LEONARD P. SCHULT The Taxonomic Status
of the Controversial
Genera and Species
Wof Parrotfishes
with a Descriptive List
Family Scaridae)
SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY ? 1969 NUMBER 17
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SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO
ZOOLOGY
NUMBER 17
Leonard P. Schuitz T h e T a x o n o m i c Status
of the Controversial
Genera and Species
of Parrotfishes
with a Descriptive List
(Family Scaridae)
SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION PRESS
CITY OF WASHINGTON
1969
ABSTRACT
Schultz, Leonard P. The Taxonomic Status of the Controversial Genera and Species
of Parrotfishes with a Descriptive List (Family Scaridae). Smithsonian Contributions
to Zoology, 17:1-49, 2 figures, 8 color plates. 1969.?This, the second major paper
on scarid fishes by the author, discusses several difficult-to-identify species and brings
together under one taxon certain males and females, previously thought to represent
two or more species. Taxonomically controversial genera and species in the late Dr.
J. L. B. Smith's two major papers (1956, 1958) on parrotfishes are correlated with
conclusions reached in this report.
Included is a current descriptive list (with 38 color illustrations) of 11 genera, 5
subgenera, 68 species, and 5 subspecies. Important taxonomic changes: Scarus fehl-
manni, new species from the Red Sea, is placed in the subgenus Xenoscarops Schultz
along with Scarus perrico (Jordan and Gilbert). The genus Scarus Forskal is divided
into three subgenera: Scarus Forskal, Xenoscarops Schultz, and Callyodon Scopoli.
Sparisoma Swainson is divided into two subgenera: Callyodontichthys Bleeker and
Sparisoma Swainson. Scarops Schultz is monotypic. Pseudoscarus jordani Jenkins,
Callyodon africanus Smith, and Scarus paluca Gosline and Brock are synonyms of
Scarops rubroviolaceous (Bleeker). Bolbometopon Smith, with Cetoscarus Smith as a
synonym, has two species: JB. muricatus Cuvier and Valenciennes and B. bicolor (Rtip-
pell). Scarus pulchellus Riippell is the adult female of B. bicolor. Ypsiscarus Schultz
has two species, Y. ovifrons (Temminck and Schlegel) and Y. oedema Snyder. Scarus
harid Forskal has three subspecies: hand Forskal, longiceps Cuvier and Valenciennes,
and vexillus (Smith). Hipposcarus schultzi Smith is a synonym of S. h. longiceps.
Scarus microrhinos Bleeker and S. strongylocephalus Bleeker are synonyms of S. gibbus
Ruppell.
Neotypes were established for Scarus psittacus Forskal, Scarus forsteri Cuvier and
Valenciennes, and S. sordidus Forskal. A lectotype was selected for Scarus quoyi Cuvier
and Valenciennes. Also lectotypes were selected for Scarus baliensis Bleeker, S. batav-
iensis Bleeker, S. quoyi Cuvier and Valenciennes.
Official publication date is handstamped in a limited number of initial copies and is recorded in
the Institution's annual report, Smithsonian Year.
UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE
WASHINGTON : 1969
For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office
Washington, D.C. 20402 - Price $1.25 (paper cover)
Contents
Page
Introduction 1
Family SCARIDAE 2
Subfamily SCARINAE 2
Genus Scarops Schultz 2
Species S. rubroviolaceus (Bleeker) 2
Genus Bolbometopon Smith 3
Species B. muricatus (Cuvier and Valenciennes) 3
Species B. bicolor (Riippell) 4
Genus Ypsiscarus Schultz 4
Species Y. ovifrons (Temminck and Schlegel) 4
Species Y. oedema (Snyder) 5
Genus Scarus Forskal 5
Subgenus Scarus Forskal 5
Species S. hand Forskal 5
Subspecies S. h. harid Forskal 9
Subspecies S. h. vexillus (Smith) 9
Subspecies S. h. longiceps Cuvier and Valenciennes 10
Species S. gibbus Riippell 10
Species S. javanicus Bleeker 13
Species S. flavipectoralis Schultz 13
Species S. dubius Bennett 14
Species S. lunula (Snyder) 14
Species S.formosus Cuvier and Valenciennes 14
Species S. lauia Jordan and Evermann 15
Species S. perspicillatus Steindachner 15
Species S. venosus Cuvier and Valenciennes 15
Species S. taeniurus Cuvier and Valenciennes 15
Species S.forsteri Cuvier and Valenciennes 17
Species S. enneacanthus Lacepede 18
Species S. rhoduropterus (Bleeker) 18
Species S. sordidus Forskal 19
Species S. troscheli Bleeker 21
Species S. bowersi (Snyder) 22
Species S. jonesi (Streets) 22
Species S. capistratoides Bleeker 22
Subgenus Xenoscarops Schultz 23
Species S. perrico (Jordan and Gilbert) 23
Species S. fehlmanni, new species 24
Subgenus Callyodon Scopoli 24
Species S. dimidiatus Bleeker 24
Species S. globiceps Cuvier and Valenciennes 25
Species S. chlorodon Jenyns 26
Species S. rubrqfasciatus (Smith) 26
IV
Family SCARIDAE?Continued
Subfamily SCARINAE?Continued
Genus Scarus Forskal?Continued
Subgenus Callyodon Scopoli?Continued p<*g'
Species S. caudofasciatus (Gunther) 27
Species S. lepidus Jenyns 27
Species S.fasciatus Cuvier and Valenciennes 27
Species S. frenatus L&cepkde 27
Species S. janthochir Bleeker 28
Species S. ghobban Forskal 29
Species S. marshalli Schultz 30
Species 5". compressus (Osburn and Nichols) 30
Species S. scaber Cuvier and Valenciennes 30
Species S. oviceps Cuvier and Valenciennes 31
Species S. niger Forskal 31
Species S. cyanognathus Bleeker 32
Species S. madagascariensis (Steindachner) 32
Species S. mus (Smith) 32
Species S. blochi Cuvier and Valenciennes 33
Species S. aeruginosus Cuvier and Valenciennes 33
Species S. croicensis Bloch 34
Species S. taeniopterus Desmarest 34
Species S. guacamaia Cuvier 34
Species S1. vetula Bloch and Schneider 35
Species S. coelestinus Cuvier and Valenciennes 35
Species S. coeruleus Bloch 35
Species S. hoefleri (Steindachner) 35
Subfamily SPARISOMATINAE 36
Genus Scaridea Jenkins 36
Species S. zonarcha Jenkins 36
Genus Sparisoma Swainson 36
Subgenus Callyodontichthys Bleeker 36
Species S. radians (Cuvier and Valenciennes) 36
Species S. atomarium (Poey) 36
Subgenus Sparisoma Swainson 36
Species S. axillare (Steindachner) 36
Species S. chrysopterum (Bloch and Schneider) 37
Species 5". viride (Bonnaterre) 37
Species S. aurqfrenatum (Cuvier and Valenciennes) 38
Genus Calotomus Gilbert 38
Species C. spinidens (Quoy and Gaimard) 38
Species C.japonicus (Cuvier and Valenciennes) 38
Genus Leptoscarus Swainson 39
Species L. vaigiensis (Quoy and Gaimard) 39
Genus Cryptotomus Cope 40
Species C. roseus Cope 40
Genus Nickolsina Fowler 40
Subspecies N. u. ustus (Cuvier and Valenciennes) 40
Subspecies N. u. collettei Schultz 40
Species N. denticulatus (Evermann and Radcliffe) 40
Family SCARIDAE?Continued
Subfamily SPARISOMATINAE?Continued Page
Genus Euscarus Jordan and Evermann 41
Species E. cretensis (Linnaeus) 41
Species E. strigatus (Giinther) 41
Literature Cited 41
Plates facing page 50

Leonard P. Schultz The Taxonomic Status
of the Controversial
Genera and Species
of Parrotfishes
with a Descriptive List
(Family Scaridae)
Introduction
One of the most perplexing problems in parrotfish
taxonomy is the identification of species described by
early authors; for example, Forskal (1775), Bloch
(1786-1791), Ruppell (1828, 1835), and Cuvier and
Valenciennes (1839). Most of the earlier descriptions
lack details of color pattern and diagnostic anatomical
features at the generic and specific levels. In addition,
some types still in museums have lost most of their
essential characteristics of color pattern or are other-
wise so poorly preserved that verification of their iden-
tity is rendered doubtful. Certain species illustrated
by published color plates are inaccurate and do not
show the important details of the species they were
intended to represent; nevertheless, the identification
of taxonomically important type-species and holotypes
should be given careful consideration before they are
rejected as unidentifiable.
The purposes of this study are: (1) to present in-
formation on certain difficult-to-identify species, (2)
to correlate Dr. J. L. B. Smith's (1956, 1959) con-
clusions with those of Schultz (1958) concerning taxo-
nomically controversial genera and species, and (3) to
give a descriptive list of genera and species currently
recognized.
Schultz (1958, pp. 11-12) listed 34 nominal species
that he considered unidentifiable, among which
the following have since been identified:
Leonard P. Schultz, Department of Vertebrate Zoology,
Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C. 20560.
Scarus enneacanthus Cuvier and Valenciennes is a valid
species; Scarus flavescens Bloch and Schneider and Callyodon
flavescens Cuvier and Valenciennes (erroneously listed as
Scarus flavescens) are synonyms of Sparisoma chrypsopterum;
Scarus nigricans Cuvier and Valenciennes was misspelled "ni-
grans"; Scarus prasiognathos Cuvier and Valenciennes is a
synonym of S. aeruginosus Cuvier and Valenciennes; Scarus
quadrispinosus Cuvier and Valenciennes is a synonym of S.
vetula; Scarus sexvittatus Ruppell is a synonym of S. frenatus;
Scarus toshi Whitley is a synonym of S. harid longiceps.
Since 1958 the following nominal species have been
found that were not included in Schultz (1958) and
are now considered unidentifiable:
Pseudoscarus dumerilli Castelnau, 1875 (p. 41)
P. flavipinnis De Vis, 1885 (p. 886)
P. flavolineatus Alleyne and Macleay, 1877 (p. 346)
P. fuscus De Vis, 1885 (p. 887)
P. modestus Castelnau, 1875 (p. 41)
P. nudirostris Alleyne and Macleay, 1877 (p. 346)
P. obscurus Castelnau, 1875 (p. 41)
P. richardsoni Castelnau, 1875 (p. 41)
P. strigipinnis De Vis, 1885 (p. 886)
P. viridescens Castelnau, 1875 (p. 42)
Possibly an examination of the types on which these
nominal species were based might enable an identifica-
tion; however, I have not had the opportunity to see
them.
In this paper nominal species are placed as synonyms
of valid species on the basis of (1) examination of
types and other material, (2) interpretation of de-
scriptions, and (3) study of illustrations of the species.
Whenever a nominal species is not recognized, it is
referred to the list of unidentifiable species. The latter
1
SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY
may be validated by further research when the type-
specimens become available for study.
My contributions and those of Smith indicate the
great need for further study of many complex and con-
fusing problems: for example, sexual dichromatism,
sex reversal, color change with age and sex, and prob-
lems of subspecies or population differences, especially
for widely ranging species. Many of these problems are
being worked out by investigators (e.g., Dr. John Ran-
dall, J. Howard Choat, Dr. Richard H. Rosenblatt,
and Edmund S. Hobson) who are studying local living
populations and freshly caught specimens before the
colors have disappeared.
The synonymy given for genera and species by
Schultz (1958) is not repeated in this paper unless
changes, additions, or corrections have been made.
Bauchot and Guibe (1960, pp. 290-300; 1961, p.
259) published a list of types in the Paris Museum.
The only types listed in this paper are those not men-
tioned in Schultz (1958).
My thanks are given to Dr. John Randall, Bishop
Museum, Honolulu, and to Dr. Richard H. Rosenblatt,
Scripps Institution of Oceanography, La Jolla, Cali-
fornia, for their kindness in reading and commenting
on the manuscript. Also, I wish to compliment Mr.
Albert Ruffin, a senior editor, Smithsonian Institution
Press, for his expertise in preparing my manuscript for
the printer.
Finally I wish to here record a special debt of grat-
itude to Dr. Herbert R. Axelrod, president of T.F.H.
Publications, Jersey City, N.J., who not only financed
completely the expensive color plates but also printed
them in his own plant at a cost of much valuable time
and attention from his personnel. Such kind generosity
and technical skill has resulted in color plates of a
quality so exceptional as not to have been otherwise
possible.
Family SCARIDAE
Subfamily SCARINAE
Genus Scarops Schultz
Scar ops Schultz, 1958, p. 18.
I have placed the subgenus Xenoscarops Schultz in
the genus Scarus on the basis of a rudimentary row
of teeth (in juveniles) next to the main row on the
upper pharyngeals in combination with 5 to 7 median
predorsal scales and only 2 rows of scales on the cheek.
This change results from the discovery in the Red Sea
of a new species with certain characteristics similar to
those of Xenoscarops perrico of the eastern Pacific
Ocean.
RANGE.?Eastern, central, and western Pacific
Ocean, and Indian Ocean.
Scarops rubroviolaceus (Bleeker)
PLATE 1A, B
Scarus rubroviolaceus Bleeker, 1849, p. 52.
Callyodon rubroviolaceus.?Smith, 1956, p. 11, pi. 43j.
Scarops rubroviolaceus.?Schultz, 1958, p. 21, pis. 3D, 6A.?
Munro, 1967, p. 437, fig. 830 [New Guinea].
Callyodon (Scarops) rubroviolaceus.?Smith, 1959, pp. 270,
278, pi. 43j.
Pseudoscarus jordani Jenkins, 1900, p. 63, fig. 21.
Scarops jordani.?Schultz, 1958, p. 21, fig. 2, pis. 2c, 6B.?
Hobson, 1965, p. 295.?Munro, 1967, p. 437, fig. 831
[New Guinea].
Callyodon africanus Smith, 1955, p. 19, fig. 26, pi. 3: fig. 26.
Margaritodon africanus.?Smith, 1956, p. 15, pi. 42A.
Callyodon {Margaritodon) africanus.?Smith, 1959, pp. 272,
280, pi. 42A.
Scarus africanus.?Schultz, 1958, p. 75, pis. 18E, 19E.
Scarus paluca Gosline and Brock, 1960, p. 237 [Hawaiian
Islands].
See Schultz (1958, p. 21) for other synonyms.
Characterized by having 5 to 7 predorsal scales, 3
rows of scales on cheek, with 2 scales in ventral row,
ii,13 pectoral rays, teeth white in young and females,
blue or green in adult males; upper pharyngeal with
a single enlarged row of teeth, rarely with a rudi-
mentary row present.
Coloration of adult males: Edge of upper lip orange
or red extending to below eye, then blue or green
shading into brown above; edge of lower lip blue or
green, thence a red or orange cross band, followed pos-
teriorly by a blue or green cross band; lower part of
head orange, usually with another blue or green blotch;
edge of pelvic green; dorsal edge of pectoral green, and
upper half purplish brown; distal edge of dorsal blue
or green, remaining four-fifths of dorsal orange; distal
half of anal blue or green, basal half orange or pink;
outer edges of caudal fin green or blue; dorsal part
of body orange to purplish, ventrally green or blue.
Coloration of adult females: Bright purplish red or
dark brownish red, fins red, except pectoral, which is
bluish with red streak dorsally, and dorsal fin is mar-
gined with dark blue distally. Nearly each scale dorso-
laterally has one or more short blackish or brownish
NUMBER 17
lengthwise streaks that remain visible on scales after
many years of alcoholic preservation.
Juveniles reddish brown.
Margaritodon africanusSmith, 1956 (p. 15, pi. 42A),
has an almost identical color pattern with that of the
following specimens: USNM 202638 and 202641
(IIOE, FT-5, 20 November 1964, Latham Island, SE
of Zanzibar, 2 spec., 400-490 mm). An examination of
the upper pharyngeals of one of these specimens has
revealed a single enlarged row of teeth as in Scarops.
A comparison of the color pattern of Smith's Plate
42A with the description of a mature male of jordani
furnished by Dr. Rosenblatt in Schultz (1958, p. 22)
indicates almost identical color patterns. Tentatively,
in the absence of a description of the upper pharyn-
geals of africanus by Smith, I consider africanus as a
junior synonym of jordani.
Briggs (1964, p. 707) reports Scarops rubroviola-
ceus from Cocos Island in the eastern Pacific, and
Schultz (1958, p. 22) recorded S. jordani from Cocos
Island also, as well as from Socorra Island and Ro-
queto Island. Schultz reports S. rubroviolaceus from
the Hawaiian Islands, central and western Pacific
Ocean, and Smith (1956, 1959) records it from the
western Indian Ocean. The range, habitat, color pat-
terns, and pharyngeal teeth indicate that only one
species should be recognized and that rubroviolaceus
is the female and jordani the mature male.
Mr. Howard Choat independently reached this same
conclusion, which he stated in a letter to me dated
6 December 1965. Dr. John Randall, University of
Hawaii, expressed the same opinion during a recent
visit with me.
RANGE.?Hawaiian Islands, eastern, central, and
western Pacific Ocean, and Indian Ocean.
Genus Bolbometopon Smith
Bolbometopon J. L. B. Smith, 1956, p. 8 [type-species:
Scarus muricatus Cuvier and Valenciennes]; 1959, p. 269.
Cetoscarus J. L. B. Smith, 1956, p. 16 [type-species: Scarus
pulchellus Ruppell] 1959, p. 274.
Smith (1959, p. 272) has shown that I incorrectly
identified Scarus gibbus Ruppell, 1828, type-species of
Chlorurus Swainson, 1839, from the Red Sea. It is
S. microrhinos Bleeker. This important discovery places
the genus Chlorurus as a synonym of the genus Scarus,
which left two species of parrotfishes (Scarus muri-
catus Cuvier and Valenciennes, and Scarus bicolor
Ruppell=Scarus pulchellus Ruppell) that formed a
natural group without a generic name. Smith (1956,
pp. 8, 16) established two new generic names,
Bolbometopon and Cetoscarus, for them and, in 1959,
he again recognized both genera as valid.
An analysis of the characters that Smith used to
distinguish the two genera shows that the number of
predorsal scales overlap as follows: muricatus has 4
or 5, bicolor 5 to 7; muricatus has ii,13 or ii,14 (usu-
ally ii,14) pectoral fin rays, whereas bicolor usually
has ii,12 rarely ii,13 pectoral fin rays. These species
have 3 series of scales on the cheek and according to
Smith the ventral row in bicolor varies from 1 to 6,
normally 3 to 6, whereas my counts range from 2 to 8
and that for muricatus 2 or 3.
Since the three characters (i.e., the number of pre-
dorsal scales, the pectoral fin rays, and the cheek scales)
overlap, much like that for several species in the genus
Scarus, I do not consider them as valid characters to
distinguish genera; however, the pharyngeal mill (not
mentioned by Smith, 1956 or 1959) distinguishes the
two species in this relationship from all other species
of parrotfishes as follows:
The upper pharyngeal bones bear 3 rows of teeth
on each side: 2 inner rows of large teeth and an outer
row of rudimentary teeth next to middle row; the
lower pharyngeal plate has a concave dental surface
as broad as long or a little longer than broad. No other
parrotfish in the subfamily Scarinae has 3 rows of
teeth; instead, they have only 1 or 2 rows of teeth on
the upper pharyngeals, whereas all species of parrot-
fishes in the subfamily Sparisomatinae have 3 rows
of teeth. I conclude, therefore, that Bolbometopon,
with page priority, should be recognized as the valid
genus for this relationship, and that Cetoscarus is a
junior synonym.
RANGE.?Central and western Pacific Ocean, Indian
Ocean, and Red Sea.
Bolbometopon muricatus (Cuvier and Valenciennes)
Scarus muricatus Cuvier and Valenciennes, 1839, p. 208, pi.
402.
Pseudoscarus muricatus.?Bleeker, 1862, p. 26, pi. 7: fig. 3.
Bolbometopon muricatus.?Smith, 1956, p. 8, pis. 42H,
45A-D; 1959, pp. 269, 278, pis. 42H, 45.?Munro, 1967,
p. 437, fig. 829 [New Guinea].
Pseudoscarus frontalis [not Cuvier and Valenciennes].?Mac-
leay, 1883, p. 590.
SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY
Callyodon macleayi Jordan and Seale, 1906, p. 331.
Callyodon shimoniensis Smith, 1953, p. 622, pis. 15, 16.
Cklorurus gibbus [not Riippell].?Schultz, 1958, p. 26, pis.
lA,7.
Characterized by having 4 or 5 median predorsal
scales, 3 rows of scales on cheek, with 1 or 2 scales in
ventral row; ii,14 pectoral fin rays, occasionally ii,13;
lips not covering white teeth; snout with a nearly
straight dorsal profile that bends abruptly over eyes;
snout longer than postorbital length of head.
Coloration: Uniform brown; young and half-grown
specimens with several white scales on sides; large
adults have a fleshy knob on forehead over eyes.
RANGE.?Central and western Pacific Ocean, In-
dian Ocean, and Red Sea.
Bolbometopon bicolor (Riippell)
PLATE lc, D
Scarus bicolor Riippell, 1828, p. 82, pi. 21.
Pseudoscarus bicolor.?Bleeker, 1862, p. 33, pi. 14.?Gohar
and Latif, 1961, pp. 127-146 [Red Sea].
Cetoscarus bicolor.?Smith, 1956, p. 17, pi. 44 C,D,E; 1959,
pp. 274, 275, 280, pi. 44C,D,E.
Chlorurus bicolor.?Schultz, 1958, p. 27, pis. 1B, 8A-C; 1960,
p. 242, pis. 108B, 109B.?Kamohara, 1963, p. 3, pi. 1:
fig. 3 [Japan].
Callyodon bicolor.?Marshall, 1965, p. 323.
Scarus pulchellus Ruppell, 1835, p. 25, pi. 8: fig. 3.
Pseudoscarus pulchellus.?Bleeker, 1862, p. 34, pi. 10: fig. 3.
Cetoscarus pulchellus.?Smith, 1956, p. 17, pi. 43E; 1959,
pp. 274, 280, pi. 43E.?Munro, 1967, p. 441, fig. 843
[New Guinea].
Chlorurus pulchellus.?Schultz, 1958, p. 28, pis. lc, 6c; 1960,
p. 242.?Woodland and Slack-Smith, 1963, p. 46 [Heron
Island].
Callyodon pulchellus.?Marshall, 1965, p. 322.
Scarus ocellatus Cuvier and Valenciennes, 1839, p. 278.
?Scams acroptilus Richardson, 1846, p. 69.
Callyodon scriptus (Gronow) Gray, 1854, p. 85.
Pseudoscarus nigripinnis Playfair and Giinther, 1866, p. 105,
pi. 15: fig. 2.
Chlorurus nigripinnis.?Schultz, 1958, p. 29, pi. 6D.
Scarus ophthalmistius Herre, 1933, p. 21.
Characterized by having 5 to 7 median predorsal
scales, 3 rows of scales on cheek, with ventral row usu-
ally having 3 to 6 (range 1 to 8), pectoral fin rays
usually ii,12; lips mostly covering white teeth. Colora-
tion of young show a dark ocellate spot at front of
dorsal fin and larger fishes have black spots on scales
on lower half of body.
Coloration of adult females: Bright green to
purplish green with red spots on head and anterior
part of body; red or orange streak extends from corner
of mouth and pectoral base, thence to anal fin origin,
below which is a broad, green band. Under side of
head and belly, orange. I found the types of Pseudo-
scarus nigripinnis Playfair and Giinther, 1866 (p. 105,
pi. 15; fig. 2), in the British Museum (Catalog no.
1865.2.27.80, standard length 151 mm; no. 1866.1.-
19.16, standard length 172 mm) with 2 scales in ven-
tral row on both sides of each type. The color pattern
was typically that of bicolor, and I accept Smith's
opinion that nigripinnis is a synonym of bicolor.
Randall (1963, pp. 225-227) has shown that S.
pulchellus Ruppell is the adult female of S. bicolor
Ruppell.
Recently collected specimen: USNM 202695, Te
Vega Sta. TV-247, 11 March 1965, Solomon Islands,
1 spec.
RANGE.?Central and western Pacific Ocean, In-
dian Ocean, and Red Sea.
Genus Ypsiscarus Schultz
Ypsiscarus Schultz, 1958, p. 47 [type-species: Callyodon
oedema Snyder].
Characterized by having 3 median predorsal scales, 2
or 3 scale rows on cheek, ii,13 pectoral rays, teeth white.
Schultz (1958, p. 47) proposed Ypsiscarus as a sub-
genus under Scarus. Now that two species have been
found with 3 predorsal scales and gibbus snouts, I be-
lieve they represent a distinct phyletic line that should
be assigned full generic rank.
Ypsiscarus ovifrons (Temminck and Schlegel)
PLATE 1E
Scarus ovifrons Temminck and Schlegel, 1846, p. 173, pi.
88.?Kamohara, 1963, p. 16 [Japan].
Caliyodon viridifucatus Smith, 1956, p. 12, pi. 42 B, I.
Callyodon (Ypsiscarus) viridifucatus.?Smith, 1959, pp. 270,
278, pi. 42 B, i.
Characterized by having 3 rows of scales on cheek, with
1 to 3 scales in ventral row.
The plate of Scarus ovifrons Temminck and
Schlegel, 1846 (pi. 88), shows 2 scales in the 3rd or
ventral row on the cheek, which agrees with Smith's
(1959, p. 270) observation of 2 or 3 scales on the pre-
opercular flange of Callyodon (Ypsiscarus) viridifuca-
tus Smith. Smith made two important changes in the
description of C. viridifucatus between 1956 (p. 12)
NUMBER 1 7
and 1959 (p. 270) by altering "4 to 6 predorsal scales"
to "3 median scales and pectoral fin rays from ii,12 to
ii,13."
Among the color drawings from the Albatross ex-
pedition in 1910 is a beautiful painting, Plate IE
(original No. A1596), of Ypsiscarus ovifrons with a
projecting gibbus snout, cheek scales in three rows,
7-7-1, and ii,13 pectoral fin rays, collected 29 January
1910 at Hokeido, Formosa. I have not located this
specimen. It must have been larger than the holotype
(450 mm) of Y. oedema Snyder, USNM 62951, and
longer (355 mm) than USNM 112224 and 112232 on
which Plate 80 in Schultz (1958) was based.
The color pattern of drawing A1596 shows paired
and median fins orange, with narrow blue distal edges;
body posteriorly dark grayish green becoming purple
forward toward tip of depressed pectorals and ven-
trally below pectoral purple forward to isthmus. The
body above depressed pectoral is bright orange, for-
ward to eye and nape; gibbus snout green with a
yellow cross band; cheek greenish; opercle blue; edge
upper lip yellow; corner of mouth dark blue; edge
lower lip bluish, then posteriorly a yellow cross bar.
The color pattern of preserved specimens available
furnish no information on how to distinguish one or
more species; however, Ypsiscarus oedema (Snyder)
has 2 rows of scales on the cheek, and Y. ovifrons (Tem-
minck and Schlegel) has 1 to 3 scales on "preopercular
flange," making 3 rows on the cheek. Callyodon viridi-
fucatus Smith, 1956 (p. 12) is a junior synonym of Y.
ovifrons.
RANGE.?Western Pacific Ocean and Indian Ocean.
Ypsiscarus oedema (Snyder)
PLATE 2A
Callyodon oedema Snyder, 1909, p. 603.
Scarus oedema?Schultz, 1958, p. 48, pis. ID, 8D.?Kamo-
hara, 1963, p. 7, pi. 1: fig. 4.
Characterized by having 2 rows of scales on the cheek;
otherwise, this species is very close to Y. ovifrons.
None of the following twelve specimens has a scale
representing the third row on the cheek: USNM
112232 (1) and USNM 157033 (4) from Celebes Sea;
USNM 112224 (1), 147251 (1), and 160088 (1) from
the Philippines; USNM 147300 (1) and 147305 (1)
from Dutch East Indies; USNM 62451 (1) from
Okinawa; and USNM 202696 (1) from Tahiti. The
latter, collected by Dr. Randall, is 360 mm in stand-
ard length. Large series of specimens are needed to
adequately define the species in this relationship, which
have 3 median predorsal scales, clearly seen in radio-
graphs, and usually with a pair of overlapping scales
in front of the third median predorsal scale.
RANGE.?Western Pacific Ocean.
Genus Scarus Forskal
Scarus Forskal, 1775, p. 25.?Linnaeus, 1789, p. 1280.
Subgenus Scarus Forskal
Chlorurus Swainson, 1839, p. 227.
Petronason Swainson, 1839, p. 226.
Pseudoscarus Bleeker, 1861, p. 230.
Xanothon Smith, 1956, p. 4.
Margaritodon Smith, 1956, p. 15.
Hipposcarus Smith, 1956, p. 17.
Characterized by having 4 median predorsal scales
and 2 or 3 rows of scales on cheek.
RANGE.?Atlantic, Pacific, and Indian Oceans, and
Red Sea.
Scarus harid Forskal
Scarus harid Forskal, 1775, pp. x, 30.
Scarus psittacus Forskal, 1775, pp. x, 29.
For additional synonyms, see each subspecies of
Scarus harid.
The identity of Scarus psittacus Forskal (type-
species of the genus Scarus Forskal) : Dr. Smith (1959,
pp. 265-282) made a major contribution toward an
understanding of the identity of the widely ranging spe-
cies of parrotfish, Scarid harid Forskal of the Western
tropical Pacific Ocean, Indian Ocean, and Red Sea,
when he differentiated three forms that comprise the
/mnrf-complex of species. Jordan and Gilbert (1882,
p. 938) designated Scarus psittacus Forskal as the type-
species of the genus Scarus Forskal; however, Smith
(loc. cit.) rejected Schultz's interpretation of S. psit-
tacus, which he (1958 p. 29) accepted as being the
same species on S. harid on the basis of Forskal's de-
scription. With this difference of opinion prevailing,
fhe problem of the identity of S. psittacus is given fur-
ther consideration.
Smith (1956, pp. 4, 17) established the new genus
Hipposcarus, with Scarus harid Forskal as its type-
species, thus rejecting Scarus, which had been accepted
and in use for over a century and a half (Block and
SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY
Schneider, 1801, p. 294; Ruppell, 1828; Bennett, 1828,
p. 37; Cuvier and Valenciennes, 1839).
Since the holotype of Scarus psittacus Forskal is no
longer in existence, I have translated the Latin descrip-
tion by Forskal (1775, p. 29) as follows:
[Diagnosis] Green; golden yellow lines; fins marked by
borders, band ventrally; characteristic blue head.
Description. Maxillary of two parts, separated at middle,
crenulate; on both sides above three teeth project; the lower
[jaw] both sides, one. They are blue, the margins of both
lips. Curved line extends from upper lip to below eye; a line
transverses each side of each lower lip. A median longitudinal
line on lower part of head, longitudinal line to lower [posterior]
border of opercle. Opercle completely covered with large
scales. Fins mostly crimson, borders blue, pectorals only
marked above, ventrally opposite the dorsal. Caudal forked,
fin blue spotted, middle truncate, both marginal angles pro-
duced. Scales striate. Lateral line with little branches, double,
first straight, near back, ending under end of dorsal fin, the
other located below [behind] in middle of body and extends
straight to middle caudal. Base caudal fin on both sides with
3 large scales. In dorsal fin first 9 rays simple, nonridged, not
pungent. Eye small, free. From Djiddah [Red Sea].
Smith (1959, pp. 275-276) described Scarus harid
Forskal as follows:
In our work in the W. Indian Ocean we got large numbers of
"hand." From the beginning I was puzzled by certain constant
differences in markings from the descriptions of Ruppell and
Klunzinger (and Ruppell 1828, pi. 21, figs. 1, 2) ; both
state Red Sea fishes have a yellow line from rictus to oper-
culum: several lines of blue spots along mid-side above
anus, and the body of the caudal uniform; the only recent ac-
count of harid from the Red Sea is one of a few lines by
Roux-Esteve (1956:94), he mentions this yellow line on
the cheek, and the uniform dark violet caudal.
Smith (1959, pp. 276, 280) gives the following diag-
nosis of Hipposcarus harid harid (Forskal): ". . . yel-
low line from rictus to operculum; lines of blue spots on
mid-side above anus; body of caudal uniform." For-
skal's diagnosis of "golden yellow lines" and his "De-
scription" of a median longitudinal line on lower part
of head, "Longitudinal line to lower [posterior] bor-
der of operculum," appears to be the same as Smith's
"yellow line from rictus to operculum."
Forskal (1775, p. 29), Ruppell (1828, pi. 21: figs. 1,
2) , Klunzinger (1871, p. 561), Roux-Esteve (1956,
p. 94), and Smith (1959, p. 276) mention or illustrate a
Red Sea parrotfish ("harid") with a yellow line across
the lower side of the head from the corner of the
mouth to the rear of the opercle, and since no other
species of parrotfish with such a golden line has been
described, it is concluded that Scarus psittacus For-
skal is the same species that Smith recognized as Scarus
harid Forskal. Actually, Forskal's description is more
diagnostic for S. psittacus than his description is for
that of S. harid. I conclude that the identification of S.
psittacus (not Linnaeus) Forskal is not in doubt and
should be accepted.
As the logotype for Petronason Swainson, Jordan
(1919, p. 199) gave Coryphaena psittacus Linnaeus
(=Xyrichthys psittacus Linnaeus), confusing that
labrid with the scarid Labrus psittacus Linnaeus
( = Scarus psittacus Forskal). Although S. psittacus
Forskal is available for the scarid with the golden yel-
low line across the cheek, I prefer to continue, as first
reviser (1958, p. 50), the long-time use of Scarus harid
Forskal, because of the considerable confusion of the
name Labrus psittacus Linnaeus, a labrid, with Cory
phaena psittacus Linnaeus, a scarid.
The remnants of the type-specimen of Scarus harid
Forskal was illustrated by Smith (1959, p. 275, fig. 6)
and Klausewitz and Nielsen (1965, p. 14, pi. 3: fig. 7).
It no longer retains any important identifying char-
acteristics; the identity of harid must be determined
on the basis of Forskal's descriptions and later de-
scriptions of harid by Ruppell and by Klunzinger, both
of whom may have seen the type of Scarus harid when
it was in better condition. For the sake of stability of
nomenclature, I accept the identity of harid as defined
by Smith (1959) and redefined in this paper.
Klausewitz and Nielsen (1965, p. 12) did not find
the type of Scarus psittacus Forskal. Dr. Jergen Niel-
sen in a leter dated 21 May 1960, sent four photo-
graphs to me that represented all of the existing types
of Forskal's species of Scarus as follows: "Scarus harid,
Scarus niger, Scarus siganus, and Scans gallus." The
last two are not parrotfishes. Dr. Nielsen made the
following comments:
A few days ago I received the photographs of the types of
Scarus from the collection of Forskal. They are all enclosed
in this letter.
Unfortunately, nearly all of the 72 Forskil fishes have only
the skin preserved. A few specimens also have some ribs and
headbones left, but none of the four species of Scarus has the
faintest trace of pharyngeals. So I am afraid I can help you
only with photographs.
In order to stabilize the nomenclature of the family
NUMBER 17
Scaridae (in case the identity of the genotype Scarus
psittacus Forskal is still in some doubt), because no
type-specimen exists, and because this paper is a con-
tinuation of my revision (1958, pp. 29, 50-52), I here-
with select a neotype for Scarus psittacus Forskal:
USNM 201805, a specimen from the Red Sea, 182
mm in standard length, with characteristics as denned
in this paper for S. h. hand Forskal. This action is
based on Article 75 of the International Code of Zoo-
logical Nomenclature (1961, pp. 81-82).
Among the forms composing the Scarus harid com-
plex, Smith (1959, pp. 174-288) recognized harid
(Red Sea), vexillus (Western Indian Ocean), and
schultzi (tropical western Pacific Ocean). Smith dis-
tinguished harid and vexillus from longiceps (=
schultzi) by the fact that the width of the patch of
cheek scales are less than the width of the interorbital
in harid-vexillus and wider than the interorbital for
longiceps ( = schultzi). I have measured both char-
acters to the nearest tenth of a millimeter, divided the
maximum width of the patch of cheek-scales into the
width of the fleshy interorbital, and obtained the ratio
for each specimen correlated with its standard length
(Table 1). This table shows that the ratio decreases
with increased size of the specimens and that the
ranges of the ratios overlap for the three forms, with
the result that this character alone cannot be used for
the separation of the species.
I have made a comparison of certain body dimen-
sions for the three subspecies of S. harid (Table 2).
This table shows that the greatest width of the patch
of cheek scales averages a little wider (75 to 99 thou-
sandths of standard length) in S. h. longiceps compared
with that (55 to 89) in the other two subspecies. It is,
however, the only character measured that showed a
significant difference. Although S. h. vexillus has a
greater number of cheek scales than S. h. longiceps,
the cheek scale patch is narrower in the latter.
Another character used by Smith for distinguishing
the species in the harid-complex is the number of
scales on the cheek (Table 3). This table reveals that
vexillus has 22 to 31 scales on the cheek whereas harid
and longiceps range from 15 to 22, the range over-
lapping at 22. Without doubt, S. h. vexillus may be
distinguished from the other two by the number of
scales in the patch on the cheek of adults.
TABLE 1.?Ratio of maximum width of patch of cheek scales into width of fleshy interorbital space correlated with the standard
length of each specimen (h=harid, 1=longiceps, v=vexillus)
Width of patch of
cheek scales into
interorbital width
1.80-1.89
1.70-1.79
1.60-1.69
1.50-1.59
1.40-1.49
1.30-1.39
1.20-1.29
1.10-1.19
1.00-1.09
.90- .99
.80- .89
60
69
1
V
70 80
79 89
v h
w
h
90 100
99 109
h
h
h
h
1
Standard length in millimeters
110 120 130 140 150 160 170
119 129 139 149 159 169 179
V
h v
vh h
1 1
180
189
V
hh
h
1
190 200 210 220 230 240
199 209 219 229 239 249
w h
h h h
h 11
1 1
8 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY
T A B L E 2.?A comparison of frequency distributions of certain body dimensions for three subspecies of Scarus harid (in
thousandths of standard length)
Species
Depth of body
340 350 360 370 380 390 400 410 420
349 359 369 379 389 399 409 419 429
Least depth caudal peduncle
100 110 120 130 140 150
109 119 129 139 149 159
Length of snout
120 130 140 150 160 170
129 139 149 159 169 179
harid
vexillus
longiceps
1 3 6 4
2 2 4
1 3 3
1 1 1 1 11
4 4
2 4
Species
Greatest width of patch of cheek scales
55 60 65 70 75 80 85 90 95
59 64 69 74 79 84 89 94 99
Width of interorbital
75 80 85 90 95 100 105 110 115
79 84 89 94 99 104 109 114 119
Greatest width naked
preopercular flange
20 25 30 35 40
24 29 34 39 44
harid
vexillus
longiceps
4
4
6
4
4
1
1
1
2 2 3 1
1
2
4
3
1
5
1
3
3
4
2
2
2
1
1 3
1 3
3 2
5 6 2
4 2
2 2
Species Least width preorbital
65
69
70
74
75
79
80
84
85
89
90
94
95 100 105 110 115
99 104 109 114 119
Least width of naked
area between orbit and
cheek scales
10
14
15
19
20
24
25
29
harid
vexillus
longiceps
10 6
6 4
6 1
T A B L E 3.?Frequency distribution of the number of scales in each row in the patch of cheek scales of subspecies of Scarus harid
Subspecies
harid
longiceps
vexillus
6
2
15
Subspecies
harid
longiceps
vexillus
dorsal row
7 8
12 5
14 1
2 7
9
2
10
5 6
2 4
2 15
2
15 16
3
1 6
second row
7 8
9 4
9 5
6 7
17 18
4 5
3 3
Number of scales in each row
9 10
1
3 1
third row
2 3 4 5 6 7 8
4 6 7 2
3 16 13 1
1 3 2 3 2 5 3
ventral row
2 3 4 5 6 7 8
1
3 5
Total number of cheek scales
19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27
1 6 1 1
2 4 3 1 3
1 4 2 1 2
28 29 30 31
1 3 1
NUMBER 1 7
Key to the Subspecies of Scarus harid
la. Golden yellow line from rear corner of mouth across middle of side of head to rear of opercle;
blue spots occur on mature males on mid-side above anal fin to opposite the depressed pclvics;
total number of scales in patch on cheek 16 to 22; usually 3 rows of scales on the cheek (Red Sea)
harid
1 b. No golden yellow line on side of head; no blue spots on lower side as in la, tips of outer rays of
caudal fin dusky.
2a. Total number of scales in cheek patch 22 to 29; usually 4 rows of scales on the cheek
(western Indian Ocean) vexillus
2b. Total number of scales in cheek patch 16 to 19; 3 rows of scales on the cheek (western
tropical Pacific Ocean) longiceps
Scarus harid harid Forskal
Scarus psittacus Forskal, 1775, pp. x, 29 [type-locality: Red
Sea; =Labrus psittacus Linnaeus, 1789, p. 1285; not
Coryphaena psittacus Linnaeus, 1789, p. 1194, which has
been confused with Scarus psittacus (not Linnaeus) For-
skal; neotype USNM 201805, a specimen 182 mm stand-
ard length from Red Sea (see p. 7) ].
Scarus harid Forskal, 1775, pp. x, 29 [type-locality: Red
Sea].?Linnaeus, 1789, p. 1282 [Arabia].?Ruppell, 1828,
p. 80, pi. 21: fig. 1 [Red Sea].?Cuvier and Valenciennes,
1839, pp. 249-250, pi. 404 [Djidda, Red Sea].?Schultz,
1958, p. 50.
Hipposcarus harid harid.?Smith, 1959, p. 280.
Pseudoscarus harid.?Gohar and Latif, 1961, pp. 97-126,
figs. 1-10 [Red Sea; anatomy of alimentary tract]; 1961,
pp. 127-146.
Scarus mastax Ruppell, 1828, p. 80, pi. 21: fig. 2 [Red Sea].
Pseudoscarus harid var. mastax.?Klunzinger, 1871, p. 562
[Red Sea].
IScarus collana Ruppell, 1835, p. 25, pi. 8: fig. 2 [type-
locality: Red Sea].
Scarus cyanurus Cuvier and Valenciennes, 1839, p. 261.?
Bauchot and Guibe, 1960, p. 293 [syntypes 1724 and 1725].
Scarus collaris Cuvier and Valenciennes, 1839, p. 265 [type-
locality: Red Sea].
Scarus latus Cuvier and Valenciennes, 1839, p. 245 [type-
locality: Red Sea].
Scarus ruppeli Cuvier and Valenciennes, 1839, p. 259 [type-
locality: Red Sea].
The specimen that I have designated as the neotype
for Scarus psittacus Forskal, USNM 201805, was sent
to me by Dr. Steinetz, Hebrew University: serial no.
BT 100, Sherm a Shekh, Red Sea, 182 mm standard
length. The streak from rictus to opercle (golden yel-
low line) on this specimen followed the same course
as shown by Ruppell (1828, pi. 21: fig. 2). It has cheek
scales 9-7-3-6 on right side, and 8-7-6 on left side.
Another specimen (serial no. E62-597a, Nocra, Red
Sea, 48 mm) is nearly identical in color pattern to
Smith's (1959, p. 280, fig. 9) illustration.
The number of pectoral fin rays is given in Table 4.
T A B L E 4.?Frequency distribution of number of pectoral Jin
rays for Scarus gibbus and Scarus harid
Species and subspecies
gibbus
Red Sea
Central and western Pacific
Ocean
gibbus*
microrhinos*
strongylocephalus *
microcfuilus*
harid harid
h. longiceps
h. vexillus
Number of pectoral rays
1
1 33
1 61
21
6
62 6
2
2
2
2
2
2
1
Type-specimens.
Additional specimens recently collected by the HOE
in the Red Sea: USNM 202290, Sta. HA-36, 7 Jan-
uary 1965, 4 spec, 183-210 mm; USNM 202289, Sta.
HA-38, 10 January 1965, 3 spec, 96-245 mm; USNM
202274, Sta. HA-26, 30 December 1964, 1 spec, 94
mm; USNM 202288 Sta. HA-34, 5 January 1965,
4 spec, 137-197 mm; USNM 202273, Sta. HA-30,
2 January 1965,1 spec, 146 mm.
RANGE.?Red Sea.
Scarus harid vexillus (Smith)
Hipposcarus harid vexillus Smith, 1959, p. 277, fig. 9, pi.
44A, B [type-locality: Shimoni].
Pseudoscarus mastax [not Ruppell] Bleeker, 1862, p. 35,
pi. 10: fig. 2 [Java; Smith, 1959, p. 275, found this speci-
men, 495 mm long, with 29 scales in 4 rows on the cheek
and thinks it is a synonym of his S. vexillus].
Hipposcarus harid.?Smith, 1956, p. 17, pi. 44A, B [Western
Indian Ocean southward along East African coast to lati-
tude 21 "30'S].
10
The following specimens were collected by the Anton
Bruun, Cruise 9, IIOE: USNM 202296, Sta. RS-
41KA, 8 December 1964, Amirantes Island, 1 spec,
134 mm; USNM 202293 Sta. HA-9, 24 December
1964, Comoro Islands, 1 spec., 205 mm; USNM
202292, Sta. HA-19, 8 December 1964, Amirantes
Island, 7 spec, 65 to 183 mm; USNM 202294 Sta.
RS-37, 6 December 1964, Fraquhar Islands, 1 spec,
203 mm.
Scants harid longiceps Cuvier and Valenciennes
PLATE 2B
Scants longiceps Cuvier and Valenciennes, 1839, p. 241.-?
Bauchot and Guibe, 1960, p. 295 [holotype no. 2479 in
Paris Museum].
Hippo scar us longiceps.?Munro, 1967, p. 441, fig. 844 [New
Guinea].
Scarus macrocheilos Bleeker, 1854, p. 60 [type-locality: Hal-
maheira; type examined in British Museum, Catalog no.
1864.5.15.31, standard length 88 mm, total length 111 mm];
1862, p. 38, pi. 15: fig. 1 [Halmaheira].
Scarus pinguirostratus Fowler, 1904, p. 541, pi. 21: upper
figure [type-locality: Padang, Sumatra].
Scarus harid [not Forskal].?Schultz, 1958, p. 50, pi. 9B;
1960, p. 243 [Marshall and Marianas Islands].?Kamohara,
1963, p. 8, pi. 2: fig. 2 [Japan].?Kamohara and Yama-
kawa, 1967, p. 14 [Ishigakijima].
Hipposcarus schultzi Smith, 1959, p. 277, fig. 8 [type-locality:
Philippines].
Callyodon toshi Whitley, 1966, p. 239, fig. 3.
Smith (1959, p. 277) described Hipposcarus harid
schultzi and considered that it represented the species
of parrotfish from the Philippines and adjacent Pacific
Ocean that Schultz (1958, p. 50) recognized as a wide-
ranging species under the name Scarus harid. Since
other names predate that of Smith, however, each
name is herewith considered in regard to its possible
identity with that of S. h. schultzi.
Fowler (1904, p. 541, pi. 21: upper fig.) was the
most recent author to name this species, S. pinguiro-
stratus, from Sumatra. Two other names are still older.
The next name available that might replace Scarus
schultzi Smith is Scarus macrocheilos Bleeker, 1854
(p. 50), from Halmahera, situated in the East Indies,
just north of the equator at about 129?E longitude. I
have examined Bleeker's type of that species in the
British Museum (Catalog no. 1864.5.15.31, standard
length 88 mm). It has the following characteristics:
predorsal scales 4, scales on cheek in 3 rows, 6 scales
next to orbit, 6 in middle row, and 4 in ventral row,
pectoral rays ii,13. When I saw the type in 1953, I
SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY
identified it without any doubt as harid. Although
Smith rejected the name macrocheilos because he
thought the type was too small (88 mm standard
length, "111 mm. in length") for positive identifica-
tion, I do not agree with him because I have identified
several specimens in the "harid" complex, without
doubt as to species, that were much smaller in size than
the type of macrocheilos. Bleeker's type has the typical
juvenile color pattern (1862, pi. 15: fig. 1).
Schultz (1958, p. 50) placed Scarus longiceps Cu-
vier and Valenciennes, 1839 (pp. 14, 24), as a junior
synonym of Scarus harid Forskal. Bauchot and Guibe
(1960, p. 295) found the holotype of S. longiceps
(Catalog no. 2479) in the Paris Museum and also
placed it as a synonym of S. harid. I conclude that
S. longiceps is the oldest available name and that
H. schultzi Smith, S. pinguirostratus Fowler, and S.
macrocheilos Bleeker are junior synonyms of S. harid
longiceps Cuvier and Valenciennes.
Recently collected specimens: USNM 202298,
IIOE, Cruise I, Patong, Phukot, Thailand, 22 March
1963, 1 spec, 49 mm; USNM 202295, Society Islands,
Tikahou Atoll, 15 April 1957, 2 spec, 57-201 mm.
Dr. V. G. Springer collected the following at One
Tree Island off Queensland: Sta. VGS66-13, 30 No-
vember 1966, 11 spec, 42-116 mm; Sta. VGS66-19,
11 December 1966,2 spec, 134-166 mm.
RANGE.?Central and western Pacific Ocean.
Scarus gibbus Ruppell
PLATE 2C
Scarus gibbus Ruppell, 1828, p. 81, pi. 20: fig. 2.
Chlorurus gibbus.?Smith, 1959, p. 280, fig. 5.
Scarus microrhinos Bleeker, 1854, p. 200.?Schultz, 1958, p.
48, fig. 4, pi. 9A; 1960, p. 243.?Kamohara and Yamakawa,
1967, p. 13 [Okinawa].
Pseudoscarus microrhinos.?Bleeker, 1862, p. 22, pi. 3.
Chlorurus microrhinos.?Smith, 1956, p. 16; 1959, pp. 272-
274, 260, fig. 4.?Munro, 1967, p. 442, fig. 846 [New
Guinea].
Scarus strongylocephalus Bleeker, 1854, p. 439; 1862, p. 23,
pi. 4: fig. 3.
Chlorurus strongylocephalus.?Smith, 1956, p. 16, pi. 42c, F;
1959, pp. 272-274, 280, pis. 42c, F, 44o.?Munro, 1967,
p. 441, fig. 845 [New Guinea].
Pseudoscarus microcheilos Bleeker, 1861, p. 231; 1862, p. 24,
pi. 4: fig. 2.
Chlorurus microcheilus.?Smith, 1956, p. 16, pi. 44o.
Callyodon microcheilus.?Fourmanoir, 1957, p. 188 [Nossi-
Be].
Callyodon ultramarinus Jordan and Scale, 1906b, p. 63, fig.
16; 1906a, p. 332, fig. 64.
NUMBER 17
Characterized by having 4 median predorsal scales, 3
rows of scales on cheek, with 3 to 7 scales in ventral
row, ii,14 (occasionally ii,13 and ii,15) pectoral fin
rays; lips not covering white teeth, which become blue
or green in adults. For a detailed color description, see
Schultz( 1958, pp. 49-50).
Chlorurus Swainson (a junior synonym of Scarus
Forskal): Dr. J. L. B. Smith (1959, pp. 272-274)
recognized the genus Chlorurus Swainson, with Scarus
gibbus Riippell as its type. Since that species has a single
main row of teeth and a rudimentary one beside it on
each upper pharyngeal bone, it is referable to the sub-
family Scarinae. In this subfamily a large group of
species is distinguished from all others by having 4
median predorsal scales, to which S. gibbus and S. harid
(type-species of the genus Scarus) belong.
The genus Chlorurus is defined by Smith (loc. cit.)
as having ii, 14- or ii,15 pectoral fin rays, 3 rows of
scales on the cheek, and small circular nostrils. Each
of these characters is evaluated below on the basis of
observations made on numerous species in this group.
The number of pectoral fin rays vary in number
from ii,ll to ii,15 in the Scarinae and for most of the
species in this relationship in which many specimens
have been studied, the pectoral rays usually vary
about 3 in number. Scarus gibbus with a range of ii,13
to ii,15, usually ii, 14, pectoral fin rays overlaps that for
S. harid, which has ii,12 to ii,14, usually ii,13 (see
Table 4) . Also, S. sordidus, S. jonesi, S. chlorodon, S.
marshalli, S. guacamaia, and S. collestinus, may have
ii,14 pectoral fin rays. In my opinion, the number of
pectoral fin rays in this subfamily is of considerable
value in distinguishing species but is of little or no
importance at the generic level.
Smith's next character, 3 rows of scales on the cheek
of S. gibbus is not unique since S. harid (type of the
genus Scarus) has at least 3 rows and there are five
other species (javanicus, formosus, lunula, lauia, and
flavipectoralis) (Schultz, 1958, p. 31) in this subgenus
with 3 rows of scales on the cheek. In addition, among
44 specimens examined of S. dubius Bennett (Schultz,
loc. cit.) one-half had 2 rows and the other half, 3
rows. Because of the variability described above, I
conclude that the number of rows of scales on the
cheek is of considerable value in distinguishing species
but it is of lesser importance at the generic level in
the genus Scarus.
The size and shape of the nasal openings are also
variable, especially with increase in size, with the result
350-270 O?89 2
11
that this character too is of limited value at the generic
level but of possible importance at the specific level.
Because of the variability and overlap of the char-
acters used by Smith to distinguish Chlorurus from
Scarus in this group and because I am unable to find
any additional character that always distinguishes
Chlorurus from Scarus, I conclude that Chlorurus is a
junior synonym of Scarus.
Scarus microrhinos Bleeker and S. strongylocephalus
Bleeker (junior synonyms of Scarus gibbus Riippell):
Another problem needing consideration is the num-
ber of valid species centering around Scarus gibbus.
Smith (1959, p. 273) recognized three (gibbus, micro-
rhinos, and strongylocephalus) as nominal species. He
distinguished gibbus and strongylocephalus by "fore-
head not above snout" as contrasted with "forehead in
large males to almost over snout" in microrhinos.
The numerous specimens of S. gibbus that I have
studied from the Indo-Pacific-Red Sea areas have
a highly variable snout profile, especially in the pre-
sumed males, in the largest specimens of which it
becomes nearly vertical. I have measured the angle
between the snout profile and a line extending from
the midcaudal fin base forward through the upper edge
of the pectoral fin base and have recorded these data
as a correlation with the standard length (Table 5) .
My data show that the angle of the snout profile be-
comes greater with increased length.
Four specimens of S. gibbus from the Red Sea may
be located in Table 5 by the footnote symbol. The
largest (probably a female) is 355 mm in standard
length, with a snout profile angle of 45? whereas the
smaller ones, 166 and 200 mm, have angles of 40? and
50?, respectively. I do not have enough large speci-
mens available to establish a more exact relationship
between snout profile and standard length; however, it
is amply clear from the table that the angle becomes
greater with increase in length and that the Red Sea
specimens have angles of snout profile within the limits
of variation of specimens from the Pacific Ocean.
Adult mature males of other species of parrotfishes
develop a strong elevated snout profile, even knoblike;
for example, Bolbometopon muricatus and Scarops ovi-
frons, a condition undoubtedly occurring in S. gibbus.
Because of the variability of the angle of the snout
profile, I conclude that it is of doubtful significance
in distinguishing supposed species centering around S.
gibbus.
12
Another character used by Smith (loc. cit.) to dis-
tinguish three supposed species in this complex was
color pattern. I have tabulated for comparison the
chief color pattern characteristics recorded by Rtip-
SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY
pell (1828), Bleeker (1862), Smith (1956, 1959),
Schultz (1958) with color photographs and color
drawings in the files of the Division of Fishes at the
United States National Museum (Table 6).
Angle of
snout profile
in degrees
80-84
75-79
70-74
65-69
60-64
55-59
50-54
45-49
40-44
35-39
TABLE
80 100
99 119
1
1 1
5.?Correlation between angle of snout profile and standard length of Scar us gibbus
120 140 160
139 159 179
1
1
2 1
1*
180
199
1
2
1
200
219
3
1
1*
1?
Standard length in
220 240 260
239 259 279
1
1
1
1
1
millimeters
280 300 320
299 319 339
1
1 1
340 360 380 400 420 440 460
359 379 399 419 439 459 479
29 ?
?Red Sea specimens.
TABLE 6.?A comparison of color patterns of supposed parrotfish species centering around Scarus gibbus
Location of patterns
Spots or bars on chin
Pelvics edged with:
Lips edged with:
Green streak from
rictus to opercle on
adults
Head dorsally
Cheek below green
bar (if present)
Scales
Caudal fin base
Immature
gibbus
Riippell Smith
purple, green, 2 red spots
or red
green blue
green
no bar, lower
part of head
green
purple purple
blue
strongylocephalus
Smith
blue o* or green
bars on 9
o" blue
& blue
9 blue-green
o" blue-green
Bleeker
blue
blue
blue
blue bar to
below eye then eye and
to opercle
9 absent
cf purple
9 green
cf yellow green
9 light blue
cf red or green
spotted
9 red
cf blue or green
9 yellow
red-brown
behind
purple brown
yellowish
red spotted
blue to pink
microrhinos
Bleeker
green
green
pink and then
green
green to oppo-
site pectoral
base
greenish purple
pink
red spotted
pink scales
light blue
Philippine Islands
and Marshall
Islands
red and blue bars
blue or green
with purple
center
red and green
blue or green
green straight
back to base
pectoral
purple-brown
yellowish pink or
green
red and green
spotted
green with
purplish-brown
redish-brown
NUMBER 17 13
The living colors of parrotfishes are subject to con-
siderable variation and change, especially between blue
and green, and red, pink, or yellow. Thus, whenever
the edge of a fin is described as blue or green, such a
difference lacks significance in parrotfishes. Table 6
shows that no significant differences occur in the fol-
lowing characters: spots or bars on the chin; color of
edge of pelvics, lips, head, scales, caudal fin, lower part
of cheek; and color in immature specimens.
The green streak from rictus to opercle on large
adults, undoubtedly the males, begins to appear at
about a length of 100 to 200 mm in standard length. I
do not find any significant difference in color pattern
in the three nominal species (Table 6) except between
adult males and females and juveniles.
I have recorded the number of pectoral fin rays and
number of scales in each row on the cheek (see Tables
4, 7), and these data do not show any significant differ-
ences between the Red Sea and the western and central
Pacific Ocean, or for the types of the nominal species,
5. gibbus, S. microrhinos, and S. strongylocephalus.
Therefore, only a single species, S. gibbus, can be
distinguished, which has a range from the Red Sea and
the tropical Indian Ocean to the central and western
tropical Pacific Ocean.
Scarus gibbus is represented by three specimens, 169
to 360 mm in standard length, recently collected in the
Red Sea, two by the I IOE: USNM 202381, Sta. HA38,
10 January 1965; and USNM 202414, Sta. HA36,
7 January 1965.
Two others are on loan from Dr. Steinetz. Dr. V. G.
Springer collected one specimen at 255 mm from One
Tree Island, off Queensland, 1 December 1966.
RANGE.?Central and western Pacific Ocean, Indian
Ocean, and Red Sea.
Scarus javanicus Bleeker
PLATE 2D
Scarus javanicus Bleeker, 1854, p. 198.
See Schultz (1958, p. 52) for other synonyms.
Characterized by having 4 median predorsal scales,
3 rows of scales on cheek with 1 or 2 scales in ventral
row, ii,12 pectoral rays, lips not fully covering white
or yellowish teeth, black spot at upper base of pectoral
fin. Body abruptly paler behind a vertical line at or
near anal origin; pale crossbar may occur on chin;
basal two-thirds to three-fourths of anal fin dusky, distal
one-third blue when alive; red streaks radiate from eye,
some across interorbital space.
Xanothon fowleri Smith, 1956 (p. 5, pi. 42o), is
transferred from this species to S. taeniurus.
RANGE.?Western Pacific Ocean and Indian Ocean.
Scarus flavipectoralis Schultz
PLATE 2E
Scarus frenatus [not Lacepede] Bleeker, 1852, p. 770.
Pseudoscarus frenatus [not Lacepede].?Bleeker, 1862, p. 40,
pi. 16: fig. 2.
Scarus flavipectoralis Schultz, 1958, p. 52, pi. 9D.
Callyodon flavipectoralis.?Munro, 1967, p. 438, fig. 834
[New Guinea].
T A B L E 7.?Frequency distribution of number of scales in each row in patch of cheek scales for Scarus gibbus
Locality
Red Sea
Western and central
Pacific
Types of:
gibbus
microrhinos
stronglyocephalus
microcheilus
dorsal row
4 5
2 20
1
6
4
41
1
1
2
2
Number of scales on cheek
7
2
3
middle row
6 7 8
3 3
26 24 6
1
2
2
2
ventral row
3 4
2
8
1
5
3
15
1
1
6
11
1
1
7
1
23
2
Total scales in cheek patch
13 14 15 16 17
2
1 1 2 7
2
18
8
1
1
19
3
8
1
20
1
2
21 22
4 1
2
14 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY
Characterized by having 4 median predorsal scales,
3 rows of scales on cheek with 1 scale in ventral row,
ii,12 pectoral fin rays; and lips not quite covering the
white teeth, canines present at corner of mouth; dorsal
edge of pectoral fin base with black spot. Anterior half
of body dark (brownish green when alive), posterior
half of body pale (light green when alive); middle of
caudal peduncle yellow; pectoral fin yellow with a blue
base; caudal fin orange with blue outer edges; anal fin
blue with a dark red band basally; dorsal fin with blue
distal edge, then submarginally an orange streak, mid-
dle of fin green; green streak from snout past lower
edge of eye.
RANGE.?Western Pacific Ocean.
Scarus dubius Bennett
PLATE 3A
Scarus dubius Bennett, 1828, p. 37.?Schultz, 1958, p. 54,
pi. 10A.?Kamohara, 1960, p. 26; 1963, p. 8, pi. 2: fig. 3
[Japan].?Woodland and Slack-Smith, 1963, p. 45 [Heron
Island].?Gosline and Brock, 1960, p. 237 [Hawaiian
Islands].
Callyodon dubius.?Marshall, 1965, p. 323.?Munro, 1967,
p. 438, fig. 833 [New Guinea].
See Schultz (1958, p. 54) for other synonyms.
Characterized by having 4 median predorsal scales,
3 rows of scales on at least one side of cheek, the ventral
row consisting of 1 scale, or it may be lacking; ii,12
pectoral fin rays; lips not quite covering white teeth;
dorsal edge of pectoral fin base with a small black
spot; coloration brownish, median fins pale, caudal
and dorsal fins yellowish when alive, caudal peduncle
yellowish; 3 light streaks, 1 on each scale, on abdomen;
dorsal and anal fins narrowly edged with blue distally.
RANGE.?Hawaiian Islands and Western Pacific
Ocean.
Scarus lunula (Snyder)
PLATE 3B
Callyodon lunula Snyder, 1908, p. 99; 1912, p. 509, pi. 66:
fig. 2.
Margaritodon verweyi Smith, 1956, p. 15, pi. 43D, F.
Scarus lunula.?Schultz, 1958, p. 54, fig. 6, pi. 10B; 1960,
p. 244.?Kamohara, 1963, p. 9, pi. 2: fig. 4 [Japan].
Callyodon (Margaritodon) lunula.?Smith, 1959, p. 272, pi.
43D, F.
Characterized by having 4 median predorsal scales
with a pair in front overlapping that might be counted
(incorrectly) as a total of 5; 3 rows of scales on cheek
with 2 or 3 scales in ventral row; ii,12 pectoral rays;
lips not quite covering white teeth; 2 or 3 canines in
corner of mouth; 3 color streaks in both dorsal and
anal fins, the middle one red, outer edge blue or green,
base greenish; edge of upper lip green, then pink, then
a green streak from snout past lower edge of eye;
especially important: distal edge of operculum red in
front of pectoral base; 1 or 2 green streaks connecting
eyes across interorbital space. All adults observed have
the area of head in front of orbits enlarged, and in
largest specimens this area is in the form of a hump.
Schultz (1958, p. 54) referred Pseudoscarus ros-
tratus [not Poey and not Seale] Gunther, 1909 (p. 315,
pi. 154), to the synonymy of S. lunula, but I now ob-
serve 5 or 6 predorsal scales and the color pattern sug-
gests S. ghobban.
Schultz (1958, p. 54) referred with doubt Callyodon
viridifucatus Smith, 1956 (p. 12, pi. 42B, I ) , to the
synonymy of S. lunula; however, Smith (1959, p. 270)
states that his C. viridifurcatus has only 3 median pre-
dorsal scales instead of "4 to 6" as originally described
and in 1959 he believed it was related to Callyodon
oedema Snyder. I, however, have referred it to Ypsis-
carus ovifrons on page 5.
A specimen, USNM 202623, was collected by the
Te Vega, Station 104, off Pulo Siburu, Mentawei Is-
lands, 30 November 1963.
RANGE.?Central and western Pacific Ocean and
Indian Ocean.
Scarus formosus Cuvier and Valenciennes
PLATE 3C
Scarus formosus Cuvier and Valenciennes, 1839, p. 283.?
Schultz, 1958, p. 56; 1960, p. 244.?Kamohara, 1963, p. 9
[Okinawa].
Callyodon formosus.?Smith, 1959, p. 279 [Mauritius].?
Munro, 1967, p. 438, fig. 832 [New Guinea].
See Schultz (1958, p. 56) for other synonyms.
Characterized by having 4 median predorsal scales,
3 rows of scales on cheek with 1 or 2 scales in ventral
row; ii,12 pectoral fin rays; lips not quite covering
white teeth, large adults have forehead enlarged. Dor-
sal and anal fins crossed with 3 streaks, distal one blue,
center orange, basally green; 3 blue spots on mid-
ventral line anterior to pelvic bases.
RANGE.?Hawaiian Islands, central and western
Pacific Ocean, and western Indian Ocean.
NUMBER 17 15
Scarus lauia Jordan and Evermann
PLATE 3D
Scarus lauia Jordan and Evermann, 1903, p. 196; 1905, p.
355, pi. 43.
Characterized by having 4 median predorsal scales, 3
rows of scales on cheek, with 2 scales in ventral row;
ii,12 or ii,13 pectoral fin rays; lips nearly covering
white teeth. Margin of both lips blue, blue streak from
snout tip to below eye; dorsal and anal fins broadly
green edged; center of fin orange; bases with green
spots.
RANGE.?Hawaiian Islands.
Scarus perspicillatus Steindachner
PLATE 3E
Scarus perspicillatus Steindachner, 1879, p. 16, pi. 4: fig. I.?
Gosline and Brock, 1960, p. 238 [Hawaiian Islands].
See Schultz (1958, p. 57) for other synonyms.
Characterized by having 4 median predorsal scales,
2 rows of scales on cheek, with only 0 to 3 scales in 2nd
row (all other species in this genus have 5 to 8 scales
in 2nd row), ii,13 pectoral fin rays; lips not covering
white teeth. See Schultz (1958, p. 58, fig. 21) for a
description of the color pattern.
The United States Coast Guard has sent to me one
specimen, USNM 201173, taken at Kure Atoll, Hawai-
ian Islands.
RANGE.?Hawaiian Islands.
Scarus venosus Cuvier and Valenciennes
PLATE 4A
Scarus venosus Cuvier and Valenciennes, 1839, p. 212.??
Schultz, 1958, p. 60, fig. 22.?Kamohara, 1963, p. 11, pi. 3:
fig. 3 [Okinawa].
Xanothon venosus.?Smith, 1959, p. 268, 278, pi. 4 4 H . ?
Munro, 1967, p. 435, fig. 823 [New Guinea].
Pseudoscarus pentazona Bleeker, 1861, p. 241.
Xanothon pentazona.?Smith, 1956, p. 7, pi. 4 4 H .
Pseudoscarus schlegeli Bleeker, 1861, p. 242.
Scarus schlegeli.?Schultz, 1958, p. 59, pi. 10D; 1960, p.
245.?Kamohara, 1963, p. 11, pi. 3: fig. 4 [Japan].
Scarus cypho Seale, 1901, p. 95.
Pseudoscarus collana var. eques Steindachner, 1907, p. 151.
Characterized by having 4 median predorsal scales, 2
rows of scales on cheek, ii,12 pectoral fin rays, lips
almost covering white teeth; black spot at dorsal edge
of pectoral base; immature and females with 5 vertical
dark bars on side of body separated by yellow color-
ation; canines at corner of mouth of adult males, latter
with 2 pale bars (yellowish when alive) below dorsal
fin, separated by a brownish bar, sometimes anterior
pale bar expanded to cover dorsal half of head; dorsal
and anal fins edged with a dusky streak (green when
alive) ; background coloration purplish red, each scale
marked with a green bar; center of dorsal and anal
fins pinkish except for streaks formed by green spots.
Mr. J. Howard Choat in a letter dated 6 December
1965 suggested that S. venosus and S. schlegeli rep-
resented female and male, respectively. My recent
study of this problem tends to confirm his opinion.
RANGE.?Western Pacific Ocean and Indian Ocean.
Scarus taeniurus Cuvier and Valenciennes
Scarus ghobban [not Forskal] Ruppell, 1828, p. 78 [Catalog
no. 1860.11.9.98 in British Museum].?Smith, 1959, p. 268.
Scarus taeniurus Cuvier and Valenciennes, 1839, p. 257
[lectotype: Catalog no. 554 in Paris Museum].?Schultz,
1958, p. 61, fig. 8; 1960, p. 245.?Kamohara, 1963, p. 12,
pi. 4: fig. 2 [Japan].
Scarus baliensis Bleeker, 1849, p. 8 [lectotype: Catalog no.
1861.2.28.48 in British Museum].
Pseudoscarus baliensis [in part].?Bleeker, 1862, p. 39 [not pi.
16: fig. 3].
Scarus bataviensis Bleeker, 1857, p. 342.
Pseudoscarus bataviensis.?Bleeker, 1862, p. 48, pi. 12: fig. 3.
Pseudoscarus forskalii var. fuscopurpureus Klunzinger, 1871,
p. 567 [lectotype: Catalog no. 1871.7.15.13 in British
Museum].
Xanothon carifanus Smith, 1956, p. 6, pi. 42D; 1959, pp. 268,
278, pi. 42D.
Pseudoscarus oktodon Bleeker, 1861, p. 235; 1862, p. 33, pi.
13: fig. 2.
Callyodon oktodon Fourmanoir, 1957, p. 187 [Nossi-be].
Xanothon oktodon.?Smith, 1956, p. 7, pi. 5 1 K ; 1959, p. 278,
pi. 41K.?Munro, 1967, p. 436, fig. 825 [New Guinea].
Xanothon frenatus [not Lacepede] Smith, 1956, p. 5, pi. 42o.
Xanothon fowleri Smith, 1956, p. 5, pi. 42o; 1959, p. 268,
pi. 42o.
See Schultz (1958, p. 61) for other synonyms.
Characterized by having 4 median predorsal scales,
2 rows of scales on cheek; pectoral rays ii,12; lips cov-
ering white teeth; black spot at upper base of pectoral
fin.
Coloration of adult male in alcohol: Rear half of
body pale (light green when alive) from below base
of dorsal spines VII or VIII to just in front of anus,
then anteriorly body dark (brownish green when
alive); edges of both lips pale (green when alive);
when alive, a red or green band to corner of mouth;
behind crossband on chin a green band connecting
with a green streak along midventral line to base of
pelvics; lower side of head with a green blotch; on
snout, dorsal to red (2nd) band a green band extend-
16 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY
T A B L E 8.?A comparison of certain features of the color pattern of Scarus forsteri and S. taeniurus
Characters
Dark spot between dorsal spines I and II in
juveniles and immature adults
Distal margin of caudal fin with:
Caudal fin with dark vertical bars or cross-
bars
Caudal fin with lengthwise dark streaks
Color pattern of snout and edges of upper lips
of adults
forsteri
absent
dusky band with a submarginal dark
line
absent
present
green, forming a band that extends to
the eye; no red interspace in green
band across snout
taeniurus
present
pale or very narrow white edge; no
submarginal dark line
present
absent
very narrow green margin, then a pale
interspace (red when alive) sepa-
rating the broad band across snout
that extends to eye
ing to below eye, thence to rear of operculum; distal
edges of anal and of dorsal green, bounded submargin-
ally by a black line; center of anal crossed by a narrow
dusky streak; outer edges of caudal lobes green with a
submarginal black line. Center of cheek pale, bright
yellow when alive.
This species occurs abundantly in collections made
in the Pacific Ocean, Indian Ocean, and Red Sea.
Among the species of Scarus with 4 predorsal scales,
2 rows of scales on cheek, ii,12 pectoral rays, and with
lips mostly covering white teeth, great confusion exists
as to how many species should be recognized.
Smith (1959, p. 278) recognized the following spe-
cies in this relationship: S. fowleri (Smith), S. ba-
taviensis Bleeker, S. carifanus (Smith), S. venosus
Cuvier and Valenciennes, S. oktodon (Bleeker), and
S. margaritus Cartier.
Scarus venosus with 4 vertical dark bars on the side
was recognized by Schultz (1958, p. 60) as a valid
species. Scarus margaritus, with the dark spot in the
center of a pale caudal peduncular area, I reaffirm is
a synonym of Scarus sordidus, which has ii,13 or less
frequently ii,12 pectoral fin rays (Table 8). This leaves
four of Smith's nominal species that I refer to the
taeniurus-forsteri complex.
Fortunately the IIOE and other recent expeditions
have collected specimens that make it possible for me
to re-examine this complex problem. In general, two
clearly defined species can be distinguished. They share
certain characteristics such as a black spot at the dorsal
base of the pectoral fin; and a dark submarginal line
bordering the inner edge of the distinctly blue-edged
dorsal and anal fins on the half-grown specimens and
adults. Table 8 lists the significant differences between
the two species.
Smith (1959, pi. 42G) illustrates a parrotfish of this
relationship as S. fowleri Smith 1956, and among the
newly collected specimens is one, 275 mm standard
length, on loan from Dr. Steinitz, from the Red Sea,
and another, 220 mm, collected by the IIOE from the
Indian Ocean. Both have color patterns as shown on
Smith's Plate 42G (1959). Since both specimens have
dark vertical color bars in the caudal fin, the distal
blue edges of both dorsal and anal fins have black sub-
marginal lines, a black spot at the upper edge of the
pectoral base, exactly as shown in the illustration of
S. fowleri (Smith), I conclude that the latter nominal
species is probably the male of S. taeniurus Cuvier and
Valenciennes. Smith seems to have been confused
about the black pectoral spot because he states (1956,
p. 5 ) : "There is a black mark in the pectoral
axil," but later (1959, p. 268) he says: "No dark spot
on pectoral base." Scarus fowleri, however, does have
the black spot at the upper edge of the pectoral base.
Schultz (1958, p. 52) incorrectly referred fowleri
Smith to the synonymy of Scarus javanicus Bleeker; the
latter differs by having 3 rows of scales on the cheek
instead of 2 as in S. fowleri.
Scarus carifanus (Smith) (1956, p. 6, pi. 42D; 1959,
p. 268, pi. 42D) also appears to be S. taeniurus. Smith
(1959, p. 268) states: "I am inclined to suspect that
carifanus Smith, 1956, is the female [of fowleri\"
Scarus baliensis Bleeker, 1849 (p. 8) , presents con-
fusion; the two types examined by me in the British
Museum belong to different species. The one from Bali
(Catalog No. 1861.2.28.48, standard length 98 mm,
NUMBER 17 17
with 4 predorsal scales, 2 rows of scales on the cheek,
ii,12 pectoral rays, and dorsal edge of pectoral base
with a black spot) is the same as S. taeniurus Cuvier
and Valenciennes. I select this specimen as lectotype.
The other specimen in the British Museum (Catalog
no. 1864.5.15.23, with 3 rows of scales on the cheek)
appears to be S. formosus Cuvier and Valenciennes.
Schultz (1958, p. 61) referred Pseudoscarus baliensis
Bleeker [not Bleeker, 1849], 1862 (pi. 16: fig. 3), to
S. taeniurus, but a reexamination of this plate shows 6
or 7 predorsal scales and 3 rows of scales on the cheek.
Possibly the artist made an error in number of pre-
dorsal scales when he drew specimen number 1864.5.-
15.23 since this type-specimen has only 4 predorsal
scales. That plate is not positively identifiable.
An examination of the type of Scarus bataviensis
Bleeker, 1857 (p. 342) (British Museum Catalog no.
1864.5.15.45, standard length 280 mm), reveals
that the type has the same coloration as shown by
Bleeker (1862, pi. 12: fig. 3). This type is selected as
lectotype. Scarus bataviensis Bleeker therefore be-
comes a junior synonym of S. taeniurus Cuvier and
Valenciennes.
Scarus scaber [in part] Cuvier and Valenciennes, 1839
(p. 14), is represented by two types in the Paris Mu-
seum, one of which (Catalog no. 588) was selected as
lectotype by Schultz (1958, p. 92). The other (Catalog
no. 1733) with 4 predorsal scales, 2 rows of scales on
the cheek, ii,12 pectoral rays, black spot upper edge
of pectoral base, and a brown spot between dorsal
spines I and II is S. taeniurus.
The following are from the Chagas Archipelago,
Diego Garcia Atoll, collected by the IIOE in 1967:
Sta. HA67-3, 12 June, 5 spec, 39-69 mm; Sta. HA-
67-6, 14 June, 3 spec, 107-149 mm; Sta. HA67-38,
9 July, 3 spec, 91-122 mm; Sta HA67-51, 23 July,
8 spec, 56-126 mm.
Dr. V. G. Springer collected the following in 1966
from One Tree Island off Queensland: Sta. VGS-66-
13, 30 November, 1 spec, 102 mm; Sta. VGS-66-14, 1
December, 3 spec, 67-134 mm; Sta. VGS-66-19, 11
December, 6 spec, 58-100 mm.
Recently collected specimens: USNM 202519, Nossi-
Be, 1 spec.; USNM 202520,1 from entrance Port Kilin-
dini, 4?5'12"S, 39?40'45" E; USNM 202522, 1 from
Comoro Islands; USNM 202521, 1 from Fiji; USNM
202523, 1 from Mentawei Islands, Indonesia; USNM
202524, 2 from Tulear Harbor, Madagascar; USNM
202525, 7 from Fiji; USNM 202574,1 from near Aden;
USNM 202575, 6 from Red Sea; USNM 202577, 3
from Nossi-Be USNM 202579 and 202604, 23 from
Amirantes Islands; USNM 202580, 1 from Comoro
Islands; USNM 202595, 2 from Mauritius; USNM
202601 and 202603, 4 from North Island, Farquhar
Islands; USNM 202605, 19 from Guam; USNM
202606, 1 from Bora Bora Island.
RANGE.?Hawaiian Islands, central and western
Pacific Ocean, Indian Ocean, and Red Sea.
Scarus forsteri Cuvier and Valenciennes
Scarus forsteri Cuvier and Valenciennes, 1839, p. 275 [neo-
type: USNM 202607 from Tahiti].?Schultz, 1958, p. 64,
figs. 2, 23; 1960, p. 246.
Scarus quoyi [in part] Cuvier and Valenciennes, 1839, p. 273,
[only type no. A9292].
Pseudoscarus forskalii [in part] Klunzinger, 1871, p. 566 [type
no. 71.7.15.4, in British Museum, seen by Smith, 1959,
p. 268), and identified as S. bataviensis Bleeker].
Pseudoscarus filholi Sauvage, 1879, p. 225.
Scarus gilberti Jenkins, 1900, p. 59, fig. 17.
Scarus jenkinsi Jordan and Evermann, 1903, p. 195.
Xanothon bataviensis [not Bleeker] Smith, 1956, p. 6, pi.
41A; 1959, p. 268, pi. 41A.?Munro, 1967, p. 435, fig. 824
[New Guinea].
Xanothon parvidens Smith, 1956, p. 7, pi. 45E.
Schultz (1958, p. 64, figs. 9, 23) characterized this spe-
cies as having 4 median predorsal scales, 2 rows of scales
on cheeck, ii,12 pectoral rays, lips nearly covering
white teeth, black spot at upper base of pectoral fin, and
both lips green edged, the green on upper lip forming a
green band from snout to below eye, blackish submar-
ginal line bordering blue distal edges of median fins,
including caudal fin, latter with dark lengthwise streaks
and rays red.
The validity of Scarus forsteri Cuvier and Valencien-
nes, 1839 (p. 275), as recognized by Schultz (1958,
p. 64) was rejected by Smith (1956; 1959, p. 268) as
unidentifiable. Unfortunately, Schultz (1958, pp. 64-
66) did not give reasons for his identification and rec-
ognition of the earliest name, S. forsteri.
Following is a comparison of my translation of Cu-
vier and Valenciennes' description with that of Smith
(1956, pi. 41A) (the latter description in brackets):
. . . green with red spots on the scales [blue-green with red
margins on scales]; ventrally blue with 2 series of green spots
[belly blue with 3 lengthwise purple streaks]; head green
with blue lips [head blue-green with blue lips]; lower part of
breast purple [this area green]; dorsal red with rays green
[dorsal red], border blue [border blue]; anal with same color
as dorsal [anal red, rays blue]; caudal crescent shaped [same]
with its borders blue, and rays red [borders blue, rays red].
18 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY
Since the type of S. forsteri Cuvier and Valenciennes
has been lost (Smith, 1959, p. 268), however, and
confusion may exist as to its identity, I herewith select
a neotype, USNM 202607, from its type-locality, Ta-
hiti, collected by Dr. John Randall 21 April 1957. This
specimen is 220 mm in standard length and exhibits
all the characteristics listed above for the species.
Smith (1959) rejected Scarus forsteri and accepted
Xanothon bataviensis Bleeker, 1857 (p. 342), as the
valid name for this species; however, an examina-
tion of the type in the British Museum (Catalog no.
1864.5.15.45) reveals it is S. taeniurus and not this
species.
The color illustration by Smith (1956, pi. 41A;
1959, pi. 41A) of Xanothon bataviensis has the char-
acteristics of S. forsteri in regard to the blue distal edge
of the caudal fin, the lengthwise red streaks on the
caudal fin, the broad green band from the upper lip
to the eye, and the absence of pale (red) edges on both
lips. It appears that S. forsteri was not distinguished
from S. taeniurus by Smith and this may explain some
of the confusion in regard to the for ester i-taeniurus
complex.
Smith (1959) and I agree that the following names
are junior synonyms of S. forsteri: Pseudoscarus for-
skalii Klunzinger, 1871 (p. 566), and Xanothon par-
videns Smith, 1956 (p. 7, pi. 4 5 E ) .
Another available name is Scarus quoyi Cuvier and
Valenciennes, 1839 (p. 273). This name, however, in-
troduces some confusion because the two types in the
Paris Museum represent two different species. Dr.
Smith and I have examined these types and agree on
their identification. One (Catalog no. A9292) is Scarus
forsteri. The other (no. 579) is a junior synonym of
Scarus blochi Cuvier and Valenciennes, 1839 (p. 219),
and, for the purpose of greater stability in nomencla-
ture, I select specimen number 579 as lectotype for
Scarus quoyi Cuvier and Valenciennes.
Recently the following specimens were collected by
the Anton Bruun ( I IOE) : USNM 202578, Sta. RS-
41, KA39, 12 February 1968, Seychelles, 4 spec; un-
cataloged, Sta. HA67-51, 23 July 1967, Diego Garcia
Atoll, 2 spec, 140-141 mm.
RANGE.?Hawaiian Islands, central and western
Pacific Ocean, and Indian Ocean.
Scarus enneacanthus Lacepede
Scarus enneacanthus Lacepede, 1802, p. 6 [He de France,
holotye no.- 2476 in Paris Museum; also a syntype of
S. capitaneous Cuvier and Valenciennes].?Bauchot and
Guibe, I960, p. 293.
Scarus cyanescens Cuvier and Valenciennes, 1839, p. 254.?
Schultz, 1958, p. 66, pi. 11A.
Scarus capitaneous Cuvier and Valenciennes, 1839, p. 228,
pi. 403.?Bauchot and Guibe, 1960, p. 292 [syntypes 2473,
2475, 2476, B. 2040 and B. 2039].
Xanothon capitaneous.?Smith, 1956, p. 5, pi. 41 F; 1959,
pp. 268, 278, pi. 41F.
Callyodon capitaneous.?Fourmanoir, 1957, p. 185 [Anjouan
Island].
IPseudoscarus chloromelas Playfair and Gunther, 1866, p.
109, pi. 15: fig. 1.?Smith, 1956, p. 6; 1959, p. 278.
Xanothon chloromelas.?Smith, 1959, p. 278.
?'Xanothon cyanotaenia Smith [not Bleeker], 1956, p. 5, pi.
42E; 1959, pi. 42E [not identified in legend].
Callyodon cyanotaenia.?Marshall, 1965, p. 322.
Characterized by having 4 predorsal scales, 2 rows of
scales on cheek, ii,13 pectoral rays; no black spot on
base of pectoral; edges of all median fins and pelvics
sharply margined with white, probably blue when alive,
body brown in alcohol, head with a frontal swelling.
The syntype (no. 2476) of S. capitaneus Cuvier and
Valenciennes, in the Paris Museum, is a dried skin
without any coloration remaining. It has 4 predorsal
scales, 2 rows of scales on the cheek; ii,13 pectoral
rays and not ii,12 as recorded by Smith (1959, p.
268). Smith's Plate 41 F (X. capitaneus) looks very
much like Plate 403 (S. capitaneus) in Cuvier and
Valenciennes (1839). Beauchot and Guibe (1960, p.
292) have identified S. capitaneus Cuvier and
Valenciennes as the same as S. enneacanthus Lace-
pede, and I have identified S. cyanescens Cuvier and
Valenciennes (type no. 586) as the same as S. capi-
taneus. Since the holotype (no. 2476) of S. enneacan-
thus is also a syntype of S. capitaneus, the latter species
is an objective synonym of S. enneacanthus Lacepede.
RANGE.?Western Indian Ocean.
Scarus rhoduropterus (Bleeker)
PLATE 4B
Pseudoscarus rhoduropterus Bleeker, 1861, p. 233; 1862, p.
27, pi. 4: fig. 1.
Xanothon rhoduropterus.?Smith, 1956, p. 6, pi. 44K; 1959,
p. 278, pi. 44K.
Scarus rhoduropterus.?Schultz, 1958, p. 67, pi. 11B.
Characterized by having 4 median predorsal scales, 2
rows of scales on cheek, ii,13 pectoral rays, lips not
covering bluish-gray to white teeth; base pectoral same
color as body, latter reddish brown; 4 or 5 vertical
dark bars on side.
NUMBER 17 19
I have studied three specimens, 141?185 mm,
USNM 202383, recently collected by the IIOE in the
Indian Ocean, and 24 others. 74-190 mm, USNM
202276, 202352, 202353, and 202620, collected by the
Te Vega Expeditions in the tropical western Pacific
Ocean. The IIOE also collected one specimen, USNM
202386, in the Red Sea and two, 103-124 mm, from
the Chagas Archipelago, Diego Garcia Atoll, Sta.
HA67-6, 14 July 1967.
RANGE.?Central and western Pacific Ocean and
western Indian Ocean.
Scarus sordidus Forskal
PLATE 4C
Scarus sordidus Forskal, 1775, pp. x, 80 [neotype: USNM
202297; Red Sea].?Schultz, 1958, p. 68, fig. 11, pi. 12A,
B; 1960, p. 246.?Gosline and Brock, 1960, p. 238
[Hawaiian Islands].?Kamohara, 1963, p. 60, pi. 3: fig. 1
[Japan].?Woodland and Slack-Smith, 1963, p. 46 [Heron
Island].
Callyodon sordidus.?Fourmanoir, 1957, p. 187 [Nossi-Be].
Xanothon sordidus.?Munro, 1967, p. 437, fig. 827 [New
Guinea].
Scarus purpureus Cuvier and Valenciennes, 1839, p. 277.
Callyodon purpureus.?Jordan and Seale, 1906, p. 316, fig. 57.
Callyodon bipallidus Smith, 1955, p. 936.
Xanothon bipallidus.?Smith, 1956, p. 5, pi. 41D; 1959, pp.
266, 268, 278, pi. 41D.
Xanothon margaritus Smith, 1956, p. 7, pi. 45G; 1959, pp.
269, 278.
Xanothon erythrodon Smith, 1956, p. 7, pi. 45F; 1959, pp.
269, 278.?Munro, 1967, p. 436, fig. 826 [New Guinea].
See Schultz (1958, pp. 68-69) for other synonyms.
Characterized by having 4 median predorsal scales,
2 rows of scales on cheek, pectoral rays ii,13, occasion-
ally ii,12; lips not covering white teeth, which become
greenish in adult males. Juveniles brown to reddish
brown with a pale (pink) caudal area that has a
round, dark blotch at base of caudal fin. See Schultz
(1958, pp. 69?71) for color description of adults.
In 1956 J. L. B. Smith established the new species
Xanothon bipallidus with this comment: "Recorded
by many workers as sordidus Forskal, 1775, but it is not
possible to be certain of Forskal's species. This name is
assigned until it can be settled which has valid priority."
Schultz (1958, p. 131) accepted Scarus bipallidus
(Smith) as distinct from the species that he recognized
as Scarus sordidus from the western tropical Pacific
Ocean. Because Schultz did not have enough adult
specimens of the Red Sea sordidus nor the Indian
Ocean bipallidus, he was unable to evaluate the sordi-
dus complex. Since then the International Indian
Ocean Expeditions collected excellent series of speci-
mens of sordidus from the Red Sea and the Indian
Ocean.
Fortunately, this excellent series of specimens, along
with additional material from the western Pacific listed
by Schultz (1958, pp. 71-72) has made it possible to
compare the populations of the S. sordidus complex in
the Red Sea and in the Pacific and Indian Oceans.
Scarus sordidus is one of the most abundant parrot-
fishes in the Indian and Pacific Oceans. It occurs more
often and in greater numbers in the collections I have
studied than any other species.
I counted the number of fin rays and scales (Table
9) and observed that no significant differences occur
in counts among the three localities.
I compared the color patterns of juveniles, females,
and of adults in the green color phase from the Red
T A B L E 9.?Frequency distribution of number of Jin rays and cheek scales for Scarus sordidus
Locality
Red Sea
tndian Ocean
Pacific Ocean
Number of cheek scales
dorsal row
5 6 7 aver-
age
8 21 1 5.77
8 12 5.60
21 39 3 5.71
ventral row
5 6 7 8 aver-
age
7 17 4 5.89
1 9 10 1 6.52
4 30 24 1 6.37
total
10 11 12 13 14 aver-
age
2 11 15 3 11.61
4 11 3 1 12.05
12 9 6 2 11.66
Number of
pectoral rays
ii, ii, ii, aver-
12 13 14 age
13 57 4 12.89
6 45 12.88
6 131 4 12.98
Total pectoral rays
and cheek scales
36 37 38 39 40 aver-
age
5 11 10 4 1 37.74
1 6 8 4 1 37.97
1 12 10 4 2 37.90
20 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY
Sea, Indian Ocean, and Pacific Ocean directly by use
of preserved specimens, color slides, color drawings,
and color illustrations in the literature from all three
areas.
The most characteristic color pattern for juveniles
(preserved in alcohol) between 12 and 60 mm is the
striped color phase described by Schultz (1958, p. 70).
The description needs no changes because of the addi-
tional specimens examined from the Red Sea, Indian,
and Pacific Oceans.
The reddish-brown color phase is found on speci-
mens from 50 to 200 mm and my description (Schultz
1958, p. 70) needs little change. It applies to specimens
from all three areas except that I have not found
juveniles or immature specimens with a few silvery
scales as occasionally has occurred in the large series
examined from the Marshall Islands and Philippine
Islands and illustrated by Schultz (1958, pi. 12A).
The dark caudal spot in the center of the light caudal
area may disappear as this color phase passes into the
adult green color phase (probably males).
The pale caudal peduncle begins at a line connect-
ing the rear basal edges of the dorsal and anal fins
and appears to be of similar extent in specimens from
the Red Sea, the Indian Ocean, and the Pacific Ocean
(Table 10).
I compared the color markings of the head and find
considerable variability around a basic pattern (Plate
4c) . I did not observe any consistent differences in
color patterns for the populations of S. sordidus in the
three seas.
The width of the two color bands of the anal fin
were measured at the midlength of the base of the anal
fin, and the width of the distal band was calculated as
a percentage of the length of the middle anal ray.
These data, recorded in Table 11, show a possibility of
T A B L E 10.?Frequency distribution of the length of the pale
portion of the caudal peduncle of Scarus sordidus (in
thousandths of standard length)
T A B L E 11.?Frequency distribution of the width of the distal
color band of the anal Jin of Scarus sordidus (in per-
centages of the length of the middle soft anal ray)
Locality
Red Sea
Indian
Ocean
Pacific
Ocean
131
140
2
141
150
2
151
160
2
161
170
1
2
3
171
180
1
181
190
2
1
191
200
1
2
201
210
1
211
220
1
Locality
Red Sea
Indian Ocean
Pacific Ocean
36
40
1
41
45
1
46
50
1
51
55
2
1
56
60
1
2
2
61
65
1
66
70
5
71
75
2
being wider in the western Pacific than in the Indian
Ocean and Red Sea. The variability, however, is so
great that I conclude a subspecies should not be
recognized until a larger series of adult specimens are
studied to determine if a significant difference exists.
The only other character that might indicate a popu-
lation difference is the occasional occurrence of light
scales (Schultz 1958, pi. 12A) on the immature stage.
This, too, needs further study before a population is
recognized subspecifically.
I have shown in this study that the Red Sea and
Indian Ocean populations of S. sordidus are identical.
It must be concluded, therefore, that X. bipallidus
Smith is a junior synonym of Scarus sordidus Forskal.
NEOTYPE.?The identity of Scarus sordidus Forskal
has not been universally accepted. In order to bring
greater nomenclatural stability to the Scaridae since
the type material of S. sordidus Forskal no longer exists
(Klausewitz and Nielson, 1965, p. 12), I herewith
select a neotype for Scarus sordidus Forskal: USNM
202297, adult male, 210 mm standard length, collected
by IIOE, Red Sea off Hurghada, Egypt, Sta. HA-36.
The following collections from the Red Sea were
loaned for study by Dr. H. Steinit*- E62-3676-C-1,
6 April 1962, Um Aabak, 1 spec., 49 mm; E-62-3676-
G, 18 March 1962, Nacra, 2 spec, 46-90 mm; E62-
3342, 4 April 1962, Entedebir, 1 spec, 138 mm;
E62-518, 23 March 1962, Um Aabak, 1 spec, 47 mm.
The following specimens were collected by the IIOE
in the Red Sea: USNM 202388, Sta. HA-26, 30
December 1964, Strait of Jubal, 4 spec, 44-105 mm;
USNM 202382, Sta. HA-29, 1 January 1965, 12 spec,
38 to 69 mm; USNM 202393, Sta. HA-30, 2 January
1965, 1 spec, 48 mm; USNM 202397, Sta. HA-31, 3
January 1965, 5 spec. 32 to 57 mm; USNM 202481,
Sta. HA-32, 4 January 1965, 1 spec; USNM 202405,
Sta. HA-34, 5 January 1965, 3 spec, 36 to 57 mm;
NUMBER 17 21
uncataloged, Sta. HA-35, 6 January 1965, 4 spec,
33-59 mm; USNM 202297, and 202391, Sta.
HA-36, 7 January 1965,19 spec. 37 to 210 mm (photo
of 210-mm specimen neg. no. 283); USNM 202402,
Sta. HA-38, 10 January 1965, 1 spec, 57 mm.
The following specimens were collected by the IIOE
in the Indian Ocean: From Nossi-Be, Madagascar:
USNM 202410, Sta. JR-72,14 February 1964, 1 spec,
150 mm; USNM 202404, Sta. JR-76, 18 February
1964, 1 spec, 69 mm; USNM 202411, Cruise 6, 12
June 1964, reef off Port Louis Harbor, 1 spec, 115
mm. From the Comoro Islands: USNM 202395, Sta.
HA-9, 24 November 1964, 2 spec, 37-38 mm; USNM
202412, Sta. HA-12, 26 November 1964, 2 spec, 164-
180 mm; USNM 202359, FT-12, 26 November 1964,
1 spec, 225 mm. From Aldabra Island: USNM
202392, Sta. HA-16, 3 December 1964, 11 spec, 23 to
57 mm; USNM 202361, Sta. HA-17, 4 December
1964, 6 spec, 22-210 mm; USNM 202360, Sta. RS-
37, 6 December 1964, Farquhar Islands, 10?07'S,
51?10'E, 35 spec. 61-190 mm. From Amirantes Is-
lands: USNM 202408, Sta. HA-19, 8 December 1964,
27 spec, 28 to 82 mm; USNM 202362, Sta. RS-41
KA-39, 8 December 1964, 23 spec, 65-180 mm;
USNM 202358, FT-26, 21 December 1964, Gold
Mohur Bay, Aden, 1 spec, 225 mm.
The following specimens were collected by the Te
Vega Expeditions in the western Pacific Ocean: From
off Thailand, uncataloged, Sta. 56, 3 November 1963,
1 spec, 79 mm, and USNM 202406, Sta. 78, 3 Novem-
ber 1963, 5 spec; USNM 202407, Sta. 104, 30 No-
vember 1963, off Pulo Siburu, Mentawei Islands,
Indonesia 4 spec, 33-109 mm; USNM 202396, Sta.
112, 6 December 1963, Pulo Stupai, Sanding Island,
Mentawei Islands, 2 spec, 63-68 mm; USNM 202400,
Sta. 213, 1 February 1965, Pulau Gaya, Darvel Bay,
Borneo; USNM 202409 and 202625, Sta. 216, 2 Feb-
ruary 1965, Pulav Bohidulong east end Borneo, 6 spec,
22-122 mm; USNM 202399, Sta. 234, 25 February
1965, Keraward Island, St. George's Channel, 3 spec,
13-46 mm; USNM 202363, Sta. 247, 11 March 1965,
Solomon Islands, Tautsina Island, Bougainville, 7 spec,
36 to 185 mm; USNM 202413 and 202482, Sta. 259,
16 April 1965, Vanikoro Island, Peu Bay, 4 spec,
40-120 mm; USNM 202394, Sta. 278, 8 May 1965,
Great Astrolabe Reef, north of Vuro Island, 7 spec,
35-35 mm; USNM 202398, Sta. 295, 26 May 1965,
Wailangilala Island, Fiji, 1 spec, 55 mm. Uncata-
loged: From Tutuila Island: Sta. 21, 19 August 1963,
8 spec, 29-73 mm; Sta. 35, 3 September 1963, 1 spec,
23 mm.
The following specimens were collected by Dr. John
Randall: USNM 202401, Maiai Island, Takahau
Atoll, Tuomotu Islands, 14 April 1957,1 spec, 23 mm;
USNM 202364, Takahau Atoll, Matite Island, 15 April
1957, 39 spec, 23-195 mm; USNM 202366, Papeete,
Tahiti, Market, 18-21 April 1957, 205-230 mm.
Dr. V. G. Springer collected 8 lots, totaling 27 speci-
mens, 28-200 mm, at One Tree Island off Queensland
during November and December 1966.
The IIOE collected the following specimens dur-
ing 1967 from the Chagas Archipelogo, Diego Garcia
Atoll: Sta. HA3, 12 June, 4 spec, 48-187 mm; Sta.
HA7, 15 June, 14 spec, 59-147 mm; Sta. HA8, 16
June, 2 spec, 49-66 mm; Sta. HAH, 18 June, 1 spec,
72 mm; Sta. HAH, 21 June, 2 spec, 109-124 mm;
Sta. HA16, 22 June, 4 spec, 69-178 mm; Sta. HA36,
7 July, 11 spec, 55-97 mm; Sta. HA38, 9 July, 7 spec,
117-175 mm; Sta. HA45, 16 July, 1 spec 210 mm;
Sta. HA49,12 spec, 25-52 mm.
RANGE.?Hawaiian Islands, central and western
Pacific Ocean, Indian Ocean, and Red Sea.
Scarus troscheli Bleeker
Scarus troscheli Bleeker, 1853, p. 498.?Schultz, 1958, p. 67,
fig. 10.
Pseudoscarus troschelli.?Bleeker, 1862, p. 25, pi. 7: fig. 2.
Scarus quoyi [not Cuvier and Valenciennes].?Bleeker, 1853,
p. 607.
Pseudoscarus quoyi [not Cuvier and Valenciennes].?Bleeker,
1862, p. 29, pi. 6: fig. 3.
Callyodon bleekeri Weber and de Beaufort, 1940, p. 318.
Scarus bleekeri.?Schultz, 1958, p. 68, pi. 1 lc.
Xanothon bleekeri.?Munro, 1967, p. 436, fig. 827 [New
Guinea].
Characterized by 4 median predorsal scales, 2 rows of
scales on cheek, ii,13 pectoral rays; lips not covering
yellowish teeth. Color when alive: a yellowish rec-
tangular blotch on side of head bordered by a green
streak from corner of mouth past lower edge of eye,
thence curving backward and downward toward upper
pectoral base, sometimes meeting green streak that ex-
tends from corner of mouth across opercle toward
lower edge of pectoral base; edge of both lips green;
green anal fin crossed at its middle by an oblique red-
dish or green streak; no dusky edge or streak along
distal edge of anal fin; green dorsal fin is crossed by 2
red streaks; caudal fin green with a red streak in outer
22 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY
part of each caudal lobe. No dark spot on pectoral
base.
Specimens: USNM 202691, Te Vega Cruise 6, Sta.
TV-247, 11 March 1965, Solomon Islands, Tautsina
Island, 8 spec, 172-245 mm.
I believe that Callyodon bleekeri Weber and de
Beaufort (=Pseudoscarus quoyi [not Cuvier and Va-
lenciennes] Bleeker) is the same species as S. troscheli
Bleeker. This opinion is based on identical counts for
fin rays and scales, identical color pattern in anal and
dorsal fin, especially the anal with an oblique streak
across middle of fin in combination with the absence
of a dusky edge distally on margin of fin. The color
markings of the cheek area are sufficiently similar to
be within the range of variability for a species of
parrotfish.
RANGE.?Western Pacific Ocean.
Scar us bower si (Snyder)
FIGURE 1, PLATE 4D
Callyodon bowersi Snyder, 1909, p. 602; 1912, pi. 46: fig. 2.
Scarus bowersi.?Schultz, 1958, p. 72, pi. 11D.?Kamohara,
1963, p. 10, pi. 3: fig. 2 [Japan].
Characterized by having 4 median predorsal scales, 2
rows of scales on cheek; ii,13 pectoral rays; white
FIGURE 1.?Scarus bowersi, a specimen from Tahiti, 305
mm, collected by Dr. Randall, 21 April 1957.
teeth; a purplish or brownish blotch on dorsal surface
of snout, a red or orange area behind eye that extends
from level of eye to behind head a distance about
equal to postorbital length of head thence ventrally to
pectoral fin base, a red streak across base of anal fin
and no dusky margin distally on anal fine; outer two-
thirds of anal green; red or green streaks across inter-
orbital space.
RANGE.?Western Pacific Ocean.
Scarus jonesi (Streets)
Pseudoscarus jonesi Streets, 1877, p. 80.
Scarus jonesi.?Schultz, 1958, p. 72, fig. 12, pi. 13A; 1960,
p. 247.
See Schlutz (1958, p. 72) for other synonyms.
Characterized by having 4 median predorsal scales,
2 rows of scales on cheek, ii, 13 pectoral rays, lips not
covering yellowish teeth. In the young, background
brownish with center of each scale brownish; distal
margin of caudal fin white, pectoral fin pale. In green
color phase, scales green with centers orange; mem-
branes between rays of median fins greenish; dorsal
and ventral edges of caudal fin green; outer edge of
pelvics green; 2 green streaks extending behind orbit
separated by orange coloration; dorsal edge of pectoral
green; green blotches on head separated by orange;
eye orange. Upper lip edged with red or green.
RANGE.?Central Pacific Ocean.
Scarus capistratoid.es Bleeker
PLATE 4E
Scarus capistratoides Bleeker, 1849, p. 50.?Schultz, 1958, p.
74, pi. 12c, D.
Xanothon capistratoides.?Smith, 1956, p. 6, pi. 43A, B; 1959,
p. 268, pi. 43A, B.
Scarus cyanotaenia Bleeker, 1854 p. 197 [type: Catalog no.
1864.5.15.28 British Museum, has ii, 3 pectoral rays].
Pseudoscarus cyanotaenia.?Bleeker, 1862, p. 28, pi. 6: fig. 1.
PXanothon erythrodon [not Cuvier and Valenciennes].?
Smith, 1956, p. 7, pi. 45E.
See Schultz (1958, p. 74) for other synonyms.
Characterized by having 4 median predorsal scales,
2 rows of scales on cheek; ii,13 pectoral fin rays, and
lips not covering white teeth; edges of dorsal and anal
fins blue or green, middle red, base blue or green;
caudal region with red spots, one on each scale; distal
part of caudal fin green, basally red; cheek pink;
edges of upper and lower lips red, then a green cross-
NUMBER 1 7 23
band, one on snout extends to below eye, thence to
rear of opercle; distal margin of operculum red.
A male has the dorsal part of the head dark back to
about the base of dorsal spine IV, thence ventrally to
the origin of the anal fin; posterior to this dark oblique
bar, the body is abruptly pale.
Schultz (1958) referred Scarus cyanotaenia Bleeker,
1854 (p. 197), to the synonymy of S. forsteri, and Smith
(1959, p. 268) identified it as "unquestionable" Scarus
capistratoides Bleeker, 1849 (p. 50). Both of us have
examined the type in the British Museum (Catalog no.
1864.5.15.28). I made the following notes on the type
in 1953: ". . . median predorsal scales 4: rows of
scales on cheek, both sides, are 6-7-0 and 6-6-0;
pectoral rays ii,13-ii,13. Distal edges of both dorsal
and anal fins narrowly dusky; dorsal with median dusky
streak; rest of fin lighter; anal pale with barely dis-
cernable median dusky streak; Weber and de Beaufort
mention a dark spot at upper base of pectoral (red-
violet spot mentioned by Bleeker) which certainly
is not now visible on the type." Without the dark spot
and ii,13 pectoral rays I accept Smith's opinion.
Schultz (1958, p. 74) referred Smith (1956, pi. 43B)
to the synonymy of Scarus forsteri, which probably was
an error since that plate represents this species.
Among the reddish-brown parrotfishes reaching up
to 9 inches in standard length and having 4 median
predorsal scales, 2 rows of scales on the cheek, ii,13
pectoral rays, white teeth, and no black spot at dorsal
edge of pectoral base, I find the following nominal
species with the above listed characters: Scarus en-
neacanthus Lacepede (=S. cyanescenes Cuvier and
Valenciennes=S. capitaneus Cuvier and Valencien-
nes) ; S. rhoduropterus Bleeker; S. troscheli Bleeker
( = C. bleekeri Weber and de Beaufort) ; S. sordidus
Forskal; S. bowersi (Snyder) ; S. jonesi (Streets); S.
capistratoides Bleeker.
The following species listed above may be distin-
guished from the plain reddish-brown ones by certain
characteristic color marks: S. enneacanthus has the
distal margins of the median fins narrowly margined
with blue, and a green body; S. rhoduropterus has 4
or 5 dark vertical bars on the side of the body; S. tros-
cheli has a dusky streak across the middle of the anal
fin, distinctive color marks on the side of the head
(Schultz, 1958, p. 38, fig. 10) and a distinctive yellow
blotch on cheek bordered by a narrow green band;
S. sordidus has a pale peduncular region with a dark
spot at base of caudal fin; S. bowersi and S. jonesi
both have a distinctive coloration as shown by Schultz
(1958, p. 72, figs. 12, 13A; pi. 12D).
Scarus capistratoides is known only from adults with
the green color pattern, in which the edges of both
lips are red. Smith (1956, 1959) recognized Xanothon
erythrodon (not Cuvier and Valenciennes) Smith as
occurring in vast shoals in the western Indian Ocean;
however, my examination of the type of S. erythrodon
Cuvier and Valenciennes (Catalog no. 575), with
ii,12-ii,13 pectoral rays, revealed it to be S. sordidus, a
species the young of which occur in vast schools on the
reefs.
Newly collected specimens from the Indian Ocean
up to 225 mm in standard length are certainly the
same species as X. erythrodon (not Cuvier and Valen-
ciennes), Smith 1956 (pi. 4 5 F ) . In the largest of my
specimens the edges of the lips are pale (probably red
when alive) as in S. capistratoides. I am unable to de-
termine the sex for these specimens. I suggest that these
may be the immature stage of S. capistratoides, a prob-
lem that can best be studied in the field on living
specimens?possibly by injection of testosterone.
A recently collected specimen: USNM 202622, Te
Vega Sta. TV-247, 11 March 1965, Bougainville,
Tautsina Island.
RANGE.?Western Pacific Ocean and Indian Ocean.
Subgenus Xenoscarops Schultz
Xenoscarops Schultz, 1958, p. 23.
Xenoscarops Schultz is placed as a subgenus of Scarus
because in X. perrico (Jordan and Gilbert) juveniles
have a few rudimentary teeth next to the main row on
the upper pharyngeals. Also, discovery in the Red Sea
of a new species with five median predorsal scales and
two rows of scales on the cheek, similar to X. perrico,
with a rudimentary row of teeth next to the main row
on the upper pharyngeals, indicates a relationship to
genus Scarus. This new arrangement, however, is open
to question since X. perrico has 9-13 + 21-28 gill rakers
and S. fehlmanni, new species, has 25 + 33 gill rakers
on the first arch.
RANGE.?Eastern Pacific Ocean and Red Sea.
Scarus perrico Jordan and Gilbert
Scarus perrico Jordan and Gilbert, 1881, p. 357.
Scarops perrico.?Schultz, 1958, p. 23, fig. 3, pi. 2A,B.?
Briggs, 1964, p. 708.?Hobson, 1965, p. 295 [behavior].
See Schultz (1958, p. 23) for other synonyms.
24 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY
Characterized by having 5 median predorsal scales,
2 rows of scales on cheek; pectoral rays ii,12, rarely
ii,13; lips not quite covering green teeth (white in
juveniles); coloration plain dark olive green, young
with 2 or 3 brown crossbars on underside of head, and
sides of young indistinctly barred. Median fins dark
blue-green, paired fins green; blue lines scattered
around and radiating from eye; snout with hump in
adults; caudal fin rounded in young becoming truncate,
then with pointed lobes in largest adults.
RANGE.?Eastern Pacific Ocean.
Scarus fehlmanni, new species
FIGURE 2
Holotype, USNM 202419, from the Red Sea, Strait
of Jubal, 27?16'40" N, 33?46'50" E, collected by
H. A. Fehlmann and Hussein K. Badawi, IIOE Sta.
HA-34, 5 January 1965, 0-15 ft; standard length 248
mm, total length 295 mm, immature male.
FIGURE 2.?Diagramatic sketch, by author, of Scarus fehl-
manni, new species, based on holotype, USNM 202419,
and a paratype, USNM 202415.
Paratypes collected by IIOE, Red Sea: USNM
202415, Sta. HA-29, 1 January 1965, 27?16'46" N,
33?46'25" E, 8 ft, 1 spec, 173 mm; USNM 202417,
Sta. HA-35, 6 January 1965, 27?16'15" N, 33?47'30"
E, 0-10 ft, 1 spec, 97 mm; USNM 202418, Sta.
HA-38, 10 January 1965, 27?18'5O" N, 33?47'35" E,
0-15 ft, 1 spec, 96.5 mm; USNM 202416, Sta. HA-34,
5 January 1965, 27?16'40" N, 33?46'50" E, 0-15 ft,
2 spec 99-104 mm.
The following counts made on the holotype and 5
paratypes were constant: dorsal rays IX,10; anal, III,
9; pectoral ii,13 on both sides; pelvic 1,5; branched
caudal 6 + 5; pores in lateral line 18 + 5; median
predorsal scales 6, scales in 2 rows on check.
The scales on the cheek varied from 5 to 6 in both
rows. No specimen had a scale that formed a third
row of cheek scales. The holotype has 25 + 33 = 58 gill
rakers on the first arch.
Upper pharyngeals with one main row of teeth and
a rudimentary outer row beside the main row. Lips not
quite covering white teeth. Gill membranes attached
far forward with a free fold across isthmus. Interorbital
area strongly convex.
Measurements made on the holotype and five para-
types are recorded in thousandths of the standard
length (Table 12).
Color in alcohol: Head and body light brown, straw
colored ventrally, including caudal peduncle; side of
body with 3 dusky vertical bars, 1st below bases of
dorsal spines 4 to 8, 2nd below bases of soft dorsal
rays 1 to 3, and 3rd below soft dorsal rays 6 to 8.
Dorsal edge of pectoral dark and outer edges of pelvic
fins dusky. Distal edges of dorsal and anal fins with a
dark band. Possibly a narrow band along base on anal.
Edge of lower lip pale, behind which appears a dusky
crossbar. Dorsal part of head dusky with a trace of
dark band extending from snout to just below eye.
Coloration has faded in preservation so much that no
additional color pattern can be detected.
This new species of parrotfish combines 6 predorsal
scales with only 2 rows of scales on the cheek. All
species in the subgenus Callyodon have 5 to 8 predorsal
scales and 3 or 4 rows on the cheek. It differs from S.
perrico in having 25 + 44 gill rakers instead of 9 to
13 + 21 to 28, and ii,13 pectoral rays instead of ii,12
as in S. perrico.
The species is named in honor of my colleague, Dr.
H. Adair Fehlmann, of the Smithsonian Institution,
who made a special effort to collect parrotfishes in
the Red Sea for my studies. I gratefully acknowledge
his full cooperation.
RANGE.?Red Sea.
Subgenus Callyodon Scopoli
Callyodon [on Gronow] Scopoli, 1777, p. 449.
Calliodon.?Walbaum, 1792, p. 649.
Hemistoma Swainson, 1839, p. 226.?Schultz, 1958, p. 74.
Erychthys Swainson, 1839, p. 226.
Loro Jordan and Evermann, 1896 [1895], p. 418.
Characterized by having 5 to 8 median predorsal scales
and 3 or 4 rows of scales on cheek.
RANGE.?Atlantic, Pacific, and Indian Oceans.
Scarus dimidiatus Bleeker
PLATE 5A
Scarus dimidiatus Bleeker, 1859, p. 17.?Schultz, 1958, p. 74,
pi. 14A, B.
NUMBER 17 25
T A B L E 12.?Measurements made on Scarus (Xenoscarops) fehlmanni, new species (in thousandths of the standard length)
Standard length
Length of head
Greatest depth
Snout length
Eye diameter
Preorbital width
Least fleshy interorbital width
Postorbital length head
Least depth caudal peduncle
Length caudal peduncle
Longest fin rays
Spine of dorsal
Soft dorsal
Spine of anal
Soft anal
Pectoral
Pelvic
Caudal
Length shortest caudal ray
Holotype
202419
248
344
362
147
58
78
113
164
128
141
145
121
115
117
214
182
238
185
USNM
202415
173
370
358
144
61
75
107
166
139
165
142
130
116
113
211
162
234
222
USNM
202416
104
340
355
128
71
63
108
163
134
153
125
123
109
102
214
192
241
232
Paratypes
USNM
202416
99
354
352
131
73
67
104
170
136
127
134
136
105
115
222
195
252
252
USNM
202417
97
361
356
134
72
65
113
168
141
139
149
124
115
115
215
186
241
?
USNM
202418
96.5
352
361
125
71
66
107
170
145
145
150
142
108
118
212
178
223
218
Characterized by having 5 or 6 median predorsal
scales; 3 rows of scales on cheek, with 2 to 4 scales
in ventral row; ii,12 pectoral rays, and lips not cover-
ing white teeth. Coloration consists of a conspicious
arch-shaped light (green when alive) band from below
corner of mouth to just under orbit, thence toward
pectoral fin base; this band is bordered above behind
eye by a broad dark brown band that curves down-
ward to upper pectoral base; anterior half of body
pale, posteriorly abruptly darker, beginning below,
dorsal spines VI or VII ; middorsal part of snout in
front of eyes with a large squarish dark blotch; up-
per lip with a broad pale band; distal four-fifths of
anal fins green when alive and basal one-fourth red;
distal edge of dorsal fin dark, then submarginally a
pale streak, the basal three-fourths darker.
Synonymy unchanged from Schultz (1958, p. 74).
Specimens: USNM 202518, Te Vega Expedition,
Sta. 216, Darval Bay, Borneo, 2 February 1965, 3
spec., 116-137 mm.
RANGE.?Central and western Pacific Ocean.
Scarus globiceps Cuvier and Valenciennes
Scarus globiceps Cuvier and Valenciennes, 1839, p. 242.?
Schultz, 1958, p. 75, pi. 14c; I960, p. 247.?Kamohara,
1963, p. 13 [Japan].?Woodland and Slack-Smith, 1963,
p. 45 [Heron Island].
Pseudoscarus spilonotus Kner, 1868, p. 352, pi. 9: fig. 26.?
Ladiges, 1958, p. 169 [location of type].
Scarus pronus Fowler, 1899, p. 490, pi. 18: lower fig. 3.
Callyodon globiceps.?Smith, 1956, p. 14, pi. 4 4 L ; 1959, p.
279, pi. 44L.?Marshall, 1965, p. 323.
Characterized by having 5 or 6 median predorsal
scales, 3 rows on cheek with 2 or 3 scales in ventral
row; ii,12 pectoral rays; lips almost covering white
teeth, green in large adults; coloration of body of adults
generally bluish green, center of scales green on pos-
teroventral sides of body, anterodorsally scales with few
to several small green spots; lower half of head below
eye green; pale streak from middle of snout to eye
separates green streak above from the green snout
below pale streak; base of pectoral purplish black;
black ocellate spot near bases of dorsal spines III or
IV, in the drab color phase may be absent in large
adults; outer third of anal fin dusky (green when
alive), center pale (red when alive) and base with
dusky (green) spots between rays, dorsal fin of similar
coloration.
RANGE.?Central and western Pacific Ocean and
Indian Ocean.
26 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY
Scarus chlorodon Jenyns
PLATE 5B
Scarus chlorodon Jenyns, 1842, p. 105, pi. 21.?Schultz,
1958, p. 86, fig. 15, pi. 17B, c; 1960, p. 249.?Kamohara
and Yamakawa, 1967, p. 14 [Ishigakijima].
Callyodon chlorodon.?Mumo, 1967, p. 439, fig. 835 [New
Guinea].
Scarus singaporensis Bleeker, 1852, p. 69.
Pseudoscarus singaporensis.?Bleeker, 1862, p. 31, pi. 13: fig.
1.
Callyodon singaporensis.?Smith, 1956, p. 12; 1959, pp. 272,
279.
Scarus xanthopleura Bleeker, 1853, p. 499.
Pseudoscarus xanthopleura.?Bleeker, 1862, p. 24, pi. 7: fig.
1.
Pseudoscarus altipinnis Steindachner, 1879, p. 18.?Giinther,
1909, p. 326, pi. 160.
Callyodon waitei Seale, 1906, p. 60, fig. 15.
Pseudoscarus godeffroyi Gunther, 1909, p. 326, pi. 159.
Pseudoscarus brevifilis Gunther, 1909, p. 327, pi. 161.
Scarus brevifilis.?Schultz, 1958, p. 76, pi. 13B-D; 1960, p.
248.?Kamohara, 1963, p. 14.
Callyodon improvisus Smith, 1956, p. 12, pi. 41E; 1959, pp.
272, 279, pi. 41E.
Callyodon aeruginosus [not Cuvier and Valenciennes; in part
C. pindae].?Smith, 1959, p. 279.
Callyodon pindae Smith, 1956, p. 11, pi. 45i; 1959, p. 272.
Callyodon ovifrons [not Temminck and Schlegel].?Masuda
and Tanaka, 1962, p. 91, figs. 40, 41 [young from Japan].
Characterized by having 5 to 7 medium predorsal
scales, 3 rows of scales on cheek, with 1 to 3 scales in
ventral row; ii, 13 pectoral rays; lips not covering green
teeth. Large adults with a characteristically elongate
dorsal fin ray near middle of length of that fin. Colora-
tion of immature brownish violet or greenish violet;
numerous scales with a white spot, a few white spots
as large as pupil; some white on pectoral base; green-
ish spots may occur on head; lips dark red; distal edge
of dorsal and anal fins violet or brownish violet.
Coloration of large adult males dark greenish with
lighter green spots on scales, mostly posteriorly; head
marked with orange bars, brightest around mouth;
eye orange; dorsal and anal fins edged with dark green
or blue, then yellowish submarginally, green elongate
blotches near rays; central area of anal fin orange
basally green; caudal fin green, except that distal mar-
gin orange, basally there is mixture of orange and
brownish-green blotches.
Lower part of head behind mouth with characteris-
tically V-shaped or double V-shaped green blotches,
sometimes joined so as to cover most of underside of
head.
Schultz (1958, p. 96) placed Callyodon pindae
Smith as a synonym of S. aeruginosus Cuvier and
Valenciennes; however, a restudy indicates it is the
juvenile of S. singaporensis Bleeker. The young of
S. aeruginosus do not have a white caudal peduncle
or a white caudal fin.
A study of recently collected specimens from the
Indian Ocean indicates that the white spots on the
side of the body of this species are variable in number
and position, making it quite impossible to distinguish
two distinct color patterns; the specimens have the
same general number of scales and pectoral fin rays.
Therefore, it is probable that S. brevifilis is the central
Pacific population of S. singaporensis. This problem
needs a field study made on freshly caught specimens.
Until this is done, the two species tentatively are con-
sidered as one.
Dr. Randall has suggested that S. chlorodon Jenyns
is the large adult male, an opinion with which I concur.
RANGE.?Central and western Pacific Ocean and
Indian Ocean.
Scarus rubrofasciatus (Smith)
Callyodon rubrofasciatus Smith, 1955, p. 934; 1956, p. 10,
pl.43i;1959,p. 279, pi. 43i.
Scarus rubrofasciatus.?Schultz, 1958, p. 79, pi. 14E.
Pseudoscarus caudofasciatus [not Gunther, 1862].?Gunther,
1909, pi. 153A.
Characterized by having 6 or 7 predorsal scales, 3 series
of scales on cheek, 2 to 4 scales in lower row, and ii, 13
pectoral rays; lips not covering white teeth. Anterior
half of body dark, with 3 vertical dark bars posteriorly;
Smith's Plate 43i shows the dark areas as brown and
light areas red.
The IIOE collected 4 specimens, USNM 202667
(Sta. 34A, near Nossi-Be, Madagascar, 13?24'23"S,
and 48?12'12"E, 16 January 1964). They vary in
standard length from 155 to 245 mm, and are charac-
terized by 6 or 7 predorsal scales, 3 rows of scales on
cheek with 1 or 2 scales in ventral row, and ii,13 pec-
toral rays. Coloration in life was a plain reddish brown,
distal margins of dorsal and anal fins are edged with
a light brown (in alcohol), and at base of each of these
fins is a narrow dark streak. In all four specimens, the
scale just posterior to lower edge of pectoral base is
blackish and another scale in same position at upper
edge of pectoral fin base is dusky in alcohol. Caudal
lobes are slightly produced except in smallest
specimens.
NUMBER 17 27
Their identification is tentative depending on a
study of a large series of specimens in the field.
RANGE.?Western Indian Ocean.
Scar us caudofasciatus (Giinther)
PLATE 5C
Pseudoscarus caudofasciatus Giinther, 1862, p. 238.?Playfair
and Giinther, 1866, p. 108.
Callyodon caudofasciatus.?Smith, 1956, p. 10; 1959, pp.
271, 279.
Scarus atropectoralis Schultz, 1958, p. 79, pi. 15A.
Characterized by having 6 median predorsal scales, 3
rows of scales on cheek, with 2 scales in ventral row,
ii,13 pectoral fin rays, lips not covering white teeth;
pectoral fin base black, general coloration reddish
brown, overlaid with 5 dusky vertical bars on side of
body extending to midventral line of body; distal edges
of median fins same coloration as rest of fin.
Dr. H. Steinitz sent one specimen, 149 mm in stand-
ard length, from the Red Sea, which has helped to con-
firm the opinion of Smith (1958, p. 271) that S.
atropectoralis Schultz is a synonym of this species.
Other specimens: IIOE Sta. RS-40, FT-19, 8
December 1964, Amirantes, 1 spec, 121 mm; IIOE
Sta. RS-41, KA39, 8 December 1964, Amirantes, 2
spec, 101-139 mm; IIOE Sta. JR-75, 17 February
1964, Madagascar 1 spec, 69 mm.
The above-listed specimens, ranging from 69 to 139
mm in standard length, do not show the vertical dark
bars but appear to belong to this species. The base of
the pectoral is blackish and the edges of the scales on
the side of the body are brown, giving a netlike appear-
ance much like the 149-mm specimen from the Red
Sea.
RANGE.?Western Pacific Ocean, western Indian
Ocean, and Red Sea.
Scarus lepidus Jenyns
PLATE 5D, E
Scarus lepidus Jenyns, 1842, p. 108.?Schultz, 1958, p. 81,
pis. 3c, 15B, C.?Kamohara, 1963, p. 13, pi. 4: fig. 3
[Japan].
Callyodon lepidus. ?Smith, 1959, p. 279, pi. 41 j .
Callyodon forsteni.?Kamohara, 1960, p. 26.
See Schultz (1958, p. 81) for other synonyms.
Characterized by 5 to 7 median predorsal scales, 3
rows of scales on cheek with 2 to 6 (usually 3 or 4)
scales in 3rd or ventral row; pectoral rays ii,12, very
350-270 O?69 3
rarely ii,13; lips not covering pink or white teeth.
Color in alcohol: body brownish or blackish above
level of lower edge of pectoral base, lower part of
head and lower side pale; pectoral base dark brown.
When alive, a brilliant blue area extending posteriorly
from gill opening lengthwise along body, ending just
beyond tip of depressed pectoral fin; throat, chin, and
upper and lower lips pink; dorsal and caudal fins
orange; anal pink.
I have examined from the Te Vega expeditions re-
cently collected specimens as follows: USNM 202737,
Guam, Tumon Bay, 2 spec. 85-136 mm; Solomons, 4
spec, 131-180 mm; Moorea, 3 spec, 43-135 mm;
Tuomotu, 12 spec, 34-83 mm; USNM 202692,
Papeete Market, 1 spec, 275 mm.
RANGE.?Central and western Pacific Ocean, and
Indian Ocean.
Scarus fasciatus Cuvier and Valenciennes
PLATE 6A
Scarus fasciatus Cuvier and Valenciennes 1839, p. 222.?
Schultz, 1958, p. 82, pi. 15D.?Kamohara, 1963, p. 14,
pi. 4: fig. 4 [Japan].?Woodland and Slack-Smith, 1963,
p. 45 [Heron Island].?Kamohara and Yamakawa, 1967,
p. 14 [Ishigakijima].
Callyodon fasciatus.?Marshall, 1965, p. 322.?Munro, 1967,
p. 440, fig. 840 [New Guinea].
Scarus rivulatus Cuvier and Valenciennes, 1839, p. 223.?
Bauchot and Guibe, 1960, p. 297 [holotype no. 1738 in
Paris Musuem].
Characterized by having 6 or 7 median predorsal scales,
3 rows of scales on cheek, with 2 or 3 scales in ventral
row; ii,12 pectoral fin rays; lips nearly covering white
teeth; base of pectoral fin dusky; anal with blue or
green edges, basal three-fourths of anal reddish brown;
middle of dorsal fin with green spots, the edge blue or
green, then submarginally orange, then basally red-
dish brown, base narrowly green; head reticulated with
narrow red and green streaks, those on lower jaws
bluish; edges of pectoral and pelvics blue, then a red
streak on pelvics, remainder of fin greenish; caudal
fin may have large spots.
RANGE.?Western Pacific Ocean.
Scarus frenatus Lacepede
PLATE 6B
Scarus frenatus Lacepede, 1802, pp. 3, 12, pi. 1: fig. 1.?
Schultz, 1958, p. 83, fig. 13.?Randall, 1963, p. 226, pi.
ID, E.
28 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY
Callyodon frenatus.?Smith, 1959, pp. 271, 279, pi. 41c?
Fourmanoir, 1957, p. 187 [Nossi-Bi].
Scarus sexvittatus Ruppell, 1835, p. 26.?Randall, 1963, pi.
ID, E.
Callyodon sexvittatus.?Smith, 1959, pp. 270, 279, fig. 2,
pi. 41 H, i.
Callyodon vermiculatus Fowler and Bean, 1928, p. 472, pi. 49
[holotype USNM 89978].?Smith, 1956, p. 11, pi. 41c.
Scarus vermiculatus.?Schultz, 1958, p. 82, pi. 16A.?Kamo-
hara, 1963, p. 14, pi. 5: fig. 1 [Japan].?Woodland and
Slack-Smith, 1963, p. 46 [Heron Island].
Callyodon upolensis [not Jordan and Seale] Smith, 1956, p.
l l .pl . 41H, i.
Scarus rand alii Schultz, 1958, p. 97, fig. 20, pis. 19c, 27A.
Characterized by having 6 or 7 median predorsal scales,
3 rows on cheek with 2 or 3 scales in ventral row, ii,
12 pectoral rays, rarely ii,13; lips not covering teeth,
white in young and females, green in adult males.
Color pattern of adult males and females strikingly dif-
ferent: juveniles and adult females reddish brown, 5
dark lengthwise streaks alternating with light yellow-
ish brown interspaces; all fins red; caudal peduncle
and basal portion of caudal fin abruptly light yellowish
or whitish. Mature males bright green, spotted with
orange dorsally above lower edge of eye, below which
head is green (pale in alcohol) with red markings;
scales with vermiculations on lower sides. Caudal ped-
uncle and caudal fin bright green (pale in alcohol),
with an orange new-moon-shaped mark occupying
basal part of that fin; anal and dorsal orange margined
with blue; edges of both lips narrowly red then sub-
marginally green.
Smith (1959, pp. 270,279, fig. 2, pi. 41 H, I) has cor-
rectly referred S. randalli Schultz to the synonymy of
this species and Randall (1963, p. 226) has shown that
S. frenatus Lacepede is the adult male and S. sexvit-
tatus is the female and immature stages.
Through an oversight, Pseudoscarus frenatus (not
Lacepede) Bleeker, 1862 (p. 40, pi. 16: fig. 2) , was not
removed by Schultz (1958, p. 83) from the synonymy
of S. frenatus Lacepede to that of S. flavipectoralis
Schultz, 1958 (p. 52), where it belongs.
Callyodon pectoralis [not Cuvier and Valenciennes]
Smith, 1956 (p. 15, pi. 42j) , has been found to be
an illustration of S. cyanognatus Bleeker, to which it
is assigned in this paper.
I have studied recently collected specimens as fol-
lows: Dr. Steinitz loaned one 290-mm specimen from
the Red Sea; two 96- and 210-mm specimens were col-
lected by the IIOE in the Aldabra Islands; USNM
202666 was collected by the IIOE at the Comoro Is-
lands; one specimen from Sta. HA67-5, Diego Garcia
Atoll, 13 June 1967, is 290 mm in length. Dr. Randall
collected three, 255-295 mm, at Papeete, USNM
202693 and 202694.
RANGE.?Central and western Pacific Ocean, Indian
Ocean, and Red Sea.
Scarus janthochir Bleeker
PLATE 6C
Scarus janthochir Bleeker, 1853, p. 139.?Schultz, 1958, p.
83, pi. 16B.
Pseudoscarcus janthochir.?Bleeker, 1862, p. 30, pi. 5.
Callyodon janthochir.?Smith, 1956, p. 14; 1959, p. 279.
Pseudoscarus falcipinnis Playfair, 1867, p. 865, fig. 3.
Callyodon falcipinnis.?Smith, 1956, p. 12, pi. 44i [Xano-
thon falcipinnis on pi. 44]; 1959, p. 279, pi. 44i.
Characterized by having 6 median predorsal scales, 3
rows of scales on cheek with 1 or 2 scales in ventral
row, pectoral fin rays ii, 13, and green teeth. Coloration
green or blue-green, with dorsal half of head reddish or
light brownish, contrasting sharply with bright green
side of head below a line from middle of snout past
lower edge of eye toward pectoral base; upper and
lower lips set off by a wide red band (nearly equal to
eye diameter) that may continue to eye; wide green
band extending forward from eye across middle of
snout, above which head is reddish brown. Edges of
dorsal and anal fins blue, centers of these fins yellowish
brown to reddish with green blotches on interradial
membranes; pectoral fin dark blue. Center of anal fin
crossed with red stripe; middle rays of caudal fin
green, lobes with red streak, and edges blue.
Smith (1956, p. 12; 1959, p. 279) recognized S.
falcipinnis as a valid species. A study of additional
specimens indicates that S. falcipinnis should be re-
moved from the synonymy of S. globiceps where
Schultz (1958, p. 75) placed it; however, there are
ii,12 pectoral rays in globiceps and ii, 13 in falcipinnis.
The type of S. falcipinnis (Playfair) in the British
Museum (no. 820) is 350 mm in standard length and
has predorsal scales 6; cheek scales dorsal row 5 and
6; middle row 7 and 6, and ventral row 1 and 1; pec-
toral rays ii, 13?ii, 13; green teeth; base of pectoral
brown; anal fin with a single pale streak through
middle of fin; no ocellate spot in spiny dorsal fin. These
characters are the same as found in S. janthochir, to
which falcipinnis is referred as a synonym.
Recently the following specimens were collected on
the Te Vega Cruise 6: USNM 202669, Sta. 216, 2
NUMBER 17 29
February 1965, Borneo, 2 spec., 116-180 mm; Sta.
TV-247, 11 March 1965, Tautsina Island, Bougain-
ville, Solomon Islands, 2 spec, 133-183 mm. Speci-
mens 116-183 mm in standard length are plain dark
chocolate brown, including all fins; teeth green; no
color marks in any fins.
One specimen was collected by the Anton Bruun,
16 October 1964, Sta. 408F, Chesterfield Island,
16?21' S, 43?59' E.
RANGE.?Western Pacific Ocean and Indian Ocean.
Scarus ghobban Forskal
PLATE 6D
Scarus ghobban Forskal, 1775, p. 28.?Schultz, 1958, p. 84,
pi. 16c, D; 1960, p. 248.?Kamohara, 1963, p. 15 [Japan].?
Woodland and Slack-Smith, 1963, p. 45 [Heron Island].
Callyodon ghobban.?Smith, 1959, p. 279, pi. 43H.?Kamo-
hara, 1960, p. 26.?Munro, 1967, p. 439, fig. 836 [New
Guinea].
Pseudoscarus ghobban.?Gohar and Latif, 1961, pp. 97-126,
figs. 1-10 [Red Sea; anatomy of alimentary tract]; 1961, pp.
127-146.
Scarus guttatus Bloch and Schneider, 1801, p. 294.?Schultz,
1958, p. 85, fig. 14, pi. 17A.
Callyodon guttatus.?Smith, 1949, p. 296, pi. 62: fig. 824.?
Fourmanoir, 1957, p. 186, fig. 30 [Mozambique Channel].
Scarus maculosus Lacepede, 1802, pp. 5, 21, pi. 1: fig. 3.?
Bauchot and Guibe, 1960, p. 295 [holotype no. 2478 in
Paris Museum].
Scarus psittacus [not Forskal] Riippell, 1828, pi. 20: fig. 1.
Scarus pepo Bennett, 1834, p. 28, fig. 28.
Scarus dussumieri Cuvier and Valenciennes, 1839, p. 252.?
Schultz, 1958, p. 100, pi. 20B.
Scarus scabriculus Cuvier and Valenciennes, 1839, p. 271.
Scarus her tit Cuvier and Valenciennes, 1839, p. 215.
Scarus reticulata Swainson, 1839, p. 226.
Scarus haridoides Bleeker, 1853, p. 344.
Scarus pyrrostethus Richardson, 1846 [1845], p. 262.
Pseudoscarus cantori Bleeker, 1862, p. 43, pi. 9: fig. 2.
Pseudoscarus californiensis Pellegrin, 1901, p. 163.
Scarus noyesi Heller and Snodgrass, 1903, p. 206, pi. 9.?
Schultz, 1958, p. 91, fig. 18.
Pseudoscarus natalensis Gilchrist and Thompson, 1909, p.
259.
Pseudoscarus rostratus [not Poey, not Seale] Gunther, 1909,
p. 315, pi. 154.
Scarus garretti Gunther, 1909, p. 306, pi. 153c.
Scarus pyrrostethus australianus Paradice, 1927, p. 103.
Scarus azureus Meek and Hildebrand, 1928, p. 742, pi. 72:
fig. 1.?Schultz, 1958, p. 89, fig. 16.
Callyodon apridentatus Smith, 1956, pp. 10, 14, 19, pi. 44F;
1959, pp. 270, 278, 279, pi. 44F [large male of S. ghobban].
Callyodon pyrrhostethus.?Marshall, 1965, p. 323.
Characterized by 5 or 6 median predorsal scales, 3
rows of scales on cheek, with 1 to 3 scales in ventral
row, ii,13 pectoral rays, rarely ii,12; lips not quite
covering white teeth; background coloration light or-
ange to yellowish, centers of scales marked with bright
blue spots that are arranged to form 5 vertical bars
separated by 1 to 3 yellow-orange or pale interspaces;
vertical blue bars not always present. Dorsal and anal
fins edged with narrow blue band and center of fins
orange; anal with basal blue streak; blue streak from
corner of mouth past lower edge of eye; edge of upper
lip orange, that of lower lip green.
Schultz (1958) recognized two species of parrot-
fishes that are closely related, S. ghobban and S. dus-
sumieri. There is full agreement between Smith (1959)
and Schultz (1958) on the identity of ghobban. The
latter recognized S. dussumieri Cuvier and Valencien-
nes as distinct, and since the types of S. dussumieri
have ii,13, rarely ii,12 pectoral fin rays, I agree with
Smith (1959) that S. dussumieri is a synonym of ghob-
ban, whereas S. dussumieri [not Cuvier and Valen-
ciennes] Schultz, 1958 (p. 100, pi. 20A) is actually S.
mus (Smith).
USNM 202642, a specimen 270 mm in standard
length from the Mombasa fish market, Kenya (IIOE,
Sta. FT-2,15 November 1964), appears to be an exam-
ple of Scarus apridentatus Smith, 1956 (also 1958, pi.
42 F) . Since this specimen is a male and is very close
to S. ghobban in all respects except the vertical blue
bars, I agree that S. apridentatus is the adult male of
S. ghobban as suggested by Smith (1959). Schultz
(1958, p. 51) referred S. apridentatus to the synonymy
of S. hand because Smith's illustration appeared to
have only 4 median predorsal scales.
A recent examination of Plate 154 {Pseudoscarus
rostratus Gunther, 1909, p. 315) indicates 5 or 6 me-
dian predorsal scales, which removes this species from
the synonomy of S. lunula, where Schultz (1958, p. 54)
placed it. The color pattern suggests it is S. ghobban.
Since no specimen of S. guttatus Bloch and Schnei-
der has been collected to establish the validity of this
species, I tentatively follow Smith (1956) and refer
it to S. ghobban as a synonym.
The following specimens were recently collected by
the Anton Brunn ( I IOE) : From Mombasa Market,
Kenya: Sta. FT-2, 16 November 1964, 2 spec., 235-
270 mm; USNM 202665 and 202689, Sta. FT-2, 16
November 1964,2 spec., 235-420 mm. From Amirantes
Island: USNM 202662, Sta. RS-41, KA-39, 8 Decem-
ber 1964, 1 spec, 205 mm; Sta. HA-19, 8 December
1964, 1 spec, 71 mm; USNM 202664, Sta. HA-16,
30 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY
3 December 1964, Aldabra Island, 14 spec, 35-177
mm; Sta. FT-11, 30 Novembeer 1964, Dar-es-Salaam
Market, 1 spec, 49 mm. Uncataloged from Diego
Garcia Atoll; Sta. HA-67-16, 22 June 1967, 1 spec,
167 mm; Sta. HA-67-17, 23 June 1967, 1 spec. 290
mm.
The Te Vega collected the following: Sta. 21, at
Tutuila Island, 19 August 1963, 2 spec, 75 and 86
mm; Sta. 57, at Halmahera, off Teluk Kau village,
26 September 1963, 1 spec. 159 mm.
RANGE.?Eastern, central and western Pacific Ocean,
Indian Ocean, and Red Sea.
Scarus marshalli Schultz
Scarus marshalli Schultz 1958, p. 88, fig. 24.
Callyodon marshalli.?Smith, 1959, p. 280, fig. 10.
The following counts were made on specimens from
IIOE (Sta. HA-36, 7 January 1969, Red Sea, 27?
17'23" N, 33?48/ 52" E, 6 spec, 173-323 mm standard
length) : predorsal scales 6 in each specimen, pectoral
rays ii,13 in 12 counts and ii,14 in one. Cheek scales:
dorsal row, 5 in 1, 6 in 11 counts; middle row, 5 in
4 counts, and 6 in 8 counts; ventral row, 1 scale in 2
counts, 2 in 5, 3 in 4 and 4 in 1 count; lips not covering
the green teeth.
Dr. Steinitz loaned a 370-mm specimen from the
Red Sea, which has 3 indistinct broad vertical bars
and the posterior part of the body with lengthwise
dark streaks on each scale row.
Six specimens from the Red Sea confirm the validity
of this species: USNM 202663 and 202668 (col-
lected by IIOE, Sta. HA36, 7 January 1965). The
color pattern shows 3 vertical bars on side below
dorsal fin instead of one as illustrated by Schultz (1958,
fig. 24). Two Kodachrome slides show caudal peduncle
and caudal fin to be yellow, anal fins orange, soft dorsal
fin yellow on one and green for the other. There is no
yellow bar at base of pectoral fin.
RANGE.?Western Indian Ocean and Red Sea.
Scarus compressus (Osburn and Nichols)
Callyodon compressus Osburn and Nichols, 1916, p. 171,
fig. 13).
Scarus californiensis [not Pellegrin] Schultz, 1958, p. 91,
fig. 18.?Hobson, 1965, p. 294 [behavior].
Characterized by having 6 median predorsal scales, 3
rows of scales on the cheek, usually 1 scale in 3rd row
(rarely 2 or 0 on one side); ii,12 pectoral fin rays; lips
usually not covering green teeth of adults; caudal fin
truncate; body 2.0 to 2.4 times in length.
Coloration (by permission from Rosenblatt and
Hobson, in ms.) bright green or blue, centers of scales
green, margins orange, caudal peduncle becoming
plain green; head pink, with green streaks radiating
from eye; band from eye to mouth, thence across
snout; bar across chin; distal margin of pectoral pale;
dorsal with base and distal edge blue, center orange;
anal blue or green, with pink streaks along interadial
membranes.
RANGE.?Eastern tropical Pacific Ocean.
Scarus scaber Cuvier and Valenciennes
Scarus scaber [in part] Cuvier and Valenciennes, 1839, p. 239
[lectotype selected by Schultz (1958, p. 92) at Paris Mu-
seum, Catalog no. 588; the other specimen, Catalog no.
1733, is S. taeniurus Cuvier and Valenciennes].?Schultz,
1958, p. 92, pis. 3c, 18A.
Callyodon mutabilis Gray, 1854, p. 86.?Marshall, 1965,
p. 322.
Pseudoscarus flavomaculatus Bliss, 1883, p. 57.
Callyodon zonularis Jordan and Seale, 1906, p. 321, fig. 60.
Pseudoscarus caudofasciatus var. zonularis.?Gunther, 1909,
p. 312, pi. 153B [not pi. 153A, which is S. rubrofasciatus].
Callyodon fuscocuneus Fowler, 1935, p. 158, fig. 28.
Callyodon scaber.?Smith, 1956, p. 10, pi. 41o; 1959, p. 279,
pi. 41o.
Characterized by having 5 or 6 median predorsal scales,
3 rows of scales on cheek, with 2 or 3 scales in ventral
row, ii,12 pectoral fin rays; lips covering white teeth.
Coloration consists of 4 or 5 dark bars, mostly on
upper sides, separated by pale (yellowish when alive)
interspaces; no black spot at dorsal edge of pectoral
base; median fins pink; pelvics pink; pectoral with
upper half pink.
Schultz incorrectly included Pseudoscarus caudo-
fasciatus Gunther, 1862 (p. 238), Playfair and Gun-
ther, 1866 (p. 108), and Callyodon caudofasciatus
Smith, 1956 (p. 10), as a synonym of S. Scaber.
Scarus caudofasciatus is a valid species.
I have examined 19 specimens, 20 to 162 mm,
USNM 202377, 202379, and 202385, recently collected
by the Te Vega Expedition in the Solomon Islands
and Indonesia.
RANGE.?Central and western Pacific Ocean and
Indian Ocean.
NUMBER 1 7 31
Scarus oviceps Cuvier and Valenciennes
Scarus oviceps Cuvier and Valenciennes, 1839, p. 244.?
Schultz, 1958, p. 93, pi. 18B.?Kamohara, 1963, p. 17,
pi. 5: fig. 3 [Japan].?Kamohara and Yamakawa, 1967,
p. 14 [Isigakijima].
Callyodon oviceps.?Fourmanoir, 1957, p. 185 [Nosy
Iranja].?Munro, 1967, p. 439, fig. 837 [New Guinea].
Scarus pectoralis Cuvier and Valenciennes, 1839, p. 269.?
Schultz, 1958, p. 99, fig. 25, pi. 19D.?Kamohara, 1963,
p. 9, pi. 6: fig. 2 [Japan].?Kamohara and Yamakawa,
1967, p. 14 [Isigakijima].
Pseudoscarus pectoralis.?Giinther, 1909, p. 324, pi. 158.
Pseudoscarus zonatus Macleay, 1883, p. 591.
Pseudoscarus knerii Steindachner, 1887, 96, p. 64, pi. 4:
fig. 1.
Callyodon lazulinus Jordan and Seale, 1906, p. 333, fig. 65.?
Smith, 1956, 13, pi. 42K.
Callyodon elerae Jordan and Seale, 1907, p. 31, fig. 11.
Callyodon cyanognathus.?Smith, 1959, p. 271, pi. 42K.
Characterized by having 6 or 7 median predorsal scales,
3 rows of scales on cheek with 3 or 4 scales in ventral
row; ii,12 pectoral fin rays; lips nearly covering white
teeth, blue in adult males. Color pattern of probable
females: head dark dorsally, abruptly pale below a
line from snout past lower edge of orbit to above dor-
sal edge of pectoral fin base near angle of opercle;
dark back broken by 2, rarely 3, light yellowish bars
that slant ventrally as they extend anteriorly.
Male: A blue streak extends from middle of snout
past lower edge of eye to rear of opercle, separating
the dark dorso-anterior coloration from the yellowish
color below blue streak; body abruptly pale behind
dorsal spines VII or VII I ; anal fin broadly blue dis-
tally, pink basally, dorsal fin with similar color pattern;
teeth blue. No yellowish bars along back.
Randall (1963, p. 226) has suggested that Scarus
pectoralis Cuvier and Valenciennes is the adult male
of Scarus oviceps Cuvier and Valenciennes. This sug-
gestion by Dr. Randall, although probably correct,
needs further confirmation in the field.
Schultz confused Scarus cyanognathus Bleeker,
1849, with this species; Smith (1959, p. 271) thinks
S. cyanognathus is a valid species. The anal fin of
"pectoralis" has a very wide color band distally, and
a narrower one basally, whereas S. cyanognathos as il-
lustrated by Bleeker has 3 bands.
I have studied the following specimens recently col-
lected by John Randall: USNM 202390, Papeete Mar-
ket, Tahiti, 21 April 1963, 4 spec, 195-230 mm;
USNM 202378, Matiti Island, Takahou Atoll, Tuo-
motu Islands, 15 April 1957, 3 spec. 205-225 mm.
Other specimens: Te Vega Expedition: USNM
202380, Cruise 6, Sta. 216, 2 February 1965, Borneo,
1 spec., 178 mm; USNM 202384 and 202387, Cruise
7, Sta. 259, 16 April 1965, Pen Bay, Vanikoro Island,
4 spec, 87-205 mm; USNM 202389, Sta. 104, 30 No-
vember 1963, Mentawei Island, Indonesia, 4 spec,
124-166 mm.
The IIOE collected one specimen at Diego Garcia
Atoll, Sta. HA-67-7,15 June 1967, 200 mm.
RANGE.?Central and western Pacific Ocean, the
Indian Ocean, and the Red Sea.
Scarus niger Forskal
PLATE 6E
Scarus niger Forskal, 1775, pp. x, 28.?Schultz, 1958, p. 93,
fig. 19, pis. 18c, 27B.?Kamohara, 1963, p. 19.
Callyodon niger.?Smith, 1959, p. 279, pi. 43c, o.?Four-
manoir, 1957, p. 184, fig. 129 [Comoro Islands].?Munro,
1967, p. 439, fig. 838 [New Guinea].
Scarus nuchipunctatus Cuvier and Valenciennes, 1839, p.
271.?Bauchot and Guibe, 1961, p. 259 [holotype no. 2470
in Paris Museum].
Scarus limbatus Cuvier and Valenciennes, 1839, p. 271.?
Bauchot and Guibe, 1961, p. 259 [holotype no. 2472 in
Paris Museum].
Characterized by having 6 to 8 median predorsal scales,
3 rows of scales on cheek with 3 to 5 scales in ventral
row, ii,ll to ii,12 (rarely i i , l l ) , pectoral fin rays; lips
partly cover green teeth. Coloration generally dark
brown, with pale (blue when alive) distal margins in
dorsal and anal fins contrasting sharply (in alcohol)
with dark brown basal four-fifths of those fins, inner
edge of this distal pale band bordered by a dark line;
distal margin of caudal fin narrowly white (in alco-
hol) ; edges of both lips pale, upper one broadly so,
lower with a narrow line; a dark bar (greenish when
alive) may run from the corner of mouth to the eye,
thence beyond; pale streaks (pink when alive) may
extend forward and aft of the eye; usually a pale spot
occuring on a lateral line scale at upper edge of gill
opening; some specimens black, except pale edges of
median fins.
Dr. Steinitz kindly loaned two specimens from the
Red Sea, and the IIOE caught the following: USNM
202269, Amirantes Island, 2 spec, 260-280 mm;
202275, Red Sea, 1 spec, 245 mm. I have examined
ten other specimens, 134 to 280 mm standard length,
USNM 202271 and 202291, from off Borneo and near
Bougainville recently caught by the Te Vega Expedi-
tions.
32 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY
Dr. V. G. Springer collected the following at One
Tree Island off Queensland: Sta. VGS 66-14, 1
December 1966, 1 spec, 133 mm; Sta. VGS 66-19,
11 December 1966, 2 spec, 145-163 mm.
RANGE.?Central and western Pacific Ocean, Indian
Ocean, and Red Sea.
Scarus cyanognathus Bleeker
PLATE 7A
Scarus cyanognathos Bleeker, 1849, p. 63.
Pseudoscarus cyanognathos.?Bleeker, 1862, p. 32, pi. 11:
fig. 2.
Callyodon cyanognathos.?Smith, 1959, p. 279, pi. 42K.?
Munro, 1967, p. 441, fig. 842 [New Guinea].
Callyodon pectoralis [not Cuvier and Valenciennes].?Smith,
1956, p. 15, pi. 42j.
Callyodon urbanus Smith, 1959, p. 272, pi. 42j.
Characterized by 6 or 7 predorsal scales, 3 rows of
scales on cheek with 3 or 5 scales in ventral row, and
ii,12 pectoral rays; green or blue teeth when adult;
dorsal fin with blue edge, the broad center orange,
sometimes a green streak at middle, and base narrowly
blue; anal with color pattern same as the dorsal fin.
Blue streak from snout past lower edge of eye; upper
lip pink, lower with blue edge; middle of pectoral
fin purple, upper edge blue or green; underside of
head with two blue bars behind blue lip, separated
by yellow.
I examined Bleeker's type of S. cyanognathus in the
British Museum (Catalog no. 1862.2.28.4, standard
length 182 mm) and found 6 predorsal scales, ii,12
pectoral rays, and the upper row of cheek scales num-
bered 7 and 7, middle row 7 and 8, and ventral row
4 and 5, upper lip pale, with a darker streak from
snout past lower edge of eye as shown in Bleeker (1862,
pi. 11: fig. 2). Scarus cyanognathos Bleeker, 1849 (p.
63; also 1862, pi. 11: fig. 2), appears to be valid and
is not a synonym of S. pectoralis=S. oviceps as in-
dicated by Schultz (1958, p. 100).
Randall (1963, pp. 225-237) has shown that Scarus
pectoralis Cuvier and Valenciennes is the female of
S. oviceps; and an examination of the type of
Callyodon lazulinus Jordan and Seale and that of C.
elerae Jordan and Seale has revealed that these
nominal species are junior synonyms of S. oviceps.
Callyodon lazulinus Smith, 1956 (pi. 42K) ( = C.
cyanognathus Smith, 1959, pi. 4 2 K ) , is Scarus
oviceps. Callyodon urbanus Smith, 1959 (p. 272, pi.
42j) , appears to be the same as S. cyanognathos
Bleeker. Smith's figure shows a yellow bar at base of
pectoral. Obviously the species involved here needs a
further investigation.
RANGE.?Western Pacific Ocean and Indian
Ocean.
Scarus madagascariensis (Steindachner)
Pseudoscarus madagascariensis Steindachner, 1887, p. 61, pi.
2: fig. 1.
Callyodon madagascariensis.?Smith, 1956, p. 11, pi. 44J;
1959, p. 29, pi. 44j.?Fourmanoir, 1957, p. 186 [Nossi-Be].
Characterized by 7 median predorsal scales; 3 rows
of scales on cheek with 3 to 5 scales in ventral row;
pectoral rays ii,12, occasionally ii,13, green or blue
teeth; coloration dark brown (reddish brown when
alive) with numerous horizontal or lengthwise violet
brown streaks on sides; lower posterior side of head with
numerous green spots when alive; edge of upper lip
red, then a blue or green band; lower lip red, below
is a green or blue band; second green bar on chin ex-
tends to corner of mouth, thence to lower edge of eye;
dorsal and anal fins with blue-green edge.
I have examined the following recently collected
specimens: USNM 202347, IIOE, Sta. HA-36, Red
Sea, 7 January, 1965, 6 spec, 108-210 mm; USNM
202268 Te Vega, Sta. 104, Indonesia, 30 November,
1963, 1 spec, 147 mm; USNM 202272 Te Vega, Sta.
78, Thailand, 3 November, 1963, 2 spec, 143-160 mm;
USNM 202596, Rabaul, 1 spec
RANGE.?Western Pacific Ocean, Indian Ocean, and
Red Sea.
Scarus mus (Smith)
PLATE 7B
Pseudoscarus dussumieri [not Cuvier and Valenciennes]
Bleeker, 1862, pi. 8: fig. 1.
Scarus dussumieri [not Cuvier and Valenciennes].?Schultz,
1958, p. 100, pi. 20A.?Kamohara, 1963, p. 18, pi. 5: fig.
4.
Callyodon mus Smith, 1956, p. 13, pi. 41B.
Callyodon speigleri Smith, 1956, p. 14 [on Bleeker, 1862, pi-
8: fig. 1].
Characterized by having 5 or 6 median predorsal scales,
3 rows of scales on cheek with 1 to 4 (usually 1 to 3) in
ventral row, ii,12 pectoral fin rays; lips not covering
white teeth. Dorsal fin distally edged with blue or green
and a blue or green base, the central four-fifths plain
NUMBER 17 33
pink; anal fin with similar coloration but the central
pink portion occupies one-half to two-thirds of anal
fin.
I agree with Smith (1959) that S. dussumieri
Cuvier and Valenciennes, 1839 (p. 252), is a synonym
of S. ghobban Forskal. Smith (1956, p. 14) proposed
Callyodon speigleri as a new species based on Pseudo-
scarus dussumieri Bleeker [not Cuvier and Valencien-
nes], 1862 (pi. 8: fig. 1). Smith (1956,p. 14) describes
C. speigleri as having 5 or 6 predorsal scales; 3 rows of
scales on cheek with 1 or 2 in ventral row and ii,12
pectoral rays. I have carefully examined Bleeker's
figure, and the pectoral fin (his pi. 3: fig. 1) does have
ii,12 pectoral fin rays. This count agrees very well with
counts made by Schultz (1958, p. 100) and reported
upon as S. dussumieri; however, Smith (1959, p. 271)
after examining Bleeker's supposed "types" changed
the pectoral fin ray count to ii,13. Bleeker (1862, p.
46) gives ii.,13 in the description, but in the diagnosis
he says it has ii,12 pectoral rays. Undoubtedly Bleeker
was confused and probably was mixing two species.
Smith (1959, p. 271) reports on two of Bleeker's speci-
mens as follows: "In Leiden are 2 specimens labelled
Pseudoscarus dussumieri Bleeker, No. 6664, of length
390 mm., 6 median scales pre D, 2 rows on cheek, 2
scales on flange, P 2, 13 . . . exactly as in Bleeker
1862, pi. 8, f 1." With ii,13 pectoral rays, however, I
seriously doubt that these are the same as Plate 8:
figure 1. Further, since Bleeker was not describing a
new species, these are not "types," only ordinary speci-
mens. The specimen used by the artist for the illustra-
tion does not appear to have been seen by Smith.
Schultz (1958, pi. 20A) shows an illustration
(USNM 112229) of S. dussumieri [not Cuvier and
Valenciennes] that is identical in color pattern to
Bleeker (1862, pi. 8: fig. 1) and to that of Smith (1956,
pi. 4 1 B ) , which represents Callyodon mus Smith. The
pectoral fin rays of this species number ii,12, and the
ventral row of scales on the cheek may vary from 1
to 4.
Smith (1956, p. 13; 1959, p. 270) described Cal-
lyodon mus as having 4 scales in the 3rd or ventral row
on the cheek. Apparently this row occasionally has 4
scales. A color drawing of USNM 157103 in the Philip-
pine Albatross collection has 4 scales in the ventral row.
I conclude, therefore, from the material so far
studied, that Scarus mus Smith (1956, p. 13) appears
to be a valid species with the junior synonyms, Callyo-
don speigleri Smith, 1956 (p. 14), Pseudoscarus dus-
sumieri [not Cuvier and Valenciennes] Bleeker, 1862,
(pi. 8: fig. 1), Scarus dussumieri [not Cuvier and
Valenciennes] Schultz, 1958 (p. 100, pi. 20A) .
RANGE.?Western Pacific Ocean and western Indian
Ocean.
Scarus blochi Cuvier and Valenciennes
PLATE 7C
Scarus blochi Cuvier and Valenciennes, 1839, p. 219.?
Schultz, 1958, p. 95, pi. 19A.?Kamohara, 1963, p. 18,
pi. 6: fig. 1.
Callyodon blochi.?Munro, 1967, p. 440, fig. 841 [New
Guinea].
Characterized by having 6 median predorsal scales, 3
rows of scales on cheek, with 2 or 3 scales in ventral row,
ii,12 pectoral fin rays; lips not covering white to yel-
lowish teeth.
Coloration of body greenish red dorsally, brownish
red ventrally, peduncular area green; edges of dorsal
and anal fins blue, basal three-fourths of anal red-
dish brown, basal four-fifths of dorsal orange; outer
edges of paired fins blue, with a red stripe submargin-
ally on pectoral fin; green or blue upper lip continues
to below eye; 2 or 3 short blue streaks behind eye, one
forward; lower lip blue; under side of head orange
with narrow, characteristically reticulated blue
streaks; outer edges of caudal blue, yellow green
posteriorly, base blue.
RANGE.?Western Pacific Ocean and Indian Ocean.
Scarus aeruginosus Cuvier and Valenciennes
PLATE 7D
Scarus aeruginosus Cuvier and Valenciennes, 1839, p. 257.?
Schultz, 1958, p. 96, pis. 3A, 19B; 1960, p. 249, pi. 108B.?
Kamohara, 1963, p. 15 [Japan].?Bauchot and Guibe,
1960, p. 291 [holotype no. 2487 in the Paris Museum].
Pseudoscrus aeruginosus.?Bleeker, 1862, p. 40, pi. 17: fig. 2.
Callyodon aeruginosus.?Kamohara, 1959, p. 4; 1960, p.
26.?Munro, 1967, p. 440, fig. 839 [New Guinea].
Scarus prasiognathos Cuvier and Valenciennes, 1839, p.
272.?Bauchot and Guibe, 1960, p. 295 [holotype no. 561
in Paris Museum].
Scarus lacerta Cuvier and Valenciennes, 1839, p. 217.? Bau-
chot and Guibe, 1960, p. 294 [syntype nos. 578 and 1742
in Paris Museum].
Scarus dubius [not Bennett].?Weber and de Beaufort, 1940,
p. 300.
34 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY
Callyodon dubius.?Smith, 1956, p. 12, pi. 45j ; 1964, p. 297
[off Durban].
Callyodon malindiensis Smith, 1956, p. 13, pi. 4 5 H .
Characterized by having 5 or 6 median predorsal
scales; 3 rows of scales on cheek, with 1 to 3 scales in
ventral row; ii,12 (occasionally ii, 13) pectoral rays;
lips almost covering white teeth; canine teeth occur-
ring at corner of mouth on specimens 100 to 150 mm
in length and longer.
Coloration plain brown or grayish (reddish brown
when alive), usually with 3 pale streaks, 1 on each
scale row of belly; no black spot on pectoral base; fins
tinged with red when alive; edges of dorsal and anal
fins very dark; iris yellow.
RANGE.?Central and western Pacific Ocean, Indian
Ocean, and Red Sea.
Scarus croicensis Bloch
Scarus croicensis Bloch, 1790, p. 27, pi. 221.?Schultz, 1958,
p. 106, pis. 21c, 27c.?Winn and Bardach, 1959, p. 296.?
Randall, 1963, pp. 228-230, fig. 1, pi. 2A, B.?Randall
and Randall, 1963, pp. 53-54.?Caldwell, 1963, p. 7
[Costa Rica].?Cervigon, 1966, p. 633, fig. 273.?Stark
and Davis, 1966, p. 338 [night habits].
Scarus alternans Cuvier and Valenciennes, 1839, p. 200.?
Bauchot and Guibe, 1960, p. 291 [syntypes nos. 2468 and
2469 in the Paris Museum].
Scarus punctulatus Cuvier and Valenciennes, 1839, p. 195.?
Bauchot and Guibe, 1960, p. 296 [holotype no. 2466 in
Paris Museum].
Characterized by having 6 to 8 median predorsal
scales; 3 rows of scales on cheek and usually 2 or 3
in ventral row; 5 to 7 (usually 6) scales in the dorsal
row on cheek; ii,12, rarely ii,ll or ii, 13, pectoral rays;
lips almost covering white teeth.
Females and small males characterized by having
distinct light and dark stripes on upper half of body;
caudal fin uniform whitish to light dusky without any
dark on upper and lower edges of caudal fin; upper
pale streak on body not extending to eye but ending
slightly above and behind eye.
Adult male: Snout yellowish; underside of head
pink; area over pectoral pink, with streak extending
forward on head above orbit; caudal fin with upper
and lower edges blue, center of fin with alternating
yellow and blue streaks parallel with rays; edges of
dorsal and anal fins blue, center yellow with blue mark-
ings. Bright yellow spot just above pectoral base.
RANGE.?Central and western Atlantic Ocean.
Scarus taeniopterus Desmarest
Scarus taeniopterus Desmarest in Cuvier and Valenciennes,
1839, p. 195.?Bauchot and Guibe, 1960, p. 298 [holotype
no. 1750 in the Paris Museum].?Randall, 1963, pp. 228-
230, fig. 1, pi. 2c, D.?Cervigon, 1966, p. 635.?Stark and
Davis, 1966, p. 338 [night habits].
Characterized by having 6 to 8 median predorsal scales;
3 rows of scales on cheek and usually 2 or 3 in ventral
row; 6 to 8 scales (usually 7) in the dorsal row just
below eye; ii,12 pectoral rays; lips almost covering
white teeth.
Females and small males characterized by having
distinct light and dark stripes on upper half of body;
caudal fin uniform light blue with upper and lower
edges yellowish; upper pale streak on body extending
forward to dorsal part of eye.
Adult male: snout white and light blue, underside
of head light blue; area over pectoral white, this light
color extending forward on cheek below eye; caudal
fin with dorsal and ventral edges yellow, center of
fin uniform blue; edges of dorsal and anal fins blue,
center yellow, largely without blue marks; no bright
yellow spot over pectoral base.
I examined the type of Scarus taeniopterus Cuvier
and Valenciennes in the Paris Museum (Catalog no.
1750) and found predorsal scales 6, check scales 6-6
in dorsal row, 6-7 in middle row and 4-4 in ventral
row, ii,12 pectoral fin rays. Color pattern was greatly
faded; however, 6-6 scales in the dorsal row of cheek
scales fits Dr. Randall's discovery that taeniopterus
usually has 6 scales in the dorsal row on cheek whereas
there usually are 7 scales for croicensis.
RANGE.?Western Atlantic Ocean.
Scarus guacamaia Cuvier
Scarus guacamaia Cuvier, 1829, p. 265.?Cuvier and Valen-
ciennes, 1839, p. 178.?Schultz, 1958, p. 104, fig. 27, pi.
20D.?Bauchot and Guibe, 1960, p. 294 [holotype no. 1734
in Paris Museum].?Winn, Salmon, and Roberts, 1962,
p. 180 [behavior].?Randall, 1963, pp. 230, 234, fig. 2-3.?
Cervigon, 1966, p. 630, fig. 271.?Stark and Davis, 1966,
p. 338 [night habits].
Scarus turchesius Cuvier and Valenciennes, 1839, p. 181.?
Bauchot and Guibe, 1960, p. 298 [holotype no. 2460 in
Paris Museum].
Characterized by having 6 median predorsal scales,
3 rows of scales on cheek, usually 1, more frequently
2 in ventral row; ii,14 pectoral fin rays; lips not cover-
NUMBER 17 35
ing green teeth of adults; canines present at corner of
mouth but fewer than for coelestinus.
Coloration of large adults orange and green and on
largest adults green becoming progressively restricted
to caudal peduncle, and on body at base of anal and
dorsal fins. Smaller fish having scales with green cen-
ters and borders orange; scaled part of head bright
orange, with green streaks around eye, largest one to
snout tip; unsealed part and thorax of dull orange;
fins dull orange, with margins blue.
RANGE.?Central and western Atlantic Ocean.
Scarus vetula Bloch and Schneider
PLATE 7E
Scarus vetula Bloch and Schneider, 1801, p. 289.?Winn and
Bardach, 1957, p. 885.?Schultz, 1958, p. 103, fig. 26, pi.
20c?Winn and Bardach, 1960, pp. 29-34, pi. 1.?
Cervigon, 1966, p. 628.?Stark and Davis, 1966, p. 337
[night habits].
Scarus quadrispinosus Cuvier and Valenciennes, 1839, p.
197.?Bauchot and Guibe, 1960, p. 296 [holotype no. 2467
in Paris Musuem].
Characterized by having 7 median predorsal scales, 4
rows of scales on cheek, with 3 or 4 scales in ventral
row (4th); ii,12, occasionally ii,13 pectoral rays; lips
not covering teeth; canine teeth occuring at corner of
mouth of adults.
Coloration of head and body of small specimens and
females brown above mid-lengthwise axis of body, with
pale streak just below lateral line; area below eye pale,
then extending as pale streak along side of body.
Those slightly longer than 180 mm in standard
length have a broad pale band posteriorly on the sides
below which is a brown streak.
Mature males grayish with distal half of anal green,
basal half pink; dorsal fin similar; middle rays of
caudal fin green, upper and lower margins of caudal
fin pink; pectoral and pelvics pink, lower lip with
narrow pink edge, submarginally green streak extend-
ing to below eye, then pink; broad green band across
ventral part of head.
RANGE.?Central and western Atlantic Ocean.
Scarus coelestinus Cuvier and Valenciennes
Scarus coelestinus Cuvier and Valenciennes, 1839, p. 180.?
Schultz, 1958, p. 105, pi. 21B.?Bauchot and Guibe, 1960,
p. 293 [holotype no. 2459 in the Paris Museum].?Winn,
Salmon, and Roberts, 1962, p. 180 [behavior].?Randall,
1963, pp. 230-234, figs. 2-3.?Cervigon, 1966, p. 629, fig.
270.?Stark and Davis, 1966, p. 338 [night habits].
See Schultz (1958, p. 105) for other synonyms.
Characterized by having 5 or 6 median predorsal
scales; 3 rows of scales on cheek, with usually 1, oc-
casionally 2, in ventral row; ii,13 or ii,14 pectoral fin
rays; canines present in adults at corner of mouth;
lips not covering blue-green teeth of adults.
Coloration of adults: edges of scales blackish, centers
bright blue; scaled portion of head blackish except for
blue band across interorbital and blue centers to median
predoxsal scales; cheek (except for scales), chin, and
region of snout adjacent to mouth bright blue except
for blackish area at rictus and dark cross band on chin;
fins bluish black with bright blue margins of dorsal and
anal.
RANGE.?Central and western Atlantic Ocean.
Scarus coeruleus (Bloch)
PLATE 8A
Corphyaena coerulea Bloch, 1786, p. 148, pi. 176.
Scarus coeruleus.?Schultz, 1958, p. 106, pis. 21A, 22A.?
Cervigon, 1966, p. 632, fig. 272.?Stark and Davis, 1966,
p. 337 [night habits].
Characterized by having 6 or 7 median predorsal scales,
3 rows of scales on cheek with 1 or 2 scales in ventral
row; ii,13 pectoral rays, rarely ii,12; lips nearly cover-
ing white teeth.
Coloration generally a uniform robin's-egg blue,
washed with yellowish on occiput; inconspicuous
stripes may be present; adults with a big humped snout
bulging outward even on immature.
Immature with light and dark bars.
RANGE.?Western Atlantic Ocean.
Scarus hoe fieri (Steindachner)
Pseudoscarus hoefl'eri Steindachner, 1881, p. 46, pi. 6: fig. 2.
Scarus hoefleri.?Schultz, 1958, p. 109, pi. 21D.?Bauchot
and Blanc, 1961, p. 61 [off Sierra Leone].
Characterized by having 7 median predorsal scales;
3 rows of scales on cheek, with 2 or 3 scales in ventral
row; ii,12 pectoral fin rays; lips almost covering green
teeth of adults (white in young fish).
Coloration in alcohol brownish with dusky margins
on dorsal and anal fins; body posterioventrally pale.
RANGE.?Eastern Atlantic Ocean.
36
Subfamily SPARISOMATINAE
Characterized by having 4 or 5 median predorsal
scales; 1 row of scales on cheek with 2 to 5 scales; front
edge of dental plate of upper jaw included within that
of lower jaw when mouth closed or edges of both jaws
meeting; pectoral fin rays normally i i , l l ; upper
pharyngeal bones each with 3 rows of teeth; gill rakers
2 or 3 + 1+6 to 12 on 1st arch; abdominal vertebrae
9, caudal 16.
Genus Scaridea Jenkins
Scaridea Jenkins, 1903, p. 468.
Characterized by having pungent dorsal fin spines; gill
membranes broadly joined to isthmus, without free
fold; free, imbricate, incisor-like teeth externally on
both jaws.
RANGE.?Hawaiian Islands.
Scaridea zonarcha Jenkins
Scaridea zonarcha Jenkins, 1903, p. 468, fig. 26.?Schultz,
1958, p. 109, pi. 22B.?Gosline and Brock, 1960, p. 236
[Hawaiian Islands].
Characterized by having 4 median predorsal scales;
dorsal spines pungent; gill membranes broadly joined
to isthmus without free fold across isthmus; free, im-
bricate, incisor-like teeth present externally on both
jaws.
RANGE.?Hawaiian Islands.
Genus Sparisoma Swainson
Characterized by having 4 median predorsal scales, 1
row of scales on cheek; gill membranes broadly joined
to isthmus without free fold; dorsal spines pungent;
teeth of lower jaw closing over those of upper jaw.
Subgenus CaUyodontichthys Bleeker
Callyodontichthys Bleeker, 1861, pp. 5, 15 [no species listed].?
Steindachner, 1863, p. 1111 [type-species: Callyodontich-
thys bleekeri Steindachner=--5<raru5 radians Cuvier and
Valenciennes.]
Characterized by having ridge on upper dental plate
bearing canine teeth, posteriormost canine appearing
at small size of 25 mm standard length; at length of
60 mm usually 4 outwardly projecting canines. Size
rarely exceeding 160 mm in standard length.
RANGE.?Central and western Atlantic Ocean.
SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY
Sparisoma radians (Cuvier and Valenciennes)
Scarus radians Cuvier and Valenciennes, 1839, p. 206.
Sparisoma radians?Schultz, 1958, p. 113, pi. 22C,D.?Winn
and Bardach, 1959, pp. 296-298.?Randall, 1965, pp. 1-9,
figs. 1, 3a.?Cervigon, 1966, p. 617, fig. 263.
Characterized by having 2 median scales between bases
of pelvic fins; total gill rakers on 1st arch 10 to 13.
RANGE.?Central and western Atlantic Ocean.
Sparisoma atomarium (Poey)
Scarus atomarius Poey, 1861, p. 423.
Sparisoma atomarium.?Randall, 1965, pp. 1-9, figs. 2, 3B.
Characterized by having single median scale between
pelvic bases; total gill rakers on 1st arch 12 to 16.
Dr. Randall has clearly differentiated this specier
from S. radians. Both S. radians and S. atomarium
show sexual dichromatism.
The Oregon collected on 8 June 1964, one specimen,
USNM 258316-F1, off eastern Honduras, 15?46/N,
81?37'W.
RANGE.?Western Atlantic Ocean.
Subgenus Sparisoma Swainson
No ridge on upper dental plate bearing canine teeth;
size greater than 160 mm in standard length.
Sparisoma axillare (Steindachner)
Scarus (Scarus) axillaris Steindachner, 1878, p. 6, pi. 3:
fig. 1.
Sparisoma axillare.?Schultz, 1958, p. 117, pi. 23A.?Ran-
dall, 1963, pp. 234-235, pi. 3D.
Scarus rubripinnis Cuvier and Valenciennes, 1839, p. 199.
Sparisoma rubripinne.?Schultz, 1958, p. 118, pi. 23c, D.?
Bauchot and Blanc, 1961, p. 61 [St. Thomas Island, eastern
Atlantic].?Caldwell, 1963, p. 7 [Costa Rica].?Cervigon,
1966, p. 621, fig. 266.?Stark and Davis, 1966, p. 339
[night habits].
Scarus virens Cuvier and Valenciennes, 1839, p. 203.?
Bauchot and Guibe, 1960, p. 299 [syntypes nos. 1768 and
8228 in Paris Museum].
Characterized by having a convex interorbital space,
multifid cirri distally on flap of anterior nostril; mem-
braneous tip of dorsal spines with a few cirri; on large
males numerous small canine teeth variously placed
externally on upper dental plate, those at median
suture may overlap.
Dr. Randall (1963, pp. 234-235) gives the follow-
ing color description:
NUMBER 17 37
Adult males (axillare) are characterized by dull blue-green
coloration dorsally, lighter ventrally, with centers of scales
purplish shading through olive to blue-green on edges, un-
sealed part of head olive; upper lip and chin turquoise, throat
white; caudal fin olive, lobes purplish blue, with an orange
crescent distally; dorsal and anal fins yellowish to orange
brown; black spot on dorsal half of pectoral base; teeth
light blue.
Immature and females (rubripinne) light grayish
brown, nearly white ventrally; edges of scales dark;
chin with 2 dark crossbars; caudal peduncle and caudal
fin yellow; dorsal yellow; anal and pelvic fins red.
Dr. Randall (loc. cit.) has shown that S. rubripinne
is the female and immature of S. axillare.
RANGE.?Eastern, central, and western Atlantic
Ocean.
Sparisoma chrysopterum (Bloch and Schneider)
PLATE 8B
Status chrysopterum Bloch and Schneider, 1801, p. 286,
pi. 57.
Sparisoma chrysopterum.?Schultz, 1958, p. 120, pi. 4B,
23B.?Winn and Bardach, 1959, pp. 296-298.?Cervigon,
1966, p. 625, fig. 269.?Stark and Davis, 1966, p. 339
[night habits].
Scarus flavescens Bloch and Schneider, 1801, p. 290.?Ran-
dall, 1963, pp. 235-237, fig. 4.
See Schultz (1958, p. 120) for other synonyms.
Characterized by having a slightly concave to flat-
tish (slightly convex in young) interorbital space; pec-
toral base with black spot dorsally; anterior nostril
with ribbon-like dermal flap bearing 0 to 4 cirri;
membranes at rear of tips of dorsal spines without or
with 1 to 2 feeble cirri (tip of dorsal spine usually end-
ing in cirrus); caudal fin strongly forked in adults;
several canine teeth may occur on sides of dental plates
of upper jaw, some of which may interlock at median
suture.
Dr. Randall (1963, pp. 235-237) has shown that
S. flavescens Bloch and Schneider is a synonym of S.
chrysopterum. He gave the following description of
coloration of males and females:
Centers of scales (males) purplish blue, edges olivaceous
green on upper part of body, abruptly turquoise on lower
third of body; area under pectoral blue, becoming turquoise
ventrally; with a streak of yellowish green extending forward
from blue-green part of body at level of anus; caudal lobes
green, outer edges black, middle pink, basally orange next
green, distal margin white.
Coloration (females) olivaceous tan dorsally, basal part
of scales brownish red, and sides and ventrally paler, basal
part of scales bright red, rear half yellowish; 2 broad red cross
bars on chin; head with numerous light spots on snout, and
interorbital space, fewer light spots on scaled part of head;
median fins mottled brownish red; lower half of pectoral base,
axillary region, dorsally and forward to edge of gill opening
just above pectoral base bright red.
RANGE.?Central and western Atlantic Ocean.
Sparisoma viride (Bonnaterre)
PLATE 8C
Scarus viridis Bonnaterre, 1788, p. 96, pi. 50: fig. 193.
Sparisoma viride.?Schultz, 1958, p. 114, fig. 28.?Winn and
Bardach, 1960, pp. 31-33, fig. 2B [males].?Randall and
Randall, 1963, p. 54.?Cervigon, 1966, p. 623, figs. 267-
268.?Stark and Davis, 1966, p. 339 [night habits].
Sparus abildgaardi Bloch, 1791, p. 22, pi. 259.
Sparisoma abildgaardi.?Schultz, 1958, p. 121, pis. 4c, 24A,
B.?Winn and Bardach, 1960, p. 33-35 [females].?
Randall and Randall, 1963, pp. 54.
See Schultz (1958, pp. 114, 121) for other synonyms.
No ridge on upper dental plate and canines, if
present, behind middle of length of dental plate;
dermal flap of anterior nostril, with multifid cirri in
adults, more ribbon-like in young; interorbital space
flattish or nearly so; membranes just behind tips of
dorsal spines usually without cirrus, or rarely 1 or 2, in
addition to tip of dorsal spine, which bears a terminal
cirrus.
Coloration of males: opercular flap with round
white (yellow) spot, posterior edge of opercle white
(red); caudal fin deeply forked, with a lunate white
(red) bar submarginally and distal edge green; on
base of caudal fin and peduncle 1 to 3 light (orange or
yellow) spots; light streak (red) bounded by green
from corner of mouth across cheek; no dark spot on
base of pectoral.
Coloration of females (abilgaardi): margins of
scales dark brown, centers pale, several isolated ones
white, arranged in 6 vertical rows; posterior margin of
gill cover black (reddish brown); lower part of body
below level of pectoral base white (blood red), caudal
fin red, and in young a broad white bar occurs on basal
one-third, distal two-thirds barred.
Winn and Bardach (1960, pp. 31-33) determined
that abilgaardi represents the immature and females of
viride.
RANGE. Central and western Atlantic Ocean.
38 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY
Sparisoma aurofrenatum (Cuvier and Valenciennes)
Scarus aurofrenatus Cuvier and Valenciennes, 1839, p. 191.
Sparisoma aurofrenatum.?Schultz, 1958, p. 115, figs. 29,
30.?Winn and Bardach, 1960, p. 33.?Randall and
Randall, 1963, p. 54.?Cervigon, 1966, p. 619, figs. 264-
265.
See Schultz (1958, p. 115) for other synonyms.
Characterized by having a flattish interorbital space
(slightly convex in young); anterior nasal tentacle
ribbon-like without cirri in specimens shorter than 40
mm, but cirri developing on larger ones; membranes
behind tips of dorsal spines without cirri; canines oc-
curring on adults, absent on immature.
Coloration of adult males: White streak from corner
of mouth past lower edge of orbit ending on naked
area behind eye; white spot or dash may occur just
behind eye; a few small brown spots occurring on 3rd
or 4th scales in row below lateral line, then below or
behind them a white spot; tips of outer caudal fin rays
brownish; edges of dorsal and anal fins dusky; dorsal
base of pectoral dusky.
Females and immature specimens have a white sad-
dle-like spot on the dorsal edge of the caudal peduncle
just behind the dorsal fin base; a silvery spot may occur
on the middle of the opercle; the young have a row
of white scales along the base of the dorsal fin; some
immature females are plain dark brown without a
white peduncular spot, but with brown crossbars on
the under side of the head as in other species of
Sparisoma.
Both sexes plain dark brown on shoulder area under
opercular apparatus; white gland dorsally sharply con-
trasting with blackish around it.
RANGE.?Central and western Atlantic Ocean.
Genus Calotomus Gilbert
Calotomus Gilbert, 1890, p. 70.
Characterized by having 4 median predorsal scales;
flexible dorsal spines, gill membranes joined to isthmus
without free fold; anterior nasal opening with broad
dermal cirrus; internal edge of coalesced teeth ser-
rated; and externally on dental plate 2 to 4 rows (more
on adults) of obliquely arranged imbricated pointed
incisor-like teeth; midside of upper dental place may
have 1 to 4 canines, hooked out and backward; gill
rakers 2 to 4 + 1 + 7 to 13.
RANGE.?Eastern, central and western Pacific
Ocean, Hawaiian Islands, Indian Ocean, and Red Sea.
Calotomus spinidens (Quoy and Gaimard)
PLATE 8D
Scarus spinidens Quoy and Gaimard, 1824, p. 289.?Bauchot
and Guibe, 1960, p. 299 [holotype no. 571 in Paris
Museum].
Calotomus spinidens.?Schultz, 1958, p. 124, pis. 5B, 24C;
1960, p. 250, pi. 108c, 109c?Briggs, 1964, p. 707.?
Munro, 1967, p. 430, fig. 821 [New Guinea].
Cryptotomus spinidens.?Kamohara, 1963, p. 21, pi. 6: fig.
4 [Okinawa].?Marshall, 1965, p. 320.
Callyodon carolinus Cuvier and Valenciennes, 1839, p. 291.?
Bauchot and Guibe, 1960, p. 290 [holotype no. 560].
Callyodon sandwicensis Cuvier and Valenciennes, 1839, p.
295.?Bauchot and Guibe, 1960, p. 290 [holotype no. 568].
Calotomus sandwicensis.?Gosline and Brock, 1960, p. 236
[Hawaiian Islands].
Callyodon genistriatus Cuvier and Valenciennes, 1839, p.
293.?Bauchot and Guibe, 1960, p. 291 [holotype no. 576].
Characterized by having the caudal fin truncate in
young, then concave, finally in adults deeply concave;
length of middle rays of caudal fin three-fourths to
equal to longest pectoral fin ray.
Coloration a mottled gray and reddish brown back-
ground, bright red mottlings in fins, and lower jaw
with red blotches; radiating from eye 2 prominent
bands (red when alive) extending t6 rear of mouth;
snout barred; dark blotch between dorsal spines I
and II and half-grown specimens; base of last 3 soft
dorsal rays may have black spot; caudal fin with white
distal margin sometimes bordered submarginally with
dark line; anus black under scaly sheath; base of
pectoral brown in small specimens.
The following collections were made during the
IIOE, Cruise 9 of the Anton Bruun: USNM 201565
Sta. FT-2, Market, Mombasa, Kenya, 16 November
1964, 1 spec. 235 mm; USNM 201567, Sta. HA-17,
channel reef at SE end West Island [He Picard], Alda-
bra Islands, 4December 1964,1 spec, 205 mm; USNM
201566, Sta. RS-37, Farquhar Islands, 6 December
1964, 1 spec, 145 mm; USNM 201568, Sta. RS-41,
KA39, Amirantes Island, 10 spec.
The following are from Diego Garcia Atoll: Sta.
HA67-3, 12 June 1967, 1 spec, 125 mm; Sta. HA67-
16, 22 June 1967, 2 spec, 56 and 99 mm.
RANGE. Revillagigedos Islands, Hawaiian Islands,
central and western Pacific Ocean, Indian Ocean, and
Red Sea.
Calotomus japonicus (Cuvier and Valenciennes)
Callyodon japonicus Cuvier and Valenciennes, 1839, p. 294,
pi. 406.?Bauchot and Guibe, 1961, p. 259, [lectotype no.
8229 in Paris Museum].
NUMBER 17 39
Calotomus japonicus.?Schultz, 1958, p. 125, pis. 5A, 24D.?
Munro, 1967, p. 431, fig. 822 [New Guinea].
Characterized by a rounded caudal fin at all sizes, with
the distal edge dusky, not white; length of middle
caudal fin rays equal in young to or longer than long-
est pectoral fin ray.
General background coloration reddish brown, with
numerous tiny light spots on scales; also several larger
white spots on upper sides; and 2 rows of white spots
on lower side; fins mottled; head with numerous white
specks; caudal fin barred.
The following specimens were collected during the
HOE by the Anton Bruun: From Nossi-Be, Mada-
gascar: USNM 201510, Field No. JR-53, 30 January
1964, 8 spec, 50-137 mm; USNM 201503, Field No.
JR-75,17 February 1964,12 spec,56-126 mm; USNM
201509, Tulear Harbor, Madagascar, 11 August 1964,
5 spec, 46-66 mm. From Andromache Reef, south
of entrance to Port Kilindini, Mombasa Harbor:
USNM 201513, Sta. HA-1,15 November 1964; 1 spec,
60 mm; USNM 201507, Sta. HA-2, 16 November
1964, 7 spec, 33 to 85 mm. From the Comoro Is-
lands: USNM 201508, Sta. HA-8, 24 November 1964,
11 spec, 40-67 mm; USNM 201504, Sta. HA-9,
24 November 1964, 0-9 ft., 2 spec, 35-40 mm. From
the Farquhar Islands USNM 201506, Sta. RS-37, 6
December 1964,17 spec, 50-131 mm; USNM 201512,
Sta. HA-18, 6 December 1964,1 spec, 59 mm; USNM
201503, Cruise 9, Sta. RS-41; KA-39, Amirantes
Island, 10 spec, 75-154 mm.
In addition, the following were collected at Diego
Garcia Atoll, Chagas Archipelogo: Sta. HA67-2,
11 June 1967, 2 spec, 26 and 47 mm; Sta. HA67-16,
22 June 1967, 6 spec.,45-93 mm; Sta. HA67-49,
20 July 1967, 3 spec, 68-113 mm.
The following collection is from the Te Vega Expe-
dition, Cruise 6: USNM 201511, Sta. 243, lagoon
east side of Puk Puk Island, Bougainville, Solomon Is-
lands, 9 March 1965, 1 spec, 93 mm.
RANGE.?Hawaiian Islands, western Pacific Ocean,
and Indian Ocean.
Genus Leptoscarus Swainson
Leptoscarus Swainson, 1839, pp. 172, 226.
Characterized by having 4 median predorsal scales;
flexible dorsal spines, gill membranes broadly joined
to isthmus without free fold; no free, imbricate, incisor-
like teeth present externally on dental plates; coalesced
teeth of dental plate with external canines on upper
jaw of adult males absent in young and on females.
Leptoscarus vaigiensis (Quoy and Gaimard)
Scarus vaigiensis Quoy and Gaimard, 1824, p. 288.?Bauchot
and Guibe, 1960, p. 298 [holotype no. 567 in Paris
museum].
Leptoscarus vaigiensis.?Schultz, 1958, p. 126, pis. 4A, 25A, B;
1960, p. 251, pis. 108F, 109D, E.?Kamohara, 1963, p. 121,
pi. 6: fig. 3 [Japan].?Marshall, 1965, p. 319, pi. 46.?
Munro, 1967, p. 430, fig. 820 [New Guinea].
Scarus bottae Cuvier and Valenciennes, 1839, p. 262.?
Bauchot and Guibe, 1960, p. 292 [syntypes 2456, 2457,
2458].
Leptoscarus caeruleopunctatus.?Marshall, 1965, p. 319.
Scarichthys coeruleopunctatus.?Ben-Tuvia, 1966, p. 271
[Mediterranean Sea].
See Schultz (1958, p. 126) for other synonyms.
Background coloration reddish brown, lighter
brown ventrally; head, body, and fins may be richly
speckled with dark brown dots (blue when alive), pec-
toral base blackish; ventrally 3 lengthwise rows of
scales having brown centers, giving appearance of 3
light and dark alternating streaks behind and below
pectoral fin base; males with canine teeth on upper
dental plates, absent on females.
The following specimens were collected during the
IIOE by the Anton Bruun: From Nossi-Be, Mada-
gascar: USNM 201535, Sta. JR-53, 20 January 1964,
7 spec, 64-220 mm; USNM 201528, Sta. JR-76, 18
February 1964, 1 spec, 30 mm; USNM 201532, Tu-
lear Harbor, Madagascar, 11 August 1964, 27 spec,
39-98 mm; USNM 201526, Sta. 420, Field No. LK-
64-100, dip net in Sargassum weed, 3U7'S, 40?39'E, 5
November 1964, 1 spec, 36 mm. From Mombosa
Harbor: USNM 201539, Sta. HA-2,2 spec, not meas-
ured; USNM 201537, Sta. HA-2, 16 November 1964,
22 spec, 22-190 mm; USNM 201538, Sta. FT-2,
16 November 1964, 1 spec, 225 mm. From the
Comoro Islands: USNM 201530, Sta. HA-8, 24 No-
vember 1964, 1 spec, 47 mm; USNM 201527, Sta.
HA-9, 24 November 1964, 1 spec, 34 mm; USNM
201533, Sta. FT-11, market and Msasani Bay, Dar-es-
Salaam, 30 November 1964, 4 spec, 47-104 mm.
From the Farquhar Islands: USNM 201531, Sta.
HA-18, 6 December 1964, 26 spec, 17-125 mm;
USNM 201534, Sta. RS-37, 6 December 1964, 2 spec,
76-95 mm; USNM 201536, Sta. HA-19, Amirante Is-
lands, St. Joseph Island, Resource Island, 10 spec, 22-
40
185 mm. From Diego Garcia Atoll: Sta. HA-67-16,
22 June 1967,1 spec, 78 mm.
RANGE.?Central and western Pacific Ocean, In-
dian Ocean, Red Sea, and Mediterranean Sea through
Suez Canal.
Genus Cryptotomus Cope
Crypototomus Cope, 1871, p. 462.
Characterized by having 4 median predorsal scales;
dorsal spines flexible; gill membranes broadly joined
to isthmus with a narrow free fold across isthmus;
elongate form, pointed snout, angle between dorsal and
ventral profile of head 40? to 50?; no dermal cirrus
on anterior nostril with raised rim; external incisor-
like teeth at front of mouth, teeth slanting forward;
canine teeth present on side of upper jaw of half-grown
specimens and adults.
RANGE.?Western Atlantic Ocean.
SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY
Nicholsina ustus ustus (Cuvier and Valenciennes)
Callyodon ustus Cuvier and Valenciennes, 1839, p. 286, pi.
405.
Nicholsina ustus.?Schultz, 1958, 128, pi. 25D.?Cervigon,
1961, p. 40 [Venezuela]; 1966, p. 636.
Nicholsina ustus ustus Schultz, 1968, pp. 1-5.
This paragraph applies to both subspecies of N. ustus:
Characterized by having pectoral base same color as
body; spiny dorsal rays not ending distally in a fila-
ment; distal edge of caudal fin not white; least
preorbital width broad, 0.6 to 0.7 into interorbital
space; distance from tip of snout to rictus 1.6 to 1.7
times in snout; eye twice in preorbital width.
The following applies only to N. u. ustus: Total
number of gill rakers on first arch 9 to 12 (rarely 12)
average 10.53; number of denticles in outer posterior
row of dentary 9 to 20; increasing in number with in-
crease in length.
RANGE.?Central and western Atlantic Ocean.
Cryptotomus roseus Cope
Cryptotomus roseus Cope, 1871, p. 462, figs. 1, la.?Schultz,
1958, p. 127, pis. 50,25c.
Coloration bluish gray dorsally; head green, bluish
white ventrally; red stripe from upper edge of oper-
cular opening almost to caudal fin base, bordered above
and below by white lines; 2 narrow red or blue lines
from corner of mouth to eye; several red spots below
and behind eye; orange to red dashes on pectoral base,
blue spot at base of upper rays; black spot at upper
part of pectoral base may be absent on small young.
RANGE.?Western Atlantic Ocean.
Genus Nicholsina Fowler
Nicholsina Fowler, 1915, p. 3.
Characterized by having 4 median predorsal scales;
flexible dorsal spines, gill membranes attached to isth-
mus, with narrow free fold across isthmus; anterior
nostril with short free simple dermal flap not quite
reaching posterior nasal opening; external incisor-like
teeth at front of both jaws, curving and almost oppos-
ing each other; canine teeth may occur at sides of
upper dental plate in young and adults; angle between
dorsal and ventral profiles of head about 70? to 80?.
RANGE.?Eastern, central and western Atlantic
Ocean, and eastern Pacific Ocean.
Nicholsina ustus collettei Schultz
Nicholsina ustus collettei Schultz, 1968, pp. 1-5, pi. 1.
Characterized by having 11 to 13, average 11.93, gill
rakers on 1st gill arch; number of denticles in outer
posterior row of dentary 9 to 14, rarely 14, and not in-
creasing in number with increase in length.
Specimens: USNM 201582," 201443, 201444,
201445, 201446, 201447, 201448, 201449 and 201450,
off Guinea, West Africa between 8?52'-9?53'N and
13?48'-15?56'W, November-December 1963, 30 spec.
RANGE.?Eastern Atlantic off Guinea, West Africa.
Nicholsina denticulatus (Evermann and Radcliffe)
Xenoscarus denticulatus Evermann and Radcliffe, 1917,
p. 129, pi. 12: fig. 1.
Nicholsina denticulatus.?Schultz, 1958, p. 129, pis. 5D,
26B, C; 1968, pp. 1-5.
Characterized by having dermal cirrus well developed
on anterior nostril but not quite reaching posterior nos-
tril; head rounded, becoming slightly pointed in
adults; distal edge of caudal fin with broad white mar-
gin; least width of preorbital 1.2 to 1.3 times in inter-
orbital space.
Recently collected specimens: USNM 202270, Lo-
bos de Afuera, Northwest Island, 6 June 1966, 32 spec.
NUMBER 17 41
From the Galapagos Islands: USNM 202348, 24 May
1966, 8 spec; USNM 202350, 21 May 1966, 9 spec.;
USNM 202354, Ecuador, Bahia de Santa Elena, 2? 13'-
11"S, 80?52'22"W, 4 May 1966,2 spec.
RANGE.?Eastern tropical Pacific.
Genus Euscarus Jordan and Evermann
Euscarus Jordan and Evermann, 1896, p. 416.
Characterized by having 5 median predorsal scales; gill
membranes broadly joined to isthmus without free
fold; dorsal spines pungent; no free imbricated teeth
on dental plates; edge of upper jaw included in that
of lower jaw when mouth closed.
RANGE.?Eastern Atlantic Ocean, and Mediter-
ranean Sea.
Euscarus cretensis (Linnaeus)
Labrus cretensis Linnaeus, 1758, p. 282 [type-locality: Crete].
Euscarus cretensis.?Schultz, 1958, p. 130, pis. 4c, 26D.?
Bauchot and Blanc, 1961, p. 60 [Santa Cruz].?Cadenat
and Roux, 1964, p. 97 [Sao Tiago Island, Cape Verde
Islands].
Labrus scarus Linnaeus, 1758, p. 282 [type-locality: Greece].
Scarus canariensis Valenciennes, 1836, p. 68.?Bauchot and
Guibe, 1960, p. 292 [syntypes 8221, 8222, 8223 in Paris
Museum].
Scarus rubiginosus Cuvier and Valenciennes, 1839, p. 171.?
Bauchot and Guibe, 1960, p. 297 [syntypes nos. 1774 and
8223 in Paris Museum].
Background brownish (reddish when alive) with dis-
tinct blackish blotch just behind head above pectoral
and below lateral line; tip of opercular flap blackish;
caudal fin with distal border pale.
RANGE.?Eastern Atlantic and Mediterranean Sea.
Euscarus strigatus (Giinther)
Scarus strigatus Giinther, 1862, p. 212.
Euscarus strigatus.?Schultz, 1958, p. 130, pi. 25A.?Bauchot
and Blanc, 1961, p. 31 [St. Helena Island].
Characterized by having series of blackish or dark
brown scales along lateral line, sometimes interrupted
fore or aft; white triangular spot behind mouth;
underside of head and snout dark brown; no black
shoulder spot.
RANGE.?Eastern Atlantic Ocean at St. Helena
Island.
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46 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY
T A B L E 13.?Counts recorded for species
Genera and species
Scarops
rubroviolaceus
Bolbometopon
muricatus
bicolor
Ypsiscarus
ovifrons
oedema
Scarus
Scarus
harid harid
harid vexillus
harid longiceps
gibbus
javanicus
flavipectoralis
dubius
lunula
formosus
lauia
perspicillatus
venosus
taeniurus
forsteri
enneacanthus
rhoduropturus
sordidus
troscheli
bowersi
jonesi
capistrotoides
Xenoscarops
perrico
fehlmanni
Callyodon
dimidiatus
globoceps
chlorodon
rubrofasciatus
caudofasciatus
lepidus
fasciatus
frenatus
janthochir
ghobban
marshalli
compressus*
scaber
oviceps
niger
Median predorsal scales
3 4
6
1
11
17
11
32
94
35
1
42
7
12
2
21
26
82
100
2
23
254
19
9
156
9
5
3
3
22
1
4
2
1
2
3
1
6
18
9
3
6
14
11
63
3
6
29
7
9
9
22
8
17
14
24
1
7
3
14
3
2
1
2
18
5
2
6
5
9
8
1
Scale rows on cheek
1 2
11
11
3 18
26
82
100
3
23
254
19
9
156
9
34
6
3 4
24
9
28
1
35 1
22
64
94
35
2
32
7
12
2
15
15
68
5
6
31
9
27
9
35
14
17
23
36
11
4 5
2
8
2
4
6 25
7
1
1 17
4
10
2
15
8
4
41
3
5
30
6
2
2
4
2
1 7
5
1
2
1
1
2
dorsal row
6
24
2
15
5
2
15
51
7
1
25
6
9
2
11
23
11
16
3
17
73
19
8
1
6
4
6
6
12
59
8
7
18
2
16
10
32
19
15
9
8
2
7
1
12
1
3
12
2
14
12
1
1
1
1
2
4
10
8
2
15
2
12
1
9
2
6
29
9
8 9
2
5
7 10
1 2
1
2
2
1
Number of scales
second row
0 1 2 3 4 5
1
1 7
5
4
2
2
2
1
2
16
4
3 10 6 4
9
6
7
12
2
5 24 3
1
1
3
1
3
1
1
1 2
6
2
6
17
1
14
3
4
2
15
32
13
24
4
8
1
14
22
14
3
8
64
5
6
1
4
8
5
7
18
8
5
8
5
6
3
26
13
15
3
4
1
7
8
10
1
4
9
6
9
34
1
4
3
1
1
2
3
14
48
17
5
5
1
9
7
34
5
13
16
6
6
1
9
19
6
? Counts from literature.
NUMBER 17
of parrotfishes in the subfamily SCARINAE
47
in each row on cheek
8
1
1
1
4
7
5
17
2
2
5
2
3
1
14
1
9
4
2
1
2
15
3
9 10
1
3 1
1
3
1
1
1
2
0
11
34
12
2
0
1
1
2
1
14
2
33
3
2
11
6
1
5
11
3
1
1
2
25
7
4
1
2
5
12
2
5
4
37
2
11
10
7
2
3
18
7
13
3
2
3
4
3
3
2
2
10
9
17
1
12
2
18
4
3
7
3
14
28
2
third row
4
4
6
2
16
12
1
1
1
7
1
1
3
18
8
5
7
7
3
13
23
2
1
5
6 7
14 1
2
2 5
1
17 31
2
8 9
1
3
1
Jourth row
2 3 4 5 6 7 8
1
3 5 1 4 2 1 2
ii.ll
8
2
2
1
Pectoral rays
U.12
4
46
1
1
22
2
61
21
16
3
54
126
134
1
25
1
3
1
37
28
24
9
69
15
49
5
16
29
75
28
ii.13
35
2
3
1
21
33
21
61
1
1
1
24
2
4
3
43
243
57
18
115
16
2
12
135
9
12
3
3
6
49
18
1
1
ii.14 ii,15
2
10
2
1
2
68 6
8
5
2
1
2
48 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY
T A B L E 13.?Counts recorded for species
Genera and species
Scarus
Callyodon
cyanognathus
madagascariensis
mus
blochi
aeruginosus
croicensis
taeniopterus*
guacamaia
vetula
coclestinus
cocruleus
hoefleri
Median predorsal scales
3 4 5 6 7 8
1
2 1
1 1
12
36 18
5 52 1
1
22
14
1 5
21 1
3
Scale rows on cheek
1 2 3 4
2
3
2
15
78
84
1
38
24
9
31
3
Number of scales
dorsal row
4 5 6 7 8 9
2
4
4 11
3 20 4
5 59 20 1
2 49 5
18 12
1 21 2
3 7 3
3 32
4 1
second row
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
1
2
2 12 1
2 14 9
6 40 30
1 1
1 13 15 1
3 9
1 9 3
3 22 10
1 4
?Counts from literature.
NUMBER 17
of parrotfishes in the subfamily SCARINAE?Continued
49
in each row on cheek
8 9 10
1
2
2
9
9 3
0
1
^
l
l
3
2
25
9
3
2
1
9
7
52
6
3
32
4
3
3
1
1
15
23
1
third row
4
1
2
11
2
5 6 7 8 9
1
1
2
1 5 12 5 1
fourth row
2 3 4 5 6
1 10 13
7 8
Pectoral rays
ii.ll ii,12 ii,13 ii,14 ii,15
2
5
2
21
2 90 10
3 129 5
2
86
26 2
6 6
1 32
5

PLATES
T.F.H. Publications, Inc.

DPLATE 1. A, Scarops rubroviolaceus, USNM 112219, immature; B, adult male. C, Bolbometopon bicolor,
USNM 159982, immature; D, adult male. E, Tpsiscarus ovifrons. (A, C-E, Philippine Albatross drawings;
B, after Jordan and Seale.)
1)
PLATE 2. A, Ypsiscarus oedema, USNM 111224, adult, probably a male. B, Scams harid longiceps, USNM
112218, adult, probably a male. C, Scams gibbus, USNM 112228, adult. D, Scams javanicus, USNM
147224, adult. E, Scams flavipectoralis, USNM 112217, adult. (All are Philippine Albatross drawings.)

PLATE 3. A, Scants dubius, USNM 112230, adult. B, Scarus lunula, USNM 112215, adult. C, Scarus
formosus, USNM 112216, adult. D, Scarus lauia, USNM 50648. E, Scarus perspicillatus, adult male.
(A-C, Philippine Albatross drawings; D, E, after Jordan and Evermann.)

PLATE 4. A, Scarus venosus, USNM 160252, adult, probably a male. B, Scarus rhoduropterus, USNM
146944, adult. C, Scarus sordidus, USNM 160341, adult, probably a male. D, Scarus bower si, USNM
112214, adult, probably a male. E, Scarus capistratoides, USNM 157323. (All are Philippine Albatross
drawings.)

PLATE 5. A, Scarus dimidiatus, USNM 112210, adult. B, Scarus chlorodon, USNM 112227, immature.
C, Scarus caudofasciatus, USNM 147217 and 157321, adult. D,' Scarus lepidus, USNM 160212; E, USNM
160360. (All are Philippine Albatross drawings.)

PLATE 6. A, Scarus fasciatus, USNM 112211, adult, probably a male. B, Scarus frenatus, USNM 89978
(holotype of S. vermiculatus), adult, male. C, Scarus janthochir, USNM 112225, adult, probably a male.
D, Scarus ghobban, USNM 160120, adult. E, Scarus niger. (A-D, Philippine Albatross drawings; E, after
Jordan and Seale.)

PLATE 7. A, Scarus cyanognathus, USNM 157103, adult. B, Scarus mus, USNM 112229, adult. C, Scarus
blochi, adult. D, Scarus aeruginosus, USNM 112231. E, Scarus vetula. (A-D, Philippine Albatross drawings;
E, after Evermann and Marsh.)
I)
P L A T E 8. A, Scarus coeruleus. B, Sparisoma chrysopterum. C, Sparisoma viride. D, Calotomus spinidens, U S N M
160437. (A, C, after Evermann and Marsh; B, from a Bermuda specimen 8 inches long, drawn June
1847; D, a Philippine Albatross drawing.)
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