SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONSVOLUME 78, NUMBER 8
THE FLORA OF BARRO COLORADOISLAND, PANAMA
BYPAUL C. STANDLEY
(Publication 2914)
CITY OF WASHINGTONPUBLISHED BY THE SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTIONMAY 20, 1927
BALTIMORE, UD., O. S. A.
THE FLORA OF RARRO COLORADO ISLAND, PANAMABy PAUL C. STANDLEYThe logical position of the RepubHc of Panama as a center for edu-cational work has been recognized throughout the American countriesever since work was begun upon the Panama Canal. It is thereforeparticularly appropriate that there should be established here in theCanal Zone a laboratory for tropical research in the biological sciences.On April 17, 1923, Barro Colorado Island, in Gatun Lake, was setaside by the Governor of the Canal Zone as a permanent reservation,to preserve in a primitive state the animal and plant life of the region.This result was accomplished largely through the personal interestand effort of Dr. Thomas Barbour and Mr. James Zetek, the latternow resident custodian of the island.Through the persevering efifort of these two persons, also, there hasbeen constructed upon the island a commodious and substantial labora-tory with ample living quarters, in which one may enjoy every bodilycomfort while carrying on investigations of the highly diversifiedfauna and flora. Although secluded from the distractions of suchtowns as Colon and Panama, one is within easy reach of their con-veniences. From the windows of the laboratory, situated at the topof a high, steep slope, one may see all day long an ever-changing pro-cession of the world's ships, passing almost before the door.The laboratory is operated by the Institute for Tropical Research,under the direction of the National Research Council, and a cordialwelcome is extended to scientists who wish to make serious use of itsfacilities. The expenses of administration are borne in part by sub-scriptions of scientific and educational institutions, and in part byprivate individuals.Barro Colorado, the largest island of Gatun Lake, covers approxi-mately six square miles, being about three miles in greatest lengthand width. It is of artificial origin, and before the water was turnedinto the lake formed merely a part of the hills along the Chagres River.Near the laboratory site ran one of the cuts of the old French canal,and close at hand was the town of Bohio, now submerged.The island consists of a mass of hills, steep in places, broken byravines through which run a few small clear streams. Since the lowSmithsonian Miscellaneous Collections, Vol. 78, No. 8
2 SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS VOL. 78land along the Chagres was submerged when the lake was filled, thereis little swampy land on the island, although about the upper endthere is a small amount of aquatic and semi-aquatic vegetation. Theshore line, nearly 25 miles long, is very irregular, with innumerableindentations, in some of which are still standing the gray trunks oftrees killed when the lower slopes of the hills were inundated. Thehighest part of the island is 537 feet above sea level, and 450 feetabove the main level of Gatun Lake.Along its north side the island is separated from the mainland by anarrow channel, formed by a diversion canal of the old French days.Toward the south lies the main expanse of Gatun Lake, traversed bythe Canal, and on the distant shore is Frijoles, a station of the railroadwhich crosses the Isthmus from Colon to Panama.Most of Barro Colorado Island is covered with dense forest andjungle. In a few places there are patches of comparatively level,deforested land, the sites of recently cultivated clearings now aban-doned and overgrown with coarse weeds and second-growth shrubs.Within a few years these fields will be invaded by trees.It is probably true that little of the island is covered with reallyvirgin forest, but the woods have been so long undisturbed that onewill hardly recognize the fact. The large number of palms and treeferns indicates that some of the slopes and ravines have never beenwholly cleared, these being plants which disappear when the forest isopened and probably never reestablish themselves. In a region suchas the Canal Zone, for over 400 years under European influence andduring all this time an important trade route, it is difficult to provethat a given tract of land has not been cleared or put under cultivationat some time during these centuries, of whose detailed history weknow so little.At any rate, the present plant covering of Barro Colorado has everyaspect of the typical virgin forest occupying the humid lowlands ofCentral America, and is so rank and dense that in order to penetrateit a way must be cut with a machete. Many of the trees tower to avast height, and have massive trunks swathed in a mantle of epiphyticvegetation that is still to be studied. Ropelike vines or lianas danglefrom the crowns of the tallest trees, whose branches are loaded witharoids, bromeliads, orchids, and other epiphytes.Palms are unusually abundant, and many of the 22 genera knownfrom the Canal Zone exist here. Ferns, particularly handsome treeferns of the genus Hcuiitelia, are plentiful, although in CentralAmerica most species of ferns must be sought at much higher eleva-
NO. 8 FLORA OF BARRO COLORADO ISLAND STANDLEY 3tions. Species of Piper are numerous, also Araceae, Rubiaceac, andBignoniaceae, and most of the important groups of lowland CentralAmerican plants are represented. Thus far the cryptogamic plantshave been little studied, but there must be a wealth of fungi. Thelichens, hepatics, and mosses of the tropics are not highly diversifiedat so low an altitude.The present list of the plants known from Barro Colorado Islandis based chiefly upon personal collections and notes. I visited theisland first on January 17, 1924, and collected that day about 300numbers of plants. Collecting was then difficult, because there wasonly a single, inadequate trail ; but now trails have been opened uponevery hand, and may be extended easily, so there is little limit to one'srange of activity.During November, 1925, I spent a week upon the island as theguest of the laboratory. About 500 specimens of plants were taken,chiefly of the rarer and more interesting species, and notes were madeof all the common plants observed. Trips were made each day insome new direction, hence it is believed that the list here ofifered isfairly representative of the flora. No one familiar with tropical con-ditions would venture to say that it is nearly complete, for by thevery nature of its vegetation, such an area, with its many local orinfrequent species, it is almost impossible to exhaust. Probably thenext botanist who visits the island will be puzzled by the omissionfrom this list of some i:)lant which to him appears one of the commonspecies.November did not seem to be an especially favorable period forcollecting, and few plants were found in flower. Probably the begin-ning of the rainy season, in spring, would be the best time for botaniz-ing, although even then one must have good luck to find in propercondition some of the trees and shrubs that flower for only a briefseason. The trees are difficult to study, since usually one must guessat their identity from their lofty branches as viewed from- the ground,or sort the bits of leaves and flowers strewn upon the soil. Theremust be several species of trees on Barro Colorado that are not enu-merated here, and more than a few shrubs and herbs.No botanist can fail to be interested by the tropical vegetation soluxuriantly displayed here, and it is to be hoped that many botanicalworkers will take advantage of the opportunity ofifered for studyinga characteristic area of tropical vegetation, at slight expense. Thisis an excellent place for making one's first acquaintance with tropicalAmerican plants, for no local flora of tropical America is better
4 SMITHSONIAN M ISC l-:i.LAN KOUS COLLKCTIUNS \ ()L. 78known, and its variety is ecjual to that oE most localities of similaraltitude.For a study of the ecology of a tyi)ical area of lowland tropicalvegetation, Barro Colorado ofifers exceptional advantages, and themorphology of certain groups of plants could be investigated profit-ably. Few indeed are the Central American localities in which it ispossible to find comfortable lodging with the jungle but a few stepsfrom the door. A large number of zoologists have visited Barro Colo-rado Island, some of them remaining several weeks or months tocarry on their studies, and the list of published papers based uponwork performed here forms an extensive bibliography.The botanist also will be interested in the wealth of animal lifethat may be observed. Freedom from molestation has made the mam-mals and birds tame, and it is possible to see many kinds that else-where are timid and seldom visible. Flocks of chattering parrots andparrakeets fly all day long over the trees, and literally hundreds ofother birds may be seen about the forest. Peccaries may be encoun-tered along any trail, and sitting in the evening on the steps of thelaboratory, one may watch the monkeys going to their sleeping places.Deer are found in the forest, and jaguars have been seen from thelaboratory. In the mud the tracks of tapirs, the largest Central Ameri-can mammal, are found now and then, and one is likely to meet uponthe trail other smaller but interesting animals. Insects are not moreplentiful than elsewhere, and I do not remember to have been troubledby anything more disagreeable than ants, the worst pests of tropicalforests. Snakes exist here, some of them venomous, but they needoccasion only a fair amount of caution. I happened to see none uponthe island.This list is little more than an enumeration of the names of thes])ecies of plants now known to occur on Barro Colorado Island. Iho]:)e that at some time it may be practicable to prepare a descriptiveflora of the island, but it is better to leave such a work until the list ismore nearly complete. In the near future there will be published, asvolume 27 of the Contributions from the National Herbarium, anaccount of the plants of the Canal Zone, with keys for their deter-mination, and it is felt that to publish here keys to the species wouldbe an unnecessary repetition.Besides my own collections. I have had access to a few others madeon the island : those of Dr. W'illiam R. Maxon. who collected hereJune 6, 1923 ; of Prof. F. L. Stevens, of the University of Illinois,who visited the island in September, 1924 ; and of Prof. C. W. Dodge,
NO. 8 FLORA OF P.ARRO COLORADO ISLAND STANDLEY 5of Harvard University, who was engaged in study of the fungi duringtlie summer of 1925, and has furnished a list of the flowering plantshe collected at that time. Among the other botanists who have visitedthe island are Dr. A. S. Hitchcock and Mr. O. F. Cook, of the U. S.Department of Agriculture, and Prof. G. R. Jjisby, of ManitobaAgricultural College.In addition to the species listed there are still on hand some sterilespecimens which it has been impossible to identify. Most of theserepresent additions to the flora of Panama and probably to that ofNorth America. Some of them doubtless will prove of great inter-est, but their recognition must await the collection of more completematerial or a fortunate association with named specimens from otherregions.The Spanish vernacular names given for the species here listedare those used in Panama, and many of them were verified upon theisland. Well established English names have been cited when available.In the present paper there are listed for Barro Colorado Island611 species of plants. Of these at least 38 species are introduced.
FUNGIThe list of fungi is based partly upon specimens collected by myself andidentified by Dr. J. R. Weir of the U. S. Department of Agriculture. Thereare included also numerous records supplied by Prof. F. L. Stevens and Prof.G. R. Bisby.Arcyria cinerea Pers.Auricularia mesenterica Bull. This, like most of the fleshy and woody fungigrowing upon logs and tree trunks, is called in Panama as well as elsewherein Central America "orejas" or "orejitas."Bagnisiopsis peribebuyensis (Speg.) Theiss. & Syd. On Micoiiia argentca.Camillea cyclops Mont.Camillea Sagraeana (Mont.) B. & C.Cookeina sulcipes (Berk.) Kuntze.Cookeina tricholoma (Mont.) Kuntze.Fomes Auberianus Mont.Fomes ferreus Berk.Fomes marmoratus Berk.Ganoderma sp.Geaster sp.Gloeoporus conchoides Mont.Hexagonia tenuis (Hook.) Fr.Hexagonia variegata Berk.Hirneola delicata (Fr.) Bres.Hirneola polytricha Mont.Hymenochaete damaecornis Link & Lev.Irenina Shropshiriana Ste\ens, sp. nov. On Miconia argentca.Laschia auriscalpium Mont.Laschia pezizoidea Berk.Lentinus strigellus Berk.Lentinus velutinus Fr.Meliola Heliconiae Stevens, sp. nov. On Heliconia sp.Meliola Musae (Kunze) Mont. On Heliconia sp.Meliola palmicola Winter.Meliola Panici Earle. On Olyra latifolia.Meliola peruviana irregulaiis Stevens, var. nov. On Bignoniaceae indet.Meliola Pilocarpi Stevens. On Zantho.vyluin ( ?)Polyporus brachypus Lev.Polyporus gracilis Kl.Polyporus infernalis Berk.Polyporus licnoides Mont.Polyporus lignosus Kl.Polyporus subelegans Murr.Polyporus virgatus B. & C.Polystictus arenicolor Berk.Polystictus crocatus Fr.Polystictus occidentalis (Kl.) Fr.Polystictus sanguineus (L.) Fr.
NO. 8 FLORA OF DARRO COLORADO ISLAND STANDLEY 7Polystictus Steinheilianus Berk. & Lev. "Really a thin form of Trametesrigida Berk. & Mont."Polystictus versatilis Berk.Polystictus versicolor (Dicks.) Fr.Poria vincta (Berk.) Cke.Schizophyllum commune (L.) Fr.Stereum flabellatum Pat.Stereum glabrescens Berk. ?Stereum papyrinum Mont.Thelephora pusiola Pat.?Trametes caperatus Berk.Trametes cubensis Mont.Trametes hydnoides (Sw.) Fr.Trametes rigida Berk. & Mont.Xylaria axifera Mont.Xylaria cubensis Mont.The records of the following rusts have been supplied by Prof. H. S. Jackson,of Purdue University. The specimens were collected by Prof. F. L. Stevens.Puccinia Emiliae P. Henn. On Neurolaena lobata (L.) R. Br.Uredo Dioscoreae P. Henn, On Dioscorea tirophylla Hemsl.LICHENSThe following species has been determined by Mr. G. K. Merrill. The num-ber of lichens occurring on Barro Colorado is not large, but there are otherspecies besides the one listed.Leptogium azureum (Swartz) Mont.MOSSESThe following mosses have been determined by Mr. Edwin B. Bartram
:
Bryum coronatum Schwaegr.Crossomitrium Wallisi C. M.Lepodipilum polytrichioides (Hedw.) Brid.Neckeropsis disticha (Hedw.) Fleisch.Octoblepharum albidum (L.) Hedw.Pilotrichum ramosissimum Mitt.Taxithelium planum (Brid.) Mitt.Thuidium schistocalyx (C. M.) Mitt.SCHIZAEACEAE. Curlygrass Family'Lygodium polymorphum (Cav.) H. B. K. A slender vine, very hairy, incut-over places.Lygodium radiatum Prantl.CYATHEACEAE. Tree Fern FamilyHemitelia petiolata Hook. Frequent ; a very handsome plant, the onlytree fern known to occur on the island.
*An annotated list of the ferns and fern allies of Barro Colorado hasbeen published recently by the writer in the American Fern Journal 16: 112-120;17: 1-8. 1927. The identifications are by Dr. William R. Maxon.
8 SMIIHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS VOL. 78MARATTIACEAE. Marattia FamilyDanaea nodosa (L.) J. E. Sm. Frequent in the forest.POLYPODIACEAE. Polypody FamilyAcrostichum sp. A species of this genus grows in shallow water about theedge of the lake, but specimens have not been collected. It is either A. aureuniL. or A. dancacfolhim Langsd. & Fisch., both of which are common in the region.Adiantum lucidum Swartz. Common in the forest.Adiantum philippense L. Infrequent.Adiantum sp. {Standlcy 31330). An unidentified and perhaps undescribedspecies.Ananthacorus angustifolius (Swartz) Underw. & Maxon. An epiphytic plant.Anetium citrifolium (L.) Splitg. Epiphytic.Asplenium serratum L. Epiphytic. The American birds-nest fern.Cyclopeltis semicordata (Swartz) J. Sm. Abundant.Dictyoxiphium panamense Hook.Diplazium delitescens Maxon. Abundant.Diplazium grandifolium Swartz.Dryopteris dentata (Forsk.) C. Chr.Dryopteris Poiteana (Bory) Urban. Frequent in the forest.Elaphoglossum Herminieri (Bory & Fee) Moore. Epiphytic.Eschatogramme furcata (L.) Trev. Epiphytic.Leptochilus cladorrhizans (Spreng.) Maxon. Common.Nephrolepis pendula (Raddi) J. Sm. Epiphytic.Pityrogramma calomelaena (L.) Link. In open places.Polybotrya caudata Kunze. A creeping and climbing epiphyte.Polybotrya osmundacea Humb. & Bonpl. A large climbing epiphyte.Polypodium ciliatum Willd. Epiphytic.Polypodium crassifolium L. A coarse epiphyte.Polypodium occultum Christ. Epiphytic.Polypodium pectinatum L., form. An epiphyte.Polypodium percussum Cav. Epiphytic.Saccoloma elegans Kaulf. A common handsome terrestrial plant.Stenochlaena vestita (Fourn.) ' Underw. A large creeping epiphyte.Tectaria euryloba (Christ) Maxon.Tectaria martinicensis (Spreng.) Copel. Common in the forest.Vittaria lineata (L.) J. E. Smi. A common epiphyte, with grasslike leaves.HYMENOPHYLLACEAE. Filmy-fern FamilyTrichomanes Godmani Hook. Epipliytic, like tlie other local species of thegenus.Trichomanes Krausii Hook. & Grev.Trichomanes sphenoides Kunze.SALVINIACEAE. Salvinia FamilySalvinia auriculata Aubl. Floating in quiet water.
NO. 8 FLORA OF IJARRU COLORADO ISLAND STANDLLV 9LYCOPODIACEAE, Clubmoss FamilyLycopodium cernuum L. Reported by Prof. C. W. Dodge.SELAGINELLACEAE. Selaginella FamilySelaginella conduplicata Spreng. Common in the forest.Selaginella Fendleri Baker.Selaginella haematodes (Kunzc) Spring. Common; easily recognized by itsdark red stems.Selaginella Schrammii Hieron.Selaginella sylvatica Baker.TYPHACEAE. Cattail FamilyTypha angustifolia L. Cattail. In shallow water at the edge of the lake.POACEAE. Grass FamilyThe identifications in this family have been made by Dr. A. S. Hitchcock andMrs. Agnes Oiase.Andropogon condensatus H. B. K. In clearing; scarce.Arthrostylidium racemiflorum Stend. A common slender bamboo.Axonopus compressus (Swartz) Beauv. Carpet grass. Common.Cenchrus viridis Spreng. Sandbur. In open places.Chloris radiata (L.) Swartz. In clearings; rare.Chusquea simpliciflora Munro. A slender bamboo, common in the forest.Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers. Bermuda grass. In open places; introduced.Digitaria sanguinalis (L.) Scop. Crabgrass.Eleusine indica (L.) Gaertn. In open places.Gynerium sagittatum (Aubl.) Beauv. Cane. A tall coarse grass, in wetplaces.Hymenachne amplexicaulis (Rudge) Nees. In shallow water.Ichnanthus nemorosus Doell. Common.Ichnanthus pallens (Swartz) ]\Iunro. Common.Ischaemum rugosum Salisb. In clearings.Lasiacis sorghoidea (Desv.) Hitchc. & Chase. A common coarse vine.Olyra latifolia L. Common in forest.Oplismenus Burmanni (Retz.) Beauv. Very common. •Oplismenus hirtellus (L.) Beauv. Common.Orthoclada laxa (Rich.) Beauv. In forest.Oryza sativa L. Rice. Arroz. Upland rice has been planted on the island.Panicum pilosum Swartz. In clearing.Panicum trichoides Swartz. Common.Paspalum conjugatum Berg. Common.Paspalum paniculatum L. In clearing.Pharus glaber H. B. K. Frequent in forest.Pharus latifolius L. Frequent.Polytrias amaurea (Biise) Kuntze. Well established in the lawn at thelaboratory.
lO SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS VOL. 78Saccharum officinarum L. Sugar cane. Cana. Planted at the laboratory,and about the old clearings.Setaria geniculata (Lam.) Beauv. Common in open places.Setaria vulpiseta (Lam.) Roem. & Schult. In a clearing; rare.Streptochaeta Sodiroana Hack. In the forest.Streptogyne crinita Beauv. In the forest ; occasional.Zea mays L. ]\L\ize. Maiz. Planted at the laboratory.CYPERACEAE. Sedge FamilyCyperus caracasanus Kunth. Junco. In open places.Cyperus ferax Rich. Junco. Occasional in clearings.Cyperus giganteus Vahl. A giant plant in water at the edge of the lake;in habit resembling the African papyrus.Dichromena radicans Schlecht. & Cham. Clavo. In open places.Fimbristylis diphylla (Retz.) Vahl. In clearings.Fuirena umbellata Rottb. In shallow water at the edge of the lake.Kyllinga pumila Michx. In open places.Mariscus jamaicensis (Crantz) Britton. Sawgrass. Common in shallowwater at the edge of the lake.Rynchospora cephalotes (L.) Vahl. Paja macho de monte ("tapir grass").In open places.Scleria bracteata Cav. Cortadera, Cuchillito. The Spanish name alludesto the fact that the sharp edges of the leaves cut the skin like a knife.Scleria melaleuca Schlecht. & Cham.PHOENICACEAE. Palm FamilyOther palms than those listed probably occur here.Acanthorrhiza Warscewiczii Wendl. Noli, Palma de escoba. Scarce. Theonly fan palm of the region. The leaves are used for brooms and for thatching.Asterogyne sp. (Geonoma ctineafa Wendl.?) Rabo ahorcado. A nearly stem-less, small plant, the mostly simple leaves deeply lobed at the apex ; flowersin simple spikes.Astrocaryum polystachyum Wendl. A tall plant with spiny trunk.Bactris sp. (Subgenus Trichobactris.) A slender, very spiny palm, in forest;common.Calyptrogyne sp. A small plant, stemless or with a short trunk; leaveswith numerous narrow segments ; flowers in simple spikes.Chamaedorea Wendlandiana (Oerst.) Hemsl. Cana verde, Bola. A slendergraceful palm with smooth green stems.Cocos nucifera L. Coconut. Coco. A few trees about the sites of formerhouses ; introduced.Geonoma sp. Probably two species grow here. Slender plants with pinnateleaves, unarmed stems, and branched inflorescences.Iriartea exorrhiza Mart. Stilt palm. Jira. A tall palm with slender smoothgreen trunk, the trunk supported by stout prop roots, which are covered withvery short spines.Pyrenoglyphis major (Jacq.) Karst. Lata, Palma brava. A very spinyplant, similar to Bactris, but with much larger fruits.Synechanthus Warscewiczianus Wendl. Palmilla, Bola. A slender palm,similar in appearance to Chamaedorea.
NO. b FLORA OF KARRO COLORADO ISLAND STANDLFV 11CYCLANTHACEAE. Cyclanthus FamilyCarludovica palmata Ruiz & Pav. Panama hat palm. Portorrico, Jipijapa,Rampira, Iraca. a stemless plant with numerous long-stalked leaves, the bladescleft so as to resemble a Maltese cross. It is from the young leaves of thisplant that the famous "Panama" hats are made, in Ecuador.Cyclanthus bipartitus Poit. Portorrico. A stemless plant, the leaves cleftinto two broad divisions. Easily recognized by the fruit, which resembles alarge screw. ARACEAE. Arum FamilyPlants of this family are particularly abundant on Barro Colorado. Theepiphytic species constitute a large part of the vegetation seen upon tree trunks.Anepsias Moritzianus Schott.Anthurium aemulum Schott. A large epiphytic vine with parted leaves.Anthurium Friedrichsthalii Schott. A small acaulescent epiphyte with linearleaves.Anthurium Holtonianum Schott. A very showy species, a large vine withhuge leaves, digitately parted into several broad segments.Anthurium maximum (Desf.) Engler. An acaulescent epiphyte, with largebroad simple leaves.Anthurium Schlechtendalii Kunth. An acaulescent epiphyte.Anthurium scolopendrinum (Ham.) Kunth. Acaulescent, with narrow entireleaves.Anthurium triangulum Engler. Leaves sagittate.Dieffenbachia Oerstedii Schott. Ot6 de lagarto. Called " dumb-cane "by the West Indians. A coarse terrestrial herb with erect stems and broadleaves. The crushed plant has a skunklike odor. The juice is very irritantin contact with the skin, and care must be exercised, in handling the plant.Monstera dilacerata Koch. A large and handsome epiphytic vine withdeeply pinnatifid, broad leaves.Monstera pertusa (L.) de Vriese. A coarse vine, recognized at once by thebroad leaves perforated with numerous large holes.Philodendron coerulescens Engler. Epiphytic vine with ovate entire leaves.Philodendron grandipes Krause. An acaulescent terrestrial plant with rounded-cordate leaves ; very common.Philodendron Karstenianum Schott. An epiphyte with oblong leaves.Philodendron radiatum Schott. Azota cabeza, Chalde. A large handsomevine, the leaves deeply pinnatifid into narrow segments ; very common.Philodendron rigidifolium Krause. Cinchadora. Epiphyte with broad ovateleaves.Philodendron tripartitum (Jacq.) Schott. A common vine, recognized readilyby the leaves, which are parted into 3 oblong entire segments.Philodendron Wendlandii Schott. Epiphytic vine with oblong leaves, cordateat base.Pistia stratiotes L. Water-lettuce. Floating in quiet water. Very unlikethe other members of the family, the plant consisting of a rosette of spongy,broadly wedge-shaped, pale green leaves.Spathiphyllum Patini (Hogg) N. E. Brown. Acaulescent terrestrial plant.Stenospermation sessile Engler. Large epiphytic vine with lance-oblong leaves.
12 SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS VOL. 78Xanthosoma helleborifolium (Jacq.) Schott. Papayuelo. Terrestrial plantwith a single leaf, this parted into 5 to 13 lobed segments ; petiole handsomelyblotched with brown.Xanthosoma violaceum Schott. Ot6. Called " l)adu " and " coco " by theWest Indians. Planted at the laboratory; cultivated commonly in the lowlandsof tropical America for its tuberous roots, which are cooked and eaten muchlike potatoes. The plant resembles the caladium or elephant-ear cultivated forornament. LEMNACEAE. Duckweed FamilyLemna cyclostasa (Ell.) Chev. Duckweed. Mr. Zetek reports that he has seena plant of this family in quiet water about the island. The species listed isthe only member of the family known at present from the Canal Zone, but itis possible that others occur here.BROMELIACEAE. Pineapple FamilyAnanas magdalenae (Andre) Standi. Pita, Pinuela. Called " pingwing
"
by the West Indians. Common in forests. Similar in habit to the pineapple,the red flowers formiing a large hard globose head. The long, very spinyleaves furnish one of the best fibers known, the "pita floja." The plants oftenform dense thickets which are almost impenetrable.Ananas sativus Schult. Pineapple. Pina. Planted at the laboratory.Billbergia pallidiflora Liebm. An epiphyte with pendent flower spikes, thefew long leaves spiny-margined and handsomely blotched with silver.Catopsis tenella Mez. A small epiphyte with dioecious flowers and broad,thin, bright green leaves.Guzmania minor Mez. An epiphyte witb broad, bright green, thin leaves, theinflorescence short and dense, with showy, red or purple bracts.Tillandsia bulbosa Hook. An epiphyte with a hard, dark, bulblike base.Tillandsia digitata Mez. An epiphyte with a cluster of many gray leaves.COMMELINACEAE. Dayflower FamilyCampelia zanonia (L.) H. B. K. An erect herb about a meter high, withconspicuous, dark blue, juicy fruit.Commelina elegans H. B. K. Dayflower. Codillo. A fleshy procumbentherb with bright blue flowers, resembling the Wandering Jew of gardens.Dichorisandra hexandra (Aubl.) Standi. An erect branched herb, about ameter high, with small blue flowers.Tradescantia geniculata Jacq. An inconspicuous, procumbent, very hairyherb with small white flowers.PONTEDERIACEAE. Pickerelweed FamilyPiaropus azurea (Swartz) Raf. Water-hvacinth. I have no record of havingseen this plant on Barro Colorado, but it certainly must occur somewhereabout the shores, since it is frequent in Gatun Lake. If left to itself it wouldovergrow the lake, but eff^orts have been made to exterminate the plant, henceit is not abundant anywhere.
NO. 8 FLORA OF BARRO COLORADO ISLAND STANDLEY 1
3
LILIACEAE. Lily FamilyTaetsia fruticosa (L.) Merrill. Planted at the laboratory. One of the so-called Dracaenas; much planted for ornament in Panama. A tall plant withgreen or more commonly red or purple leaves.SMILACACEAE. Sarsaparilla FamilySmilax mollis Willd. A common small vine with pubescent foliage.Smilax panamensis Morong. Greenbrier. Zarza. A common large vinewith very prickly stems and glabrous foliage.HAEMODORACEAE. Bloodwort FamilyXiphidium caenileum Aubl. Palmita. Common in the forest. An herb,marked by its fleshy, vertically 2-ranked leaves, suggesting those of an iris
;
flowers small and whitish, the fruit a small red berry.AMARYLLIDACEAE. Amaryllis FamilyHymenocallis americana (L.) Salisb. Spiderlily. Called " euchar lily" bythe West Indians. I found it in the forest on one of the hills of the island,at the site of a former dwelling. It is normally a seashore plant, but is oftengrown for ornament because of its handsome white flowers.DIOSCOREACEAE. Yam FamilyDioscorea alata L. Yam. Name. The common yam, planted at the laboratory.Dioscorea urophylla Uline. Bejuco de saina. A native species, growing in theforest. IRIDACEAE. Iris FamilyMarica gracilis Herb. An inconspicuous herb with narrow leaves, occasionalin the wet forest. MUSACEAE. Banana FamilyHeliconia acuminata Rich. A small herbaceous plant with small leaves
;
inflorescence erect, with deep red bracts. The Heliconias are known in Panamaas " platanillo," or sometimes as " lengua de vaca." They are conspicuous plantsin the forests and in swamps. The bracts hold water in which mosquitoessometimes breed.Heliconia latispatha Benth. Platanillo, Guacamaya. Similar to the lastspecies, but much larger ; inflorescence erect, the bracts red, tinged with yellowor orange.Heliconia Mariae Hook. Beefsteak Heliconia. Platanillo. Called by theWest Indians " wild plantain " or " wild banana." The largest and most showyspecies of the region, often forming dense thickets, the plants several metershigh, with leaves as large as those of the banana. Inflorescence very large,thick, and heavy, pendent, with broad, closely crowded, red bracts.Heliconia pendula Wawra. A medium-sized plant with tomentose, pendent,dark red inflorescence.
14 SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS VOL. 78Musa paradisiaca L. Plantain. Platano. Planted at the laboratory andelsewhere.Musa sapientum L. Banana. Planted at the laboratory and about the oldclearings. ZINGIBERACEAE. Ginger FamilyCostus sanguineus Donn. Smith. The species of Costus are common in theforests. They are tall plants with simple leafy stems, the stems formed bythe tightly rolled leaf petioles. In this species the flower spikes are fusiform,with closely appressed, unappendaged, red bracts.Costus spicatus (Jacq.) Swartz. Spikes cylindric or subglobose, the bractsnot appendaged, in age loose and spreading.Costus villosissimus Jacq. Canagria, Cana de mico. Plant very villous;bracts with leafy, green or red appendages.Dimerocostus uniflorus (Poepp.) Schum. A tall plant, usually 3 to 4 metershigh, resembling the Costus species ; usually growing in water. Flowers white,7 to 8 cm. long, opening one at a time on each plant.Renealmia occidentalis (Swartz) Sweet. Stems leafy, in clumps, i to 2.5meters high ; inflorescences short, arising from the ground at the base of theplant; berries red or dark blue, with orange pulp.Renealmia strobilifera Poepp. & Endl. Stems leafy, 1.5 to 3 meters high;inflorescence conelike, bright orange.MARANTACEAE. Arrowroot FamilyCalathea insignis Peters. The Calatheas, common in wet forest and swampyplaces, are coarse herbs with broad leaves like those of cannas, the flowers indense spikes. In this species the spikes are strongly compressed, the bractsthin and parchment-like.Calathea lutea (Aubl.) Meyer. Hoja blanca. Leaves whitish beneath;bracts distichous but not strongly compressed, thick and leathery.Calathea macrosepala Schum. Bijao. Spikes small and headlike, very dense,not compressed.Ischnosiphon leucophaeus (Poepp. & Endl.) Koern. Leaves white beneath;Flowers in very slender, terete spikes.Myrosma panamesis Standi. A stemless plant with broad lea\es about afoot long, the flowers in simple spikes.Pleiostachya pruinosa (Regel) Schum. Easily recognized by the broadleaves, which are dark red or purple beneath. Common in forest.BURMANNIACEAE. Burmannia FamilyOphiomeris panamensis Standi. Known only from Barro Colorado, where itwas collected by Prof. C. W. Dodge. A small delicate whitish saprophyte, theslender stem bearing a single lopsided flower, three of whose lobes end in longfiliform appendages. ORCHIDACEAE. Orchid Family •The identifications have been made chiefly by Mr. Oakes Ames.Aspasia principissa Reichenb. f. Epiphytic.
NO. 8 FLORA OF BARRO COLORADO ISLAND STANDLFY 1
5
Bulbophyllum pachyrrachis (A. Rich.) Griseb. An epiphytic orcliid withvery small flowers in pendent spikes which have a thick fleshy rachis.Catasetum viridiflavum Hook. A showy epiphytic species, the green andyellow flowers resembling those of the northern lady's-slippers.Epidendrum anceps Jacq. Epiphytic.Epidendnim difforme Jacq. Epiphytic.Epidendrum Rousseauae Schlechter. Epiphytic.Epidendrum stenopetalum Hook. An epiphyte.Maxillaria Macleei Batem. Epiphytic.Oncidium ampliatum Lindl. Butterfly orchid. A handsome plant with large,yellow and brown flowers which suggest butterflies.Ornithocephalus bicornis Lindl. Epiphytic; easily recognized by its equitantleaves, suggesting those of iris. Flowers very small, resembling in form abird's head, hence the generic name.Peristeria elata Hook. Dove orchid or Holy Ghost flower. EspirituSanto. A tall terrestrial species, famed for its handsome white flowers, whosecentral organs suggest by their form a dove with outspread wings.Pleurothallis Brighamii Wats. Epiphytic.Pleurothallis marginata Lindl. Both these species are very small plants withinconspicuous flowers.Sobralia panamensis Schlechter. A terrestrial plant with tall leafy stems andhandsome large purple flowers, which last only part of a single day, closingabout noon.Vanilla pompona Schiede. Vanilla. Vainilla. A large vine, commonnearly everywhere in this part of Panama.PIPERACEAE, Pepper FamilyPeperomia caudulilimba longependula C. DC. All the species of Pcpcromiaoccurring on the island are small succulent epiphytic herbs.Peperomia conjungens Trel. Type from Barro Colorado.Peperomia gatunensis C. DC.Peperomia rotundifolia (L.) H. B. K. Poleo. Leaves rounded, very thick andlens-like.Piper acutissimum Trel. Cordoncillo. All the species of Piper growinghere are terrestrial shrubs. They are abundant in wet forest, and often growin open places. The names given to the species are " cordoncillo," " gusanillo,"and "hinojo." The West Indians use the name " cow foot."Piper auritum H. B. K. Santa Maria de anis. A large coarse suffrutescentplant, easily recognized by its very broad, deeply cordate leaves, and by thecharacteristic odor of the crushed leaves, suggestive of sarsaparilla.Piper cordulatum C. DC.Piper culebranum C. DC.Piper imperiale (Miquel) C. DC. A plant with very large leaves, thepetioles with numerous fleshy wartlike protuberances.Piper laxispicum Trel. Type from Barro Colorado.Piper paulownifolium C. DC.Piper pseudo-cativalense Trel.Piper pseudo-garagaranum Trel. Type from Barro Colorado.Piper pseudo-variabile Trel.
l6 SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS VOL. 78Piper pubistipulum estylosum Trel. Type from Barro Colorado.Piper san-joseanum C. DC. Hinojo.Piper smilacifolium C. DC.Piper subnudispicum Trel.Piper viridicaule Trel. Type from Barro Colorado.Pothomorphe peltata (L.) Miq. Santa Maria. A suffrutescent plant withrounded-cordate leaves, the spikes in umbels.ULMACEAE. Elm FamilyCeltis iguanaea (Jacq.) Sarg. Shrub or small tree, the branches usuallypendent or clambering, armed with recurved spines.Trema micrantha (L.) Blume. Small tree with narrow gray leaves andvery small, red fruits. MORACEAE. Mulberry FamilyArtocarpus communis Forst. Breadfruit. Arbol de pan, Fruta de pan.Planted at the laboratory.Castilla panamensis Cook. Rubber tree. Caucho, Hule, Ule. A commonforest tree, the only species of the immediate region.Cecropia sp. Guarumo. Three species of Cecropia are known from theCanal Zone, and all may occur on Barro Colorado. No specimens suitable foridentification have been collected on the island. The species are small treeswith prop-roots, and very large, deeply palmate-lobed leaves which are white-tomentose beneath. The hollow branches are inhabited by ants.Coussapoa panamensis Pittier. A tree, usually epiphytic, at least at first,with large ovate leaves white-tomentose beneath.Ficus costaricensis (Liebm.) Miquel.? Sterile specimens only, and thedetermination therefore somewhat doubtful. In Panama the wild figs areusually called " matapalo," " higo," or " higuero." They are large trees, oftenstrangling or epiphytic, and frequently with large buttresses.Ficus crassiuscula Warb.Ficus glabrata H. B. K. Higueron. A common tree, with very large fruits.Ficus Hemsleyana Standi.Ficus Tonduzii Standi. Common; leaves very broad, with few coarse nerves.Helicostylis latifolia Pittier. Berba, Choyba, Querendo. Large tree withoblong to obovate, entire leaves.Inophloeum armatum (Miquel) Pittier. Namagua, Maragua, Cocua. Largetree with narrow rough leaves. From the bark of this tree the Panama Indiansformerly made a coarse cloth which they used for hammocks, blankets,women's clothes, and sails for boats. The cloth is still made in some parts ofthe country.Olmedia aspera Ruiz & Pav. Shrub or small tree with oblong long-cuspidaterougli leaves. Common.Sorocea affinis Hemsl. Shrub or small tree, with small red fruits in racemes.Trophis racemosa (L.) Urban. Tree of medium or large size.URTICACEAE. Nettle FamilyBoehmeria cylindrica (L.) Swart/. An lierb in water about the edge ofthe lake.
NO. 8 FLORA OF BARRO COLORADO ISLAND STANDLEY 1
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Myriocarpa yzabalensis (Donii. Smith) Killip. Large shrub, the minutewhitish flowers in numerous pendent, very slender spikes sometimes 60 cm. long.Urera baccifera (L.) Gaud. Ortiga. Shrulj or small tree, armed with spine-like hairs that sting the flesh painfully.Urera elata (Swartz) Griseb. A tree 6 to 9 meters high, in this regionknown only from Barro Colorado.PROTEACEAE. Protea FamilyRoupala darienensis Pittier. Small tree with a skunklike odor; leavespartly pinnate and partly simple.OLACACEAE. Olax FamilyHeisteria costaricensis Donn. Smith. The species of Hcisteria are shrubs withalternate entire leaves, and are easily recognized by the saucer-shaped calyxwhich persists with the fruit and is colored bright red.Heisteria macrophylla Oerst. Ajicillo.ARISTOLOCHIACEAE. Birthwort FamilyAristolochia sylvicola Standi. Small slender woody vine.POLYGONACEAE. Buckwheat FamilyCoccoloba acuminata 11. B. K. Shrub.Coccaloba leptostachya Bentli. Small tree.Coccoloba nematostachya (Griseb.) Lindau. Hueso. Small tree.Triplaris americana L. Guayabo hormiguero, Palo santo. Large tree withdense racemes of purple-red flowers. The flowers appear about the first ofFebruary and are very showy, lasting for several weeks. The liollow branchesare infested with savage ants, usually a species of Pscudomyrina.AMARANTHACEAE. Amaranth FamilyAlternanthera ficoidea (L.) R. Br. A small weedy herli.Alternanthera sessilis (L.) R. Br.Celosia argentea L. Rare ; a few plants found, probably escaped from culti-vation. The cristate form of this species, C. cristata L., is the cultivated cocks-comb ("abanico").Cyathula prostrata (L.) Blume. Cadillo. Small herl), introduced from theOld World.Iresine celosia L. A common herljaceous weed.NYCTAGINACEAE. Four-o'clock FamilyNeea Pittieri Standi. Shrub or small tree.Pisonia aculeata L. Large shrub or small tree, with long, often clambermgbranches, armed with hooked spines; fruit small, club-shaped, covered on theangles with small sticky glands.
t8 SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS VOL. 78PHYTOLACCACEAE. Pokeberry FamilyPetiveria alliacea L. Anamu. Herbaceous or suffrutescent, the crushedleaves with the odor of garlic; flowers appressed to the rachis of the spike;fruit bearing 4 small hooked bristles.PORTULACACEAE, Purslane FamilyPortulaca oleracea L. Purslane. Verdolaga. A rare weed.NYMPHAEACEAE. Waterlily FamilyCastalia ampla Salisb. Watkrlilv. Called " duckweed " by the West Indians.In quiet water. A plant with handsome white flowers.MENISPERMACEAE. Moonseed FamilyCissampelos pareira L. A slender vine with rounded hairy leaves, commonalmost throughout Central America.Cissampelos tropaeolifolia DC.Hyperbaena panamensis Standi. Woody vine with ovate to oblong, 3-nervedleaves.Sciadotenia sp. A woody vine, perhaps of this genus, grows on the island,but only sterile specimens have been collected, hence its identification is un-certain. The broad leaves are closely white-tomentose beneath.ANNONACEAE. Custard-apple FamilyAnnona acuminata Safford. Camaron. Shrub, or small tree, the leavesglabrous or nearly so, narrow; fruit small, tuberculate, opening at maturity.Annona Hayesii Safi"ord. Shrub or small tree; fruit smooth, subglobose,about 5 cm. long.Annona Spraguei Safford. Chirimoya, Negrito. Tree; leaves densely pubes-cent beneath ; fruit small, covered with clawlike tubercles.Desmopsis panamensis (Robinson) Safford. Shrub or small tree; fruit acluster of stalked pubescent berries.Guatteria amplifolia Triana & Planch. Shrub or small tree with largeoblong leaves ; fruit a cluster of small oval berries.Xylopia macrantha Triana & Planch. Coroba, Rayado. Small tree.MYRISTICACEAE. Nutmeg FamilyVirola panamensis (Hemsl.) Warb. Bogamani, Malagueta de Montana.Large tree with entire oblong leaves, stellate-tomentose beneath. Common.MONIMIACEAE. Monimia FamilySiparuna pauciflora (P.eurl.) A. DC. Large shrub, strong-scented, withbroad pubescent leaves.
NO. 8 FLORA OF BARRO COLORADO ISLAND—STANDLF.Y I9LAURACEAE. Laurel FamilyOcotea cernua (Nees) Mez. Sigua. A frequent tree.Persea americana Mill. Avocado, Alligator pear. Aguacate. Planted atthe laboratory. CAPPARIDACEAE. Caper FamilyCapparis baducca L. Shrub.ROSACEAE. Rose FamilyRosa sp. One of the common roses, planted at tlie laboratory.AMYGDALACEAE. Almond FamilyLicania hypoleuca Benth. Tree ; leaves small, entire, white-tomentose beneath.CONNARACEAE. Connarus FamilyCnestidium rufescens Planch. Large woody vine with pinnate leaves ; leafletsdensely pubescent beneath.Connarus panamensis Griseb. Woody vine ; leaflets 3, glabrous or nearly so.Rourea glabra H. B. K. Large woody vine; leaflets glabrate.MIMOSACEAE. Mimosa FamilyAcacia Hayesii Benth.? Una de gato.Acacia melanoceras Beurl., one of the ant-inhabited bullhorn acacias, mayoccur here, but the writer has not seen it on the island.Entada scandens (L.) Benth. Javilla. Large woody vine with enormouspods several inches broad.Inga edulis Mart. Guavo. Like the other species, a good-sized tree.Inga Goldmanii Pittier. Guavo de monoInga marginata Willd.Inga panamensis Seem. Guavo.Mimosa pudica L. Sensitive-plant. Dormidera, Cierrate, Cierra tus puer-tas. Called by the West Indians " shameweed " and " shame-face." Small herbwith round heads of pink flowers.CAESALPINIACEAE. Senna FamilyBauhinia excisa (Griseb.) Hemsl. Bejuco de mono. Large woody vinewith bilobate leaves. The stems are compressed and ribbon-like, and perforatedwith large holes.Bauhinia sp. Only sterile material collected. Leaflets 2, very silky beneath,acute.Cassia bacillaiis L. Shrub with showy yellow flowers.Peltogyne purpurea Pittier. Nazareno, Morado. A large tree, reported toexist here.Prioria copaifera Griseb. Cativo, Amansa mujer. A very common, largetree; leaves with 4 leaflets. The short broad flat fruits are much sought bypeccaries.Tounatea simplex (Swartz) Taub. Shrub or small tree.
20 SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS VOL. 78FABACEAE. Bean FamilyAeschynomene americana L. Pega-pega. Herb with buff flowers.Aeschynomene sensitiva Swartz.Andira inermis H. B. K. Cabbage-bark. Cocu. Large tree; leaflets 7 to 13,opposite, oblong, glabrous ; flowers purple, in panicles. The wood is of goodquality and is much used locally.Cajanus bicolor DC. Pigeon-pea. Guandu, Frijol de palo. Shrub; muchcultivated in this region for its edible seeds, and also naturalized.Clitoria arborescens Ait. An erect or scandent shrub ; one of the most beau-tiful plants of Central America, bearing clusters of shell-pink flowers about7 cm. long.Coumarouna panamensis Pittier. Almendro. Common. A large tree; leavespinnate, the leaflets S to 8 pairs, large, oblong, the costa close to the margin;flowers pink, in panicles. The fresh fruit is filled with, an oily fragrant liquidthat crystallizes when dry.Dioclea reflexa Hook. ? Large woody vine.Erythrina panamensis Standi. Shrub or small tree with narrow, brightred flowers and red seeds.Machaerium marginatum Standi.Machaerium microphyllum (Meyer) Standi. Spiny woody vine with purpleflowers.Machaerium purpurascens Pittier.Machaerium Seemanni Benth.Meibomia adscendens (Swartz) Kuntze. A frequent weed.Meibomia axillaris (Swartz) Kuntze. The pods are sometimes called
" guavitas."Meibomia cana (Gmel.) Blake. Pega-pega, Pegadera. Known among theJamaicans as " strong-back," and used by them in domestic medicine.Meibomia purpurea (Mill.) Vail.Meibomia scorpiurus (Swartz) Kuntze.Mucuna urens (L.) DC. Chocho. Large vine; pods covered with stifY bristlesthat penetrate the skin easily.Phaseolus pedunculaiis H. B. K. Small lierbaceous vine.Phaseolus vulgaris L. Bean. Fkijol. Planted at the laboratory.Platymiscium polystachyum Benth. Ql'ira. Large tree with racemes of smallyellow flowers. The wood is of good quality, being known in commerce asPanama redwood.Platypodium Maxonianum Pittier. Carcuera. Large tree ; fruit i-seeded,winged, samara-like.Pterocarpus officinalis J acq. Large tree with small thin winged fruits. Thesap turns red upon exposure to the air.Khynchosia pyramidalis (Lam.) Ur1)an. A herbaceous vine with red andblack seeds. ERYTHROXYLACEAE. Coca FamilyErythroxylon amplum llentb. Slirnb witli entire leaves.Erythroxylon panamense Turcz.
NO. 8 FLORA OJ' J'.ARRO COLORADO ISLAND STANDLEV 21RUTACEAE. Rue FamilyCitrus aurantifolia (Christm.) Swingle. Lime. Limon. Naturalized in theforest.Citrus sinensis (L.) Osbeck. Orange. Nar.\njo.. Planted at the lal)oratory.Zanthoxylum panamense P. Wilson. Arcabu, Acabu, Alcabu. Large tree;trunk covered with large pyramidal prickles.SIMAROUBACEAE. Simaruba FamilyQuassia amara L. Quassia. Guavito amargo, Puesilde, Cruceta. Shrubor small tree with pinnate leaves and showy red flowers. The leaves and barkare as bitter as quinine.BURSERACEAE. Torchwood FamilyProtium asperum Standi. Carano. A large tree. From wounds in tlie trunkthere are distilled large quantities of a fragrant resin or balsam, which collectsupon the ground. Leaflets very rough.Protium sessiliflorum (Rose) Standi. Anime. Large tree ; common; leafletssmooth.Tetragastris panamensis (luigler) Kuntze? Large tree; common.MALPIGHIACEAE. Malpighia FamilyHiraea faginifolia (DC.) Juss. Woody vine, the leaves densely silky beneath.Stigmaphyllon Humboldtianum Juss. Woody vine with yellow flowers. Thebroad leaves bear numerous stalked glands along the margins.TRIGONIACEAE. Trigonia FamilyTrigonia floribunda Oerst. Woody vine with entire leaves, densely white-tomentose beneath; flowers small and white.POLYGALACEAE. Polygala FamilySecuridaca diversifolia (L.) Blake. Large woody vine with small entireleaves ; flowers pink, showy.EUPHORBIACEAE. Spurge FamilyAcalypha diversifolia Jacq. A common shrub.Acalypha macrostachya Jacq. Shrub.Acalypha villosa Jacq. Common shrub.Alchornea costaricensis Pax & Hofi'm. Small tree with ovate crcnate leaves
;
staminate flowers in long slender drooping spikes.Codiaeum variegatum (L.) Blume. A shrub with colored leaves; one of thetropical " crotons," planted at the laboratory.Croton Billbergianus Muell. Arg. Large shrub or small tree growingin the wet forest.Dalechampia panamensis Pax & Hofifm. Vine with 3-parted leaves ; inflores-cense subtended by 2 green bracts; calyx furnished with stiff hairs whichpenetrate the skin easily.Euphorbia hirta L. Hierba de i-oi.lo. Called "milkweed" by the WestIndians. A small annual herb.
22 SMITJISONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS VOL. 78Euphorbia hypericifolia L. Hierba de pollo. A small glabrous annual.Hura crepitans L. Sandbox. Javillo. A giant forest tree, the trunk coveredwith small sharp spines. The milky sap causes blisters upon the skin.Hieronyma alchorneoides Allem. Pantano. Large tree with broad entireleaves bearing minute stellate scales.Mabea occidentalis Benth. Shrub or small tree with oblong leaves ; liowers inraceme-like terminal panicles.Manihot esculenta Crantz. Cassava. Yuca. Much cultivated in Panama forits edible roots. Planted at the laboratory.Phyllanthus conami Swartz. Shrub or small tree with small distichous ovateleaves.Phyllanthus niruri L. Called by the West Indians " seed on the leaf." Asmall annual herl).Phyllanthus nobilis (L. f.) INIuell. Arg. Shrul) or small tree with oblong-elliptic leaves. ANACARDIACEAE, Cashew FamilyAnacardium excelsum (Bert. & Balb.) Skeels. Espave. A common largetree with entire leaves. The bark is used in some parts of Panama as afish poison.Astronium graveolens Jacq. Zorro. A common tree with pinnate leaveshaving serrate or entire leaflets.Mangifera indica L. Mango. Naturalized and planted.Spondias mombin L. Hogplum. Jobo. Tree with pinnate leaves and ajuicy yellow edible fruit.HIPPOCRATEACEAE. Hippocratea FamilyHippocratea volubilis L. Large woody vine, on the highest trees. Thecapsule is large, vertically compressed and nearly flat, and deeply 3-lobed.Salacia praecelsa (Miers) Griseb. Garrotillo. Large woody vine withglobose fruit. SAPINDACEAE. Soapberry FamilyAllophylus psilospermus Radlk. Slu-ub or small tree with 3-foliolate leavesand winged fruit.Cupania cinerea Poepp. Gorgojo, Gorgojero. Shrub or small tree withpinnate leaves, whitish beneath.Cupania fulvida Triana & Planch. Candelillo, Gorgojo, Gorgojero. Shrubor small tree, often simple, densely brown-hirsute. The leaves are pinnate, buton young plants they are simple.Cupania latifolia Kunth. Leaflets glabrous, rounded or retuse at apex.Cupania Seemanni Triana & Planch.. Leaflets glabrous, acuminate.Paullinia alata Don. All the species of Paullinia are woody vines. Theyare used in tropical America as fish poisons.Paullinia bracteosa Radlk.Paullinia glomerulosa Radlk.Paullinia turbacensis H. B. K.Serjania trachygona Radlk. Woody vine.Talisia nervosa Radlk. Small tree with very large, pinnate leaves.
NO. 8 FLORA OF BARRt) COLORADO ISLAND STANDLEY 23RHAMNACEAE. Buckthorn FamilyGouania lupuloides (L.) Uriian. Wtmdy vine.Gouania polygama (Jacq.) Url)an. Jaboncillo. Called " cliewstick " in theWest Indies. The stems when chewed produce lather.VITACEAE. Grape FamilyCissus salutaris H. B. K. Woody vine with 3-foliolate leaves and small redflowers.Cissus sicyoides L. Vine with, simple leaves. The inflorescences of thisspecies are frequently distorted by a smut, Mycosyrinx Cusi.Vitis tiliaefolia Humb. & Bonpl. Grape. Uva, Bejuco de agua. The fruitis small and very sour.TILIACEAE. Bass-wood FamilyApeiba aspera Aubl. Tree with entire leaves. Fruit resembling a sea-urchin,and covered with stiff spines.Apeiba tibourbou Aubl. Peine de mico, Cortezo. Leaves finely dentate.Belotia panamensis Pittier. Tree with very showy flowers, the sepals pink,the petals violet ; fruit compressed, obcordate, 2-celled.Heliocarpus popayanensis H. B. K. Majaguillo. Tree, the small flowerspanicled; fruits very small, compressed, the margin bearing a row of stiffradiating hairs.Luehea Seemannii Triana & Planch. Guacimo. A common, very large foresttree ; leaves tomentose beneath ; fruit small, woody, obtusely 5-angled.Triumfetta lappula L. Cadillo, Cepa de caballo. Shrub bearing smallglobose spiny burs. MALVACEAE. Mallow FamilyHibiscus rosa-sinensis L. Chinese hibiscus. Papo, Tapo. Planted at thelaboratory.Pavonia dasypetala Turcz. Shrub with showy pink flowers 4 to 6 cm. long
;
leaves broad and velvety.Pavonia rosea Schlecht. Herbaceous or suffrutescent, with small pink flowersfruit armed with barbed spines.Sida rhombifolia L. Escobilla. One of the most common weedy plants oftropical America. BOMBACACEAE, Cotton-tree FamilyBombacopsis Fendleri (Seem.) Pittier. Cedro espinoso. Large tree withspiny trunk, flowering in winter when leafless.Bombacopsis sessilis (Benth.) Pittier. Ceibo. Trunk unarmed.Cavanillesia platanifolia IL B. K. Cuipo, Bongo, Quipo. Large tree with,smooth swollen trunk ; leaves deciduous, 5 or 7-lobed ; flowers small, with redpetals. The trees are conspicuous when in flower, in late March and earlyApril. The wood is very soft and light.Ochroma limonensis Rowlee. Balsa. Large or medium-sized tree, the cordateleaves 3-angled or shallowly 3-lobed, pale beneath ; flowers large and whitish.The balsa trees have one of the lightest woods known.
24 SMITIISOXIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS \01-. /8STERCULIACEAE. Cacao FamilyBuettneria aculeata Jacq. Espino hueco, Zarza, Rabo de iguana. Pricklyslirub, often scandcnt ; young leaves often blotched with silver.Sterculia apetala (Jacq.) Karst. Panama. Large tree with 3 or s-lobcdleaves, stellate-tomentose licneath; flowers without petals, the large calyx5-lobed, reddish ; fruit of 5 carpels, the large brown reeds resembling chestnuts.It is from the Indian name of this tree that the Republic of Panama derivesits name.Theobroma cacao L. Cacao. Planted and also naturalized in the forest.Theobroma purpureum Pittier. Cacao cimarron, Chocolatillo. Shrub orsmall tree; leaves digitatcly compound, with 5 large leaflets; fruit small, coveredwith stiff hairs which penetrate the skin readily.DILLENIACEAE. Dillenia FamilyDavilla rugosa Poir. Woody vine with rough, obovate, nearly entire leavesand yellow flowers.Dillenia indica L. Planted at the laboratory. A liandsome tree with largetoothed obovate leaves, very large white flowers, and a huge globular greenfruit.Doliocarpus major Gmel. Woody vine with glabrous but punctate leaves.OCHNACEAE. Ochna FamilyOuratea Wrightii (Van Tiegh.) Riley. Shrub witli narrow lustrous leaves;flowers yellow, in terminal panicles ; fruits several, black, borne on a red disk.HYPERICACEAE. St. Johnswort FamilyVismia ferruginea H. B. K. Sangre de perro. Shrub with ovate entire leaves,brownish beneath. The sap turns red upon exposure to the air.CLUSIACEAE. Clusia FamilyCalophyllum longifolium Willd. Makia. Large tree with very handsome,narrow, oblong leaves, 30 cm. long or larger ; sap yellowish.Clusia rosea L. Copey. Tree ; leaves thick, nearly as broad as long ; flowerspink, waxy ; fruit a leathery fleshy capsule ; sap milky, sticky.Rheedia madruno (H. B. K.) Planch. & Triana. Cerillo, Tome, Maciiari.Tree with oblong to elliptic, acuminate leaves.Symphonia globulifera L. f. Cerillo. Tree with small ol)long-lanccolatcleaves.Tovomitopsis nicaraguensis (Oerst.) Triana & Planch. Shrub or smalltree; flowers small, whitish.VIOLACEAE. Violet FamilyHybanthus anomalus (H. B. K.) Standi. Shrub with alternate leaves.Rinorea squamata Blake. Molenillo. Shrub with opposite leaves.Rinorea sylvatica (Seem.) Kuntze.
NO. 5 FLORA OF BARRO COLORADO ISLAND STANDLFY 25FLACOURTIACEAE. Flacourtia FamilyCasearia arguta H. B. K. Raspa-lengua. Shrub.Casearia guianensis (Aubl.) Urban. Palo de la cruz.Casearia nitida (L.) Jacq. Raspa-lengua.Casearia sylvestris Swartz. Shrub with entire leaves.Hasseltia floribunda H. B. K. Raspa-lengua. Small tree with oblong toelliptic, coarsely serrate, glabrate leaves, and small white flowers.Oncoba laurina (Presl) Warb. Guavo cimarron, Carbonero. Small tree withspiny globose fruit. TURNERACEAE. Turnera FamilyTurnera panamensis I'rban. Shrub with lance-ol)long leaves and yellowflowers. PASSIFLORACEAE. Passionflower FamilyPassiflora auiiculata IT. B. K. Leaves ovate-lanceolate, 3-lobed or subentire.Passiflora vitifolia H. B. K. Guate-guate. A very showy species, a woodyvine, with large, deep red flowers.CARICACEAE. Papaya FamilyCarica papaya L. Papaya. Planted at the laboratory ; also wild ornaturalized. BEGONIACEAE. Begonia FamilyBegonia filipes Benth. A small and inconspicuous plant.CACTACEAE. Cactus FamilyEpiphyllum phyllanthus (L.) Haw. An epiphytic spineless plant with largewhite flowers. LYTHRACEAE. Loosestrife FamilyAdenaria floribunda H. B. K. Fruta de pavo. Shrub with entire, opposite,nearly sessile leaves.LECYTHIDACEAE. Brazilnut FamilyGrias Fendleri Seem. Tree with large sessile leaves, entire or nearly so.Gustavia superba Berg. Membrillo. Medium-sized tree with few branches
;
leaves 30 to 100 cm. long, serrate; flowers about 10 cm. broad, white; fruitedible. Common. RHIZOPHORACEAE. Mangrove FamilyCassipourea elliptica Poir. Huesito, Limoncillo. Shrub or small tree withglabrous entire opposite leaves.COMBRETACEAE. Combretum FamilyTerminalia Hayesii Pittier. Amarillo real. A common large tree; leavesobovate, entire ; flowers minute, green, in long spikes.
26 SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS VOL, 78MYRTACEAE, Myrtle FamilyCalycolpus Warscewiczianus Berg. Guayabillo. Slender shrub with pink orwhitish flowers.Eugenia uniflora L. Surinam cherry. A South American shrub, planted attlie laboratory.Psidium guajava L. Guava. Guayaba. Frequent in open places.MELASTOMACEAE. Meadowbeauty FamilyClidemia petiolata (Rich.) DC. Shrub.Conostegia bracteata Triana. Shrub.Conostegia speciosa Naud. Dos caras, Raspa-lengua, Fruta de pava.Shrub.Heterotrichum octonum (Bonpl.) DC. Shrub with 7 or 9-nerved, broadlyovate leaves.Miconia argentea (Swartz) DC. Dos caras, Canillo, Papelillo. Commonshrub or small tree, with large broad leaves very white beneath.Miconia Beurlingii Triana.Miconia lacera (Humb. & Bonpl.) Naud. Common shrub.Miconia nervosa (Smith) Triana.Miconia impetiolaris (Swartz) Don. Dos caras, Oreja de mula. Leaveslarge, brownish beneath, sessile.Miconia lonchophylla Naud.Mouriria parvifolia Benth. Arracheche. Shrub, glabrous throughout, withsessile entire ovate leaves and small axillary flowers.Ossaea diversifolia (Naud.) Cogn. Fruta de pava. Shrub with pink orreddish flowers and small, black or purple fruit.Ossaea micrantha (Swartz) Macfad.Tibouchina longifolia (Vahl) Benth. Herb with small white flowers.ONAGRACEAE. Evening-primrose FamilyJussiaea suffruticosa L. A common herb with, yellow flowers, growing inwet places. ARALIACEAE. Ginseng FamilyDendropanax arboreum (L.) Decaisne & Planch. Vaquero. Small tree withentire or 3-lobed leaves.Didymopanax Morototoni (Aubl.) Decaisne & Planch. Mangabe, Gar-GORAN, Pava. Large tree; leaves digitately compound, with 7 to 10 long-stalkedentire acuminate leaflets, pale-tomentose beneath. Common.Nothopanax Guilfoylei (Cogn. & Marche) Merrill. Planted at the laboratory.Shrub with pinnate white-margined leaves.MYRSINACEAE. Myrsine FamilyArdisia compressa H. B. K. Shrub with white or pinkish flowers and blackjuicy fruit.Ardisia myriodonta Standi. Described from Barro Colorado. A small shrub.Stylogyne laevis (Oerst.) Mez. Glabrous shrub with thick entire leaves;flowers white or pinkish, the branches of the panicle bright red.Stylogyne ramiflora (Oerst.) Mez.
NO. 8 FLORA OF BARRO COLORADO ISLAND STANDLF.Y 2^SAPOTACEAE. Sapodilla FamilyChrysophyllum cainito L. Star-apple. Caimito. Large tree ; leaves coveredbeneath with silky golden-brown hairs ; fruit edible. Common forest tree.LOGANIACEAE. Logania FamilySpigelia Humboldtiana Cham. & Schlecht. A small herb.Strychnos darienensis Seemi Woody vine.Strychnos panamensis Seem. Canjura, Fruta de murcielago. Woody vinewith nearly glabrous, entire leaves ; fruit large, globose, with hard shell.Strychnos toxifera Benth. A very hairy vine. This species furnishes curarepoison, used by the Indians of Panama and elsewhere for poisoning their arrows.GENTIANACEAE. Gentian FamilyLeiphaimos simplex (Griseb.) Standi. A small saprophyte, without anygreen coloration, the slender stem bearing a single pale blue flower; commonin dark wet forest. APOCYNACEAE. Dogbane FamilyOdontadenia speciosa Benth. Negrillo. Woody vine with large yellowflowers.Prestonia obovata Standi. Woody vine with glabrous obovate leaves.Tabernaemontana grandiflora Jacq. Huevo de gato, Lechuga, Venenillo.Glabrous shrub with yellow flowers about 5 cm. long.Thevetia nitida (H. B. K.) A. DC. Cojon de gato, Lavaperro, Huevo detigre. Shrub or small tree with thick obovate leaves, yellow flowers, andbright red fruit. ASCLEPIADACEAE. Milkweed FamilyAsclepias curassavica L. Nino muerto, Pasorin. Herb with red and orangeflowers. The only species of Asclepias found in the region.Vincetoxicum pinguifolium Standi. A herbaceous vine, known only fromBarro Colorado. CONVOLVULACEAE. Morning-glory FamilyMaripa panamensis Hemsl. I-arge glabrous woody vine with oblong toovate leaves.Rivea campanulata (L.) House. Batatilla. Large vine with broadly cor-date leaves; flowers pink, 7 to 8 cm. long.The genus Ipoiiioea must occur on the island, but I have no record of it.BORAGINACEAE. Borage FamilyCordia alliodora (Ruiz & Pav.) Cham. Laurel. Tree with stellate-pubes-cent leaves and small but showy, white flowers. The nodes are often swollen,and inhabited l)y ants.Tournefoitia obscura A. DC. Small woody vine.
28 SMITHSONIAN MISCFJ.LANROUS COLI.F.CTIONS VOL. 78VERBENACEAE. Verbena FamilyPetrea volubilis Jacq. Viuda, Flor de mavo, Flor de la cruz. Large woodyvine witli very showy racemes of purple-blue llowers.MENTHACEAE. Mint FamilyColeus Blumei Beiith. Coleus. Pompolluda, Chontadura. Called by theWest Indians " Jacob's-coat." Planted at the laboratory.Hyptis capitata Jacq. Suspiro de monte. A weedy herb.Salvia occidentalis Swartz. A small weedy herlj with minute blue flowers
* SOLANACEAE. Potato FamilyCapsicum annuum L. Pepper. Chile, Aji. Planted at the laboratory.Capsicum macrophyllum (H. B. K.) Standi. Pintamora de monte. Largecoarse lierb with bright red, cherry-like fruit.Cestrum panamense Standi. Small tree with pale green, tubular flowers.Lycianthes Maxonii Standi. Nearly glabrous, erect shrub with small violetflowers. The typical form of the species is known only from Barro Colorado,but a variety occurs in the forests beyond Panama City.Solanum allophyllum (Miers) Standi. Hierba de gallinazo, Hierba ga-LLOTA. Herb with entire or lobed leaves.Solanum bicolor Willd. LTnarmed shrub with long-stalked cymes of whiteflowers.Solanum diversifolium Schlecht. Friega-plato, Huevo de gato. Called bythe Barbadians " susumba." Erect prickly shrub.Solanum parcebarbatum Bitter. Nearly glabrous, unarmed shrub. For thisI have been given in Panama the name " sauco," imt that name belongs properlyto the genus Sanibuciis.Solanum scabrum Vahl. Friega-plato, Arana-gato. Large, very prickly,woody vine.Solanum sp. Only imperfect material is available ; probably an undescribedspecies. SCROPHULARIACEAE. Figwort FamilyScoparia dulcis L. Escobilla amarga. Called "sweet broom" by theWest Indians. Herbaceous or sutYrutescent weed, with very small, white flowers.Stemodia parviflora Ait. Small herb with blue flowers.Torenia Crustacea (L.) Cham. & Schlecht. Small weedy herb with blue-purpleflowers. BIGNONIACEAE. Bignonia FamilyAdenocalymna flos-ardeae Pittier. Woody vine, the leaflets with largeyelknv glands on the lower surface.Amphilophium paniculatum (L.) H. B. K. Leaflets covered with minutescales ; flowers pink and white.Arrabidaea pachycalyx Sprague. Leaflets white-tomentose beneath ; flowerspurple, small but in large panicles and very showy.Cydista aequinoctialis (L.) Miers. Reported by Dodge. Nearly glabrousvine with pale purple flowers 5 to 8 cm. long.
NO. 8 FLORA OF IIARRO COLORADO ISLAND—STANDLIiV 29Jacaranda copaia Don. Palo ue buba. Tree with twice-pinnate leaves andlarge, bluish, very showy flowers.Macfadyena uncinata (Meyer) DC. Easily recognized by the sharp hooksterminating the tendrils ; flowers pale yellow.Paragonia pyramidata (Rich.) Bur. Woody vine; leaflets minutely lepidotebeneath; flowers pink, 6 to 7.5 cm. long.Petastoma patelliferum (Schlecht.) Miers. Reported by Dodge. Glabratevine with purple flowers about '4 cm. long.Phryganocydia corymbosa (Vent.) Bur. Nearly glabrous vine with handsome,bright pink flowers 6 to 9 cm. long.Tabebuia guayacan (Seem.) Hemsl. Guayacan. Tree with digitatelycompound leaves and large yellow flowers.Tabebuia pentaphylla (L.) Hemsl. Roble, Roble de sabana. Tree withdigitately compound, minutely lepidote leaves; flowers varying from pale todeep pink. When in full flower, this is one of the most beautiful of CentralAmerican trees. GESNERIACEAE. Gesneria FamilyAchimenes panamensis (Seem.) Hemsl. Small herb with white flowers.Columnea purpurata Hanst. Rare. Coarse suffrutescent plant with large,very hairy leaves, and bright red, axillary inflorescence.Drymonia spectabilis (H. B. K.) Mart. Epiphytic shrub; corolla dulldark red.Kohleria tubiflora (Cav.) Hanst. Herb with scarlet flowers.Tussacia Friedrichsthaliana Hanst. Small herb with large orange flowers.PINGUICULACEAE. Butterwort FamilyUtricularia mixta Barnh. Small floating aquatic plant, in quiet water; flowersyellow. ACANTHACEAE. Acanthus FamilyAphelandra Sinclairiana Nees. Showy shrub with bright red flowers indense bracted spikes, the bracts orange-red.Aphelandra tetragona (Vahl) Nees. Shrul) with red Howers, the bractssmall and green. 1 -.iBlechum pyramidatum (Lam.) Urban. Conmion herbaceous weed withsmall purple flowers.Blechum panamense Lindau. Herb with purple flowers.Chaetochlamys panamensis Lindau. Erect herb with showy purple flowers.Mendoncia retusa Turrill. Vine; flowers white, with purple vems; fruira black plumlike drupe. RUBIACEAE. Madder FamilyAlibertia edulis (L. Rich.) A. Rich. Lagartillo, Trompito. Called " wildeuava" by the West Indians. Shrub with sessile glabrous lance-oblpng leaves;flowers small, clustered, sessile; fruit globose, 2.5 cm. in diameter. Youngseedling plants, which are very conxmon on the island, have the leaves hand-somely striped or mottled with purple and pmk.
30 SMITHSONIAN MISCKI.LANEOUS COLLECTIONS VOL, 78Bertiera guianensis Aubl. Shrub with small, bright blue fruit.Borreria laevis (Lam.) Griseb. Small weedy herb.Borreria latifolia (Aubl.) Sebum. Reported by Dodge. An herb with smallwhite flowers.Borreria ocymoides (Burm.) DC. Small annual herb.Cephaelis ipecacuanha (Brot.) Rich. Ipecac. Raicilla. A small glabrateplant, about 30 cm. high ; leaves oblong ; flowers small, white, in a single terminalhead. Ipecac is obtained from the thickened roots.Cephaelis tomentosa (Aubl.) Vahl. Shrub with very hairy leaves; flowersin a dense head, subtended by showy, bright red bracts.Faramea occidentalis (L.) Rich. Huesito. Shrub with white flowers. In itsgeneral appearance and in its fruit this plant sugests coffee, to which it isrelated.Geophila herbacea (L.) Sebum. Creeping herb with heart-shaped leaves andsmall white flowers; fruit juicy, red or purple-black.Guettarda foliacea Standi. Shrub with globose red fruit.Hamelia nodosa Mart. & Gal. Shrub with orange-red flowers.Hemidiodia ocimifolia (Willd.) Schum. A weedy herb.Isertia Haenkeana DC. Canelito. Showy shrub with large leaves anddense panicles of bright yellow and red, tubular flowers.Ixora coccinea L. Buquet de novia. Shrub with red flowers, planted atthe laboratory.Oldenlandia corymbosa L. Small herb with linear leaves and white or pinkishflowers.Palicourea guianensis Aubl. Shrub ; flowers yellow, in a terminal thyrse, itsbranches red or orange.Pentagonia macrophylla Benth. Hoja de murcielago. Shrub with verylarge, obovate leaves.Pentagonia pubescens Standi. Common shrub.Posoqueria latifolia (Rudge) Roem. & Schult. Boca vieja, Borajo, FrutaDE MONO. Large shrub or small tree with broad thick leaves; flowers tubular,very slender, 12 to 16 cm. long.Psychotria brachiata Swartz. The species of this genus are common shrubsof the forest.Psychotria calophylla Standi. Reported by Dodge.Psychotria chagrensis Standi.Psychotria cuspidata Bredem.Psychotria emetica L. f. Raicilla macho, Raicilla. Small shrub, withaxillary white flowers and blue fruit. The roots yield a kind of ipecac.Psychotria granadensis Benth.Psychotria grandis Swartz.Psychotria horizontalis Swartz.Psychotria involucrata Swartz.Psychotria limonensis Krause.Psychotria marginata Swartz.Psychotria micrantha H. B. K.Psychotria patens Swartz. Garricillo.Psychotria Pittieri Standi. Fruit blue.Psychotria racemosa (Aubl.) Willd. Fruit 5-cellod ; it is 2-celled in theother species.
NO. 8 FLORA OF HARRO COLORADO LSLANl) STANDLEV 3 1Randia armata (Swartz) DC. Rosetillo. Spiny slirub with large whiteflowers.Rudgea fimbriata (Benth.) Standi. Shrub with subsessile leaves.Uncaria tomentosa (Willd.) DC. Woody vine armed with hooked spines;flowers yellowish, fragrant, in dense globose heads.CUCURBITACEAE. Gourd FamilyAnguria Warscewiczii Hook, f . Glabrous vine with 3-foliolate leaves
;
flowers small, with bright red petals.Cayaponia Poeppigii Cogn. Fruit small, gluljosc, 6-sceded.Cucurbita pepo L. Squash. Calabazo, Sapuvo. Planted at the laboratory.Gurania Seemanniana Cogn.? Bejuco picador. Large herbaceous vine withred inflorescence.Gurania suberosa Standi. Type from Rarro Colorado. Large woody vine,climbing on high trees ; stems covered with corky bark ; flowers small, red,borne on the naked stems near the ground. The leaves have not been collected.Luffa cylindrica (L.) Roem. Spongegourd. Calabazo. Vine with largeyellow flowers. The interior of the fruit resembles a sponge, and may be usedin the same manner.Melothria guadalupensis (Spreng.) Cogn. Sandillita. Slender vine withsmall yellow flowers. The fruit resembles a small watermelon, and has theodor of cucumber.Posadaea sphaerocarpa Cogn. Brujito. Herbaceous vine with a globosegourdlike fruit.Sicydium tamnifolium (H. B. K.) Cogn. Leaves nearly entire, softlypubescent; flowers minute, in large panicles; fruits small, black.ASTERACEAE. Aster FamilyBaccharis trinervis (Lam.) Pers. Shrub with dirty-white flowers.Bidens pilosa L. Cadillo, Sirvulaca. Called " Spanish needles " by theWest Indians.Chaptalia nutans (L.) Polak. Leaves white-tomentose beneath, in a basalrosette; rays short, white to red-purple.Eclipta alba (L.) Hassk. Small weedy herb.Emilia sonchifolia (L.) DC. Small weedy herb with pale purple or pink,discoid heads.Erechtites hieracifolia (L.) Raf. Tabaquillo. Coarse herb with greenishdiscoid heads.Erigeron bonariensis L. Tabaquillo. Weedy herb with linear leaves.Erigeron spathulatus \'ahl. Weedy herb with spatulate or obovate leaves.Eupatorium macrophyllum L. Coarse herb with greenish white heads.Eupatorium microstemon Cass. Small annual with purple heads.Eupatorium odoratum L. Paleca, Hierba de chiva. Called "Christmas-bush " by the West Indians. Large herb or shrub with lavender flowers.Eupatorium Sinclairii Benth. Weedy herb with purplish flowers.Mikania leiostachya Benth. Herbaceous vine; heads in spikes.Mikania micrantha II. B. K. Herbaceous vine; heads small, fragrant, whitish,in cymes.
32 SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS VOL. 78Neurolaena lobata (L.) R. Br. Contragavilana. Coarse herb with yellowheads.Pluchea purpurascens (Swartz) DC. Viscid herli with purple heads; growingin .shallow water at edge of lake.Porophyllum ruderale (Jacq.) Cass. Glabrous annual with discoid headsof bronze flowers ; rare here.Pseudelephantopus spicatus (Juss.) Rohr. Escobilla blanca, Chicoria.Weedy herb with pale purple heads.Rolandra fruticosa (L.) Kuntze. Coarse herb with i-flowered white heads;leaves white-tomentose beneath.Tridax procumbens L. Weedy procumbent annual herb with pale yellowheads.Vernonia canescens H. B. K. Hierba de San Jose. Heads pink or white.Vernonia cinerea (L.) Less. Small weedy herb with purple heads; natural-ized from the Old World.Vernonia patens H. B. K. Lengua de vaca, Lengua de buey. Shrub withwhite heads.Wulfi&a baccata (L. f.) Kuntze. Arching shrub with rough leaves; heads2 cm. broad, with small yellow rays.