithi Abbott and Trason, 1968 Order PHLEBOBRANCHIA Family CIONIDAE Lahille, 1887 Genus Ciona Fleming, 1822 Ciona pomponiae Monniot and Monniot, 1989 Genus Ciallusia Van Name, 1918 Ciallusia longa Van Name, 1918 Genus Mysterascidia Monniot and Monniot, 1981 Mysterascidia symmetrica Monniot and Monniot, 1981 Genus Dimeatus Monniot and Monniot, 1981 Dimeatus mirus Monniot and Monniot, 1981 Family OCTACNEMIDAE Herdman, 1888 Genus Octacnemus Moseley, 1876 Octacnemus herdmani Ritter, 1906 Genus Benthascidia Ritter, 1907 Benthascidia michaelseni Ritter, 1907 Genus Cibacapsa Monniot and Monniot, 1983 Cibacapsa gulosa Monniot and Monniot, 1983 Genus Situla Vinogradova, 1969 Situla rineharti Monniot and Monniot, 1989 Family PEROPHORIDAE Giard, 1872 Genus Perophora Wiegmann, 1835 Perophora regina Goodbody and Cole, 1987 Perophora viridis Verrill, 1871 Genus Ecteinascidia Herdman, 1880 Ecteinascidia tortugensis Plough and Jones, 1937 Family ASCIDIIDAE Herdman, 1880 Genus Ascidia Linnaeus, 1767 Ascidia caguayensis Millar and Goodbody, 1974 Ascidia callosa Stimpson, 1852 Ascidia clementea Ritter, 1907 Ascidia fusca Monniot and Monniot, 1989 Ascidia papillosa Tokioka, 1967 Ascidia xamaycana Millar and Goodbody, 1974 Genus Phallusia Savigny, 1816 Phallusia unalaskensis Ritter, 1913 Phallusia vermiformis Ritter, 1913 Family CORELUDAE Lahille, 1888 Genus Corynascidia Herdman, 1882 Corynascidia herdmani Ritter, 1913 NUMBER 487 Genus Chelyosoma Broderip and Sowerby, 1830 Chelyosoma producta Stimpson, 1864 Family AGNESIIDAE Huntsman, 1912 Genus Agnesia Michaelsen, 1898 Agnesia beringia Ritter, 1913 Agnesia biscoei Monniot and Monniot, 1983 Agnesia tenue Monniot and Monniot, 1983 Genus Adagnesia Kott, 1963 Adagnesia antarctica Kott, 1969 Adagnesia henriquei Monniot and Monniot, 1983 Genus Caenagnesia Arnback, 1938 Caenagnesia schmitti Kott, 1969 Order STOLJDOBRANCHIA Family STYELJDAE Sluiter, 1895 Subfamily BOTRYLLJNAE Adams and Adams, 1858 Genus Botryllus Gaertner, 1774 Botryllus compositus Tokioka, 1967 Genus Botrylloides Milne Edwards, 1841 Botrylloides violaceus marginatus Tokioka, 1967 Subfamily STYELINAE Herdman, 1881 C&n\isDiandrocarpa Van Name, 1902 [=Symplegma Herdman, 1886] Diandrocarpa brakenhielmi var. stuhlmanni Michaelsen, 1904 Genus Polyandrocarpa Michaelsen, 1904 Polyandrocarpa floridana Van Name, 1921 Polyandrocarpa sabanilla Van Name, 1921 Genus Stolonica Lacaze-Duthiers and Delage, 1892 Stolonica styeliformis Van Name, 1918 Stolonica vesicularis Van Name, 1918 Genus Polycarpa Heller, 1877 [= Pandocia Fleming, 1822] Polycarpa melanosiphonica Tokioka, 1967 Pandocia albatrossi Van Name, 1912 Pandocia nigricans Heller, 1877 Genus Oligocarpa Hartmeyer, 1911 Oligocarpa megalorchis Hartmeyer, 1911 Genus Cnemidocarpa Huntsman, 1913 Cnemidocarpa chinensis Tokioka, 1967 Cnemidocarpa victoriae Monniot and Monniot, 1983 Genus Styela Fleming, 1822 Styela hemicaespitosa Ritter, 1913 Styela izuana hawaiiensis Tbkioka, 1967 Styela macrenteron Ritter, 1913 Styela materna Monniot and Monniot, 1983 Styela psoliformis Monniot and Monniot, 1989 Styela sabulifera Ritter, 1913 Styela schmitti Van Name, 1945 Styela tinaktae Van Name, 1918 Genus Tethyum Bohadsch, 1761 Tethyum atlanticum Van Name, 1912 Family PYURIDAE Hartmeyer, 1908 Genus Pywra Molina, 1782 Pyura antillarum Van Name, 1921 Pyura duplicata Van Name, 1918 Pyura inflata Van Name, 1918 Pyura lycoperdon Monniot and Monniot, 1983 Pyura multiruga Monniot and Monniot, 1982 Pyura tunica Kott, 1969 Genus Halocynthia Verrill, 1879 Halocynthia haustor foliacea Ritter, 1913 Halocynthia okai Ritter, 1907 Halocynthia washingtonia Ritter, 1913 Genus Boltenia Savigny, 1816 Boltenia echinata Ritter, 1907 Boltenia rubra Stimpson, 1852 Genus Culeolus Herdman, 1881 Culeolus easteri Tokioka, 1967 Culeolus pinguis Monniot and Monniot, 1982 Culeolus pyramidalis Ritter, 1907 Culeolus sluiteri Ritter, 1913 Culeolus tanneri Verrill, 1885 Genus Microcosmus Heller, 1878 Microcosmus nacreus Van Name, 1912 Microcosmus transversus Ritter, 1907 Genus Hartmeyeria Ritter, 1913 Hartmeyeria chinensis Tokioka, 1967 Hartmeyeria triangularis Ritter, 1913 Genus Bathypera Michaelsen, 1904 Bathypera goreaui Millar and Goodbody, 1974 Genus Ctenyura Van Name, 1918 Ctenyura intermedia Van Name, 1918 Family MOLGUllDAE Lacaze-Duthiers, 1877 Genus Molgula Forbes, 1848 [= Caesira Fleming, 1822] Molgula estadose Monniot and Monniot, 1983 Molgula habanensis Van Name, 1945 Molgula oregonia Ritter, 1913 Molgula pigalettae Monniot and Monniot, 1983 Molgula platana Van Name, 1945 Molgula regularis Ritter, 1907 Caesira intumescens Van Name, 1912 Caesira lutulenta Van Name, 1912 Caesira martensii Traustedt, 1885 Caesira robusta Van Name, 1912 Caesira singularis Van Name, 1912 Caesira verrilli Van Name, 1912 Genus Molguloides Huntsman, 1922 Molguloides cyclocarpa Monniot and Monniot, 1982 Genus Halomolgula Ritter, 1907 Halomolgula ovoida Ritter, 1907 Genus Paramolgula Traustedt, 1885 Paramolgula canioi Monniot and Monniot, 1983 Genus Eugyrioides Seeliger, 1906 Eugyrioides dalli Ritter, 1913 Eugyrioides polyducta Monniot and Monniot, SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY 1983 Genus Bostrichobranchus Traustedt, 1883 Bostrichobranchus digonas Abbott, 1951 Class APPENDICULARIA Family FRTTILLARIDAE Seeliger, 1895 Genus Fritillaria Quoy and Gaimard, 1834 Fritillaria taeniogona Tokioka, 1957 Genus Sinisteroffia Tokioka, 1957 Sinisteroffia scrippsi Tokioka, 1957 Class THALIACEA Order DOLIOLJDA Family DOUOUDAE Uljanin, 1884 Genus Doliolina Borgert, 1894 Doliolina obscura Tokioka and Berner, 1958 Doliolina separata Tokioka and Berner, 1958 Doliolina undulatum Tokioka and Berner, 1958 Genus Doliopsoides Kriiger, 1939 Doliopsoides horizoni Tokioka and Berner, 1958 Order SALPIDA Family SALPIDAE Franstedt, 1885 Genus Salpa Forskal, 1775 Salpa maxima tuberculata Metcalf and Bell, 1918 Salpa younti Van Soest, 1973 Genus Cyclosalpa de Blainville, 1827 Cyclosalpa pinnata quadriluminis Berner, 1955 Cyclosalpa strongylenteron Berner, 1955 Genus Brooksia van Soest, 1975 Brooksia berneri van Soest, 1975 Genus Thalia Browne, 1756 Thalia democratica Forskal, 1775 Genus Traustedtia Metcalf and Bell, 1918 Traustedtia multitentaculata bicristata Metcalf and Bell, 1918 Order PYROSOMIDA Family PYROSOMIDAE Genus Pyrosoma Peron, 1804 Pyrosoma atlanticum atlanticum Metcalf and Hopkins, 1919 Pyrosoma atlanticum dipleurosoma Metcalf and Hopkins, 1919 Pyrosoma atlanticum echinatum Metcalf and Hopkins, 1919 Pyrosoma atlanticum hawaiiensis Metcalf and Hopkins, 1919 Pyrosoma atlanticum paradoxum Metcalf and Hopkins, 1919 Pyrosoma ellipticum Metcalf and Hopkins, 1919 Pyrosoma hybridum Metcalf and Hopkins, 1919 Pyrosoma paradoxum Metcalf and Hopkins, 1919 Pyrosoma verticillatum cylindricum Metcalf and Hopkins, 1919 Alphabetical List of Tunicate Types and Noted Name Changes Adagnesia antarctica Kott, 1969:99, holotype, USNM 11966; 2 paratypes, USNM 11967, west of Macquarie Island, south Pacific Ocean. Adagnesia henriquei Monniot and Monniot, 1983:58-60, holotype, USNM 15317, Tierra del Fuego. Agnesia beringia Ritter, 1913:493, 9 syntypes, USNM 5689, eastern Bering Sea, Alaska. This species is a junior synonym of Agnesia septentrionalis Huntsman, 1911, which is the name that Van Name (1945) used. Agnesia septentrionalis is also the name that Van Name used when he identified a specimen (USNM 10633) in the United States National Museum. Ritter, however, did not agree that the two species were the same. Agnesia biscoei Monniot and Monniot, 1983:56-57, holotype, USNM 14493; 35 paratypes, USNM 14500, South Shetland Islands. {Agnesia septentrionalis: see Agnesia beringia Ritter, 1913.) Agnesia tenue Monniot and Monniot, 1983:57-58, holotype, USNM 14489; 2 paratypes, USNM 14494, Isla de Los Estados. Amaroucium constellatum Verrill, 1871:359, 30 syntypes, USNM 4642; 15 syntypes, USNM 102, Vineyard Sound, Massachusetts; 1 syntype, USNM 4643, Woods Hole, Massachusetts. In the original description of this species, the genus was spelled Amouroucium. The spelling was changed by Verrill and Smith (1873) to Amaroecium. In 1879 it was spelled Amoroecium in a publication by Verrill and Rathbun (1879:231), and Hartmeyer (1909) changed the spelling to Amaroucium. However, the practice within the last thirty years has been to refer to this genus using the original generic name Aplidium (Savigny, 1816). The name Amaroucium was used by Milne Edwards for any colony that was massive or capitate with zooids divided into three parts and more than 10 rows of stigmata (Milne Edwards, 1841). Amaroucium is now considered as only a subgenus of Aplidium; thus, Amaroucium constellatum is known as Aplidium (Amaroucium) constellatum. Aplidiopsis amoyense Tokioka, 1967:45, holotype, USNM 11529, probably vicinity of Amoy, China. Aplidium abyssum Kott, 1969:47, holotype, USNM 11970, Peru-Chile Trench. Aplidium balleniae Monniot and Monniot, 1983:13-14, 1 paratype, USNM 14504, Balleny Islands, Antarctica. Aplidium bilinguae Monniot and Monniot, 1983:14-15, holotype, USNM 14498, off Wilkes Land, Antarctica. (Aplidium constellatum: see Amaroucium constellatum Verrill, 1871.) Aplidium gracile Monniot and Monniot, 1983:17-18, holotype, USNM 14496; 12 paratypes, USNM 14503, off Tierra del Fuego. NUMBER 487 Aplidium miripartum Monniot and Monniot, 1983:24-25, holotype, USNM 14486, off Antarctic Peninsula, Antarc- tica (64?47'30"S, 64?07'12//W). Aplidium pellucidum Kott, 1971:11-82, holotype, USNM 12012, Chile. Aplidium siderum Monniot and Monniot, 1983:28, holotype, USNM 14491, Antarctic Peninsula, Antarctica. (Aplidium spauldingi: see Psammaplidium spauldirigi Ritter, 1907.) Aplidium yezoense Tokioka, 1967:28, holotype, USNM 11802; 6 paratypes, USNM 11803, Hokkaido Island, Japan. Ascidia caguayensis Millar and Goodbody, 1974:153-155, holotype, USNM 12286; 7 paratypes, USNM 12287, Port Royal, Jamaica. Ascidia callosa Stimpson, 1852:228, 25 syntypes, USNM 5157, Maine. Traustedt (1883) decided that this species should be placed in a new genus that he named Phallusia, and for years, this species was referred to as Phallusia callosa. In more recent works, however, there has been a return to the original name and description (Van Name, 1945). Ascidia clementea Ritter, 1907:32-35, 1 syntype, USNM 5309, San Clemente Island, California. The same applies for this species as for A. callosa; labelled A. clementea, then P. clementea, and once again A. clementea. Ascidia fusca Monniot and Monniot, 1989, holotype, USNM 18248, off Isla Barla Bartholome, Galapagos Islands (OO?O3.91'N, 90?19.21'W). Ascidia papillosa Tokioka, 1967:145-147, holotype, USNM 11732, Honshu, Japan. (Ascidia unalaskensis: see Phallusia unalaskensis Ritter, 1913.) (Ascidia vermiformis: see Phallusia vermiformis Ritter, 1913.) Ascidia xamaycana Millar and Goodbody, 1974:150-152, 7 syntypes, USNM 12283, Discovery Bay, Jamaica. Bathypera goreaui Millar and Goodbody, 1974:156-158, holotype, USNM 12292; 1 paratype, USNM 12293; 1 paratype, USNM 12294; 1 paratype, USNM 12295, Discovery Bay, Jamaica. Benthosadia michaelseni Ritter, 1907:24-32, 2 syntypes, USNM 5310, near San Diego, California. Boltenia echinata Ritter, 1907:14-16,1 syntype, USNM 5290; 1 syntype, USNM 5291, Point Loma Lighthouse, Califor- nia. (Boltenia ovifera: see Boltenia rubra Stimpson, 1852.) Boltenia rubra Stimpson, 1852:232,30 syntypes, USNM 3206, Massachusetts Bay, Massachusetts. This species has been referred to by many different synonyms, as shown by Van Name (1945), but the name now used by most ascidian specialists is Boltenia ovifera, used by Hartmeyer (1903) with reference to his redescription of a species that was originally named Vorticella ovifera (Linnaeus, 1767). Bostrichobranchus digonas Abbott, 1951:302-307, holotype, USNM 10976; 17 paratypes, USNM 10977, Saint George Sound, Honda. Botrylloides violaceus marginatus Tokioka, 1967:160-162, holotype, USNM 11447; 1 paratype, USNM 11455, East Reef, Ngaremdiu, Palau Islands. Botryllus compositus Tokioka, 1967:155-156, holotype, USNM 11709, Rangoon, Burma. Brooksia berneri van Soest, 1975:117-118, holotype, USNM 12686; 3 paratypes, USNM 12685 (31?4rN, 63?47'W); 1 paratype, USNM 12687 (32?00'N, 64?00'W), Bermuda. Caenagnesia schmitti Kott, 1969:94-%, holotype, USNM 11968, Relay Bay, Ross Sea, Antarctica; 1 paratype, USNM 12262; 1 paratype, USNM 12365, Antarctic Peninsula, Antarctica. Caesira intumescens Van Name, 1912:482-484, 1 syntype, USNM 669, Grand Bank, Newfoundland. This species, described by Van Name, was identical to a poorly described species that Macleay (1825) had previously described and named Cystingia griffithsii. Huntsman (1922b) transferred the species to Molgula griffithsii. Caesira lutulenta Van Name, 1912:468-471, 1 syntype, USNM 3505, off Martha's Vineyard, Massachusetts. This species has been transferred to the genus Molgula by Hartmeyer (1914). Caesira martensii Traustedt, 1885:19,1 syntype, USNM 5557, northwest Australia. This species has been transferred to the genus Molgula by Sluiter (1900). Caesira robusta Van Name, 1912:505-509, 2 syntypes, USNM 4034, Woods Hole, Massachusetts. This species has been transferred to the genus Molgula by Hartmeyer (1914). Caesira singularis Van Name, 1912:518-520, 1 syntype, USNM 5598, Long Island Sound, Massachusetts. Van Name (1945) later agreed with Arnba'ck Christie Linde's (1928) description of a new genus in which she named a new species, Heterostigma separ, that resembled Van Name's species. Van Name (1945) followed her course and from then on referred to this species as Heterostigma singulare. Current specialists seem to follow this course too, and so the name currently used is H. singulare. Caesira verrilli Van Name, 1912:516-518, holotype, USNM 687, North Atlantic Ocean, southeast of Georges Bank. This species has been transferred to the genus Molgula by Hartmeyer (1923). Chelyosoma producta Stimpson, 1864:153-161, holotype, USNM 3144, Puget Sound, Washington. Ciallusia longa Van Name, 1918:124-126, holotype, USNM 6039; 1 paratype, USNM 18250, off Tocanhi Point, Sulu Archipelago, Philippines. The paratype was originally cataloged under the same USNM number as the holotype but the paratype was subsequently recataloged. Cibacapsa gulosa Monniot and Monniot, 1983:50-53, holotype, USNM 14497, Ross Sea, Antarctica. SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY Ciona pomponiae Monniot and Monniot, 1989, holotype, USNM 18247, James Bay, off Isla San Salvador, Galapagos Islands (00?10.50'S, 90?53.25/W). Clavelina puertosecensis Millar and Goodbody, 1974:143- 146, holotype, USNM 12288, Rio Bueno, Jamaica; 1 paratype, USNM 12289; 1 paratype, USNM 12290; 1 paratype, USNM 12291, Discovery Bay, Jamaica. Cnemidocarpa chinensis Tokioka, 1967:188-190, holotype, USNM 11799; 9 paratypes, USNM 11800, China. (Cnemidocarpa rhizopus: see Styela sabidifera Ritter, 1913.) Cnemidocarpa victoriae Monniot and Monniot, 1983:73-74, holotype, USNM 14495 (with two slides), Falkland Islands; 1 paratype, USNM 14487, Isla de Los Estados. Corynascidia herdmani Ritter, 1913:491-493, holotype, USNM 5683, Bering Sea, Alaska. Ctenyura intermedia Van Name, 1918:71-73, holotype, USNM 6036; 10 paratypes, USNM 6035, between Negros and Siquijor, Philippines. Culeolus easteri Tokioka, 1967:220-222, holotype, USNM 11769, off Marquesas Islands (0?50'(XrN, 137o54'00"W). Culeoluspinguis Monniot and Monniot, 1982:95-130, holotype, USNM 12918, Antarctic Peninsula, Antarctica. Culeolus pyramidalis Ritter, 1907:16-18, 1 syntype, USNM 5294, near San Diego, California ^ l O X 121?32'W); 1 syntype, USNM 5295, west of San Diego, California (32?54'N, 121?15'W). Culeolus sluiteri Ritter, 1913:463-465, 2 syntypes, USNM 5688, just south of Aleutian Islands, Alaska. (Culeolus suhmi: see Culeolus tanneri Verrill, 1885.) Culeolus tanneri Verrill, 1885:503-699, holotype, USNM 4944, off Nantucket, Massachusetts. Van Name (1945) mentioned that no sufficient characters separated the specimens that Verrill described and named C. tanneri from specimens that Herdman (1881) had described earlier and named Culeolus suhmi; this species is generally considered a junior synonym of Culeolus suhmi Herdman, 1881. Cyclosalpa pinnata quadriluminis Berner, 1955:251-253, holotype, USNM 11284; 10 paratypes, USNM 11285, South of Point Conception and North of Sebastian Viscaino Bay of Baja California. Cyclosalpa strongylenteron Berner, 1955:247-251, holotype, USNM 11281, west of Isla Islabela, Galapagos Islands (4?56'N, 107?29'W); 1 paratype, USNM 11282, off Baja California, Pacific Ocean side; 10 paratypes, USNM 11283, west of Isla Isabela, Galapagos Islands (0?01.5'S, 99?08.5'W). Diandrocarpa brakenhielmi var. stuhlmanni Michaelsen, 1904:50, 1 syntype, USNM 5556, Dar-es-Salaam, Tan- ganika. This species is a junior synonym of Symplegma viride Herdman, 1886, which is the name that is currently used. Didemnopsis jolense Van Name, 1918:147-148, holotype, USNM 6040; 1 paratype, USNM 5926, near Jolo Light, Philippines. Tokioka (1967) later treated this species as a variety of Trididemnum savignii instead of as a distinct species, thus listing it as T. savignii var. jolense. (Didemnum candidumfusiferum: see Didemnumfusiferum Van Name, 1921.) Didemnum fusiferum Van Name, 1921:283-494, holotype, USNM 7006, Florida. Originally described as a species, but Van Name (1945) later regarded it as a subspecies of D. candidum. Thus, the taxon is currently known as Didemnum candidumfusiferum. Didemnum macrospiculatum. Tokioka, 1967:71-72, holotype, USNM 11489; 1 paratype, USNM 11808, Onotoa Atoll, Gilbert Islands. Didemnum nekozita Tokioka, 1967:67-70, holotype, USNM 11381; 34 paratypes, USNM 11801, barrier reef 8 miles northwest of Koror Island, Palau Islands; 10 paratypes, USNM 11418, Peleliu boat channel between Ngargersal and Kongauru Islands, Palau Islands. Didemnum opacum Ritter, 1907:42-44, holotype, USNM 5297, San Nicolas Island, California. Didemnum santa elenae Van Name, 1945:92-93, 3 syntypes, USNM 10493, Salinas, Ecuador. Didemnum siphonale Tokioka, 1967:72-74, holotype, USNM 11804; 7 paratypes, USNM 11805, Honshu Island, Japan. Didemnum sphaericum Tokioka, 1967:70-71, holotype, USNM 11431, 11 paratypes, USNM 11809, Palau Islands. Didemnum studeri Hartmeyer, 1911:403-406, 3 syntypes, USNM 6099, Kerguelen Island, Indian Ocean. Dimeatus mirus Monniot and Monniot, 1981, holotype, USNM 12911; 5 paratypes, USNM 12912 (with 2 slides), Pacific Antarctic Basin (60?24'S, 115?01'W). Diplosoma antarcticum Kott, 1969:83, holotype, USNM 11969, Knox Coast, Vincennes Bay, Wilkes Land, Antarctica. Distaplia megathorax Monniot and Monniot, 1981, holotype, USNM 12914, Ross Sea, Antarctica. (Distaplia skoogi: secHolozoa domuncula Hartmeyer, 1913.) Distaplia smithi Abbott and Trason, 1968:143-153, holotype, USNM 11953, Carmel Cove, Monterey County, Califor- nia; 11 paratypes, USNM 11954, Pescadero Point, Monterey County, California. (Distaplia stylifera: see Holozoa bursata Van Name, 1921.) Doliolina obscura Tokioka and Berner, 1958:317-319, holotype, USNM 11371; 10 paratypes, USNM 11372, Peru (13?43'30"S, %\?WWW>. Doliolina separata Tokioka and Berner, 1958:319-320, 2 syntypes, USNM 11373, Peru (13?43'30"S, 81?08'3O"W). Doliolina undulatum Tokioka and Berner, 1958:137-138, holotype, USNM 11369; 4 paratypes, USNM 11370, Peru. Doliopsoides horizoni Tokioka and Berner, 1958:135-137, 3 syntypes, USNM 11368, Peru. Echinoclinum philippinense Tokioka, 1967:93-94, holotype, USNM 11790; 1 paratype, USNM 11791,PuntaNatangol, Basilan Island, Philippines. NUMBER 487 Ecteinascidia tortugensis Plough and Jones, 1937:100-101, 6 paratypes, USNM 10613, Dry Tortugas, Florida. Eudistoma albatrossi Tokioka, 1967:124, holotype, USNM 11811, 1 paratype, USNM 11812, off Omai Zaki Light, Honshu, Japan. Eudistoma carolinense Van Name, 1945:123-124, holotype, USNM 10497, Charleston, South Carolina. Eudistoma hepatic us Van Name, 1921:348, 3 syntypes, USNM 239: 1 syntype, USNM 7009, Jamaica. The subgenus Eudistoma was given generic rank by Caullery (1909). Eudistoma marianense Tokioka, 1967:122-123, holotype, USNM 11470; 1 paratype, USNM 11810, entrance of Tanapag Harbor, lagoon west of Saipan, Mariana Islands. Eudistoma mexicanum Van Name, 1945:125-126, holotype, USNM 10647, northern end of Gulf of California. Eudistoma platense Van Name, 1945:124-125, holotype, USNM 10496, near mouth of the La Plata River, Puerto Rico. Eugyrioides dalli Ritter, 1913:441-443, 2 syntypes, USNM 5678, Kyska Harbor, Alaska. This species has been transferred to the genus Par eugyrioides by Hartmeyer (1914). Eugyrioides polyducta Monniot and Monniot, 1983:115, holotype, USNM 15319 (with two slides), South Shetland Islands; 2 paratypes, USNM 14501, off Tierra del Fuego, South America. Euherdmania morgani Millar and Goodbody, 1974:147-150, holotype, USNM 12284, South Knolls, west of Drunken- man Cay, Jamaica; 1 paratype, USNM 12285, Drunken- man Cay, Jamaica. Fritillaria taeniogona Tokioka, 1957:363-364, 7 syntypes, USNM 11376, off Costa Rica and Peru. Halocynthia haustorfoliacea Ritter, 1913:447-448,6 syntypes, USNM 5681, Oregon. This is a junior synonym oiPyura haustor (Stimpson, 1864). (Halocynthia hilgendorfi igaboja: see Halocynthia okai Ritter, 1907.) (Halocynthia hispida: see Halocynthia okai Ritter, 1907.) Halocynthia okai Ritter, 1907:11-13,1 syntype, USNM 5312, Point Pinos Light, California. Abbott and Newberry (1980) take this to be Halocynthia hilgendorfi igaboja Oka, 1906 (which Kott (1968) included in Halocynthia hispida Verrill, 1879). Halocynthia washingtonia Ritter, 1913:445-446, 2 syntypes, USNM 5680, Strait of San Juan de Fuca, Washington. This is a junior synonym of Pyura haustor (Stimpson, 1864). Halomolgula ovoida Ritter, 1907:3-8, 60 syntypes, USNM 5300; 3 syntypes, USNM 5301; 2 syntypes, USNM 5302, San Nicolas Island, California. Hartmeyeria chinensis Tokioka, 1967:225-228, holotype, USNM 11806; 3 paratypes, USNM 11807, China, probably Amoy. Hartmeyeria triangularis Ritter, 1913:461-463, 13 syntypes, USNM 5679, Kyska Harbor, Aleutian Islands, Alaska. (Heterostigma singulare: see Caesira singularis Van Name, 1912.) Holozoa bursata Van Name, 1921:366, 2 syntypes, USNM 7240, Key West, Florida Keys, Florida. This is a junior synonym of Distaplia stylifera (Kowalevsky, 1874). Holozoa domuncula Hartmeyer, 1913:125-144, 1 syntype, USNM 6111, Cape Colony, South Africa This is a senior synonym of Distaplia skoogi Michaelsen, 1934. Hypodistoma palauense Tokioka, 1970:75, holotype, USNM 11414, Iwayama Bay, Palau Islands. Hypsistozoa obscura Kott, 1969:33-35, holotype, USNM 11975, Peru-Chile Trench. Leptoclinides hawaiiensis Tokioka, 1967:92-93, holotype, USNM 11792; 2 paratypes, USNM 11793, Auau channel, between Maui and Lanai, Hawaii. (Microcosmus glacialis: see Microcosmus nacreus Van Name, 1912.) Microcosmus nacreus Van Name, 1912:439-619, holotype, USNM 690, off Nova Scotia, Canada. This is a junior synonym of Microcosmus glacialis (Kiaer, 1893). Microcosmus transversus Ritter, 1907:18-20, holotype, USNM 5303, San Nicolas Island, California. Molgula estadose Monniot and Monniot, 1983:109, holotype, USNM 15322; 12 paratypes, USNM 13579; paratype (1 slide), USNM 15323, Tierra del Fuego, South America. (Molgula griffithsii: see Caesira intumescens Van Name, 1912.) Molgula habanensis Van Name, 1945:402-403, 8 paratypes, USNM 5810, off Havana, Cuba. (Molgula lutulenta: see Caesira lutulenta Van Name, 1912.) (Molgula martensii: see Caesira martensii Traustedt, 1885.) Molgula oregonia Ritter, 1913:435-437, 11 syntypes, USNM 5682; 3 syntypes, USNM 5830, Oregon (44?28'N, 124?25/3(TW). Molgula pigalettae Monniot and Monniot, 1983:111, holotype (2 slides), USNM 15316, Tierra del Fuego, South America. Molgula platana Van Name, 1945:405-406, 4 Paratypes, USNM 10494, near the mouth of the La Plata River, Argentina (36?42'S, 56?23/W). Molgula regularis Ritter, 1907:8-11,1 syntype, USNM 5304, Point Loma Light, California. (Molgula robusta: see Caesira robusta Van Name, 1912.) (Molgula verrilli: see Caesira verrilli Van Name, 1912.) Molguloides cyclocarpa Monniot and Monniot, 1982:95-130, holotype, USNM 12904; 7 paratypes, USNM 12905, South Pacific Ocean (56?04'S, 133?59/W). Mysterascidia symmetrica Monniot and Monniot, 1981, holotype, USNM 12910, Ross Sea, Antarctica. Octacnemus herdmani Ritter, 1906:250, 3 syntypes, USNM 5149, off Ecuador (05?17'S, SS^O'W); 1 syntype, USNM 5151, off Ecuador (6?55'S, 83?34'W). 8 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY Oligocarpa megalorchis Hartmeyer, 1911:403, 1 syntype, USNM 6107, off Ecuador. Pandocia albatrossi Van Name, 1912:579-580, 1 syntype, USNM 4726, off Nantucket Shoals, Massachusetts. This species was transferred to the genus Polycarpa by Hartmeyer (1923). Pandocia nigricans Heller, 1877:241-275, 3 syntypes, USNM 5558, Mauritius, Africa A senior synonym of Polycarpa nigricans Heller, 1878. Paramolgula canioi Monniot and Monniot, 1983:117-119, holotype (2 slides), USNM 15320; 14 paratypes, USNM 14499, Chile. {Pareugyrioides dalli: see Eugyrioides dalli.) Perophora regina Goodbody and Cole, 1987:246-254, holotype, USNM 16288; 1 paratype, USNM 16289; 2 paratypes, USNM 16290; 1 paratype, USNM 16291, Twin Cays, Belize. Perophora viridis Verrill, 1871:359, 5 syntypes, USNM 3231, Woods Hole, Massachusetts. {Phallusia callosa: sec Ascidia callosa Stimpson, 1852.) {Phallusia clementea: secAscidia clementea Ritter, 1907.) Phallusia unalaskensis Ritter, 1913:497-499, holotype, USNM 5685, mouth of Unalaska Island, Alaska. Ritter described this species during the period that ascidian specialists were following Traustedt's (1883) convention of placing all taxa of the genus Ascidia into a genus that he called Phallusia, as discussed above in the explanation of name changes for the genus Ascidia. As also discussed earlier, it was determined that the original generic name, Ascidia, was more appropriate for most taxa of this genus, and only a few are properly referable to Phallusia. This species is now recognized as Ascidia unalaskensis (Ritter). Phallusia vermiformis Ritter, 1913:496-497, holotype, USNM 5792, off southern California (34?N, 119?29/30w). The same applies for this species as in the case of P. unalaskensis. The proper combination now recognized is Ascidia vermiformis (Ritter). Placentela translucida Kott, 1969:42-44, holotype, USNM 11977; 2 paratypes, USNM 11978, Antarctic Peninsula, Antarctica. Polyandrocarpa floridana Van Name, 1921:417, holotype, USNM 6959, west coast of Florida (29?43'40"N, 83?49'45"W). Polyandrocarpa sabanilla Van Name, 1921:409, holotype, USNM 1559, Sabanilla, Colombia. {Polycarpa albatrossi: see Pandocia albatrossi Van Name, 1912.) Polycarpa melanosiphonica Tokioka, 1967:178-180, holotype, USNM 11499, Onotoa Atoll, Gilbert Islands; 1 paratype, USNM 11508, lagoon west of Saipan, Mariana Islands. {Polycarpa nigricans: see Pandocia nigricans Heller, 1877.) (Polycitor (Eudistoma) hepaticus: see Eudistoma hepaticus Van Name, 1921.) Polyclinum indicum Sebastian, 1952:316-317, 7 paratypes, USNM 11205, off Madras Coast, India. Polyclinum johnsoni Monniot and Monniot, 1989, holotype, USNM 18247, off the north coast of Isla Fernandino, Galapagos Islands (00?15'16"S, 91?27.93'W). Polyclinum laxum Van Name, 1945:71, 1 syntype, USNM 10498, Espiritu Santo Island, Brazil. Protoholozoa lilium Monniot and Monniot, 1981, holotype, USNM 12916; 1 paratype, USNM 12917, South Atlantic Ocean (51?02'S, 142?47'W). Protoholozoa pedunculata Kott, 1969:35-36, holotype, USNM 11976, Drake Passage, south of Tierra del Fuego, South America. Psammaplidium spauldingi Ritter, 1907:41-42, holotype, USNM 5305, San Nicolas Island, California. The name was changed to Amaroucium spauldingi by Hartmeyer (1909). Because Amaroucium has come to be recognized as a subgenus oiAplidium, the taxon is currently referred to as Aplidium spauldingi. Pyrosoma atlanticwn atlanticum and Pyrosoma atlanticum dipleurosoma Metcalf and Hopkins, 1919:239-246, holotype, USNM 6471, Philippines. Pyrosoma atlanticum dipleurosoma and Pyrosoma paradoxum Metcalf and Hopkins, 1919:249-251, holotype, USNM 6469 (hybrid); 1 paratype, USNM 6420, Capitancillo Island Light, off northern Cebu Island, Philippines. Pyrosoma atlanticum echinatum Metcalf and Hopkins, 1919: 257-258, holotype, USNM 6437, Mediterranean Sea. Pyrosoma atlanticum hawaiiensis Metcalf and Hopkins, 1919: 246-248, holotype, USNM 6443; 4 paratypes, USNM 3069, north Pacific Ocean, between Hawaii and California. Pyrosoma atlanticum paradoxum Metcalf and Hopkins, 1919: 248-249, holotype, USNM 6409, northwest of Hawaii (25?10'N, 166?20'W). Pyrosoma ellipticum Metcalf and Hopkins, 1919:231-233, holotype, USNM 6416, vicinity of Formosa, China Sea. Pyrosoma hybridum Metcalf and Hopkins, 1919:229-230, holotype, USNM 6470; 5 paratypes, USNM 6408, vicinity of Formosa, China Sea. Pyrosoma verticillatum cylindricum Metcalf and Hopkins, 1919:227-229, holotype, USNM 6468; 1 paratype, USNM 6412, Nogas Island, Sulu Sea, vicinity of southern Panay, Philippines. Pyura antillarum Van Name, 1921:451, holotype, USNM 7032, Lesser Antilles, Caribbean. Pyura duplicata Van Name, 1918:79-81, holotype, USNM 6038, Catabalogan, Samar, Philippines. {Pyura haustor: see Halocynthia haustor foliacea Ritter, 1913 and Halocynthia washingtonia Ritter, 1913.) Pyura inflata Van Name, 1918:74-76, holotype, USNM 6037, near Observation Island, Philippines. Pyura lycoperdon Monniot and Monniot, 1983:91-92, holotype, USNM 14488, South Shetland Islands. Pyura multiruga Monniot and Monniot, 1982, holotype, NUMBER 487 USNM 12906; 20 paratypes, USNM12907 (with 7 slides); 1 paratype, USNM 12908 (tunic only), Ross Sea, Antarctica. Pyura tunica Kott, 1969:137-138, holotype, USNM 11962; 27 paratypes, USNM 11963, Knox Coast, Vincennes Bay, Wilkes Land, Antarctica. Ritterella mirifica Monniot and Monniot, 1983:34, holotype, USNM 14492, Bransfield Strait, Antarctic. Ritterella rubra Abbott and Trason, 1968:143-147, holotype, USNM 11951; 20 paratypes, USNM 11952, Monterey County, California. Salpa maxima tuberculata Metcalf and Bell, 1918:87-88, holotype, USNM 6472; 2 paratypes, USNM 6454, Pamilacan Island, vicinity of western Bohol, Philippines. Salpa younti Van Soest, 1973:9-15, holotype, USNM 12014 (32?08'N, 63?47'W); 1 paratype, USNM 12015 (32?08'N, 63?47/W); 1 paratype, USNM 12016 (32?20X e S ^ ' W ) ; 4 paratypes, USNM 12017; 2 paratypes, USNM 12018 tfPSO'N, 63?52'W), Bermuda. Sinisteroffia scrippsi Tokioka, 1957:359-362, 3 syntypes, USNM 11375, off Peru. Situla rineharti Monniot and Monniot, 1989, holotype, USNM 18244, north of Seymour Island, Galapagos Islands (00?21.88'S, 90?15.75'W); 1 paratype, USNM 18245, Tower Island, Galapagos Islands (00?16.98'N, 89?59.81'W). Stolonica styeliformis Van Name, 1918:107-109,13 syntypes, USNM 6042, off Jolo Light, Philippines. Stolonica vesicularis Van Name, 1918:109-111, holotype, USNM 6034, off Jolo Light, Philippines. (Styela atlanticum: see Tethyum atlanticum Van Name, 1912.) Styela hemicaespitosa Ritter, 1913:471-475, holotype, USNM 5684; 7 paratypes, USNM 11627; 29 paratypes, USNM 11628, southern California. Styela izuana hawaiiensis Tokioka, 1967:193-195, holotype, USNM 11794; 9 paratypes, USNM 11975, Oahu, Hawaii. Styela macrenteron Ritter, 1913:466-471, holotype, USNM 5686, Bering Sea, Pribilof Islands, Alaska. Styela materna Monniot and Monniot, 1983:81-82, holotype (three slides), USNM 15324, South Georgia Island, south Atlantic Ocean. Styela psoliformis Monniot and Monniot, 1989, holotype, USNM 18246, north of Isla Espaflola, Galapagos Islands (01?18.72'S, 89?48.81'W). Styela sabulifera Ritter, 1913:475-476, 50 syntypes, USNM 5687, in Bristol Bay, Bering Sea, Alaska. Van Name (1945) lists this species as a junior synonym of Cnemidocarpa rhizopus (Redikorzev, 1907). Styela schmitti Van Name, 1945:298-299, 5 paratypes, USNM 10495, off Montevideo, Uruguay (36?42'S, 56?23'W). Styela tinaktae Van Name, 1918:88-91, holotype, USNM 6041; 1 paratype, USNM 18260, off Tinakta Island, Sulu Archipelago, Philippines. (Symplegma viride: see Diandrocarpa brakenhielmi var. stuhlmanni Michaelsen, 1904). Synoicum ostentor Monniot and Monniot, 1983:33, holotype, USNM 14490; 100 paratypes, USNM 14502, Balleny Islands, Antarctica. Synoicum ramulosum Kott, 1969:66-68, holotype, USNM 11971; 12 paratypes, USNM 11972, Knox Coast, Wilkes Land, Antarctica. Synoicum tentaculatum Kott, 1969:69-70, holotype, USNM 11973; 1 paratype, USNM 11974, South Orkney Islands. Tethyum atlanticum Van Name, 1912:552, 1 syntype, USNM 5599, off Martha's Vineyard, Massachusetts. This species has been transferred to the genus Styela by Van Name (1921). Thalia democratica Forskal, 1775:112-117, holotype, USNM 6473; 1 paratype, USNM 6474, Luzon, Philippines. Traustedtia multitentaculata bicristata Metcalf and Bell, 1918:143-147, 1 syntype, USNM 6430, off Martha's Vineyard, Massachusetts. (Trididemnum savignii var. jolense: see Didemnopsis jolense Van Name, 1918.) Selected References (including all literature cited) Abbott, D.P. 1951. Bostrichobranchus digonas, a New Molgulid Ascidian from Florida. Journal of the Washington Academy of Sciences, 41(9): 302-307. Abbott, D.P., and A.T Newberry 1980. Chordata: The Tunicates. In R.H. Morris, D.P. Abbott, and E.C. Haderlie, editors, Intertidal Invertebrates of California, pages 177-225. Stanford, California: Stanford University Press. Abbott, D.P.. and W.B. Trason 1968. Ritterella rubra and Distaplia smithi: Two New Colonial Ascidians from the West Coast of North America. Bulletin of the Southern California Academy of Sciences, 63(3):143-153. Adams, H., and A. Adams 1858. The Genera of Recent Mollusks Arranged According to Their Organization, 2:587-609. London: John van Voorst. Amback Christie Iinde, A. 1928. Northern and Arctic Invertebrates in the Collection of the Swedish State Museum (Riksmuseum) 9: Tunicata, 3: Molgulidae and Pyuridae. Koninklijke Svenska Handlingar, series 3,4(9):1?101. 1938. Ascidiacea, Part 1. In Further Zoological Results Swedish Antarctic Expedition, 1901-1903,3(4):l-54. Bemer, L.D. 1955. Two New Pelagic Tunicates from the Eastern Pacific Ocean. Pacific Science, 9(2)247-253. Bjerkan, P. 1905. Ascidian von dem norwegischen Rshereidampfer "Michael Sara" in den Jahren 1900-1904 gesammek. Bergens Museums Aarbog Afhandlingar og Arsberetning, 1905(5):l-29. Bohadsch, J.B. 1761. De Tethys. In JB. Bohadsch de Quibusdam Animalibus Marinis Eorumque Protietatibus, 4:128-135. Dresden. Borgert, A.H.C. 1894. Vertheilung der Doliolen. In V.A.C. 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