ATOLL RESEARCH BULLETIN NO. 189 THE NATURAL HISTORY OF NAMOLUB ATOLL, EASTERN CAROLINE ISLANDS by Mac Marshall with identifications of vascular flora by F. R. Fosberg Issued by THE SMITHSONIAN I Y S T I T U T I O N Washington, D.C . , U.S .A. August 6,1975 T B r n OF CONTENTS LIST OF PLATES LIST OF TABLES INTRODUCTION PHYSICAL DESCRIPTION REEFS AND CURRENTS METEOROLOGY NON-AVIAN TERRESTRIAL VERTEBRATES OTHER NON-AVIAN FAUNA AVIAN FAUNA URINE MOLLUSKS ACAMTHASTER PLANCI INSECTS VASCULAR FIDRA BIBLIOGRAPHY TABLES PLATES LIST OF PLATES 1 Aerial photograph of Namoluk Atol l dated 29 June l g w . U,S, Navy. 2 From Tbinom I s l e t looking across t o Ullbap I s l e t with t i p of Arnwes I s l e t i n t h e distance. June 1971. Mac Marshall. 3 Mangrove fo r e s t , lagoon shore, Amues I s l e t . June 1971. Mac Marshall. 4 Bruguiera gymnorhim growing an open reef between Arawes and Umap I s l e t s . June 1971. Mac Maxshall. 5 Forested i n t e r i o r , h u e s I s l e t , showing Asplenium nidus growing on Arbocaspus. June 1971. Les l ie Be Marshall. 6 Forested i n t e r i o r , Namoluk I s l e t , showing abundant growth of Nephrolepis. June 1971, Les l i e B. Marshall. 7 Sandspit (cal led "Piemann loca l l y ) a t the southwest t i p of Amwes I s l e t . June 1971. Les l ie Be Marshall. 8 Forest of Pem$h acidula on Tbinom Iihlet. June 1971. Mac Marshall. 9 Lagoon beach on L h I s l e t . June 1971. Les l ie B. Marshall. PO hagoon ahoreline of Toinom I s l e t with Amwes I s l e t i n t he distance. June 1971. Lesl ie B. Marshall. 11 Forested in t e r io r , Namoluk I s l e t , showing typical dense growth and undmbrush, June 1971, Mac Masshall, 12 Anwes I s l e t , looking east f roa the long sandspit at t h e southwest t i p (see p l a t s 7). June 1971. Mac Marshall. l 4 Mangrove fores t along the lagoon shore of Amwes I s l e t , June 1971. Lesl ie Be Marshall, LIST OF TABLES Table J Infomation on Pac i f ic currents revealed by messages con- ta ined i n bo t t les t h a t d r i f t e d t o Namoluk Atoll during 1970, Table 2 Monthly r a i n f a l l and tsmperaLure data f o r Namoluk Atoll from 1 Januasy 1970 t o 31 July 1971, 1 Aerial photograph of Namoluk Atoll dated 29 June 1944. U.S. Navy. THE NATURAL HISTORY OF NAMOLUK ATOLL, EASTERN CAROLINE ISLANDS by Mae ~ a r s h a l l g A s of 1969, t h e s c i e n t i f i c corrrmunity had no general information on t h e na tura l h i s to ry of Namoluk Ato l l i n t h e Eastern Caroline Is lands of Micronesia, The only s i gn i f i c an t published source f o r t h e a t o l l was an ethnographic and l i n g u i s t i c account provided by t h e G e r ~ a n physician, Max Girschner (1912, 1913), t h a t contained a few br ie f passages on t h e biology and physical environment of t h e a t o l l . With t h i s l ack of basic descr ip t ive environmental information i n mind, I resolved t o make obser- vations and co l lec t ions of specimens of use t o other a t o l l scholars anc i l l a sy t o an anthropo ogical research projeot which I undertook on Namoluk from 1969-1971.2 This paper is design* t o f i l l soma of t h e I / ~ e ~ a r t m e n t of Anthropology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, n / g ~ i e l d research i n c u l t u r a l anthropology w a s conducted on Namsluk Atol l and with Mamoluk persons on Hoen Island, Truk, f o r a period of eighteen months during 1969-1971 supported by t h e National I n s t i t u t e of Mental Heajtth (MH 11871-01 and PM 42666-01), and t h e Department of Anthro- pology, University of Washington. Funds f o r gathering botanical da t a were mde avai lable from t h e Bernice Pauahi Bishop Museum and t h e University of H a w a i i (NIH Grant No. GM-15198) through t h e kind ass i s tance of Douglas Yen, Preparation of t h i s m u s c r i p t was f a c i l - i t a t e d by an Old Gold Summer Faculty Research Fellowship from the Graduate College, University of Iowa. I am grea t l y indebted t o these sources of f i nanc i a l support. I would a l s o l i k e t o express Iny appre- c i a t i on t o Sare l R. Agrippa fo r maintaining t h e laeteorological obsemations in my absence from June t o December 1970, t o Sapuro I. Kouch, Kichi Lippwe and Kino S. Ruben f o r ass i s tance i n gathering and preparing t h e plant col lect ions , t o F. R. Fosberg f o r mater ia l assis- tanae and encouragement, and t o John Tandarich f o r t echn ica l help i n preparation of t h e photographs f o r publication. During t h e period of reseaxch t h e de fac to population of Namoluk Ato l l f luctuated between 250 and 300 persons, depending upon how many happened t o be away in t h e por t town on Moen Island, Truk, o r elsewhere at a given moment. Y The most recent census f igures ava i lab le from t h e Trust Ter r i to ry ind ica te t h a t t h i s number has remained s t ab l e through 18 September 1973 (u.s. Trust Ter r i to ry of t h e Pac i f ic I s laads l974), with 263 per- sons reported on Namoluk Atol l at census time. The t o t a l l i v i n g population of *Naraoluk c i t i m n s e regardless of l a c a t i s n numbered 416 on 1 January 1973. A t present, t h e e n t i r e human population of t h e a t o l l r es ides on Namoluk I s l e t ; Amwes Islet, which formerly supported a sep- arate community, has not been permanently inhabited s ince its populace was decimated by an epidemic i n t h e l a t e 1930s. The reader in te res ted i n fu r the r d e t a i l s on Namoluk demography is re fe r red t o an extended t r ea t aen t of t h i s subject (Marshall 1975). gaps i n our knowledge of the wt historgr of Nmoluk by s ia ing and reporting the inforraatisn so gcakhered t h o w h A % 1971, With the exception of a br ief note on a v i fauaa ( ~ m h a l l 1971)~ these are the f irst systematic eraviromental data t o b presented f o r t he a t o l l , Until archseologica% investigations a r e underttaken, the p r e h i s t o q of Masloluk must remain conjectural. Although we hack any r e l i a b l e estimate of t he t h e depth sf h m m h b i t a t i o n on t h e a t o l l , we axe fortunate t o have a few ethnohis tor%cd reco* th& s f f e r some sense of t he a to l l " ear ly contact with t he West, The first Westerner t o s igh t Nmoluk was an h e r i c a n whaling cap- t a in , Richard Macy, aboard the Harvest i n 3.827 (Day 19668 171; S 19601217), Less than a ye= l a t e r is 1828, a Russian su i en t i f i c expedi-bion under t h e eo of Fedor LRtke v i s i t ed Nmoluk, Although Namoluk men boarded Llltkeqs sh ip t o t rade, sane of the sh ipqs company put ashore (~(lltke 1835: 88-91). Only sca t te red reuomls ex i s t of vessels s ight ing o r ca l l ing at Nameluk during the 1830s and 1840s. Ben jmin Momell, wptaf i of t h e ship Antarctic out of Stonington, Connecticut, gassed olose by Naoluk i n 1830, evidently without landing (Momell 1832,388-3891, Three yeam l a t e r an American whaler, the h p t a i n Harnood, cal led at Maraoluk, and an extract *om t Log reaouaks w h a t is believed t o be the first a r r i v a l of Westerners on t h e a t o l l ( w a r d 19678 3-4). By the 1840s t raders bagan venturing i n t o t h e Eastern Carolines, although r e l a t i v e l y few h i s to r i ca l documents see@ t o have survived t h i s era , The bark Zotoff out of Salem, Massachusetts, skippered by a t rader named Captain Wallis, sailed past Namoluk without heaving t o on 7 June 184.6 while en route f'rorn Manila t o F i j i ( ~ a ~ l i s 1851:195), In July of t h e same year the trader Andrew Cheyne o d l d at Mamoluk aboswed the - Naiad, and he comented t h a t t he i s l e t s were Haovered with cocoa-nuts and b r e a d - M t t reesw (~heyne 185211 129). Prom the 1840s there follows a t h i r t y year hia tus f o r which no knoun h i s t o r i c a l na t e r i a l s psr ta iniag t o Ns~srolulr have been found. In rapid sucoession during the 1870s aad ear ly 1880s, however, Protes tant missionaries and resident t raders cane t o Mmoluk. The Reverend E, T, Doane stopped b r i e f ly at Namoluk i n 1874 aboard t he ~ i i s s i o n vessel S t a r ( ~ o a n e 1874: 2w) , and on 1 December 1879 a young Poncapean missionary couple took up residence on the a t o l l (Miasion~~sy Herald 1880:175), The Br i t i sh t rading schooner d id not land a pasty when she reached Namoluk on 19 April 1875 bac e could loca o pass through the reef (~obe r t son 1877: 51-52), but despi te t h e s of Namaluk's barrier reef , a young American t rader , Cearge Bzlrrows, s e t t l e d b r i e f ly on the a t o l l i l a 1880, and he w a s succeded shor t ly thereaf te r by a Dutch t rader named mJLcebt* i n 1881 (westwood 1905: 119, 131). Unfortunately, we lack records fo r many of t he ships t ha t must have called a t Namoluk during t h i s period, although we do know t h a t t h e Henderson and MacFaxlane trading vessel Belle Cap* a in H a r r i e s , v i s i t ed t h e a t o l l i n ear ly 1880 ( ~ a n a 1935: 10 t h i s time on, Naaol&@s e s n h c t with t he outside world increased s tead i ly , and con- t a c t has h e n more o r l e s s continuous under t h e C e r u , Japanese, and AFtlericaasl colonial administrations. Naaaoluk is a small, triangnlar-rshap& cora l a t o l l located at 5' 55* north l a t i t u d e and 153' 0 8 b s a s t longitude, approximately 200 ki lo- meters southeast of TJpUk i n the Eastern Caroline Islands, Namolukfs nearest neighbors atre Eta1 Atoll , ly ing sone 56 kilometers t o t h e s a d h e a s t , and Lasap Atol l s i tua ted 105 kilometers t o t he northwest. Roughly 1.5 kilometers on each s ide , Pianoluk@s reefs completely encirc le a lagoon of about 7.5 square kilometers. Reference t o p la te 1 shows that t he a t o l l is divided i n t o f i v e i s l e t s r Namoluk, Lukan, TBinola, Uaap, and Ames (also spel led has). The t o t a l land a rea of these f i v e i s l e t s is ,834 square kilometers o r around 83 hectares, and is d is t r ibu ted as follows a Nmoluk (31 hectares), Amwes (28 hectares), Tbinom (23. hectares), Lukan (l,$ hectares), and Umap ( l , 5 hectases). It is of geological i n t e r e s t t o note that Ltitke (1835) circuaulavi- gat& t h e a t o l l ea r ly i n 1828 and reported only four i s l e t s , Given the r e l i a b i l i t y accorded Llltke's observations by his tor ians , it seers unlikely t h a t t h i s number is i n error. Less than twenty years l a t e r , another r e l i a b l e observer of t he Pac i f ic scene v i s i t ed Namoluk and nentioned t h a t t h e a t o l l consisted of f i v e i s l e t s (~heyne 1852s 129). On t h e basis of t h i s evidencte, it seeas probable t h a t Umap and Tbinom I s l e t s separated i n to two d i s t i n c t landforms sometiae between 1828 and 1846. Perhaps t h e sea broke through during a severe typhoon of uhioh we havs no record (see pla te 2). Nmoluk's lagoon, which drops t o a depth of 42 fathoms a t its center, is among t h e d d ~ p e s t in the Pac i f ic , and the ocean waters sur- rounding the a t o l l reabh depths well over 400 fathoms only 1.5 kilometers offshore, Soaetime between June 1944, when t h e U.S. Navy made an a e r i a l phstomosaic of Nsllnoluk (plate l), and October 1969, when the research rego&& here began, an "unncu~sd~ s i x t h i s l e t t o which Bryan (1971) Rakes reference merged with T6inam and now forms the northwest t i p of that i s l e t , Actually, t h i s piece of land (named C ~ L ) was never a sepa- r a t e i s l e t at a l l , but ra ther a sandbar covered with scrub vegetation (espeoially acidwlsr), and connected t o t h e northwest end of Tbinom. A t high t i d e t h i s sandbar was separated from Tt)inon by a shallow channel of water! at low t i d e it was joined t o Ttlinom, and a small salt-water pool formed between them. Informants r e c a l l t h i s pool as an e f fec t ive natural f i s h t rap . REEF'S AND CURRENTS Contrary t o t he slap of Nmoluk Atoll presented i n Bryan (1971), which is reproduced from U.S. Hydrographic Office Chart 54.25, taken i n t u rn from a Japanese sketch survey done i n 1924, there is no boat passage o r break in ihe reef as shown between h u e s a,nd Namoluk I s l e t s . There axe several natural surge channels through which outrigger canoes can make t h e i r way (often with d i f f i cu l ty ) , and one of these -- located near Maoluk I S M ~ on the southwest s ide -- has been a r t i f i c i a l l y deepened by blas t ing t o permit outboard motorboats t o pass a t high t ide . This channel w a s f i rs t widened and deepened by blas t ing as part of a governmental reconstruction program on Nmoluk following Typhoon Phyl l i s i n 19j8; addi t ional work was carried out i n 1973. .Even so, passage through t h i s channel requires a tortuous one-quarter mile t r i p from the beach t o open sea. During the research period, th ree bot t les containing messages were found on the northeast s ide of Tbinom I s l e t (which is the direc) t i o n from which the prevail ing tradewinds blox). The information on these nates may be of i n t e r e s t t o students a f Pac i f ic currents, and t h e relevant da ta are suramarisad below (see t ab l e 1). A da i ly weather log was nsaintainM on Nmoluk f o r a nineteen month period f'roa 1 Jan- 1970 t o 31 July 1971. A n i n h thermoat- e t a r and a rain gauge were read an8 r e se t every twenty-four hours a t 6130 A.M., and the resu l t ing data a r e presented i n t a b l e 2. Nmoluk is on the eastern edge of the typhoom be l t i n the western Paoif ic , and as such the a t o l l is v is i ted by destruct ive s t o m s only infiequently. The typhoon of 27 March 1907 tha t devastated the Lower Mortlock Islands, causing over 200 deaths there, d id nibt s t r i k e Neuaoluk severely (Anonpours 1907: 864), although olaer informants r e c a l l t h a t heavy seas washed inland on Awes I s l e t . Likewise, it does not appear that t he typhoon of e d l y December 1935 did much damage t o Namoluk (u.s. Navy 1944.8 6). On 24 and 25 Hay 1958, however, Typhoon Phyl l is , packing winds over 100 miles per hour, passed just north of NamoluEr caus iw extensive damage. I n br ie f , physical destruction was as follows 1 Prac t ica l ly 7% Sf all t r e e s were completely uprooted. The remaining 25% were mere s t u p s s t icking 15 o r 20 f e e t i n to the air. The damage t o homes and community buildings was complete. Fortunately only one person w a s l o s t during the storm. Dssfimction of the islands* canoes was complete ( ~ a v i s 1949ar 13). I n the aftermath of Phyl l is , allaost 100 percent subsistence w a s $iven Namoluk people by the Trust Terr i tory government i n t he form of r i c e , f lour , and C-rations f o r well over a year, A garelening and coconut replant ing program was begun on t h e a t o l l , and mter ia le , were provided by t h e government t o rebui ld homes and commurnity buildings, Before t h e tgplaoon sr few breadfrui t t r e e s grew sn Lukan and Umap I s l e t s ; s ince 1958 there have been none. Before t he typhoon mere than 100 pigs r o a e d and rooted about on h u e s Islet; s ince 1958 t h e p ig population on t h e a t o l l has not exceeded f o r t y animals. It is s m a l l wonder %ha& Typhoon Phyl l i s has become an inde l ib le t h e masker f o r Na&oluk people, I n February 1970 and April 1971, t r op i ca l s t o r m Hmcy and Any blew over Namoluk causing some damage t o plant^, Amy l a t e r g r e w i n to a typhoon and caused over four million do l l a r s worth of damage on Truk proper and on the a t o l l s t o t h e north af Truk, H o s t recent ly , a t a m m i h i t Narnoluk on 17 January 1972, sweeping inland ts t h e t a r o swamp and doing considerable harm t o t a ro and other p lan ts not to le ran t of salt water (&rippa 1972), NON-AVIAN TlimaismsAL VEmERRATES In a brief discussion of Nwoluk's fauna, Girsehner (1912,126) wrote r There, are also few animal species, M m a l s r t h e f l y ing dog, rat, ca t , pig (new ex t inc t because of the darnage it d id t o p lan ts ) and t h e domestic dog, which was a l so got ten rid of f a i r l y recent ly because of its bi t ing habi ts ,,, Reptiles: four k h d s of li and ~ccaadsiondly (sea) t u r t l e s ( the soup and oamet v w i e t i e s ) ( t r m s l a t i o n by Diana ~aughan), To a large degree t h i s list reslains desor ipt ive of #amolukgs nonavian t e r r e s t r i a l fauna today, s presently found on the a t o l l include t h e "f lying foxn o r f r u i t bat (&) ( ~ i m c h n e r ~ s "f lying dogH), t he ca t (katu), - t h e p ig (@I two speeies of rat (waninel), and as of 1972, t h e dog (kolek). O f these ~sanuaals, only t h e f r u i t bat ( ~ t e r a p u s p,) ocaurs on a l l of t h e i s l e t s . Dogs were not kept on Namoluk from 1863 t o 1972 because of t h e i r uncleanliness and t h e t rouble they caused among people. Correspondence with persons on the a t o l l reveals that dogs were reintroduced fraa EtaL Ato l l and Truk during 1972. Judging from Girschnergs comment (191.21126)~ t h e keeping of dogs has been a cycliu phenomenon on Naraoluk; a similar cycPiesb1 pat tern f o r keeping dogs has been reported t o me by Vern oll f o r Nukuoro Atoll , The ca t population of approximately f i f t y e~niraals is concentrated heavily on Naoluk I s l e t ? based on observations and inforwsnts* s t a t e - aente,, fewer than twenty semi-feral cata are presmthd t o l i v e on Tl)inom and h u e s , and Lukan and U q have no cats, I n February 1971 there were twenty-seven pig5 om the a tol l - -a l l on Namoluk Islet where they a r e kept penned o r tethered, Rats occur i n great abundance en the th ree l a rges t i s l e t q , and it is common t o observe thema scurrying a b u t i n broad daylight. Trapping e f f o r t s i n 1991 give credence t o IscaX s t o r i e s c l a b i n g LukaLn I s l e t t o be rat-free. Dstai%& obewabtisna on mm-miw interact ion, and the trapping af Bore than 640 rats were accomplished as p& of a seroepi$emiologLc study of t o x o p l ~ m o s i s c a r r i d out i n 1970 and 1971 ashal all 1972; Wallace, Marshdl and Marshall 1972), and no rats were captured on Lukan I s l e t although consistently high catehes were ;Btade evesywhese else the traps wese set, Rats ds occur on Umap I s l e t , but i n t e r e s t i q l y dl sixty-three of those trapped &here during f ive days of trapping were Rattus ratt-e This datum is s t r i k ing because of all the rats l i v e trap'psd on the a t o l l in 1971, 64 percent (420/658) were BaLtus ex.\ iLa~~, a d on9y 36 percent (238/658) were Rat tus m t t u s , No sa t i s fac tory explanation is at hand f o r why Rattus exulans evidently has f a i l e d t o colorril~e Ump I s l e t , Nine li-d species were e o l l e c t d on N w l u k I s l e t i n duns and duly 1971 and placed i n the Bernice P. Bishop Musestaen, Honoldu, Hawaii, Through the kind assistance of Alan C. Ziegler, Va r t eba t e Zoologist at t h e Bishop Musem, these specimen$ have been ident i f ied by Ric G. Zweifel of t h e American Husewn o f Natural History i n New York. The col lect ion may be taken as representative but not exhawtive b e c a w t h e sample sise w a s r e l a t i ve ly small (N=P~), and specimens wese acquired from only on# of t h e f i v e islets fn t he a t o l l . A t l e a s t one species of gecko is known t o be missing from t he col lect ion s ince it repeatedly eluded capture, This was a la rge var ie ty (approxiatately 300 ~ p i ~ l i m e t a t r % i ) t h a t l i v e s in the crown of coconut palms and has b e n observed eat ing smdller gackos, All geckos a r e crtlled ( l i t e r d l y ' s t i cks t o t he r a f t e r s * ) on Nanroluk. auld t h e followina: four s ~ e c i e s a r e known t o be ~ r e s e n t t The Cyrtodactylus geeko w a s observed at night only on perhaps ca half a dosen occtasions. Whenever it w a s seen, it w a s always on ox near t h e ground, and it quickly s c u r ~ i d i n t o a hole when approaohd, A l l of t h e rewaihing species of geckos were seen nightly, iaasd were ubiquitous i n & on heuses and on the truriks and i n the crowns of coca- nut palm. All of t he spechens taken were captured at night e i t he r i n our corrugated t i n outhouse o r on t h e outside cement walls of our house, Generally, geckes -came act ive labout 4830 P.M,; they were not t o be seen outside during t h e day unless disturbed froaa hiding. Occasionally, geckos were observed feeding indoors during the day on r i p e lxtnaam, gnats and f l i e s , and sp i l l ed aooking o i l , Skinks a r e very nmerous on a11 of t he islets throughout t he under- b u s h and climbing on t r e e trtlnks (especially coaonut and k e a d f h i t trees). The f i v e species l i s t e d below have been ident i f ied f o r Namolukt (1) Eugongylw a lbofwsio la tus (BBM-5469). (2) Naoluk people r e f e r t o the skink as _ _ _ _ I C P - _ I I _ _ kuel en l e m e a l "imrd t h a t hides ia t he hela ing v@ssel@ , and t h i s species is nuch delest& b e a w e sf its Lmge si%e and fearsome appear- ance, Furthemore, kuel en l e aweal play a r o l e in black magic which may help explain the gene- r e p w w c e t o w e them it is believed that t o drem one has been bi t ten by one of these s k i m is a s ign that one hLbs been soresfizsd, Biggest ame n the a t o l l , and usually slow and methodie of 8aovemcsnt can run rapidly when almsd, rurs act ive durin have observed the& feed and garwe while i n dead leaves and coconut fronds. These s k i d s apa3se round under f a l l en logs rocks, The skink, cal led looarlly, is e x t r e ~ e l y p l e n t i f a , and nonaally faund sc&&ing the trunlps of b e a d f m i t t r ee s , The three species of E ~ o i a skinka are referred t o calLec.tively as puwal by Narnoluk people. Although these species do c l b b t r ee s on occasion, they are mostly seen running a b u t i n the undesbush and on f a l l e n logs, The l w g e monitor li ( ~ n a n u s t h a t was introduced by the Japanese f o r rat oontrol on Truk and i n the Lower Mortlock Islands (~tsl , Lukmor, wid Satawan ~ t o l l s ) w a s never brought t o Namoluk? its loca l m e is kaluf, There ase no snakes, land to r to i se s or mphibians on the a t o l l . 0 NON-AVICAN FAUNA undemater n e w the lagoon shore, and now and again they come ashore .to l a y t h e i r eggs on the seawan% s ide of APnwes I s l e t . Turt les of any sied Blre k i l l e d whenever possible f o r t h e i r h i g h l y - p r i d meat and f o r t h e i r s h e l l s which w e a valuable item of trade. Several t e r r e s t r i a l decapod cpustacea are p len t i fu l on the a t o l l and form an importanPI comwnent of the land fauna, The eoconut crab ( ~ i r ~ u 8 la t ra) ; known t o ~ m o l u k people as manta, and a good-siesd burrowing species--probably Cardisom s .--call& rakum, are p a t of the regular human d i e t . Hexmit crabs Coenobita &5JTrawl nearly everywhere. P AVIAN FAUNA A shor t research note on t h e avifauna of Namoluk Atol l already has appeared (Harshall 1971). The purpose of t h i s sect ion is t o expand t h e e a s l i e r account with addi t ional infonaation. Fourteen faailies of birds containing twenty-one species have been recorded f o r Nagzoluk in addition t o two other f a a i l i e s t h a t formerly were represented but now have died out. O f t h e fourteen f d l i e s , seven (containing eleven species) a r e resident breeders an t h e a t o l l , four families (containing s i x species) a r e r ular v i s i t o r s t o Naroluk, stnd another three famil ies (with four species "5 axe seen occas~ionally on the a t o l l . The W i d a e csomprise t he most numerous famiIly on Namolak both i n t o t a l numbers and nusaber of species. Next most ntmerous are t h e Scolopacidaw as regular migratory viei tors . I n 1912, G b c h n e r reported that: Tuenty-two birds were lnaa~ed [by Na~oluk people I , including the Frui t dove asgo go phage oceanioa), which no longer exis ted a t the t h e , but was ostensibly k i l l ed by t h e rrissisnaries, a bright s t a r l i n g (Caloxnia pacif ica) , not very popular with t h e natives bemuse it ea t s t h e i r b a ~ ~ , papayas. e t c r r a kind of reed - - - thrush (hlasnoherpe syriax), the only bird with a pleasant s o w , a lovely red and black honeyeater (Hyzomela rubrata), two herons, two sandpipers, two marsh birds, one kind of w i l d duck, various sea birds W i n g t h e i r hones there f a r varying lengths of time, and f i n a l l y t he chicken. Since the typhoon of 1905, which devastated Ponape, t h e srd.1 parrot from t h a t is land l i ves on Namoluk, forced the re by the storm ( t ranslat ion by Diana .~aughan) ( ~ b s c h n e r 19121 123-126). Later, i n a list of Nmoluk voaabulary, Girschner gives the Namoluk nmes f o r twenty-one kinds of birds (19131 182), and from these two b i t s of infomation it is possible t o ident i fy posi t ively s ixteen species still t o be found on Nauaoluk i n 1969-1971. Although Girschner mentions "a bright s t a r l i ngw when discussing the twenty-two birds named by hie, i n f o m t s , he l a t e r fails t o provide the native name f o r t h i s bird: &. This accounts f o r t h e discrepancy between h i s statement t h a t there were twenty-two naged birds (19121125)~ and hiar list of only twenty-one bird names (1913:1$2), I n t he annotated list of birds presented below, those mentioned by Girschner t h a t can be ident i f ied are so noted. Namsoluk maes are given given in pa~enthsses a f t e r t h e coreaon name) s c i s a t i f i c iden t i f ica t ions follow Baker (1951). ANNOTATED LIST OF NAMOLUK BIBlX Puff inus w a i f icus Ocoasional v i s i t o r . Comon i n t he v i c in i ty of Truk's high islands, I saw t h i s species only once at Namoluk when a f lock of t e n birds acoompanied t h e a r r i v a l of a government f i e l d t r i p vessel from Truk on 17 Hay 1971, The birds stayed a l l morning, skbming t h e waves and soaring up i n t o the air, providing ample opportunity f o r posi t ive ident i f icat ion. This bird is not mentioned i n Girschner (1912, 1913), and sheamraters were never observed t o land on t h e a t o l l . I PHAETHONTIDAE WHITE-TAILED TROPICBIRD (&) Phaethon lepturus Resident breeder. The population of t ropicbirds on Namoluk is estimated not t o exueed f i f t y birds, a l l of which nest i n breadfruit t r e e s (frequently in clumps of A s lenium nidus) on Amwes and Tbinor I s l e t s . Noted by Girsehner ?-- 19138182) by its looa l name, this bird is eaten by humans as often as it can be caught. The technique f o r oaphure is t o note an adulL s i t t i n g on a clutch of eggs, and f o r one person t o set up a t e r r i b l e racket a t t h e base of t he t r e e , The noise so f r ightens and d i s t s a e t s t he bird t h a t another person is able t o climb up the apposite s i d e of t he t r e e huzd snatch t h e bird from its nest (of, BaylissSmith 1972 f o r a s i m i l e report f o r Ontong ~ a v a ) . SULIDAE BROWN m B Y (apwana;) Sula leucogaster - Occasional v i s i t o r . A group of four birds was spot ted just of f t h e southwestern s ide of t h e a t o l l on 5 Mach 1970. Apparently, they had aooolapanied a sh ip which had arrived ear ly t h a t morning. A lone specimen was seen f ly ing froa t h e southeast t o t he northwest auross the lagoon on 6 May 1971, soon after Typhoon Amy had passed through Truk Dis t r ic t . While t h i s species was noted by Girsohner (19$3:182), these were the only ooca- s i o m that I observed boobies anywhere i n the v i c in i ty sf Nam~luk. I never saw them a l igh t on t h e a t o l l . F r n ATIDAE GREATER FRIGATEBIRD (~usaf) fiegata minor Regular v i s i t or. Said by informants t o breed i n t h e Lower Hortlecks where they a m reportedly sometimes kept as pets , t h e m m j e s t i o birds do not nest on Namoluk. Usually they a r e seen soaring high i n the sky preceding storsly weather, and none was ever obsenred by me t o land on t h e a t o l l . They were mentioned by Girsohner (19138182) who a l so noted t h a t a SsQaLebircjl wing was stuck i n t he h a i r of t h e m k a l ' a t o l l chief* at h i s i nves t i t u r e (1912:162), Fr igatebirds were spotted several t h e s a monLh thoughout t h e year. LARIDAE BUCK-NAPED TERN (=a) Sterna sumatrana Resident breeder, 1 estiraate t h e population of these t e rn s at f i f t y t o 100 birds, They nest on sandbars and exposed reef outcroppings, and were seen al.laost daily m u a l l y f l y ing i n pa i r s , Cirschner (19131182) notes them by t h e i r Namoluk name, aIESTED TmN (arafao) Thiallasseus b r g i i Resident breeder. SemnSJng t h e sha l lom and then plunging suddenly i n to t h e water t o emerge with f i s h dangling from t h e i r beaks, these t e rn s a r e among t h e mare spectacular bi rds t o watch on t h e a t o l l . Their numbers axe not l a g s -- estimated at no more than f i f t y b i rds -- and they nes t on t h e b i ted i s l e t s . Crested t e rns were mentioned by Girschner (1913: 182)~ BRQWN H@DDY (kokok) Anous s to l i dus - Resident breeder. Easily t h e most abundant bird on the a t o l l , these noddies pas t icu la r ly l i k e t o nest 3.n pandanus and i n t h e crowns of coconut galms. Wy wife and I ra i sed two as pets while res ident on Nmoluk, Brown noddies are eaten frequently by people who k i l l them with elingshots o r by well- aimed rocks. Although t h i s species was not c i t ed by Girschner by its loca l name, it is inconceivable t h a t it w a s not present i n l9lO. It appears l i k e l y t h a t what Girschner recorded as kirekak (19138182) is what now is aal ldd kokok on Nawoluk, especial ly s ince the word kirekak f a no longer i n use, NODDY (resh) Anous t e n u i r o s t r i s - Resident breeder. Next t o t h e brown noddy and t h e Micronesian s t a r l i ng , black noddies rank t h i r d i n abundance on the a t o l l , They nes t i n breadfruit t r e e s and a r e regularly captured fo r food. One was r a i s ed as a pet by ply wife and me, Cited by Girschner (19131182) as *, black noddies are pa r t i cu l a r ly well established on h u e s I s l e t , WHITE OR FAIRY TERH (ekiek) 19. alba - Resident breeder. Mixed flocks of feeding f a i r y t e r n s and noddies a r e used by Nantobuk fishermen as ind ica tors of probable s c h o ~ l s of tuna, and t h e f locks of birds a r e followed by canoes and motorboats i n pursui t of t h e i r quarry, Fairy t e r n s number w e l l over 700 birds and they comonly nest on t h e bare hranehes of breadfrui t t r e e s on t h e three ' largest i s l e t s , They were l i s t e d as present by Cirschner (19131182), and my wife and I acquired one as a chick which we kept as a pet t h e e n t i r e time t h a t we l ived on t h e a t o l l , I n addit ion, we fed and re leased another f a i r y t e rn chick when it was old enough t o f l y . After t h e two species of noddy and hhe s t a s l i ng , f a h y t e r n s are guessed t o rank four th i n abundance on t h e a t o l l , REEF HERON (15rlJ) - sacra Resident breeder, Usually seen alone o r so~e t i rnes i n pa i r s , these s t r i k i n g white bi rds nest on a l l o f t h e uninhabited i s l e t s . Hests were noted both i n lagoon s t rand vegetation and i n pandanus t r e e s , Reef herons have been tarried and kept as pe t s by Namoluk people i n t h e pas t , and informants a s s e r t t h a t they e a t skinks and geckos along with t h e i r more usual d i e t of f i sh . I est imate t h a t the re a r e no more than twenty-five t o t h i r t y of these b i rds on t h e a t o l l . They a r e mentioned twice by Girschner (1912: 126, 1913; 182). AUSTRALIAN GREY DUCK ( Qcoas iona l v i s i t o r . This b i rd was not seen by me although Gbachner laehkions it i n two places (1912: 126; 1913: 182). 1nformant.s repor t that t h e ducks come s h g l y o r i n p a i r s t o t h e main t a r o swamp on Nmaluk I s l e t , and several d i f f e r en t people reported having seen them a t v ~ i o ~ t i a e s during t h e l a t e 196%. DOMESTIC FYlWL (malok) Gallus Resident breeder. This is the only b i rd on EJamoluk known t o have been brought t o t h e a t o l l by human agency. There were approximately 450 fowl an Mamoluk I s l e t i n 1971, along with a small undetermined number gone wild on h w e s and minom, Several d i f f e r en t types are named and recognized loca l ly , including pweshepwesh *white*, magalegal 'mixed colors ' , p a p a x *rede ( referr ing t o Rhode Is land red s tock introduced Trom t h e Department of Agriculture on Truk), and s a w l i t e r a l l y @ S a p 1 , a grey, mottled var ie ty . Nearly every dmmestic un i t owns several. fowl, and chiakens constantly forage i n and around people's houses. Chickens a r e ident i - f i e d as malokemwth ' roos te r9 , l i s i n g e r 'hen', and l i s i u p 'chick'. While chioken f l e s h is a p r i d f e a s t food, few people on t h e a t o l l consume hen's eggs. PACIFIC GOLDEN PLOVER (u) Pluv i a l i s dominica Regular v i s i t o r . The c r y of t h e golden plover is familiar t o every ch i ld on Naiaoluk as it is a regular winter v i s i t o r . Girechner (19138182) mentions t h e plover, and a l o c a l s t o r y w a s r e la ted t o me about where t h e plovers go when they leave Namoluk i n t h e l a t e spring. According t o t h e s to ry , t h e plovers f l y up i n t o t h e sky, higher and higher, u n t i l they reach heaven, There they l a y t h e i r eggs. Once l a i d , t h e eggs immediately begin f a l l i n g toward ea r th , and by t h e time they near t h e ground they have hatched i n t o young golden plovers f u l l y capable of f l i g h t and of f inding t h e i r way once: again t o Namoluk's beanhes. WHIMBREL (l iakak) Numenius phaeopus Regular v i s i t o r . Wornaally feeding i n s o l i t a i r e by dipping t h e i r long, g racefu l ly curved beaks i n to exposed sand flats at low t i de , these bi rds were present on Namoluk throughout t h e winter months and as l a t e as mid-June. Whimbrels were l i s t e d by Girschner (19138 182). AmWICAN WANDERING TATTLER (ilil) Heteroscelucs inaranwu Regular v i s i t s r . T a t t l e r s were observed almost da i l y Tram October t o May running alsng t h e shore -- especia l ly anong exposed ooral boulders, loratally, t a t t l e r s were found alone o r i n pairs. Girschner (19131182) mentioned them by t h e i r Namoluk name, RUDDY TURNSTONE ( Arenaria i n t erpres Regular v i s i t o r , Sk i t t e r i ng along t h e sand i n groups of from two t o twenty bi rds , turnstones spend t h e i r winters searching Nmolukos shorel ine f o r food. Fran Girschner's repor t (1913:183), they were alsa present i n t he ea r ly l9OOs. COMMON SANDPIPER (msminkapuchupueh) Act i t u s hypoleucos Occasional v i s i t o r , According t o informants t h i s species is infrequently encountered on Namoluk. I observed a s ing l e specimen at a d i s t m c e of a b u t f i f t e e n rrleters on 17 July 1971, and a t f irst I mistook it f o r a turnstone, My companion imraediately corrected me and gave me t h e bird's correct Namoluk name, The sandpiper was feeding by i t s e l f r i g h t along t h e wave l h e on t he ocean s i d e beach, dipping its b i l l i n t o t h e sand. Its back was greyish and its bel ly w a s white; c loser inspection showed it t o be sna l l e r thrtn a wandering t a t t l e r with a s o f t e r cxy and a s l i g h t l y sho r t e r b i l l . I saw t h i s species on Namolak only onae, and it w a s not recorded by Girsohner , LONG-TAILED NEW ZEALAND CUCKOO ( l i k a p i l e i ) Eudynamis t a i t e n s i s Regular v i s i t o r . I d id not observe t h i s bi rd , although I heard it twice on Namoluk I sge t , and it w a s seen by other persons on T6Bnoat during my regidence, Apparently, it passes through Nauaoluk on migration t o and from its regular breeding grounds i n New Zetrland (cf . Baker 1951 r 215). The cuckoo w a s not mentioned by Gkschner, NIGHTINGALE REED WARBLER (liahok ) Acrocephalous l u sc in i a Resident breeder. Iden t i f i ed by Girschner (1912: 126, 1913: 182) as Calamoherpe syriax, t h i s bi rd was observed by me da i ly , It feeds heavily on insec t s , and may be presumed t o occur on a l l f i v e i s l e t s . O f the- th ree w i l d xesi- dent breeding land b i r a s ( s ta r l ing , honeyeater, and warbler), t he uarb ls r is l e a s t abundant, Even so, I guess t h e i r population t o be between 400 and 500 f o r t he a t o l l , HICROPTEsIAN STARLING (&) Aplonis apacus Resident breeder. This glossy, black, i nqu i s i t i ve bird with a bright yellow eye is the aos t p r o l i f i c and bold of Namoluk's land birds, and I estimate it t o be second i n numbers only t o t h e brown noddy, Nearly everywhere one goes i n t he brush on t h e a t o l l , a * tags no i s i l y along, They a r e good mimics, and uontrary t o Girschner's asse r t ion that t h e reed warbler is the only Namoluk bird "with a pleasant song," Micronesian s t a r l i n g s are capable of f i n e singing. Hy wife and I raised a young s t a r l i n g as a pe t and often sat entranced at its v i r tuos i ty when it would launch i n t o f i v e minutes of uninterrupted whistles, trills, and warbles, Girschner (19121 125-126) iden t i f i ed t h e s t a r l i n g as Calomia pacifies. These birds usually make t h e i r nes t s i n pandanus and coconut t r ee s , and they feed predoninantly on f r u i t , notably en beLnanas, papayas, Horinda u i t r i f o l i a , Crateva speciosa, and Eugenia SQ. O u r pet also enjoyed f r e sh raw f i s h , coeonut meat, and an ts , and along with h i s w i l d counterparts he was par t icu la r ly fond of banana blossoms, Children hunt starlings with s l ingshots and e a t them when they are successful. Resident breeder, These, t h e aost beautifully colored of Na~~oluk's birds, were obsemed on a l l f i v e islets; Girschner lists them as PIyzomela rubrata (1912r126, 19131182). They appear t o feed almost e n t i r e l y om neatax, and they are especially partial t o banana blossoms, Honeyeaters a r e eaten by people only r w e l y , COLrn IDAE MICRONESIAN PIGEON (lisoam, w i t i w i t , manekan) Ducula oceaniaa Extinct breeder, Girsohner (19121125 repor t s t h a t t h i s bi rd (which h6 iden t i f i ed as Carpophaga oceanica 1 formerly existed on Namoluk, but had been exter- minated p r i o r t o h i s v i s i t . Pigeons are good t o ea t , and probably were k i l l e d off as a result of t h e introduction of firearms by t r ade r s i n t h e 18809 and 1890s before t he Gerslan administration confiscated such weapons. The species has not reestablished i t s e l f on Namoltik, although reportedly it still occurs i n t h e lower Mor*looks ason on, personal communiaat ion), PONAPE LORY (no Nmoluk name) Trichoglossuer rubiginosus Extinct breeder. According t o Girschner (19121126), t h i s species was blown t o 1Yamiluk i n a typhoon i n 1905, and apparently it still occurred on the a t o l l at t he t h e of h i s v i s i t , There are no l o r i e s at present on Namoluk nor can anyone a l i v e on t he a t o l l i n 1971 renenber seeing them, Besides mentioning the Micronesian pigaron and. t he Ponape lory, Cirschner (19131182) provides t he Namluk names f o r three other species t h a t no longer a r e found on the a t o l l . By the names Girschner gives, none of my infomants could describe these t h ree species. This is probably a r e s u l t both of vocabulary changes and of possible a l t e r a t ions i n the avifauna during the s i x t y years interne&- between Girschnergs research and my own. Despite these s l i g h t discrepancies, however, one is st ruck by the remarkable s t a b i l i t y of t h e bird species found on Ns~lnoluk during the twentieth century, H A small type of heronw (erenshuumenwo) ( ~ i r s c h n e r 1913r182) can be only one of t h ree poss ib i l i t i e s , assuming the accuracy of reports contained i n Baker (1951). Ei ther t he "small heronM was the black- orowned night heron (N ct iaorax npcticorax), the rufous night heron calaioniim-e Chinese l e a s t b i t t e rn , A 1 1 t h r ee of these species a r e reported f o r n t he basis of t he s i s e clue alone -- especial ly since Girsehnerls s i z e comparison is presumably with the reef heron -- I would presume t h e Chinese least b i t t e rn t o be the l i k e l i e s t candidate f o r t he bird Girschner reconis as erenshumenwo. A second bird mentioned by Girschner t h a t no longer is found on Nmoluk is *a small black and white birdM f o r which he gives the name lipukepuk. A study of Baker (1951) reveals only a s ing le l i ke ly possi- b i l i t y f o r t h i s speciest Lonchura nigerrima, t he black-bfeahted weaver finch. This finch is largely black and white, of small s i ae , and is known from Ponap and possibly frole Truk. Finally, a "sea birdH named l i s h i n i r i n matau is mentioned by Girschner (19138 182); I have absolutely no idea w h a t t h i s bird might be. #y infonarollts in 1970-1971 nmed a seabird not l i s t e d by Girschner and unseen by r e which I have been unable t o ident i fy , The Namoluk m e is sapal, and it is described by people on the a t o l l as a dark- colored, blunt-winged, gl iding seabird about t h e s i a e of - Anous t enu i ros t r i s (a petre l?) , Its most prominent charac te r i s t ic , s t ressed t o me over& w e r again, is t h a t it is always seen at sea and never ventures on land, I n oonnection with t h i s is a short s6ory which not only "explains" t h i s behavioral quirk, but a l s o ea r r i e s a message f o r its l i s t e n e r s emphasising the importanoe of helping and sharing with others -- a major cuZtural value on Namoluk, The s to ry notes t h a t t h e g h a s t - r n named Wweriker who w a s king of a l l the f i s h and birds kept h i s canoe i n a canoe house in heaven. One day he ca l led a l l of t he f i s h and birds t o come help him move h i s aanoe f r o m heaven down t o t he ocean, A l l of t h e f i s h and birds i n t he world cane t o help except Cwot a small minnow &led and a seabird named sapal. When klweriker l e a n e d t h a t these two had f a i l e d t o assist hira, he became very angry, and he decreed t h a t henceforth a l l other f i s h and birds would feed upon ti1 whenever they came upon them, and t h a t t he sapal mrs doomed never t o - set foot on land again. Hweriker decrsed that should the aapal have the teraerity t o a l i g h t on dry land it would hamediately d ie , This explains why, t o t h i s day, the sapal is never seen on land and why the t91 is devoured by a l l o ther f i s h and birds, - MARINE WOUllSKS A pr ivate co l lec t ion of marine rnollusk s h e l l s nuinbring over 400 specimens was aade whiie on Nanoluk, Discounting those cases where a given species is duplicated, I have iden t i f i ed approximately three- four ths of t h i s co l lec t ion using Abbott and Z i m (1962). It must be e ~ p h a s i s e d t h a t &his represents only a port ion of t h e t o t a l malluskan ree f fauna of Mamoluk, No e f f o r t was made t o co l l ec t every species, and t h e col lect ion is biased i n favor of t h e Bore a t t r a c t i u e s h e l l s t o be found. Nevertheless, it is f e l t t h a t t h e preliminary list given below may be of some i n t e r e s t t o Pac i f ic walacologists, Of t h e sixty-seven species t h a t I have been ab le t o iden t i fy , s i x are exploited as edible s h e l l f i s h by people on t h e a t o l l : Nerita p o l i t a , Lambis l m b i s , Bursa bubo, Charonia t r i t o n i s , Tridacna gigas, and Tridacna noae. The l a t t e r t h r e e species a r e eaten regular ly , whereas t h e former t h r ee a r e consumed only i r regu la r ly , Several mollusk s h e l l s have had o r continue t o have important uses i n Nanoluk cul ture , Tiger cowries ( w r a e a t i g r i s ) with t h e crown of t h e s h e l l cut away are used by women as e f f ec t i ve scrapers f o r removing t h e ou te r skin of breadfrui t , and f r o a t h i s t i g e r cowries derive t h e i r Namoluk name: pwil -- en mei l i t e r a l l y 'breadf2ui.t s h e l l v . The horned h e h u t h assi is cornuta) does not grow on lagloluk but Naaoluk people used t o import these s h e l l s from o ther a t o l l s t o be hollowed out and used as cooking vessels ca l l ed - mweal, With t h e easy a v a i l a b i l i t y of metal and g l a s s c o n t a h e r s today, helmut s h e l l s no longer a r e used in t h i s way, The b u l l mouth helmut (~ypraecass ia rufa), which is scarce on Nanoluk, is employed i n a manner similar t o t h e horned helmut as a mixing receptable f o r l o c a l herbal medicines. Two unident i f ied species of t he f d l y Spondylidae a r e found on Namoluk ( ~ i r s c h n e r [1912] i d e n t i f i e s these as Spondylus flabellurn Reeve and Spondylus rubicundus ~ e e v e ) , and t he one with a reddish-orange l i p was sought by divers i n precolonial times t o make faulam 'valuable orange s h e l l d i sks8 which were polished, strung, and used as an important item of t r ade and decoration ( ~ i r s c h n e r 19121 1 9 ) . Final ly , as on other Pacif i o a t o l l s before t h e introduction of i ron, s h e l l s were shaped i n t o tools . On Narnoluk, t h e marlinspike ma ere bra rnaculata) and t h e g ian t clam ( ~ r i d a c n a gigas) were fashioned i n t o adze blades. The marlinspike becawe t h e blade of t h e kulukul ( l i t e r a l l y 'spinning adze' because t h e blade could be ro ta ted) , and t h e g i an t clam was t ransfomed in to s e l e 'flat chopping adze', Exanples of these two kinds of ad&e blades from surface archaeological co l lec t ions I made on Namoluk have been placed i n t h e Thomas Burke Memorial Washington S t a t e Weurn, Sea t t l e , Washington, PRELIMINARY CHECKLIST O F NAMOLUK MARINE NOUUSKS THAIDIDAE m m ROCK S BEAUTLRTIs ABALONE P I A C W T E D TOP TAPESTRY TURBAN W L I T A NERITE G T M KNOBBED CERITH BUBBLE CONCH H W R D CONCH SILVER CONCH BLOOD-MOIPTH CONCH COMMON S P I D E R CONCH GIANT S P I D E R CONCH P A C I F I C DEER COWRl3 GOLD -RINGER LYNX COWRIE TIGER COWRIE ARABIAN COWRIE HALIOTIDAE TROCHIDAE TURBINIDAE CYPRAEIDAE Turbo petholatus P C e r i t h i u m nod~osum S t r o m b u s - bulla S t r o a o b u s g ibb ru lw S t r o m b u s lent ig inosus C y p r a e a v i t e l lus C y p r a e a annulus C y p r a e a lynx C y p r a e a tigris C y p r a e a arabica 18 EGLANTINE COWRIE REEICULATED COWRIE EYED COWRIE MOLE COWRIE I S A B U COWRIE CARNELIAN COWRIE TORTOISE COWRIE HUMP-BACK COWRIE SNAKE-HEAD COWRIE ERODED COWRIE MAP COWRIE NUCLEUS COWRIE CHICK-PEA COWRIE MONEY COWRIE VIBEX BONNET BULL MOUTH HELMVT GRANULATED FROG SHELL GIANT FROG SHELL P A C I F I C TRITON PARTRIDGE TUN C y p r a e a eglant h a C y p r a e a m a c u l i f e r a C y p r a e a argus Ctypraea talpa C g p r a e a isabella C y p r a e a carneola C y p r a e a tas tudinar ia C y p r a e a naurit iana C y p r a e a caputserpentis C.y-uraea erosa C p r a e a m a p p a C y p r a e a nucleus C y p r a e a cioercula C y p r a e a m o n e t a CASSIDIDAE C a s m a r i a vibex - C y p r a e c a s s i s BURS IDAE B u r s a granularis - Bursa bubo -- CYMBTIIDAR Charonia t r i t o n i s TONMIDAX T o n n a perdix - OLIVIDAE PURPLE-EIOUTHED O L I V E O l i v a episcoperlis - VASIDAE PACIF'IC TOP VASE EPISCOPAL PIITGiR POrnIFICAL M I r n AUGER-LIKE HI TER LElTERED VENUS LEOPARD CONE GENEFfAL CONE EBURNEUS CONE HARBIZ CONE PACIFIC LETTERED CONE HEBREW CONE VIRGIN CONE DI-m CONE TEXTILE CONE LITHOGRAPH CONE GEOGRAPHY CONE MARLINSPIKE MUSCARIAAUGER TIGER AUGER EYED AUGER CRENULATA AUGER Vasum t urbinel lus MITRIDAE Hitra mitra -- Xitra s t i c t i c a - Mitra t e r e b r a l i s - Tapes literata CONIDAE Conus leopardus - Genus genera l i s - Conus m o r e u s - Conus l i t t e r a t u s - Conus ebraeus - Conus virgo - Conus d i s t a n s - Conus t e x t i l e - Conus l i toglyphus - Gonus geoaraphus - TWEBRIDAE Terebra maculata Tetrebra areolrtta Terebra felina Terebra ~ u t t a t a Terebra c renu la t s GIANT CLAM F'LUTED GIANT CLAM PACIFIC TIGER LUCINE: PUPTCTATA LUCIm TRIDACNIDAE Tridacna gigas Tridacna noae LUCINIDAE Codakia t i ge r ina Codakia punctata TEUINIDAE CARDIIDAE HALF-HEART COCKLE Hedcardiuna hemicardium I n addit ion t o t he s h e l l s l i s t e d above, members of t h e following f m i l i e s (genus and species unknown) are represented i n t h e aollectiont Arcidae, Pinnidae, and Spondylidae. Also t o be found on Namoluk are the cephalopod chambered naut i lus (~atitilus pompiliurs), although it is uncommon, and sever$l species of octopi. ACANTHASTPSI PLANCI Samples of gonad t i s s u e from Acanthaster planci were taken, along with t he s o f t t i s sue from Charonia t r i t o n i s , between 21 and Hay 1930 f o r L. R e McClosksy t o assist h i s work as a member of t h e Westinghouse Pac i f ic Reef S ta r f i sh Expedition i n 1969. Acanthaster has not exploded i n numbers on Narnoluk as it has elsewhere i n t he Pac i f ic (e.g,, on ~ruk), and the residue l eve l s of organochlorine psst ic ides reported f o r t h e t i s sues of specimens from the a t o l l were very low ( ~ c ~ l o s k e ~ and Deubert 1972). INSECTS Several hundred Naaoluk insec ts with accompanying information on place and time of capture (day o r night) fom a uollection in the Bernice Pa Bishop Museun, Honolulu, Hawaii, Taken during 1970-1971, nearly a l l of these specimens remain t o be iden t i f i ed , Two cock- roaches ( ~ e r i p l a n e t a aaericana and Pycnoscelus surinarnensis) and two f l i e s (~iusca domestics and Hemipyrellia =,, probably a a l i a n a ) have been i den t i f i ed by F'rank J, Radovsky, Acarologist, Bishop Piuseurs in ass i s tance of t h e Namoluk toxoplasmosis study s ince they were of poten- tial signif icance as mechanical vectors f o r t h e paras i t e , A s a separate en te rpr i se , ver tebrate ectoparas i tes were col lected from hmans, pigs, c a t s , fruit bats , both species of rats, chickens, a black noddy, and t h e l a rge Eugongylus skink f o r Nixon Wilson at t h e University of Northern Iowa, Iden t i f i ca t ions f o r some of these ecto- paras i t es have now been published ( ~ i l s o n 1972). VASCULAR r n R A Duplicate co l lec t ions of t h e vascular p lan t s of Namoluk Ato l l were made during June and July 1971, and have been deposited i n t h e National Herbarium, Washington, D, C , , and t h e Bernice Pa Bishop Huseura, Honoltilu, H a w a i i , With t h e exception of oer ta in l a rge well-known plan%s noted only by s igh t records (coconut, breadfrui t , t a ro , banana, papaya), these col lect ions a r e exhaustive, Although mosses, algae and fungi abound i n t h e a t o l l ' s moist, humid climate, no attempt was raade t o gather nonvascular p lants , Girschner claims t h a t i n t h e first decade of t h i s century Namoluk people could name about eighty p lan t s (1912: 125), and he provides a list of seventy-five of these names (1913~181-182). A few o t h e r p lan t s not included i n t h i s list a r e mentioned elsewhere i n t h e t e x t of h i s a r t i c l e (1912t14.0, 141, 157). It is unclear from Girschner's account whether t h e l is t of p lant names he collected re fe rs spec i f i c a l l y t o p l a t s growing on Namoluk at t h a t time o r whether it is simply a comp1ilation of a l l plant names known t o Namoluk pdrsons, whether o r not t h e p lan t s a c tua l l y grew on t h e a t o l l , Whatever t h e case, Girschner provides l o c a l names f o r twenty-three p lan t s t h a t a r e not fauna on t h e a t o l l today, While it is l i k e l y t h a t some of t h i s d i s - crepancy is a r e s u l t of l q u a g e change, it is equally probable t h a t some plant species have become ex t i nc t on Na~oluk i n t h e s i x t y y e a s s ince Girschner's v i s i t , I n 1971, Naaoluk informants had l o c a l names f o r ninety-eight p lan t s g~owing on t h e a t o l l , FLefteen of these p lan t s axe k n m t o have been introduced s ince Girschner's research, These awe as follows; Cenchrus echinatus, Panicum m a x h l u n , Zoysia matrel la, Hedychium coronarium, Mirabi l is Jalap, Annona muricata, Caesal i n i a pulcherrima, Ci t rus aurant if o l i a , Hibiscus (ornarPenta1 hy b r i m e n t a n d r a , - Cucurbita moschata, Polyscias f ru t icosa , Plumeria rubra, Coleus scutellariodels, and Capsicum frutescens , Of t h e twenty-three p lan t s l i s t e d by Girschnex t h a t no longer occur on Nmoluk, t he name of only one was fami l ia r t o most informants i n 1971; kamwitei 'sweet potato'. The f a c t t h a t sweet potatoes were introduaed t o t h e a t o l l i n t h e r e p l a n t h g fallowing t h e 1958 typhoon ( ~ a v i s 1959b) probably accounts f o r t h i s recognition. Sweet potatoes have not survived. Ten o ther p lants f o r which there a r e no l o c a l names a r e known t o have been brought t o Nmoluk within t h e past six-by years. The following species fa l l i n t o t h i s categoryr Araucaria heterophylla, Frragrostris t ene l l a , Pongamia pinnata, tata, and A s a general r u l e , where Namoluk people have a l o c a l name f o r a p l a t they have discovered uses f o r it, and where they have not given a plant a name they have not found ways t o use it. Only th ree of t h e ninety-eight named p lan t s are not used8 C s n c h w echinatus, Paspalm a d i s t i c h m , The former two of these appear I? e of ce r t a in notable charactexis t ics t Cenchrus echinatus is ca l led - sfAtan 'Satan' a f t e r its dev i l i sh thorns, and is known as f%tilinaw&n 'male grass1 os tensibly t h e male member. Seven of t he unnamed plan ts t h a t occur on t h e a t o l l are used, and f i v e of these a r e r e l a t i ve ly recent introductions. None of t h e uses LicuLarly imports t he t a r o gasdens, and Phyllanthus u r inar ia con t r ib f o r firewood, Cod and t h e wood of I n t s i a ed i n eonstruction, F i f t y e s v e n famil ies ~f vascular p lan t s are found on Namoluk, con- s i s t h g of 113 iden t i f i ed species and s i x specimens i den t i f i ab l e only by genus, This compares favorably with col leot ions from similar is lands elsewhere i n t h e Carolines: Fosberg (1969) repor t s 103 species f o r Satawal, and Fosberg and Evans (1969) record 120 species from Fais. Nine of t h e fifty-seven f a d l i e s present a r e represented by only one species known t o have been introduced i n t h e last s i x t y yews. These area Araucariaceae, Annonaceae, , Liliaceae, Bombaeaceae, Cucurfitaceae, Araliaceae, , and Acanthaceae. The Gramineae a r e the most comon on t h e a t o l l with t h i r t e en species, followed by t h e with e igh t species represented. Seventy-four Namoluk plants are e@ployed i n t radikional herbal medicine, This is an impressive pharmacopoeia, representing as it does three-fourths of t h e l oca l l y named p lan t s on the a t o l l , Readers in te res ted i n fu r the r d e t a i l s on t h e uses of p lan t s i n Trukese herbal medicine -- of which Namoluk herbal medicine is a pa r t -- a r e re fe r red t o Hahony (1970). A t t h e present time, t a r o excavations e x i s t only on Namoluk and Tbinorn I s l e t s , with t h e Nmoluk swamp by far t h e l a rger . Amwes I s l e t formerly had a t a r o swamp nemly as big as t h a t on Namoluk I s l e t , but when t he Amwes community was abandoned i n t h e l a t e 1930s t h e swamp was neglected, and it has become overgrown with a dense s tand of Hibiscus t i l e a c e u s and Glochidion. Lukan and Umap I s l e t s are too s m a l l t o have a fresh-water l ens , and consequently swamp t a r o has never grown t h e r e , The a t o l l ' s only mangrove f o r e s t t h r i v e s along t h e she l t e red lagoon shore of Amwes I s l e t , with both Rhizo hora mucronata and Bru- I---- -p i e r a gymnorhim growing i n abundance s e e p l a t e s 3 and 13). Associ- ated with t h e mangroves a r e s u b s t a n t i a l numbers of Thespesia populnea, Mangroves a l s o grow s i n g l y o r i n small c l m p s on t h e r e e f between Amwes and Umap and between Tbinom and Lukan I s l e t s ( see p l a t e 4). I n t h e annotated list of vascular p l a n t s t h a t appears below, t h e l e t t e r "G" has been added following t h e l o c a l name f o r a l l p lan t s mentioned by Girschner (1912, 1913). Annotated L i s t of t h e Vascular P lan t s of Namoluk A t o l l Eastern Caroline Is lands , Identifications by F. 2. Fosberg Aspleniurn nidus L. Found growing usual ly amidst dense brush o r on t h e trunks of t r e e s ( e spec ia l ly b readf ru i t ) ( see p l a t e 5). Leaves sometimes a r e used t o l i n e p i t s f o r preserved b readf ru i t and t o wrap food f o r cooking; young, unopened l e a f s t a l k s a r e employed i n l o c a l medicine. Occasionally, small b i t s of t h e t runk a r e cut t o plug lashing ho les on canoes t o r e t a r d leakage. Namoluk I. Marshall 46 (US) I "lek" (Birds nes t f e r n ) ; G, Athyriwn blumei (Bergsm, ) Copel. Grows commonly on t h e ground and on f a l l e n logs i n p a r t i a l shade, Leaves a r e used as mulch f o r Colocasia esculenta , and t h e unopened l e a f s t a l k , " trunk," and r o o t s f i n d use i n herbal medicine. Namoluk I. Marshall 78 (US); "imwen l i l e s . " Nephrolepis a c n t i f o l i a ( ~ e s v . ) Chris t Normally found epiphyt ic on t r e e t runks ( see p l a t e 6) . Leaves serve a s a wrapper f o r b readf ru i t , and t h e l e a f l e t s are plucked o f f a s a s o r t of "adding machinef' t o keep t r a c k of breadfrui t being harvested i n heavily overgrown areas, The y o u l e a f s t a l k is used i n medicinal concbctioni. Namoluk I. MGS~CI 26 (US)$ - " a m b O ; " G , Nephrolepis b i s e r r a t a (SW. ) Scha t t ? To be found in dense brush and shade on t h e ground and on f a l l e n logs (see p l a t e 6). Uses are t h e same as f o r Nepholepis a c u t i - f o l i a -- Nmoluk people do not d i f f e r e n t i a t e between t h e s e two species. Nwoluk I. H m s h a l l 68 (US); H ~ ; " G. Polypodium scolopendria Burm. f . Very common on t h e ground and growing up t h e trunks of b readf ru i t and coconut t r e e s . Leaves a r e used i n l e i s and t o cover food t o be baked i n an e a r t h oven before d i r t is p i l e d on, and t h e leaves and runners a r e used medicinaLly. Namoluk I. PlarsUl 3 (US); chichi . P t e r i s tripaxtita Sw. Grows i n shaded loca t ions near t h e center of t h e i s l e t s mong t h i c k brush. Leaves are used as mulch f o r Colocasia esculenta, and i n herbal medicine. Ramoluk I, Marshall (US); weli lines Thelypter is interrupts ( ~ i l l d . ) Iwats . Found only i n t h e t a r o swamps, it is uprooted and used as a mulch f o r a l l v a s i e t i e s of t a ro . Ias leaves serve a nedic inal function, and were forraerly an ingredient I n black dye ( ~ i r s c h n e r 19121157). Namoluk I. Marsha11 83 (US); "ani8~1 en l e p ~ b l . ~ Vittaria incurvata Cav. S p e c i ~ e n was growing on t h e t runk of a l a r g e Barringtonia a s i a t i c a along t h e lagoon shore i n heavy shade. Not used by Namoluk people. Tbinorn I. Marshall 107 (US); no l o c a l nane. Araucaria heterophylla ( ~ a l i s b . ) F'ranco Only a s i n g l e specimen e x i s t s on t h e a t o l l , 4 t o 5 meters i n height. It w a s brought t o Namoluk from t h e Truk Agricul tura l S t a t i o n on Moen, Truk, and planted next t o a house. Not used by Namoluk people, hlaaoluk I. Marshall 61 (US) I no l o c a l name orf folk pine). PANDANACEAE Pandanus cf. t e c t o r i u s Park. A t l e a s t four d i s t i n o t narned v a r i e t i e s are recognized by Nmoluk persons 1 "fachewel" G. (108) ; l t s i l l a u w G. (113); "pokoun G. (114); and 'lfaohaire" G. (116). I n addi t ion , a f i f t h v a r i e t y recognimd on t h e a t o l l (of which t h e r e is only one specimen and f o r which the re is no l oca l name) (115) reportedly was introduced from t h e Marshall Is lands by way of t h e Truk Agricultural S ta t ion during t h e r e p l d h f n g following t h e devastat ion of typhoon Phyl l i s i n 1958, Var ie t ies of pandanus are re fe r red t o co l lec t ive ly as "fach. "Fachewel," t l s i l lau ," "fachaire ," and t h e unnarned ?4arshallese var ie ty a11 grow i n r e l a t i v e l y open a reas along t h e shore (par t i cu la r ly t he lagoon shore)! "pokou," by contras t , prefers she l te red areas i n t he i n t e r i o r of t h e i s l e t s , Leaves of "fachewel," " ~ i l l a u , ~ ~ nfachaire," and t h e introduced species from t h e Marshalls am wed f a r making thatch f o r roofing canoe houses, cooking houses, and t h e few remaining $radi t ional tha tch sleeping houses; t h e r i p e f r u i t of a l l these vaz ie t i es e i t h e r is chewed o r eaten, The t m k of HfachewelH is used i n sleeping house and canoe house construction, and t h e a e r i a l roo t s t h a t have not reached t h e ground (and hence are s o f t ins ide) a r e s t r ipped i n to long f ibrous s t rands t h a t serve as l'threadl1 t o sew pandanus leaves i n t o l a rge panels f o r thatching, Aerial roo t s of "pokouH and tlfachaire,lf and occasionally those of " s i l l a ~ ' ~ and t h e Marshallelse var ie ty a l so are usled f o r t h i s task. Aerial roo t s of "fachewel" and l'fachairel' t h a t have reached t h e ground and grown tough and bard ins ide a r e valued mater ia ls f o r building f i s h t raps . The f ragran t blossoms of HfachewelH appear regular ly i n l e i s , and leaves of t h i s var ie ty a r e prized f o r weaving mats, hats , and handicraft items. Leaves of "pokouw a r e the preferred mater ia l f o r l i n i n g preserved breadfrui t p i t s , and a l so f o r weaving baskets f o r breadfrui t seeds, S t r i p s of pandanus a e r i a l root are cu t t o t i e leaf packages of preserved breadfrui t before cooking, The "bumpn of a newly forrned aerial roo t of "fachewel" may be used t o t r e a t boi ls ; roo t s of a11 named v a r i e t i e s except l*pokou,u f r u i t and bark of "fachewelW and "pokou," and thelsaves and t h e stem of t h e f r u i t s t a l k of "pokouH a l l a r e used i n n d i c i n e s . Namoluk I, Marhhall 113, - 114,u, 116 (US); Toinom I, Marshall 108 (US), - Pandanus sp, (very young) ? Although t h e botanis t could not i den t i fy t h i s species on t h e basis of t h e material col lected, t h e anthropologist is qu i te ce r t a in t h a t it is not simply a very young specimen of one of t h e other va r i e t i e s , I n asking informants f o r names o f d i f f e r en t p lants , "lifachl ' was commonly volunteered, Signif icant ly , Girschner a l so col lected t h e name f o r t h i s p lant (1913t182). Furthermore, Nasao- luk persons read i ly i den t i fy t h e p lan t and know where a part icu* l a r l y l a rge stand of it grows near a well a t t h e edge of t h e main t a r o swmp, Although no fruit of t h i s species were observed, Naaroluk persons uniformly emphasi~ed t h a t they a r e red i n color i n contras t t o t h e orange o r yel lon color of t h e f r u i t of (108), ( l ) , ( 1 4 ) ( 1 ) and ( 6 ) Aeria l roo t s of t h i s p lan t axe used i n construction of f i s h t r a p s and its leaves a r e employed i n mddicine. Namoluk I, Marshall qO (US); "l ifach;" G o Cenchrus echinatus L. Found i n open sunny axeas and dis t inguished by its small thorny burrs from which de r ives its Naaoluk name: Hs&tan" from t h e English 'Satan', 'devil ' , Narnoluk people make no use of t h i s p lant which repor tedly was introduced acc iden ta l ly from Moen, Truk, Hamoluk I, Marshall 2 (US); "stltan." Centotheca lappacea (L. ) Desv. Foms a ground aover in terspsrsed with f e r n s under coconut palms on t h e seaward side O f t h e is let , No l o c a l use. Nmoluk I. Marshall 2 (US)! no l o c a l nme , Chrysopogon ac icu la tus ( ~ e t s , ) W i n , Pre fe r s open a r e a s especia l ly around homes and public buildings, Not used by Narsloluk people. Namoluk I. Marshall 20 (US); no l o c a l name. Digitaria s e t i g e r a Roth Thrives along beach s t rand above t h e high water mark under coconut palms; t h i s g r a s is gathered, d r i e d , and used as a mulch i n t h e t a r o gardens, Namoluk I. Marshall 2 (US)! no l o c a l narae. Eleusine ind ica (L. ) Gaertn . Sunny, sandy cleared areas around homes yrovide t h e major h a b i t a t f o r nftJlt;ilimwechn whose name means l i t e r a l l y 'hard t o uproot g rass ' , Clumps of nfbltililawech" formerly were placed under newly b u i l t canoes jus t pr&or t o launching i n order t o prevent d r i f t i n g ( t h e "uprooting" of t h e anchored canoe), This grass of ten is cooked along with t a r o o r b readf ru i t t o prevent scorching of t h e food althoygh it is not ea ten i t s e l f . When dr ied , "ftltilimwechn f inds use as a mulch f o r taro . The e n t i r e p lan t is pounded, mixed with t h e water of a green coconut, and drunk as an an t ido te f o r bloody s t o o l s on t h e assumption t h a t its c l ing ing p roper t i e s w i l l prevent f u r t h e r l o s s of blood, Naraoluk I. Marshall L (US); "f&tiliwwech," Eragrost is t e n e l l a (L . 3 Beauv . The speciraen co l l ec ted was found gxowhg i n a shaded path among moss, Ostensibly brought t o t h e a t o l l from 'Pruk during t h e Japanese period, t h e seed s t a l k s of t h i s g r a s s a r e sometimes used i n leis. Nanoluk I, Marshall 22 (US) 1 no l o c a l name. Lepturus repcsns var. subulata Fosb. Found growing from ta sand dune a t t h e end of a long s p i t (see p l a t e 7). This p lan t has no l o c a l uses. Arnwes I, Marshall (US) ; no l o c a l naae . Lepturus repsns R . B r .? ( s t e r i l e ) Located i n an absolute ly c l ea r sunny f i e l d aaong other low grasses. The stems are used t o manufacture small f i s h traps f o r several kinds of ree f f i s h t h a t frequent shallow areas . The l e a f t i p is used t o s t roke t h e t h roa t while a chant is ut tered i n an e f f o r t t o dislodge f i s h bones t ha t inadvertently have been swallowed, and t h e seed and flower s t a l k is a medicinal ingredient. Nanoluk I. Marshall US)^ " f a t i l e n uu nom." Panicm maxbun Jacq.? Reportedly brought t o Namoluk from Eta1 Ato l l i n 1966 o r 1967, only one l a rge clump of t h i s s t r i k i n g grass is t o be found planted next t o a personas house, The leaves me used i n l e i s and i n l o c a l perfume because of t h e i r pleasing aroma. Namoluk I. Marshall 3 (US); "paki ngeniw ( ~ m ~ a s grass). Paspalm conjugstunt Berg. Grows i n open sunny places among other grasses ; Namoluk people have found no use f o r t h i s plant. Namoluk I. Marshall - 21 (US), 72 (US)? "ftltilimwh." Paspalm distichurn L.? ( s t e r i l e ) Observed only i n sunny c lear ings o r along open paths, No l o c a l uses. Namoluk I, Harshall & (US) ; "unaf , Cultivated i n t h e t a r o swamp. Today t h e stems a r e chewed and sucked as a pleasant t r e a t , although they used t o be cooked and pounded t o ex t rac t sugar when none was ava i lab le from comerc i a l sources, Juice froa t h e stems is used mbdicinally. Namoluk I. Marshall (US) "uouH (sugar cane); G. Zoysia matre l la (L. ) Herr. Planted i n open sandy areas around people's homes because it f o r m a comfortable mat on which t o sit and because it chokes out t a l l e r grasses. Reportedly brought t o Mamoluk from Oneop I s l e t , Lukunor Atol l i n 1959. Namoluk I. Marshall 2 (US) ; llsipat* ( ~ a ~ a n e s e name). Prefers damp locat ions and sandy s o i l i n areas t h a t axe not heavily overgrown with underbrush. The plant is used medicinally, and i n olden times was used t o make f ishing l u r e s ( ~ i r s c h n e r 19128 153). Namoluk I, shall 2 (US) "puker uon fanu." Rhynchospora corymbosa (L , ) B r i t t . To be found only i n t n e t a r o swamps, t h e leaves, seeds and main root of t h i s reed a r e used ~ e d i c i n a l l y . Namoluk I. W h h a l l 84 (US); "kushukush." Specimen col lected w a s found growing i n t h e rnain t a r o swamp; ident iPicat ion by informants w a s only t en ta t ive . The leaves and s t e m a r e a laedicinal ingredient. Nanroluk I. Marshall (US) ; Upnker en 1 e pwbl?" Cocos nucifers Namoluk persons recognise nurserous narned va r i e t i e s of coconut, many of which have been introduced t o upgrade l o c a l copra pro- duction; no e f f o r t was made t o co l l ec t botanical specimens of these d i f fe ren t v a r i e t i e s ( fo r a p a r t i a l list see Girschner 1912: 140). Coconut is probably t h e most widely used plant on t h e a t o l l . The f r u i t is eaten at severa l s tages (e.g. , t h e s o f t gelat inous Hmeat" i n green nuts, t h e hard crunchy copra, and t h e spongy mass f i l l i n g a sprouted nu t ) , t he fXuid of green nuts provides a refreshing beverage and is a l s o an essen t ia l ingredient i n many culinary and medicinal recipes , and '*coconut cream" is wrung from grated copra as a sauce f o r many prized dishes , In addit ion, aoconut meat serves as a major feed f o r pigs and domestic fowl, and when dried as copra provides t h e a t o l l ' s only cash crop. Coconut roo ts a r e used i n manufacture of f i s h t r aps and woven bags, t he wood provides lumber, posts , bowls, and formerly, weapons and f i sh ing spears, and many pa r t s of t h e palnr a r e used f o r firewood. The main' stem of t he frond serves as a 'base t o which pandanus leaves a r e at tached i n making thatch panels, and whole fronds are placed loosely on t h e roofs of canoe houses and thrown down as a ground cover i n t r ad i t i ona l s t y l e dwellings, Faonds a l somy be woven i n to very v e r s a t i l e baskets almost at a moment's notice, and are used t o sh i e ld canoes from t h e rays of the sun and i n f i s h drives. Leaves from unopened fronds afBord material f o r handicrafts , t r a d i t i o n a l body decoration, holiday decorations and ornaments, toys, and model canoes. Several fronds woven together serve as torches t o l i g h t t h e night when seeking; f ly ing f i s h , and cocnnut leaves t i e d around t r e e trunks mark o f f land t h a t is taboo (pwau) from exp lo i t a t ion , Numerous food conta iners and baskets are woven from coconut leaves , The midribs of s i n g l e leaves a c t as toothpicks and make good brooms when bunched together and tied t o a handle, and they a r e extremely important i n knot d iv ining (cf , Girschner 19128 199). Coconut s a p is tapped f o r both sweet and fermented toddy, and h e a r t of palm occasionally is eaten. Leaf m i d r i b s are used as s t i c k s f o r roas t ing breadfrui t nu t s and s m a l l f i s h over a f i re , and t h e "coconut boat" is used both as firewood and as a handy s p l i n t f o r broken limbs. The stems that a t t a c h t o nuts are frayed and make s a t i s f a c t o r y paint brushes, and t h e husk of t h e r i p e nut i s soaked and d r ied and used t o make s e n n i t cord and rape. Leaves may be turned i n t o hats and fans , and i n olden days coconut s h e l l w a s formed i n t o fishhooks, ea r r ings and a host of o t h e r decora t ive a&d u t i l i t a r i a n items, Water froln green coconuts f o m s a Basic ingredient i n a g r e a t many medicinal mixtures, and near ly every p a r t of t h e t r e e is employed i n d i f f e r e n t medicinal remedies, There m e many other mes f o r coconut products not mentioned here, but it should be apparent t h a t eve part of t h e p lan t is used i n some way, Marshall ( s igh t record 7 "Hun (coconut); G, Alocasia wacrorrhiza (L. ) Schot t This p lan t l a r g e l y grows w i l d on t h e a t o l l and is viewed as a fanine food. Several p a r t s o f t h e p lan t are employed in tradi- t i o n a l herbal medicine. A fen people p lan t "Uft near t h e i r homes t o m k e use of t h e l a r g e leaves as containers i n food preparat ion, and ch i ld ren o f ten break off a leaf as an hpromptu umbrella. The flowers sometimes f i n d t h e i r way i n t o l e i s . M a s h a l l ( s igh t record) "KLH ; G. Colocasia esculenta (L. ) Schot t The cone of t h i s p lan t , which is ready t o eat i n about s i x months f'rom plaht ing, f o r m one of t h e three s t a p l e crops on t h e a t o l l along with Cyrtosperma t a r o and breadf ru i t , The flowers are used i n l e i s , and t he leaves a r e wed i n mediabe , Numerous sub- v a r i e t i e s are named by informants ( c f , Girschner 19121140; Hahony 19601 96). Marshall ( s igh t record) " O a t n ( ~ a r o ) 3 G, CyrCoapema chamissonis ( ~ c h o t t ) Merr, Planted aiuch more widely an Namoluk than Colocasia e;sculenta, Cyrtospema is reputed t o be more t o l e r a n t of salt spray and has t h e a d v a n t a p t h a t it remains e d i b l e when l e f t i n t h e ground f o r long periods of time, The corn is a. mainstay of t h e Namoluk d i e t , leaves, s t e m and t h e corm are used in medicine, leaves are used t o wrap food, and o t h e r pa,rts of t h e p lan t are used as f e r t i l i z e r i n t h e t azo swamps. Informants recognize numy di f fe ren t sub-vasiet ies (cf. Mahony 1960~97-98). Marshall ( s igh t record) "Pula" (TWO)) G. LILIACEAE Cordyline f ru t icosa (L. ) Chevalier This is what is ca l led ti plant i n H a w a i i -- spec i f ica l ly , t h e kind with vaxiegated green and purple leaves, This p lant , brought t o t h e a t o l l in 1967 from Efoen, Truk by a Peace C l r r p s Volunteer res iden t ola Namoluk at that time, is planted n e w houses and l i n ing paths in t he v i l l age area. Namoluk I. Marshall 2 (US); no l oca l name; ti i n Hawaiian. Crinum asiaticum L. Often planted near houses f o r th&r a t t r a c t i v e flowers, these l i l i e s a l s o grow wild i n coconut groves near t h e lagoon beach. Their flowers a r e used i n l e i s , t h e leaves are used t o wrap food before cooking (especial ly ce r t a in kinds of f i s h ) , and t h e "skin" of t h e main trunk is sometisles incorporated i n to t r o l l i n g l u r e s f o r tuna and other game f i sh . Leaf f i b e r s used t o serve as wound dressings before gauze and c lo th became ava i l - able , and leaves, suits, flowers and roo t s form ingredients i n various medicinal recipes, Nmoluk I. Flaxshall 36 (US), a (US) ; wptll laiw kiopw ( ~ r i n m l i l y ) ; G . Hymenocallis l i t t o r a l i s (sacq. ) Sal isb . Planted near houses and l in ing paths i n general ly sunny areas? some have gone wild i n t h e v i c i n i t y of t h e vi l lage. Uees fo r t h i s p lant a r e t h e same as f o r Crinum asiaticum; Nantoluk persons do not d i s t ingu ish between t h e two teminologhcally. Namoluk I, Marshall 9 (US); npKllain *kiopN (spider lily); G. Zephyrant hes ro s ea (spr. ) Lindl . Found only around people's houses where it is planted f o r its beau t i fu l flowers; t h e flowers are used i n l e i s and t o decorate church altars. Namoluk I, Marshall 2 (US) ; "pi l ip* ( ~ i a y ) . DIBSCOREACEAE Dioscorea alata L.? Usually found growing along t h e ground and climbing on underbrush i n densely wooded areas near t he middle of t h e i s l e t , The a e r i a l tubers axe recognieed as a po ten t ia l famine food, but a r e not normally eaten. Namoluk I. Marshall - 62 (US); Mepa" Dioscorea bu lb i fe ra L, Wanders along t h e ground, over shrubbery, and up t r e e s everywhere except near t h e beach, The aerial. tubers, reported t o be very b i t t e r , are ed ib le i f cooked several times and t r ad i t i ona l l y were served as a Twine food, Namoluk I, Marshall & (US); pereka. TACCACEAE Tacca leontopetalaides (L, ) 0 # K t ze, Formerly p a r t i a l l y cul t ivated, t h i s plant now grows wild i n r e l a t i v e l y open coconut groves near t h e beach. The bulbous, f l ashy tubers once were eol lected and pounded i n to an edible f lour , but with t h e advent of commercial suppl ies of f l o u r t h i s has ceased, The f r u i t s a r e used i n l e i s , t h e leaves a r e e s sen t i a l i n t h e treatment of persons thought t o have been b i t t en by a s ea ghost and t h e s t e a has other medicinal uses. Namoluk I. Marshall ( ~ ) r "mBkundkl* arrowroot)^ 6 . Curcuma sp. Sever& v a r i e t i e s were co&lected, however, a l l were unfortunately s t e r i l e which prohibited more pos i t ive i den t i f i c a t i on , One kind ( 60 ) , found i n th ick , black muck i n one of t he smaller: t a r o excavations, is s a i d by informants t o have bright red flowers although these were not observed, It does not have a use o r a local. name on Namoluk. A second form (94) was col lected i n t h e aain t a r o swamp and is cal led "afan," The f ragran t leaves of @*afanw a r e used i n l e i s add love w g i c and t o spice coconut cream. The bulb roo t a l s o plays a r o l e i n love magic, and along with t h e leaves is employed i n many herbal remedies, A f i n a l type (106) a l so w a s gathered i n t h e t a r o swamp and its flowers and f r u i t s a r e incorporated i n t o l e i s ; t h i s kind is s a i d by informants t o have been intraduced from a u k , Hamoluk I, Marshall 60, 2, 106 (US)) Hafan" (94) G, , no l oca l nane ( 6 0 ) , ( 1 0 6 7 , Hedychium coronar im P a r t i a l l y cu l t iva ted i n t h e t w o swampsj, t h i s p lant is not comon on t h e a t o l l but is highly prized f o r its de l ic ious ly fragrant blossoms which are used i n l e i s . Nanoluk I, Marshall 92 (US) ; "sinsert* (white ginger), As with coconuts, a g rea t nwny named v a r i e t i e s of banana grow on t h e a t o l l , Some are p r i ~ e d f o r eat ing r a w , o thers f o r cooking, and a few as food f o r domestic animals. Bananas a r e semi- cul t ivated both i n t h e v i l l age area and i n t h e bush; people know t h e locat ions of t h e i r banana plants , and check them per iodical ly t o see f f any a r e r i pe , Banana leaves axe used i n ea r th ovens, o f f e r fiber f o r l e i s (and, formerly, f o r wrap-around clothing woven on hand looms), and serve as ready-made p la tes , t a b l e mats, food wrappers and umhrelle~s. Various parts of t h e banana plant a r e employed i n t r a d i t i o n a l raedicine, Marshall ( s i gh t record). "Uuch" (~anana ) ; G. PIPERACEAE Piper f r a g i l e Benth. Namoluk people c a l l t h i s common vine "atoopwei." It is found i n heavily shaded areas t r a i l i n g along t he ground and off shrubbery, and occasionally twining around la rge t r e e s (see p l a t e 6). "Atoopwei" has a number of medicinal uses, Namolub I. Masshall (US); HatoopweijN G, Piper ponapense C.D.C. The specimen is juvenile, but t h e information given below was su f f i c i en t f o r t h e 'botanist t o r e l i ab ly dis t inguish it from P. f r ag i l e , This vine grows i n th ick ly wooded areas away f'rom t h e beach. Nanoluk persons c a l l it "anek," and it is an important const i tuent i n l e i s and love magic, I n addit ion, stems and leaves of "anek" were combined with leaves of Polypodium scolo- pendria t o aake a crown placed on t he head of t h e a t o l l chief on h i s i n v e s t i t a e when t h e t r a d i t i o n a l p o l i t i c a l system was still i n t ac t . Namoluk I, Marshall 3 (US); "anek;" G. URTICACEAE Pipturus argentem ( ~ o r s t . f . ) Wedd. The specimen was growing i n a rocky a rea of dense vegetation about 45 meters from t h e beach. Trunk wood and saplings a r e used i n house consfruction, t he bark formerly was used t o manufacture a very strong f i s h l i n e , and t h e leaves are fed t o pigs. When mixed with grated copra, t h e f r u i t w e applied as a treatment f o r sk in rashes, and t h e bark a l so f i nds use i n medicines, NarnoJ.uk I. Marshall 2 (US); "aroma," Laportea rudera l i s ( F O ~ S ~ . f . ) Chew This plant , whose l o c a l nane means 'ants9 coconut palm', grows i n cleared coconut groves near t he beach, The e n t i r e p lan t is used i n ce r t a in medicines. Namoluk I. Marshall 38 (US) "an ukech nu." MORACEAE Art ocarpus aXt ilis (park, ) Fosb. Breadfrui t i n its many named sub-variet ies, forms t h e preferred s t a p l e i n t h e Namoluk d i e t ( c f . Girschner 19121139 f o r a list of named v a r i e t i e s on Namtbluk in 1910). I n addi t ion t o ea t ing both t h e f r u i t and t h e seeds of t h e seeded types, Namoluk people use breadf ru i t leaves as p l a t e s and wrappers f o r food t o be cooked. La.rge t r e e s provide t h e major l o c a l source of lumber f o r heavy construction, f o r canoe h u l l s , and f o r many important cooking u t e n s i l s . Dead branches f requent ly a r e gathered f o r firewood, and t h e s t i c k y sap serves as-a caulk f o r canoes. F ina l ly , n e w l y every part of t h e p lan t is employed i n herbal medicine, Marshall ( s igh t record). "MeiH readf fruit tree); G, Ficus t i n c t o r l a F o r s t , A common understory component i n b readf ru i t f o r e s t s . The f r u i t s are eaten as a famine food and woven i n t o l e i s , and sapl ings a r e used f o r out r igger attachments and o the r canoe p a r t s and i n house oonstruction. Bark is formed i n t o l u r e s f o r pelagic f i s h , Y- shaped branches are c u t as rims f o r two types of gishing ne t , and t h e l e a f sheath and r o o t s a r e used medicinally. Namoluk I. Marshall - 1 0 (US); "auwenl" G. Ficus p ro l ixa var, caro l inens i s ( ~ a r b , ) Fosb. There is only one of t h e s e majestic t r e e s i n t h e whole a t o l l , located i n a dense f o r e s t of P r e m a o b t u s i f o l i a and Glochidion near t h e ocean s i d e of Amwes Islet. The t runk of t h i s t r e e is almost 3 mi$%ers i n diameter and t h e t r e e s tands an estimated 25 meters high, There are no major uses f o r t h i s tree, although its a e r i a l roo t bark is an ingredient i n herbal medicine. Amues I. Marshall 119 (US); "ki l iau" ( ~ a n ~ i k n t r e e ) ; G. Polygonum minus v a r . procerum ( ~ a n s e r ) Steward Grows only i n t a r o bogs, Uprooted and used as a mulch f o r Cyrtosperma c h a r n i s ~ o n i s ~ Young leaves a r e used i n medicine f o r women. Namoluk I, Marshall (US) ; "opulf3ul6u~ ""G, Rocky s o i l i n r e l a t i v e l y c l e a r coconut g r o w s is where t h i s p lan t is t o be found, It has s e v e r a l nedic inal uses, Namoluk I. Marshall - 76 (US) ; "~f3kf3,~ Alternanthera s e s s i l i s (L. ) R.Br. ax R,&S. Occurs only i n t h e t a r o excavationse No lock1 uses. Namoluk I. Marshall 91 (US)$ no l o c a l name. NYCTAGINACEAE Mirab i l i s jalapa L. Planted next t o people's houses where i ts flowers may be r e a d i l y picked f o r l e i s , Its l o c a l names mean " t u r t l e s ' perfume1* and Hthree--o-clock,l' t h e latter i n reference t o its blossoms which r e g u l a r l y open about 3100 P.M, The flowers a r e used medicinally, Neunoluk I, Marshall 2 (US); "apet in wounw "ktdok elu," Pisonia grandis R,Br . These l a r g e t r e e s a r e found jus t above t h e high water mark, usua l ly along t h e lagoon shore beach. Saplings a r e used f o r fences and dead branches make good firewood; Namoluk people say t h e wood is too weak f o r o t h e r uses. The leaves are fed t o p igs , are used as a mulch f o r Colocasia esculenta , and w e enployed medicinally. Naoluk I. Marshall 48 (US); "mwllk; l1 G. - Portulaca a u s t r a l i s Endl. Grows i n comparatively open areas, e.g,, along paths i n p a r t i a l shade, The l e a f stem is a medicinal ingredient . Namoluk I. Marshall - 16 (US); "puson." ANNONACEAE Annona muricata L. Only a s i n g l e specimen e x i s t s on t h e a t o l l which w a s brought from Truk and planted f o r its e d i b l e f r u i t . Namoluk I. Marshall 22 (US) I "sasafl* o our so^), LAURACEAE Found i n beach s t rand vegetat ion i n a matted, tangled mass a t t h e high water mark, t h i s p lan t ' s stem is used medicinally by Namoluk people. Plamoluk I. Marshall 2 (US); "ut)laueN Hernandia sonora L. Found growing near ly everywhere, t h e wood of t h i s t r e e is used as firewood, and its leaves and seeds are incorporated i n t o medical concoctions, Girschner mentions its leaves as an ingredient i n black dye (19128 157). Namoluk I. Marshall - 1 8 (US); "akurangf" G. CAPPARIDACEAE Crateva speciosa Volk. Grows all over t h e i n t e r i o r por t ions of t h e i s l e t s amidst heavy brush. The p u n g ~ n t f r u i t is eaten but not cu l t iva ted , and it is a l s o s l i c e d t h i n and woven i n t o leis. The trunk of ten is cu t and used as a disposable coconut husking s t ake , and t h e leaves serve as mulch f o r Colocasia esculenta and as a medicinal ingredient . Namoluk I. Marshall 2 (US) ; "afuch." MORINGACEAE Moringa o l e i f e r a Lam. One l a r g e t r e e growing next t o a house is t h e only one known f o r t h e e n t i r e a t o l l 1 t h i s specimen is remembered by informants t o have been introduced by t h e Truk Agricul tura l Department i n t h e rep lan t ing a f t e r typhoon P h y l l i s i n 1958. Some informants heard t h a t t h e species had been brought t o Truk from t h e Phi l ippines and t h a t its leaves are edible i n soup, although no one on t h e a t o l l has t r i e d them. Its only l o c a l use is as firewood. Namoluk I. Marshall 2 (US) 8 no l o a a l narae, Caesalpinia pnlcherrima (L. ) Sw. A l l of t h e specimens on t h e a t o l l have been planted next t o people's houses t o f a c i l i t a t e gather ing t h e blossoms f o r l e i s ! both t h e v a r i e t y with br ight yellow and t h a t with s t r i k i n g red- orange flowers occur on Namoluk. Occasionally, l a rge branches are c u t i n t o coconut husking s takes . Although "simota" grew on Nanroluk pre-typhoon Phy l l i s , they were a l l destroyed i n t h e storm and were reintroduced from Truk in 1958 o r 1959. Namoluk I. Marshall 2 3 (US); "simota" (7 ) , (86) (~ la rne t r e e ) . Canavalia cathartics Thou. Usually grows nezir t h e beach i n coconut p lanta t ions where it f r e - quently climbs on t r e e s and shrubs. The hard seeds are s t rung f o r l e i s , and t h e leaves serve i n l o c a l medicine, Namoluk I, Marshall 41 (US); " m i k a t t " G. - Derris e l l i p t i c a (~oxb, ) Ben'ch. A vine t h a t is found only i n deeply shaded, overgrown areas near t h e center of t h e i s l e t s . Formerly, its roo ts were pounded and used t o poison f i s h i n t i d e 001s s o t h a t they could be ea s i l y gathered ( ~ i r s c h n e r 19128 153 7 , Its stems have medicinal proper- t i e s . Nagloluk I. PIarshall (US); "uup." Derris trifo1iaf;a Lour .? This low shrub w a s located i n a cleared shady a rea under coconut palms with almost no underbrush, It has no l o c a l uses. Amwes I, Marshall 121 (US); no l o c a l name. Informants say t h i s t r e e has not grown on Ha~~oluk f o r vexy many years, They speculate t h a t its seeds may have d r i f t e d t o Naraoluk and taken rootg one informant res ident i n Palau f o r several yeaxs a s s e r t s t h a t it grows there , It is found i n a t h i ck fo r e s t of Penphis acidula and Cordia subcordata with no underbrush, The wood is sa id t o be very strong, and Nagloluk people use it i n building construction and at s t r e s s p i n t s f o r ropes on sailing canoes. Tbinoa I, Marshall - 111 (US) no l o c a l name, Pongamia pinnata (L, ) Merr ,? A a ing le example of t h i s t r e e is all t h a t ms observed, It was growing jus t above t h e high water maxk on a heavily eroded bank along t h e lagoon shore, Not used l s c a l l y , h u e s I. Masha l l - 122 (US); no l o c a l nane. Vim marina (BUTHI, ) Merr. Found along beach s t rand under coconut palms and extend-ing out t o t h e high water mark. Juice expressed *om leaves of t h i s ving is used t o t r e a t ahickens suffering *on "eye sicknessH by squeeaing it in to t h e i r eyes, mouths and anuses, Juice from the pounded stews forms part of a medicinal concoction drunk by women f o r stomach pain and s l i g h t oough, Its leaves were once an ingredient i n black dye ( ~ i m c h n e r 1912s 157). Naraoluk I. Marshall 2 (US); noolujn G o RUTACEAE C i t r u s a w t i f o l i a (~hr is ta . ) Swingle These smtll t r e e s a r e planted near houses and i n t h e in terhor , and a r e prized espec ia l ly f o r t h e i r f r u i t , The limes a r e eaten, and t h e i r juice is squeezed over raw f i sh . Leaves a l s o f igure i n cooking as a f lavor ing fo r soup, occasionally are boiled as a subs t i t u t e f o r cofdee autd a r e used i n herbal medicine. Supple sapl ings are bent i n t o frames f o r f i s h ne t s , and t h e wood is fashioned i n t o adze handles and outr igger attachments f o r canoes. Namoluk I. Harshall 28 (US); nlaimes" (~ime). Citrus aurantium L. These trees are both planted and grow wild i n well-watered, p a r t i a l l y shaded a r e a s away from t h e beech. The extremely sour oranges a r e ea ten o r squeezed f o r t h e i r ju ice t o which sugar is added. Fragrant r o o t s are used i n le is , t h e tough wood sometiaes is used f o r coconut husking s t akes , and long, s t r a i g h t branches formerly were very important as s taves i n s t i c k dancing and war- f a r e ( these s t aves , l i k e t h e p lan t , were called "kurukurf8). The bark is used i n medicines. Girschner r e p o r t s t h a t t h e thorns were used as t a t s o needles (1912:131), although l a t e r he makes t h e s t range comment "There are no orangeson (1912tl41) ( ~ r a n s l s i t i o n by Diana ~ a u g h a n ) . Namoluk I. Marshall & (US) ; nkurukur" (8our orange t r e e ) ; Go SIMAROUBACEAE Soulamea antaxa Lam. To be found i n dense brush everywhere, but p a r t i c u l a r l y near t h e beach. Long sap l ings a r e used as poles f o r poling canoes along t h e r e e f , and i n bui ld ing construction! small sapl ings are used t o nake t h e ou t r igger platforms on canoes, Medicines axe made using t h e bark as an ingredient . Nmoluk I. Marshall 2 (US) " ~ ~ Z l r a ~ j " Go Aglaia ponapensis Kanehira? Only a s i n g l e leaf w a s col lec ted , s o t h e i d e n t i f i c a t i o n is ten ta - t i v e indeed. This spec ies has not been recorded previously outs ide Ponape and t h e genus is not known h i t h e r t o f r o n any c o r a l a t o l l . Onlg a s i n g l e specimen of t h i s t r e e grows i n t h e whole a t o l l , j us t behind t h e mangrove swamp r i g h t at t h e high water mark on t h e lagoon shore of h u e s Islet. The tree was about 11 meters high. This p lan t is not used l o c a l l y , Arawes I. Marshall 118 (US); no - l o c a l name. EUPHORBIACEAE Acalypha hispida Burm.f. Planted next t o people's houses i n t h e b r igh t sunshine, t h i s plant was brought t o Namoluk from t h e Truk Agr icu l tu ra l S t a t i o n on h e n . Its red, fuzzy, s treamer-l ike flowers are used i n leis. Wamoluk I, Marshall 2 (US); no l o c a l name. This co lo r fu l p lan t o f t en grows adjacent t o houses, and its m j o r use is t o mark boundaries between pieces of land and t o d e l i n e a t e graves. Namoluk I. Marshall - 14 (US); no l o c a l name roton on). Euphorbia chaanissonis (~1. & Gke. ) Boiss. Found growing only on t h e ocean side 8f a long sandspi t among grasses and vines above t h e high water mark (see p l a t e 7). Used i n l o c a l medicine. Amwes I. Marshall 12_1 US)^ "pisinom;" G. Glochidion? Grows i n th ick ly wooded, deeply shaded, moist areas near t h e c e n t e r of t h e i s l e t s . Although t h e wood is not very s t rong, it is sometinies used i n e rec t ing temporary s h e l t e r s away *om t h e v i l l a g e area. The unopened leaves have a medicinal use. Namoluk I. Marshall 2 (US)) "ngeit' G, Phyllanthus amarus Sch. & Thell.? The specimen co l l ec ted was loca ted i n an open space i n dappled shade, Not used loca l ly . Naraoluk I. Marshall 2 (US); no l o c a l n m e . Phyllanthus u r i n a r i a L. Occms only i n t h e t a r o swamps; its small red berries are inf re- quently used i n leis. Nmoluk I. Eiarshall % US)^ no l o c a l nanie. SAPINDACEAE Allophylus t i n o r e n s i s B1, A m m a l l t r e e usual ly found nixed with o the r brush along t h e shore. The wood is used f o r lean-to s h e l t e r s and as f u e l ; t h e leaves are reputed t o reduce swell ing when crushed and applied t o pa in fu l swollen bruises. Narnoluk I. Marshall 22 (US); nnguner.t4 TILIACEAE Triumfetta procmbens F0rst . f . P r e f e r s t h e r e l a t i v e l y c leared ground beneath coconut palms near t h e shore. Juice from t h e leaves is qqueezed on goggles t o prevent fogging up when spear f i sh ing . The leaves a l s o a r e used i n le is and i n medicine, and t h e pounded f r u i t s are mixed with water from a drinking coconut and gargled t o r e l i e v e a pa in fu l ly s o r e th roa t . The l o c a l name f o r t h i s p lan t is t h e same as t h a t f o r Acanthaster p lanci , t h e Crown-of -thorns s t a r f i s h ( erhaps because of its spiny f r u i t s ? ) . Namoluk I. Harshall - 40 (USPI "ara." MALVACEAE Hibiscus t i l i a c e u s L. On Namoluk, t h i s use fu l p lan t only grows i n o r very near t h e t a r o bogs at t h e middle of t h e t h r e e l a r g e s t i s l e t s , The wood is used i n house construction, f o r t h e ou t r igger s t r u t s on paddling canoes, as poles f o r pol ing canoes on t h e reef, f o r t h e long poles employed i n picking b readf ru i t , i n t h e mwufacture of model canoes, and formerly i n making men's dance ornaments ( ~ i r s c h n e r 1912: 137). The young leaves , bark, and unopened flowers f i n d t h e i r way i n t o medicines, e spec ia l ly those f o r women, Formerly, bark fibers from t h i s p lan t were woven i n t o cliothing on hand l o o m , and these f i b e r s a l s o were made i n t o f i s h nets , s l i n g s and twine ( ~ i r s c h n e r 19128 131, 157). According t o Girschner (19128 167), h isbicus bark a l s o w a s used t o t i e t h e umbilicus of newborn i n f a n t s , Namoluk I. Harshal l 8[L (US); "ki l i f t i ; " G. Hibiscus (ornamental hybrid) These a t t r a c t i v e bushes are planted around houses. The only v a r i e t y found on Mamoluk i n 1969 boasted a br ight pink s i n g l e blossom with a maroon and white center , Informants emphasised t h a t v m i e t i e s with o the r co lo r s of blooms had grown on t h e a t o l l i n t h e pas t , and Marshall introduced a dark red type with a deep maroon cen te r from Moen, Truk i n Decerabex 1970. This l a t t e r type w a s growing well and had bloomed by Ju ly 1971. The f lowers a r e used i n le is and as decorat ion f o r f e s t i v e occasions (e,g., on t h e bhurch altars), Namoluk I, Marshall 42 (US)) "rous ," Thespesia populnea (L, ) Sol , ex Correa This t r e e grows r i g h t at t h e high water mark along t h e lagoon shore of T8Cnorn and Amwes Islets. Saplings a r e used f o r f i s h i n g poles and formerly served as f i s h i n g spears; t h e wood is carved i n t o canoe paddles, and t h e bark is used i n herbal medicine. Tbinom I, Marshall (US); "p8nbi It G, BOMBACACEAE Ceiba pentandra (L, ) Gaertn, Grows only i n t h e i n t e r i o r of t h e main i s l e t of Nmoluk where t h e r e is plenty of ground water. The cotton-l ike m a s s surrounding t h e seeds enclosed i n a heavy pod is used f o r s t u f f i n g pi l lows, Namoluk I. Marshall - 24 (US) ; llpoupouw (cotton t r e e ) . Calophyllum inophyllum L. These gnarly, hardy trees s tand r i g h t above t h e high water mask on t h e lagoon shore, and m y reaah a height of 15 t o 20 meters, Cirschner (1912; 136) mentions t h a t , HF"ruits of Calophyllum inophyllwn a r e cu t crosswise and used f o r p e a r l s and discs" ( t r a n s l a t i o n by Diana Maughan). The dense, durable wood has many uses on Namoluk, e,g., house pos t s f o r canoe houses and dwellings, canred bowls (wood f ro= t h e t h i c k r o o t s a l s o is raade i n t o bowls with s t r i k i n g l y beau t i fu l ,gain), goggles f o r spearf ishing, canoe paddles, ou t r igger s t r u t s , and s e v e r a l o the r s p e c i f i c a l l y named canoe pa r t s . Formerly, soot from "rakich" wood was rubbed i n t o t a t o o s ( ~ i r s c h n e r 19128131-132), The f lowers a r e used i n le is and t o scen t homemade perfume, and t h e leaves f requent ly a r e transformed i n t o e f fec t ive toy s a i l i n g canoes f o r children. Both leaves and bark are employed i n medicines. Namoluk I, Marshall 98 US)^ "raMchtfi G. Piammea cdorata (~af , ) Kost , Not e s p e c i a l l y comon on FIamoluk; t h e specimen co l l ec ted was growing among dense brush i n a coconut grove, The wood is used f o r house posts and other const ruct ion, and f o r waking axe handles. Both t h e flowers and f r u i t s may be used i n l e i s , and t h e leaves a r e employed i n treatments administered by t r a d i t i o n a l massage masters. The bark and t h e sk in of t h e f r u i t a l s o play a r o l e i n l o c a l medicine. Nmoluk I, Marshall (US); "l ifaus; '* G. CARICACEAE Carica papaya L. Although no e f f o r t was made t o c o l l e c t specimens, severa l d i s t i n c t v a r i e t i e s of papaya e x i s t on Namoluk, Most common is t h e kind with small pear-shaped fruit; M a s h a l l introduced a v a r i e t y from Nama I s l and with watermelon-sized f r u i t t h a t w a s bearing by Ju ly 1971. Papaya p l a n t s a r e cu l t iva ted , p a r t i c u l a r l y around homesites, although a number a r e growing wild i n t h e bush, The f r u i t is eaten , t h e flowers a r e used i n l e i s , t h e leaves a r e s c a t t e r e d around Colocasia esculenta as mulch, and t h e hollow l e a f stem sometimes serves as a ready made straw, Marshall ( s igh t record), "Momiap" (papaya) ; G . CUCURBITACEAE Cucurbita moschata Duch. ? "PwbnkinM is t h e Namoluk rend i t ion of t h e English word f o r pumpkin, although t h i s is not t h e familiar orange pumpkin popular at Hallo- ween. The p l a n t appears t o grow i n any sunny open spot near t h e beach, and it is always cu l t iva ted , The f r u i t and t h e young leaves a r e ea ten ( t h e - l a t t e r i n soup). Namoluk I, ~arshal i 2 (US) t "pwbnkin" (squash), EYTHRACEAE Pemphis ac idu la Fors t . An extremely t h i c k f o r e s t of t h i s small t r e e covers t h e north- eas tern end of Tbinom I s l e t , and s c a t t e r e d clumps grow elsewhere i n t h e a t o l l i n sandy a reas along t h e shore. The lack of any underbrush i n t h e "chekis" f o r e s t is espec ia l ly s t r i k i n g (see p l a t e 8). This t r e e provides t h e s t ronges t wood on t h e a t o l l -- t h e heartwood chipped t h e blade of a machete being used t o c u t it: ttChekisY wood is used t o make thatching needles (cf . Girschner l9121147), and t h e wood is t h e preferred and common mater ia l f o r coconut husking s t akes and f o r s t akes t o which canoes a r e t i e d i n shallow water areas . It is a l s o used i n building construction and formerly w a s made i n t o weapons. The bark has medicinal functions. Tbinom I. Marshall 110 (US) 1 "chekis;" Gw RHIZOPHORACEAE Bruguiera gymnorhi za (L . ) Lam. One of two species of mangrove found on t h e a t o l l , t h i s species is r e s t r i c t e d t o t h e l a r g e mangrove s w a p located on t h e lagoon shore of Amwes I s l e t ( see p l a t e 3). It lacks t h e spider- l ike a e r i a l r o o t s of its companion species . I n t h e o ld days t h e bark was pounded, mixed with charcoal and b r e a d f r u i t t r e e sap, and used as a black pa in t f o r canoes. Today its wood is exploi ted f o r poles f o r poling canoes along t h e reef and occasionally f o r building mater ia l . Both t h e bark and t h e b r igh t r'ed flowers have medicinal uses. Amwes I. Marshall a (US) ; "ebngtt ( ~ a n ~ r o v s ) t Rhizophora mucronata Lam. Far more p l e n t i f u l than Bruguiera gymnorhiza, t h i s species of mangrove is dominant i n t h e l a r g e mangrove swamp on Amwes Islet and is t h e type t h a t may be found growing i n i s o l a t e d c l u s t e r s on t h e open r e e f between Amwes and Umap Islets (see p l a t e 4) and between Tbinom and Lukan I s l e t s . Large branches and a e r i a l r o o t s are used t o make multi-pronged f i s h i n g spears , men's t r a d i t i o n a l combs, and f i s h t r aps . Occasionally, t h e t runk is cu t t o serve as a s t a k e f o r mooring canoes o r f o r husking coconuts. The bark and leaves are used medicinally. Amwes I. Marshall 11_2 (US) ; "chis" Mangrove ) G , LECYTHIDACEAE Barringt onia asiatica (L , ) K w e One of t h e most common t r e e s on t h e a t o l l , t'kul" grow along t h e ocean and lagoon shores of a l l f i v e i s l e t s , Often much of t h e i r root s t r u c t u r e is exposed from erosion but t h i s does not k i l l t h e t r e e , Namoluk people use the wood f o r f u e l , and t h e leaves t o wrap food, The seeds a r e grated and introduced i n t o t i d e pools at low t i d e t o poison small f i sh . Fish so poisoned axe perfect ly sa fe fo r hman consumption. Seeds, flowers and leaves a l l serve i n l oca l medicines. Namoluk I. Marshall 101 (US); llkul;" G. Barringtonia racemosa (L. ) B1, Found growing i n t h i ck black mud i n a small t a r o excavation near t h e middle of Namoluk I s l e t i n heavy shade; uncommon. The bark is used medicinally, Namoluk I. Marshall % (US) "as01.~ MYRTACEAE Eugenia sp. These t a l l (10 t o 15 meters) t r e e s stand along t h e edge of t h e t a r o s w a m p s and produce a f leshy, apple-like fruit t h a t is red when r i p e and much sought a f t e r when it comes i n t o season. Large branches are cut i n t o s t r u t s leading t o t h e outr igger on s a i l i n g canoes, and t h e t runk sometimes serves as house posts i n building construution. Leaves and bark axe const i tuents of herbal medi- cines. Naoluk I. Marshall 2 US)^ "feniapH (~ountain-apple t ree ) . These small t r e e s (3 t o 4 meters) a r e found i n dense brush near t h e middle of t h e i s l e t s . The edible seeds sometimes a r e gathered as a snack, t h e t runk may be used f o r house posts when t h e t r e e is large, and t h e l a r g e r branches a r e used i n house construction. Namoluk I. Marshall 6'J (US) ; "sif .I' Terminalia samoensis Rech. A l l specimens observed were growing r i gh t at t he high tid-e mark, The red skin and kernel of t h e nut a r e eaten i r regu la r ly , and the wood has nzany uses, e.g,, f o r yboden bowls, i n building construc- t i on , and f o r canoe padales . Namoluk I. Masshall 2 (US) ; *kin;" G. ONAGRACEAE Ludwigia octovalvis ( 3acq. ) Raven This plant grows i n t h e t a r o bogs and t h e whole plant is used medicinally. Narnoluk I. Marshall 80 (US); "ai%tJ:" G. - ARALIACEAE Polysaias f ru t icosa (L. ) Borst Purposefully planted as a hedge l in ing paths, graves, and land boundaries a l l over t h e i s l e t s , Clothes of ten a r e draped over these hedges t o dry i n t h e sun, The plant reportedly was brought t o t h e a t o l l from Dublon, Truk by an Okinawan man who married and resided on Namoluk during t h e 1920s and 1930s. Namoluk I. Marshall 44. (US); wsikamor." Centella asia-kica (L, ) Urb, Grows as a ground cover i n damp shady places. When burned on a f i r e , t h e leaves are used t o t r e a t a skin ailment a l s o ca l led "rnwoi" on t h e underside of t he foot. Namoluk I. Marshall 2 (US); "mwoi." GENTIANACEAE Fagraea ber ter iana var. This t r e e reaches a height of at l e a s t 10 meters, and t he specimen col lected w a s growing as understory i n a mixed coconut-breadfruit f o r e s t near t h e seaward s i d e of t he i s l e t . The flowers a r e priared f o r l e i s ( the p l a n t t s l oca l name means l i t e r a l l y ' t o awnoint with a f ragrancet) , and the.yellowed leaves and t h e flowers a r e t homht t o have medicinal proper t ies , Namoluk I. Marshall 100 (US) ; "apet ." Neiospema oppos i t i fo l i a (Lam.) Fosb. & Sachet The t r e e s &served were c lus tered along a wave-eroded bank on t h e seaward s ide of t h e i s l e t i n a very rocky area. Their roots were washed by waves at high t i d e and they were helping hold t h e land against t h e des t ruc t ive act ion of t h e sea, Informants s a id t h e f l a t seed kernels may be eaten, though they a r e not normally consumed on Namoluk, The wood serves i n building construction, as poles f o r poling canoes, and as material f o r canoe paddles. The leaves are used i n l o c a l medicine, Narnoluk I, Marshall - 99 (US); *umua;" G. Plumeria rubra L, Nearly a l l t he plumeria on t h e a t o l l are planted i n c lear ings adja- cent t o dwellings; t h e plant is reputed t o have been brought t o Namoluk from Eta1 Atol l durin t h e Japanese period, Flowers adorn l e i s and scent l o c a l perfume t a d e with a coconut o i l base), t he s t i cky white sap is used as glue, and t he l a rge stems sometimes are carved i n to goggle frames f o r spearfishing, Mamoluk I. Marshall (US) ; " p ~ ~ t e r i a . ~ Ipoaoea l i t t o r a l i s B1. This vine ocours only i n t h e t a r o swamp where it clambers over other vegetation, Its morning glory l i k e flowers occasionally f i nd t h e i r way i n t o l e i s , and t h e leaves and sterns -- when mixed with unfermented coconut toddy and baked i n an ea r th oven -- pro- vide a famine food, Flowers, stems and leaves a l l a r e used medicinally. Naaoluk I. &&hall 81 US)^ "rokurok,@ G. 8 "imuen uut ." Operculina turpethum (L . ) Flanso The t h i ck white sap of t h i s vine t h a t grows only i n t h e t a r o bogs is s a i d t o s t i n g if it cones i n t o contact with eyes, scra tches and cuts , When nothing b e t t e r is at hand, it sometimes is used as a temporary rope, and t he stem and unopened leaves mixed with other p lan t s a r e used medicinally. Namoluk I. Marshall 92 (US); "afaamach;" C. BORACINACEAE Cordia subaordata Lam. These t r e e s , which may reach a height of 8 o r 9 meters, usually grow i n t h i ck stands; t he specimen col lected was taken from a mixed f o r e s t of Cordia subcordata and Pemphis acidula near t h e ocean s i d e of Tbinom I s l e t (see p l a t e 8). The wood is carved i n t o canoe paddles and prows, poles f o r poling canoes, and a l so provides a general building material , The flowers a r e sbught f o r l e i s , and t h e bark and leaves have medicinal uses, Tljinom I. Marshall L1;2 (US); " a n a ~ , ~ ' G,, "aleu;" G, Tournefortia argentea L. Found only near t h e beach i n sandy s o i l , these useful t r e e s ea s i l y grow t o 10 meters i n height. The wood is preferred f o r spec i f i c outr igger canoe par t s , f b r goggles, f o r carved m a s k s , f o r firewood, and sometimes f o r house posts. When leaves of Triumfetta procum- bens a r e unavailable, juice squeezed from "mt)loset" leaves is used t o prevent g o @ h from Togging up under water, Young, unopened leaves a r e used i n treatment of persons a f f l i c t e d by sea ghosts, and t he immature f l o m r s t a l k is employed i n love magic. Nanoluk I, Marshall - 42 (US) "ambloset 8" G, VERBENACEAE This plant seems t o grow almost everywhere on t h e i s l e t s above t h e high water mark and outside t h e t a ro bogs. The flowers a r e woven i n t o l e i s , t he leaves a r e important i n love magic and t o f l avo r overripe breadfrui t (although t h e leaves themselves a r e not eaten), and t h e wood forms one of t h e most widely used fue l s , I n days when commercial matches were unknown o r unavailable, wood from t h i s p lant was used t o make a d r i l l f o r s t a r t i n g f i r e by f r i c t i o n (c f , Girschner 1912r14.1). Leaves of "yeaar" covered with bumps a r e used t o wash skin t o ge t r i d of pimples, Namoluk I. Marshall - 12 (US); "yeaar;" G. Stachytarpheta u r t i c i f o l i a Sims Found growing i n a cleared area near a p t h ; no l oca l uses. Nambluk I, Marshall (US) ; no l o c a l name. LABIATAE Coleus s cu t e l l a r i o ide s (L, ) Benth Although one var ie ty of coleus was introduced by Marshall in December 1969 and grew only outside h i s house, other va r i e t i e s were t o be found growing t o a height of 1 t o 1 1/2 meters along- s i d e wel ls i n t he middle of Naraoluk I s l e t . The Juice &if t h e leaves sometimes is squeezed onto cu t s t o r e t a rd bleeding. Namoluk I, Marshall 6 (US), 56 (US) "karanat" oleus us), Ocimm sanctum L. This de l i gh t fu l l y f ragrant herb is planted i n sunny cleared spaces adjacent t o people's dwellings, The pungent flower s t a l k s a r e plucked f o r l e i s and f o r use i n l oca l l y manufactured perfume; they a l s o play a r o l e i n love magic, and sometimes a r e introduced as a sp ice i n t o f i s h o r crab soup, Namoluk I, Marshall 4- (US)! "warung;" G, SOLANACEAE Capsicum frutescens L, Planted near people's houses as a condiment food. Several d i f f e r - ent colors of f r u i t s may be found on v a r i e t i e s growing on Namoluk. The hot peppers a r e eaten (especia l ly with raw f i s h ) and sometimes a r e included i n l e i s , Naraoluk I. Harshall 5 (US), 8 (US); Nmwik,l* Bacopa p rocubens ill. ) Greenm. Found i n t h e main t a r o swamp growing i n a clump along with Hedyotis b i f l o r a , The plant has no l o c a l uses, Namoluk I. Marshall - 104 (US); no l o c a l name, Lindernia a n t ipoda (L . ) alst , Growing i n t h e t a r o swamps no l o c a l uses, Namoluk I, Marshall 82 (US) no l o c a l nawe. - Barleria c r i s t a t a L, Only one specimen of t h i s low bush occurs on t h e a t o l l , planted next t o a person's house, It was introduced sometime after 1958 from t h e Truk Agricul tura l S t a t i o n on Hoen, Truk, Nantolwk people have not devised a use f o r t h i s p lan t , Narnoluk I, Marshall 2 (US); no l o c a l name, Host of t h e s e trees grow a few meters above t h e high water mark i n rough, rocky t e r r a i n , The long, white, t u b e l i k e flowers have an exqu i s i t e fragrance and a r e much sought f o r l e i s , The leaves occasionally se rve t o wrap food f o r cooking, as disposable p l a t e s , and t o cover food i n an ear th oven, '*#osorN wood has a v a r i e t y of uses, among them: firewood; sap l ings used i n building con- s t r u c t i o n , as poles f o r poling canoes, f o r fences and as markers t o taboo land o r reef sect ions ; formerly, branches were used i n f i re by f r i c t i o n d r i l l s ( c f , Girschner 1912tl41) and today t h e wood is used f o r canoe paddles. F ina l ly , t h e bark, flowers, and f r u i t are cons t i tuen t s of herbal ~ e d i o i n e s , Nmoluk I, Flaxshall (US); "mosorjW G. Hedyotis b i f loxa (L,) Lam? Specimens were co l l ec ted both from a shaded area i n a path and from t h e t a r o swamp. The e n t i r e p lan t has medicinal uses. Its Namoluk name m w lsmells l i k e feces* . Namoluk I, Marshall 9, 102 (US) "alou nachon Ixora case i Hance This love ly bush, festooned with huge pompoms of br ight reddish- orange f lowers a t t h e t i p of each branch, grows p l e n t i f u l l y i n shady overgrown areas toward t h e aliddle of t h e i s l e t s . The supple brmches a r e bent i n t o r im f o r t h e s p e c i a l n e t s made t o capture f ly ing f i sh! as s t r a i g h t s t i c k s t h e Waraches am used by chi ldren i n a l o c a l g m e called "apis", Q c ~ a ~ i o ~ a l . l . y ~ t h e flowers a r e used in le is and t h e blooming baPmches nay b used f o r C h i s t m s decor, The stem, W k and floweas a r e used i n medicine. Hamold I, Washall, & (US) w'aahioug'qC, Morinda o i t r i f o l i a L, Grows e v e w h e r e from above t h e high water ~ a k t o t h e edge of t h e t a r o excavations8 may reach a heigl%$ of 1 0 meters, Although t h e plant is not c d t i v a t e d , its f r u i t is eaten regu la r ly , Sap- Pings of g@ninw e used i n cmoe house, cook house and fence con- s t r u c t i o n , ase c u t as t a b s (80p~ata"") mwkers f o r sec t ions of r e e f , a d t h e wood is a plent i fu l . f u e l , When b r e a d e u i t seeds are cooked i n an e a r t h oven, they axe covered with ssnins4 leaves , saad t h e leaves a l s o w e wed t o w a p eggs f o r roas%%w on a F i re , The r o o t s of very yomg "nine' p lants f o m e r l y were p o u n d up as a s u b s t i t u t e f o r cosmetic tauneric when no tumeric w a s ava i l ab le , Tumerie w a s not produced on t h e a t o l l and was obtain& on t r ad ing voyages by sailiw canoe from t h e high i s l ands i n Truk Lwoon, Girschner r e g o d s t h a t roo t W k of "cis plank was an ingredient i n l o c a l l y produced red dye (19128158)~ Young brmches bearing only a few immature leaves w e emulployed i n a kind of magic c a l l e d "'amaras" designed t o m k e a t h i e f admit h i s g u i l t and set- wh& he has s t o l e n ? t h e s m e p a r t of t h e t r e e is used i n love magic ("auwar~') l?d i n a kind sf defensive, black magic h o r n as "pweLipwel," "Nin" a l s o is w e d i n many medicinal p r e p u a t i o n s , The f r u i t is an i n g e d i e n t i n a l o c a l c o w h m d i c h e , t h e leaves a r e singdd over a f i re and rubbed on itchy s.Hn?, and %he r o o t s of young 'lninP"laraLs were, peel& and t h e shavings added t o d i f f e r e n t medicines, In mass%@ (gkrewao') t raatment f o r a person who has received a sharp blow (e,g, , one who has been h i t by a coconut, f a l l e n from a t r e e o r taken a stsorag punch i n a f i g h t ) , t h e massage master w i l l manipulate "&kae in jured area and fo rb id t h e vict im Lo e a t roas ted food, When t h e treatment has been completed, %he massager w i l l r o a s t a '@r~a?i'~ frui-l;, s l i c e it t h i n , and have t h e in jured person and a l l those who r a g d a l y esa4; with him pwt&e of it as a l i f t i n g of t h e taboo, A t l e a s t one v u i e t y sf "nin" growing on Namol& was imported from R a l A t a l l d m i n g t h e 1950s because of i ts l a r g e r f r u i t (961, Nmol* I, Mwshal% 2, 96 (US)? "ninj" G, eOODENPACEU Scaevhla taccada ( ~ a e d n , ) Roxb , ( g l a b o u s f o m ) These t a l l shrubs form a s L a n d H sf t h e Mach s t rand vegeta- t i o n on a l l t h e islets, Wood from exceplionally tall p lan t s m y be used as poles f o r poling canoes and i n b u i l d i w construction. Smaller branches are cu t as markers t o taboo sec t ions of r ee f . Tne pleasant ly *%rat flowers a s a r e g u l w cons t i tuen t of l e i s , Medicinally, t h e white r i p e ber r ies as8 squeezed f o r t h 6 i r juice which is t r i ck l ed i n t o a person's eyes t o re l i eve t h e s t i n g of salt water. The flowers and white heartwood a l s o a r e used i n medicine. Namoluk I, Marshall 12 (US); "net ;" G. Ec l i p t a a lba (L. ) Hasak, Found growing only i n t h e t a r o swamps, No l oca l uses. Namoluk I, Marshall (US); no l oca l name. Wedelia b i f l o r a (L. ) D.C. This plant is found most frequently near t h e beach, but it seems t o grow a l l over t h e i s l e t s i n r e l a t i ve ly cleared a reas outside t h e t a r o bogs. The leaves serve as mulch for Colocasia esculenta, and t h e e n t i r e p lant is used Fn magic t o assure t h a t a canoe w i l l not break apar t at sea; it &so i s an ingredient i n medicines. Namoluk I, Musha l l 22 (US); "e t i e t r t* G, Abbott, R. Tucker, and Z i m , Herbert S, 1962 Sea Shel l s of t h e World, New Yorka Colaen Press. Agrippa, Sa re l R. 1972 Le t te r dated 18 January 1972. - 1907 "Taifun i n den Hortlock-Inseln." Deutsches Kolonialblat t 18: 864-866. Baker, Rol l in H. 1951 The Avifauna of Micronesia, its Origins, Evolution and Distr ibution. University of Kansas Publications, Hweurn of Natural History, Volume 3, no. 1. Bayl issSmith , Tim P. 1972 "The bi rds of Ontong Java and Sikaiana, Solomon Islands." Bul le t in of t h e Br i t i sh Ornithologist 's Club 92:l-LO. Bryan, Muin He, J r . 1971 Guide t o place Names i n t he Trust Ter r i to ry of t h e Pac i f ic Islands. Honolulut Pac i f ic Scienoe Information Center, Cheyne, Andrew 1852 A Description of Is lands i n t he Western Pac i f i c Ocean... London: J.D. Pot ter . Dana, Ju l ian 1935 Gods Who Die. The Story of Samoa's Greatest Adventurer [~eo rge ~ e s t b r o o k l A s Told t o Jk l ian Dana. New Yorkt Macmillan. Davis, George Pi, 1959a Truk Agricultural Information Booklet, Moen, Tmk, Eastern Cazoline 1sla.ndst Dept. of Agriculture. 1959b "Pulusuk i n t he news with squash." Mioronesian Reporter 7(2): 3. Day, A. Grove 1966 Explorers of t h e Pacif ic . New Torkt Duell, Sloan and Pearce . Doane, E.T. 1874 HThe Caroline Islands.'' The Gewraphioal Magaeine lt203- 205. ( ~ e p r i n t located i n Gregg Sinc l a i r Library, University of H a w a i i . ) Fosberg, F.R., and Evms, $a, 3-969 @ A coble~tlon of plm%5 e o a Fais, C a o l i n e I s landsen Ato l l Resemch B a l e t i n %33~1-P5, Gisschner, Hax 1912, "Die Karo l inen insa 29moluIe ma i k r e B~wolaner,'~ Baessler- 3-91? Arcbiv 2vE29-214g 30165-190, Hahony, F'rank J. 1960 nTeb2.0 cu l t iva t ion i n the Truk Dis t r ic t , " I n No, 6, T m t T e r r i L s q of t he Pacif i o Islands, G w x Office of t h e HS-gh Comissionsr. 1970 "A Truk:ese, theory of agdic inean Ph,D, d i s s e ~ a t i o n . S%a&ord Univess it y , Marshall, Mac 1972 "Of cats an8 ra%s and Toxoglasnaa Gondii a t Nmoluk," 20(2) 8 30-31.. 1975 "Changinef pat terns sf w m % ~ e a d a igra t ion on Nmoluk A t ~ l 3 - , ~ I n , edi ted by Varn Cwrol l . MA0 Monasaph no. 3. Honolulu8 University Press of H a w a i i . MoCloskey, L.R., and BeuMrt, K a r l H. 1972 Missionary Herald, The 1880 V o l m ~ 76. Contairaing the proceedings of t he American Board sf Csm~aissioners fo r Foreign Wiasions, Cambridge: The Riverside Press. 1832 , New Yorkt J,&J. Harper, Robs&%on, Russell 1877 "The Caroline Islands," , VolurfIe 5, PaPL 1, S h m , h & e w 1960 . Oxfordg Clarendon Press. men%, Office of t h e Chief of Naval Operations 1944 a OPNAV U,S, Trust Ter r i to ry of the Pac i f io Is lands 1974 nHighlights 15 Febrraary 1974, Saipanr Office of the High Comissionsr, Wallace, Gordon D o , Marshall, Les l ie Be, and Marshall, Mac 1972 "Cats, rats, and Toxoplasmosis on a small Pac i f ic island," 95: 475482, Wallis, Mary D o 1851 . New New Jersey: The Gregg P ~ s s , W a r d , R, Gerard (do) 1967 Volume 5, Ridgewood, New Jerseyt The Gregg Press. Westwood, John 1905 Is land Stor ies , Shanghai8 "North-China Herald" Office. Wilson, Nixon 1972 "Anoplura, Supplementen In Insec t s of #icronesia, edi ted by JeL, Gress i t t . Volume 8, no. 4, pp, 145-148, Table 1. Information on Pacif ic currents revealed by messages contained i n bot t les that d r i f t ed t o Namoluk Atol l during 1970. Date Date found Total elapsed Location Location of Vessel from Person dropping dropped on Namoluk d r i f t time dropped Namoluk Atoll which dropped message 2b Nov, 9 May 1968 1970 531 days Ute 22' at. 5' 37' N. 55' N. Long. 107' Long. 153' 44' w e 08' E. 18Ma.r. 9May 417 days Lat . at. 5' 1969 1970 '!crossing 55. N. equator" Long. Lon@;. 1 5 3 O 158 W e 08' Em Auxiliary John P. Scripps ketch yacht Scripps Bldg. Novia detl Mar San Diego, CA USA 92101 S.S. Monterey Charles Em Karnes 415 W. Newmark Ave. Monterey Park, CA USA 91754 5 Nov. 29 Aug. 297 days Lat . at. 5' S.S. Monterey F.S, Thompson 1969 1970 "crossing 55' N, 4914 Calle Jabal i eqmt orM Tucson, AZ Long, 165' Long. 153' USA 85711 28' W. 08' Em -- -- Source: Marshall, f i e l d research. Table 2. Monthly Ra infa l l and Temperature Data f o r Nanoluk Atol l from 1 January 1970 t o 31 July 1971. Temperature i n degrees Centigrade Ra infa l l i n millimeters H i H i LoHi HiLo LoLo AvHi AvLo Total Heaviest Days no Month Y e a r a i n 24 hr. r a i n r a i n Jan. 1970 9 28 28 24 31 25,5 Feb. 1970 35 ,528 28 24 31 26 War. 1970 36 29 28 25 32 27 April 1970 39 28 28 24 33 26 May 1970 39 28 27 2b 34 25.5 June 1970 40 30 28 24 35 25.5 July 1970 41 30 28 24 36 26 Aug. 1970 39 28 27 23 3(c 25 Septa 1970 39 29 28 23 34 25.5 Oct, 1970 37 28 27 23 33 25. 5 Nov. 1970 35 27 28 24 32 25.5 Dee, 1970 39 29 28 23 30 25.5 Annual 1970 41 27 28 23 33 25.5 Jan. 1971 35 27 28 24 32 25.5 Feb. 1971 35 27 27 24 32 25 Ha. 1971 38 29 26 22 34 25 April 1971 37 27 27 24 33 25.5 May 1971 36 27 27 23 33 25.5 June 1971 42 27 27 23 35.5 25 July 1971 39 26 25.5 23 33 24 - - . -- - - - 7 month 1971 42 26 28 22 33 25.5 2752.8 106.7 29 t o t a l s Source: Marshall, f i e l d research. 2 From Tbinom I s l e t looking across t o Umap I s l e t with t i p of Amwes I s l e t i n t h e distance. June 1971. Mac Marshall. 3 Mangrove fo r e s t , lagoon shore, A m r e s I s l e t . June 1971. Mac Marshall. 4 Bruguiera urnnorhim growing an open reef between Arnwes and Umap I s l e t s . June 1971. Mac Marshall. 5 Forested i n t e r i o r , Amwes Islet , showing Asplenium nidus growing on Artocarpus, June 1971. L e s l i e B. Marshall. 6 Forested interior, Namoluk Islet, showing abundant growth of Jme 1991. Leslie B. Magshall, 7 Sandspit (called "Pieman" locally) at the southwest tip of Amwes Islet. June 1971. Leslie B. Marshall. 8 Forest of acidula on Tbfnom Islet. Jtule 1971. Mac Marshall, 9 Lagoon beach on L I s l e t , June 1971. Leslie B. Marshall. 10 Lagoon shoreline of T6inom Islet with Arawes Islet in the distance. June 1971, Leslie B, Marshall. 11 Forested i n t e r i o r , Nanroluk I s l e t , showing typical dense growth and underbrush, June 1971, Mac Marshall. 12 Amwes Islet, looking e a s t from t h e long sandspit at the southwest t i p (see plate 7). June 1971. Mac Masshall. 13 Mangrove f o r e s t along t he lagoon shore of Amwes I s l e t . June 1971. Leslie B, Harshall,