Polychactcs from Inter tidal Areas in Panama, with a Review of Previous Shallow-Water Records KRISTIAN FAUCHALD SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY ? NUMBER 2 2 1 SERIES PUBLICATIONS OF THE SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION Emphasis upon publication as a means of "diffusing knowledge" was expressed by the first Secretary of the Smithsonian. In his formal plan for the Institution, Joseph Henry outlined a program that included the following statement: "It is proposed to publish a series of reports, giving an account of the new discoveries in science, and of the changes made from year to year in all branches of knowledge." This theme of basic research has been adhered to through the years by thousands of titles issued in series publications under the Smithsonian imprint, commencing with Smithsonian Contributions to Knowledge in 1848 and continuing with the following active series: Smithsonian Contributions to Anthropology Smithsonian Contributions to Astrophysics Smithsonian Contributions to Botany Smithsonian Contributions to the Earth Sciences Smithsonian Contributions to Paleobiology Smithsonian Contributions to Zoology Smithsonian Studies in Air and Space Smithsonian Studies in History and Technology In these series, the Institution publishes small papers and full-scale monographs that report the research and collections of its various museums and bureaux or of professional colleagues in the world cf science and scholarship. The publications are distributed by mailing lists to libraries, universities, and similar institutions throughout the world. Papers or monographs submitted for series publication are received by the Smithsonian Institution Press, subject to its own review for format and style, only through departments of the various Smithsonian museums or bureaux, where the manuscripts are given substantive review. Press requirements for manuscript and art preparation are outlined on the inside back cover. S. Dillon Ripley Secretary Smithsonian Institution S M I T H S O N I A N C O N T R I B U T I O N S T O Z O O L O G Y ? N U M B E R 221 Polychaetes from Intertidal Areas in Panama, with a Review of Previous Shallow-Water Records Kristian Fauchald SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION PRESS City of Washington 1977 A B S T R A C T Fauchald, Kristian. Polychaetes from Intertidal Areas in Panama, with a Re- view of Previous Shallow-Water Records. Smithsonian Contributions to Zoology, number 221, 81 pages, 13 figures, 2 tables, 1977.?A total of 180 species are listed from both coasts of Panama. The material includes specimens collected by the Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute and specimens previously re- ported by Monro and Hartman in a series of papers. Newly described species are Aphrodita diplops, Eupanthalis perlae, Eunereis paitillae, Neanthes galetae, Neanthes pseudonoodti, Nereis panamensis, Marphysa amadae, Isolda bipin- nata, and Euthelepus pascua. The eastern Pacific Ocean appears to be more species-rich than the western Atlantic, and relatively fewer species appear wide- spread in the Pacific than in the Atlantic Ocean. This fact may be because most of the sampling has been done on hard substrates in the Atlantic, while more diverse areas have been sampled in the Pacific. Generally, hard-substrate poly- chaetes are more widely dispersed than soft-bottom forms. OFFICIAL PUBLICATION DATE is handstamped in a limited number of initial copies and is recorded in the Institution's annual report, Smithsonian Year. SEMES COVER DESICN- The coral Montastrea cavernosa (Linnaeus). Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data Fauchald, Kristian. Polychaetes from intertidal areas in Panama, with a review of previous shallow-water records.(Smithsonian contributions to zoology ; no. 221) Bibliography: p. Includes index. 1. Polychaeta?Panama. 2. Polychaeta?Pacific Ocean. I. Title. II. Series: Smithsonian Insti- tution. Smithsonian contributions to zoology ; no. 221QL1.S54 no. 221 [QL391.A6] 591.5 [595M47'097287] 76-6967 Contents Page Introduction 1 Family Aphroditidae 2 Family Polynoidae 4 Family Polyodontidae 7 Family Sigalionidae 9 Family Chrysopetalidae 10 Family Amphinomidae 11 Family Phyllodocidae 13 Family Hesionidae 16 Family Pilargiidae 17 Family Syllidae 17 Family Nereidae 22 Family Nephtyidae 33 Family Glyceridae . 34 Family Goniadidae 35 Family Onuphidae 35 Family Eunicidae 37 Family Lumbrineridae 43 Family Arabellidae 44 Family Lysaretidae 45 Family Dorvilleidae 46 Family Orbiniidae 46 Family Spionidae 47 Family Magelonidae 48 Family Chaetopteridae 48 Family Cirratulidae 49 Family Flabelligeridae 51 Family Opheliidae 52 Family Capitellidae 52 Family Maldanidae 53 Family Oweniidae 53 Family Sabellariidae 53 Family Ampharetidae 55 Family Terebellidae 56 Family Trichobranchidae 60 Family Sabellidae 60 Biogeography 63 Literature Cited 69 Index 76 Polychaetes from Intertidal Areas in Panama, with a Review of Previous Shallow-Water Records Kristian Fauchald Introduction Intertidal polychaetes were collected from Pan- amanian rocky shores in connection with a study of the effects of oil pollution at Galeta Reef in the Atlantic Ocean, and at Paitilla Beach on the Pa- cific side of Panama. A representative sample of the polychaetes were submitted to me for identifi- cation. This sample contains 90 species representing most of the common shallow-water families. Polychaetes from Panama have been mainly re- ported by Hartman in a series of papers from the Allan Hancock Foundation and by Monro in four papers (1928a, 1928b, 1933a, 1933b). Very few of the species reported by Hartman and Monro were recovered in the recent collections, but other mem- bers of the same families or genera were found. This made a complete review of all available ma- terials necessary. At present, 180 species of polychaetes are known from Panama. An additional 18 taxa are identified as to genus, but are known to be different from the species already named from the area. Nine species are newly described. The overall sampling is skewed since the recent sampling on rocky shores was quantitative and com- prehensive, while samples from sandy and muddy bottoms taken between 1914 and 1937 consisted largely of dredge samples and informal shovel sam- Kristian Fauchald, Allan Hancock Foundation, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90007. pies. The number of soft-bottom forms is underesti- mated and, especially, the smaller forms are missing. The rocky shores sampled on either side of the isth- mus differ in physiography and algal coverage; they were sampled for ecological representation, not for comparative faunistic studies, so the samples give a relatively poor picture of the total polychaete fauna of the area. Nevertheless, a comparison be- tween the fauna of the Atlantic and Pacific coast- lines of Panama is instructive and is given below. SAMPLING OF THE ROCKY SHORES.?The Atlantic site at Galeta Island reef flats has a dead coral sub- strate and offers five different zones. The Pacific site at Paitilla Beach has an andesite rock substrate and has several zones, of which only the lower and middle intertidal zones were sampled. Each sample covered a relatively small area but was quantita- tive, and sampling was repeated over a two-year period. An area of i/8 m2 was sampled on each oc- casion in each zone, and a serious effort was made to sort out all macro-invertebrates, defined for this purpose as all animals more than 1. mm in one dimension. The Atlantic samples were first subjected to live sorting, in which algal tufts were shaken over a tray of sea water. The samples were then refrig- erated in water for several hours or overnight. This refrigeration brought out many of the polychaetes that were burrowed in the coral substrate. Finally the coral fragments were broken up into one-inch fragments, and this rubble was sorted through for the remainder of the animals. SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY In the field, the Pacific samples were preserved in 10 percent formalin and sorted later in the lab- oratory under a dissecting microscope. The large barnacles often contained polychaetes; these were obtained by scraping the outer and inner surfaces of the tests so that the parietal canals of the barna- cles were opened. The samples are referred to in the systematic sec- tion without specific reference to the collector. The different zones and the collecting dates for the rocky intertidal samples are summarized below. Acanthophora Zone 20 Oct 70 22 Oct 70 3 May 73 8 Aug 73 Coralline Zone 8Sep70 2 Oct 70 9 Oct 70 3 Mar 71 8 Aug 71 13 Jun 72 14 Mar 73 Balanus Zone 29 Jan 71 ATLANTIC OCEAN Laurencia Zone 1 Sep70 8 Oct 70 23 Oct 70 26 Oct 70 27 Oct 70 1 Feb 71 17 Feb 71 15 Jun 71 18 Jun 71 2 Oct 71 26 Oct 71 8 Feb 72 21 Mar 72 26 Mar 72 27 Mar 72 17 Apr 72 20Jul72 26 Mar 73 PACIFIC OCEAN Hydroid Zone 28 Oct 70 29 Oct 70 26 Apr 71 26 Aug 71 Mangrove Zone 23 Apr 71 Thalassia Zone 7Sep70 29 Sep 70 3OSep7O 2 Oct 70 7 Apr 71 26 Jul 71 2 Oct 71 7 Jun 72 Zoanthus Zone 28 Oct 70 30 Oct 70 Tetraclita Zone 29 Jan 71 31 Jan 71 4 Jan 72 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS.?I would like to thank Dr. Amada A. Reimer, Pennsylvania State University, for placing this interesting material at my disposal, and Dr. Ira RubinofF, Smithsonian Tropical Re- search Institute, Balboa, Canal Zone, for financial and other support during this study. The material was collected under Contract No. 14-12-874 from the Environmental Protection Agency to the Smith- sonian Tropical Research Institute. Dr. J. David George at the British Museum (Natural History) (BMNH) and Dr. J0rgen Kirkegaard of the Zoologi- cal Museum, Copenhagen (ZMC), loaned me the material previously identified by Monro. I am very grateful to both for their help. Most of the writing of this paper was done at the Santa Catalina Ma- rine Biological Laboratory, and I thank Dr. Russel L. Zimmer for making laboratory space and other facilities available to me. Mrs. Elaine Jahn did the typing and helped put the whole paper together, for which I am very grateful. Type specimens deposited in the National Mu- seum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, carry the catalog number of the former United States National Museum (USNM). Type specimens in the Hancock collections carry the designation "Poly." Family APHRODITIDAE Aphrodita diplops, new species FIGURE Ib-f MATERIAL EXAMINED.?Galeta Reef, Laurencia Zone (2, holotype, USNM 53084; paratype, USNM 53085). DESCRIPTION.?The type is a ripe female, 25 mm long and 5 mm wide with setae, with 36 setigers. The body is cylindrical and abruptly tapering at both ends. The ventrum is densely studded with small papillae. The thin dorsal felt is dull gray- colored. The prostomium (Figure \e) is more wide than long with two very prominent ocular peduncles; the facial tubercle is large. Each ocular peduncle has a pair of large eyes and a single smaller eye. The larger eyes are directed dorsally and laterally, and the small eyespots are dorsal. The ceratophore of the median antenna is densely studded with short papillae; the antennal style is about twice as long as the prostomium. The first parapodia are directed forwards and are biacicular with small fascicles of setae. The posterior faces of both noto- and neuropodia are studded with small papillae. The dorsal and ventral cirri are of the same length and project forwards about as far as the tip of the median antenna. The palpi are about four times as long as the prostomium; they are evenly tapering and are covered with four rows of long, very thin cilia. In all other parapodia, the notopodia are low, flattened projections; the neuropodia are conical and have cylindrical bases. The smooth elytrae are kidney-shaped and oriented in a long axis along the NUMBER 221 FIGURE 1.?Unopherus canariensis Langerhans: a, anterior end, dorsal view, X 25. Aphrodita diplops, new species: b, neurosetae, third setiger, X 160; c, notoseta, median setiger, X 160; d, neuroseta, median setiger, X 160; e, anterior end, dorsal view, X 25; /, notoseta, third setiger, X 385. body of the specimens. A few dark .pigment spots are present near the dorsal margin of each elytron; otherwise they are whitish. Except for the first three pairs, each notopodium has 13 to 15 light golden or brassy setae arranged in a nearly closed crescent, with the opening to the crescent facing anteriorly; the median setae are longer than the others and project toward the mid- dorsum. All notosetae penetrate the felt, but do not project from it. Superior and inferior notosetae are smooth. Median notosetae (Figure 1c) in each fascicle have two rows of asperities; there is a 90? angle between the two rows with the asperities alternating in the two rows. Each asperity is shaped like a squared scale. Each median and posterior neuropodium has four setae; each seta (Figure Id) is distally falcate and has a slender subterminal tooth; this tooth may be worn so that the seta appears spurred rather than bidentate. Setae in the first three setigers resemble those found further back, but differ in proportions; thus each neuroseta (Figure 1 b) has a long, gently curved tip and a small spur situated considerably more basally than in the normal neurosetae. Except in the first setiger, the notosetae (Figure If) have double rows of triangular scales arranged at 90? angles to each other and alternating as in the normal notosetae. The notosetae of the first setiger are smooth, gently tapering capillaries. Aphrodita diplops resembles A. armifera Moore (1910:371-375, pi. 31: figs. 65-66, pi. 32: figs. 67-75), A. falcifera Hartman (1939a:23-24, pi. 1: figs. 11-15, pi. 26: figs. 319-320), and A. roulei Horst (1917: 261-262, 3 unnumbered figs.) in that all four species have spurred or bidentate neurosetae and asperities on the notosetae. The median antenna in A. armifera and A. falcifera is less than one-half the length of the prostomium; in A. diplops, it is twice the length of the prostomium. The eyes are small eyespots in both A. armifera and A. falcifera; the eyes in A. diptops are large and cover a large part of the large ocular peduncles. Aphrodita roulei resembles A. diplops closely, but differs in that ocular peduncles and, appar- ently, eyes are absent in the former and promi- nently present in the latter. Aphrodita diplops has been found in sand in one locality at Galeta Reef, Panama, in the western Atlantic Ocean. Aphrodita japonica Marenzeller, 1879 Aphrodita japonica Marenzeller, 1879:111. ? Hartman, 1939a:21-22, pi. 1: figs. 1-5; 1968:21-23, 5 figs, [unnum- bered]. Aphrodita solitaria.?Monro, 1933a:12 [not Essenberg, 1917 = A. refulgida Moore, 1910]. MATERIAL EXAMINED.?St. Elmo Bay, Perlas Islands, Panama, dredging and trawling on the east side of the bay, 6-9 fm, sand and shell (1), coll. Mortensen. REMARKS.?The specimen examined is the one reported as A. solitaria by Monro. As indicated by SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY Hartman (1939a:23), this specimen is to be referred to A. japonic a rather than to A. refulgida, to which A. solitaria Essenberg has been referred. Aphrodita japouica is known from widely scat- tered areas in the north and east parts of the Pacific Ocean. Family POLYNOIDAE Key to the Species in the Present Collection 1. Prostomium with 2 antennae; body strongly flattened, completely covered by the chestnut- colored elytrae Iphione ovata Prostomium with 3 antennae; body and elytrae otherwise 2 2. Lateral antennae inserted ventrally; prostomial peaks present 3 Lateral antennae inserted distally, prostomial peaks absent 4 3. Elytrae smooth with a black region posteriorly Harmothoe balboensis Elytrae strongly fringed, separated into polygonal field surmounted by large, forked spines Harmothoe hirsute 4. With 12 pairs of elytrae 5 With more than 12 pairs of elytrae 10 5. Elytrophores with branchiae Chaetacanthus magnificus Elytrophores smooth 6 6. Notopodia with smooth lancet-shaped setae in addition to setae with transverse rows of serrations 7 All notosetae tapering smoothly with transverse rows of serrations 8 7. Antennae and dorsal cirri pilose Thormora johnstoni Antennae and dorsal cirri smooth Thormora taeniata 8. Notosetae much finer than neurosetae, elytrae with all papillae of the same size 9 Notosetae resemble neurosetae in thickness, anterior elytrae with large spinose papillae in addition to the smaller papillae found on all elytrae Lepidonotus nesophilus 9. Elytrae densely fringed, with marmorated color pattern Lepidonotus humilis Elytrae sparsely fringed, with alveolated color pattern Lepidonotus crosslandi 10. Eighteen pairs of elytrae 11 Numerous pairs of elytrae 12 11. Elytrae pale gray; except for the first, all elytrae with small, pointed spines only Halosydna glabra Elytrae black, except for one small pale ring; all elytrae with large pustulate tubercles in addition to the small spines Halosydna leucohyba 12. Neurosetae distally cleft Lepidasthema varius Neurosetae distally entire, with small subtenninal teeth Lepidasthema gigas Chaetacanthus magnificus (Grube, 1875) Iphione magnified Grube, 1875:51. Chaetacanthus magnificus (Grube).?Monro, 1928b:558.? Hartman, 1939a:28-29. MATERIAL EXAMINED.?Coiba Island, dredging off convict settlement in 5-10 fm, (1); Gorgona Island, dredging close to shore in 15 fm, shell, dead coral and gravel (1); both coll. Crossland. REMARKS.?The species is here accepted as de- fined by the above-mentioned authors. The present material is under revision by Dr. Marian H. Pettibone of the Smithsonian Institution. Chaetacanthus magnificus is considered widely distributed in warm waters. Halosydna glabra Hartman, 1939 Halosydna glabra Hartman, 1939a:35-36, pi. 4: figs. 43-50. Halosydna reticulate?Monro, 1928b:563-565 [not Johnson, 1897 = H. johnsoni Darboux, 1899:246, as Lepidonotus johnsoni, new name for Polynoe reticulata Johnson]. MATERIAL EXAMINED.?Taboga Island, from floats of the stage at the end of the hotel pier (27), coll. Crossland. REMARKS.?Hartman (1939a: 34-35) indicated that she thought these specimens belonged to H. johnsoni or might represent more than one species. The present material from Taboga all belongs to one species, H. glabra, and fits very well with this species, originally described in part on Panamanian material. NUMBER 221 Halosydna glabra is known from warm water areas in the eastern Pacific Ocean from Panama to Gulf of California, Mexico. Halosydna leucohyba (Schmarda, 1861) Polynoe leucohyba Schmarda, 1861:153-154, pi. 36: fig. 308. Halosydna leucohyba (Schmarda).?Hartman, 1944a:9. Halosydna fuscomarmorala.?Monro, 1928b:566-567 [not Grube, 1875]. MATERIAL EXAMINED.?Galeta Reef, Laurencia Zone (9); Colon, coral flat near Lim6n Bay (4), coll. Crossland. REMARKS.?The present specimens fit very well with material collected in other parts of the western tropical Atlantic Ocean and with the descriptions of Polynoe pustulata Mclntosh (1855) and P. granu- lata Ehlers (1887), both of which were considered synonymous with H. leucohyba (Schmarda) by Hartman (1944a). Halosydna leucohyba appears to be one of the most common intertidal scaleworms in the tropical western Atlantic Ocean; it has not been found on the Pacific side of the Isthmus. Harmothoe balboensis Monro, 1928 Harmothoe balboensis Monro, 1928b:560-561, figs. 9-11. MATERIAL EXAMINED.?Balboa, Panama, rocks and rock-pools (1, holotype, BMNH), coll. Cross- land. REMARKS.?The holotype and only known speci- men of this species is as described by Monro. Harmothoe hirsuta Johnson, 1897 Harmothoe hirsuta Johnson, 1897:182-183, pi. 6: figs. 27-29, pi. 7: fig. 38, pi. 8: figs. 53A-C.?Monro, 1928b:558-559, fig. 8.?Hartman, 1968:77-78, 6 figs, [unnumbered]. MATERIAL EXAMINED.?Balboa, rocks and rock- pools, low tide (2); Gorgona Island, coral (4); Taboga Island, from floats at the stage at the end of the hotel pier (1); all coll. Crossland. REMARKS.?Monro indicated that his specimens had simple, pointed spines (Monro, 1928b, fig. 8). A reexamination of his specimens shows that the elytral spines are covered with small spinelets; and, especially on smaller specimens, the spines may be multifid or at least bifid. On larger specimens the spinelets are small in relation to the main spine, all of which may thus appear as a single spine in low magnification. Harmothoe hirsuta is known from the eastern Pacific Ocean between southern California and Panama. Harmothoe species indeterminate MATERIAL EXAMINED.?Galeta Reef, Laurencia Zone (1); Balboa, low tide (1); coll. Crossland. REMARKS.?The present specimens are both in- complete and lack elytrae. They have been assigned to the genus Harmothoe because they resemble members of this genus in setal structures and in the structure of the prostomium. Harmothoe lunulata var. pacifica Monro (1928b: 559-560) reported from Taboga is not a polynoid but belongs to the family Hesionidae (see Gyptis species indeterminate, p. 16). Specimens reported by Monro (1933a) from the Galapagos Islands have not been reexamined. Iphione ovata Kinberg, 1855 Iphione ovata Kinberg, 1855:383.?Monro, 1928b:557-558.? Hartman, 1939a:27, pi. 3: figs. 31-32. MATERIAL EXAMINED.?Taboga, shore (4, 2 in BMNH, 2 in ZMC); Tortolla, 3-5 fm, shell bottom, 14 Dec 1915 (1); Taboguilla, under rocks at low tide, 11 Nov 1915 (3), all coll. Mortensen. Coiba Island, volcanic rocks and boulders (2); Gorgona Island, coral (3), both coll. Crossland. REMARKS.?All specimens reported above were identified by Monro and reported in 1928b. They fit very well with the specimens reported from other areas of the eastern Pacific Ocean by Hartman (1939a). Iphione ovata is known from the eastern Pacific Ocean in tropical waters. Lepidasthenia gigas (Johnson, 1897) Polynoe gigas Johnson, 1897:172-175, pi. 7: figs. 33, 42. 42a, pi. 8: figs. 48, 48a, 48b, 49. Lepidasthenia gigas (Johnson).?Hartman, 1968:113-114, 5 figs. [unnumbered]. Lepidametria virens.?Monro, 1928b:562-563 [not Blanchard, 1849]. MATERIAL EXAMINED.?Paitilla Beach, Hydroid SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY Zone (1). Balboa, rocks and rock-pools at low tide (31); Coiba Island, dead coral and sand (4); coll. Crossland. REMARKS.?Lepidasthenia gigas usually has dark, often greenish blotches on the elytrae, and the general body color is light yellowish. The superior neurosetae are as thick as, or thicker than, the inferior ones. The inferior neurosetae usually have distinct subterminal teeth, but these teeth may be worn and visible only in a few setae or as small protuberances on the side of the setae. Setal structures in the specimens reported as Lepidametria virens by Monro (1928b) agree with those of Lepidasthenia gigas rather than with those of L. virens, as the latter are characterized by Hartman (1939a:46-47, pi. 8: figs. 105-110). Lepidasthenia gigas has been reported as a com- mensal of terebellid polychaetes from southern California and the Galapagos Islands. Lepidasthenia varius Treadwell, 1917 Lepidasthenia varius Treadwell, 1917a:259-260, pi. I: figs. 11-16.?Hartman, 1956:271. MATERIAL EXAMINED.?Galeta Reef, Coralline Zone(l). REMARKS.?Lepidasthenia varius is characterized by the deeply incised neurosetae in all setigers. Lepidasthenia varius is known from the Gala- pagos Islands and from various areas in the tropical western Atlantic Ocean. Lepidonotus crosslandi Monro, 1928 Lepidonotus crosslandi Monro, 1928b:553?555, figs. 1?4.? Hartman. 1939a:42-43, pi. 5: figs. 63-69. MATERIAL EXAMINED.?Paitilla Beach, Hydroid Zone (1); Tetraclita Zone (4). Balboa, rocks and rock-pools (1); Taboga, 5 fm, coral fragments (3, syntypes, BMNH); coll. Crossland. REMARKS.?There is little to add to the original description. The neurosetae are distinctly uni- dentate in median setigers; the tips are often thicker than illustrated by Monro (1928b), perhaps due to wear. The nearly smooth elytrae have poorly de- veloped fringes, and the low tubercles are of two size-classes as indicated by Hartman (1939a:43). The syntypic material of Monro has been reexamined. Lepidonotus crosslandi has been found in shallow water in Panama and off Peru. Lepidonotus hutnilis Augener, 1922 Lepidonotus humilis Augener, 1922:40; 1933:194-195.?Hart- man, 1944a:9-10. Lepidonotus carinulatus.?Monro, 1928b:553 [not Grube, 1878]. MATERIAL EXAMINED.?Galeta Reef, Coralline Zone (2); Galeta Reef, Laurencia Zone (1). Balboa, scrapings from buoy at Canal entrance (2); Taboga, 5 fm (19); Taboga, from dead and broken coral, 1-2 fm, and from the hotel pier (8, reported as Thormora johnstoni by Monro, 1928b, reidentified as L. humilis by Dr. Marian H. Pettibone (pers. comm., Smithsonian Institution); coll. Crossland. REMARKS.?Lepidonotus humilis is a small inter- tidal species. The marmorated elytrae have a strongly developed fringe. The neurosetae are bifid, even if the secondary tooth sometimes is lost; it is, however, usually visible in at least some setae in each neuropodium. Notosetae are fine and nearly hair-like. Lepidonotus humilis has been reported from intertidal areas on both sides of the Isthmus of Panama and is more widely distributed in the Caribbean Sea. Lepidonotus nesophilus Chamberlin, 1919 Lepidonotus nesophilus Chamberlin, 1919:75-78, pi. 4: figs. 1-7. pi. 5: fig. 13.?Hartman, 1939a:38-39. pi. 7: figs. 83-95. MATERIAL EXAMINED.?Paitilla Beach, Hydroid Zone (5). Taboga, from dead coral, 1-2 fm, or from the hotel pier (1, reported by Monro, 1928b as Thormora johnstoni; reidentified by Dr. Marian H. Pettibone, Smithsonian Institution), coll. Crossland. REMARKS.?Lepidonotus nesophilus has large spinose macrotubercles on anterior elytrae and small, sharply pointed microtubercles on all elytrae. The elytral fringe consists of very short papillae. Lepidonotus nesophilus is known from the east- ern Pacific Ocean in warm waters. Thormora johnstoni (Kinberg, 1855) Lepidonotus johnstoni Kinberg, 1855:384. Thormora johnstoni (Kinberg).?Monro, 1928b:556-557, figs. 5-7 [in part].?Hartman, 1939a:5O-51, pi. 7: figs. 96-98; 1968:139-140, 5 figs, [unnumbered]. MATERIAL EXAMINED.?Taboga, 4-5 fm, sand and NUMBER 221 stones, 8 Feb 1916 (1); Taboguilla, approximately 5 fm, shell bottom, 5 Jan 1916 (1), both coll. Mor- tensen. Taboga, from dead and broken coral, 1-2 fm or from the hotel pier (13), coll. Crossland. REMARKS.?Thormora johnstoni is well known from warm waters in the eastern Pacific Ocean. It is easily identifiable as one of the two local lepi- donotins with two different kinds of notosetae: smooth lancet-shaped ones and ones with transverse rows of serrations. It differs from the closely similar T. taeniata, which has similar kinds of setae, in that the antennae and tentacular cirri are smooth; these structures are hirsute in T. taeniata. Cross- land's material from Taboga has been reexamined by Dr. Pettibone. Thormora taeniata (Ehlers, 1887) Polynoe taeniata Ehlers, 1887:51-52, pi. 10: figs. 1-8. Thormora taeniata (Ehlers).?Seidler, 1924:92-94. MATERIAL EXAMINED.?Taboga, from dead and broken coral and from the hotel pier (39, identified as T. johnstoni by Monro, 1928b, reidentified by Dr. Marian H. Pettibone, Smithsonian Institution); Taboguilla, 5 fm, shell (2). REMARKS.?The differences between this and the closely related T. johnstoni have been mentioned above. This material has been reexamined by Marian H. Pettibone and will be the subject of a future publication by Dr. Pettibone. Thormora taeniata has previously been reported from the western Atlantic Ocean. Family POLYODONTIDAE Key to the Species from Panama 1. Prostomium with large paired ocular peduncles 2 Prostomium without ocular peduncles (eyes small) Eupanthalis perlae, new spedes 2. Superior neurosetae hastate Polyodontes oculea Superior neurosetae pendllate S 3. Superior neurosetae with distal tuft Panthalis pacifica Superior neurosetae with long, slender tip extending beyond the pendllate portion Panthalis morUnuvi Eupanthalis perlae, new species FIGURE 2 Eupanthalis kinbergi.?Monro, 1928b:568 [not Mclntosh, 1876]. MATERIAL EXAMINED.?San Jos6 Island, Perlas Islands, 25 fm, mud and shells (1 holotype, ZMC), coll. Mortensen. DESCRIPTION.?The type and only specimen is an anterior fragment that is 18 mm long and 6 mm wide without setae, with 46 setigers. The body is thick and color patterns are absent. The prostomium (Figure 2b) consists of two hemispherical lobes separated by a deep median fissure. Two pairs of eyes are present; one is just posterior to the widest part of the head and the second is near the posterior margin of the head. A pair of frontal antennae is on the anterior margin; each is long and slender and about one-half times longer than the length of the prostomium. Posterior to the prostomium proper is a thick, folded nuchal organ, which is anteriorly produced into a low ceratophore fused to the dorsal surface of the prostomium. The median an- tenna is attached to this ceratophore; it starts at the level of the anterior pair of eyes. Posteriorly the nuchal organ has a small, medial transverse fold. The palps are about three times as long as the length of the prostomium; each is thick and is distally covered with long, slender papillae in a scattered arrangement. A pair of smooth, tentacu- lar cirri are ventroposterior to the palps; each is about the same length as the palps; setae are ab- sent in this tentacular segment. All parapodia are bluntly truncate and have long, subulate ventral drri; dorsal cirri are similar in size and shape. Setae are of several different kinds. In the an- terior end of the body, anterior to setiger 17, a series of short, slender setae with two or three whorls of short, slender teeth is found in the an- terior fascicles (Figure 2/); each seta is subdistally inflated. The posterior fascicles in these anterior SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY FIGURE 2.?Eupanthalis perlae, new species: a, seta from posterior fascicle, setiger 12, X 385; b, anterior end, dorsal view, X 25; c, superiormost seta, setiger 40, X 385; d, inferiormost seta, setiger 40, X 385; e, median seta, setiger 40, X 385; f, seta from anterior fascicle, setiger 12, X 385. setigers have long, slender, gently curved setae (Figure 2a) with a fine marginal border of thin hairs. Setae are of four kinds in posterior setigers; thus in setiger 40 two slender, pilose setae are found superiormost (Figure 2c) resembling those found in anterior setigers; below them is a single straight, finely pilose seta with a smooth tip; then there are fifteen to sixteen thick, distally recurved setae (Figure 2e) with a subdistal double row of spines and a distal tuft of spines; these setae are in two rows. These are presumably homologous to the kind equipped with aristae in other species of the genus, but aristae are absent in all parapodia in the present specimen. Inferiormost in each fascicle is a series of gently curved or straight, pilose setae (Figure 2d); the innermost hairs on these setae may be very coarse, approaching spines. Eupanthalis perlae closely resembles other spe- cies in the genus, but differs in the position of the median antenna, which is attached between the anterior eyes in the present species and at the posterior margin of the prostomium in all other species in the genus. Eupanthalis nigromaculata Grube (1878) has large eyes covering most of the prostomial lobes, and the palps are smooth. Eupan- thalis kinbergi Mclntosh (1876) lacks the whorled setae in anterior setigers and the position of the median antenna is different. The shape of the aristate setae with their double groups of spines appears unique to E. perlae. Eupanthalis perlae is described from one locality on the Pacific side of the Isthmus of Panama. Panthalis mortenseni (Monro, 1928) Polyodontes mortenseni Monro, 1928b:569-572, figs. 19-24. Panthalis mortenseni (Monro).?Hartman, 1939a:87; 1968:143- 144, 3 figs, [unnumbered]. MATERIAL EXAMINED.?Molones, 3-5 fm, 15 Dec 1915, coll. Mortensen (1). Taboga, muddy sandy beach at low tide, 5 Feb 1916, coll. Mortensen (2, holotype, BMNH; other specimen in ZMC). NUMBER 221 REMARKS.?All three specimens reported by Monro (19286) have been reviewed. They are as described by Monro. The pencillate setae with smooth tips are most easily distinguished in para- podia posterior to setiger 30. Panthalis mortenseni is known from southern California to Pacific Panama. Panthalis pacifica Treadwell, 1914 Panthalis pacifica Treadwell, 1914:184-186, pi. 11: figs. 1-7.? Hartman, 1968:145-146, 4 figs, [unnumbered]. Panthalis jogasimae.? Monro, 1928b:568-569 [not Izuka, 1912]. MATERIAL EXAMINED.?Gorgona Island, 20-30 fm, dredge, fine sand and shell (2), coll. Crossland. REMARKS.?The specimens are as described by Monro (1928b); the setal structures correspond to those of P. pacifica rather than to P. jogasimae. Panthalis pacifica is known from southern Cali- fornia to Panama in muddy bottoms. Polyodontes oculea (Treadwell, 1901) Panthalis oculea Treadwell, 1901:188-189, figs. 14-18. Polyodontes oculea (Treadwell).?Monro, 1928b:572-575, figs. 25-30? Hartman, 1939a:83-84, pi. 24: figs. 294-299. MATERIAL EXAMINED.?Taboga, mud and sand (2); Balboa rock and rock-pools (6), both coll. Mor- tensen. Taboga, dredging, 1-2 fm, (3); Taboga, about 10 fm, mud (2); Colon, trawling in Limon Bay, 5 fm, thin mud (3); all coll. Crossland. Addi- tionally 27 specimens from Port of Spain Road- stead, Trinidad, 4-5 fm, thin mud, were reexam- ined. REMARKS.?The identification of the present specimens with Treadwell's species agrees with the reinterpretation made by Monro and Hartman. Polyodontes oculea is known from the Carib- bean Sea and from warm water areas in the eastern Pacific Ocean as far north as Baja California. Family S1GALIONIDAE Key to the Species from Panama 1. Prostomium quadrate with a small median antenna Thalenessa lewisii Prostomium subglobular with large median ceratophore and antenna 2 2. Ceratophore with ctenidia, parapodia sparsely papillose; elytrae without sand incrustations .... Sthenelais fusca Ceratophore without ctenidia; parapodia densely papillose, elytrae sand-incrusted Psammolyce spinosa Psammolyce spinosa Hartman, 1939 Psammolyce spinosa Hartman, 1939a:72-74, pi. 19: figs. 232- 243; 1968:159-160, 6 figs, [unnumbered]. MATERIAL EXAMINED.?Galeta Reef, Thalassia Zone (3); Zoanthus Zone (3). REMARKS.?Psammolyce spinosa was described from warm water areas in the eastern Pacific Ocean and has been reported from as far north as Cali- fornia. The present specimens represent the first record from the Atlantic Ocean. The specimens have been directly compared with the California material; no relevant differences were noted. Sthenelais fusca Johnson, 1897 Sthenelais fusca Johnson, 1897:185-186, pi. 9: figs. 60. 61, 61a,b; pi. 10: figs. 64, 64a-g.?Monro, 1933a: 16.?Hartman, 1939a:61-62, pi. 13: figs. 153-162; 1968:163-164. 5 figs, [unnumbered]. Sthenelais variabilis var. colorata.?Monro. 1933a: 14-16, fig. 7 [not Monro, 1924].?Hartman, 1939a:63-64, pi. 13: figs. 163- 166. MATERIAL EXAMINED.?Balboa, rocks and rock- pools at low tide (2); Coiba Island, in sand at low water, spring tide, fine sea grass and dead coral bedded in the sand (2); coll. Crossland. REMARKS.?All these specimens belong to the same species. Presently, the rather variable S. fusca cannot be separated into subgroups. Some of the morphological variations indicated by Hartman (1939a), however, probably relate to different spe- cies. Sthenelais fusca is known from the eastern Pa- cific Ocean from Washington to Panama. Thalenessa lewisii (Berkeley and Berkeley, 1939) Sigalion lewisii Berkeley and Berkeley, 1939:326-328, figs. 2, 3. 10 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY Eusigalion hancocki Hartman, 1939a:59-60, pi. 12: figs. 141- 145, 148-152. MATERIAL EXAMINED.?Taboguilla, sandy shore at low tide (1), coll. Mortensen. REMARKS.?This specimen was not identified and reported on by Monro (1928b) in his study of the polychaetes collected by Mortensen. Thalenessa lewisii is restricted to the warmer parts of the eastern Pacific Ocean. Family CHRYSOPETALIDAE Key to the Species from Panama 1. Body long and slender, caruncle absent 2 Body short, caruncle present S 2. Lancet-shaped notosetae present ventral to the paleae; paleae narrow Bhawania goodei Lancet-shaped notosetae absent; paleae distally expanded Bhawania rh/eti 3. Paleae of 2 abruptly difiPerent kinds in each fascicle Paleanotus chrysolepis All paleae similar in width or grading evenly from one end to the other in each fascicle Chrysopetahtm occidental* Bhawania goodei Webster, 1884 Bhawania goodei Webster. 1884:308-309, pi. 7: figs. 1-15.? Monro, 1933a: 18-19.?Day, 1967:118-119, fig. 21a-f. MATERIAL EXAMINED.?Galeta Reef, Thalassia Zone (1); Paitilla Beach, Hydroid Zone (1). Taboga Island, low water spring tide (2), coll. Crossland. REMARKS.?Bhawania goodei can be separated from B. riveti (Gravier), which has also been found in the Panamanian material, by the presence of lancet-shaped notosetae ventral to the paleae. The paleae are usually rather narrow and have a speck- led dirty gold color in B. goodei; they are distally expanded and a polished gold color in B. riveti. Bhawania goodei is very widespread in warm water. Day (1967:119) indicated that the species may be circumtropical. Bhawania riveti (Gravier, 1908) Chrysopetalum riveti Gravier, 1908:40; 1909:638-641, pi. 17: figs. 31-34. Bhawania riveti (Gravier).?Monro, 1933a: 17-18. MATERIAL EXAMINED.?Paitilla Beach, Hydroid Zone (2); Tetraclita Zone (4). Taboga Island, shore, collected in beach sandstone at low water, spring tide (1), coll. Crossland. REMARKS.?The differences between this species and B. goodei have been listed above. The present specimens fit very well with the description given by Gravier (1909). Bhawania riveti was originally described from Peru and has been reported from the Galapagos Islands (Treadwell, 1928:466), in addition to the Panamanian records (Monro, 1933a: 17-18). Chrysopetalum occidentale Johnson, 1897 Chrysopetalum occidentale Johnson, 1897:161-162, pi. 5: figs. 15, 16, pi. 6: figs. 17-19.?Monro, 1933a: 19.?Hartman, 1968:185-186, 5 figs, [unnumbered]. MATERIAL EXAMINED.?Gorgona Island (1), coll. Crossland. REMARKS.?According to Monro, the median an- tenna should be situated between the two pairs of eyes in the present specimen; in fact it is between the anterior eyes as usual in this species. The pro- stomium is large and globular, and the nuchal or- gan is nearly as large and of the same general shape. Chrysopetalum occidentale is known from south- ern California to Panama in shallow water. Paleanotus chrysolepis Schmarda, 1861 Paleanotus chrysolepis Schmarda, 1861:163, pi. 37: figs. 326- 329.?Monro, 1933a: 19. MATERIAL EXAMINED.?Taboga Island from the float at the end of the stage of the hotel pier, coll. Crossland (fragments). REMARKS.?The present fragments are unidentifi- able to species at the present stage of preservation. They do belong to the genus Paleanotus. In view of the close similarities between P. chrysolepis and P. bellis (Johnson, 1897), to treat these fragments NUMBER 221 11 as unidentifiable might be considered preferable. Monro considered the two species synonymous. Both species remain poorly known; I decided to leave the present fragments with the current name until the taxonomic problem has been satisfactorily clarified. Paleanotus chrysolepis is possibly widespread in warm waters. Family AMPHINOMIDAE Key to the Species from Panama 1. Body short and depressed 2 Body long and cylindrical S 2. Dorsura with a single, reddish brown median stripe Chloeia entypa Dorsum with 3 dark longitudinal stripes Chloeia viridis 3. Caruncle reduced or absent, extending maximally through part of the first segment 4 Caruncle large, often with complex lateral folds 6 4. Seven pairs of branchiae, antennae articulated Linopherus canatiensis Numerous pairs of branchiae, antennae smooth 5 5. Eyes large, branchiae present on all but the first and last few segments ...linopherus oculata Eyes indistinct; branchiae limited to the first two-thirds of the body Linopherus ambigua 6. Caruncle long and narrow, median fold covering the 2 lateral folds Eurythoe complanata Caruncle either very wide, or with very well-developed lateral folds visible from above 7 7. Caruncle diamond-shaped with indistinct lateral folds Hertnodice carunculata Caruncle with very distinct lateral folds, usually spindle-shaped 8 8. Caruncle with wide lateral folds attached basally to the high median ridge Notopygot ornata Caruncle with lateral folds in the form of 7 or 8 leaves attached laterally to the high median ridge Pherecardia striata Chloeia entypa Chamberlin, 1919 Chloeia entypa Chamberlin, 1919:30-31, pi. 13: figs. 8, 9, pi. 14: figs. 1, 2.?Hartman, 1968:191-192, 5 figs, [unnumbered]. Chloeia pinnata.?Monro, 1933a:7-8, fig. 3 [not Moore, 1911]. MATERIAL EXAMINED.?Gorgona Island, 30 fm, muddy sand, showing shell fragments after screen- ing with a fine mesh (3), coll. Crossland. REMARKS.?Chloeia entypa differs from C. pin- nata Moore in that the former has a broad, reddish brown middorsal stripe, which is absent in the latter. Chloeia pinnata is usually salmon-colored without any distinct color patterns. The posterior notosetae are distally serrated in both species; these serrations point basally in C. entypa and distally in C. pinnata. Chloeia entypa is widely distributed in warm waters in the eastern Pacific Ocean, but it has fre- quently been confused with C. pinnata so the exact distribution is difficult to ascertain at the present time. Chloeia viridis Schmarda, 1861 Chloeia viridis Schmarda, 1861:144-146, pi. 25: figs. 295-305.? Monro, 1933a:9-10, fig. 4.?Hartman, 1940a:205. MATERIAL EXAMINED.?Taboga Island, between Taboga and Taboguilla, 6-12 fm, soft mud (1), coll. Crossland. REMARKS.?Chloeia viridis has a characteristic pattern of three longitudinal stripes on the dorsum, usually most distinct in the anterior end. This pat- tern is still distinct on the specimen reexamined above. Chloeia viridis is known from both sides of the Isthmus of Panama (Hartman, 1944a: 15). Eurythoe complanata (Pallas, 1776) Aphrodita complanata Pallas, 1776:109. Eurythoe complanata (Pallas).?Chamberlin, 1919:28.?Monro, 1933a:4-5?Hartman, 1968:195-1%, 4 figs, [unnumbered]. MATERIAL EXAMINED.?Galeta Reef, Coralline Zone (6); Zoanthus Zone (1). Balboa, pools at lowest tide-level (1); Taboga Island, from colony of Pocil- lopora, all in anterior regeneration (5); Gorgona Island, low water, spring tide, from tubes of Sa- bellaria (6); Gorgona Island, from coral (2); Coiba Island, 5 fm. (1); Colon, from coral flat at SW cor- ner of Limon Bay (3); St. Elmo Bay, Per las Island, shore at low tide (5); all coll. Crossland. 12 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY REMARKS.?Eurythoe complanata as presently ac- cepted has a circumtropical geographical dispersal pattern in the rocky intertidal and in shallow sub- tidal areas, frequently associated with pockets of sand under rocks and in coral reefs. It is easily sep- arable from other Panamanian amphinomids by the long flexuose caruncle and the long, slender body shape. Hermodice carunculata is as long-bodied, but the caruncle of this species is wide and nearly diamond-shaped. Hermodice carunculata (Pallas, 1776) Aphrodita carunculata Pallas, 1776:102. Hermodice carunculata (Pallas).?Fauvel, 1923:131-132, fig. 47a-i? Hartman, 1951:22-25, pi. 5: fig. 1. MATERIAL EXAMINED.?Galeta Reef, Coralline Zone (1). REMARKS.?The present specimen is smaller than specimens usually reported, but otherwise it is very similar to the species as illustrated by Hartman (1951). Hermodice carunculata is found in warm water areas of the Atlantic Ocean. Linopherus ambigua (Monro, 1933), new combination Eurythoe ambigua Monro, 1933a:6-7, fig. 2. Pseudeurythoe ambigua (Monro).?Fauchald, 1972:38-40. MATERIAL EXAMINED.?Taboga Island, bay be- tween Taboga and Taboguilla, 6-12 fm, soft mud (1, holotype, BMNH), coll. Crossland. REMARKS.?The specimen is as described by Monro (1933a). It is known through the original record from Panama and from North Carolina (Day, 1973:16). The generic name Pseudeurythoe is invalid, as indicated below (L. canariensis); thus the new combination. Linopherus canariensis Langerhans, 1881 FIGURE la Linopherus canariensis Langerhans, 1881:109-110, pi. 4: figs. 14a-g. Pseudeurythoe canariensis (Langerhans).?Fauchald, 1972:38- 41. MATERIAL EXAMINED.?Galeta Reef, Thalassia Zone (1). REMARKS.?The present specimen (Figure la) fits very well with L. canariensis as originally described, except that the first pair of eyes is slightly larger and half-moon-shaped rather than round as orig- inally described. Branchiae are present from setiger 3; six pairs are present rather than seven as orig- inally described. A caruncle is completely absent. The posterior antennae and the dorsal cirri of the first setiger are biarticulated. None of the noto- podial setae are subdistally inflated. The valid genotype for this genus is canariensis Langerhans, 1881. The generic name Linopherus is available in this combination and has priority over Pseudeurythoe Fauvel (1932), which was pro- posed for the same group of species. Linopherus canariensis has been reported only once, from the Canary Islands; the present record is from the Atlantic side of Panama. Linopherus oculata (Treadwell, 1941), new combination Eurythoe oculata Treadwell, 1941:18, figs. 1-3. Pseudeurythoe oculata (Treadwell).?Hartman, 1956:274.? Fauchald, 1972:38-40. Eurythoe dubia.? Monro, 1933a:5-6, fig. 1 [not Horst, 1912]. MATERIAL EXAMINED.?Balboa, swimming along the surface alongside the ship in Balboa Dock (1), coll. Crossland. REMARKS.?Eurythoe dubia sensu Horst (1912) is distinctly a species of Eurythoe in that it has a large caruncle (cf. Fauchald, 1972:38). The speci- men reported by Monro (1933a:5-6) belongs to the genus Linopherus and agrees in all details with L. oculata as redescribed by Hartman (1956). The ge- neric name Pseudeurythoe is invalid, as indicated above (L. canariensis); thus the new combination. Linopherus oculata has been reported twice from Balboa, Panama; no further records are known. The large eyes are possibly related to the sexual maturation. Treadwell's specimen was sexually ma- ture, and Crossland caught the present specimen swimming at the surface. Notopygos ornata Grube, 1856 Notopygos ornata Grube, 1856:53.?Monro, 1933a: 10-11, fig. 5.?Hartman, 1940, p. 207. MATERIAL EXAMINED.?Balboa, pools at the low- NUMBER 221 est tide-level (9); Taboga Island, from colony of Pocillopora (5); Gorgona Island, from coral (4); St. Elmo Bay, Perlas Islands, from shore at low tide (1); all coll. Crossland. REMARKS.?Notopygos ornata has a long, spindle- shaped caruncle with widely expanded lateral folds attached basally to the median ridge. The color pattern of dark bluish patches on a pink back- ground is very characteristic in life (Monro, 1933a, fig. 5b) but fades very rapidly in alcohol. Notopygos ornata is known from the western At- lantic Ocean in warm waters as well as from similar areas in the eastern Pacific Ocean. Pherecardia striata (Kinberg, 1857) Hermodice striata Kinberg, 1857:13. Pherecardia striata (Kinberg).?Monro, 1933a:7.?Hartman, 1940a:207; 1951:25, pi. 5: fig. 2. MATERIAL EXAMINED.?Coiba Island, low water, spring tide (5); Taboga Island, from colony of Pocillopora (2); Gorgona Island, from coral (6); all coll. Crossland. REMARKS.?The shape of the caruncle with the seven or eight large lateral leaves attached to the narrow median ridge and the color pattern consist- ing of numerous thin longitudinal pin-stripes are both characteristic of this species in the area. Pherecardia striata is known from nearly circum- tropical areas. Family PHYLLODOCIDAE Key to the Species from Panama 1. Ventral tentacular cirrus of segment 2 folicaceous; others cirriform 2 All tentacular cirri cirriform 3 2. All tentacular segments dorsally complete; dorsal cirri distally bluntly rounded Steggoa lobocephalica First tentacular segment dorsally reduced; dorsal cirri distally pointed Sige orientalis ? 3. Five antennae present, nuchal papilla absent 4 Four antennae present, nuchal papilla present 5 4. Dorsum with transverse dark pigmented bands Eumida bijoliata Dorsum with three longitudinal dark stripes Eulalia myriacyclum 5. Proboscis with proximal papillae in scattered arrangement; dorsal cirri kidney-shaped Phyllodoce panamensis Proboscis with proximal papillae in longitudinal rows; dorsal cirri longer than wide 6 6. Dorsal cirri dark red (even in preserved material) Anaitides erythrophyllus Dorsal cirri colorless or greenish to tan-colored 7 7. Body colorless or white with colorless dorsal cirri Anaitides madeirensis Body tan colored with tan-colored or greenish dorsal cirri Anaitides lamellifera Anaitides erythrophyllus (Schmarda, 1861) Lepadorhynchus erythrophyllus Schmarda, 1861:88, pi. 39: fig. 232. Anaitides erythrophyllus (Schmarda).?Hartman, 1951:33. Phyllodoce oculata Ehlers, 1887:135-140, pi. 40: figs. 4-6. MATERIAL EXAMINED.?Galeta Reef, Coralline Zone (1). REMARKS.?The present specimen agrees well with A. erythrophyllus as described by Ehlers (1887). The dorsal cirri are rather distinctly pointed, and the eyes are very large in the prostomium. The identification cannot be considered certain, since the separation of the many species of Anaitides must be considered doubtful at the present time. Anaitides erythrophyllus is apparently limited to the warmer parts of the western Atlantic Ocean. Anaitides lamellifera (Pallas, 1788) Nereis lamellifera Pallas, 1788:232. Phyllodoce (Anaitides) lamellifera (Pallas).?Monro, 1933a:22- 24, fig. 10. MATERIAL EXAMINED.?Taboga Island, from float at the stage at the end of the hotel pier (7); ? Coiba Island, dredging off the convict settlement in 5 fm, smooth bottom with branched Lithothamnion (3); all coll. Crossland. REMARKS.?As indicated by Monro, this species 14 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY is difficult to separate from A. madeirensis. The specimens agree with the species as described and illustrated by Monro. The lower edge of the dorsal cirri is evenly rounded. The specimens from Coiba Island were not reported by Monro; they are small, and in relatively poor condition. The identification is not considered certain. Anaitides lamellifera is apparently widespread in warm waters; it may be circumtropical. Anaitides madeirensis (Langerhans, 1880) Phyllodoce (Anaitis) madeirensis Langerhans, 1880:307-308, fig. 44a,b.?Monro, 1933a:21-22. Anaitides madeirensis {Langerhans).?Hartman, 1968:231-232, 3 figs, [unnumbered]. MATERIAL EXAMINED.?Gorgona Island, from coral (15); Taboga Island from floats at the end of the stage of the hotel pier (3); Taboga Island, from broken branches of coral (1); Balboa, scraped off buoy brought in from the canal entrance (1); all coll. Crossland. REMARKS.?Anaitides madeirensis is here accepted as having pointed dorsal cirri and the ventral cirri projecting beyond the tip of the acicular lobe. There are no setae in the third tentacular segment. The proboscis has 12 rows of papillae, and there should be less than 12 papillae in each row. The specimens are always pale when preserved and apparently have little color in life. Monro (1933a: 22) remarked that he could not find any differences, except for the presence of setae in the third ten- tacular segment, between this species and A. medi- papillata Moore; an additional difference lies in the fact that the latter species is usually very dark purplish brown in life and when freshly preserved. Anaitides madeirensis is considered widely dis- tributed in warm waters. Anaitides species indeterminate MATERIAL EXAMINED.?Paitilla Beach, Hydroid Zone (3). REMARKS.?The present specimens are incom- plete posteriorly, and most of the tentacular cirri and dorsal cirri have been lost. The eyes are rela- tively small and the dorsal cirri are distally bluntly rounded. Eteone species indeterminate MATERIAL EXAMINED.?Paitilla Beach, Hydroid Zone (3). Coiba Island, dredging off the convict settlement in 5 fm, smooth bottom with branched Lithothamnion (1), coll. Crossland. REMARKS.?One of the specimens has been dried out; the others are either too incomplete or poorly preserved to allow further identification. The spec- imen from Coiba Island was not reported by Monro (1933a). Eulalia myriacyclum (Schmarda, 1861) Notophyllum myriacyclum Schmarda, 1861:87, pi. 29: fig. 233. Eulalia myriacyclum (Schmarda).?Hartman, 1944a: 16. MATERIAL EXAMINED.?Galeta Reef, Laurencia Zone (3). REMARKS.?Eulalia myriacyclum has a yellow or orange base color with dark brown or black longitu- dinal stripes covering the whole body. It has yet to be reported from the eastern Pacific Ocean. Eulalia species indeterminate Eulalia species.?Monro, 1933a:21. MATERIAL EXAMINED.?Paitilla Beach, Hydroid Zone (3); Paitilla Beach, Tetraclita Zone (11). Ta- boga Island, from floats at the stage at the end of the hotel pier (2), coll. Crossland. REMARKS.?The present specimens fit rather well with E. viridis as suggested by Monro, but differ in color patterns and in that the enlarged terminal tooth on the setal shafts is considerably smaller than in that species. The specimens do not seem to be- long to any species reported from the tropical west- ern Atlantic nor from the eastern Pacific. Eumida bifoliata (Moore, 1909) FIGURE 3a Eulalia (Sige) bifoliata Moore, 1909b:349-350, pi. 16: figs. 31-34. Eumida bifoliata (Moore).?Hartman, 1968:271-272, 2 figs. [unnumbered]. MATERIAL EXAMINED.?Paitilla Beach, Hydroid Zone (1). REMARKS.?The present specimen agrees with E. bifoliata as this species was originally described. NUMBER 221 15 They share the same color pattern and the presence of two dark crescents posterior to the paired eyes on the prostomium. The structure of the parapodia is different; the present specimen is posteriorly incomplete with about 25 setigers. The neuropodial acicular lobes (Figure 3a) are distally equally bifid rather than unequal as described, and the ventral cirrus is dis- tally rounded rather than pointed. These differ- ences may be related to the size of the specimen or to the incompleteness of the fragment. Eumida bifoliata is known from central and southern California in shallow water. The present record is from the eastern Pacific side of the Isth- mus of Panama. Phyllodoce panamensis Treadwell, 1917 Phyllodoce panamensis Treadwell, 1917b:428-430, figs. 1, 2. Phyllodoce (Anaitides) panamensis Treadwell.?Monro, 1933a:24-25, fig. 11. Anaitides panamensis (Treadwell).?Hartman, 1956:260. MATERIAL EXAMINED.?Paitilla Beach, Hydroid Zone (14); Paitilla Beach, Tetraclita Zone, partially in the parietal canals in dead Tetraclita (3). St. Elmo Bay, Perlas Islands, east side of the bay, 6-9 fm, shell and sand (3), coll. Crossland. REMARKS.?Phyllodoce panamensis is a true Phyl- lodoce in that the papillae on the proximal part of the proboscis are in a scattered arrangement rather than in rows as in Anaitides. The species FIGURE 3.?Eumida bifoliata (Moore): a, parapodium 22, posterior view, X 95. Syllis gracilis Grube: b, median seta, median setiger, X 770. Opisthosyllis brunnea Langerhans: c, median seta, median setiger, X 950. Typosyllis caeca (Monro): d, simple seta, posterior setiger, X 700. Typosyllis proliferat (Krohn): e, median seta, median setiger, X 950. Autolytus anoplos Monro: /, anterior margin of pharynx, X 160; g, two teeth from pharynx, X 385; h, median para- podium, anterior view, X 95; i, median seta, median setiger, X 950; ;', anterior end, dorsal view, X 50; k, simple seta, posterior setiger, X 950. 16 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY superfically resembles members of the genus Noto- phyllum in that the large, kidney-shaped dorsal cirri are imbricated on the back. Treadwell's, Monro's and Hartman's descriptions of this species do not make clear that only one species is involved in the present concept; however, all material cited above belongs to one and the same species. Phyllodoce panamensis is known exclusively from the Pacific coast of Panama. Sige orientalis? Imajima and Hartman, 1964 Sige macroceros orientalis Imajima and Hartman, 1964:70, pi. 14c-f. MATERIAL EXAMINED.?Galeta Reef, Laurencia Zone (1). REMARKS.?The present specimen agrees with Sige in that it has the strongly foliose, asymmetrical ventral tentacular cirrus. It resembles S. orientalis in that it lacks setae in the second tentacular seg- ment. Dorsal cirri are only present in far posterior segments so the identification is considered doubt- ful since the shape of the dorsal cirri is known to vary along the body. Sige orientalis is known only from intertidal areas in northern Japan. Steggoa lobocephalica (Kinberg, 1866) Eulalia lobocephalica Kinberg, 1866b:241.?Monro, 1933a:2O, fig. 9 [not E. lobocephala Schmarda, 1861]. Steggoa lobocephalica (Kinberg).?Hartman, 1948:48, pi. 7: figs. 2-3. MATERIAL EXAMINED.?Taboga Island, from branches of dead coral (12), coll. Crossland. REMARKS.?These specimens are as described by Monro and Hartman. The dorsal cirri are basally truncate, so that the total shape of the dorsal cirri is narrowly triangular; they are held erect over the body in the best preserved specimens. Steggoa lobocephalica is known from the eastern Pacific Ocean from Chile and Peru to Panama in shallow water. Family HESIONIDAE Key to the Species from Panama 1. Two antennae; palps absent 2 Three antennae; palps present 3 2. Dorsum light tan with brown longitudinal stripes Hesione intertexta Dorsum dark brownish with light transverse stripes Hesione picta 3. Both parapodial rami well developed; 8 pairs of tentacular cirri Gyptis sp. indet. Notopodia reduced; 6 pairs of tentacular cirri 4 4. Digitifonn postsetal neuropodial lobe project beyond the other parapodial lobes in median setigers Ophiodronuu obscurus All parapodial lobes of the same length Ophiodronuu pugettensis Gyptis species indeterminate Harmothoe lunulata var. pacifica Monro, 1928b:559-560 [in part]. MATERIAL EXAMINED.?Taboga Island, 4-5 fm, sand and stone (1), coll. Mortensen. REMARKS.?This specimen is an unidentifiable species of Gyptis. The specimen reported by Monro from the Galapagos Islands can be assumed to be- long to a species of Harmothoe. Hesione intertexta Grube, 1878 Hesione interlexta Grube, 1878:102-103, pi. 6: fig. 5.?Monro, 1933a:26. MATERIAL EXAMINED.?Balboa, pools at the low- est tide levels (1), coll. Crossland. REMARKS.? Even in preserved specimens, H. in- tertexta has distinct brown longitudinal lines on the pale dorsum. It is known from the Pacific and Indian Oceans in warm waters. Hesione picta Muller, 1858 Hesione picta F. Muller, 1858:213-214, pi. 6: fig. 3.?Hart- man, 1951:35.?Jones, 1962:180. MATERIAL EXAMINED.?Galeta Reef, Acantho- phora Zone (2); Galeta Reef, Coralline Zone (1). REMARKS.?The complex synonymy of this species NUMBER 221 17 has been worked out and is cited in the works indicated above. The species is best characterized by its color pattern; even in preserved specimens, the pattern is dark with series of light transverse stripes scattered irregularly along the length of the body. Hesione picta is known from Florida to Brazil in the western Atlantic Ocean. MATERIAL EXAMINED.?Paitilla Beach, Hydroid Zone (1). REMARKS.?Ophiodromus pugettensis can be sepa- rated from the rather similar east coast species of the genus as indicated above. It is previously known from Washington to western Mexico in the eastern Pacific Ocean, but this record of the species is the first from typical tropical waters. Ophiodromus obscurus (Verrill, 1873) Podarke obscura Verrill, 1873:589-590, pi. 12: fig. 61.? Pettibone, 1963:104-105, fig. 28a,b. Podarke near guanica.?Hartman, 1951:36, pi. 10: figs. 1-3. MATERIAL EXAMINED.?Galeta Reef, Laurencia Zone (2). REMARKS.?Ophiodromus obscurus resembles O. pugettensis closely, but can be separated from it on the presence of a digitiform postsetal lobe in me- dian setigers in O. obscurus; this lobe projects clearly beyond all other parapodial lobes. All para- podial lobes are of the same length in O. puget- tensis. Ophiodromus obscurus is known from the western Atlantic Ocean from New England to the Carib- bean region and Gulf of Mexico. Ophiodromus pugettensis (Johnson, 1901) Podarke pugettensis Johnson, 1901:397-398, pi. 3: figs. 23-35. Ophiodromus pugettensis (Johnson).?Hartman, 1968:369-370, 3 figs, [unnumbered]. Family PILARGIIDAE Synelmis albini (Langerhans, 1881) Ancistrosyllis Albini Langerhans, 1881:107. Synelmis albini (Langerhans).?Pettibone, 1966:191-195, figs. 19-21. Ancistrosyllis gorgonensis Monro, 1933a:26-18, fig. 12. MATERIAL EXAMINED.?Gorgona Island, dredged close to shore, 15 fm, shell, dead coral and gravel (1, holotype, A. gorgonensis, BMNH); Gorgona Island, from coral (1); both coll. Crossland, det. Monro. REMARKS.?The present specimens agree with 5. albini as this species was defined by Pettibone (1966) who first suggested the synonymy of A. gor- gonensis with S. albini. Considerable variation appears in the species, and a complete revision of large materials from worldwide areas should be undertaken in order to elucidate the variability. As presently defined, S. albini is circumtropical. Family SYLLIDAE Key to the Species from Panama 1. Ventral cirri absent 2 Ventral cirri present 4 2. Body yellow with dark purplish brown markings Autolytus anoplos Body pale yellow or pinkish with no distinct color markings 3 3. Distal tooth longer than the subdistal tooth in the composite setae Autolytus cf. tnagntu Distal tooth distinctly shorter than the subdistal one in the composite setae ! Autolytus sp. indet. 4. Dorsal cirri distinctly articulated 5 Dorsal cirri smooth or irregularly wrinkled 16 5. Body dorsoventrally flattened; pharynx with a trepan Trypanosyllis (Trypanedenta) taeniaformis Body cylindrical; pharynx with a single tooth 6 6. Pharynx with a middorsal tooth in posterior position Opisthosyllis brunnea Pharynx with a middorsal tooth in anterior positions 7 7. All setae thick and simple HoplosyUis spongicola At least some setae composite 8 18 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY 8. Simple and composite setae mixed in most segments Syllis gracilis Simple setae present singly in posterior parapodia only 9 9. Composite setae include both spinigers and falcigers 10 All composite setae falcigers H 10. Large composite setae unidentate; median antenna posterior to the eyes Langerhansia mexicana Large composite setae bidentate; median antenna between the eyes Langerhansia cornuta 11. Dorsal cirri with less than 20 articles 12 Dorsal cirri with more than 20 articles IS 12. Dorsum with transverse broad pigment band on every few segments TyposylUs hyalina Two narrow dark lines across each segment dorsally TyposylUs actculata 13. Dorsum with solid color, without distinct markings .....14 Dorsum with pattern of transverse dark lines 15 14. Dorsum white, eyes absent TyposylUs caeca Dorsum brownish purple, eyes present TyposylUs proUfera} 15. Enlarged appendages on some composite setae in median setigers; 2 regular transverse lines across dorsum of each segment TyposyUis fuscosuturata All composite setae with appendages of similar size; each segment with a series of irregular transverse markings on the dorsum TyposylUs variegata 16. Prostomium covered posteriorly by a nuchal flap 17 Prostomium without a nuchal flap Pionosyllis sp. indet. 17. Pharynx with 14 teeth OdontosylUs sp. indet. Pharynx with 6 teeth OdontosylUs polycera Autolytus anoplos Monro, 1933 FIGURE 3/-A Autolytus anoplos Monro, 1933a:38-39, fig. 18. MATERAL EXAMINED.?Galeta Reef, Coralline Zone (18); Galeta Reef, Laurencia Zone (2). Lim6n Bay, from wreck covered with sponges, Balanus, etc. (7, syntypes, BMNH), coll. Crossland. REMARKS.?A somewhat expanded description of the species is given below based on the new material recorded above. The main differences between this material and the species as described by Monro are in details in the color pattern and in the somewhat different length of the anterior append- ages. A complete specimen with 125 setigers is 25 mm long and 0.5 mm wide. It is cream-colored with a single dark brown bar at the posterior margin of each segment. All dorsal cirri are dark brown except those in the first three setigers, which are cream-colored. Two pairs of lensed eyes are present. The body is ventrally flattened and evenly wide with abruptly tapering anterior and posterior ends. The prostomium (Figure 3/) is twice as wide as long and has two pairs of eyes at the posterolateral half. The two short lateral antennae are slender; the median antenna is more than twice as long as the lateral ones and considerably stouter. All antennae are smooth. The peristomium is a little longer than the prostomium and has a pair of slender, relatively short peristomial cirri. The palps are as long as the prostomium and are free to the base. They project ventrally. The first dorsal cirri are very long and terete; each is about as long as the median antenna, resembling the latter also in structure and shape. The dorsal cirri of the second setiger are considerably shorter and more slender, but are longer and stouter than those in the more posterior setigers. All parapodia posterior to setiger 3 resemble each other. Each has a bluntly conical acicular lobe (Figure 3/i) and a poorly developed, low presetal lobe; postsetal lobes are absent. Ventral cirri are absent; each dorsal cirrus is short and fusiform. Composite setae (Figure Si) with short, deeply bifid appendages are present in all setigers; the basal part of the appendages is somewhat slenderer than the distal part. The shaft is strongly dentate. Each posterior setiger also contains a single bayonet- seta (Figure Sk); each has a thickened shaft, which is distally strongly dentate, and a mucron, which is slender and finely tapering. The proboscis has a trepan (Figure 3/) with 25 teeth. The teeth alternate regularly between two sizes; both kinds have a median ridge and narrowed wings. The one kind is about one-fourth smaller than the other (Figure 3g). The genus Autolytus was reviewed for the NUMBER 221 19 Japanese fauna by Imajima (1966a) who subdivided the genus into two, based on the distribution and numbers of teeth in the trepan. The subgenus Regulatus should have teeth in groups of nine or multiples of nine; the subgenus Autolytus sensu stricto should have all other numbers of teeth. The teeth in Regulatus should alternate regularly between large and small; all teeth should be of approximately the same size in Autolytus sensu stricto. The present species has 25 teeth in the trepan, thus not a multiple of nine; but the teeth alternate regularly between small and large. The species is, thus, intermediate between the two subgenera proposed by Imajima. The subdivision appears useful, and I do not suggest here that it should be rejected. The genus Autolytus sensu lato is large, and anything that can be used to subdivide it must be considered a help at the present stage of taxonomic knowledge. The scheme of subgenera in this genus may have to be extended to include other characters in addition to the structure of the trepan. Autolytus anoplos resembles A. magnus Berkeley (see below) in the structure of the parapodia and the composite setae; it differs from the latter in that it has only 25 teeth in the trepan; A. magnus has nearly twice that number. The bayonet setae have a very short dentate region in A. anoplos and a somewhat longer spinose region in A. magnus. Other similar species include A. irregularis and A. spinoculatus both described by Imajima (1966a) from Japanese waters. Autolytus anoplos differs from both of these in the color pattern and in the number and structure of the teeth on the trepan. Autolytus anoplos is known from two areas near Colon, Panama. Autolytus cf. magnus Berkeley, 1923 Autolytus magnus Berkeley, 1923:210, pi. 1: figs. 5-4.?Ima- jima, 1966a:40-46, figs. 9a-f. lOa-f. lla-d. MATERIAL EXAMINED.?Paitilla Beach, Tetraclita Zone (4). REMARKS.?The present four specimens fit very well with A. magnus as redescribed by Imajima (1966a) in the numbers of the teeth in the trepan and the shape of the teeth. The structure of the composite setae is also similar. The present speci- mens, however, have considerably shorter nuchal epaulettes, and the tentacular cirri are considerably shorter than shown by Imajima (1966a, fig. 9a). All present specimens are atokous. Autolytus magnus is known from Japan and from western Canada; it has not been reported from California. Autolytus species indeterminate Autolytus sp.? Monro, 1933a:39-41, fig. 17. MATERIAL EXAMINED.?Balboa, from buoy brought in from the canal entrance (1); Coiba Island, dredging off the convict settlement in 5 fm, smooth bottom with branching Lithothamnion (1); both coll. Crossland. REMARKS.?Monro gave a rather detailed descrip- tion of the specimen from Balboa. Nothing can presently be added to the description since the specimen is in a rather bad state of preservation. The identity cannot be further clarified. The speci- men from Coiba Island is incomplete and badly preserved. Haplosyllis spongicola (Grube, 1855) Syllis spongicola Grube, 1855:104-105. Haplosyllis spongicola (Grube).?Imajima, 1966c:220-221, fig. 38a-h.?Hartman, 1968:433-434. 4 figs, [unnumbered]. MATERIAL EXAMINED.?Galeta Reef, Laurencia Zone (2); Paitilla Beach, Tetraclita Zone (2). REMARKS.?The present specimens have simple, distally bifid setae with a subdistal boss; the body is relatively stout and the antennae and tentacular cirri are strongly beaded. Haplosyllis spongicola is considered more or less cosmopolitan in warmer waters; it is usually associ- ated with sponges (Monro, 1933a:34; Day, 1973:29). Langerhansia cornuta (Rathke, 1843) Syllis comuta Rathke, 1843:164. Syllis (Ehlersia) cornuta Rathke.?Fauvel, 1923:267-268, fig. 100g-i.?Monro, 1933a:34. Langerhansia cornuta (Rathke).?Imajima. 1966d:256-259, fig. 51. MATERIAL EXAMINED.?Galeta Reef, Laurencia Zone (4). Taboga Island, from under the floating stage of the hotel pier (1) and from broken branches of dead coral, 1-2 fm (5); Gorgona Island, 15 fm, 20 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY shell, gravel and dead coral (26); all coll. Crossland. REMARKS.?The present specimens fit very well with L. cornuta as described by Fauvel (1923) and Imajima (1966d). The species is distinguished from the similar L. mexicana below. Langerhansia cornuta is known from world-wide areas. Langerhansia mexicana (Rioja, 1961), new combination Ehlersia mexicana Rioja, 1961:291-295, figs. 4-11. MATERIAL EXAMINED.?Galeta Reef, Laurencia Zone (1). REMARKS.?Langerhansia mexicana can be separ- ated from the closely similar L. cornuta on the position of the median antenna, which is posterior to the eyes in the former and between the posterior eyes in the latter. Rioja (1961:295) indicated thai the larger composite setae should be bifid in L. cornuta and unidentate in L. mexicana; this also is the case in the present specimen. Langerhansia mexicana is known from the east coast of Mexico and possibly from Florida. Rioja (1961) indicated that he thought the material reported as L. cornuta by Hartman (1951) from Florida might belong to this species. The present record is from the Atlantic side of Panama. described in the genus. Setae are distally bidentate. The specimen cannot be further described since it is rather badly preserved. Opisthosyllis brunnea Langerhans, 1879 FIGURE 3C Opisthosyllis brunnea Langerhans, 1879:541-543, pi. 31: fig. 7.?Imajima, 1966c:230-233, fig. 42a-n. MATERIAL EXAMINED.?Galeta Reef, Coralline Zone (3); Galeta Reef, Laurencia Zone (73); Galeta Reef, Thalassia Zone (11); Paitilla Beach, Balanus Zone (5); Paitilla Beach, Hydroid Zone (21); Paitilla Beach, Tetraclita Zone (7). REMARKS.?The present specimen agrees with O. brunnea as originally described and as reviewed by Imajima (1966c). The only difference noted is that the serrations along the cutting edges of the composite setae (Figure 3c) appear to be somewhat finer than indicated by Imajima (1966c, fig. 42e-h). This difference is not considered critical. Opisthosyllis brunnea was described from Madeira in intertidal areas and has since been reported from one locality in Japan. The species appears to be one of the most common syllids in all intertidal areas in Panama, both on the Atlantic and Pacific sides of the Isthmus. Odontosyllis polycera (Schmarda, 1861) Syllis polycera Schmarda, 1861:72, pi. 28: fig. 219. Odontosyllis polycera (Schmarda).?Monro. 1933a:36-37, fig. 15. MATERIAL EXAMINED.?Balboa, low tide at Panama (19), coll. Crossland. REMARKS.?Odontosyllis polycera was redescribed by Monro (1933a) based on the specimens listed above. They are as described. The species is known from warm temperate and tropical waters in the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans. Odontosyllis species indeterminate MATERIAL EXAMINED.?Paitilla Beach, Hydroid Zone (1). REMARKS.?The present specimen agrees with Odontosyllis in that it has short, smooth dorsal cirri and series of recurved pharyngeal teeth. The number of teeth, 14, is higher than in any species Pionosyllis species indeterminate MATERIAL EXAMINED.?Galeta Reef, Acantho- phora Zone (1). REMARKS.?The present specimen is incomplete. The proboscis is everted. The setae include com- posite smooth-edged spinigers and composite fal- cigers with distally expanded, blade-like appendages. It resembles P. uraja Imajima (1966b: 114-116, fig. 37a-g) from Japan, but is too poorly preserved to be completely identified. Syllis gracilis Grube, 1840 FIGURE 36 Syllis gracilis Grube, 1840:77.?Fauvel, 1923:259, fig. 96f-i.? Monro, 1933a:30.?Imajima, 1966c:248-250, fig. 49a-k.? Hartman, 1968:463-464, 4 figs, [unnumbered]. Syllis longissima.?Monro, 1933a:30 [not Gravier, 1900]. MATERIAL EXAMINED.?Paitilla Beach, Hydroid Zone (2); Paitilla Beach, Tetraclita Zone (15). NUMBER 221 21 Taboga Island, from broken branches of dead coral 1-2 fm (36), from under the floating pier of the hotel pier (3), and obtained by breaking up beach sandstones (2); Gorgona Island, shell, gravel, and dead coral, 15 fm (3); Balboa Docks, off piles and large sponges growing in the shade of the quays (12) and from pile scrapings (1); Colon (1); all coll. Crossland. REMARKS.?Syllis gracilis is very widespread in warm waters. The present specimens differ in no manner from the species as described by the authors cited above. Syllis longissima Gravier has unidentate compound setae; the material reported as 5. longissima from Balboa by Monro (1933a:30) have bidentate setae. Syllis gracilis has short dorsal cirri with 8-10 articles in median setigers. Syllis longis- sima has alternating long and slightly shorter dorsal cirri with 8-10 and 12-15 articles, respectively. The large setae in median setigers are characteristic (Figure 36). All of the above records, except the one from Colon, are from the Pacific side of the Isthmus of Panama. This fact is probably more due to the kinds of environment sampled on the two sides than to a distributional difference between the two oceans. Trypanosyllis (Trypanedenta) taeniaeformis (Haswell, 1886) Syllis taeniaeformis Haswell, 1886:741. Trypanosyllis taeniaeformis (Haswell).?Monro, 1933a:35-36. Trypanosyllis (Trypanedenta) taeniaeformis (Haswell).?Iraa- jima, 1966c:239-241, fig. 45. MATERIAL EXAMINED.?Gorgona Island, dredging close to shore, 15 fm, gravel, shell, dead coral (27), coll. Crossland. REMARKS.?The present specimens agree with this species as reviewed by Imajima (1966c). Trypanosyllis taeniaformis is known from warm water shallow areas in the Pacific and Indian Oceans. Typosyllis aciculata Treadwell, 1945 Typosyllis aciculata Treadwell, 1945:1-2, figs. 1-5.?Reish, 1950:1-5, 8 figs, [unnumbered].?Hartman. 1968:475-476, 7 figs, [unnumbered]. MATERIAL EXAMINED.?Galeta Reef, Laurencia Zone (2); Paitilla Beach, Hydroid Zone (1); Paitilla Beach, Tetraclita Zone (1). Coiba Island, dredging off the convict settlement, 5 fm, smooth bottom with branched Lithothamnion (1), coll. Crossland. REMARKS.?Typosyllis aciculata is known from southern and central California. The present records come from both sides of the Isthmus of Panama. The specimens were compared to material from southern California and no differences could be noted. Typosyllis aciculata is differentiated from similar species in the area as indicated in the key. Typosyllis caeca (Monro, 1933), new combination FIGURE 3d Syllis caeca Monro, 1933a:3O-32, fig. 13. MATERIAL EXAMINED.?Taboga Island, from floats at the stage at the end of the hotel pier (5, syntypes, BMNH), coll. Crossland. REMARKS.?This species belongs to Typosyllis in that it has a single, simple bidentate seta (Figure Sk) in each of a few of the posterior setigers; in most specimens, they are most easily seen in setigers 7 or 8 from the posterior end. Typosyllis caeca resembles T. variegata (Grube) in setal structures as indicated by Monro (1933a:32) but differs clearly in that T. caeca is white without any color pattern, while T. variegata has series of transverse stripes. Typosyllis caeca is known only from its original record. Typosyllis fuscosuturata (Augener, 1922) Syllis (Typosyllis) fuscosuturata Augener, 1922:43-44; 1927:52. Syllis fuscosuturata Augener.?Monro, 1933a:32-34, fig. 14. MATERIAL EXAMINED.?Galeta Reef, Acantho- phora Zone (1); Galeta Reef, Laurencia Zone (3). Taboga Island, from broken branches of dead coral, 1-2 fm (1); Gorgona Island, 15 fm, shell, gravel and dead coral (2) and from coral (1); all coll. Crossland. REMARKS.?This species is characterized by the enlarged hooks in median setigers. Other species of the genus that have similar hooks include T. excilis Gravier (1900) and T. maculata (Imajima, 1966d: 277-279, fig. 59). Typosyllis fuscosuturata has two brown transverse lines on each segment. Typosyllis maculata has no color markings on the body proper but has dark dots on the dorsal cirri. Typosyllis excilis lacks color patterns. 22 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY Typosyllis fuscosuturata is known from the Caribbean Sea and the west Indies in addition to areas in the eastern Pacific Ocean in warm waters. Typosyllis hyalina (Grube, 1863) Syllis hyalina Grube, 1863:45-46, pi. 4: fig. 7.?Monro, 1953a:30. Typosyllis hyalina (Grube).?Imajima, 1966d:271-273, fig. 57. MATERIAL EXAMINED.?Gorgona Island, 15 fm, shell, gravel and dead coral (1); Taboga Island, from under the floating stage of the hotel pier (1); both coll. Crossland. REMARKS.?The present specimens fit very well with the species as redescribed from Japan by Imajima (1966d); it is known from worldwide areas. Typosyllis prolifera? (Krohn, 1852) Syllis prolifera Krohn, 1852:66. Syllis (Typosyllis) prolifera Krohn.?Fauvel, 1923:261-262, fig. 97a-g. Typosyllis prolifera (Krohn).?Imajima, 1966d:292-294, fig. 651a-n. MATERIAL EXAMINED.?Galeta Reef, Laurencia Zone (1). REMARKS.?The present specimens agree with T. prolifera? except that the appendage of the compo- site setae (Figure 3dy, except that the notopodia are slightly pro- longed in posterior setigers. Each notopodium (Figure 66), except the first two which are reduced, has a short, blunt acicular lobe and a flattened supra-acicular lobe; the subacicular lobe is thick and digitate and of the same length as the supra- acicular lobe. Each dorsal cirrus, especially in posterior setigers, is very long and slender; all dorsal cirri are attached basally. The neuropodia are bifid; the superior part with the acicula and setae has a very well-developed, bluntly rounded postsetal lobe; the presetal lobe is a low fold. The inferior neuropodial lobe is as long as the superior one; it is digitate. The ventral cirrus projects as far as the tip of the neuropodium in all setigers. Notosetae are all of one kind; each is a long, slender, homogomph spiniger; the cutting edge of the appendage is slightly serrated. Neurosetae are of three kinds. In anterior setigers, a few homo- gomph spinigers are in the superior fascicle; these are replaced by heterogomph spinigers in more posterior setigers. Otherwise, heterogomph falcigers are found in both superior and inferior fascicles. Each falciger (Figure 6c) has a short, slender ap- pendage with five or six fine hairs along the cutting edge; the distal part of the appendage is strongly recurved. The genus Neanthes was separated into groups by Fauchald (1972:69-70, 408-410). According to this system, N. galetae belongs to group IIB 1 in that falcigers are present and in that it has the dor- sal lobe of the notopodia barely longer than other lobes in the parapodium. Other species in this group with few paragnaths on areas vn and vm include N. agulhana (Day, 1963:406-407, fig. 6d-j), N. dawydovi (Fauvel, 1937:297-299, fig. la-k),' N. kerguelensis (Mclntosh, 1885:225-227, pi. 35: figs. 10-12, pi. 16A: figs. 17-18), and N. kerguelensis oli- godonta (Augener, 1913:164-166). Neanthes diversi- color (O. F. Muller, 1776), originally listed for this group, was moved to the genus Hediste by Hartmann-Schroder (1971:196, as a subgenus); this change is followed here. Of these species, N. agulhana, N. dawydovi, and N. kerguelensis oligodonta lack paragnaths on both areas i and v; the other species have paragnaths on i but lack them on v. Neanthes galetae differs from N. kerguelensis in that the dorsal cirri are twice as long as the parapodial lobes in the former and no longer than these lobes in the latter; otherwise the two species are rather similar. Neanthes psendonoodti, new species FIGURE 7 MATERIAL EXAMINED.?Paitilla Beach, Balanus Zone (4); Paitilla Beach, Tetraclita Zone (18, holo- type, USNM 53090; paratypes, USNM 53091, AHF Poly 1133). DESCRIPTION.?The holotype is a complete speci- men, 18 mm long and 1 mm wide without setae, with 62 setigers. It is yellowish and has scattered brown pigment spots on the anterior end. The prostomium (Figure 7e) is very broad and has a pair of short frontal antennae that are well- separated basally. The large palpophores are ovate and the short palpostyles button-shaped. The an- terior eyes are crescentic; the posterior ones are ovate. The four pairs of tentacular cirri are slender; three pairs are of similar length and reach approxi- mately setiger 2. The fourth pair is longer and reaches the posterior margin of setiger 4. The proboscis (Figure 7a,e) is everted in the holotype; the jaws are thick and have five or six distally directed, pointed teeth. Paragnaths are present on all areas. Area i has three paragnaths in a transverse row and one in front of the others. Area n has 21 or 22 paragnaths in rows in a tri- angular patch. Area m has 36 paragnaths arranged in 4 rows in an ovate patch. Area iv has 35 or 36 28 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY FIGURE 7.?Neanthes pseudonoodti, new species: a, proboscis, ventral view, X 50; b, far pos- terior parapodium, anterior view, X 95; c, neuropodial heterogomph falciger, posterior setiger, X 950; d, posterior parapodium, anterior view, X 160; e, anterior end, dorsal view, X 50. paragnaths in 6 rows in a quadrangular patch (the anteriormost row on the right-hand side is not visible in Figure 7a). Area v has one very large par- agnath, and a pair of small paragnaths on either side represent area vi. Areas vn and vm form a girdle consisting of two rows of larger, and several irregular rows of smaller, paragnaths. This girdle is continued dorsally in the lateral parts of area vi. Anterior parapodia have both note*- and neuro- podia of the same length; each notopodium has a short, rounded superior lobe; a short, nearly rudi- mentary acicular lobe and a long, digitate inferior lobe. The neuropodia are bifid; each superior lobe is distally truncate and has low, truncate pre- and postsetal lobes; each inferior lobe is a little shorter than the superior lobe and digitate. The short ventral cirri are slightly clavate in all setigers; the digitate dorsal cirri are attached distally on the superior lobe of the notopodium. The superior notopodial lobes become increasingly elongated in posterior setigers (Figure Id) and are more than three times the length of all other parapodial parts in far posterior setigers. The dorsal cirrus remains of the same size in all setigers and finally appears as a short, inconspicuous distal part of the large superior lobe (Figure 76). All notopodial setae are similar; each is a homogomph spiniger with a long, slender append- age. Homogomph spinigers are also present in superior neuropodial fascicles; spinigers in the inferior neuropodial fascicles are heterogomph. Heterogomph falcigers are present in both superior and inferior neuropodial fascicles. Each superior fascicle contains a single, very large falciger (Figure 7c) with a short, slightly geniculate appendage with four or five hairs along the cutting edge near the NUMBER 221 29 base. Inferior fascicles have more numerous, smaller falcigers of similar shape. Neanthes pseudonoodti belongs to group IIB2c according to the system suggested by Fauchald (1972). Other species in this group include N. noodti Hartmann-Schroder (1962:129-130, pi. 11: figs. 65-66, pi. 12: fig. 68, pi. 20: fig. 67), N. ruficeps (Ehlers, 1905:24-25, pi. 3: figs. 10-15), and N. seri- dentata Hartmann-Schroder (1959:138-142, figs. 100-110). The paragnaths on area vi are arranged in a nearly straight transverse row in N. seridentata; the other species have these paragnaths arranged in a small patch. Neanthes ruficeps lack paragnaths on areas v and vi; N. noodti and N. pseudonoodti have paragnaths on all areas. Neanthes noodti and N. pseudonoodti resemble each other but differ in the distribution and shape of the paragnaths, especially on areas vn and vm. The dorsal cirri are nearly half the total length of the prolonged superior notopodial lobe in N. noodti and less than one-fifth of the total length in N. pseudonoodti. Neanthes succinea (Frey and Leuckart, 1847) Nereis succinea Frey and Leuckart, 1874:154.?Monro, 1933a: 42-43, fig. 18. Neanthes succinea (Frey and Leuckart).?Hartman, 1968:529- 530, 5 figs, [unnumbered]. MATERIAL EXAMINED.?Balboa, rocks and rock- pools at low tide (2); Balboa Dock, scrapings from piles of quays (1); Col6n, from deck of wreck in Lim6n Bay (1) and from scrapings from piles of quays (11); all coll. Crossland. REMARKS.?Neanthes succinea has large foliose notopodial superior lobes in posterior setigers with the dorsal cirri attached subdistally. It has been reported from worldwide areas. Neanthes species indeterminate MATERIAL EXAMINED.?Galeta Reef, Laurencia Zone (8). REMARKS.?The specimens differ from all species mentioned above in the structure of the neuro- podial falcigers. They are poorly preserved and cannot be further identified. Nereis callaona (Grube, 1857) FIGURE 8/-/I Nereilepas callaona Grube, 1857:165-166. Nereis callaona (Grube).?Hartman-Schroder. 1962b:399-400. MATERIAL EXAMINED.?Galeta Reef, Laurencia Zone (10); Galeta Reef, Thalassia Zone (1); Galeta Reef, Zoanthus Zone (1); Paitilla Beach, Hydroid Zone (3); Paitilla Beach, Tetraclita Zone (25). REMARKS.?The present specimens fit with the species as reviewed by Hartmann-Schroder (1962) except that the homogomph and heterogomph falcigers have the distal parts of the appendages ankylosed rather than recurved as indicated by Hartmann-Schroder (Figure 8/,/i). Specimens from both sides of the Isthmus are similar. Nereis callaona is rather widespread in the east- ern Pacific Ocean; the present records are the first from the western Atlantic Ocean. Nereis panamensis, new species FIGURE 6d-i MATERIAL EXAMINED.?Galeta Reef, Coralline Zone (1, holotype, USNM 53139); Galeta Reef, Laurencia Zone (27, paratypes, USNM 53140 and AHF Poly 1136). DESCRIPTION.?The holotype is a complete speci- men, 12 mm long and 1.1 mm wide without setae, with 52 setigers. Two dark brown patches are on the lateral sides of the prostomium; the remainder of the specimen is light yellow with scattered brown dots. The long anal cirri are slender. The prostomium (Figure 6g) is distinctly penta- gonal with a slightly bifid anterior margin. The long frontal antennae project beyond the tips of the palps. The palpophores are ovate, and the short palpostyles are button-shaped. One pair of dark eyes is present near the posterior margin of the prostomium. Three of the four pairs of tenta- cular cirri reach just beyond the peristomium; the dorsoposterior pair is longer and reaches setiger 5; all tentacular cirri are slender and digitate. The proboscis (Figure 6h-i) is nearly globose when fully everted. The jaws are slender and have seven or eight teeth along the cutting edge. Paragnaths are present on all areas except i and v. Area n has three cones in a transverse row; area HI has three cones in a transverse row; area iv has 30 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY FIGURE 8.?Perinereis anderssoni Kinberg: a, posterior parapodium, anterior view, X 95; b, neuropodial heterogomph falciger, posterior setiger, X 950. Nereis riisei Grube: c, posterior parapodium, anterior view, X 50; d, notopodial homogomph falciger, posterior setiger, X 950; e, neuropodial heterogomph falciger, posterior setiger, X 950. Nereis callaona (Grube): /, neuropodial heterogomph falciger, posterior setiger, X 950; g, notopodial homogomph ralciger, posterior setiger, X 950; h, posterior parapodium, anterior view, X 95. eight cones in two rows, five in the posterior, and three in the anterior row. Area vi has five cones in a transverse row, and areas vu and vm have six large cones in a single row. The two first pairs of parapodia have reduced notopodia; otherwise all parapodia are similar. Each notopodium (Figure 6/) is bifid and has a distinct acicular lobe and a bluntly conical, thick inferior lobe; a distinct superior lobe is absent. Dorsal cirri are large in all setigers, but become prolonged in posterior setigers. All neuropodia are bifid; the superior part, which carries the aciculum, has low, poorly developed pre- and postsetal lobes; the thick inferior lobe is digitate and projects beyond the tip of the superior lobe. Ventral cirri are long and slender. NUMBER 221 Notopodial setae include homogomph spinigers and falcigers; falcigers are present only in median and posterior setigers. Each homogomph falciger (Figure 6e) has a thick shaft and a short, bifid or trifid appendage; the third tooth is very small and may be worn off or absent in some hooks. Neuro- podial fascicles contain heterogomph spinigers and falcigers in both supra- and subacicular positions. Each falciger (Figure 6d) has a short, slightly curved appendage with transverse rows of teeth along the cutting margin. Nereis panamensis resembles N. jacksoni Kinberg, 1866 (as reviewed by Augener, 1922) in the distri- bution of paragnaths and the structure of the homogomph falcigers. A distinct group of species appears with bidentate or tridentate homogomph falcigers and reduced superior notopodial lobes. The earliest described species in the group is N. jacksoni; others include N. thompsoni Kott (1951: 103-105, fig. 5), N. denhamensis Augener (1913:156- 159, pi. 2: fig. 51, text fig. 16), and N. funchalensis Langerhans (1880:287-289, see Fauvel, 1927:409, fig. 138f-n; Monro, 1933a:43, fig. 18). Nereis jacksoni reducta was described by Hartmann-Schroder (1960:110-112, figs. 144-146) from the Red Sea; later Hartmann-Schroder (1965: 121-123, figs. 50-51) indicated that this subspecies was identical with the main form and withdrew the name; she also indicated that she thought N. heirissonensis and N. denhamensis, both described by Augener (1913) were synonymous with N. jack- soni. There appears to be general agreement that N. heirissonensis is in fact synonymous with N. jacksoni, but Hartman (1954:31) retains N. den- hamensis as a distinct form. Nereis panamensis differs from N. jacksoni (and all species listed above, whether valid or not) on the distribution of the paragnaths and on the shape of the appendage of the heterogomph falcigers. Nereis riisei Grube, 1857 FIGURE Sc-e Nereis riisei Grube, 1857:162-163.?Monro, 1933a:43-44.? Hartraan, 1940a:221-222, pi. 33: fig. 37. MATERIAL EXAMINED.?Galeta Reef, Acantho- phora Zone (1); Galeta Reef, Coralline Zone (1); Galeta Reef, Thalassia Zone (2). Col6n, scrapings from piles of quays (4); Gorgona Island, fine sand and shells, 20 fm (11): both coll. Crossland. REMARKS.?The present specimens fit very well with the species as described by Hartman (1940). The homogomph falcigers (Figure 8e) have recurved appendages that have series of teeth along the cutting edges. The heterogomph falcigers (Figure 8d) are strongly recurved distally and have dense series of long, slender teeth along the cutting edges. Nereis riisei has been reported from both sides of the Isthmus and appears to be most common in the western Atlantic Ocean in warm waters. Perinereis anderssoni Kinberg, 1866 FICURE Sa,b Perinereis anderssoni Kinberg, 1866:175.?Hartman. 1948:72- 73; 1951:47, pi. 13. fig. 6. Perinereis bairdii Webster and Benedict, 1884:312, pi. 8: figs. 22-28?Monro. 1933a:41. MATERIAL EXAMINED.?Galeta Reef, Acantho- phora Zone (1); Galeta Reef, Coralline Zone (2); Galeta Reef, Laurencia Zone (84); Galeta Reef, Thalassia Zone (21). Colon, from washings of weeds, etc. of the coral reef in Limon Bay (29), and from wreck in Limon Bay (13), from coral flat at the southwest corner of Limon Bay (13), and from the outer piles of the quays of the docks (5); all coll. Crossland. REMARKS.?Perinereis anderssoni has the superior notopodial lobes prolonged in posterior setigers (Figure 8a); the dorsal cirrus is attached near the middle of the lobe. Each heterogomph falciger (Figure 8b) has a short, gently curved appendage with series of teeth along the cutting edges. Perinereis anderssoni is common in the warmer parts of the western Atlantic Ocean; it has not been reported from the Pacific Ocean. Perinereis species indeterminate MATERIAL EXAMINED.?Paitilla Beach, Hydroid Zone (1). REMARKS.?The present specimen is badly pre- served and cannot be further identified. Platynereis dumerilii (Audouin and Milne Edwards, 1834) FIGURE 4d-f Nereis Dumerilii Audouin and Milne Edwards, 1934:196-199, pi. 4A: figs. 10-12. SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY Plalynereis dutnerilii (Audouin and Milne Edwards).?Hart- man, 1968:561-562, 5 figs, [unnumbered]. MATERIAL EXAMINED.?Galeta Reef, Laurencia Zone (25). Col6n, from piles of the quays (178); Taboga Island, at low tide, obtained by breaking up standstone (1); coll. Crossland. REMARKS.?Platynereis dumerilii appears to be rather variable. The present specimens have the homogomph falcigers (Figure Ad) distinctly biden- tate and the tip very strongly curved. Each append- age of the heterogomph falcigers (Figure 4e) has a distinct subdistal knob and the tip is strongly curved; the cutting edge is dentate. The specimen reported from Taboga was found in a sample otherwise identified as Lysidice ninetta by Monro. Platynereis dumerilii is very widespread in warm waters. Platynereis species indeterminate MATERIAL EXAMINED.?Galeta Reef, Laurencia Zone (4); Galeta Reef, Thalassia Zone (4). REMARKS.?These specimens have either been dried out or are so incomplete that they cannot be further identified. Pseudonereis gallapagensis Kinberg, 1866 FIGURE 4g,/i Pseudonereis gallapagensis Kinberg, 1866:174.?Hartman, 1940a:231.?Hartmann -Schroder, 1962b:432-4S4. MATERIAL EXAMINED.?Paitilla Beach, Balanus Zone (2); Paitilla Beach, Tetraclita Zone (38). REMARKS.?Pseudonereis gallapagensis has the superior notopodial lobe strongly prolonged and foliose in posterior setigers (Figure Ah); the short FIGURE 9.?Diopatra chiliensis Quatrefages: a, third parapodium, anterior view, X 50; b, giant hooded hook, third setiger, X 385; c, normal hooded hook, third setiger, X 385. Pseudonereis variegata (Grube): d, neuropodial heterogomph falciger. posterior setiger, X 950; e, posterior parapodium. posterior view. X 52. NUMBER 221 33 dorsal cirrus is digitate and attaches distally to the superior lobe. Each heterogomph falciger (Figure 4g) has a large, gently curved appendage with approximately ten teeth in double rows near the base. Pseudonereis gallapagensis may be widespread in both the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans, but the best verified records come from the Pacific Ocean. It has frequently been confused with other species in the genus, including P. variegata. Pseudonereis variegata (Grube, 1857) FIGURE 9d,e Nereilepas variegata Crube, 1857:164-165. Pseudonereis variegata (Grube).?Monro, mann-Schroder, 1962b: 434-435. 1933a:45?Hart- MATERIAL EXAMINED.?Colon, from the quays (1, heteronereis); Col6n, from the coral flat at the southwest corner of Limdn Bay (3); Coldn, from deck of wreck in Lim6n Bay (2); all coll. Crossland. REMARKS.?This species is recognized as indicated in the key and as remarked by Hartmann-Schroder (1962b). The dorsal cirrus is attached subdistally to the superior notopodial lobes (Figure 9e) and the paragnaths are in several rows on areas vn and vm. The falcigers (Figure 9d) are recurved and have hairs in single rows. Pseudonereis variegata may be widespread in warm waters. Nereidae species indeterminate MATERIAL EXAMINED.?Galeta Reef, Coralline Zone (1); Galeta Reef, Laurencia Zone (1); Paitilla Beach, Tetraclita Zone (posterior ends). REMARKS.?These specimens have been died out or are incomplete and cannot be further identified. Family NEPHTYIDAE Key to the Species from Panama 1. Interramal cirri involute 2 Interramal cirri recurved 3 2. Postsetal lobes absent in posterior setigers; notopodial cirri longer than the interramal cirri in posterior setigers Aglaophamus tabogensis Postsetal lobes distinct in all setigers; interramal cirri short and slender in all setigers Aglaophamus dicirris 3. Dorsolateral surface of body covered by flattened expansions from the dorsum Nephtys squamosa Dorsum not covered by expansions from the dorsum 4 4. Interramal cirri present from setiger 8, erect neuropodial cirri present in median setigers .... Nephtys iwotwoi Interramal cirri present from setiger 4, erect neuropodial cirri present in anterior setigers .... Nephtys singular** Aglaophamus dicirris Hart man, 1950 Aglaophamus dicirris Hartman, 1950:122-124, pi. 18: figs. 1-8. Nephthys dibranchis.?Monro, 1933a:56-57. fig. 24 [not Grube, 1878]. MATERIAL EXAMINED.?Gorgona Island, 20 fm, fine sand and shell fragments (8); Gorgona Island, 30 fm, muddy sand and shell fragments (1); both coll. Crossland. REMARKS.?Aglaophamus dicirris has a very char- acteristic thin prostomium with a strongly arched anterior margin; a pair of black eyespots are dis- tinct on the posterior part of the prostomium. The proboscis is covered with small pointed warts; a median papilla is absent. Aglaophamus dicirris is known from tropical America. Aglaophamus tabogensis (Monro, 1933) Nephthys tabogensis Monro, 1933a:53-55, fig. 23 [in part]. Aglaophamus tabogensis (Monro).?Hartman, 1950:125. MATERIAL EXAMINED.?Taboga Island, 6-12 fm, mud (15, syntypes, BMNH), coll. Crossland, det. Monro. REMARKS.?Aglaophamus tabogensis was re- stricted by Hartman (1950) to include the material listed above; the remainder reported by Monro from Panama was separated into a distinct species: 34 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY Nepthys monroi. Aglaophamus tabogensis can be separated from the only other species of Aglao- phamus reported from Panama as indicated above. Aglaophamus tabogensis is known only from the type-locality. Nephtys monroi Hartman, 1950 Nephtys monroi Hartman, 1950:107-108, pi. 17: fig. 1. Nephthys tabogensis Monro, 193Sa:53-55, fig. 23h [in part]. MATERIAL EXAMINED.?Taboga Island, 6-12 fin, mud (1), coll. Grassland, det. Monro and Hartman. REMARKS.?Nephtys monroi was based on a single large specimen of the collection made at Taboga. It differs from all other Nephtys along this coast' on a combination of characters. It has interramal cirri from setiger 8, erect neuropodial lobes present in median segments only, and incised preacicular lobes in anterior setigers. Nephtys monroi is known only from the original record. Nephtys singuktris Hartman, 1950 Nephtys singulaiis Hartman, 1950:98-100, pi. 15: figs. 1-6. Nephthys sp ? Monro, 1933a:51-53, fig. 22. MATERIAL EXAMINED.?Coiba Island, in sand at low tide, fine sea grass and dead coral embedded in the sand (2), coll. Crossland. REMARKS.?Nephtys singularis has interramal cirri present from setiger 4 and erect neuropodial lobes present in anterior setigers. The presetal lobes are bilobed in all setigers, and the neuropodial postsetal lobes are greatly expanded in posterior setigers. Nephtys singularis is known from shallow-water areas from western Mexico to Panama. Nephtys squamosa Ehlers, 1887 Nephtys squamosa Ehlers, 1887:128-131, pi. 37: figs. 7-10.? Monro. 1933a:52-53?Hartman, 1950:110-111. MATERIAL EXAMINED.?Gorgona Island, 20 fm, fine sand and shell (2), coll. Crossland. REMARKS.?Nepthys squamosa is characterized by the expanded, imbricated flattened leaves covering the dorsum in median and posterior setigers. It is common in shallow water in tropical America, both on the Atlantic and Pacific side. Family GLYCERIDAE Key to the Species from Panama 1. Parapodia with 1 postsetal lobe Glycera oxycephala Parapodia with 2 postsetal lobes 2 2. Dendritically branched branchiae present Glycera americana Branchiae absent 3 3. All proboscideal organs tall and slender with longitudinal ribs Glycera tesselata AH proboscideal organs smooth, either tall and slender or shorter and wide Glycera abranchiata Glycera abranchiata Treadwell, 1901 Glycera abranchiata Treadwell, 1901:200-201, fig. 49.?Jones, 1962:183, figs. 41-48.?Fauchald, 1973:21-22. fig. la-e. Glycera sp.?Monro, 19S3a:57-58, fig. 25. MATERIAL EXAMINED.?Balboa, rocks and rock- pools at low tide (1); Coiba Island, in sand at low water, fine sea grass and dead coral embedded in sand (1); Gorgona Island, low water spring tide (2) and 20 fm, sand and shell (1), all coll. Crossland. REMARKS.?Glycera abranchiata has been con- fused with G. tesselata from which it can be sepa- rated by the presence of two kinds of proboscideal organs in the former and only one kind in the latter. It has previously been reported from sandy areas in the Caribbean Sea and Panama; the present records extend its distribution into the Pacific Ocean in similar environments. Glycera americana Leidy, 1855 Glycera americana Leidy, 1855:147-148, pi. 11: figs. 49, 50.? Monro, 1933a:57.?Hartman, 1950:73-75; 1968:613-614, 1 fig. MATERIAL EXAMINED.?Coiba Island, in sand at low water, fine sea grass and dead coral embedded in the sand (2); Gorgona Island, 30 fm, muddy sand with shell fragments (1); Perlas Island, St. NUMBER 221 35 Elmo Bay, dredging and trawling on east side of bay (1); coll. Crossland. REMARKS.?Glycera americana is one of the most common glycerids on both sides of the Americas. The branchiae are usually distinct; if they are retracted, the species can be identified by the pro- boscideal organs. They are of two kinds: one is large and ovate and lacks ridges; the other is smaller, usually somewhat more slender than the other kind and equipped with two oblique or trans- verse ridges. Glycera oxycephala Ehlers, 1887 Glycera oxycephala Ehlers, 1887:121-123, pi. 41: figs. 7-11.? Hart man, 1950:70-71, fig. 3, pi. 10: figs. 3, 4. MATERIAL EXAMINED.?Galeta Reef, Laurencia Zone (1); Galeta Reef, Mangrove Zone (1). REMARKS.?Glycera oxycephala has a single post- setal lobe in all setigers, and the proboscideal organs are all of one kind, tall and slender with 9 or 10 transverse ridges. The species is most com- mon in warm water, but has been reported as far north as Oregon on the west coast; it is found on both sides of the Americas. Glycera tesselata Grube, 1863 Glycera tesselata Grube, 1863:41-42, pi. 4: fig. 4.?Hartman, 1950:77-78, pi. 10: fig. 11. MATERIAL EXAMINED.?Galeta Reef, Thalassia Zone (1). REMARKS.?Glycera tesselata is widely distributed in warm waters. It is characterized by its lack of branchiae, the two rounded postsetal lobes, and the tall slender, longitudinally ribbed proboscideal organs. It can be separated from the similar G. abranchiata as indicated in the key. Family GONI ADI DAE Goniada acicula Hartman, 1940 Goniada acicula Hartman, 1940a:252-254, pi. 44: figs. 132- 141.?Hartman, 1950:31-32, pi. 4: figs. 2-7; 1968:649-650, 5 figs, [unnumbered]. MATERIAL EXAMINED.?Galeta Reef, Thalassia Zone (1). REMARKS.?Goniada acicula has strong, gently curved setae in the posterior notopodia. The pos- terior body region is missing in the present speci- men, but it fits otherwise very well with the species as described, both in terms of parapodial characters and in the structure of the proboscideal armament. Goniada acicula is known from warm waters on both sides of the Americas. Family ONUPHIDAE Key to the Species from Panama 1. First 6 setigers modified and anteriorly directed Americonuphis reesei Maximally 1 setiger anteriorly directed 2 2. Branchiae single filaments or pectinate S Branchiae spiralled in anterior segments 5 3. Branchiae single filaments, first present from setiger 23 Nothria gorgonensis Branchiae pectinate, first present anterior to setiger 10 4 4. Composite spinigers in some anterior setigers Onuphis nebulosa Composite spinigers absent Onuphis vermillionensis 5. Anterior parapodia with 2 postsetal lobes Diopatra chiliensis Postsetal lobes single in all setigers 6 6. Anterior hooded hooks tridentate Diopatra denticulate Anterior hooded hooks bidentate 7 7. Subdistal tooth of hooded hooks at right angles to the shaft of the setae Diopatra ornata Subdistal tooth of hooded hooks oblique to the shaft of the setae Diopatra cuprea Americonuphis reesei Fauchald, 1973 MATERIAL EXAMINED.?Balboa, rocks and rock- pools at low tide (&).Americonuphis reesei Fauchald, 1973:22-23, fig. 3a-e. r w Onuphis magna.?Monro. I933a:76 [not Andrews, 1891]. REMARKS.?The present specimens are as de- 36 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY scribed by Fauchald (1973); the maximal number of branchial filaments is six or seven in all speci- mens rather than the 12 found in Americonuphis magna. Americonuphis reesei is known from intertidal and shallow-water sandy and muddy areas in the Gulf of Panama. Diopatra chiliensis Quatrefages, 1865 FIGURE 9a-c Diopatra chiliensis Quatrefages, 1865:342-344.?Monro, 1933a: 72-73, fig. 30. MATERIAL EXAMINED.?Balboa, rock and rock- pools at low tide (8); Coiba Island, in sand at low tide, fine seagrass and dead coral embedded in the sand (2); both coll. Crossland. REMARKS.?I follow Hartman (1944b: 60-61) and consider D. chiliensis sensu Ehlers (1901:123-125, pi. 15: figs. 1-12) as a synonym of D. obliqua Hartman and consider D. chiliensis sensu Monro as the valid concept of Quatrefages's species. The presetal lobe of the first setiger (Figure 9a) is a transverse fold with a deeply incised, flattened distal lobe; the two postsetal lobes are digitate. The hooded hooks of the anterior setigers are bidentate; a few are about three times larger than the others (Figure 9b-c). Diopatra chiliensis is known from the south- eastern Pacific Ocean. Diopatra cuprea (Bosc, 1802) Nereis cuprea Bosc, 1802:142. Diopatra cuprea (Bosc).?Monro, 1933a:71-72. fig. 29.? Hartman, 1944b:54-55, pi. 1: figs. 9-14. MATERIAL EXAMINED.?Col6n, trawling in Limon Bay, 5 fm, thin mud (1), coll. Crossland. REMARKS.?Diopatra cuprea and D. ornata can be separated only with difficulty. The two species, however, can be consistently separated as suggested in the key and in the following characters: the teeth in the hooded hooks are less curved in D. cuprea than in D. ornata, the papillation of the tentacular styles is different and the presetal lobe in anterior setigers is more oblique in D. cuprea than in D. ornata. The separation is sufficiently difficult, so it should not be undertaken except with the aid of comparative material. Diopatra cuprea is found in the western Atlantic Ocean from Massachusetts to Brazil; it has never been reported from the eastern Pacific Ocean. Diopatra denticulata Fauchald, 1968 Diopatra denticulata Fauchald, 1968:5-7, pi. la-g. Diopatra dentata.?Monro, 1933a:73-76, fig. 31 [in part, not Kinberg, 1865]. MATERIAL EXAMINED.?Gorgona Island, dredging, 20 fm (2), and dredging 30 fm, mud, sand and shell fragments (5); both collected by Crossland. REMARKS.?Diopatra dentata sensu Monro con- sists of two species, D. denticulata and D. ornata. The present specimens have tridentate anterior hooded hooks and fit very well with D. denticulata in the details of the presetal lobes in anterior seg- ments. Diopatra dentata Kinberg (1865) has biden- tate anterior hooded hooks (Hartman, 1948:86-87, pi. 12: figs. 1-7). Diopatra denticulata was described from western Mexico; the present records extend its distribution to the Gulf of Panama. Diopatra ornata Moore, 1911 Diopatra ornata Moore, 1911:273-277, pi. 18: figs. 77-85.? Hartman. 1944b:55-56, pi. 1: figs. 15-20.?Fauchald, 1968:10-11, pi. 2: fig. c. Diopatra dentata.?Monro, 1933a:73-76, fig. 31 [in part, not Kinberg, 1865]. MATERIAL EXAMINED.?Perlas Islands, St. Elmo Bay, dredging and trawling on east side of bay, 6-9 fm, sand and shell (10), coll. Crossland. REMARKS.?The separation between D. cuprea and D. ornata has been indicated above. Monro (1933a:73) thought Moore's species was identical with D. dentata from Australia. Hartman (1948:87) indicated that the two species differed in the distri- bution of the subacicular hooks, first present from setiger 15 in D. dentata and from setiger 30 in D. ornata and in the maxillary formula. The maxil- lary formula for D. ornata is left: 1-8-7-5 and right 1-10-7-1; for D. dentata, the formula is 1-9-12-0 and 1-8-9-6; maxilla iv on the left side is an oval piece without any distinct point. This difference is sufficiently large so the two species are considered distinct here. Diopatra ornata is known from the eastern Pacific Ocean from Vancouver to Panama. NUMBER 221 37 Nothria gorgonensis (Monro, 1933) Onuphis gorgonensis Monro, 1933a:80-82, fig. 34. Nothria gorgonensis (Monro).?Hartman, 1944b:83. MATERIAL EXAMINED.?Gorgona Island, fine sand and shell, 20 fm (1, holotype, BMNH), coll. Crossland. REMARKS.?The species is as described by Monro. The secondary and tertiary teeth in the hooded hooks are slightly narrower than as illustrated. Nothria gorgonensis is known only through the original record. Onuphis nebulosa Moore, 1911 Onuphis nebulosa Moore, 1911:269-273, pi. 17: figs. 58-68.? Monro, 1933a:76-78, fig. 32.?Hartman, 1968:699-700, 7 figs, [unnumbered].?Fauchald, 1968:36. MATERIAL EXAMINED.?Perlas Islands, St. Elmo Bay, dredging and trawling on east side of the bay, 6-9 fm, shells and sand (15), coll. Crossland. REMARKS.?Onuphis nebulosa has large, pseudo- composite or simple hooded hooks in anterior setigers; each hook has the teeth characteristically strongly curved. Composite spinigers are present in a number of setigers, usually most easily seen in setigers 5-15. Onuphis nebulosa is found in the eastern Pacific Ocean from California to Panama. Onuphis vennillionensis Fauchald, 1968 Onuphis vermillionensis Fauchald, 1968:41-42, pi. 11. MATERIAL EXAMINED.?Galeta Reef, Thalassia Zone (5). REMARKS.?Onuphis vermillionensis has bran- chiae present from setigers 7 or 8; the first 9 or 10 setigers have cirrifonn ventral cirri. All anterior hooded hooks are tridentate and large; simple tri- dentate hooks are present in 10 or 11 setigers. Com- posite spinigers are absent. Subacicular hooks are first present from setiger 12. Onuphis vermillionensis was originally described from Golfo de California; the present records are from the western Atlantic Ocean in very shallow water. Family EUNICIDAE Key to the Species from Panama 1. Prostomium with a single occipital tentacle Nematonereis unicomis Prostomium with at least 3 occipital tentacles 2 2. Prostomium with 3 occipital tentacles Lysidice ninetta 3. Prostomium with 5 occipital tentacles 6. 8. 9. 10. 11 Peristomial drri absent 4 Peristomial cirri present 5 4. All composite setae spinigers Marphysa sanguinea All composite setae falcigers Marphysa amadae, new species 5. Subacicular hooks absent Palola siciliewis Subacicular hooks present 6 Subacicular hooks and acicula dark or black 7 Subacicular hooks and acicula light yellow 12 7. Branchiae absent, or if present, as single filaments only Eunice (Nicidion) cariboea Branchiae present, with at least 2 filaments in part of the body 8 Branchiae first present after setiger 10 9 Branchiae first present before setiger 10 10 Branchiae first present from setigers 18-21; subacicular hooks first present from setigers 35-42 Eunice afra Branchiae first present from setigers 21-26; subacicular hooks first present from setigers 19-26 Eunice filamentosa Occipital tentacles distinctly articulated; composite hooded hooks with rudimentary sub- distal teeth Eunice reducta Occipital tentacles smooth or wrinkled; composite hooded hooks with subdistal teeth well developed 11 Occipital tentacles twice as long as the prostomium; branchiae erect Eunice aphrodiuris Occipital tentacles barely as long as the prostomium; branchiae flaccid Eunice mutilata SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY 12. Subadcular hooks bidentate 13 Subacicular hooks tridentate 14 13. Occipital tentacles with moniliform articles; maximal number of branchial filaments 10 ... Eunice biannUlata Occipital tentacles with cylindrical articles; maximal number of branchial filaments 15 Eunice websteri 14. Occipital tentacles with cylindrical articles; branchiae present from setiger 3 Eunice vittatopsis Occipital tentacles with moniliform articles; branchiae present from setiger 4 to 6 15 15. Branchiae in far posterior setigers single filaments Eunice antennata aedificatrix Branchiae in far posterior setigers with 3 to 5 filaments Eunice antennata, sensu stricto Eunice afra Peters, 1854 Eunice afra Peters, 1854:611.?Hartman, 1944b: 110-111. pi. 6: figs. 135-139.?Fauchald, 1970:16-18, pi. 1: figs. h-i. MATERIAL EXAMINED.?Galeta Reef, Coralline Zone (3); Galeta Reef, Laurencia Zone (21); Galeta Reef, Thalassia Zone (12). REMARKS.?The present specimens agree with 'specimens reported from western Mexico by Fauchald (1970). Branchiae are present from setigers 18-21; 30 of 36 specimens had the first branchiae either on setiger 19 or 20. Subacicular hooks are present from setigers 29-38 in the present material. The number of branchial filaments varies between two and three in the present material. Eunice afra reported from Panama by Monro (1933a:66-67) is E. mutilata as indicated by Hartman (1944b). Eunice afra is known from circumtropical areas; it appears to be rather variable, as indicated by Fauchald (1970). Eunice antennata (Savigny, 1818) Leodice antennata Savigny, 1818:322. Eunice antennata (Savigny).?Monro, 1833a:59-60.?Fauchald, 1970:20-22. pi. la-c. MATERIAL EXAMINED.?Coldn, from rotten wood from deck of wreck in Limon Bay (2); Gorgona Island, from coral (5); Taboga Island, from floats of the stage at the end of the hotel pier (1); all coll. Crossland. REMARKS.?Eunice antennata, sensu stricto, has branchiae from setigers 4-6 with maximally 10 branchial filaments and the branchiae in the pos- terior end have from three to five filaments. Yellow, tridentate subacicular hooks are present from seti- gers 15-25 in most normal-sized specimens; in really large specimens they may be first present from setigers 26-28, but this appearance is rare. Eunice antennata is very widespread, possibly circumtropical, but some discrepancies in the de- scriptions from different areas make it difficult to assess the total distribution of the species. Eunice antennata aedificatrix Monro, 1933 Eunice antennata aedificatrix Monro, 1933a:60-61.?Fauchald, 1970:22-23. MATERIAL EXAMINED.?Galeta Reef, Coralline Zone (2); Galeta Reef, Laurencia Zone (1); Galeta Reef, Zoanthus Zone (1). Balboa, rock and rock- pools at low tide (3), from scrapings off buoy at canal entrance (3) and from piles of quays (7); Colon, scrapings off piles of quays (2); coll. Crossland (types not designated). REMARKS.?The material from Balboa represents the syntype material of this subspecies. The sub- species is characterized by having simple, rather than pectinate, branchiae in the posterior end. The present specimens have subacicular hooks first present from setigers 21-34, well within the range suggested by Fauchald (1970). Eunice antennata aedificatrix is known from intertidal areas at or near Balboa and in western Mexico; the present records also include areas in the western Atlantic Ocean near Panama. Eunice aphroditois (Pallas, 1788) Nereis aphroditois Pallas, 1788:229. Eunice aphroditois (Pallas).?Monro, 1933a:58-59.?Hartman, 1944b:109-l 10.?Fauchald, 1970:24-25, pi. 3a.b. MATERIAL EXAMINED.?Galeta Reef, Coralline Zone (1); Galeta Reef, Laurencia Zone (1). Taboga Island, from floats at the stage at the end of the hotel pier (2), coll. Crossland. REMARKS.?Eunice aphroditois has strongly NUMBER 221 39 branched branchiae present from setigers 5-7. The subacicular hooks are present from setigers 15-54; the first occurrence is strongly dependent on the size of the specimen. The species is considered circumtropical and has previously been reported from both sides of the Isthmus of Panama. Eunice biannulata Moore, 1904 Eunice biannulata Moore, 1904:487-490, pi. 37: figs. 10-18, pi. 38, fig. 42.?Fauchald, 1969:2-4. fig. 1; 1970:25-26. Eunice longicirrata.?Monro, 1933a:61-62 [not Webster, 1884 ? Eunice webstert]. MATERIAL EXAMINED.?Gorgona Island, from coral (4), coll. Crossland. REMARKS.?The present specimens have the moniliform articles of the antennae and the low number of branchial filaments characteristic of this species. It has been found only in the eastern Pacific Ocean from southern California to Panama. Eunice filamentosa Grube, 1856 Eunice filamentosa Grube, 1856:56.?Monro, 1933a:65-66, fig. 27.?Hartman, 1944b:107. pi. 6: figs. 123-126.?Fauchald, 1970:31-33, pi. 3c-g. MATERIAL EXAMINED.?Galeta Reef, Laurencia Zone (3); Gorgona Island, at low tide (2); coll. Crossland. REMARKS.?The present specimens are well within the established limits of variation in terms of the origin of the branchiae and the subacicular hooks. The first branchiae are present on setigers 24-34, and the subacicular hooks from setiger 18 appear in all five specimens. Eunice filamentosa is further characterized by the strongly hammer- headed acicula in posterior setigers and strongly beaked, bidentate, dark, subacicular hooks. Eunice filamentosa was described from tropical west Atlantic areas and is also common in the eastern Pacific Ocean. Eunice mutilata Webster, 1884 Eunice mutilata Webster, 1884:315-316. pi. 9: figs. 36, 36a-d- 40.?Hartman, 1944b: 113-114, pi. 6: figs. 140-141.? Fauchald, 1970:37-38, pi. Sj-k. Eunice afra.?Monro, 1933a:66-67 [not Peters, 1854]. MATERIAL EXAMINED.?Taboga Island, from floats at the end of the hotel pier (5), coll. Crossland. REMARKS.?Hartman (1944b: 113), pointed out that the specimens reported by Monro (1933a) from Panama, should belong to this species rather than to E. afra. I concur after having reexamined the material. Both species are known from the area and can be separated as indicated in the key. Eunice mutilata is common in warm waters on both sides of the Americas. Eunice (Nicidion) cariboea Grube, 1856 FIGURE 10 Eunice cariboea Grube, 1856:57.?Monro, 1933a:63. Eunice (Nicidion) cariboea Grube.?Hartman, 1944b: 123-124, pi. 7: figs. 157-163; pi. 8: fig. 178.?Fauchald, 1970:38-39. Eunice cariboea var. kinbergii.?Monro, 1933a:63. MATERIAL EXAMINED.?Galeta Reef, Acantho- phora Zone (5); Galeta Reef, Coralline Zone (2); Galeta Reef, Laurencia Zone (261); Galeta Reef, Thalassia Zone (1). Coldn (16); Coldn, coral flat at southwest corner of Lim6n Bay (6); Coiba Island, dredging off the convict settlement, 5 fm, smooth bottom with branched Lithothamnion (6); Taboga, n ? 18 88 85 28 31 FIRST SUBACICULAR HOOKS ON SETIGEB NUMBER FIGURE 10.?Distribution of the first occurrence of sub- acicular hooks in Eunice (Nicidion) cariboea Grube from Panama. 40 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY at low tide, obtained by breaking up beach sand- stone (1); coll. Crossland. REMARKS.?Eunice cariboea is here taken to include E. kinbergi as discussed by Fauchald (1970). All the more than 265 specimens in the newly identified material lack branchiae. The distribu- tion of the subacicular hooks is similar to the distribution in specimens from western Mexico. Figure 10 shows the distribution in specimens in which this feature could be determined; some specimens were too incomplete to be included in the survey. The shape of the eyes varies with the first start of the subacicular hooks as indicated by Fauchald (1970). Eunice (N.) cariboea is known from both sides of tropical America. Eunice reducta Fauchald, 1970 Eunice reducta Fauchald, 1970:39-43, pi. 5a-i. Eunice tridentata.?Monro, 1933a:63-65, fig. 26 [not Ehlers, 1905]. MATERIAL EXAMINED.?Coiba Island, dredging off the convict settlement in 9 fm (3), coll. Crossland. REMARKS.?Eunice reducta has reduced subdistal teeth in the composite hooded hooks, distinctly articulated occipital antennae, and branchiae first present from setiger 4 and limited to approximately one-half of the body. The bidentate subacicular hooks are black. The relationship between E. tridentata Ehlers from New Zealand and the present species was discussed by Fauchald (1970). Eunice reducta is known from the eastern Pacific Ocean between Ecuador and western Mexico. Eunice vittatopsis Fauchald, 1970 Eunice vittatopsis Fauchald, 1970:50-52, pi. 7a-d. Eunice vittata.?Monro, 1933a:61 [not delle Chiaje, 1828]. MATERIAL EXAMINED.?Coiba Island, off a whale's vertebra fished up from 20 fm (3), coll. Crossland. REMARKS.?These specimens belong to E. vitta- topsis in that they have short, distally rounded hooks on the composite hooded hooks. Subacicular hooks are present from approximately setiger 30, and 35 to 40 pairs of branchiae are present. Eunice vittatopsis was originally described from Golfo de California; the present record is from the Gulf of Panama. Eunice websteri Fauchald, 1969 Eunice websteri Fauchald, 1969:12-14, fig. 6. MATERIAL EXAMINED.?Galeta Reef, Coralline Zone (2). REMARKS.?These two specimens agree with E. longicirrata as described by Webster (1884); the name has had to be replaced since it was pre- occupied in the combination E. longicirrata (Kinberg, 1865) which is considered a synonym of E. (2V.) cariboea. The species concepts in this group of the genus are still somewhat confused. Eunice websteri has been reported from Brazil by Nonato and Luna (1970:80-81, figs. 80-81); their description indicates that the first branchiae should be present on setigers 4 or 5 with a maximal number of 10 branchial filaments. The type of E. websteri has branchiae from setiger 3 and a maximum of 15 branchial filaments. Subacicular hooks are present from setiger 31 in the type; Nonato and Luna (1970) reported sub- acicular hooks present from setiger 20 in their material. These differences may indicate that still more species are presently involved in the concept of E. websteri. Eunice websteri is known from Bermuda and is probably rather widely distributed in the western Atlantic Ocean in tropical waters. Eunice species indeterminate MATERIAL EXAMINED.?Galeta Reef, Coralline Zone; Galeta Reef, Laurencia Zone; Galeta Reef, Thalassia Zone; Paitilla Beach, Hydroid Zone. Coiba Island, dredging off the convict settlement in 5 fm, smooth bottom with branched Lithotham- nion (1), coll. Crossland. REMARKS.?These posterior ends, median frag- ments, and poorly preserved specimens cannot be further identified. Lysidice ninetta Audouin and Milne Edwards, 1833 Lysidice ninetta Audouin and Milne Edwards, 1833:235, pi. 12: figs. 1-8.?Monro, 1933a:7O-71.?Hartman, 1944b:125.? Fauchald, 1970:52-53. Lysidice collaris Grube, 1870:495-496.?Monro, 1933a:69-70. MATERIAL EXAMINED.?Paitilla Beach, Hydroid NUMBER 221 41 Zone (4); Paitilla Beach, Tetraclita Zone (3). Balboa, rocks and rock-pools at low tide (3); Coiba Island, dredging off the convict settlement in 5 fm, smooth bottom with branched Lithothamnion (6) and in sand at low water (1); Gorgona Island, in coral (2); Taboga Island, at low tide, obtained by breaking up beach sandstone (5) and from floats at the end of the hotel pier (1); all coll. Crossland. REMARKS.?Subacicular hooks are present from setigers 15-19 in the present material, well within the range established for the species from western Mexico (Fauchald, 1970). All present specimens are from the Pacific side of Panama, but the species is well known also from the western Atlantic; it appears to be circumtropical in dispersal. Marphysa amadae, new species FIGURE 11 MATERIAL EXAMINED.?Galeta Reef, Thalassia Zone (2, holotype, USNM 53094). DESCRIPTION.?Both specimens are posteriorly incomplete. The holotype, 34 mm long and 3 mm wide, has 139 setigers. Preserved in alcohol, both specimens are ivory-colored without color patterns. The prostomium (Figure 1 la) is anteriorly deeply bifid. The five occipital tentacles are smooth and barely reach beyond the tip of the prostomium. The ceratophores are short and wide. The first peristomial segment is twice as long as the second one, which is similar in length to the first setiger. Prebranchial parapodia (Figure 116) are all similar. Each has a rounded adcular lobe, a low transverse presetal lobe, and a high, evenly rounded postsetal lobe. The parapodial lobes are best developed in anterior setigers. The digitate dorsal and ventral cirri are similar in length. The dorsal cirrus becomes shorter in late prebranchial seg- ments, and the ventral cirrus is indistinct from late prebranchial segments to the ends of the two fragments. Branchial parapodia (Figure lie) are similar; each has barely distinct, elongated transverse pre- and postsetal lobes. The acicular lobe is gently pointed, depending in part on the degree of pro- trusion of the acicula. The short dorsal cirri are digitate; the ventral cirri are represented by blunt projections. Branchiae are present from setiger 54 in the holotype and from setiger 47 in the paratype; the first branchiae are all simple, but some branchiae are bifid from approximately setiger 100. The maximal number of branchial filaments is two. Anterior setigers have three black, distally pointed acicula. The number of acicula is reduced in late prebranchial setigers, and the branchial setigers have only one aciculum each. Subacicular hooks FIGURE 11.?Marphysa amadae, new species: a, anterior end, dorsal view, X 25; b, anterior parapodium, anterior view, X 61; c, posterior parapodium, anterior view, X 61; d, bi- dentate composite hook, anterior setiger, X 950; e-g, append- ages of composite hooks of postadcular fascicles, median setiger, X 950. 42 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY are present from setigers 54 in the holotype and from setiger 45 in the paratype. Each is black and distally bifid with the proximal tooth at least twice as thick as the distal one. Composite falcigerous hooded hooks are present in dense preacicular fascicles in prebranchial parapodia. The appendages are of several different kinds. Most setae have short, distally bifid appendages (Figure lid), but in post- acicular fascicles are found setae with long, slender appendages; each of these appendages (Figure 1 le-g) is distally, evenly bifid, or the proximal tooth may be reduced to a varying degree so that the appendage may appear distally simple. Other setae in postacicular fascicles include two different kinds of limbate simple setae; these are present in all setigers. The one kind is long and slender, and the other is short and comparatively wide. Marphysa amadae belongs to the group of Marphysa that have only composite falcigers and branchiae present over a long region of the body (Group C2 according to Fauchald, 1970:210). It differs from all other species in this group in having small fascicles of composite postacicular setae in which the distal end of each appendage is prolonged and modified. All other species in this group have normal bidentate composite setae. Marphysa amadae is named for Dr. Amada A. Reimers, Pennsylvania State University, who col- lected most of the new material identified in this study. Marphysa sanguinea (Montagu, 1815) Marphysa sanguinea Montagu, 1815:20-21, pi. S: fig. 1.? Fauchald, 1970:64-66. Marphysa sanguinea var. americana Monro, I933a:68-69, fig. 28. MATERIAL EXAMINED.?Balboa, shore pools at low tide (1, holotype of var. americana, BMNH), coll. Crossland. REMARKS.?As indicated by Fauchald (1970:65), it is not possible to separate the variety described by Monro from the main form. The species is highly variable, but can be characterized in relation to other forms in the area as having exclusively composite spinigers and branchiae present over a long region of the body. The stem of the branchiae is very short, and the branchiae appear palmately arranged rather than pectinate in most specimens. Subacicular hooks may be absent completely. Marphysa sanguinea is circumtropical as far as is known. Marphysa species indeterminate MATERIAL EXAMINED.?Galeta Reef, Laurencia Zone (1). REMARKS.?This specimen cannot be completely identified since it is incomplete posteriorly. The composite falcigers have short, bidentate appendages in all setigers present; branchiae are present from setiger 10. Nematonereis unicornis (Grube, 1840) Lumbriconereis unicornis Grube, 1840:80. Nematonereis unicornis (Grube).?Fauvel, 1923:412-413, fig. 162h-n. MATERIAL EXAMINED.?Galeta Reef, Laurencia Zone (1). REMARKS.?Nematonereis unicornis differs sharply from all other eunicids found in the present material in that it has only a single median antenna. The species is small and easily overlooked, or the specimens are assumed to be juveniles of larger species of the family. Nematonereis unicornis is probably circumtro- pical but is poorly known for reasons indicated above. Palola siciliensis (Grube, 1840) Eunice siciliensis Grube, 1840:83.?Monro, 1933a:62. Palola siciliensis (Grube).?Hartman, 1944b: 131.?Fauchald, 1970:68-69. Nicidion edentulum Ehlers, 1901:130-131, pi. 16: fig. 11-16. Eunice siciliensis var. edentulum.?Monro, 1933a:62-63. MATERIAL EXAMINED.?Galeta Reef, Acantho- phora Zone (4), Galeta Reef, Coralline Zone (12); Galeta Reef, Laurencia Zone (14); Galeta Reef, Thalassia Zone (2); Paitilla Beach, Hydroid Zone (3); Paitilla Beach, Tetraclita Zone (1). Coiba Island, dredging off convict settlement, smooth bottom with branched Lithothamnion, 5 fm (5), and in 9 fm same location (1); Col6n, coral flat at southwest corner of Lim6n Bay (1); Gorgona Island, from coral (2); Taboga Island, shore (1), and obtained by breaking up beach sandstone (1); all coll. Crossland. REMARKS.?Most of the specimens are small, but NUMBER 221 43 individuals from all environments are sexually mature or nearly so. All specimens that could be examined in detail were studied for the structure of the right second maxilla. All specimens had two distinct teeth and the third denticle, characteristic of P. paloloides (Moore) (Fauchald, 1970:67-68), was absent. Palola siciliensis is circumtropical. Palola species indeterminate MATERIAL EXAMINED.?Galeta Reef, Coralline Zone, Galeta Reef, Laurencia Zone; Galeta Reef, Zoanthus Zone; Paitilla Beach, Hydroid Zone. REMARKS.?These posterior ends and median fragments cannot be further identified. Family LUMBRINERIDAE Key to the Species from Panama 1. Branched branchiae present on some anterior setigers Ninoe chilensis Branchiae absent 2 2. All hooded hooks simple S Anterior hooded hooks composite 4 3. Hooded hooks first present from setigers 21-45 Lumbrkierit erecta Hooded hooks present for the first setigers Lumbrineris tetrama 4. Parapodial lobes no longer in posterior than in anterior setigers Lumbrineris latreiUi At least postsetal lobes prolonged in posterior setigers 5 5. Both pre- and postsetal lobes prolonged in posterior setigers Lumbrineris cruzensis} Only postsetal lobes prolonged Liumbrineris inflate Lumbrineris cruzensis? Hartraan, 1944 MATERIAL EXAMINED.?Balboa, rocks and rock- . . . . ? l f t . . . . . . , ? , 1O -. pools at low tide (1), coll. Crossland. Lumbrmerts cruzensis Hartman, 1944b: 165-166, pi. 12: figs. ~ _ \'. , , 263-269.-Fauchald. 1970:83-84. pi. I2:g-j. REMARKS.?Lumbrineris erecta has long postsetal Lumbrineris sphaerocephala.?Uomo. 1933a:86 [not Schmar- lobes in all setigers, but they are distinctly pro- da, 1861, nor Ehlers, 1905:33]. longed in the posterior parapodia. Lumbrineris Lumbrineris latreiUi.?Monm. 1933a:84-85 [in part, not Au- heteropoda, o n the Other hand, has long postsetal douin and Milne Edwards. 1834]. l o b e s ^ a n t e r i o r ^ p ^ ^ parapodia, but they MATERIAL EXAMINED.?Gorgona Island, dredging are reduced to short blunt projections in median 30 fm, muddy sand and shell fragments (1); Gorgona setigers. Island, dredging 20 fm, fine sand and shell (1); coll. Lumbrineris erecta is found from southern Crossland. California to Panama in very shallow water or in REMARKS.?Both specimens have the distinct the intertidal; it has not been reported from the rounded prostomium and prolonged pre- and Atlantic Ocean, postsetal lobes characteristic of L. cruzensis. The jaw apparatus is missing in both, so the identifica- tion must be considered somewhat questionable. Lumbrineris inflate Moore, 1911 Neither of the two species to which these specimens . . . . . - . . , ,?,, ?? ? , , , . ^ , tna . . . . . , , , , . Lumbrtnens inflate Moore, 1911:289-291, pi. 19, 20: figs. 128- onginally were assigned have prolonged posterior i34.-Hartman, i944b:l60-i6l.-Fauchald, 1970:89-91. pL parapodial lobes. I4a-d. Lumbrineris cruzensis is known from the eastern Pacific Ocean and has been reported more widely MATERIAL EXAMINED.?Galeta Reef, Laurencia from other parts of the Americas. Zone (1); Paitilla Beach, Hyroid Zone (3). REMARKS.?The maxillary formula is the same in Lumbrineris erecta (Moore, 1904) the present specimens as in those reported by Fauchald (1970) from western Mexico, in that each LumbriconereU^ecta Moore. 1904:490-492. pi. 37: figs. 19-22. m a x i U a ? , h a s t b n t Q r i(jm t e e t h a n d e a c h ^ ^ Lumbrineris'