GAMES OF THE NORTH AMERICAN INDIANS STEWART CULIN V X T R N T S Page Prpfnoe '-^^ Introdurtion 31 Tatnil;ir index to tribes and games 36 Games of chance -W Dice games 44 Guessing games -27 Sticli games 227 Hand game 267 Four-stick game 327 Hidden-ball game, or moccasin 335 Games of dexterity 383 Archery 383 Snow-snake 399 Hoop and pole 420 Ring and pin 027 Ball ^61 Racket 'i62 Shinny '">^6 Doulile ball H47 Ball race 665 Footliall ''f^f Hand-and-foot ball— "W^ Tossed ball 708 Foot-cast ball 711 Ball juggliug 712 Hot ball 714 Minor anuisements "15 Shuttlecbck 717 Tipcat 721 Quoits 722 Stone-throwing 728 Slmttleboard 728 Jackstraws 729 Swing 730 Stilts 731 Tops 733 Bull-roarer 750 Buzz 751 Popgun : 758 Bean sliooter 7<>0 Cat's cradle 701 Unclassified games 781 Games derived from Europeans 789 Apiiendix ; Running races 803 Summary of conclusions 809 5 ILLUSTRATIONS Page Plate I. Basket shield tvum a clift'-dwelling Frontispiece II. Altar of War God, Zufli. New Mexico 33 III. Tewa kiva altar at Haiio. Arizona 46 rrio. Menominee playing bowl game. Wisconsin 7:> Illb. Olamentke playing stick game, California 144 Ille. Tarabumare playing stick-dice game. Chihuahua, Mexico 152 IV. Taku gambling sticks, Alaska 243 V. Haida stick game, Alaska 26(i VI. Four-stick game. Klamath, Oregon 32S VII, Soyal altar, Hopi, Walpi. Arizona. 3R7 Till. Menominee playing moccasin game, Wisconsin .343 IX. Gaming arrows. Kiowa. Oklahoma ; 38S X. Hidatsa playing hoop and pole. North Dakota .oil XI. Soquoquas. Klamath. Oregon 551) '~ XII. Menominee ball game, Wisconsin .o(38 XIII. Ball dance. East Cherokee, North Carolina 576 XIV, Scratching a player. Cherokee ball game. North Carolina 580 XV. Cherokee hall player. North Carolina 583 XVI. Cherokee ball team. North Carolina 580 XVII, Choctaw ball-play dance. Indian Territory 600 XVIII. Choctaw ball play, ball up. Indian Territory 601 XIX. Choctaw ball play, ball down, Indian Territory 601 XX, Flute children throwing .innulets and cylinders on rain-cloud symbols, Hopi, Arizona 619 XXI. Bark playing cards. Uinkaret, Arizona 791 Figure 1. Oaqiil altar. Hopi. Arizona 35 2. Sacrificial gaming canes, Zuni, New Mexico , 46 3. Cane dice. Zuiii. New Mexico 40 4. Handle of atlatl. cliff-dwelling. Colorado 47 5. Atlatl (restored), cliff-dwelling. Colorado 47 6. Stick die. cliff-dwelling, Colorado 47 7. Bone dice. Tanner springs, Arizona 48 8. Cane and wood dice and wooden dice cups. Utah 48 9. Bone dice. Amalecite. New Brunswick 49 10. Counting sticks for stick dice. Amalecite, New Brunswick 50 11. Stick dice. Arapaho. W.voniing 50 12. Sticlv dice. Arapaho, Wyoming 51 13. Stick dice, Arapaho, W.voming 51 14. Stick dice, Arapaho, W.voming 51 15. Leather disk used with stick dice, Arapaho, Wyoming 51 16. Stick dice, Arapaho, Wyoming 52 17. Leather disk used with stick dice. Arapaho, Wyoming 52 18. Stick dice. Arapaho. Wyoming 52 6 — ILLUSTRATIONS Page Figure 19. Bone dice. Arapalio, Wyoming 5o 20. Bone and peat'h-stone dice, Arapalio, Wyoming 5.3 21. Bone dice, .\rapaho, Olilalioma 54 22. Baslset for dice, Arapaho, Olilahoma 54 23. Bone dice, Arapaho, OI\lahoma 55 24. Basket for dice, Arapaho, Oklahoma 55 25. Wooden dice, Arapaho, Oklahoma 55 26. Stick representing a man, used in dice game. Arapaho, Okla- homa •^'' 27. Bone stick dice, Blackfeet. Montana 57 28. Bone stick dice, Blackfeet, Montana 57 29. Counting sticks for dice, Blackfeet, Montana 58 30. Bone stick dice, Blackfeet, AUaerta 58 31. Bone dice, Cheyenne, Oklahoma 59 32. Basket for dice, Cheyenne. Oklahoma 59 33. Plum-stone dice, Cheyenne, Montana '"'O 34. Basket for dice, Cheyenne, Montana 60 35. Plum-stone dice, Cheyenne, Montana 61 36. Stick dice, Chippewa, Minnesota 61 37. Bowl for dice, Chippewa, Minnesota 62 38. Counting sticks for dice, Chippewa. Minnesota 62 39. Beaded bag for dice, Chippewa, Minnesota 62 40. Bone dice, Chipiiewa. Minnesota 62 41. Bone and brass dice, Chippewa, Minnesota 62 42. Stick dice. Chippewa, Minnesota 64 43. Stick dice, Chippewa, Minnesota 64 44. Counting sticks for stick dice, Chippewa, Minnesota 64 45. Stick dice, Chippewa, Minnesota 64 46. Platter for dice. Chippewa, Minnesota 65 47. Bone and brass dice. Chippewa, Michigan 67 48. Wooden dice and tray. Chippewa, North Dakota 68 49. Stick dice, Cree, Assiniboia 68 50. Bone dice, Cree, Saskatchewan 69 51. Platter and bag for dice, Cree, Saskatchewan 69 52. Stick dice and counting sticks. Delawares. Oklahoma 69 53. Stick dice, Delawares. Oklahoma 70 54. Stick dice, Grosventres, Montana 71 55. Stick dice and counting sticks, Grosventres, Montana 71 56. Bone dice, Grosventres. Montana 72 57. Peach-stone dice, Grosventres. Montana 72 58. Plum-stone dice, Grosventres, Montana 72 59. Peach-stone dice, Kickapoo, Oklahoma 73 60. Bowl for dice, Menominee, Wisconsin 73 61. Bone dice, Micmac, Nova Scotia 74 62. Platter for dice. Micmac, Nova Scotia 75 63. Counting sticks for dice. Micmac. Nova Scotia 75 64. Counting sticks for dice, Micmac. Nova Scotia : 76 65. Bone die. Micmac. Nova Scotia 77 66. Engraved shell bead or runtee. New York 77 67. Bone dice, Micmac, Nova Scotia 78 68. Platter for dice, Micmac, Nova Scotia 79 69. Counting sticks for dice, Micmac, Nova Scotia 79 70. Counting sticks for dice. Micmac. New Brunswick SO 71. Manner of holding dish in dice game. Passanuwiuoddy. Maine 82 8 ILLUSTRATIONS Page FiGUBE 72. Bone die. Passamaquoddy, Maine 83 73. Counting sticks for dice game, Passaniaquoddy. Maine 83 74. Counting sticlcs for dice game, Penobscot, Maine 84 7.5. Limestone la.ving stick dice, Arizona 94 07. Wooden dice. Navaho. Arizona 95 08. Wooden dice, Navaho, Arizona 96 99. Plum-stone dice. Arikara, North Dakota 98 100. Canedice, Caddo. Oklahoma 98 101. Cane dice. Caddo. Oklahoma 98 102. Cane dice, board, and counting sticks, Caddo. Oklahoma 98 103. Cane dice. Pawnee. Oklahoma 90 104. Stick-dice game. Pawnee. Oklahoma lOd 10.5. Stick dice. Pawnee. Oklahoma 100 106. Stone tablet for stick dice. Pawnee, Oklahoma 100 107. Counting sticks for stick dice. Pawnee. Oklahoma 100 108. Peach-stone dice, basket, and <'onnters. Pawnee, Oklahoma 101 109. Plum-stone dice. Pawnee. Oklahoma 101 110. Stick dice, Wichita, Oklahoma 102 111. Ivory dice. Central Eskimo, Franklin 102 112. Game of fox and geese, Yuit Eskimo, Siberia 103 11.S. Ivory water l)irds and seal. Western Eskimo, Alaska 103 114. Phalanges of seal used in game. Western Eskimo, Alaska 104 115. Bone die. Western Eskimo. Alaska 104 116. Bone dice. Seneca. New York 113 117. Bowl for dice. Seneca, New York 114 118. Peach-stone dice, Seneca, New York 114 119. Position of players in bowl game, Seneca, Ontario 117 120. Peach-stone bowl game, Seneca, New York 118 121. Bone dice. Seneca. New York , 118 122. Cane dice. Keres. Acoma, New Mexico 110 12.3. Cane dice, Keres, Acoma, New Mexico 119 ILLUSTRATIONS \i FiGLRK 124. Stick (lico, Keres. Arlum-stone dice. Brule Dakota. Soutli Dakota 179 233. Plum-stone dice. Oglala Dakota. South Dakota 180 234. Basket for dice. Oglala Dakota. South Dakota 180 235. Wooden cup for dice. Oglala Dakota. South Dakota 180 2.36. Casts in pluni-stoiie ilice. Santee Dakota. Minnesota 181 237. Plum-stone dice, Wahpeton and Sisseton Dakota. South Da- kota 183 238. Plum-stone dice. Yankton Dakota. Montana 184 239. Plum-stone dice. Yanktonai Dakota, North Dakota 18.5 240. Plum-stone dice. Yanktonai Dakota. North Dakota 180 241. Bone .stick-dice. Hidatsa. North Dakota 186 242. Bone dice. Mandan. North Dakota 187 243. Basket for dice. Mandan. North Dakota 187 244. Clay fetish used with dice. .Mandan, North Dakota 187 245. Plum-stone dice. Omaha. Nehraska 188 246. Brass dice. Osage, Oklahoma ^ 188 247. Bone dice. Winnehago. Wisconsin 189 248. Positions of die in winning throws, Haida. British Columhia 189 249. Stick dice, Tewa, Hano. Arizona 190 250. Stick dice. Tigua, Isleta, New Mexico 191 251. Counts in stick dice, Tigua, Isleta, New Mexico 191 252. Counts in -stick dice. Tigua. Isleta. New Mexico 192 253. Stick dice. Tewa. Namhe. New Mexico 193 254. Stick dice. Tewa, Santa Clara, New Mexico 193 255. Stick dice. Tewa. Santa Clara. Ne\V Mexico 194 256. Stick dice and marking sticks, Tigua, Taos, New Mexico 194 257. Circuit for stick dice. Tigua. Taos, New Mexico 19.5 258. Beaver-teeth dice, Clayoquot. British Columbia 196 259. Wooden die. Kwakiutl. British Columbia 196 260. Beaver-teeth dice. Makah. Washington 19i'> 261. Beaver-teeth dice, Makah, Washington •_ 197 262. Counters for beaver-teeth dice, JIakah. Washington ' 197 26.3. Charm used with beaver-teeth dice, Makah. Washington 197 , 264. Bone dice. Nootka. British Columbia 198 26.5. Bone dice. Nootka, British Columhia J.. 198 266. Stick dice, Cocopa. Sonora, Mexico 200 267. Girls playing stick dice. Ilavasupai, Arizona 200 368. Stick dice. Maricopa, .\rizona 201 269. Stick dice. Mission Indians, California 204 270. Stick dice and board, .Mission Indians. California 204 271. Stick dice, Mohave. Arizona 205 272. Stick dice. Mohave. Lower California (Mexico) 205 27.3. Stick dice. Mohave, Arizona 206 274. Stick dice. Mohave, Arizona 20<> 275. Stick dice. Walapai. Arizona 207 276. Stick dice. Walapai. Arizona 207 277. Stick dice. Walapai. .\rizona JiiT 278. Stick dice. W:ilapai, Arizona -i>7 12 ILLUSTRATIONS Page Figure279. Circuit for stick dice, Walapai. Arizoiiii 208 280. Stick dice, Yuma, Arizona ^ 208 281. Stick dice, Yuma, Arizona 209 282. Stick dice, Yuma, California 209 28.3. Sacrificial cane dice, Zuni. New Mexico 210 284. Sacrificial cane dice, Zuni. New Mexico 210 285. Sacrificial cane dice. Zuni. New Mexico 211 286. Cane dice. Zuni, New Mexico 211 287. Cane dice. Zuni, New Mexico _- 211 288. Cane dice, showing method of t.vins in liundle. Zuni. New Mexico 212 289. ("ane dice, Zuni, New Mexico 213 290. Cane dice, showing method of tying in bundle. Zuni. New Mexico 213 291. .\iTow shaftnients of the four directions. Zuiii. New Mexico__ 214 292. Hide gaming lircuit for cane (li4 341. Stick game. Yurok, California 2C5 342. Stick game, Klamath river, California 26G 34.3. Stick game. Zuiii. New Mexico 2(51; 344. Beads for hand game. Cree. W.voming 270 345. Beads for hand game. Grosventres, Montana 271 346. Counting sticks for hand game. Grosventres. Alontana 271 347. Bones for hand game. Grosventres. Montana 271 348. Bone for hand game. Grosventres, Montana 271 34tt. Bones for hand game, Piegan. Alberta 271 350. Bones for hand game. Babine. British Columbia 273 351. Bones for hand game. Tsilkotiu. British Columbia 273 352. Bones for hand game. Sekani. British Columbia 273 353. Bones for hand game. I'mpcju.-i. Oregon 274 3.54. Bead and counting sticks for hand game. Pawnee. Oklahoma— 274 355. Sticks for hand game, Pawnee. Oklahoma 274 356. Counting sticks for hand game. Pawnee. Oklahoma 27." 357. Counting sticks for hand game, Wichita, Oklahoma 27(i .358. Counting sticks for hand game, Wichita, Oklahoma 277 359. Counting sticks for hand game. Wichita. Oklahoma 277 360. Counting sticks "for hand game. Wichita. Oklahoma 278 .3(51. Ccmnting sticks and beads for hand game. Wichita. Oklahoma. 278 362. Drum used in hand game. Wichita. Oklahoma 278 363. Drum used in hand game. Wichita. Oklahoma 279 3(>4. Bones for hand game. Wasco. Oregon 282 305. Bones for hand game, Wintun. California 283 366. Bones and counting sticks for hand game. Calapoo.va. Oregon. 284 367. Hand game, Kiowa, Oklahoma 285 368. Bones for hand game. Kuteuai. Idaho 286 369. Kutenai pla.ving hand game, Montana 286 370. Kutenai pla.ving hand game. Montana 287 371. Bones for hand game. Cliilkat. .\laska 288 372. Bones for hand game. Tllngit. Alaska 289 373. Bcmes for hand game. Pomo. California 289 374. Bones for hand game, Pomo, California 290 375. Bones for hand game, Pomo, California 290 376. Bones for hand game, Pomo, California 291 377. Bones for hand game. Klamath. Oregon 292 378. Counting sticks for hand game. Klamath. Oregon 292 379. Bones for hand game. Klamath, Oregon 292 380. Stones for hand game. Klamath. Oregon 293 381. Sticks for hand game. Modoc. Oregon 2!):! 14 ILLUSTKATIOKS Page Figure 382. Sticks and counters for hnml g.iuie. Yokuts. California 294 383. Bones for hand game, Topinagiigim. California 295 384. Bones for hand game, Topinagugim, California 295 385. Bones for hand game, Topinagugim. California 295 386. Sticks for peon. Papago. Arizona 295 387. Sticks for wabpetah. Pima. Arizona 296 388. Bones for hand game, Konkau, California 297 389. Bones for hand game, Maidu, California 297 390. Bones for hand game, Bellaeoola, British Columbia 299 391. Bones for hand game. Peuelakut. British Columbia , .301 392. Bones for hand game, Penelakiit. British Columbia 301 393. Bones for hand game, Penelakut, British Columbia 301 394. Bones for hand game, Puyallup. Washington 302 395. Bones for hand game, Thompson Indians, British Columbia 303 396. Knuckle-covering for hand-game players. Thomp.son Indians. British Columbia 303 397. Bones for hand game, Twana, Washington 304 398. Bones for hand game, Nez Perces. Idaho 305 399. Bones for hand game, Umatilla, Oregon 306 400. Counting sticks for band game, Umatilla, Oregon 306 401. Sticks for hand game. Achomawl, California .307 402. Bones for hand game, Bannock, Idaho .308 403. Counting sticks for hand game, Bannock, Idaho 308 404. Bones for hand game, Bannock and Sboshoni. Idaho 309 405. Bones and sticks for peon, Kawia, California 310 406. Sticks for band game. Mono, California .310 407. Beads and counters for hand game. Mono, California 310 408. Bones for hand game, Paiute, Nevada 311 409. Bones for hand game, Paiute, Utah 311 410. Paiute playing hand game, Utah 312 411. Bones and sticks for peon. Saboba, California 313 412. Bones for hand game, Sboshoni, Wyoming 313 413. Counting sticks for hand game, Sboshoni, Wyoming 314 414. Bones for band game. Uinta Ute. T'tab 315 41.5. Sticks for hand game. Yankton Dakota. Mont.ina 317 416. Counting sticks for hand game, Yankton Dakota, Montana 317 417. Bones for hand game. Haida. British Columbia 318 418. Bones for hand game, Clayoquot, British Columbia 319 419. Bones for hand game, Clayoquot. British Columbia 319 420. Bones for hand game, Clayoquot. British Columbia 319 421. Bones for hand game, Kwakiutl. British Columbia 319 422. Bones for hand game, Kwakiutl. British Columbia 319 423. Kwakiutl playing hand game. British Columbia 320 424'. Bones for hand game. Makah. Washington 322 425. Bones for hand game, Huchnom, California 323 426. Sticks and bones for peon. Dieguenos. California 324 427. Counting sticks for peon. Dieguenos, California 324 428. Bones for peon. Mission Indians, California .325 429. Bone for hand game. Mohave, Arizona 326 430. Sticks for peon. Mohave. Arizona 326 ' 431. Cloth-covered sticks for hand game. Mohave. Arizona 326 432. Sticks for peon. Yimia. California 327 433. Billets for game, cliff-dwelling. Arizona 328 ILLUSTRATIONS 15 1 'age FiuiRK 4:i4. Possible eonibinntious of large aud small sticks in the four- stick game, Klamatb. Oregon ''•'-). 435. Four-stick game, Klamath, Oregon X'50 436. Four-stick game. Klamath, Oregon 330 437. Counting sticks for four-stick game, Klamath, Oregon iWO 438. Basket for four-stick game, Klamath. Oregon 331 430. Four-stick game. Aehomawi, California 332 440. Four-stick game. Paiute, Nevada 333 441. Counting sticks for four-stick game, Paiute, Nevada .3.33 442, Four-stick game. Paiute, Ctah 3.34 443. Paiute playing four-stick game, Utah 334 444, Position of sticks in four-stick game, Washo, Nevada ,'135 445, Sacrificial tubes for biding game. Zuni. New Mexico .3.36 -146, Drab Flute altar. Hopi. Mishonguovi. Arizona Xiti 447. Blue Flute altar. Hopi, Misbougnovi, Arizona .337 448, Flute altar, Hopi. Sbumojiavi. Arizona 338 -149. Flute altar. Hojii. Sliip.iulovi. Arizona 339 4ii(l. Bullets for moccasin game. Chippewa. Minnesota 340 4.51. Counting sticks for moccasin game. Chippewa. Jlinnesota 340 452. Bullets for moccasin game, Chippewa, Minnesota 340 453. Chippewa playing moccasin game, Minnesota 341 454. Pads, counters, and striking stick for moccasin game. Chip- pewa. North Dakota 342 4.55. Counting sticks and pointer for moccasin game, Sauk and Foxes. Iowa 34.5 4.5(;. Ball, counting sticks, and striker for moccasin game, Navaho, Arizona .340 457, Counting sticks for moccasin game, Navaho, New Mexico 346 458, Tubes for hiding game. Keres, Acoma, New Mexico 351 459, Tubes for hiding game, Keres, Laguua, New Mexico 3,52 460, Counting sticks for hiding game, Keres, Laguna, New Mexico^ 352 461, Paper tubes for hiding game, Keres. Sia, New Mexico 353 462, Cane tulies for hiding game. Papago. Arizona 3.54 463, Cane tubes for biding game. Papago. Arizona ,3.54 4fi4. Cane tubes for hiding game. Papago. Arizona ,3,5.5 46.5. Papago playing biding game. .Vrizona 35.5 466. Cane tubes for hiding game. Pima, Arizona 356 467. Tubes for hiding game. Pima. Arizona 3.56 468. Chilacayote beans for hiding game, Zuaque, Sinaloa, Mexico.. _ 357 469. Wooden tubes for biding game. Hopi, .\rizona .357 470. Wooden tubes fur biding game. Hopi. Arizona 357 471. Wooden tubes for biding game. Hopi. .\rizona 358 472. Wooden tul)es for hiding game. Hopi, .Vrizona ,3.59 473. Wooden tulies for biding game. Hopi. Arizona .359 474. Wooden tubes for biding game. Hopi. Arizona 3.59 475. Wooden tubes for hiding game. Hopi. Arizona 3.59 476. Wooden tubes for hiding game, Hopi, Arizona ,360 477. Wooden tubes for hiding game, Hopi, Arizona 360 478. Wooden tubes and counting sticks for hiding game. Hopi. .\ri- zona '.'.lU) 479. Wooden tubes for hiding game. Hopi, Arizouii 361 480. Tubes for hiding game, Tewa. Hano. .\rizona 362 481. Plaza Cocotukwi at Siehomovi, Arizona .362 16 ILLUSTRATIONS Page Fig IRE 482. Plan of kiva hiding game. Ilopi. Arizona 363 483. Hiding liorn for moccasin game, Oglala Dalvota. South Daliota 304 484. Pointing sticlvs for moccasin game. Oglala DalvOta, South Dakota :i(!4 485. Counting sticks for moccasin ^ame, Oglala Dakota, South Dakota 3(H 481!. Wooden tvibes for hilling game. Tewa, Xaml)e. New Mexico 307 487. Wooden tulies for hiding g;niie,Te\va, Santa Clara, Xew Mexico, 36!) 488. Wooden tubes for hiding game, Tewa. Santa Clara, New Mexico. 369 489. Wooden tubes for hiding game, Tigua. Taos. Xew Mexico 369 490. Cane tubes for hiding game, Maricopa, Arizona 370 491. Hiding ball and counting sticks, Walapai, Arizona .371 492. Wooden tubes for liiding game, Zinli. Xew Mexico 372 493. Wooden tubes for hiding g.inie. Zuni, Xew Mexico 373 494. Stone ball for hiding game. Zuni. Xew Mexico 374 49.5. Counting straws for liiding game, Zuni. Xew Mexico 374 490. Plan of hiding game. Zuni. Xew Mexico 370 497. Sand mounds with hiding tubes. Zufii, New Mexico 380 498. Sand mound with hiding tubes. Zuni, New Mexico .380 499. Arrangement of tulies before playing biding game, Zuni, Xew Mexico 3S1 500. Stone disk used to determine fii-st play in hiding game. Zuni. New Mexico 382 501. Arrow target, Grosventres, Montana .384 502. AiTow target, Xavaho. Arizona 386 503. Game dart. Western Eskimo, Alaska 387 504. Arrow target. Crows. Montana .391 505. Crow Indian playing grass-target game. Montana .391 506. Toy bow and arrow. Oglala Dakota. South Dakot.i 392 507. Game of the arrow, Mandan. North Dakot.i .394 508. ilethod of holding arrows in playing sbowialtowe, Zuni, Xew Mexico 397 509. Plumed sticks used in playing lapochiwe. Zuni. New Mexico 397 510. Lapochiwe. Zuni, New Mexico 398 511. Target and bow and arrows, Zuni. Xew Mexico 399 512. Feathered bone slider. Cheyenne. Oklahoma 400 513. Snow-snake, Chijipewa, Minnesota , 402 514. Snow-snakes, ('hipi)ewa, Minnesota.- ,402 51.5. Snow-snakes. ('liii)i)ewa. Jlimiesota 402 510. Snow-snake. Cliippewa. Minnesot.-i 403 517. Snow-snake, Chippewa, Xorth Dakota 403 518, Snow-dart. Cree, Assiniboia 403 510. Snow-dart, Cree. Assiniboia 404 520. Snow-dart, Cree, A.ssiniboia 404 521. Menominee holding snow-snalce. Wisconsin 405 522. Snow-darts, Passamaquoddy, Maine 400 52.3. Snow-snakes. Penobscot. Maine 407 .524. Snow-snake. Sauk and Foxes. Iowa 407 525. Snow-snakes. Sauk and Foxes. Iowa -K)7 520. Snow-snakes. S.-nik and Foxes, Iowa 408 .527. Slinging darts and stick. Sauk and Foxes. Iowa 408 528. Game dart. Takulli. I'.ritisli Columliia 400 ILLUSTRATIONS 17 I'age FiGi-Ri:ri-_'!i. Snow-snake, Tiikulli. British Columbia 40!i 'i'M>. Snow-snake, Seneta. New York 41ii 531. Snow-boat, Seneca, New York 411 532. Feathered bone slider, Kiowa, Oklahoma 41.'! 533. Ground coasting arrows, Porno, California 413 534. Snow-snake, Y'okuts. California 414 535. Throwing- or whipping-sticks, Topinagugim. California 414 53(!. Game dart. Crows, Montana 415 .537. Feathered bone slider. Oglala Dakota, South Dakota 41." .538. Ho.vs' throwing arrow. Oglala Dakota. South Dalvota 41(1 530. Girls' throwing stick. Oglala Dakota, South Dakota 417 540. Snow-snakes, Teton Dakota, South Dakota 417 541. Feathered bone slider, Y'ankton Dakota, Montana 41.s 542. Feathered horn dart. Mandan, Xorth Dakota 419 543. Game dart, Oniaha. Nebraska 419 544. Fotter.v bowl with spider-web decoration, Hopi, Arizona 421! 54.">. Fotter.v bowl with spider-web decoration. Hopi. .Vrizona 42:'. 54t'>. Netted shield, bow. and arrows attached to plume offering. Zuni. New Mexico 424 547. I'lume offering, Znfii, New Mexitx) 424 548. Balio stand with netted shield, Hopi, Arizona 424 549. Sacrificial feather darts. Zuni. New Mexico 425 550. Netted hoops and feathered darts used b,v the Oaqiil nianas. Hojii, Arizona 42(1 551. Oaiiiil nianas throwing darts into netted hoops, Hopi. .Ari- zona 427 5.52. Marau arrows, Hopi, Arizona 42'> 553. Corncob feather dart, cliff-dwelling. Colorado _, 428 554. Feather dart, cliff-dwelling, Coh)rad(. 428 5.5.5. Y'ucca ball, cliff-dwelling, Colorado 428 5.5ti. Ci-adle charm, Hupa, California 428 557. Hair ornament ( netted lioop), Che.venne. Oklahoma 428 5.5S. Hair ornament I netted hoopl. Crows. Montana 429 .559. Protective amulet (netted hoop). Grosventres. Montana- 429 .5(ili. Protective anjulet (netted hoopl. Grosventres. Montana 4'29 .">tjl. Four-strand medicine cord. Chiricahua Apache. .Arizona 4."." 5G2. Three-strand medicine cord, Chiricahua Apache. .Vrizona 430 oH'A. Amulets of scented grass, Navaho. New Mexico 4.30 5(>4. Hair ornament. Oglala Dakota, South Dakota 431 .565. Hair ornament. Arapaho. Wyoming 431 .5l>(;. Hair ornament. Ar.ipaho. W.vonMUg 431 5i. .Vrizona 432 508. Deerskin phniie worn with head ring. Hu|)a. California 4.32 569. Flute priest's headdress. Hopi. Arizona 4.'>3 570. Conjurer's hiwp and sticks. Oglala Dakota. South Dakota 4:'.4 571. Gaming ring, Navaho, Arizona 4.''>(i 572. Stone medicine ring, Che.venne, Oklahoma 4.'!7 573. Gaming wheel and sticks, Dakota, South Dakota 4:'.7 574. Arapaho Sun Dance altar with wheel. Oklahoma 43s 57.5. Netted hoop. Arap.ibo. Wyoming 441 .576. Darts for netted lioo]). .Vnipaho. Wyoming 441 .577. Gaming ring. Blackfeet. Montana 441 24 ETii—05 M 2 18 ILLUSTEATIONS Page Figure 5TS. Netted hoop. Cheyenne nnil Ariiiialu). Okliiliouui 445 579. Netted lioop. Cheyenne. Ukhihouui 445 580. Netted hoop and dart. Chippewa. North Dakota 44. Counting end of pole for pole game. White Mountain Apache, Arizona 4.54 594. Hoop for jwle game. White Mountain Apache. Arizona 4.55 595. Counting points in pole game.White Mountain Apache. Arizona. 455 596. Hoop for pole game. White Mountain Apache, Arizona 4.5<1 597. Ring for pole game. Navaho. Arizona 458 598. Poles for pole game. Navaho. Arizona 4.58 599. Ends of lashing of \m\e for pole game, Navaho. Arizona 458 60(1. Hoop for game. TakuUi. British Columbia 460 601. Dart for ring game. Pawnee. Nebraska 464 602. Dart for boys" ring game. Pawnee. Nebraska 464 603i Netted hoop. Pawnee. Oklahoma 466 604. Netted hoop, Pawnee, Oklahoma 466 605. Netted hoop, Pawnee. Oklahoma 466 606. Game hoop. Pawnee. Oklahoma 467 607. Hoop and poles. Pawnee. Oklahoma ." 4ii7 608. Game hoop, I'awnee. Oklahoma 467 ti09. Game hooii. Pawnee. Oklahoma 467 610. Ring for buffalo game. Pawnee. Oklalioma 468 611. Poles for buffalo game. Pawnee. Oklahoma 468 612. Ring and pole, Pawnee, Oklahoma 469 61.3. Netted hoop and dart. Wichita. Oklahoma 470 614. Game hoop. Wichita, Oklahoma 470 615. Game ring. Wasco. Washington 472 616. Game of nuglutang. Central Eskimo. Franklin 473 617. Nett(>d hoop and darts. Western Eskimo, Alaska 474 61.S. Hooji and pole, Seneca, New York 476 619. (Janie hoop. Tuscarora, New York 477 620. Poles for hoop game. Tuscarora. New York 477 621. Game ring. Keres. New Mexico 478 622. Poles .for ring game, Keres, New Mexico 478 623. Game ring, Kiowa, Oklahoma 478 624. Hoop and dart, Pomo, California 479 62.5. Plan of field for hoop game, X'omo. California 479 626. Game ring. Klamath. Oreg(m 480 627. Boy's game ring. Klamath. Oregon 480 628. Rings, bow. and arrows for ring game. Klamath, Oregon 480 ILLUSTRATIONS 19 Page Figure 629. Game ring and awl. Klamath, Oregon 481 6.W. Game ring, Klamath. Oregon 481 031. King and itoles, Chukchansi, California 482 483 (>.32. Ring and arrow. Pitkachi. California U3:{. Ring and i)ole. Yoknts. California 483 t;34. Implements for lanoe-and-peg game, Yokuts. California 484 t>3,">. rian of field for hoop-and-lance game. Topinagugim. California. 484 1)30. Chnnk yard. Muskogee. (Jeorgia 488 037. Position of players in hoop-and-lance game, Xishinam, Cali- fornia '^^^ 6.38. Cedar-bark game rings, Bellacoola. British Colnmbia 489 639, Lava game rings. Bellacoola. British Columbia 490 6411. Beaded game ring and arrows. Pend d'Oreilles. Montana 490 641. Beaded game ring and spear. Thomp.son Indians. British Co- lumbia 492 642. Game dart, Thompson Indians, British Columbia 492 643. Game hoop, Umatilla, Oregon 493 644. Poles for hoop game, Umatilla, Oregon 493 645. Beaded game ring and darts, Umatilla. Oregon 494 640. Bark game disk, Achomawi. California 494 647. Bannock boy playing hoop and pole, Idaho 495 e^8. Corn-husk game ring, Hopi, Arizona 495 (•>49. Corncol) darts. Hopi. Arizona 495 650. Corn-busk game ring and corncob darts. Hopi. .\rizona 496 651. Corn-husk ring and corncob dart. Hopi. .\rizona 497 652. Lance-and-peg game. Mono, California.- 498 653. Netted game hoop and feathered darts. I'aiute. Utah 498 654. Game ring.and dart, Paiute, Nevada 499 655. Game ring. Shoshoni, Wyoming 499 656. Darts for ring game, Shoshoni, Wyoming 499 6.".7. Counting sticks for ring game, Shoshoni, AVyoming r,m 6.5S. Game arrow. Uinta Ute, Utah '>'•" 659. Darts for ring game, Uncompahgi-e Ute. Utah 501 660. Game ring. Ute 501 661. Netted game hoop. Crows. Montana 502 662. Darts for netted hoop. Crows, Montana 502 603. Beaded ring. Crows. Montana 502 664. Game hoop, Oglala Dakota, South Dakota 503 005. Marks on game hoop. Oglala Dakota. South Dakota 503 666. Darts for hoop game. Oglala I>akota. South Dakota 503 667. Ring for elk game. Oglala Dakota. South Dakota 505 6t)S. Darts for elk game. Oglala Dakota, South Dakota 505 669. Haka game, from American-Horse's Winter Count. 1770-80, Oglala Dakota •''*''>•' 671. Netted hooii. Oglala Dakota, South Dakota 506 672. Dart for netted hoop. Oglala Dakota. South Dakota 506 673. (Jame hoop. Yankton r>akfita. Montana 509 674. Darts for hoop game. Yankton Dakota. Montana 509 67,5. Chunkee stones. Eno(?). South Carolina 510 676. The game of tchung-kee. Mandan. North Dakota 512 677, Netted hoop and pole, Mandan, North Dakota 513 20 ILLUSTRATIONS Pa;;c Figure 678. Game ring and dart. Omaha. Nebraska 514 670. Ring-and-dart game, Omaha, Nebraska 515 680. Game ring and darts, Omaha. Nebraska 516 681. Game ring and darts. Tigua. Isleta, New Mexico 519 682. Game ring, Kwakiutl. British Columbia 520 683. Game ring. Kwakiutl. British Columbia 520 684. Dart for ring game, Kwakiutl. British Columbia 520 685. Stone game ring. Kwakiutl, British Columbia 521 686. Dart for spear-and-kelp game. Kwakiutl. British Columbia 521 687. Game riug. Makah. Washington .522 688. Game ring, Mohave, Arizona 523 689. Rings for ring and pole. Mohave, Arizona 524 690. Game riug. Walapai, Arizona 525 691. Game ring, Walapai, Arizona 525 692. Game ring and dart, Zuni, New Mexico 527 693. Yucca ball and corncob darts, Zuni. New Mexico 527 694. Stick and ring, Zuni, New Mexico 528 69.5. Chetguetat, Arapaho, Wyoming 529 696. Cheyenne woman playing nitonisdot. ()klahoma 531 697. NitonLsdot, Cheyenne, Oklahoma 532 698. Napawagan, Chippewa, Minnesota 533 699. Napawagan, Chippewa, Minnesota 533 700. Napaaganagi. Chippewa, North Dakota .534 701. Pepenggunegun, Chippewa, Ontario 534 702. Tapa whan, Cree, Saskatchewan 535 703. Cup and pin. Cree, Saskatchewan ". 535 704. Napahwhan, Cree, Assiniboia 536 70.5. Teheapi, Cree, Wyoming 536 706. Tsaitkusha. Grosventres, Montana 537 707. Phalangeal-bone game, Missisauga, Ontario 538 708. Cup-and-pin game. Montagnais, Quebec 538 709. Cup and pin. Nascapee, Labrador 539 710. T'wis. Passamaquoddy, Maine 540 711. Artoois. Penobscot. Maine 541 712. Ahduis. Penobscot, Maine 541 713. Nibiiiuaihaki. Sauk and Foxes. Iowa 542 714. Kiolkis. Hupa. California 543 715. Phalangeal-bone game, Kawcbodinne, Mackenzie 543 716. Eeagoo, Thlingehadinne, Mackenzie 544 717. Ivory carving representing head of fox. used in the game of a.iegaung. Central Eskimo, Franklin .545 718. Ivory carving representing polar bear, used in the game of ajegaung. Central Eskimo, Franklin 545 719. Ivory carving representing jiolar bear, used in the game of ajegaung. Central Eskimo, Franklin 546 720. Bone game. Central Eskimo, Keewatin 546- 72.1, Fish game. Central Eskimo, Keewatin 547 722. Bone game. Central Eskimo. Keewatin 547 723. Seal-bone game. Centr.il Eskimo, Keewatin 547 724. Skull used in the game of ajegaung. Labrador Eskimo. Ungava bay. Labrador 548 725. Bone game. Central Eskimo, Labrador 549 726. Ajagaq. Ita Eskimo, Greenland 549 ILLUSTRATIONS 21 Page Fk^irk 7li7. Ajagaq, Ita Eskimo, Greenland 54!> 728. Dittcega. Pomo, California 550' 72!l. Chelgwegoooot, Pima. Arizona 551 ~:U). Ball-;nul-i)in game. Thompson Indians, British Columbia 552 7S1. Pactslewitas. I'matilla. Oregon 5.53 7."j2, Sahnon-liono gan)e. Shasta, California 553 733. Nadi'ilu'tin. Paiute, Nevada 554 734. Sljull and pin and bone and pin. P.iinte. I'tah 554 735. Keed and pin, Ut*^ Utah 554 7.36. Bone and pin, Ute, Utah 555 737. Taseha, Assiniboin, llontana 555 738. Cup and pin, Brule Dakota, South Dakota 55& 7.39. Ttisiha, Oglala Dakota. South Dakota 556 740. Hokiuaxoxokke. \Vinnel)ago. Wisconsin 557 741. Xgoila nabapi, Tewa. llano. Arizona 558 742. Seal-lionc game. Clayociuot. British Columbia 558 743. .Seal lione for divining. Kwakiutl. British Columbia 559 744. I'umpkin-rind game. Mohave. Arizona 560- 745. Ring game. Zuui, Xew Mexico 560' 746. Ring game. Zuiii. Xew Mexico 561 747. Ring game. Zuiii. Xew Mexico 561 748. Miniature racket. Jlissisauga. Ontario 562' 74!1. Racket, Chippewa. Minnesota 565 750. Racket, Chippewa, Wisconsin 565 751. Ball and racket. Chippewa, Ontario 567 752. Racket, Menominee. Wisconsin 568 75.3. Ball. Passamaquoddy, Maine 570 754. Racket. Passamaquoddy, Maine 571 755. Ball, Penobscot. Maine 572 7.56. Racket, Sauk and Foxes, Iowa 572' 757. Ball. Sauk and Foxes, Iowa 572: 7.58. Message sticks for ball game. Sauk and Foxes, Iowa .572 7.50. Racket. Sauk and Foxes. Iowa 573 700. Racket. Sauk and Foxes, Oklahoma 573 761. Racket, Mohawk, Ontario 590 762. Ball. Mohawk. Ontario _ 590 763. Ball. St Regis. Xew York 592 764. Racket. Seneca. Xew York 594 765. Ball and racket, Pomo, California .595 76li. Ball and racket. Pomo. California 595 767. Ball and racket. Yoknts. California .596 768. Ball liaskets, Miwok. California .596 769. Ball and ball-casting basket. Topinagugim, California 597 770. Choctaw ball player, Indian Territory 600 771. Rackets, Choctaw, Indian Territory 602 772. Horse tail worn in ball game. Choctaw. Indian Territory CO'i^ 77.3. Racket. Choctaw. Louisiana 604 774. Rackets, negroes. Xew Orleans 60.5 77.5. Rackets. Muskogee. Indian Territory 60© 776. Ball. Seminole. Florida 608 777. Rackets. Seminole. Florida 60S 778. Racket, Seminole, Indian Territory 60S 779. Ball racket, Xishinam, California 60& 22 ILLUSTKATIOXS Page Figube780. Ball sticks. Thompson Indians. British Columbia OOd 781. Stick for ijroteeting ball. Thompson Indians, British Colum- bia 610 782. Balls and catching hoops. Tliomp.son Indians. British Colum- bia 611 78S. Santee Dakota ball-pla.v on the ice. Minnosota 6lS 784. Santee Dakota ball-pla.v on the prairie. Minnesota C14 785. Ball and racket, Oto. Oklahoma 615 786. Ball. Winnebago. Wisconsin 616 787. Racket, Winnebago, Wisconsin 616 788. Shinn.v ball and stick. Arapaho, Oklahoma 617 789. Shinny ball. Arapaho, W.voming 618 790. Shinny ball, Araiiaho, W.voming 618 791. Shinny stick, Arapaho. Wyoming 618 792. Shinny ball. Arapaho. Wyoming 618 793. Shinny ball. Cheyenne. Oklahoma 619 794. Shiiuiy ball, Cheyenne. Oklahoma 620 795. Shinny stick, Che.venne. Oklahoma 620 796. Shinny ball and stick. Cheyenne, Montana 621 797. Shinny ball and stick. Cheyenne. Montana 621 798. Shinny ball and stick. Chippewa, North Dakota 621 799. Shinny ball and stick, Grosventres, Montana 621 800. Ball and stick for ice hockey. Sauk and Foxes. Iowa 623 801. Shinny ball. Xavaho. New Mexico 623 802. Shinny stick. Navaho, Arizona 623 803. Plan of shinny ball field. Xavaho. Arizona 624 804. Shinny ball. Pawnee, Oklahoma 625 805. Shinny sticks. Pawnee, Oklahoma 625 806. Goal sticks and pole for shinny. Pawnee. Oklahoma 625 807. Shinny ball and stick, Wichita, Oklahoma 626 808. Shinny ball. Kiowa. Oklahoma 630 809. Shimiy stick. Kiowa. Oklahoma 630 810. Shinny ball. Kiowa. Oklahoma 630 811. Shinny ball and stick. Yokuts. California 630 812. Ball course. Wasama. California 631 813. Shinny ball and stick. Zuaque, Souora, Mexico 632 814. Shinny stick, Pend d'Orei lies, Montana 632 815. Shinny ball, rmatilla, Oregon 633 816. Shinny stick. I'matilla. Oregon 633 817. Shinny ball and stick. Achomavs-i. California 633 818. Shinny ball. Hopi. Arizona 634 819. Shinny ball. Hopi. Arizona 634 820. Shinny ball. Hopi. Arizona 634 821. Shinny stick. Hopi, Arizon;i C.34 822. Shinny ball and stick. Mono, California 635 823. Shinny ball and stick. Mono. California 635 824. Shinny ball. Shoshoni. W.voming 636 825. Shinny stick. Shoshoni. W.voming 636 826. Shinny ball. Uinta Ute. Utah 636 827. Shinny stick. T'inta Ute. Utah - 636 828. Shinny ball and stick. Oglala Dakota. South Dakota 638 829. Stick for wood shinny. Oglala Dakota, South Dakota 638 830. Shinny stick. Teton Dakota. South Dakota 639 ILLUSTRATIONS 23 Page Figure 831. Shinny stick. Yankton Kakota. Montana lUl 832. Shinny linll. (Iniaha. Xoliraska '>41 833. Shinny stifk, Omaha, Nebraska 0-U 834. Plan of shinny ball ground. Omaha. Nebraska 0412 835. Shinny ball and stiek, Osage. Oklahoma 4:! 837. Shinny sticks. Tewa. Tesuque. New Mexico t)43 838. Shinny ball. Makah. Washington G44 839. Shinny sticks. Makah. Washington f!44 840. Shinny liall and stick. Mission Indians. California (144 841. Shinny ball and stick. Moliave. Arizona 64.5 842. Shinny ball. Mohave. Arizona 64.5 843. Shinny ball and stick. Walapai. Arizona 64." 844. Shinny ball and stick. Yuma. California 646 845. Shinny ball and stick. Zuni. New Me.\ico f>47 846. Shinny ball. Zuni, New Mexico 647 847. Yoke-shaped billet, cliff-dwelling. Colorado 648 848. Annulet babo. used in Flute ceremony. Hopi, Arizona 640 849. Cylinder tossed in IMute ceremony. Hopi. Arizona 649 850. Doul)le balls, Cheyenne, Oklahoma 6.50 851. Double billets. Chippewa. Minnesota tioO 852. Double billets. Chipiiewa. Minnesota '>50 853. Double ball and stick, Chippewa, Ontario 631 854. Double ball and stick. Chippewa. North Dakota 631 855. Double ball. Cree. Assiniboia 6.32 856. Double l)all. Cree. Wyoming 632 857. Sticks for double ball. Cree, Wyoming 652 858. Doul)le ball and stick. Cree. Alberta 653 859. Doulileball. Menominee. Wisconsin 653 860. Double ball, Sauk and Foxes, Iowa 634 861. Double ball. Sauk and Foxes, Iowa 653 862. Sticks for double ball, Sauk and Foxes, Iowa 653 86.3. Double billets, Ilupa. California 6,36 864. Sticks for double-billet game, Ilupa, California 6.36 863. Doulile ball and stick. I'awnee. Oklahoma 657 866. Doul)le liall and stick. Wichita. Oklahoma 6.38 867. Donlile billets and sticks. Klamath. Oregon 6.39 868. Doulileball and stick. Fap^'igo. Arizona 66(1 869. Double billets and stick. I'apago. Arizona 6(i(i 870. Double ball. Pima, Arizona 66(1 871. Double billets, Tepehuan. Chihuahua. Mexico 661 872. Implement for tossing game, Kaoni. California (!61 873. Stick for double ball. Achomawi. ("alifornia ('>61 874. Double billets and stick. Shasta. California (!62 875. Doulileball .-ind stick, raiute. Nevada 662 876. Double b.-Ul. Sboshoni. Wyoming 663 877. Stick for double l>all. Sboshoni, W.voming 663 878. Double ball. Uinta Ute, Utah (Mi:! 879. Santee Dakota women playing double ball, Wiscon,sin 6(j4 880. Double billets. Yurok. California 063 881. Stick for double billets. Yurok. California 663 882. Double ball, M;iricopa. Arizona (i63 883. Set of sacrificial wooden cylinders, llojii. .\rizona 666 24 ILLUSTRATIONS Page Figure 881. Kicking billets, clifE-dwelling. Coloratlo 667 885. Kicking billets, cliff-dwelling, Colorado 667 .886. Clown kicking billet. Mexico 667 887. Kicking billets. Keres. Aconia. New Mexico 668 888. Kicking billets. Keres. Cochiti. New Mexico (i69 .889. Kicking billets. Keres. Lagnna. New Mexico 669 .890. I'ajiago kicking-ball players. Arizona 671 891. Papago kicking-ball pla.ver, Arizona 673 892. Papago kicking-ball race—the start—Arizona 674 89.S. Papago kicking-ball race. Arizona - 674 894. Stone kicking balls, Pima, Arizona H7'> 89.5. Wooden kicking ball, Pima. Arizona 67-5 .896. Tossing balls for women's race, Tarahiimare. Chiluiabua, Mexico 677 897. Tossing sticks for women's ball race, Tarahumare, Cbibua- hua, Mexico 677 898. Tossing rings for w."? 1037. Cat's cradle, many (grouii of) stars. Xavaho. Arizona 7G3 1038. Cat's cradle, twin stars. Xavabo. .Vrizona 7G3 1039. Cat's cradle. Iiorned st;iis, Xavabo. Arizona 763 1040. Cat's cradle. Pleiades. Xavabo. Arizona 764 1041. Cat's cradle, coyotes running apart, Navaho. Arizona 764 1042. Cat's cradle, owl, Xavabo, Arizona 764 1043. Cat's cradle, snake, Xavabo. Arizona 765 1044. Cat's cradle, lizard. Xavabo. Arizona 765 104.5. Cat'.s cradle, iwncbo. Xavabo, Arizona 765 1046. Cat's cradle, bogban. Xavabo. Arizona 766 1047. Cat's cradle, packing (carrying) wood. Xavabo. Arizona 766 1048. Cat's cradle, carrying wood. Xavabo. Xew Mexi<-o 767 1049. Cat's cradle—deer. bare, bills, and jionds—Central Eskimo. Franklin 768 1050. Cat's cradle, wolf, ussuqd.i'ung. Central Eskimo. Franklin 769 1051. Cat's cradle—fox, raven, polar bear—Ita Eskimo. Greenland- 760 1052. Cat's cradle—narwhal, hare, walrus bead— Ita Eskimo. Greenland 770 1053. Cat's cradle, chicken foot, Keres. Cochiti, Xew Mexico 770 1054. Cat's cradle, buttertly. Keres. Cochiti, Xew Mexico 771 1055. Cat's cradle. Keres. Cochiti. Xew Mexico 771 1056. Cat's cradle, bat, Keres. Cochiti, New Mexico 771 1057. Cat's cradle, humming bird. Pomo. California 772 1058. Cat's cradle, chicken foot. Ma.va, Yucatan 772 1059. Cat's cradle, sawing wood. Maya. Yucatan 773 1060. Cat's cradle—dressing a skin, pitching a tent—Tbomp.son In- dians. British Columbia 774 1061. Cat's cradle. Tigua. Isleta. New Mexico 774 1062. Cat's cradle, star. Tigua. Isleta. Xew Mexico 775 1063. Cat's cradle. Tigua. Isleta, New Mexico 775 1064. Cat's cradle, lightning. Tigua, Isleta, Xew Mexico 775 1065. Cat's cradle, mealing stone. Maricopa, Arizona 776 1066. Cat's cradle, turtle. Maricopa. Arizona 776 1067. Cat's cradle, netted shield, Zuiii, New Mexico 777 1068. Cat's cradle, netted shield, Zuiii. New Mexico 777 1069. Cat's cradle, lightning. Zuni. Xew Mexico 777 1070. Cat's cradle, brnsb house. Zuni. Xew Mexico 778 1071. Cat's cradle, brush bouse. Zuni. Xew Mexico 778 1072. Cat's cradle, top crossbeam of ladder, Zuiii, Xew Mexico 778 107.3. Cat's cradle, sling, Zuni, Xew Mexico 779 1074. Implements for ta'ko. Takulli. British Columbia 782 1075. 8aketan, or roulette, Central Eskimo, Franklin 783 1076. Whalebone hoops. Central Eskimo. Keewatin 783 .1077. <;ame of .sealing. Central Eskimo. Keewatin 784 1078. Stick for wak i)cl pul. Maya, Yucatan 784 1079. Slats for k'lcmgua. Kwakintl. British Columbia 785 IftSO. Sticks for niena. Kwakintl. British ('ol\unliia_ 7S5 1081. Stick-droiiping game. KwakiutI, British Columl)ia 786 1082. Ring game. Znfii, New Mexico 787 1083. Implements for "horns kill." Zuiii. New Mexico 787 1084. Ball field. Navaho. Arizona 790 1085. Ball. Thompson Indians. British Cohunbia 790 28 ILLUSTRATIONS Page Figure loSti. Bat. Thompson Imiians, British Columbia 790 1087. Board game anil men, Cree and Chippewa, Assiniboia 792 1088. Board game. Keres, Aeoma, New Mexico 792 1089. Chessmen, Yalcutat. Alaska 793 1090. Stone game board and men. I'okuts, California 794 1091. Game of coyote and chickens, Papago, Arizona 794 1002. Star game. Papago. Arizona 794 109.3. Stone game board, Hopi. Arizona 794 1094. Arrangement of men in game of tuknanavuhpi. Hppi. .Ari- zona 795 1095. Game of totolospi, Hopi, Arizona 795 1090. Game board and men, Mono, California 796 1097. Stone game board for totolospi. Tewa. Hano. Arizona 796 1098. Arrangement of men in totolospi, Tewa, Hano, Arizona 797 1099. Game of picaria, Tigua. Isleta, New Mexico 797 1100. Game of picaria. Tigua. Isleta, New Mexico 797 1101. Game of pitarilla, Tewa. Santa Clara. New Mexico 798 1102. Game of pitarilla. Tewa. Santa Clara. New .Mexico 798 1103. Game of .lack rabbit. Tewa. Santa Clara, New Mexico 798 1104. Star game, Tewa, Santa Clara. New Mexico 798 1105. Game of Indian and jack rabbits. Tigua. Taos. New Mexico.. 798 1106. Game of stone warriors, Zufii. New Mexico 799 1107. Pottery men for game of stone warriors. Zufii. New Mexico.- 800 1108. Stone game board. Zuni. New Mexico 800 1100. Stone game board. Zuni. New Mexico 800 1110. Stone game lioard. Zuni. New Mexico 801 1111. Kolowis awithlaknannai, Zuni. New Mexico 801 1112. .Vwithlakuan uiosona. Zuni, New Mexico SOI GAMES OF THE NORTH A:srEKTrAN INDIANS Bv Si-KWAiri' t'lLiN PREFACE In the-spring of iNiU the \\ liter was invited by Prof. F. W. Putnam to prepare and take charge of an exhibit illustrative of the games of the world, at the Columbian Exposition at Chicago. During the course of the exposition his attention was directed by Mr Frank Hamilton Cushing to the remarkable analogies existing between the oriental and modern European games in the collection and those of the American Indians. A joint work in which Mr Cushing should discuss the American games and the writer those of the Old World was then projected. Mr Cushing's ill health delayed and finally prevented his proposed collaboration. Deej^Iy impressed with the importance of the subject, the present author took up the systematic study of American games, constantly aided by Mr Cushing's advice and suggestions. In 1895. at the request of Dr G. Brown Goode, Assistant Secretary of the Smithsonian Institution, in charge of the United States National Museum, he prepared a collection of games for the exhibit of the National Museum at the International and Cotton States Exposition at Atlanta, Ga. A catalogue of this col- lection, including a comparative stutly of the Indian stick-dice games, which is incorporated in the present voliuue, was published in the report of the United States National Museum for 1896. Stimu- lated by this work, increased attention was paid to Indian games by collectors and students in the field. Dr George A. Dorsey. curator of anthropology in the Field Columbian Museinn, undertook the systematic collection of specimens of gaming implements of all the existing tribes. To his efforts and those of his assistants. Rev. H. R. Voth. Dr J. AV. Hudson, Dr C. F. Newcombe, Mr S. C. Siniins. and Mr Charles L. Owen, is chiefly due the great wealth of material on which the writer has been enabled to draw in the preparation of his work. Doctor Dorsey not only encouraged the widest use of the collections in the Field Columbian Museinn. but made many special 29 3U GAMES OF THE NORTH AMERICAN INDIANS [eth. ANN. 24 inquiries of the Indians, and freely placed the field notes and manu- scripts which he himself had intended for publication, in the hands of the writer. A trip through the Indian reservations made with Doctor Dorsey in the summer of IDOO I'esulted in the collection of much new material, and subsequent trips made by the writer alone in 1901, 1902, 1903, 1904, and 1905 yielded satisfactory results. In 1898. on the invitation of Dr W J McGee, of the Bureau of American Ethnology, the writer arranged with the Bureau for the publication of the j)resent volume. It contains a classified and illus- trated list of practically all the American Indian gaming imple- ments in American and European museums, together with a more or less exhaustive summary of the entire literature of the subject. The collection has been confined to games in which implements are emj^loyed. and the argument rests directly on the testimony afforded by them. Indian children have many amusements which they play without implements, such as tag. etc.. corresponding to those of civi- lization, but these belong to a different category from those herein described, and their exclusion does not affect the questions under dis- cussion. Since the relation and. in no small degree, the significance of the games become through comparison self-evident, the writer has retained the catalogue form for his work, prefacing the whole with a general dissertation and each of the several divisions into which the games naturally fall, with a short introduction. In conclusion, the writer desires to express his obligations to Amer- ican and foreign students and collectors, who have genei'ously placed at his disposal material which they have zealously collected. His thanks are due also to the Chief of the Bureau of American Eth- nology and the curators of the United States National Museum, who have in ever}' way aided and facilitated his work. ; INTRODUCTION The games of the American Indians may be divided into two gen- eral classes: I, games of chance; II. games of dexterity. Games of pure skill and calcnlation. such as chess, are entirely absent. Tiie Indian games of chance fall into two categories: 1, games in which implements of the nature of dice are thrown at random to determine a number or numbers, and the sum of the counts is kept by means of sticks, jjebbles, etc., or upon an abacus, or counting board, or circuit 2, games in which one or more of the players guess in which of two or more places an odd or particularly marked lot is concealed, success or failure resulting in the gain or loss of counters. The games of dexterity may be enumerated as: 1, archery in various modifications; 2, a game of sliding javelins or darts upon the hard gi'ound or ice; 3, a game of shooting at a moving target consisting of a netted wheel or a ring; 4, the game of ball in several highly specialized forms; Tt. the racing games, more or less related to and comjilicated with the ball games. In addition, there is a subclass related to the games of shooting at a moving target, of which it is a miniature and solitaire form, corresponding to the European game of cup and ball. Games of all the classes designated are found among all the Indian tribes of North America and constitute the games par excellence of the Indians. Children have a variety of other amusements, such as top spinning, mimic fights, and similar imitative sports, but the games 'first described are played only by men and women, or youths and maidens, not by children, and usually at fixed seasons as the accompaniment of certain festivals or religious rites. I There is a well-marked affinity and relationship existing' between the manifestations of the same game, even among the most widely separated tribes. The variations are more in the materials employed, due to environment, than in the object or method of play. Precisely the same games are played by tribes behiuging to unrelated linguistic stocks, and in general the variations do not follow differences in language. At the same time, there appears to be a progressive change from what seems to be the oldest forms of existing games from a center in the southwestern United States, along lines north, north- east, and east. Similar changes probably occui-red along lines radi- ating from the same center southward into Mexico, but in tiie absence of sufficient data this conclusion can not be verified. 31 32 GAMES OF THE NORTH AMERICAN INDIANS [kth. ann. 24 There is no evidence that any of the games described were imported into America at any time either before or after the Conquest. On the other hand, the}' appear to be the direct and natural outgrowth of aboriginal institutions in America. They show no modifications due to white influence other than the decay which characterizes all Indian institutions under existing conditions. It is probable, however, that the wide dissemination of certain games—for example, the hand game—is of comparatively recent date, due to wider and less restricted intercourse through the abolition of tribal wars. Playing cards and, probably, the simple board game called by the English nine men's morris are among the few games borrowed by the Indians from the whites. On the other hand, we have taken their lacrosse in the north and racket in the south, and the Mexicans on the Rio (xrande play all the old Indian games under Spanish names. My first conclusions as to the interrelation and common origin of Indian games were based upon a comparative study of the stick-dice game, published in the report of the United States National Museum for 1896. « I was then, in default of other data, inclined to view the question from its objective side and to explain the manifold inter- relationships of the dice games as due chiefly to the progressive modi- fications of the implements employed. This explanation, however, failed to account for the manifest relations which I afterward dis- covered between the dice game and most of the other games, as well as those which exist between the gaming implements and many cere- monial appliances, and I was led to the conclusion that behind both ceremonies and games there existed some widespread myth from which both derived their impulse. References to games are of connnon occurrence in the origin myths of various tribes. They usually consist of a description of a series of contests in which the demiurge, the first man, the culture hero, overcomes some opponent, a foe of the human race, l)y exercise of superior cunning, skill, or magic. Comparison of these myths not only reveal their practical unity, but disclose the primal gamblers as those curious children, the divine Twins, the miraculous ofl'spring of the Sun, who are the principal personages in many Indian mytholo- gies. They live in the east and in the west; they rule night and day, winter and summer. They are the morning and evening stars. Their virgin mother, who appears also as their sister and their wife, is constantly spoken of as their grandmother, and is the Moon or the Earth, the Spider Woman, the embodiment of the feminine principle in nature. Always contending, they are the original patrons of play, and their games are the games now played by men. I shall reserve for another work the task of attempting to untwine the "^ Chess and I'layius Cards. BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY TWENTY-FOURTH ANNUAL REPORT PL. II ALTAR OF WAR GOD; ZUNl INDIANS, ZUNI, N. MEX.; FROM PHOTOGRAPH OF REPRODUCTION IN THE UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM » — CULIN] INTRODUCTION .'53 tangled web in which the myth of the Twins is interwoven. Tiiese tales are involved with those of two other similar cosmical person- ages, who occupy places midway between them. We find the follow- ing description of the Twins in their relation to games in Mr Cush- ing's account of the Zuiii War Gods: Lo ! iind of Chance and Fate were they the masters of foredeemiug. for they carried the word-painted arrows of destiny (shOliweatsinapa I. lilve the regions of men. four in uuiaher. And they carried the shuttlecoelvs of divination (bSpochiwe). like tlie regions of men, four in number. And they carried the tubes of Iiidden things (lyankolotomawe), like tlie regions of men, four in num- ber, and the revealing balls thereof (fyaukolote tsemak'ya moliwe), like the regions of men. four in numlier. Yea. and tliey bore, with these, other things the feather bow and plume arrow of far-finding, tipped with the shell of heart- searching; and the race sticks of swift journeys and way-winning ( nioti- kwawe). two of them, tlie right and the left, the pursuer and the jau'sued of men in contention. All these things wherewith to divine men's chance, and play games of hazard, wagering the fate of whole nations in mere pastime, had they with them. The significant emblems of the Twins are their weapons. These consist of a throwing-clul) made of heavy wood, their bows and cane arrows, the bows interchangcal)le with a lance, and a netted shield. These objects are distinguished one from the other by their markings, which again are commonly fourfold, one pair referring to one of the Twins, and one to the other. In tiiis fourfold division we find included those other interrelated twins of whom mention has been made. Gaming implements are almost exclusively derived from these symbolic weapons. For example, the stick dice are either arrow shafts or miniature hows, and a similar origin may be asserted for the implements used in the hand game and in the four-stick game. Counting sticks in general and sticks for the stick game are arrow.s. The engraved and painted tubes used in the guessing game are arrow shaftments. In the games of dexterity we find again bows and arrows and the netted shield with bows. Snow-snakes are either the club, tlie ]w)ws. or arrows. Ball seems to be less sure, liut the racket may l)e referred to the net shield. The painted sticks of the kicked- billet race are miniature bows. The opposing players are frequently the representatives of the two War Gods. We find gaming imple- ments, as things pleasing to the gods, among the objects sacrificed uj)on the altar of the Twins in Zuni. This is well illustrated in the model of tlie shrine of the War God arranged for exhibition by Mrs Matilda Coxe Stevenson in the United States National Museum (plate ii).'' " Outlines of Zuui Creation Mytlis. Thirteenth Annual Report of the Bureau of Eth- nology, |i. 42?,. 1M(6. ^ The following is a descriptive label of the altar of the War f5od in the Museum, fur- nished ti\ .Mrs Stevenson : Idol and paraphernalia of the Zuui war ;;<»d .\liaiyuta. em- ployed in the worship of the deity and forming a petition for rain. The plumes surrouud- 24 ETH—0."> M .3 34 GAMES OF THE NORTH AMERICAN INDIANS [eth. anx. 24 The games on the altar are as follows: Set of four cane dice (fig- ure 284) ; set of four long cane dice (figure 2) ; set of four wooden cylinders for hidden-ball game (figure 493) ; two corncob feather darts with ball made of yucca leaves (figure 549) ; sticks for kicked-liillet game (figure 913). From the account of the altars of the twin AVar Gods among the Hopi given by Doctor Fewkes," it would appear that the games are absent, but we find them upon the altars in the Flute ceremony. For example, on the altar of the Drab Flute (Macileiiya) from Orail/i, as reconstructed in the Field Columbian Museum at Chicago, four little flowerlike cups, yellow, green, red, and white, rest upon the floor at the l)ase of the effigy. Between them are two wooden cylinders, painted black, corresponding to the kicked sticks of the Zm'ii race game. A corn-husk ring, tied to a long stick, precisely like one used in certain forms of the ring-and-dart game, stands on each side of the principal figure." In addition, stuck on sand mounds at the right and left, are artifi- cial trees or plants covered with flowers. These flowers are wooden gaming cups, 16 in number—1 white, 4 green. 4 red, and 4 j'ellow. The four cups are seen again, surmounted with birds, resting upon cloud symbols on the Hopi Oaqol altar (figure 1). In general, games appear to be played ceremonially, as pleasing to the gods, with the object of securing fertility, causing rain, giving and prolonging life, expelling demons, or curing sickness. My former conclusion as to the divinatory origin of games, so far as America is concerned, was based upon Mr Cushing's suggestion that ing the image and the objects before it are otEerings from the Bow, or War, society and certain members of the Deer clan. They are displayed as they appear in the liouse of the director of the Bow society, where they are set up previous to being deposited at the shrine of Aliaiyuta on Uliana Yaalliine, Wool monntaln, southwest of the pueblo of Zuni. 1. Carved figure of Ahaiyuta, a very old original, collected by Col. James Stevenson, redecorated. il. Shield of Ahaiyuta ; hoop and network of cotton. 2. Symbolic feather bow and arrow. 3. S. Ceremonial staffs. 4. Symbolic war club. 5. Ceremonial tablet, with symbol of crescent moon, sun, morning star, lightning, and house of Ahaiyuta. 6. 7, 8, 0, 10. Games supposed to have originated witli the gods of war, and made by the Deer clan. ^ 11. Plumes of offerings made by two members of the Bow society. 12. Foxir plume offerings of a member of the r>eer clan. 13. Sacred meal bowl containing prayer meal. 14. Ked bread, food offering to the god of war. l."i. Turquoise and shell-bead offerings in corn husks. IG. Feathered staff, offering to the god of war by the Bow society. Included in this case, but presented at a different ceremonial. 17. Oraibi basket for holding the prayer plumes afterward deposited in connection with the ceremony. 18. Old handled vase and medicine plume box, personal property of the director of the Bow society. " Minor Ilopi Festivals, .\merican Anthropologist, n. s., v. 4, p. 487. 1002. * It is carried by two girls in the public ceremony on the ninth day, the ring being tossed with the stick. CULIN] I^•TK(lUU(TI()^' 35 the gaming implonionts which are sacrificed upon the Zuiii altar wen* symbols of the divination with which the ceremonies were originally connected. From that point of view the divination might be regarded as an experiment in which the dramatization of war, the chase, agri- culture, (he magical rites that secured success over the enemy, the re- production of animals and the fertilization of corn, is performed in Pk;. 1. ( );n[(Jl liltnr. H"i.i ludians. Oraibi, Ainzona; (nun model in the Fielil (^ohmibian Museum. order to discover the prol^ahle outcome of human effort, rejiresenting a desire to secure th(> guidance of the natural powers by which hunnuiity was assumed to be dominated. As opposed to this view, it should be said that I have no direct evidence of the employment of games in divination by the Indians apart from that afforded by Mr Cushing"s assertion in regard to the Zuni sholiwe. This game is ceremonially played to-day to scenic rain. ye GAMES OF THE NORTH AMERICAN INDIANS [eth. ann. L>4 CULIN] TABULAR INDEX 37 Minor amusements 38 GAMES OF THE NORTH AMERICAN INDIANS [eth. ann. 24 CDLISl TABULAR INDEX 39 Minor amusements 40 GAMES OF THE NORTH AMERICAN INDIANS [eth.ann. 24 CLLIX] TABULAR INDEX 41 Minor amusements 42. GAMES OF THE NORTH AMERICAN INDIANS [ETH. ANN. 24 CCLIN] TABULAR INDEX 43 Minor amusements : — GAMES OF CHANCE The ultimate object of all Indian games of chance is to determine a number or series of numbers, gain or loss depending upon the priority in which the players arrive at a definitive goal. The Indian chance games, as before mentioned, may be divided into dice games and guessing games—that is, into those in which the hazard depends upon the random fall of certain implements employed like dice, and those in which it depends upon the guess or choice of the player ; one is objective, the other subjective. In general, the dice games are played in silence, while the guessing games are accompanied by singing and drumming, once doubtless incantations to secure the aid and favor of the divinity who presides over the game. The guessing games consist of four kinds I. Those in which a bundle of sticks, originally shaftments of arrows, are divided in the hands, the object being for the opponent to guess in which hand the odd stick or a particularly marked stick is held ; these for convenience I have designated stick games. II. Those in which two or four sticks, one or two marked, are held in the hands, the object being to guess which hand holds tlie un- marked stick; for these the common name of hand game has been retained. III. Those in which four sticks, marked in pairs, are hidden together, the object being to guess their relative position: these I have designated four-stick games. IV. Those in which some small object—a stone, stick, or bullet is hidden in one of four wooden tubes, in one of four moccasins, or in the earth, the object being to guess where it is hidden; for these I have accepted Sir Cushing's designation of the hidden-ball game, and for a particular form of the game, the common descriptive name of the moccasin game. DICE GAMES Under this caption are included all games in which number is determined by throwing, at random, objects which, for convenience, may be termed dice. A game or games of this type are here described 44 CCLIN] DICE GAMES 45 as existing among 180 tribes belonging to 30 linguistic stocks, and from no one tribe does it appear to have been absent. The essential implements consist, first, of the dice, and, second, of the instruments for keeping count. The dice, with minor excep- tions, have two faces, distinguished by colors or markings, and are of a great variety of materials—split canes, wooden staves or blocks, bone staves, beaver and woodchuck teeth, walnut shells, peach and plum stones, grains of corn, and bone, shell, brass, and jjottery disks. They are either thrown by hand or tossed in a bowl or basket, this difference giving rise to the two principal types of the game. Botli are frequently found among the same tribe, and the evidence goes to show that the basket-dice game, \\hich is most commonly played by women, is a derivative from the game in whicli the dice are thrown by hand. In the latter the dice are cast in a variety of ways—tossed in the air against a hide or blanket, struck ends down upon a stone or a hide disk, struck ends down upon a stone held in the hand, or allowed to fall freely upon the earth or upon a hide or blanket. There are many variations in the method of counting, but they can all be divided into two general classes—those in whicli the score is kept with sticks or counters, which pass from hand to hand, and those in which it is kept upon a counting board or abacus. In tlie first the counters are usually in multiples of ten. infrequently of twelve, and vary from ten up to one hundred and twenty. They com- monly consist of sticks or twigs, and. from the fact that arrows are employed by some tribes and that many others use sticks bearing marks that may be referred to those on arrow shaftments, they may be regarded as having been derived from arrows, for which the game may have originally been played. The game terminates when one of the opposing sides wins all the counters. The counting board or abacus consists either of stones placed in a square or circle upon the ground, of a row of small sticks or pegs, or of an inscribed cloth, hide, stone, or board. It is almost invariably arrangetl in four di\i- sions, consisting of ten places each, the number of counts in the cir- cuit varying from forty to one hundred and sixty. In connection with the counting board, men, or pieces, frequently known as " horses," are used to indicate the positions of the several players. It is an invarial)le rule that when a man. or piece, falls upon a place occupied by a nuui of an opponent, the latter piece is said to be killed, and is sent back to its starting place. The number of players varies from two. one on each side, up to an indefinite number, depending upon those who desire to take part. Two or four are most com- mon, the spectators betting upon the result. Both men and women participate in the dice games, but usually apart. In thcii' ceremonial forms these are distinctively men's games. As mentioned in the 46 GAMES OF THE NORTH AMERICAN INDIANS introduction, the dice game was one of the games sacred to the War God in Ziiiii, and the cane dice were sacrificed upon his shrine. Fig- ure 2 represents a set of such sacrificial dice, collected by the writer from the shrine of the War God on Corn mountain, Zuili, in 1902. They consist of four sjjlit canes 15 inches in length, painted black on the outside, and bound in jjairs, one fitting into the other, to form a cross. The middle and t?wo ends are tied with cotton cord, to which down feathers are attached. These canes ajDpear to have been used in a different form of the dice game from that de- scribed in the present volume as played in Zuiii. Fig. 2. Saci'ificial gaming canes from shrine of War God. Zuiii Indians, Zuni, New Mex- Dr J. Walter Fewkes" men- ico; length, 15 inches; cat. no. 23681. Free Museum tionsand a bundle of gaming i-eedsof Science Art, University of Pennsylvania. being placed with other objects upon the Tewa kiva altar (plate ni) erected' at the winter solstice at Hano, and in a letter '' to the writer says that the markings on these canes resemble very closely those on the set (figure 200) which he found in the old altar at Clievhm. A comparison of the dice games of the Indians throughout the United States led the writer at first to refer them all to canes, such as are employed in the Zuni game of sholiwe. These canes in their ^^ 3? original form consist of split arrow shaftments, and are marked both inside and out with bands or rib- O! ^^' bonings corresponding with the markings on the arrows of the four world quarters. Many of the L wooden dice, which the Zuiii call " wood canes," bear an incised mark on inner corresponding C 3oas«'the side, Fig. 3. to the inner concave side of the Cane dice (reproductions); length, 5i^ inches; Zuiii Indians, Zuni, New Mex- canes. The che\ron pattern on the ico; cat. no. 16543, Fi-ee Museum of Science outer of manj' of and Art, University of Pennsylvania.face the staves agrees with, and appears to be derived from, the crosshatching on the sholiwe. When the staves are differentiated by marks, these, too, agree more or less closely with those on the canes. It will be observed that in many of the sets one of the dice is distinguished from the others by marks on the face, or convex side, as well as on the reverse. "American Anthropologist, n. s., v. 1, p. 272, 1899. ''January 27, 1899. CO LU UJ O a: u. < z o N a: < CO z < Q Z < CO Q LU UJ cr z < 5 o I CO o" z < I H < or < < > < UJ riLix] DICE GAMES 47 When tliis pioco falls witli this siile uppermost it anginents the eoimt in the play. Fifjiire 3 represents the obvei'se of a set of Zufii canes for slioliwe, reproduced from memory by Mr Gushing for the writer in the sum- mer of 1893. The athlua, or " sender." the uppermost cane in this set, corresponding with the north, is marked on the convex side with a cross, agreeing in this respect with one of the sticks of the Tewa game, figure '255. This peculiarity, in one form or another, is repeated through- implements Pig. 4. Handle of atlatl,out the showing crossed wrapping for theattachment of finger loops; cliff-dwelling, Mancos canyon, hereafter described, Colorado: Free Museum of Science and Art, University of obverse Pennsylvania.the of one of the sticks in many of the sets being carved or burned, while in others the stave is tied about the middle. This specially marked die is the one that augments the throw. In attempting to account for it, it occurred to the writer to compare the Zuiii cane bearing the cross marks with the atlatl. (jr throwing stick, from a cliff-dwelling in Mancos canyon, c =:3c: :t=^ Fig. ; Atlatl (restored); length, 15 inches; cliff-dwelling, Mancos canyon, Colorado; Free Museum of Science and Art, University of Pennsylvania. Colorado, in the University of Pennsylvania museum (figures 4 and 5). Mr Gushing had suggested that the athlua. placed beneath the other canes in tossing them, corresponded to the atlatl. The comparison seemed to confirm his suggestion. The cross mark is pos- sibly the cross wrap]:>ing of the atlatl for the attachment of finger FiG.U. stick die; length, 7 inches: cliff-dwelling. Mancos canyon. Colorado; Free Museum of Science and Art. University of Pennsylvania. loops. According to this view, the Ziini canes may be regarded as symbolic of the athitl and three arrows, such as are carried by the gods in Mexican jiictures. From the evidence furnished by the implements ennjloyed. T concluded at first that the games with tossed canes, staves, etc.. must all lie referred to the regions of cane arrows and the atlatl. ])roi)ably the southwestern United ."States. Later observations upon othci- Indian games, in which it is ap- — 48 GAMES OF THE NORTH AMERICAN INDIANS [eth. axn. 24 parent that the implements represent the bows of the War Gods. caused me to reexamine the stick dice, with the result that I am inclined to believe that many of them are to be indentified with bows rather than with arrows. At any rate, whether as arrows or bows, the four dice are to be referred to the War Gods. It will be seen that the counting circuit agrees witli the gaming wheel, which in some instances is notched at its four quarters in agreement with the dice marks. The wide distribution and Fio.7. Bone dice; length, jj to 5§ inch; Tanner springs, Arizona; cat. no. 23770, Free Museum range of variations in the dice of Science and Art, Unirersity of Pennsyl- games point to their high antiq- vania. uity, of which objective evi- dence is afforded in the prehistoric stick die (figure (J) from the cliff- ruins of Colorado. Similar evidence exists in the pottery bowls (fig- ures 197-199) decorated with representations of gaming sticks, with their peculiar markings, from jarehistoric Hopi graves in Arizona. Small bone dice are found in the prehistoric graves and ruins of Arizona, New Mexico, and Utah. Seven such dice in the Free Museum of Science and Art of the University of Pennsylvania (cat. no. 22770), collected by Henry Dodge at Tanner springs, Arizona, are len- ticular in form and from eleven-sixteenths to fifteen- sixteenths inch in length. The flat sides are marked five with fine diamonds formed of cross lines, and two with straight transverse lines, as shown in figure 7. Four are plain, and three have transverse bands on the rounded side. Four of them have also traces of blue and three of red jDaint. There are several such dice in the American Museum of Natural History. Eight from pueblo Pefiasca Blanca, Chaco canyon. New Mexico, are similar to those above described. With them are a similar object of limonite, two small circular bone disks, and three small rectangular pieces Fig. 8 n, 'i, c. of thin bone, which also appear to have been used as dice. Cane and wood From Grand same museum, dice and wood-Gulch, Utah, in the are en dice cups; three similar lenticular bone dice, plain on their flat Grand Gulch, side, and two somewhat with Utah; Ameri-smaller ones the flat side can Museum of inscribed with four transverse lines. With them are Natural His- tory. four small bone disks, the flat sides of which show grooves, the natural cavities of the bone, and one somewhat smaller that is marked on the flat side with a cross. From Grand Gulch also, in the same museinn, are a number of : CILIN] DICE GAMES: AMALECITE 49 other dice. Xine consist of small fragments of cane (figure S«), made to include a joint, and slightly flattened and marked with notches at each end. on the flat side. Two of these are somewhat shorter than the rest and have the joint smoothed down. Another set of four wooden dice from the same place is accompanied bv a finely wrought wooden cup '2 inches in height and IJ inches in diameter. These dice are three-fourths of an inch in length, slightly flattened on one side, the rounded part being marked with burned devices, as shown in figure S7j. Another similar dice cup in the same collection contains three wooden dice (figure 8c) and two cane dice like those first described. The wooden dice in these two sets appear to be copies of canes. ALOOXQUIAX STOCK Algoxkin. Three Rivers. Quebec. Pierre Boucher " says The game of the dish is played with nine little flat round bones, bl.aok on one side, white on the other, which the.v stir up and cause to jump in ;i large wooden dish, preventing them from striking the earth b,v holding it in their hands. Loss or gain depends upon the liirgest numlier of one color. Tho gnnic paquessen is almost the same thing, except that the little bones are thrown into the air with the hand, falling uiion a robe spread on the ground like a carpet. The number of one color determines loss or gain. Amalecite (Malecite). Xew Brunswick. (Cat. no. 20125. Free Museum of Science and Art, University of Pennsylvania.) Set of six disks of caribou bone marked on the flat side ( figure ) : a platter of curly maple cut across the grain. Hi inches in diam- Fio. 9. Bone dice: diameter, 1 inch; Amalei'ite ( Malet^ite i Indians, New Brunswick; cat. no. 20125, Free Museom of Science and Art, University of Pennsylvania. eter; and fifty-two wooden counting sticks about 8 inches in length (figure 10), four being much broader than the others and of different shapes. These w-ere collected and deposited by Mr George E. Starr, who purchased the game from a woman named Susan Perley, a member " Hlstolre Veritable et Naturelle des Moeurs et Productions du Pays de la Novelle France, ch. 10, Paris, 1664. 24 ETH—05 M 4 50 GAMES OF THE NORTH AMERICAN INDIANS [eth. ann. 24 of a tribe calling themselves the Tobique, iit an Indian village half a mile north of Andover, New Brunswick. Three of the disks and the counting sticks were made for the collector, while the platter and three of the disks shown in the U23per row (figure 9) are old. Two of the latter are made apiDarently of old bone buttons, there being Fig. 10. Counting sticks for (stick dice; length, 8 inches; Amalecite (Malecite) Indians, New Brunswick; cat. no. 20125. Free Museum of Science and Art, University of Pennsylvania. a hole in the reverse into which the shank fitted. The designs on the faces are not the same. The woman informed Mr Starr that the game was called altestagen, and that it was played by two persons, one of whom jDlaces the counting sticks in a pile together. Then the stones are placed at random in the plate, which is held iu both hands and struck sharply on the ground so as to make the stones fly into the air and turn before landing in the plate again. A player continues as long as he scores, taking counters from the pile of sticks according to his throw. When the pile is exhausted, each having obtained part, the game is continued until one wins them all. Three plain sticks count one point. The three carved sticks count each four points, or twelve plain sticks. The snake-like stick is kept to the last. It is equal to three plain sticks, and a throw that counts three is necessary to take it. Akapaho. Wind River reservation, AVyoming. (Free Museum of Science and Art, University of Pennsylvania.) Cat. no. 36963. Four willow twigs, marked alike on the flat side, painted red; length, 6| inches (figure 11). H IL 11 Pig. 11. Stick dice; length, 8} inches; Arapaho Indians, Wyoming; cat. no. 36963, Free Museum of Science and Art, University of Pennsylvania. Cl'LIN] DICE GAMES : ABAPAHO 51 Cat. no. 3(j964. Four others, similar, but marked on the round sides, painted yellow; length, 6i inches (figure 12). Pio. 12. Stick dice; length, Hi inches; Arapaho Indians, Wyoming; cat. no. iili'.lrti. Free Museum of Science and Art, University of Pennsylvania. Cat. no. 36965. Five flat shaved twigs, painted orange yellow; one face plain, the other marked with incised lines painted blue; length, 8f inches (figure 13). ft -^ -^ \ Fig. 13. Stick dice; length, 8} inches; Arapaho Indians, Wyoming; cat. no. 3696 I, Free Mtiseum of Science and Art. University of Pennsylvania. Cat. no. 36966. Four flat willow twigs, one side yellow, with notches painted green and red, all different (figure 14), rever.se plain ^m^ ^/^ Fig. 14. stick dice: length, 9.v inches; Arapaho Indians, Wyoming; cat. no. 36966, Free Museum of Science and Art, Univei*sity of Pennsylvania. green; accompanied by a thick rawhide disk, 11 inches in diameter, painted green, with the device shown in figure 15a on Fig. 15. Leather disk used with stick dice; diameter, 11 inches; Arapaho Indians, Wyoming; cat. no. 36966, Free Museum of Science and Art, University of Pennsylvania. 52 GAMES OF THE NORTH AMERICAN INDIANS [eth. anx. 24 one face; reverse, green with internal ring of red. and blue center (figure 15?^). The bets are said to be laid on this. Cat. no. 36967. Four flat twigs, having one side painted yellow, with notches i^ainted green and red, all different, as shown in figure Fig. 16. Stick dice; length. 9 inches: Arapaho Indians, Wyoming: cat. no. 36967, Free Museum of Science and Art, University of Pennsylvania. 16; length, 9 inches: accompanied l)y a disk of rawhide ]5ainted red, yellow, and green, upon which the bets are laid; diameter, 6J inches (figure 17). Pio. 17. Leather disk used with stick dice; diameter. BJ mches; Arapaho Indians, Wyoming: cat. no. :36967, Free Museum of Science aud Art, University of Pennsylvania. Cat. no. 36968. Six shaved twigs, ovoid in section, jjainted red, three marked on the round side with incised line and three with incised lines on both sides, all dift'erent; length, 10 inches. Cat. no. 36969. Five slender jjeeled willow twigs, with burnt marks on one side; length, 7 inches (figure 18). Fig. 18. Stick dice; length, 7 inches: Arapaho Indians, Wyoming; cat. no. 36969, Free Museum of Science and Art, University of Pennsylvania. Cat. no. 36961. Eight pieces: Three bone disks with three incised intersecting lines painted red and yellow, diameter about 1 inch; three diamond-shaped bone jiieces with incised Greek cross CILIN] DICE games: arapaho sa burned and painted green, len. Bone dice; diameter, 1 to Ij inches; Arapaho Indians, Wyoming: cat. no. 36961, Free Museum of Science and Art, L'niversity of Pennsylvania. Cat. no. 3()962. Twenty pieces, contained in a small cotton-cloth bag. The following are bone, with burnt designs on one face, the reverse being plain: Three diamond-shaped with cross (figure 20«) ; three diamond-shaped, quartered, the alternate quarters burned (figure '20b) ; three elliptical, with elongated diamond in field (figure SOc) ; three elliptical, with cross band and lines at end (figure 20d) ; one elliptical, with central diamond inclosed by chevi'ons (figure 20e) ; two rectangular, with central cross lines and wedge on each end (fig- ure 20/) ; one rectangular, with lines at the ends (figure 20*7) ; two rectangular, with three dots (figure 20A). The following are of peach stone: Three with Greek cross (figure 20/); two with dot in circle (figure 20/). All of these specimens wpi-o collected l)v the writer in l'.>()0. R Pio. 20. Bone and peach stone dice: diameter, j inch to 2i inches; Arapaho Indians, Wyoming; cat. no. ;ifi962. Free Museum of Science and Art, University of Pennsylvania. Arapaho. Cheyenne and Arapaho reservation. Oklahoma. (Cat. no. 1.52802. 1.52803. United States National Museum.) Set of five dice of buffalo bone, marked on one side with burnt de- signs (figure 21) and basket of woven grass, 9 inches in diameter at top and 2^ inches deep (figure 22). The rim of the basket is " 54 GAMES OF THE NORTH AMERICAN INDIANS [eth. ANN. 24 bound with cotton cloth, and the inner side of the bottom is covered with the same material. The game is played by women. Collected by Mr James Mooney in 1891. The following account of the game is given by the collector : The dice game i.s called ta- u'seta'tina (literall.v. strik- ing or throwing against something) by the Arapaho, and mo'nshimflnh by the Fig. 21. Bono dice; lengths, I and Ij inches; Arapaho Cheyenne, the same name In- dians, Oklahoma; cat. no. 15^802, United States National being now given to the mod- Museum ern card games. It was iirac- tically universal among all the tribes east and west, and. under the name of hubbub, is described by a New England writer * as far baeli as 1634 almost precisely as it exists to-day among the prairie tribes. The onl.v difference seems to have been that in the east it was played also by the men, and to the accompaniment of a song, such as is used in the hand games of the western tribes. The requisites are a small wicker bowl or basket (hatechi'na), five dice made of bone or plum stones, and a pile of tally sticks, such as are used in the awi game. The bowl is 6 or 8 inches in diameter and about 2 inches deep, and is woven in basket fashion of the tough libers of the yucca. The dice loiay be round, elliptical, or diamond shaped, and are variously marked on one side with lines or figures, the tur- tle being a favorite design among the Arapaho. Two of the five must be 6- alike in shape and marking. Theother three are marked with another design and may also be of another shaiie. Any number of women and girls may -^Vv play, each throwing in turn, and some- times one set of partners inlaying against another. The partners toss u]) FiG. 22. Basket for dice; diameter, 9 inches; the from them Arapaho Indians, Oklahnma; cat. no. lo2.Sil3, dice the basket, letting United States National Museum. drop again into it, and score points ac- cording to the way the dice turn up in the basket. The first throw by each player is made from the hand instead of from the basket. One hundred points usually count a game, and stakes are wagered on the result as in almost every other Indian contest of skill or chance. For the purpose of explanation we shall designate two of the five as " rounds " and the other three as " diamonds," it being understood that only the marked side counts in the game, excepting when the throw happens to turn up the three " diamonds " blank while the other two show the marked side, or, as sometimes happens, when all five dice turn up blank. In every case all of one kind at least must turn up to score a point. A successful throw entitles the player to another throw, while a failure obliges her to pass the basket to someone else. The formula Is : One only of either kind counts 0; two rounds, 3; three diamonds (both rounds with blank side up), « The Ghost Dance Religion. Fourteenth Annual Repoi-t of the Bureau of Ethnology, .pt. 2. p. 1004. 1896. * William Wood, New England's Prospect, London. 1634. DICE GAMES : ARAPAHO 55 3; three diamonds blank (both rounds with marlied side up), 3; four marlied sides up. 1 ; five bhinlv sides up. 1 ; five marlied sides up, 8. A game, similar in principle but played with six dice instead of five, is al.so played by the Arapaho women, as well as by those of the Comanche and prob- ably of other tribes. Arap.miii. ()kl:ili(iiiia. (United States National Museum.) Fig. 24. Fig. 2.i. Fig. 26. Fic. 2:f. Bone dice: length, 1} to 2i inches; Arapaho Indians, OkUihoma; cat. no. 16.5765, United States National Museum. Fig. 24. Basket for dice; diameter, 10 inches; Arapaho Indians, Oklahoma; cat. no. 1&5765. United States National Museum. Fig. 25. Wooden dice; length, Ij inches; Arapaho Indians, Oklahoma; cat. no. 16.576.5fi. United States National Museum. Fig. 26. Stick representing a man, used by women in dice game; length, 15J inches: Arapaho Indians, Oklahoma; cat. no. 3V3, American Museum of Natural History. Cat. no. 165765. Set of five bone dice, marked on convex side with burned designs (figure 23), and much worn basket of woven grass. 10 inches in diameter at top and 2 inches deep (figure "24). : : : 56 GAMES OF THE NORTH AMERICAN INDIANS [eth. ann. 24 Cat, no. 165765a. Set of five wooden dice, marked on one side with burned designs (figure 25), representing on tliree a swallow or swallow hawk and on two a dragon fly. Both collected by Rev. H. R. Voth. Arapaho. Oklahoma. (Cat. no. 7^^, American Museum of Natural History.) AVooden stick, 15^ inches in length, knobbed at the upper end and pointed at the lower, the upper half painted red and the lower black, with four feathers and a small brass bell tied at the top (figure 26). It was collected by Dr A. L. Kroeber, who describes it as repre- senting a man When women gamlile witli dice they use this stick as a charm to prevent cheating in the game. Blackfeet. Alberta. Rev. Edward F. AVilson " says Their chief amusements are horse racing and gamhling. For the latter of these they employ dice of their own construction—little cubes of wood with signs instead of iinmlicrs marked upon them. These they shake together in .! wooden dish. Rev. J. W. Tims '' gives katsasinni as a general term for gambling. Dr George Bird Grinnell has furnished me the following account of the stave game among the Blackfeet, which he describes under the name of onesteh, the stick, or travois,'" game This is a woman's gambling game, in vogue among the tribes of the Blacktoot nation, who know nothing of the basket or seed game so generally played by the more southern plains tribes. Four straight l)ones. made from buffalo ribs—la,vers. The player, kneeling or squatting on the ground, grasps the four bones in the right or left hand, holding them vertically with the ends resting on the ground. With a slight sliding motion she scatters the bones on the ground close in front of her. and the sides which fall uppermost e.xpress the count or the failure to count. Sometimes, but not always, the pl.iyers throw the bones to determine which shall have the first throw in the game. The per.sou making a successful throw takes from the heap of sticks the number called for by the points of the throw—one stick for each point. So long as the throw is one which counts the player continues to throw, but if she fails to count tlie bones are passed over to the opposite player, and she then throws until she has cast a blank. When the sticks have all been taken from the pile on the ground between them the successful thrower begins to take from her opponent so many of the sticks which she has gained as are called for by her throw. .\s twelve points must be made by a player before the <^^^^^Z^ZS^2> aCd ::XII Fie.- -T. B.riie stirk dii-e. Bla.k- FiG. 28, Bone stick dice: length, .jj f'lot Indians, Blackfoot agency, inches; Blackfoot Indians. South Pie- Montana; in the collection of Dr gan reservation. Montana: cat. no. 5169.3, George Bird Grinnell. Field Cohimbian Museum. twelve sticks can come into her possession and the game be won. it will be seen that the contest may be long drawn out. A run of luck is needed to finish it. Some of the coiuits niiide by the throws are liere given: Three blanks and chief count 6 ; three blanks and chief reversed. 3 : two zigzag, one four, and chief, 4 ; two blanks, one four, and chief, 2 ; two blanks, one zigzag, and chief, : two blanks, one zigzag, and chief reversed, ; one zigzag, one blank, one four, and chief, 0. The women do not sing at this game as the men do at the gambling game of hands. The game described was obtained by Doctor Grinnell from tlie Pie- gan of the Blackfoot agency in northwestern Montana, on the eastern flanks of the Rocky monntains. TheV live on Milk river and Cnt Bank. "Willow. Two Medicine Lodge, and Badger creeks, being the southernmost tribe of the Blackfeet. It will he observed that the implements for this game are practically identical with those collected by Doctor Matthews from the Grosventres (Hidatsa) in North Dakota (figure 241 ) . Concerning the latter Doctor Grinnell remarks The Grosventres of Dakota—by which are meant, of course, the Grosventres of the .village, a tribe of Crow stock—are not very distant neighbors of the : 58 GAMES OP THE NORTH AMERICAN INDIANS [eth. ann. 24 Blackfeet, and. in fact, the people of the old Fort Bertbokl village—the Gros- ventres. Ree, and Mandan—have many customs, and even some traditions, which closely resemble those of the Blackfeet. Bi^ACKFEET. South Piegaii reservation. Montana. (Cat. no. 51693, Field Columbian Museum.) Set of four bone staves, made of rib bones. 5J inches in length and one-lialf inch wide in the middle, tapering to the ends. The outer rounded sides are cut with lines, which are Fig. 29. Counting sticks for dice; length, 5J- filled with red jjaint. as inches: Blackfoot Indians. South Piegan reser- shown in figure 28. Two vation, Montana; cat. no. 51693, Field Cohim- bian Museum. ai'e alike, and one of the others is banded with a narrow thong of buckskin, on which are sewed twelve small blue glass beads. The reverses, which show the texture of the bone, are alike and painted red. Accompanied by twelve counting sticks (figure 29) made of twigs, 5J inches in length, smeared with red paint. Blood reserve, Alberta. Cat. no. 51654, Field Columbian Museum.) Three bone staves, 6| inches in length and five-eighths of an inch in width in the middle. ta]5er- ing to the ends. The outer rounded sides are carved as shown in figure oO. two alike, in which the in — incised lines are filled with- ' __^_^ ^ P€_ ^ ^.^^^^^ red paint, and one with Fig. 30. Bone stick dice; length, 63 inches; Black- holes, 10—?) 3—9. which are foot Indians, Blood reserve. Alberta; cat. no. painted blue. The inner 51654. Field Columbian Museum. sides, which show the tex- ture of the bone, are perfectly- plain. Both of the above sets were collected by Dr George A. Dorsey. who gave me the following particulars regarding the way in which they are used I am informed that the Bloods generally use three instead of four hones. They call the game nit sitai epsktpsepinan. we play. The stick marked with holes is called " man " and the other two " snakes." Of the counts I have only this much: All marked faces up count 4; all unm:irked f.aces up. 4: two unmarked and snake up, G; one unmarked and two snakes up. t! ; one unmarked, snake, and man up, 0. Cheyenne. Cheyenne and Arapaho reservation. Okhihoma. (Cat. no. 152803, United States National Museum.) Set of five bone dice marked on one side with burned designs (figure 31) and basket of woven grass Si inches in diameter at top and : CULIN] DICE games: CHEYENNE 59 •2i inches deep (figure 32). Both sides of the bottom are covered with cotton cloth. Phij'ed by women. Collected by Mr James Mooney in 1891. Dr George Bird Grinnell furnished the writer the following account of the Cheyenne basket game, which he describes under the name of monshimout The Cheyenne seed or basket game is played with a shallow bowl and five plum stones. The bowl is from 3 to 4 inches deep, S inches across at the top, flattened or not on the bottom, and woven of grass or strips of willow twigs. It is nearly one-half inch thick and is strong. All five seeds are unmarked on one side, but on the other side [figure 3.3] three are marked with a figure representing the paint patterns often used by girls on their faces, the cross being on the bridge of the nose, the side marks on the cheeks, and the upper and lower ones on the forehead and chin, respectively. The other two stones are marked with a figure representing the foot of a bear." These plum stones are placed in tlie basket [figure 34], thrown up and caught in it, and the combination of the sides which lie uppermost after they have fallen determines the count of the throw. ,r0^^^^^:^. mi Fig. 31 Fig. 32. Fig. 31. Bone dice; lengths, Ij and inches: Cheyenne Indians, Oklahoma; cat. nu. l.iiW)).^, United States National Musenm. Fig. 32. Basket for dice; diameter at top, HJ inches; Cheyenne Indians, rtklahoma; cat. no, 1.52803, United States National Museiun. The players sit opposite one another, if several are playing, in two rows facing each other. Each individual bets with the woman opposite to her. Each player is provided with eight sticks, which represent the points which she must gain or lose to win or lose the game. When a player has won all the sticks lielonging to her opponent she has won the .game and tlie stake. There are several coniliinations of marks and blanks whicli count nothing for or against the player making the throw, e.Kcept that she loses her cliance to make another throw. Others entitle the thrower to receive one, three, or even all eight sticks, and each throw tliat counts anything entitles the player to another throw. All the players on the side of the thrower—that is, in the same row—win or lose from those opposite them as the thrower wins or loses. If the person making the fir.st throw casts a blank, she passes the basket to the one sitting next her : if this one makes a throw that counts, she has another and another, until slie throws a blank, when the basket passes on. Wlien tlie basket reaches the end of the line, it is handed across to the woman at the end of the opposite row, and in the same way travels doyn the opposite line. In making the throw the basket is raised only a little way, and the stones tossed only a few Inches high. Before they fall the basket is brought smartly down to the ground, against wlii
  • y the women and children of nearly all the plains tribes. The stone of the wild plum is polished and the flatter sides are cut or scraped off, making them more flat. Some of these faces are then marked with different hieroglyphics, varying with the tribe, and some are left blank. The game is played with eight such pieces, which are shaken together in a little bowl or a tin cup and then thrown on a blanket. It is really nothing but our game of dice, complicated, however, by a system of counting so curious and arbitrary that it is almost impossible for a white man to learn it. Every possible combination of the hierogl.vphics and blanks on the eight stones gives a different count. This varies with the tribe. Among the Cheyenne the highest possible throw is 2(10, the lowest 0. The game is usually 2,000, though this varies greatly. Each player, having the gambler's superstition as to what is her lucky number, tries to fix the game at that number. If the stakes are valuable, the number fixed for the game is generally a com- promise. In some tribes a certain combination of the stones wins and another combination loses the game, even though it be made on the first throw. Cheyenxe. Cheyenne reservation, Montana. (Cat. no. (liXlSi). Field Columbian Museum.^ Fig. 35. Plum-stone dice; Cheyenne Indians. Montana: cat. no. 69689, Field Columbian Museum. Implements for women's dice game. Plum-stone dice (figure 35) in sets of three alike, with burnt designs on one side; accompanied by a .small basket of twined grass, and counting sticks made of stalks of rushes, about 8 inches in length, dyed yellow, green, red, and blue, each player having six of the same color. Col- lected by Mr S. C. Simms in 1901. Chippewa. Bois fort. Near Rainy river, Minnesota. (Cat. no. j-ffs, American Museum of Natural History.) Four flat sticks (figure 36), 15^ inches long, burned black on both sides and marked alike in pairs with crosses and cut lines on one face. Flo. 36. Stick dice: length, 15J inches; Chippewa Indians, Bois tort, Minnesota; cat. no. jS;,, American Museum of Natural History. They were collected in 1903 by Dr William Jones, who gives the following counts: Four i)oints on a flush ; 4 points on a cross and striped flush ; 2 points on a pair of striped sticks; 20 points on sticks with medial band and X's. 62 GAMES OF THE NORTH AMERICAN INDIANS [eth. ann. 24 Chippewa. Bois fort, Minnesota. (Cat. no. rltr) American Mu- seum of Natural History.) Wooden bowl (figure 37), 9^ inches in diameter; 80 wooden counters Fig. 37. 17 Fig. 38. Fig. 40. O o //=^ Fig. ;«. Fig. 41. Fig. 37. Bowl for dice; diameter, 9i inches; Chippewa Indians, Bois fort. Minnesota; cat. no. ^Sg^, American Museum of Natural History. Fig. 38. Counting sticks for dice; length, 6 inches; Chippewa Indians, Bois fort, Minnesota: oat. no. jT^y, American Museum of Natural History. Fig. 39. Beaded bag for dice; length, 8 inches; Chippewa Indians, Bois fort, Minnesota; <'at. no. T7yx, American Museum of Natural History. Fig. 4(). Bone dice; Chippewa Indians, Bois fort, Minnesota; cat. no. ^^Si, American Museum, of Natural History. Fig. 41. Bone and brass dice; Chippewa Indians, Mille Lacs, Minnesota; cat. no, tHui American Museum of Natural History. (figure 38), 6 inches in length; a cloth bag (figure 39), 8 inches in length, ornamented with beads for dice, and the following dice: Four disks, two knives, one gun, and one figure of a man (figure 40). ) CULIN] DICE games: CHIPPEWA 63 Anothei- set of dice from Mille Lacs, cat. no. rlfTr? comprises: One star, four disks, one eagle, two knives, one serpent, three arrow heads, two yoke-shaped objects, and one brass disk (figure 41). With the exception of tlie hist these dice are all of bone and are plain on one side and finely crosshatched and painted red on the other. These were collected by Dr William Jones in 1903. Mr S. C. Siinnis has kindly furnished the following counts of a similar game played at Leech lake, Minnesota : Counts of one : Three white sides up of disks and canoe, rough side of ring, one rough side of disk and blue side of moose, woman and wigwam ; all white sides up but woman. Counts of two : Blue sides up of small disks, moose and woman, white sides of all others and smooth side of brass ring ; blue sides of moose and woman, white sides of all others, and smooth side of ring. Counts of three : Same as count of two, with exception of moose white instead of blue side up: four disks white side up, smooth side of ring, white side of wigwam, blue sides of moose, canoe, and woman. Count of four : Same as count of three, with exception of rough side of ring up. Counts of nine: All white sides up and smooth side of ring; all blue sides up and rough side of ring; white sides of moose, wigwam, canoe, and woman, blue sides of disks, and rough side of ring. If canoe stands vip on any throw, it counts 2 ; if on succeeding throw it stands up, it counts four : if on third throw, it counts (!. If canoe stands upright on ring, it counts 4, and if remaining dice show blue sides, an additional count of is made, or Vi. If wigwam stands up on any throw, it counts 3; if on succeeding throw it stands up. it counts G: if on third throw, it counts 9. If moose stands up. it counts 4 ; if on succeeding throw, it counts 8 ; if on third throw, it counts 12. regardless of other dice. If woman stands up, it counts 5; if on succeeding throw, it counts 10; if on third throw, it counts 20. If woman stands up in ring, it counts 10 points, regardless of other dice. Chippewa. Bear island. Leech lake, Minnesota. (American Mu- seum of Natural History. Cat. no. Four flat sticks (figure 42), 15^ inches long, taper-j-ffg^. ing at the ends, both faces slightly convex and burned black on one side and having representations of snakes on the other; made in pairs, two alike, distinguished by slight diiferences in the heads. Cat. no. ^^. Four flat sticks (figure 43), 13^ inches long, tapering at the ends, both faces rounded and very slightly convex; made in pairs, with faces burned as shown in the figure, and reverses burned alike; with four counting sticks (figure 44), !> inches in length. They were collected in 1903 by Dr William Jones, who gives the following counts: : 64 GAMES OF THE NORTH AMERICAN INDIANS [eth. ann. 24 The two sticks marked with triangles at the ends may he designated as major, and the other pair as minor. When the pair of major fall face upper- most alike and the minor unlike, the count is 2, l)iit when the minor fall face uppermost alike and the major unlike, the count is 1. When tlie sticks fall all Pig. 42. Stick dice; leugtli, iJi inches; Chippewa Indians, Leech lake, Minnesota; cat. no. j?}s, American Museum of Natural History. heads or all tails uppermost, the count is 4. The game is 5. but an extra throw is mude when the .5 points are gained. The holder of the .5 i>oints lets the opponent throw first. If the opponent bents him with a pair of majors, then air. from whence they fall into a bowl or platter placed underneath, and made to spin round. According as these bones present the white or black side upward they reckon the game ; he that happens to have the greatest number turn up of a similar color, counts ."> points : and 40 is the game. The winning [larty keejis his place and the loser yields his to another who is appointed by one of the umpires : for a whole village is sometimes concerned in the jiarty. and at times one band plays against another. During this play the Indians appear to be greatly agitated, and at every decisive throw set up a hideous shout. They make a thousand contortions, addressing themselves at the same time to the bones, and loading with impre- cations the evil spirits that assist their successful antagonists. At this game some will lose their apparel, all the movables of their cabins, and sometimes even their liberty, notwithstanding there are no people in the universe more jealous of the latter than the Indians are. Apostle islands, Wisconsin. J. G. Kohl '' thus describes the game called by the Inilians pagessan The Canadians call it le jeu au plat (the game of the bowl). It is a game of hazard, but skill plays a considerable part in it. It is phiyed with a wooden bowl and a number of small figures bearing some resemblance to our chessmen. They are usually carved very neatly out of bones, wood, or plum stones, and represent various things—a fish, a hand, a door, a man, a canoe, " Voj-nges and Travels of an Indian Interpreter, p. 52, London, 1701. 'Travels through the Interior Parts of North .\merica. |i. 238. Philadelphia, 1796. ' Kitchi-Gami. Wanderings round Lake Superior, p. 82, London, ISBO. 24 ETH 05 M 5 66 GAMES OF THE NORTH AMEEICAN INDIANS [eth. ajjn. 24 a half-uioon. etc. They call these figures pagessanag (carved plum stones), and the game has received its name from them. Each figure has a foot on which it can stand upright. They are all thrown into a wooden howl (iu Indian onagan). whence the French name is derived. The players make a hple in the ground and thrust the howl with the figures into it while giving it a slight shake. The more figures stand upright on the smooth bottom of the bowl through this shake, all the better for the player. Each figure has its value, and some of them represent to a certain extent the pieces in the game of chess. There are also other figures, which may similarly be called the pawns. The latter, carved into small round stars, are all alike, have no pedestal, but are red on one side and plain on the other, and are counted as plus or minus according to the side uppermost. With the pawns it is a perfect chance which side is up. but with the pieces much depends on the skill with which the bowl is shaken. The other rules and mode of calculation are said to be very com- plicated, and the game is played with great attention and passion. My Indians here will lie half the night through round the bowl and watch the variations of the game. It is played with slight divergences by nearly all the Indian tribes, and In many both men and women practise it. How .seriously they regard the game and how excited they grow over it I had an oiiportnnity of noticing. Some time ago I seated myself by some Indians who were playing at pagessan. One of them was a very handsome young fellow, wearing broad silver rings on his arms, the carving of which I was anxious to inspect. On turning to him with a question, however, he grew very impatient and angry at this interruption of the game, considered my question extremely imperti- nent, and commenced such a threatening speech that my interpreter could not be induced to translate it to me. He merely said it was most improper, and then began, for his part, abusing the Indian, so that I had great difficulty in appeasing him. All I understood was that an Indian must not be disturbed when gambling. Chippewa. Michigan. Schoolcraft " describes the bowl game under the name of pugasaing as follows: This is the principal game of hazard among the northern tribes. It is iilayed with thirteen pieces, hustled in a vessel called onagun, which is a kind of wooden bowl. They are represented and named as follows: The pieces marked no. 1 in this cut [figure 47]. of which there are two, are called ininewug, or men. They are made tapering or wedge-shaped in thick- ness, so as to make it possible, in throwing them, that the.v may stand on their base. Number 2 is called gitshee kenabik, or 'the great serpent. It consists 'of two pieces, one of which is fin-tailed, or a water serpent, the other trun- cated, and is probably designated as terrestrial. They are formed wedge- shaped, so as to be capable of standing on their bases lengthwise. E.ich has four dots. Number S is called puganiagun, or the war club. It has six marks on the handle on the red side, and four radiating from the orifice of the club end, and four marks on the handle of the white side, and six radiating marks from the orifice on the club end, making ten on each side. Number 4 is called keego, which is the generic name for a fish. The four circular pieces of brass, < 0ne6ta, or Characteristics of the Red Race of America, p. 85, New York, 184.5. See also, Information respecting the History. Condition, and Prospects of the Indian Tribes of the United States, pt. 2, p. 72, Philadelphia, 1853. : crLix] DICE games: CHIPPEWA 67 sli«;litl.v eoncave. with a flat surfaco on the apex, are called ozawablks. Tlie three bird-shapetl pieces, shesliebwiig. or diiclcs. All but the circular pieces are made out of a fine kind of boue. One side of the piece is white, of the natural color of the bones, and polished, the other red. The brass pieces have the convex side bright, the concave black. They are all shaken together and thrown out of the onftgun. as dice. The term pugasaing denotes this act of throwing. It is tlie participial form of the verli. The fol- lowing rules govern the game: 1, When the pieces are turned on the red side and one of the ininewugs stands upright on the bright side of one of the brass pieces, it counts 158. 2. When all the pieces turn red side up and the gitshee kenabik with the tail stands on the bright side of the brass piece, it counts 13S. 3. When all turn up red, it counts 58. whether the brass pieces l)e bright or "^ black side up. 4. When the gitshee kena- bik and his associate and the two inine- wugs turn ui> white side and the other pieces red. it counts 58. irrespective of ooo o the concave or convex position of the brass pieces. 5. When all the pieces turn up white it counts 38. whether the ^^^TT^ ozawSbiks be bright or black. 6. When the gitshee kenabik and his a.ssociate turn up red and the other white, it counts 38. the brass pieces immaterial. 7. When one of the ininewugs stands up it counts 50. without regard to the position of all the rest. 8. When either of the gitshee I kenabiks stands upright it counts 40, Fig. 47. Boue and brass dice; Chippewa Indians, Michigan; from Schoolcr.ift. irrespective of the position of the others, o. When all the pieces turn up white excepting one. and the ozawjlbiks dark, it counts 20. 10. When all turn up red excei)t one and the brass pieces bright, it counts 15. 11. When the wlmle of the jiieces turn up white but one. with the ozawat)iks bright, it counts 10. 12. When a brass piece turns up dark, the two gitshee kenabiks and the two men red. and the remaining pieces white, it counts 8. 13. When the lirass iiiece turns up bright, the two gitshee kenabiks and one of the men red. and all the rest white, it is 6. 14. When the gitshee kenabik in chief and one of the men turn up red. the ozawiibiks bright, and all the others white, it is 4. 15. When both the kenabiks and both men and the three diicka turn nil red, the brass piece black, and either the keego or a duck white, it is 5. 10. When all the pieces turn up red l)Ut one of the ininewugs and the brass piece black, it counts 2. The limit of the game is stipulated. The parties throw up for the play. Elsewhere " lie says The game is won by the red pieces : the arithmetical value of each of which is fixed: and the count, as in all games of chance, is advanced or retarded by the luck of the throw. Au.v number of playei"s may play. Nothing is required but a wooden bowl, which is curiously carved and ornamented (the owner rely- ing somewhat on magic influence), and having a plain, smooth surface. " Information respecting the History. Condition, and 'Prospects of the Indian Tribes of the United States, pt. 2, p. Tl. Philadelphia. lSo:1. 68 GAMES OP THE NORTH AMERICAN INDIANS [eth. asn. 24 Chippewa. Turtle mountain, North Dakota. (Cat. no. ^i^, Amer- ican Museum of Natural History.) Four flat wooden disks (figure 48), 1 inch in diameter, carved with a cross painted red on one side, and opjMsite side painted red. Accompanied by a rough willow basket tray, 11 inches in diame- ter. Collected by Dr William Jones in 1903. Pig. 48. Wooden dice and tray; diameter of dice, 1 incli; of tray, 11 inches; Chippewa Indians, Tiirtle mountain, North Dalcota; cat. no. j^Sn, American Museum of Natural History. Cree. Muskowpetung reserve, Qu'appelle, Assiniboia. (Cat. no. €.1988, Field Columbian Museum.) Four wooden staves, 13f inches in length, one side plain and the other marked with burned designs, as shown in figure 49. These were collected by Mr J. A. Mitchell, who describes the game under the name of cheekahkwanuc, dashing down the dice sticks. Pla.ved with four specially marked oblong sticks, each stick having a special counting value according to the marks and according to the number of similar sticks which turn face up at the same time, when thrown down. Fio. 49. Stick dice; length, 138 mches; Cree Indians, Qu'appelle, Assiniboia; cat. no. 619.S8, Field Columbian Museum. The game is played by any number of men and women, in groups of four each. opiK)sed to similar groups, and is played for stakes, as in our draw poker. The sticks are thrown to the ground, end down, and falling flat are counted by the markings of those which show the marked side uppermost. The count is as follows : Three plain sides down, one white band up, counts six ; two plain sides down, two white bands up, 24 ; three plain sides down, one X-marked side up, : CVLIX] DICE games: delawakes 69 14 ; two plain sides down, two X-marlied sides up. 56 : all marked sides up ex- cept the stave with 14 X"s, 14 ; all iiiarljed sides up wins game. Cree. Coxbv. Saskatchewan. (Cat. no. 15460, Field Columbian Museum.) Set of dice consisting of four small bone diamonds and four hook- shaped objects of bone (claws) (figure 50), and a wooden bowl or plate shaped like a tin pan, 8i inches in diameter (figure 51), The dice are two-faced, one white and the other black, and are accompanied by a small beaded bag of red flannel. Collected by Fig. oil. Bune Uii-e; It-iiKth, } Fig. 51. Platter and bag for dice; inch; Cree Indians. Saskatche- diameter, 8.1 inches; Cree Indians, wan; cat. no. 15460, Field Co- Saskatchewan; cat. no. 15460, lumbian Museum. Field Columbian Museum. Mr Philip Towne. who describes the game as follows, under the name of pahkasahkimac, striking ground with wood bowl to shake up the bones This game is played by any number of persons, either singly or in partner- ship. The dice are placed in the bowl, which is then given a sharp downward movement with both hands. The count is determined by combinations of the upper faces of the dice and is as follows: All white sides up counts 100; all dark sides up, SO: 7 white and 1 dark side up, .30; white sides of all hook- shaiied dice and of one diamond-shaped die up. 10: dark sides of all hook-shaped dice and of 1 diamond-shaped die uii, S: white sides of 4 diamond-shaped dice and of 1 hook-sbaped die up, G; dark sides of 4 diamond-shaped dice and of 1 hook-shaped die up, 4 ; each hook-shaped piece on edge, 2. One hundred points constitute the game. Alberta. In Father Lacombe's Cree Dictionary " we find jeu de hasard pakessewin. and Rev. E. A. Watkms, . ^ m his Dictionary of the Cree Lan- guage,'' gives pukasawuk. they gamble with dice. DelaWARES. Wichita reservation, Okla. (Field Columbian Museum.) Cat. no. 50376. Four rounded twigs FiQ. 52. stick dice and counting (figure 52). 6f inches in length and sticks; lengths, 6} inches and 4J three-eighths of an inch wide, all inches: Delaware Indians, Wichita reservation, grooved Oklahoma:on cat. no.the inner side, three 59376, Field Columbian Museum. « Rev. Albert Lacombe, Dictionnaire de la Langue des Crls, Montreal, 1874. » London, 1865. : : 70 GAMES OF THE NORTH AMERICAX INDIANS [eth. ann. 24 having grooves painted red and one green; outer faces jilain; accompanied by seven counting sticks, 4i inches'in length. Cat. no. .''jDSTT. Four rounded strips of cane (figure 53), 65 inches long and one-half of an inch wide, with inner sides painted like the 2)i"eceding. Both of the above sets were collected bv l)r George A. Dorsey in 1901. Delawares. Ontario. Dr Daniel G. Brintou " gives the following account derived from conversation with Eev. Albert Seqaqkind Anthony A third .same occasionally seen is maumun'di. This is played with twelve flat bones, usuall.v those of a deer, aud a bowl of wood constructed Pig. 58. Stick dice; length, 6} inclies; Delaware for the purpose. One side of each Indians, Oklaboma; cat. no. 59377, Field Cu- lumbian Museum. bone is white : the other colored. They are placed in the bowl, thrown into the air, and caught as they descend. Those with the white side uppermost are the winning pieces. Bets usually accompany this game, and it had, in the old days, a phtce in the native religious rites, probably as a means of telling fortunes, Pennsylvania. In Zeisberger"s Indian Dictionary '' we find : Pie, to play with, niiuii,-uidfi-an. Grosventres. I^'ort Belknap reservation. INIontana. ( Field Colum- bian Museum.) Cat. no. G0320. Four wooden staves (figure 54) 0} inches in length, plain on one side and marked on the other with burnt designs; two alike. These were collected in 1000 by Dr George A. Dorsey, who gives the following account of the game under the name of tagawatse tothetsan The staves are thrown froih the hand upon a stone or on the ground, the value of the throw depending on the nature of the combination of uppermost faces. When all faced lots fall uppermost the count is 6. When all unmarked lots fall uppermost the count is 4. When two lots fall face up and two down the coiuit is 2. This is a woman's game, and formerly heav.v stakes were laid on the outcome of the game. Cat. no. 60295. Four wooden staves (figure 55), 10^ inches in length, two painted green with incised lines painted red, both alike, and two painted red with incised lines painted green; similar but not alike; one of the two red sticks tied with two thongs. The re- verses are plain, painted in solid color. Accompanied with 12 counting sticks, 10 white and 2 with bark on, 9^ inches in length. They were collected by Dr George A. Dorsey, " Folklore f)f the Modern Lenape. Essays of an Americanist, p. 186, Philadelphia, ISitO. "Cambridge, 1.S87. : ; CCLISl DICE GAMKS : GROSVENTRES 71 who describes the game under the same name of tajjawatse tothetsan The staves are thrown from thi' (S7Tl^-vV ^ >^iJC^ig>' ha ml upon the eud, on stone or on the ground, the count or vah:e of the throw being as follows: riain side of .^._ X:.-^^ra^^ banded stave and marked side of other staves, 6 ; marlied side of banded stave and plain side of other staves, 6 all marked or all plain sides upper- most, -i pair of two marked or plain: uppermost. 2. The count is kept with twelve wooden sticks, athsau. the game continuing until one opponent or the Fio. 54. Stick dice: length. 9i inches: Gros- other lias won all the counters. The ventre Indians, Fort Belknap reservation. stave with the buckskin bands is known Montana: cat. no. 60326, Field Columbian • Museum.as netha." Grosventres. Fort Belknap reservation. Montana. (American Mu- seum of Natural History.) Cat. no. -rffy. Four wooden staves, 9 inches in length, painted red on one side. Cat. no. ylfj. Four wooden staves, 8 inches in length, painted yel- low, with burnt marks on one side; accompanied by 1:? counting sticks, S^ inches in length, painted yellow. Fio. 5.5. Stick dice and counting sticks; length of dice, 111! inches: o£ counters, 9; inc-hes; Gros- ventre Indians, Fort Belknap reservation, Montana; cat. no. 60295, Field Columbian Museum. Cat. no. xIIt?- Four wooden staves, 9| inches in length, painted yel- low, and having oneside incised with red marks; accompanied by 12 counting sticks, painted yellow, 10 inches in length. Cat. no. -j-fg^. Four bone staves, 8 inches in length, one side with incised marks; accompanied by 12 counting sticks, cat. no. TTuTi'^'' ^i inches in length, made of willow, pointed at end. Collected by Dr A. L. Kroeber. Fort Belknap reservation, Montana. (Field Columbian Mu- seum.) Cat. no. G033'2. Set of six triangular bone dice, length IJ inches, three alike with spots on one face, and three alike with incised 72 GAMES OF THE NORTH AMERICAN INDIANS [eth. ANN. 24 lines as shown in figure 56. One die in each lot has a single spot on- the reverse, the other reverses being plain. Cat. no. 60331. Set of six peach-stone dice, length li inches, three alike with transverse burned bands and three alike with burned marks, shown in figure .57. One die in each lot has two burned marks on the reverse, the other reverses being plain. Cat. no. 60358. Set of nine plum-stone dice (figure 58) , length 1 inch, three alike with transverse bands, three with cross marks, and three with small spots, one die in each lot having a single dot on the reverse, the other reverses being plain. Collected in 1900 by Dr George A. Dorsey, who gives the following account of the game under the name of besnan-bethetsan. Six dice are used and tossed in a basket or wooden bowl, the value of the throw being determined when certain combinations tall as follows : All marked faces up or all down count 6 : three marked faces up or down, 3 ; two marked faces up and four down, 2 : four marked faces up and two down, 2. In many Fig. 56. Fig. HI. Pig. .58. Fig. oti. Bone dice; length, Ij inches: C-irosventre Indians, Montana; oat. no. 60333, Field Cohmi- bian Museum. Fig. 57. Peach-stone dice; length, li inches; Cirosventre Indians, Montana; cat. no. 603:^1, Field Columbian Museum. Fig. 58. Plum-stone dice; length, 1 inch; Grosrentve Indians, Montana; cat. no. B03.58, Field Columbian Museum. sets of this game is found an e.xtra group of three dice : these may be sub- stituted for either of the two other groups of three by any player whenever she desires to change her luck. This is a woman's game, and formerly heavy stakes were wagered on the outcome. Illinoi.s. It would appear f'-oin the manuscript Illinois dictionary of Eev. James Gravier," now in the John Carter Brown library, that this tribe was familiar with the game of plum stones. KiCKAPOO. Kickapoo reservation, Oklahoma. (Cat. no. 70702, Field Columbian Museum.) Set of eight dice (figure 59) , halves of peach stones, one carved to rejo- resent a tortoise and one to represent a bird, the carved pieces » Andrew McFarland Davis, in Bulletin ot Essex Institute, v. 18, p. 187, Salem, 1886. CULIS] DICE GAMES: MENOMINEE 73 I)eing painted red on the curved side: accompanied by a wooden bowl, jjolished by use, 8| inches in diameter. Collected by Dr George A. Dorsey. Mass.xchuset. Massachusetts. William Wood, in his New England's Prospect," relates the fol- lowing : Tlit?y have two sorts of games, one ealled puim, the other hubbub, not nuKh uulike cards and dice. . . . Hubbub is five small bones in a small smooth tray, the bones be like a die. but something flatter, black on the one side and white on the other, which the.v place on the ground, against which violently thumping the plafter. the bones mount changing colors with the windy whisking of their hands to and fro; which action in that sport they nunh use, smiting themselves on the breast, and thighs, crying out. Hub, Hub, Hub ; they may be heard pla.y at this game a quarter of a mile off. The bones being all black or white make a double game; if three be of a color and two of another, Fig. 59. Peach-stone dice: Kicka- then they afford but a single game; four of a poo Indians, Oklahoma; cat. no. 70702, Field Columbian Museum. color and one differing is nothing; so long as the man wins he keeps the tray : but if he lose, the next man takes it. Menominee. Wisconsin. Dr Walter J. Hoffman * describes the Menominee form of the game under the name akaqsiwok (plate in a) : It was fi-equently played in former times, but of late is rarely seen. It is played for purposes of gambling, either by two individuals or by two sets of players. A hemispheric bowl [figure 60] made out of the large round nodules of a maple root is cut and hollowed out. The ImiwI. wagibi' koman. is symmetric and is very nicely finished. It measures 13 inches in diameter at the rim and is G inches in depth. It measures five- eighths of an inch in thickness at the rim. but grad- uall.v increases in thickness toward tlie bottom, Fig. 60. Bowl I'ur dice; Me- which is about an inch thick. There are forty count- nominee Indians. Wisconsin from ers, called ma'atik, made of twigs or trimmedHoffman. sticks of pine or other wood, each about 12 inches long and from one-fourth to one-third of an inch thick. Half of these are colored red. the other half black, or perhaps left their natural whitish color. The dice, or aka'sianok, consist of eight pieces of deer horn, about three- fourths of an inch in diameter and one-third of an inch thick, but thinner toward the edges. Sometimes plinn stones or even pieces of wood are taken, one side of them being colored red. the other side remaining white or uncolored. When the players sit down to play, the bowl containing the dice is placed on the ground between the opponents ; bets are made : the first player begins a song in " London. 1634. Reprint, Boston, p. 90, 1898. '' The Menomini Indians. Fourteenth Annual Report of the Bureau of Ethnology, p. 241, 1896. " — 74 GAMES OF THE NORTH AMERICAK INDIANS [eth. ANN. 24 whic-li the other iilayers as well as the spectators join. At a certain propitious niouient the one to play first strikes the bowl a smart tap. which causes the dice to fly upward from the bottom of the bowl, and as they fall and settle the result is w,-itched with very keen interest. The value indicated by the position of the dice represents the- number of counters which the player is permitted to take from the ground. The value of the throws is as follow.s: First throw. 4 red dice and 4 white counts a draw : second throw. ."> red dice and 3 white. 1 ; third throw. I! red dice and 2 white, 4: fourth throw. 7 red dice and 1 white. 20; fifth throw. S red dice and no white, 40. The players strike the bowl alternately until one per.son wins all the counters—both those on the ground and those which the opponent may have won. MiCMAC. Nova Scotia. i^Cat. no. 18850, Free Museum of Science and Art, University of Pennsylvania.) Set of six buttons of vegetable ivory (figure 61) about seven-eighths of an inch in diameter, rounded and unmarked on one side and flat with a dotted cross on the other, being modern substitutes for similar objects of caribou bone. I3owl of wood (figure ()'2), nearly flat, 11^ inclies in diameter. Fifty-one round counting sticks (figure (53), 7 J inches in length, and 4 counting sticks (figure GJr), T| inches in length. They were collected by the donor, Mr Stansbury Hagar. The fol- lowing account of the game is given by the collector : A ir.inie much in use within the wigwams of the Micmac in former times is that called by some writers altestakun or woltestakfln. By good native author- ity it is said that the proper name for it is woltestomkwon. It is a kind of dice game of unknown antiquity, undoubtedly of pre-Columliian origin. It is played upon a circular wooden dish—properly rock maple—almost exactly a foot in diam- eter, hollowed to a depth of about three- fourths of an inch at its center. This Fig. fil. Bone dice; diameter, seven-eighths dish plays an important role in the older inch; Micmac Indians, Nova Scotia; cat. legends of the Micmacs. Filled with no. 188.50, Free Museum of Science and Art. University Pennsylvania. water and left overnight, its appear-of ance ne.xt morning serves to reveal hidden knowledge of past, jiresent. and future. It is also said to have been used as a vessel upon an arkite trip. The dice of caribou bone are six in num- ber, having flat faces and rouuded sides. One face is plain ; the other bears a dotted cross. When all the marked or all the unmarked faces are turned up there is a count of 5 points: if five marked faces and one unmarked face or five unmarked faces and one marked face are turned up. 1 point results: if a die falls off the dish there is no count. There are fifty-five counting sticks fifty-one plain rounded ones about 7J inches long, a king pin b shaped like the " Micmac Customs .and Traditions. American Anthropologist, v. 8, p. 31. 1895. 'Mr. Hagar informs me that the king pin is called kesegoo. the old man, and that the notched sticks are his three wives and the plain sticks his children. The Micmac explains these names by saying that when a stranger* calls, the children come out of the wigwam first, then the women, and then the head of the famil.v ; and this is the way it happens when one plays at wolt6stomkw6n. " The technical name for the king — CULIN] DICE GAMES : MICMAC 75 forward half of an arrow, and three notched sticks, each presenting lialf of the rear end of an arrow. These last four are about 8 inches long. Three of the plain sticks form a count of 1 point; the notched sticks have a value of 5 points; while the king pin varies in value, being used as a fifty-second plain stick, except when it stands alone in the general ])ile: tlicii it has. like the notched sticks, a value of 5 points. Thus the possible points of the count are 17 (one- third of fifty-one) on the plain sticks, and !."> ( five times three) on the three notched sticks, a total of 32: but by a complex system the count may be extended indefinitely. In playing the game two players sit opposite each other, their legs crossed in a characteristic manner, and the dish, or woltes, PiG.62. Platter tor dice: diameter. lU inches: Micmac IndiaUM, them Nova Scotia; cat. no. 18^.5(J, Free Museum of Science and Art,between usuall.v University of Pennsylvania. placed on a thick piece of leather or cloth. A squaw keeps the score on the counting sticks [figures G.3, 64], which at first lie together. The six dice are placed on a dish with their marked faces down ; one of the players takes the dish in both hands, and raises it an inch or two from the ground, and brings it down again with considerable force, thus turning the dice. If all but one of the upturned faces are marked or unmarked, he repeats the toss and continues to do so as long as one of these com- Fig. h:^. Counting sticks for dice: length. 7J inches; Micmac Indians, Nova Scotia: cat. no. l>tS.V>, Free Museum of Science and Art. University of Pennsylvania. binations results. When he fails to score, the amount of his winnings is with- drawn from the general pile and forms the nucleus of his private pile. His oppo- nent repeats the dice-throwing until he also fails to score. Two successive throws of either a single point or of ."> jioints count thrice the amount of one throw that is, 3 points or 1.") points, respectively. Three successive throws count five piD Is nandaymelgawasch and for the wives tk^mwoowaal, both of which names mean, they say, ' it counts five ' and • they count five." Nan Is the Micmac for ' 5,' but no uunuM-al of which I know appears in the second name." Mr Ilagar regards tlie polyga- mous element in tlie game as a good indication of its antiquity, if, he adds. " such Indeed be necessary." Kefeirlng to the passes described by Mrs W. W. Brown, in her paper on the games of the W'abanaki Indians, he says: "These passes are made by the Micmac in woltestomkwon by passing the right band rapidly to the left over the dish, and shutting it exactly as if catching a fly." Wedding ceremonies among the Micmac were celebrated by the guests for four days thereafter. On the first day they danced the serpent dance, on the second they played football ( tooad ik). on the third day they played lacrosse Imadijik), on the fourth, wOltcstOmkwon. 76 GAMES OF THE NORTH AMERICAN INDIANS [eth. ANN. 24 times as much as a single throw, etc. After the pile of counting sticks has been exhausted a new feature is introduced in the count. The pla.ver who scores first takes a single plain stick from his pile and places it b.v itself, with one of its sides facing him to represent 1 point, and perpendicular to this, either horizontally or vertically, to represent ."> points. He continues to add sticks thus as he continues to score. This use of sticks as counters to indicate unpaid winnings is a device for deferring further set- tlement until the game seems near its end. and also serves to increase the count indefinitely to meet the indefinite duration of the game, as after one player secures a token, his opjjonent, when he scores, merely reduces the former's token pile by the value of his score. The reduction is effected by returning from the token pile to the private pile the amoimt of the opponent's score; hence at an.v time the token pile represents the amount of advantage which its owner has obtained since the last settlement. These settlements are made when ever either party may desire it. This, however, is supposed to be whenever one player's token pile seems to represent a value approaching the limit of his opponent's ability to pay. If his opponent should permit the settlement to be deferred until he were no longer able to pay his debts, then he would lose the game to the first player : whereas, if one player, after the settlement, retains _____^ five plain sticks, but not more. a new feature is introduced, which favors him. If. while retaining his five sticks, he can score 5 points before his opponent scores at all, he wins the game in spite of the I — much greater amount of his^^ I>-^^ ojiponent's winnings up to Fio. 64. Counting sticks for dice; length 7J inches: Mic- jj^gt; point. If his opponent mac Indians, Nova Scotia; cat. no. 18850, Free Museum ., . . , , ^ of Science and Art, University of Pennsylvania. ^^ores 1 point only before he obtains his 5 points, he still has a chance, though a less promising one. After paying over the three plain sticks that represent a single point, two jilain sticks still remain to him. he is then compelled to win 7 points before his opponent wins 1 or he forfeits the game ; but if he succeeds in winning his 7 points the game is still his. How- ever, in these last chances he is further handicapped by the rule that he can at no time score more points than are represented in his private pile. Conse- quently, if with only five plain sticks in his possession, he could score onl.v a single point, even if his toss should call for 5 : but with six plain sticks he could scoi-e 2 points ; with nine sticks. 3. etc. The last chances are : With only five plain sticks, 5 points are necessary to win ; with four plain sticks. 5 points are necessary to win : with three sticks, points ; with two sticks. 7 points ; with one stick, 7 points. There are two other minor rules : One, that in counting 5 points on the plain sticks four bundles of four each are given instead of the five bundles of three each, as one should expect ; total 16. The other rule is that to count 6 points we use a notched stick plus only two plain sticks, instead of three, as might be expected. Mr Hagar states that the preceding game was invented and taught by the hero Glooscap. They have also a similar game, called wobima- runk," which they say was invented and owned by Mikchikch—the turtle—one of Glooscap's companions, to whose shell the dice bear some resemblance. " The account of wobOnarunk is from a manuscript by Mr Hagar, which he courteously placed in my hands. <-lLIX] DICE GAMES : MICMAC 77 The name wobiinanink is ilerived from wolifin. meaning dawn ; to which is added a termination signifying anytliing molded or worlied upon by lnnn;in hands." The outfit for the game consists simply of six dice, made from moose or caribou bone. One Micmac, at least, is positive that the teeth only of these animals can properly be used. In idaying, these dice are thrown from the right hand upon the ground, and the points are counted accord- ing to the numlier of marliod or unmarliggest rock-maple trees do not exceed 20 inches in thickness, the waltes was evidently made from one side of the tree and not from across. The wood is cross-grained and extremely snif>oth. the nerves (opxo^t) of the tree being just perceptible. Round and elliptic figures are carved on the top and bottom side, but have no si.gnificauce for the game itself. The rubbing smooth or polishing of the wood is called sesubad6;i; by the Indians it has the same effect as sandpaper rubbing with us. The altestS-ank. or dice, are blank on the convex side and carved with A figures on the flat side, which converge in the center. The game itself is altestal : they (two) play the dice game, altestSyek ; they (more than two) play the dice game, altestadiyek. The counters of this game are of two kinds, both being sticks about 7 to 8 ° Bulletin of tlie Free Museum of Science and Art, University of Pennsylvania, v. '2, p. 191, Pliiladelpliia, 1900. : ClLINj DICE games: micmac 79 inolies in length: ptxnuiu.iwt'f. lint sticks, witli ;i broadening at one end: (2) l;idenia-nnli. tliin. oylindrie sticks, about doul)le the thickness of lucifer matches. The etxanuiawei. iilural (c i txanmawel, slendei' sticks, are also <-alled '"five pointers." because their broadening end shows five notches or jjoints. showing their value as counters, each rep- resenting five kideinS-ank. The ones sent you are made of bamboo obtained from the West Indies, hence called kesusk. plural kesus- kel. On one of the txamuawel the end has a double set of notches, the whole resembling a diminutive ar- row. It is called the old man; gisigu. plural gisigiik. With this last one txamuawel are to the number of four. At the Gn;\] ac- counting each of the txamuawel counts 5 points, and it is the privi- lege of the one who gets the old man to get ."> points more than the others, under the condition that his previous gain exceed 15 points. The kidema-ank, or common Fig. 68—Platter tor dice (obverse i; diameter, lOi counters, are fifty-one in number, inches; Micmac Indians, Nova Scotia; cat. no. cyliudric, and of the same length as 21642, Free Museum of Science and Art. University the txamuawel. Some of those be- of Pennsylvania. fore you are of snau. or rock-maple. the others of bamboo. Their innnber is determined by the fact that three times seventeen makes fifty-one. and each three of them represents 1 point in the game. Fiii. 8a—Counting sticks for dice; length, a; inches, Micmac Indians, Nova Scotia; cat. no. 21642, Free Museum of Science and Art. University of Pennsylvania. Some of the rules observed in tliis truly al)original game are as follows, accord- ing to .Tames Meuse .\ny player in the ring can have three throws of the dice. When, after shak- ing the waites on a table or on the mat. all the dice, or altestS-auk, turn their white or black side up. the player gets 1 etxamuawef, or 5 points, or 15 kidema- ank. When, after the shake, two altesta-ank turn their marked side up. the player gets no counter, or kidem;1-an. When one altestfl-an turns up with the marked side up. the player gets 1 point, or 3 kidenia-ank. When five dice turn their marked side up and one the blank side, the ])lityer makes 1 point, or .3 kidema-ank. When the player finds all six dice with the marked side up he wins 15 counters, or 5 points. : 80 GAMES OF THE NOETH AMERICAN INDIANS [eth. ANN. 24 When five marked sides turn up and one blank one he makes 1 [loint, or 3 counters. But when he makes the same throw again in succession to the aljove, he wins 3 points, or 9 counters. Whenever a player has all the blanks turned up he has the privilege of throwing again. MiCMAf. Kew Brunswick. (Peabody Museum of American Arclioe- ology and Ethnology.) Cat. no. 50804. Set of six dice made of antler, three-fourths to seven-eighths of an inch in diameter, marked on flat side with a six-rayed star; bowl of birch wood. 11^ inches in diameter, and fifty-four counting sticks (figure TO), consisting of fifty plain sticks and four larger sticks. The latter comprise one stick with three serrations on side near one end, two each with four serra- tions, and one resembling the feathered shaftment of an arrow with tliree serrations on each side. Fig. to. Counting sticks for dice; length, 8 to 8} inches; Micmac Indians. New Brnnswicb; cat. no. .5(tS04, Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology. Cat. no. 50792. Five dice of antler, three-fourths to seven-eighths of an inch in diameter, marked on the flat side with four-rayed star; buwl of birch wood, 9-i inches in diameter; 52 counting sticks, consisting of 48 plain sticks and 4 larger sticks. The latter comprise one stick with five serrations on one side near one end, two with four serrations each, and one resembling a feath- ered arrow .shaftment with serrations on each side. The counting sticks in this and the preceding game are in part of bamboo. Both were collected by Mr G. M. West. MissiSAUGA. New Credit, Ontario. Rev. Peter Jones ° says In their bowl plays they use plum stones. One side is burnt black, and the other is left of its natural color. Seven of these plums are placed in a wooden bowl, and are then tossed up and caught. If they happen to turn up all wliite or all black they count so many. This is altogether a chance game. Narraganset. Rhode Island. Roger Williams, in his Key into the Language of America,* " History of the Ojebway Indians, p. 135. London, 1861. "London, 1643. (Collections of the Rhode Island Historical Society, v. 1, p. 145, Providence, 1.S27 : also. Collections of the Massachusetts Historical Society, for the year 1794, V. 3, p. 324.) Cited by Andrew McFarland Davis, in Bulletin of the Essex Insti- tute, v. IS, p. 173. Salem, 1S86, to whom I am indebted for the reference. : " CCLix] DICE GAMES : NORRIDGEWOCK 81 describes the games of the Narraganset as of two sorts—private and public. " They have a kind of dice which are plum stones painted, which they cast in a tray with a mighty noise and sweating." He gives the following words referring to this game: wunnaugonhom- min, to play at dice in their tray; asauanash, the jjainted plum stones which they throw, and puttuckquapuonck, a playing arbor. He describes the latter as made of long poles set in the earth, four square, 16 or 20 feet high, on which they hang great store of their stringed money, having great staking, town against town, and two chosen out of the i-est by course to play the game at this kind of dice in the midst of all their abettors, with great shouting and solemnity. He also says The cliief gamesters among them much desire to make their gods side with them in their gan)e^ . . . therefore I have seen them Ijeep as a precious stone a piece of thunderbolt, which is lilie unto a crystal, which they dig out of the ground under some tree, thunder-smitten, and from this stone they have an opinion of success. NiPissiNG. Forty miles above Montreal. Quebec. Rev. J. A. Cuoq " describes the plum-stone game among this tribe under the name of pakesanak, which he says is the usual name given to five plum stones, each marked with several dots on one side only. Four or five women, squatting around on a blanket, make the stones jump about the height of their foreheads, and according to the stones falling on one or the other side the fate of the player is decided. Of late the game has been improved by using a platter instead of a cover (blanket) , which caused the name of the game of platter to be given it by the whites. The name pakesanak is the plural of pakesan, defined as noyau, jeu. Dr A. S. Gatschet has kindly given me the following analysis of this word: Pake, to fall, to let fall; s, diminutive; an, suffix of inanimate nouns. NoRRnxiEWOCK. Norridgewock, Maine. In the dictionary of Father Sebastian Rasles,' a number of words I'eferring to games are defined,'' from which it appears that the Norridgewock Indians played a game with a bowl and eight disks (ronds), counting with grains. The disks were black on one side " Lexique de la Langue Algonqulne, .Montreal, 1886. '' .Memoirs .American .\oadem.v of ,\rts and Science, n. s., v. 1, Cambridge, 1833. ••Je jouo avec dea ronds blancs d'un c6t6et noirsde I'autre, nederakko, v. nedamnke, v. nedaSe annar. Les ronds, Oss^* 8aaar; les grains, tagSssak. Lea grains du jeu du plat, dicuntur etiam, 6sse8anar. Lors qu'ils s'en trouve du nombre de 8, 5 blanca et 3 noirs, v. 5 noirs et S blaucs, nebarbam, keb, etc. (on ue tire rien •; idem fit de 4 blancs et 4 noirs. Lors qu'il y en a 6 d'line couleur, et 2 de I'autre, nemesSdam (on tire 4 grains). Lors qu'il y en a 7 d'une meme conleur, et qu'un de I'autre, nedeneSi (on en tire 10). Lors qu'ils sont tons 8 de meme couleur, nSrihara (on en tire 20) Nes^kasi, je plante un bois dans terre p'r marquer les parties. Je lul gagne une partie, je mets un bois p'r, etc., neg8dag8haran. NodasabamankH, il me dumarque une partie, il ote un bois, etc. Je jone an plat, n8anrad6b4ma 3. San m^. Mets les petits rond.s, etc., p8n6 ^ss68anar. Nederakebeua, je les mets. " Bulletin of the Essex Institute, v. 18, p. 187. Salem, 1886. 24 ETH—05 M 6 " : 82 GAMES OF THE NORTH AMERICAN INDIANS [eth. ann. 24 and white on the other. If black and white turned up four and four, or five and three, there was no count; six and two counted 4; seven and one, 10; and all eight of the same color, 20. Davis remarks that, " according to Rasles, the count was sometimes kept by thrust- ing sticks into the ground. This is shown by Indian words used in the games, which Rasles interprets, respectively: 'I thrust a stick in the ground to mark the games; '' I win a game-from him; I place a stick,' etc. '; He takes the mark for a game away from me ; he re- moves a stick,' etc. '; He takes away all my marks ; he removes them all.' Ottaa\'a. Manitoba. Tanner " describes the game as follows, under the name of bugga- sank or beggasah The beg-ga-sah-nuk are small pieces of wood, bone, or sometimes of brass made by cutting up an old kettle. One side they stain or color black, the other they aim to have bright. These may vary in number, but can never be fewer than nine. They are put together in a large wooden bowl or tray kept for the purpose. The two parties, sometimes twenty or thirty, sit down opposite to each other or in a circle. The play consists in striking the edge of the bowl in such a manner as to thi-ow all the beg-ga-sah-nuk into the air, and on the manner in which they fall into the tray depends his gain or loss. If his stroke has been to a certain extent fortunate, the player strikes again and again, as in the game of billiards, until he misses, when it passes to the next. Passamaquoddy. Maine. The bowl game among these Indians is described by Mrs W. "W. Brown,** of Calais, Maine, under the name of alltestegenuk : I'layed by two persons kneeling—a folded blanket between them serving as a cushion on which to strike the shallow wooden dish, named wal-tah-ha-mo'g'n. This dish [figure 71] contains six thin bpne disks [figure 72] about three- fourths of an inch in diameter, carved and colored on one side and plain on the other. These are tossed or turned over by holding the dish firmly in the hands Fio. n-Manner of holding dish in dice game; „„(! striking down hard on the cushion. Passamaquoddy Indians, Maine: from Mrs ,-, ... .... ., W.W.Brown. ^^^ counting in this game there are 48 small sticks, about 5 inches in length, named ha-ga-ta-ma-g'n'al : 4 somewhat larger, named t'k'm-way-wal and 1 notched, called non-a-da-ma-wuch [figure 73]. All the sticks are placed in a pile. The disks .".re put in the dish without order ; each contestant can play while he wins, but on his missing the other takes the dish. Turning all the disks but one. the player takes 3 small sticks,' twice in succession, 9 sticks, three times in succession, 1 big stick or 12 small ones. Turning all alike once, he takes a big stick, twice in succession, 3 big ones, or 2, and lays a small one out to show what is done, three times " A Narrative of the Captivity and Adventures of ,Tohn Tanner, p. 114. New York, 1830. ' Some Indoor and outdoor Games of the Wabanaki Indians. Transactions of the Royal Society of Canada, v. (i, sec. 2, p. 41, Montreal, 1889. —. cuLiN] DICE games: passamaquoddy 83 in siK'cession he stands a big stick ui)—equal to 1I3 small ones from the oppo- nent—the notched one to be the last taken of the small ones it being equal to 3. When all the small sticks are drawn and there are large ones left in the pile instead of taking 3 from the opponent, the players lay one out to show that the other owes 3 sticks, and so on until the large ones are won. Then, unless the game is a draw, the second and more interesting stage begins, and the sticks have different value. Turning all the disks but one. the player lays 1 out—equal to 4 from an opponent. Turning all the disks but one twice in succession, he lays 3 out—e(iual to 12 from the other—three times in succession—stands 1 up. equal to 1 large or 10 small ones. Turning all alike, he sets up 1 large one twice in suc- cession ; then 3 large ones, or lacking these. 3 small ones for each large one. This would end the game if the opponent had none standing, as there would be no sticks to pay the points. Fig. 72—Bone die. But a run of three times of one kind in succession is unusual. Ixn'd^i^a™n^s,'ClMa"i. ^ ne; When one has not enough sticks to pay points won by the from Mrs W.W. other comes the real test of skill, although the former has Brown. still several superior chances to win the game. If he has 5 sticks, he has 3 chances ; if 7 or 9 sticks he has 5 chances ; that is. he places the disks in jiosition, all one side up. for each of the tosses ; the other contestant takes his turn at playing, but he can not place the disks. Then, giving the dish a peculiar slide, which they call la luk, or running downhill like water, and at the same time striking it down on the cushion, he may. unless the luck is sadly against him. win twice out of three times trying. To this day it is played with great animation, with incantations for good luck and exorcising of evil spirits, by waving of hands and crying yon-tel-eg-wa- wuch. At a run of ill luck there are -- -.' ;^ [leculiar passes made over the dish 3 and a muttering of Mic-in«c-squsuk n'me ha-ook (" I know thereis a Jlicmac squaw around " ) One of their legends tells of a (_ ^ - - - ,_!-—-^_Z_r3~7)) game played by Youth against — Old .\ge. The old man had muchFio. 73 Counting sticks for dice game; lenerth, (U to ,^ .... ^ tt 6i inches; Passamaquoddy ta-OU-hn (magic power). HeIndians, Maine; from ^ Mrs w. w. Brown. had regained his youth several times liy inhaling the breath of youthful opponents. He had again grown old and sought another victim. When he found one whom he thought suited to his purpose he invited him to a game of all-tes-teg-enuk. The .voung man was also m'ta-ou-lin. and for a po-he-gan bad K'che-bal-lock (spirit of the air), and c-onsequently knew the old man's intention, yet he consented to a game. The old man's wal-tah-h;"i-mo'g'n was a skull, and the ;"ill-tes-teg-enuk were the e.ves of former victims. The game was a long and exiitiiig one. but at each toss off by the young man the disks were carried a little higher by his po-he-gan until they disappeared altogether. This broke up a game that has never been com- pleted. The legend says that the old man still waits and the young man still outwits him. Another Passamaquoddy Draino is described by Mrs Brown under the name of wypenogenuk : This game, like all-tes-teg-enfik. has long been a gambling game. The disks are very similar, but larger, and eight in nuniher. The players stand opposite each other with a blanket spread on the ground between them. The disks are held in the palm of the hand, and chucked on the blanket. This game is counted : 84 GAMES OF THE NORTH AMERICAN INDIANS [eth. ann. 24 with sticks, the contestants determining the number of points necessary to win before commencing to play. Penobscot. Maine. (Cat. no. 16551, Free Museum of Science and Art, University of Pennsylvania.) Set of counting sticks of unpainted white wood (figure 74), copied at the Chicago Exposition by a Penob- scot Indian from those in a set of gaming implements, consisting of dice, counters, and bowl, there exhibited by ^m the late Chief Joseph Nicolar. of Old-r town. The latter kindlv furnisheil the E m Fig. 74. Counting sticlfs for dice game; Penobscot Indians, Maine: cat. no. 1&5.51, Free Museum of Fig. 75. Limestone disks, possibly used in game; Science and Art, University of a 1 inch in diameter, b 5 inch in diameter; Nottawa- Pennsylvania. saga, Ontario. Archaeological Museum. Toronto. writer the following account of the game under the name of werlarda- harmungun The Inittons used as dice in this game are made from the shoulder blade of a moose, the counters of cedar wood. The latter are fiftyflve in number, tifty- one being rounded splints about 6 inches in length, three flat splints of the same length, and one made in a zigzag shape. A soft bed is made in the ground or on the floor for the dish to strike on. Two persons having been selected to play the game, they seat themselves opposite to each other. The buttons are placed in the dish, and it is tossed up and brought down hard upon its soft bed. If five of the six buttons have the same side up, the player takes three round splints; but if the entire six turn the same side up, it is called a double, and the player takes one of the flat ones. The game is continued until all the counters are drawn. It might naturally be inferred that remains of the bone disks used __^______ ill the bowl game would be found^^^^^^=^^^^^^^^^^^1-1^^'^'-^'^^^^^^ in our archeological museums, but as yet I have not met with any. On the other hand, small disks of pottery and of stone, frequently marked on one face, are not un- common, and are usually classified FiG.7(i. Bone stick dice; length. 8inohes; Pie- gan Indians, Alberta; cat. no. 69356, Field as gaming implements. I am in- Columbian Museum. debted to Mr David Boyle, cura- tor of the Archaeological Museum, Toronto, for the sketch (figure 75) representing a s'jnall disk of soft white limestone from Nottawasaga. Ontario, in his collection, engraved with a cross on one side and a similar disk with a cross on both sides. PiEGAN. Alberta. (Cat. no. 69356, Field Columbian Museum.) Set of four bone staves, 8 inches in length, marked with incised lines, in two pairs, one with chevrons in red and the other with crosses : CDLIN] DICE games: SAUK AND FOXES 85 between transverse lines, one of the latter tied with a leather band (figure 76). Collected by Mr R. X. Wilson. PoTAWATOMi. Potawatomi reservation. Oklahoma. (Cat. no. 70701, Field Columbian ^luseum.) Set of 8 bone dice (figure 77) : six disks, three-fourths of an inch in diameter, one tor- toise, and one horse iiead, with one side rounded and plain and reverse flat and stained red; accompanied by a flat wooden bowl, 11 inches in diameter, and 25 seeds used in count- ing. Collected by Dr Fio. ". Bone dice: diameter, j inch; Potawatomi Indians, Oklahoma; cat. no. 70701, Field George Columbian Museum.A. Dorsey. SAtTK AND Foxes. Tama, Iowa. (Cat. no. 36751, Free Museum of Science and Art, University of Pennsylvania.) Eight disks of bone (figure 78), gusigonuk, three-fourths of an inch in diameter. Six are marked with two incised circles on one side, and two with a five-pointed star inclosed in a circle, with a brass boss in the center which penetrates to the other side. Except for this the reverses are plain. Accompanied by a wooden bowl. anagai (cat. no. 36752). made of a maple knot, grease-soaked and highly polished; diameter, 11-i inches. Collected by the writer in 1900. Both men and women iilay. but this is especially a woman's game. 'I'he dice are tossed in the bowl, and the count is kept with ten sticks, 10 iieing the game. The counts are as follows: Eight marked sides up Fio. 79. Message sticks for woman's dice game; length, .51 inches; Sauk Fig. 78. Bone dice; diameter, inch; Sauk and Fox and Fox Indians. Tama, Iowa; cat.J Indians, Tama, Iowa; cat. no. 367.51, Free Museum no. , IS,. American Museumof Natural of .Science and Art. Univei-sity of Pennsylvania- History. c-ounts 4 : eight plain sides up, 4 : seven marked sides and one white side up, 2 six marked sides and two white sides up, 1 ; seven white sides and one marketl up, 2 : si.x white sides and two marked up, 1 ; seven white sides and one star up. 5 ; seven marked sides and one brass stud up. Tt; six white sides and two stars up. 10 ; sis marked sides aud two brass studs up, 10. The game is called gusigonogi. 86 GAMES OF THE NORTH AMERICAN INDIANS [eth. ax.n. 24 A set of message sticks (figure 79) for the women's dice game, in the American Museum of Natural History (cat. no. ^533 )• consists of a bundle of eight ijieces of reed, 5i inches in length. Collected by Dr William Jones. ATHAPASCAN STOCK San Carlos Apache. San Carlos, Gila county, Arizona. (Field Columbian Museum.) Cat. no. 63556. Three wooden staves (figure 80), 9 inches in length, Fig. 80. Stick dice; length, 9 inches; San Carlos Fio. 81. Stick dice; length, 8 inches; San Apache Indians, Arizona; cat. no, 63556, Field Carlos Apache Indians, Arizona; cat. no. Columbian Museum. 63557, Field Columbian Museum. flat faces painted red, with incised cross lines painted black in middle and end edges notched, round sides painted yellow. Flo. 82. San Carlos Apache Indians playing stick dice; (tila county. Arizona; from photograph by Mr S. C. Simms. Cat. no. 63557. Three wooden staves (figure 81). 8 inches in length, identical with preceding, except that flat faces have alternate painted bands, black and red. They were collected by Mr S. C Simms, who gives the name of the game as settil. : : ciLtx] DICE GAMES : WHITE MOUNTAIN APACHE 87 White Mountain Apache. Arizona. (Field Columbian Museum.) Cat. no. 61247. Three wooden staves (figure 83), 10§ inches in length, flat on one side, ]3ainted yellow, with green band on flat face. These specimens were collected by Rev. Paul S. Mayerhotf, who gives the following account of the game under the name of tsaydithl, or throw-sticks This is a woman's game and is played with great ardor. The staves are three in number, from 8 to 10 inches long and flat on one side. The ph\.vgroimd is a circle [figure 84] about 5 feet in diameter. The center of this circle is formed by a flat rod; of any convenient size, generally from 8 to 10 inches in diameter. On the circumference forty stones are arranged in sets of ten, to be used as coimtors. Not less than two or more than four persons can participate in the game at one time. In playing, the sticks are grasped in the hand and thrown on end upon the rocU in the center with force enough to make them rebound. As they fall, flat or round face upward, the throw counts from 1 to 10, as follows : Three round sides up counts 10 points, called yiih : two round sides up, one flat. 1 or 2 points, called tlay : one round side up. two fiat. .3 jvoints. called tah gee; P° <^Oo^ 3 ooo o o o„ „oOn 'oo ooO° Fig. 83. Fig. 84. Fig. 83. Stick dice for tsay-ditbl; length, 101 inches; White Mountain Apache Indians, Arizona; cat. no. 61247, Field Columbian Museum. Fig. 84. Circuit for stick dice; White Mountain Apache Indians. Arizona. three flat sides up, 5 points, called dagay. Should one of the players, in mak- ing her count, continue from her set of counters to the adjoining set of her opponent's and strike the place marked by the opponent's tally marker, it throws the opponent's count out of the game, and she must start anew. Who- ever first marks 40 points wins. Cat. no. G1248. Four sticks (figure 85). 23 inches in lengtli. the round sides painted, two alike, with four diagonal black stripes, and one with a broad red band in the middle and red ends. TIk; first three have flat reverses, painted red, and the fourth, with the red band, a black reverse. Another set, cat, no. 61240. has three with round sides decorated alike with alternate red and black lines, and one with diagonal black lines. The first three have red i-everses, the fourth a lilack reverse. These specimens were collected by Rev. Paul S. Mayerhoff. who gives the following account of the game under the name of haecgohay, drop sticks This game is played by both sexes together. For it there is no preparation of a playground. The staves are four sticks 18 to 24 inches in length, round on : ; 88 GAMES OF THE NORTH AMERICAN INDIANS [eth. ann. 24 the back, flat on the face. One of the set of four sticks is distinguished from the remaining three and represents a man, the other three being women. The sticks are dropped and the ijoints counted as follows : Pour faces down, sticks lying parallel, counts 10 ; four faces down, pair of crosses, 10 ; four faces down, odd stick crossing the others, 10 *,™_'„ f four faces up, p^air* f of crosses,t 20n^ ' ' four faces up, odd stick crossing others, 20 ; three faces down, one crossed by the odd stick, face VUIJMI - upward, 26 ; three faces up, one Pk;. 85. Stick dice for ha-ee-go-hay; length, 23 inches: crossed by the odd stick, face Wliite Mountain Apache Indians, Arizona; cat. nu. Field Columbian Museum. down, 26 ; three61248, faces up, crossed by the odd stick, face down, 39; three faces up. two crossed by the odd stick, face up or down, 39 ; four faces up, sticks lying parallel, 40 ; three faces up, one face down, lying parallel, 52 ; three faces down, one face up, lying parallel, 52 ; three faces up, one down, crossing one another six times, 62. White Mountain Apache. White river, Arizona. Mr Albert B. Reagan furnished the following account of the Apache stick dice game in a communication to the Bureau of Amer- ican Ethnology in 1901 This game is usually played by women only, occupying with it their leisure hours. They bet on it such things as beads, dress materials, and other objects of small value, sometimes even money. When money is bet it is put under the ooc^oo.^ stone on which the sticks 'O,'o. are cast. In preparing the field a spot of ground is lev- eled and a small flat stone o placed in the center. Other o stones are then piled around o this stone to form a circle c [figure 86] Z\ feet in diam- o eter, with four openings, 10 stones being placed in each quarter of the circle, the openings corresponding with the northeast, southeast, o. O southwest, and northwest. ''^OcxoO'^^^ The stones, which are PLAYER picked up inthe immediate Fig. 86. Circuit for stick dice; White Mountain Apache Indians, Arizona: from drawing by Albert B. Eeagan. vicinity of the playground, are of various shapes and sizes. The stones being laid, a stick is placed in the opening at the northeast to indicate that this is the starting point. In counting, a player moves his counting-stick as many stones from the starting point as he has points to count, putting his marker in the space just beyond the last stone counted, unless that count should end in one of the four openings, in which case he puts it in the next preceding space. The stones in each section are num- bered or named. Those in the two sections on the right of the starting point are numbered from 1 on to the right, and those on the left of the starting point in the same way toward the left. CILI.N] DICE games: white mountain apache 89 The pliiyiug sticks are about a loot in lengtb, and are the halves of green sticks about 1 inch in diameter, the bark being left on the rounded side and the split surface marked across its face with charcoal bands al)out 1 inch wide. In throwing, the sticks are carefuU.v held together in the hand, with the marked faces either in or out. They are hurled, ends down, the hand being released just before they strike, so that they are free to fall or bounce in any direction. The counts are as follows : One marked face up counts 2 ; two marked faces up, 3; three marked faces up, 5; three marked faces down, 10. If the player scores 10, she throws again : otherwise she passes the sticks to the next player. When a player makes 10, she always says y.nk ! and strikes the center stone with the hunch of three play sticks sidewise before throwing them again. The number nf players may be two. three, or four, the last-named num- FiG. S7. White Mountain Apaoht' women playing stick dice ithe sticks in midair i: White river, Arizona: from photograph by Mr Albert B. Reagan. ber being usual. When four play, one sits behind each section of stones, facing the center. When more than two play, the two that face each other play as partners. In moving their counting-sticks. i)artners always move them in the same direction. The player of the east section and her partner, if slie has one. move around the circle toward the south, and the player of the north section moves around toward the west. If a player's count terminates at, or moves past, a place occupied by an antagonist, she takes her opponent's counting-stick and throws it back, and the latter must start again, losing all her counts. A game consists of three circuits, or 120 points. Each time a player makes a circuit she scores by placing a charcoal mark on a stone in her section. Vocabulary: Set dilth'. the stick game: set dilth' bed'-den-kak. let us play the stick game: . Fig. 88. Stick dire; length, 9.) inches; White Mountain Apache Indians, Furt Apache, Arizona; cat. no. 18619, Free Museum of Science and Art, University of Pennsylvania. Fig. 89. Manner of holding stick dice; White Mountain Apache Indians, Arizona; from draw- ing by the late Capt. C. N. B. Macauley, U. S. Army. Captain C. X. B. Macauley, U. 8. Army, as used in a game played by women in a circle " of forty stones divided in four tens with a division to each ten, and having a large flat rock placed in the middle. Four or si.v can play. Two sides are formed of equal nuiubers, and two sets of sticks are used. The players kneel behind the rock circle. The first player takes the sticks in one hand, rounded sides out [figure 80], and slams them end first on the rock. From this is derived the name of the game, se-tich-ch, bounce-on-the-rock.« 'A set of sticks (fig. 88) made of a variety of tbe prickly ash, 9* inches in length, hut otherwise identical with the above, is contained in the Free Museum of Science and Art of the University of Pennsylvania (cat. no. 1S619), and was collected by Capt. C. N. B. Macauley, U. S. Army. "Doctor Palmer says a square; Captain Macauley, a circle. <^ Capt. John G. Bourke gave the Apacbe name of this j;ame to tbe writer as tze-chis, stone, or zse-tilth, wood, the words referring to the central stone and tbe staves. The circle of stones is called, he stated, tze-nasti, stone circle. Dr Edward Palmer gives the name of the game as satill. : : CfLIN] DICE games: hupa 91 The counts are as follows : Three rouud sides ui) eouuts 10 ; threi^ Hat sides up. 5 ; two round sides up and one flat, 2 ; one round side up and two flat. 3. A throw of 10 gives another throw. Each side has two sticks which are used to mark the count. The two sides count from opposite directions. White Mountain Apache. Fort Apache, Arizona. ( Cat. no. 84465, Field Columbian Museum.) Thirteen wooden dice (figure 90), If inches in length, flat on one side and rounded on the other, all painted black on the flat side, while three have reddish brown and ten white backs. Collected in l'.)03 by Mr Charles L. Owen, who gives the following account of the game, which is played only by warriors It is called da'ka-nadaglza, or da'ka gustse'gi. Thirteen, or, according to another informant, fourteen dice are used. Two or four players particl- (V '^i^ JF^k\. .^^^\ p:>te. The highest possible throw is \M ^^^ '^^'v\ ^y \S ^*^ points. The dice are shakeu in a ^3 ^^^j ^^ Vj ^^^ flat basket, or tsa. The ground, hav- ing been hollowed out. is lined with bear grass covered over with a buck- skin or blanket. This is to give elas- ticity and recoil to dice when the basket is struck sharply. The mode Pio. SHI. Wooden dice; length, 1; inches; White of shaking dice is to strike the basket, Mountain Apache Indians, Arizona; cat. no. which is firmly grasped at two oppo- 84465, Field Columbian Museum. site sides, down upon the elastic play- ground, the dice thereby being tossed upward and shaken over well. The counts are as follows: Ta-ilqgai. three white backs, ten black faces, counts 12; itcldenkaga. three red backs, ten black faces. — : nlltoha, one red back: twelve black faces. 10: eetlai -ilqgai, five white backs, eight black faces. — giistsed-ilqgai or dsilqgai, seven white backs, six black faces. — : ba -iscina. three red backs, ten white backs, 20: beitciha, — red backs. — white backs. 16: eudai, three black faces, ten white backs, — : doca, three red backs, three white backs, seven black faces, — ; naki-nildiifla, two red backs, ten white backs, one black face, .5. Hupa. Hupa valley. California. (Free Museum of Science and Art, Univer- sity of Pemi- sylvania.) Cat, no. 37190. Four Fi(i. ill. Shell dice; diameters, \ to U inches: Hupa ludiaus, disks of mussel California; cat. no. 37199, 3":i00, Free Museum of Science and Art, Univer.<*ity of Pennsylvania. shell (figure 91«). two alike, three-fourths of an inch, and two alike, seven-eighths of an incli in diameter. One side is dull and slightly concave, and the other bright and convex. Cat. no. 37200. Four disks of abalone shell (figure 91^). similar to 92 GAMES OF THE NORTH AMERICAN INDIANS [eth. ANN. 24 the preceding. 1 and 14 inches in diameter. Collected by the writer in 1900. They are used by women in a game called by the same name as the dice, yeoul mat. Two women play. The four dice are shaken together in the hands, the palms clasped together, and the dice let fall upon a blanket. The larger dice are called mi-ni-kiau, and the smaller, mi-ui-skek ; the concave sides, tak-ai-tim-it, and the convex, you-tim-lt. Two heads and two tails count ; four heads count 1 ; four tails count 1. Other plays do not count. The count is kept with ten sticks, which are put in the center between the two women and drawn out as they win. When the center pile is exhausted the.v draw from each other imtil one woman wins the ten sticks. The game is played at any time.a A Crescent City Indian, whom the writer met at Areata, California, gave the name of the dice described above as tchuthut ; large dice, tchaka ; small dice, mushnai ; concave sides, gaemun ; convex sides, youtowitmun ; let iis play dice, chitat. Kawchodinne. Mackenzie. (Cat. no. 7404, United States National Museum.) Four wooden blocks (figure 92). If inches in length, said to be for a Fig. 92. Wooden dice; length, IJ inches; Kawchodinne Indians, Mackenzie; cat. no. 7404, United States National Musenm. game. They have a rounded base, with two transverse cuts, and are perforated, as if for stringing. Collected by Maj. R. Kenni- cott on the Arctic coast. Navaho. St Michael, Arizona. Rev. Berard Haile ' describes the following game:' Ashbf'i. the crossed-stick game. Two sticks are used, about 4 or .o inches long. One side of the sticks is colored red, the other black. Each stick has on each side four marks, cuts, in the center. A blanket is placed on the ground and another attached above it to the ceiling. The sticks are crossed so that ° The following vocabulary for the game w.TS collected for the writer by Dr Pliny E. Goddard : Dice, ki wil-milt ; large dice, mi-ni kia-o ; small dice, miskiatz ; convex sides, tla-kiis ; concave sides, miik-kus. » Dnder date of June 5, 1902. The information was obtained from a medicine man named Qatqall nadlol, Laughing Doctor. : CULIN] DICE GAMES : NAVAHO 93 the marks touch each other, and are held in this ijosition with the index finger and thumb of both hands. The player states how many points he will score and his opponent takes up the challenge by stating his own points. The sticks, held in position with both hands, are thrown up against the blanket above, and according as they fall—that is—as the marks touch each other or are clo.se to one another, a point, great or small, is scored. The highest point is scored if the sticks fall as held when thrown up. otherwise the points count according to the proximity of the mark on the two .sticks. The player continues, if he scores a point ; contrariwise, his opponent tries. This was an indoor game and not limited to a particular season. At present it is scarcely known, but our informant remembers it was played quite fre- quently in his childhood. He remembers, too. that the sticks were not rounded or hollow, but ordinarily round. In a subsequent letter, from information obtained from Tlissi Iso, " Big Goat." whose father was a professional gambler. Father Berard writes There are four sticks of different colors, yellow, white, black, and blue. Yel low is called tsl, white whushi, black ashbfi, and blue nezhi. These names are not those of the colors but of the sticks. White and yellow, black and blue, are partners, respectively. These sticks are i)Iaced in a basket and thrown up to the blanket in order to rebound. .According as they fall, or not. in proximity to partners selected, points are scored and stalces won. Navaho. Chin Lee, Arizona. (Cat. no. 3621, Brooklyn Institute Museum.) Three sticks, 3 inches in length, flat on one side and rounded on the other. One stick (figure 9-in). painted half black and half white on the HMtii ,1 Fio. 93 a, b, c. stick dice (for ashbii); length, 3 inches; Navaho Indians, Ari- zona: cat. no. 3621. Brooklyn Institute Museum. rounded the «B]side, flat side black. + is called tsi'i. head. Another ( fig- ure 936), painted half red and half white, the flat side half black and half wliitc. is called nezhi, and the third (figure y3c), jjainted en- red on rounded Ptg. 94. Order of counts in game of ashbii;tirely the side and Navaho Indians, Arizona. black on the flat side is called tqelli. Three dice are employed in the game of ashbii. The sticks are held together and tossed, ends upward, against the blanket above the players. A basket is placed below and they do not count unless : 94 GAMES (IF THE NORTH AMERICAN INDIANS [eth. ANN. 24 they fall into it. The counts are agreed upon in advance, and follow the order displayed in figure 04. Navaho. New Mexico. (Cat. no. 9557. United States National Mu- seum.) Set of three sticks of root of cottonwood, 8 inches in length, about If inches in breadth, and one-half inch in thickness, one side flat and black- ened, the other rounded and iin- painted (figure 95) ; one stick tied near the end to Fig. 95. Stick dice; length, 8 inches; Navaho Indians. New prevent splitting. Mexico; cat. no. 95.57, United States National Museum. They show marks of continued use. Collected by Dr Edward Palmer. As observed by the writer at the Columbian Exposition in Chicago, the Navaho play on a circle of forty stones, throwing the staves ends down upon a flat stone placed in the center. Each player has a splint or twig to represent him upon the board, and these are all placed together at one of the four openings in the circle at the commencement of the game. The throws count as follows: Three round side up counts 10; three flat, 5; two rounds and one flat, 0; one round and two flat, 0. The following vocabulary of the game was fur nished me by a Nav- aho at Chicago: The game, set-tilth; the Pig. gis. Navaho Indian women playing stick dice, St Michael. staves, set-tilth the Arizona; from photograph by Rev. Berard Haile.; circle of stones, sen-asti ; the stone in the center, a-cle-sane. Dr Washington Matthews" describes a game played by Navaho women under the name of tsidil or tsindil The principal implements are three sticks, which are thrown violently, ends down, on a flat stone around which the gamblers sit. The sticks rebound so ' Navajo Legends, note 4", p. 219, Boston, 1897. ; cDLiNi DICE games: navaih) 95 well that they would fly far away were not a blanket stretched overhead to throw them back to the players. A number of small stones placed in the form of a sML 986), similar to the\^^ K^i K^» lii^'' .^,^,^^,^^_ ,^^ij circular; FiG.98a,i),c. Threesetsof wooden dice; lengths, },!} inches; , , •-j , Navaho Indians, Arizona; cat. no. 3622, and 3624, Uia meter, i incll.362.3, Brooklyn Institute Museum. Cat. nO. 3624. Seven wooden dice (figure 98c). similar to the above, but oval: diame- ter, 1} inches. These dice are all painted black on the flat side, with six unpainted and one painted red on the convex side; made by a medicine man named Little Singer, who gave the name as dakha tsostsedi, seven cards. Rev. Berard Haile describes the preceding game in a personal letter Dfi'ka tsostse'di. cards seven times or seventh card. There are four sets of chips of seven each. One set is flat on both sides, and square ; another has round corners ; another is flat below and round above ; and the other set tapers to a point on both sides, with rounded back and a ridge in the center. Each of these sets has six chips, colored white or natural on one side, the other side being black. The seventh one is red and white and is called bichi', red. and counts more than all the rest. These chips were made of oak or of a certain species of wood easily polished after removing the bark, perhaps mahogany. The players usually carried four sets with them, together with a basket, iu a pouch. : CLLIN] DICE GAMES: ARIKAKA 97 from which I conclude it was small, and threw them up. However, they played with only one set at a time, viz., seven chips, either round or flat ones. Accord- ingly as the color of the chips faced the ground, points were scored. Six white and the se\enth red won the game, while all blacks did not score as much. Frank Walker, one of Father Berard's interpreters, recognized the name taka-thad-sata, or thirteen cards, given by Doctor Matthews as that of a similar game which is so called in legends, but said that daka tsostsedi is more generally known and spoken of. Sekaxi. British Columbia. Sir Alexander Mackenzie" gives the following description of the game of the platter. The instruments of it consist of a platter or dish made of wood or barli and six round or square but flat pieces of metal, wood, or stone, whose sides or surfaces are of different colors. These are put into the dish, and after being for some time shalle as dice. and. in common with atlih. it has long fallen into disuse. Its name is atiyeh. BEOTHUKAX STOCK Beothuk. Newfoundland. From colored drawings of ancient bone disks attributed to the Beothuk. and presented to the United States National Museum by Lady Edith Blake, of Kingston, Jamaica, it would appear that this tribe may have used gaming disks resembling those of the Micmac. CADDOAN STOCK Arikara. North Dakota. (Cat. no. 6342, 635.5, United States Na- tional Museum.) Set of eight plum stones, plain on one side, with marks burned on the other, as shown in figure 99. Four have stars on a burnt ground; two, circular marks; two are entirely burned over. Basket of woven grass, 7 inches in diameter at the top and 2 inches deep (catalogued as from the Grosventres). Collected I)y Dr C. C. Gray and Mr Matthew F. Stevenson. ° Vo.vages from Montreal, p. 142, London, 1801. * Notes on Western D^n^s. Transactions of the Canadian Institute, v. 4, p. 81, Toronto^ 1895. 24 ETH—05 M 7 : : 98 GAMES OF THE NORTH AMERICAN INDIANS. [eth. ANN. 24 H. M. Brackenridge," referring to the Arikara, states In the evening, about sundown, the women cease from their labors and collect in little knots, and amuse themselves with a game something like jackstones Hve i)ebl)les are tossed up in a small bas- ket, with which they endeavor to catch them again as they fall. It seems hardly necessary to point out that he failed to comprehend the object of the game. Fio. 99. Plum-stone dice; diameter,}} inch; Arikara Indian.s, North Da- Caddo. Oklahoma. (Field Colum- kota; cat. no. 6^.55, United States bian Museum.) National Museum. Cat. no. 59366. Four slips of cane (figure 100), 6i inches in length, three painted red on the inside and one black. Cat. no. 59372. Four slips of cane (figure 101). 11-J inches in length, painted black on the inner side. Fig. 100, Fig. 102. Fig. 1(11. Fig. 100. Cane dic-e; length. BJ inches; Caddo Indians, Oklahoma; cat. no. .")93ii«, Field Columbian Museum. Fig. ini. Cane dice: length. Uj inches; Caddo Indians, Oklahoma: cat. no. 59372, Field Colum- bian Museum. Fig. 102. Cane dice board and counting sticks; length of canes, "1 inches; length of board, 11 inches; length of counters, 8} inches; Caddo Indians, Oklahoma; cat. no. 59370, Field Colum- bian Museum. Cat. no. 59370. Four .slips of cane. 7i inches in length, painted on the inside; one yellow, one red, one blue, one green; with a flat rectangular board, 3^ by 11 inches, with incised and painted ° Views of Louisiana, together with a Journal of a Vo.vage up the Missouri River, in 1811, p. 251, Pittsburg, 1814. ciLiN] DICE games: pawnee 99 designs, on -which the canes are thrown, and eight counting sticks, 8| inches in length (figure 10:2). Collected by Dr George A. Dorsey. Pawnee. Nebi-aska. Mr John B. Dunbar says ": The women also were addicted to games of chance, though with them the stakes were usually trifling. The familiar game with plum stones, suk'-u, and another, Ink'-ta-kit-au'-i-cnk-u. played with a huudle uf iiarti-colored rods about a foot in length, were much in vogue among them. Oklahoma. (Field Columbian Museum.) Cat. no. 50522. Set of four stick dice, made of slips of cane, 8 inches in length, entirely plain. Cat. no. 59413. Set of four stick dice, made of slips of cane. 12^ inches in length, curved sides plain, concave sides painted, two red and two green. Cat. no. 59519. Set of dice, similar to the above, 13| inches in length, one with concave side painted red and having an incised line jaainted red on the convex side; one with concave side blue and a line with feather-like marks on the reverse; one with concave side yellow, and an incised line painted yellow on the reverse, and one with the concave side painted white, with a long un- painted line with a cross mark on the reverse. Fk;. liNi. Cane dice; length, 16.) inibes; Pawnee Indians, Oklaboma; cat. no. .59523, Field Colum- liian Museum. Cat. no. 59523. Set of dice, similar to the preceding. 16^ inches in length (figure 103). Insides painted yellow, red. green, and jjlain. and three crosses incised on revei'se. Each lias a feather attached by a thong at one end. Cat. no. 59415. Four sticks (figure 104), 8i inches in length, one side rounded and l)urned with marks, as shown in the figui'e. the other fiat with a giouxe painted red. Accompanied with a square of buffalo hide. 27 by 3-2 inches, marked in l)]ack with two rows of eight lines, a row on each side, each with seven di\isions. on which the bets are laid. " The Pawnee Indians. Magazine of American History, v. 8, p. 751, New York, 1882. 100 GAMES or THE NORTH AMERICAN INDIANS [bth. ANN. 24 Cat. no. 59412; Set of four wooden dice (figure 105), 9 inches in length, one side convex and marked with incised black lines, as shown in figure. The reverse grooved, three painted red and plain, and one black and marked with cross lines at the end and middle. Accomjjanied by a tablet of sandstone (figure 106), 4 inches square, marked with incised lines, and four counting sticks, 7 inches in length, painted red, and twelvp, 9 inches in length, painted yellow (figure 107). Fig. 105. Pig. 107. - Pig. 104. Stick-dice game; length of dice, 8} inches; length of hide, 33 inches; Pawnee Indiana, Oklahoma; cat. no. 59415, Field Columbian Museum. Pio. 1(15. stick dice; length, 9 inches; Pawnee Indians, Oklahoma; cat. no. 59412, Field Colum- bian Museum. Fig. 106. Stone tablet for stick dice; 4 inches square; Pawnee Indians, Oklahoma; cat. no. 59412, Field Columbian Museum. Fig. 107. Counting sticks for stick dice; length. 9 and 7 inches; Pawnee Indians, Oklahoma; cat. no. 59412, Field Columbian Museum. Cat. no. 59419. Rattan basket (figure 108), Si inches in diameter; six peach-stone dice, three burned entirely black on one side, three with crosses oii one .side, the reverse plain, and four red, four green, and four yellow coimting sticks, all 12 inches in length. A number of other peach and plum-stone dice in the same collec- tion are in sets of six, two kinds in each set, all plain on one face and marked, three alike, on the other, chiefly with stars. All of the above were collected in 1901 by Dr George A. Dorsey. Pawnee. Pawnee reservation. Oklahoma. (Cat. no. 70721. Field Columbian Museum.) : : CULIN] DICE GAMES: PAWNEE 101 Set of six plum-stone dioo (figure 109), three small, burned black on one side, and three large, with a light longitudinal curved band with seven dots on one side, reverses plain; accompanied by a flat basket of twined rattan, 9 inches in diameter. Collected by Dr George A. Dorsey. In the tale of Scabby Bull, Doctor Dor- sey describes the marking of a set of six magic plum stones for the woman's One of the stones bad a new moon pictured on it, and a little black star on the decorated iiQ§ Odd side. The next stone bore a half moon in black. The next stone was decorated with a full moon ; the next one had upon it one great star, which reached from one point of the stone to the otber. The next stone had two stars painted upon it, while the last one had seven star.s painted upon it. According to the people, the man took the stones outside, held them up. and through the power of the moon and stars Pio. 108. Peach-stone dice, basket, and the stones were painted black." (ounters; diameter of basket, SJ. iurhes; lengtli of counters, 12 inches; In reply to a letter addressed by the Pawnee Indians, Oklahoma; cat. no. writer to Dr George Bird Grinnell, of 59419, Field Columbian Museum. New York City, he kindly wrote the following account of what the Pawnee call the seed game I have seen this game played among the Pawnee, Arikara, and Cheyenne, and substantially the same way everywhere. Tbe Pawnee do not use a bowl to tlirow the seeds, but hold them in a flat wicker basket about the size and shape (if an ordinary tea plate. The woman wbo makes the throw holds the basket in front of her, close to the ground, gives the stones a sudden toss into the air, and then moves the basket smartly down against the ground, and the stones fall into it. They are not thrown high, Fig. 109. Plum-stone dice; Pawnee Indians, Oklahoma: Columbian liut the movementField of the basket iscat. no. 70721, Mtiseum. (luick. and it is brought down hard on the ground, so that the sound of the slapping is easily heard. The plum stones are always five in number, blackened and variously marked on one side. The women who are gambling sit in a line opposite to one another, and usually each woman bets with the one sitting opposite her, and the points are counted by sticks placed on the ground between them, the wager always being on the game and not on the different throws. It is exclusively, so far as I know, a woman's game. Z. M. Pike '' says The third game alluded to, is that of la platte, described by various travelers, "Traditions of the Skldi Pawnee, p. 235, New York, 1904. 'Ad account of an Kxpeditlon to the Sources of the Mississippi, Appendix to part 2, p. 16, I'hiladelphia, 1810. : " : 102 GAMES OF THE NORTH AMERICAN INDIANS [kth. ANN. 24 ami is played by the women, children, and old men, who, like grasshoppers, crawl out to the circus to bask In the sun, probably covered only with an old buffalo robe. Wichita. Wichita resei'vation, Oklahoma. (Cat. no. .59350, L Field Columbian Museum.) Four split canes (figure 110), 6 inches in length, the outer faces plain, the inner sides colored; Fig. 110. Stick dice; length, Binche-s; Wich- three red, one green. Collected ita Indians, Wichita reservation, Ol^la- homa; cat. no. 593.50, Field Columljian by Dr George A. Dorsey. Museum. ESKIMAUAN STOCK Eskimo (Central, Aivilirmiut, and Kinipetu). Keewatin. Dr Franz Boas describes the following game played with bones from seal flippers : Bach bone represents a certain animal or an old or young person. They are divided into two equal parts. One bone is picked up from each pile, held up a few inches, and then let drop. Should one land right side up, it is loolced upon as though it had thrown tlie other down in a fight. The one which fell wrong side up is then set aside, and another from the same pile is tried with the suc- cessful one in this way. This is carried on until one side wins. Then tlie last bone to win is called the bear, being strongest of all. The player who has lost the game so far takes the bone, holds it up to his forehead, and lets it drop. If it should land right side up, It Is looked upon as though the bear has thrown him. Otherwise he is stronger than the bear. Children also use llii'se liones for playing house. Eskimo ( Central ) . V r( -i bisher bay, Franklin. Captain Charles Franklin Hall '' says Tliey have a variet.v of games of FiG. 111. Ivory dice in form of women and bird; their own. In one of these they Central Esliimo, Cumberland sound, Franklin; use a number of bits of ivory cat. no. 3iTB, 3316, American Museum of Natural made in the form of ducks, etc. Historv: from Boas. Cumberland sound, Franklin. ( Cat. no. 6 IIItB"; 54 15' Amer- ican Museum of Natural History.) Doctor Boas figures three ivory dice (figure 111) in the form of women, and one representing a bird.'' Collected by Capt. James S. Mutch. Elsewhere '' Doctor Boas says A game similar to dice, called tingmiu.jaug—i. e., images of birds—is fre- » Eskimo of BafBn Land and Hudson Bay. Bulletin of American Museum of Natural History, v. !.->, p. 112, New York. 1301. ''Arctic Researches, p. .570. New York. 18(10. " Eskimo of BafBn Land and Hudson Bay. Bulletin of American Museum of Natural History, v. 1."), p. 54. New York. IflOl. ' The Central Eskimo. Sixth Annual Report of the Bureau of Ethnology, p. 567, 1888. : CULIX] DICE GAMES : ESKIMO 103 quently played. A set of about fifteen figures, like those represented in figure 1522. belong to this game: some representing birds, others men and women. The players sit around a board or piece of leather and the figures are shaken in the hand and thrown upward. On falling, some stand upright, others lie flat on the back or on the side. Those standing upright belong to that player whom Fig. 113. Game of "fox and geese," Yxiit E^kim ». Plover bay. Siheria: from Murdoch. they face ; sometimes they are so thrown that they all belong to the one that tossed them up. The players throw by turns until the last figure is taken up, the one getting the greatest number of figures being the winner. Mr John Murdoch" describes similar objects which he purchased at Plover hay, eastern Siberia, in 1881 (figure 112). They were sup- posed to be merely works of art. Referring to the account given by Doctor Boas of their use as a game, he says It is therefore quite likely they were used for a similar purpose at Plover bay. If this be so, it is a remark- able jiointof similarity between these widely separated Eskimos, for I can learn nothing of a similar custom at any intermediate point. In the United States National Museum (cat. no. 63457) there is a set of carved water birds Fig. ILS. Ivory water birds and seal; Western and a seal (figure 113) collected Eskimo, St Lawrence island, Alaska: cat. no. from the Eskimo St Law- 634.57. United States National Museum.at rence island, Alaska. Ijy ISfr E. W. Nelson, in 1882. He informs me, through Prof. Otis T. Mason, that he never saw the flat-bottomed gee.se and other creatures used in a game, and all of his specimens are perforated and used as pendants on the Iiottom of personal orna- ments and parts of clothing. Prof. Benjamin Sharp, of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, tells me that he saw the carved water birds used as a game, being to.ssed and allowed to fall by Eskimo at St Lawrence bav, Siberia. » Ethnological Results of the Point Barrow Expedition. Ninth Annual Report of the Bureau of EthnoloRy, p. .iG4. 1802. : ) 104 GAMES OF THE NORTH AMERICAN INDIANS [eth. ann. 24 In reply to my inquiiy in reference to the use of such objects in games by the Arctic Highlanders of Greenland, Mr Henry G. Bryant writes me that small images of birds are rare among them, although representations of men, women, walrus, seal, bears, and dogs are part of the domestic outfit of every well-regulated familj'." I understand that the leg bones of the arctic fox are sometimes tied together on a string, and ;it time.'< tliese are thrown up und their position noted when striking the ground. Perhaps they attach a siguificjince to tlie position of the fox bones, which may be analogous to the practice of using wooden or bone dice by other tribes. Eskimo (Western). Point Barrow, Alaslja. (Cat. no. 41840, 41841, Free Museum of Science and Art, University of FlQ. 114. Phalanges of seal used in game; Pennsylvania. length, IJ to 3 inches; Western Eslfimo, Point Barrow, Alaska; cat. no. 41841, Free Museum Two sets, each of twenty-five of Science and Art, University of Pennsyl metatarsal bones (figure Tania. 114) of the seal (five sets from as many sets of flippers) , employed in a game called inugah. These were collected by Mr E. A. Mcllhenny. The following account of the game is given by the collector: Played by men and women during the winter months. Two persons play, dividing the iifty liones between them, one talving twenty-five from a right flipper and the other twenty-five from a left. The first plii.ver lets all his bones fall, and those which fall with the condylar surface upward are withdrawn. The other player then lets his bones fall and withdraws those which fall with the con- dylar surface upward in the same way. Then the first drops his remainder, and the game proceeds until one or the other has withdi'awn all his bones and becomes the winner. An- other game is played by two players, each with a single Pig. 115. Bone die metatarsal bone, the one represented in the foreground of fig- (stopkaV, West- ure 114 being selected preferal)ly. The two players hold the ern Eskimo. Ko- bone diak, Alaska;aloft at the same time and let it fall on a skin on the from Lissiansky. floor from a distance of 2 feet. If both bones fall alike, the play is a draw. If one falls with the condylar surface upward, its owner wins and takes the other one. The game is continued in the same way until the bones of one or the other player are exhausted. Island of Kodiak, Alaska. Capt. Uriy Lissiansky '> says There is another favorite game called stopka [figure ll.'i]. which is a small figure cut out of bone. It is thrown up into the air, and if it falls on its bottom 2 are counted ; if on its back, .3, and if on its belly, 1 only. This game consists in gaining 20, which are also marked with short sticks. •» Mr Bryant states that these miniature figures, which are made of ivory, are employed to teach children the arts of the chase. 'A Voyage Round the World, p. 211, London, 1814, : : ciMN] DICE games: conestoga 105 IROQUOIAN STOCK Caughnawaga. Quebec. Col. James Smith " describes a game resembling dice or hustle cap They put a number of plum stones in a small bowl ; one side of each stone is black and the other white; then they shalie or hustle the bowl, calling hits, hits, bits, honesy, honesy. rago. rago. wliich signifies calling for white or black or what they wish to turn up; they then turn the bowl and count the whites and blacks. Cherokee. Xorth Carolina. T am informed by Mrs Starr Hayes that the Cherokee play a game in a flat square basket of cane, like the lid of a market basket, with colored beans, under the name of black eye and white eye. The shallow basket used is IJ feet square. The beans are colored butter beans, a variety of lima, and those selected are dark on one siJe and white on the other. Twelve beans are kept as counters. Six others are put in the basket, as they come, and the players, who are four in number, and each two partners, play in turn. The basket is held in both hands, slightly shaken, and then with a jerk the beans are tossed in the air. If all turn black. 2 are taken from the counters; if all turn white, 3 are taken. If but one turns up white, 1 is taken from the twelve. When they turn five white, 1 only is taken. The game is played three or six times weekly. Whoever gets twelve beans has the game. '^ CoNE.STOGA. Western Pennsylvania and southern New York. Loskiel ^ gives the following account The Indians are naturally given to gambling, and frequently risk their arms, furniture, clothes, and all the.v possess to gratify this passion. The chief game of the Iroquois and Delawares is dice, which, indeed, originated with them. The dice are made of oval and fiattish plum stones, painted black on one and yellow on the other side. Two persons only can play at one time. They put the dice into a dish, which is raised alternately by each gamliler and struck on the table or floor with force enough to make the dice rise and change their position, when he who has the greater number of winning color counts .5, and the first who has the good fortune to do this eight times wins the game. The spectators seem in great agitation during the game, and at every chance that appears decisive cry out with great vehemence. The gamblers distort their features, and if imsuc- cessful mutter their dis|ileasure at the dice and the evil spirits who prevent their good fortune. Sometimes whole townships, and even wliole tribes, play against each other. One of the missionaries happened to be present \\lien two Iroquois townsbiiis. having got together a number of good.s, consisting of blankets, cloth, shirts, linen, etc., gambled for them. The game lasted eight days. They assem- bled every day, and every inhabitant of each township tossed the dice once. This being done and the chance of each person noted down, they parted for the day ; but each township offered a sacrifice in the evening to insure success to their party. This was done by a man going several times around the fire, throw- ing tnliacco iiilo it. and singing a song. Afterward the whole company danced. W'hen the appointed time for the game was at an end they compared notes, and the winner bore away the spcjil in friumi)b. ° An Account of the Remarkable Occurrences In the Life and Travels of (^ol. .Tames Smith, p. 46, Cincinnati, 1870. George Henry Loskiel. History of the Mission uf the I'nited Brethren among the Indians in -North Amerlo.T. pt. 1, p. 100, London. 1704. 106 GAMES OF THE KOKTH AMERICAN INDIANS [eth. ANN. 24 Huron. Detroit, Michigan. Charlevoix" gives the folhiwing account: As I returned through a ijuarter of the Huron village I saw a company of these savages, who aiiiieared very eager at pla.v. I drew near and saw they were playing at the game of the dish fjeu du plat]. This is the game of which these peoiJle are fondest. At this they sometimes lose their rest, and in some measure their reason. At this game they hazard all they possess, aii.l many do not leave off till they are almost stripped quite naked and till they have lost all they have in their cabins. Some have been known to stake their lib- erty for a time, which fully l>roves their passion for this game, for there are no men in the world more jealous of their liberty than the savages. The game of the dish, which they also call the game of the little bones [jeu des osselets], is played by two persons only. Each has six or eight little bones, which at first I took for apricot stones—they are that sliape and bigness. But upon viewing them closely I perceived the.v had six unequal surfaces, the two principal of which are painted, one black and the other white inclined to yellow. The.v make them .lump up by striking the ground or the table with a round and hollow dish, which contains them and which they twirl round first. When they have no dish they throw the bones up in the air with their hands ; if in falling they come all of one color, he who plays wins 5. The game is 40 up, and they subtract the numbers gained by the adverse party. Five bones of the same color win only 1 for the first time, but the second time they win the game. A less number wins nothing. He that wins the game continues playing. The loser gives his i)lace to another, who is named b.v the markers of bis side, for they make the parties at first, and often the whole village is concerned in the game. Oftentimes, also, one village plays against another. Each i)art.y chooses a marker, but he with- draws when he pleases, which never happens e.\^cept when his party loses. At every throw, especially if it happens to be decisive, they set up great shouts. The players appear like people possessed, and the spectators are not more calm. They all make a thousand contortions, talk to the hones, load the spirits of the adverse party with imprecations, and the whole village echoes with bowlings. If all this does not recover their luck, the losers may iiut off tlie party till the next day. It costs them only a small treat to the company. Then they pre- pare to return to the engagement. Each Invokes his genius and throws some tobacco in the fire in his hoiJor. They ask him above all things for lucky dreams. As soon as day appears they go again to play, but if the losers fancy the goods in their cabins made them unlucky, the first thing they do is to change them all. The great parties commonly last five or six days, and often continue all night. In the meantime, as all the persons present—at least, those who are concerned in the game—are in agitation that deprives them of reason, as they quarrel and fight, which ne\er ha|>pens among savages but on these occasions and in drunkenness, one may .1udge if. when they have done playing, they do not want rest. It sometimes happens that these parties of l>la.v are made by order of the physician or at the request of the sick. Tliere is needed for this purpose nothing more than a dream of one or the other. This dream is always taken for the order of some spirit, and they prepare themselves for the game with a great deal of care. They assemble for several nights to make trial and to see who has the luckiest hand. They consult their genii, they fast, the married persons observe continence, and all to obtain a favorable dream. Every morn- ing they relate what dreams they have had and all the things they have " Journal d'lin Voyage dans rAmSriqiie Septentrlonnale, v. 3, p. 260, Paris, 1744. : CULix] DICE games: HURON 107 dreaiiit uf which they think lucky, ami tliey make a cdllectioii of all aiul put them ii'.td little hags, which they carry about with them, and if anyone has the reputation of being lucky—that is, in the opinion of these people of having a familiar spirit more i»werful or more inclined to do good—they never fail to make him keep near the one who holds the dish. The.v even go a great way sometimes to fetch him. and if through age or an.v infirraitj" he can not walk they will carry him on their shoulders. The.v have often pressed the missionaries to be present at these games, as they believe their guardian genii are the most powerful. Nicolas Perrot " says The savages have also a sort of game of dice, the box of which i.s a wooden plate, well rounded and well polished on both sides. The dice are made of six small flat pieces of bone, about the size of a plum stone. They are all alike, having one of the faces colored black, red. green, or blue, and the other gen- erally paintetl white or any diflerent color from the first-mentioned face. They throw these dice in the plate, holding the two edges, and on lifting it the.v make them jump and turn therein. After having struck the dish on the cloth the.v strike themselves at the same time heavy blows on the che.st and shoulders while the dice turn about, crying " Dice, dice, dice " until the dice have stopped moving. When they find five or six showing the same color they take the gains which have been agreed upon with the opposite part.v. If the loser and his comrades have nothing more to play with, the winner takes all that is on the game. Entire villages have l>een seen gambling away their p ssessions. one against the other, on this game, and ruining themselves thereat. The.v also challenge to a decision b.v one throw of the die, and when it happens that a party throws (! all those of the tribe that bet on him get u|) and dance in cadence to the noise of gourd rattles. All passes without dispute. The women and girls also play this game, but they often use eight dice and do not use a dice box like the men. They only u.se a blanket, and throw them on with the band. Gabriel Sagard Theodat '' says: The men are addicted not onl.v to the game of reeds, which they call aescara, with tlu'ee or four hundred small white reeds cut equally to the length of a foot, but are also addicted to other kinds of games, as for instance, taking a large wooden platter with five or six plum stones or small lialls somewhat flattened, about the size of the end of the little finger, and painted black on one side and white or yellow on the other. They squat all around in a circle and take each his turn in taking hold of the platter with both hands, which they keep at a little distance from the floor, and bring the platter down somewhat roughly, so as to make the balls move about : the.v take it as in a game of dice, observing on which side the stones He, whether it goes against them or for them. The one who holds the platter says continually while striking it. " Tet. tet. tet." thinking that this ma.v excite and influence the game in his favor. For the ordinary game of women and girls, at times joined by men and boys, five or six stones are used; for instance, those of apricots, black on one side and yellow on the other, which they hold in their hands as w^e do dice, throwing the stones a little upward, and after tliey have fallen on the skin which serves them as a carpet they see what the result is, and continue to play for the necklaces, ear ornaments, and other small articles of their companions, but never for gold " Mi^moii'e sur les Moeurs, Coustumes et Relllglon des Sauvages de I'Am^riqiie Septen- trionale. p. 50, Leipzig, 1864. ' Histoire du Canada, p. 2-fA. Paris, 1866, : : : 108 GAMES OF THE NORTH AMERICAN INDIANS [eth. ann. 24 or silver coin, because tliey do not Isnow the use of it, since in trade they barter one thing for another. I must not forget to mention that in some of their villages they play what we call in France porter les momons, carry the challenge. They send a chal- lenge to other villages to come and play against them, winning their utensils. If they can, and meanwhile the feasting does not stop, because at the least inducement the kettle is on the Are, especially in winter time, at which time they especially feast and amuse themselves in order to pass the hard season agreeably. Father Louis Hennepin " says in describing games of the Indians They have games for men, for the women, and for the children. The most common for men are with certain fruits, which have seeds blade on one side and red on the other ; they put them in a wooden or bark platter on a blanket, a great coat, or a dressed-slcin mantle. There are six or eight players. But there are only two who touch the platter alternately with Ijoth hands ; they raise it, and then strike the bottom of the platter on the ground, by this shaking to mix up the six seeds, then if they come five red or black, turned on the same side, this is only one throw gained, because they usually play several throws to win the game, as they agree among them. All those who are in the game play one after another. There are some so given to this game that they will gamble away even their great coat. Those who conduct the game cry at the top of their voice when they rattle the platter, and they strike their shoulders so hard as to leave them all black with the blows. The Baron La Hontan " says : Another game which is hazard and chance is i>erforni'd with eight little stones, which are black on one siSe and white on the other. They're put on a plate which they lay on the ground, throwing the little stones up in the air, and if they fall so as to turn up the black side, 'tis good luck. The odd number wins, and eight whites or blacks wins double, but that happens but seldom. Marc Lescarbot "^ says I will add here, as one of the customs of our savages, games of chance, of which they are so fond that sometimes the.v bet all they have ; and Jaques Quar- tier writes the same of those of Canada at the time he was there. I have seen one .sort of game that they have, but not then thinking to write this I did not pay much attention to it. They place a certain number of beans, colored and painted on one side, in a platter, and having spread a skin on the ground, play upon it, striking the platter on the skin and by this means the before- mentioned beans jump into the air and do not all fall on the colored part, and in this is the hazard, and according to the game they have a certain number of stalks of rushes which they distribute to the winner in order to keep score. Jean de Brebeiif '' says The game of dish is also in great renown in affairs of medicine, especially if the sick man has dreamed of it. The game is purely one of chance. They play it with six plum stones, white on one side and black on the other, in a dish that they strike very roughly against the ground, so that the plum stones leap up and fall, sometimes on one side and sometimes on the other. The game " A Description of Louisiana, p. 300, New York, 1880. *» New Voyages to North-America, v. 2, p. IS, London, 1703. <^ Histoire de la Nouvelle Prance, p. 788, Paris, 1609. ' Relation of 1636. The Jesuit Relations and Allied Documents, v. 10, p. 187. Cleve- land, 1897. : : CULI.N] DICE GAMES: HURON 109 consists in throwing all white or all black ; they usually play village against village. All the people gather in a cabin, and they dispose themselves on poles, arranged as high as the roof, along both sides. The sick man is brought in a blanket, and that man of the village who is to shake the dish (for there is only one man on each side set ajiart for the pur|iose), he, I say, walks liehind. his head and face wrapped in his garment. They bet heavily on both sides. When the man of the opposite party takes the dish, they cry at the top of their voice achinc, aehine, achinc, three, three, three, or, perhaps, ioio, ioio, ioio, wishing him to throw only three white or three black. You might have seen this winter a great crowd returning from here to their villages, having lost their moccasins at a time when tliere was nearly three feet of snow, apparently as cheerful, never- theless, as if they had won. The most remarkable thing I notice in regard to this matter is the disposition they bring to It. There are some who fast several days before playing. The evening before tljey all meet together in a cabin, and make a feast to And out what will be the result of the game. The one chosen to hold the dish takes the stones, and puts them promiscuously into a dish, and covers it so as to prevent anyone from putting his hand into it. That done, they sing; the song over, the dish is uncovered, and the plum stones are found all white or all black. At this point I asked a savage if those against whom they were to play did not do the same on their side, and if they might not find the plum stones in the same condition. He said they did. "And yet," said I to him, " all can not win "; to that he knew not how to answer. He informed me besides of two remarkable things: In the first place, that they choose to handle the dish some one wlio has dreamed that he could win, or who had a charm ; moreover, those who have a charm do not conceal it, and carry it everywhere with them ; we have, they tell me, one of these in our village, who rubs the plum stones with a certain ointment and hardly ever fails to win ; secondly, that in making the attempt, some of the plum stones disappear, and are found some time after in the dish with the others. Bacqueville de la Potherie " says The women sometimes play at platter, but their ordinary game is to throw fruit stones with the hands, as one plays with dice. When they have thrown their stones in the air, they move their arms as if making gestures of admira- tion, or driving away flies. They say nothing, one hears almost nothing, but the men cry like people who fight. They speak only in saying black ! black I white! white! and from time to time they make great clamorings. The women have only this kind of game. Children play at cross, never or rarely at platter. Teanaustayae, Ontario. Father Lalemant ' says One of the latest fooleries that has occurred in this village was in behalf of a sick man of a neighboring village, who, for his health, dreamed, or received the order from the pliysician of the country, that a game of dish should be played for him. He tells it to the captains, wlio immediately assemble the council, fix the time, and choose the village that they must invite for this purpose—and that village is ours. An envoy from that place is sent hither to make the propo- sition ; it is accepted, and then preparations are made on both sides. This game of dish consists in tossing some stones of the wild plum in a wooden dish—each being white on one side and black on tlie other—whence there ensues loss or gain, according to the laws of the game. <• Historle de lAm^rique Septentrionale, v. 3, p. 23, Paris, 1722. " Relation of 1639. The .Tesuit Relations and Allied Documents, v. 17, p. 201, Cleve- land, 1898. 110 GAMES OF THE NORTH AMERICAN INDIANS [eth. ANN. 24 It is beyond my power to picture tlie diligence and activity of our Itarliarians in preparing themselves and in seeking all the means and omens for good luck and success in their game. They assemble at night and spend the time partly in shaking the dish and ascertaining who has the best hand, partly in displaying their charms and exhorting them. Toward tlie end they lie down to sleeji in the same cabin, having previously fasted, and for some time abstained from their wives, and all this to have some favorable dream : in the morning, they have to relate what happened during the night. Finally, they collect all the things which they have dreamed can bring good luck, and fill pouches with them in order to carry them. They search every- >vhere, besides, for those who have charms suitable to the game, or ascwandics or familiar demons, that these may assist the one who holds the dish, and be nearest to him when he shakes it. If there be some old men whose i)resence is regarded as efficacious in augmenting the strength and virtue of their charms, they are not satisfied to take the ch.Mrms to them, but sometimes even to load these men themselves upon the shoulders of the young men, to be carried to the place of assembly, and inasmuch as we pass in the country for master sorcerers, they do not fail to admonish us to begin our i)rayers and to perform many cere- monies, in order to make them win. They have no sooner arrived at the api)ointed place than the two parties take their iilaces on opposite sides of the c.iliin and fill it from top to bottom, above and below the andichons. which are sheets of bark making a sort of canopy for a bed, or shelter, which corresponds to that below, which rests upon the ground, upon which they sleep at night. It is placed upon poles laid and suspended the whole length of the cabin. The two players are in the middle, with their assistants, who hold the charms ; each of those in the assembly bets against whatever other jierson he chooses, and the game begins. It is then every one begins to pray or mutter. I know not what words, with gestures and eager motions of the hands, eyes, and the whole face, all to attract to himself good luck and to exhort their demons to take courage and not let themselves be tormented. Some are deputed to utter execrations and to make precisely contrary gestures, with the purpo.se of driving ill luck back to the other side and of imparting fear to the demon of the opponents. This game was played several times this winter, all over the country : but I do not know how it has happened that the people of the villages where we have residences have always been unlucky to the last degree, and a i-ertain village lost 30 porcelain collars, f-ach of a thousand beads, which are in this country equal to what you would call in France 50,000 pearls, or pistoles. But this is not all; for. hoping .ilways to regain what they have once lost, they stake tobacco pouches, robes, shoes, and leggins, in a word, all they have. So that if ill luck attack them, as happened to these, they return home naked as the hand, having sometimes lost even their clouts. They do not go away, however, until the patient has thanked them for the health he has recovered through their help, always professing himself cured at the end of all these fine ceremonies, altliough freciuently he does not do this long afterward in this world. Mohawk. New York. Briiyas ° in his radical words of the Mohawk language, written in the hitter part of the seventeenth century, gives under atnenha, " Rev. Jacques Bruyas. Radices Verborum Iroquseonim, p. 37, New York. 1862. : CDLIN] DICE GAMES: ONONDAGA 111 noyau, stone of a fruit, tlie compounds " tSatnenhaSinneton. jouer avec des noyaux comnu' soiit les fcniniea, en les jettant avec la main, and tSatennaSeron. y jouer au plat.'' Ononuaga. New York. Rev. W. M.* Beauchamp " states Among the Onondaga now eigbt bones or stones are used, black on one side and white on the other. They term the game ta-you-nyun-wSt-hah, or finger shaker, and from KlO to 300 beans form the pool, as may be agreed. With them it is also a household game. In i)laying this the pieces are raised in the hand and .scattered, the desired result being indifferently white or black. Essentially, the counting does not differ from that given by Morgan. Two white or two black will have six of one color, and these count 2 beans, called o-yd-ah, or the bird. The player proceeds until he loses, when his opponent takes his turn. Seven white nr black gain 4 beans, called o-neo-sah, or imn)p- kin. All white or all black gain :io. called o-hen-tah, or a field. Thes^e are all that draw anything, and we may indifferently say with the Onondaga two white or black for the first, or si.x with the Seneca. The game is played singly or l)y piirtners. and there is no limit to the number. Usually there are three or four players. In counting the gains there is a kind of ascending reduction : for as two birds make one pumpkin, only one bird can appear in the result. First come the twenties, then the fours, then the twos, which can occur but once. Thus we may say for twenty, jo-han-to-tah, you have one field or more, as the case may be.' In the fours we can only say ki-yae-ne-you-sah-ka, you have four pumpkins, for five would make a field. For two beans there is the simple announcement of o-yfi-ah, bird. . . . The game of peach stones, much more commonly used and important, lias a more public character, although I have played it in an Indian parlor. In early days the stones of the wild plum were used, but now six peach stones are gi'oiuid down to an elliptic flattened form, the opposite sides being black or white. This is the great game known as that of the dish nearly three centuries ago. The wooden bowl which I used was 11 inches across the top and 3 inches deep, handsomely carved out of a hard knot. A beautiful small bowl, which I saw elsewhere, may have been used by children. The six stones are placed in the kah-oon-wah, the bowl, and thence the Onondaga term the game ta-ynne-oo- wah-es, throwing the howl to each other as they take it in turn. In publi<- playing two players are on their knees at a time, holding the bowl between them. . . . Beans are commonly used for counters. Many rules are settled according to agreement, but the pumi)kin is left out, and the stones usually count .5 for a bird and for a field. .\11 white or all black is the highest throw, and ~) or are the only winning points. In early days it would seem that all white or all black alone counted. The bowl is simply struck on the floor. . . . This ancient game is used at the New Year's, or White Dog. feast among the Onandaga yet. Clan plays against clan, the Long House against the Short House, and, to foretell the harvest, the women play against the men. If the men win, the ears of corn will be long, like them; but if the women gain the game, they will be short, basing the results on the common proportion of the sexes. .\s of old, almost all games are yet played for the sick, but they are regarded now more as a diversion of the patient's mind than a means of heal- ing. The game of the dish was once much nsed in divination, each piece having its own familiar spirit, but it is more connnonl.v a social game now. " Iroquois (James. .Tournal of American Folk-lore, v. 0, p. 269, BostoD, 1896. ) : 11:2 GAMES OF THE NORTH AMERICAN INDIANS [eth. axn. 24 Onondaga. Grand River reserve. Ontario. (Field C'olunihian Museum. Cat. no. 55785. Set of eight hone disks, hurned on one side. 1 inch in diameter. Cat. no. 55786. Set of eight Ijone disks, similar to preceding, three- fourths of an inch in diameter. Cat. no. 55787. Set of eight hone disks, similar to preceding, 1 inch in diameter. Cat. no. 55788. Wooden bowl, 9f inches in diameter. Cat. no. 55790. Wooden bowl, hemispheric, I2'j inches in diameter, painted red, with green rim, and yellow dots at the edge. Cat. no. 55791. Wooden bowl, hemispheric, 10^' inches in diameter, machine made. Cat. no. 55789. Set of six worked peach stones, burned on one side, five-eighths of an inch in diameter. Cat. no. 55807, 55807ff. Two sets of peach stones like the preceding, one five-eighths and the other three-fourths of an inch in diame- ter. These specimens were collected by Mr S. C. Simms, who informed me that the Onondaga call the bone dice game daundahskaesadaquah, and the Cayuga the jjeach-stone game daundahqua, and gave the following account of the games Game of da-un-dalKskii-e-sa-dii-quali ( Onondaga i, consisting of a set rif eight disks, each of a diameter of an inch, made from split beef ribs and blackened by heat upon one side. They are thrown with the hand, the count depending upoa the number of faces whicli turn up nf one color. If all are black, for instance, the count is 20; if all turn up but one. 4 is counted; if two, 2. After each successful throw the thrower is given the number of beans called for liy his throw, from the bank, which usually begins with .50 beans, and the game contin- ues until one part.y has won them. This is purely a home game. During the game the buttons are constantly addressed with such remarks as o-han-da, meaning the thrower hopes the buttons will turn up one color ; if there should be seven buttons that show the black sides and the remaining one has not yet settled sufficiently to determine the uppermost side, entreaties of hiin-je, meaning all black, are directed to this one button by the thrower ; if, on the other hand, the white sides appear, gan-j.-i. meaning all white, is sung out, .accompanied by derisive shouts of tek-a-ne-ta-wi'^. meaning two. or scijort. mean- ing one. Peach-stone game, da-un-dali-; all black. .5; one white, 1. and one black. 1. For each successful throw the representative of the player is handed, from the stock of beans, as many as tlie throw calls for. A player keeps his place as long as he makes winning throws, but it is taken by another man or woman as soon as he makes an unsuccessful one. : crLix] DICE GAMES : SENECA 113 Tlie day before the game is played six men are sent around to collect from the people such things as tUey care to stake In the peach-stone game. The goods collected—usually wearing apparel—are placed in two piles, the articles being fastened together in pairs with regard to the four brothers' end and the two brothers' end. Two men are selected to call out the male players, and. simi- larly, two women to call out the female players. During the game the players are greeted with loud and enthusiastic sho\its or with yells of derision, while the opposing player makes comments and grim- aces, hoping thus to distract the attention of his or her rival. Public gambling is permitted by the Iroquois only at the midwinter and fall festivals. Seneca, New York, Morgan " describes the Iroquois game, under tlie name of gusga- esatii, or deer buttons This was strictly a fireside game, although it was sometimes introduced as an amusement at the season of religious councils, the people dividing into tribes as usual and betting upon the result. Eight buttons, about an inch in diameter, were made of elk horn, and, having lieen rounded and i>olisheil. were slightly Fig. 110. Bone dice; Seneca Indians, New York: from Morgan. burne (when a player makes 10 or l.j he may strike again, and as many times as he makes these large numbers) ; two blacks up and one white, not notched, 3 ; two white and one black up. 2 : three blacks up, 5. Keres. Laguna, New Mexico. (Cat. no. 38500. Free Museum of Science and Art, University of Pennsyl- vania. ) Three flat blocks (figure 129). 3-i inches in length, painted black on one side the other j^lain. FiQ. 129. stick dice; length, 3} One has 15 notches on edge inches;of the Keres Indians, Laguna,the New Mexico; cat. no. 3850(1. Free white side. Made for the writer by a Miiseum of Science and Art, Laguna American Ex- University of Pennsylvania.youth, at the Pan'- position, Buffalo. 1903. He describes them as used in the game of patol. or. in their own language, wasokutz. Laguna, Xew Mexico. Capt. George H. Pradt. a resident of the pueblo of Laguna for manv vears, writes as follows: The game played with a circle of small stones is called, by the Keres Indians, : . CULIN] DICE games: kerbs 123 ka-wa-su-kuts." The stones number 40, and are divided into tens by openings called doors or gates called si-am-ma ; the doors are placed north, south, east, and west. In the center of the circle is placed a flat stone, upon which are thrown the three counters. These are flat pieces of wood about 4 inches long, one-half of an inch wide, and one-eighth of an inch thick, painted black on one side, and marked with two. three, and ten marks, respectively. The counters are firmly grasped with the ends down and forcibly thrown, ends down, on the stone in the center in such a manner that they will rebound, and the marks, if any are uppermost, are counted, and the player lays his marker, a small stick like a pencil, between the stones the proper distance from the starting point, to record the number. OOOOOOOOOC The starting iioiut is one of the doors, which- q q ever is selected, and the game is played by ^ any nimiber that can assemble around the circle. A player can go around the circle in either direction, but if another player arrives O OI I at the same point he kills the previous player, O | | o and that one is obliged to go back to the start- q O ing point ; the first one making the circuit sue- _. _ cessfully wins the game, which is generally played for a small stake. The game is modi- fied sometimes by ruling that if a player falls OOOOOOOOOO into one of the doors he must go back, but in Fig. 130. Circuit for stick-dice game, this case the player is not obliged to go back ^"^"^ Indians. Sia. New Mexico;if anot^, from Mrs Stevenson, her h. appens . , ...to mark as many points as he. Sometimes a round stone is painted to resemble a face and has a wreath of evergreens placed around it and is used as a mascot : it is placed to one side of the circle and is appealed to by the players to give them good numbers; this mascot is generally called kQm-mQshk-ko-yo, a traditional fairy, or witch. The name means the old spider woman. Keres. Sia. New Mexico. Mr.s Matilda Coxe .Stevenson '' gives a description of the game as played by the Sia under the name of wash'kasi. of which the follow- ing is an abstract Forty pebbles form a square, ten pebbles on a side, with a flat stone in the center of the square [figure 130]. Four flat blocks, painted black on one side and unpainted on the other, are held vertically and dropped upon the stone. The counts are as follows : Four painted sides up, 10 ; four unpainted sides up, 6; three painted sides up. 3: two painted sides up. 2: one painted side up. — The players move in opposite directions, both starting at one of the corners. The game is described as the first of four games plajed by Po'shaiyiinne. the Sia culture hero, with the tribal priest. The stake was the latter's house in the north. The sin-ond of the four games is of the bowl class, which I have included in this series. The stake in this game was the ti'amoni, or priesfs. house in the west. It was played with six 2-inch cubes, which were highly polished and painted on one side. These were tossed up in a large bowl held with each hand. When three painted sides are up, the game is won : with only two painted sides \ip. the game is lost. Six painted sides up is equivalent to a march in euchre. The games that followed were, first, a game played with four sticks with hollow ends, under one of which a pebble was hidden. This was played " Meaning a punch, or sudden blow, the only name the Lagunas have for It. 'The Sia. Eleventh Annual Report of the Bureau of Ethnology, p. 60. Iti'M. ; 124 GAMES OF THE NORTH AMERICAN INDIANS [eth. ann. 24 for the priest's house in the south. Second, a game played with four little mounds of sand, in one of which a small round stone was hidden. This was played for the priest's house in the east. The games were then repeated in the same order, commencing with wash'kasi for the house in the zenith, the game with the six blocks for the house in the nadir, and, finally, the third in order, that with the four sticks with hollow euds, for all the people of the tribe. Mr Charles F. Lummis informed the writer that he had witnessed the game with the staves or blocks in the following pueblos belong- ing to this stock : Acoma, Cochiti, Laguna, El Hito (Laguna colony), and San Felipe. KIOWAN STOCK Kiowa. Oklahoma. (Cat. no. 16535, 16536, Free Museum of Sci- ence and Art. University of Pennsylvania.) Set of four sticks of willow wood, called ahl (wood). 10 inches in length, five-eighths of an inch in width, and three-eighths of an inch in thickness (figure 131), nearly hemispheric in section, with one side flat. Three of the sticks have a red groove running down the middle on the flat side, and one has a blue strijje. The last has a burnt design on the reverse, as shown in the figure, while the backs of the others are plain. The flat sides are also burnt, with featherlike markings at the ends. A cotton clotli. 41 by 484 inches, marked as shown in figure 133, called the ahl cloth ; a flat bowlder, called the ahl stone ; two awls, sharpened wires, with wooden handles, 6f inches in length eight sticks, 85 inches in length, to be used as counters (figure 132). These objects were collected by Col. H. L. Scott, U. S. Army, who furnished the following description of the game, under the title of zohn ahl (zohn, creek; ahl, wood), commonly known as the ahl game: The ahl cloth is divided into points liy which tlie game is counted. The curved lines are called knees, because they are like the knees of the players. The space between the parallel lines 1 and 1 aud 20 and 20 is called the creek, and the corre- twww, _ - ' 11 sponding spaces between the parallel lines at right angles are called the dr.v branches. 1^=^ '- --'- -T^--vi»iJ The sticks are held by the players in one Pig. 131. Stick dice: length, 10 inches; hand and struck downward, so that their Kiowa Indians, Oklahoma; cat. no. euds come on the ahl stone with consider- 16536, Free Museum of Science and .,,^,p j^,,^^ jj j,„ ^^^ ^^5^,.^ f.,„ ^.jj^ ^^^ Art, University of Pennsylvania. . , . sides with, out^ grooves uppermost^, i, ,the play is called white, and counts 10. If all the grooved sides come uppermost, it is called red, and counts 5. Both of these throws entitle the player to another throw. If one grooved side is uppermost, it counts 1: two grooved sides, 2, and three grooved sides, 3. The game is played by any even number of girls or women (never by men or boys), half on one side the line N S and half on CDLIN] DICE GAMES: KIOWA 125 the other. The flat ahl stone is placed in the middle of the cloth, and the players kneel ou the edge. The two awls are stuck in the creek at 1 1. The player at A makes the first throw, and the throwing goes around the circle I——-^±^ ^z «* ^ FlQ. 132. Counting sticks and awls for ahl (stick-dice) game; lengths, 8} and H} inches; Kiowa Indians. Oklahoma; cat. no. 1&5:W, Free Museum of Science and Art, University of Pennsyl- vania. in the direction of the hands of a watch, each side counting the results of each throw on the ahl cloth by sticking its awl just beyond the mark called for by the results of the throw. The moves are made in the opposite directions, as indicated by the arrows. «« «« DRY BRANCH •« • • • Fio. i;«. Cloth for ahl game; Kiowa Indians, Oklahoma; cat. no. llSfi. Free Museum of Science and Art, Univei-sity of Pennsylvania. If in counting any awl gets into the creek nt N. that side must forfeit a counter to the other side and be set back to the creek at S. That side is then said to have fallen into the creek, the object beiiii; to jump over. If in : : 126 GAMES OF THE NORTH AMERICAN INDIANS [eth. ANN. 24 their passage around the circle the two awls get into the same division, the last comer is said to whip or Jiill the former, who forfeits a counter and is set back to the beginning. The counting continues until one gets back to the creelv at S. The one first at S receives a counter, and if there is more than enough to take it to the creek the surplus is added to the next round ; that is. the creek is jumped, and the awl put be.vond it as many points as may be over. When one side wins all the counters, it conquers. If the game should be broken up before this event the side which has the greater number of counters is victor. Colonel Scott further states The Kiowa have a custom of wetting the fingere and slapping them several times on the stone before a throw, and calling out " red. red." or " white, white." according to the number they desire to count: or, if but "one" should be required to throw the opposite party into the " creek," some one puts her finger into her mouth, and, drawing it carefully across the top of the stone, calls out " parko, parko " ("one, one"). Often before the throw the thrower will rub the four sticks in a vertical position backward and forward several times between the palms of the hands, to in.sure good luck. The Comanche have a similar game which they play with eight ahl sticks, and the Cheyenne and Arapaho are said to have a game which they pla.v with ahl sticks which are 2 feet or more long. Kiowa. Oklahoma. (Cat. no. 152908a, United States National Museum.) Set of four sticks of willow wood, 7 inches in length, three-eio-hths of an inch in width, and three-sixteenths of an inch in thickness, nearly hemispherical in section, with one side flat, and having a deep groove. The stick is doubtless a substitute for the cane, like that used by the Zuiii, as suggested by Mr Gushing. Three of the grooves are painted red, these sticks having two oblique marks burnt across the grooved face near each end. The fourth stick has the groove painted black, with three lines burnt across the middle in addition to those at the ends. Its rounded reverse is marked with a star in the center, composed of four crossed lines burnt in the wood. The rounded sides of the others are plain. The collector, Air James Mooney," prefaces his account of the game with the following song, employed in the ghost dance Hise' hi, hise' hi. Ha' tine' baku' tha' na. Ha' tine' baku' tha' ua, Hiiti' ta-u' seta' na, Hati' ta-u' seta' na. My comrade, my comrade. Let us play the awl game. Let us play the awl game, Let us play the dice game. Let us play the dice game. " The Ghost Dance Religion. Fourteenth .^nnu.il Report of the Bureau of Ethnology, pt 2, p. 1002, 1896. crLi.N] DICE games: KIOWA 127 The woman who lumposeil this song tells how, on waking up in the spirit world, she met there a party of her former girl companions and sat down with them to play the two games universally popular with the prairie tribes. The first is called ne'biiku'thana by the Arapaho and tsonii, or awl game (from tson, an awl) by the Kiowa, on account of an awl, the Indian woman's substitute for a needle, being used to keep record of the score. The game is becoming obsolete in the north, but it is the everyday summer amusement of the women among the Kiowa. Comanche, and Apache in the southern plains. It is very amusing on account of the unforeseen rivers and whips that are constantly turning up to disappoint the expectant winner, and a party of women will frequently sit around the blanket for half a day at a time with a constant ripple of laughter and good-himiored jokes as they follow the chances of the play. It would make a very pretty picnic game, or could be readily adapted to the parlor of civilization. The players sit on the ground around a blanket marked in charcoal with lines and dots and quadrants in the cornel's, as shown in figure [133]. In the center is a stone upon which the sticks are thrown. Each dot, excepting those between the parallels, counts a point, making 24 points for dots. Each of the parallel lines and each end of the curved lines at the corners also counts a point, making 16 points for the lines, or 40 points In all. The players start at the bottom, opposing players moving in opposite directions, and with each throw of the sticks the thrower moves her awl forward and sticks it into the blanket at the dot or line to which her throw carries her. The parallels on each of the foiu* sides are called rivers, and the dots within these parallels do not count in the game. The rivers at the top and bottom are dangerous and can not be crossed, and when the player Is so unlucky as to score a throw which brings her upon the edge of the river (i. e., upon the first line of either of these pairs of parallels) she falls into the river and must lose all .she has hitherto gained, and begin again at the start. In the same wa.v, when a player moving around in one direction makes a throw which brings her awl to the place occupied by the awl of her opponent coming around from the other side the said opponent is whiiiped back to the starting point and must begin all over again. Thus there is a constant succession of unforeseen accidents, which furnish endless amusement to the players. The game is i)layed with four sticks, each from to 10 inches long, flat on one side and round on the other. One of these is the trump stick and is marked in a distinctive manner in the center on both sides, and is also distin- guished b.v having a green line along the flat side, while the others have each a red line. The Kiowa call the trump stick sahe, green, on account of the green stripe, while the others are called guadal. red. There are also a number of small green sticks, about the size of lead pencils, for keeping tally. Each player in turn takes up the four sticks together in her hand and throws them down on end upon the stone in the center. The number of points depends upon the number of flat or round sides which turn up. A lucky throw with a green or trump stick generally gives the thrower another trial in addition. The formula is: One flat side up counts 1 : one flat side up (if sahe), 1 and another throw: two flat sides up (with or without sahe), 2; three flat sides up, 3; three flat sides up (including sahe), 3 and another throw; all four flat sides 'up. G and another throw : all four round sides up. 10 and another throw. Cat. no. 1529086. Set of four sticks (figure 131). of a variety of alder, 5i inches in length, seven-sixteenths of an inch in width, and one-fourth of an inch in thickness; three with groove painted red on flat side and one with groove painted black. i 128 GAMES OF THE NORTH AMERICAN INDIANS [eth. axn. 24 The former are burneil with four diagonal marks, resembling the feathering of an arrow on alternate sides of the groove near each end. The fonrth stick has in addition two parallel marks burned directly across the middle. Its rounded reverse is burned with a design in the shape of a diamond. The reverses of the others are plain. Cat. no. i:r2908d. Set of four sticks (jf willow wood or chestnut sprout, 8f inches in length, three-fourths of an inch in breadth, and five-sixteenths of an inch in thickness (figure 135). Three have flat sides witli Fig. 134. Stick dice (the lowest stick shows length- obverse of one next above iti: length, .5 wise groove painted red, with par- inches: Kiow.a Indians.Oklahoma; cat. no. allel 1539n8(), United States National Museum. oblique lines like arrow- feathering burned on alternate sides of the groove at the ends, opposite to which are similar marks arranged in triangles. The rounded reverses of these sticks are plain. The fourth stick has an incised device painted black and resembling two feathered arrows, the heads of which meet a trans- verse band cut across the middle. Its rounded side has three parallel lines burned across the center, on one side of which is an incised design resembling a serpent and on the other an undetermined figure. Fig. 135. Sticli dire (the lowest stick shows obvei'se of one next above it): length, Sj inches; Kiowa Indians, Oklahoma: cat. no. 152908rf, United States National Museum. Cat. no. Io2908c. Set of foui- sticks of elm wood, 8f inches in length, nine-sixteenths of an inch in width, and five-sixteenths of an inch in tliickness (figure 13(3) ; three with groove painted red and one with groove painted black. The former are burned with two sets of parallel marks about IJ riLiN] DICE games: KIOWA 129 inches apai"t across the grooved face near each end. The fourth stick has in addition oblique marks burned across the center of the same side, with two pyramidal dotted designs in the center of the opposite side, which on the others is plain. Cat. no. 152909ff. Set of four sticks (figure 137). 5^ inches in length. seven-sixteenths of an inch in breadth, and three-sixteenths of an inch in thickness; section ellipsoidal. Fig. 136. Stick dice (tli© lowest stick shows obvei-se of one uest above iti; length, 8* inches; Kiowa Indians, Oklahoma; cat. no. 152908c, I'nited States National Museum. One side, slightly flatter than the other, is grooved and marked with fine cross lines, forming a lozenge pattern. Three are painted red and one dark green. One o:^ the red sticks is burned in the center with two parallel marks oliliquely across both the grooved and the mmi)mbwmm opposite side. The green stick has an undetermined figure burned in ^BM the center of the rounded side, ' which on the other two is plain. Cat. no. 152909?^. Set of four l^^x^virjCfmxiilK'SiaSOXaMsaii^SX'SCLWa sticks. 35 inches in length. five-sixteenths of an inch in breadth, and one-eighth of an inch in thickness; the flat Fio. IST. stick dice (the lowest two sticks sides grooved and painted. show obverses of the two next above): length. .5i inches; Kiowa Indians. Okla- three red and one black. homa: cat. no. l.'>2909a. United States Na- Cat. no. Io2909(?. Set of four tional Museum. sticks, 6f inches in length, five-sixteenth f an inch in breadth. and one-eighth of an inch in thickness. One of the red sticks has an oblique incised line cut across the mid- dle and two parallel lines on the opposite (rounded) side. The-black stick has a small triangle cut lengthwise in the center of tlie rounded side, across which is a transverse incised line. The flat sides are grooved and have triangular expansions of the groove at each end. Three are painted red and one black: one of the 24 ETH—05 M 9 130 GAMES OF THE NORTH AMERICAN INDIANS [eth. ann. 24 red sticks is marked like the one in the preceding, and the black stick in the same manner. These Kiowa sticks were all collected by Mr James Mooney. In each set there is an odd stick. KOLUSCHAN STOCK Tlingit, Alaska. (American Museum of Natural History.) Cat. no Small ivory die (figure lS8d), shaped like a chair; height 1 inch, twelve-sixteenths of an inch wide at back, and ten-sixteenths of an incli at abode side, with a vertical hole fromtop to bottom filled with lead. PlO. 138. Ivory and wooden dice; Tlingit It is called ketchu and came from Indians, Alaska; cat. no. E 894, 19 650, E 1859, 19 650, E 1857, American Museum Shakan. of Natural History. Cat. no. ^V- Small wooden die (figure 138&), like preceding, the sides engraved with crossed lines. The back of the die has four lead plugs and a hole for a similar plug. The front has an incised rectangular design with three lead plugs. Cat. no. E 894. Small ivory die (figure 138rt), like the preceding; height 1 inch, twelve- sixteenths of an inch wide at back, and eight-sixteenths of an inch at side ; front face having small plug of lead. Cat. no. E 1857. Small wooden die (figure 1386 ), like the pre- ceding, IjV inches high, twelve-six- teenths of an inch wide at back and sides; the back and three sides marked with incised lines. Cat. no. E 1859. Small Fig. 139. Leather tablet on which dice are thrown: height, wooden die (figure 7} inches; Tlingit Indian.s, Alaska; cat. no. E 6116, Amer- ican Museum of Natural History. 138f), like the pre- ceding, fifteen-sixteenths of an inch high and nine-sixteenths of an inch wide at side; perfectly plain. All these specimens were collected in Sitka by Lieut. George T. Em- mons, U. S. Navy. They are designated as women's gambling dice. CCLIXJ DICE GAMES : POMO 131 Dr Boas informs me that one die is used. The counts are: Either side mi. ; back or front up, 1 : bottom up, 2. The dice are thrown upon a thick tablet of leather about 8 inches square, cut with a totemic device. One (cat. no. E 006. figure 139) has the device of a bear's head. Another (cat. no. E 1057) a beaver, and still another (cat. no. E 2404) an unidentified animal. Similar dice are used by the Haida and possibly by the Kwakiutl. KULAN.\P.AX STOCK PoMO. Tculaki. Mendocino county, California. (Cat. no. 54473, Field Columbian Museum.) Six wooden staves (figure 140), 17 inches in length, fiat on one side, the other convex, with rounded ends, the convex faces decorated with lnu-ned designs, in two slightlv different patterns; accom- panied with twelve counting sticks, rudely whittled, 11 inches in length. The collector. Dr fieorge A. Dorsey, who obtained these objects in 1899. describes the game as follows: Flo. 140. stick dice; length, 17 inches; Porno Indians. ToulaM, California; cat. no. ii44T.3, Field Columbian Museum. Name, ka-dai. Twelve is the irame. All white, kule-kule-ka. munts 2: all black, katse-mal da liutcliin, couhts 3: three white, throe black. l>\ibu-Uule-ka, counts 1. It is played by women. Ukiah, California. (Field Columbian Museum.) Cat. no. fil085. Six staves (figure 141) of elder wood. 10 inches in length, similar to the preceding, decorated alike on the rounded face with a burned figure, designated as kawinatcedi, turtle-back pattern. 132 GAMES OF THE NORTH AMERICAN INDIANS [bth. ann. 24 Collected by Dr George A. Dorsey, who gives the counts as follows: Three plain up counts 3 ; three plain down, 1 ; six plain up, 6 ; six marked up, 2. Fig. 141. Stick dice; length, 10 iuches: Porno Indians, Ukiah, California; cat. no. til085. Field CoUimbian Museum. Cat. no. G1086. Six staves (figure 142), similar to preceding, 11 inches in length, four marked alike and two slightly different, with turtle-rib pattern, kawinamisat. Cat. no. C1087. Six staves (figure 113), similar to the preceding, made of elder, 12 inches in length, marked alike with hododudu- ciba, the milk-snake pattern. Pio. 142. Stick dice; length, 11 inches; Porno Indians, Ukiah. California; cat. no. r,10l<6. Field Columbian Museum. Cat. no. 61146. Six staves (figure 144), similar to the preceding, lOJ inches in length ; four marked alike and two differently, the counts varying much. Cat. no. 61166. Six staves (figure 145), similar to the preceding, 14f inches in length, all marked differently with burnt design. CILIX] DICE GAMES: POMO 133 Cat. IK). (illT-l:. Six staves (figure 14G). like the preceding, made of elder, 11 inches in length and marked alike. Collected by' Dr George A. Dorsey. Fig. 143. Fig. 1*4. Fig. 145. Pig. 146. Fig. 14.'i. Stick dice; length, 12 inches; Porno Indians, Ukiah, California; cat. no. 61087, Field Columbian Museiim. Fig. 144. Stick dice: length, 10} inches; Porno Indians, Ukiah, California; eat. no. 01146, Field Columbian Museum. Fig. 14<5. Stick dice; length, 14} inches; Pomci Indians, Ukiah, California; cat. no. 61166, Field Columbian Museum. Fig. 146. Stick dice; length, 11 inches; Pumo Indians, Ukiali, California; cat. no. 61174, Field Columbian Museum. Cat. no. 61175. Six staves (figure 147). 8 inches in length, of Salix sitchensis, marked alike, designated as kadai kawiatan (toy for child). 134 GAMES OF THE NORTH AMERICAN INDIANS [eth. ann. 24 Cat. no. 61193. Six staves (figure 148), 12^ inches in lencfth. all marked alike. Cat. no. 61194. Six staves (figure 149), 12* inches in length, all marked alike. Fig. 147, Pig. U9. Fig. 148. Fig. 147. Stick dice; length, 8 inches; Porno Indians, Ukiah, California; cat. no. 61175, Field Cohimljian Museum. Fig. 148. Stick dice; length, 12i inches; Porno Indians, Ukiah, California; cat. no. 61193, Field Columbian Museum. Fig. 149. Stick dice; length, 12» inches; Pomo Indians, Ukiah, California; oat. no. 81194. Field Oolumbian Museum. Cat. no. G1089. Twelve counting sticks (figure 150), kadai haitai (counters), ash shoots, painted black, 9i inches in length. Cat. no. 61090. Twelve counting sticks (figure 151), 10 inches in length, with burnt markings on the end and in middle of the tsupiam, lance j^attern. DICE GAMES: POMO 135 Cat. no. 01091. Twelve counting- sticks (figure 152), 9i inches in length, with burnt markings of the misakala, black-snake ijat- tern. Fig. 154. Pis- 155. Fio. Counting sticks foi- stick dice; length, 9J inches; Pomo Indians, Ukiah, California;1.50. cat. no. (illWH, Field Columbian Museum. Fig. Counting sticks for stick dice; length. 111 inches; Pomo Indians, Ukiah, California;1.51. cat. no. filOyiJ, Field Columbian Museum. Fig. 152. Counting sticks for stick dice; length, flj inches; Pomo Indians, Ukiah, California; cat. no. riUnil, Field Columbian Museum. Fig. Counting sticks for stick dice; length, Oj inches; Pomo Indians, Ukiah, California;1.5S. cat. no 6109;;, Field Columbian Museum Fio. 154. Stick dice; length, 15 inches; Pomo Indians. Lake village, California; <-at. no. .54474, Field Columbian Museum. FiQ Astragalus of deer used as die; Pomo Indians. Ukiah valley, California; cat. no. 70937,155. Field Columbian Museum. Cat. no. G1092. Twelve counting sticks (figure 153), ^ inches in length, with burnt markings. " 136 GAMES OF THE NORTH AMERICAK INDIANS [eth. ann. 24 All of the preceding were collected by Dr George A. Dorsey. PoJio. Lake village. Lake county, California. (Cat. No. 54474, Field Columbian Museum.) Set of six staves (figure 154) of elder wood, 15 inches in length, simi- lar to the preceding, but each with a different pattern. They were collected in 1899 by Dr George A. Dorsey, who desig- nates them as kaikadai. Ukiah, Mendocino county, California. (Cat. No. 70937, Field Columbian Museum.) Astragalus of deer (figure 155), described by the collector, Dr J. W. Hudson, as used as a die. LDTUAMIAN STOCK Klamath. Upper Klamath lake, Oregon. (Cat. no. 61711, 61722, Field Columbian Museum.) Four pine staves (figure 156), 7f inches long, flat on one side, rather rounded on the other, and tapering to the ends. minu Fio. 156. Stick dice; length, 7J inches: Klamath Indians. Oregon; cat. no. lilTll, Field Columbian Museum. Two of the staves are marked by a series of nine parallel lines at each end and three parallel lines in the center, and are known as shnawedsh, women: the remaining two sticks are marked from end to end by zigzag lines crossing back and forth from side to side, and these are called xoxsha or hishuaksk, male person. All these lines have been burnt in by means of a sharp-pointed iron tool. The counting is as follows : « Certain Gambling Games of the Klamath Indians. American Anthropologist, n. s., v. 3, p. 2,'-), moi. : Cl'LIN ] DUE games: KLAMATH 187 All marked sides up or down count 2 ; both male sticks up with women liowu, or vice versa, count 1. These are the only counts. The set no. 61722 differs from the preceding only in the number of parallel lines on the two shnawedsh staves. At the ends of the two stages there are seven parallel lines, while in the center of one are five and of the other six parallel lines. These specimens were col- lected in 1000 by Dr George A. Dorsey. who furnished tlie above description of the game under the name of skushash. Klamath. Oregon. (Cat. no. 2412('). United States National Museum.) Four woodchuck-teeth dice (figure 157), two, both lefts, stopped at the end with red cloth and marked on the flat side with chevron pattern, and two, some- what smaller, one right and the other left, apparently from the same animal, marked on the same side with five small holes. Col- lected by L. S. Dj'ar, Indian agent. The game is described by Dr Albert S. Gat- schet," under the name of skushash The four teeth of the beaver are marked for this game by the incision of parallel lines or crosses on one side, aud a small piece of woolen or other doth is inserted into the hollow to prevent breaks in falling. The two Pig. l.iT. Woodchuck- longer or upper teethbeaver are dice: length. 1; toteeth of the called the male. li inches: Klamath In- lakf. the paii- of lower and shorter the female teeth, dians, Oregon: cat. no gfilo. kfilu, distributive form : kfikalu. The marked side 24126, United States Na- of the teeth wins, if it is turned up after dropping. The tional Mtiseum. teeth of the woodchuck (mu-i. or moi) serve for the same purpose. . . . In this game of beavers' teeth (pu'man tiit) or woodchuck's teeth (mtiyam tut) they use twelve check sticks to count their gains with. The game is played by two persons, or by two partners on each side. A further account )f the game is found in a text translated 1 )\ Doctor Gatschet : '' Tlie Klamath lake females play a game with beavers' teeth, letting them drop on a rubbing stone. When all the teeth fall with the right, or marked, side uppermost, they win 2 checks. If both female teeth fall right side up, they win 1 check. If both male teeth fall right side up, they win 1 check. Fall- ing unequally, they win nothing. They i|uit when one side has won all the stakes. Women only play this game. The beaver-teeth game may be regarded as a modification of the bone game played by the Blackfeet. The four beaver teeth marked with circles or dots and lines arranged in chevrons clearly rejjlace the four similarly marked staves. Again, the tooth tied with sinew cor- responds with the sinew-wra])ped stave. The twelve counters agree with those of the Blackfeet. "The Klamath Indians. Contributions (o North .\merican Ethnology, v. 2, pt. 1, p. 81, Washington. 1890. "Ibid., p. 80. : : 1:^8 GAMES OF THE NORTH AMERICAN INDIANS [eth. ANN. 24 Klamath. Upper Klamath lake, Oregon. (Cat. no. 61536, 61734, Field Columbian Museiun.) Set of foiu' woodclnick teeth, the two upper teeth marked on the flat side with zigzag lines extending the length of the teeth; these are called laki, male. The lower teeth are marked by four incised dots and are kulu, female. In another set (61734), figure 158, the markings are as in the preceding set, except that the lower teeth have fi\-e dots instead of Fig. 158. Woodcljuck-teeth dice; Klamath Iiidiaus, Oregon; cat. uo. 61734, Field Columbian Museum. four, and that the incised markings on all four teeth have been filled with red paint instead of black as in the preceding set. These speci- mens were collected by Dr George A. Dorsey," who gives the name of the game as skushash, and says In playing the game, which is generally done by women, the teeth are dropped on a hard level object, such as an under grinding stone. The count i.s the same as in the stave game, namely, all marked dice up or down. 2 : both males up with females down, 1. MARIPOSAN STOCK Chukchansi. Chowchilly river, Madera county, California. (Cat. no. 70890, Field Columbian Museum.) Astralagus of deer used as a die. Collected l>y Dr J. W. Hudson. The.se they call Iva-nish-nau-sbe. to tiiii between thunili and second finger. The counts are 0. 2, 3, 5. Doctor Hudson also gave the following description of this game, obtained from the Tcausilla living on Chowchilly Eiver, about 4 miles Avest of Ahwahnee post-office. The bone and the game are called by the same name, kanishnaushe. mean- ing flipped between thumb and second finger. The bone is thrown like a die. There are four counts, 1, 2, 4, 12, depending upon the side that turns uppermost. Tejon. Tule Eiver reservation, California. (Cat. No. 70371, Field Columbian Museum.) Flat basket plaque for dice game, collected by Dr J. W. Hudson, who describes it as follows This game is played by women with si.x dice made from halves of walnut shells. The game, which is played by any number is called ho-watch, the same " Certain Gambling Games of the Klamath Indians. American Anthropologist, V. 3, p. 26, 1901. CDLIN] DICE games: wiktchamne 189 name being applied to the dice. Three up and 3 down count 1 ; all up or all down. 5. The count is kept with 10 sticks, witehet. The basket plaque is called tai-wan. The designs on this plaque represent the women players, the walnut-shell dice, and the counters. The game is played also by all other Mariposan tribes in this manner. WiKTCHAMXE. Keweah river, California. (Collection of Dr C. Hart Merriam.) Flat basket plaque for dice game (figure 159) 22^ inches in diameter, with a coil foundation of yellow gra.ss. Epkmnpes ligetiK; the body material is of the root of the Cladhtm mariftrus. It is dec- FlG. loU. Dice plaque; diameter, 22} inches; Wiktrbamne Indians, Keweali river, Caliturnia; in the coUe(_'tion of Dr C. Hart Merriam. orated with colored designs in red and black: the red twigs with bark on. of redbud (Cercis occidentnlis) . the black, the root of the liasket fern {Pferklhim). Doctor Merriam describes the game as played with eiglit dice of half walnut shells filled with pitch, inlaid with abalone shell. The flat faces up count when 2, 5, or S are up together. Two and five up count 1 each : eight up. 4. The basket is called ti-wan. The man-like figuri'> repre- sent water dogs, the .'J-spots, wild-cat tracks, and the double triangles, deer tracks. The employment of these basket plaques in dice games may in part : 140 GAMES OF THE NORTH AMEKICAX INDIANS [eth. ann. 24 be explained upon the supijosition that the plaques originated in basket shields. The coiled basket trays made by the Hopi Indians at the Second mesa, which suggest shields in their general character, were jarobably derived from shields. One of the Hopi names for shield is tii'''-o-230-o-ta, from tii^'-o-ka, enemy, po'-o-ta, the circular tray. An unique example of an ancient basket shield, from a cliif-dwelling in the Canyon de Chelly, Arizona, is represented in plate i." YoKUTS. Fort Tejon and Tule river. California. Mr Stephen Powers '' gives the following account The Yokuts have a sort of gambling which iH'rtains excUisively to women. It is a kind of dice throwing, and is called u-chu'-iis. For dice they take half of a large acorn or walnut shell, fill it level with pitch and pounded charcoal, and inlay it with bits of bright colored abalone sliells. For a dice table they weave a very large fine basket tray, almost fJat. and ornamented with devices woven in black or brown, mostly rude imitations of trees and geometrical figures. Four squaws sit around it to play, and a fifth keeps tally with fifteen sticks. There are eight dice, and they scoop them up in their hands and dash them into the basket, counting 1 when two or live flat surfaces turn up. The rapidity with which the game goes forward is wonderful, and the players seem totally oblivious to all things in the world beside. After each throw that a player makes she exclaims, yet'-ni or wl-a-tak or ko-mai-eh, which are simply a kind of sing-song or chanting. Tule River reservation, Tulare county, California. (Cat. no. 70395, 70396, 70397, Field Columbian Museum.) Eight split reeds (figure 160). 13 inches in length, with backs rudely smeared with seven and eight bands of red paint; four willow Fig. im. Caue dice and counting sticks; length of dice, 13 iii.-hes; length u£ ountiug sticks, ») inches; Yokuts Indians, Tnle River reservation, California; cat. no. 7039.1. TLBH6. Field Colum- bian Museum. counters, 20 inches long, marked with red stripes; and 25 willow sticks, pointed at one end. <• This shield, which is 31 inches in di.imeter. was found by Mr Ch.irles L. Day, of Chin Lee, Arizona, in the cliff-house known as the Mummy cave, in the Canyon del Muevto, July 19, 1004. It is now in the United States NatioUiil Museum, cat. no. :;31778. ' Tribes of California. Contributions to North American Ethnology, v. 3, p. 377, Wash- ington, 1877. cuLi.v] DICE games: kekchi 141 These were collected by Dr J. W. Hudson, who describes them as used in the flip-stave game by women. The game is called tsikebi, to liiudle. Twenty-flve sticks are stuck in a row iu the ground and receive the same name as the game. The throws are counted around these sticks with four stick counters or horses called witchet. All con- cave sides up count Itj : one coucave side u)>, 1 ; two concave sides u|i. _'. and so on ; but if an opponent ties your throw you go back as much. The game appears froiu Doctor Hudson's description to be played also for counting sticks, when 4 up and 4 down cottnt 1 ; all up or all down. 4. The sticks are ta-cha. In another dialect they are ka-li-sa. YoKUTS. Mouth of Mill creek, Fresno county, California. (Cat. no. 70671, 70672, Field C'oltimbian Museum.) Eight walnut-shell dice (figure 161) ; basket plaque, 23A inches in diameter. Collected l\v Dr J. W. Hudson. The shells are filled with gum, with pieces of abalone shell inserted as usual, and the basket is old, witli colored design. Flo. Hit. Walnut-stiell dire: diami'ter. about 1 incb;, Yokuts Indians. Fresno county, California: cat. no. 7(tfi7l. Field Columbian Museum. JIAYAX STOCK Kekchi. Northern Guatemala. Mr Thomas J. Collins, of Haddonfield, N. J., who spent, some time in Guatemala, has communicated to the writer tlie following account of the corn game of this tribe. He says that it is still in common use among those in the outlying districts. In or near the Spanish- speaking towns, although known, it is rarely, if ever, played. It is known as bool-ik (from bool. dice, and ik, state of, or meaning of) ": or as batsunk, to play ; Iain oj guech txe batsunk, I want to play. " In reply to my inquiry in reference to the meaning of bool, Mr Collins writes me as follows, under date of December li.">, ISOO : " I have some information as to tlie Kekchi word bool-ik. I asked for a list of all the words containing the syllable bool from a seminative who has tlie reputation of knowing the language better than a Ouatemalteio. Hool : un pajarito chiquitito. the smallest of birds ; bool : cumbre de las montauas. the summits of mountains ; bool : burbuja, bubble ; bool : granos de mafz marcados, the dice : bool-ok ; jogar : to play. "The third (bubble) recalls to me something of interest. A small, turbulent stream near the house at Cbama was called the bul-bul-hfl, and this name was also given to a stream on the opposite mountain wlien the sound of its roaring reached us during the rains. Superlatives are made by repeating the adjective, and bul-bul-hS would signify an extremely bubbling, playful water. The way they throw the dice and the reboundin.; and rolling of them on the ground are very suggestive of bubbling water and eddies, ami if the bird he means be the humming bird, as is likely, its motion would lie in line with the same idea. The summits of the mountains are not unlike the Irregular upand-dnwn flight of humming birds. I think that bul (bool) may fairly be taken to mean bubbling, playful, or dancing, in a general sense." 142 GAMES OF THE NORTH AMERICAN INDIANS [eth. ANN. 24 The game is played on the clay floors of houses, usually at night by light of the fire. The ground is swept clean and 15 grains of corn are placed in a straight line, li to 2 inches apart, forming eplix chet. all their places, the 14 spaces between these grains being the board for play. Four tlat-sided grains of corn are selected for dice, and ai-e prepared by dig- ging out with the thumbnail the eye on one side of each grain and either rub- bing charcoal in or applying the live end of a glowing stick to the hollow, resulting in each of the four grains, or dice, having a black spot on one side. This operation is called tsep, to mark, ke ru xam, put to the face of the flre, or ke kek sa ix naj ru. put black in the face of his face. The black-spotted side of the dice is called ru bool. face of the dice, and the blank side rit bool, bottom of the dice. The board and the dice being ready, players select their counters, five for each. Any small articles will do. but preference is shown for five similar twigs, leaf stems, or split sticks, or different lengths and kinds of these. Fragments of leaves of different colors or structure are often used, and where there are many player.s bits of grass, muslin, or paper ; even thread is pressed into service. Players, any even number, squat around the line of corn, and one of them, taking the four dice in his hand, throws them lightly on the ground, calling the number of blaclc spots, ru bool. showing as they lie. It may be one. two, three, four. or. in case of all blanks, rit bool. five. He plays in a counter to the value of his throvs' starting from the right end of the line of corn, then throws again and plays farther in : thus, if his first is two and the second five he would leave his counter in the seventh chet. or space, from the right of the board. He is followed by an opponent who plays in from the opposite, or left, end of the board. Then, in turn, a partner (guchben) of the first and a partner of the second player enter, continuing alternately, each throwing twice, entering each at the proper end of the board, until both have played and it is the turn of the first player, who continues the advance of his counter from its position in the seventh space, with the object of ultimately completing his pa.ssage of the line. If this is accomplished without taking an ad\ersary or being taken by him he enters again at his own end of the board, exactly as if the bo.-ird were continuous. But it is the hope of every player to fall into the space occupied by the counter of an adversary and so take him (xin ket, I struck, or xin chop, I caught). In this case he plays backward toward his entering point and passes out, carrying his captive (ix kam, he is dead). If he passes out safely without meanwhile being retaken by one of his op- ponents, the captured counter is retained (ix guak. he is eaten I. but his own counter, the captor, is entered again as before. But if he is retaken before passing out. Iioth himself and his captive become the pre.v of the new captor and are carried iiy him in the opposite direction. He in his turn may be taken, losing himself and all his prey. Sometimes this taking and retaking continues until the accumulated counters number 6 or 8, the excitement of players in- creasing until it is a wonderful sight to look upon in the half light of the fire. All crowded together and moving ceaselessly in a curiously animal way, no muscle or feature at rest. Some are pawing with their hands, some stretching back like cats about to spring, or leaping for an instant upright, but all scream- ing comments or calling throws in voices entirel.v inu'ecognizable. At last the disputed cotuiters are carried out at one end or the other. The.v are at once separated, those belonging to partners of tlie winner of them are returned to their owners, who enter them again (tex yolii bi chik, they are living again), while those belonging to the opposing side are put into a hat or some receptacle (lix naj kaminak, there place the dead, or, rotxotx kaminak, house of the dead). : ciLiN] DICE games: MIWOK 143 No player loses his throw, for if he has lost his counter, he enters another, but no second can be used until the first is lost. Falling into a space occuiiied by a iiartner does not change the play of either, but an adversary would take both should he throw into that space. Players never throw more than twice under any circnnistances, but if tlie first throw takes an opponent's counter, the second throw cfiunts toward carryin;: him home. The game lasts from one to three hours and is ended when one side has no more counters to enter ( lae.x clii.xgunil xa guak, you have eaten all). From time to time, toward the close of the game, counters already taken are separated, cham-alni. and counted, guarj 13, the burden of proof lying curiously enough on the victors to show they have caught and eaten all their adversaries. The whole idea shown by the terras of the game, and still more by the excla- mations and remarks of players is that of the pursuit, capture, and safe carry- ing off of prey. For example: Xin kan. 1 lay in wait; a au xa ram txe us, you intercepted him well: ta ok laat, enter, thou (ok is used as setting out upon an enterprise) ; ok r(? sikbal kar. to start fishing, or ok re sikbal tsik, to start the hunt for birds. In the ordiuary sense of enter, another word, ojan. is used ; a an xin nume sa jumpat, I passed him quickly ; gwi jun cbik xa kam-si gwe, if one more, you would have killed me. Before counters are put in play they are called what they are: Che, stick; <-ha.j. leaf; rnk-chc. twig: ton clia.j. leaf stem. P.ut when put in play they become gwe. me. myself ; laat, thou ; or in the thii'd person are called by name of the player. AIay.v. Chichen Itza, Yucatan. Dr Alfred Tozzer infurins nie that he saw grains of corn, bhtck- ened on one side, that were used in a game, juego de maiz, presumably similar to that observed among the Kekchi. The game is called baSal i§im (bashal ishim). Four grains of corn, two of them colored black on one side, are thrown. The winning throws are two white and two black or all black. MOQTTELUMNAN STOCK AwANi. Near Cold Springs, Mariposa countj', California. Dr J. W. Hudson describes the following game under the name of teata(tu Six half acorns are cast in a basket plaque. Half face up, half down, cimnt 1 ; all up or down count 2. The game was given me by a refugee of the Awani once possessing Yoseniite valley, called " Old Short-and-Dirty," a woman about 80 years old, who is one of the five surviving members of that warlike people and lives with her sister and a blind nephew at the above-mentioned, place. None of her people have been in Yosemite since about 1.S70. MiwoK. California. (Collection of Dr C. Hart Merriam.) Plaque for dice game (figure 162), 231 inches in diameter, collected by Dr C. Hart ilerriam. The collector states that this ]ila([ue was collected from the Miwok, but made by one of the Yuroks tribes. The Miwok call the pla(|ne and game by the same name, chattattoomhe. They use six dice. 1-14 GAMES (IF THE NORTH AMERICAN INDIANS [eth. ann. 24 OlajeentivF,. Bay of Sun Francisco. California. Louis Choris " (ISK'i) says: Their games consist in throwing small pieces of wood, which fall either in odd or even numbers, or of others which are rounded on one side, and the game Ft&. Hi2. Dice pljKiue: dianieter, 3H^ inches; Miwuk Indians. California; in the collection of Dr C. Hart Merriam. is lost or won accoi-ding to wlietlier the jiieces ot wood fall uu the Hat or round side. See I i)late iii. h.] MiwoK. Mariposa county, California. (Cat. no. 70-222, Field Columbian Museum.) Set of six split acorn dice with the shells removed. Collected by Dr J. A^^ Hudson. Tuolumne county. California. (Cat. no. 70i'-21, Field Colum- l)iaii Museum.) Flat basket tray, collected by Dr J. W. Hudson and described by him as used in a game called chatatha : Six halves of acorns are used as dice. Three up or three down, called liing-e. counts 1: all up or down, called a-ti-ka. 2: all other turns, a-wu-ya. nothing. The Hat round basket trays on which the dice are tossed are called hetal, from a grass used as a warp in this basket. Eight stick counters, chi-ki-la-hu-hu, oak sticks, are piled between the opponents. When one side has won them, they are all handed to the loser, and must he won again. " Voyage I'ittoresqne Autour du Monde, p. 5, Paris, 1822. CO a: O I o o < z cc o Li_ < o 6 o CD o z < cc Z < CC > < CO < o o z > < CL CO z < 4 1 I "lliĤi <_l o -\* *s. t .ili.l culik] DICE GAMES: TULARES 145 TuLARES. Rancheria near Lemoore. Kings county. California. (Cat. no. 2000fi9, United States National Museum.) Flat basket tray (figure 163), 28f inches in diameter, worked in chevron design in colored jjattern: accompanied by eight dice Pio. 163. Basket dice tray and dice; diameter of basinet, 285 inches; Tulare Indians, California: cat. no. 2(XRl*!tt. United States National Museum. made of halves of walnut shells, lilled with gum and inlaid with pieces of abalone shell. (From the C. F. Briggs collection. See Holmes in Report of U. S. National Museum. li)00. plate xli, 1902.) 24 ETH—f)."> M 10 : : ; 146 GAMES OF THE NORTH AMEEICAN INDIANS [eth. ann. 24 MUSKHOGEAN STOCK Choctaw. Mandeville. Louisiana. (Cat. no. 38477, Free Museum of Science and Art, University of Pennsylvania.) Eight grains of white corn (figure 164), charred on one side. Collected by the writer in 1901. These are used as dice in the corn game, baska- FiG. 164. Corn-grain dice; tanje. Two or more men play, throwing the com Choctaw Indians. Louisiana; with tlie liand upon tlie ground. The throws are cat. no. 3K4T7. Free Museum either white, toheh, or blaclv, losah, up. The game is of Science and Art, Univer- i . ^ Pennsylvania. twenty-five, and i tiihe count^s are as f.«oli,lows: A.lnlsity of blaclv up, untachaina, counts 8; all white up, 8; seven white up, untokalo. 7; six white up. hanali. 6; five white up, tustslata, 5; four white up, oshta, 4 : three white up. tuchaina. 3 : two white up, takalok, 2 one white up, chofa, 1. NATCHESAN STOCK Natchez. Louisiana. Le Page du Pratz "» says, referring to the women's game of the Natchez These pieces with which they play are three little bits of cane, from 8 to 9 inches long, split in two equal parts and pointed at the ends. Each piece is distinguished by the designs which are engraved on the convex side. They play three at a time and each woman has her piece. To play this game they hold two of these pieces of cane on the open left hand and the third in the right hand, tlie round side uppermost, with which they strike upon the others, taking care to touch only the end. The three pieces fall, and when there are two of them which have the convex side uppermost the player marks one point. If there is only one, she marks nothing. After the first the two others play in their turn. PIMAN stock Opata. Sonora. Dr A. F. Bandelier * speaks of patol, or quince, as a social game played often on the streets. Papago. Pima county, Arizona. (Cat. no. 174516, United States National Museum.) Set of four sticks (figure 165) of saguaro cactus, about 9i inches in length, three- fourths of an inch in width, and one-fourth of an inch thick. These are painted solid red on one side, " which is flat and marked with black lines of numerical and sex significance." They were col- lected by Dr W J McGee and Mr William Dinwiddle. The game is described by the collectors under the name of ghingskoot The four marked faces receive the following names: Old man (o), young man (6), old woman (c), young woman (d). In the play the sticks are held verti- " Histoire de la Louisiane. v. 3, p. 4, Paris. 1758. " Final Report. Papers of the Archaeological Institute of America, Am. series, pt. 1, p. 240, Cambridge, 1890. ; CILIX] DICE GAMES: PAPAGO 147 cally, bunched in the right hand, and strucli. from underneath on their lower ends by a stone grasped in the loft hand, the blow shooting them vertically into the air [figure 166]. Two backs and two fronts of any sticks up counts 2; three fronts and one back of any sticks up. .3 : three backs and the young m'an up, 4 all fronts up. 5" : three backs and the old woman up, 6 ; all backs, 10 ; three backs and the young woman up, 14 three backs and the old man up. 1.5. If the sticks; touch or fall on one another, the throw must be repeated. The counts are kejit on a rec- tangle marked on the ground [figure 167], usually approximating 12 by 8 feet, having ten holes, or pockets, counting the corners each time along each side. At two alternate corners are two quadrants called houses (kee) of five holes each not counting the cor- Pig. 165. Stick dice; length, 9i inches; ner holes, called doors (jouta). Papago Indians, Pima county, Ari- The game zona; cat. no. 174516. United Statesis played by two, three, or four National Musenm. players for self or partner, with counters called horses. These usually number two for each player. They are put into play consecutively and by alternate throws of the players. A throw of less than 5, which does not carry the horses out of the door, prevents a player from entering another horse until his aggregate throws are 5+, thus putting his horse into the rectangle proper. After all the horses of a single contestant are in play be may move the same horse ciiiitinuously. In counting, the pockets from A to either of the nearest corners is l.'i. It is optional with the player whether he turns to the left or right upon leaving the door, though he 148 GAMES OF THE NORTH AMERICAN INDIANS [eth. ANN. 24 number to count to a must be thrown bj' the sticks. AVhen a hor.se is on a pocket adjoining a, a 2 throw is considered out. The obiect of the game is to carry all the horses around the pockets and out again at «. the first player succeeding in this being declared the winner. Papago. Cahili, Arizona. (Cat. no. S674, 59, Rijks Ethnographi- sches Museum, Leiden.) Set of four sticks (figure 168), 4i inches in length, rounded on one side, flat, unmarked on the other. Catalogued under the name of quince as a woman's game. Collected bj- Dr H. F. C. ten Kate, jr, in 1888. Fig. 168. Stick dice; length, 4i inches; Papago Indians, Arizona; cat. no. 8674, 59, Kijks Ethno- graphisches Museum, Leiden. Pima county, Arizona. (Cat. no. 174443, United States Na- tional Museum.) Astragalus of bison (figure 169). Collected by Dr W J McGee, who described it as used in a game called tanwan. The game is played by two persons, who sit facing each other, four or five feet apart. The bone is twirled into the air out of the thumb and forefln,ger, the back of tlie hand being held upward. The position in which it falls on the ground controls the count in the gan\e. So long as the player succeeds in throwing the pitted side, or cow hoof, as it is called, upward he retains possession of the bone, and with each throw wins one bean from a prear- Pig. 169. Astragalus of bi- son used as die; Papago ranged number equally divided between the players. Indians, Pima county, The sides do not count in the play, and the thrower Arizona; cat. no. 17444.3, may play again and again without forfeiting the bone United States National Museum. until he throws the flat side, opposite the cow hoof, upward, when the bone goes to his opponent to throw, With the same conditions. The winning of the entire number of an opponent's counters constitutes a game won. Pima. Arizona. (United States National Museum.) Cat. no. 27842. Set of four sticks of willow " wood, 9 inches in length, three- fourths of an inch in breadth, and one-fourth of an inch in thickness (figure 170) ; flat on one side, which is incised with transverse and diagonal lines filled in with black paint; the opposite side rounded and painted red. Cat. no. 27843. Set of four sticks of willow " wood, 8f inches in length, three-fourths of an inch in breadth, and one-fourth of an ** Balix amygdaloides. DICE games: PIMA 149 inch in thickness (figure 171) : identical witli preceding, except in the arrangement of the incised lines. Both collected by Mra G. Stout. (( C^T : : ) 150 GAMES OF THE NORTH AMERICAN INDIANS [eth. ax.n. 24 Doctor Palmer states A space of 10 square feet is inclosed by holes made in the ground [figure 17H]. At opposite corners on the outside are two semicircular rows of five holes each. At the begin- o o ning a marking-stick is put into the center hole, A, of o o o o o o o o o o each semicircle, and the point is to play around the o o o o S(iuare. and back again to the center hole. Each pair o o of players moves the pegs in opposite directions, and o o whenever the count is made that would bring the stick to the hole occupied by that of the antagonist, he is sent buck to his original starting place. The counts are as follows : Four round sides up. o o o counts 10 ; four flat sides up, 5. When only one flata o o side is up. it counts whatever is marked on it; any o o o three counts 3, and any two. 2.o o o o o o o o o PiMA. Arizona. (Cat. no. 7601 S. United States National Museum. Pig. 173. Circuit for stick- die© game; Pima Set of four sticksIndians, 7f inches long, one-half Arizona; from sketch by inch in breadth, and one-fourth of an inch Dr Edward Palmer. in thickness; flat on one side and painted black; the opposite side rounded and painted red. Collected bv Dr Edward Palmer and described by him as women's sticks. Two play. The sticks are held in the right hand, between the thumb and forefinger, and, with an underthrow, touch the ground slightly, and are let fl.v. The counts are as follows : Four blacks, counts 2 ; four reds, 1 ; two blacks, out. Cat. no. 211935. Squared wooden Ijlock, 7J inches long, marked on its four sides, as shown in figure 17J:. L ^^K Fig. 174. Four faces of stick die; length, 7^ inches; Pinm Indians, Arizona; cat. no. 211935, United States National Museum. This specimen was collected by Mr Clarence H. Shaw, who de- scribes it as used in the game of kinsgoot It is held in the palm of each hand and thrown from the player with a push- ing motion. The counts are indicated on figure 174 : 15, 4, 14, 6. The game ends at 45. Pima. Arizona. (Cat. no. S362, 52, Rijks Ethnographisches Mu- seum, Leiden.) Three sticks (figure 175), from a set of four, about 5 inches in length, marked on one face with incised lines. Cl'LIX] DICE games: PIMA 151 These were collected by Dr H. F. C. ten Kate, jr, and catalojs;ued under the name of kiense (quince), and are similar to the sets from the Pima in the United States National Museum (cat. no. 27842, 27843. 7fi017). Dr ten Kate" refers to this game as kiensse, and says it resembles the otochei and oetaha of the Yuma and Mohave. Fig. 175. Stick dice; length. 5 inches; Pima Indians, Arizona: cat. no. S362, 52, Bijks Ethno- graphisches Mu^^eum, Leiden. Pima. Arizona. (Cat. no. 218042, United States National Mu- seum.) P"'our sticks of mesquite wood, about 8f inches in length, hemi- spheric in section and not colored on either side. They were collected by the late Dr Frank Russell, who gives the name of the game as ki° ts and of the sticks as ki° ts kut. The sticks [figure 176] are designated as follows: No. 1. ki-ik, four. No. 2, tco-otp', six. No. 3, sl-ika, meaning of word un- known to informants. No. 4, ki° ts, meaning also unknown. The players sit about 10 feet apart, and put the sticks in play by striking from below with a flat stone held in the left hand. The sticks are held nearly vertical, but are inclined a little forward, so that they will fall in the center of the space between the players, who rake them back with a long stick after each throw. The count is similar to that described for the Papago game, if we suljstitute the Pima names for the pieces as follows : Two backs and 2 faces count 2; 1 back and 3 faces count ">: ki-ik f;uing un and others down count 4 ; all faces up count 5 ; tco-otp' facing up and others down count G : all faces down count TO 1 10: sf-ika facing up and others down count 14; ki° ts fac- esz :2s 2 ing up and others down count 1.5. The counts are kept c 3SZ IZD a upon a rectangle marked ujion the ground, usually approx- 4 imating 12 by 8 feet, having 10 holes or pockets, counting Fig. 176. Stick dice; the corners each time along each side. At two alternate Pima Indians, Ari- corners are two quadrants, called houses (ki),of five holes zona; cat. no. 218012, each, not counting the corner holes, called doors (utpa). United States Na tional Museum. The stick used by each player or side to mark its throw is called rsaika, slave or horse. When a player is " coming home " ;ind his count carries his "slave" only to the last hole of his house, it is said to be "in the fire." and remains "burnt" until he throws a less number than 14 or 15. The corner bole of the rectangle is called tcolut. hiii : the second, tcoolrsiln, near the corner; the third, rsa-jikit. middle: the fourth, koketam. aljove the end; the fifth, ko-ok, last; the first hole of the house, teo(iletam, above the hiii ; the " Reisen en Onderzoeliingen In Noord .\merlka. \>. l.">9. Leiden, 1885. ) " 152 GAMES OF THE NORTH AMERICAN INDIANS [eth. ann. 24 becond. ki-ik vak" utra. four hole end : the third, vai-ik vak' utra. three hole end: the fourth. sap'k"= utra. right end or place; the fifth, tai-i utra, fire end or in the fire. Doctor Russell describes also the following stick dice game, which is pla^'ed exclusively by women : Ka-aniisakfit This stave game is played with eight sticks, in two sets of four each, which are colored black on the rounded side in one set and black on the flat side in the other, the opposite side being stained red. Two play, each using her own set of sticks, but exchanging tliem alternatel.v. so that first one set is in use and then the other. They are held loosely in the right hand, and are thrown from the end of the metate or any other convenient stone. If all fall red side up, one point is scored by a mark in the sand. If all are black, two are counted. Four points completes the game. Tarahumaee. Pueblo of Carichic, Chihuahua, Mexico. (Cat. no. {f^, American Museum of Natural History.) Set of four split reeds. 6 inches in length and one-half of an inch in width, marked on the inner, flat sides, as shown in figure 177; opposite sides plain. Collected by Dr Carl Lumholtz, who says: '' Their greatest gambling game, at which they may iilay even when tii)sy. is quince, in T.-irahumare romavda. It is pla.ved with four sticks of equal length, called romi'ilaka and inscribed with certain marks to indicate their value. They W practically serve the same purpose as^ —v,^ VX \ yyyyy yy ' dice, but they are thrown in a different• \\SS^:^^\S^>Cyyyyy^/^/ \ wa.v. The pla.ver grasps them in his left hand, levels their ends carefully, lifts his bundle and strikes the ends against a flat or square little stone in front of -^ him, from which they rebound towardhis opi)onent. The sticks count in ac- cordance with the wa.v the.v fall. The "^ /I "XK ' point of the game is to pass through a ^ — ' figin-e outlined by small holes in the FiG.l-T. Stick dice; length, 6 inches: Tara- ground between the two players. The humare I„ndians, pueblo of Carichic, Chi-, , movements*. , ehuahua, of course, d iependi upon 4t.hue Mexic-o;Icat. no. «,gVg, A.merican ^ Museum of Natural History. points gained in throwing the sticks, and the count is kept by means of a little stone, which is placed in the respective hole after each throw. Many accidents may impede its progress: fur instance, it may happen to lie in the, hole into which the adversary comes from the opposite direction. In this case he is killed, and he has to begin again from the opposite side. The advance is regulated by a number of ingenious by-laws, which make the game highly intellectual and entertaining. If he has the wherewithal to pay his losses, a Tarahumare may go on playing for a fortnight or a month, until he has lost everything be has in this world except his wife and children; he draws the line at that. He scrupulously pays all his gambling debts. ( See plate HI. r. — » » From a forthcoming memoir by the collector, to be published by the Bureau of Ameri- can Ethnology. '' Unknown Mexico, v. 1, p. 278, New York. l'.K)2. Cl'LIV) DICE games: tepehuan 153 Tepeiivan. Talayote. near Nabogame, Chihuahua. Mexico, (Cat. no. Z^^. American Museum of Natural History.) Set of four ash-wood sticks. 18i^ inches in length, three-fourths of an inch broad, and one-eighth of an inch thick, marked on one side with incised lines smeared with red paint (figure 178a) ; reverse, })lain. Chihuahua. Mexico. (Cat. no. A\, . American Museum of Natural History.) Set of four ash-wood sticks, identical with the preceding, except that they are 16f inches in length (figure 1786). Fl<;. ITS. Stick dice; lengths: a, 18J inches; b, 16; inches; c, Hi to I'M inches; Tepehuan Indians, Chihuahua, Mexico; cat. no. ^{j. ^{'^. jg^s, American Museum of Natural History. Cat. no. ^^Itj. Set of four .stick.s of canyon walnut, of slightly differ- ent lengths, from 11] to 13i inches, eleven-sixteenths of an inch wide, and one-eighth of an inch thick : one side flat, with incised designs composed of straight aud oblique lines, the incised places being stained red (figure 178t) ; opposite sides rounded and plain. Cat. no. 3^|-g. Set of four .sticks of piiion wood, 6i inches in length and three-eighths of an inch scpiare (figure 179). These last sticks have four instead of two faces. Two opposite sides are fiat and unpainted. One set of the other four sides is unpainted, with iucised lines filled with red paint, as shown in figure 179. The sides opposite to these are slightly rounded and painted red. The top stick is marked with a diagonal line across the middle, the next : ; 154 GAMES OF THE NORTH AMERICAN INDIANS [bth. ANN. 24 with two straight transverse lines near each end, the third has a sin- gle transverse cut across the middle, and the fourth is plain. The preceding Tepehuan specimens were all collected b_v Dr Carl Lum- lioltz. He informs me that the Tepehuan call the game intuvigai zuli gairagai, game straight throwing. It is also generally known by the Spanish name of quince," or fifteen. He states that it is played by all the tribes in Chihuahua who live in or near the sierra, and by the Mexicans as well, but is not seen o o o o o o (^ o^^f^a=EE=f=;^=r~I oo o o o o o o o o o o o o o o ( Fig. 179. Fig. 180. Fig. 179. stick dice; length, 6i iuches; Tepehuan Indians, Chihuahua, Mexico; cat. no. iS5s, American Museum of Natural History (lower four show reverses). Fig. 181). Circuit for stick dice game; Tarahnmare and Tepehuan Indians. Chihuahua, Mexico; from drawing by Dr Carl Lumholta. south of the state of Durango. It is not known to the Cora of the state of Jalisco, or to the Tarasco of Michoacan. ZuAQUE. Rio Fuerte, Sinaloa, Mexico. Mr C. V. Hartman, who accompanied Dr Carl Lumholtz. informs me that the Zuaque play the game of quince with four flattened reeds, calling the game kezute. PUJUNAN STOCK NiSHiNAJi. California. Mr Stephen Powers * gives the following account The ha is a game of dice, played by men or women, two. three, or four together. The dice, four in number, consist of two acorns split lengthwise into halves, with the outsides scraped and painted red or black. They are shaken in the hands and thrown into a wide, flat basket, woven in ornamental patterns, sometimes worth $25. One paint and three whites, or vice versa, score nothing ° Also in French, quinze, " a popular game with cards, in which the object is to make 15 points." The name " quince " does not appear to ba confined among the Indians to the game played with staves. 'Contributions to North American Ethnology, v. 3, p. 332, Washington, 1877. CULIX] DICE GAMES: CLALLAM 155 two of each score 1 : four alike score 4. The thrower keeps on throwing until be makes a blank throw, when another takes the dice. When all the players have stood their turn, the one who lias scored most takes the stakes, which in this game are generally small, say a " bit." NiSHiNAM. Mokelunine liver, 12 miles south of Placerville, Cali- fornia. Dr J. W. Hudson describes a dice ganw, f)layed with four half acorns cast into a basket, under the name of ha, Te'-o, the dice plaque basket is often oval in shape. Two alike up or two alike down count 1 : all alike up or down, 2. SALISHAX STOCK Bellacoola. British Columbia. (Field Columbian Museum.) Cat. no. 18422, Bone die. coi:)ied from a beaver tooth, If inclies in length, the center tied with a thong and one face decorated with twelve dots in six pairs. Cat. no. 18434 and 18435. Bone dice, two similar to the above, but with chevron devices; length, H inches. Cat. no. 1841fi to 18419. AVooden dice (figure 181). similar to the preceding, two carved with chevrons and two with dots; length, 2^ inches. All these specimens were collected by Mr Carl Hagenbeck. FiQ. 181. Woodeu dicn; length, ^i iuc-bes; Bellat-oola Indians, British Cohimbia; rat. no. 1841ti to 1H419. Field Columlnan Museum. Clallam. Washington. A Clallam boy, John Raub, described to the writer th6 beaver-teeth dice game, as played by this tribe, under the name of smitale. The two teeth marked with dots are called swaika, men, and the two marked Avith chevrons, .slani. women. Playing cards are called smitale. Port Gamble. Washington, (Cat. no. 19653. Field Columbian Museum). Set of four beaver-teeth dice, two with straight lines and two with circles. Collected by Rev. Myron Eells. Mr Eells writes: Precisely the same kind are used by the Twana, Puyallup, .Snohemisli, Che- halis. and liuciuiielt ; in fact, liy all the tril)es on I'uget Sound. I have obtained them from the Twana and (Jninaielt. : : 156 GAMES OF THE jSTOKTH AMERICAN INDIANS [eth. ANN. 24 To this list Mr Eells has added the Cowlitz, Liinimi. Skagit, and Squaxon, and the Sooke, of British Columbia. NiSQUALLi. Washington. Mr George Gibbs ° states The women have a game belonging properly to themselves. It is played with four beaver teeth, meh-ta-la, having particular marks on each sifle. They are thrown as dice, success depending on the arrangement in which they fall. In his dictionary of the Nisqualli, the name of the game is given as metala, smetali ; the highest, or four-point in dice, kes. QuiNAiELT. Washington. (Cat. no. j^, American Museum of Natural History.) Four beaver-teeth dice. Collected by Dr Livingston Farrand. Shuswap. Kamloops, British Columbia. Dr Franz Boas '' says The games of the Shuswap are almost the same as those of the coast tribes. We find the game of dice played with beaver teeth. Snohomish (?).'' Tulalip agency, Washington. (Cat. no. 1.30990, ITnited States National Museum.) Set of four beaver-teeth dice (figure 182) two, both lefts,; stopped at the end and marked on the flat side with rings and dots, and Fig. l.-i-'- Pig. 183. Flu. isa. Beaver-teeth dice; length. U to 2 inches; Snohomish (?) Indians. Tulalip agency, Washington; cat. no. 130990, United States National Museum. Ftg. 1,S3. Counters for beaver-teeth dice; length, about 3 inches; Snohomish i?) Indians. Tulalip agency, Washington; cat. no. 130990. United States National Museum. two, rights and lefts, both apparently from the same animal, with both sides plain : 28 radial bones of birds, about 3 inches in length (figure 183), used as counters. Collected by Mr E. C. Cherouse and designated by him as a woman's game. "Contributions to NortI* American Ethnology, v. 1, p. 206. Washington, 1.877. " Second General Report on the Indians of British Columbia. Report of the Sixtieth Meeting of the British Association for the Advancement of Science, p. G41, London, 1.S90. « It is not possible to determine the tribe exactly. The tribes at the Tulalip agency are given in Powell's Indian Linguistic Families of America as follows; .Snohomish, 443; Madison, 144 ; Muckleshoot, 103 ; Swinomish, 227 ; Lummi, 295. : ClILINj DICE GAMES : THOMPSON 157 SoNGiSH. Vancouver island, British Columbia. Dr Franz Boas " gives tho followiu"' account ' Smetale'. a game of dice, is plajed with four beaver teetli, two being marked on one of their flat sides with two rows of small circles. They are called women, sirrnae smetale'. The two others are marked on one of the fiat sides with cross lines. They are called men, suwe k'a smetale . One of them is tied with a small string in the middle. It is called iHlf ak' 'e sen. The game ia played by two persons. According to the value of the stakes, 30 or 40 sticks are placed between the players. One begins to throw. When all the marked faces are either up or down, he wins 2 sticks. If the faces of the two men are up, of the two women down, or vice versa, he wins 1 stick. When the face of the ink' ak''e sen is up. all others down, or vice versa, he ^^'ins 4 sticks. Who- ever wins a stick goes on playing. When one of the players has obtained all the sticks he wins the game. It is considered indecent for women to look on when the men gamble. Only when two tribes play against each other are they allowed to be present. They sing during the game, waving their arms up and down rhythmically. Men and women of the winning party paint their faces red. Thojvipson. British Columbia. (Cat, no. -g^^, American Museum of Natural History.) Set of four beaver-teeth dice (figure 184) ; one, partly split, wrapped in sinew ; marked on one face with lines and dots, the opposite sides plain. Collected by Mr James Teit. The following account is given by the collector *: Women played a game of dice with beaver teeth, which were tossed down on a spread blanket or skin by the player. Each tooth was marked on only one side with carved lines or spots. One, called the man, was marked with eight transverse lines and tied around the middle with a piece of sinew. Its mate was marked with five transverse lines, each having a dot in the middle. The other two were mates, and were each marked alike with a certain number /a^xz^of triangular lines. When the dice were thrown, if all the blank sides or if all the faces came Fig. Ifi. Beaver-teethup, dice; length, inches;it counted 2 points for HThompson Indians, British Columbia; cat. no. the thrower ; if a triangular- ^bV American Museum of Natural History. marked die came face up and all the others face down, 14 points: if the dotted one fell face up and the other three face down, 8 points : if the man turned face up and the rest face down, 4 points. If the dice fell any other way than as indicated above, it counted nothing, and the opposite party took their turn to throw. If a tooth fell on its edge, it was taken up and let fall to see on which side it would turn. This .game is still played by some women. Init not nearly as much as it was eight or ten j'ears ago. « Second General Report on the Indians of British Columbia. Report of the Sixtieth Meeting of the British Association for the Advancement of Science, p. 571, London. 1891. * The Thompson Indians of British Columbia. Memoirs of the American Museum of Natural History, v. 2, p. 27:;. New Vorlt. lilOO. " 158 GAMES OF THE NORTH AMEKICAN INDIANS [eth. ann. 24 TwANA. Washington. Rev. Myron Eells thus describes the women's game : The dice are made of beavers' teeth generally, but sometimes from musk- rats' teeth. There are two pairs of them, and generally two persons play, one on each side ; but sometimes there are two or three on each side. The teeth are all taken in one hand and thrown after the manner of dice. One has a string around the middle. If this one is down and all the rest up. or up and the rest down, it counts 4 ; if all are up or down, it counts 2 ; if one pair is up and the other down, it counts 1 ; and if one pair is up or down and the other divided, unless it be as above when it counts 4, then it counts nothing : .30 is a game : but they generally play three games, and bet more or less, money, dresses, or other things. They sometimes learn very expertly to throw the one with the string on differently from the others, by arranging them in the hand so that they can hold this one. which they know by feeling, a trifle longer than the others. SHAHAPTIAN .STOCK Klikitat. Washington. (Cat. no. 20955, Free Museum of Science and Art, University of Pennsylvania.) Three beaver-teeth dice, two marked with five circles with central dot and one with chevrons on flat side. All have ends wrapped with sinew to prevent splitting and one with circles and one with chevrons are wrapped about the middle with sinew. Collected by Mr A. B. Averill. Yakima. Yakima reservation, Washington. (Cat. no. 37512, Free Museum of Science and Art, University of Pennsylvania.) Four sticks, 5f inches in length, triangular in section, one side flat and plain and the other two sides marked with dots and cross lines as shown in figure tE:r----i ^^,,.-rMiJĴ ^^=^^^ 185. Collected by the ^^^^^^^^;:!^l====^^^^^?Si^ The dice and game are called ' pomtaliwit. The two sticks marked Pig. 1h5. Stick dice; length. .5i inches; Yakima In- with cross lines are called walou, dians, Washington; cat. no. 37.512, Free Museum ,„f,n, and the two with dots, of Science and Art, University of Pennsylvania. „.on,,,u jt is a woman's game, played by two persons and counted with twenty counting sticks, il quas. The counts are as follows : All heads up counts 2 : all tails up, 1 ; two heads and two tails, 1. My informant, a Dalles (AVasco) Indian named Jack Long, stated that the game was also played by the Klikitat and Dalles Indians. The former call the game tskaiwit. The game is played on a blanket, and the sticks are tossed up with the hands. "Bulletin of the United States Geological Survey, v. ill, p. 90, Washington, 1877. DICE GAMES : COMANCHE 159 SHOSHONEAN STOCK Bannock. Fort Hall I'eservatiou. Idaho. (Cat. no. 37059. Free Museum of Science and Art, University of Pennsylvania.) Four willow sticks, halves, with pith removed and the groove painted red; length. Si inches. Three have the flat, gi-ooved side j^lain, and one has burnt cross marks. Two have plain reverses. The others, including the one with the flat side, are marked with burned designs, as shown in figure 186; with eight willow-twig counting sticks 4i inches in length. These were collected by the writer in 1900. The stick dice and ttie game are called to-pe-di ; the counters, ti-hope. The two sticks marked on the rounded convex side with cross lines and triangles are known, respectively, as pi-au. female, and a-ku-a. male. The counts are as fol- lows : .VII heads or all tails. 1 : male and female heads or tails up and the other two heads '). Washington. 18.")2. The pictures were destroyed by the fire in the Smith- sonian Institution, January :.'4, 18G5. 160 GAMES OF THE NORTH AMERICAN INDIANS [eth. ann. 24 The reverses are plain, with the exception of the third from the left, which has a cross inscribed upon the back. The device on the face of this die was intended to represent the head of a buffalo, which is more plainly delineated upon one of the Mtindan dice (figure 242). The dice are described by the collector as being played by women and shaken up in a basket. i'1 ^^ C Fig. 188. Bone dice; lengths, IJ to IJ inches; Comanche Indians Oklahoma: cat, no. 152911a, United States National Museum. Pig. 189. Bone dice; lengths, Ij and 1.J inches; Comanche Indians, Oklahoma: cat. no. 1529H6, United .States National Museum. Cat. no. l.">2911/>. Set of six bone dice with designs like those on the preceding , but painted green instead of red (figure 189). Both sets were collected by Mr James Mooney. Hopi. Oraibi, Arizona. (Field Columbian Museum.) Cat. no. 55352. Sandstone slab, inscribed with Pv^^^^^ diagram, 11 inches in length; and four 3 pieces of cane, 3| inches in length, withthe outer face burned with dots in chevron S> pattern (figure 190). These were collected in 1899 by Rev. Cane H. R.Fig. 190. dice; length, 3} inches; Hopi Voth, and are described by him as implements Indians, Oraibi, Ari- for the game of totolospi "^: zona; cat. no. 55353, Field Columljian Mit- In this game either two or four li.irticip.ite. Each seum. player has one piece, which is placed in the ring seen in the four semicircles. The sticlis are then thrown b.v one p;irt.\-, and as long as either the plain or the fi.gured sides of all the sticks lie upward he moves his I)iece forward over the cross lines toward the center. As soon as the sticks present different surfaces another player throws. Cat. no. 55353. Inscribed stone for game of totolospi (figure 191). " Compare with the Aztec lotoloque ": Sorte de jeu qui consistait 4 lancer d'un peu loin de petits jalets coulfe en or et tr6s-polis sur des palets fealement en or ; cinq marques sufBsaient pour qu'on perdit on qu'on gagnflt certaine pi&ce ou .ioaillerie qui formait I'enjeu (B. Diaz)." K. Simeon, Dietionnaire de la Langue Naliuatl ou Mexicaine I I'aris, 18.S5). The same name, totolospi. is applied bv the Tewa at Hano to the foreign Mexican (Spanish) game like Fox and Geese, and the word was probabi.v derived from tlie Mexican like the analogous patol. : CILIN] DICE GAMES : HOPI 161 Cat. HO. 55354. Inscribed stone for game of totolospi (figure 192). Cat. no. 5535(). Two slips of cane, Sf inches in length, marked on the round side with burned designs (figure 193), dice used witii tlie above. These were collected in 1899 by Rev. H. R. Voth, who describes the game as follows There tire two opposing parties, eacli of which may consist of one or more persons. The diagram is made smaller or larger, according to the number of players. Each player has one piece, or animal as the Hopi call it, and before starting the pieces are placed on the circles in the space that is depicted run- ning into the center of the diagram. This space is made either in a straight. ffiDilBli! b) (o Fig. 193. ' mil llXXX>C^ FiK. 1111. Fig. 193. Fig. 191. Stone board tor cane dice; length of diagram, s im-hea; Hopi Indians, Oraibi, Ari- zona; cat. no. 55353, Field Columbian Museum. Fio. HI2. Stone board for cane dice; length of diagram, 5 inches; Hopi Indians, Oraibi, Arizona; cat . no. 5.5.3.54, Field Columbian Museum. Fig. 193.. Cane dice; length, 3f inches; Hopi Indians, Oraibi, Arizona; cat. no. 55356, Field Columbian Museum. * winding, or coiled form. The number of sticlcs used varies generally, how-; ever, either two or three are used. These are dropped upon the floor on end. All white or all figured sides up count. The i)Iayers throw until the sticks do not .lU present the same side. The pieces are put into the outside circles and move from left to right. Under certain conditions, which have not yet l)een fully studied, they are put f(n'ward over more than one point or are returned to the place of starting. Hopi. Oraibi. Arizona. (Free Museum of Science and Art, Uni- versity of Pennsylvania). Cat. no. 38611. Sandstone slab, 9 inches long, inscribed with dia- gram, consisting of an ellipse, with 5 transverse lines on each side and three circles arranged as shown in figure 194. 24 ETH—05 M 11 : 162 GAMES OF THE NORTH AMERICAN INDIANS [eth. ANN. 24 Cat. no. 38610. Sandstone slab, 11| inches long, inscribed with a cross-shaped figure, -with five lines on eacli arm and a circle at each end and in the middle (figure 195). Collected by the writer in lyOl. Fig. 194. Pig. 195. Fic. 194. Cane dice and stone board; length of hoard, 9 inches; Hopi Indians, Oraibi. Arizona: cat. no. 38611, Free Museum of Science and Art, University of Pennsylvania. Fig. 19.5. Cane dice and stone board; length of board, 11} inches; Hopi Indians, Oraibi, Arizona; cat. no. :i8610. Free Museum of Science and Art, University of Pennsylvania. Cat. no. 38609. Stone slab engraved with diagram as shown in figure 196. Collected by the writer in 1901. These are counting boards for the game of totolospi. The first is played by two men and the second by four. The moves are made according to the throws with cane dice. The first is accompanied by three slij^s of cane 4 inches in length, jiaintcd red on the inner, hollow Fig. 19(i. Cane dice and stone board; length of board, 12} inches; Hopi Indians, Oraibi, Arizona, cat. no. 38B09, Free Museum of Science and Art, University of Pennsylvania. side. The second also has three dice, with the convex side marked with diagonal burned lines. The counts are as follows Three wbite up counts 2 ; three red up. 1. The pla.vers start with their man on the circle nearest to them, advancing line b.v line across the board. The one who gets first to the opposite side wins. The circles are called hwalmai, and the spaces tuwoila. Hopi. AValpi, Arizona. Mr A. M. Stephen in his unpublished manuscript gives tcomakin- tota as the name of a Hopi man's game, corresponding to the Navaho woman's game of tsittilc. OlLlXl DICE GAMES : HOPI 163 Hopi. Mishongnovi, Arizona. (Field Cohunbian Museum.) Cat. no. 75568. Pottery bowl (fipuro 197). 7] inches in diameter, cream Flo. 197. Decorated pottery bowl with giimblinx sticks; Hopi Indians, Mishongnovi, Arizona; cat. no. 7.5.568, Field Colnmliian Museum. color, decoratetl with four marked gambling sticks painted in brown inside of a broken band in the center. Fio. 198. Decorated pottery bowl with gambling sticks; Hopi Indians, Mishongnovi, Arizona; cat. no. 7.V*92. Field Columbian Museum. Cat. no. 75892. Pottery bowl (figure 198). 8 inches in diameter, the interior decorated with three marked gambling sticks painted in brown on a plain field inside of a ring with serrated edges 164 GAMES OF THE NORTH AMERICAN INDIANS [eth. ann. 24 having 30 notches ; the space outside of the ring spattered. Col- lected from ancient graves by Mr C. L. Owen in 1000. Hopi. Shimopavi, Arizona. (Cat. no. 157735, United States Na- tional Museum.) Pottery bowl (figure 199), containing symbolic pictograph of bird and four marked gaming canes. Excavated from the old ceme- tery " by Dr J. Walter Fewkes. The symbolic bird, Doctor Fewkes informed me, was identified as Kwataka. Eagle-man. an old crony of gamblers. Pio. 199. Decorated pottery bowl with Eagle-man and gaming i-eetl casts; Hnpi Indians, Shimo- pavi, Arizona; cat. no. 157735, United States National Museum. The bird in this bowl was further identified by Mr Gushing with the Zuiii Misina, referred to in his account of sholiwe (p. 215). These three bowls serve to establish the existence and antiquity of a cane or reed game, like the Zuiii sholiwe, among the Hopi. Fur- ther evidence of the antiquity of this game is furnished by several split gaming reeds excavated by Doctor Fewkes at the Chevlon ruin, near where the Chevlon fork flows into the Little Colorado, about 15 miles east of Winslow, Arizona. The marks on the reeds are shown " Doctor Fewkes informs me that old Shimopavi was inhabited up to 1680, but the bowl he regards as older than the middle of the sixteenth century. CULIN] DICE games: kawia 165 in ligure iOO. One is apparently without marks on the exterior, and of the four others, two have the same marks, from which it may be inferred that thev belonged to two different sets. Fig. 20U. Caue dice (,resturedj; Chevlon ruin, Arizona; cat. no. Io803*», United States National Museum. Kawia. Indio. Riverside county, California. (Cat. no. 63589, Field Columbian Museum.) {7^/.^/^^/^^y-/^A^\ Fig. 201. Stick dice; length, 16 inches; Kawia Indians, Indio. Riverside county, Calilomia; cat. no. 63589, Field Columbian Museum. Three staves of midrib of palmetto, Ifi inches in length, one side rounded, the other flat with burned marks, as shown in figure 201. Collected by Mr S. C. Simms. 166 GAMES OF THE NORTH AMERICAN INDIANS [eth. ANN. 24 Mono. Hooker cove, Madera county, California. (Field Columbian Museum.) Cat. no. 71926, 71927. Basket plaque, 18^ inches in diameter, and six dice, made of acorn calyxes, filled with talc (figure 202). Fig. 302. Acom-cup dice; diameter, seven-eighths of an inch; Mono Indians, Madei-a county, California: cat. no. 719;J7, Field Columbian Museum. Cat. no. 71178. Basket dice plaque (figure 203), 25 inches in diam- eter, with colored designs. Both collected hy Dr J. W. Hudson. Pio. 803. Basket tray for dice; diameter, 2.5 inches; Mono Indians, Madera county, California; cat. no. 71178, Field Columbian Museum. Paiute. Southern Utah. (Cat. no. 14662, United States National Museum.) Slips of cane (figure 204), about 14 inches in length, pninted red on the inner, concave side. --'~ir '- 'I -ijuaj_a^L. HiL^-J -Ulii-yigMigggaB Fio.204. Canedice; length, aboutU inches; Paiute Indians, southern Utah; cat. no. 14BB2, United States National Museum. Among them are several pair.s, made of halves of the same cane, collected by Maj. J. W. Powell. A large number of other sets of these cane dice from the same place are contained in the National Museum. : Cl'LIN] DICE GAMES: PAIUTE 167 Paiiite. Southern Utah. (Cat. no. 9411. Peabody Museum of American Archa?ology and Ethnology.) Fourteen strips of cane, 5f inches long, with the inner, curved sides painted red (figure 205). Collected by Dr Edwai'd Palmer and said to be used on the dice principle, the red sides only being counted. Pyramid lake, Nevada. (Cat. no. 19045, United States Na- tional Museum.) Eight slips of split cane, painted red on the inside, 11 inches in length. Collected by Mr Stephen Powers, who describes them as . follows Tatsungin. gambling pieces. Ten sticlcs are stucli into the ground, and two men play by throwing on end eight split pieces of reed, painted red on the Fig. 205. Fig. 2>m. Fig. 205. Cane dice; length, 5f inches; Paiute Indians, southern Utah; cat. no. 9411, Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology. Fig. 206. Stick dice; length, 2J inches; Paiute Indians, Pyramid lake, Nevada: cat. no. 37152, Free Museum of .Science and Art, University of Pennsylvania. inside ; they count the pieces which fall white side up and there are two pieces serving as counters in addition to the pieces stuck in the ground, the latter representing the ten fingers. — Pyramid lake, Nevada. (Cat. no. 37150. Free Museum of Science and Art, University of Pennsylvania.) Eight slips of split reed, painted red on the convex side ; length, l;}f inches. Collected by the writer in 1900. The name of these dice, as reported by Dr George A. Dorsey, is quoquokotateana. Cat. no. 37152. Eight small willow sticks (figure 206), rounded on one side and flat on the other, the round side plain and the flat side stained red; length, 2^ inches. Collected by the writer in 1900 through Miss Marian Taylor. Pyramid lake, Nevada. (United States National Museum.) Cat. no 19054. Set of twelve sticks of grease wood," one and three- fourths inches in length, five-si,\teenths of an inch in breadth, and one-eighth of an inch in thickness (figure 207) ; both sides rounded, the outer painted red and the inner unpainted. ** Larrea meiicana. : 168 GAMES OF THE NORTH AMERICAN INDIANS [eth. ann. 24 These were collected by Mr Stephen Powers, and are described by the collector under the name of nabago-in, as intended for women to gamble with Four players squat in a circle and take turns in tossing these sticlvs ou a basket tray. Five white sides must turn up to count 1. They mark in the sand and five marks count 1 stone ; 10 stones end the game. Fig. 207, Stick dice; length, 2} inches;- Paiute Indians, Pyramid lake, Nevada; cat. no. 19054, United States National Museum. Cat. no. 19695. Set of eight dice (figure 208), hoowats. made of canyon walnut shells, split in the middle, and each half filled with jjitch and powdered charcoal, inlaid with small red and white glass beads and bits of abalone shell. They are accom- panied by a basket tray, chappit (cat. no. 19696). The collector, Mr Stephen Pow- ers, gives the following account of the game: The women squat on the ground and toss the dice in the tray. When either three or five of them fall flat side up Flii. ai.H. Walnut-shell dice; diameter, 1 that counts 1. They keep coiuit with inch; Paiute Indians, Pyramid lake, sticlcs for counters. The game is exclu- Nevada; cat. no. 19695, United States Na- sively for women, who bet on it with as tional Museum. much recklessness as men. Shoshoni. Wind Eiver reservation. Wyoming. (Free Museum of Science and Art, University of Pennsylvania.) Cat. no. 36859. Set of stick dice, topedi, slender twigs, two marked alike with grooves the entire length and cross notches in the middle and at the ends on the flat side; the reverse plain; two marked with red grooves and burnt designs on the flat side, and with burnt designs on the reverse, which is otherwise plain; length, 7| inches. Cat. no. 36860. Similar to the preceding, except that the designs on the reverses of the two sticks ai-e slightly different; length, 9| inches. Cat. no. 36861'. Two alike, one side painted red, the reverse plain. One painted red on the flat side, with burnt marks in the center, ; iiLixj DICE GAMES: SHOSHOXI 169 and burnt marks and green paint in center on the reverse; one witli the groove painted green and burnt marks on the flat side, the reverse with burnt marks and green paint ; length, H| inches; with eight willow counting sticks. 8 inches in length. Cat. no. 3C862. Two painted yellow on the flat side, the reverse plain one painted red on the flat side with burnt marks and blue paint in the middle, the re- verse with burnt cross lines in the middle ; one with groove painted red. t^ : ^ -^ - V^i j^v - - — = - ^q^^^ c and burnt lines, the re- ^^^^^ ° ~~' --^-y-^i. v ^=^—^:^f^ a verse burnt with cross " r ii r -, e marks (figure 209); ""^ - ^ ^f leno'th 11 inches ^^" *"' ^^'^^ ^^^'- l«'° irfli' ^ inches; Shoshoni In-^ " dians. Wyoming: cat. no. 368fi2, Free Museum of _ There are five other sets in Science and Art. university of Pennsylvania. (e,f "<" e^'''^^- of o, rf.)this collection (cat. no. 36863-36867), all varying slightly from the above. Collected by the writer in 1900. The dice are struck ends down on a flat stone. Shoshoxi. Fort Hall agency. Idaho. (Cat. no. 22285, United States National Museum.) Set of four sticks, 10 inches in length, seven-sixteenths of an inch in breadth, and three-sixteenths of an inch in thickness: rectangu- lar in section (figure 210). made from grooved box boards, which Mr Cushing pointed out to the writer were used as a substitute for split canes ; burnt on the inner grooved side with four trans- verse marks, two near each end. Collected by William H. Dan- ilson. tl y Fig. 21(1. stick dice: length, 10 inches: Shoshoni Indians: Fort Hall agency, Idaho: cat. no. 2228.5. United States National Museum. Wind River reservation. AVyoming. (Free Museum of Science and Art. University of Pennsylvania.) Cat. no. 36836. Dice. bone, marked with incised lines and painted red and green. Cat. no. 36837. Dice, bone, three round, three rectangular. Cat. no. 36838. Dice, blue china, three round, three oval. Cat. no. 36839. Dice, three blue china, three bone. Cat. no. 36840. Dice, three bone disks, three plum stones. 17U GAMES OF THE NORTH AMERICAN INDIANS [eth. ann. 24 Cat. no. 36841. Dice (figure -ill), six bone disks, two sizes. Gat. no. 36842. Dice, three bone disks, tlaree bone diamonds. ^^ c Pig. 211. Fig. 212. Fio. 211. Bone dice; diameter, ( and i inch; Shoshoni Indians. Wyoming: cat. no, 36841, Free Museum of Science and Art, University of Pennsylvania. Fig. 212. Bone dice; diameter, } to H inch; Shoshoni Indians, Wyoming: eat. no. 3684-3, Free Museiim of Science and Art, University of Pennsylvania. Cat. no. 36843. Dice (figure 212). three bone disks, three bone tri- angles. Cat. no. 36844. Dice, three china (lisk>. three jihini stones. Fig. 213. Pig. 214. Pig. 213. China dice; diameter, finch; Shoshoni Indians, Wyoming; cat. no. :<684r. Free Museum of Science and Art, University of Pennsylvania. Fig. 214. China dice: diameter, ^ to J inch; Shoshoni Indians, Wyoming; eat nu. ;^848, Free Museum of Science and Art, University of Pennsylvania. Cat. no. 36845. Dice, three bone disks, three plum stones. Cat. no. 36846. Dice, three plum stones, three china triangles. Fig. 215. Fig. 21«. PiQ. 215. Bag for dice; diameter, 3 inches; Shoshoni Indians. Wyoming: cat| no. 36856. Free Museum of Science and Art, University of Pennsylvania. Pig. 216. Basket for dice: diameter, 12J inches; Shoshoni Indians, Wyoming: oat. no. 36858. Free Museum of Science and Art, University of Pennsylvania. Cat. no. 36847. Dice (figure 213). six china disks, two kinds. Cat. no. 36848. Dice (figure 214). seven china dice of three sets. CULIN] DICE GAMES: SABOBA 171 Cat. no. 36849. Dice, three bone diskn. three bone diamonds. Cat. no. 36850. Nine dice of five sets. All these specimens were collected by the writer in 1900. There are six dice of two different kinds in each set. As will be seen from the above, three may be made of china or bone and three of plum Fig. 217. Countiug stii;ks for dice; lengths, 5 and V,ii inches; Shoshoni Indians, Wyomina:: cat. no. 36868, Fi'ee Museum of Science and Art, University of Pennsylvania. stones, or three may be round and three diamond-shaped or triangular. The reverses are all plain. Great ingenuity is displayed in the manu- facture of these dice, which are made by the women. They are called awunhut. The dice are carried in small buckskin bags ornamented with beadwork. awunhut mogutz. Cat. no. 368.52, rectangular. 4 by 3^ inches; cat, no, 36853, 36854. circular: cat, no. 36855. circular, diameter, 3 inches (figure 215). The dice are tossed in a flat woven basket, of which there are three specimens in this collection: Cat, no. 36856, diameter, 15 inches; cat. no. 36857, diameter. 11 inches; cat. no, 36858. diameter. 12i inches (figure 216). Tiiese baskets are called seheouwu. The game is counted with ten counting sticks of peeled willow. Cat- no. 36868 consists of ten such sticks, four of which are 13f and six 5 inches in length (figure 217). Saboba. California. (Cat. no. 61940. Field Columbian Museum.) Set of four wooden staves, 15 • inches in length, rounded ^^ r>< on one side and flat and marked with incised lines. as shown in figure 218, on the other. They were collected l)y Mr Edwin Minor, who describes the game ns follows: Fig. 218. Stick dice; length, 15 inches; Saboba Indians, California; cat. no. 61941), Field Co- Kun-we'la is played by any nuinlier lumbian Museum. of women seated on the ground in a circle. Tbe players in turn hold the sticks, round side up, with the palms pressing against the ends of the sticks, which are tossed up and allowed to fall on the ground. The count is determined liy the numljer of faces, or flat sides, that turn ni). The marks on the sticks are not used in tbe counting; they merely distinguish them Individually. : 172 GAMES OF THE NORTH AMERICAN INDIANS [eth. ann. 24 ToBiKHAR (Gabrielenos). Los Angeles county, California. Hugo Ried ° says Another game, called fharcbarake. was played between two. each taking a tin-n to throw with the points down eight pieces of split reed 8 or 10 inches long and black one side. Uinta Ute. AVhite Rocks, Utali. (Free Museum of Science and Art, University of Pennsylvania.) Cat. no. 37109. Four willow sticks, one side flat and painted red, the rounded side burnt with cross marks; length. 10 inches. Fig. 219. Stick dice; length, 9^ inches; Uinta Ute Indians, White Rocks, Utah: cat. no. 37110, Free Museum of Science and Art. University of Pennsylvania. Cat. no. 37110. Four willow sticks ( figure 219), one side nearly fiat and painted blue, the opposite sides also nearly flat and marked alike with burnt designs; length, 9^ inches. Cat. no. 37111. Four willow sticks, one side flat and painted yellow, and the oppcsite side rounded and painted red; length, 16^ inches. Pig. 221). Stick dice for basket dice; length, 2} inches; Uinta Ute Indians, White Rocks, Utah; cat. no. ;^7112, Free Museum of Science and Art, University of Pennsylvania. These were collected by the writer in 1900. The dice are called toroknop (toropwinuk, Dorsey). Cat. no. 37112. Twenty oval slips of willow wood (figtire 220), flat on one side and rounded on the other, in five sets marked alike on the rounded side ; four painted red, four yellow, four green, four » Account of the Indians of Los Angeles Co., C.tI. Bulletin of the Essex Institute, v. 17, p. 18, Salem, 1885. : ) CULIN DICE games: assixiboix] 178 black, and four with burnt marks, the reverses plain: length, 21 inehe-. Collected by the writer in 1000. Doctor Dorsey gives the name as wushanup. Fig. 221. Uinta Ute wunit-u playing V)asket dice, Oiu-ay, Utah; from photograpli by Dr George A. Dorsey. SIOUAX STOCK AssiNiBoix. North Dakota. (Cat. no. 8498, United States National Museum. Set of four sticks of polished hickory, loi inches in length, about 1 inch in breadth in the center, tapering to three-fourths of an inch at ends, and one-eighth of an inch in thickness. Two are burnt on one side with war calumets, or tomahawks, and with cros.ses (stars?) at each end, and two each with four l)ear tracks, with strij^es of red paint between (figure 222) : opposite sides plain, ends rounded ; one notched and tied with sinew, to pi'event splitting. Collected by Dr J. P. Kimball. Fort Union, Montana. In a report to Isaac I. Stevens, governor of Washington territory, on the Indian trities of the upper Missouri, by Mr Edwin T. Denig, a manuscript in tlie library of the Bureau of American Ethnology, occurs the following accounts of the bowl and stick-dice game among the Assiniboin Most of the leisure time, either liy night nv l)y duy, amoug ail these nations is 174 GAMES OF THE NORTH AMERICAN INDIANS [eth. Ann. 24 devoted to gambling iu various ways, and such is their infatuation that it is the cause of much distress and poverty in families. For this reason the name of being a desperate gambler forms a great obstacle in the way of a young man getting a wife. Many quarrels arise among them from this source, and we are well acquainted with an Indian who a few years since killed another because after winning all he had he refused to put up his wife to be played for. Every day and night in the soldier's lodge not occupied by business matters presents Pig. 2-i2. Sticjk dice; length, 15J inoli6.s: Assiniboin Indians, North Dakota; cat. no. 8498, United States National Museiim. gambling in various ways ail the time : also in many private lodges the song of hand gambling and the rattle of the liowl dice can be heard. Women are as much addicted to the practice as men, though their games are different, and not being in possession of much property their losses, although considerable to them, are not so distressing. The principal game played liy men is that of the bowl, or cossoo. which is a bowl made of wood with flat lurttom 1 foot in diameter or less, the rim turned up about 2 inches, and highly polished inside and out. A drawing and a description of the arithmetical principles of this game is now attached in this place. The manner of counting therein men- tioned is the manner in which we learned it from the Indians, but the value of each of the articles composing the dice can be and is changed sometimes in default of some of them being lost, and again by agreement among the iilay^rs in order to lengthen or shorten the game or facilitate the counting. How- e\er, the best and most experienced hands play it as it is represented. It can be played between two or four : that is, either one on each side or two against two. The game has no limit unless it is so agreed in the com- mencement, but this is seldom done, it being usuallj- understood that the players continue Pig. 223. Bowl game; Assiniboin In- until one party is completely ruined. dians, Montana; from sketch by Edwin T. Denig. The dice and their counts [figure 223] are as follows : One large crow's claw, red on one side and black on the other, being the only one that will occasionally stand on end, in which case 25 for it is counted, besides its value of 5 when on its side; four small crow's claws, painted the same as the large one, which count 5 each if the red side turns up; if the black, nothing: five plum stones, black on one side and scraped white on the other, the black sides turned up val- ued at 4 each, the white sides nothing ; five small round pieces of blue china, one-half inch in diameter, which count 3 each for the blue side, for the white side nothing; five vest buttons, the eyes filed oft", the eye side turned up counts 2 each, the smooth side nothing ; five heads of brass tacks, the concave Bide turning up counts 1 each, the convex side nothing. ; CDLIN] DICE GAMES: ASSINIBOIN 175 First throw. Big claw on end. 30. and three red claws, 15, counts 45 ; two burnt sides up. 0: thrpe blue sides up. i? each. 9; one eye side up, 0; four eon- caves u|). 1 each. 4: total. 58. | Figure 2li4n.l SrcdiKi throir. Two red. none on end. nothing by claws, counts 0: three l>urnt sides up. 4 each. 12 : five blue sides up. :^ each, 15 ; three eye sides up. 2 each, (i : two concaves, nothing b.v taclis. 0; total, 33. [Figure 2246.] TliinI tliroir. Big claw on end. .SO, all the rest red, 20, counts 50; five burnt sides up. 4 each. 20 : Ave blue sides up, 3 each. 15 ; five eye sides up. 2 each, 10 five concave taclis. 1 each. 5 : total. KKi. This is the best throw that can be made and takes all the stakes when the game does not exceed 100. [Figure 224c.] The 1k)w1 is held b.v the tips of the four fingers in- side the rim and the thumb underneath. The dice being put in, they are thrown up a few inches b.v striking the bottom of the bowl on the ground, so that each counter makes several revolutions. It is altogether a game of chance, and no advantage can be taken li.\- anyone in making the throws. The counters or dire never leave the bowl, but are counted as the value turns up. One per.son having shaken it. and the amount of his throw having been ascertained, a requisite num- ber of small sticks are placed before him, each stick counting 1. In this way the game is kept, but each keeps his adversar.v's game, not his own ; that is. he hands him a number of sticks equal to the amount of his throw, which are laid so that all can see them. Each throws in turn unless the big claw stands on end, in which case the person is entitled to a successive throw. By much practice they are able to count the number turned up at a glance, and tlie principles of the game being stated . . . we will now describe how it is carried on. It has been observed in reference to their gambling that it is much fairer in its nature than the same as carried on by the whites, and this is worth.v of attention, inasmuch as it shows how the loser is iiro|iitiated. so that the game may not result in quarrel or bloodshed, as is often the case. The game is mostly played by the soldiers and warriors, and each must feel equal to the other in courage and resolution; PiG. 224. Counts in bowl it is often kept up for two or three days and nights game; Assiniboin Indians, without any intermission, except to eat, until one of Montana: from sketch by the parties is ruined. For Edwinexample. A T. Denijf.plays against B; each puts up a knife, and they throw alternately until lOO is munted by the dice; say A wins. B now puts up his shirt against two knives, which is about equal in value: say A wins again. B then stakes his powderhorn and some arrows against the whole of A's winnings; should B now win. the game commences again at the beginning, as A would only have lost a knife; but supposing A wins. B now puts up his bow and quiver of arrows against all A has won. The stakes are never withdrawn, but let lie in front of them. Say A again wins, B then stakes his blanket and leggings, which are about equal in value to all A has won. or, if not, it is equalized liy adding or subtracting .some article. Supposing A again to be winner, he would tlien be in possession of two knives, one shirt, one blanket, one powderliorn. one liow and quiver of arrows, and one pair of leggings, the whole of which the Indians value at eight robes. B now stakes his gun against all the aljove of A's win- H 176 GAMES OF THE NORTH AMERICAN INDIANS [eth. ANN. 24 iiings. Now, if A again wins he only retains tlie gun, and the whole of the rest of the property won by A returns to B, Init he is obliged to stake it all against his gun in possession of A. and play again. If A wins the seeond time he retains the whole, and B now puts up his horse against all of A"s winnings, including the gun. If A wins he retains only the horse, and the gun and every- thing else revert again to B, he being obliged to stake them again against the horse in A's possession. If A wins this time, he keeps the whole, but if B wins he only gets back the horse and gun, and all the rest of the property goes to A. Supposing B again loses and continues losing until all his personal property has passed into the hands of A, then B, as a last resort, stakes his wife and lodge against all his property in the hands of A. If A wins he only keeps the woman ; the horse, gun, and all other propert.v returns again to B, with the understanding, however, that he stake it all to get back his wife. Now, if B loses he is ruined, but if A loses he gives up only the woman and the horse, con- tinuing to play with the rest of the articles against the horse until one or the other is broke. At this stage of the game the excitement is very great. The spectators crowd around and intense fierceness prevails. Few words are ex- changed and no remarks made b.v those looking on. If the loser be completely ruined and a desperate man, it is more than likely he will b.v quarrel endeavor to repossess himself of some of his property, but they are generally well matched in this respect, though bloody struggles are often the consequence. We have known Indians to lose everything—horse, dogs, cooking utensils, lodge, wife, even to his wear- ing apparel, and be obliged to beg an old skin from — some one to cover himself and seek a shelter in the^-^^ —'-mF" ^ ^—-^ lodge of one of his relations. It is, however, consid-: ^~2!I- _ ." — T eved a mark of manliness to suffer no discomposure Cg; ^~^ - ^^ ^n^ to he perceptible on account of the loss, but in most Fig. 2ij. stiik dice; length cases we imagine this a restraint forced upon the 13 inches; Assiniboin Indi- loser by the character of his adversary. Suicide is ans. Montana; from sketch never committed On these occasions. His vengeance by Edwin T. Denig. see,ks some ot.,her outil,eti—m• war expedii-t^-ions or some way to acquire property that he may again play and retrieve his losses. There are some who invariably lose and are iroor all their lives. A man may with honor stop playing with the loss of his gun; He has also a second opportunity to retire on losing his horse, and when this is so understood at the eomnience- iiient they do ; but when a regular set-to takes place between two soldiers it generally ends as above described. The usual game which women play alone—that is, without the men—is called chunkandee, and is performed with four sticks marked on one side and blank on the other. The women all sit in a circle around the edge of some skin spread upon the ground, each with her stake before her. One of them gathers uii the sticks and throws them down forcibl.v on the end, which makes them bound and whirl around. When they fall the number of the throw is counted, as herein stated. The implements [figure 22.5] are four sticks, 12 inches long, flat, and rounded at the ends, about 1 inch broad an Museum of Science and Art. TTniversity of Pennsylvania.) Im- plements for the game of kansu. Cat. no. 22119. Set of six dice made of plum stones, polished, with incised and burned marks. Two are marked on one face with a spider and on the reverse with a longitudinal line with three cross marks: two with a lizard, with three transverse marks on the reverse, and two with undetermined marks, as shown in figure 233, the reverses being plain. Cat. no. 22120. Basket, taiiipa. Si inches in diameter, having the bot- tom covered with a disk of hide (figure 234). :: 180 GAMES OF THE NORTH AMERICAN INDIANS [eth. ans. 24 Cat. no. 22121. Wooden cup. tampa, 3f inches in diameter and 2 inches deep (figure 235)—a model such as would be used by a child. These objects were collected by Mr Louis L. Meeker," who says The game is played like dice. Each spider [figure 2;^.3] counts 4; each lizard, 3, and each turtle, 6. There is a connection between the native term for spider, Inktomi, and the number 4, topa or tom. The turtle presents six visible mem- bers when it walks. An old woman here has plum stones marked with the above signs, and also with a face, a thunder hawk, and a bear track. She has Fig. 333. Fig. ZU. Fig. -Zi^. FiQ. 233. Plum-stone dice; Oglala Dakota Indians, Pine Ridge reservation. South Dakota; cat. no. 22119, Free Museum of Science and Art, University of Pennsylvania. Pig. 234. Basket for dice; diameter, 8.J inches, Oglala Dakota Indians, Pine Ridge reservation. South Dakota; cat. no. 22130, Free Museum of Science and Art, University of Pennsylvania. Pig. 235. Wooden cup for dice; diameter, 3| inches; Oglala Dakota Indians, Piue Ridge reser- vation, South Dakota; cat. no. 22121, Free Museum of Science and Art, University of Pennsyl- three sets of three pairs each. The third set bears a buffalo face on one and marks that represent the pickets of a buffalo-surround on the others. Those were used only to secure success in the buffalo hunt. The wagers were sacri- fices. Dakota (Santee). Minnesota. Philander Prescott " gives the following account in Schoolcraft They play with a dish and use plum stones figured and marked. Seven is the game. Sometimes they throw the whole count ; at others they throw two or three times, but frequently miss, and the ne.xt one takes the dish. The dish which they play in is round and will hold about 2 quarts. Women play this game more than the men and often lose all their trinkets at it. < Ogalala Games. Bulletin of the Free Museum of Science and Art, v. 3, p. 31. Phila- delphia, 1901. " Information respecting the History. Condition, and Prospects of the Indian Tribes of the United States, pt. 4, p. 64, Philadelphia, 1856. — : ciLiNl DICE games: DAKOTA 181 Schoolcraft " describes the game of kuntahso. which he translates as •' the game of the plum stones." He figures five sets of stones, each consisting of eight pieces In set A [figure 236] numbers 1 and 2 represent sparrow hawks with forked tails, or the forked-tail eagle Faico furcatus. This is the so-called war eagle. Numbers 3 and 4 are the turtle : which typifies, generall.v, the earth. If 1 and 2 fall upwards, the game is won. If but one of these figures falls upwards, and, at the same time, 3 and 4 are up, the game is also won. The other numbers, 5, 6, 7, and 8, are all blanks. B denotes the reversed sides of A, which are all blanks. Set C shows different characters with a single chief figure (5) which repre- sents the Falco furcatus. This throw indicates half a game, and entitles the thrower to repeat it. If the same "> figure (5) turns up, the game is * '! i <; -i-' [ won. If no success attends it by A <^ (^ (J) @ ^ ^ ^ (^ turning up the chief figure, the throw passes to other hands. D is •' '" " '-' i'* '* '"' i^J the reverse of set C and is a blank ^ C) C) ® ®0000 throw. In set E, No. .5 represents a l a s 4 5 « T 8 muskrat. The three dots (7) indi- <' ^ ^ ^ ® O O O cate two-thirds of a throw, and the thrower can thi'ow again Imt ' 2 3 4 .s: 6 7 « if he gets blanks the second time D^^^@(c)(J)(])^ the dish passes on to the next thrower. Set F is invested with ' u' :i 4 .5 « " » different powers. No. 1 repre- ^^^^^(DQQQ sents a buffalo, aud 2 and 3 de- note chicken-hawks, fluttering s 7 l :i horizontally in the air. The chief F^'^^6^(55)0(2J)(34 pieces. 1, 2. .3, have the same pi,;. a;. Casts in plum-stone dice: Santee Dakota powers and modifications of Indians, Minnesota; from Schoolcraft. value as A. To play this game, a little orifice is made in the ground and a skin put in it. Often it is also played on a robe. The women and young men play this game. The bowl is lifted with one hand about 3 or 4 inches, and pushed suddenly down to its place. The plum stones fly over several times. The stake is first put up by all who wish to play. A dozen can play at once, if it be desirable. Dakota (Teton). Cheyenne River agency, South Dakota. (Cat. no. 153365, United States National Museum.) Set of seven lalum stones, jjlain on one side and with marks burnt upon the other. Collected by Dr Z. T. Daniel. '' who describes the game as follows under the name of kansu : This is a very ancient game of the Sioux Indians, played usually l)y elderly women, although young women and men of all ages play it. Kansu is an abbreviation of kantasu, which means plum seed. They drop the ta and call the game kansu. becau.se it is played with plum seeds. It is used for gambling and amusement, and is more like our dice than any other of our games. When played, the seeds are thrown up in a basket or bowl, and the markings on the seeds that are up or down decide the throw. "Information respecting the History, Condition, and Prospects of the Indian Tribes of the Cnited States, pt. 2, p. 72. I'hlladelphia. 18,'i.'?. ' Kansu, a Sioux Game. The American Anthropologist, v. 5, p. 215, 1892. 182 GAMES OF THE NORTH AMERICAN INDIANS [bth. anx. 24 The seeds used are those of the wild plum of the Dakotas. indigenous through- out the northwest region of the United States. They are seven in ninnber. On one side they are all perfectly plain and of the natural color, except some fine marks on four to distinguish them when tlie burnt sides are down, but on the reverse side of all there are burnt markings. These markings are made by a piece of hot iron, such as a nail, the blade of a knife, or a piece of hoop iron. Before the natives used iron they used a hot stone. Six of the seeds are in pairs of three different kinds, and only one is of a different marliing from all the others. One pair is scorched entirely on one side ; another pair has. an unburnt line about 2 millimeters wide traversing their longitudinal convexity, the remainder of their surfaces on tliiit side being scorclied : the remaining pair have one-half of one side burnt longitudinally, the other side of the same unburnt, but traversed by three small burnt lines equidistant, about \ milli- meter wide, running across their sliort axes. The remaining and only single seed has an hourglass figure liurnt on one side, the contraction in tlie figure corresponding to the long diameter of the seed. They are all of the s.-ine size, about 16 millimeters long, 12 wide, and 7 thick, and are oval, having the out- lines and convexity on each side of a diminutive turtle shell. When the Sioux first obtained our ordinary playing cards they gave to them, as well as to the game, the name kansu, because they were used by the whites and themselves for the same jiurpose as their original kansu. Tlie men do not use the seeds or the original kansu now, but they substitute our cards. The women, however, do use the game at the present time. Wlicn a ration ticket was i.s.sued to them, they gave it the name of kansu. liecause it was a card ; so also to a postal card, business card, or anything of the description of a card or ticket; a railroad, .street-car. milk, store, or cii'cus ticket would be called a kansu ; so that the evolution of this term as applied to a ticket is a little interesting. The description of the game kansu. as related by the Sioux, is as follows: Any number of persons may play, and they call the game kansu kute. which liter- all.v means to shoot the seeds. When two persons play, or four that .-ire ]).irtners, oidy six of the seeds are used, the hourglass, or king kansu, being elhninated. The king is used when a number over two are playing and each oue for himself. The three-line seeds are called sixes, the one-line fours, those that are all black tens. When two play for a wager they each put sixteen small sticks, stones, corn, peas, or whatnot into a common pile between them, making in ail .32. The play begins by putting the seeds into a small bowl or basket and giving it a quick upward motion, which changes the positions of the seeds, then letting them fall back into the receptacle, care being taken not to let an.v one fall out. The markings that are up decide the throw, precisely on the principle of oin- dice. As they count, they take from the pile of ?,'2 what they make, and when the pile is exhausted, the one having the greatest number wins the game. If all the white sides are up, the throw counts 16. The two tens up and four whites count 16. Two pairs up count 6, and the player takes another throw. Two sixes down count 4. If both tens are down, either side symmetrically, it counts 10. If all burnt sides are up, it is 16. If both fours are down, it is 6. If two pairs are up, it counts 2. One pair up does not count unless all the others are down. When more than two play, and each for himself, the king Is intro- duced. If the king is up and all the others down, the count is 16. If they are all up, the count is the same. If two pairs are up, the couut is 6. If the king is down and the remainder up, the count is 16. : ctLix] DICE GAMES : DAKOTA 183 Dakota (Wahpeton and Sissetox). South Dakota. Dr H. C. Yarrow " refei's to the plum-stone game in his paper on Indian mortuary customs, as described to him by Dr Charles E. McChesney. U. 8. Army, as follows: After the death of a wealthy Indian the near relatives take charge of the effects, and at a stated time—usually at the time of the first feast held over the bundle containing the lock of hair—they are divided into many small piles, so as to give all the Indians invited to play an opportunity to win something. One Indian is selected to represent the ghost, and he plays against all the others. who are not required to stake anything on the result. Imt simply invited to take part in the ceremony, which is usually held in the lodge of the dead person, in which is contained the bundle inclosing the lock of hair. In cases where the ghost himself is not wealthy, the stakes are furnished by his rich friends, should he have any. The players are called in one at a time, and play singly against the ghost's representative, the gambling being done in recent years by means of cards. If the invited player succeeds in beating the ghost, he takes one of the iiiles of goods and passes out. when another is invited to play, etc.. until all the piles of goods are won. In cases of men. only the men play. and in cases of women, the women only take part in the ceremony. Before the white man came among these /^ /^~\ /^ /~\ Indians and taught them many of his improved vices I J I J \J \) this game was played b.v means of figured plinn seeds. „ „ ' ;, /, the men using eight and the women seven seeds, figured as follows and as shown in figure 2.37. Two seeds are simply blackened on one side [AA]. the rever.se [aa] containing nothing. Two seeds are black on one side. with a small spot of the color of the seed left in the center [BB]. the reverse side [bb] having a black spot in the center, the body being plain. Two seeds have a ® (KD buffalo's head on one side [C] and the reverse [c] T ^ rf .simply two crossed black lines. There is but one seed Fig. 217. Plum-stone dice; of this kind in the set used bv women. Two seeds have Wahpeton and Sisseton the half of one side blackened and the rest left plain. ^''^^' Dakota: ^fr'o^T' '^° "* m \ arrow, so as to represent a half-moon [DD] ; the reverse [dd] has a black longitudinal line crossed at right angles by si.\ small ones. There are si.x throws whereby the player can win and five that entitle him to another throw. The winning throws are as follows, each wiinier taking a pile of the ghost's goods Two plain ones up. two plain with black spots up. buffalo's head up, and two half-moons up wins a pile. Two plain black ones up. two black with natural spot up, two longitudinally crossed ones up. and the transversely crossed one up wins a pile. Two iilain black ones up. two black with natural spots up. two half-moons up, and the transversely crossed one up wins a pile. Two plain black ones, two black with natural spot up. two half-moons up. and the buffalo's head up wins a pile. Two plain ones up, two with black spots up, two longitudinally crossed ones up, and the transversely crossed one up wins a pile. Two plain ones up. two with black spots up, buffalo's head up. and two long crossed up wins a pile. The following auxiliary throws entitle to another chance to win : Two plain ones up, two with black six>ts up. one half-moon up. one longitudinally crossed ' Mortuary Customs of the North Amerlcnn Indians. First Annual Report of the Biirenw of Ethnology, p. 195. 1881. : 184 GAMES OF THE NORTH AMERICAN INDIANS [etii. ann. 24 one up, and liulTalo's head up gives another throw, and on this throw, if the two plain ones up and two with bhiek spots with either of the half-moons or buffalo's head up, the player takes a pile. Two plain ones up, two with black .spots up. two half-moons up, and the transversely crossed one up entitles to another throw, when, if all the black sides come up excepting one, the throw wins. One of the plain ones up and all the rest with iilaek sides up gives another thi-ow. and the same then turning up wins. One of the plain black ones up with that side up of all the others having the least black on gives another throw, when the same turning up again wins. One half-moon up, with that side up of all the others having the least black on, gives another throw, and if the throw is then duplicated it wins. The eighth seed, used by men, has its place in their game whenever its facings are mentioned above. The permutations of the winning throws may be indicated as fol- lows: art, hh, c, dd; aa, bb, c, del; aa, bb, c, dd; aa, bb, c, dd; ««, hb, c. dd; aa, bb, c, dd. Dakota (Yankton). Fort Peck, Montana. (Cat. no. 37604, Free iluseum of Science and Art. University of Pennsylvania.) Set of six plum stones (fiarure '238), kansu, for playing the game of kansukute, plum-stone shooting, marked as fol- lows: One jjair marked on one face with a cross, kahdehdega, marked across, reverse black, ata sapa, all black ; one Pig. pair marked on one23S. Plum-stone dice; Yankton Dakota Indians, Port Peck, Montana; cat. no. 31&H, Free Museum of face with burnt bands Science and Art, University of Pennsylvania. at the end, sanni ska, half white, the reverse, three dots, yamni, threes; one pair marked with two bands near one end, coka, ska, middle white, the reverse plain, .ska, white. Collected by the writer in 1900. The game is played by both men and women. The dice are thrown with the hand. The object is to get a pair upiiermost. Bets are made on particular pairs. In old times, when a man died, it was customary to gamble off his property at this game. This was done four or five days after death. The men and women sat in a circle. South Dakota. George P. Belden " says They used a kind of dice made of the stones of the wild plum, which grew very plentifully in the deep ravines and canyons a mile or two back from the Missouri river at this point. These stones were first dried hard, then jiolished by scraping them with a knife. Si.x were used for the game, four of them being spotted on one side and blank on the opposite, and the other two striped or checked on one side and left blank on the othei'. These spots and stripes were made on the stones by means of a small iron instrument which they used to paint buffalo robes vi'ith. The iron was heated, and the spots and stripes " Belden. the White Chief, edited by Gen. James S. Brisbin, U. S. Army, p. 218, Cincin- nati, 1S71. ciLiNl DICE games: DAKOTA 185 then seared or burnt in the stone. The Indians used a wooden bowl, small and light, for shaking the dice, and never threw them out of the bowl. To play the game they sat on the ground in a circle, and a blanket or robe was doubled up and placed in the middle of the ring—the bowl, containing the six dice, being placed on the folded blanket. The stakes usually were two or four silver ear- rings, put up by those who engaged in the game, and the sport commenced by some one of the players seizing the edge of the bowl, with his thumb outside and the ends of his forefingers inside the rim, and, raising it an inch or so, bumped it dowu on the folded blanket three or four times, causing the light plum stones to jump around in the most lively manner. After the player had shaken the bowl thoroughly he sat dowu and allowed the stones to settle on the bottom, and then they were counted thus: If all the spotted and striped sides were uppermost, the pla.ver won, unless some one else tied him: if he threw four spotted ones, it was the same as four aces in cards in the game of bluff : but if he threw three spotted and two striped ones, it was equivalent to a full hand of bluff, and so on, the only difference being that when all the spotted and striped sides were turned up, it showed a higher hand than four aces, and when all the blank sides were turned up it showed a flush that ranked next to the highest hand and above the four aces. Dakota (Yanktonai). Devils lake. North Dakota. (Cat. no. 23556, 23557, United States National Museum.) Six plum-stone dice, part of two sets of four each. The designs arc burnt, and two—the fourth and fifth—have perforations on both sides (figure 239). Collected by Mr Paul Beckwith in 187(5. The two dice to the left bear a buffalo's head on one side and a pipe or calumet on the reverse. The die on the right has an eagle, or thunderbird, with lightning symbol, on the reverse. Fio. 239. Plum-stone dice (a, obverse; />, reverse); diameter, about J inch: Yanktonai Dakota Indians, North Dakota; cat. no. Z-iSoG, 23.557, United States National Museum. — Devils Lake reservation, North Dakota. ( Cat. no. (iOSGO, 60421, Field Columbian Museum.) Seven plum stones seared on one side (figure 240). and an oblong wooden bowl, with liandle, about. 14 inches in length. These were collected bv Dr George A. Dorsey, who describes the game as follows: These are used in the Cut IIcmiI | I'abaUsa] game of kansu. The dice are plum .stones and are seared on one side with various devices, which occur in jiairs with an odd stone. The odd stone, with central markings and eight radiating lines, is called echeana. alone: the pair with three i)arallel lines and seared ends are called okehe, next; the other two pairs are ikcheka, common. To play, the bowl is grasped with two hands and brought down sharply on the ground, so as to cause the dice to jump about. The counts are determined by the character of the upper sides of the dice and are as follows : All marked sides up, ) ; 186 GAMES OF THE NORTH AMERICAN INDIANS [eth. ANN. 24 sabyaese. Iilack, equal 10: all marked sides down, sakyapese, white, 10; all marked sides down, except alone, 4 ; all marked sides down, except one, next, 3 all marked sides down, except one, common, 1 ; all marked sides up. except one, common, 1. This game is played exclusively by women and invariably for stakes. Fig. 240. Plum-stone dice; Yanktonai Dakota Indians, Devils Lake reservation. North Dakota; cat. no. 60369, Field ColuAibian Museum. HiDATSA. North Dakota. (Cat. no. 842.5, United States National Museum. Set of four bone staves made from cores of elif horn, 8i inches in length, eleven-sixteenths of an inch in width in middle, and about one-sixteenth of an inch thick; the outer rounded face of the bone marked with lines and dots, filled in with faint red paint, as shown in figure 241, there being two pairs marked alike; the opposite side unmarked and showing texture of bone; ends rounded. Collected by Dr Washington Matthews, U. S. Army, and described as women's gambling instruments. Doctor Matthews stated in a letter to the writer that these bone. staves were not thrown so as to rebound, but gently, ends down, on a blanket. WUS' Fio. 241. Bone stick dice; length, 8J inches; Hidatsa Indian.-i, North Dakota; cat. no. 8425, United States Natl<)nal Museum. lowA. Missouri. Catlin " describes a game among the Iowa untk'r the name of konthogra, game of platter. This is the fascinating game of the women and exclusively their own, played with a number of little blocks of wood the size of a half-crown piece, marked with certain points for counting the game, to be decided b.v throws, as they are shaken into a bowl and turned out on a sort of pillow. The bets are made after the bowl is turned and decided by the number of points and colors turned. » Thomas Donaldson, The George Catltn Indian Galler.v. Report of the Smithsonian Institution for 1885, p. 152, 1887. ' . ; ... ; DICE GAMES: OMAHA IST Mandan. Fort Berthold. North Dakota. (Cat. no. 8427. United States National Museum.) Set of five bone dice, with incised designs (figure 242) filled in with red paint, and basket of woven grass (figure 243). 7i inches in diameter at top and 3 inches deep; with the dice a small clay effigy, li inches in length, with legs outspread and with arms and head missing (figure 244). Collected by Dr Washington Miit- thews, U. S. Army. Catlin "^ mentions the game of the platter among the Mandan. Fig. 242. Fig. 243. Fig. 244 Fig. 242. Bone dice: lengths, 1{, 1,%, and 1 inch; Mandan Indians, Fort Berthold, Nortli Dakota; cat. no. 8427. United States National Museum. Flo. 243. Basket for dice; diameter, 7) inches; Mandan Indians, Fort Berthold. North Dakota; cat. no. H427, Lmited States National Museum. Fig. 244. Clay fetich used with dice; length, li inches; Mandan Indians, Fort Berthold, North Dakota; cat. no. 8427, United States National Museum. Omaha. Nebraska. Dr J. Owen Dor.sey ' gives the following account under the name of plum-stone shooting, ka"'-si kide: Five plum stones are provided, three of which are marked on one side only with a greater or smaller number of black dots or lines and two of them are marked on both sides : they are, however, sometimes made of bone of a rounded or flattened form, somewhat like an orbicular button-mold, the dots in this ease being impressed. .V wide dish and a certain number of small sticks l).v the way of counters are also provided. Any number of persons may play this game, and agreeably to the number engaged in it. is the quantity of sticks or counters. The plum stones or bones are placed in a dish, and a throw is made b.v simply jolting the vessel against the ground to make the seeds or bones rebound, and they are counted as they lie when they fall. The party plays around for the first throw. Whoever gains all the sticks in the course of the game wins the stake. The throws succeed each other with so much r;ipi pursuer as fast as possible. The more pla.vers the more com-plicated the game, for each horse is threatened alike by foes that 111 chase from behind and charge from before, and the most skillful „ „„ „ player is liable to be sent back to the starting point severalFig. 252. Counts . ,^ , . in stick dice: t"iies before the game is finished, which is as soon as one horse Tigua Indians, has made the complete circuit. Sometimes the players, when Isleta, New y^ry young or unskilled, agree there shall be no killing: but Lum^s^'^"™ unless there is an explicit arrangement to that effect, killing is understood, and it adds greatly to the interest of the game. There is also another variation of the game—a rare one, however. In case the players agree to throw fifteens, all the [la-tol sticks are made the same, except that one has an extra notch to distinguish it from the others. Then the throws are as shown in figure [252], In reply to a letter of inquiry. Mr Lummis wrote me that he dis- tinctly remembers having witnessed this game at Isleta, Santa Clara, San Ildefonso, Tesuque. and Taos (Tanoan) : at Aeoma, Titsiama, and Canada Cruz (Acoma colonies). Cochiti, Laguna. El Rito, Sandia. Santo Domingo, and San Felipe (Keresan) ; and at Zuni. I feel quite confident I saw it also in San .luan (Tanoan). though of that I would not be positive. I can not remember seeing the game played in Jemez. Picuris, and Pojoaque (Tanoan) : in Sia (Keresan) or any of the .\Ioqui pueblos exceiit Haiio (which of course is a village of migration from the Rio Grande). In Nambe (Tanoan) I never saw it, I am sure. Tewa. Nambe, New Mexico. (Cat. no. 17773. 17774:, Field Columbian Museum.) Set of stick dice, three pieces of split twig, 3f inches in length, one side rounded and the other flat ; one of the round sides marked with fifteen notches (figure 253). Collected by Mr L. M. s Lampson. There are two sets, one having the bark left on the back; on the other it is removed. The game is described under the name of tugea, or patol This game is played by two or more persons. Forty small stones are laid in a circle with a space or gate between each group of ten. The players throw the billets perpendicularly upon a stone, the surfaces falling uppermost deter- CULIN] DICE games: tewa 193 miuiug the count. One flat and one notched round side up count 1 ; two flat and one notched round side up, 3 ; three flat sides up, 5 : three round sides up, 10; two flat and notched stick up, 15. When the count is 10 or 15, the phiyer is entitled to another throw. Each player is provided with a small stick for a counter. This is called a horse. All players start from the same place and move their horses forward between the stones ac cording to their score, in the same or opposite directions, as they choose. If one player scores so that his counter comes to a iilace occupied by the counter of a previous player, the first player Fig. 253. Stick dice; length, 3f must remove his counter or horse and start inches: Tewa Indiana, Nambe, again, except it be in one of the spaces or gates New Mexico: oat. no. 177T4, Field Columbian Museum. which may be occupied by two or more horses at the same time. The one who flrst moves his counter completely round the circle is the winner. Tewa. Santa Clara, New Mexico. (Cat. no. 60359, Field Colum- bian Museum.) Four sticks (figure 254), 4^ inches in length, one side flat and un- marked and the other round with bark on, two of the rounded sides with incised marks. They were collected by Mr W. C. B. Biddle, who describes the game as follows: This game is .played with four short two-faced lots, two of which l)ear special markings on the obverse side. In playing the 1-,-=— ^) game fort.v small pebbles are placed on the grouud in the form of a hollow square. Two small sticks or feathers, to be used later on as markers, are placed at the opening in one corner. In the center of the square is a flat stone or inverted cup. The game begins by one of the players taking the four staves in hand and casting them on one end on the stone or cup. The count is determined by the character of the uppermost side of the staves, and is as follows : All flat sides down count 10 ; all round sides do\\n, ."i ; two flat sides down, 3. In registering the count the counting stick is moved about the stone circuit according to the value of the throw. The game is ended when one of the counting sticks has made the entire circuit. : 194 GAMES OF THE NORTH AMERICAN INDIANS [eth, ANN. 24 One stick has fifteen transverse notches painted green on the rounded side. The notches are divided by an incised cross painted yellow." The following account of the game, from a manuscript by the col- lector, Mr T. S. Dozier, was kindly placed in my hands by Mr F. W. Hodge Grains of corn or pebbles are laid in the form of a square, in sections of teu each. The two players sit on either side. The sticks, called e-pfe, are thrown in turn on a stone placed in the square. The counts are as follows : Two flat and notched sticks, notches up, count 15 ; (three round sides up, 10 ; three flat sides up, 5 ; two flat and one round side, not notched, up, 3 ; one flat and two round sides, not notched, up, 1. The players move their markers between the grains or pebbles according to their throw, going in opposite directions. The one first returning to the start- ing point wins. This is the ordinary way. Sometimes, the markers being con- t Fig. 2.55 Fig. 256. Pig. 2.55. Stick dice; length, 5} inches; Tewa Indians, Santa Clara, New Mexico; cat. no. 176707. United States National Museum. Pig. 256. Stick dice and marking sticks; lengths, 4i and 1! inches; Tigua Indians, Taos, New Mexico; cat. no. 2- to go back to A and start over again, and vice versa. A chief point in the game is to reach B before the other player, so as to kill him on the second half of the circle. The counts are as follows : Two flat and notched sticks, notches up, count 15 three round .sides up, 10 : three flat sides up, 5 : two flat and one round side, not notched, uii, 1 ; one flat and two round sides, not notched, up, 1. This game is usually jdayed all night on the night of November 3 of each year. November 3 is known as " the day of the dead," and this game seems in some way to be connected with it, or rather with its celebration, but I can not find out any tradition connecting the two. : 196 GAMES OF THE MORTH AMERICAN INDIANS [eth. an'N. 24 AVAKASHAN STOCK Clayoqttot. West coast of Vancouver island, British Columbia. (Cat. no. ^J^fj, American Museum of Natural History.) Set of four beaver-teeth dice, two with dots and two with crossed lines (figure 258). Collected by Mr F. Jacob- sen in 1897. One pair with fircular designs fire called the women and the other pair with straight lines the men. The one man with the more elaborate designs Is trump. Ten counters are placed between the pla.vers, one of whom tosses the dice ; when two men or two women fall face up he wins one counter ; when the trump falls face up and all the others face down, or vice versa, he wins tivo counters. The game is won by the player who gets all the counters. Dr C. F. Newcombe writes In this game the Clayoquot mark two of the teeth with circular dots, o o o, and two with incised cross Fio. 268. Beaver-teeth dice; lines, X X X or length, #3 to 21 inches; Clayo- # i. quot Indians, Vanconver One of the dotted teeth is also marked by a circular island, British Columbia; black band, and this is called the man, and the other <'&t. no. aniT, American Mu- the woman. seum of Natural History. Of the incised teeth, the one with more detinitc or stronger marks is the man, and the other the woman. The game is called a. isyEk. No specimens were seen, but the information was obtained from "Annie." the daughter of Atliu, a well-known chief of the tribe. KwAKiuTL. Dsawadi, Knight's inlet, British Columbia. Dr C. F. Newcombe describes the beaver-tooth dice game at this place under the name of midale. They say it came from the Stick Indians (Tahlkan). It is now obsolete. It was a woman's gambling- game. Wien all four come ^ ^ up alike they count 2. Vancouver island, British Columbia. Dr Franz Boas" de- scribes these Indians as Fig. 2.59. Wooden using wooden dice (figure Fio. 260. Beaver-teeth dice; length, die; Kwakiutl Makah Indians, Indians, British 2.59) in a game called ei- 2 to 25 inches; Columbia; from " The Neah bay, Washington; cat. no. bayu. casts count Boas. 23351, United States National Mu- according to the narrow- seum. ness of the sides." The dice collected by him were in the World's Columbian Exposition. « Sixth Report on the Indians of British Columbia. Report of the Sixty-sixth Meeting of the British Association for the Advancement of Science, p. 578. London, 189G. culi.n] DICE GAMES: MAKAH 197 Dr C. F. Newcombe informs me that after very careful inquiry he is unable to find this game among the Kwakiutl. The name eibayu is similar to libaiu, that of the stick game. Makah. Xeah bay, Washington. (Cat. no. 23351, United States National Museum.) Seven beaver teeth, probably part of two or more sets. Two, right and left, apparently from the same animal, are similarly marked on the flat side with chevron pattern (figure 260, a,b). Two, also ajjparently from the same animal, are marked with circles and dots (figure 260 c, d). Two teeth, right and left, are marked with three chevrons, and one odd tooth has ten circles. The following account of the game is given by the collector, Mr J. G. Swan:« Four teeth are used : one side of each has marks and the other is phiin. If all four marked sides come up or all four plain sides, the thro\v.s form a double ; if two marked and two plain ones come up, It is a single ; uneven numbers lose. He states also that this game is usually played by the women, and that the beaver teeth are shaken in the hand and thrown down.'' Xeah bay, Washington. (Cat. no. 37378, Free Museum of Science and \\% University of Pennsylvania.) Fig. SSJ. Fig. 261. Beaver-teeth dice; length, 2 inches: Makah Indians, Washington; cat. ro. 37S78, Free Museum of Science and Art, University of Pennsylvania. Fio. 3fi2. Counters for beaver-teeth dice; length, 4) inches; Makah Indians, Washington; cjit. no. 37.378, Free Musenni of Science and Art, University of Pennsylvania. Fi(i. 2H3. Charm used with beaver-teeth dice; Makah Indians, Washington; cat. no. 37378, Free Mu.seum of Science and Art. University of Pennsylvania. Four beaver-teeth dice (figure 261), two with incised chevrons on one side and two with circles with center dot; reverses plain; The Indians of Cape Flattery. Smithsonian Contributions to Knowledge, n. 220, p. 44, 1S70. 'The Northwest Coast, or Three Years' Kesidence In Washington Territory, p, 158, New York, 1857. : 198 GAMES OF THE NORTH AMERICAN INDIANS [eth. anx. 24 length, 2 inches. One tooth, marked with circles, is tied with a string around the middle. Thirty small bones (figure 262), 4| inches in length, accompany the dice as counters, katsaiac. Collected by the writer in 1900. The set is contained in a cotton-cloth bag, in which also was the charm (figure 263), or medicine, koi, used to secure success. This consists of a dried fungus, which is rubbed on the hands, and the tooth of a small rodent. Dr George A. Dorsey " describes the following game Ehis This is the well-known game of the beaver-teeth dice, and is played by women throughout the extent of the Northwest Territory. Of this game three sets were collected, one of which is imperfect. There are four teeth in each full set, two of which, usually the lower, are decorated with incised lines, chihlichi- cotl, which refer merely to the markings. The other pair are variously deco- rated with a single row of circles or circles arranged in groups. These are known as culkotlith. dotted teeth. In two of the sets, one of the dotted dice is further distinguished by means of a band of black yarn about the center. This is known as quisquis. or snow. The teeth are thrown from the hand upon the ground or upon a blanket. When the marked sides of all four teeth lie upper- most the count is 2 and is known as dhabas or all down. When the four plain sides lie uppermost the count is also 2 and is knowi as tascoas or without marks. When the two dotted dice fall face down, an'i the cross-hatch dice fall face uppermost, then the count is 1, chilitchcoas or cross-hatch dice up. The exact reverse of this also counts 1, and is known as kulcocoas or dots down. When one of the teeth is further distinguished by being wrapped with a black band the count is somewhat different : all the marked sides uppermost, counting 4 ; while the wrapped tooth up with three blank teeth, count 4, also. The remaining counts are as before described. NooTKA. Vancouver island, British Columbia. (Cat. IV A 1487, Berlin Museum fiir Volkerkunde.) Pig. 264. Fig. 265. Fio. 264. Bone dice; length, 2 inches; Nootka Indians, Vanccniver island, British Columbia: cat. no. rv A 1487, Berlin Museum fiir Volkerkunde. Pio. 265. Bone dice; length, IJ inches; Nootka Indians, Vancouver island, British Columbia; cat. no. IV A 1487, Berlin Museum fiir VBlkerkunde. » Games of the MaUah Indians of Neah Bay. The American Antiquarian, v. 23, p. 72, 1901. cuLix] DICE GAMES: COCOPA 199 Set of four flat curved pieces of bone, 2 inches in length, imitations in form of beaver teeth; two marked on one side with spots and two with chevrons (figure 264), the opposite sides plain. Col- lected by Jtir Samuel Jacobsen. It is described by the collector under the name of todjik as a woman's game. The counts are as follows : Four marked sides up count 2: four blank sides up. 2; two hole sides and 2 blank up. 1; one hole side and three blank up, 0; two line sides and two blank up, 2 : two line sides, one blank, and one hole side up, 4. The game is played on blankets, the count being kept with small sticks. Another set of four flat curved bone dice (figure 263). IJ inches in length, similar to the preceding, but with pointed ends, is included under the same number. WA8HOAN STOCK Washo. Carson valley and Lake Tahoe, Nevada. Dr J. W. Hudson describes the following game played by women: Twelve small sticks, 4 inches long by three-eighths vf an inch wide, of split willow {Salix agrifolia), bent, and painted red on the flat side, are cast up and caught in a winnowing basket. The counts are as follows : All red up count 6 : two red up, 1 : one red up, 2 ; all plain up, •!. The sticks are called itpawkaw, the game, pokowa, and the pebble counters, dtek, " stones." WEITSPEKAN STOCK YuROK. Hupa Valley reservation, California. Dr Pliny E. Goddard gave me the Yurok name of the shell dice used by the Hupa Indians as tekgorpos. WISHOSKAN STOCK Batawat. Blue Lake, California. An Indian of this tribe who was interrogated by the writer at Blue Lake in 1900 recognized the shell dice (figure 91) which he had collected in Hupa valley and gave the name as goplauwat: large dice, docted; small dice, koshshop; concave sides, tsusarik; convex sides, bokshowarish. i tuman stock CocoPA. Sonora. Mexico. (Cat. no. 76165. United States National Museum.) Set of four sticks of ^yillow » wood, 8 inches long, about 1^ inches broad, and one-half inch thick (figure 266). Flat on one » Salix amygdaloiiles. 200 GAMES OF THE NORTH AMERICAN INDIANS [eth. ann. 24 side, which is uniformly marked lengthwise in the center with a band of red paint about one-half inch in width; opposite side rounded and unpainted. Collected by Dr Edward Palmer. Fig. 266. Stick dice: length. 8 inches; Cocopa Indians, Sonora, Mexico; cat. no. 76165, United States National Museum. Havasupai. Arizona. Mr G. Wharton James has furnished the writer an account of the following game (figure 267) : Squatted around a circle of small stones, the circle having an opening at a certain portion of its circumference called the .vam-se-kyalb-ye-Ija, and a large flat stone in the center called taa-be-che-ka, the Havasupai play the game called hue-ta-(|uee-che-ka. Any nunilier of players can engage in tlie game. Ftg. 267. Havasupai Indian girls playing stick dice; Arizona; from photugi-aiih by Mr G. Wharton James. The players are chosen into sides. The first player begins the game liy hold- ing in his hand three pieces of short stick, white on one side and red on the other. These sticks are called toh-be-ya, and take the place of our dice. They are flung rapidly upon the central stone, taa-be-che-ka, and as they fall counts are made as follows: Three whites up count 10: two whites, one red up, 2; two reds, one white up, 3 ; three reds, 5. Tallies are kept by placing short : : CTLIN] DICE GAMES : MARICOPA 201 sticks between the stones, hue. that oouipose the (Mrcle, one side counting in one direction from the opening and the other keejiiug tally in the opposite direction. Maricopa. Arizona. (Cat. no. 2926. Brooklyn Institute Museum.) Four sticks (figure 268), 7 incites in lengtli, one side flat and painted red, and the other rounded. Collected in 1904 by Mr Louis L. Meeker. The collector describes the game under the name of kainsish A joint of cane quartered will sei-\e instead of the sticks. The four flat sides up count 1 ; the four round sides up count 2 ; the other throws, nothing, though sometimes they have values agreed upon also. The count is made by marking in the dust. The game is for 6 points, or as many as are agreed upon. Fig. 2»V<. Stick dice; length. 7 inches; Maricopa Indians. Arizona: cat. no. 2926. Brooklyn Insti- tute Museum. The following alistract of Maricopa mythology, furnished by Mr Meeker, refers to the game with four sticks: Tdhlc of yenerations I. First priucii)les Females : Mat. the Earth I Hash, the Moon Males: Ilyaish. the Sky II lash, the Sun II. Offspring (originally hermaphrodites) : I 1) Terrestrial (of the Earth liy the Sky) Kokinat. nnul KoUiiiat hairk. his lirotlier (2) Celesti;il (of the Moon by the Sun) Hatelowish epash. Coyote ni.in (Juokosh epash. Fox man Our man in the moon is Hatelowish. or tjuokosh. The Brother seems to have been the first handiwork of Hatelowish epa.sh. He is also identitied with the Spider Woman, who spun the wel) on which the earth was deposited. Once, wlien there w;is yet no earth, a whirlwind came down out of the sky into the turbid water, and they were man and wife. Twins c;ime. Winds carried them about during their long infiincy. childhood, and early manhood. At lengtli tlie elder changeil the other into a spider and sent him to stretch webs north and south, east and west. ;ind between points. Then a close web was woven outward from the center, where the lines crossed. On this })lant the earth was built of sediment deposited by the water. The elder brother then shaped the earth. The sky was so close the sun soon dried and cracked it up 202 GAMES OP THE NORTH AMERICAN INDIANS [eth. ann. 24 into mountain ridges and deep canyons. So he put up Uis hand and pushed the Sivy away to its present position. There are five stars where his fingers touched the Sivy. They are called the hand of God. Then he went ahout making green things grow, shaping what came forth after subsequent whirlwinds into living things and men and women, teaching these how to build houses, and making the earth fit for them to live upon. So his Pima name is Earth Doctor (Che-o- tma'-ka ) .a The Brother, ceasing to be a spider, followed and imitated Earth Doctor. Using common clay, he bungled so that misshapen animals were all that he could make. The man he formed had the palm of his hand extending out to the end of his fingers. Earth Doctor rebuked him. so he threw it down hard against the sur- face of the water and it swam off in the form of a duck, with a web foot and a very flat breast. Others were so bad he threw them up against the sky, and they remain there. One of these is Gopher (Pleiades) ; one is Mountain Sheep (Orion), farther east, and one is the Scorpion of five stars, !> three in the body and one for each claw, whose place is west of the Gopher. These go in the sun's path. When the Gopher and the Mountain Sheep are east, the Scorpion is west : but when the Gopher and Mountain Sheep are in the west, the Hand is east. Now all the things that were made then were of the first generation. The first flood came because the Brother made so much trouble and claimed to have more power than Earth Doctor, who at length drove him off the earth. Changing again to a spider, he took refuge in the sky, across which he spun the web of the milky way. Earth Doctor took water into his mouth and spurted it upward at the Spider, but it fell in a spray and remained on the web making a river of the milky way. He took dust in a pouch, and, jerking It, tried to make it go into Spider's eyes. The dust made a road and banks along the river, but some fell in Spider's eyes. Observing that water did not injure him, even when Earth Doctor took handfuls and sprinkled the sk.v with stars of snow and ice, and also that earth, even in the form of dust, did injure him. Spider tried his own power over the water, calling upon it to rise up and wash awa.v the earth. The waters rose, washing away all except the mountains and the representa- tive races and animals that took refuge there. A truce was called ; it was agreed that Earth Doctor should have power over the earth, the Brother over water. The sun's reflection in water was dipped up with the hand and cast toward the sky, and the flood subsided.'' From the mountains that stood, a stronger earth was built. The broken web was mended with strong roiies made of yucca fibers. Eagle feathers were set up around the border. Remnants of the first generation were gathered up, and the second generation began. In the meantime the Sun, who is a male, had observed what was done by the Sky upon the maiden world of turbid water and visited the Moon in like manner. The Moon's twins were Coyote and his companion the Fo.x;. When the road and river were complete across the sky along the milky way. Coyote and his companion came down upon the earth. Whatever Earth Doctor did the Coyote imitated, bungling his work as the Brother had done, until at length there was strife again. " He is known in Maricopa as Kokmat, which may mean mud or middle earth. ".As this constellation rises in the east about August, the three stars of the body are nearly horizontal. The two claws point toward the south, upward and downward. * When a rain doctor wants the rain to cease he still does the same. It is obvious that there must first be a rift in the clouds to get the sun's reflection. ; CILIN) DICE games: MARICOPA 203 The Brother met Coyote and called him brother, but Coyote would not reply. So a flood was sent to destroy Coyote and the earth and all its inhabitants. Small number.s were saved by clinging to trunks of trees that floated on the water. Coyote insisted the Brother should address hiiu as Elder Brother. This was conceded. Coyote made a ball of mud from the root of the tree on which he floated. He stuck in a bunch of grass from the liill of the duck the Brother had made. This he cast upon the water to be the nucleus of a new world, and the t!ood subsided. Then Earth Doctor proceeded to construct the third generation. Coyote helped, or rather hindered. His companion, Fo.x, made trouble by pranks of his own. Men increased rapidly. They had no diseases. There were no wars. The few deaths were from snake bites or accidents. The earth was crowded. There was not food for all. Some killed little children for food. One especially had from girlhocKl a vora- cious appetite ; as a woman she went from village to village, prowling about houses and carrying ofC children for food. She had eaten the flesh of all animals and the children of all tribes. A council was held in the skies. The seats of those who were there are in a circle.o They agreed to have the great flood, so there would not be too many people. The cannibal woman was bound and carried away. She was burned alive all kinds of wood were used for fuel, and the flames were fed seven years. The ashes were then collected, mixed with meal made of all kinds of seeds, and the whole was put into an earthen jar for the seed of the fourth generation. The flood that followed continued for four years. The Brother, as Spider, sat on the northern end of the milky way ^ opposite Coyote (the Dipper), who tended his fish net. fastened to the immovable star. Coyote's companion, intent upon some prank, ran along the milky way toward the south and fell off, where he may be seen as si.x stars c arranged like the seven stars that represent Coyote. He is generall.v seen with his head lower than his tail. But when the Moon is full she takes him in her lap, and we can see him there as Kabliit (man in the moon). Earth Doctor took his seat at the end of the milky way that is south.'' on the western side, opposite Fox. Only his head may be seen. It is very large and grand. His face is looking toward the west. The lower end of his long braid of hair is in the milky wa.v. When " the moon is dead " and stars are thick two eagle feathers ma.v be .seen in his hair, each composed of three ver.v small stars in a row. The vessel containing the seed of future generations floated upon the water, and. as the waters subsided, touched ground at the highest point; Che-o-tniaka. as the Pima call him. the Marlco|>a Kokmat. crossed over the sky to get the vessel. But Coyote was just ahead of him, and took refuge in the joint of a great reed that floated upon the water. There were three other joints of reed floating by it, and Cojote having sealed up his reed with resin from the mesnuite and chaparral bushes. Kokmat could not tell in which he was concealed. Now, the earth was barely dry enough to support one who passed over It rap- idly, but if he stopped he would sink. As both Coyote and Kokmat wanted the vessel, they ran toward it. Coyote coming forth from his reed when It had floated to a point on the opposite side of the vessel from Kokmat. Co.vote chal- lenged Kokmat to exchange places with him and .see wliicli could first arrive. The offer was accepted. The two were so nearly equally matched that both arrived at the same time. They tried again, with the same result. When they "Corona BmeiiM.s. '"In Sat;ltl«iius (?). "Cassiopeia's Cbair. 'Scorpio and the others (see Hchule.viiks lu constellationsi. 204 GAMES OF THE NORTH AMERICAN INDIANS [eth. ann. 24 ran the third time, Coyote being out of breath, sent Fox in bis stead, but Kol^mat also sent hi.s brother. When the two chief characters ran again, they passed together by the vessel containing the seed, and each tried to kick it on before him, so the race cea.sed and the contest took ou a different form. \Yhen they had tried very long and neither had gained any advantage. Fox proposed to cast lots with four sticks, one each for Kokmat, his brother. Coyote, and Fox. He made the sticks half white and half red, and, hiding them, asked Kokmat which color were the sticks for himself and his brother, purporting to turn the sticks in his own favor. But Kokmat made him strike them upward with a stone, to count one if all fell white, two if all fell red. and nothing if they fell mixed. While they played. Coyote and Fox cheating and quibbling in every conceiv- able way, the sticks ver.v seldom fell all of a color ; Kokmat meantime had the red-headed woodpecker carrying away the seed in his bill to all parts of the world. From the ashes of the woman and the ashes of all the woods and from all the seeds that were powdered sprang up the present generation. The mortar, stones, and earthern vessels used were copied by men. Baskets and woven mats were patterned after Spider's webs. The games we play rep- resent the contests between Kolcmat and his Brother ( Spider I or Kokmat and Coyote. Each of these four were both male and female, but the female side of Spider became the wife of Kokmat, who alone married. Mission Indians. Mesa Grande, California. ( Field Colnmbian Mu- seum. ) Cat. no. 62537. Four wooden staves, 12 inches long and 1:^ inches wide, marked on one face with burnt lines as shown in figure 269. ^ ^ss Fir. 269. Fig. 270. Fig. 269. Stick dice; length, 12 inches; Mission Indians. Mesa Grande, California; cat. no. 62637, Field Columbian Museum. Pig. 270. Stick dice and board; length of sticks, 3J inches; length of board, 9 inches; Mission Indians, Mesa Grande, California; cat. no. 62536, Field Columbian Museum. These were collected by Mr C. B. Watkins, who describes them as used in the game of can welso. The sticks are thrown with an over- hand movement. The marked sides are counted. The game is played in silence. Cat. no. 62536. Four wooden sticks, 3^ inches in length and seven- eighths of an inch wide, round on one side and flat on the other, the latter being marked with burnt cross lines as shown in figure CULIX] DICE GAMES : MOHAVE 205 270; accompanied by a wooden tablet, 7 by iJ inches, marked with holes counting 10 on a side. These were collected by Mr C. B. Watkins, who describes the game under the name of serup. Each stick has a value known by the marks. The tablet serves to keep the count of the throws. Mohave. Arizona. (Cat. no. 10334, United States National Mu- seum.) Set of four blocks of cottonwood, (Ji inches in length, 2 inches in width, and one-half inch in thickness, section ellipsoidal; one Fig. 271 Pig. 271. Stick dice; length, 6i inclies; Mohave Indiuns, Arizona; cat. no. 10334, United States National Museum. Fig. 272. Stickdice; length, ti inches: Mohave Indians. Lower California (Mexico); cat. no. 34166, United States Natitmal Musenm. side painted red, witli designs as shown in figure 271, and the opposite side unpainted. Collected by Dr Edward Palmer and described as used by women. In a letter to the writer Doctor Palmer states: The game i.s scored aocordiiig as the plain or painted sides are up, as each may choose. Three rounds ciiiistitute a Kanio. One sticl; is laid down to indi- cate which side is to count. The jjaint on the sticks consists of mesquite gum dissolved in water. ) ) 206 GAMES OP THE NORTH AMEEICAN INDIANS [eth. ANN. 24 Mohave. Lower California (Mexico). (Cat. no. 24166. United States National Museum. Set of four blocks of willow wood," 6 inches in length, H inches in width, and five-eighths of an inch in thickness; one side flat and painted brown with designs (figure -272) similar to those on the preceding, the opposite side rounded and unpainted. Collected bv Dr Edwai'd Palmer. Fig. 273. Fig. 2T4. Fig. 373. Stick dice; length, 5^ iuclies: Mohave Indians, Arizona: cat. no. in<(90, Peabody Mu- seum of American Archaeology and Ethnology. Fig. 274. Stick dice; length, 5} inches; Mohave Indians, Arizona; cat. no. tJ0265, U036B, Field Columbian Museum. Arizona. (Peabody Museum of American Archaeology' and Ethnology. Cat. no. 10090. Set of four gambling sticks, of inches in length and 1:^ inches in width ; marked on one face with designs as shown in figure 273 ; the opposite side plain. Cat. no. 10090, bis. Set of four gambling sticks, 3^ to 3f inches in length and eleven-sixteenths of an inch in width : marked on one face with red and black designs, the opposite side plain. Both collected by Dr Edward Palmer. Fort Mohave, Arizona. (Cat. no. 6026.5, 60266, Field Colum- bian Museum.) Four wooden blocks, 5f inches in length and 2^ inches in width, round on one side, the other flat and marked with brown paint, as shown in figure 274. ' Salix amiigdaloides. : CULIX] DICE games: walapai 207 Mr John J. McKoin. the collector, describes the game under the name of hotan This game is played with four liillets, one side of which is flat. The players lay one stick on the ground, Uat side down ; then they throw the three remain- ing sticks with the hand and let tliem fall upon the ground. If all fall with the same side up it counts one. The game is for 4 or 5 points. The sticks are given to different players when two sticks fall the same side up. This is a gambling game, beds, blankets, ponies, and sometimes wives being wagered. Walapai. Walapai reservation, Arizona. (Field Columbian Mu- seum. ) Cat. no. ()1099. Three wooden blocks (figure '275), 3f inches by three-fourths of an inch, one side plain and rounded and the other flat with painted red streak. Fig. 275. Fig. 276. r* » * • a a m » • m ^ ^ A Fig. 277. Pig. 278. Pig. 27.5. Stick dice: length, 3! inches: Walapai Indians. Walapai reservation, Arizona: cat. no. 61099, Field Columbian Museum. Pig. 278. Stick dice; length, 4 inches; Walapai Indians, Walapai reservation, Arizona; cat. no. 6nO(), Field Columbian Museum. Fig. 277. Stick dice; length. 41 inches; Walapai Indians, Walapai reservation, Arizona; cat. no. 632CI6, Field Columbian Museum. Pig. 278. Stick dice; length. 4J inches; Walapai Indians, Walapai reservation, Arizona: cat. no. 63209, Field Columbian Museum. Cat. no. 61100. Three wooden blocks (figure 27fi). 4 inches by seven- eighths of an inch, one side plain and rounded, the other flat, with painted designs, two alike and one odd. Cat. no. 63206. Three wooden blocks (figure 277), 4^ inches by 1 inch, one side plain and rounded, the other flat and painted with brown dots. Cat. no. 63209. Three wooden blocks (figure 278), 4^ inches by three-fourths of an inch, one side plain and rounded, the other flat with painted designs, two alike and one odd. ) : : 208 GAMES OF THE NORTH AMERICAN INDIANS [eth. ann. 24 These were collected by Mr H. P. Ewing, who gave the following account of the game under the name of tawfa The Walapai call this game taw-fa, from the manner of throwing the sticks against a stone. The play is as follows Place fifty small stones in a circle about 4 feet in diameter, arranging them close together except at one point in the circle, C»OOOo which remains open. Opposite this open space a %>. larger stone is placed. These stones are the counters, and the game is counted liy moving the o \ stones around the circle. An equal number ofoo stones is placed on each side of the large .stone, o oo and \Ahichever contestant gets to tlie large stone o o first wins. In playing the game, one person talces o % the little billets of wood, which are three in num- Q. ber, rounded on one side and flat on the other, and holds them between the thumb and first two fingers so that they are parallel. She throws Fig Circuit for stick dice; them so that the three ends will strilje9. on a Walapai Indians, Walapai res- large stone in the center of the circle. The count ervation, Arizona; from sketch is as follows : One flat side up counts 1 : two by Mr H. P. Ewing. flat sides up, 3 ; three flat sides up, 5 : three flat sides down, 10. This game of taw-fa is little played now among the Walapai. cards having fallen its place. Yuma. Fort Yuma, Arizona. (Cat. no. IV B 1660, Berlin Museum fiir Volkerkunde. Fic. 280. Stick dice; length, 6J inches; Yuma Indians, Arizona; cat. no. IV B 1660, Berlin Museum fur Volkei-kunde Set of four blocks of wood, 6i inches in length, \\ inches in width, and five-eighths of an inch in thickness: one side flat and painted with designs, as shown in figure 280, in red: opposite side rounded and painted red. The collector, Mr Samuel Jacobsen, gives the name as tadak, and states that it is a woman's game. ClLINl DICE GAMES : YUMA 209 Yuma. Fort Yuma. Sail Diego county, Arizona. (Cat. no. 68429, Field Columbian Museum.) Four wooden blocks, 5f inches in length and If inches wide, with flat sides decorated with red paint, as shown in figure 281. The collec- tor. Mr S. C. Simms, describes them as used in the game of otah. IT Fig. 281. Stick dice: length, .5! inches; Yuma Indians, Fort Yuma. Arizona; cat. no. 8.3420, Field Columljian Museum. Colorado river. California. Lieut. W. H. Emory ° says : They phi.v :ui()tber [g.^me] with sticks, like jaekstraws. Colorado river, California. (Cat. no. S302, 76, Rijks Eth- nographisches Museum, Leiden.) Fig. 282. Stick dice: length. 6 inches: Yuma Indians. Calif, .inia: .at. no. S362, T6, Bijks Ethnographisches Museum, Leideu. Set of four blocks of wood, C inches in length and 1 inch in width, one side flat and painted with designs, as shown in figure 282, in dark brown on/a whitened surface. , • ° Report on (he T'nited States and Mexican Boundary Survey, v. 1, p. 111. Washing- ton, 1857. 24 ETH—05 M 14 : 210 GAMES OF THE NORTH AMERICAN INDIANS [eth. ANN. 24 These were collected by Dr H. F. C. ten Kate, jr, who gives the name as otochei. He refers to this game as played only by women." In reply to my inquiry in reference to the words tadak and otochei, given by the collector as the names of the preceding Yuman games, Dr A. S. Gatchet writes I have not been able to clisco^•el• any Yuma or Mohave words resembling your otochei and tiidak either in the vocabularies in our vaults or in those that I have Iiublished myself in the Zeitschrift fiir Ethnologie. The term " Yuma " refers to a tribe which, during the last forty years, had a reservation at the eonflueuce of the Gila and Colorado rivers, who seem to have resided on New river near the Mohave desert in California. Yuma is also used at present to comprehend all the languages or dialects cognate with the Yuma dialect at the above confluence, under the name of Yuma linguistic family. Your word otoche-i has pretty nearly the ring of an Aztec, or better, Nahuatl word. • ZUiJIAN STOCK ZtJNi. Zufii, New Mexico. (Cat. no. 20031, Free Museum of Science and Art, University of Pennsylvania.) Set of four sticks. 5i inches in length, in two pairs, each of which consists of a length of reed split in the middle. Pig. 283. Pig. 284. Pig. 28.3. Sacrificial cane dice (reverse); Zufii Indians, Zufii, New Mexico; cat. no. 30031, Free Museum of Science and Art, University of Pennsylvania. Pig. 2^4. Sacrificial cane dice (obverse); length. 5^v inches: Ztifii Indians, Zufii. New Mexico; cat. no. 20031, Free Museum of Science and Art, University of Pennsylvania. The inner sides of the reed are painted as shown in figure 283, and the opposite rounded sides scratched with transverse lines and burnt, as shown in figure 284. These were employed, according to Mr Gushing, in the game of sholiwe, canes, one of the four games '' which are sacrificed to the twin War Gods, Ahaiyuta and Matsailema. These particular canes were not made to play with, but for the pur- pose of sacrifice. " Reiien en Onderzoeltingen in Xoord .\merika, p. 114, Leiden, 18S5. 'In addition to sho'liwe there were Iftpochlwe. feather dart: i'yanlsolowe, hidden ball, and mfitiliawe, kicked stick. Compare with the four Sia games deacriljed on p. 123. ) ct-LiN] DICE games: zuni 211 Ztjni. Zuni. New Mexico. (Cat. no. 09289. United States National Museum. Two sets, each of four sticks, one 7f inches and the other 7 inches in lenfrth; made in pairs, like the preceding, of split reed. The inner sides of the reed are painted like the preceding. The outer sides of the longer set are unmarked, while those of the shorter set are marked, as shown in figure 285. r . " 212 GAMES OF THE NORTH AMERICAN INDIANS [eth. ANN. 24 These sets were intended for actual use and are made of heavy cane, with tlie inside charred at the edges, unlike the sacrificial sets, which consist of common marsh reed. Pig. 388. Cane dice; length. 6S inches; showing method of tying in bundle; Zuiii Indian.'*. Zuni, New Mexico; cat. no. 22593, Free Musenm of Science and Art, University of Pennsylvania. ZuNi. Zufii, New Mexico. (Cat. no. 22593, Free Museum of Science and Art, University of Pennsylvania.) Four split canes, 6f inches in length, marked on one side with cross lines and chevrons and on the other with ink, as shown in figure 288. Collected by the writer in 1902. These are bound together in a bundle with string, one inside of the other, so that the end of the top cane projects bej^ond that of the one below it, and so on down. The sticks are arranged in the following order: Top, black in middle; second, black at one end; third, all black; bottom, black at both ends. The figure illustrates one of the ways in which the canes are tied up when not in use. This is one of a number of sets collected in Zuni by the writer. The markings vary considerably in detail on the dif- ferent sets, but are all essentially the same. In removing tlie Ijundle of canes from the cloth in which it was wrapped, the owner took up each cane in turn and breathed on it. New Mexico. (Cat. no. 4984, Brooklyn Institute Museum.) Set of four cane dice, 6 inches in length (figure 289). Collected by the writer in 1904. The etched figures on the dice represent the water bug, gannastepi. The drawing below (figure 290) shows the manner in which these dice are arranged and bound together when not in use. Mr Cushing placed in my hands the following account of sholiwe : The game of sho'-li-\ve is certainly the most distiuctive of any practiced by tbe Ziifii Indians. It is not confined to them, lint forms of it are found iinionc all the more settled of the present Indians in both our ov.'n southwest, and in northern, western, and central Mexico : while variants of it and derived .games may be traced over well-nigh the whole western half of our continent. A study of the distiuctive marks of the different sticks or cane slips used in this game by the Zuni would seem to indicate that this peculiar form of it is the most primitive. The reason for this will subseciuently appear. "Mr Owens described sho'-li-we in Some Games of the Zuni (Popular Science Monthly. V. 39. p. 41. ISOl). The names of the four sticks he gives as follows; The one whose concave side is entirely black, quin, Zuni for black : the one with one black end. path-to ; with two black ends, kd-ha-kwa ; and one with a lilack center, ath-lu-a. He figures two of the reeds, and the manner of holding the sticks, which he describes as thrown with the right hand against a suspended blanket and allowed to fall on another blanket. Two of the pieces belong to each man and are companions. There is a pool with twelve markers, and he who wins the markers wins the game. The winner takes the twelve markers up into his hands and breathes on tliem. This is because they have been good to him and allowed him to win. It is wholly a game of chance, and horses, guns, sad- dles, and everything are staked upon the throw. CULIN J DICE GAAIES: ZUNI 213 The name sho'-li-we is derived from sho'-o-li, arrow, and we, plural ending, signifying " parts of," sho'-we being the plural of simple arrows. Sho'-o-li, arrow, is derived in turn from sho'-o-le, cane, the termination li in the derived word being a contraction of li-a, and signifying out of, from, or made of. Thus, the name of the game may be translated caue arrows, or cane arrow pieces or parts. These parts consist of four slips of cane. From the fact that these slips are so split and cut from the canes as to include at their lower ends portions of the .loints or septa of the canes, and from the further fact that they are variously banded with black or red paint, or otherwise, it may be seen that they Pig. 289. Cane dice; length. 6 inches: Zunl Indians, Zuni, New Mexico; cat. no. 4964, Brooklyn Institute Museum. represent the footings or shaftments of cane arrows in which the septa at the lower ends serve as stops for the footing or nocking-plugs.a A study of the bandings by which these cane slips are distinguished from one another reveals the very significant fact that they are representative of the rib- bandings of cane-arrow shaftments. I hiive found that sets of Zuni. as well as the ancestral cliff-dweller arrows, were thus ribl)anded with Ijlack or red paint to symbolize, in the arrows so . marked, the numerical and successioual values of the four quarters, each set, especially of war arrows, consisting of four subsets, the shaftments of each marked differently. The reasons for this, and for processes of divination by Fig. 290. Cane dice, showing method of tying in bundle; Zuni Indians, Zuni. New Mexico; cat no. 4984. Brooklyn Institute Museum. which the members of the different sets among the arrows were determined dur- ing their manufacture, I have set forth in ii paper on " The Arrow," pulilished in the Proceedings of the American Association for the Advancement of Science, 1895, and also in the American Anthropologist for October of the same year. « The canes are split with reference to the notion that one side Is masculine or north, and the other feminine or south. This is determined by the direction or character of the natural growth, as well as liy the presence or ab.sence of the leaf pocket in the joint on the one side or the other of that particular section which forms the shaftraent of the arrow (Cushing>. In ancient China, according to the Chow Le (Lxii, 37). the arrow maker Hoated the arrow longitudinally upon water to determine the side which cor- responded to the principle of inertia and the side which corresponded to the principle of activity. The former sank, while the latter rose. He cut the notch with reference thereto. ; 214 GAMES OF THE NORTH AMERICAN INDIANS [eth. axn. 24 In the second part of that paper, the pulilieation of which was delayed by my Florida explorations. I proceeded to show how these various facts indicated quite clearly that the Zuni game of sho'-li-we. as its name implied, developed from the use of actual arrows for divination ; and I further instanced many ceremonial uses of simple or ceremonial arrows in sucli ilivinatory processes as further demonstrating this claim. It may he well for nie to [ireface a descriiition of the four cane slips consti- tuting the principal apparatus of the game by a statement or two relative to the successional numbers of the four (juarters as conceived in Zuni dramatography. The chief, or Master, region, as well as the first, is the North, designated the Yellow : believed to be the source of breath, wind, or the element of air. and the place of winter: hence of violence or war, and therefore masculine. The next, or second region is the West, designated the Blue ; believed to be the source of moisture or the element water and the jilace of spring, or renewal and fertility: hence of birth, and therefore feminine. The next, or third, is the South, desig- nated as the Red : believed to be the source of heat or the element fire, and the place of summer, of growth and productivity hence of fostering, and likewise feminine. The last, or fourth of the earthly regions represented in the ordinary sheaf of arrows and in the game, is the East, designated the White, and believed to be the source of seeds and the element earth, and the place Q- of autumn, of new years, and hence of cre- ^"X^^^^CS^ww^ ^ VvV^v-^ ation : therefore masculine again." <>^ ])) ^^^ ) E These various regionsI and their numbers1) Fig. 291. Arrow shaftments of the four ^"'^ meanings are symbolized on the ar- directions, showing ribbanding and cut rows of the four quarters by differences in cock feathers; Zuiii Indians. Zuiii. New their ribbandin^'s [fi""ure 291]. Mexico; from sketch by Frank Hamilton Tho.se of the North were characterized Cushing. by a single medial ribbanding around the shaftment, sometimes of yellow, but more usually of black, the color of death. Those of the West were also singly ribbanded coextensively with the shaft- ment, but there was oftentimes a narrow terminal band at either end of this broad band, sometimes of blue or green, but us\uilly of black. Those of the South were characterized by two bands midway between the two ends and the middle, .sometimes of red. but usually of black. Those of the East were characterized by either two narrow bands at either end. leaving the whole medial space of the shaftment white, or. more often by a single band at the upper end of the shaftment. sometimes composed of two narrow black fillets inclosing white, but usually merely black and not double. In the highly finished arrows the cock or tail feathers were notched and tufted to correspond numerically and positlonally with the bandings, for mythic reasons into which it is not necessar.v to enter here. Bach of the four cane slips was banded to correspond with the ribliandiugs of one or another of these sets of the arrows of the four quarters ; but the paint bands [figure 28.3] were almost invariably black and were placed in the con- cavity of the cane slip, not on the iieriphery (which was. however, scorched. " See Outlines of Zuiii Creation Myths. Thirteenth Annual Report of the Bureau of Ethnology, p. 369, 1896. CULixl DUE UAJIES: Zl XI 215 scoretl, or carved to correspond), evidently to keep tbe paint from being worn off t).v "handling and casting. Thus the cane slip of the North was banded only at the middle, and was called a'-thlu-a. or the all speeder, sender (a, all. and thlu-ab, to run, speed, or stand ready), Tbe cane slip of the West was blackened its full length and was called k'wi'-nikwa. or tbe Black (medicine), from k'wi'-na, black, and ak'kwa. " medicine " or " sacred," The cane slip of the South was doubly banded, as was the arrow of tbe South, and was called pathl-to-a, or divider divided (bordered, enclosed), from pathl-to. border edge. end. and oa, to become, to do. or make to do. Finally, the cane slip of the East was banded only at one end, and was called ko'ba-kwa .the white, or the White Medicine (ko'-ha-na, white, and ak'-kwa. " medicine "), In addition to tbe banding and scoring of these cane slips, they were, in cases of great importance, as in sets made from the captured arrows of some celebrated foemau. notched at the ends, as I have said the cock feathers were notched ; but this old practice has fallen Into disuse to such extent that I have seen only one venerated set so notched. In this set, if I observed aright, the notches corresponded in number as well as in place, whether at the sides or in 'be middle of the ends with the number and positions of the bandings and of the tnftings on the cock feathers of tbe arrows from which, probably, they were made. The normal numerical value of the cane slips agreed with the successional values of tbe regions they belonged to—that is, the slip of the North made one : that of tbe West, two : that of the South, three, and that of the East, four. But as this gave unequal values, other values or counts were added, according as the slips fell concave or convex sides uppermost, and especially according to the thrower. That this may be understood, the general nature of the game as essentially a sacred tribal process of divination must be considered. Formerly sho'-li-we was exclusivel.v a game of war divination, and was pla.ved only by priests of the Bow. memljers of tbe esoteric society of war shamans. These members were, according to their totems and clans, members of the clan groups corresponding to the several quarters or sacred preeints of North. West, South. East, Upper. Lower, and Middle regions. But since there were only four regions concerned in the waging of war, clansmen of the upper and nether regions were relegated to the east and west, since the places of the upper and lower regions in the sacred diagram were in the northeast—betwt>en the East and North, and in the southwest—between the West and South; while clansmen of the middle might, as determined by the casts of their arrow canes, belong to any one of the other regions, since tbe midmost was the s.vnthetic region, the all-containing and tbe all-contained place, either the first, therefore, or tbe last. This war game of the priests of the Bow was pla.ved semiannually at tbe festi- vals of the Twin Gods of War, Ahaiyuta and Matsailema, patrons of the game by virtue of their vanquishment of the creational god of gambling Mi'-si-na, the Eagle star god, whose forfeited head now hangs in the Milk.v Way, and whose birds are tbe god servants of war and the pUuuers of the canes of war. It is played at su<-h times as a tribal divination : a forecast for war or peace, for prosperity or adversity, and is accompanied by tribal hazards and gambling. But at other times it is played for the determination of peace or war, of tbe direction or precaution to be taken in defensive or offensive operations or preparations. As thus played, there must be four participants. Eacb pos- sesses his own canes. In the uppermost room of the \. bio (now f.-illen). there was formerly a shriue of the game. Here during terrific sand storms or 216 GAMES OF THE NORTH AMERICAN INDIANS [eth. ANN. 24 at night the players gathered to divine. To the middle of the celling was sus- pended a jical or large round bowl-basket, over which a deerskin was stretched like a drumhead. lunuediately below this, spread over a sacred diagram of prayer meal lepresenting the terrace or cloud bed of the four quarters, on the floor, was a bufCalo robe, pelt side up, head to the east, left side to the north, etc. [figure 292], t'pon this pelt a broken circle was traced either in black lines or dots, and with or without grains of corn (forty for each line, the colors corresponding to the quarters as above described), and the openings (canyons or passageways) occurriug at the four points opposite the four directions. It should be observed that a cross ( -j- ) was sometimes painted both on the center of the skin on the basket driuu and on the hide beneath, the upper sym- bolic of Ahaiyuta, and the lower of Matsallema, the Twin War Gods, The four pla.vers chose their places according to the clan groups and directions or quar- ters they represented : the player of the North between the Fig. 293. Hide gaming circuit for cane Zuni eastern and northern passage-dice; Indians, Zuni, New Mexico; from sketch by Frank way : the player of the West Hamilton Cusliing. between the northern and west- ern passageway, and so on. The players of the East and North represented war, and in other modes of the game, masculinity : those of the West and South, peace and femininity. Before taking their places they muttered pra.vers, or rather rituals, clasp- ing the playing canes lengthwise between the palms, breathing deeply from, and from the close of the prayers, repeatedly upon them, rubbing and shuffling them vigorously, from which comes the title of a skilled player or a gambler, shos'-li, cane rubber, or cane shuffler. As they took their seats, each placed under the edge of the buffalo hide in front of his place the pool, consisting of sacred white shell beads, or of little tablets representative of va- rious properties and thus forming a kind of currency, since these little symbols were redeemable in the prop- erties they represented or in commodities of equal value by agreement. Each also laid down at his right side on the edge of the robe over Fig . 29y. Manner of liolding cane dice in game of sholiwe; the pool two kinds Zunl Indians, Zuni, New Mexico; from sketch byof count- Frank Hamilton Gushing. ers, usually a set of count- ing straws of broom grass, about six or seven inches long, worn by much use, and varying in number according to the proposed game. From ten to forty or forty-two, or from one hundred to one hundred and two, this latter number divided at random into four bundles, was selected by each player. The addi- tional counters were supplied by beans or corn grains, each set, or the set of each player, being of his ai)propriate color. Four splints, the moving pieces of the game, were laid in their places by the left sides of the passageways. cDLiN] wcE games: zuxi 217 Each player then shuffled bis caue cards back and forth in his palms, as before descril)ed. as though to smooth and beat them, addressed them, especially the stick of his special cjuarter, as (for the East) "'Now then, white one. come thou uppermost! " ; then laying the all-sender or bis special slip as such acros.s the two middle lingers and the other three slijis upon it inside of one another, his thumb iiressing over their middle, the ends pointed outward over the index finger, and the bases held down to the base of the palm by the bent-over little finger [figure 293]. be quickly breathed or puffed upon them, shouted at tbem, and cast tbem skillfuU.v against the stretched skin of the basket, so that they rebounded sw iftly and fell almost xuierriugly within the circle on the pe'-wi-ne or bed of liuffalo hide. Now it was noted which slip lay uppermost over the others. If the White man tlu'ew. and if the white stick lay uppermost over all the others, he uttered thanks and the cast counted bim four and gave him the privilege of another cast. If. moreover, all three sli|is except bis sender lay concave sides upward, they counted him ten and gave him a second additional throw. If all three fell convex sides up, tbe.v counted him five: if two concave sides and one convex side up. they counted bim three, and if two convex sides and one concave side up. they counted him oul.v one. The player who had the largest number of liotli kinds of counts after each liad ti"ied. led off in the game and was supiiosed tit only the counts according to the regions, if the game was purely an arrow or war divination. But it is to be noted that in either case an ingenious method was resorted- to in order to equalize the coinits. Since the North or Yellow man could gain only one and a double throw if his slip came uppermost, he gained the count of bis oi)ponent. the South, if bis slip fell uppermost on the Relaces to the left as the cast called for. If a player of the East or the North overtook a player of the West or South, if his pointer fell in the same space, he maimed his opponent, sent bim back to his passageway, and rolihcd liim of his load ; that is. took or made him forfeit his counts. The completion of the fourth circuit liy any one of the players closed the ordi- nary game, providing the sum of the cosmical counts bad been won liy him. and the player who. with his ])artner, had tlie largest aggregate of l>i)th lot and cosmical counts was the winner. There were many variants of tliis game as to counts. Some of these were so complicated that it was absolutely impossible for me to gain knowledge of them in the short practice I bad in the play. I have given here, not very pre- cisely or fully, the simplest form I know, except that of the lot and diagram, which was ipiite like that of ta'-sho'-li-we or wood canes, which may be seen by the above description to he an obvious derivative both in mode and name of the older game of canes. It was evidently thus divorced for purposes of exoteric play, as it is jiracticed not only by men but also by women. Mrs Matilda Coxe Stevenson " gives a nuniijer of additional par- ticulars in reference to sholiwe. and her description of the game, ' Zuni Qames. American Anthropologist n. s., v. 5, p. 480, 1903. : — 218 GAMES OF THE NORTH AMERICAN INDIANS [eth. aijn. 24 wliicli follows, differs from the preceding in the names of the canes and in the manner in which they are arranged when cast Legend says that it was jiliiyed for rains t),v the Gods of War and the Ah'- shi\v;inni " soon after coming to this world. The Ah'shiwanni tifterward thought the reeds used for the game were too long, so their length was measured from the tip of the thumb to the tip of the middle fluger, the fingers extended. The Ah'shiwanni considered this game so efticacious in bringing rains that the.v organized a fraternity, which the.v called Showekwe, arrow-reed people, while the Ah'shiwi were at II.an''hlipin'k,T, for the express purviose of playing the game for rain. Ten men i -i a 1 were designated b.v the Ah'slii- fMIBi \iSlil ni' f' ^^\S wanni as the original memberslllllill of the Showekwe. The prayers of the fraternit.\- were sure to bring rains. . . . Each plajer takes the side of one of the Gods of War, two pieces of split reed representing the side of the elder God of War and two the .yoiuiger God of War. The writer for con- venience numbers the reeds 1, •2. ::. -1 [figure 21141. No. 1, named knin'na. black, has the concave side of the reed colored black, indicating morn- ing, noon, and sunset, or the whole day. Three sets of lines on the convex side denote the three periods of the day morning, noon, and stinset. No. 2. athluwa. center, has a daub of black midway of the reed, concave side, denoting midday. The lines on the con- vex side also denote noon. No. .">, kdhakwa, white shell, has a l)aub of black paint at either end of the concave side, indicat- ing mornin.g and evening. or sun- rise and sunset. Lines on the Fig. 294. Split reeds used in sh61iwe: Zuiii Indians, Zuni. New Mexico; from Mrs Stevenson. convex side denote the same. No. 4. pahlto, mark on the end, has a daub of black paint on the joint end of the concave side, denoting sunrise, which to the Zuni is the first light of day. oi' the white light which comes first ; and the lines on the convex side indicate the same. Three dots are sometimes found on the joint of the reed, indicating eyes and inouth of the face, which is not delineated. Other reeds have oidy two dots for the eyes. Nos. 1 and .3 are said to belong to the elder God of War. and nos. 2 and 4 to the Younger God of War. The i>layer representing the elder god bolds no. 3 concave side up, and slides no 2 into the groove of no. ."J, the " Rain priests. CULIX] DICE (iAMES : ZUXI 219 joiiir of uo. 2 falling below that of uo. 'A. He tbeu slides no. 4 into that of no. 2. also alU>\ving the joint to extend below. Xo. 1 is held crosswise, the others at an a^ute anjrle (the reeds are sometimes crossed at right angles) with the grooved side against the corresponding sides of the others, the joint to the left, and the opposite end projecting a little more than an inch lie.vond the group (ligure L'95|. When the representative of the younger (Jod of War plays, he runs no. ','• into the groove cjf no. 2 and uo. 1 intc uo. ;?. and crosses them with no. 4. The reed which crosses the others is designated as the thrower. Init the same reed, as stated, is not used by both players. In this position the reeds are thrown upward against au inverted basket, in or 12 inches in diameter, covered with a piece of blanket or clotU and suspended from the <'eiliug. The reeds strike the cloth over the basket and fall to a blanket spread on the floor to recei\e them. If pla.ved out of doors, which is seldom the case at present, tlie l)asket is suspended aliove tiie l)lanket from the apex of three poles, arranged tripod fasliion. with sufficient space beneath for the blanket and players. When the representative of the elder God of War tluuws aiul the concave side of no. 1 and the convex sides of the others are up. llie trick is won: or if Fig. 295. Method of placing reeds iu playing sholiwe: Zuni IiuUans, Zuiii, New Mexico; from Mrs Stevenson. no. 1 be convex side up with tlie others concave uii. the trick is won. If no. 1 crosses no. 3, or vice versa. conve.\ sides up. tlie trick is won. even should oue cross the others by but a hairsl)readth. If uos. 2 and 4 should lie crossed as described, the trick goes to the opponent. If all convex sides are up. or vice versa, the trick is lost. If the convex side of no. 3 is up and tlie others have the concave sides up, the trick belongs to the opponent. When the representative of the younger (iod of War plays, the counts are reversed. Silver buttons are the favorite chips for the game. Though sholiwe is the favorite of the lot games of the elder Ah'shlwi. it being the game of the professional gamblers of the puelilo. there is no thought of per.sonal gain wheii it is played It.v the Ah'shiwauni for rains. .Vt this time great ceremony is ob- served and liuikskins are used in place of the cloth covering over the liasket and the blanket on the floor. The skin on the floor has the head to the east: a broken circle, forming a quadrant, is drawn on the skin. There is but little ceremon.v associated with the game when played by tlie pro- fessional or other gamblers. The most abandoned, however, would not dare to pla.v without first offering iirayers to the Gods of War. invoking their blessing, and breathing on their reeds. 220 GAMES or THE NORTH AMERICAN INDIANS [eth. ann. 24 Zrxi. Zuiii, New Mexico. (United States National Museum.) Cat. no. 69285. Set of three sticks of larch wood, 85 inches in length, 1 inch in breadth, and 8^ inches in thickness (figure ^OC)) : sec- tion rectangular: one side painted red, the opposite unpainted. Cat. no. 60004. Set of three sticks of pinon wood (one missing), 3f inches in length, Ij. inches in breadth, and three-sixteenths of an inch in thickness: one side flat and blackened, the opposite roughly rounded and unpainted: ends cut straight across and painted black. Cat. no. 69355. Set of three sticks rudely shaped from pinon wood, 54 inches in length, thi'ee-fourths of an inch in breadth, and about one-fourth oi an inch in thickness; section rectangular, with both sides flat : one painted black, the opposite plain. Cat. no. 69352. Set of three sticks of pinon wood, 54 inches in length, 1^ inches in breadth, and about one-fourth of an inch in thick- ness: one side flat and painted black, the opposite rounded and painted red. Fis;. '-".n'l. Fig. J'.n. Fig. 2yfi. Stick dice: length, 3j inches; Zuni Indians, Ziini, New Mexico: cat. no. 6928.5. United States National Museum. Fi(i. 297. Stick dice: length, 4 inches: Zuni Indians. Zuni. New Mexico: cat. no. 69287, United States National Museum. Cat. no. 69284. Set of three sticks of pinon wood, 5^ inches in length, seven-eighths of an inch in breadth, and about three-sixteenths of an inch in thickness; slightly rounded on both sides, one being painted black and the other red. Cat. no. 69354. Set of three sticks of pinon wood, 5| inches in length, about If inches in breadth, and three-sixteenths of an inch in thickness; jiainted black im one side, the oppo.site side unpainted; corresponding ends on one side cut straight across and the oppo- site with one corner rounded. Cat. no. 69340. Set of three sticks of pine wood, 6 inches in length, l-j\ inches in breadth, and seven-sixteenths of an inch in thick- ness: section rectangular; one side marked with triangles of red and black paint, the opposite side unpainted. Cat. no. 69287. Set of three sticks of white pine, 4 inches in length, three-fourths of an inch in breadth, and three-sixteenths of an inch in thickness (figure 297); one face flat, with triangles ; CCLIN] DICE games: zrxi 221 painted red and blaok and outlined by incised lines, the opposite rounded and unjjainted. Cat. no. 69281. Set of three sticks of yellow pine. 5i inches in length, 1 inch in breadth, and three-eighths of an inch in thickness (fig- ure 298) : one face flat and unpainted. the opposite face I'ounded and painted red and black in triangular designs, the triangles on one side being red with a black inner triangle, and vice vei'sa, the outline of the larger triangles deeiDly incised. Cat. no. 69003. Set of three sticks of basswood, 4f inches in length, If inches in breadth, and five-sixteenths of an inch in thickness (figure 299) ; flat and painted light red on one side, oj>posite side rounded and painted in triangular designs in red and black, the pattern being double that on numbers 69340. 69287. and 69281. The preceding Zunian staves were collected by Colonel James Stev- enson. They were all use^, as I was informed by Mr Cushing. for the game of tasholiwe, or wooden' canes, which he described to me as follows: Ta'-sho'-li-we " is played according to tlae tlarows of three wooden lilocks, i)iunted red on one side and blaciv upon tbe other, around a circle of stones placed upon the sand. Two or four players engage, using two or four splints as markers, and advancing, according to their throws, around the circle, which is divided Into forty parts by pebbles or fragments of pottery, and has four openings, called doorways, at its four quarters. At the commencement of the game four colored splints are arranged at these Fig. 29S. Stick dice: length, 5J points: At the top (North) a yellow splint, at the inches: Zniii Indians, Zuiii, New (West) a Mexico:left blue, at the bottom cat. no. 69281, United(.South) a red, States National Museum. and at the right (East) a white splint. The blocks are tossed, ends down, on a disk of sandstone placed in the middle of the circle, and the counts are as follows : Three red sides up count 10 : three black sides up, o ; two red and one black, 3 ; two black and one red. 2. A count of 10 gives another throw. When four play, the straws of the North and West move around from right to left, and those of the South and East from left to right. When a jilayer's move terminates at a division of the circle occupied by an adversary's straw he takes it up and sends it back to the begin- ning. It is customary to make the circuit of the stones four times, beans or corn of different colors being used to count the number of times a player has gone around. The colors on the wooden blocks or dice symbolize the two con- ditions of men : Red, light or wakefulne.ss : black, darkness or sleep. The splints have the following symbolism : At top, yellow, north, air. winter at left, blue. west, water, spring; at bottom, red. south, tire, summer: at right, white, east, earth autumn. " Ta'-sho'-li-we was described by John G. Owens In the Popular Science Monthly, v. 3», 1891. He gives the name of the cenlial stone as a-reyley and tbe dice ta-mey. Fin- counting, each player has a horse, or toucha. '•The horse is supposed to stop and diink at the intervals between the groups of stones. One game which I witnessed had loaded rifle cartridges tor stakes. Each player places his bet within the "circle of stones. 222 GAMES OF THE NORTH AMERICAN INDIANS [bth. ANN. 24 The following is a vocabulary of the game : blocks, ta'-sho'-li-vve ; literally of wood cones : splints, ti'-we ; circle of stones, i'-te-tcbi-na-kya-a'-we, literally from one to another succeeding; doorway, a-weua-a-te-kwi-a, literally doorway, all tlirectioiis of; beans used as counters, a-wi'-yah-ua-kya no'we, literally, for keeping count beans. Mrs Matilda Coxe Stevenson " gives the counts in this game as fol- lows: Three colored sides up count 10 ; three uncolored sides up. 5 ; two uncolored and one colored. 3 ; two colored and one uncolored, 2. The first one around the circle wins the game, provided his count does not cai'ry him beyond the starting point, in which event he must continue going round until his counter reaches the doorway, or spring, as the opening is often called. Fig- 299. Fig. 300. Fio. 2i)9. Stick dice; length, H inches; Zunl Indians, Zuni, New Mexico: cat. no. 69008, United States National Museum. Fig. :«I. stick dice; length, ot inches; Zuni Indians, Zuni, New Mexico; cat. no. 28.591, Free Museum of Science and Art. University of Pennsylvania. Mrs Stevenson says that the Zufii declare that they adopted this game from the Navaho. Zuni. Ztu"ii. Xew Mexico. (Cat. no. 22591, Free Museum of Science and Art, University of Pennsylvania.) Four soft wood blocks (figure 300), 5] inches long and 1^ inches wide, painted black and marked on the rounded side with diag- onal lines and chevrons, two and two alike. Collected by the writer in 1902. New Mexico. (Cat. no. 16531, Free Museum of Science and Art, University of Pennsylvania.) Eeproductions of set of three blocks, originals of jDiiion wood, 4 inches in length, 1-| inches in breadth, and five-sixteenths of an inch in thickness (figure 301) ; made by Mr Gushing; rectangu- " Zuni Games. .American Anthropologist, n. s., v. 5, p. 495, 1903. ; CnLIN] DICE games: zuni 223 lar in section; one side painted uniformly white and the opposite side with transverse bands of color separated by black lines of paint, in the following order: yellow, blue, red, variegated, white, speckled, and black." Mr Cushing informed me that these blocks are used in a divinatory foi'ni of tasholiwc. called tenithlanahnatasholiwe, of all the region's wood canes. In this game the counting grains are named for : North, thlup-tsi kwa-kwe, yellow medicine seed people ; West, thli'-a kwa-kwe, blue medicine seed people South, shi-lo-a kwa-kwe. red medicine seed people ; East. Ivo'-ha Ivwa-kwe, white medicine seed people ; Upper region, kii'-tsu-a kwa-kwe, variegated medi- cine seed people; Lower legion, k'wi'-na kwa-kwe. lilaek medicine seed people: Middle or all-contaiuing region, i'-to-pa-nah-na kwa-kwe, of all colors medicine seed people. Fig. 301. Fig. 302. Pig. 301. Stick dice; length, 4 inches; Zuiii Indians, Ziini, New Mexico; cat. no. 185.31. Free Museum of Science and Art, University of Pennsylvania. Fig. 302. Stict dic'e for basket-dice game; lungth, 4 inches; Zuni Indians, Zuiii, New Mexico; cat. no. 30;55. Brooklyn Institute Museum. This game is employed in name divination and prognostication of an indi- vidual, u.sually of a youth, the colors Iieing noted for the puritose of determining the rank, and n:inie significant thereof, of the one for whom the divination is made. Mrs Matilda Coxe Stevenson, commenting upon the above game (figure :101 ), says that she has not discovered any such form, but that a Zuni will sometimes, when he wishes to play sholiwe, refer to the canes as tcmtlanana .sholiwe. literally all grandfathers' arrow reeds, i. e., reeds of our forefathers." Ztjni. Zuni, New Mexico. (Cat. no. 3035, Brooklyn Institute Museum.) Four very tliin flat sticks, 4 inches in length, painted red on one side as shown in figure 302. there being two and two alike, the reverse plain. Collected by the writer in 1903. The Zuni described these sticks as used as dire in the game of tsaspatsawe. a woman's game. learned iiy the Zuni from the Navaho and regarded iis a "The stick with notches (page 194>, used In the Tanoan game, suggests the probability that these painted sticks replaced others wrapped with colored thread or fabric. " Zuni Games. American Anthropologist, n. s., V. 5, p. 496, 1903. 224 GAMES OF THE NORTH AMERICAN INDIANS [eth. ANN. 24 Navaho game. The sticks are tossed up in a small native basket. The counts are as follows : All painted sides up count 4 ; three painted sides up, 3 ; two painted sides up, 2 ; one painted side up. 1. ZuiJi. Zuni, New Mexico. (Cat. no. '23594, Free Museum of Science and Art. University of Pennsylvania.) Fig. 303. Fig. 304. Fig. .303. Wooden dice for basket-dice game; length, 1^^ inches; Zuiii Indians, Zuni, New Mexico: cat. no. :3:i594. Free Museum of Science and Art, University of Pennsylvania. Pig. 304. Basket for dice; diameter, 10} inches: Zuni Indians, Zuni, New Mexico; cat. no. 22594, Free Museum of Science and Art. University of Pennsylvania. Five wooden blocks (figure 303), 1 b}' IJ inches and one-fourth of an inch thick, painted black and marked with incised lines on one side, the other side being left plain, accompanied by a Zuni basket. 10:} inches in diameter (figure 304). Collected by the writer in 1002. The name of the game was given as thlaspatsa ananai ; that of the basket, tselai. I Men and women play. Two persons engage, and money is bet on the game. The counts are as follows : Five black up counts 10 ; five white up. 5 ; four white up. 4 : three white up, 3 ; two wTiite up. 2 ; one white up, 1. The game is 10. S^ Fig. .305. Fig. 306. Fig. 305. Wooden dice and tossing instrument; lengths of dice, Ij and 3^ inches: Zuni Indians, Zuni, New Mexico; cat. no. 3044, 304'j, Brooklyn Institute Museum. Pig. 306. Wooden dice; diameter, 11 Inches; Zuni Indians, Zuiii, New Mexico; cat. no. 3046, Brooklyn Institute Museum. New Mexico. (Brooklyn Institute Museum.) Cat. no. 3044. Three diamond-shaped pieces of wood (figure 305), 2J inches long, painted black on one side and red on the other; called moiachua tslemmai, star boards. Cat. no. 3045. Two flat wooden blocks (figure 305), U by IJ inches, painted red on one side and having a black stripe on the other; called tslemmai kokshi, good boards. ofLixi DICE games: zfni 225 These games are played by two men. The boards are put on the end of a flat forked stk'k and tossed in the air. They play turn about until one throws all red or all black and wins. The throwing board is called tslem-mal kwil-li ka-so-la, two-forked board. Cat. no. 30-K'). Four flat wooden disks (figure 306), li inches in diameter, blacii on one side and red on the other. They are called tslai-wai pl-so-Ii, round boards, and are used like the preceding, except that the toards are thrown by hand. All of the above-mentioned specimens were collected by the writer in 1903. 24 ETH—O.'l M 15 GUESSINd (iAMES The implements for the stick games are of two jDrincipal i) of fine splints, longer than the preceding, of which one or more in a set are distinguished by marks, employed by the Indians of the Athapas- can, Lutuamian, Shastan, Weitspekan, and "Wishoskan tribes near the Pacific coast; (t) of sticks and rushes, entirely unmarked, employed by the Indians of the Algontiuian, Iroquoian, Kulanapan, Siouan, and Washoan tribes. The marks on the implements of the first sort are understood as referring to various totemic animals, etc., which are actually carved or painted on some of the sets. In the second form of the game the sticks, are replaced by flat disky, variously marked on the edges. In this form tlie game is played by Indians of the Cliinookan, Salishan, Shahaptian, and Wakashan stocks, and is confined to the Pacific coast. The number of sticks or disks varies from ten to more than a hun- dred, there being no constant number. The first operation in the game, that of dividing the sticks or disks into two bundles, is invari- alily the same. The object is to guess the location of an odd or a par- ticularly marked stick. On the Pacific coast the sticks or disks are usually hidden in a mass of shredded cedar bark. On the Atlantic coast the sticks are commonly held free in the hands. In one instance it is recorded that the guesser uses a pointer to indicate his choice. The count is commonly kept with the sticks or disks themselves, the players continuing until one or the other has won all. On the Northwest coast the sets of sticks are almost uniformly con- tained in a leather j^ouch, sometimes with the inner side painted, with a broad flap to which a long thong is attached, passing several times around tiie pouch, and having a pointed strip of bone, horn, or ivory at the end. The latter is slipped under the thong as a fastening. The identification of these sticks with arrow shaftments is aided by comparison with the banded shaftments of actual arrows, as, for example, those of the llupa (figure 307). Figure 308 represents a cut shaftment of an actual arrow, still bearing bands of rod paint. :: 228 GAMES OF THE NORTH AMERICAN INDIANS [eth. anx. 24 found among the debris of a clili'-dwelling in Mancos canyon, Colo- rado, which Mr dishing regarded as having been intended for a game in the manner of the sticks. In this connection the following account of the tiyotii^i of the Dakota, by Stephen R. Iliggs," will be found of interest The exponent of the phratry was the tiyotipi. or soldier's lodge. Its meaning is the lodge of lodges. There were placed the bundles of black and red sticks Pig. 307. Arrow shattment showing ribband ng; Hupa Indians, California; cat. no. 126517, Unitt-d States National Mnsenm. of the soldier.s. There the soldiers gathered to talk and smoke and feast. There the laws of the eneamimient were enacted. Describing the lodge, he says: A good fire is blazing inside, and we may just lift up the skin door and crawl ill. Toward the rear of the tent, but near enough for convenient u.se, is a large pipe placed by the symbols of power. There are two bundles of shaved sticks aboHt G inches long. The sticks in one bundle are painted black and in the other red. The black bundle represents the real men of the camp—those who Pio. 308. Cut arrow shaftment; length, 6 inches; clifE-dwellinK, Mancos canyon, Colorado; Free Museum of Science and Art, University of Pennsylvania have made their mark on the wari)ath. The red bundle represents the boys and such men as wear no eagle feathers. Again, he says Then of all the round-shaved sticks, some of which were painted black, and some painted red, four are especially marked. They are the four chiefs of the tiyotipi that were made. And these men are not selected at random for this place, but men who have killed many enemies and are most able are chosen. " Dakota (iiammar. Texts and Ethnography, edited by James Owen Dorsey. Contribu- tions to North American Ethnology, v. S), p. 105, 200, Washington. 1893. STICK GAMES : CHIPPEWA 229 In conclusion, Mr Kiggs adds: The special marking of the sticljs is done on the line of personal history. Whatever is indicated by the kind of eagle feathers a man is entitled to wear on his head, and by the notches in them, this is all hieroglyphed on Iiis stick in the tiyotipi. Then these bundles of sticks are used for gambling. The ijuestion is "Odd or even?" The forfeits are paid in meat for the tiyotii)i. The gambling mat used in the stick game by the Thompson (figure 335) suggests a probable explana- tion of the origin of the long woven head ornament, consisting of a strip or net made of native hemp (fig- ure 309) worn down tln' back by the Hupa in one of their dances. From the general resemblance of the two objects and the constant use of other gambling implements as head ornaments, the writer is inclined to connect the Hupa head band with their common game of kin. It may have been used to wrap the sticks or as a mat for the game. ALGONQUIAN STOCK Algonkin. Three Rivers. Quebec. Pierre Boucher" says: The game of straw (paille) is played with little straws made for this purpose and which are divided very unequally Our Frenchmen have Pig. 309.not Head or-into three parts, as in hazard. yet nament; length, been able to learn this game. It is full of vivacy ; and 38 inches; Hupa straws are among them what cards are with us. Indians, Hupa vaUey.Califor- Chippewa. Turtle mountain. North Dakota. (Cat. nia; cat. no. 37263, American Museum of Natural Free Museum ofno- rTTT' Science and Art, History.) University of Pennsylvania. Eleven sticks (figure 310). painted saplings. 18 inches long. These were collected in 1903 by Dr William Jones, who described them as used in a game called agintakunanatiwinani, stick counting. Two men play. One takes the sticks, five in one hand and six in the other, Fio. 310. Stick game; length of stiiks, 18 inches; Chippewa Indians, Turtle mountain, North Dakota; cat. no. iffr, American Museum of Natural HLstory. his opponent guessing which hand held the odd stick, touching the hand he selects. The division and guess are elTected with great rapidity. " nistoire Veritable et Xatiirclle des Moeiirs et Productions du Pays de la Novelle France, ch. 10. Paris. 1664. : : 230 GAMES OF THE NORTH AMERICAN INDIANS [eth. ANN. 24 Cree. Wind River reservation, Wyoming. (Cat. no. 37027, Free Museum of Science and Art, University of Pennsylvania.) Tw-enty-nine peeled willow twigs (figure 311), 18 inches in length. These were collected in 1000 by the writer, for whom they were made by a Cree of Kiel's band, who gave the name as tepashgue ma- tun and said the game was derived from the Salish. Played by two persons. One takes the liuntUe and rolls the stk-ks in his hands and divides them into two parts, throwing one bundle to the other player; who guesses which contains the even number of sticks. If the bundle designated is odd, the guesser loses. Sometimes the sticks are divided into two bundles and held crosswise, the other then guessing. They do not sing at this game. Pig. 3n. Stick game: length of sticks, 18 inches; Cree Indians, Wyoming: cat. no. 87027. Free Museum of Scien<^e and Art, University of Pennsylvania. Muskowpetung reserve, Qu'appelle, Assiniboia. (Cat. no. G1987, Field Columbian Museum.) Bundle of twenty-five slender willow splints (figure 31-2 , 10 inches in length. They are used in the game of counting sticks, ahkitaskoomnah- mahtowinah, and are described as follows by the collector. Mr J. A. Mitchell Played by both men and women or by either separately. Players are divided into two parties, seated opposite each other. Stakes of money, clothing, etc., are then put up in a common lot. The person inviting the players begins the game by secretly dividing the bundle of twenty-five sticks into two lots, holding one bundle in either hand. If his opponent chooses the bundle contiiining the even number of Pig. 312, Stick game; length of sticks, 19 inches; Cree Indians, A.ssiniboia; cat. no. 61987, Field sticks, he wins ; if the odd bundle, Columbian Museum. he loses, and the play passes to the next couple. Play is kept up until either one or the other party desires to stop, when the wagered articles are taken possession of liy the iiart,\- having made the most points and are divided among all that party. The game is sometimes kept up for several days and nights. Illinois. Illinois. Mr Andrew McFarland Davis " states I am indebted to Dr Trumbull for information th.at a MS. Illinois dictionary (probably compiled Ijy (Jravier, about ITOti) gives many of the terms used In the games of straws and dice. Massachuset. Massachusetts. AVilliam Wood, in his New England's Prospect,* says: They have two sorts of games, one called puim. the other hubl)ub, not much unlike cards and dice, being no other than lottery. Puim is fifty or sixty " Bulletin of the Essex Institute, v. 18, note p. 177, Salem, 1886. " London, 1634 : Reprint, p. 00, Boston, 1898. : ciLiM STTCK GAMES: PIEGAN 231 siii:ill lients of a foot long which they divide to the number of their gamesters, shuffling them first between the pahns of their hands ; he that hath nKjre than his fellow is so much the forwarder in his game: many other strange whim- sies be in this game : which would be too long to commit to jiajjcr : he that 's a noted gambler, hath a great hole in his ear wherein he carries his jiuims in defiance of his antagonists. Miami. St. Joseph river, Micliigaii. P. de Charlevoix " says That day the I'ottaw.itomi had come to play the game of straws with the Miami. They played in the hut of the chief, and in a place opposite. These straws are small, about as thick as a wheat straw and 2 inches long. Each player takes a bundle of them, usually containing two hundred and one, always an uneven number. After having well shaken them about, making meanwhile a thousand contortions and invoking the spirits, they separate them, with a sort of thorn or pointed bone, into parcels of ten. Each one takes his own, haphazard, and he who has chosen the parcel containing eleven wins a certain nunitier of points, as may have been agreed upon. The game is CO or 80, There were other wa.vs of playing this game which the.v were willing to explain to me, but I could understand nothing unless it was that sometimes the number 9 wins the game. The.v also told me that there is as much skill as chance in this game, and that the savages are extremely clever at it, as at all other games ; that they give themselves up to it and spend whole days and nights at it ; that sometimes they do not stop playing until they are entirely naked, having nothing more to lose. There is another way of playing, without stakes. This is purely a pastime, but it has almost always bad consequences for morals. Narraoanset. Rhode Island. Roger AVilliams, in his Key into the Language of America,'' says: Their games (like tlie English) are of two sorts; private and public; a game like unto the English cards, yet instead of cards, they play with strong rushes. In his vocabulary he gives the following definitions: Akesuog : they are at cards, or telling of rushes : pi.ssinneganash : their play- ing rushes ; ntakesemin : I am telling, or counting : for their play is a kind of arithmetic. NoRRiDGEwocK. Norridgcwock, Maine. In the dictionary of Father Sebastian Rasles.'" as pointed out l)y Mr Davis,'' one finds corresponding witli jiissinneganash, the word pesseniganar, defined as " les pailles avec quoi on joiie a un autre jeu." Peegan. Montana. Mr Louis L. Meeker writes ^: A game, described as straws or Indian cards, is played with a ninnber of unmarked sticks. Piegan pupils at Fort Shaw, ilontana, used lead pencils for « < .loiirnal d'un Voyage dans I'Am^rique Septcntrionnale, v. ."i. p. 318. Taris. 1744. " London, 104:i. ("ollections of tlie Rhode Island Historical Society, v. 1, p. It.",, I'rovl- dence, ls:.»7. Memoirs American Academy of .\rt3 and Sciences, n. s.. v. I. p. 47:;, Cambridge, 1833. I Bulletin of tlie Essex Institute, v. 18, p. 176, Salem, 18.SG. ' In a letter to the author. : : 232 GAMES OF THE NOKTH AMEEICAN INDIANS (eth. anx. 24 the purpose. An odd uumber was separated into two portions by one player. The other chose one portion. If the number was odd, he won. Powhatan. Virginia. William Strachey " says Dice play, or cards, or lots they know not, how be it they use a game upon rnshes much like priniero. wherein they card and discard, and lay a stake too, and so win and lose. The.v will play at this for their bows and arrows, their copper beads, hatchets, and their leather coats. In his vocabulary Strachey gives ": To play at any game, mamantu terracan." Roger Beverley " says They have also one great diversion, to the practising of which are requisite whole handfuls of little sticks or hard straws, which they know how to count as fast as they can cast their eyes upon them, and can handle with a surprising dexterity. Satjk AND Foxes. Iowa. {Cat.no. y|-fj, American Museum of Nat- ural History.) Bundle of one hundred and two peeled willow sticks (figure 313), 12 inches in length, and a pointed stick (figure 314), with a red- painted tip, 13i inches in length. These were collected by Dr William Jones, who describes them as implements for the counting game, agitci kanahamogi. The name means to count with an agent ; agi- lasowa. he counts; agitasoweni. count- ing. Dr Jones informed me that the "'^^e^^::^^^:!:^:^ S-^e is no longer played, but, from cat. no. ,Hs, American Museum of the Constant reference to it in stories. Natural History. j,^^ ^^^^^^ ^^.^ .^jj f^^^^^^mv with it and made the above-described implements according to their tradition. In playing, the entire bundle is held together in the hands and allowed to fall in a pile, which is then divided with the pointed stick, called the dividing stick. Fig. 314. Dividing stick for stick game; length, 13i inches; Sauk and Fox Indians, Iowa; cat. no. jff,, American Museum of Natural History. The object is to separate either 9, shagawa ; or 11, metaswi neguti, or 13, 15, 17, or 19,<: but the player must call out which of these numbers he attempts to divide before imtting down the dividing stii-k. If he succeeds he scores 1 point, but if he fails the turn goes to another iilayer. " Historie of Travaile Into Virginia Britannia, p. 78 ; printed for the Hakluyt Society, London. 1849. "I The History and Present State of Virginia, p. .53, London. ITO."!; p. 175, Richmond, \a.. 18.55. < Or 21, 31, 41 ; 23, 33, 43 ; 25, 35, 45 ; 27, 37, 47 ; 29, 39, 49, etc. : CULIN] STICK GAMES : HUPA 233 Another set of implements for the same game in this collection (cat. no. yfrr) consists of fifty-one sticks (figure 315), 9^ inches in length, and a finder, a forked twig IS inches in lengtli. Another name for the game is ateso'kaganani, from ateso 'kawa. he tells a storv—that is, a mvth. Fig. 315 Stick game: sticks and finder; length of sticks, 9} inches; length of finder. 18 inches; bauk and Fox Indians, Iowa; cat. no. glty. American Museum of Natural History. ATHAPASCAN STOCK Ataakut. Hiipa Valley reservation, California. (Cat. no. 126905, United States National Museum.) Set of thirty-one sticks, 8J inches in length and tapering to the ends, one having a band of black paint near the middle (figure 31(i). These were collected by Lieut. P. H. Ray, U. S. Army, who de- scribes the irame under the designation of kinnahelali This game is played by any numliei' tb;it wish to engage in betting. Two deal- ers sit opposite each other on a lilanket. each baclced by two or more singers and a drummer, and the game commences by one of the dealers taking the sticks in both hands, about equally divided, and holding them behind liis back, shuf- fling them from hand to hand, after which he brings them in front of his body with both hands extended and the sticks grasped so the players can not P*TG. 316. stick game; length of sticks. 6J inches; Ataakut Indians, Hupa Valley reservation, California; cat, no. 126905, United States National Museum. see the centers. The opposite dealer clasps bis hands together two or three times and points towards the hand which ho thinks holds the stick with the black center. Should he guess- correctly, he takes the deal and holds it until his opponent wins it back in like manner. For each failure a forfeit is paid, and one is also demanded when the dealer loses the deal. Friends of each part.v make outside bets on the dealers, and each dealer's band plays and sings as long as he holds the deal." HuPA. Hupa Valley reservation. California. (Free Museum of Sci- ence and Art, University of Pennsylvania,) " Sep Prof. Otis T. Mason. The Ray Collection from Hupa Reservation. Report cif the Smithsonian Institution for IS.SO, pt. 1. p. 23-4, 1880. 234 GAMES OF THE NOETH AMERICAN INDIANS [eth. ann. 24 Cat. no. 37201. Set of one hundred and six fine wooden splints, eight marked in the center with bhick: length, 81 inches; tied with a thong. It was explained by the maker of these sticks that it \Yas customary to put four sticks, aces, marked with black, in a pack, although but one is actually used in guessing. The count is kept with 11 twigs. Two people play. The starter takes 5 and the other player 6, and the game continues until one or the other has the 11 twigs. The name of the game is kin. meaning stick. This and the similar sets following are called ho-tchi-Icin, ho-tchi being e.xplained as meaning correct. Cat. no. 37:^0'2. Set of sticks for kin. hotchikin. Fifty-three coarse splints, one marked with black; length, 10 inches. Fig. 317. Counting sticks for stick gam^': lent^tli, i incht^^; llupa Indians, California: cat. no. 37206, Free Museum of Science and Art, University of Pennsylvania. Cat. no. 3T203. Set of one hundred and ninety-three fine splints, four marked with black; length, 8f inches. Cat. no. 37204. Set of forty-three fine splints, three marked with lilack ; length, !) inches. Cat. no. 37205. Set of one hundred and thirty-nine fine splints, five marked with black : length, 9f inches. Twenty-four splints have spiral ribbons of red the entire length, said to have been added to make the sticks more salable for the white trade. Cat. no. 37206 (figure 317). Set of eleven counting sticks for kin, called chittistil; half sections, with bark having three spiral lines cut across; length. 7 inches. A Crescent City Indian whom the writer met at Areata. Cali- fornia, gave the names of the sticks used in kin as tchacti. and the trump as tchacwun. i| u I J m Pig. 3H>. Stick game; length of sticks, 4S inches: Hupa Indians, California: cat. no. :i7208. Free Museum of Science and Art, Univei*sity of Pennsylvania. Cat. no. 37208. Set of game sticks, missolich (figure 318). Fifteen small sticks of hard polished wood, 4| inches in length. Seven of these have three bands around and three rows of dots or points at each end ; seven have only three bands and one, two bands. The last is regarded as the ace, or .stick which is guessed, hauk. All collected bv the writer in 1900. ) CULIN] STICK GAMES: HUPA 235 HuPA. Hupa Valley reservation. California. (Unilcd States Xa- tio7ial Museum. Cat. no. 151673. Set of ninety-eight slender pointed sticks, sj inches in length, two marked with a band of black near the iniddli>; collected by Lieut. Kobert H. Fletcher, U. S. Army. Cat. no. 21314. Set of sixty-two slender pointetl sticks. 9^ inches in length, three marked with l)iack band near the middle. Cat. no. 2131(1. Set of fifty-one slender sticks (figure 319), 9^ inches in length, thicker than the preceding and not pointed; three marked with a black band near the middle. Fig. 319. Stick g.-ime: length of sticks, as inches: Hupa Indians, Califdi-nia: I'at. no. 21316, United States National Museum. Cat. no. 21315. Ninety-three slender pointed sticks, 8J inches in length, and two about 8| inches in length, possibly parts of two or more sets; four marked with band of black near the middle, one carved near the middle, and one carved near the end, as shown in figure 320. Fig. 32(1. Stick game; length of sticks, .h; inches; Hupa Indians. California; cat. no. 2131.5. United States National Museum. The foregoing sjjecimens from cat. no. 21314 were collected by Mr Stephen Powers, who describes tiie game as follows: Kin. one hundred gambling sticks, four of them marked black around the middle. The player hold.s up two. and his adversar.v guesses in which liand is the marked one. If he is unsuccessful with this one, he takes another one of the marked ones ; if unsuccessful with all of the marked ones in the bunch, he * tries another bunch, or scarifies the outside of his legs, cutting thcni with shal- low cross lines. A conipan.v. sometimes a hundred people, surround the pla.vers, and a drum is beaten with a stick, to which is attached a rattle of deer hoofs, while chanting is kept up. Hupa Valley reservation, California. (Cat. lu). 120900, United States National Museum.) Set of eight cylinders of wood (figure 321), 4§ inches in length and five-sixteenths of an inch in diameter, made of twigs. Seven : : - 236 GAMES OF THE NORTH AMERICAN INDIANS [eth. anx. 24 have a band of black paint at both ends and in the middle, while the eighth is painted only in the middle. These were collected by Lieut. P. H. Raj', U. S. Army, who de- scribes them under the name of kinnahelah The game is essentially the same [as that from the Ataakut] except in the use of a smaller number of sticks and the joker being lilaekened onjy in the center, while the balance are blackened at both ends and center. Both games are called kin. MiKONOTUNNE and MiSHIKHWTJTMETUNNE. Siletz reservation, Oregon. A. W. Chase" says: Captain Tichenor played several native games of cards for us, the " pasteboards " being bundles of Fig. 'Ml. Stick game; length sticks. of sticks, 4!; inches: Hupa Sekani. Sicanie river, British Columbia. Indians, Hupa Valley reser- Tation, California; cat. no. (Cat. no. G88, Peabody Museum of ia)906, United States Na- American Archaeology and Ethnol- tional Museum. ogy.) Ten sticks of light wood, 4f inches in length and one-fourth of an inch in diameter, marked alike with red lines or rib- bons (figure 322) ; collected by J. T. Rothrock. and acquired by the Museum in 18G7 with other Ath- apascan objects. ^ The use of these sticks is explained -«^-,=^CT-) clearly by the following reference by Father — Morice to the game H-T of atlih. There is an- —I- —if-^ ^mS other set of gambling sticks in the Peabody Vt -.,- -.I'- '^- Museum, cat. no. 48395, about which noth- ing is known, but which from their re- / HI -IJi-^-.^.-..^> semblance to the preceding are probably from the same or some adjacent tribe. They number fifty-one, are marked in four Fig. 322. Stick game; length of ways with sticks, inrhes; Sekani Indi-different faint black and red 4j ans, British Cohimbia; cat. lines, and ai"e contained in a flat leather no. fiHH, Peabody Museum of American ArchaBology and pouch, open at the top, the sticks standing Ethnology. on end. Takulli. Upper Fraser river, British Columbia. Sir Alexander Mackenzie ' says We all sat down on a very pleasant green spot, and were no sooner seated than our guide and one of the i)arty prepared to engage in play. They had each a bundle of about fifty small sticks, neatly polished, of the size of a quill, and 5 inches long ; a certain number of these sticks had red lines around them, and " The Overland Monthly, v. 2, p. 433, San Fnmcisco, 1869. 'Voyages from Montreal, p. 311, London, 1801. — : cuLiNl STICK GAMES: TAKULLT 237 as many of these as one of the players might find convenient were curiously rolled ui> in dry grass, and according to the judgment of his antagonist respect- ing their numlier and marks he lost or won. Our friend was ap|)ar(Mitly the loser, as he parted with his how and arrows and several articles which I had given him. Takulli. Stuart lake, British Columbia. The Reverend Father A. G. Moricc " refers to a game atlih, which in times past was passionately played by the Carriers, but is now altogether forgotten except by a few elder men. It necessitated tlie use of u quantity of tinely-polished bouesticks, perhaps 4 or 5 inches long. Father Morice describes atlih as the original counterpart of the modern netsea, or hand game. In a general sense, the name of the game may be translated gambling. The bones were called alte. Father Morice '' gives also the following legend of the game A young man was so fond of playing atlih that, after he had lost every part bf his wearing apparel, he went so far as to gamble away his very wife and chil- dren. Disgusted with his conduct, his fellow-villagers turned away from him and migrated ti> another spot of the forest, taking along all their lielongings, and carefully extinguishing the fire of every lodge so that he might perisli. Now. this happened in winter time. Reduced to this sad fate, and in a state of complete nakedness, the young man searched every fireplace in the hope of finding some bits of burning cinders, but to no purpose. He then took the dry grass on which his fellow villagers had been resting every night and roughly weavetl it into some sort of a garment to cover his nakedness. Yet without fire or food he could not live. So he went off in despair without snowsboes. expecting death in the midst of his wanderings. After journeying some time, as he was half frozen and dying of hunger, he suddenly caught sight in the top of the tall spruces of a glimmer as of a far-off fire. Groping his way thither, he soon perceived sparks flying out of two col- umns of smoke, and cautiously approaching he came upon a large lodge covered with branches of conifers. He peeped through a chink and saw nobody lint an old man sitting by one of two large fires burning in the lodge. Imniediately the old man cried out. " Come in, my son-in-law:" Tlie .voung man was much astonished, inasmuch as be could see nobody outside Imt himself. "Come in. my son-in-law: what are yon doing out in the cold?" came again from the lodge. Whereupon the gambler ascertained that it was himself who was thus addressed. Therefore he timidly entered, and. following his host's suggestion, he set to warm himself by one of the fires. The old man was called Ne-.vaK-hwolluz.'' because, being no other than Yihta."* he nightly carries his house about in the course of his travelings. " You seem very miserable, my son-in-law : take this u|)," he said to his guest while initting mantlewiseon the young man's shoulders a robe of sewn marmot skins. lie next handed him a pair of tanned skin moccasius and ornamental leggings of the same « Notes on the Western D6nfe. Transactions of the Canadian Institute, v. 4. p. 78, Toronto. 1895. ' Ibid., p. 73. 'Literally, "He-carries (as with a sleigh )-a-hoiise." The final hwolluz Is proper to the dialect of the Lower Carriers, though the tale Is narrated by an l"pper Carrier, which rlrcnmstance would .'Jeem to indicate that the legend Is not. as so many others, torrowed from Tslmpslau tribe. ' Ursa Major. " 238 GAMES OF THE NORTH AMERICAN INDIANS [eth. ANN. 24 material. He then called out, " My daughter, roast by the fireside something to eat for your husband ; he must be hungry." Hearing which, the gambler, who had thought himself alone with Xe-.var.-hwolluz, was much surprised to see a beautiful virgin " emerge from one of the corner provision and goods stores and proceed to iirepare a repast for him. Meanwhile the old man was digging a hole in the ashes, whence he brought out a whole black bear cooked under the fire with skin and hair on. Pressing with his fingers the brim of the hole made by the arrow, he took the bear up to his guest's lips, saying, " Suck out the grease, my son-in-law." The latter was so e.xhausted by fatigue that he could drink but a little of the warm liquid, which caused his host to exclaim, " How small bellied my son-in-law "is ! Then the old man went to the second fireplace, likewise dug out therefrom a whole bear, and made his guest drink in the same way with the same result, acconii)anied by a similar remark. After they had eaten, Xe-yaR-liwolln/. showed the gambler to his resting place and cautioned him not to go out during the night. As for himself, he was soon noticed to leave the lodge that and every other night ; and as he came back in the morning tie invariably seemed to he quite heated and looked as one who had traveled a very great distance. The gambler lived there happily with his new wife for some months. But his former ])assion soon revived. As spring came back he would take some alte in an absent-minded way and set out to play therewith all alone. Which seeing his father-in-law said to him, " If you feel lonesome here, m.v son-in-law, return for a while to your own folks and gamble with them." Then, handing him a set of alte and four tetquh,!> he added: "When you have won all that is worth win- ning throw your tgtcpih up o\er the roof of the house and come back immedi- ately. Also, remember not to speak to your former wife." The gambler then made his departure, and was soon again among the jieople who had abandoned him. He was now a handsome and well-dressed young man, and soon finding partners for his game he stripped them of all their belongings, after which he threw his tetquh over the roof of the lodge. He also met his former wife as she was coming from drawing water, and though she entreated him to take her back to wife again he hardened his heart and did not know her. Yet, instead of returning innnediately after he had thrown his tetiiuh over the roof, as he had been directed to do, his passion for atlih betrayed him into playing again, when he lost all he had won. He was thus reduced to his first state of wretched nakedness. He then thought of Xe-yaR-hwolIuz, of his new wife, and his new home, and attempted to return to them, but he could never find them, Tlelding, South fork, Trinity river, California. Mr Stephen Powers says : The Kailtas are inveterate gamblers, either with the game of guessing the sticks or with cords, and they have a curious way of imnishing nr mortifying themselves for failure therein. When one has been imsuccessful in gaming he 'requently sc.-irifies himself with flints or glass on the outside of the leg from the knee down to the ankle, scratching the skin all uj) crisscross until it bleeds freel.v. He does this fcjr luck, believing that it will appease some bad spirit who is against him. The Siahs. on Eel river, have the same custom. " Sak-8sta, " She sits apart." " A long throwing rod which serves to pla.v another game. < The Overland Monthly, v. 9. p. IBH, Sun Francisco. 1872. : CI- LIN J STICK games: WHILKI'T 289 TuTVTxi. Siletz reservation. Orejroii. (Cat. no. r>:^(')OC). Field roliini- bian Museum.) A bundle of one hundred and sixty-nine wooden splints (fi56U6, Field Columbian Mus^'iim. Flu . 324. Counting sticks for stick game; length, 9t inches; Tntutni Indians. Siletz reservation, Oregon; cat. no. a3606. Field Columbian Museum. Fig. .32.5. Wooden pipe used in stick game: length, 10 inches: Tututni Indians. Siletz reserva- tion, Oregon: cat. no. 63606. Field Columbian Museum. shuffled and divided, part in each hand. The liands are tlien heUl. one beside each leg. and the opposite ])art.v guesses by pointing and loses if he indicates the hand holding the niarlved stick. Tally is kept by means of twelve counters. Whilkit. Humboldt I'ouiity. California. (Free Museum of ."Sci- ence and Art. University of Pennsylvania.). Cat. no. 3724.'). Set of forty-five fine splints (figure 326). one marked with black : leiiirth. S inches. Fig. 326. Stick game; length of splints, 8 inches: Whilkut Indians. California: cat. no. .3721.'i. Free Mnscum of Science and Art. University of Pennsylvania Cat. no. 37246. Set of sixty-six coarse splints, three marked with black: length. 8| inches. Cat. no 37247. Set of one hundred and twelve fine splints, three marked with black: length. 8^ inches. These were collected by the writer in 1900. and are all designated hotchikin. ) : 240 GAMES OF THE NORTH AMERICAN INDIANS [eth. ANN. 24 CHIMMESYAN STOCK NisKA. Nass river. British Columbia. Dr Franz Boas" describes the game: Qsan : Guessing game played with a number of maple sticks marked with red or black rings, or totemic designs. Two of these sticks are trumps. It i.s tlie object of the game to guess in which of the two bundles of sticks, which are \vrai)i)ed in cedar-bark, the trump is hidden. Each pla.ver uses one trump only. TsiMSHiAN. British Cohimbia. (American Museimi of Natural History. Cat. no. -.jijf^. Set of sixty-one wood gambling sticks, 5^^ inches in length and six-sixteenths of an inch in diameter, in leather pouch; three plain, others painted with red and black rib- bons; four inlaid with small disks and rectangles of abaione shell ; ends nipple-shaped and inset with disks of abalone shell. Collected by Dr Franz Boas. CHINOOKAX STOCK Chinook. Shoalwater bay, Washington. James G. Swan '' describes the game of la-hul as follows: A mat is first placed on the floor, with the center raised up so as to form a small ridge, which is kept in its place by four wooden pins stuck through the mat into the ground. Two persons play at this game, who are seated at each end of the mat. Each player has ten disks of wood, 2 inches in diameter, and a little over an eighth of an inch thick, resembling the men used in playing back- gammon, but mucli larger. The only distinguishing feature about these men, or wheels, is the difterent manner the edges are colored. There are but two pieces of value; one lias the edge blackened entirely around, and the other is [ler- fectly plain, wliile tlie others have different quantities of color on them, varying from the black to the white. These disks are then inclosed in a quantity of the inner bark of the cedar, pounded very fine, and called tupsoe. The player, after twisting and shulfling them up in all sorts of form.s. separates them into two equal parts, lioth lieing enveloped in the tupsoe. These are then rapidly moved about on the mat from side to side, the other player keeping his eyes most intently fixed upon them all the time. He has bet either on the black or the white one, and now, to win. has to point out which of the two parcels contains It. As soon as he makes his selection, which is done by a gesture of his h;uid, the parcel is opened, and each piece is rolled down the mat to the ridge in the center. He can thus see the edges of all, and knows whether he has lost or won. Alexander Ross " says When not employed in war or hunting, the men generally spend their time in ganiltling. The chief game, chal-e-clial, at which they stake their most valual)le property, is pla.ved by six persons, with ten circular palettes of polished wood, in size and shape resembling dollars. A mat S feet broad and (> feet long is spread on the ground, and the articles at stake laid at one end, then tlie parties "Fifth Report on the Indians of British Columbia. Report of'the Sixt.v-fifth Meeting of tbe British Association for the Advancement of .Science, p. .">82. London, 189.5. 'The Northwest Coast, p. 1.57. New York. IS.")?. " Adventures of the First Settlers on the Oregon or Columbia River, p. 90. London. 1843. ciLix] STICK games: hurox 241 seat tbeiuselves, three on each side of the mat. facing one another : this done, one of the players talies up the ten palettes, shuffling and shifting them in his bands, when at a signal given he separates them in his two fists, and throws them out on the mat towards his opponent, and according as the palettes roll, slide, or lie on the mat when thrown, the party wins or loses. This he does three times successively. In this manner each tries his skill in turn, till one of the parties wins. Whole days and nights are spent in this game without ceasing, and the Indians seldom grumble or repine, even should they lose all that they ijossess. During the game the players keep chanting a loud and sonorous tune, accompanying the different gestures of the body just as the voyageurs keep time to the paddle. COPEHAN STOCK WiNxiiiEX. California. (Cat. no. 19338. F1G.327. sticiTgame: length United States National Museum.) of sticks, 3i inches; win- Trri • en wi-lnlow //>twigs 3n-2^^0\. ^ctt • m• nimen Indians, California;-i(figure inches cat. no. m«, united states length, nine with bark entire length and National Museum. one with band of bark removed in the middle. Collected by Mr Livingston Stone, who describes them as used in a woman's game. IROQUOIAN STOCK Huron. Ontario. Nicolas Perrot » says of le jeu des pailles: The savages lose at the game of straws not only their own property. Init also the property of their comrades. To play the game, they procure .1 certaiu number of straws or twigs of a certain plant, which are no thicker tlian the cord of a salmon net. They are made of the same length and thickness, being about 10 inches long. Their number is uneven, .\fter turning and mixing them in their hands, they are placed on a skin or blanket rug. and he who plays first, having an alaiue or, more often, a small iiointed hone in his hand, contorts his arms and body, saying chok ! chok 1 at frequent intervals. These words mean nothing in their language, hut serve to make known their desire to play well and with good luck. Then he pushes the little pointed bone into the pile of straws and takes as many as he wishes. His opponent takes those that remain on the rug and rai)idly counts them by tens, making no errors. lie who has the odd number of straws wins. Sometimes they pla.v with seeds which grow in the woods and whicb arc a little like small haricots. They take a certain number of them each, according to the value of the goods wagered, which may be a gun, a blanket, or in fact anything, and be who at the beginning of the game holds nine straws wins everything and takes all that has been wagered. If be finds that he holds an odd number less than nine, he is at liberty to increase bis bets to any extent he pleases. This is why in one part of the game he invests, as he pleases, one straw and in another part three, five, or seven, for nine is always supposed; it is the number that wins against all the others, and he who at last finds that he holds nine straws generally takes everything that has been wagered. .Vt the " M^molre sur les Moeurs, Coustumes et RelligloD des Sauvages de I'Am^rlqce Septen- trlonale. p. 46. Leipzig, 1864. 24 ETH—05 M 16 ; 242 GAMES OF THE NORTH AMEEICAN INDIANS (eth. ANN. 24 side of the straws un tbe rug are tbe seeds with which the players have made their bets. It should be noted that more is bet on the nine than all the others. When the players have made their bets, he who has been lucky handles the straws often, turning them end for end in his hands, and as he places them on the rug says chanU, which means nine, and the other player, who has the alaine or little pointed bone in his hand, plunges it among the straws and, as said before, takes as man.v as he pleases. The other player takes the rest. If the latter wishes to leave some of them, his opponent must take them, and, both counting by tens, he who has the odd number wins and takes the stakes. But if it happens that the winner is ahead by only one straw he wins only the seeds that belong to that straw ; for e.xample, three are more powerful than two, five than three, and seven than five, but nine than all. If several persons play and one of them finds that he holds five, they play four at a time, two against two, or less if there are not four players. Some win the seeds bet on five straws and the others those bet for three and one. When no one holds the odd number of those that remain—that is to say, of one and three—after having carefully counted the straws b.y tens, when he has not nine, the pla.yer must increase his bet. even when be holds five or seven straws, and the deal does not count. He is also obliged to make two other piles; in one he puts five and in the other seven straws, with as many seeds as he pleases. His adversaries draw in their turn when he has done this, and then he takes the rest. Some will be fortunate, but each player takes only the number of seeds belonging to the number of straws, and he who has nine takes only the seeds bet on the nine. When another holds seven he draws what remains, for three and one are the same thing, tnit not those numbers which are higher. If a player loses everything that be has with him. the game is continued on credit, if the player gives assur- ance that he has other property elsewhere, but when he continues to lose the winner may refuse him seeds to the extent asked and oblige him to produce his effects, not wishing to continue the game till he has seen that his opponent •Still has property to risk. To this there is but one reply, and the loser will ask one of his friends to bring to him what remains of his goods, rt he continues unlucky, he will continue playing till he loses all that he owns, and one of his comrades will take his place, announcing what be is willing to risk and taking seeds according to its value. This game sometimes lasts three or four days. When a lo,ser wins back every- thing and the former winner loses his all, a comrade takes his place and the game goes on till one side or the other has nothing left with which to play, it being the rule of the savages not to leave the game until one side or the other has lost everything. This is why they are compelled to give revenge to all members of a side, one after the other, as I have just stated. They are at liberty to have anyone they wish play for them, and if dispute.s arise—I mean betw-een winners and losers, each being backed by his side—they may go to such extremes that blood may be shed and the quarrel ended with difHeulty. If the winner takes losses caluil.v. pretending not to notice the sharp practice and cheating which occur freriuently in the game, he is praised and esteemed by all but the cheater is blamed b.v ever.vone and can find no one to play with him, at least not until he has returned his ill-gotten gains. The game is usually played in the large cabins of the chiefs, which might also be called the savages" academy, for here are seen all the young people mak- ing up different sides, with older men acting as spectators of the games. If a player thinks he has divided the straws well and that he has drawn an odd number, he holds them in one hand and strikes them with the other, and when he has counted them by tens, without saying anything, he lets the others know : : riLTv) STICK games: chilkat 243 tluit he bas gained by takitij; iii« the seeds wagered, watching out tliat his opponent does not do so. If one of them thinivs that the straws were not proiierly counted, they are Iianded to two of the spectators to count, and the winner, without speaking, strikes his straws and takes the stakes. All this takes place without disi)ute and with much good faith. You will notice that this is not at all a woman's game and that it is only the men who play it. " HuRox. Ontario. Bacqiievillc de la Pothcrie '' says: They have another game which consists of a handful of straws, the number of which is. however, limited. They separate first this handful in two, making certain gestures, which only serve to increase the interest in the game, and in it. as in bowl, they strike themselves heavily upon the naked skin on the shoulders and on the chest. When they have separated the straws, they retain one portion and give the other to their conii>anions. One does not easily understand this game, your lordship, at sight. They seem to play odd and even. Father Louis Hennepin <• says They also often play with a nunilier of straws half a foot long or thereabouts. There is one who takes them all in his hand : then, without looking, he divides them in two. When he has separated them, he gives one part to his antagonist. Whoever has an even number, according as they have agreed, w-ins the game. They have also another g.ime which is very common among little cliildren in Europe. They take kernels of Indian corn or something of the kind ; then they put some in one hand and ask how many there are. The one who guesses the number wins. Baron La Hontan '' says They have three sorts of games. Their game of counters is purely numerical, and he that can add. subtract, multiiily, and divide best by these counters is the winner. KOM'.SCHAX .STIxiv Chilkat, Alaska. (United States National Museinn.) Cat. no. 46487. Thirty-four cylindrical wood sticks, part of three sets, ten 4J inches, fifteen .TjV inches, and nine 5i inches in length, all marked with black and red ribbons. Collected by Commander L. A. Beardslee, U. S. Navy. Cat. no. 67909a. Set of fifty-seven cylindrical bone sticks. 4}f inches in length and five-sixteenths of an inch in diameter, with a hole di-illed near one end for stringing; all engraved with fine encir- cling lines. One is set with a rectangular strip of abalone shell and one with a rectangular piece of ivory, having another hole, similarly shaped, from which the ivory has been removed. Six « Rev. .T. Tailhan. who edited Perrofs manuscript, after referring to Lafltau's statement that Perrofs description of this game Is so ohscure that It is nearl.v unintelligible, says that he has not been more successful than his predecessors, and the game of straws remains to him an unsolved game. (Notes to chap. 10. p. 188.) » Histoire de r.Xmerique Septentrlonale. v. 3. p. 22, Paris, 1723. A Description of Louisiana, p. 301. New York. 1880. >' New Voyages to North-.\merlca. v. 2. p. 18. London, 1703. ) 244 GAMES OF THE NORTH AMERICAN INDIANS [eth. ANN. 24 othei's have deep square and triangular holes for the insei'tion of slips of ivory or shell, and twelve are engraved with conventional animal designs, of which five have holes for the insertion of ivory eyes; ends flat. Cat. no. 67909b. Set of thirty-nine cylindrical bone sticks, -i^j. inches in length and four-sixteenths of an inch in diameter, with a hole drilled near one end for stringing; all engraved with fine encircling lines. One has two deep rectangular holes for the insertion of abalone shell, which has been removed. One has a row of three dots and three dotted circles. Four are engraved with conventional animal designs. The two sets were collected by Mr John J. McLean. Chilkat. Alaska. (Cat. no. j^s, American Museum of Natural Histor}'. Sixteen maple gambling sticks, 4^^ inches in length and five-sixteenths of an inch in diameter, marked with red and black ribbons, and six with burnt totemic designs; ends ovate. With the above are ten odd sticks belonging to six or seven different sets. Collected by Lieut. George T. Emmons, U. S. Navy. Stikine. Alaska. (Cat. no. ytH- American Museum of Natural History.) Set of fifty-three wood gambling sticks, 4^ inches in length and five- sixteenths of an inch in diameter, in leather jDouch ; all marked with red and black ribbons, and having each end incised with three crescent-shaped marks suggesting a human face; in part inlaid witli small pieces of al)alone shell and small rings of copper wire; ends flat. Collected by Lieut. George T. Emmons, U. S. Navy. Taku. Taku inlet, Alaska. (American Museum of Natural His- tory.) Cat. no. -^-g. Set of fifty-seven cylindrical polished maple sticks, 4} J inches in length, in leather pouch ; all marked with red and black ribbons. These were collected by Lieut. George T. Emmons, U. S. Navy, who gave the following designations of the sticks: Eight are designed as kite, blackflsh ; one as tieesh sakh'. stai-flsh : four as kali, duck; ten as late-la-ta, sea gull; four as nork. sunfish ; four as sliuuko. roiiin: four as heou, Hy ; three as kar-shish-show, like a dragon fly : three as tseeke. black bear ; three as gowh, surf duck ; four as larkar ; three as yah-ah-uu-a. South Southerlee [sic] ; three as ihk-ok-kohm. cross pieces of canoe ; two as kea-thhi. dragon tly ; one as tis, moon. Cat. no. ^^. Set of sixty-six cylindrical polished wood sticks, 4|f inches in length, in leather jjouch. Twenty-seven of these sticks are marked with red and black ribbons ; thirty-eight are plain, of B BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY TWENTY-FOURTH ANNUAL REPORT PL IV X ) u: n:. XI 1 i B L IX 17 ^ 1 i"rT \ G LIJ 1 ) ) IB 1 I ) \\3U ) D u. I III n3 l-' ' " 1 73 H f f ml' iW f T— I --—I ii; I J^WI J 1 i \ J K TAKU INDIAN GAMBLING STICKS BREUKEB K KESSLER CO PMIlAOf ALASKA ciLixi STICK gamp:s: tltngit 245 which some show old hands, obliterated hut not removed, while two are inlaid with a small ret'tangular piece of black horn (plate IV, k). and one with a small ring of copper wire. These also were collected by Lieutenant Emmons, who gave the following description of the twenty-seven marked sticks: Three are desigiiate> gives the following definition: Pla.v at sticks, chines zlAlkoi. PuYALLUP. Puyallup reservation, Puget sound, Washington. (Cat. no. 55904, Field Columbian Museum.) Set of ten wooden disks, 2^ inches in diameter, with raised edge. This was collected by Dr George A. Dorsey, who has furnished the following i^articulars: Name of game, suwextdz ; name of disks, lalialabp : si.v females, half black and balf white; one male, all black : three odd, all white, chatosedn. I was told by the Indians from whom I got the game that there are generally fifty counters. Tacoma, Washington. The Tacoma correspondent of the San Francisco Examiner, Mr Thomas Sammons, gives the following account in that paper, Febru- ary 10, 1895 The sing gamble is the great contest between two tribes of the Puget Sound Indians for the trophies of the .year and for such blankets, wearing ajiparel. vehicles, and horses as can be spared to be used for stakes, and sometimes more than should be spared. This year the pot at the beginning of the ganilile con- sisted of 12 Winchester rifles of the latest pattern, 11 sound horses, 7 laiggies, 100 blankets, 43 shawls, an uncounted pile of mats, clothing for men and women (some badly worn and some in good condition, but mostly worn), and $49 in money. " Contributions to North American Ethnology, v. 1, p. 206. Washington, 1877. "A Dictionar.v of the Kalispel or Flathead Indian Language, compiled by the Mission- aries of the Society of .Tesus. St. Ignatius Print. Montana, 1877-8-9. ccLiN] STICK games: puyallup 251 This year the sing gamble was held in the barn of Jake Tai-ugh. commonly known as Charley Jacobs, whose place is 4 miles from Tacoma. At the begin- ning of the sing gamble. 07 old men and women, man.v of them wrinkled, many of them gray-headed, gathered at Jake's big barn, which had been cleareil of all hay, grain, and other stores. On the ground, which serves as a floor, were laid two mats woven from straw and weeds and flags. Each of these mats was 3 feet wide and inches deep. Beating heavily on these drums with sticks, the sound is similar to that from a bass drum, save that it is more sonorous, and is readily heard at a distance of half a mile. As the drums beat the Indians begin their chants or wails, the men shouting " Hi-ah, hi-ah, hi-ah," and the women moaning an accompaniment between the shouts of their braves, sounding something like this: " Mm-uh, mm-uh, mm-uh." The players gather around the mats, seven being permitted on each side. One mat is for the Puyallup, the other for the Black Rivers, The dealer for each side sits at the head of bis mat, fingering deftly ten wooden chips, about 2 inches in diameter and a quarter of an inch thick. Nine of these are of the same color, but the tenth is ditferent in color, though similar in shape and dimensions. The shuftier handles the chips rapidly, like an experienced faro dealer playing to a big board. He transfers them from one hand to another, bides them under a pile of shavings made from the cedar bark growing close to the sap, resembling much the product called excelsior. He divides the chips Into two piles of five each, and conceals each pile under the shavings. M.vsteri ously he waves his hands forward and backward, crosswise, and over and over, making passes like the manipulations of a three-card monte dealer. The drum keeps up its constant beat; the Indians at the mats and those looking on with interest glap their hands and stamp and chant in time to the drum. Now is the time for the Indian assigned to guess to point to one of the two piles. The game is entirely one of chance, there being no possible means for the closest observer to detect in which pile the dealer places the odd-colored chip. It is the custom of the game, however, for the guesser to ponder for some time before deciding which pile to select. This adds interest and excitement to the speculation. Finally he decides, and with his finger points to one of the piles. The dealer rolls the chips across the mat to the farther end. If the guess is right the side for which the guesser is acting scores 1 point. If the guess is wrong the trilie to which the dealer belongs scores a point and the other side takes the innings—that is to sa.v. the deal. John Towallis was captain of tlie Puyallup team, and is now the most pojmlar man in the tribe on account of the remarkable victory of his side after the session of nearly a month, and al.so on account of the quantity and value of the i)ot. Captain Jack, the leader of the unsuccessful Black Uiver team, proved a thorough sport: for, in addition to his contribution to the stake of his tribe, he staked and lost his greatest treasure, a big knife: bis ])rincii>al decoration, shin.v brass rings, all his money (.$ti(lK his watch, his rifle and his harness, his buggy, and bis horse. He advised his com- panions on the team to bet everything tlie.v had, except their canoes. He insisted that they should keep those in order that the.v might have some way to get home. He was not so careful of himself as of them, for he had to walk when the time came. Some of the men and the squaws who paddled home in their canoes felt 252 GAMES OF THE NORTH AMERICAN INDIANS [eth. an.n. 24 the sbarpuess of the weather, for shirts and trousers were exceedingly scarce when the sixtieth stick had gone to the Puyallup end of the hoard. At the last part of the gamble the Black Rivers plunged wildly. The run of luck of the Puyallup had been constant, and Captain Jack announced to his followers that this could not continue. Luck must turn, and here was a chance for them to get every movalile thing, except that which belongs to the Government, transferred from the ruyallup Reservation over to the Black River Reservation. His men were quick to follow his suggestion, and the result is that poverty is intense this year at Black River and the Puyallup are having a boom. Mr Saimnons lias kindly furnished the writer with the diagram (figure 333) showing the positions of the players. Four Indians sit on each side of the two mats, making teams of eight on each side in addition to the Indian who actually does the playing. The position of this Indian is designated A, B. At the time of making the drawing A was shuffling the disk, a piece of wood, glass, or stone, half the size of an ordinary table saucer. The player's two hands rest on the mat, and about them is a bunch of straw, moss, or anything of a like nature that can be had couveuieutiv TALLY BOARD O^ O^oooo .o° ooo ; y 10 inches, three-sixteenths of an inch thick, said to go with the game. Collected by Rev. Myron Eells. Snohomish (?).« Tulalip agency, Washington. (Cat. no. 130981, United States National Museum.) One hundred and thirty-two wooden disks, part of twenty-three sets. Collected by Mr E. C. Cherouse, United States Indian agent, 1875. The number of sets may be somewhat less than this, owing to some of the pieces, although bearing diii'erent marks, having been com- bined for use. The ditferent sets are distinguished l>v a \ariety of marks, some of which are so minute as to escape all but careful examination. These marks consist chiefly of minute holes, like pin holes, in ones, twos, and threes, variously arranged on the faces of the disks. .*>ome sets have raised rims, with a line of nicks on each face next to the edge others are painted with a dark ring near the edge. The edges are either blackened or painted red the entire distance around, or are per- fectly plain, or part plain and part blackened, this last kind jirepon- derating. There are but two comjdete sets of ten disks each in the lot. The disks vary from IJ to il} inches in diameter, those in each set teing j:)erfectly uniform and appearing to l)e cut from the same piece of wood. The collector gave the following accoiuit of the game: The present casters or trundles are made of a shrub that grows in rich bottom lands and is called by the Indians set-ta-chas. The shrub is the genus \'ihiir- num. and I would call it the wild snowball tree. They lioil the trundles during three or four hours, and when dried they scrape them with shave grass until they are well sliaped, polished, and naturally colored. The common set for a game of two gamblers is twenty apiece. Two of the casters are called chiefs and are edged with black or white, and the others are slaves, or servants. Fine mats are expanded on a level place and fi.\e
  • l : .V cold, blustering day and not many want na-na'- mij-i-nl-wa. Still tlicre are a few from each kiva. They ran at usual tune and place. Tuesday. March lil : Last niglit was rainy and today is cUmdy. foggy, and showery. The decorations of the different klvas engaged in the na-na'-mii-i- m \v:i. I should think, must have heen originally of ceremonial significance, hut I il II not find anyone wlio can enlighten me on that side. The racers run in the yalley. The women watch the varying jjositions of the men of the different klvas. Wlien the men are clustered togethei- kicking the nod- ules, others on the ontslile of the hurdle watch their legs .and distin- guish the nodules as kicked. The name of Mom the stone noduleFTfi. iHfJ. Footballs; diameter, 4t inches: Indians, Madera county, Califortiia: cat. no, he gives as kiiiinii: to kick tlie 7144(t. Field Columbian Mu.seum. nodule, winpa or wiinpa. Moxo. Hooker cove, Madera county. California. (Cat. no. 714-10, Field Columbian Museum.) Two buckskin-covered balls (figure !I02) filled with hair, ii inches in diameter. Collected by Dr J. AV. Hudson, who describes them as a pair of balls for the ball race. Two balls are used. They are sometimes kicked as far as 15 miles. : 680 GAMES OF THE NOKTH AMEBICAN INDIANS [kth. ANN. 24 ToBiKHAR ((tabrielenos). Los Aiigeles county, Califoniiit. Hugo Ried " says Football was played by ehiklren ami by those swift of foot. Betting was iudulged in by the spectators. TANOAN STOCK Tewa. Hano, Arizona. (Free Museum of Science and Art, Uni- versity of Pennsylvania.) Cat. no. 38617. Two wooden cylinders (figure 903) about 1 inch in diameter and 3J inches long, painted black. One slightly smaller in the diameter than the other. Collected by the writer in 1901. The Hopi name of these sticks was given to the collector as koho- umpaiah. The large one was designated as yasako kohoumpaiah and the smaller as chihoiya kohoumpaiah. They were described as used in a racing game by two men, who kick them and run down the trail in the womanV dance, majowtikiwe. in July. Fig. 903. Fig. S04. Fig. 903. Kicking Ijillets; length, 3{ inclies; Tewa Indians. Hano, Arizona; cat. no. :^17, Free Museum of Science and Ai"t, University of Pennsylvania. Fig. 904. Slinging ball; diameter of ball, 3J inches; Tewa Indians, Hano. Arizona; cat. no. 38619, Free Museum of Science and Art, University of Pennsylvania. In the summer of 1905 the writer obtained a single kicking stick from the Tewa at Hano. It was painted red. He was told only one was used. They called it i^ai-kweh-beh, and gave the Walpi name for the stick as ko-ho-koing-i. Cat. no. 38620. 38621. Two balls of altered peridotite. apparently api^roximating closely to serpentine, 2 inches in diameter. Cat. no. 38623. Balls of iron concretion, slightly shaped, 2f inches in diameter. Collected by the writer in 1901. Cat. no. 38619. A ball (figure 904), 3i inches in diameter, covered with a piece of an old stocking, blackened, and having a braided wool cord. 10 inches in length, with a knot at the end, attached. This was collected by the writer in 1901, to whom it was described as used in a game in which the contestants lie on their backs and sling the ball backward overhead. In A. M. Stephen's unpublished manu- script, he refers to a game with " a small nodule in a sling fastened to the great toe; player lies on back and kicks or slings it backward overhead;" Hopi, siifiii wuiipa; Tewa, konlo kwebe. "Account of the Indians of Los Angeles Co., Cal. Bulletin of the Essex Institute, y. 17, p. IS, Salem, 1885. ctLiN] BALL KACE: MARICOPA 681 Dr J. AValter Fewkes." in liis account of the Hopi Powamii. de- scribes a curious game of ball called sunwuwinpa played l)y the kiva chief and the Hehea katcinas. The ball is attached to a looped string. The player lies on his back and, passing the loop over the great toe. projects the ball back over his head. The slinging-ball game would appear to be the clown's travesty of the kicked-stick race. Tewa. Santa Clara. New Mexico. Mr T. S. Dozier writes:'- The game of the kicked stick. Ftill played at Zufii. has been diseontiniiod at the Tewa pueblos for some years. This is a game of sacrifice as well as of wagor. and would have to lie performed at the latter pueblos with too much publicity, owiug to the eucroaihmeut of the settlers on all sides; the course of the race, taking Santa Clara for an example, could be preserved on the lands of the pueblo, but to the north, in accordance with the old bounds, would have to pass through or be.vond thickly settled villages to the north of Espanola. then It would cross the tracks of the Denver and Rio Grande Railroad, and there would be one continuous oljstruction of houses and fenced fields on the homestretch toward the south. Fig. »R. Fig. 906. Fig. 905. Wooden kicking ball: diameter, Inches: Cocopa Indians, Sonora, Mexico: cat. no.'.if 1.52691, United States National Museum. Fig. 906. Stone kicking ball: diameter. 21 inches: Maricopa Indians, Arizona; cat. no. 2925, Brooklyn Institute Museum. YUMAN STOCK Cocopa. Lower Colorado river. Sonora, Mexico. (Cat. no. 152694, United States National Museum.) Ball of hard wood (figure 1)05). almost perfectly spherical, and highly polished by use; diameter, 3| inches. Collected by Dr Edward Palmer, who describes it as a football. Maricopa. Arizona. (Cat. no. •2t>-25. Brooklyn Institute Museum.) Stone ball (figure 90(J). 2| inches in diameter. Collected in 1904 by Mr Louis L. ileeker. who describes the ball under the name of ho nyavik ^s kicked between goals in a game "^ similar to shinny. » Tusayan Katcinas. Fifteenth Annual Report of the Bureau of Ethnology, p. 290. 1897. 'Some Tewa Games. Vnpubllshed MS. in the library nf the Bureau of American Ethnology. 682 GAMES OF THE NORTH AMERICAN INDIANS [eth. ann. L'4 Mohave. Fort Mohavf. Arizona. (Cat. no. ()0-20T. Field Columbian Museum.) Ball of mesquite wood, 2^ inches in diameter. Collected by Mr John J. McKoin. who describes it as used in a game of football, ooy yank : This game is played with a mesciuite hall, about 2 inches in diameter. This ball is called coon ya va. The players wager beads, ponies, wives, blanlcets, etc. The game is played by two persons, each having a ball. A line is marked out upon the ground and each player puts his ball upon this line, placing them about 5 or () feet apart. Tljen they take jwsitions 8 or 10 feet behind the balls. Each player has a .second, who stands behind his principal and follows hiiii throughout the play. These seconds give the player a sign.il to begin the play. The players then rush forward, each to his own ball, pushes his foot under it and tosses it as far as he can. He continues this performance until he reaches a goal, previously agreed upon and marked, 1 or 2 miles from the starting point. Upon reaching this goal the players turn and play back to the starting point. The one who lirst puts his ball over the mark is the winner and takes the stakes. Fig. 907. Fig. 9r8. Fig. 9ri7. Wooden kicking ball; diameter. 2f. inches; Mohave Indians. Arizona; eat. no, iWsO, United States National Museum. Fig. 908. Wooden kicking ball; diameter. '^^ inches; Yuma Indians. Fort Yuma. California: rat. no. 6.3347, Field Columbian Museum. Colorado river. Arizona. (Cat. no. 9080, United States Na- tional Museum.) Wooden ball (Hgure 907). rudely carved and slightly flattened; diameter, 2| inches. Described by the collector, Dr Edward Palmer, as a football. YtMA. Fort Yuma, San Diego county. California. (Cat. no. 08847, Field Columbian JMuseum.) Cottonwood liall (figure 90S), ^i inches in diameter, designated by the collector, Mr S. C. Simms, as a football, esor. ZIJNIAN STOCK Zt'xi. Zuiii, New Mexico. (United States National Museum.) Billets of hard wood, in |»airs. one of each pair with a hand of red paint in the middle and the other with bands at both ends and the middle. Cat. no. 09273a. Two billets, 8jJ inches long, 1^ inches in diameter. CULIN] HALL rack: ZIINI 683 Cut. no. 092r:V/. Two liillets (figiiir !»()!>). U indies long, seven- eighths of an inch in diameter. Cat. no. 09274. Two billets, 4 inches long, five-eighths of an inch in diameter. Cat. no. (5927."). Two billets, G inches long, one-half inch in tliameter. Cat. no. 69270. Two billets (figure 910), 5 inches long, three-eighths of an inch in diameter. These are used in the kiclii'd-stick race. They were collected bj' the late Col. James Stevenson. Mr F. W. Hodge" describes the kicked-stick race as follows: When the Sun I'riest announces the arrival of phinting time, and the herald tiroclainis from the house-tops that the i)lanting has been done, the seasons for foot-racing in Zuni are at hand. The first races of the year, while interesting ceremonially, are by no means so e.xciting as those wliicli follow later in the season when the planting is finished. These iireliniinary races are over a short course and are participated ill by a representative of each (if the six estufas. Si.\ prayer-phnues an inches: Zniii Indians, Zuni, New Mexico: cat. no. fiftJJTfi, United States National Museum. e(|ual number of race-sticln the opposite side of the river, from whence they usually start. A Zufii foot-race is not entirely a contest of swift-footedness, although much, of course, depends upon that accomplishment. In preparing for the start ; cuLiNi BALL race: zuni 685 the niPinliers of one side arrange themselves several paces apart in an irregular line in the course to be pursued, in such a manner that the movements of their lender at the point of starting can I>e readily seen, those of the contesting Ijarty posting them.selves in a similar line a few feet away. The leader of eacli side places across his foot at the base of the toes a rounded stick meas- ured by the size of the middle linger. Just before the signal is given to pro- ceed a mounted priest goes ahead, sprinkling the trail with sacred meal. At the signal each of the two leaders kicks his stick as far in advance as possible, when the racer of his side who happens to be nearest its place of fall- ing immediately rushes for and again kicks it, his companions running ahead in order to be in readiness to send the stick on its further flight. This opera- tion is continued throughout the entire course, the racers in the rear each time running in advance as rai>idly as possible that they may kick the stick as often as their companions. Not infrequently the first kicking of the sticks sends them flying over the heads of the second and even the third racers in advance, and they fall near each other. The excitement at this occurrence is very great, for none of the dozen young men spare themselves in scrambling over and pushing one another In order to secure the stick and send it on its cour.se. No difficulty is experi- enced by a racer in recdgnizing the stick of his party, that belonging to one side having a band of red paint around the center, the other au additional, though narrower, stripe around Ixjtli ends. Considering the extreme lightness of the race-stick, the distance which it is sent by a single kick, or rather toss, with the toes is remarkable. Very often a stick is raised aloft in this manner about 30 feet and falls at least a hundred feet from the point at which it was lifted. Nor is the distance which the stick is sent the only requisite of success. Sometimes a narrow, sandy trail bordered by weeds is to be traversed, and a careless kick will probably seud the stick into the brush or into an arroyo. where great difficulty may bo experienced in regaining it, since a racer is never allowed to touch a stick with his hands until he reaches the goal. Again, throughout the rough race-trail the char- acter of the land surface varies greatly, and long stretches of deep sand alter- nate with rocky passes, arroyos. and hills clothed with scrul) finiber or sage- brush. Indeed, smooth ground is seldom met with over the entire course of 25 miles. Accompanying the participants may always be seen two or three hundred equestrians—those who, more than any others, are interested in the outcome of the race by reason of the extent of their prospective gains or losses. When one side follows closely in the track of its opponent, the horsemen ail ride together : but when, by reason of accident or inferiority in speed, a party falls considerably in the rear, the horsemen separate to accompany their respective favorites. If the season is dry, the dust made by loping horses is blinding but the racers continue, apparently as unmindful of the mud-coating that accu- mulates on their almost nude, perspiring bodies as if they were within but a few steps of victory. On they go from the point of starting over the southern hills, thence eastward to Thunder Mountain, along the western base of which they proceed to the basaltic rocks through which the Zuni river runs. Keeping close to the mesas that form the northern l)oundary of the valley, the racers cross the river on their return at a point about 2 miles west of the pueblo, whence they continue to the western end of the southern hills first crossed. These having been skirted, they pass over the low. sandy corn-fields to the goal, followed by the yelling horsemen, who wave yards of brilliant calico as they dash forward with : 686 GAMES OF THE NORTH AMERICAN INDIANS [eth. axn. 24 tlie final spurt of the racers. Wbeu the goal is reached, the tirst racer of the winning side takes the stick into his hands for the first time since starting. With renewed energ.v the individual members of the successful party put forth every remaining effort to be the fii-st to arrive at the central plaza of the inieblo. He who gains it first is considered the superior racer of all, and his honor is indeed well earned. Running as rapidly as possible once around the heap of stores, at the same time breathing from his hand the " breath of life," the victor, stick in hand, continues at a running pace to his home. Curiosity i)rompted me to note the time occupied in performing this feat, which was found to be exactly two hours. Like almost ever.v undertaking of the Zuni, the foot-race has more or less of a religious signiflcance, as will be seen from the initiator.v ceremonies. The opposing racers who await the signal to give the stick its first toss place tur- (luoises or shell beads beneath the stick that they ma.y be sacrificed at the first lifting of the foot. In the belief of the Zuni the stick has a tendency to draw the racers on, and as long as it can be kept in advance their success is, of course, assured. The cause thus follows the effect in the same manner as it does when in Zuniland the sunnner comes because the butterflies appear, and it departs because the birds take their flight. Training for a Zuni foot-race begins at childhood. At almost any time a naked .voungstcr of four or five years may be seen playing at kicking-the-stick outside the door of his home. or. if a year or two older, coming from the corn- field—where he has been dutifully engaged in frightening off the crows—tossing the stick as far as his little feet will allow him. Mr John (x. Owens " wrote the following account of the same game Ti-kwa-we. or Game of the Kicked Stick,''—This is the great national game of Znui. Among Zuni sports it ranks as baseball does among our own. It is indulged in by almost the whole male jiopnlation, from boys of 5 or to men of 40. An.v evening of the sunnner one can see crowds of twenty or thirty boys skirting the southern hills and kicking the stick. Practiced thus during eight months of the year, they have an especial occasion when they contest for the championship, and this is one of the great .jubilees of the tribe. Although the women do not take part, yet the.v show equal interest with the men and become as much excited. The time of holding this contest is usti.-illy in the s])ring. between the planting of the wheat and the corn. The Priest of the P.ow makes six prayer-plumes and six race-sticks. The prayer-plumes consist of small sticks with the white feathers from the tail of a certain species of hawk tied to one side; the race- sticks are about the size of the middle finger. The priest then takes these sticks and places them on the trail toward the south, and for four days they I'emain there untouched. At the end of this time he, and any others who wish to join in the race, will run out to where the sticks have been placed, and as they arrive the,v breathe on their hands and then kick the sticks home, making a circle of 2 or 3 miles. Four days later a representative of each clan, each with a jiirture of his clan painted on his back, will run out in mncli the same manner. B.v this time mo.st of the people have retiu'ned from their wheat-planting and the ti-kwa-we is in order. At present there are six estufas in Zuni—Ha-e-que, Ha-cher-per-que, " Some Games of the Zufii. ropulai- Science Monthly, v. I>9, p. -12, New York, 1891. ' This Kame was desciihed li.y Mr I". W. Hodge in The .^nthropoloftist for .luly. ISOO. 1 have thought well to repeat it here in connection with the other aames, and also to make some corrections and to add several points not mentioned in that article. <-ii.iNi KAi.L rack: zi'xi r>H7 ("b<)0-i)pr-que. Moo-Ua-que, O-lm-quo, ami rts-aiiii-tiue. The <'Oiitest lios ln'twt'eii the iiieinliers uf tln'se iliflfcreiit estufas. and not between the nieniliers i)f the different clans or parts of the |iuel>lo. as has been stated hy some writers. Whatever estiifas wisli to contest select their men. When the men have been selected it is announced in the evening from the house-tops. This seiierally takes place three or four days prior to the race. This race is generally held at Zuiii, but may be held at one of the farming pueblos, as Pescado, Ojo Caliente, or Nutria : in any case it is estufa against estufa. On the evening of the day l)efore the race each side sends for a Priest of the Bow. I'pon arrival he puts into the moutli of each one a piece of glass about 1 inch long: and with some sacred meal. t.Mken from his pouch, he paints a mask on each one's face, tlien blesses them, and they repair to the bills :', or 4 miles distant. They depart in absolute silence. Not a word may they speak unless they hear or frighten some wild animal in front of them. If the sound comes from liehind. it is considered an ill omen. Having reached the hills, they dig a hole about the length of the arm and deposit in it some sacred meal, native tobacco, liewe. shells, and other things held valuable by the Zufils. and then retire a short dis- tance and do not speak above a whisjier. In a little while one will start tor the iiueblo. saying nothing, iinil the rest follow in single tile. As they return, any manifestation of power, .-is thunder or lightning, is considered a good omen, as it will make them strong. The priest who blessed them lieforc tliey started awaits their return and accompanies theui to the house of one of the racers or that of .my memlier of the same estufa. As they reach the door of the house, those within say. "Have you come?" "We have," they rejdy. "Come in and sit down." The jiriest then blesses them, and a single cigarette is made of native tol)acco and jiassed among the numlier. Then they retii'e for the night. Next morning everything is alive in Zuni. Indeed, for several days past the whole population has been somewhat excited over the coming event. Everyone takes sides, from the gray-haired old warrior, who believes the tl-kwa-we to be the greatest game over held, to the blushing maiden, whose lover is one of the contestants. Excitement runs high, and the gambling disposition of the Indian has its fullest encouragement. The small boy meets his pla.vmute and stakes all his possessions. The veteran gambler once more tries the turn of fortune, and to counteract his heavier betting be makes a long jirayer to Ah-ai-n-ta or jilants an ;idditional plume. The contestants tlicniselves engage in betting, and every ((Miceivable thing of value to an Indian is either carried to tlie i)biza, south of the old Spanish church, where it is put up against something of eijual value held by an opponent, or Is hurried off to the trader's store and turned into money. Ponies, sheep, goats, money, beads, bracelets, all are wagered. Some- times also they sell the race. This Is not generally admitted by the Zunis, hut I have it on good authority that it has been done. The day for the race has arrived: the nnincrs li.ivc been up since early morning, and have taken a spin over part of the course. During the morning nearly all the members of the estufa drop In to tell them bow much they have wagereil on their success and to encourage them. AlMJUt an hotu' before the time to start they eat a little hewe. or paper bread, soaked in water, Hewe Is one of the chief breadstuffs of the Zunis, and a good hewe-maker Is in reputation throughout the tribe as a good pastry cook is among us. Ilewe is made from corn batter spread with the hand on a large flat .stoue over a slow tire. It takes but a moment to hake it, is almost as thin as paper, very crisp, and will vary in color according to the color i>f the corn used. This repast of hewe is accompanied by a iiicce of bumniing-liird. as the flight of that bird is so very swift. — 688 GAMES OF THE NORTH AMERICAN INDIANS [eth. ann-. 24 Tlie runners then bathe in a solution made from a root called que-me-vvay. The time for the contest is at hand. The everyday attire is exchanged for the simple breech-clout. The hair is done up in a neat knot on the top of the head, and the priest pronounces a blessing as he fastens in it an arrow-point, the emblem of fleetness. He then places a pinch of ashes in front of each racer, and, standhig before him, holding an eagle-wing in each hand, he first toiielies The ashes with the tips of the wings .and then brushes the racer from head to foot. Then turning to the north, he touches the wings together and says a pra.ver, the same to the west, south, east, the earth, and sky. I suppose the idea of the Zuni in this to be. that as he has sent a prayer to the four points of the compass, the earth, and sky. he has cut off every possible source of misfor- tune and danger. Everything being now ready, the priest leads his favorites to the course across the river. Excitement in the pueblo has reached its height: the most venture- some are offering big odds in the plaza, and now all assemble to see the start. Should a side be at all doubtful of its success in the race, an old woman is procur'ed to sit and pray during the entire race. She sits in the middle of the room. The racers sweep the floor around her and then i)ile up ever.vthing that is used about the fire, such as pokers, ladles, stirring-sticks, and even the stones used to support the pots during cooking: these are to make their opponents warm : also the mullers with which they grind the corn, and the brooms : these will make them tired. A woman is chosen rather than a man. because she is not so fleet of foot. . . . As each side is brought to the course the prie.st gives a parting blessing, and the runners take their positions opposite their opponents in single file along the course. The tik-wa, or stick to be kicked, is about the size of the middle finger. That belonging to one side has its ends painted red and that of the other side its center painted red, so that they may be easily distinguished. The rear man of each file i)laces the tik-wa across the base of his toes and sprinkles a little sacred meal upon it. Surrounding the racers will be three or four hundred mounted Indians dressed in the gayest colors. All is now ready: each rider has his e.ve on his favorite side, an old priest rides in advance and sprinkles sacred meal over the course, the starters kick the sticks, and the wildest excitement prevails. As each racer left his home he put into his mouth two shell beads the one he drops as a sacrifice as he starts, the other when he has covered about one-half the course. The stick is tossed rather than kicked, and a good racer will toss it from SO to 100 feet. Over the heads of the runners it goes and falls be.vond the first man. He simply points to where it lights, and runs on. The next man tries to kick it. but should he fail to get under it he goes on, and the next man takes it. The race is not to the swift alone, although this has much to do with it. The stick can in no case be touched w-ith anything but the foot, and should it fall into a cactus bush, a prairie-dog hole, or an arroyo much valuable time is lost in getting it out. Not infrequently it haiipens that one side will be several miles in advance of the other when the stick falls into some nnnotieed liole. The wild and frenzied yelling which takes place as those who were behind come up and pass can only be imagined and not described. So skill in tossing it plays a prominent part. On, on they go to the southern hills, east to Ta-ai-yal-lo-ne. north to the mesas, follow these west for miles, then to the southern bills, and back again to the starting-point. The distance trav- ersed is nearly 25 miles, and they pass over it in about two hours. Racing is indulged in by the excited horsemen as they approach the goal, and it is not unusual to see a pony drop over dead from exhaustion as the.v near the village. The successful runner crosses the river and runs around the heap of wagered goods near the church, then, taking up the tik-wa in his hands for the first : r is black to represent the nadir. The.se are offerings to tlie Sii'Iamobia. certain warrior gods of the zenith and the nadir. This group is planted in an excavation, also concealed by a slab seat, on the west side of Siaatewita. or sacred dance plaza. After the placing of the telikyinawe the Ah'pf'liishiwanni continue their songs and ceremonies in tlie ceremonial chamber until sunrise, and soon afterward the elder brother Bow- priest announces from a house-top that the people of tlie kiwi'siwe will run in four days. The director of each kfwi'sina (plural ktwi'siwe) gives fornml notice to his peojile.'' and tlie young men who wish to take part in the rncf .ippear at the " Zuui Games. American Anthropologist, n. s., v. '>, p. 460, 1903. ' Every male receives Involuntary and voluntary initiation Into the Kfillklli. a fraternity associated with anthropomorphic worship, becoming allied with one of the sl.v kfwi'si.vc. 1!4 Kill—(I." M 44 690 GAMES or THE NORTH AMERICAN INDIANS [eth. axn. i;4 appointed time. Those from tlie Heiwa (noitlil. He'kapawa (nadir), and Clii'i- pawa (soutli) l^Iwi'siwe represent tlie side of the elder God of War, while those from the Mtlhe'wa (west), Ohe'wa (east), and Up'siinawa (zenith) lilwi'siwe represent the side of the younger God of War. After an early breakfast (the runners having exercised before the meal) nothing more is eaten during the day but crushed hewe (wafer-like bread) in water. In the afternoon the first body of Ah'shiwanni a (the elder brother Bow-priest being also Rain-priest of the nadir) proceed about a mile south of the village, over the road leading to the present home of the Gods of War, and here the elder brother Bow-priest lays upon the ground a lashowane (one or more plumes tied together), composed of two upper wing-feathers of a bird called sh6'kapiso,» and the younger brother Bow-priest places a similar lashowane on the ground and west of the other, the distance between the two lishowane being the length of the extended arms from finger tip to finger tip. The Ah'shiwanni group west and the Ah'pi''lashiwanni east of the plumes; the elder brother Bow- Pig. 911. Kicking billets of the Bow-priests the plumes are attached only when the tikwawe-i are made as offerings to the Gods of Wan; Zuni Indians, Ztrni, New Mexico; from Mrs Ste- venson. priest standing with his fellows of the Ah'pi"l;ishiwanni, a line is made south of the plumes by drawing, or rather pushing, the foot over the earth from west to east. Six members of the Ah'pi''lashlwanni selected by the elder brother Bow- priest have each a tikwane (figure 911), made by himself. Three of the tik- wawe are colored black at either end and midway, indicating the sticks of the elder God of War and three are painted black midway only for those of the; younger ("Jod of War. The six warriors, clad only in breechcloths, stand by the line, the one at the east end having ^he tfkwane of the elder God of War, the man at the right having that of the younger God of War, and so they alternate down the line. " Mrs Stevenson designates the Ah'shiwanni of the six regions, whose prototypes are the members of the Council of the Gods, as the first body of Ah'shiwanni. There are a number of other Ah'shiwanni in Zufii. » A hird, as the Zuni say, which flies but never tires. Mrs Stevenson failed to obtain, a specimen, but she is almost sure it is a species of hawk. ciLiN] BALL race: zuni 691 Each warrior places his right foot on the line and the stick across the foot near the toes: he then sprinkles meal upon the stick and prays for rain and for success in the race. The Ah'shiwanni also sprinkle meal and pray for rain. In the meantime the runners gather at the base, which is south of the pueblo and just across the river which Hows by the village. The racers (the number is not limited) wear only kilts, and the long hair is drawn back and tucked into the handkerchief, or banda, at the back, the hair being brought over the band and tucked in from the top. A member of the Bow-priesthood marks off the line on the earth, similar to the one described, upon which the runners take position, facing south. The warrior who stands some feet beyond the line carries a bow and arrows in his left hand and an arrow in his right. He directs the runners in the course they are to take, and, facing east, prays and sprinkles meal eastward. The meal is thrown four times, the fourth being the signal for the start. No word is spoken. The course is south to the group of Ah'shiwanni and Ah'pi''lashfwanni—a course that must never be deviated from in these races, as this is the road of the Gods of War. On reaching the body awaiting them, each runner passes between the two Ifehowawe previously described. Bending and extending his hands toward the plumes, he brings his hands to his mouth and draws in a breath from the plumes, tliat he may run like the sho'kapiso. which flies but never tires. The runners do not halt, but pass right on. Each Pi''liishfwanni in the line calls out the name of the kiwi'siua be represents as be kicks the ttkwane into the air. The runners of each kiwi'sina at once look to their appropriate sticks. They are followed by the first body of Ah'shiwanni and Ah'pi"lasbiwanni, except the elder and younger brother Bow-priests. The Ah'shiwanni and Ah'pi''lashJwanni, liowever, do not attempt to keep i)ace with the runners, who move in a circuit, but return instead to the lashowawe, which are guarded by the elder aud younger brother Bow-priests, passing between the latter and on to the village. The tikwawe are kicked into the river, to go to Ko'hluwalawa (abiding place of the Council of the Gods), and the runners hasten to their homes. The cere- mony of washing the hair of the runners occurs before the race and also on the morning after the race. The younger brother Bow-priest makes an excavation the depth of his arm, and the two lashowawe are deposited therein, with prayers by the elder and younger brother Bow-priests to the fiwannami (rain makers) for rains. These two now proceed to the base, where tlie large crowd gathered to greet the re- turning runners still remains. At this point the elder lirotber Row-priest cries out that the ji'notiwe (clans) will run in four days. The race of the ii'notiwe may occur simultaneously at one or more of the farming districts, where most of the Zuni at this season are gathered. It also takes place in Zuiii, provided a Pfliishiwanni is present to start the racers. The observances previous to the race of the ii'notiwe are much the same as those for the race of the kfwi'siwe. A member of each clan makes the tfkwane to be used by the racers of his clan, and he is free to select that of either one of the Gods of War. The runners dress as on the previous occasion, and their hair is done up in the same manner. The clan symbol is painted on the breast of each runner, and that of the paternal clan is i)ainted on the back. Those of Ffchikwe (Com IIS stolonifera) clan have a conventional design of the dogwood, including the roots, on the breast, and below a macaw or raven with the head pointing to the left, according to the division of the clan to which the man belongs. The rr'ljishfwanni makes a line near the river bank, south of the village, by drawing or pushing his foot over the earth, as has been described, and the — 692 GAMES OF THE NORTH AMERICAN INDIANS [eth. ann. 24 ruuaei-s stand upon tbe line, fac-ins soutli, each clan being together, the runner at tbe west end of the line i)laciiig tbe tiUwane across his foot, as before noted. Tbe Pf'Uisbiwanui stands in advance of tbe runners, and, facing east, prays and throws tlie meal four times eastward, tbe fourth time, as before, being tbe signal for starting. Tbe same course is followed as that pursued by the people cf tbe kiwi'siwe. Each of these races covers only about 4 miles. No thought of betting is in the Zuni mind when tbe.se races for rains occur. While deei) interest is exhibited by tbe women, as well as by tbe men, in these purely religions races, the real enthusiasm occurs at the time of the betting races, when about 25 miles are covered. The betting race is not contined to the kiwi'siwe, nor to any section of the \illage. although statements to tbe contrary have been made. A man approaches another with bis plan for a race, and if it l)e acceptable to tbe other a race is arranged for. It is heralded from tbe housetop by a civil officer of tbe village, who shouts. " To-morrow there will be a race "! Those to be associated with tbe race gather at the houses of the two managers. The swiftest runners are sure to be present. After some discussion the originator of tbe race visits the liouse of the other manager and learns from him bow many runners be will have in the contest. He then returns to his house and selects the same number for bis side. Tbe numlter varies from three to six on a side, one side repre- senting the elder, tlie other the younger, God of War. ICach manager calls at the bouse of one of the first body of Ah'shiwanui those of tbe north and the zenith excepted—and announces, " My boys will run to-morrow. You will come to my house to-night." The friends of each party gather at tbe two bouses, tbe runners being on one side of the room, tbe friends on the oi)posite side. When the Shfwanni (sing, for Ab'shiwanni) bearing a basket tray of broken hewe arrives, he takes his seat on his wadded blanket, the manager sitting opposite to him. Tbe Shiwanni places tbe basket upon tbe floor and* asks for corn-husks. Preparing as many husks as there are runners for the side, be sprinkles prayer-meal into each husk, and, after adding bits of white shell and turkis beads, folds it and lays it on the hewe in the tray. Raising the tray with both bands to his face, he prays for success, and, drawing four breaths from the contents of tlie tray, says, "Si" (Ready). The runners approach, the Shiwanni deposits a liandful of broken hewe from tbe tray into the blanket supported by the left arm of each runner, and hands a corn-husk package to each. Tbe body of runners who represent the elder Ood of War goes to a point north of the village; and tbe other goes south. An excavation tbe depth of an arm is made by an ancient corn-planter at each point, when each runjer opens his husk package, deposits the contents in the excavation, and drops in the hewe as offerings to the Gods of War and the ancestors. The one who prepares the earth to receive tbe offerings covers the opening, letiving no trace of the excavation. All now sit jierfectly still and listen for sounds from the departed. When tbe.v bear any noise which they suppose comes from the dead, they are gratified, and say. " Kllakwa. nana" "(Thanks, grandf.itber )." After walking a short distance they halt and wait again for some manifesta- tion. Should they bear a few notes from the mocking bird, the.v know the race will be in favor first of one side and then of the other—uncertain until tlie end. If the bird sings much, the.v will meet with failure. If they bear an owl boot, tbe race will be theirs. Tbe runners return to the houses which they left and retire for the remainder of tbe night in a large room, the family having withdrawn to another apart- ment. Sometimes a runner goes to an arroyo and deposits offerings of precious beads to the Gods of War, or to a locality where some renowned runner of tbe cuLiN] HALi- rack: ZHNI 693 past was killed by an I'lieiii.v. aiul, alter offering food to the Gods of War, with a prayer for success in the raii", he sits and eagerly listens for some sound from the deceased. After a time he moves a short distance and listens again. He then moves a third time and listens, and if lie hears anything from the dead he is quite sure of success. If he hears the whistling of the wind he is also likely to meet with success, and if he hears an owl hoot his success is assured. In this event he imitates the owl during the race, which annoys the opposite side, for the.v know tlie reason for the owl-like cries. At .sunrise each runner carries a corn-husk containing bits of precious beads and meal a distance from the village and sprinkles the offering to the I'nvannam pr'lashfwanni (deceased members of the Bow-priesthood) of the si.x regions, for success. It is the custom for the runners to e.vercise for the race in the early raorniug, returning to the houses of the managers, where they eat a hearty breakfast; bnt they must not drink coffee, as this drauglit distends the stomach. After this early meal nothing is partaken except a small ipiantity of wafer-bread and water. They remain at the managers' houses luitil the hour for the race. 'By afternoon the betting and excitement have increased until every available object of the bettors is placed in Tewita 'hlflnna (the large plaza). Crowds gather around the managers, who are bu.s.v looking after the stakes. Everything is wagered, from a silver button to a fine blanket. Yards of calico are brought out, silver belts and precious beads; in fact, all the possessions of mauy are staked, especially those of the old gamblers, who. having lo.st heavily in the gambling den, hope to regain their fortunes. The objects are stacked in two heai)s in Tewita 'hianna. the two managers having cliarge of arranging the articles. A blanket from one heap finds its counterjiart in tlie other, and the two are placed together, forming the base of a third pile. Drawing in this way from the two piles is continued until they are consolidated into one great heap. Much of the forepart of the afternodn is consumed in tliis work. When the managers return to their houses and an- nounce to the runners that the task of arranging the stakes is completed, the latter remove their clothing and. after donning a kilt of white cotton or some other light material, take medicine of the Shnniakwe fraternity into their mouths, eject it into their hands, and rub their entire bodies, tliat they may not be made tired from running. A piece of innnming-bird medicine, consisting of n root, is passed around ; eacli runner takes a bite, and, after chewing it, ejects it into his hands and rubs his body, that he may be swift like the bird. The hair is brought forward and a rfliishiwauni forms a long knob l)y folditig the hair over and over and wrapping it with yarn. He then places an arrow point in the knot to insure fleetness ; and lifting ashes with two eagle wing plumes, he passes them down either side of the body of each racer and sprinkles ashes to the six r(>gions. This is for physical purification. Medicine is sometimes put into the paint used on the tfkwane, which for the betting r;iccs is painted red instead of black ; and a bit of this p.-iint is sliiiped under the nail of tlie index finger of the right hand. If a runner is observed to keep his thumb pressed to his finger, it is known that he has medicine under the nail, and those making the discovery are apt to bet high on that side, for they believe that the medicine will bring success. Failure in such cases is attributed to the liad heart of tlie runner. The wives of the two .Vh'sliiwanni who wen- present on the previous night go each to the house visited In- the husliand and remain while the runners are absent. Several parcels, inclnding two blankets, are removed from the heap in the plaza and carried to eacli house and dejiosited besiilc the woman for good luck to the runner. 694 GAMES OF THE NORTH AMERICAN INDIANS [eth. anx. 24 The runners are accompanied to their base by their managers and Ah'pf'lash- Iwanni. Crowds gather. Every man who can obtain a horse is mounted. All is excitement, the women's enthusiasm being almost equal to that of the men, for each wife is interested in the side her husband has chosen, and every maiden is interested in the side of her favorite admirer. While the men gather about the runners as they prepare for the race, and follow them, the women must content themselves in the village. The two tikwawe designating the sides of the elder and the younger God of War are made by the Pi'Mashiwanni of the side of the second manager, and are carried by a runner of this party to the base, where he holds the sticks out to the opposite side, one of the party taking the tfkwane of his choice. The racers do not form in regular line. Each leader places the stick across his foot near the toes and sprinkles it with meal ; then they cry out, " Si "! "(Ready !)." The stick must not be touched with tbe hand after it is placed on the foot. It is often thrown a long distance, and no matter where it may rest it must be managed with the foot. There is nothing more exciting to the Zuiii. except the scalp dance, than this game of tikwane. The equestrians urge their ponies onward to keep pace with the racers, who run southward over the road of the Gods of War for a distance, then around to the east, crossing the river. On they go, keeping to the foot-hills.o Recrossing the river several miles west of Zui5i, they bend around to the east, and return by the southern road to the base, when tbe members of the successful party vie with one another in reaching the great plaza, for he who is first to pass around the heap of wagered articles is the hero of the hour. As they run around this pool they extend their hands toward it and, bringing them to their mouths, draw in a breath, and pass on to the house of the manager whence they started, where the victor deposits the tikwane of his side in a basket of prayer-meal, while all present make offerings of bits of precious beads in a basket. The wife of the Shiwanni takes the hand of the victor and, standing, brings her clasped hands four times before his mouth. Each time he draws a breath. The waving of the hands four times is repeated before each runner, who draws as many breaths. xVfter the prayers the victor empties the contents of the basket, which includes the meal and bead offerings and the tikwane, into a corn-husk and carries it to bis home. After each runner returns to his home he drinks a quantity of warm water as an emetic, and when relieved he retires for the night. It is not uncom- mon for a runner to be so affected by the race that the manipulations of a masseuse (the Zuiii are experts in this practice) are necessary to restore him. The following morning the head of each runner is washed in yucca suds, and he bathes. After the morning meal the tfkwane of the Elder God of War is deposited, with the contents of the corn-busk carried by the runner from his manager's house, at a shrine on fThana-yiil'lanne (Wool mountain), while the tikwane of the younger God of War and the other offerings are deposited on Towa-yiil'lanne (Corn mountain). The most prominent religious positions do not debar men from taking part in ° There are six stone heaps which direct the runuers in their course. These monu- ments, which are some 4 feet high, are supposed to have been made by direction of the Gods of War, and are distinct from those made by men and women who whirl a stone or bit of wood around the bead in tbe left band, from left to right, four times, and throw it over the shoulder onto the heap, that the fatigue that would otherwise come to the body may be cist into the stone or chip. Tbe words expressed are " tHlon yfite«- tchi b.lnasima tinatu " ("This place tired, unlucky, be settled"). These mounds are supposed to have been begun by tbe Gods of War. Vases containing medicine of these gods are believed to be buried beneath the mounds, though these objects are too sacred to be commonly referred to. ) <:llin] ball race: ZUNl 695 these betting races. One of the fleetest as well as most enthusiastic runners of the present time is the komosona (director-general) of the kfwi'siwe. There are many informal games of tikwane in which young men hurriedly gather for sport, and sometimes a considerable stake is raised. On(> race ob- served by the writer, in which great enthusiasm was exhibited, began at 5 o'clock in the afternoon, the parties returning after 7. There were three racers on a side, the komosona being one, hut he lost on this occasion. While there is much betting and considerable interest is manifested in these informal races, there is no cereuion.v associated with them. Each runner bets on his side. Outside parties bet one with another, one holding the stakes ; or more frequently, a third party has charge of the stakes, which are heaped in the large plaza. Sometimes the articles are afterward carried to the kiwi'sina to which the successful party lielongs, while again they pass to the winner in the Iilaza. he, in turn, dividing the profits among the runners of his side. While much interest prevails at the informal races, and great en.ioyment is derived from fheni. fhe e.xeifcinenf is as nothing compared with that of the more formal affairs. It is interesting to see the very young boys in their foot races and to observe , how closel.v they follow their elders in the rules governing the stakes. Wagers are always made, as the races would he of little interest to the younger boys without the element of chance associated with them. Beginning at so early an age, there is no wonder that these people develop into the swiftest of i-unners. The writer has never known the Zufii to lose a foot-race with other Indians, nor with the champion runners of the troops at Fort Wingate. who sometimes enter into races with them. It is quite common for the Zuni and Navaho to race. Though these races are alwa.vs informal, the stakes are often large, and the Navaho leave their precious beads, silver belts, bridles, and valuable blankets behind them when they depart for the pueblo. Their love for gambling prevents them from learning lessons from sad experiences. Zrxi. Zuni. New Mexico. (Cat. no. 4994. Brooklyn Institute Mii- seiiin. Fifteen sticks (figure 912), 4| inches in length, pieces of sapling with the bark on, this being cut witli distinguishing marks. Collected by the writer in 1904. These are special kicking sticks used in the clan races in the spring. At the sacred foot races at this season the estufas first compete, and four days afterwai-d the clans. Each clan has its own stick, tikwawe, which is cut with a mark to distinguish it. Each clan is represented in this race by as many men as ])ossible. Zuni, New Mexico. (Brooklyn Institute Museum.) Cat. no. 303(;. Water-worn pebble (figure 913), 3^ inches in length, which has been used as a pestle in a paint mortar. It was collected in 1903 by the writer, to whom it was described as a kicking stone, atikwannai, originally used in racing, like the kick- ing stick. Cat. no. 30r)4. Ring of twig (figure 914). wrapped with white cotton cord, 3 inches in diameter: and slender wooden rod (figure 915), 27^ inches in length, with a kind of knob at the end. 696 GAMES OF THE NORTH AMERICAN INDIANS [eth. ann. 24 Collected by the writer in 1!)0;3. The following- description was given: The game of tsi-koi ti-kwa-\vui, or ring ti-kwa-wai. is played by women and Kayemashi at the Rain dance. They start in the Fig. 914. =s;fc> Fig. Hl.i. Fig. 912. Kicking billets used in elan races; lengtli. 4! inches: Zuiii Indians, Zuiii, New Mexico; cat. no. 491t4, Bnjoklyn Institute Museum. Fig. 91.3. Kicking stone; length. Si inches; Zuni Indians, Zuni, New Mexico; cat. no, Sum. Brook- lyn Institute Museum. Fid. 914. Tos.sing ring for race game; diameter, 3 inches; Zuni Indians, Zuiii, New Mexico; cat. no. 3(K>4, Brooklyn Institute Museum. Fig. 91.5. Tossing rod for race game; length, 37.} inches; Zuni Indians, Zuni, New Mexico; cat. no. 30t'i4, Brooklyn Institute Museum. middle plaza and run some three hundred or four hundred yards in a small circuit down to the Middle of the Earth and back to the plaza. The clowns use a regular kicking stick, onlv one. and the women use CrLIN] FOdTBALL 697 one ring. Each woiiiaii has a slick, tshiin-niai. They phiy tlie game maybe once or twice during a smniner. Its object is to cause rain. The game usually follows a dance, but if the cacique orders it, the women play the game witliout reference to the dance. It is some- times played by men alone, and sometimes for money. Dick gave the name of this game as ya-mu-nai tsi-ko-nai or ya-uui-nai ti-kwa- wai. Additional particulars concerning this game are furnished by Mrs ^Matilda Coxe Stevenson in her l)aper on Zufii (ianies," where she describes it under the name of 'sikon-yii'mune tfkwane. Implemeuts.—Slender sticks [figure iiKi]. the len^illi ol' an arrow shaft, zigzagged in black, symbolic of ligUtning; a ring, about 1!* inches in diameter, composed of yucca ribl)ons. and a tfkwane, or racing stick. . . . This is a foot race run only by order of the Ah'wan tii'- chu (Great Father) K6yemshi, and is exclusively for rains. A chosen number of women, each sui)i)lied with a stick, stand in line to the left of a number of men. The latter are provided with a tiliwane. which they kick : and the women who play against the men use a yucca ring, tossing it with their sticks. Though the distance covered is shoi't the latter seldom win. Mr John T. Owens'" described the following game: A-we-wo-po-pa-ne.""—This is played by only two persons. but each usually has several V)aekers. and consider;il>li' betting is done. One place is designated as the stone- home. One hundrew England's Prospect, p. 7.3, London, 16.')4. ' Micmac Customs and Traditions. The American .\utlirupologist, v. 8, p. 35. 1895. : CULIN] FOOTBALL: ESKIMO 699 each other like the [w>les of the traditional wigwam. About a score of playors, divided into two parties, faced each other at equal distances from the center of the field. The ball was then rolled in by the umpire, and the object of the game was to kick it between the goal posts. In more recent times a player may catch his opponent by the neck and thus hold him back until he can obtain the ball himself, but sculping was anciently employed as a means of disposing of an opponent. Narraganset. Rhode Island. Roger Williams" gives pasuckquakohowauog, they meet to foot- ball, and says: They have great meetings of foot-ball playing, only in summer, town against town, upon some broad sandy shore, free from stones, or upon some soft heathie plot, because of their naked feet, at which they have great stakings, but seldom quarrel. Powhatan. Virginia. William Strachey ' says Likewise they have the exercise of football, in which they only forcibly encounter with the foot to carry the ball the one from the other, and spurned it to the goal with a kind of dexterity and swift footmansliip, which is the. honour of it ; but they never strike up one another's heels, as we do. not accompting that praiseworthy to purchase a goal b.v such an advantage. In his vocabulary he gives: "A ball, aitowh.' Pig. 917. Footballs: diameters, "Ji and 111 iuches: Labrador Eskimo, Ungava; cat. nn. VHXWI, 90032, United States National Museum. eskimauan stock Eskimo (Labrador). Ungava. (Cat. no. 90031, 90032, United States National Museum.) Buckskin-covered balls, one nearly spherical. 2J inches in diameter, and the other rather flattened, 3:^ inches in diameter, both cov- ered with a single piece of buckskin, with a draw string, as shown in figure 917: contained in a net bag, made of knotted thongs, with a thong draw-string at the mouth. ° Key Into the Language of America. London. 1G43. 'The Hlstor.v of Travalli' into Vlrt.'iul:i Britannia, p. Printed for tlie llakliiyt Society, London, 1849. : (00 GAMES OF THE NORTH AMERICAK INDIANS [bth. ann. 24 Collected by Mr Liicicn M. Tiiriier." wlio describes them as foot- balls. He says Football calls out cveryboil.v, from the aged ami lieiit mother of a numerous family to the toddling youngster scarcely able to do more than waddle under the burden of his heavy deerskin clothes. Eskimo (Koksoagmiut). Fort Chimo, Labrador. (Cat. no. 90285, United States National Museum.) Buckskin ball, Avith median seam, li inches in diameter, and wliip, consisting of four loops of buckskin, tied in the middle with a single thong, attached to a short Avooden handle (figure !U8). Collected liy ^Ii- T^ucien M. Turner,'' who says: Pio. itlS. Fiiothnll and drivel-; diameter <»f ball, Ij inches; Knksijagniivit Eskimo, Fort Cbimo, Labrador; from Turner. Figure 018 represents the footljall . . and the whip for driving it. The Eskimo are very fond of this game. All the people of every age, from the tod- dling infant to the aged female with bended back, love to urge the ai uk tofik, as the ball is termed. The size of the liall varies from 3 to 7 inches in diameter. They have not yet arrived at perfection in making a spherical form for the ball. l)Ut it is often an api)le shape. It is made by taking a piece of buckskin or sealskin and cutting it into a circular form, then gathering the edges and stuffing the cavity with dry moss or feathers. A circular piece of skin is then inserted to fill the space which is left by the incomplete gatherings. This ball is very light and is driven either by a blow from the foot or else by a whip of peculiar construction. This whip consists of a handle of wood S to 12 inches in length. To prevent it from slijjping out of the hand when the blow is struck, a stout thong of sealskin is made into the form of a long loop which is passed o\er the hand and tightens around the wrist. To the farther end of the whi|) handle are attached :\ number of stout thongs of heavy sealskin. These thongs have their ends tied around the handle and thus form a number of loops of 12 to 20 inches in length. These are then tied together at the » Ethnolos.v of the rnsiava nistrict, Hudson Bay Territory. Eleventh Annual Report of the Bureau of I'.tlmology, i>. 255, 1894. '•Ibid., D- 256. : : ciLix] FOOTBALL : ESKIMO 7Ul bottom ill order to give them greater weight when the ball is struck by tlieiii. A lusty Esliimo will ofteu semi the ball over a humlreil yards through the air witli such force as to knock a person dnwn. At Fort Chiuio the game is jilayed during the late winter at'teinoons wlien the teuijierature is ;{0° to 4(1° below zero. It is exciting and vigorous play \vhere a large crowd joius in the game. Sometimes the bail is in the form of two irregular heniis])lieres joined to- gether, making .1 s|iliere which can be rolled only in a certain direction. It is very awkward and luddnccs mucli confusion by its erratic course. Eskimo (Cextral). CiiiiilH'iland sound, Baffin land, FiaiiUIin. Dr P^ranz Boas " says Another game of ball I have seen played by men only. .\ leather ball filled with liard clay is propelled with a whip, tlie lasli nf whicli is tied u)i in a coil. Every man has his whip, and is tn liit tlie ball and so prevent his fellow-players from gettin.g at it. Eskimo (Ita). Smith suuud. tireenlaiid. Dr A. L. Kroeber '' says Among amusements is ball-playing. The ball is of sealskin, and is stuffed with scraps nf skin, so as to be hard. Eskimo (We.stkkx). St Michael. Alaska. Edward William Nelson ' describes the fjame: Football ( i-tig'-n-ini-u'-hlu-tin I. The ball (un'kak) used in this game is made of leather, stuffed with deer hair or moss, and varies in size, but rarely exceeds 5 or G inches in diameter. The game is played by young men and children. The usual season for it Is at the end of winter or in spring. I saw it played in various places from Bering strait to the mouth of the Kuskokwim ; at t'ape Darby it was played by chil- dren on the hard, drifted snow: it i.s also a popular game on the lower Yukon. Two of the participants act as leader.s, one on each side choosing a player alternately from among those gathered vnitil tlie.v are ei|ually divided. At a given distance apart two conspicuous marks are made on the snow or ground which serve as goals: the pla.vers stand each by their goal and the ball is tossed upon the ground midway between them : a rush is then made, each side striving to drive the ball across its adversaries' line. Another football game is begun by the men standing in two close, parallel lines midway between the goals, their legs and bodies forming two walls. The ball is then thrown between them and driven back and forth by kicks and blows iintil it passes through one of the lines : as soon as this occurs all rush to drive it to one or the other of the goals. The northern lights (aurora) of winter .-irc saiil by these iicopli' to lie boys playing this game: others say it is a game being pla.ved by shades using walrus skulls as balls. " The rentral TOskimn. Sixth AnnuHl Report of the Bureau of Ethnolog.v. p. ."iTO, 1888. ''Bulletin ot" 111"' .Xnieriean .Muscnin of Natural Ilistor.v. v. 12. p. ;iOO. New York. 1900. The Eskimo nli'int Bering Strait. Eighteenth Annual Report oC the Bmeau of Ameri- can Ethnolo^'.v. pi. 1. p. :!35. isnii. ": 702 GAMES OF THE NORTH AMERICAN INDIANS [eth. ans. 24 IROQTJOIAN STOCK Wyandot. Kansas. Mr William E. Connelle_v writes the author as follows: Tbey played a game of ball which they say was much like our modern foot- ball, but I never could get enough information about it to warrant me in describing it as in any way different from the well-known game of Indian ball. MAEIPOSAN STOCK Chukchansi. Table mountain, Fresno county, California. Dr J. W. Hudson describes tlie following game under the name of eye : Two or more men play on a side, using a stone ball, she'-lel o'-lol ("stone ball "). At a signal each captain kicks (foot casts) his respective ball forward to his partners, who forward it in the same manner to a goal line, wex, 400 yards distant. The one whose ball is first over the line wins. O O oooo«o «««» MEN • WOMEN o o • Pig. 919. Plan of ball field; Topinagiigim Indians, California; from a sketch by Dr J. W. Hudson. MOQUELUMNAN .STOCK Topinagugim. Big creek, 2 miles north of Grovelaiid, California. (Field Columbian Museum.) Cat. no. 70224. Buckskin-covered ball, filled with deer hair, with median seam, 4^ inches in diameter. Cat. no. 70225. Buckskin-covered ball, filled with moss, with median seam, 7 inches in diameter. These were collected l\v Dr J. W. Hudson, who describes them as footballs. He also describes the following game under the name of puskaw, football The ball is an oblate spheroid, 13 inches long by 8 inches iu its shorter diam- eter, and consists of buckskin filled with deer hair. A straight, level course of about .500 yards is laid out, at one end of which the two balls are placed about 12 feet apart. The two opposing starters, pa-chu'-pe, stand about .50 ° Ey-6' is name for manzanita tree, and it is probable the ball was once made from this dense, heavy timber.—.1. ^^'. H. : — Cl'LIN] football: achomawi 703 tret lii'liiiul tlu'ii- rospeotive l)alls. mikI. :iI tlip signal, " Wisaetch "I tlie two ilipononts rush forward and kick their balls to their respective partners sta- lioneil next to them on the course, also running after the ball to assist, if necessary. No interference or handling of the ball is allowed. The iieualty is usually the confiscation of the stakes. The number of players regulates the length of the course. Often fifty play. Dr J. W. Hudson describes also the following ball game, played between men and women under the name mnta The ball, pus'-pfitch-ki, consists of an oblate spheroid 4 by 7 in<-hes in diameter, covered with buckskin and stuffed with deer hair. The goals are two sets of poles. S feet apart and S feet high, bent at the top to form an arch, and 600 yards apart. The men are stationed in a line on one side and the women on the other [tigure 01!M. The starters, five men and five women, arranged alternatel.v, stand in a line in the center of the field, at right angles to the goal course. At a word, a man casts down the ball and each side tries to secure it. The women nnist advance the ball with their hands or with a handled basket, a-ma-ta, while the men can kick only, and must not throw or touch the ball with their hands, nor can they interfere with their hands. The women are very expert and throw tlic liall Ic^iig ilistances. ITJUNAX STOCK XisHixAM. Mokelumne river, 1-2 miles soiUh of Placerville. Cali- fornia. I)f ,1. W. Hudson descril)es the following game: Pas'-ko. football."—The ball, pas-kii. is oblong. 12 inches in longest diameter, covered with buckskin and stuffed with deer hair. There are eight players to a side. One ball is used. The goals consist of pairs of poles. .S feet apart, at the ends of a L(HK)-foot course. Rough play is the rule, as a player is allowed to run with the ball in his hands, and interference is permissible. SALISHAX STOCK Skokomish. British Columbia. Flu. lai. Football: Mr Charles diameter. 4 iu-Ilill-Tout '' refers to a kind of football ches: Achomawi under the name of tequila. Indians, Hat creek, Califor- SHASTAX stock nia; cat. no. itTB*American M u - seum of Natural Achomawi. Hat creek. California. (Cat. no. y|ff, History. American Museum of Natural History.) Ball covered with buckskin (figure 920). 4 inches in diameter. Col- lected in 1903 by Dr Roland B, Dixon, who describes it as a foot- ball, pwatoqwaiwi. " The name of this game, as also probably the game, was of Mlwok introduction. .1. W. H. 'Notes on the Skqo'mic nf I!rltish Ciilumhia, Report of the Seventieth Meetinc of the British Association for the Advancement of Science, p, 488, London, I'Mi). 7U4 GAMES OF THE NORTH AMERICAN INDIANS [etu. anx. 24 SHOSHONEAX STOCK Mono. Hooker cove, Madera county. California. (Cat. no. 71440. Field Columbian Museum.) Ball covered with liuckskin filled with hair, M inches in diameter. Collected by I)r ,]. W. Hudson, who describes it as used in a foot- ball game called tanasukwitokoin. The iibove ball is not the right shape. It should he obloug. S by (U inches. It is called o-no-\vi, and is filled with deer hair. Two halls are laid on the starting line, a-ua-wi'-a-uu-a-we', 20 feet apart, and at a signal each captain kicks his hall to his partners, who forward it to the goal, a-na-na-ko'-i-na. a hole between a pair of stakes. 3.50 yards distant. No interference whatever is permitted. Anotlier football game with the same iianie. ta-na-s(i-k\vi-to'-ko-in. is played with one ball. 7 inches in diameter, which is dropped in the center of the field .-iiid kicked or carried in almost the same manner as modern football. The goals are pairs of upright poles, 5 feet between and 4(Hi yards apart. Paiite. IVramid lake. Nevada. (Cat. no. 37155, Free Museum of Science and Art, ITniversity of Pennsylvania.) Buckskin-covered ball (figure 921). ?> inches in diameter. It was collected by the writer in 1901 through Miss Marian Taylor. Called wnt-si-mo and u.sed in a football game l)y men. sa.v, four on a side. The object i.s to kick the ball between two goals, tu-bi. made of willow sticks, and .some 8 or 10 feet high. The goals are about ."lO yards ajiart, the players starting in the center. They wear only a loin cloth. SIOT'AX STOCK Catawba. South Carolina. Mrs R. E. Dunlap." of Leslie, York county. South Carolina, writes the author that the Ca- tawl)a formerly played a game of football which Fig. 921. Football; diam- eterririnrhesi'pahau- they Called wachippu. Indians, Nevada; cat. no. .371.5.'), Free Museum A\'.\sno.\X .STOCK of Science and Art. Univereity ..f Penn Washo, Carsou vmHcv aiid Lake Tahoe, Ne- svlvania. vada. l)r J. W. Hudson describes this tribe using a footl)all, kawnial, (> inches in diameter, and filled witli the inner bark of the sagebrush. The goals, maw'-tap, consist of two sets of jioles, Kl feet high and aliout 4 feet apart, at either end of the field, which is about :!00 feet long. The game is like our football. There are three pla.vers to a side, and the ball is cast up in the center of the field by a captain. The game is called pa-law'-va-paw. Hand-axd-Foot B.vli. I have classified under the name of hand-and-foot ball a woman's game played with a large ball, which is struck down with the hand " In a letter, Septemlier t, 1901. ) . cclin] HAND-AND-FOOT BALL: CHEYENNE 705 iind kicked back with the foot. The hall is covered either with buck- skin (Cheyenne, Eskimo, Mandan) or with bladder netted with sinew ( (xrosventres. Crows ) It is commonly played by one woman at a time, but among the Eskimo two or four play. The Cheyenne count the game with sticks, and their ball has a thong attached. The game has been found among two Algonquian tribes (Chey- enne, Grosventres), among the Eskimo, and among four Sioimn tribes (Assiniboin. Crows. Mandan, Winnebago). Included in this divi- sion is a ball with a thong, from the Arapaho. which is struck only with the hand. AI.GONQUIAN STOCK Arai'aiiu. Wind Kiver reservation, Wyoming. (Cat. no. 36977. Free Museum of Science and Art, University of Pennsylvania.) Buckskin ball (figure 922), with median seam, 2i inches in diameter, one face marked with a cross in colored quill work, attached to a thong 19 inches in length. Fig. 922. Fig. 923. Fui. 922. Ball witli thong; diameter, 2} inches; Arapaho Indians, Wyoming: rat. no. 3*1977, Free Museum of Science and Art, University of Pennsylvania. Fit;. 92;i. Hand-and-foot ball: diameter, 9i inches; Cheyenne Indians. Montana: rat. no. (iit978, Field Columbian Museum. The end of the thong is held in the hand, and the ball is thrown up and caught. Collected by the writer in I'.XX). The name is kowwha ; it is used in a girl's game. Cheyenne. Cheyenne reservation, Montana. (Field Columbian Museum. Cat. no. 69978. Kicking football (figure 923), covered with buck- skin, irregularly elliptical, with two faces, consisting of disks of Ijuckskin sewed to a middle band 2 inches wide and i)ainted red, to which is attached a buckskin thong 24 inches in length; diameter, 9j inches. Collected by Mr S. C. Simms in 1901, The thong is held in the hand and the ball kicked repeatedly. It is used in a woman's game. 114 ETII—0.^ M 45 : 706 GAMES OF THE NORTH AMEEICAN INDIANS [eth. ann. 24 Cat. no. 68977. Buckskin ball flattened (figure 924), with median seam, painted red. 7| inches in diameter; accompanied by twenty counting sticks, willow twigs, painted red, 8| inches in length. These were collected in 1901 by Mr S. C. Simms, who says the ball is kicked in the air and caught on the foot, the operation being repeated until the player misses. A stick is given for each successful stroke. This is a woman's game. Cheyenne. Oklahoma. Mr Louis L. Meeker writes that girls kick a little ball in the air, counting the number of times it is done without letting ball or foot touch the ground. Colorado. Prof. F. V. Hayden" gives under ball: e-hu-a-si-wa-to, to play ball with the foot. o Fig. 924. Fig. 92.5. Fig. 924. Hand-and-foot ball; diameter. 7J inches; Cheyenne Indians, Montana; cat. no. 68977, Field Columbian Museum. Fig. 92.5. Position of players in women's football game; Western Eskimo, Alaska; from Nelson. Grosventres. Fort Belknap. Montana. (Cat. no. t|%^, American Museum of Natural History.) Ball, covered with a bladder and twined with a network of sinew; diameter, 6 inches. Described by the collector, Dr A. L. Kroe- ber, as a football. ESKIMAUAN STOCK Eskimo (Western). St Michael, Alaska. Mr E. W. Nelson ' describes the following game Women's football (Oii-kar-fl-g'it). . . . This game is played b.v women nsually during the fall and winter. The ball used is generally considerably larger than the one used in the men's game. The four players stand opposite each other [figure 925]. Each pair has a ball, which is thrown or driven bacli and forth across the square. The ball is thrown upon the ground midway between the players, so that it shall bound toward the opposite one. She strikes the ball down and back toward her partner with the palm of her open hand. Sometimes the ball » Contributions to the Ethnography and Philology of the Indian Tribes of the Missouri A'alley. p. 205, Philadelphia, 1S62. 'The Eskimo about Bering Strait. Eighteenth Annual Report of the Bureau of Aneri- can Ethnology, pt. 1, p. 336, 1899. CILIX] HAND-AND-FOOT BALL: MANDAN 707 is caught on the toe or band and tossed up and struck or kicked back toward the other side. The pereou who misses least or has fewer " dead " balls on her side wins. At times this game is played only by two women. SIOUAN STOCK AssiNiBoix. Fort Union, Montana. Mr Edwin T. Denig" says: The women play hand and foot ball. Crows. Crow agency, Montana. ( Cat. no. 154335, United States National Museum.) Football (figure 926), covered with bladder and twined witli sinew; diameter, 6 inches. Collected by Dr W. J. Hoffman, who gives the name as huh tse. Fig:. fl26. Fig. 927. Ftg. 926. Hami-and-foot ball; diameter, 6 inches: Crow Indians, Montana; cat. no. 154:^5. United States National Mnseum. Fig. 927. Hand-and-foot ball; Mandan Indians, North Dakota: from Maximilian. Prince of Wied. Crow reservation. Montana. (Field Columbian Museum.) Cat. no. 09646. Bladder filled with antelope hair, inclosed in a net- work of sinew; diameter. Of inches. Cat. no. 69645. Football, similar to the preceding, 8i inclie.s in diame- ter. Cat. no. 6964T. Football, similar to tlie preceding, 7 inches in diame- ter. These specimens were collected in 1901 by Mr S. C. Simms, who describes them as juggling footballs, boop tcje. used in a woman's game. The object is to keep the ball in the air the longest time by kicking it or by the gi-eatest number of kicks without a miss. Mandan. Fort Clark. North Dakota. Maximilian, Prince of Wied,' says: The women are expert in |)laying with a large leatliern hall (figure 9271, which they let fall alternately on their foot and knee, again throwing it up and " I'npnblished nianiKicript in the library of the Bureau of ,\merican Ethnology. 'Travels in the Interior of North America, translated by U. Evans Lloyd, p. 358, LoDdon, 1S43. : : : : 708 GAMES OF THE NORTH AMERICAN INDIANS Ibth. ann. 24 catching it, and thus lieeping it in motion for a length of time without letting it fall to the ground. Prizes are given, and they often play high. The ball is often very neat and curiously covered with dyed porcupine quills. Winnebago. Wisconsin. Mr Louis L. Meeker communicates the following description of a game played bj' the Winnebago girls and some others They take a light soft ball, such as a stuffed stocking foot, place it on the toe. and standing on one foot, kick it up a few inches. Then as it fills they kick it back again, so as to send it up as often as possible without letting it fall to the ground, keeping count of the number of times. When it falls to the iiround or when the foot is placed on the ground the ball is passed to another player. The first to count 100. or any number agreed upon. wins. Tossed Ball In general, the ball throvighout the North American continent was propelled with a bat or racket and not touched with the hands. The following exceptional games have been recorded: ALGONQUIAN STOCK Abnaki. Quebec. Lafitau " says Their ball is nothing but an inflated Itladder, which must alwa.vs be kept up in the air and which in reality is upheld a long time by the multitude of hands tossing it back and forth without ceasing ; this forms a very pretty sight. Miami. St Joseph river, Michigan. Charlevoix '' says, after describing lacrosse The second game is very like this one, but not so dangerous. Two boundaries are marked out, as in the first game, and the players take up all the ground which is between them. The one who begins throws a ball up into the air as perjiendicularly as possible, so that he may easily catch It again and throw it towards the goal. All the others have their arms raised, and the one who seizes the ball either goes through the same maneuver or throws it to one of his party whom he considers more alert or more skillful than himself, for in order to win the ball must never fall into the hands of the adversaries. Women play this game also, but rarely. They have four or five on a side, and the one who lets the ball fall loses. MoNTAGNAis. Camp islands, Labrador. George Cartwright " says At sunset the Indians amu.sed themselves with playing at ball. This amuse- ment consisted only in tossing the ball at pleasure from one to another, each striving who should get it ; but I soon perceived they were very bad catchers. » Moeurs des Sauvages Ameriquains, v. 4. p. 76, Paris, 1724. ".lournal d'un Voyage dans rAm^rlque Septentiionnale. v. 3. p. ,319, Paris, 1744. <" A .Tourual of Transactions and Events during a Residence of nearl.v Sixteen Years on the Coast of Labrador, v. 1, p. 237, Newark, 1792, : : Cl'LIN] TOSSED BALL : CHOCTAW 709 CHIMMESYAN STOCK NisKA. Nass river, British Columbia. Dr Franz Boas " describes a game TIet ! : a ball game.—Four men stanil in a square in; each pair, standing opposite corners, throw the ball one to the other, striliing it with their bands. Those who continue longest have won. E.SKIMAXTAN STOCK E.SKiMO (Centr,vl). Cumberland sound. Baffin land, Franklin. Dr Franz Boas '' says The ijall [figure 928] is most freiiuentl.v used in summer. It is made of sealskin stuffed with moss and neatly trimmed with sliin straps. One man throws the ball among the players, whose oljject it is to keep it always in motion without allowing it to touch the ground. KOLUSCHAN .STOCK Tlinhtt. Alaska. Dr Aurel Krause * says: Ball is i)layed by children as well as adults. The young people of the village often passed the time in a game in which two sides placed themselves opposite each other and threw a thick leather ball back and forth, whereby Fio. 928. Ball; Central Eskimo, Cum- thev e.\erted themselves never to let come berlandsound.Bafflnland.Franklta;it rat. no. TV A 6823, Berlin Mugeiim to the earth. j^^^ Volkerkunde: from Boas. SirSKHOGEAN STOCK Choctaw. Mississippi. Capt. Bernard Romans'' says: The women also have a game where the.v take a small stick, or something else off the ground after having thrown up a small ball which the.v are to catch again, having jiicked up the other: they are fond of it. but ashamed to be seen at it. I believe it is this propensity to gaming which has given these sava.ges an idea of a meum and tuum above all other nations of America. Captain Romans " describes also a game played with a large ball of woolen rags, which he says the men and women play promiscuously with the hand only. « Fifth Report on the Indians of British Columbia. Report of the Sixty-fifth Meeting of the British Association for the Advancement of Science, p. 58:<. London. 189.5. "The. Central Eskimo. Sixth Annual Report of the Bureau of Ethnolog.v. p. 570. 1888. Die Tlinkit-Indianer. p. 164. .lena, l.sK."i. ''A Concise Natural History of East and West Florida, v. 1. |). SI, New York, 1775. ' ll.id.. p. 79. : : : : 710 GAMES OF THE NORTH AMERICAN INDIANS [eth. asn. 24 NATCHESAN STOCK Natchez. Louisiana. Le Page du Pratz " wrote Tlio youiif,' people, especiMll.v the girls, have hardly any kind of diversion but that of the ball : this consists in tossing a ball from one to the other with the palm of the hand, which they perform with tolerable address. pujunan stock Nishinam. California. Mr Stephen Powers '' describes the following game The pos'-ka huk'-um-toh kom-peh' (tossing the ball) is a boys" game. They employ a round wooden hall, a buckeye, or something, standing at three bases or corners, and toss it around from one to the other. If two of them start to exchange corners, and the third " crosses out " or hits either of them, he scores one, and they count up to a certain number, which completes the game. .salishan stock Thompson Indians (Ntlak^'apamuk). Briti.sh Colnnihia. Mr James Teit " says The Lower Thompson had a ball game in which the ball was thrown up by one player. The player who cautjht it ran with it until overtaken by another player, who in his turn ran with it until a certain goal was reached. SIOUAN STOCK AssiNiBoiN. Fort Union, Montana. Mr Edwin T. Denig * says The women play hand and foot ball. HiDATSA. Fort Clark, North Dakota. Maximilian, Prince of Wied,«" referring to a visit of this tribe at Fort Clark, on November 27, 1833, speaks of some of the women " playing with a leathern ball, which they flung upon the ice, caught it, and then threw it into the air, catching it as it fell." ZUNIAN STOCK ZuNi. Zuiii, New Mexico. (Cat. ni). 5000, Brooklyn Institute Mu- seum.) Cotton cloth-covered ball (figure 929), ovate, with median seam, 6 inches in diameter. « Histoire de la Louisiane, v. 3, p. 5, Paris, 1768. ''Tribes of California. Contributions to North American Ethnology, v. ,3. p. 3-31. Wash- ington, 1877. ' The Thompson Indians of British Co!uml)ia. Memoirs of the American Museum of Natural History, v. 2, p. 278. New York. 1900. •* Unpublished manuscript in the library of tlie Bureau of American Etliuolosy. «' Travels in the Interior of North America, translated by H. Evans Llo.vd, p. 422, London. 1843. : crux] FOOT-CAST ball: chukchansi 711 This was made for the writer by Nicli Graham, as a copy of a liall used by the clowns, or Koyemshi, in a game in the plaza at Zufii, May 27, 1904, which he described as follows The downs' produced a large, soft ball, and one of them made a. mark with his foot across the middle of the plaza from north to south. Sides were chosen, half the clowns ranging themselves on one side and half on the other. One side had the liall. and one of the pla.vers on that side would run forward with it to the line and try to strike a player on the other. If he hit him, the latter went to the strilcer's side, but if he missed, tlie other side threw the ball. Mrs Matilda Coxe Stevenson" says under popone (wool-bag or ball) : This game is also played by the K6yemshi and the Newekwe fraternity during the intermission of the dances. Fig. 929. Fig. 9*1. Fig. 929. Ball: diameter, 6 inches: Zuni Indians. Zuni, New Mexico; cat. no. .5I»X>, Brooklyn Institute Museum. Fio. 930. Stone foot-casting ball; diameter, i inches: Chukchansi Indians. Madera county, California; cat. no. T0894, Field Columbian Museum. Two sides are formed in line, and a man runs out from one side and turns his back to his opponents, one of whom advances and throws a small bug filled with wool. If he succeeds in striking the one who has his back turned, the latter must join the side of the one who strikes : but sliould the one endeavor- ing to strike be hit from the other side before he returns to his ranks, he must pass to his opponent's side. Foot-cast Ball A game of casting a heavy stone ball with the top of the foot, the ol)ject being to see who can throw it farthest ; observed only in California by Doctor Hudson among the tribes of two stocks (Mari- posan and Moqiielumnan). MAKIPOSAN STOCK Chukchansi. Madera county. California. (Cat. no. 70894, Field Columbian Museum.) Stone ball (figure 930). 4 inches in diameter. Collected by Dr J. W. Hudson, who describes it as used in the foot-putting game. ° Zuni Games. American Anthropologist, n. s., r. 5, p. 495, 1903. : : : 7T2 GAMES OF THE NORTH AMERICAN INDIANS [eth. ANN. 24 5I0QUELUMNAN STOCK Aplache. Big creek, north of (xrovelaiul, Tnolumne county, Cali- fornia. Doctor Hudson describes the following game under the name (jf sawa puchuma (sawa, stone; puchuma. to lift or cast with the top of the foot) : A pecked stone ball, about .'i inches in diameter, is cast with the top of the right foot. The left foot unist not get out of position. The one who can throw it farthest wins. Ball Juggling The sport or game of throwing two or more balls into the air at the same time has lieen observed among the Eskimo and an adjacent Algonquian tribe, among the Bannock, Shoshoni and Ute (Sho- shonean), and among the Zuiii. There is no indication that it was borrowed from the whites, and further investigation will doubtless result in its discovery in other parts of the continent. algonquian stock Nascapee. Ungava. Labrador. Mr Lucien M. Turner " says While walking out the girls generally toss stones or chips in the air and strive to keep at least two of them up at once. The Eskimo often practice this also, and. as it appears to be a general source of amusement among the Inuuit, I susiiect that the Indian borrowed it from them. » eskimauan stock Eskimo (Central). Cumberland sound, Baffin land, Franklin. Dr Franz Boas '' says a third game of ball, called igdlukitaqtung, is played with small balls tossed up alternately from the right to the left, one always being In the air. Eskimo (Ita). Smith sound, Greenland. Dr A. L. Kroeber '^ says The Adlet among them also juggle, some with as many as five pebbles at once. shastan stock AcHOMAWi. Pit river. California. Dr J. W. Hudson describes these Indians as casting up lenticularly- shaped stones over and over, juggling. » Ethnology of the Ungava District, Hudson Bay Territory. Eleventh Annual Report of the Bureau of Ethnology, p. .321, 1894. 'The Central Eskimo. Sixth Annual Report of the Bureau of Ethnology, p. 570, 1888. ' Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History, v. 12, p. 300, New York, 1900, CULIN] BALL juggling: VINTA UTE 713 SHOSHONEAN STOCK Bannock. Foi-t Hall roservsitioii. Idaho. (Cat. no. 370t')<>, Free Museuin of Science and Ai't, University of Pennsylvania.) Two perforated marbles collected by the writer in 1900. They are called marapai and arc said to be used in juggling. Shoshoni. Wind River reservation. Wyoming. (Cat. no. :^()882. Free Museum of Science and Art, University of Pennsyl- vania.) Set of three gypsum l>a]ls (figure 031). name tapa. -2 inches in diam- eter. Collected by the writer in IHOO. They are used liy women in a juggling game. descril>ed by I)r (Jeorge A. Dorsey " as follows: Occasionally nmudetl. water-worn stones are used. The Shoshoni name for the game is na-wa-til-pi ta-na-wa-ta-pi. meaning to throw with the hand. The usual number of halls used is three, although two or four may he used. The ob- ject is to keep one or more of the balls, according to the number used, in the air by passing them upward from one hand to the other, and vice versa, after the fashion of our well-known jujrglers. The balls are alx)ut_au inch in diameter, Fig. Kil. Fig. 9.32. Fig. 9:^1. Juggling balls: diameter, 'i inchet?; Shoshoni Indians. Wyoming; eat. no. :^6**82. Free Musenm of Science and Ai*t, University of Pennsylvania. Fig. 932. Juggling halls; diameter, li inches; Uinta Ute Indians, White Rocks, Utah; cat.no. 37121. Free Museum of Science and Art. University of Pennsylvania. and ai'e p;unted according to the famy of the owner, one of the sets collected having been painted blue, juiother reoint fleclared that the art of juggling had long been known by the women, and that t)efore the advent of the whites into Wyoming contests for stakes among the women was one of their commonest forms of gambling. This g;ime w.is .ilso observed among the Bannocks, the Utes and the Paiutes. . . . Uinta Ute. Wiite Rocks, Utah. (Cat. no. 'Ml-21. Free Museum of Science and Art. University of Pennsylvania.) Set of three red clay halls (figure !):')-2). lA inches in diameter. Used by women in a juggling game. Collected by the writer in VMl. ' JourDEl of American Polk-Lore, v. 14, p. 24, Boston, 1901. : : ) ; 714 GAMES OF THE NORTH AMERICAN INDIANS [eth. ANN. 24 ZUXIAX STOCK Ztjni. Zuni. New Mexico. (Cat. no. 3085. Brooklyn Institute Mu- seum. ) Four red clay balls (figure 933), 2 inches in diameter. Collected in 1903 by the writer, to whom they were described as follows Women make balls of red clay as big as hens' eggs for the boys to gamble with. They use two, throwing them up and keeping one in the air. They keep count, and the one who scores highest wins. The game is called lui it-zu-lu-lu-ua-wai the ball, hai-muk-kia-ma-wai. Hot Ball Dr J. W. Hudson describes the following game as one for training young men An old man goes out at night and takes a stone ball which he puts in the fire and heats very hot. He then removes the ball from the fire and throws it as far as he can with wisps of straw. A number of youths are lined up, on the Pig. fim. Fig. WM. Fig. 933. .Tuggling balls; diameter, 2 inches: Zuni Indians, Zuni, New Mexico; cat. no. 3085, Brooklyn Institute Museum. Fig. 934. Hot ball; diameter, 2} inches; Mono Indians, Madera county, California; cat. no. 71439, Field Columbian Museum. alert, heads down, to locate where the ball strikes, and at the moment it falls they run and try to get it. He who finds it first gets the first honor, but he who brings it to the camp gets the stakes. MAEIPOSAN STOCK Chukchansi. Fresno county. California. (Cat. no. 70893. Field Columbian Museum". Two stone balls, 2 inches in diameter. Collected liy Dr J. W. Hudson, who describes them as probably used in the game of hot ball. SHOSHONEAN STOCK Mono. Hooker cove, Madera county, California. (Cat. no. 71439, Field Columbian Museum.) Four stone balls (figure 93-1:), '2^ to 2^ inches in diameter. Col- lected by Dr J. W. Hudson, who describes them as used in the game of hot ball. ; MINOR AMUSEMENTS From the recorded accounts, meager as they are, it apijears that the Indians of North America had the same kinds of minor amusements and children's plays as occur in other parts of the world and sur- vive in our own civilization. Thus, for example, Mr Nelson " gives descriptions of twenty-two '' such anuisements in addition to those of which accounts have been extracted for the present work. Rev. J. Owen Dorsey '^ in the same way describes forty-one such plays, beside those mentioned in this volume, as existing among the Teton Dakota. Of these, thirty-one are readily classified as imitative and dramatic, twelve '' of these referring to war and combat, six*" to hunting, four^ to religion, and nine" to social customs and domestic employments; three'' are ring games, similar to those of civilization, four' ai-e simple contests of action, and three' may l)e classified as miscellaneous. According to Mr Dorsej\ each of these games, and of the other children's games which he enumerates, has its own special season or seasons and is played at no other time of the year. Children of one " The Eskimo about Bering Strait. Eighteenth Annual Report of the Bureau of American Ethnology, pt. 1. p. 337. 1809. 'Rope Jumping: lilind man's buff; hide and seek; tag; twin tag; ring around; tossing on walrus skin; tug of war: arm pulling; pole pulling: stick raising; finger pulling; foot pulling; neck pulling; head pushing; battering ram; wrestling; knee walking; high jumping; horizontal jumping; hurdle jumping: kaiak racing. Games of Teton Dakota Children. American .\nthropologist, v. 4, p. 329, 1891. For further information about Dakota children's games, see Ogalala Games, by Louis L. Meeker, in Bulletin of Free Museum of Science and .\rt, v. 3, p. 23, Philadelphia. 1901. " Running toward one another ; taking captives from one another : how they are brought up (follow my leader) ; hide and seek: throwing stones at one another; they hit one another with earth; use mud with one another; throwing fire at one another; throwing chewed leaves Into the eyes : they wound one another with a grass which has a long sharp beard, michap^cha : wrestling ; they kick at one another. * Hunting for young birds ; egg hunting : trampling on the beaver ; deer game grizzly-bear game ; goose and her children. f Ghost game : mystery game ; pretending to die ; playing doctor. " Courting the women : going to make a grass lodge ; playing with small things playing with large objects: they make one another carry packs; sitting on wooden horses ; old woman and her dog ; causing them to scramble for gifts : flutes. '' Howf I howl!: snatching places from one another; they do not touch one another. * Who shall get there first : hopping ; jumping from a high object ; they play neck out of joint (tumbling, somersaults). ' Ildop that is made to roll by the wind; sport with mud horses; ball of mud made to float is thrown at. 71.5 716 GAMES OF THE NORTH AMERICAN INDIANS [eth. ann. 24 sex seldom play with those of the other. In accordance with the original plan I shall dismiss with this mere mention the games played without special implements. There is much, however, in them, as well as in the Indian toys and playthings, that would repay com- parative study, although our information about them is scanty. ]Mr Dorsey says the Teton use sleds of different kinds. Among the Oglala the boys coast down hill on a piece of wood or bark like a barrel stave, with a rein tied to one end, which they hold, standing erect, with one foot advanced and the rein drawn tight for support." Yankton boys have a kind of sled, huhu kazunta, made of rib bones lashed together with rags (figure 935). Fig. m^. Bone sled; length, 14 inches: Yankton Dakota Indians, Fort Pock. Montana; oat. no. S^tilii, Free Mttseum of Science and Art, University of Pennsylvania. I have classified the following amusements, all of which may be regarded as games of dexterity, under thirteen different heads, having here restricted myself to those of which more than one mention occurs. It is difficult to decide from present data whether certain of them may not have been borrowed from the whites. Though the Indians sen- erally are a conservatiAe people, they have, at the same time, high powers of mimicry and imitation. Of this gift the anecdotes of the Hopi clowns related by Mr A. M. Stephen in his unpublished manu- scrijit afford many intei*esting illustrations. Mr Dorsey describes the skill with which Teton children make play- things of clay, copying animal forms with amazing fidelity. Indian children in general are given to making pictures, often painting or cutting them high up on the rocks. Among other amusements one has been noted where they laid pebbles on the ground to form outline pictures of various objects. " Louis L. Meeker, Ogalala Oames. Bulletin of the Free Museum of Science and Art, V. 3, p. 35, Phihidelphia, 1901. : CCLIN] shuttlecock : skokomish 717 Shuttlecock A game of shuttlecock, played with a wooden battledoor, is com- mon among the tribes on the Northwest coast. The Zuni play with corn-husk shuttlecocks, stuck with feathers, batted with the hand. and a similar object was found in a cliff-dwelling in the Canyoh de Chelly. Only the two forms occur, and no other distribution has been observed. PIMAN STOCK. Pima. Arizona. The late Dr Frank Russell " described the following game Kwaltuslwikiit.—The children sometimes ;iuiuse themselves b.v tossinsr into the air corncobs in which from one to three feathers have been stuck. They do not shoot arrows at them. SALISHAX STOCK Bellacoola. Dean inlet, British Columbia. (Cat. no. rHr* tfIt) American Mu- seum of Natiu-al History.) Battledoor, made of thin, unpainted boards, Hi by 13^ inches, and shuttlecock, con- sisting of a small piece of twig, stuck with three feathers. These specimens were collected by Mr George Hunt and Dr Franz Boas, who gave fio. 936. Battledoor: k-ngth, . ,i 1 i 1 1 12i inches; Bellacoola In-the names .L 1as laetsta and koamal. dians,BritishCoiumbia:cat. British Columbia. (Cat.no. IV A G772. "<> ^'^^ a 6-72, Berlin Mu- senm fUr Volkerkunde. Berlin Museum -.T..!!rur Volkerkunde.) Wooden battledoor (figure 936), made of four wooden slats lashet,! to a handle; length, 12J inches. Collected by Capt. Samuel Jacobsen. Clallam. Washington. A Clallam boy. John Eaub, described this tribe as playing the wooden battledoor game like the Makah. The name of the battle- door, he said, was acquiaten : of the shuttlecock, sacquiah. Skokojiish. British Columbia. Mr Charles Hill-Tout '' describes a game called tckwie: This was a Ivind of shuttlocotk and l>attledore. and a favourite pastime of the girls. " In a memoir to be published by the Bureau of American Ethnolo.^y. * Notes on the Sk.qo'mic of British Columbia. Report of the Seventieth Meeting of the British .Association tor the Advancement of Science, p. 488, London, 1900. 718 GAMES OF THE NOETH AMERICAN INDIANS Ieth. ann. 24 WAKASHAN STOCK Hesquiaht. Vancouver island, British Columbia. ( Cat. no. IV A 1489, Berlin Museum fiir Volkerkunde.) Battledoor (figure 937), wooden plaque, with a handle of the same piece, 14 inches in length; and shuttlecock (figure 9.38), a twig tied with three feathers. Collected by Capt. Samuel Jacobsen. Kwakiutl. Nawiti, British Columbia. Dr C. F. Newcombe gives the name of the battledoor of slats as quemal and of the shuttlecock as quemlaiu. The game is quumla. Two or more play. If there are many players, they stand in a ring. They throw always to the right and in front of the body. The one who lasts longest wins. Fifi- M8. Fig. 93!). Fig. 987. Battledoor; length, 14 inches; Hesquiaht Indians, Vancouver island, British Columbia; cat. no. IV A 1489, Berlin Museum fiir Volkerkunde. Pig. 938. Shuttlecock; length, 3 inches; Hesquiaht Indians, Vancouver island, British Columbia; oat. no. IV A 1489, Berlin Museum fur Volkerkunde. Pig. 939. Battledoor and shuttlecock; diameter of battledoor, 9 inches; Makah Indians, Wash- ington; cat. no. 37389, Free Museum of Science and Art, Univei*sity of Pennsylvania. Makah. Neah baj', Washington. (Cat. no. 37389, Free Museum of Science and Art, University of Pennsylvania.) Battledoor (figure 939), consisting of a thin circular board of cedar wood, 9 inches in diameter, with a wooden handle: and shuttle- cock, consisting of a branch of salmon-berry wood having surf- duck feathers inserted. These objects were collected by the writer in 1900. The name of the bat was given as klahaiac; that of the shuttlecock as kokoei; to play the game, klahatla. ) CILIN] shitttleoock: zuni 719 I)r George A. Dorsey " describes the game as played equally by boys and girls under the name of thahatla ; the bat he gives as tla- hayak. NiMKiSH. Nimkish river, British Columbia. (Cat. no. ^^Vj^, Amer- ican Museum of Natural History.) Battledoor (figure 040). consisting of eight strips of cedar wood lashed with cedar hark to two sticks on either side to form a rec- tangle 9^ liy 10^ inches, with a cedar-wood handle in the center, 17 inches long. Collected by Dr Franz Boas in 1900. Opitches.^ht. Vancouver island, British Columbia. (Cat. no. IV A 7119, Berlin Museum fiir Volkerkunde. Wooden battledoor (tigure 941), a round plaque of wood with a handle of the same piece, 12 inches in lengtli. The collector, Capt. Samuel -Facobsen, gives the name as eidzatsek, that of the sliuttle- cock as tklapaek. Fig. iMO. Fig. SMI. Fig. 940. Battledooi-; length, ITinches; Nimkish Imlians, British Columbia: cat. mi. si'mi. Amer- ican Museum of Natural History. Fig. 941. Battledoor; length, 12 niches; opitchesaht Indians, Vancouver island, British Colum- bia; cat. no. IV A 7119, Berlin Museum fiir Volkerkunde. ZUNI.XN STOCK ZuNi. Zuni, New Mexico. (Cat. uo. 10300. Free Museum of Science and Art, University of I'ennsylvania.) Shuttlecocks (figure 94*2), square thick bundles of corn husk, tied around at the top, and having four feathers inserted : height. from 5 to 7 inches. Made by Mr Cushing in 1893. " Games of the Makah Indians of Neah Bay. The American Antiquarian, v. 23, p. 71. lOni. ) : 720 GAMES OF THE NORTH AMERICAN INDIANS [eth. ANN. 24 Mr John G. Owens " desci-ibes the game as follows P6-ke-au.—This game is somewhat similar to our iiopular game called battle- door and shuttlecock. Green corn-husks are vvrajiped into a flat mass about 2 inches square, and on one side are placed two feathers, upright ; then, using this as a shuttlecock and the hand for a battledoor, they try how many times they can knock it into the air. Some become very skillful in this, and as they return the shuttlecock to the air they count aloud in their own language—T6-pa, quil-e, hi, a-we-ta, ap-ti. etc. The striking resemblance to our European game suggests a common origin, and it may easily have been introduced through contact with the Spaniards. This, however, is doubtful, and I am inclined to think that we must give the Indian the credit of inventing this game rather than borrowing it, as similarity of product by no means proves identity of origin. ... fts. ,y:fl .«f. Pig. 943. Fig. 942. Shuttlecocks; height, 5 to 7 inches; Zuiii Indians, Zuiii, New Mexico; cat. no. 16306, Free Museum of Science and Art, University of Pennsylvania. Fio. H4:^. Shuttlecocks; height, 8 inches; ZuSi Indians, Zuni, New Mexico; cat. no. iJ087, 3088, Brooklyn Institute Museum. Zuni Zuiii, New Mexico. (Cat. no. 3087. 3088, Brooklyn Institute Museum. Tvio delicate packets of woveu corn husk (figure 943) stuck with clown feathers, 8 inches in height. Collected by the writer in 1903. The name was given to him as jjokianawai. Mrs Matilda Coxe Stevenson describes this game under the name of po'kinanane (plural, po'kiannawe), the implements being made of corn husks neatly interlaced, forming a square of about an inch and a half, with two delicate feathers projecting from the center. She says '>: So named because the sound produced by tlie shuttlecock coming in con- tact with the palm of the hand is similar to the noise of the tread of a jack rab- bit upon frozen snow. The game is played as frequentl.v by the younger boys as by their elders, and always for stakes. " Sonic l;ame^ of the Zuili. Popular Science Monthly, v. 39. p. 3!). New York, 1901. * Zuiii Games. American Anthropologist, n. s., v. 5. p. 492, 1903. : : crLix] tipcat: zuni 721 One bets that he can toss the shuttlecock a given number of times. While ten is the number specially associated with the game, the wagers are often made for twenty, fifty, and sometimes a hundred throws. In case of failure the other player tries his skill, eacli party alternating in the game until one or the other tosses the sliuttlecock (only one IkukI being used) the given number of times, which entitles him to the game. The Zuui claim that this game originated with tliem. Tipcat The game of tipcat, played with a small billet, usually pointed, which is struck with a club, appears to be known in America, at least to certain tribes. Hennepin's account seems to refer to it, and the cat made by Mr Cushinjj is similar to those u.sed by boys in our streets. The Zuui game is peculiar in tiie ball tied to a stick which is used to hit the billet. IROQIIOIAN STOCK HuROX. Ontario. Father Louis Hennepin " says The children play with bows and with two sticks, one large and one small. They hold the little one in the left ;ind the larger one in the right hand ; then with the larger they make the smaller one tly up in the air, and another runs after it and throws it at the one who sprung it. This game resembles that of children in Europe. SIOUAN STOCK Dakota (Teton). South Dakota. Rev. J. Owen Dorsey '' describes the game under the name ichapsil cchinipi, making the wood jump by hitting it When the boys play this game an imaginary stream is marked off on the ground, and the players stand on imaginary ice near the shore. They take turns at knocking at a piece of wood, in order to send it up into the air. lie who fails to send up the piece of wood loses his stakes, and he who succeeds wins the stakes. ZUSlAN -STOCK Zfxi. Zuni, New Mexico. (Cat. no. 1()309, Free Museiun of Science and Art, University of I'ennsylvania.) Small double-pointed billet (figure 944), 2^ inches in length, with a bat, consisting of a small bag-shaped buckskin ball (figure 945). attached to the end of a handle made of a sniall twig. 19 inches in length—a model made by Mr Cushing. who describes it as known in Zuni as the jumping-toad game. "A Description of I-ouislann. p. :!0S. New York. I.si.so. * Games of Teton Dakota Children. The American Anthropolo^^ist, v. 4. p. ,'i41. IS'.tl. 24 ETH—05 M 46 ) " 722 GAMES OF THE NORTH AMERICAN INDIANS Ibth. axx. 24 QXTOITS The following games are akin to our game of quoits, but they do not appear to have anything in common with it apart from a general resemblance. At the same time it is not unlikely that the game played with stones by the Tarahumare, Mohave, and Zufii may have been borrowed from the Spaniards. The last-named play with iron disks, rayuelas. The Zuni regard their game, as Me.xican. I have here incorporated a Xavaho game like ring-toss, which may have had likewise a foreign origin. Fig. 944. Fig. 946. Fig. 944. Tipcat (model); length, 2S inches; Zuiii Indians, Zuiii, New Mexico; cat. no. 163(111, Free Museum of Science and Art, University of Pennsylvania. Fkj. 94.'). Bat for tipcat (model); length, 19 inches: Zuiii Indians, Zuni, New Mexico; cat. no. 16309, Free Museum of Science and Art, University of Pennsylvania. Fig. 946. Ring for game; diameter, 4i inches; Navaho Indians, Arizona; cat. no. 3632, Brooklyn Institute Museum. ALCONQUIAN STOCK MicMAC. Xova Scotia. Dr A. S. Gatschet writes : They have also the quoit game, and pla.v it as .Americans do ; suliale'wit, he plays the quoit game ; niii subale'wi. I play at quoits ; subale'-udi, the disli- shaped stone quoit. ATHAPASCAN STOCK Navaho. Chin Lee, Arizona. (Cat. no. 3632, Brooklyn Institute Museum. Yucca-wrapped ring (figure 946), -li inclies in diameter, half its diameter painted white. Collected by the writer in 1903. Two common sticks, about a foot high, are set up as pegs about as far apart as one can pitch, and if the ring falls so that its green edge touches the peg it counts twice as much as the white. "\Mien it falls on the peg the game is won. The ring is called bas, ring. » From Baddeck, Nova Scotia, August 28, 1899. : : CILIN] QUOITS : ESKIMO 723 ESKIMAUAN STOCK EsKiJio ( Western) . Liesnoi island, Alaska. (Cat. no. 90436, United States National Museum.) Eleven flat i^olished ivory disks (figure 947), 1§ inches in diameter and one-fourth of an inch thick. Five have a single comma- shaped hole in the middle, and five three holes in a line across the piece. The eleventh piece appears to belong to another set. Collected by ^^ . J. Fisher, Coast and Geodetic Survey. This appears to be the game observed by Mr Iv?n Petroff " among the Kaviagmiut The Kaniags wero inveterate gamblers. Tliey frequently lost all their pos- sessions in a game they called " kaganagah," which was played as follows : Two seal-skins were spread out at a distance of 8 or 10 feet from each other, and a flat, round i)iece of bone, about the size of a silver eagle was deposited upon each, the edge of the disk being marked with four black dots. The players, whose number was never more than four, but generallv two. divided into two Fig. 94". Ivory gaming disks; diameter, Ig inches; Western Eskimo, Alaska; cat. no. 90436, United States National Mosenm. parties, and each put up some article of value. Each gambler had five wooden disks, and these he tlirew from the edge of one skin to the other, trying to cover the bone disk. When all the disks had been thrown, the i>layers examined their relative positions. If the bone disk had been covered, the lucky thrower received from his opponent three bone sticks, or marks ; but if he had covered only one of the black dots of the disk he received two marks, and the wooden disk which had fallen nearest to the bone procured for the thrower one mark, and the marks were subsecpiently redeemed with valuables. Kodiak island, Alaska. Capt. Uriy Lissiansky '' says The Cadiack men are so fond of gaming that they often lose everything they possess at play. They have a very favorite game called kroogeki. Four or more men play at it ; that is, two against two, or three against three. Two skins are spread on the ground, at the distance of about 12 feet from each other. On each skin is placed a round flat mark made of bone, about 4J inches in circumference, with a black circle and center marked on it. Every player has five wooden pieces, like what are called men in the game of draughts or back- gammon, and distinguished in the same manner by color. The players kneel, and, stretching themselves forward, lean on the left hand, throwing the " Tenth Census. Report on the Population, Industries, and Resources of Alaska, p. 143, W.nshinj.'tiin, 1884. *• A Voyage round the World, p. 210, London, 1814. : : — "724 GAMES OF THE NORTH AMERICAN INDIANS [ETH. anx. 24 draughts with the right, one after another, adversary against adversary, aiming at the round ruarlv. If a man hits the marlc, his antagonist endeavors to dis- lodge the draught by placing his own there. When all the draughts are expended on both sides, it is examined how they lie, and they are counted accordingly: for every draught touching the mark, 1; for that which lodges on it, 2 ; for that which cuts the black circle, 3, etc. In this manner the game continues till the number 112, which is the point of the game, is gained. The numbers are counted by small sticks made for the purpose. KERESAN STOCK Kerbs. Cochiti, New Mexico. A Keres boy at St Michael, Arizona, named Francisco Chaves (Kogit), described the following game to the writer in 1904: Waiso.—A tin can is set up, on which stakes—money, buttons, or matches are placed. Several boys throw flat stones at the can, and the one who knocks the can down, or comes nearest to it, wins. The stones, waiso, are smooth flat pebbles about 4 inches in diameter, picked up for the occasion. Fiu. 948. Stone quoits; diameters, 3i and 3 inches; Tarahumare Indians, Chihuahua, Mexico; cat. no. 16:^.3, Free Museum of Science and Art, University of Pennsylvania. PIMAX STOCK Pima. Arizona. The late Dr Frank Russell " described the following game Hae.vo.—This game affords considerable amusement for the spectators as well as the participants. Four men provide themselves witli moderately large stones, hayakut, which they throw between two holes set about 50 feet apart. All stand at one hole and try successively to throw into the other. If but one succeeds in throwing into the hole, he and his partner are carried on the l)acks of their opponents across to the opposite goal. If lioth partners throw into the hole they are carried across and then return to the first hole, the " horses " wlio carry them attempting to imitate the gallop of the horse. Takahumare. Chihuahua, Mexico. (Cat. no. 16343, Free Museum of Science and Art, University of Pennsylvania.) Hemispheric disk of quartzite (figure 948), 34 inches in diameter, and another of lavalike stone, 3 inches in diameter. Collected by Dr Carl Lumholtz, who describes them ' as used in a game called cuatro, four, which resembles our game of quoits It is called rixiwatali (rixlwala=disk), and two and two play against «ach other. First one stone is moistened with spittle on one side to make it " III a memoir to lie published hy the Bureau of American Ethnology. " Unknown Mexico, v. 1, p. 277. New York, 1002. : : CDLJN] QUOITS: KWAKIUTL 725 " heads or tails " and tossed up. Tlie player who wins the toss plays first. P^ach has three stones, which are thrown toward a hole in the ground, perhaps 20 yards off. One of each party throws first, then goes to the hole and looks at it, while the other players make their throws. The stone falling nearest to the hole counts 1 point: if it falls into the hole, it counts 4; if the stone of the second player falls on top of the first stone in the hole, it " kills " the first stoi»e. The game is out at 12. To measure distances, they break off small sticks. Lookers-on may stand around and bet which of the players will win, SKITTAGETAN STOCK Haida (Kaigani). Prince of Wales island, Alaska. Dr C. F. Newcombe describes the following game A narrow stone about a foot in length is erected at some 20 feet from a base, and any number of players, from two to six, try to knock It down, each with a round ball-like stone. He who first scores ten knockdowns wins. This game is called q'usqEdE'lduC. Fig. 949. .Stones for liikia: lengths, ii and b inches; Kwakiutl Indians, Vancouver island, British Columbia; cat. no. 37906, Free Museum of Science and Art, University of Pennsylvania. WAKASHAN STOCK Kwakiutl. Nawiti, Vancouver island, British Columbia. (Cat. no. 37906, Free Museum of Science and Art. University of Pennsylvania.) Two ovate pieces of worked lava, 4^ and 5 inches in length (figure 949). They were collected by Dr C. F. Newcombe, who describes them as used in the game of liikia, played by boys Played with oblong stones having one end slightly thin, so as to remain where they fall when thrown, and two mark sticks or goals. The players, from two to twelve, equally divided on two sides, each have one stone, except the last, who has two. Each side begins in turn and plays alternately. The object is to get nearest the mark, and it is iillowalilc to drive an opponent's stone by striking it with one's own. That side wins which first scores 10 nearest. : 726 GAMES OF THE NORTH AMERICAN INDIANS [bth. ann. L'4 TTJMAN STOCK Mohave. Colorado river, Arizona. Capt. John G. Boiirke" says: The flay was passed iu looking in upon the Moj.ive living close to the fort, iind noting what was of most interest. They were nearly all engaged in playing " shinny " or " quoits." The quoits were two round, flat stones. 4 inches diame- ter: the side which could tirst throw them both into the hole, 20. paces away, won the game. ZUNIAN .STOCK ZuNi. Zuiii, New Mexico. (Cat. no. 16344, 16345, Free Museum of Science and Art. University of Pennsylvania.) Thin disks of sandstone, from 2^ to 5 inches in diameter; a piece of corncob; and two silver buttons (figure 950) ; implements for a game like quoits, rei^roduced by Mr Frank Hamilton Cushing in 1893. Pio. 950. Standing-cob game; Zuiii Indians, Zuiii, New Mexico; cat. no. 16344, 16345, Free Mu- seum of Science and Art, University of Pennsylvania. The corncob is set on a sandstone disk with a smaller disk on top of it, the silver buttons, which are used as stakes, being put on the upper disk. The players throw at this target with other disks of sandstone. The game Mas described by Mr Cushing under the name of the standing-cob game. Mr John G. Owens '' describes this game as follows Than-kfi-lii-wa.—This game is usually played in the spring, and resembles somewhat our game of quoits. In place of the ordinary quoit they use flat stones. Any number may take part. A small stone or even a corn-cob is set up. and on this each places his stake. To determine which shall pitch first they all throw for some distant point. He who comes nearest to the mark chosen pitches first, and each one follows according to his throw ; then the game begins. The distance pitched is nearly 100 feet. The object is to knock over the stake or pool. If the pool is knocked over, and the stone pitched goes beyond it, it counts nothing : if just even with it. tlie one who pitched has another chance : if it remains behind, he takes everytliing, and all put up again. 'I'hey count it great sport, and some become very skillful in pitching. ° Notes on the Cosmogony and Theogony of the Mojave Indians. Journal of .\merican Folk-Lore, v. 2, p. 171, 1889. ' Some Games of the Zufii. Popular Science Monthly, v. 39, p. 40, New York. 1891. Cl'LIN] quoits: zuni 727 Zi'Ni. Ziini, New Mexico. (Brooklyn Institute Museum.) Cat. iiu. ;309t;. Two stone di.sks, ii and o inches in diameter, one a broken upper stone for the metate (figure 951). Cat. no. 3097. Flat stone disk, 4 inches in diameter; one side flat, the opposite side convex and marked with incised lines, as shown in figure 952. Fig. «r)l. Fig. 952. Fig. 931. Stone quoits; diameters, 41 and 3 inches; Zuni Indians, Zuni, New Mexico; cat. no. 309fi, Brooklyn Institute Museum. Fig. 952. Stone quoit; diameter, 4 inches: Zuiii Indians, Zuni, New Mexico: cat. no. 3097, Brook- lyn Institute Museum. The .specimens just described were collected by the writer in 1903. The stones are called tankalanai. It is a winter game for men and boys. Each one has a quoit. They set a corncob up on the ground and put the stakes—turquoises, silver beads or buttons, or money—on top of the col) and throw at it in turn. The first player throws his stone from the cob at some distant mark, about as far as he can. The players then stand at this point and throw at the cob until one of them knocks it down. Then the one whose quoit fell nearest to the stakes ( not the cob) wins all. After a player throws he draws a ring around his stone to mark where it fell when he takes it up to throw again. A stone, a chij), or any convenient object is ])ut on the cob to lay the stakes on. Cat. no. 3098. Sandstone disk (figure 953), 3^ inches in diameter, witii a cross incised on one face and on the other the face of the sun. Fig. ^53. Sun quoit; diameter. .Si inches; Zuni Indians. Zuni. New Mexico; cat. no. 3098. Bi'ook- lyn Institute Museum. It was presented to the writer by Zuni Dick in 1903. He gave the name as tankalana yettokia, and said it was anciently used on Corn mountain by the Sun priest. Mrs Matilda Coxe Stevenson, in her paper on Zuni Games," states that the Zuiii assort that this game came from Mexico. ° American Anthropologist, n. s.. v. .'J. p. 496. 1903. 728 GAMES OF THE NORTH AMERICAN INDIANS [eth. akn. 24 Stone -Throwing A game of throwing stones at a mark is reported from two tribes. SHOSHONEAN STOCK Bannock. Rossfork. Idaho. (Cat. no. 37065, Free Museum of Science and Art, University of Pennsylvania.) Stone ball (figure 954) pitted with a hammer stone and perfectly spherical ; diameter, 2|- inches. Collected by the writer in 1900. The name given was tin-bin ter-ow-a-ko. and it was described as used in a game of throwing at a mark, the players betting which would come Fig. 954. Stoue ball used nearest, to throw at a mark; diameter, 2j Inches; TANOAN STOCK Bannock Indians, Ross- 3?^; Fr:e° M„::L° :t Tewa. Santa Clara, New Mexico. Science and Art, Uni- Mr T. S. Dozier " WritCS : versity of Pennsyl- vania. The old Tewa game of kou-wa-di has almost passed into disuse. Only two or three times have I seen it played. It consisted in throwing a kou-e (stone) at a target, with about the same rules as are observed in the arrow game. It was played just after that game, the game of marbles and that of tops taking its place now. Shuffleboarl) A game played on the ice by women, like shuffleboard, has been observed among the Dakota. Four accounts are recorded. SIOUAN STOCK AssiNiBOiN. Fort Union, Montana. Mr Edwin T. Denig ^ says that the women play billiards with flat stones on the ice. Dakota (Teton). Pine Ridge reservation. South Dakota. Dr J. R. Walker '^ describes the game of woskate icaslohe, played by women on the ice with a stone ball, tapaiyan, and wooden cylinder, canntibi, calling it the game of bowls. Dakota (Yankton). Fort Peck, Montana. (Cat. no. 37611, Free Museum of Science and Art, University of Pennsylvania.) Two small wooden cylinders (figure 955), 1|- inches in diameter and 1^ inches in length; and a flat oval stone about 3 inches in diameter. " Some Tewa Games. Unpublished manuscript in the Bureau of American Ethnology. ' Unpublished manuscript in the library of the Bureau of American Ethnology. " Journal of .\meritan Folk-Lore, v. 19, p. 29, 1905. CCLIN] JACKSTRAWS: ESKIMO 729 The latter is marked on one side in ink with eyes and mouth simuhiting a human face. An iron ball, about three-fourths of an inch in diameter, accompanies these specimens. These objects wei'e collected by the writer in 1900. They were made by Black Chicken. The game, umpapi, is played on the ice exclusively by women. The cylinders are set up and struck with the stone, ihe. or with the bidlet. which is shoved witii iw ^™» i^^ ii the hand. v^. «__=,.^ff^^J^ HiDATSA. Fort Atkinson, North Fig. Vta5. Implements for umpapi; length of cyl- Dakota. inders. If inches; Yankton Dakota Indians, Henry A. Boiler" says: Fort Peck, Montana; eat. no. :37611, Free Museum of Science and Art, University of The mania for gambling was by Pennsylvania. no means confined to the men. The women and young girls were equally imbued with it : and, sitting down on a smooth place on the ice. they would roll a pebble from one to the other for hours together. Young infants were often kept on the ice all the while, their mothers, or those who had them in
  • says cat. no. 16190, Field Columbian Mu- The Indian boys manage to make tops seum. out of acorns and nuts as cleverly as our boys do. They also collect the oval stoues which are found on the banks of the rivers and lakes and use them on the ice in winter. Barefooted and active, they run over the ice. and drive the stones against each other with whips and sticks. The stone that upsets the other is the victor. Michigan. Baraga ' gives the following definitions Top (boy's plaything), toweigan ; I play with a top, nin tow&ige. Cree. Edmonton, Alberta. (Cat. no. 15070, Field Columbian Mu- seum.) Wooden whip top and whip (figure 963). Collected by Isaac Cowie. Fio. 963. Whip top and whip; height of top, aj inches; length of whip, 22i inches; Cree Indians, Alberta; cat. no. 15070, Field Columbian Museum. Grosventres. Fort Belknap, Montana. (American Museum of Natural History.) Cat. no. ylfr- Top of solid black horn (figure 964). 2^ inches in length, accompanied by a whip with four buckskin lashes, and a wooden handle painted red, 13 inches in length. ° Notes on Cheyenne Indian Games communicated to the Bureau of American Ethnology. 'Kitchi-Gami, Wanderings round Lake Superior, p. 84, London, 1860. " A Dictionary of the Otchipwe Language, Cincinnati, 1853. : CCLIN] TOPS : SAUK AND FOXES 735 Ciit. no. tI?^. Top, a disk of wood (tigiire 965). 4 inches in diani- eter, painted red, with wooden spindle 7 inches in length. Both of the above were collected by Dr A. L. Kroeber in 1901. NoERiDGEwocK. Xorridgewock. Maine. Rasles " gives the following definitions PSbeskSmahgan. toupie siir la glace, &c.; sur la terre, aripSdangan. Fig. 96«. Fig. 965. Fig. 964. Whip top and whip; height of top, 2} inches; Grosventre Indians, Montana; cat. no. xg?^, American Museum of Natural History. Fig. 9ft5. Top; diameter, 4 inches; Grosventre Indians, Montana; cat. no. i|?g, American Museum of Natural History. Fig. 966. Whip top and whip; diameter of top, 1} inches; Sauk and Fox Indians, Iowa; cat. no. jBjB, American Museum of Natural History. Sauk and Foxes. Iowa. (Cat. no. jlf^, American Museum of Nat- ural History.) Ovate ball of stone (figure !)(j6), Ij inches in diameter, witli a whip made of a peeled stick, 21 inches long, having two leather lashes. Collected by Dr William Jones, who describes them as whip top and whijD. jjlayed on the ice. The top is called niniitcihi. dancei". " A Dictionary of the AbnakI Language In North America. Memoirs of the American Academy of Science and .\rts. n. s., v. 1. f'ambridge, 1833. : 736 GAMES OF THE NORTH AMERICAN INDIANS [eth. asn. 24 CHIMMESYAN STOCK NisKA. Nass river, British Columbia. Dr Franz Boas " describes a top as follows Halha'l : spinning top, made of the top of a hemlock tree. A cylinder, 3i" in diameter and 3" high, is cut ; a slit is made on one side and it is hollowed out. A pin, 2i" long and {" thick, is inserted in tlie renter of the top. A small board with a wide hole, through which a string of sl is spun the owner runs out tlirough the entrance passage and attempts t(j lualie a coiuplete circuit of the house and enter again before the top stops spinning. A score is made every time this is done suc- cessfully. Continuing, Mr Nelson " saj's From Kuskokwim river to Cape Prince of Wales, on both the mainland and the islands, children of both sexes were found using tops. The.se are commonly of disk sliape, thin at tlie edge, and perforated in the center for a peg. One from Cape Prince of Wales [figure 9T!1] is of walrus ivory; it is 2i inches in diam- eter and has a hole an inch wide in the middle, which is closed by a neatly- fitted wooden plug of the same thickness as the top, through which passes a spindle-shaped peg 4 inches long. This is the general style of top used in the region mentioned, but another kind is made to be spun with a guiding stick and cord ; these are often used by men as well as boys. Fig. 978. Fig. 979. FiR. 980. FUJ. 978. Top; height, 51f inches; Westera Eskimo, Point Barrow, Alaska: (rat. no. 56491, United States National Museum. Fig. 979. Top; height, 4 inches; Western Eskimo, Cape Prince of Wales, Alaska; cat. no: 45478, United States National Museum. Fig. 980. Ivory top; height, 3 inches; Western Eskimo, Kotzebue sound, Alaska; cat. no. 127iK»i, United States National Museum. RefeiTing to th<' tops spun by chiUlnMi on tlie lower Yukon, he says These toys iire spun between the two hands, tlie upper p;irt of the spindle being held upright bet\veeu the palms. Eskimo (Western). Kotzelnie sound, Alaska. (Cat. no. 1-27908, United States National Museum.) Disk of ivory (figure !)S0), 2^ inches in diameter, the top convex and marked with an incised line painted red, with a wooden spindle 3 inches in length. Collected by Lieut. George M. Stoney, U. S. Navy. <• The Eskimo about Bering Strait. Eighteenth Annual Report of the Bureau of Amer- ican Ethnology, pt. 1, p. 341, 1899. ) 740 GAMES OF THE KOETH AMEEICAN INDIANS [eth an\. L't KERESAX STOCK Kerbs. Sia, New Mexico. (Cat. no. 134362, United States National Museum. Wooden top (figure 981) with conical base and flat top, having a hole leading into a small cavity near the top of the base and a nail point ; height. 2J inches. Collected by Col. James Stevenson. KlowAN STOCK Kiowa. Oklahoma. (Cat. no. 152905. United States National Museum. Wooden top (figure 982), 2J inches in height, with a bone pin. Collected by Mr James Mooney. Fig. 981. Fig. 982. Fig. 983. Fio. 981. Top; height. 2; inches; Keres Indians, Sia, New Mexico; cat. no. 13-1362. United States National Museum. Fig. 982. Top; height, 2i inches; Kiowa Indians, Oklahoma; cat. no. 15290.5, United States National Museum. Fig. 983. Ivory top: height, 3J incKes; Yakutat Indians, Port Mulgrave, Alaska; cat. no, 16298, United States National Museum. KOLU8CHAN STOCK Yakutat. Port Mulgrave, Alaska. ( Cat. no. 16298. United States National Museum.) Ivory disk (figure 983). 3§ inches in diameter, with a wooden spindle 3f inches in length. Collected by Dr W. H. Dall. lA'TUAMIAN STOCK Klamath. Upper Klamath lake, Oregon. (Cat. no. 61729. Field Columbian jNluseum.) Disk of white-pine bark (figure 984), 2i inches in diameter, through which is thrust a 4-inch stick, sharpened at each end. A second specimen (61728) is similar to the first except that the disk is of cedar bark and instead of being beveled at the edge is cut off square. CrLIN] tops: CLALLAM 741 These specimens were collected in 1900 by Dr George A. Dorsey and described by him under the name of heshtalxeash." MARIPOSAN STOCK YoKUTS. Tule River reservation, Tulare county, California. (Cat. no. 70506, Field Columbian Museum.) Two wooden hand tops (figure 98.5) : lengths, 4^ and 2| inches. Collected by Dr J. AV. Hudson, who describes them as toys for hand spinning. Fig. 9»4. Fig. 9fli. Fig. 9H4. Tops; Klamath Indians, Oregon; cat. no. 61728, 61729, Field Columbian Museum. Fig. 985. Hand tops; lengths, i\ and 2} inches; Yokuts Indians. Tule River reservation, Tulare county, California; cat. no. T0.VJ6, Field Columbian Museum. MAYAN STOCK Maya. Yucatan. Dr Alfred Tozzer writes: A top game is caUed in Maya polkirich. Tlio tops are made of wood in the common shape and spun in a circle marked on the ground in the center of which is the object to be won or lost. Certain rules govern this. salisiiax stock Clallam. AVasliinirton. A Clallam boy, John Kaub, informed the writer that the boys of this tribe play with tops like those used by the Makah (figures 1002- 1004), which they call tsuchichaiootklen. "Certain Gambling Games of the Klamath Indians. .American .Anthropologist, n. V. 3, p. 20, 1901. : 742 GAMES OF THE NORTH AMERICAN INDIANS [eth.ann. 34 Thompson Indians (Ntlakyapamuk). British Colninhia. (Ameri- can Museum of Natural History.) Cat. no. g J §5. Fir-wood top (figure 986), with iron pegs at top and bottom and twisted bark cord; height, 3f inches. Collected by Mr James Teit, who says: Formerly the pius of tops were made of bone instead of iron. Most tops bad Iniclvslvin tliougs instead of barli strings, as tiiey were considered superior for malting them spin. Tops were generally spun on .smooth ice. and the amuse- ment was indulged in occasionally by adults. Sometimes boys tried to split one another's tops by trying to spin one on top of the other. Cat. no. Tf^^. Disk of yellow pine bark (iigure 987), 3 inches in diameter and five-eighths of an inch thick, with wooden spindle 5 inches in length. Collected by Mr James Teit, who gives the name as salelaepten. Pig. 9«6. Fig. 987. Fig. 98B. Top; height, 3} inches; Thompson Indians (Ntlakyapamuki, British Columbia; cat. no. B^gg, American Museum of Natural History. FiQ. 987. Top; diameter, 3 inches; Thompson Indians (Ntlakyapamuk), British Columbia; cat. no. 8^, American Museum of Natural History. Mr Teit " further says Tops or whirligigs were used. These were generally made of a thin circular piece of wood, or more frequently a piece of yellow-pine barlv, through the center of which was inserted a pin a fourth to half an inch in diameter and aliout 5 or 6 inches long, the circular piece of wood being allowed to remain about the middle of the pin. The one who made his top spin the longest won. SHOSHONEAN STOCK Bannock. Fort Hall reservation, Idaho. (Cat. no. 37067, Free Museum of Science and Art, University of Pennsylvania.) Finger top, or teetotum (figure 988), made of the end of a cotton spool, with a peg for twirling; height, IJ inches. " Tlie Thompson Indians ot British Columbia, llemoirs of the .American Museum of Natural History, whole series, v. 2, p. 281, New York, 1900. : CILIN] tops: hopi 743 This was collected I)y the writer in 1900. The name was given as temeinigakin. Hopi. Oraibi, Arizona. (Cat. no. 51978, 55308, 67011, 67060, Field Columbia n Museum.) Four tops, made of wood. These were collected by Rev. II. R. Voth, who furnished the follow- ing information Top spinning is often indulsed in nniong the Hopi boys. The tops are of different sizes and forms, and are spun witli a little whip, which consists of a stick from 10 to 1.5 inches long, to which any kind of a string is tied. The top is taken between the thumb atid forefinger, or sometimes the middle finger, and sent with a twirl spinning over the ground, after which it is kept in motion by quickly striking its lower point with the whip. Sometimes it is started by winding the string of the whip around the point and withdrawing it with a quick motion, being much the same as when a white boy starts his top with a string. Arizona. (United States National Museum.) Cat. no. 2251:2. AVoodeu top (figure 989), made from a billet, the body cylindrical, painted ivd, the base conical, with traces of green paint, a boss at the top: height, -If inches. Collected by Maj. J. W. Powell. Cat. no. 68834. Wooden top (figure 990), a flat disk, painted with concentric rings of black, white, lilue. and yellow on top, having a wooden spindle 9i inches in length. Collected by Col. James Stevenson. Fig. KSN. Fig. »S9. Fig. 990. PlO. 988. Finger top; height, U Inches; Bannock Itidians, Idaho; cat. no. 3706", Free Museum of Science and Art, University of Penn.sylvania. Fio. 989. Whip top; height. 4i inches; Hopi Indians, Arizona: cat. no. 22512, United States National Museum. Fio. 990. Top; height, 9J inches; Hopi Indians, Arizona; cat. no. B8834, United States National Mtlseum. Oraibi. Arizona. (Cat. no. 38624, Free Museum of Science and Art, University of Pennsylvania.) "Wooden tops, conical (figure 991), painted blue, white, and red, with black bands between, and the top painted with concentric circles of blue, white, black, and red: height, 4 inches; accompanied b.v whiles consisting of sticks with long single buckskin lashes. 744 GAMES OP THE NOETH AMERICAN INDIANS [eth. ann. 24 The foregoing were collected by the writer in 1901. The top is called riyanjii ; the whips, wowahpi. Paiute. Southern Utah. (Cat. no. 9436, Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology.) Two tops (figure 992), with clay whirls 1^ and If inches in diame- ter, cemented with gum, having wooden pins, 5 inches in length. Collected by Dr Edward Palmer. Fig. 991). Fig. 991. Whip top and whip; height of top, 4 inches; Hopi Indians, Oraibi, Arizona; eat. no. 38624, Free Museum of Science and Art, University of Pennsylvania. Fig. 992. Tops; length, 5 inches; Paiute Indians, southern Utah; cat. no. 9436, Peabody Museum of Amencan Ai'chaeology and Ethnology. Pig. 993. Whip top and whip; height of top, 3^ inches; Shoshoni Indians, Wyoming; cat. no. 36885, Free Museum of Science and Art, University of Pennsylvania. Shoshoni. Wind River reservation, Wyoming. (Cat. no. 36885, Free Museum of Science and Art, University of Pennsyl- vania.) Whip top (figure 993), nara pugi, and whip, temaki. The top made of wood, 3^ inches in length, painted yellow and blue; the whip, a stick, 24 inches in length, with leather thong. Collected by the writer in 1900. CILIX] tops: DAKOTA 745 SIOtlAN STOCK Crows. Crow reservation. Montana. (Field Columbian Museum.) Cat. no. 69660. Conical wooden top (figure 094rt). with rounded base and flat top, painted red; height, 3 inches; with whip, a twig with three buckskin lashes. Cat. no. 69662. Cylindrical wooden top (figure 994i), with henn- spheric base and flat top, painted black; height, 3 inches: with whip. Cat. no. 69663. AA'ooden top. cylindrical billet, pointed alike at both ends; painted red; height, 3 inches. Cat. no. 69664. Cylindrical wooden top, with conical base, having an iron nail-head in the center: unpainted; height, 4 inches. Cat. no. (;966o. Top. similar to the preceding; height, -li inches; with whip. Cat. no. 69666. Top. similar to no. 69660; unpainted; height, 3^ inches. Fig. 995. Fig. 99i a, h, c Whip tops: heights. .S, 3, and li inches; Crow Indians. Montana: cat. no. 69662, 69667, Field Columbian iluseum. Fig. 995. Whip tops and whip: Oglala Dakota Indians. Pine Ridge reservation. South Dakota; cat. no. 22125 a, b, c. d. Free Museum of Science and Art. University of Pennsylvania. Cat. no. 69677. Catlinite top (figure 994f), bullet-shaped, with a wooden plug extending from top to jKiint : height. If inches. The plug takes up the shock when the top is thrown. These specimens were collected in 1901 by Mr S. C Simms, who gives the name memashscha, Dakota (Oclal.\). Pine Eidge reservation. South Dakota. (Cat. no. •22125 a, 6, c, d. Free Museum of Science and Art. Uni- versity of Pennsylvania.) \ Two wooden tops (figure 99.5), rudely cut from a sapling, l] inches in diameter at top and 2f and 3 inches in length. One is painted : 74(l GAMES OF THE NORTH AMERICAN INDIANS [eth. ann. 24 yellow, with red center on top and beveled edge, blue at the top, the lower pointed end painted red and yellow. The other is painted blue on top, with red beveled edge and the pointed end 3rellow and red. A third top is similar, but unpainted. A whip consists of a stick. 17 inches in length, with a lash made of hide, cut in three thongs, attached with sinew. These specimens were collected by Mr Louis L. Meeker," who gives the name as can wakiyapi. and says: ria.vei-s (.ontend for position in ii square marlied on the ground or on ice. The game is to whip the top into the square and keep it there. Ou ice a square is marlced and each player starts his top outside the square, trying to whip his top inside. When one succeeds, he holds the square while he keeps his top there. Should the top fall or run outside the ring, the others pre.ss in. The tops are rudely shaped from hard-wood sticks. Dakota (Teton). South Dakota. Rev. J. Owen Dorsey * gives the following account Chan kawachipi, Spinning tops.—Tops are made of ash, cedar, huffalo horn, red catlinite. or of stone. They put a scalp lock on the upper surface, ornament- ing the latter with several colors of paint. They make the top spin by twirling it with the lingers, or by whipping. When they make it spin steadily by whip- ping they redden the scalp lock, and as it revolves very rapidly it seems to be driven into the ground. This game is played on the ice or snow: sometimes on ground which has been made firm and smooth by trampling. For a whip each player takes a tender switch, to the small end of which he fastens a lash of deer hide. He braids one-half of the lash, allowing the re.st to hang loosely. They place the tops in a row, after putting up stakes, and say ": Let us see who can make his top spin the longest distance." Dr J. R. Walker ' describes the game of tops among the Teton as played by making a square about 5 feet across. The players spin their tops outside of the square, and drive them into the open side of the square with their whips while they are spinning. Dakota (Yankton). P'ort Peck, Montana. (Free Museum of Science and Art, University of Pennsylvania.) Cat. no. 3701-1. Two whij) tops, rudely carved, peg-shaped, with the top edge beveled; one with the top painted red and Ijeveled edge blue, the other blue, with a red edge; the whip a peeled twig, 15 inches in length, with hide lash. Cat. no. 37615. TAHiii^ top of wood (figure 996), 4 inches in height. It shows much use. Cat. no. 37616. Whip top of horn (figure 997), a tip of horn, hol- lowed, 2i inches in length. These tops were collected by the writer in 1900. A top is called kawacipi; a wooden tojD. cankawacipi; the whip, icapsinte. » OgaUila Games. Bulletin of the Free Museum of Science and Art, v. 3, p. 33, Phila- delpbia. 1901. ' Games of Teton Dakota Children. The .\merican Anthropologist, v. 4, p. 338, 1891. ' Sioux Games. Journal of American Folk-Lore, v. 19, p. 33, 1906. CCLIX] TOPS : TEWA 747 HiDATSA. Fort Berthold. North Dakota. (Cat. no. 178960, United States National Museum.) Wooden top, 2f inches in height, with a bone pin (figure 998). Col- lected by Dr Washington Matthews, U. S. Army, who describes it as an ice top. Omaha. Nebraska. Mr Francis La Flesche described to the writer a game like whip top. played with stone balls on the ice. Clay balls and river ])ei)l)les are also used. The name, nioodedeska, is an old word and not descrip- tive. This game is played also by the Dakota and the Ponca. Fig. 996. Fis;. iW8. Fig. 1001). Fig. »»'.'. Fig. 996. Whip top; height, 4 inches; Yankton Dakota Indians, Fort Peck, Montana: cat. no. 37615. Free Museum of Science and Art. University of Pennsylvania. Fig. 997. Horn top; height, 2.) inches; Yankton Dakota Indians. Fort Peck, Montana; cat. no. 37616, Free Museum of .Science and Art, University of Pennsylvania. Fio. 998. Top: height, 3J inches; Hidatsa Indians, Fort Berthold, North Dakota; cat. no. 178«i9, United States National Museum. Fig. 999. Top; height, 3J inches: Tewa Indians. Santa Clara, New M^ico; cat. no. 46S2S, United States National Museum. Fig. 1000. Top; height, 2} inches; Tewa Indians, Santa Clara, New Mexico; cat. no. 131956, United States National Mu.seum. SKITTAGETAN STOCK Haida. Queen Charlotte islands, British Columliia. Dr C. F. Newcombe informed the writer that he had seen this tribe make little tops, which they spun with the fingers. TANOAN STOCK Tewa. Santa Clara, New Mexico. (United States National Mu- seum.) Cat. no. 46828. Wooden top (figure 999), roughly worked, the base terminating in a hemispheric knob; height, 3f inches. Collected by Col. James Stevenson. Cat. no. 1.519ijG. Wooden top (figure 1000) with iron point; heigiit, 2J inches. Collected by Capt. John G. Bourke, U. S. Army. : j 748 GAMES OF THE NORTH AMERICAN INDIANS [eth. ann. 24 Mr T. S. Dozier says The Tewa of Santa Clara call a top pfet-e-ne; playing a top. i-vi-pfet-e-ne-o-a- rai-mai. This no doubt is of moderu date, but the small boys are the most expert top spinners I ever saw. It is played without gain, but in the old way, where the other fellow may have his top ruined by being knocked out of the ring. TiGUA. Isleta, New Mexico. An Isleta boy named J. Crecencio Lucero described the boys of this pueblo as playing with tops, napiri, which they spin with a string. \\AKASHAN STOCK Hesquiaht. Vancouver island, British Columbia. (Cat. no. IV A 1490, Berlin Museum t'iir Volkerkunde.) Wooden top (figure 1001), with handle to hold when spinning height of top, 2f inches : length of handle, 3| inches. The collector, Capt. Samuel Jacobsen, gives the name as jah-jah- jakei. Fig. 1002. Fig. 1001. Top, with handle; length of handle, 35 inches; Hesqniaht Indians, Vancouver island, British Columbia; cat. no. IV A 141)0. Berlin Museum filr Volkerkunde. Fig. 1003. Top; diameter, 2; inches; Makah Indians, Neah bay, Washington; cat. no. ^7390, Free Museum of Science and Art, University of Pennsylvania. Fig. 11X13. Top; diameter, 3J inches; Makah Indians, Neah bay, Washington; cat. no. 37391, Free Museum of Science and Art, University of Pennsylvania. ]\Iakah. Xeah bay, "Washington. (Free Museum of Science and Art, University of Pennsylvania.) Cat. no. 37390. Hemispheric wooden top (figure 1002), with spindle at the top in one j^iece; diameter, "21 inches; accompanied by sinew cord and perforated stick, with which the top is held and through A\hich the cord is drawn. Cat. no. 37391. Perforated wooden disk (figure 1003), 3J inches in diameter, with spindle; accompanied by sinew cord. ; <;i'L.iN] tops: zi'Ni 749 Cat. no. 37392. Peee Museum of Science and Art, University of Pennsjdvania.) Bean shooter (figure 1029), made of a piece of cane, 12f inches in length, with a spring, consisting of a bent strip of wood, the ends of which are secured in holes cut in the cane. Collected by the writer in 1901. Mono. Hooker cove, Madera county, California. (Cat. no. 71445, Field Columbian Museum.) Wooden splint (figure 1030), 10 inches in length, used as a toy for flipping mud balls. Collected by I)r J. W. Hudson. Fig. 1030. Stone flipper; length, 10 inches; Mono Indians, Madera county. California; cat. no. 71445, Field Columbian Museum. WAKASHAN STOCK KwAKiuTL. Alert bay, Vancouver island, British Columbia. Dr C. F. Newcombe writes as follows, describing what he calls the figure 4 dart shooter Among the Kwakiutl. of the Xhnpkish tribe, this is called IIEiullEm. In use a small stick is placed across the top of the pliant side pieces and is shot to Cl-LIN] CAT S CRADLE 7«1 some little distance by i)ressi'ng dii the trigger piece which is horizontal to the figure 4. The figure is liekl in front of the liody with both hands with the short end of the trigger downwards, and the perijendieular stem of the 4 horizontally. It is frequently used when children are sick and small sticks are shot in dif- ferent directions to chase away the spirit supposed to be causing the sickness. It was used as lately as two years ago at Alert bay. Sets of four of this instru- ment are employed by grown-up people—relatives of the sick. The sticks are left lying about after the performance, but the guns are burned when done with. This goes on for four nights in succession. The noise of the two flexible sides coming together when the stick is e.1ected is supposed to aid the good work. At night the four shooters are left loaded near the sick child to scare the ghost or spirit. The.v are also, used as a game by children. Makah. Xeah bay. Wasliincrton. ( Free Museum of Science and Art. I'niversitv of Pennsylvania.) Two stone flippers, made of curved pieces of whalebone, one single and the. other double, recurved. Collected by the writer in 1900. Opitchesaht. Vancouver island. British Columbia. (Cat. no. IV A 7117. 7118, Berlin Museum fiir Volkerkunde.) Curved splint of whalebone (figure 1031). 4 inches in length. The collector. Capt. Samuel Jacobsen. gives the name as tklamayek. Fig. 1032. Fio. 1031. Stone flipper; length, 4 inches; Opitchesaht Indians. Vancouver island. British Columbia; cat. no. IV A 7117, 7118, Berlin Museum fiir Volkerkunde. Fig. 1032. Bean shooter: length. 10 inches; Zuni Indians, ZuSi, New Mexico; cat. no, 3066, Brooklyn Institute Museum. ZUNIAN STOCK Zuxi. Zuni, New Mexico. (Cat. no. :'.0f;6, Brooklyn Institute Mu- seum.) Bean shooter (figure 1082 ), consisting of a tube of wood, with a wooden spring; length, 10 inches. Collected by the writer in 1903, The name was given as keto ananai. Cat's Cradi.k Cat's cradle is known to all the tribes of whom direct inquiry has been made. The Zuni explain it as the netted shield of the War (iods, and as taught to the latter by their grandmother, the Spider, The : 762 GAMES OF THE NORTH AMERICAN INDIANS [eth. ann. 24 idea seems to underlie the tradition among the Navaho also that the play was taught them by the Spider people. In addition to cat's cradle the Indians have a variety of tricks and amusements with string." Charlie Williams, at Xeah bay, Washington, described the following as a common amusement among the Makah A string is tied about tlie neolc witli a false linot. It is luiUed tiglit and comes off. This is called tu-a-oss. The string is soraetiiues tied about the toe. The writer saw this trick performed with many grimaces by an old Shoshoni woman at Fort Washakie, Wyoming. Dr Alfi'ed Tozzer described the trick of splicing a cut rope in the mouth, as seen by him among the Maya at Chichen Itza, Yucatan. The rope is arranged as shown in figure 1033, the point a being con- cealed from the audience, who consider the ring an unbroken piece of rope, circled twice. The rope is then cut at h and four ends shown, a still being concealed from the audience. The two ends below h are placed in the mouth, but, the string having been cut at I), a small piece only is left around the longer loop at «, which the tongue easily frees from the loop of the main string; the string when taken from the mouth thus shows an unbroken surface at h. as the small i^iece cut at 6 and running from h to a and back to h is still concealed in the mouth. Fio. 1033. Cord arranged for trick of splicing in the mouth; Maya Indians, Chichen Itza, Yucatan: cat. no. 2815, Brooltlyn Institute Museum. Mr Dorsey describes an amusement with string among the Teton Dakota under the name of " String wrapped in and out among the fingers," etc. ALGONQUIAN STOCK Sauk and Foxes. Tama, Iowa. These Indians described the game of cat's cradle to the writer under the name of sah-sah-nah-ki-a-ti-wi, parcel. ATHAPASCAN STOCK Apache (White Mountain). Arizona. (Cat. no. 3001, Brooklyn Institute Museum.) The cat's cradle (figure 1034) figure was collected by the writer from a White Mountain Apache girl at Albuquerque. She called it ikinasthlani. " Consult string Figures and Tricks, by Prof. Alfred C. Haddon. American Anthro- pologist, n. s., V. 5. p. 218, 1903. : CCLIN] CAT S CRADLE : NAVAHO 763 HuPA. California. Mr Pliny Earle Goddard " says The Hupa make several varieties of cat's cradle. Navaho. St Michael. Arizona. (Free Museum of Science and Art, Universit}' of Pennsylvania.) The following games of cat's cradle were collected by the writer. The figures were made by a single individual, who used his lips and teeth when necessary. The intermediary stages were not considered or exhibited. Fig. 1C8T. Fig. 1038. Pio. 10.34. Cat's cradle, i-ki-nas-thla'-ni; White Mountain Apache Indians, Arizona: cat. no, 3001, Brooklyn Institute Museum. Fia. li).S.5. Cat's cradle, atsinlflish, lightning: Navaho Indians, St Michael, Arizona: cat. no. 22712, Free Museum of Science and Art. University of Pennsylvania. Fig. 10:i6. Cat's cradle, siitso. big star: Navaho Indians, St Michael. Arizona; cat. no. 23713, Free Museum of Science and Art, University of Peunsylvania. Fio. I0.'?7. Cat's cradle, srV lani, many (group of) stars: Navaho Indians, St Michael, Arizona: cat. no. 22714, Free Museum of Science and Art, University of Pennsylvania. Fig. 10.3S. Cat's cradle, so ahotsii, twin stars: Navaho Indians, St Michael, Arizona: cat. no. 2371.5, Free Museum of Science and Art, University of Pennsylvania. Fig. 1039. Cat's cradle, so bide' Imlcmi, horned stars: Navalio Indians, St Michael, Arizona; cat. no. 22716, Free Museum of Science and Art. University of Pennsylvania. Cat. no. 22712: atsinlt'lish, lightniutj, figure 1035. Cat. no. 22713: siltso, big star, figure 1036. Cat. no. 2271-1: so' lani. niany (group of) stars, figure 1037. Cat. no. 22715: §o ahotsii, twin stars, figure ](>38. Cat. no. 22716: s6 bide' huloni, horned stars, figure 103Q. » Life and Culture of the Hupn, p. 61, Berkeley, 1903. 764 GAMES OF THE NORTH AMERICAN INDIANS [eth, ann. 24 Cat. no. 22717: dilyehe, Pleiades, figure 1040. Cat. no. 22718: ma'i alts' ayilaghuli, coyotes running apart, i5gurel041. Pig. 104(1. Fig. 11141. Fig. li«2. Fig. 1040. Cat's cradle, dilyehe, Pleiades, Navaho Indians, St Jliehael, Arizona; cut. no. 22717, Free Museum of Science and Art, University of Pennsylvania. Fig. 1041. Cat's cradle, ma'i alts' ayilaghuli, coyotes running apart; Navaho Indians, St Michael, Arizona; cat. no. 23718, Free Museum of Science and Art, University of Pennsyl- vania. Fig. 1042. Cat's cradle, nashja, owl; Navaho Indians, St Michael, Arizona; cat. no. 2'.i719, Free- Museum of Science and Art, University of Pennsylvania. Cat. no. 22719: nashja, owl, figure 1042. Cat. no. 22720: t'lisli, snake, figure 1043. Cat. no. 22721: nashui dich'izhi, horned toad, figure 1044. CIILIN] CAT S CRADLE : NAVAHO 765 Cat. no. 227:^2: Jesis. poncho, figure 1045. Cat. no. 22723: hoghan (hogan), figure lo4:(). Cat. no. 22724: ehizh jo\-eM. packing (carrying) wood, figure '1047. Fitr. 1II4J. Fift. irMS. Fig. l(>4:^. Oafs cradle, t lish. snake: Navaho Indians, St Michael. Arizona; <-at. no. £!7M. Free Museum of Science and Art. University of Pennsylvania. Fig. 1014. Cat's cradle, nashiii dich' Izhi, horned toad: Navaho Indians, St Michael, Arizona: cat. no. 22721, Free Museum of Science and Art, University of Pennsylvania. Fig. IIU."). Cat's cradle, fesis. poncho; Navaho Indians. St Michael. Arizona; cat. no. 327S8, Free Museum of Science and Art. University of Pennsylvania. Of the specimens just mentioned, cat. no. 22712. lightning, was found by the writer in Isleta (figure 1064) under the same name, and cat. no. 22714. many (group of) stars, at the same place, but tlie name : 766 GAMES OF THE NORTH AMERICAN INDIANS [eth. ann. 24 there was not obtained; cat. no. 22715, twin stars, occurs in Zuni as lightning (figure 1069). and cat. no. 22724, packing (carrying) wood, also in Zuni (figure 1068). The following information about the game was communicated to the writer by Rev. Berard Haile in a personal letter Cat's cradle owes its origin to (lie Spider people. Tliey. tlie spiders, who in the Navaho's belief were human beings, taught them the game for their Pig. 11147. Flo. 104S. Cat's cradle, lioghan (hogani; Navaho Indians, St Michael. Arizona; cat. no. 227*3, Free Museum of Science and Art, University of Pennsylvania. Fig. 10-17. Cat's cradle, chizh joyeti, packing (carrying) wood; Navaho Indians, .St Michael, Arizona; cat. no. 22724, Free Museum of Science and Art, University of Pennsylvania. amusement. Tlie holy spiders taught the Navaho to play and how to make the various figures of stars, snakes, bears, coyotes, etc., but on one condition—they were to be played only in winter, because at that season spiders, snakes, etc., .sleep and do not see them. To play the cat's cradle at any other time of the year would be folly, for certain death by lightning, falling from a horse, or some other mishap were sure to reach the offender. Otherwise no religious meaning is said to attach to the game. Even the above information was only extracted with much patience and scheming. I may add that one Navaho claimed that the cat's cradle is a sort of schooling by which the children are taught the position of the stars, etc. Though this might be a satisfactory : ; CILIN] CAT S ("RADLK : ESKIMO 7(57 expliinatioii, it was not aiiproved by the miHlieine man from whom 1 obtained the aliove. Na' atlo, it is twisted, is the term for cat's cradle. Navaho. Chaco canyon. New Mexico. Cat's craille (tioure 1()4S), called carrying wood, chizh joycli. Figure made for the writer by Dr Alfred Tozzor, who collected the speci- men, with others, among the Navaho in 1901. In addition to the altove figure. Dr Tozzer furnished Prof. Alfred C. Haddon " with the following list of cat's cradles, which he collected among the Navaho: JIan, deune ; sternum with ribs, ai-yit ; woman's belt, sis ; liow, at'-ti ; arrow, ka ; two hogans, naki-hogan or at'-sa-hogan ; sand-painting tigure. 'os-shis-chi coyote, ma-i ; bird's nest, a-to ; horned toad, na-a-sho-i-di-chizi ; butterfly, ga-hi- ki; star, so-a-hinat'sau-° ti-i. Fig. 11148. Cat's cradle, carrying wood: Navaho Indians, Chaco canyon, New Mexico; cat. no. 22738, Free Mu.-ieum of Science and Art, University of Pennsylvania. The general name for these figures is na-ash-klo, according to .Mr Tozzor. The term na signities a " continuous movement " "; ash is I," and klo is the root word of "weaving." I'erhaiis "continuous weaving" would be a fair transla- tion of the Navaho word. Professor Haddon gives directions for making the hogan. two hogans, and carrying wood, many (group of) stars, owl. and light- ning, and illustrates the perfected ligiire of each. TsETSAUT. Portland. British Columbia. Dr Franz Boas '' mentions their playing the game of cat's cradle. ESKIMAUAN STOCK Eskimo (Central). Frobisher bay, Baffin land. Franklin. Capt. Charles F. Hall - says The luuuit social life is simple and cheerful. Tliey have a variety of games of their own. In one of these they use a number of bits of ivory, made in the " string Figures .'ind Tricks, .\merlcan Antliriipologlst. n. s., v. .I. p. 220. ino:i. ' Kepoil of the Sixty-flftli .Meeting of the British Association for the Advancement of Science, p. 5C8. London, isn.'i. < Arctic Researches, p. ')~0, New York, ISCO. : 768 GAMES OF THE NORTH AMERICAN INDIANS [eth ann. 24 form of clucks, etc.. such us Sampson's wife gave me, as just mentioned. In another, a simple string is used in a variety of intricate ways, now representing a tulitoo. now a whale, now a walrus, now a seal, being arranged upon the fingers in a way bearing a general resemblance to the game known to us as " cat'.s cradle." The people were very quick in learning of me to play chess, checkers, and dominoes. Eskimo (Central). Cumberland sound, Baffin land, Franklin. Dr Franz Boas " says The women are particularly fond of making figures out of a loop, a game simi- lar to our cat's cradle (ajarorpoq). They are. however, much more clever than we in handling the thong, and have a great variety of forms, some of which are Fig. 1(>1H ir, b, r. Cat's cradle; «, deer; h, hare; r, hills and ponds; Central Eskimo. Cumber- land sound, Baffin land, Franklin; from Boas. represented in figure 1049. For example, I shall describe the method of making the device representing a deer f figure 1049ol. Wind the loop over both hands, passing it over the backs of the thumbs inside the palms and outside the fourth fingers. Talce the string from the palm of the right hand with the first finger of the left, and vice versa. The first finger of tlie right band moves over all the jiarts of the thong lying on the first and fourth fingers of the right band and i)asses through the loop formed by thongs on the tlnnnl) of the riglit hand; then it moves back over the foremost thong and takes it up. while the thumb lets go the loop. The first finger moves downward before the tliongs lying on tlie fourth finger and comes up in front of all the tliongs. The thumb is placed into the loops hanging on the first finger and the loop hanging on the first finger of the left hand is drawn through both and hung again over the same finger. » The Ceutial Eskimo. Sixth Annual Report of the Bureau of Ethnology, p. 569, 1888. CfLIS] CAT S CRADLE : ESKIMO 7, i 'umber- laud sound, Baffin laud, Franklin; from Boas. Fig. 1051 a, 6, o Cat's cradle; fox. raven, polar Iwar; Ita Eskimo. Smith sound. (Treenlaud; cat. no. sVi- st%- sVj- American Museum of Natural History; from Kroeber. Eskimo (Ita). Smith sound, Greenland. Dr A. L. Kroeber ' figures the following cat's cradles : Fox ( figure 1051a), raven (figure 10.")l/.<). polar bear (figure in:-)lr), narwlial (figure 1052a). hare (figure 10.5ii6), and walrus head (figure 10.J2'). » Internationales Archlv filr Ethnographle. v. 1. p. 2.'?3. Leiden. 1888. » Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History, v. 12, p. 298-300. New York. 1800. 24 ETH ll.T M- -49 770 GAMES OF THE NORTH AMERICAN INDIANS [ETH. ANN. 24 KERESAN STOCK Keres. Acoma, New Mexico. An Acoina Indian at Ziini named James H. Miller gave the name of cat's cradle as napainet. Fig. 1052. Fig. 105.3. Fig. 1052 a, h, c. Cat's cradle; narwhal, hare, walrUH head; Ita Eskimo, Smith sound, Green- land; cat. no. 9V3, sVi, b'A, Ameriimn Museum of Natural History; from Kroeber. Fig. 1().5.S. Cat's cradle, chicken foot; Keres Indians, Cochiti, New Mexico; cat. no. 4979, Brook- lyn Institute Museum-. Cochiti, New Mexico. (Brooklyn Institute' Miisenm.) The following cat's cradles were collected by the writer in 1904 from Francisco Chaves (Kogit), a Keres boy from Cochiti, at St Michael, Arizona: Cat. no. 4079 : sjiinakaiyaka, chicken foot, figure 1053. Cat. no. 4980 : polaka. butterfly, figure 1054. Cat. no. 4981 : wisdyakka, bow, figure 1055. Cat. no. 4982 : sjonanakka, bat. figure 105(). He gave the name as kokoiiiinnaoowishiyan, string playing; koko- inin, string. CULIN] cat's cradle: pomo 771 kulanapan stock Pomo. Ukiah, California. (Cat. no. 3000, Brooklyn Institute Mu- seum.) Fig. law. Fig. WrA. Cat's cradle, butterfly; Kerea Indians. Cochifi. New Mexico; cat. no. 4!l«n. Brnoklyn Institute Museum. Fia. Cat's cradle, bow; Keres Indians, Cochiti. New Mexico; cat. no. -IflSl, Brooklyn Insti-ires. tute Museum. Fig lose. Cat's cradle, bat; Keres Indians, Cochiti. New Mexico; cat. no. 4982. Brooklyn Insti- tute Museum. This cat's cradle (figure 1057) was collected by the writer from a Pomo Indian man at Albuquerque. He f,'uve the itc'hiii^ a tent: Thompson Indians. Britisli Colum- bia: from sketches by Harlan I. Smith, Pio. lOBl. Cat's cradle; Tigua Indians, Isleta, New Mexico: cat. no. 22729, Free Museum of Science and Art, University of Pennsylvania. The figure called pitching a tent is found in Zufii, under the name of brush house (figure lOTO). SHOSHONEAN STOCK Hopi. Walpi, Arizona. The Indians at the First Hopi mesa informed the writer, in 1905, that they knew a number of cat's cradles and called them all ma-mal- lac-bi. TANOAN STOCK Tewa. Hano, Arizona. (Brooklyn Institute Museum.) The following cat's cradles were collected by the writer in 1905 Cat. no. 7129, bo-tan-la. Cat. no. 7130, a-gai-vo-sin-i. : CCLIN] CAT s cradle: tigua 775 Tigua. Isleta, New Mexico. (Free Museum of Science and Art, Uni- versity of Pennsylvania.) The following cat's cradles were collected by the writer at Isleta in 100-2 Cat. no. 22729, figure lOGl. Cat. no. 22730, pakula, star, figure 1062. Cat. no. 22731, figure 10C.3. Cat. no. 22732, vopiridai, lightnijig, figure 1064. The only name my informant could give for the amusement was thlu, string. He did not know names for all the figures he was able to make. Fig. 10B4 Fir.. 1062. Cat's cradle, pakula, star; Tigua Indians, Isleta, New Mexico; cat. no. 22730. Free Museum of Science and Art, University of Pennsylvania. Fig. 106.3. Cat's cradle: Tigua Indians, Isleta, New Mexico; cat. no. 22731, Free Museum of Science and Art, University of Penn.sylvania. Fig. 1064. Cat's cradle, vopiridai, lightning; Tigua Indians, Isleta, New Mexico; cat. no. SXT.S, Free Museum of Science and Art, University of Pennsylvania. Cat. no. 22731 occurs among the Navaho as many (group of) stars (figure 1037), and cat. no. 22732 as lightning (figure 1035). : 77B GAMES OF THE NOBTH AMEEICAN KSIDIANS [eth. ann. 24 WAKASHAN STOCK Makah. Neah bay, Washington. Charlie Williams described the Makah as playing cat's cradle under the name of howwutsoksh. The figures corresponded with those of our common child's play. The first he called bow, bistati: the second, devilfish, tiththupe. Another figure was the frog, wachit. Girls and boys play. Fig. 1066. Fig. 1065. Cat's cradle, hpaisb, mealing stone; Maricopa Indians, Arizona; cat. no. 2921, Brook- lyn Institute Museum. Fig. 1066. Cat's cradle, kpaitch, turtle; Maricopa Indians, Arizona; cat. no. 2923, Brooklyn Insti- tute Museum. YTJMAX STOCK Maricopa. Arizona. (Brooklyn Institute Museum.) The following cat's cradles were collected for the writer by Mr Louis L. Meeker Cat. no. 2921 : hpaish. mealing stone (figure 1065). . Cat. no. 2922: kpaitch, turtle (figure lO(iG). CIJLIN] CATS cradle: zuni 777 ZDNIAN STOCK ZUNI. Zuni, New Mexico. (F'ree Museum of Science and Art, Uni- versity of Pennsylvania.) Pig. 1()69. Pig. 1067. Cat's cradle, picliowainai. netted shield; Zimi Indians. Znni, New Mexico; c&t. no. 22604, Free Museum of Science and Art, University of Pennsylvania. Pig. 1068. Cat's cradle, pishkappoa pichowaiuai. netted shield; Zuni Indians, Zuni, New Mexico; cat. no. 22605, Free Museum of Science and Art, University of Pennsylvania. Pig. 1069. Cat's cradle, pichowai wailolo. lightning; Zuiii Indians, Zuiii. New Mexico; cat. no. 22606, Free Museum of Science and Art. University of Pennsylvania. The following cat's cradles were collected by the writer in Zuni in 1902: Cat. no. 22604 : pichowaiuai. netted shield (figure 10G7). Cat. no. 22(iO.T : pislika|)poa pichowaiuai. netted shield (figure 10ti8). Cat. no. 22600 : pichowai wailolo, lightning (figure 106'J). 778 GAMES OF THE NORTH AMERICAN INDIANS Ieth. ANN. 24 Cat. no. ::i2(J07: pichowai hampiuiiiai, brush house (figure 1070). Cat. no. -i260S : pichowai hampunnai, brush house (figure 1071). Cat. no. SSBOO : tslempistonai ]>icho\vainai, top crossbeam of ladder (figure 1072). Fig. 1073. Fig. 1070. Cat's cradle, plchowai hampunnai, brush bouse; Zuiii Indians, Zufii, New Mexico; cat. no. 32H07, Free Museum of Science and Art, University of Pennsylvania. Fig. 1071. Cat's cradle, pichowai hampunnai, brush house; Zuni Indians. Zuiii, New Mexico; cat. no. 22608, Free Museum of .Science and Art, University of Pennsylvania. Fig. 1072. Cat's cradle, tslempistonai pichowaiuai, tup crossbeam of ladder; Zuni Indians, Zuni, New Mexico; cat. no. '22609, Free Museum of Science and Art, University of Pennsylvania. CATS cradle: zuni 779 Cat. no. 22610 : pichowai atslonononai, sling (figure 1073). Cat. no. ^-ifiO.^ occurs among the Navalio as packing (carrying) wood (figure 1047). and cat. no. 22(106 as twin stars (figure 10:W). Fig. 1073. Cat's cradle, pichowai atslonononai, sling: Zuni Indiana. ;iouiii. New Mexico: cat. no. 22610, Free Museum of Science and Art, University of Pennsylvania. My informant in Zuiii stated that the cat's cradle was called pichowainai or pishkappoa, the netted shield, figures 1067 and 106^i, actually representing this shield, which was supposed to have been carried by the War God. The idea is borrowed from the spider web, and cat's cradle was taught to the little boys, the twin War Gods, by their mother, the bpider Woman, for their amusement. " UNCLASSIFIED GAMES Into this category of luiclassificd frames, arranged Iiy stocks, have been put the miscellaneous games of which but a single record exists. and which, with the information now at hand, can not be assigned to a place in any of the preceding series, nor yet regarded as of foreign origin. It will be seen that these games are few in number and of little apparent significance. One, the Clatsop game descril)ed by Lewis and Clark, may be the guessing game played with wooden disks, imperfectly described. ALCiOXQUIAN STOCK Illinois. Illinois. Joutel says : A good number of presents still remaining, they divide themselves into sev- eral lots, and pla.v at a game, called of the stick, to give theui to the winner. That game is i)la.ved. taking a stout stiok. very smooth and greased, that it may be harder to hold it fast. One of the elders throws the stick as far as he can; the young men run after it, snatch it from each other, and at last he who remains possessed of it has the first lot. The stick is then thrown again ; he who keeps it then has the second lot. and so on to the end. The women whose .husbands have been slain in war often perform the same ceremony and treat the singers and dancers whom they have before invited. ATHAI'.\SC.\X STOCK Navaho. St Michael, Arizona. Rev. Berard Haile describes the following game in a letter: Tsin beedzil^, the great game of the Earth-winner. The Earth-winnci , Ni'- nahuiibi'i, playa with the gambler, who lays a wager that he can outdo the Earth-winner in strength. A test is made by placing a pole 6 inches in diameter in the ground about 2 feet deep. The p^le is about 8 feet in height, and the gambler pushes it over on a run. The Earth-winner thus loses the game. In consequence of this event, the Navaho. out of respect for their great teacher of games, who, they say, came from Mexico, do not play this game, Takulli, Stuart lake. British Columbia. The Reverend Father .V. (i. Morice '' says: Ta'ko" is another pastime which is somewhat childish in character. In most cases it is played by the fireside in the camp lodge during the long winter even- ings. Its necessary accom|)aninients [figure 10741 are a hlunt-headed stick and two small, thin, and springy boards firmly driven in the ground, one close by each " Historical .lourual of Monsieur La Salle's Last Voyage to Discover the River Missis- sippi. French's Historical Collections of Louisiana, v. ^. p. is*;. New York. LS4(J. 'Notes on the Westein U^nfe. Transactions of the Canadian Institute, v 4. p. 112. Toronto. 1895. 781 : : : 782 GAMES 05" THE NORTH AMERICAN INDIANS [eth. axn. 24 player. The two opposite parties sit facing each other and throw the ta'ko" against the little Ijoard ou the other side, upon hitting which it reljounds to the Ivnees (jf the successful player, who is then entitled to recommence and continue as long as luck favors him. Failing to get at the mark, the ta'ko' is handed to the other partner. The number of points obtained indicates the winner. The old men profess to be ignorant of that game, which is probably adventitious among our Indians. CHINOOKAN STOCK Clatsop. Mouth of Columbia river, Oregon. Lewis and Clark " describe the following game Two pins are placed on the floor, about the distance of a foot from each other, and a small hole is made between them. The players then go about 10 feet from the hole, into which they try to roll a small piece resembling the men used in draughts ; if they succeed in putting it into the hole, they win the stake ; if the piece rolls between the pins, but does not go into the hole, nothing is won or lost ; but the wager is wholly lost if the checker rolls outside the pins. Fig. KIT4. Implements for ta'ko'; Taknili Indians, British Columbia; from Morice. ESKIMAUAN STOCK Eskimo (Central). Cumberland sound, Baffin land, Franklin. Dr Franz Boas * says The saketan resembles a roulette. A leather cup with a rounded bottom and a nozzle is i)laced on a board and turned round. When it stops the nozzle points to the winner. At present a tin cup fastened with a nail to a board is used for the same purpose [figure 1075]. Their way of managing the gain and loss is very curious. The first winner in the game must go to his hut and fetch anything he likes as a stake for the next winner, who, in turn receives it, but has to bring a new stake, in place of this, from his hut. Thus the only one who loses anything is the first winner of the game, while the only one who wins anything is the last winner. Again, of the Eskimo of the west coast of Hudson bay, Doctor Boas < says Women gamble with a musk-ox dipiier. which is turned swiftly around. The person away from whom the handle points wins the stake, and has to place a stake in her turn. » History of the Expedition under the Command of Lewis and Clark, v. 1'. p. 784, New Vork, 1893. 'The Central Eskimo. Sixth Annual Report of the Bureau of Kthnology, p. .j68. 1888. '" Eskimo of Baffln Laud aud Hudson Bay. Bulletin of the American Museum of Nat- ural History, y. 1.0, p. 110, New York, 1901. : : UNCLASSIFIED GAMES: MAYA r83 This game corresponds in geiienil priiiciijle with roulette, oi' rather witli the spinning arrow. Eskimo (Central: Aivilirmu t and KiNirKxr). West coast of Hudson bay, Keewatin. ( Cat. no. s^f^i, American Museum of Natural History.) Dr Franz Boas " says Small hoops of whalebone (terkiituk) are joined crosswise [figin-e 1070]. Then they are placed on the ice or hard snow when the wind is blowing. The young men run to catch them. A simihir game is mentioned by Kev. J. Owen Dorsey among the Teton Dakota (see p. 715). Fig. InT^. FiK. liW. Fig. 107.'). Saketan, or roulette; Central Eskimo, Cumberland sound, Baffin land, Franklin; cat. no. IV A GX'A, Berlin Museum fUr Volkerkunde; from Boas. Fig. lOTti. Whalebone hoops; diameter, 3i inches; Central Eskimo (AiTilirmiut and Kinipetu), west coast of Hudson bay, Keewatin; cat. no. ^^^b^ American Museum of Natural History. West coast of Hudson bay, Keewatin. (Cat. no. go A American Museum of Natural Historj'.) Dr Franz Boas " says Boys play hunting seals [figure 1077]. Each of them has a small harpoon and a number of jiieces of seal-sUin with many holes. Each piece of skin repre- sents a seal. Each of the boys also has a hip-bone of a seal. Then one boy moves a piece of skin which represents a seal under the hole in the hip-bone, which latter represents the blowing-hole in the ice. While moving the piece of skin about under the bone, the boys blow like seals. Whoever catches with the little harpoon tlie piece of skin in one of the holes retains it, and the boy who catches tlie last of the pieces of skin goes on in turn with his seals. The little harpoons are made by the fathers of the boys, the pieces of skin are prepared liy their mothers. M.WAN STOCK Maya. Yucatan. Dr Alfred Tozzer '' describes the following game Wak pel pul, to throw six. is played with six sticks [figure 1078] made of any kind of wood, which has branches directly opposite each other. They each rest " Eskimo of Baffin Land and Hudson Bay. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural Histor.v, v. 1.1, p. Ill, New York, 1001. *• In a letter to the writer. November 7. 1003. : : 784 GAMES OF THE NORTH AMERICAN INDIANS [eth. anx. 24 on the large end, and each has marks on the upper part, running from 1 to 6. which show the count. The one witli six notches is placed in the middle, and the others in a circle around it. Rocks, cocoa beans, or money are then thrown in an endeavor to knock down as many as possible. SKITTAGETAN STOCIK Haida (Kaigani). Prmce of Wales i.sland, Alaska. Dr C. F. Newcombe describes the following game under the name of kwai indao A set of 40 or 50 sticks, representing ten different numbers, are placed in a row. The players alternately try to repeat from memory, blindfold, the order in which these ten numbers run. The same collector describes also the following game Twenty or forty small sticks, 6 inches long, are taken in the palm, thrown up in the air, and caught on back of hand. They are then thrown up again, if any are caught, and if possible an odd number caught in the palm. If an odd num- ber—one. three, five, or seven—be so caught, one stick is kept by the player, who A Fig. 1077. Fig. 1078. Fig. 107T. Game of sealing; length of harpoon, 12} inches; Central Eskimo, we.st coast of Hud- son bay, Keewatin; cat. no. 573^ &, American Museum of Natural History. Fio. 1078. Stick for wSk pel pul; Maya Indians, Yucatan; from sketch by DrAlfred Tozzer. tries again. If none or an even number be caught, the opposite player takes his turn. He who takes the last stick wins all his opponent's sticks and takes them all up and goes on as before. Boys or girls play. The game is called hal hai' jao, " turn around game." WAKASHAN STOCK KwAKiTTTL. Xawiti. British Columbia. (Cat. no. 85850, Field Columbian Museum.) Two flat slats (figure 1079), 1| inches wide at top, and 15J and 21 inches long, the lower ends sharpened to a point. Two flat slats, 1^ inches wide at top and 13 inches long, with transverse white : CCLIS] UNCLASSIFIED GAMES: KWAKIUTL 785 lines across the flat sides at top, and lower part cut round to form a handle. Two wooden darts, with blunt heads, 35 and 38 inches in length, one with a rattle in the handle end. Collected in 190-1 by Dr C. F. Newcombe, who describes the game as follows: The flat piece is set firmly in tlie ground at an inclination from the player to form a kind of springboard. The i)layers stand at about 10 feet from the board and throw the darts at it. The game is to catch the dart on the rebound as many times as possible, and he who first catches it ten times, not necessarily without an intervening miss, is the winner. No counters are used. This game is only played In the fall, when drying salmon. The game is k'lemgua, the dart k'lemgwa'iu, and the spring klemgwa'yas. Fig. 1080. Fig. 1079. Pig. 1079. Slats for k'lemgua; lengths of slats, 15i and ai inches: Kwakintl Indians, British Columbia ; cat. no. 85850, Field Columbian Museum. Fig. 1080. Sticksformena(stopping-breath game); length, B4 inches; Kwakiutllndians, British Columbia; cat. no. 85857, Field Columbian Museum. KwAKiuTL. Nawiti, British Columbia. (Cat. no. 85857, Field Columbian Museum.) Bundle of forty sticks (figure 1080), 6^ inches in length. These were collected in 1904 by Dr C. F. Newcombe, who describes them as used in a game called inena. The sticks aro laid in two parallel rows of twenty each, and one player tries to pick up as many sticks as possible and make two other similar rows while the other player stops his breath by holding his nose and mouth. It is played by men and boys, by two or more players in turns. The counters are called menasu. Xawiti. British Columbia. (Cat. no. 85856, Field Columbian Museum.) Bundle of forty sticks, 6 inches in length. These were collected in lSiO-1 by Dr C. F. Newcombe, who describes them as follows These sticks—the same as used in niena, are also employed in a counting game. The bundle of forty is arrang«l in bunches of from one to five. |)laced in any order in one or two lines. One player tries to commit to memory the number of sticks in each bunch in their order from left to right, and then turn.s around, and with his back to the sticks calls the number after the watcher says ginits? or "how many?" If correct, each bunch correctly named is put in one place, but if wrong, in another. The sticks are the unit for scoring. lie who gets the greatest number of sticks wins. The game is called giaits. and the sticks gInTt.«a'iu. 24 ETH—05 M 50 ) 786 GAMES OF THE NORTH AMERICAN INDIANS [eth. ann. 24 KwAKiuTL. Nawiti, British Columbia. (Cat. no. 85355, Field Columbian Museum. Ring of whalebone (figure 1081), 2i inches in diameter, supported on a stick in a horizontal position, and twenty-four unjDainted sticks, 8f inches in length. Collected in 1904 by Dr C. F. Newcombe, who describes them as used in a game called quaquatsewa'iu. The players drop the sticks held in one hand through the ring, to .see who can get the highest number through. This is done with the eyes open, blind- folded, and blindfolded after turning round. Fig. 1081. Stick-dropping game; length of sticks, 81 inches: diameter of ring, 2i inches; KwakiutI Indians, British Columbia; cat. no. 8.5.355, Field Columbian Museum. Vancouver island, British Columbia. Dr Franz Boas'' describes a game like the first in this series: Tl'E'nikoayu.—A stick, about 3 feet long, with a knob at its end, is thrown against an elastic board which is placed upright at some distance. If the stick rebounds and is caught, the player gains 4 points. If it rebounds to more than half the distance from the player to the board, he gains 1 point. If it falls down nearer the board than one-half the distance, or when the board is missed, the player does not gain any point. The two players throw alternately. Each has 10 counters. When one of them gains all the counters, he is the winner of the stake. When the stick falls down so that the end opposite the knob rests on the board, the throw counts 10 points. Another game he mentions as follows:* T'e'nk-oayu, or carrying a heavy stone on the shoulder to test the strength of those who participate in the game. " Sixth Report on the Indians of British Columbia. Report of the Sixty-sixth Meeting of the British Association for the Advancement of Science, p. 578, London, 1896. " Ibid. Cl-'LIN] UNCLASSIFIED GAMES: ZUNl 787 ZUNIAN STOCK ZuNi. Ziini. New Mexico. (Cat, no. 3063, Brooklyn Institute Mu- seum.) Two rings (figure 108'2), made of twig, one 3i inches in diameter, wrapped with green and bhie yarn in alternate quarters, and the other, 2i[ inches in diameter, wrapped with plain white cord.. Collected by the writer in 1903. Boys play. The large ring is thrown down, and the object of the game is to toss the small ring so that it will fall within the large one. The rings are called tsi-ko-nai. FiK ins:; Fig. 1083. Fig. 1082. Ring game: diameter of large ring, 3i inches; ZuiSi Indians. ZuSi, New Mexico; cat. no. 306.3, Brooklyn Institute Museum. Pig. 1083. Implements for "horns kill," or "killing the rabbit;" Zuiii Indians, Zuiii, New Mexico; from Mrs Stevenson. Zuni, New Mexico. Mrs Matilda Coxc Stevenson" describes a game called saithlii- tawe, horuN kill, or killing the rabbit: Six go.Tt-lionis ti^uro l(l.s;!| are phuod in line on the I sronnil ;in oqnal dis- tance apai't. and the players stand some rods away. The game is heguu by a pla.ver starting to run and tin-owing a rahhit-stiek toward the horns. lie is entitled to as many horns as he strilr of runs agreed upon, is the winner. This is another of the Great Earth-winner's games. Being challenged by his Indian followers or companions, they gradually learned the games from him they staked him for his wife, cheated him, and he lost; whereupon tlie Indians dispersed and played his games in their newly acquired countries. FIELDERS D D PITCHER NeS.o'CATCHERiFACES E • BATTER FACES E • PITCI-1ER N» I. FACES W. " Q P** BASE D FIELDERS Fig. liW. Pig. WSr,. . in8R. Pig. 1084. Ball field; Navaho Indians. .St Michael, Arizona; from sketch by Rev. Berard Haile. Fig. 1085. Ball; diameter, 2; inches; Thompson Indians, British Columbia; cat. no. ijfj. Ameri- can Museum of Natural History; from Teit. Pig. 1086. Bat; lenj^th, 24J inches; Thompson Indians, British Columbia; cat. no. j^lc, Ameri- can Museum of Natural History; from Teit. In the same category I would place the similar ball game of the ThomiDSon Indians of British Columbia, described by Mr James Teit," who says Formerly a favorite pastime was playing ball. The ball used was a kind of knot found on fir-trees. The knot is nicely rounded off, and sometimes covered " The Thompson Indians of British Columbia. Memoirs of the American Museum of Natural History, whole series, v. 2, p. 277. New York. 1900. BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY TWENTY-FOURTH ANNUAL REPORT PL. XXI BARK PLAYING CARDS; LENGTHS, 5 TO 10 INCHES:; UINKARET INDIANS, ARIZONA; CAT. NO. 11217, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM cn.ixl EUROPEAN GAMES: CREE AND CHIPPEWA 791 with biK'kskin. Otiier balls were of stone, or of deerskin stuffed with vegetable material [figure 1085]. There were two wa.vs of playing it. One way was quite similar to that of '" rounders." The bat used in this game was a short straight stick, about 4 inches wide at one end [tigure lOStJ]. Each side took turns in batting. Four stones were placed about lid yards apart, in the form of a square. These were called " houses." The man who hold the bat was bowled to by a man of the opposite party, who stood about in the center of the ring. If the batter missed the ball, his place was immediately taken by the next man of his party. If he struck the ball with his bat. he immediately dropi>ed the latter, and ran to the first house, or the second if he could manage it. The object of the opposite party was to catch the ball as quickly as possible, and strike the man with it while he was running from one house to the other, thereby knocking him out of the game. Tf the man managed to get back to his starting-point, he was allowed another chance to bat. The game is still fre- quently played by the .young men. I have made no mention of plaj'ing cards, which arc widely used, games being phayed either with cards purchased from the traders, or with native copies more or less closely resembling them. The ten flat pieces of cedar htirk (plate xxi, cat. no. 11217, United States Na- tional Museum) collected by Maj. J. W. Powell from the Uinkaret in northern Arizona, which were figured as dice in the writer's paper on Chess and Playing Cards, jjroved on comparison to be copies of playing cards. The games played by the Indian with cards are easily recognizable as common Spanish and American games. The remaining games which I am able to identify as of European origin may be included in a single class—games jalayed on boards or diagrams, like merils. They may be regarded as games of skill and calculation, a kind of game which otherwise appears to be entirely lacking. ALGONQUIAN STOCK Cree and Chippewa. Muskowpetung i-eserve. Qu'appelle, Assini- boia. (Cat. no. G1994. Field Columbian Museum.) Board and men (figure 1087), the board 9 inches square, witii cross diagram with holes in which the men—small green j)aiuted pegs, with one larger one—are inserted. They were collected by Mr J. A. Mitchell, who describes the game under the name of musinaykahwhanmetowavwin : This game is played by two persons, one playing the king piece or oke-mow, against his opponent's thirteen pawns. Moves can be made in any direction by any of the pieces, provided the lines of the diagram are followetl. The king has the power to take the opposing pieces and can take as many pieces in one move as are left unprotected, but only following the lines of the board. The pawns have no power to take tlie king, but endeavor so to press it as finally to checkmate. Tlie king is technically known as musinay-kah-whan. The game is one which has been long known to the Indians and is much admired by them. .Many skillful players have been developed, some being more particularly skilled in manipulating tlie king piece, while others make the i)awn their special play. The play is invariably for stakes of some kind. : ; 792 GAMES OF THE NORTH AMERICAN INDIANS [eth. ann. 24 MiCMAc. Nova Scotia. Dr A. S. Gatschet ' writes The majority of the games they play now are borrowed from the whites. Their checker game is the same as ours and played on a checlverboard. A checker stone is called adena'gan (plural, adena'gank), while the checkerboard is adenagenei'. The checkers are either disk -shaped and smooth (mimusxa- witchink adena'gank) or scjuare (esgigenixi'tchik adena'gank). The game is called after the moving of the stones from square to square nin adnai', it is niy move: l;it adnfit, it is your nio\e. Pa.ssamaquoddy. Maine. Mrs W. W. Brown *.describes tiie following game: Ko-ko-nag'n has a resemblance to the game of checkers, but, although nearly all are more or less proficient at the latter game, there are only a few who understand ko-ko-nag'n. This, unlike any other game, may he played by male and female opponents. It is the least noisy, the skillful play requiring delibera- tion and undivided attention. A smooth surface is marked off into different- sized spaces, and pieces of wood, round and square, marked to qualify value, are generally used, though sometimes carved bone is substituted. X : CULIN] EUROPEAN games: YOKUTS 793 Keres. Cochiti, New Mexico. A Keres boy at St Michael. Arizona, named Francisco Chaves (Kogit), described the Indians at Cochiti as phiyinjj the gauw of paitariya on a board represented by the diagram here given o- KOI.ISCIIAN STOCK Yaktttat. Port Mulgrave, Alaska. (Cat. no. 16300, United States National Museum.) Twenty-two carved wooden chessmen (figure 1089), from 1^ to 3§ inches in height. Collected bv T)r W. II. Dall. Fig. iwa. Chessmen; height, 1 i to 3| inches; Yalfntnt Indians, Port Mulgrave, Alaska; cat. no. 18.300, United States National Museum. MAKIl'O.SAN STOCK YoKUTS. Tule River reservation, Tulare county. California. ( Cat. no. 70377, Field Columbian Museum.) Flat stone, 13 by 10:J inches, with top etched as shown in figure 1090, and twenty-four pieces of clay, conoid in shape, twelve black with two small holes in the top, and twelve red. Collected by Dr J. W. Hudson. — 794 GAMES OF THE NORTH AMERICAN INDIANS [ktii. ann. 24 PIMAN STOCK Papago. Mission of San Xavier del Biic, Pima count}', Ai-izona. Mr S. C. Simms informs me that he saw the game of coyote and chickens, pon chochotl (figure lOftl), phiyed by this tribe on a ilia- gram traced on the smooth ground. A red bean was used for tlie coyote and twelve grains of corn for the chickens. Another form of the game was phiyed with twelve chickens on each side. This latter was played for money, the first game being regarded as too easy to bet on. Both Papago and Mexicans play, mostly men. Pima county, Arizona. Mr S. C. Simms described the Papago as playing a game (figure 1092) on a star-shaped diagram which they called ohohla (Spanish, jeoda .") K ^' 7'^ 1 1 < —^ ^ ^^ 1^—t— ^»^-—I—-i Pig. 1091. Fig. 1(190. •\^-x .'^ r-^^'-N; -^ -^::% \ v Fig. line. Fig. 1U9.3. Fig. IIWJ. Stone game board and men; dimensions, 13 by 111: inches; Yokuts Indians, Tvile River reservation, Tulare county, California; cat. no. 70:177, Field Columbian Museum. Fig. 1091. Game of coyote and chickens; Papago Indians, Arizona; from sketch by Mr S. C. Simms. Fig. 1092. Star game; Papago Indians, Arizona; Iroiu drawing by Mr S. C. Simms. Fig. 1(19.3. Stone game board tor tuknanavubpi; length, 9 inches; Hopi Indians, Oraibi. Arizona; cat. no. 3«6i;l, Free Museum of Science and Art, University of Pennsylvania. SHOSHONEAN STOCK Hopi. Oraibi, Arizona. (Cat. no. ;^8t>13. Free Museum of Science and Ai't, University of Pennsylvania.) Stone board (figure 1093), 7 by 9i inches, inscribed with three equi- distant cross lines in both directions, dividing the surface into « Probably geoda, geode. CULIS] EUROPEAN games: HOPI 7^0 sixteen rectangles, each of which is crossed by diagonal lines. The central point is marked with a star. Collected by the writer in l'.)01. Two men play, using white and black stones, which arc arranged as shown in figure 1094. The game, called tuknanavuhi)i. is like fox and geese. AMiite leads. The object is to jump over and take an opponent's piece, which is continued until one or the other loses all. A player may jumjJ in any direction. ^Alien a line across one end of the board becomes cmiity. it is not used again, so the players' field becomes more and more contracted. "^ ^ Fig. 1U94. Fig. 1U95. Fig. 1094. Arrangement of men in game of tiiknanavuhpi; Hopi Indiau.s, Oraibi. Arizona. Fig. 109.5. The game of totolospi: Hopi Indians. Walpi. Arizona: after drawing by Dr J. Walter Fewkes. Hopi. Oraibi, Arizona. (Cat. no. .")r)35fi. Field Columlnau Mu- seum.) Stone slab inscribed with a diagram similar to the preceding. This is described by the collector. Rev. H. R. Voth. in 1890. as a gaming board, tukvnanawopi. This game is generally played by either two or four persons, each side having twenty polimoita animals, which consist of corn, pieces of corncob, charcoal, etc.. and are placed on the board in tiers. IMrst one side moves into the center, this piece being, of course, jumped, and then the moves are made alternately by the two sides. Moves and jumps may lie made in any direction, and the latter over as many pieces as may be found with a vacant place right behind thetu. As soon as a tier of stiuares is vacant it is abandoned, so that finally the pieces are crowded into three or two squares, and even into one square. The inclosed spaces ftutside the squares are called houses. In these the Ijilled animals are placed. Walpi. Arizona. Dr J. Walter Fewkes" describes the game of totolospi as follows: To-to-16s-pi resembles somewhat the game of checkers, and can be played by two persons or by two parties. In playing the game a rectangular tigure [fig- ure 1905]. divided into large numlier of sipiares. is drawn upon the rodi. either ' Journal of American Ethnology and .\rchiPOlogy, v. 2, p. 159. Boston. 1892. 796 GAMES OF THE NORTH AMERICAN INDIANS [eth. ann. 24 by scratehiiiK or by using a different colored stone as a crayon. A diagonal line, tfih-kl-o-ta. is drawn across the rectangle from northwest to southeast, and the players station themselves at each end of this line. When two parties play, a single person acts as player, and the other members of the party act ac advisers. The first play is won by tossing up a leaf or corn husk with one side blackened. The pieces which are used are bean or corn kernels, stones and wood, or small fragments of any substance of marked color. The players are stationed at each end of the diagonal line, tuh-kf-o-ta. They move their pieces upon this line, but never across it. (On this line the game is fought.) The moves which are made are intricate, and the player may move one or more pieces successively. Certain iiositions entitle him to this privilege. He may capture or, as he terms it, kill one or more of his opponent's pieces at one play. In this respect the game is not unlike checkers, and to capture the pieces of the opponent seems to be the main object of the game. The checkers, however, must be concentrated and always moved towards the southeast corner.a Fig. 1097, Fig. ll»fi. Fig. lOilK. Game board and men; length nf board, '.i iiic-hes: Mono Indians, Madera county, California; cat. no. 71.519, Field Columbian Museum. Fig. 1(197. Stone game board for totolospi; length, 4i inches; Tewa Indians, Hano, Arizona; cat. no. :38612, Free Museum of Science and Art, University of Pennsylvania. This game is now rarely played on the East Mesa, but is still used at Oraibi. It is said to have been played in ancient times by the sun and moon, or by other mythical personages. Figures of this game formerly existed on the rocks near the village of Walpi, and may be the same referred to by Bourke. Mr A. M. Stephen, in his unpublished manuscript, gives this defini- tion : Totolospi, a primitive sort of checkers. Mono. Hooker cove and vicinity, Madera county, California. (Cat. no. 71519, Field Columbian Museum.) ^ Board, 9 inches in length, with inscribed design (figure 10S6), and holes for pegs at the intersection of lines; accompanied by pegs of two sizes. Collected by Dr J. W. Hudson, who designates it as yakamaido, square game, or Indian checkers. "It would appear from Doctor Fewkes's sketch of the board that onl.v one player moved toward the southeast and that his opponent went in the opposite direction. : ; CULIN] EUROPEAN games: TEWA 797 SIOUAN STOCK Omaha. Nebraska. Mr Francis La Flesche told the writer in 1893 that the Omaha learned the game of checkers from the whites about twenty years be- fore and that they called it wakanpamungthae, gambling bowed head, or bowed-head game. TANOAX STOCK Tewa. Hano. Arizona. (Cat. no. 38612, Free Museum of Science and Art, University of Pennsylvania.) Stone board (figure 1097), -tf inches square, inscribed with diagonal lines, ten in one direction and fifteen across. Collected in 1901 by the writer, to whom it was described as used in a game like fox and geese, totolospi," and played with little broken sticks, black and white, which are arranged as shown in figiire 1098. FiR. nm. Fig. 1099. Fig. U(IO. Fig. 1U98. Arrangement of men in totolospi; Tewa Indians, Hano, Arizona. Fig. 1009. Game of picuria tpedreiia); Tigua ludiaiLs, Isleta, New Mexico. Fig. 1100. Game of picaria (pedreria); Tigua Indians, Isleta, New Mexico. - Santa Clara, New Mexico. Mr T. S. Dozier '' describes a game of pitarilla (pedreria). said to be of Pueblo origin, 1)ut doubtless of Spanish introduction In this game the crosses ai'o niarkod by e.ach player in turn where tlio mon are placed, the object being to get three lueu in a row, always in a straight line then one of the opposing player's pieces, the latter being grains of corn or peb- bles, may be moved to the center. When all of the men of any player are moved by this process to the center, the other has won them. There are two figures used, the first [figure 1101] being a little more complicated than tlie other (fig- ure 1102], though the same rule obtains in both. A boy from Santa Clara at Mother Catherine's school at St Michael, Arizona, described the preceding game (figures 1101. 1102) under the name of l)idaria (pedreria), as played at Santa Clara, and. in » See note, p. 160. ' Some Tewa Games. rnpiil)Ilsli«l MS. In Bureau of Ameiicau Ethnology. May 8, 1890. 798 GAMES OF THE NORTH AMERICAN INDIANS fEiii. ANN. 24 addition, the game of kuang, or jiick rabbit, played with twelve stones, ku, on a board (figure 1103). Another board game (figure 1104) he described under the name of akuyo, star. TiGtTA. Isleta, New Mexico. A boy from Isleta, named J. Crecencio Lucero, described the people of this jjueblo as playing a board game which they call picaria (Spanish, pedreria), little stone. They use diagrams of two kinds, represented in figures 1099 and 1100. Taos, New Mexico. Dr T. P. Martin, of Taos, describes the following game, the name of which translated into English is Indian and jack rabbits: Two play. A diagram of .sixteen squares is marlied on the saud. as shown iu figure [110.5]. Twelve small stones are arranged at points where the lines CILIX] EUROPEAN games: ZUNI 799 ZUNIAX STOCK Zrxi. Zufii, New ISIexico. (Cat. no. 1«550, 17861, Free Museum of Science and Art, University of Pennsylvania.) Cardl)oard. inscribed with diagriuu (figure 1106), for tlie g:\nw of iiwithlaknakwe, or stone warriors, and twenty-six pieces, or men (figure 1107), consisting of disks made from shards of pottery, used in the game. The disks are in two sets, twelve plain and twelve perforated, with a hole in the center, both IJ inches in diameter. In addition. there are two pieces, one plain and one perforated, somewhat larger than the others. ; 800 GAMES OF THE NORTH AMERICAN INDIANS Tbth. anx. 24 Vocabulary : Board, a-te-a-lan-e. stone plain ; straight lines, a-kwi-we. canyons or arroyos : diagonal lines, o-na-we, trails; ordinary men, a-\vi-thlak-na-kwe seventh piece, pi-thlan shi-wani (mosoua). Priest of the Bow. The latter piece by power of magic is enabled to cross the canyons. The game is commonly played upon house tojjs, which are often found marked with the diagram. The resemblance of the disks employed in this game to the pre- historic pottery disljs which are found in the ruins in the south- western United States and Mexico suggests that the latter may have been employed similarly in games. There is no evidence, however, that the board game existed before the coming of the whites. It was jarobably introduced by them and does not furnish an explanation of the prehistoric disks. FIl;. Ill) Fig. 1109. Pig. 1107. Pottery men for game of stone warriors; diameters, l)r and U inches; Zuiii Indians, Zimi, New Mexico; cat. no. IG.'iSO, Free Museum of Science and Art, University of Pennsyl- vania. Fig. 110s. Stone game board; Zuiii Indians, Zuiii, New Mexico; cat. no. 3099. Brooklyn Institute Mu-seum. Fig. 1109. Stone game board; Zufii Indians, Zuiii, New Mexico; cat. no. 3099, Brooklyn Institute Museum. ZuNi. Zufii, New Mexico. (Cat. no. 3099, 3100, Brooklyn Institute Museum.) Two flat stones inscribed with diagrams, as shown in figures 1108, 1109, and 1110. Collected by the writer in 1903. The name was given as awi- thlaknanai. Nick Graham stated that this is a Mexican game. The third form (figure 1110), he said, was introduced into Zuiii the year before by an Indian from Santa Ana, a Keresan pueblo near the Rio Grande. : : CULINl EUROPEAN games: ZUNI 801 ZuNi. Zufii. Xew Mexico. (Cat. no. 3049. Brooklyn Institute Mu- seum.) Long stone slab, insfrihi'tl with tlic (li;ij:rani >liM>oo<\ Fig. UlU. Fig. 1112. Fig. 1110. Stone game board; Zuiii Indians, Zuni, New Mexico; cat. no. Hl(»i. Brooklyn Institute Museum. Fig. nil. Kolowis awithlaknannai; lengtli of diagi-am. :« inches; Zuni Indians. Zuni, New Mexico; cat. no. .i049. Brooklyn Institute Museum. Fig. 1112. i\ withlaknan mosona; Zuni Indians, Zuni. New Mexico. Mrs Matilda Coxe Stevenson" describes the game of awe 'hlacnawe, stones kill, as follows Implements.—A niiiiilipi' of small stono.s (a rtifTerent color for each side), ami geometrical markings on a stone slab or on tbe ground. There is no specitieil size for the " bo;iril." it being larger or smaller according to the number of angles. The stones are placed on all the intersections of the geometrical drawing e.-tcept the central one. The first player moves to the center. where his "man" is jumped by his opponent. The stones may be moved in any direction so long as the lines are followed. In a note Mrs Stevenson says Some of the older men of the Zuni declare that this game, when it c:ime orig- inally to Zuni from JIoxIco, was played with one set of stones and a stick for the opposite side, and that the use of the double set of stones is an innovation of their own. " Znfii Games, .\mericiui .\nlhni;iologist. n. s.. v. '•. p. 4015. 1!)0:5. 24 ETH—0." M .">1 : : APPENDIX RUNNING RACES For purposes of comparison w ith the kicked-stick or ball race, and in order not to lose siglit of the fact tliat the hall race is not the only form of race game practised by the Indian, tlie writer has inserted the following collection of data in this ai)pendix, confining the body of the text exclusively to games in wliich implements are emjjloyed. ALGONQUIAN STOCK MissiSAVGA. New Credit, Ontario. Rev. Peter Jones " saj's Foot i-aces, in which they show much swiftness, are common among them. Rice lake, Ontario. G. Copway ' saj's Foot racins; is much practised, mostly, however, l>y the young people. Thus in early life they acquire an elasticity of limh as well as health of body which are of priceless value to tliem in sul)se(iuent years. ATHAPASCAN STOCK Apache (MESrAi.ERo). Fort .Sunnier. New Mexico. Maj. Jolin ('. Cremony ' says: Raciu}; on foot is another diversion frequently resorted to by the active, restless Indians, and the women .generally mana;;e to carry off the palm, provided tlie distance is not too sreat. 'l"he officers at the post offered a number of prizes to be competed for, the fastest runner to take the prize apportioned lo tlie distance for which it was offered. The loiiftest race was half a mile, the iie.xt a quar- ter, the third 3U0 yards, and the fourth KM). It was open for men under 40 years of age and over I."), and fni- i;irls from l."i up to 2.5. About a huudred Apaches and Xava.joes entered for the prizes, and practiced ever.v ( cacli people (Ilopi and Navaho) ; ka-wai'-yo ak-wa-zri, a race between two li^rse- men : ka-wai-yo-mii-i ak yiih-tii. a race between several horsemen. SIOl'AX STOCK Crows. Upper Missouri river. North Dakota. In a report to Isaac I. Stevens, governor of Washington 'J'erri- torv, on the Indian tribes of the njjper Missouri, by Mr Edwin T. Denig. a manuscript in the libi-ary of the Bureau of American Ethnology, there occurs the following: / Foot racing is often practiced by the Mandan and Crows. The former nation were nuich reduced by smallpox had a regular race course ''•before they so miles in length, in which any and all who chose could try their speed, which they did by running three times around this space, betting very high on either side. They still piacti.c the amusement, but not so much as formerly. Foot races among the I'mw Indi.ius are usually contested by two persons at a time. a bet being taken by those concerned, and many more by the friends and spectators on either side, consisting of bl.-mkets, buffalo robes, or some other article of clothing. They mostly run about .3(10 yards, and in starting endeavor to take every advantage of each other, a dozen starts being often made before the race begins. These Indians also run horse races, betting one lior.se ag;iinst the other. The same trickery and worse is displayed in their horse as in their foot races, and often the loser will not pay. The Sioux also have foot races, in which anyone may join, provided he bels, which, if they liave anything to stake, they are sure to do. The name of being a fast and long runner is highly l>rized among them all ; indeed after that of being a warrior and hunter that of being a good runner is next to be desired, but the prini'ipal aim in all these amusements appears to be the winning of : 808 GAMES OF THE NOETH AMERICAN INDIANS [eth. ann. 24 each other's propertj-. They, of course, occupy and enable them to pass agree- ably some of the long summer clays, but we never see these things introduced without the bets or prospects of gain, and from this fact, together with the earnestness exhibited in betting and in the contest, we conclude it to be no more than another mode of gambling, to which they are all so much addicted. Mandan. North Dakota. Prof. F. V. Hayden" describes the Mandaii foot race as Ol^ympic in character A race-course of .3 miles on the level prairie was laid off, cleared of every obstruction, and kept in order for the express purpose. Posts were planted to mark the initial and terminating points, and over the track the young men tested the ela.sticity of their limbs during the tine summer and autumn mouths, to prepare themselves for the hardshii) of their winter hunts. On the occasion when races were determined on by the chiefs, the youug men were informed by the public crier, and every one who had contidence in his prowess was ad- mitted to the lists. Each of the runners brought the amount of his wager, con- sisting of blankets, guns, and other property, and sometimes several judges or elderly men were appointed by the chief of the village, whose duty it was to arrange the bets, regulate the starting, and determine the results of the race. As the wagers are handed in, each is tied to or matched with one of equal value, laid aside, and when all have entered, the judges separate, some remain- ing with the propert.v staked at the beginning of the race-course, and others taking their station at its terminus. Six pairs of runners whose bets have been matched now start to run the 3-mile course, which is to be reiieated three times before it can be decided. The gi'oiind Is laid out In the form of an arc, describing two-thirds of a circle, the starting point and goal being but a few hundred yards distant from each other, the intermediate space being tilled up by the young and old of the whole village. The runners are entirely naked, except their moccasins, and their bodies are painted in various ways from head to foot. The iirst set having accomplished about half the first course, as many more are started, and this is continued as long as any competitors remain, until the entire track is covered with runners, at distances correspond- ing with their different times of starting, and the judges award the victory to those who come out. by handing each a feather painted red. the first six winning the prize. Tliese. on presenting the feathers to the judges at the starting-point, are banded the property staked against their own. The first and second beats are seldom strongly contested, but on the third, every nerve is strained, and great is the excitement of the spectators, who with yells and gestures, encourage their several friends and relations. The whole scene is highl.v interesting, and often continued for two or three days in succession, to give everyone an opportunity to display his abilities. Those who have shown great fieetness and powers of endurance, receive additional reward, in the form of praise by the public crier, who harangues their names through the village for many days afterwards. This is a fine national amusement, and tends much to develop the great muscular strength for which they are remarkable. The.v also innnediately on finishing the race, in a profuse state of per.spira- tion, throw tliemselves into the Jlissouri, and no instance is known where this apparent rashness resulted In any illness. " Contributions to the Ethnography and Philology of the Indian Trilies of the Jlissonri Valley, p. 430, Philadelphia, 1S62. : : ciLiN] SUMMARY OF CONCLUSIONS 809 WixxEBAOo. Prairie du Chion. AYisconsin. Caleb Atwater " says Athletic games are not uncommon amoug them, and foot races afford great diversion to tlie spectators. The women and children are pre-sent at tliose races and occupy prominent situations, from which they can beliold every- thing that passes, without ri-;iiig from tlie ground where they are seated. Considerable bets are freiiuently made on the success of those who run. YIMAX STOCK Maricopa. Arizmia. Mr Louis L. Meeker describes the foot race in this tribe as follows A whole company run. side agaiust side, from opposite goals, a flagman mark- ing where each two jiass. Each side runs in order. The final position of the flag marks victory. SUMMAKV OF COXCLUSIOXS (1) That tlic oaiiK's of tlie North American Indians may be classi- fied in a small luimber of related groups. (2) That morpholojrically thoy are jiractically identical an) That in part they agree in general and in particular with certain widespread ceremonial observances found on the other con- tinents, which observances, in what appear to lie their oldest and most primitive manifestations, are almost exclusivelj' divinatory. "Remarks made un a Tour to I'raU'ie du Chien, p. 117, Columbus, 1831 — — — INDEX (A Taevlar Index to Tribes and G.vmes will bo found on pages 3fi-l3.) ABNAKr, games of the— Algonquian stock—Continued. Page. racket . 571 tribes of the—continued. tossed ball .. 708 Chippewa 61-68. 229, 340. 401-403, Aboriginal mines and quarries XI-XII 404, 405, 440, 533, 362, 563, 564- Aboriginal remains XI 567, 568. 611, 020. 6.50. "34. 791 Accompanying paper xxxix-xl Cree. ... 68, 2.30, 270, 342, 40?, 535, 652, 734, 791 Accounts of Bl-reau xxxv Delawares 69,342,440,537,567 AcHASTiANs, the. Sec Rumsen. Grosventres 70, 270,.384. AcHOMAWi, games of the— 404,447,5.37,621,706,734,751 b:tll juggling 712 Illinois 72,230,781 doulile ball 648, 661 Kickapoo 72 football 698,703 Massachuset 73, 2.30, 698 four-stick game 327,332,333 Menominee 73,343,404,507,022,653 hand game 307 Miami 231,344,569,708 hoop and pole 494 Micmac 74, 698, 722, 792 shinny 033 Missisauga SO, 344, 405, 538, 569, 653, 803 stick games 257 Montagnais 384, 538, 708 acknowledgments xvi. xviii. xix, 29-30 Narraganset 80, 231, 699 Adair, James— Nascapee 539, 712 on hoop and pole Nipissing 81 , 344, 540, 570 Cherokee 487 Norridgewock 81,231,406,735 ChQctaw 485-486 Ottawa 82, 344 Creeks 487 Passamaquoddy ... 82, 406, 540, 570-571, 792 on racket (Choctaw) 598 Penobscot 84, 406, 541 , 571 on scarification (Cherokee) 580-581 Piegan 84,231,271,447 Administrative report ix-xl Potawatomi 85, 385 Ahaiyuta. See Zuiii. mythology of the. Powhatan 232, 622, 699 Ahl GAME (Kiowa) 124-127 Saukand Foxes 85,232,345, Ahshiwan-ni, Zuiii rain priests 218,219 407,448, 542,022, 654, 735, 758, 762 AiYAN. hand game of the 272 Shamiee 573 Algonkin, games of the Tobique 50 dice games 49 Algonquian texts xx, xxxii hand game 273 Alsea. linguistic work among the xxil stick games 229 Amalecite. dice games of the 49-50 Algonquian stock— -American Anthropologist, paper in. cited 213 games.of the Amitstci, four-stick game of the ; 333 ball juggling 712 Anthony, Rev. Albert Seqaqkind— double ball 647 information furnished by 446 hand game 273 on dice game (Delawares) 70 racket 562 on ring and pin (Delawares) 537 ring and pin 528 Antiquity of m.in in America xii snow-snake 400 Apache, games of the— stick games 227 archery 353 morphological studies of languages of. xxiii bull-roarer. 750 tril)es of the hoop and pole 420,422,449-457 Abnaki 571,708 stick dice 88-89 Algonkin 49,229 Apache (Chiricahua), games of the— Amalecite 49 archery 3g5 Arapaho 50. 268,384, 400, hoop and pole 429,449 441, 445, 529,617, 705, 730, 733, 731 -Vpache (Iicarilla)— ISlackfeet 58, 269, 443, 7.'' 1 games of the— Cheyenne 58, 209,384,400,445, hidden ball 345 446,530. 563,619, 649, 705, 734, 758 hoop and pole 449 811 —— 8]: INDEX Apache (J icarilla)—Continued. Page, Arikara— Page. games of the—continued. customs of the 58 running races 806 games of the— genesis myth of 345 dice games 97-98 Apache (Me.scalero), games of the— double ball 657 hoop and pole 449-450 hand game 276 running races 80.'^-S04 hoop and pole 461-462 Apache (San Carlos), games of the— popgun 758 -iice games 86 shinny 624 hoop and pole 450 mythology of the 624 Apache (White Mount.un>, games of Armstrong, John. Seneca cosmological the— myth related by XVIII cat's cradle 762-763 Arrow game (Mandan) 393 dice games 87-91 Arrow-spearing game 437 hoop and pole 450-457 Arrow, sym holism of the . 33, 213- Aplache, foot-cast-l)all game of the 712 215,227-229,335-336 Arafaho— Assiniboin, games of the— games of the archery 383,391 arche ry 384 dice games 173-177 buzz 751 hand game 276, 316-317 dice games 50-58 hand-and-foot ball 705, 707 , hand game 268, 276 hoop and pole 502 hand-and-foot ball 705 racket 610-611 hoop and pole 420,422,430,441-443,445 ring and pin 544,565-556 ring and pin 529-530,532 shinny ei6, 636-637 shinny 617-619, 620 shuflleboard 728 snow-snake 400 snow-snake ,- 415 swing 730 stick games 2S8 tops 733 tossed ball 710 mythology of the 019,730 ATAAKtjT, stick games of the 233 Archery games- Athapascan stock— general account of 383 games of the— played by the ring and pin 528 Apache 383,385 stick games 227 Arapaho 384 tribes of the— Assiniboin 383, 391 Apache (Chiricahua) 385, 449 Cheyenne 384 .licariUa 345,449 Chipewyan 385 Mescalero 449, 803 Crows 383, 391, 529 San Carlos 86, 450 Dakota. . : 392, 393, 394 White Mountain 87,450,762 Oglala 383, 391-392 Ataakut 233 Teton 383, 392-393 Chipewyan 272, 385 Eskimo .383, 386-388 Colvillc 457 G rosventrcs 383, 384, 529 Etchareottine 272 Ilaida 395 Han Kutchin 272 Hopi 383, 390 Hupa 91, 233, 542, 050, 763 Iowa 394 Kawchodinne 92, 272, 543 Iveres 388 Kutchin 272 Kiowa 388 Mikonotunne 236, 623 Makah 383, 395, 396 Mishikhwutmctunne 236, 623 Mandan 393 Navaho .' 92, Missouri 394 346-349, 385.457, 023, 068, 722, 763, 781, 804 Montagnais 383, 384-385 Sarsi 272, 460 Navaho 383, 385-386 Sekani 97, 236 Omaha 383, 393, 394 Slaveys 544 Oto 394 Takulli 97, Pawnee 383, 386, 389 236-238, 272-274, 409, 460-461, 781 Pjma 389 Thlingchadinne 543 Ponca 383, 394 Tlelding 238 Potawatomi 383, 385 Tsct saut 624, 767 Shuswap 383, 390 Tutut ni 239 Tarahumare 383, 389 Umpqua 274 Tewa 383, 390, 395 AVhilkut 239 Thompson Indians 383,390 Atlin. a Clayoquot chief 196 Topinagugim 388 Atwater, Caleb— Washo : 396 on dice games ( Winnebago) 189 Wichita 380 on racket (Winnebago) 616 Zufii 383, 396-399 on running races (Winnebago) 809 —— — — — ——— INDEX 813 Page. Page- AvERiLL, A. B., material coUoctcMl by I'jS Barber, Edwin A., on hand game (Yampa AwANi, games of the— Ute) 315-310 dice games 143 Bartram, John— shinny 030 on racket (Cherokee) 574-575 Awl game. See Ahi game. (Muskogee) 600 Ax, John, information furnished by 475 Bartram, William, on hoop and pole Aztec, dice games of the 160 (Muskogee) 480-488 Babine, hand game of the 273 B.iseball 789-790 Backus, Maj. E., U. S. A., on hoop and pole Basiwi, four-stick game of the 333 (Navaho) 4C0 Bat.^.wat, games of the Bacqiteville de la Potherie, on snow- dice games 199 snake (Hurons) 409 double baU 665 Ball— stick games 266 general description 561-562 Bayogoula, hoop-and-pole game of the 485 implements of ." 33 Bean shooter 7iK)-761 See also Racket, Shinny, etc. used by Ball juggling 501,712-714 Ilopi 700 played by the Makah 761 Achomawi 712 Mono 7C0 Bannock 712, 713 Northwest-coast tribes 760 Eskimo - 713 Opitchesaht 761 Central 712 Southwest tribes 760 Ita 712 Zuni 761 Nascapee 712 Beardslee, Commander L. .\., U. S. N., Paiute 713 material collected by 243 Shoshoni 712, 713 Beauchamp, Rev. W. M.— Ute '. 712,713 on ancient Micmac village 77 Uinta 713 on dice games (Onondaga) Ill Zuni 712,714 on hidden ball (Onondaga) 349 Ball race 3,3,665-668 Beauliev, G. IL— common to the information furnished by 401 Bannock 060, 678 material collected by 64, 65, 401 Cocopa 060, 681 on dice game (Chippewa) 65 Cosumni 669-670 on snow-snake (Chippewa) 401-402 Hopi 666, 678-679 Beckwith, Paul, material collected by 18.5 Keres 666,068-663 Belden. George P. Maricopa 666, 681 on dice game (Yankton riakota) 184-185 Mohave 666,682 on shinny (Yankton Dakota i 639-641 Mono 660, 079 Bellabella, stick games of the 263 Navaho 666, 66S Bellacoola, games of the Opata 600, 070 dice games 155 Papago 66e;670-671 hand game 299 Pima 666, 671-672 hoop and pole 421,489-490 Southwestern tribes 665 shuttlecock 717 Tarahumare 666,672-677 stick games 249 Tewa 066, 680-681 Benton, Dr E. J., editorial work of XXXII Wasama 670 Beothuk, dice games of the 97 Yuma 660,082 Berard, Father. SccUaile.Rev. lierard. Zuaque 606, 678 Beverley, Roger, on stick games (Pow- Zuni 666, 068, 682-697 hatan) 232 Bancroft, H. H., on racket (Topinagugim) 597 BIQ Goat. See Tlissi tso. Bandelier, Dk a. F.— Big Thunder, material made by 400 on ball race (Opata) 670 Bilboquet. Sec Cup and ball. onpatol (Opata) 146 Billy IIakdjo. Sfc Tah-Coo-Sah-Fixico. shinny mentioned by 631 Black Chicken. See Siyo Sapa. Bannock, games of the Black eye and white eye, dice game baUjuggUng 712-713 (Cherokee) 105 baUrace 666,678 Blackfeet, games of the dice games 159 dice games 56-58 hand game 307-309 hand game 269,270.305,317 hoop and pole 495 hoop and pole 44»-444,502 stone throwing 728 tops 734 tops 742-743 Blake, Lady Edith, material collected by . 97 Baraga, Rev. Frederic— Bloods, dice games of the 58 on defmitions in double ball (Chippewa) 650 Board games. See European games. on dermitions in racket (Chipiwwa) 564 Boas, Dk Franz— on definitions in tops (Chipiwwa) 734 buzzes figured by(Central JEskimoi ... 751,752 — 814 INDEX Page. Page. Boas, Dr Franz—Continued. Bowl-and-stick game 173-177 dice figured by (Central Eskimo) 102 Boyle, D.vvid— material collected by 240,249,489,717,719 material furnished by 84 on archery (Shuswap) 390 on dice game (Senecat 116-117 on liall juggling (Central Eskimo) 712 on hidden l>all (Seneca) 350-351 on cat's cradle (Central Eskimo) 768,769 on ring and pin (Chippewa) 534-535 (Shusvvap) 773 Brackenripge, H. M.— (Songish) 773 on dice game (Ankara) 98 (Tsetsaut) 767 on hoop and pole (.\rikara) 461 on dice games (Eskimo) 102, 103 Bradbury, John, on hoop and pole (An- (Kwakiutl) 196 kara) 461 (Shuswap) 156 Brass. See Untsaiyi. (Songish) 157 BrSbeuf, Jean de, on dice games (Hu- (Tlingit ) 131 rons) 108-109 on football (Central Eskimo) 701 on racket (Hurons) 589 onhandgame (Kwakiutl) 320 Briggs. C. F.— (Niska) 2S1 material collected by 290 (Nootka) 322 material furnished by 145 (Shuswap) 302 Brinton, Dr Daniel G.— on hidden ball (Kwakiutl) 370 on dice games (Delawares) 70 on hoop and pole (Central Eskimo) . . . 472-474 on hoop and pole (Delawares) 446-447 (Kwakiutl 521 on ring) and pin (Delawares) 537 (Niska) 471 Brown, Mrs W. W.— (Nootka) 523 on dice games ( Passamaquoddy) 82-84 (Shuswap ) 491 on European games (Passamaquoddy). 792 (Songish) 491 on games of Wabanaki_. Indians 75 on ring and pin (Central Eskimo* . .T44-.'i45, 547 on racket (Passamaquoddy) 571 on shinny (Niska) 628 (Wabanaki) 571 (Shuswap) 632 on ring and pin (Passamaquoddy) 540-541 (Tsetsaut ) 624 on snow-snake (Passamaquoddy) 406 on stick game (Niska) 240 BRtjLfe Dakota. Sec Dakota (Brulg). (Shuswap) 252-253 Brcyas, Rev. Jacques, on dice game (Mo- (Songish) 254 hawk) 110-111 on tops (Central Eskimo) 736, 737 Bryant, Edwin, on hand game (Maidn) ... 298 (Niska) 736 Bryant, Henry G.— on tossed ball (Central Eskimo) 709 material collected by 608, 752 (Niska) 709 on use in games of images, by Arctic on unclassified games (Central Eski- Highlanders 104 mo) 7S2-7S3 Buck, John, Onondaga eosmological myth ( Kwakiutl ) 780 narrated by xviii shuttlecock terms furnished by (Bella- Bucknell, Capt. Jim, material collected eoola) " 717 from 291 work of x.\i-x.xii Buffalo-bull-coming-out, Kiowa leader. . 285 BoLLER, Henry A.— Buffalo game (Cheyenne) 446 on hand game (Ilidatsa) 318 Buffalo-Horn game (Teton Dakota) 417 on hoop and pole (Ilidatsa) 511 BUFORT, T. Jay— on shinny (Hidatsal 041 material collected by 248 on shuflleboard (Ilidatsa ) 729 on hand game ( Calapooya) 284 Bonneville, Capt. B. L. E., onhandgame on stick game (Klamath) 248 (Nez Percfist 304-305 (Tiitutni) 239 BoNToc Igorrotes, report of expedition Bullet, game of 309,339-345 among xxi Bull-roarer— Bossu, on racket (Choctaw) 698-599 description of 750 Boucher, Pierre— played by the on dice game ( Algonkin) 49 Apache 750 on stick game (Algonkin) 229 Dakota (Oglala) 750 BouRKE, Capt. John C, U. S. A.— Teton 750 material collected by 747 medicine cords Hopi 750figured by (Chiricahua Apache) Navaho429 750 on dice-game terms (White Mountain Omaha 750 Apache) 90 Zuni 750 , on Mexican ball race 667-668 Bushnell, D, I., JR, on moccasin game on quoits (Mohave) 726 (Chippewa) 340 Bow, priests of the (Zuni) 215 Bushotter, George, on hoop and pole Bowl Game (Chippewa) 65-66 (Teton Dakota) 508 ( Passamaquoddy) 82-83 Button, hand game 309 ——— — — — INDEX 815 Page. Page. Buzz 751-757 Cat's cradle—Continued. played by the played by the—continued. Arapaho 751 Makah 762, 776 Crows 75(3 Maricopa 776 Dakota (Oglala) 756 Maya 772 Teton 757 Navaho 762, 763-767, 775, 776 Eskimo 751 Pomo 771 Central 751-752 Sauk and Foxes 762 Ita 752-753 Shuswap 773 Western 753-755 Skokomish 773 Grosventres 751 Songish 773 Hopi 755-756 Tewa 774-775 Maricopa 757 Tliompson Indians 773 Mono 756 Tigua 775 Plains tribes 751 Tsetsaut 767 Zuiii 757 Zuni-. 761-762,766, 774, 777-77U Caddo, games of the Caughnawaga, games of the dice games 98 dice games 105 hoop and pole 462-l»i3 hoop and pole 474-475 Caddoan stock— racket 573-574 game of the C.vyvga, dice games of the 117 hoop and pole 421 Central America, See Mexico and Central trit>es of the America. Ankara 97,461,624,657,758 Central Eskimo. See Eskimo (Central). Caddo 98, 462-463 Ceremonial observances- Pa\TOee 99, 274, 386, 409, 463, 625, 658, 730 in dance (Tewa) 643 Wichita 102, in double bull (Hopi) 648-649 276-281, 386, 470, 625, 658, 730, 731, 804 in racket (Iowa) 615 Calapooya. hand game of the 283-284 (Navaho 1 435-437 California tribes, hand game of the 267 (Oglala Dakota) 434-135 Cane game (Ilopi) 164-165 Chaco canyon, implements found in 648 Canes, Zuiii dice game 210 Chamberlain, Dr A. F, — Ca-vgleska Lvta. material made by 434 on hand game(Kutenai) 286-287 Canyon de Chelly, specimens from. . 328,717,751 work of XXVI Carriers. See Takulli. Chance. See Games of chance. Cartwright, George— Ch.^nting. See Musical accompaniments in on archery (Montagnais) 384-385 Indian games. on tossed ball (Montagnais) 708 Charlevoix, P. F, X. de— Carver, Ionathax— on dice games (Hurons 106-107) on dice game (Chippewa) 65 (Iroquois) 113-115 on racket (Chippewa) 566 on racket (Miami) .569 Caseheaiaxa. See Pastor, on stick game (Miami f 231 Catawba, games of the on tossed ball (Miami^ ) . r 708 footbaU 698,704 Chase, A, W.—. racket 611 on shinny (Mikonotunne and Mishikh- Catlin, George— wutinetuune ) 623 on archery (Mandan) 293 on stick game (Mikonotunne and Mish- on dice game (Iowa) 186 ikhwutmetunne) 236 on double ball (Dakota) 648 Chaves, Francisco— (Santee) 663 cat's cradle furnished by 770 on hidden ball (lows) 365-366 information furnished by 669, 793 on hoop and pole (Mandan) 459, 512-513 on dice game (Keres) 121 (Minitarees) 487 on quoits (Keres) 724 on racket (Cherokee) 581 on shinny (Keres) 629 (Choctaw) 585,599-602 Checkers, Indian 796 Cheese-.straw game 730 (Iowa) Bl-i radle— Chenco, S«Chunkey. Cat's i Cherokee. general description 761-762 games of the— Dlayed by the— dice games 105 .\pache (White Motintain) 762-763 hoop and pole 421,475,487 Clallam 7/2 racket 562,563, 574-588 Eskimo (Central) 767-769 mythology of the 563, 578, 580 Ita , 769 Cherokee «ali/-I'Lay dance 600-601 Hopi 774 Cherocse, E, C- Uupa 763 raaterial collected by 156-253 Keres 770 on stick game (Snohomish) 253-254 — ——— ——— — 1 816 INDEX Page. Page. Cheyenne— Choris, Loins, on dice game (Olamentke) . . 144 games of the— Chowchilla. games of the— archery 384 hand game 294 basket game 59-60 hoop and pole 484 dice games 54,58-61,126 shinny 631 double ball 647, 649 Chow Le, on making of ancient Chinese baud game 269, 276 arrows 213 hand-and-foot ball 705-706 Chukchansi, games of the— hoop and pole 429-430,442,445-446,507 dice games 138 popgun 758 football 698. 702 racket 563 foot-cast ball 71 ring and pin 529, 530-533 hoop and pole 4S2 shinny 619-620 hot ball 714 snow-snake 400-401 shinny 630 tops 734 Chumashan stock 472, 628-629 medicine wheel from 437 Chungke. See Chunkey. researches among xvi-xvii Chungke, chunk, yards. See Chunkey Chickasaw, racket game of the 597 yards. Children's amusements 30,31,715-716 Chunkey, game of 485-486, 487, 510, 512-513 Chilkat, games of the— Chunkey yards 486-488, 512-513 hand game 2S7-2SS Chunkv yards. See Chunkey yards. stick games 243-244 Clackama, four-stick game of the 328 Chilli^\tiack. stick games of the 249 Clallam, games of the Chimmesyan stock— cat's cradle 772 implements emploj'ed by in stick games . 227 dice games 155-U6 tribes of the— hand game 299 Niska 240,281,471,628,709,730 shiimy 632 Tsimshian 240, 730 shuttlecock 717 Chinook— stick games 249 games of the tops 741 four-stick game 327 Clapin, Sylva, on lacrosse 563 hand game 281-282, 300 Clark. See Lewis and Clark. racket 562, 563, 573 Classification, morphological, of languages stick games 240 of America ,. xxn linguistic studies among xxii Classification of games 31,44-15,809 Chinook, dictionary of, in preparation, xxi-xxii Sec also Tabular index, 36-13. Chinookan stock— Classification of Indian tribal names. xxiv-xxv, implements employed by in stickgames. 227 36^3 tribes of the^ Clatsop, games of the Chinook 240,281, 573 hand game 282 Clackama 328 unclassified games 781 , 782 Clatsop 282,782 Clayoquot, games of the Dalles Indians 158,307 dice games 196 "Wasco 282, 472 hand game 319 Chippewa, games of the ring and pin 528, 558-559 dice games 61-68 Clemclemalats, stick games of the 249 double ball 648, 650-651 Cliff-dwellings, implements from European games 791 Canyon de ChelJy 717, 751 hidden ball. ." 340-342, 351 Chaco canyon 648 hoop and pule . . 427, 440 Mancos Canyon 47, 427, 648 racket 5J2, 563, 554-567, 668, 573, 611 . 616 Coat shooting (Dakota) 392 ring and pia 533-535 CocoPA, games of the sliinny 620-621 ball race 660, 681 snow-snake. . _ . 401-i03, 404, 405 dice games 199 stick games P29 hand game 326 tops 73-1 Collections made by Bureau xxviii-xxix Chipewyan, games Oi the COLUNS, Thomas J., on dice game (Kekchi) 111-143 archery 385 Columbian Exposition, exliibit at, of hand game 272 world's game^ 29 Chiricahua Apache. See Apache (Chirica- Colville, hoop-and-pole game of the 457 hua). Comanche— Choctaw, games of the games of the— dice games 146 dice games 55, 126, 159-160 hoop and pole. 421, 485-186 liand game 309 racket 562, 563, 598-605 hoop and pole 442 tossed ball 709 linguistic studies among xxi ——— — — INDEX 817 Page. Page. Comer, Capt. George, material collected by 752 Crows, games of the—Continued. CoNESTOGA, dice games of the 105 lioop and pole 428-429, .502 CoNGAREE, stick games of the 258 running races 807-808 CONNELLEV, WILLIAM E.— shinny 616, 637 on dice game (Wyandot) 118-119 snow-snake 415 on football (Wyandot) 702 tops 745 on hidden ball (Wyandot) 351 CUATRo, game of (Taralmmare) 724-725 Coosa. linguistic work among the xxil Culin, .Stewart— COPEHAM STOCK— material collected by 53, 85, implements employed by in stick games 227 92, 121, 122, 146, 158, 159, 162, 167, 169,. tribes of the 171, 172, 173, I.S4, 190, 198, 212, 222, 223, Winnimen 2il 224, 225, 2X0, 234, 239, 247, 264, 2a-|, 266, Wintun 283,658 270, 306, 308, 311, 314, 315, 322, 361, 373, COPWAY, George— 382, 398, 408, 418, 419, 425, 441, 477, 478, on double ball (Missisauga) 653-