The order Scleractinia, also known as the Madreporaria, consists of sedentary, colonial or solitary, exclusively poly- poid hexacorallian Anthozoa, the polyps of which are sup- ported by an external, aragonitic, calcium carbonate skel- eton, called the corallum. Each polyp usually bears 6, or a multiple of 6, pairs of mesenteries, each pair enclosing a calcareous radial partition called a septum. Most sclerac- tinian corals have 12, 24, 48, or 96 or more septa arranged in a radially hexameral plan. Common names applied to the Scleractinia include stony corals, true corals, and hard corals. Scleractinians exhibit diploblastic (2 tissue layers: ectoderm and endoderm) tissue organization. The typi- cal scleractinian polyp consists of a stoma (mouth), sur- rounded by a battery of tentacles; tentacles contain the cnidae or nematocysts, a structure containing a poison bladder and a hollow tubule that, when triggered, injects the toxin for prey capture and self defense. Scleractinians, like Octocorallia, are exclusively marine, and occur from the Sub- Arctic to Antarctica, at depths from the intertidal to 6328 m (Cairns 2001a). Physiologically, ecologically, and roughly phylogeneti- cally, the Scleractinia can be divided into 2 groups: those that contain zooxanthellae in their tissues (the zooxan- thellate corals) and those that do not (the azooxanthellate corals). Worldwide, both groups have approximately the same number of species (Cairns, Hoeksema, and van der Land 1999). Zooxanthellate species (ZS) are restricted to the photic zone (their endodermic tissues contain zooxan- thellae?dinoflagellate algae of the genus Symbiodinium), and are typically found in tropical- subtropical regions in depths that rarely exceed 70 to 80 m. The azooxanthel- lates are ubiquitous, but are most common in cooler, deep water (down to 6300 m) or cryptic, shallow- water envi- ronments, such as caves. The ZS include species attain- ing sizes exceeding 3 m in diameter and height. Most ZS species are colonial (with multiple polyps), and their morphology includes branching, columnar, encrusting, foliaceous, and massive skeletal structures. Within a ZS species, the morphology has great variability, reflecting local environmental conditions, many of which vary with depth; for example, ambient light, water movement, sedi- mentation, and temperature. Tissue color also has mod- erate to large ranges of variability governed by the local environment. Zooxanthellate corals are sometimes called hermatypic corals because they construct shallow- water coral reefs, whereas azooxanthellate corals, sometimes called ahermatypic corals, are usually solitary in habit 333 14 Scleractinia (Cnidaria) of the Gulf of Mexico Stephen D. Cairns, Walter C. Jaap, and Judith C. Lang ? Scleractinia. After Moore 1956, modified by F. Moretzsohn. Cairns, S. D., W. C. Jaap, and J. C. Lang. 2009. Scleractinia (Cnidaria) of the Gulf of Mexico, Pp. 333?347 in Felder, D.L. and D.K. Camp (eds.), Gulf of Mexico?Origins, Waters, and Biota. Biodiversity. Texas A&M University Press, College Station, Texas. 334 ~ Scleractinia (Cnidaria) recognized in the order as of 1999 (Cairns, Hoeksema, and van der Land 1999). Smith?s (1954) account of the Scleractinia of the Gulf of Mexico cannot be used as a benchmark for the azooxan- thellate species of that region because he only presented an uncritical listing of the 39 genera that were known from the entire West Indian region. At that time, knowledge of azooxanthellates from the Gulf, as well as most of the western Atlantic, relied on the 5 publications of L. F. Pour- tal?s between 1867 and 1880, in which 59 new species were described; Pourtal?s? significant contributions are summarized by Cairns (2001a). Unlike the Octocorallia (Cairns and Bayer, chapter 13, this volume), the azooxan- thellate Scleractinia from the Gulf have been the subject of at least 6 complete or partial (based on depth) enumera- tions, beginning in 1977 and extending to 2002. In the first account, which was based on specimens collected by the ?Hourglass? cruises off western central Florida (northeast quadrant), Cairns (1977c) listed 36 azooxanthellate spe- cies for the Gulf. A second listing just a year later (Cairns 1978a) increased the total to 54 species and was based on material from Texas A&M University and the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service vessels Oregon and Silver Bay. As part of a larger study on the deepwater Scleractinia of the west- ern Atlantic (Cairns 1979: table 1), 40 deepwater (over 200 m) species were listed for the Gulf: 36 from the eastern half and 19 from the western. Although not a part of a list, numerous additional records and range extensions were added to the northwestern quadrant by Rezak, Bright, and McGrail (1985) and Viada and Cairns (1987). The fourth enumeration (Cairns et al. 1994), which included range extensions and 4 new records for the Gulf, listed 63 azoox- anthellate species. A fifth partial listing, again part of a larger work on the shallow- water (less than 200 m) azoox- anthellates from the western Atlantic (Cairns 2000: table 1), included 41 species from the Gulf: 41 from the eastern and thus do not form reefs. But there are many exceptions to these generalizations, one being that some deepwater azooxanthellate colonial corals, such as Lophelia pertusa, may form reefal structures at continental slope depths (Cairns 1979, Cairns and Stanley 1982). Worldwide, the order Scleractinia consists of about 1445 species (Cairns 1999, revised herein): 756 zooxan- thellate and 689 azooxanthellate species. We report (see checklist) 94 azooxanthellate and 49 zooxanthellate spe- cies within the Gulf of Mexico, or a total of 141 scleractin- ian species, 2 of those being facultative (Astrangia pocu- lata and Madracis pharensis). Vaughan and Wells (1943) have presented considerable background information on the Scleractinia, along with a classification of the order based on skeletal structures; an excellent revision of the classification, morphology, and biology of the Scleractinia was published by Wells (1956). Alloiteau?s (1952) classification is another revision based on skeletal morphology. Scleractinian taxonomy and phy- logeny are in transition; traditional skeletal characters are being supplemented / replaced with characters based on microstructure, molecular genetics, and reproductive biology. New methods of character analyses are evolv- ing to detect the differences and similarities in the genetic heritage of the taxa. Azooxanthellate Corals Stolarski (2000) has been used to update part of the Wells (1956) classification system. Other significant azooxan- thellate references in the last 50 years include the revision of the eastern Atlantic azooxanthellate corals by Zibrow- ius (1980), which includes many of the species that occur in the Gulf, a generic revision and phylogenetic analysis of the families Turbinoliidae (Cairns 1997) and Dendro- phylliidae (Cairns 2001b), and a listing of all 1314 species Scleractinia. After Moore 1956, modified by F. Moretzsohn. Scleractinia. After Moore 1956, modified by F. Moretzsohn. Cairns, Jaap, and Lang ~ 335 Alexander Agassiz (1852, 1869, 1880, 1885), Pourtal?s (1880), Heilprin (1890), Vaughan (1901a, b, 1911), and Verrill (1902). Following Smith?s (1948, 1954) publica- tions, understanding of the ZS in the Gulf of Mexico area has benefited greatly from work conducted in the Baha- mas, Caribbean, Mexico, and Florida, which has included live appearances in underwater photographs, habitat information, bathymetric ranges, ecological relationships, and / or paleontological ranges. Within the Gulf of Mexico region, most studies of ZS have focused on a reef, reef area, or region: for example, Campeche Bank, especially Arrecife Alacr?n, Arrec- ife Tri?ngulo, Cayo Arcas and Cayo Arenas (by Kor- nicker and Boyd 1962, Busby 1966, Logan, 1969, Farrell et al. 1983, Ch?vez et al. 1985, Rom?n- Vives et al. 1989, Carricart- Ganivet and Beltr?n- Torres 1997); between Veracruz and Ant?n Lizardo (by Heilprin 1890, Vil- lalobos 1971, K?hlmann 1975, Tunnell 1988, and Vargas- Hern?ndez and Rom?n- Vives 2002); near Tuxpan at Isla de Lobos, Isla Enmedio, and La Blanquilla (Moore 1958, Rigby and McIntyre 1966, Ch?vez, Hidalgo, and Sevilla 1970, Rannefeld 1972, Santiago 1977, Horta- Puga and Carricart- Ganivet 1985, 1989, Vargas- Hern?ndez and Rom?n- Vives 2002); the northwestern Gulf banks, including the Flower Garden Banks (e.g., Parker 1960, Edwards 1971, Bright et al. 1974, Tresslar 1974, Bright 1977, Rezak, Bright, and McGrail 1985); Florida Middle Ground (Grimm and Hopkins 1977, Jaap et al. 1989, Cole- man et al. 2005); Pulley Ridge (Halley et al. 2005), and Dry Tortugas (Brooks 1963, Davis 1979, 1982, Jaap et al. 1989); Florida Keys (Hoffmeister 1974, Wheaton and Jaap 1988, Jaap 1984, Jaap and Hallock 1990); and the northwestern coast of Cuba?Cayos Arcas to Rio Camarioca (Zlatarski and Estella 1982). Field guides to shallow- water stony corals (Millepora half and 33 from the western Gulf. The final, sixth partial enumeration (Cairns and Chapman 2002: table 3) listed the 52 deepwater (over 200 m) species from the Gulf: 45 from the eastern half and 36 from the western. Also of note was a listing of the 130 shallow- water (less than 200 m) scleractinian species from off North America (Cairns 2002). The current listing of 94 azooxanthellate species for the Gulf is a significant increase from previous lists, most of which is due to a more liberal interpretation of the eastern boundary of the southeastern quadrant, which herein is placed as an oblique line joining Punta Hicacos, Cuba (23?12?N, 81?08?W) to near South Sound Creek, Key Largo (25?06?N, 80?26?W), whereas in the previously discussed lists the eastern boundary was considered to be a north- south line at 81?48?W or 83?30?W. One hundred twenty- nine azooxanthellate spe- cies occur in the western Atlantic (Cairns 2002), 94 of which also occur in the Gulf of Mexico; thus, 73% of the western Atlantic species and 13.6% of the worldwide azooxanthellate fauna occurs in the Gulf. As is common in azooxanthellate species, 82 of the 94 Gulf species (87%) are known to occur deeper than 200 m. Among the 4 quadrants of the Gulf, azooxanthellate corals are by far most abundant in the southeast (84 spe- cies, 88%), the numbers decreasing in a counterclockwise fashion: northeast (57 species), northwest (32 species), and southwest (12 species). Six species are known from all 4 quadrants; 4 species are endemic to the Gulf, and one species, Tubastraea coccinea, was introduced (Cairns 2000, Fenner 2001, Fenner and Banks 2004). Zooxanthellate Corals The ZS found in the Gulf of Mexico region were first reported and described in pioneering studies of Louis and Scleractinia. After Pratt 1916. Scleractinia. After Pratt 1916. 336 ~ Scleractinia (Cnidaria) and deeper depths also have fewer ZS species. The east- ern Gulf region from Tampa Bay to Sanibel Island (the ?Hourglass? region) includes 14 ZS species (Jaap et al. 1989). The Florida Bay- Gulf of Mexico side of the Keys is relatively impoverished. There were 2 study sites in the Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary coral reef moni- toring program in the Gulf of Mexico: Content Keys and Smith Shoal; the greatest number of species seen at these sites was 12 at Content Key and 24 at Smith Shoal in 2000 (Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary, Water Quality Protection Plan, Coral Reef Evaluation Monitoring Pro- gram database). Abbreviations The sequence of orders and families follows the phyloge- netic arrangement of Wells (1956), as modified by Stolar- ski (2000) for the Guyniidae. The genera and species are arranged alphabetically within families. Under the head- ing of Habitat- Biology, the following depth indicators are used: itd = intertidal (0?2 m); bns = bay / inshore (0?50 m); crr = coral reef (0?50 m); ocs = outer continental shelf (50?200 m); and slp = slope (200?3000 m). Other abbre- viations in that column include: ben = benthic; hsb = hard substrate; sft = soft substrate; dcrr = deep- reef; nid = non- indiginous to Gulf of Mexico; azo = azooxanthellate; zoo = zooxanthellate; and end = endemic. Depth ranges set in roman type are for Gulf records only; numbers set in italic refer to the entire western Atlantic range when that for the Gulf is unknown. Under the heading of Overall geo- graphic range, the following designations are used: WW = worldwide or cosmopolitan (subsumes EA); EA = East- ern Atlantic; NEUS = northeast United States (cold tem- perate waters north of Cape Hatteras); SEUS = southeast United States (warm temperate waters south of Cape Hat- teras to the St. Lucie Inlet: 27?10.0624?N); SEFLA = the region from 25?06?N, 80?26?W, a position south of South Sound Creek on Key Largo, Monroe County, Florida, to the St. Lucie Inlet (27?10.0624?N, 80?08.3750?W); Be = Bermuda; Ba = Bahamas; C = Caribbean; SA = eastern South America. Under the References heading, only post- 1954 reports are cited. The following abbreviation is also used in the checklist: GMx = Gulf of Mexico. Acknowledgments Walter Jaap and Judith Lang are especially grateful to A. Beltr?n- Torres, S. D. Cairns, D. Pires, T. Murdock, T. Stemann, M. Vermeij, E. Weil, and V. Zlatarksi for their and Scleractinia) of Florida and the Greater Caribbean, including the Gulf of Mexico, include Smith (1948, 1971), Zeiller (1974), Greenberg (1977), Colin (1978), Kaplan (1982), and Humann and DeLoach (2002). Additionally, Littler and Littler?s (2000) field guide to Caribbean algae has numerous plates with ZS coral species identified. Of the 49 ZS species here reported from the Gulf of Mexico, all are found in the southeastern quadrant, 36 in the southwestern, 24 in the northwestern, and 18 in the northeastern quadrant. Numerical differences reflect dif- ferences in climate and habitat. The ZS requirements for optimal success include temperatures that are greater than 18? C, low turbidity, oceanic salinity, and a solid substra- tum. The southeastern and southwestern portions of the Gulf of Mexico have more of these conditions in time and space than do the northeastern and northwestern areas of the Gulf. The only endemic ZS species, Oculina robusta, is limited to the eastern Gulf of Mexico (Florida Middle Ground to Dry Tortugas). Using our adjusted numbers (see endnotes to the checklist), Gulf of Mexico areas that have the greatest spe- cies richness include Dry Tortugas (45) and Looe Key (38) (Wheaton and Jaap 1988). Mexican reefs range from 25 species in the Tuxpan region to 33 at Campeche Bank (Beltr?n- Torres and Carricart- Ganivet 1999). For Cuba (Sancho Pardo to Rio Camarioca), ZS species richness ranges from 19 at Sancho Pardo and Punta Seboruco to 29 offshore of the Oceanographic Institute (Zlataski and Estalella 1982). Banks in the northwestern Gulf are most depauperate in ZS species; Geyer (2), McGrail (5), Son- nier (7), and Bright (9), although the Flower Garden Bank reports 23 ZS species (Flower Garden Banks National Marine Sanctuary faunal records). The Florida Middle Ground is known to have 19 ZS species (Grimm and Hop- kins 1977, Jaap et al. 1989). Areas in temperate latitudes Scleractinia. After Pratt 1916. Cairns, Jaap, and Lang ~ 337 Arenas, Campeche Bank, Yucatan, Mexico. U. S. Navy Oceanographic Office Special Publication 187. 58 pp. 14. Cairns, S. D. 1977a. Biological Results of the University of Miami Deep- Sea Expeditions. 121. A review of the Recent species of Balanophyllia (Anthozoa: Scleractinia) in the western Atlantic, with descriptions of four new species. Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington 90(1): 132?148, 4 pls. 15. Cairns, S. D. 1977b. Biological Results of the University of Miami Deep- Sea Expeditions. 125. A revision of the Recent species of Stephanocyathus (Anthozoa: Sclerac- tinia) in the western Atlantic, with descriptions of two new species. Bulletin of Marine Science 27(4): 729?739, 16 figs. 16. Cairns, S. D. 1977c. Stony Corals: I. Caryophylliina and Dendrophylliina (Anthozoa: Scleractinia). Memoirs of the Hourglass Cruises 3(4): 1?27, 2 pls. 17. Cairns, S. D. 1978a. 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Taxon Habitat- Biology Depth (m) Overall geographic range GMx range References / Endnotes Phylum: Cnidaria Class: Anthozoa Subclass: Hexacorallia Order: Scleractinia Suborder: Astrocoeniina Family: Astroceniidae Stephanocoenia intersepta (Lamarck, 1816) ben, zoo, hsb, crr 1?95+ Be, SEFLA, Ba, C, SA entire 6 1 Family: Pocilloporidae Madracis asperula Milne Edwards & Haime, 1849 ben, azo, hsb, ocs 24?311 EA, C, SA se, ne, nw 23, 62, 69 Madracis brueggemanni (Ridley, 1881) ben, azo, hsb, ocs 51?130 C, SA ne, nw 23, 69 Madracis decactis (Lyman, 1859) ben, zoo, hsb, crr 2?70 EA, Be, SEFLA, Ba, C, SA entire 6, 54 Madracis formosa Wells, 1973 ben, zoo, hsb, crr 15?95 Be, C, Ba se 6 Madracis mirabilis, sensu Wells, 1973 ben, zoo, hsb, crr 3?60 Be, SEFLA, Ba, C se, nw 6, 54 Madracis myriaster (Milne Edwards & Haime, 1849) ben, azo, hsb, ocs 20?1220 SEFLA, Be, C, SA se, ne, nw 19, 69 Madracis pharensis luciphila Wells, 1973 ben, zoo, hsb, crr 2?75 Ba, C se 54 2 Madracis pharensis pharensis (Heller, 1868) ben, azo, hsb 11?333 EA, Ba, C, SA se, ne 23, 29 Family: Acroporidae Acropora cervicornis (Lamarck, 1816) ben, zoo, hsb, crr 1?50 SEFLA, Ba, C se, sw 6, 54 Acropora palmata (Lamarck, 1816) ben, zoo, hsb, crr 1?30 SEFLA, Ba, C se, sw, nw 6, 54 Acropora prolifera (Lamarck, 1816) ben, zoo, hsb, crr 1?30 SEFLA, Ba, C se, sw 6, 54 3 Suborder: Fungiina Family: Agariciidae Agaricia agaricites (Linnaeus, 1758) ben, zoo, hsb, crr 1?75 SEFLA, Ba, C entire 6, 54 4 Agaricia fragilis Dana, 1846 ben, zoo, hsb, crr 1?80 Be, SEFLA, Ba, C, SA entire 6, 45 Agaricia humilis Verrill, 1901 ben, zoo, hsb, crr 1?70+ SEFLA, Ba, C, SA se 54 4 Agaricia lamarcki Milne Edwards & Haime, 1851 ben, zoo, hsb, crr 5?80 SEFLA, Ba, C se, sw, nw 6, 54 Agaricia tenuifolia Dana, 1848 ben, zoo, hsb, crr 1?5 Ba, C se 6 4 Agaricia undata (Ellis & Solander, 1786) ben, zoo, hsb, crr 15?80 Ba, C se, nw 6, 54 Leptoseris cucullata (Ellis & Solander, 1786) ben, zoo, hsb, crr 3?90 SEFLA, Ba, C se, sw, nw 6 5 Family: Siderastreidae Siderastrea radians (Pallas, 1766) ben, zoo, hsb, crr 1?30 EA, Be, SEFLA, Ba, C entire 6, 54 Siderastrea siderea (Ellis & Solander, 1786) ben, zoo, hsb, crr 2?70 Be, SEFLA, Ba, C se, sw, nw 6, 54 Family: Fungiacyathidae Fungiacyathus symmetricus (Pourtal?s, 1871) ben, azo, sft, slp 183?1664 SEFLA, C se 19 Family: Poritidae Porites astreoides Lamarck, 1816 ben, zoo, hsb, crr 1?70+ EA, Be, SEFLA, Ba, C, SA entire 6, 54 Porites branneri Rathbun, 1888 ben, zoo, hsb, crr 1?30 Ba, C, SA se, sw, ne 6, 54 Porites porites f. divaricata Lesueur, 1820 ben, zoo, hsb, crr 1?47 SEFLA, Ba, C se, sw, ne 6, 97 6 Porites porites f. furcata Lamarck, 1816 ben, zoo, hsb, crr 1?50 SEFLA, Ba, C se, sw, nw 6, 97 6 Porites porites f. porites (Pallas, 1766) ben, zoo, hsb, crr 1?25 EA, Be, SEFLA, Ba, C se, sw 6, 97 6 Suborder: Faviina Family: Faviidae Colpophyllia natans (Houttuyn, 1772) ben, zoo, hsb, crr 1?55 SEFLA, Ba, C se, sw, nw 6, 54 7 Diploria clivosa (Ellis & Solander, 1786) ben, zoo, hsb, crr 1?40 SEFLA, Ba, C se, sw 6, 54 Cairns, Jaap, and Lang ~ 343 Checklist of Scleractinia from the Gulf of Mexico. (continued) (continued) Taxon Habitat- Biology Depth (m) Overall geographic range GMx range References / Endnotes Diploria labyrinythiformis (Linneaus, 1758) ben, zoo, hsb, crr 1?45 Be, SEFLA, Ba, C se, sw 6, 54 8 Diploria strigosa (Dana, 1846) ben, zoo, hsb, crr 1?40 Be, SEFLA, Ba, C se, sw, nw 6, 54, 79 Favia fragum (Esper, 1793) ben, zoo, hsb, crr 1?30 Be, SEFLA, Ba, C se, sw 6, 54 9 Manicina areolata (Linnaeus, 1758) ben, zoo, hsb, crr 1?65 SEFLA, Ba, C se, sw, ne 6, 45, 54 10 Montastraea annularis (Ellis & Solander, 1786) ben, zoo, hsb, crr 1?50 SEFLA, Ba, C se, sw, nw 6, 54, 79 11 Montastraea cavernosa (Linnaeus, 1767) ben, zoo, hsb, crr 1?90 EA, Be, SEFLA, Ba, C, SA se, sw, nw 6, 54, 79 Montastraea faveolata (Ellis & Solander, 1786) ben, zoo, hsb, crr 2?40 SEFLA, Ba, C se, sw, nw 6 11 Montastraea franksi (Gregory, 1895) ben, zoo, hsb, crr 5?45 Be, SEFLA, Ba, C se, sw, nw 6 11 Solenastrea bournoni Milne Edwards & Haime, 1849 ben, zoo, hsb, crr 1?35 SEFLA, Ba, C se, sw 6, 97 Solenastrea hyades (Dana, 1846) ben, zoo, hsb, crr 1?30 SEFLA, SEUS, C se, ne 6, 45, 54 Family: Rhizangiidae Astrangia poculata (Ellis & Solander, 1786) ben, azo, zoo, hsb, bns 0?263 NEUS, SEFLA, SEUS entire 23, 66 Astrangia solitaria (Lesueur, 1817) ben, azo, hsb, bns 0?51 Be, SEFLA, C, SA se, ne, sw 29, 100 Family: Oculinidae Madrepora carolina (Pourtal?s, 1871) ben, azo, hsb, slp 53?1003 SEFLA, SEUS, Be, C se, ne, nw 19, 62, 69 12 Madrepora oculata Linnaeus, 1758 ben, azo, hsb, slp 80?1500 EA, SEFLA, SEUS, C, SA se, ne, nw 19 Oculina diffusa Lamarck, 1816 ben, zoo, hsb, crr 1?30 Be, SEFLA, Ba, C entire 6, 45, 54 Oculina robusta Pourtal?s, 1871 ben, zoo, hsb, end 10?30 Gulf of Mexico endemic ne, se 45 Oculina tenella Pourtal?s, 1871 ben, azo, hsb, ocs 25?159 SEFLA, SEUS se, ne 23 Oculina valenciennesi Milne Edwards & Haime, 1848 ben, zoo, hsb, crr 1?20 Be, C sw 6 Family Meandrinidae Dendrogyra cylindrus Ehrenburg, 1834 ben, zoo, hsb, crr 1?20 SEFLA, Ba, C se 54, 100 Dichocoenia stokesi Milne Edwards & Haime, 1848 ben, zoo, hsb, crr 1?60 Be, SEFLA, Ba, C entire 6, 45, 54 Meandrina meandrites (Linnaeus, 1758) ben, zoo, hsb, crr 1?75 Be, SEFLA, Ba, C se, sw, ne 6, 54, 97 8, 13 Family: Mussidae Isophyllastraea rigida (Dana, 1846) ben, zoo, hsb, crr 1?35 SEFLA, Ba, C se 6, 54 Isophyllia sinuosa (Ellis & Solander, 1786) ben, zoo, hsb, crr 1?35 Be, SEFLA, Ba, C se, ne 6, 45, 54 Mussa angulosa (Pallas, 1766) ben, zoo, hsb, crr 1?55 SEFLA, Ba, C entire 6, 54 Mycetophyllia aliciae Wells, 1973 ben, zoo, hsb, crr 3?73 SEFLA, Ba, C se, sw 6, 54 8 Mycetophyllia ferox Wells, 1973 ben, zoo, hsb, crr 2?40 SEFLA, Ba, C se, sw 6, 54 Mycetophyllia lamarckiana Milne Edwards & Haime, 1848 ben, zoo, hsb, crr 2?58 SEFLA, Ba, C se, sw 6, 54 14 Scolymia cubensis Milne Edwards & Haime, 1849 ben, zoo, hsb, crr 1?80 Be, SEFLA, Ba, C entire 6, 54 15 Scolymia lacera (Pallas, 1766) ben, zoo, hsb, crr 3?80 SEFLA, Ba, C se, sw, ne 6, 54 Family: Anthemiphylliidae Anthemiphyllia patera patera Pourtal?s, 1878 ben, azo, sft, slp 500?700 SEUS, C se 19 Suborder: Caryophylliina Superfamily: Caryophyllioidea Family: Caryophylliidae Anomocora fecunda (Pourtal?s, 1871) ben, azo, hsb, slp 37?640 EA, Ba, C se, ne 19, 62, 89 Anomocora marchadi (Chevalier, 1966) ben, azo, hsb, ocs 35?229 EA, SEFLA, SEUS, C ne 23, 29 344 ~ Scleractinia (Cnidaria) Checklist of Scleractinia from the Gulf of Mexico. (continued) Taxon Habitat- Biology Depth (m) Overall geographic range GMx range References / Endnotes Anomocora prolifera (Pourtal?s, 1871) ben, azo, hsb, ocs 30?329 EA, Ba, C ne, sw 19 Caryophyllia ambrosia caribbeana Cairns, 1979 ben, azo, sft, slp 183?2360 Be, C, SA entire 19 Caryophyllia antillarum Pourtal?s, 1874 ben, azo, hsb, slp 150?730 Ba, C se 19 Caryophyllia barbadensis Cairns, 1979 ben, azo, hsb, slp 109?249 C nw 23 Caryophyllia berteriana Duchassaing, 1850 ben, azo, hsb, slp 99?1033 Ba, C, SA se, ne, nw 19, 89 Caryophyllia corrugata Cairns, 1979 ben, azo, hsb, slp 183?380 Ba, C se 19 Caryophyllia crypta Cairns, 2000 ben, azo, hsb, ocs 12?183 C se 23 Caryophyllia horologium Cairns, 1977 ben, azo, hsb, end 55?175 Gulf of Mexico endemic ne, nw 16, 23 Caryophyllia polygona Pourtal?s, 1878 ben, azo, hsb, slp 310?1817 SEFLA, C se, ne 19 16 Caryophyllia zopyros Cairns, 1979 ben, azo, hsb, slp 73?618 C se 19 Cladocora arbuscula (Lesueur, 1820) ben, zoo, hsb, crr 1?20 SEFLA, SEUS, Be, Ba, C se, ne 54 Cladocora debilis Milne Edwards & Haime, 1849 ben, azo, hsb, bns 11?400 EA, SEFLA, SEUS, C, SA se, ne 23, 29 Coenocyathus caribbeana Cairns, 2000 ben, azo, hsb, ocs 5?100 Ba, C se 23 Coenocyathus parvulus (Cairns, 1979) ben, azo, hsb, slp 97?399 C se, ne, nw 19, 29, 69 Coenosmilia arbuscula Pourtal?s, 1874 ben, azo, hsb, slp 74?622 Ba, C se, ne, nw 19, 69 Concentrotheca laevigata (Pourtal?s, 1871) ben, azo, hsb, slp 183?576 EA, SEFLA, NEUS, SEUS, C se, ne 19 Dasmosmilia lymani (Pourtal?s, 1871) ben, azo, sft, slp 37?366 EA, SEFLA, NEUS, SEUS, C, SA se, ne 16, 19 Dasmosmilia variegata (Pourtal?s, 1871) ben, azo, sft, slp 110?421 EA, C se, ne 19 Deltocyathus agassizii Pourtal?s, 1867 ben, azo, sft, slp 494?1115 Ba, C se 19 Deltocyathus calcar (Pourtal?s, 1874) ben, azo, sft, slp 81?675 SEFLA, SEUS, Be, C, SA se, ne, nw 19, 89 Deltocyathus eccentricus Cairns, 1979 ben, azo, sft, slp 183?910 EA, SEFLA, SEUS, Be, C, SA se, ne, sw 19 Deltocyathus italicus (Michelotti, 1838) ben, azo, sft, slp 403?2634 EA, Be, C, SA entire 19, 89 Deltocyathus moseleyi Cairns, 1979 ben, azo, sft, slp 201?777 SEFLA, EA, SEUS, Be, C se 19 Deltocyathus pourtalesi Cairns, 1979 ben, azo, sft, slp 311?567 SEUS, C se 19 Desmophyllum dianthus (Esper, 1794) ben, azo, hsb, dcrr 183?2250 WW, SEFLA, SEUS, Be, C se, ne 19 17, 18 Desmophyllum striatum Cairns, 1979 ben, azo, hsb, slp 277?823 Ba, C se 19 Eusmilia fastigiata (Pallas, 1766) ben, zoo, hsb, crr 2?60 SEFLA, Ba, C se, sw 6, 54, 97 8 Labyrinthocyathus facetus Cairns, 1979 ben, azo, hsb, slp 385?402 SEUS se 19 Labyrinthocyathus langae Cairns, 1979 ben, azo, hsb, slp 506- 810 SEFLA, SEUS, C nw 19 19 Lophelia pertusa (Linnaeus, 1758) ben, azo, hsb, dcrr 146?1200 WW, SEFLA, SEUS, Be, C se, ne, nw 19, 29, 64, 73 20 Oxysmilia rotundifolia (Milne Edwards & Haime, 1849) ben, azo, hsb, slp 46?640 C, SA se, ne, nw 19, 29, 69 Paracyathus pulchellus (Philippi, 1842) ben, azo, hsb, ocs 17?250 EA, SEFLA, SEUS, Ba, C, SA entire 16, 19, 69 Phacelocyathus flos (Pourtal?s, 1878) ben, azo, hsb, slp 20?560 Ba, C se, ne 19 Phyllangia americana americana Milne Edwards & Haime, 1849 ben, azo, hsb, bns 0?53 SEFLA, SEUS, Be, C, SA se, ne, nw 23, 100 Phyllangia pequegnatae Cairns, 2000 ben, azo, hsb, ocs 48?112 SEUS ne, nw, sw 23 Polycyathus mayae Cairns, 2000 ben, azo, hsb, slp 127?309 Ba, C se 23 Polycyathus senegalensis Chevalier, 1966 ben, azo, hsb, ocs 12?143 SEUS, C, SA ne 23, 29 Pourtalosmilia conferta Cairns, 1978 ben, azo, hsb, dcrr 55?191 SEFLA, SEUS, SA ne, nw 17, 23, 29, 62 21 Cairns, Jaap, and Lang ~ 345 Checklist of Scleractinia from the Gulf of Mexico. (continued) (continued) Taxon Habitat- Biology Depth (m) Overall geographic range GMx range References / Endnotes Premocyathus cornuformis (Pourtal?s, 1868) ben, azo, sft, slp 137?931 EA, SEFLA, SEUS, C se, ne 19 22 Rhizosmilia gerdae Cairns, 1978 ben, azo, hsb, slp 123?549 SEUS se 18, 19 Rhizosmilia maculata (Pourtal?s, 1874) ben, azo, hsb, slp 1?508 Ba, C, SA se, ne 16, 23 Solensmilia variabilis Duncan, 1873 ben, azo, hsb, dcrr 220?1383 WW, NEUS, SEFLA, SEUS, Be, C, SA se 19 Stephanocyathus (Odontocyathus) coronatus (Pourtal?s, 1867) ben, azo, sft, slp 543?1250 Ba, C se, ne 15, 19 Stephanocyathus (Stephanocyathus) diadema (Moseley, 1876) ben, azo, sft, slp 795?2553 SEUS, Ba, C, SA se, ne 15, 19 Stephanocyathus (Stephanocyathus) laevifundus Cairns, 1977 ben, azo, sft, slp 300?1158 SEFLA, C se 19 Stephanocyathus (Stephanocyathus) paliferus Cairns, 1977 ben, azo, sft, slp 220?715 SEUS, C, SA se, ne, sw 15, 19 Tethocyathus cylindraceus (Pourtal?s, 1868) ben, azo, hsb, slp 183?649 Ba, C se, nw 19 23 Tethocyathus recurvatus (Pourtal?s, 1878) ben, azo, hsb, slp 320?569 EA, Ba, C se 19 Tethocyathus variabilis Cairns, 1979 ben, azo, hsb, slp 250?576 EA, Ba, C se 19 Thalamophyllia gombergi Cairns, 1979 ben, azo, hsb, end 188?220 Gulf of Mexico endemic se 19 Thalamophyllia riisei (Duchassaing & Michelotti, 1860) ben, azo, hsb, slp 4?914 Ba, C, SA se, nw, sw 19, 21, 89 Trochocyathus rawsonii Pourtal?s, 1874 ben, azo, hsb, slp 55?700 SEUS, C, SA se, ne 19 Family: Turbinoliidae Deltocyathoides stimpsonii (Pourtal?s, 1871) ben, azo, sft, slp 110?553 EA, SEUS, C se 19 24 Peponocyathus folliculus (Pourtal?s, 1868) ben, azo, sft, slp 284?457 C, EA se 19 Sphenotrochus andrewianus moorei Cairns, 2000 ben, azo, sft, bns 9?42 SEFLA, SEUS ne 23 Trematotrochus corbicula (Pourtal?s, 1878) ben, azo, sft, end 400?576 Gulf of Mexico endemic se 19 Family: Stenocyathidae Stenocyathus vermiformis (Pourtal?s, 1868) ben, azo, hsb, slp 165?835 WW, SEFLA, SEUS, C se, ne, nw 19, 21 Superfamily: Flabellioidea Family: Flabellidae Flabellum atlanticum Cairns, 1979 ben, azo, sft, slp 357?618 Ba, C se 19 Flabellum floridanum Cairns, 1991 ben, azo, hsb, end 80?366 Gulf of Mexico endemic se, ne 16, 19 25 Flabellum moseleyi Pourtal?s, 1880 ben, azo, sft, slp 216?1097 SEUS, C, SA se, ne 19 Javania cailleti (Duchassaing & Michelotti, 1864) ben, azo, hsb, slp 30?1809 WW, SEFLA, SEUS, Ba, C, SA se, ne, nw 19, 62, 69 Polymyces fragilis (Pourtal?s, 1868) ben, azo, hsb, slp 75?822 SEUS, C entire 19, 21 Family: Gardineriidae Gardineria minor Wells, 1973 ben, azo, hsb, ocs 2?146 C se 19, 100 Gardineria paradoxa (Pourtal?s, 1868) ben, azo, hsb, slp 91?700 C se 19 Gardineria simplex (Pourtal?s, 1878) ben, azo, hsb, ocs 46?241 Ba, C se 23 Superfamily: Volzeioidea Family: Guyniidae Guynia annulata Duncan, 1872 ben, azo, hsb, slp 30?653 WW, Be, C entire 19, 69 Pourtalocyathus hispidus (Pourtal?s, 1878) ben, azo, hsb, slp 349?1006 SEUS, C se 19 346 ~ Scleractinia (Cnidaria) Checklist of Scleractinia from the Gulf of Mexico. (continued) Taxon Habitat- Biology Depth (m) Overall geographic range GMx range References / Endnotes Family: Schizocyathidae Schizocyathus fissilis Pourtal?s, 1874 ben, azo, hsb, slp 88?640 EA, SEUS, Ba, C se, ne, nw 16, 97 Suborder: Dendrophylliina Family: Dendrophylliidae Balanophyllia cyathoides (Pourtal?s, 1871) ben, azo, hsb, slp 45?494 Ba, C se 14, 19 Balanophyllia floridana Pourtal?s, 1868 ben, azo, hsb, ocs 13?220 EA, SEFLA, SEUS, C se, ne 14, 16, 23 Balanophyllia palifera Pourtal?s, 1878 ben, azo, hsb, slp 53?708 Ba, C se, nw 14, 19, 89 Bathypsammia fallosocialis Squires, 1959 ben, azo, hsb, slp 213?805 SEFLA, SEUS, C se 19 Bathypsammia tintinnabulum (Pourtal?s, 1868) ben, azo, hsb, slp 210?1115 SEFLA, SEUS se, ne 19 Cladopsammia manuelensis Chevalier, 1966 ben, azo, hsb, ocs 70?366 EA, Ba, C se, ne, nw 19 26 Dendrophyllia alternata Pourtal?s, 1880 ben, azo, hsb, slp 276?900 EA, NEUS, Ba, C, SA nw 19 Eguchipsammia cornucopia (Pourtal?s, 1871) ben, azo, hsb, slp 91?300 EA, Ba, C se, ne 19, 89 Eguchipsammia gaditana (Duncan, 1873) ben, azo, hsb, slp 97?505 WW, SEUS, C, SA se 23 Enallopsammia profunda (Pourtal?s, 1867) ben, azo, hsb, dcrr 403?1748 SEUS, C se, ne 19 Enallopsammia rostrata (Pourtal?s, 1878) ben, azo, hsb, dcrr 300?1646 WW, Be, Ba, C se 19 Rhizopsammia goesi (Lindstr?m, 1877) ben, azo, hsb, ocs 5?119 Ba, C, SA se, ne 14, 23 27 Thecopsammia socialis Pourtal?s, 1868 ben, azo, hsb, slp 214?878 SEFLA, SEUS se 19 Trochopsammia infundibulum Pourtal?s, 1878 ben, azo, hsb, slp 532?1472 C se 19 Tubastraea coccinea Lesson, 1829 ben, azo, hsb, nid 1?37 WW, EA, SEFLA, Ba, C, SA entire 42 1 Often incorrectly referred to as Stephanocoenia michelinii (=S. michelini), as noted by Zlatarski (1982) and Budd (1987). 2 Considered genetically similar to M. decactis by Diekmann et al. (2001). 3 Hybrid of Acropora cervicornis and A. palmata (van Oppen et al. 2000, Vollmer and Palumbi 2002). 4 Referred to as Undaria agaricites by Budd, Stemann, and Johnson (1994); A. agaricites occurs as many morphological forms, one of which, A. agaricites f. humilis, exhibits different reproductive patterns and is now treated as a separate species (Van Moorsel 1983). 5 Listed as Helioseris cucullata in Jaap et al. (1989) and Budd, Stemann, and Johnson (1994). 6 Ramose Porites are a taxonomic challenge. As in Vaughan (1901a), Squires (1958), Brakel (1997), Cairns (1982), and Jaap (1984) and others, 3 forms of P. porites are recognized, but the taxa are treated as separate species [Porites divaricata Leseur, 1920, P. furcata Lamarck, 1816, and P. porites (Pallas, 1766)] by Wells and Lang (1973), Budd, Stemann, and Johnson (1994), Weil (1992), Jameson (1997), and Beltr?n- Torres and Carricart- Ganivet (1999). All 3 were reported to occur in the Mexican Gulf of Mexico reefs by Beltr?n- Torres and Carricart- Ganivet (1999); P. furcata was the only taxon listed in the Flower Gar- dens Banks by Rezak, Bright, and McGrail (1985). 7 Colpophyllia amaranthus (Houttuyn, 1772) and C. breviserialis Milne Edwards and Haime, 1849, are considered to be junior synonyms by Zlatarski (1982) and Cairns (2002). Beltr?n- Torres and Carricart- Ganivet (1999) listed C. breviserialis from the northern coast of the Yucat?n Peninsula; Rezak, Bright, and McGrail (1985) reported C. amaranthus in the Flower Gardens Bank. 8 Has not been reported for the Veracruz- area reefs (e.g., Beltr?n- Torres and Carricart- Ganivet 1999). 9 Favia conferta Vaughan, 1901a, and F. gravida Verrill, 1868, are here considered to be junior synonyms. Beltr?n- Torres and Carricart- Ganivet (1999) listed F. conferta in the Veracruz- area reefs. 10 Includes Manicina areolata f. areolata and M. areolata f. mayori (Wells, 1936). Budd, Stemann, and Johnson (1994) consider M. mayori (Wells, 1936) to be a distinct species. 11 Weil and Knowlton (1994) partitioned the M. annularis complex into 3 species: M. annularis, M. faveolata, and M. franksi, yet overlapping morphologies occur in the northern areas of the wider Caribbean, including Florida and the Flower Garden Banks. Recent genetic and morphological data are evidence of a north- to- south hybridization gradient with geographic differences in species boundaries (Fukami et al. 2004). 12 Referred to as Oculina disticha by Ludwick and Walton (1957). 13 Here considered to include 3 forms: M. meandrites f. brasiliensis (Milne Edwards & Haime, 1848), M. meandrites f. meandrites, and M. meandrites f. memora- lis (Wells, 1973). Cairns, Jaap, and Lang ~ 347 Checklist of Scleractinia from the Gulf of Mexico. (continued) 14 The genus Mycetophyllia shows considerable geographic differentiation in traits (Lang 1984). Mycetophyllia danaana Milne Edwards & Haime, 1849 is here considered to be a junior synonym of M. lamarckiana (as in Zlatarski 1982, and Cairns et al. 2000). Beltr?n- Torres and Carricart- Ganivet (1999) reported M. danaana in the Campeche Bank and Verazcruz- area reefs. 15 Not listed for the Campeche Bank area of the SE GMx by Beltr?n- Torres and Carricart- Ganivet (1999). 16 New record for northeastern GMx (Mississippi Canyon), 310 m, JSL- I- 4738, 25 July 2004: USNM 1071928. 17 Often incorrectly cited as Desmophyllum cristagalli. 18 New record for northeastern GMx (Mississippi Canyon), 634 m, JSL- I- 4738, 25 July 2004: USNM 1071863. 19 New record for northwestern GMx (Green Canyon), 506 m, JSL- I- 4740, 26 July 2004: USNM 1071870. 20 Often incorrectly cited as Lophelia prolifera. 21 Referred to as Bathycyathus sp. by Ludwick and Walton (1957). 22 Previously referred to as Caryophyllia cornuformis. 23 New record for northwestern GMx (Green Canyon), 506 m, JSL- I- 4740, 26 July 2004: USNM 1071872. 24 Referred to as Peponocyathus stimpsonii. 25 Replacement name for Flabellum fragile Cairns, 1977. 26 Referred to as Rhizopsammia manuelensis. 27 Referred to as Balanophyllia goesi.