12. THE BUTTERFLY (LEPIDOPTERA, RHOPALOCERA) FAUNA OF THE CAYMAN ISLANDS R . R . Askew B u t t e r f l i e s a r e a numerous and conspicuous element i n the Cayman Is lands i n s e c t fauna. Pa r t i cu la r a t t e n t i o n was paid t o them because, with p rac t i ce , they can be f a i r l y e a s i l y i d e n t i f i e d on s i g h t i n the f i e l d , and quan t i t a t ive est imates of t h e i r d i s t r i b u t i o n , i n the time ava i l ab le , were poss ib le . In addi t ion , the useful basel ine study by the 1938 Oxford Universi ty Expedition (Carpenter and Lewis 1943) provides data f o r comparison with the present s i t u a t i o n , B u t t e r f l i e s were studied on Grand Cayman and Cayman Brac, during l imi ted periods spent on these i s l ands , a s well a s on L i t t l e Cayman. Species found on the Cayman Is lands by the two expedit ions a re l i s t e d i n t a b l e 19. Forty species a re c e r t a i n l y known from the i s l ands , and t h i s t o t a l i s probably very near ly complete. A r e la t ionsh ip e x i s t s between the a rea of an i s l and and the s i z e of i t s fauna. A regression of t h e numbers of species recorded from Cuba, Hispaniola, Puerto Rico, Jamaica and the Cayman Is lands on the logarithms of t h e a reas of these i s l ands ( f i g . 25) suggests t h a t a fauna of f o r t y species from the Cayman Islands i s of the r i g h t order. Data f o r the Greater Ant i l lean faunas a r e taken with modification from Brown and Heineman (1972) and Riley (1975). The number of species on Puerto Rico i s perhaps underestimated; Riley gives only e ighty c e r t a i n l y recorded species but Brown and Heineman a t t r i b u t e ninety-nine species t o the i s l and . Dispar i t i e s between the 1938 and 1975 data ( t ab le 19) a re accounted f o r by di f ferences i n t h e periods of time spent by the two expedit ions on each of the three Cayman Islands, and by the superior mobil i ty of the 1975 expedition due t o the provision of vehic les and, on L i t t l e Cayman, the c u t t i n g of t r a c e s by the Cadastral Survey. Atoll Research Bul le t in No. 241: 121-138, 1980. Differences between t h e faunas of Grand Cayman, Cayman Brac and L i t t l e Cayman Grand Cayman i s s i t u a t e d some 117 km. west-south-west of L i t t l e Cayman which l i e s only 7.5 km. e a s t of Cayman Brac. In s p i t e of t h i s proximity, t h e r e a r e d i f f e r ences between t h e faunas of t h e t h r e e i s l a n d s . Grand Cayman i s much the l a r g e s t i s l a n d and suppor ts t h e l a r g e s t number of spec i e s ( t a b l e 19 ) . B a t t u s po l ydamas, Eurema e l a t h e a , E . m e s s a l i n a , A p i r i s s a n e l e i s , Danaus e r e s i m u s , P h y c i o d e s phaon, S i p r o e t a s t e l e n e s , Dryas i u l i a , Breph id ium e x i l i s and Panoquina s y l v i c o l a a r e a l l recorded i n t h e Cayman I s l ands only from Grand Cayman. The p l ace of Eurema e l a t h e a on the Lesser Caymans may be i,ir ~~fi-c.1 >,- - by the c l o s e l y a l l i e d E , da i i -a , Cavmai~ Brac has rlo upiqae spec i e s so f a r recorded i i ~ i t s fauna, b u t on L i t t l e Cayman t h e r e iire four spec i e s , P a p i l i o a r i s t o d e n z u s , Na t h a l i s i o l e , S t r ymon m a r t i a l i s and P h o c i d e s p i p a l i o n , which a r e n o t y e t knom Erom t h e o the r two is1a;zds. The unique q u a l i t y of each i s l a n d ' s faillza i s f u r t h e r ernphasised by the occurrence on Grand Cayman of P a p i l i o andraeinon t a i l o r i Rothschi ld and Jordan, a subspecies confined t o Grand Cayman and apparent ly r ep re sen t ing the e n t i r e populat ion t h e r e . P . a . andraemon i s found on the Lesser Caymans. S t rymon a c i s a l s o e x i s t s a s two f a i r l y d i s t i n c t forms, one on Grand Cayman and t h e o the r on t h e Lesser Caymans. A l l specimens of Junon ia e v a r e t e observed on t h e Lesser Caymans were of t h e form z o n a l i s (Felder and F e l d e r ) , whereas those captured on Grand Cayman were r e f e r a b l e t o form qenoveva (Cramer). This c o n t r a s t s with t h e f ind ings of Carpenter and Lewis (1943) who record genoveva from both Grand Cayman and L i t t l e Cayman, and z o n a l i s from Grand Cayman and Cayman Brac. The expression of t hese two forms i s be l ieved t o be environmentally con t ro l l ed , z o n a l i s being a wet season form and qenoveva c h a r a c t e r i s t i c of d r i e r cond i t i ons ; a s such t h e i r d i s t r i b u t i o n would be expected t o vary seasona l ly and annual ly. In a d d i t i o n t o q u a l i t a t i v e d i f f e r ences between t h e i s l a n d faunas, some spec i e s vary i n r e l a t i v e abundance from i s l a n d t o i s l a n d . S t r i k i n g i n t h i s r e s p e c t i s A n a r t i a j a t r o p h a e , abundant on Grand Cayman, s ca rce on Cayman Brac and absent from L i t t l e Cayman. Conversely, Anaea echemus , A p p i a s d r u s i l l a and E u p t o i e t a h e q e s i a a r e very common on L i t t l e Cayman b u t appear t o be r a r e on Grand Cayman. Notes on the Caymanian spec i e s Unless mentioned t o t h e con t r a ry , t h e fol lowing no te s r e f e r t o L i t t l e Cayman and l o c a l i t i e s a r e i nd ica t ed on the map ( f i g . 26 ) . Nomenclature fo l lows Ri ley (1975). Most of t h e observa t ions on Grand Cayman were made i n and ad jacent t o a small , r a t h e r dense, wood behind t h e Mosquito Research and Control Unit on t h e edge of Georgetown. This l o c a l i t y i s designated ' M ' . Co l l ec t ing on Cayman Brac was T a b l e 19. B u t t e r f l y species recorded by t h e 1938 and 1 9 7 5 expedit ions t o the C a y m a n I s l ands . G r a n d C a y m a n C a y m a n B r a c L i t t l e C a y m a n 1938 1 9 7 5 1938 1 9 7 5 1938 1 9 7 5 DANAIDAE Danaus p l e x i p p u s Danaus g i l i p p u s Danaus e r e s i m u s APATURIDAE Anaea echemus XYMPI-!ALIDAE Junon ia e v a r e t e A n a r t i a jat i -ophae S i p r o e t a s t e l e n e s P h y c i o d e s phaon E u p t o i e t a h e g e s i a K E L I C O N I I D A E Dione v a n i l l a e Dryas i u l i a I i e l i c o n i u s c h a r i t o n i u s LYCAENIDAE S t rymon m a r t i a l i s S t r ymon a c i s S t r ymon col urnella Hemiargus ammon Hemiargus hanno Breph id ium e x i l i s L e p t o t e s c a s s i u s P I E R I D A E A s c i a mon u s t e A p p i a s d r u s i l l a N a t h a l i s i o l e Eurema e l a t h e a 124 Table 19. (continued) Eurema d a i r a Eurema m e s s a l i n a Eurema n i c i p p e Eurema l i s a Phoebis s e n n a e Ap f r r i s sa nelei s PAPILIONIDAE B a t t u s po lydamas P a p i l i o a r i s t o d e m u s P a p i l i o andraemon Grand Cayman IZSPERIIDAE P h o c i d e s p i g m a l i o n - - Urbanus p r o t e u s x x H y l e p h i l a p h y l a e u s x - Cymaenes t r i p u n c t u s x x C a l p o d e s e t h l i u s - x Panoquina panoqu ino i d e s x x Panoquina s y l v i c o l a x x Numbers of spec i e s recorded 32 2 8 Days on i s l a n d s 109 8 T o t a l spec i e s on each i s l a n d 34 Cayman Brac L i t t l e Cayman confined t o the western half of the i s l and . The periods spent on each i s l a n d a r e a s follows: Grand Cayman Ju ly 5 th - 8 th , August 11th - 14th; Cayman Brac Ju ly 9 th , August 7th - 8 th , August 11th; L i t t l e Cayman Ju ly 9 th - August 7th, August 9 th - 10th. 1. Danaus p l e x i p p u s (Linnaeus) Twice seen on Grand Cayman ( M I . Probably of t h e subspecies megal ippe ~ i i b n e r which replaces , with overlap, the migratory D . p . p l e x i p p u s i n the West Indies except on Cuba and the Bahamas. Quite frequent on Grand Cayman (Georgetown dykes, M I West Bay, mid-island road, Old Man Bay). Only seen twice on L i t t l e Cayman, a t Spot Bay on August 2nd, and a t Bloody B a y on August 5 th . Of the subspecies b e r e n i c e Cramer. 3 , D. e r e s i m u s (Cramer) Two co l l ec ted on Grand Cayman on July 8 th (Georgetown dykes, M), 4 . Anaea echemus (Doubleday and Hewitson) Abundant on L i t t l e Cayman (Preston Bay, Bloody Bay, e a s t end, nor th shore path, Sparrowhawk H i l l , c e n t r a l f o r e s t ) , but seen once only on Grand Cayman (Cayman Kai) and on Cayman Brac. Frequently r e s t s on branches with wings folded. Nine ou t of f i f t e e n specimens examined had the ap ica l p a r t of one o r both hind-wings missing, probably the r e s u l t of a t t a c k s by l i z a r d s . Both sexes were s t rongly a t t r a c t e d by seventy percent ethanol . Of the subspecies d a n i e l i a n a W i t t . 5. Junonia e v a r e t e (Crarner ) Common on Grand Cayman (mid-island road, Georgetown dykes, West Bay), and two seen on Cayman Brac. Common on the o l d p lan ta t ion ground of Bloody Bay and occurring a t o ther s i t e s on the nor th and west coas t s of L i t t l e Cayman. Two observed near Diggary's Point a r e t h e only south coas t records. At t rac ted p a r t i c u l a r l y t o the flowers of S t a c h y t a r p h e t a j a m a i c e n s i s . Dist r ibut ion of t h e forms z o n a l i s and genoveva i s described above. 6 . A n a r t i a ja t rophae (Johansson) Abundant on Grand Cayman (Georgetown dykes, M I West Bay) but only two seen on Cayman Brac (near t h e Brown Booby colony) and absent from L i t t l e Cayman. This accords c lose ly with t h e s i t u a t i o n recorded by Carpenter and Lewis. In f l i g h t throughout the day; one a t t r a c t e d t o an outdoor e l e c t r i c l i g h t i n Georgetown a t midnight. Specimens from t h e Cayman Is lands a r e r e fe r red t o subspecies guantanamo Munroe, described a f t e r Carpenter and Lewis a t t r i b u t e d t h e i r Cayman specimens t o j a m a i c e n s i s Mgschler. 7. S i p r o e t a s telenes (L innaeus ) One o n l y s e e n , on Grand Cayman (West Bay) on August 1 4 t h . A specimen i n t h e c o l l e c t i o n o f M r J . F . L e s i e u r was t aken i n Georgetown a b o u t 1971. Of t h e s u b s p e c i e s i n s u l a r i s Holland. 8 . P h y c i o d e s phaon (Edwards) Common i n open a r e a s o f Grand Cayman (Georgetown dykes , M , mid- i s l a n d r o a d , West Bay) . 9 . E u p t o i e t a h e g e s i a (Cramer) Common a l l round t h e c o a s t o f L i t t l e Cayman and n o t i n f r e q u e n t i n t h e i n t e r i o r s c r u b . One o n l y seen on Grand Cayman (logwood p a s t u r e ) and orie on Cayman Brac . Specimens v e r y v a r i a b l e , e s p e c i a l l y i.n t h e col.our c;f the h.i.nd-wing und(2rside. A fui.1.y grown l a r v a c o l l e c t e d ori A i l g : i l s t 4th. from Evolvulus a r b u s c u l a ( p r o b a b l y n o t t h e food p l a n t ) produced an imago on A u c j u s - t 1 1 t h ; a pupa produced s brood o f a Pteroiml u s s ~ e c i e s , Abundant and widespread on a l l t h r e e i s l a n d s . A male was obse rved a t t e m p t i n g t o c o p u l a t e w i t h a female h e l d by a c r a b s p i d e r a t Bloody Bay where t h e s p e c i e s was f e e d i n g i n numbers a t t h e b l u e f l o w e r s o f S t a c h y t a r p h e t a . C a r p e n t e r and Lewis r e p o r t t h a t Grand Cayman specimens a r e on average l a r g e r t h a n t h o s e from t h e L e s s e r Caymans, and t h i s i s s u p p o r t e d by measurements o f m a t e r i a l c o l l e c t e d i n 1975. The fore-wing expanse o f L i t t l e Cayman specimens ranges from 48rrm. t o 62mm. (mean 57mm.) f o r males ( n = 9 ) , and from 50mrn. t o 671nm. (mean 59rnrn.) f o r f emales ( n = 6 ) . A l l t h r e e males c o l l e c t e d on Grand Cayman exceed t h e l a r g e s t L i t t l e Cayman male i n wing expanse , measur ing 71mm., 67mm. and 63mm, Tcvo females were c o l l e c t e d on Grand Cayman; one ( 6 8 m m . ) i s l a r g e r t h a n any L i t t l e Cayman female , and t h e o t h e r ( 6 0 mm. ) i s above t h e L i t t l e Cayman a v e r a g e . Cayman specimens a r e o f t h e n o r t h Car ibbean s u b s p e c i e s i n s u l a r i s Maynard. 11. D r y a s i u l i a ( F a b r i c i u s ) One specimen c o l l e c t e d on Grand Cayman (Georgetown d y k e s ) . Caymanian specimens be long t o s u b s p e c i e s c a r t e r i R i l e y . 1 2 . H e l i c o n i u s c h a r i t o n i u s (Linnaeus) Once seen on Grand Cayman (Georgetown dykes) and once on Cayman Brac . Common i n t h e i n t e r i o r o f L i t t l e Cayman, e s p e c i a l l y n e a r t a l l e r t r e e s and a t t h e edge o f mangrove swamps ( P r e s t o n Bay, Mary 's Bay, Bloody Bay, n o r t h s h o r e p a t h , Sparrowhawk H i l l , e a s t end , C h a r l e s B i g h t ) . Brown and Heineman (1972) w r i t e " I t w i l l t a k e a l o n g e r s e r i e s o f specimens t h a n i s now a v a i l a b l e f o r s t u d y t o p r o p e r l y p l a c e t h e s t r a i n t h a t i s found on t h e Caymans. We s u s p e c t t h a t it i s d i s t i n c t from b o t h H . c. s i m u l a t o r and H . c . r a m s d e n i " . My m a t e r i a l i s c e r t a i n l y d i s t i n c t from t h e B r i t i s h Museum (Nat . H i s t . ) s e r i e s of Jamaican s i m u l a t o r Raber i n having t h e yellow markings l e s s ex t ens ive , b u t it does no t d i f f e r , a t any r a t e s u p e r f i c i a l l y , from Cuban r a m s d e n i Comstock and Brown. Carpenter and Lewis found t h e spec i e s on ly on Grand Cayman, and they record t h e wing expanse ranging between 64mm. and 94mm. The s m a l l e s t L i t t l e Cayman specimen c o l l e c t e d has a wing expanse o f 59mm., t h e l a r g e s t 94mm. 13. S t r y m o n m a r t i a l i s (Herr ich-Schaffer) Seven c o l l e c t e d on L i t t l e Cayman, a l l males. Frequent ly seen about C o n o c a r p u s a t p i r a t e ' s P o i n t , and al-so recorded a t Blossom Vi l l age on the storm beach, nor th shore pa th , Owen I s l a n d , and i n t he i n t e r i o r sou th o f Crawl Bay. Flying with S, m a r t . i a l i s 01-1 Conoca:~-pils hy t h e lagoc!n and on t.he storm beach a t P i r c t e s ' Point. , a l s o seen a t Sandy P o i n t , t h e storm beach a t 'the e a s t end (32 C a e ~ a ] . ~ i n i a ) , 2nd at Bloodv Bay Mar.yrs 3a.<,f, TWO taken on Caymar Brac. The orange s p o t nea r t h e base of -the s h o r t e r A- ail - on the upper-side O F t h e hind-wing is aluserit or v e r y small. i n a l l specimens, a s Carpenter and Lewis repor ted f o r t h e i r ma te r i a l from the Lesser Caymans. On specimens from Grand Cayman, however, Carpenter and Lewis found t h e spo t well-developed. The 1938 m a t e r i a l i s p laced i n t h e B r i t i s h Museum (Nat. H i s t . ) w i th subspecies q o s s e i Comstock and Huntingdon from Jamaica. The Grand Cayman i n s e c t s c l o s e l y resemble g o s s e i b u t Lesser Cayman specimens a r e more l i k e Cuban c a s a s i Comstock and Huntingdon i n p a t t e r n . 15 - S. c o l u m e l l a (Fab r i c iu s ) The l e a s t f r equen t ly seen o f t h e t h r e e S t r y n ~ n and e n t i r e l y c o a s t a l (P re s ton Bay, Diggary 's Po in t , Eloody Bay, Mary's Bay, e a s t e n d ) . Two captured on Grand Cayman ( M ) . Observed feeding a t f lowers of P o r t u l a c a and, l i k e i t s congeners, f l y i n g about C o n o c a r p u s e r e c t a . Of the subspec ies c y b i r a Bewitson. 16. L e p t o t e s c a s s i u s (Cramer) Carpenter and Lewis l i s t both L . t h e o n u s (Lucas) and Hemiarqus c a t a l i n a (Fab r i c iu s ) . These a r e conspec i f i c subspec ies . Examination of ma te r i a l i n t h e B r i t i s h Museum ( N a t . H i s t . ) i n d i c a t e s t h a t t h e o n u s i s t h e c o r r e c t s u b s p e c i f i c name f o r Caymanian i n s e c t s . Common i n open p l a c e s on Grand Cayman (Georgetown dykes, M , West Bay, South Sound) and L i t t l e Cayman (Bloody Bay, Mary's Bay, Pres ton Bay, P i r a t e s ' P o i n t , Blossom V i l l a g e ) , and noted on Cayman Brac. Most numerous on t h e landward s lopes of t h e beach r i d g e s , a t a g r e a t e r d i s t a n c e from t h e s e a t han Hemiarqus ammon. 17. H e m i a r q u s ammon (Lucas) Abundant on t h e c o a s t s of Grand Cayman (West Bay, South Sound) and L i t t l e Cayman (both no r th and south c o a s t s ) ; a l s o taken on Cayman Brac (west end ) . Males a r e very v a r i a b l e i n t h e degree of express ion of t h e orange s p o t proximal t o t h e o u t e r b lack marginal s p o t on t h e hind- wing uppers ide . Of t h e subspec ies e r e m b i s Nabokov. 18. H . hanno ( S t o l l ) Two females c o l l e c t e d on Grand Cayman (West Bay) and two males on L i t t l e Cayman (Bloody Bay and, feeding a t Ambrosia h i s p i d a , near t h e l i g h t h o u s e ) . These specimens belong t o t h e subspec ies f i l e n u s Poey. 19. Breph id ium e x i l i s (Boisduval) Carpenter and Lewis r eco rd t h i s s p e c i e s on ly from a very l i m i t e d reg ion o f Grand Cayman which they desc r ibe a s Engl i sh Sound o f f Great Sound. Nei ther of t he se names i s i n c u r r e n t u se , a l though Great Sound must r e f e r t o North Sound, and t h e l o c a l i t y i s prob&ly t o the e a s t of Water P o i n t , This a r e a was v i s i t e d on August 1 3 t h b u t found t o be d i s t u r b e d by development of Cayman Kai. No b u t t e r f l i e s were found. The subspec ies thompsoni Carpenter and Lewis was descr ibed from Grand Cayman specimens . 20. A s c i a monus t e (Linnaeus) Common on Grand Cayman (M, mid-island road) and Cayman Brac. Abundant on L i t t l e Cayman i n c o a s t a l p l a c e s , b u t much l e s s f r equen t i n l and al though p a r t i c u l a r l y numerous a t t h e e a s t end S e s u v i u m marsh. A l a r g e i nc rease i n numbers was noted on J u l y 3 1 s t . The e x t e n t of t h e a p i c a l b lack d e n t a t e mark on t h e fore-wing uppers ide i s very v a r i a b l e , o f t e n reduced, and i n one male t h e r e i s no d e n t a t i o n and t h e mark c l o s e l y resembles t h a t of female A p p i a s d r u s i l l a . Belong on t h e n o r t h Caribbean subspec ies evonima Boisduval. 21. A p p i a s d r u s i l l a (Cramer) Two specimens seen on each o f Grand Cayman and Cayman Brac; adundant on L i t t l e Cayman i n bo th c o a s t a l and in l and l o c a l i t i e s . Most resemble subspecies poey i B u t l e r ( a l l females o f t h e d ry season form p e r e g r i n a Rsbe r ) ; Brown and Heineman (1972) wrongly p l ace Caymanian i n s e c t s a s subspecies c a s t a l i a F a b r i c i u s (= j a c k s o n i Kay) . 22. N a t h a l i s i o l e Boisduval A s i n g l e female cap tured on t h e n o r t h shore p a t h about one k i lomet re no r th of Blossom Vi l l age on August 2nd i s t h e f i r s t record o f t h e s p e c i e s from t h e Cayman I s l a n d s . This specimen resembles most c l o s e l y m a t e r i a l i n t h e B r i t i s h Museum (Nat. H i s t . ) from Texas. 2 3. Eurema el a t h e a (Cramer ) Found on ly on Grand Cayman ( M , Cayman Kai, logwood p a s t u r e ) . 24. E. d a i r a ( ~ o d a r t ) Not prev ious ly recorded from t h e Cayman I s l ands . Three males and one female taken on Cayman Brac (west end storm beach, Rebecca's Cave, nea r t h e Buccaneer Inn) and four females on L i t t l e Cayman (Bloody Bay, Blossom Vi l l age , Pres ton Bay, n o r t h c o a s t nea r Sparrowhawk H i l l ) . The females resemble female E. e l a t h e a b u t have l e s s ex t ens ive black marginal marks on t h e hind-wing upperside and t h e c o a s t a l margin o f t h e fore-wing i s more s t r o n g l y curved. The specimens a r e o f t h e wet season form pa lmi ra Poey. 25. E . m e s s a l i n a (Fab r i c iu s ) Carpenter and Lewis record E . m e s s a l i n a from Grand Cayman, b u t i t was n o t found i n 1975. 26. E . n i c i p p e ( ~ r a m e r ) Seen on Grand Cayman (M, Cayman Kai) and Cayman Brac. Quite f r equen t on t h e no r th and west c o a s t s of L i t t l e Cayman from Bloody Bay t o Pres ton Bay. Only once seen on t h e south c o a s t , a t D i g g a r y k Po in t . The spec i e s was no t seen on L i t t l e Cayman u n t i l J u l y 18 th when s e v e r a l were observed a t p l a c e s p rev ious ly v i s i t e d . 27. E . l i s a (Boisduval and Leconte) Most f r equen t on Grand Cayman ( M I mid-island road , West Bay) ; common l o c a l l y on Cayman Brac (west end storm beach) and L i t t l e Cayman (Bloody Bay, nor th shore pa th , Diggary 's P o i n t ) . Like E . n i c i p p e , E . l i s a was f i r s t noted on L i t t l e Cayman on J u l y 18 th . Cayman i n s e c t s a r e of t h e subspecies e u t e r p e ~ k n & t r i & s . 28. Phoeb i s s ennae ( ~ i n n a e u s ) Frequent ly observed on a l l t h r e e i s l a n d s b u t every a c t i v e and few caught . Espec i a l l y numerous i n Blossom Vi l l age and a t Rose t ta F l a t s . 29. A p h r i s s a n e l e i s ( ~ o i s d u v a l ) One specimen recorded from Grand Cayman by Carpenter and Lewis. Not seen i n 1975. 30. B a t t u s pol ydamas (Linnaeus) Recorded from t h e Georgetown a r e a o f Grand Cayman by Carpenter and Lewis, b u t n o t seen i n 1975. The Cayman specimens a r e o f subspecies c u b e n s i s du Frane. 31. P a p i l i o a r i s t o d e m u s Esper Two captured i n 1975 (no r th shore p a t h , i ronshore s c rub 1 km. no r th of P i r a t e s ' P o i n t ) , both P. a . t emenes Godart. 32. P . andraernon (Hiibner) The common swal lowta i l of t h e i s l ands . On Grand Cayman ( M I Old Man Bay) specimens a r e c l e a r l y r e f e r r a b l e t o subspecies t a i l o r i Rothschi ld and Jordan which i s l a r g e and has reduced yellow markings. On the Lesser Caymans only t h e sma l l e r , more yellow subspecies andraernon i s p r e s e n t and widespread. Carpenter and Lewis i n d i c a t e a d i f f e r e n c e between Caymanian and Cuban P . a . andraernon and t h e i r ma te r i a l was submitted t o D r Karl. Jordan who noted ' a s h i f t i n g of cha rac t e r s , perhaps t h e beginnings of sub-spec i f ic s e p a r a t i o n ' . Lesser Cayman ma te r i a l from the 1938 expedi t ion i n t h e B r i t i s h Museum (Nat. H i s t . ) s t and a s P . a . t a i l o r i b u t I consider them more l i k e Cuban P . a . andraemon and p r e f e r t o t r e a t them a s such. Some Cuban specimens have an orange su f fus ion over t he hind-wing marqinal lunules a s i n two specimens c o l l e c t e d nor th of Charles Bight on L i t t l e Cayman, 33. P h o c i d e s p i g m a l i o n (Cramerj Several seen feeding a t flowers of R h i z o p h o r a mangle growing on t h e shore a t E a s t Rocky Poin t . They f l y high about the mangroves and seldom come wi th in reach of a n e t . Three males and a fernale were captured ( J u l y 25th, August 9 t h ) , of t he subspecies b a t a b a n o Lucas, Others were occas iona l ly seen about t he mangroves of t h e nor th c o a s t . Bates (1935) records l a rvae feeding on R h i z o p h o r a m a n g l e . 34. Urbanus p r o t e u s ( ~ i n n a e u s ) In 1975 seen only on Grand Cayman ( M I West Bay) . The West Indian subspecies i s dorningo Scudder. 35. Cymaenes t r i p u n c t u s ( ~ e r r i c h - S c h S f e r ) Grand Cayman ( M ) and Cayman Brac (Buccaneer I n n ) . Two specimens on Cayman Brac were found beneath an ou t s ide l i g h t a t 11.30 p.m. Carpenter and Lewis record H , p h y l a e u s ' f r e q u e n t l y a t t he top of beaches' on Grand Cayman and Cayman Brac. I t was n o t found i n 1975. 37. C a l p o d e s e t h l i u s ( S t o l l ) A specimen i n t he c o l l e c t i o n of M r J .F . Les ieur c o l l e c t e d about 1971 i n Georgetown, Grand Cayman. Mentioned a s a Caymanian spec i e s by R i l ey (1975) b u t no t recorded by Carpenter and Lewis. 38. ~ a n o q u i n a p a n o q u i n o i d e s (Skinner) Frequent on t h e coas t s of a l l t h r e e i s l a n d s : Grand Cayman (Cayman K a i ) , Cayman Brac (west e n d ) , L i t t l e Cayman (Pres ton Bay, Bloody Bay, e a s t end, Sandy Po in t , Mary's Bay). Carpenter and Lewis i n d i c a t e t h a t 'any f u t u r e expedi t ion should t r y t o d iscover t h e food p l a n t and e a r l y s t a g e s ' . The e a r l y s t ages have s i n c e been descr ibed ( see Brown and Heineman, 1972) and t h e spec i e s r ea red on Cynodon dactylon i n Jamaica. This g ra s s does n o t grow on L i t t l e Cayman. Here t h e i n s e c t i s always found on beach r i d g e s i n a r e a s of Sporobolus v i r g i n i c u s which i s almost c e r t a i n l y t h e food p l a n t . Of t e n captured on L i t t l e Cayman, n ine a r e females. R i l ey (1975) does n o t inc lude Cuba i n t h e d i s t r i b u t i o n of P. panoquinoides a l though Bates (1935) records specimens from t h a t i s l a n d . 39. P. s y l v i c o l a (Herr ich-Schaffer) Recorded with c e r t a i n t y i n 1975 on ly on Grand Cayman ( M ) , b u t a dark sk ipper seen a t t h e e a s t end o f L i t t l e Cayman may have been t h i s spec i e s o r t h e next . Carpenter and Lewis a t t r i b u t e twenty- three of t h e i r specimens t o form woodruffi Watson and two t o subspec ies sy lv i co l a . The specimen t h a t I took i s o f t he former type.. 40. Nqcte l ius n y c t e l i u s ( L a t r e i l l e ) Not c e r t a i n l y seen i n 1975, nor recorded by Carpenter and Lewis, b u t s a i d by Ri ley (1975) t o occur i n t h e Cayman I s l ands . To t h i s l i s t of f o r t y Caymanian s p e c i e s might be added two o t h e r s whose occurrence on t h e i s l a n d s r e q u i r e s confirmation. Carpenter and Lewis (1943) record an un iden t i f i ed spec i e s o f Kricogonia a s seen on Cayman Brac, and t h e s e same au thors w r i t e t h a t Phoebis a g a r i t h e (Boisduval) has been ' a u t h o r i t a t i v e l y r epo r t ed from Grand Cayman'. Re la t ionsh ips of t he Caymanian fauna The Cayman I s l a n d s a r e p r o j e c t i n g peaks of t h e submarine Cayman Ridge running westwards from t h e S i e r r a Maestra of sou th-eas te rn Cuba. Cayman Brac, t h e i s l a n d n e a r e s t t o Cuba and Jamaica, i s separa ted from b o t h by j u s t over 200 km. Between t h e Cayman Ridge and Jamaica i s a 6000 m . deep t r ench , t h e B a r t l e t t Deep. The p r e v a i l i n g wind on t h e Cayman I s l a n d s i s n o r t h e r l y , blowing from t h e d i r e c t i o n o f Cuba. The b u t t e r f l i e s of t h e Cayman I s l a n d s r e f l e c t t h i s geographical r e l a t i o n s h i p wi th Cuba. Brown and Heineman (1972) and Ri ley (1975) l i s t the recorded b u t t e r f l y spec ies o f Cuba, Hispanio la , Puer to Rico and Jamaica, and t h e i r d a t a have been used t o c a l c u l a t e va lues f o r C o l e ' s c o e f f i c i e n t of a s s o c i a t i o n between a l l of t he se i s l a n d s and t h e Cayman I s l a n d s . These va lues , toge ther wi th t h e numbers of shared spec i e s , a r e given i n t a b l e 20. Vagrant o r doub t fu l ly recorded spec i e s a r e excluded. Co le ' s c o e f f i c i e n t of a s soc i a t i on i s an index of d i s equ i l i b r ium based upon t h e d i f f e r e n c e between t h e product of t h e numbers o f spec ies found on each of on ly one o f two i s l a n d s and t h e product of t h e numbers of spec i e s common t o , and absen t from, bo th i s l a n d s . The c o e f f i c i e n t i s ad jus t ed t o g i v e va lues between -100 and +loo. Table 20. Matrix showing the numbers of species shared between Cuba, Hispaniola, Puerto Rico, Jamaica and the Cayman Is lands (upper r i g h t ) , values f o r Cole ' s c o e f f i c i e n t of associa t ion (lower l e f t ) , and the t o t a l number of b u t t e r f l v s ~ e c i e s recorded fo r each i s l and . Number of species Puerto Cayman Cuba Hispaniola Jamaica Rico Is lands 156 Cuba - 9 5 6 8 8 2 40 15 2 Hispaniola -3 - 7 9 7 7 3 2 9 0 Puerto Rico 34 6 8 - 6 3 29 115 Jamaica 2 2 14 44 - 34 4 0 Cayman Is. 100 4 8 5 7 7 2 - A dendrocjrmi ( f i g , 27) constructed from mean values of Cole ' s c o e f f i c i e n t s of associa t ion i l l u s t r a t e s the c lose r e l a t ionsh ip between t h e faunas of Cuba and the Cayman I s l ands , with a r a t h e r more d i s t a n t associa t ion between the Jamaican and Caymanian faunas. The f indings of Clench (1964) and S c o t t (1972) a r e e s s e n t i a l l y s imi la r . A l l Cayman species a r e known from Cuba, b u t f i f t e e n percent of Cayman species a r e not found on Jamaica. I t must be emphasised, however, t h a t the majori ty of Cayman Is land species a r e widespread i n the Greater A n t i l l e s , twenty- seven of the f o r t y species being reported from Cuba, Hispaniola, Puerto Rico and Jamaicz a s well a s the Cayman Islands. Associations between i s l a n d faunas indica ted by Cole ' s c o e f f i c i e n t r e l y heavily upon a r e l a t i v e l y small number of more loca l i sed species. Only three Caymanian species (Anaea echemus , P h y c i o d e s phaon and A p h r i s s a n e l e i s ) a re found on Cuba bu t no t on o ther i s lands of the Greater A n t i l l e s , three o the r s ( S t r y m o n m a r t i a l i s , N a t h a l i s i o l e and P a p i l i o andraemon) a re recorded only from Cayman, Cuba and Jamaica, b u t no Caymanian species appears t o be shared exclusively with Jamaica. Lack of i s o l a t i o n and a l imi ted land area of r a the r uniform a l t i t u d e and charac ter have probably res t r a ined the evolut ion of endemic species on the Cayman Is lands (see a l s o Sco t t 1972). Nevertheless, a s described above, the re a r e d i s t i n c t i v e elements i n the fauna of each of the Cayman Is lands , and the following four subspecies a r e endemic: Anaea echemus d a n i e l i a n a , Hemiargus a m n e r e m b i s (accorded f u l l s p e c i f i c s t a t u s by some a u t h o r i t i e s , e .g. Clench 1964), Breph id ium e x i l i s t hompson i and P a p i l i o andraemon t a i l o r i . The associa t ion between the Cuban and Cayman b u t t e r f l y faunas i s fu r the r emphasised by the presence i n the Cayman Is lands of several Cuban subspecies: Danaus g i l i p p u s berenice, A n a r t i a j a t r o p h a e guantanamo, H e l i c o n i u s c h a r i t o n i u s s i m u l a t o r , Hemiargus hanno f i l e n u s , A p p i a s d r u s i l l a p o e y i , S i p r o e t a stelenes i n s u l a r i s , B a t t u s polydamas c u b e n s i s , P a p i l i o a r i s t o d e m u s temenes and P h o c i d e s p i g m a l i o n ba tabano . A Jamaican influence i n the Cayman I s l and fauna i s perhaps seen i n the occurrence of Jamaican forms of Strymon a c i s ( q o s s e i ) and Panoquina s y l v i c o l a ( w o o d r u f f i ) t oge the r with Cuban forms ( c a s a i and s y l v i c o l a , r e s p e c t i v e l y ) o f t h e same spec i e s . The l i m i t e d a v a i l a b l e m a t e r i a l o f Dryas i u l i a i s a sc r ibed (R i l ey 1975) t o D . i . c a r t e r i , a subspec ies found i n t h e Bahamas. Dai ly f l i g h t a c t i v i t y on L i t t l e Cayman B u t t e r f l i e s were f l y i n g from soon a f t e r s u n r i s e throughout t h e day t o sunse t , and two s p e c i e s n o t found on L i t t l e Cayman, Cymaenes t r i p u n c t u s and Anar t ia j a t r o p h a e , were seen dur ing darkness a t l i g h t s ( s e e above) . Temperatures probably never drop s u f f i c i e n t l y low t o p reven t f l i g h t , b u t t h e l e v e l of b u t t e r f l y a c t i v i t y appears t o a l t e r through t h e day, being g r e a t e s t i n t h e morning. To quan t i fy t h i s impression, b u t t e r f l y s i g h t i n g s on a t r a n s e c t a t P i r a t e s ' Po in t , L i t t l e Cayman were counted a t hour ly i n t e r v a l s from 6.00 a.m, t o 6 .00 p.m. l o c a l t ime. The t r a n s e c t was t r i a n g u l a r , running along a p a t h no r th from t h e house t o t h e road , thence e a s t a long the road bes ide t h e lagoon, and back t o t h e house by another pa th , t o t a l l i n g approximately 3 0 0 m . I t was covered i n about t e n minutes ,walkincjvery slowly. A l l b u t t e r f l i e s seen were recorded b u t mu l t i p l e record ings of t h e same i n d i v i d u a l on one t r a n s e c t were avoided a s f a r a s p o s s i b l e , The shade temperature was noted on completion of each t r a n s e c t . Observat ions were made on t h r e e days, J u l y l 6 t h , 17 th and ZOth, a l l i n f i n e weather. The t o t a l s o f b u t t e r f l y s i g h t i n g s on each t r a n s e c t a r e shown i n f i g . 28, t oge the r with t h e shade temperatures . Most i n d i v i d u a l s were recorded a t 10.00 and 11.00 a.m., before maximum temperatures had been reached, and numbers were g e n e r a l l y lower i n t h e a f te rnoons . I n t h e twelve t r a n s e c t s from 8.00 t o 11.00 a.m., 141 b u t t e r f l i e s were s i g h t e d , whereas on ly 90 were recorded between 1 .00 and 4.00 p.m. On J u l y 20th, however, when a f te rnoon temperatures were e s p e c i a l l y high, more b u t t e r f l i e s were recorded than on e i t h e r o f t h e o t h e r two af te rnoons ( f i g . 2 8 ) , showing t h a t high temperatures do no t n e c e s s a r i l y reduce b u t t e r f l y f l i g h t a c t i v i t y . There i s no o v e r a l l c o r r e l a t i o n between temperature and t h e numbers of b u t t e r f l i e s s igh t ed cons ider ing t h e spec i e s e i t h e r c o l l e c t i v e l y o r s e p a r a t e l y , b u t a t e i g h t o f t h e t h i r t e e n t r a n s e c t t imes t h e numbers of b u t t e r f l i e s v a r i e d d i r e c t l y w i th t h e temperature (P<0.001) . On t h i s l i m i t e d d a t a it appears t h a t t h e r e i s a p a t t e r n of h igh a c t i v i t y i n t h e morning and lower a c t i v i t y i n t h e a f te rnoon, b u t t h i s p a t t e r n can be modified by temperature so t h a t above average f l i g h t a c t i v i t y occurs when t h e temperature i s above average a t any p a r t i c u l a r t ime. Before conclusions can be reached, however, o t h e r c l i m a t i c v a r i a b l e s must be considered. The wind on a l l t h r e e days was l i g h t and r a t h e r v a r i a b l e ; r e l a t i v e humidity was n o t measured. A t o t a l o f 263 s i g h t i n g s were made dur ing the t r a n s e c t s . This was composed a s fol lows: 84 Dione, 74 Anaea, 48 A s c i a , 15 Strymon, 10 E u p t o i e t a , 8 ~ e p t o t e s / ~ e m i a r ~ u s , 6 Panoquina, 5 P a p i l i o , 4 Appias , 4 H e l i c o n i u s , 2 Phoebis , 2 Eurema and 1 ~ u n o n i a . The t h r e e most numerous s p e c i e s showed r a t h e r d i f f e r e n t p a t t e r n s of f l i g h t a c t i v i t y ( f i g . 2 9 ) . I n a l l t h e r e was reduced a c t i v i t y a t noon, b u t w h i l s t Anaea and Dione were a c t i v e t o some e x t e n t from s u n r i s e t o s u n s e t , Ascia ceased f l y i n g a f t e r 3.00 p.m. Anaea was almost equa l ly a c t i v e i n t h e mornings and a f t e rnoons , a s might b e expected of a shade-loving spec i e s , b u t Dione was most f requent i n t h e mornings and r e l a t i v e l y few were seen f l y i n g i n t h e a f te rnoons . B u t t e r f l y d i s t r i b u t i o n on L i t t l e Cayman The widespread d i s t r i b u t i o n on L i t t l e Cayman of many of i t s b u t t e r f l y spec i e s has a l r eady been commented on , and few spec i e s have narrow h a b i t a t requirements . To i n v e s t i g a t e f u r t h e r t h e d i s t r i b u t i o n of b u t t e r f l i e s , s i g h t i n g s of b u t t e r f l i e s were counted dur ing t h r e e t r a n s e c t s i n t o t h e i n t e r i o r o f t h e i s l a n d . The f i r s t t r a n s e c t was made on J u l y 19 th from t h e burnt-over coastal . p l a n t a t i o n of Bloody Bay southwards over t h e forty-two f e e t high r i d g e o f o l d b l u f f l imestone t o t h e a r e a of dwarf mangroves about h a l f way a c r o s s t h e i s l a n d . B u t t e r f l i e s were counted on both the outgoing and r e t u r n journeys. The second t r a n s e c t was on J u l y 27th from the c o a s t no r th o f Sparrowhawk H i l l southwards through t h e b e l t of c o a s t a l mangroves, a c r o s s t h e i ronshore p l a t e a u and over Sparrowhawk H i l l on to t he d i s s e c t e d b l u f f p l a t e a u even tua l ly descending t o t h e c e n t r a l f o r e s t . B u t t e r f l i e s were again counted on both outgoing and r e t u r n journeys. The t h i r d t r a n s e c t , on August l s t , c rossed t h e i s l a n d from c o a s t t o c o a s t . I t commenced on t h e nor th c o a s t a t t h e western end o f Crawl Bay and r an through a v a r i e t y of h a b i t a t s , inc lud ing both i ronshore and b l u f f format ions , i n l and and c o a s t a l mangroves, t o t h e south c o a s t j u s t west o f Diggary 's Po in t . The approximate l i n e s of a l l t h r e e t r a n s e c t s a r e i n d i c a t e d on t h e map ( f i g . 2 6 ) . The t r a n s e c t s were a l l made i n f i n e weather and between 8.00 a.m. and noon, t he time when b u t t e r f l i e s a r e u sua l ly most a c t i v e ( s e e above) . Resu l t s i n a condensed form a r e shown i n t a b l e 21. Ten h a b i t a t types a r e recognised on the t r a n s e c t s (descr ibed below t a b l e 21) , and the mean number of each spec i e s o f b u t t e r f l y seen pe r f i v e minutes i n each of t h e t e n h a b i t a t s on t h e t h r e e t r a n s e c t s has been c a l c u l a t e d . B u t t e r f l i e s were most f r equen t on the d i s t u r b e d , o f t e n burn t -over , l and of t h e o l d coconut p l a n t a t i o n s and bes ide t h e road on t h e c o a s t a l s t r i p . I n c o n t r a s t , no b u t t e r f l i e s a t a l l were seen dur ing t h e t r a n s e c t s i n t h e o t h e r c o a s t a l h a b i t a t , t h e sea-grape (Coccoloba) woodland. Mangrove swamps were a l s o d e f i c i e n t i n b u t t e r f l i e s , none being noted i n c o a s t a l mangroves and very few i n i n l and mangroves. Most of t h e l a t t e r were probably encouraged t o p e n e t r a t e t h e mangrove a r e a s by t h e t r a c e s c u t by t he Cadas t ra l Survey. Only Phocides appears t o be c h a r a c t e r i s t i c o f mangroves. There appeared t o be l i t t l e d i f f e r e n c e between t h e b u t t e r f l y faunas of comparable h a b i t a t s on i ronsho re and b l u f f formations ( c E h a b i t a t s 5 and 9 , 6 and l o ) , t h e t r ee -c l ad nor th- fac ing s lopes of t h e r i d g e s of bo th be ing r i c h e r i n b u t t e r f l i e s than t h e more xerothermic scrub-covered p l a t eaux . The c e n t r a l f o r e s t and i t s edge a r e i n t e rmed ia t e between t h e two l a t t e r h a b i t a t s i n b u t t e r f l y numbers. A s w e l l a s being t h e r i c h e s t h a b i t a t i n terms o f b u t t e r f l y numbers, t h e o l d c o a s t a l p l a n t a t i o n s and storm beaches a l s o supported Table 21. Numbers of b u t t e r f l i e s counted per f i v e minutes i n each h a b i t a t zone on th ree t r a n s e c t s of L i t t l e Cayman ( see t e x t ) Habi ta t s Total i nd iv idua l s 10 Tota l time (mins.) 38 5 40 63 15 88 15 60 24 119 Anaea 0.1 0 o 0.3 2.7 0.2 1.7 3.6 1.0 0.2 74 E u p t o i e t a 2.8 o o 0.2 0.7 0.1 0 00.2 0 2 8 A s c i a 1.1 0 0 0 0.3 0.1 0 0 0 0 11 Eurema n i c i p p e 0.1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 E . l i s a 0.1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 P h o e b i s 0 0 0 0 0 0 . 1 0 0 0 0 1 P a p i 1 i o 0 0 0 0.1 3.0 0.3 1.7 1.0 0.6 0.2 4 0 S t r y m o n spp. 0.1 0 0 0 0.3 0 0 0 0.2 0.1 6 L e p t o t e s 0.3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 H e m i a r g u s 0-5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4 A l l spec ies 11.1 0 0 1.0 10.3 3.7 8.3 8.2 9.2 2.7 Total. i nd iv ids . 84 0 0 12 31 65 25 98 44 64 423 Habi t a t s : Coastal s t r i p - storm beach, o l d burnt-over p l a n t a t i o n s , road and verge - 1 - C o c c o l o b a woods - 2 Mangrove swamps - coas t a l - inland Ironshore - nor th s lopes of r idges with t a l l t r e e s - 5 - plateaux with scrub - 6 - sc rub / fo res t boundary zone - 7 - f o r e s t - 8 Bluff - nor th s lopes of r idges wi th t a l l t r e e s - 9 - d i s sec ted plateaux wi th scrub - 10 t h e g r e a t e s t number o f s p e c i e s ( t a b l e 21 ) . Only P a p i l i o , H e l i c o n i u s and P h o c i d e s were n o t recorded from t h i s region (Phoebis was q u i t e f r equen t ly seen he re a t o t h e r t imes) , E u p t o i e t a , Dione and A s c i a reached t h e i r g r e a t e s t d e n s i t i e s here , and J u n o n i a , t h e Eurema spec i e s , Hemiargus , L e p t o t e s and Panoquina a r e on ly found here . Anaea i s most p r e v a l e n t where t he re a r e t r e e s , being numerous i n t h e c e n t r a l f o r e s t and common on t h e nor thern s l o p e s o f t h e r i d g e s , a l though it i s p re sen t i n most h a b i t a t s . Dione i s a l s o widespread b u t , i n c o n t r a s t t o Anaea, it tends t o be a s soc i a t ed i n l and more wi th a r e a s of sc rub , be ing sca rce i n the c e n t r a l f o r e s t b u t more numerous than Anaea on t h e i ronshore and b l u f f p la teaux . H e l i c o n i u s i s more r e s t r i c t e d i n i t s d i s t r i b u t i o n and i s p a r t i c u l a r l y c h a r a c t e r i s t i c o f t h e f o r e s t edge, a l though it does p e n e t r a t e on to t h e p la teaux . Elsewhere it was observed f l y i n g a t t he edge of mangrove swamps ad j acen t t o i ronshore sc rub . A p p i a s i s another i n s e c t a s soc i a t ed e s p e c i a l l y wi th t a l l t r e e s , a l though it i s p r e s e n t i n some numbers a l s o on t h e p la teaux and c o a s t a l s t r i p . A p p i a s d i f f e r s from t h e o t h e r l a r g e , white P i e r i d , A s c i a , i n being more p reva l en t i n i n l a n d l o c a l i t i e s . Probably a l l t r a n s e c t s i g h t i n g s of P a p i l i o r e f e r t o P . andraemon which has a d i s t r i b u t i o n r a t h e r l i k e t h a t of H e l i c o n i u s , al though it may be more t o l e r a n t o f xerothermic condi t ions . The records o f S t rymon i nc lude two spec i e s , specimens from t h e c o a s t a l s t r i p be ing S . c o l u m e l l a and S . m a r t i a l i s and those i n l and a l l S. m a r t i a l i s . Summary and Conclusions The b u t t e r f l y fauna o f t h e Cayman I s l a n d s i s unremarkable f o r i t s s p e c i f i c conten t o r number o f spec i e s , b u t t h e genera l abundance of b u t t e r f l i e s i s a f e a t u r e of t h e i s l a n d s . No endemic f u l l spec i e s have been descr ibed i n t h e i s l a n d s ' fauna of f o r t y spec i e s , b u t fou r subspec ies a r e known only from the Cayman I s l ands . The Cayman fauna has i t s s t r o n g e s t a f f i n i t y with t h a t o f Cuba, r e f l e c t i n g a l s o a geographical r e l a t i o n s h i p , b u t a l s o p r e s e n t a r e some Jamaican elements. The major i ty of Caymanian b u t t e r f l i e s has a d i s t r i b u t i o n extending throughout t h e Greater A n t i l l e s . Even so , and n o t wi ths tanding t h e proximity o f t he Cayman I s l a n d s , t h e b u t t e r f l y faunas o f each of t h e t h r e e i s l a n d s have a unique q u a l i t y . Th i s f i n d s express ion both i n t h e appearance of some recognisablydistinctisland forms and i n d i f f e r e n c e s i n t h e d i s t r i b u t i o n and r e l a t i v e abundance of some spec i e s . On L i t t l e Cayman, b u t t e r f l i e s were a c t i v e from soon a f t e r s u n r i s e u n t i l sunse t , a l though t h e r e a r e s p e c i f i c d i f f e r e n c e s i n f l i g h t a c t i v i t y . No o v e r a l l c o r r e l a t i o n was found between f l i g h t a c t i v i t y and temperature , f l i g h t a c t i v i t y gene ra l l y being g r e a t e s t before noon. The r i c h e s t a r ea f a u n i s t i c a l l y on L i t t l e Cayman i s t h e d i s tu rbed c o a s t a l s t r i p . Most s p e c i e s a r e q u i t e widely d i s t r i b u t e d over t h e i s l a n d b u t t h r e e , P a p i l i o a r i s t o d e m u s , N a t h a l i s i o l e and P h o c i d e s p i g m a l i o n , may have narrower and more r e s t r i c t e d environmental requirements . N . i o l e was taken only i n t h e r a t h e r mesophytic a r e a a b o u t one k i l o m e t r e n o r t h o f Blossom V i l l a g e , and P . a r i s t o d e m u s was found h e r e and a l s o f u r t h e r t o t h e w e s t on t h e i r o n s h o r e n o r t h o f t h e lagoon n e a r P i r a t e ' s P o i n t . Both o f t h e s e a r e a s a r e l i k e l y t o b e much a l t e r e d by implementat ion o f t h e 1975 development p l a n t ( a l t e r n a t i v e 21, and t h e b u t t e r f l i e s cou ld d i s a p p e a r from t h e i s l a n d i f t h e y a r e , a s a p p e a r s t o b e t h e c a s e , r e s t r i c t e d t o t h e s e p l a c e s . N e i t h e r s p e c i e s i s known from t h e o t h e r two Cayman I s l a n d s . The f u t u r e o f P. p i g m a l i o n seems t o b e more a s s u r e d . I t a l s o i s known o n l y from L i t t l e Cayman and is a s s o c i a t e d w i t h R h i z o p h o r a , a l b e i t l o c a l l y . I t i s p l e n t i f u l a t E a s t Rocky P o i n t , a r e g i o n f r e e o f proposed development, and was s i g h t e d a t o t h e r s t a t i o n s on t h e i s l a n d . Grand Cayman is t h e l o n g e s t s e t t l e d and most d e n s e l y popula ted o f t h e Cayman I s l a n d s . I ts fauna does n o t appear t o have been d e p l e t e d , and i s probab ly unchanged from t h e s i t u a t i o n r e p o r t e d i n 1938 by C a r p e n t e r and Lewis (1943) . S i n c e 19G5 e x t e n s i v e mosquito c o n t r o l measures , i n c l u d i n g t h e s p r a y i n g o f i n s e c t i c i d e s , have been under taken on Grand Cayman. These may have a f f e c t e d b u t t e r f l y numbers on some p a r t s o f t h e i s l a n d a l though , i n g e n e r a l , t h e r e seemed t o b e l i t t l e d i f f e r e n c e i n b u t t e r f l y numbers on t h e t h r e e Cayman I s l a n d s , Only s i x s p e c i e s found i n 1938 were n o t n o t e d i n 1975 d u r i n g t h e r e l a t i v e l y b r i e f s t a y on Grand Cayman and, i n a l l p r o b a b i l i t y , f u r t h e r s t u d y w i l l r e v e a l t h e i r con t inued e x i s t e n c e . I t a p p e a r s t h a t t h e b u t t e r f l y fauna o f t h e Cayman I s l a n d s i s t o l e r a n t o f some development, and s e v e r a l s p e c i e s a r e e s p e c i a l l y numerous i n p l a c e s where t h e l and h a s been d i s t u r b e d , I t is i m p o r t a n t , however, t h a t any development l e a v e s u n a l t e r e d l a r g e a r e a s o f a l l o f t h e n a t u r a l h a b i t a t s i n o r d e r t o s a f e g u a r d t h o s e s p e c i e s unable t o a d a p t t o a r a p i d l y changing environment . Acknowledgements I am g r a t e f u l t o D r M.E,C. G i g l i o l i , M r . W. Brandr ick , M r . P. F i t z g e r a l d and M r R , G . Todd o f t h e Mosquito Research and Cont ro l U n i t , Grand Cayman, and t o f e l l o w members o f t h e e x p e d i t i o n , f o r a s s i s t a n c e i n many ways. I am i n d e b t e d a l s o t o D r L.M. Cook f o r supp ly ing a computer programme t o p r o c e s s d i s t r i b u t i o n d a t a and t o M r R.L. Vane-Wright f o r h e l p i n t h e examinat ion o f specimens i n t h e B r i t i s h Museum ( N a t u r a l H i s t o r y ) . References B a t e s , D.M. 1935. The b u t t e r f l i e s o f Cuba. B u l l Mus. comp. Zool. Harv. U n i v . , 78, 63-258. Brown, F.M. & Heineman, B. 1972. Jamaica and i t s B u t t e r f l i e s . London: E.W. Classey L td . 478 pp. C a r p e n t e r , G.D.H. & Lewis, C.B. 1943. A c o l l e c t i o n o f Lep idop te ra (Rhopalocera) from t h e Cayman I s l a n d s . A n n l s C a r n e g i e Mus. 29: 371-396. C l e n c h , H.K. 1 9 6 4 . Remarks o n t h e r e l a t i o n s h i p s o f t h e b u t t e r f l i e s ( e x c l u d i n g s k i p p e r s ) o f t h e Cayman I s l a n d s . O c c a s . P a p . M o l l u s k s Mus. comp. Z o o l . 2 , 381-382. R i l e y , N . D . 1 9 7 5 . A F i e l d G u i d e t o the B u t t e r f l i e s o f the West I n d i e s . London: C o l l i n s . 224pp . S c o t t , J . A . 1 9 7 2 . B i o g e o g r a p h y o f A n t i l l e a n b u t t e r f l i e s . B i o t r o p i c a , 4 , 32-45. @ P u e r t o R ico C a y m a n I s I I I 2 3 4 5 6 I s l a n d a rea ( log . S Q . km. ) Figure 25. The r e l a t i o n s h i p between t h e numbers of b u t t e r f l y spec i e s and the a r e a s (sq krn on a logaritlvriic s c a l e ) of Cuba Hispanio la , Puer to Rico, Jamaica, and t h e Cayman I s l a n d s (r = 0.98) F i g u r e 26. Map of L i t t l e Cayman showing l o c a l i t i e s mentioned t r a n s e c t s Mangrove and lagoon Transect -- - - -- - - ---.- i n t h e t e x t and t h e s i t u a t i o n of t h e C u b a C a y m a n I s l a n d s J a m a i c a P u e r t o R i co W i s p a n i o l a Figure 27. Associations between the butterfly faunas of the Greater Antilles based upon mean values of Cole's Coefficient of Association. The scale represents positive values of Cole's Coefficient Loca l t i m e Figure 2 8 . Numbers of b u t t e r f l i e s s igh ted a t hourly i n t e r v a l s (1ocs.l t ime) during t r a n s e c t s on t h r e e days a t P i r a t e ' s Po in t , L i t t l e Cayman. Shade temperatures a r e shown above. For each hour t h e columns r ep resen t (from l e f t t o r i g h t ) 16, 17 and 2 0 July Anaea 6 7 8 9 10111 13 14 15 16 17 18-00hrs Local time