THE GENUS CALLINECTES. By Mary J. Rathbun,Second jissistant Curator, Department of Marine Invertebrates. The genus CaUinectes was formed by Stimpsou in 1860 ^ for thereception of the species of Portniiiche haviug a narrow or ?-shaped abdo-men in the male, and the merus of the outer maxillipeds short, sharplyprominent, and curved outward at its antero-external angle. In thisgenus he places "the common American Lupa diacanfha^^ (Latreille),and for want of sufficient material is unable to find constant differencesbetween the northern and southern varieties of this species, or even toseparate Pacific Coast specimens, regarding as doubtfully distinctL. beJlicosa, which he had recently described from Guaymas.In 1S63 Lieut. Albert Ordway ^ j)ublished comparative descriptionsof nine different species of CaUinectes.^ Say's name hastatus was givento the common sjiecies of eastern North America, the name diacanthuswas restricted to a Brazilian form described by Dana in 1852, and sixnew species were added. Mr. Ordwaj^ claimed that there were well-marked characters separating the species, the variations in the abdomi-nal appendages of the male being of primary importance.In 1869 Prof. S. I. Smith gave the name C. dmuv to Dana's C. diacan-th HS.A. Milne-Edwards in his revision of the Portunidae^ did not recognizethe validity of the genus CalUnecies, but later ^ he considered it as dis-tinct and placed in it Lupa (^irtca^^/ta (Latreille), the one species embrac-ing all the Callinectes of America and West Africa. The speciesdescribed by Say, Stimpson, Smitli and Ordway, vvere recognized simplyas varieties or races, the characters separating them being consideredof trivial importance and not constant. To these varieties or races headded five others, three of which were made on slight characters. 1 Ann. Lye. Nat. Hist. N. Y., VII, p. 220. -Afterwards Brig. Gen. Albert Ordway of Toluuteers.3 Boston Jonrn. Xat. Hist., VII, pp. 568-579.4 Arch. Mns. Hist. Nat. Paris, X, Addenda, 1861. 'Crustaces de la K^^gion Mexicaine, 222, 1879.Proceedings of the United States Xatioiial Museniii, Vol. XVIII?No. U)7(i. 349 350 THE GENUS CALLINECTES?M. J. RATHBUN. vol. xvui.In 1879 Kingsley described a species, C. dubia, from the west coastof Nicaragua. lu 1893 Mr. James E. Benedict added CaUinectes tum-idn-s, var. gladiator, from tlie west coast of Africa.I liave reduced the number of the above species by two, the ?. pleuriticus of Ordway and C. dubia of Kingsley being based onyoung specimens of C. arcuatus. I have changed the name CaUi-nectes hastatus to CaUinectes sapidus and have added a new subspecies,C. sapidus acntideus.De Geer ^ was perhaps the first naturalist to represent a CaUinectes.Under the name " Crabede Tocean,'' he described in very general termsa swimming crab which he supposed identical with Cancer pelagicus ofLinnreus, but which Ordway considered synonymous with Gibbes' Lupasayi. Figures 8, 9 and 11 correctly represent neither of these species,nor are they applicable to any species of CaUinectes, while, on the otherhand, Figure 10 shows the narrow abdomen characteristic of that genus.Bosc- describes the habits of the common edible crab aud tbemethods of taking it ; but calls it ' by the name of another species,Fortunns Jiastatus, translating a description given by Fabricius insteadof describing the specimens he has seen.Say was the first to give an unmistakable description of our northernCaUinectes, calling it Xw^m hastata, thereby confusing it with the Liii-na-an Cancer hastatus, a different species of Lupa, from the Mediterra-nean. That he undoubtedly meant to redescribe the known species isevidenced by the phrase, ^'In addition to the particulars already statedby naturalists of its manners." Say also redescribed Lupa pelagica(Linnaius), but the name of his form of that species was soon changedby Gibbes to Lupa sayi. It is evident that in like manner the specificname hastata should be retained solely for the Linnpean form. It doesnot alter the case that the European and American species are nowplaced in different genera.After Say, Latreille was the only writer to give a name to our species.In 1825^ he described Portunus diacantha, but unfortunately confusedseveral species under this name. As the variety he mentions as havingbeen sent from Philadelphia, in which "les quatre dents du front sontreunies et ne forment qu'un lobe largement echancre,'' is undoubtedlyour common CaUinectes, his typical form must be a different si)ecies.The terms "flavescente, maculis rubris, elongatis" aud "un verdatre-obscur en devaut" are strongly suggestive oif the southern CaUinectesbocourti. In any case, the name diacanthus is not available for thecommon northern form.Besides the collection in the United States National Museum, I havebeen permitted, through the kindness of Dr. Walter Faxon and Prof.iM^moires pour servir a I'Histoire des Insectes, VII, 427, pi. xxvi, figs. 8-11, 1778.2 Hist. Nat. Crust., I, pp. 212-214, 1801-1802.3 Page 219.^Encyc. M6fh. Hist. Nat., Eutom., X, 190. PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. 351S. I. Smith, to examine a number of specimens in the Museum of Com-parative Zoology of Harvard University and the Peabody Museum ofYale University. I am indebted to Prof. C. C. Nutting- for i)ermissiouto notice a specimen of G. dance from Cuba, collected by the Bahamaexpedition of the State University of Iowa in 1893, and owned bythat institution. The approximate number of specimens of each spe iesexamined is as follows : Specimens of Callinectes examined.Name of species. 352 THE GENUS CALLINECTES?M. J. RATHBUN.these species. C. hocourti, with its front of four rounded lobes and longnarrow intramedial region, could not be confounded with C. sapidus;while the unusually wide intramedial region of C. ornatus will serve todistinguish it from any other species yet known. A little practice inobserving the peculiarities of the carapace will enable one to determinewith ease the species of young individuals down to at least one inch inwidth. ANALYTICAL KEY TO THE SPECIES OF CALLIXECTES EXAMINED.A. Inner supraorbital fissure closed.B. Frontal teeth two sapidus (p. 352).B'. Frontal teeth four.C. Appendages of first abdominal segment of male much shorter than theabdomen.D. Lateral spine more than twice the length of preceding tooth.E. Intramedial region broad, its anterior width about three times itslength ornatus (p. 356).E'. Intramedial region narrow, its anterior width about twice its length.F. Appendages of first abdominal segment of male greatly exceedingthe third segment.G. Appendages with tips straight. Second to sixth antero-lateralteeth equilateral daiue (p. 357).G'. Appendages with tips curved. Antero-lateral teeth with pos-terior margins longer than anterior arcuatus (p. 362).F'. Appendages exceeding the third segment but little, or not at all.Ia7-vatus (p. 358).D'. Lateral spine less than twice the length of i\receding tooth.tumidus (p. 359).C. Appendages reaching the extremity of abdomen, or nearly so.D. Antero-lateral region granulate. Lateral spine between two and threetimes length of preceding tooth toxoies (p. 363).D'. Anterw-lateral region smooth. Lateral spine less than twice precedingtooth hocourti (p. 360).A'. Inner supraorbital fissure open ieUicostis (p. 365).CALLINECTES SAPIDUS, new name.(Plates XII; XXIV, fig. 1; XXV, fig. 1; XXVI, fig. 1 ; XXVII, fig. 1.)Lupa hasiata, Say, .louru. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., I, pp. 65, 443, 1817 (not L.hasiata, Desmarest, 1823, nor Milne-Edwards, 1834).Lupa dicantha, De Kay, Xat. Hist. N. Y., Zool., Part VI, Crust., p. 10, pi. in,fig. 3, 1844.CaUinectea hastatus, Ordway, Boston Journ. Xat. Hist., VII, p. 568, 1863.?Smith,Rept. U. S. Commr. Fish and Fisheries, 1871-1872, p. 548 (1874).CaUinectes hastatus, A. Milne-Edwards, Crust. Reg. Mex., p. 224, 1879 (varietyof CaUinectes diacanthus).Adult.?Carapace moderately convex. Granules of medium size,ciowded on the inner branchial and cardiac regions, scattered andfaintly marked on the anterior half of the carapace. The length of the 3895. PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. 353intranieciial region is about one-lialf its anterior widtli,^ The frontal orinterantennal teeth are two, triangiihir, acute, with faint indications oftwo others on their oblique inner margins (Phite XXIV, fig. 1). Themedian subfrontal sj)ine is conical and strong. The inner supraorbitaltooth is broad and bilobed, the lobes obtuse, the outermost very promi-nent. The adjoining fissure is ch)sed except at the anterior extremity,where there is a shallosv V-shaped opening. The lateral teeth are con-cave on both margins and acuminate. Lateral spine in males from threeto about four times the length of the ])receding tooth.- Inner suborbitaltooth acute. Penultimate seguient of abdomen of male (Plate XXY,tig. 1) much constricted in its proximal half, widening at both extremi-ties. Terminal segment obtuse, lateral margins convex proximally,slightly concave or straight distally. Api^endages of first segment^(Plate XXYl, fig. 1) reaching nearly to or beyond the extremity of theabdomen, near together for their proximal half, with only a slight outward curve; distal portions widely divergent except at tips. Theabdomen of the adult female (Plate XXVII, fig. 1) is very broad, themargins of the last three segments separately convex; terminal segmentlonger than wide. Costa^of carpus and manus with depressed granulesor often almost smooth to the eye.Medium-sized specimens.?Carapace narrower than in adults; gran-ules more r> L>3 354 THE GENUS CALLINECTES?M. J. BATHBUN. vol.. xvin. IMeasurements of CaUinecfes sapidus. Catalogue number. 1895. ntocEEDixas of the national museum. 3')5granulate. Last two teetli very long, adding to the effect of width, andmaking the anterolateral margin less arcuate. Lateral spine verylong, much longer than in C. saphluH of equal size, more than threetimes the length of the preceding tooth. Abdomen as in the species.Costiie of cheliped very prominent and strongly granulate. The gran-ules of the inner margin of the merus extend upon the upper surface ofthe distal half. There are two carpal spines, one at the outer angle anda shorter one close to the propodal spine.Size.?Length to sinus, 49 mm. ; total length, 50.S; width, 121; lengthof lateral spine, 10; of preceding tooth, 5.Type locality.?Santa Cruz, Brazil: Thayer expedition (Mus. Comp.Zool.); 1 male.Two smaller males from Eio de Janeiro, Thayer expedition (Mus.Comp. Zool., and No. 19083, ILS.N.M.), resemble the type. The frontaland anterolateral teeth are less acuminate, but the areolations are asstrong and the lateral spine equally long.In Nicaragua Mr. Charles W. Richmond collected a series of speci-mens which are intermediate between C.sapidus and typical C.sapidusacutidens. In the largest specimen, a male (Plate XIY) from EscondidoEiver, September 0, 1892 (No. 18G30, IT. S.N. M.), the proportion of thecarapace is as in typical C. siqridtis. The areolation and granulation ofthe front are as in C. fnqmlus acutidens. The antero-lateral teeth are\ery acuminate, but not so slender as in G. sapidus acutidens, and thelast two teeth are not so long. The lateral spine is less than threetimes the length of the preceding tooth, and slopes backward. Thecarpus has a spine close to that on the manus. The upper surface ofthe manus has not the conspicuous granulation of typical C. sa2)idiis((cutidens, although granules can be seen with the lens. A lot of fourmedium-sized specimens (1 male and 3 females, No. 18246, U. S.N. ^L)were obtained at Greytown. In these the areolation and granulationare as in No. 18630, the frontal and lateral teeth are less sharj), thespine is much shorter, as in the young of typical C. 6'0^;ic/?s', and isdirected forward. In the Museum of Comparative Zoology there arethree males of medium size, without locality, which resemble those fromGreytown.Size of male (No. 18630, U.S.N.M.).?Length to sinus, 53.5 mm.; totallength, 56; width, 126; length of lateral spine, 14.3; of precedingtooth, 5.Were the differences between the Brazilian and the Central Americanforms to prove constant in a large series of specimens, it might be l)estto call the latter by a different name.Besides the subspecies, the only specimen of C. sapidus from Brazilthat I have seen is a large and old male in the Museum of ComparativeZoology, labeled "Eio Grande, Brazil; Capt. Harrington, June, 1861."This specimen is very near the typical G. saj)idus, although the lateralspine is directed backward and tlie frontal teeth are somewhat concaveon their outer side. 356 THE GENUS CALLIKECTES?M. J. RATHBUN. VOL. XVIII.CALLINECTES ORNATUS, Ordway.(Plates XV; XXIV, lig. U: XXV, fig. 2; XXVI, fig. 2; XXVII, fig. 2.)CaUinectes ornatus, Ordway, Boston Journ. Nat. Hist., VII, p. 571, 1863. ? Smith,Trans. Conn. Acad. Sci., II, p. 8, 1869.CalUnectes ornatns, A. Milne-Edwards, Crust. Reg. Mex., p. 225, 1879 (varietyof Callinecies diacanthus) . Carapace more convex than in C.sapidus; depressions shallow; lengthof intramedial areanuichless than half its anterior width. Surface finelyand more evenly granulated than in C. sapidus. Frontal teeth four;the two outer obtuse, margins slightly concave ; inner teeth small (PlateXXIV, fig. 3). Subfrontal tooth a prominent spine. Suborbital tooth abroad arcuate lobe. Lateral teeth shallow and broad; margins convexat base, concave in the terminal half; jjosterior margins longer thananterior ; tips acute in the first 5 or 6 teeth, acuminate in the remainder.Lateral spine about two and one-half times the preceding tooth, directedforward. Abdomen of male (Plate XXV, fig. 2) narrower than in C.sapidtis. Penultimate segment widest at the proximal end; marginsslightly concave. The appendages (Plate XXVI, fig. 2) reach midwayof the length of the penultimate segment; proximally they curve inwardand touch or overlap each other; the distal portions are straight anddivergent. At about one millimeter from the extremity, the appendagewidens a little and then narrows rather abruptly to the very slendertip. The abdomen of the female (Plate XXVII, fig. 2) is very broad atthe proximal end and tapers more rapidly to the terminal segment thanin any other species.Size.?Adult males vary in width from 4ji to if inches; adult females,from 3^ to 4J inches. Measurements of CaUinectes ornatus. Catalogue number. 1895. PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. 357St. Thomas, A. H. Riise (No. 2457, U. S. N. M.).Sabanilla, United States of Colombia; str. Albatross (Xo. 18228, U. S. N. M.).Ciirjpt;ao; str. Albatross (No. 7584, U. S. N. M.).Ciimaua, Venezuela; C'apt. Coutliony (Mus. Comp. Zool.).Brazil: Maranhao, F. E. Sawyer (No. 18232, U. S. N. M.); Victoria, Hartt andCopelaud, Thayer Expedition (Mus. Comp. Zool.).Ordway records this species also from the Tortugas and Haiti.Variations.?Brazihau specimens vary a little from typical specimensin the form of their anterolateral teeth; the posterior margins insteadof being concave are straight or slightly convex; the teeth, in coiise-(juence, do not api)ear so shallow. In other resjiects these specimensare typical C. ornatus.CALLINECTES DANJE. Smith.(Plates XVI: XXIV, tig. 4; XXV, fig. 3; XXVI, fig. 3; XXVII, fig. 3.)Lupa dkaittlia, Dana, Crust. U. S. Expl. Exped., I, p. 272, 18.52, pi. xvi, fig. 7, 1855(not Lupea dicantha, Milne-Edwakds, 1834).CalUneotes diacanthus, Okdway, Boston Jouru. Nat. Hist., VII, p. 575, 1863.CalUnectes Dana, Smith, Trans. Conn. Acad. Sci., II, p. 7, 1869.Callinectes diacanthus, A. Milne-Edwauus, Crust. R6g. Mex., p. 226, 1879(variety oi' CalUnectes diacanihus).In general appearance resembles C. ornatus. The intramedial regionis, howevei', mnch narrower. The front has two distinct median teeth,small and subacute; lateral teeth narrow, acute. The front resemblesthat of C. ornatus, but the median teeth are more prominent, the lateralteeth narrower (Plate XXIV, fig. 4). The teeth of the lateral margin aredifferent from those of auy other species with which it is associated.Tbe second to the sixth inclusive do not trend forward as in C. ornatus,C. larvatus, and C. tumidus,?that is, the posterior margin of the teethis not much longer or more convex than the anterior. The teeth areacute, the seventh and eightli especially so; the eighth tooth is directedforward. Lateral spine more than three times the length of the pre-ceding tooth. Suborbital tooth rather long and narrow. Penultimatesegment of male abdomen (Plate XXV, lig. 3) very broad at proximalend. The appendages (Plate XXVI, fig. 3) reach to the middle orbeyond the middle of the penultimate segment. They sometimes toucheach other proximally, but more often are separated. In length theyapproach those of C. ornatus, but in C. dancv the appendages taper reg-ularly and do not widen near the tip. The abdomen of the female (PlateXXVII, tig. 3) is similar to thatot C. ornatus, but wider in its fifth andsixth segments. Costiie of chelipeds very closely set with fine granulesinterspersed with larger one.s. Very small specimens of this speciescan be separated from C. ornatus by the narrower intramedial region,and from C. larvatus, whicli they superficially resemble, by the outhneof the lateral teeth and the longer sinnes.Size.?The largest males are from 5 to 5^ inches wide. The femalesare much smaller; the largest is 3f inches; one with eggs is 3^ inches 358 THE GENUS CALLINECTES?M. J. EATHBUX. vol.xviii.wide. The dimensions of Dana's type in the National Museum (No.2371) are: Length to sinus, 55.5; greatest length, 57.5; width, 131.5mm. Length of Cuban specimen, to sinus, 54.5; greatest length, 56.3;width, 127 mm.The localities of specimens examined are as follows:Bahia Honda, Cuba, May 8, 1893; Bahama Expedition of the State Universityof Iowa. .Tamaica: str. Jlhaiross (No. 18237, U. S. N. M.) ; Kingston Harbor, Dr. R. P.Bigelow (No. 17977, U. S. N. M.).Old Providence; str. Albatross (No. 18238, U. S. N. M.).Aspinwall; str. Albatross (18239, U. S. N. M.). Caught at night with a smallhoop-net baited and set at a little distance from the steamer in four fathoms.Sabauilla, United States of Colombia; str. Albatross (No. 7559, U. S. N. M.).Brazil: Pernambuco, C. F. Hartt (Peabody Mus. Yale Univ.); Rio de Janeiro,U. S. Exploring Expedition, types of Dana's Lupa dicantha, 1 male (No. 2371,U. S. N. M.), 1 male (Mus. Comp. Zool.) ; Rio de .Janeiro, Thayer Expedition(Mus. Comp. Zool.), very abundant; Santos, Thayer Expedition (Mus. Comp.Zool.).Eecorded by Smith from Bahia.CALLINECTES LARVATUS, Ordway.(Plates XVII; XXIV, tig. 5; XXV, fig. 4; XXVI. tig. 4; XXVII, fig. 4.) ? Xeptunus marginatus, A. Milne-Edward.s, Arch. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris, X, 318,pi. XXX, fig. 2, 1861.CalHiiectes larvatits, Ordway, Boston .Tourn. Nat. Hist., VII, p. 573, 1863.?Smith,Trans. Conn. Acad. Sci., II, p. 9, 1869.Callinectes larvains, A. Milne-Edwards, Crust. Reg. Mex., p. 225, 1879 (varietyof Callinectes diacanthiis).Callinectes larvatits, var. africatnis?, Benedict, Proc U. S. Nat. Mus., XVI, 1893,p. 537.Areolations well marked; granules coarse; length of intramedialarea a little less than one-half its anterior width. Front four-toothed(Plate XXIV, fig. 5); median teeth small, more prominent than inC. ornatiis; lateral teeth obtuse, broader and more arcuate than in C.ornatns. Suborbital tooth prominent, arcuate, curved upward. Antero-lateral margin little arched. The teeth are well separated by deeprounded sinuses; the second to the fitth, inclusive, liave convex posteriormargins; the first three or four teeth are obtuse, the remainder sharp-pointed. Lateral spine between two and two and a half times the lengthof preceding tooth. Terminal portion of abdomen of male slender.Penultimate segment (Plate XXV, fig. 4) wider at proximal than at dis-tal end, margins slightly concave. Appendages very short, overreach-ing the third segment but little or not at all (Plate XXVI, tig. 4). Theabdomen of the female (Plate XXVII, fig. 4) is much narrower than inany other species; terminal segment much longer than wide. Costse ofmanus prominent, with medium granules.Size.?The width of full-grown males varies from 4:^ to 4f inches.The largest female is about 4 inches wide. PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. 359Measurements of Callinectes larvatus. Catalofiut* luiniber. 360 THE GENUS CALLINECTES?M. J. BATHBUN. VOL. XVIII. obsolete, being replaced by bliiut promiiieuces. There is a blimt toothoil the anterior niargiu of the carpus just below the iuner angle. Costieof mauus coarsely and sparingly tuberculate. In specimens larger thanthe one photographed (Plate XVIII), the lateral spine is proportionallyshorter and the chelipeds much heavier.Size.?Adult males measure 4g and 4^ inches in width, with a lengthof 2i inches. An adult female is 4^e inches wide and 2 inches long.Measurements of Callinectes tumidus. Sex. 1895. PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. 361Very convex; nreolation.^ piomineiit; coarsely granulate except alongtlie lateral margin, where the carapace is smooth. Intrameclial regionvery long, its length about equal to its posterior width. Front (PlateXXIV, fig. 7) with four large rounded teeth, the me of chelipeds withdepressed granules, often appearing almost smooth to the eye. Thecar])al and the anterior meral spine are usually noruial, though some-times in old specimens reduced to blunt projections. There is a broadblunt tooth on the anterior margin of the carpus just below the innerangle. ^Size.?The largest male is 5i inches wide; the largest female, 4?inches. Measurements of CaUinectes hocourti. Catalogue number. 362 THE GENUS CALLINECTES?M. J. RATHBUN.United States of Colombia: Sabanilla, str. Albatross (No. 18235, U. S. N. M.);Carthagena, Atrato Expedition, Dr. A. Schott (No. 2460, U. S. N. M.).Brazil: Para, Cannavieras and Itabapuana, Thayer Expedition (Mus. Comp.Zool.); Maranhao, Lieut. F. E. Sawyer, U. S. N. (No. 18233, U. S. N. M.).The type locality of G. bocourti is Riviere de Mullins, 20 miles southof Belize, Honduras j of C. cayennensis is Guiana.The small sterile female from Aspiiiwall robable that others of our American species are also found there.CALLINECTES ARCUATUS, Ordway.(Plates XX; XXIII, fig. 1; XXIV, fig. 8; XXV, fig. 7; XXVI, fig. 7; XXVII, fig. 7.)Callinectes arcuatus, Ordway, Boston .Journ. Nat. Hist., VII, p. 578, 1863.CalUnectea pleuriticus, Ordway, Boston .Journ. Nat. Hist., VII, p. 578, 1863.Callinectes arcuatus, A. Milne-Edwards, Crust. Reg. Mex., p. 228, 1879 (varietyof Callinectes diacanthus).Callinectes pleuriticus, A. Milne-Edwards, Crust. Reg. Mex., p. 228, 1879 (varietyof Callinectes diacanthus.)Callinectes duhia, Kingsley, Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., XX, p. 156, 1879.Callinectes, sp., Smith, Third Ann. Kept. Peabody Acad. Sci., 1870, p. 91 (1871).Carapace very convex, finely granulate; granules very numerous inthe median region. Length of intramedial region about one-half itsanterior width; length greater than in C. dana\ Front with four stout,triangular, blunt teeth, the middle pair about one-third the size of theouter pair (Plate XXIV, fig. 8). Subfrontal spine exceeding the lateralfrontal teeth but little. Suborbital tooth rounded. Anterolateralmargin very arcuate; teeth large, well separated, those nearest theorbit subacute, becoming sharp and spinous toward the lateral spine,which is between two and three times the length of the adjoining tooth.Penultimate segment of male abdomen broad at base; margins sub-parallel for the greater part of their length (Plate XXV, fig. 7).Appendages (Plate XXVI, fig. 7) reaching or nearly reaching the last 'Boston .Journ. Nat. Hist., VII, p. 575. 1895. PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. 363segment of the abdomen, slightly curved at the ti]) in tlie adult. Abdo-men of female (Plate XXVII, fig. 7) with fifth segment much narrowerdistally than proximally, and shorter than sixth. Costa' of manuscoarsely granulate. The three carpal spines mentioned by Ordway(he had but one specimen) are present in some of the smaller speci-mens, but are not equal, and in older specimens the anterior two aremore or less rudimentary.Small specimens are less convex and more prominently areolatedthan the adult. The large frontal teeth are wider. A single medium-sized individual taken by the Ilassler ;it Panama (Mus. Comp. Zool.)has unusually long spines, between three and a half and four times thelength of the next tooth.Size.?The largest male is about 4f inches wide. The largest femaleis 4| inches; one bearing eggs is 3| inches wide, and has the lateralspine strongly curved forward. Most of the vspecimens examined aresmall. Measurements of Callinectes arcuatus. Sex. 364 THE GENUS CALLINECTES?M. J. BATHBUX. vol.xviii.Carapace very large, coarselj^ grauulate; areolatioiis very i)romineut.Cardiac regiou distinctly divided into two lobes by a median furrow.Intramedial area narrow, its length greater than its posterior width.Front (Plate XXIV, fig. 9) slightly upturned, with four broad roundedlobes, the inner pair the smaller and less advanced, and more ) is constricted in its proximal half, but not so muchso as in C. sapidus and C. bocoiirti. The appendages (Plate XXVI, fig.9) reach almost to the extremitj^ of the terminal segment and are morestrongly curved than in C. sai)idus or C. hoeoiirti. Abdomen of female(Plate XXVIl, fig. 8) similar to that of G. hocourti, but the penultimatesegment is shorter. The spines on the anterior or inner margin of themerus are strdngly curved. Spines of the manus long-pointed. Thecostte are very coarsely tuberculate.Size.?This is the largest species known, attaining a width of 7^ or 8inches. The largest specimen examined is from Cape St. Lucas, and isin the Museum of Comparative Zoology. Length to sinus, 83 mm.; totip of frontal teeth, 8G; width, 191; length of lateral spine, 21; of pre-ceding tooth, 7.3. This specimen is like old specimens of C. sapidus inhaving the lateral teeth narrower, sharper, and with more concave mar-gins than in younger specimens. The median frontal teeth are alsomore slender. The frontal teeth are so much worn that their real rela-tive lengths can not be seen; but in all other specimens the median arenot so advanced as the lateral, the difference being greater in thesmaller specimens.The only young specimens are three, a male and two females, whichwere without label in the Mexican exhibit at the AVorld's ColumbianExposition. They have the branchial regions very much swollen, andthe posterior margins of the anterolateral teeth are longer than theanterior. They approach no other known speeies.The localities from which specimens have been examined are asfollows:Cape St. Lucas (type locality) : John Xautus, 2 large males, 1 ovigerous female(Mus. Comp. Zool.); oue dried fragmentary specimen (No. 2413, U. S. N. M.),having the carapace marked in 8timpsou's handwriting, " C. diacanthus, CapeSt. Lucas, Xantus," and bearing no other hibel.Acapulco, Mexico (No. 18507, U. S. N. M. ). A large number were collected by theHassler Exj)edition, and are in the Museum of Comparative Zoology. Theyare all adult, the smallest being 108 mm. wide. 1895. PBOCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. 365Mexico; Mexican Commission, World's Colnnibian P^xposition (No. 18(531. U.S.N. M.).(fnayaquil, Ecuador; I'rof. .lames Orton ; one male (Peabody Mus., "^'.'ile l^niv.).The C. robustns of Milne-Edwards, wliicli T thiidv was based on wornexamples of C toxotes, is recorded from the I'aciflc coast of the UnitedStates of Colombia.CALLINECTES BELLICOSUS (Stimpson).(Plates XXII; XXIV, fio. 10; XXV, tig. 8: XXVI, fig. 8.)Lupa hellicosa (Si.oat MS.) SxiMrsoN, Ann. Lye. Nat. Hist. N. Y., VII, ip. 57,1859.Calliiiecfes hcUicosiis, Ordway, Boston .Fonrn. Nat. Hist. VII, p. 577, 1863.Calliuectes hellicosiis, A. Mii.ne-Edwards, Crust. R6g. Mex., p. 227, 1879 (varietyof CalUnectes diacaiithiin).Carapace moderately convex, granules fine and very closely set.Areolations less distinct than in C. areuatus. Length of intramedialregion less than one-half its anterior width. Front (Plate XXIY, tig.10) with two slender sharp teeth, widely separated, and between themtwo very faintly marked median teeth. Submedian tooth sharp, longerthan the lateral i)air. The inner supraorbital tissure is open, oftenthroughout its length. Border of the orbit outside the tissure advancedbeyond that portion inside the fissure. Suborbital tooth slender, welladvanced and sharp. Anterolateral teetfli with sides more or less con-cave and sharp white tips. The lateral spine is very short; in adultsless than twice the length of the preceding tooth, in half-grown speci-mens about twice the length, and in young specimens more than twice.The penultimate segment of the abdomen of the male (Plate XXV, fig.8) is broad at the base, and constricted in its proximal half. Theappendages reach nearly to the extremity of the penultimate segment;they have a double curve (Plate XXVI, fig. 8), the curve being strongerin a vertical direction than in a horizontal. The merus of the chelipedshas four spines on its inner margin; a fifth spine, grading in size andposition with these, is situated on the condyle of the ischium. Thelidge on the outer and upper margin of the inanus is very prominentand marked with large tubercles, which in one nearly full-grown maleare spiniform. The other costa? of the manus are less strongly marked,and are often almost smooth.Size.?The largest male is "),% inches wide, or 134 mm., with a lengthto tlie sinus of 64 mm. The frontal spines are broken. The largestfemales are immature or sterile, having a triangular abdomen. Thedimensions are as follows: Length to sinus, male 4(1 mm., female 42;entire length, male 48 mm., female 43.5; width, male !>7 mm., female S(?.Thelocalities from which specimens havebeen examined are asfollows:Lower California and Gulf of California, U. S. Fish Commission Str. Albatross,1889: San Bartolome Bay ; Magdalena Bay; La Paz Harbor; San Josef Island;Carmen Island; Concepcion Bay; Gnaymas; San Luis Gonzales Bay; St.George's Bay; Shoal Point, Colorado River.La Paz, Lower Califoraia; L. Belding (No. 4630, U. S. N. M.). 366 THE GENUS CALLINECTES-M. J. RATHBIX.Neniiy all the specimeus collected by the Albatross are young.Ordway gives as the locality for this species "Piuicate Bay, Gulf ofCalifornia, Mus. S. I." The type is not extant.CALLINECTES NITIDUS, A. Milne-Edwards.'Callhiectesnitidiis, A. Milne-Edwards, Crust. Reg. Mex., p. 228, 1879 (variety ofCaUinectes diacanthus).CaUhiectcs diacanthus, van CaUinectes nitidus, A. Milne-Edwards, Crust. Reo-.Mex., explanation of pi. XLi, 1879.CaUinectes diacanthus, A. Milxe-Edwards, Crust. Reg. Mex., pi. xli, 1879.In this CaUinectes the carapace is broad and the antero-lateralborders form a curve of a large circle; the teeth are large and strong.The front is little advanced; its median teeth are rudimentary, sepa-rated from each other by a well-marked notch, below which can be seenthe projection of the epistome, which is very prominent. The carapaceis ornamented with very fine granulations, and has a more shiningappearance than ordinary. The abdomen of the male is narrow; inall the examples which I have examined the penultimate article has amembranous articulation at its base. The intromittent organs of themale are slender, straight, and extend to near the extremity of thepenultimate article of the abdomen..The carapace is violet; the under side a grayish-yellow, with theexception of the abdomen of the female, which is rose color, and has ablack band on each article. The feet are tinged with blue and red.The plate was colored after a sketch made of the living animal byM. Bocourt. The Paris Museum possesses a large number of Gal-Unectes from Chile, which resemble completely those of Guatemala.Abundant at Tanesco, Guatemala, on the borders of the Esteros, hid-den in the sand, DEFORMITIES.On Plate XXIII are shown three deformed claws of CaUinectessapidus in the collection of the National Museum. They are difterentfrom those figured by Lucas- and by Faxou.^In aright claw from the Potomac Eiver (fig. 4), received from J. F. H.Sisson, there is a duplication of the dactylus and the index linger, theinner pair being complementary to the outer and not a repetition ofthe right dactylus and index linger. The outer pair are simple andhave each one row of teeth; the inner pair are forked near the tips;the dactylus has one row of teeth continued on both forks; the indexlinger is broader and has two rows of teeth converging to its base,each row terminating at the tip of a fork.In a left claw from Willoughby Point, Virginia (fig. 3), the index isdivided into two branches, one above the other. The lower branchcorresponds in length to the dactylus and has an upper row of teeth: ' This species is known to the writer oulj- from Milne-Edwards' description. -Ann. Soc. Entoiu. France (2) II, pi. i, fig. 1.3 Bull. Mus. Conip. Zool., VIII, pi. ii, fig. 5. FIWCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. 3(;7tbe upper branch is much shorter and curved inward at the extremity;it has a row of teeth on both the upi)er and h)wei" margins of its outersurface.In a left claw from the same locality (fig. 2) the index is normal;the dactylus is abruptly bent downward at the middh', forming asort of heel, and then turned obliquely forward, and carries but onerow of teeth.In a lot of CalUiueies sapidus from Indianola, Texas, there is aremarkable series of malformations of the abdomen. One male, 54 mm.long, has the penultimate segment widening gradually toward the ante-penult, which for its distal two thirds has almost straight sides, insteadof being concave as usual. Another male, 51.5 mm. wide, has broadersegments than the last, and they are seven in number, as in the female.A very small male, 24 mm. wide, has the abdomen still wider propor-tionally, but the sutures between the third, fourth and fifth segmentsless distinct. Another individual, 55 mm. in width, has the abdominalai?pendages of the male, but the shape of the abdomen is more nearlyrelated to that of the female than any of the above. The first fivesegments are broad, as in the female, but the fifth and sixth narrowrapidly toward their union, making the sixth subcircular. The appendages of the first segment reach to the middle of the sixth, and arevery divergent distally. Attached to orfe side of the third segment isa foreign growth, probably Feltoganter.Most of the young females in this lot have the usual triangular abdo-men with straight sides, and the fourth, fifth and sixth segments sol-dered together. One, however, no larger than the others, has anabdomen with convex sides and segments coalesced; the genital ori-fices are not present. A female of about the same size is in all resi)ectslike adult forms.In the Museum of Coniparative Zoology there is a female Callinectessapidus., about So mm. wide, with circular abdomen, bearing, besidesthe usual appendages, a pair on the first segment similar to thosecommon to the male.HABITS AND ECONOMIC VALUE.In "The Fisheries and Fishery Industries of the United States,"^ Mr.Richard Rathbun gives an account of the habits, distributicm, andmarket value of Callinectes hantatKs (now C. sajjidus), reviewing all thathas been written on the subject down to that date.In "Notes on the Crab Fishery of Crisfield, Maryland,"- Dr. Hugh M.Smith deals very fully with the industry at that place, incliuling theniodes of capture, methods of preparation for the market, etc.In recent reports and bulletins issued by the United States Fish ' Section I, Natural History of Useful Aquatic Animals, pp. 775-778, 1884.^Bulletin U. S. Fish Commissiou, No. IX, p. 104, 1889. 368 THE GENUS CALLINECTES?M. J. RATHBUN. vol.xmii.ComniissiQii^ can be found tabular statements sliowing the number amivalue of edible crabs taken in each State.It is not yet known wliether any other species of Callinectes thanstqndus is brought to market, but as both G. ornatus and G. larvatusare abundant in the Gulf States, they are undoubtedly taken for thispurpose. It would be interesting to know to what extent these andother species take the place of G. sapldus, and how they differ in habits,color,- etc.OBSBKVATIONS UPON THE HABITS OF CALLINECTES SAPIDUS.Three correspondents of the National Museum?Hon. John 1).Mitchell, of Victoria, Texas; Judge Benjamin Harrison, of Pensacola,Florida; and Mr. Wlllard Nye, jr., of New Bedford, Massachusetts ? have kindly permitted me to insert here the following notes based onpersonal observation of Gallinectes sapidus. The facts presented byMr. Mitchell regarding the shedding are of especial interest, as ourknowledge concerning the frequence of this occurrence is very meager.Xote.s hji Jolin I). MitclieU.?Born on an isolated i^oint on the Bay,and inheriting the naturalist's instincts from my mother, I made thiscrab {Gallinectes sapidiis) one of my earliest playthings, and it hasbeen an interesting study since. When full grown, it measures about7 inches from point to point of the shell in tlie male, and 5 inches inthe female. The claws, legs, and shell of the male are tinted with blue,those of the female with red; the apron of the male is narrow, that ofthe fenmle is broad. The mother crabs live in the Crulf and in the deepwater passes and bayous adjacent to the (iulf. The eggs begin grow-ing in the si)ring under the apron, and hatch the latter part of May orJune, the young clinging to the apron for several days. When firsthatched, they are very little more than two eyes, and look like anythingbut a crab. I know little about the number of times the crab shedsfrom the time of leaving the mother's apron until it gets its crab shape,wliich is inside of three months. I have seen the little fellows so thicknear the margin that the water would look murky and thick, andthousands could be scooped in the two hands placed together, and theircast-off shells would form a gray streak along the water's edge. Theycullect in immense numbers along protected shores and nooks, shed-ding several times and getting their shape in September, when they 'Statistical Review of the Coast Fisheries of the United States. <^ Rept. U. S.Commr. of Fish and Fisheries for 1888 (1892). Rejjort on the Fisheries of the NewEngland States, by J. W. Collins and Hugh M. Smith. < Bull. U. S. Fish Commis-sion, X, 1890 (1892). Report on the Fisheries of the Sonth Atlantic States, by HughM. Smith.