The Flowering of Man A Tzotzil Botany of Zinacantan VOLUME II DENNIS E. BREEDLOVE and ROBERT M. LAUGHLIN SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ANTHROPOLOGY ? NUMBER 35 SERIES PUBLICATIONS OF THE SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION Emphasis upon publication as a means of "diffusing knowledge" was expressed by the first Secretary of the Smithsonian. In his formal plan for the institution, Joseph Henry outlined a program that included the following statement: "11 is proposed to publish a series of reports, giving an account of the new discoveries in science, and of the changes made from year to year in all branches of knowledge." This theme of basic research has been adhered to through the years by thousands of titles issued in series publications under the Smithsonian imprint, commencing with Smithsonian Contributions to Knowledge in 1848 and continuing with the following active series: Smithsonian Contributions to Anthropology Smithsonian Contributions to Botany Smithsonian Contributions to Vie Earth Sciences Smithsonian Contributions to the Marine Sciences Smithsonian Contributions to Paleobiology Smithsonian Contributions to Zoology Smithsonian Folklife Studies Smithsonian Studies in Air and Space Smithsonian Studies in History and Technology In these series, the Institution publishes small papers and full-scale monographs that report the research and collections of its various museums and bureaux or of professional colleagues in the world of science and scholarship. The publications are distributed by mailing lists to libraries, universities, and simitar institutions throughout the world. Papers or monographs submitted for series publication are received by the Smithsonian institution Press, subject to its own review for format and style, only through departments of the various Smithsonian museums or bureaux, where the manuscripts are given substantive review. Press requirements for manuscript and art preparation are outlined on the inside back cover. Robert McC. Adams Secretary Smithsonian Institution S M I T H S O N I A N C O N T R I B U T I O N S T O A N T H R O P O L O G Y ? N U M B E R 3 5 The Flowering of Man A Tzotzil Botany of Zinacantan VOLUME II Dennis E. Breedlove and Robert M. Laughlin SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION PRESS Washington, D.C. 1993 Contents Volume II: Appendices Page Appendix 1: Cultivated Plant Survey (1982-1983) and Gazetteer, by Robert M. Laughlin 287 Appendix 2: Mayan Plant Name Cognates and Notes, by Robert M. Laughlin . . 297 Appendix 3: Tzotzil-Latin, by Dennis E. Breedlove 315 Appendix 4: Latin-Tzotzil, by Dennis E. Breedlove 361 Appendix 5: Tzotzil Plant Name Synonymy, by Robert M. Laughlin 383 Appendix 6: Plant Use, by Robert M. Laughlin 413 Appendix 7: Cultural Omnibus, by Robert M. Laughlin 445 Appendix 8: Holy Cross Day Prayer (Tzotzil), as told to Robert M. Laughlin . . 585 Appendix 9: Colonial Dictionary, by Robert M. Laughlin 593 Appendix 10: Glossary of Botanical Terms, by Dennis E. Breedlove 603 Plates 1-66 609 Indexes 675 in Appendix 1 Cultivated Plant Survey (1982-1983) HIGHLAND (Column heads = hamlets; see "Gazetteer," following, for details.) Plant "VINES" Botii chenek' Ibes chenek' Javas Karvensa X'ak'il chenek' Xlumil chenek' Ch'um-te' T'arax ch'um-te' Tzop ch'um-te' Mail Batz'i tz'ol Kvarent4no tz'ol Kranata Roxa "PLANTS" Kaxlan alavanux Natikil alavanux Sakil alavanux Metabel K'ox mustisya Muk'ta mustisya Batz'i napux Jolinom napux Kaxlan napux Sanorya Bero Muk'ta tzajal chichol Koko'on Pa'-itaj Tz'ul itaj Batz'i ch'aben Dalya Batz'i asasena K'anal asasena Sakil asasena Tzajal asasena Yaxal asasena Asasena v61a Tzajal ch'uch' Kartucho Liryo Nichim ninyo E O lo n Jte k Lu + + + + + + + 0 + + + + 0 + + 0 0 few + + + 0 + few + 0 + 0 wild 0 + 0 0 few 0 + + + + 0 few E 3 A k' ol Jte k L + + + + + + + 0 + + + + 0 + + + 0 0 + + + + 0 + + 0 + + wild 0 + 0 0 + few + + + + + 0 ,-, Sa n M ik ul ax (A k'o l R av o + + + + + + + + + + + + 0 + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + 0 + 0 0 + 0 + + + + + 0 Se lv a + + + + + + + few + + + + 0 + + + 0 + + + + + + + + 0 + + + 0 0 + + + few 0 0 + + + 0 St ze lle jtik , Tz 'aja l N ab + + + + + + + + + + + + 0 + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + 0 + 0 + + + + + + + + + Pa t O sil + + + + + + + 0 few + + + 0 + + 0 0 0 + + + 0 + few wild few wild few wild + + 0 + + + + few + + + few M N a Ch ij, Je ch Ch 'en ti + + + + + + + + + 0 + + 0 + + + few few + + + + + + + 0 + 0 wild 0 + 0 0 + + + 0 + + + + Je ch To ch ' + + + + + 0 + 0 + 0 0 + 0 + + 0 0 0 + + + + 0 0 + 0 + + wild + + + 0 + few + + + + + 0 Ch ak To j + + + 0 + 0 + 0 0 + + few 0 + few 0 0 0 + + + 0 + 0 0 0 + 0 wild 0 0 0 0 + 0 0 + + + 0 0 El an V o' + + + 0 + 0 + 0 + + 0 0 0 + 0 0 0 0 + 0 + 0 + 0 0 0 + 0 wild 0 0 0 0 + few 0 0 0 + few 0 i Pa st e', X ul + + + few + + + 0 + + few few 0 few + + + few wild wild + few + few few + + 0 wild 0 0 0 + + few + 0 + + few few > 3 P' ij, Y al eb + + + 0 + + + 0 + + + 0 0 + + 0 0 0 + + + few + 0 0 0 + 0 wild 0 + 0 + + few + + + + + few ?a N ab en Ch ai + + + few + + + 0 few + + + + + + few 0 0 0 + + few + few 0 0 + 0 few 0 + 0 + few few 0 + few + + 0 1 Ap as + + + few + + + 0 few + + few 0 few + few few 0 + + + 0 0 0 0 0 + few wild 0 few 0 + few 0 + few few + + 0 287 288 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ANTHROPOLOGY HIGHLAND?Continued. Plant " P L A N T S " (cont'd.) K'anal ich Morte ich Pujkan ich Unen mu Tranjero is-ak' Batz'i itaj Muk'ta jol itaj Yo'on vakax itaj Koliflor Kolin?bo Tzukum jol itaj Batz'i k?mpana nichim Moy Batz'i petok Batz'i pi mil anal Batz'i vixobtakil Limon jobel Ch'upak' Batz'i tuix J'alnom tuix Yaxux ka' Jjaral-me'tik Klavel Klavelina Kopita Krisantema K'ok' sat nichim Mantzanilya Markarita Nube Pompom Tzajal nichim Volita Bukaro K'ox bukaro K'anal vo'tus Tzajal vo'tus Enkaje Inojo Kulantu Batz'i alavena Ch'ulul alavena Aselka Lechuka Lula Pinsel " T R E E S " Antzil aj Batz'i chijil te' Xutax chijil te' Mumun K'at'ix Mantzana Jt ek L um O lo n 0 few 0 + + + + + few 0 + + + few few 0 + + few few wild + + + 0 + + few + + + + + + + + + 0 few + + + + + few + few + + + + + 1 J te k L um A k' ol + 0 0 + + + + + 0 0 + + + + + + + 0 0 + + wild + + 0 + 0 + + + + + + + + + + 0 + + + + 0 + + + + + + 0 + + Sa n M ik ul ax (A k'o l R av ol ) + 0 0 + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + 0 + + 0 + 0 + + 0 0 + + + + + + 0 + + + + + + + + + + + + + + Se lv a + 0 + + + + + + + + + 0 + + + + 0 + + 0 + + + 0 + 0 0 + + + 0 + + + + + 0 0 + + + + + + + 0 + + 0 + + + e jti k, a lN ab St ze ll T z' aj + 0 0 + + + + + few + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + 0 + + + + + + 0 + + + + + + + 0 + + + + + + ? sil P at O + 0 0 + + + + + 0 0 + few wild + few wild + 0 0 0 0 wild + + 0 + few + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + few 0 few 0 + + + + + + hi j, C h' en tik z ^ + 0 0 + + + + + 0 0 + + + + few few few + + + 0 few + few 0 + 0 + + + 0 + + + + + + 0 few + + + + + + 0 + + + + + + JB Je ch + 0 0 + + 0 0 + 0 0 0 + + + + + + + 0 0 + wild + + 0 + 0 + + 0 0 + + + + + + 0 + + + + 0 + + 0 + + + + + + To j C ha k few 0 0 + few 0 + + + 0 0 few few few few 0 few few + + 0 few + + 0 0 0 0 + 0 0 + 0 + few + 0 0 few + + + 0 0 + 0 + + + 0 + + ? El an 0 0 0 + + 0 + 0 0 0 + + + + few few few + 0 0 0 0 + + 0 0 0 0 + 0 0 + 0 + 0 + + 0 + + + + 0 0 + 0 + + + + 0 + ', X ul V o' Pa st e few 0 0 + + + + + 0 + + + + few few 0 few + + + few few few + 0 + few few + few 0 + + + + + + 0 few + + + 0 few few 0 + + + + + + Y al eb Ta iv Cu + 0 0 + + + + + 0 + + + + few few few + + + + + + + + + + few + + + 0 + + + + + + 0 few + + + few few + 0 + + + 0 + + n C ha uk N ab e few 0 0 + + + few 0 0 + + few + few few few + 0 few + + wild + few + + few 0 + + 0 + + + + + + few few + + 0 few few + + + + + 0 + + A pa s few 0 0 + + + few 0 0 + + few + few few few + 0 few 0 + wild + few + + few 0 + + 0 + + + + + + few few few + + few few few 0 + + + 0 + + NUMBER 35 289 HIGHLAND?Continued. Plant " T R E E S " (cont'd.) Nimpronix Batz'i pelex Kaxlan pelex Muk'ta met Alaxax Chu' lima Aj te' Pimil pat on Tzitz on Tzitz Sakil te' Ton bek' Prixku' Sirvela Batz'i turasnu Karirat turasnu Kaxlan turasnu Luranko turasnu Merokotom turasnu Ik'ux Batz'i k'evex Mol lo'bol Batz'i tok'oy Kilajtik tok'oy X'ukun O lo n Jt ek L um + few + wild + 0 + 0 0 + + + + + + few few few few few few fruit + + + + A k' ol Jt ek L um 0 0 + + few 0 + 0 0 0 0 0 + + + + 0 few + + 0 few + + + Sa n M ik ul ax (A k'o l R av ol ) + + + + 0 0 + 0 0 + 0 + + + + + 0 + + + no fruit few + + + Se lv a + 0 + 0 0 0 0 0 0 + 0 + + + + + + + + + 0 + 0 0 0 St ze lle jtik , Tz 'a jal N ab + + + + + 0 + 0 0 + + + + + + + few few + + + few + + + Pa t O si l + + + 0 0 few + + + few 0 0 + + + + few + 0 + no fruit 0 + + + N a C hi j, Je ch C h' en tik few + + + + 0 wild 0 0 + 0 0 + + + + few + few + no fruit + + + + Je ch T oc h' 0 0 0 + few 0 + 0 0 0 0 0 + + + + 0 few 0 + 0 0 + + + C ha k To j 0 0 + few 0 0 few 0 0 0 0 0 + + + + 0 few 0 few 0 + 0 0 few El an V o' 0 0 0 + 0 few wild 0 0 (Ontik) 0 0 + + + 0 0 0 0 few + + 0 0 + Pa st e' , X ul V o' + + + + few 0 + 0 0 + 0 0 + + + + few + 0 + 0 0 + + + P' ij, Y al eb Ta iv 0 0 0 few 0 0 + 0 0 wild 0 0 + + + few 0 + 0 + 0 0 0 0 + N ab en C ha uk 0 0 0 0 0 0 wild 0 0 0 0 0 + + + + few + few + 0 0 0 0 + A pa s 0 0 0 0 0 0 wild 0 0 0 0 0 + + + + 0 + 0 + 0 0 0 0 + TEMPERATE Plant " V I N E S " Botii chenek' Ibes chenek' Javas Kdntela chenek' Karvensa Batz'i many a chenek' X'ak'il chenek' Xlumil chenek' Xvet' chenek' o c o aka' olnob \ j t e ' uil itaj [k'ux Vaxyax-'ulan kilkil nichim Batz'i k'evex Papaiisa k'evex Chan-tzelav lo'bol Chimpo lo'bol Mintzana lo'bol Mol lo'bol Sakil lo'bol Tzajal lo'bol Papaya Patax nichim Batz'i potov Kaxlan potov Batz'i tok'oy Vo'ox X'ukun X 'u ku n, Sa n A nt on yo (b elo w Pa st e' ) + + + 0 + + + + 0 0 0 + 0 0 0 0 + + 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 + 0 + Sa n Si gr o (b elo w A pa s) Ib es tik 0 0 0 + 0 0 0 0 0 0 + + + 0 0 0 (Jol Na K'is wild) (Jol Na K'is wild) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 + no fruit 0 0 + + + 0 + 0 0 0 + 0 few + + + 0 + + + 0 0 wild 0 0 0 0 (b elo w A pa s) 0 0 0 + 0 0 0 0 0 0 + + + 0 0 0 0 0 0 + 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 + 0 + 0 0 + + 0 0 0 wild 0 0 0 0 Jo yi jel , C ha yn at ik 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 + 0 + 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 + 0 0 0 0 0 + 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 + Se k' em tik 0 0 + few 0 + 0 0 0 0 + 0 + + 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 + 0 + + + 0 + + 0 0 + + 0 0 + B ik 'it Jo yi jel 0 + + + 0 + + 0 0 0 + + + + 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 + 0 + + + 0 + + 0 0 + + 0 0 + A j T e' tik 0 0 + + 0 + 0 0 0 0 + 0 M in ax (b elo w A j T fe 'ti k) C ha k V ex (b elo w M as an ) 0 0 + 0 0 + + 0 + + 0 + no fruit 0 + 0 0 + + 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 + 0 + + + 0 + + 0 0 + + 0 0 + 0 + 0 + + + 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 + + + + 0 + + 0 0 no fruit 0 0 0 0 Po to vt ik 0 0 + + + + + 0 0 0 + + + + 0 0 + + 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 + 0 + + few 0 + + 0 0 + + 0 0 + M as an + 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 + + + few + + + + 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 + 0 0 0 + + few few + + + + 0 0 + 0 + + 0 Jo k' C h' en om 0 no fruit + 0 + no fruit + + 0 0 + + + + 0 + 0 + 0 0 + + + no fruit + no fruit 0 0 0 + 0 few + + + + 0 + + + 0 0 0 0 Y a' al Tz 'i' 0 0 0 0 0 0 + 0 0 0 + + + + 0 + 0 + 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 + + 0 + 0 few + + + + 0 0 0 0 0 0 + 0 C hi ki ni ba l V o' 0 0 0 0 0 0 + + 0 0 + + + + 0 + 0 + 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 + + 0 + 0 few + + + + 0 0 0 0 0 0 + 0 A vi da l 0 0 0 0 0 0 + 0 0 0 + + + + 0 + 0 + 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 + + 0 + 0 few + 0 0 + 0 0 0 0 0 0 + 0 M uk 'ta Jo k' 0 0 0 + 0 0 + + 0 0 + + + + 0 + 0 + 0 0 0 + 0 0 0 0 0 + 0 + 0 few + + + + 0 + + 0 0 0 + 0 A tz 'a m 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 + 0 0 + 0 0 0 + 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 few + + 0 0 0 0 0 + 0 0 + 0 T z' ub 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 + + + + 0 + 0 + 0 0 0 + 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 + 0 few + + 0 + 0 0 0 + 0 0 + 0 Pe tz To j 0 0 + 0 0 0 0 + 0 0 + + + + 0 0 0 + 0 0 0 + 0 0 0 + 0 + 0 + 0 few + + 0 + 0 0 0 + 0 0 + 0 Sa k Lu m 0 0 0 + 0 0 0 + 0 0 + + + + 0 + 0 + 0 0 0 + 0 0 0 0 0 + 0 + 0 few + + 0 + 0 0 0 + 0 0 + 0 NUMBER 35 293 LOWLAND Plant "VINES" KaTitela chenek' Ch'um Melon Sakil Tzu, jay "PLANTS" Batz'i ch'aben Chuchu' Bak ich Natikil ich Pujkan ich Sakil ich Unen mu Tzajal is-ak' Muk'ta jol itaj Sakil and tzajal vale' Muk'ta chikin ton Limon jobel Inojo Kulantu Batz'i alavena Ch'ulul alavena Lula "TREES" Boch Chachi' Mumun Elamonix Chu' lima Ch'ulul lima Pimil pat naranja Batz'i olonob Paka' olonob Ja'as Batz'i manko Muy No'chi' Yax-'on Uch Batz'i po'on Ach'el pom Batz'i pom K'anal k'evex Papaiisa k'evex Chan-tzelav lo'bol Chimpo lo'bol Mantzana lo'bol Tzajal lo'bol Papaya Batz'i potov Santa Rosa + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + 0 + + few + + few + wild 0 + 0 + + 0 + wild wild 0 + + 0 + 0 + wild Kelem Ton + + 0 + + + + + 0 0 + 0 0 0 + + + 0 0 + 0 0 + + + + + + + + wild wild + wild 0 + wild + wild wild wild 0 + + 0 + + + 2 9 4 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ANTHROPOLOGY Gazetteer HIGHLAND Jtek Lum (Olon Jtek Lum)?The western section of Zinacantan Center, seat of the churches and the courthouses, primarily valley land. Vo' Ch'oj Vo' Bajo (Ak'ol Jtek Lum)?The eastern section of Zinacantan Center, primarily valley land. San Mikulax (Ak'ol Ravol)?A small hamlet, formerly a ladino ranch bought by members of Zinacantan Center, situated on flat, valley land. Selva?A small hamlet set high on the northern slope of Mt. Huitepec. Vo' Ch'oj Vo' Alto (Stzellejtik, Tz'ajal Nab)?A hamlet on the western slopes of Mt. Huitepec. Pat Osil?A hamlet lying along a ridge west of Mt. Huitepec. Many of its residents are flower growers. Na Chij, Jech Ch'entik?Na Chij and its small sub-division are hamlets on the northern side of the Pan-American Highway, on flat valley land with orchards. There are many truck owners, flower and fruit merchants here. Jech Toch'?A small hamlet, formerly the southern section of Na Chij, sharing its characteristics. Chak Toj?A small hamlet of former Chamulans, once part of Elan Vo', nestled in steep, forested hills. Elan Vo'?A medium-sized, poor hamlet overlooking the Grijalva River Valley, comprised mainly of charcoal makers and merchants. Ontik?An uninhabited location in Elan Vo'. Xok?An uninhabited location in Elan Vo'. Paste', Xul Vo'?Hamlets lying along a ridge south of Na Chij. The small hamlet of Vom Ch'en was included under Paste'. The small hamlet of Xul Vo' is noted for its orchards. P'ij, Yaleb Taiv?Small hamlets set high on a ridge; the former facing the Grijalva River, the latter facing north. The members of Yaleb Taiv were once Chamulan ranch laborers. Only here do traditional thatch-roofed houses persist. Naben Chauk?The largest hamlet of Zinacantan, surrounding a limestone sink. Many of its population are truck owners, flower and fruit merchants. Apas?A hamlet below Naben Chauk, perched on the southern escarpment. TEMPERATE X'ukun, San Antonyo?Small hamlets on ejido lands halfway down the southern escarpment. San Sigro?A narrow strip of uninhabited ejido land, below Apas, with remnant coffee groves, owned primarily by people of Naben Chauk. Jol Na K'is?An uninhabited location in San Sigro. Ibestik?Same as San Sigro. Joyijel, Chaynatik?Small hamlets on either side of the Pan-American Highway. Sek'emtik?The largest of the temperate hamlets, overlooking the Grijalva River. Bik'it Joyijel?A small hamlet set on the ridge to the north and below the Pan-American Highway. Aj Te'tik?A small hamlet south of the Pan-American Highway. Minax, Chak Vex?Ejido lands on the slopes far below Aj Te'tik, belonging primarily to people of Sek'emtik. Potovik?A small hamlet perched on a hilltop below Jok' Ch'enom. Masan?A small hamlet below Aj Te'tik, still (in 1987) the most inaccessible hamlet, lacking electricity. NUMBER 35 295 Jok' Ch'enom?A medium-sized hamlet set in and around a narrow valley. Ya'al Tz'i'?A small hamlet north of the Pan-American Highway. Chikinibal Vo'?A medium-sized hamlet on the south side of the Pan-American Highway across from Ya'al Tz'i'. Avidal?A small colony (Carlos A. Vidal) below Chikinibal Vo'. Muk'ta Jok'?A colony belonging to Ixtapa, but whose inhabitants still wear clothing typical of Zinacantan. Atz'am?A medium-sized hamlet in a deep, narrow valley west of Zinacantari Center, noted for its witchcraft and distinctive dialect. Tz'ub?A small hamlet, formerly part of Atz'am. Petz Toj?A small hamlet, formerly part of Atz'am, set in pine forests. Sak Lum?A small hamlet set on a flat hilltop below Atz'am, formerly a ladino ranch. LOWLAND Santa Rosa?A colony at the foot of the escarpment, to the west of Acala, belonging primarily to people of Naben Chauk and Apas. Kelem Ton?A colony at the foot of the escarpment, several miles east of the Pan-American Highway-Acala road fork. Half of its members are ladinos from Chiapa de Corzo and half are Zinacantecs from Sek'emtik and Jok' Ch'enom. NOTE: The fragmentation of the hamlets in the past decade has not been recorded adequately in the various national government censuses. The most recent census of the Campana Nacional de Eradicacion de Paludismo, in 1982, shows the following communities to be the largest, ranging from 1000 to slightly under 2500: Highland: Zinacantari, Vochojvo, Pat Osil, Nachig, Paste, Navenchauc, and Apas. Temperate: Sequentic. Communities listed in this census whose populations are recorded as being less than 380 I have characterized as "small." I have used this descriptive term also for all but two of the hamlets (Elan Vo', Atz'am) whose municipal taxes in 1985 represented less than 3% of the total. (These figures are courtesy of Frank Cancian.) Appendix 2 Mayan Plant Name Cognates "VINES" (Numbers in stub are references for reading horizontal alignments between this and following pages; in the body of the table, superscript numbers refer to notes in the "Notes" section, and subscript numbers apply to references found in the "Sources" section (if there is no subscript number, the term is found in all sources), both at the end of this appendix.) Wasteko Yukateko Lakantun Mopan Ch'orti' Chontal Ch'ol Tzotzil Col. Tzotzil Tzeltal chanak'w, tzanak'w. 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 tu' 23 24 25 t'uthub 26 27 wako 28 29 30 31 weet* k'uum, lib, k'uum iib sikil chiiuj2 tz'ool, j waako. chuuj ch'u' k'uum ch'uum chuj ch'um sakir ch'um ch'ijch'um tz'utz'um kanchenyek' k'anchenek'5 ch'ujm ch'um5 ch'ijch'um ch'ich'um5 mayajl mokon tz'usubil tz'usub5 botii chenek'1 ch'ako' ch'um ch'um-te' ch'umte' ch'o ibes ich ak' jay kururin k'an-ak' mail makom pataxet pik'ok' polotz' p'uk sakil2 tzu tz'ol tz'usub vako' ak' x'ak'il chenek'3 xlumil chenek' xut xvet' chenek' ch'um mail makum tzu tz'usub x'ak'il chenek' xbojt'il chenek', chenek' ch'ajko, ch'um. ch'omate', ch'uma te'2 ch'omate' ch'o, ichi ak', jahy, kuranina chin ak k'an ak', mayil makum, sk'ok', polotz', p'ujk, tzu tz'ol, tz'usub, tel 'ak' chenek' xlumil chenek' xut chenek', xwek'. 297 298 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ANTHROPOLOGY "VINES"?Continued. (Numbers in stub are references for reading horizontal alignments between this and preceding/following pages.) Tojolabal Chuj Popti' Q'anjob'al (Jakalteko) Mocho Teko 1 botii 2 chenek' 3 4 5 k'um 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 kururina 14 15 mayil 16 17 18 pik'ok' 19 20 21 sakil 22 tzuj 23 24 tz'ol 25 tz'usub 26 27 28 tel 'ak' chenek' 29 lu'um chenek' 30 31 k'um, k'um sakil, tzu, tzuj2 tz'usup, sachil tzu k'um k'uum k'uum tzuj kurariina pataxe'k pataxhet tzuj wSako skill tzuu Mam Awakateko kyenaq' cheenq' k'um k'um tx'umaa' xchiil tzuu' Ixil Uspanteko K'iche' tzuj kiinaq' kinaq' k'um k'um ch'fma k'uum ch'imaj, ch'imaa% sakiil tzu sakiil tzuh, tZUj NUMBER 35 299 "VINES"?Continued. (Numbers in stub are references for reading horizontal alignments between this and preceding pages.) 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 Sipakapenyo knaq' k'um ch'may skiil tzuy Sakapulteko kinaq' k'uum ch'imaay sikiil Tz'utujil kynaq', kinaq'2 k'uum, k'um2 ch'maay ch'imaay2 sakil tzu'y, tzujy2 Kaqchikel kinaq' k'un ch'ima', ch'imach'oy, sakil tzuy Poqomam kinaq' k'uum ch'um'aah sbh Poqomchi' kinaq' k'uum ch'umaa kureriina sbh sb t'usuub Q'eqchi' keenq' k'uum, k'um2 ch'imah sakil sbuh, sbhj 300 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ANTHROPOLOGY "TREES" (Numbers in stub are references for reading horizontal alignments between this and following pages.) Wasteko Yukateko Lakantun Mopan Ch'orti' Chontal Ch'ol Tzotzil Col. Tzotzil Tzeltal akich, baat choo' te, chajib, 3 tzajib2 chi'im, 3 tzi'im2 8 akitZj 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 unup it'ath kakaw te' kaakaw, atz'am te'4 atz'am tye5 klij, chi' kiij ch'i'b, ch'ib ch'ib k' uuche', k'uuj che' k'uche' j a s , jd'as2 ja as kaakaw kakaw k'^anis te \ kaniste, aj' ajte' ajoj akit atz'am te'2 be xinich te', boch bot chachi' chalon3,4 chanib x k'olo'm?'ax2 kij chi' 'i ' ' inap ja'as kakaw sbk chij chi' inup jaas kakaw k'ewex chij ajch'ujte' ja'as wolja'as kakaw chij chi' chijtye' chijitye' chinin. bak ch'ib4 ch'ich' ni'4 chijt ch'ujte' ch'ipak way ja'as kakate' kakatye'5 kakaw k'ewex chi5 chi' chijil te' chikin-ib chilkat chinin chix te' ch'a-te' ch'ib6 ch'ich' ni'7 ch'it ch'ix ch'u te'89 ch'upak' te' ik'al vinik inop10 isbon itzompi ja'as11 kakav te' kokov12 k'ail k'an-te' k'anas te' k'evex13 k'isis14 k'olk'ox k'olo-max15 chi chix te' ch'u te' k'isis aj ajate', ajoj, xanich te', bojch, bat, chanib, chi chi', chijil te', chikinib jij te', chikinib, ch'aj te', ch'ib, ch'ich' ni', ch'ijt, ch'ix te', ch'ujte'2 ch'opakte', winik te', siban, itzam, ja'as, waleja'as2 kakaw k'an te', k'ewex k'isis taj k'olonax, k'olo'ma'ax3 NUMBER 35 301 "TREES"?Continued. (Numbers in stub are references for reading horizontal alignments between this and following pages.) Wasteko 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 Yukateko Lakantun Mopan Ch'orti' Chontal Ch'ol Tzotzil Col. Tzotzil Tzeltal muumuum xukur k'olok' makulis momoy2 k'orok' te' k'oxox te' k'uk' toj lo'bol makulixkuat matz'an-tzotz mes te'16 moy te' mumun k'oxox te', k'uk' taj lo'balj matz'amsotz', mes te', may te', mumun te'. 302 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ANTHROPOLOGY "TREES"?Continued. (Numbers in stub are references for reading horizontal alignments between this and following pages.) Popti' Tojolabal Chuj Q'anjob'al (Jakalteko) Mocho Teko Mam Awakateko Ixil Uspanteko aj ajate' 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 chij 20 21 22 23 24 chikinib 25 26 chiika 27 28 29 30 ch'ib 31 32 ch'it 33 34 35 ch'upakchej 36 37 inip 38 39 40 41 42 ja'as 43 44 45 46 kakaw 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 k'ante' k'ewex k'i ' is k'olk'oxte' aj ajte', ajawte', xajawte'2 bat chiy, chij2 chi' k'ib, k 'ute ' , k'ute' ch'upak te'2 inup inup kakaw kakaw k'ayil2 k'ewex k'ewex k'isis k'isis aaj ajatee' jaatzee' bat chalu'n batz sajhchi kiij sakyiil inup jas k'uutee' anup k'uute jaatze aaj, ajatza'n, ajaatza'n2 aj a'atze' a'tze' aatze' aaj dajche' saqchii chii', saqchii'2 chii' unup kakaw kakaw kaakaaw kyuw kikyuj2 k'ajil tz'isis k'isis ky'iisiis saq chij k'ib inup kakaw sinik-chee' chulum kii imp kokow 'iiwiix i ch'wix tzsis tz'ujux, tx'uux2 tz'isis cy'ewex cy'isis tze' k'owax k'ewexj k'isis NUMBER 35 303 "TREES"?Continued. (Numbers in stub are references for reading horizontal alignments between this and following pages.) Popti' Tojolabal Chuj Q'anjob'al (Jakalteko) Mocho Teko Mam Awakateko Ixil Uspanteko 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 k'oxoxte' lo'bal momon k'u' taj, k'up' taj mes2 momon q'uq' taj k'u' taj moomon 304 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ANTHROPOLOGY "TREES"?Continued. (Numbers in stub are references for reading horizontal alignments between this and following pages.) K'iche' Sipakapenyo Sakapulteko Tz'utujil Kaqchikel Poqomam Poqomchi' Q'eqchi' aaj, ajache', baqitj aaj ajchee' aaj ajachee' 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 chalum 17 18 19 kih, 20 sajki'2 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 k'iib, 31 32 33 34 tyoxchee', 35 36 37 inuup 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 kakaw, 47 kaka'w2 48 49 50 51 52 k'awex, 53 k'ewex2 54 ki'isiis2 55 56 57 58 kiiy saqkiiy tiyoox chee' anuup kakaaw kakaawa k'isiis aaj2 aj che', sajkiiy tyoox chee' kokow, k'wax, k'eweXj k'siis, k'isiis. aj ajache', chalum saqkiy tyox che' anuup, nuup2 anup, onup, unup2 kako'uj, kako, k'evex13 k'isis aaj aaj ahache aaj, aJ2 sajkiih sajkii chi' k'iib k'iib nuup nuup inup kikow kikow kakaw k'ebex k'isiis NUMBER 35 305 "TREES"?Continued. (Numbers in stub are references for reading horizontal alignments between this and following pages.) K'iche' Sipakapenyo Sakapulteko Tz'utujil Kaqchikel Poqomam Poqomchi Q'eqchi' 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 306 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ANTHROPOLOGY "TREES"?Continued. (Numbers in stub are references for reading horizontal alignments between this and following pages.) Wasteko Yukateko Lakantun Mopan Ch'orti' Chontal Ch'ol maap oj uj oj-te' thuk 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 hom-te' 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 101 102 103 104 105 106 107 108 109 110 111 112 113 114 115 116 117 118 119 120 121 122 123 124 125 126 127 128 129 130 131 132 133 134 135 136 jutukuu' 137 muy muy muy map3 oon, dom. otoch, plichj p6om2 sitit, xpaay che'2 su n, sb'm, suurrij tajte', muy, map, mup5 atooch on un otoch pom pom p'ataj pom pata po om pom pataj tile te' te'-ule tajte' takte' taj te' tok'oy tima' chimaj tzimaj t ' inche', t ' intze'2 t ' inte ' . tz'i'im, 2 xa n, xa'ax2 xaxim x ta' uch xa'n xa'an Tzotzil Col. Tzotzil mutut muy17 nantzi' nap no'chi' nok nukul pat ok'il te' on te'19 otot20 paj-'ul21 pik'in te' pit po'on pom potov te' nap nukul pat ok'il te' on stzuy sun sap-yok saya-vun sitit soj soro te'22 sbil itaj suk23 sun po on saya-Hun te'el uli' tz'ijn-te' xan tz'utz' um tz'in jo'ox tzitz, tz'ijm, tz'ijn2 ta-uch6 jo'ox xan tzima' ch'ix tzitz tzotz-ni' te' tz'erel tz'in te' tz'oban te' tz'utuj te' uch vax te' vo'ox xan xaxib24 x'ukun yisim bolom Tzeltal mutut, nantzin, nap, map2 no'chi ' , najk, nujkupat, on te ' , paj'ul'ul pikin te' po'onrij pom pata te ' , p a t ^ sakyok jij te ' , sitit soj stzuy sun, jsunj ulaj taj tyaj5 tzima tilil toj tok'oy ton bek' tuil te ' . tulan tzajal te' tzelepat tzima' toj tok'oy ton bek' tulan tilil j a ' , taj tok'oy, tuil te ' , tzajal te' tzelepat. tzima, ch'ix tzima, tzitz tzotz ni' te ' , tz'elel, tz'in te' stz'oban, tz'utoj te ' , vax ak', jo'ox xan xaxib, ujkum, yisim balam NUMBER 35 307 "TREES"?Continued. (Numbers in stub are references for reading horizontal alignments between this and following pages.) Popti' Tojolabal Chuj Q'anjob'al (Jakalteko) Mocho Teko Mam Awakateko Ixil Uspanteko 72 73 74 nantze 75 nap map map map map mop mop 76 77 78 79 80 81 on oh' on oil ooj ooj ooj oj <5oj 82 83 84 onte' 85 atut otzotz 86 paj'ulul pajullte', 87 pajulul te'2 88 89 pit, pit piit piit 90 po'om po'on pon pon po'm poon poom p6om 91 pomte' pom, pomte', poom 92 pom2 93 pata pata pata' pataj 94 pataj 95 96 97 sitit 98 99 100 101 suk 102 su'umte' su'un sun su'n su'n su'n suun 103 104 uul tzee' tze'il uule 105 ule hula', steal ule, te'ula 106 ule2 107 108 taj taj taj taj taj tzaj tzaj tzaj tzah chaj 109 110 tok'oy tak'uy, to'q'ooy 111 112 113 114 115 116 tzima tzima, tzima tzima tzimaa' tzamaa' tzima, 2 tziimaa 117 tzimaj2 cy'imau 118 cy'imay3 119 tzimay3 120 tzimey3 121 122 tzitz tzitz oH 123 124 tzelel 125 tz'inte' tz'in 126 127 128 129 130 131 132 jo'ox ho'ox, ox jox jo'x o'ox o'x o'x 133 xa'an xan xarij xa'j xa'j 134 135 pay te' pay te' tzuy tzitz tz'inte' tz'inte' tz'untee' tz'iin tz'fin 308 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ANTHROPOLOGY "TREES"?Continued. (Numbers in stub are references for reading horizontal alignments between this and following pages.) K'iche' Sipakapenyo Sakapulteko Tz'utujil Kaqchikel Poqomam Poqomchi' Q'eqchi' 72 73 muij muuy muy 74 75 mop, map nop maap 76 map2 77 78 79 80 81 ooj ooj ooj ooj oj uaj gooj ooh, 82 oh2 83 84 85 ochooch oochooch 86 87 88 89 piit, 90 poom2 poom poom, pom puam 91 poom, 92 ponj 93 patahl, 94 patahj 95 96 97 98 99 100 101 102 su'n so'n su'n, su'n suun suun, 103 su'm2 sun2 104 uul, uula 105 uul che'l uul 106 107 108 chaj chaj chaj chaj chaj chaj chaj chaj 109 110 111 112 113 114 115 116 tzimah, tzmaay tzimaay tzmaay, tzimay 117 tzimaj tzimaay2 118 119 120 121 122 tzitz, 123 124 ch'elel 125 tz'iin tz'iin tz'iin tz'in2 tz'iin tz'iin tz'iin, 126 tz'inj 127 128 129 130 131 132 133 xaan xaan, 134 xanj 135 136 137 NUMBER 35 309 "PLANTS" (Numbers in stub are references for reading horizontal alignments between this and following pages.) Wasteko Yukateko Lakantun Mopan Ch'orti' Chontal Ch'ol Tzotzil Col. Tzotzil Tzeltal 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 ich, chaay2 iik, '1.3 ""-1.2 16 itZj 17 ith lis2 18 19 20 eem ixim, 21 22 23 24 chooklay',j la 25 tzooklay'2 laal2 26 tiplay' 27 28 29 maay 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 puj, 40 saajum2 41 42 43 44 45 tuux, 46 47 48 tz ' i im,2 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 iik ik ich ich ich lxi im ixim ixim ixim laj pa'ch' pechak tux xch'uch'5 ixi pajch' petek', pechek'5 stsijb xanxan chak'ak' chaya itaj chichol ch'aben ch'aben chij ch'il vet ch'oliv ch'uch' ch'upak ch'upak'joj ech' ich is-ak'1 itaj2 ixim koko'on koyoy k'axib jobel la3 matas met moy ob pa' itaj paxak' petok Pi pich' poxil sal tz ' i ' puj saju' sakil ch'ix4 sat mes tuix tut tuxnuk'5 tzib tzis chauk tzitz tzon-te' tzukum jobel tz'emeni' tz'ul itaj unen mu uskun te' vale' vo'tus xanxan ximo' yich joj yikatz toj ch'upak' ich is-ak' itaj ixim paxak' pich' tuix tuxnok' vale" xchak'ak', chichol2 ch'aben, ch'aben chij, ch'ilwet, ch'oliw, ch'uch jaben, polotz' ch'upak' ch 'upak ' joj , ech' , ich is ak' chi'in, itaj ixim kajk'an, yoy, ch'axib ak la, majtas, met may j ' o b , pa'itaj, pajchak', pahch'2 pejtak, pehtakj pij chitam, pich'pich'. poxil sal, xpuj, sakil ch'ix wax, tzatzames, tux ak, tujt, tux2 tzib tzis chaok, tzitz ak tzon te' tzujkum ak, tz'eman, stz'ul, moen, muhyerr^ uskum. wale' , wahle'2 tusus, xanxan wamal. xijaben, yich joj, yijkatz te ' . 310 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ANTHROPOLOGY "PLANTS"?Continued. (Numbers in stub are references for reading horizontal alignments between this and following pages.) Popti' Tojolabal Chuj Q'anjob'al (Jakalteko) Mocho Teko Mam Awakateko Ixil Uspanteko 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 ch'abin, tx'abin tx'abin ch'aabi'n tx'aban tx'abin 10 chu'pak 11 12 13 ek' 14 15 ich 16 17 isak' 18 19 itaj 20 ixim 21 kakapooj 22 23 24 laj 25 26 27 28 29 may 30 31 32 pajak' 33 34 pejtak' 35 36 pij 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 tuyal 44 45 tenok' 46 tenuk' 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 jutus 61 62 ch'ipal ek'. ich itaj ixim ch'upaq tx'upaq ch'upech ech' ich is itaj ixim ek' ich is itaj ixim ek' iik iis ixi'm x-me' iiky iis itzaaj ixi'm eky' ich iis axi'n eek' iich iis itzaj ixi'n ek' ecy' icy is ixi'm Euphorbia macropus Euphorbia pseudofulva > Euphorbia pulcherrima > Eysenhardtia adenostylis Fernaldia pandurata Festuca amplissima kilajtik uch'ul vo' tzajal tz'emeni' batz'i chikin ton puj tut tut yama chauk ch'ix jobel poxil sal tz'i ja'as k'ox akuxa tz'i'lel k'ox akuxa tz'i'lel lo'balal ch'ix nich nab keb chij keb chij nich nab ch'ix nich nab voy mula keb chij x'ukun x'ukun o'lol tz'emeni' jach'ub te' bik'tal karnpana nichim batz'i asasena kampor kampor sakil ch'it kajve te' sakil ch'it sakil ch'it klaVo sakil ch'it batz'i potov tzotzin ch'it batz'i saju' poxil chu'ul batz'i pojov tz'i'lel batz'i pojov tz'i'lel batz'i pojov tz'i'lel jol olol k'ask'as tz'i'lel mukumu batz'i pojov tz'i'lel jom akan mukumu mukumu batz'i pojov tz'i'lel yax-te' tz'in-te' yax-te' chikin chij ch'ix jobel NUMBER 35 369 LATIN NAME TZOTZIL NAME LATIN NAME TZOTZIL NAME Ficus carica Ficus carica Ficus carica Ficus cookii Ficus cotinifolia Ficus elastica Ficus glabrata Ficus glaucescens Fleischmannia imitans x Fleischmannia pycnocephala Fleischmannia pycnocephala x Fleischmanniopsis leucocephalum Foeniculum vulgare Fragaria vesca Fraxinus uhdei Fuchsia encliandra x ssp. tetradactyla Fuchsia encliandra x ssp. tetradactyla Fuchsia microphylla ssp. aprica x Fuchsia microphylla ssp. quercetorum Fuchsia paniculata Fuchsia splendens x Fuchsia splendens Fuchsia thymifolia x ssp. minimiflora Fuirena simplex x Furcraea guatemalensis Gaillardia pulchella x Galactia acapulcensis Galactia striata x Galinsoga quadriradiata Galinsoga quadriradiata x Galium aschenbornii x Galium orizabense Galium sp. Galium uncinulatum Galium uncinulatum Galphimia glauca Garcia nutans x Garrya laurifolia Gaudichaudia albida Gaultheria odorata Gaura tripetala x Gaura tripetala x Goya minutiflora Goya minutiflora x Genipa caruto Gentiana laevigata x Geranium goldmanii Geranium seemannii Geranium seemannii ik'ux yaxal ik'ux ik'al ik'ux mutut mutut te'el uli' amat amat yaxal nich tz'i'lel yak'ubal us yaxal nich tz'i'lel sakil nichim inojo tz'unbalal makom presa poxil t'ajel pitz'otz' poxil t'ajel tzajal ch'ulelal nichim yich'ak mut primon ba ikatzil pitz'otz' puj te'tikal chi markarita xut ak' pek' me'el uskun-te' batz'i saju' xavon ak' bik'it nap'ap' tz'i'lel nap'ap' tz'i'lel bik'it nap'ap' tz'i'lel nap'ap' tz'i'lel k'anal konkon k'ol-k'ox ik'al vinik k'anal ak' aja-te'es nochleb vonon poxil apon chichol ak' saya-vun maluk yat tz'i' ak' muk'ta akuxa tz'i'lel k'ask'as tz'i'lel sakil akuxa tz'i 'lel Gladiolus hortulanus Gladiolus hortulanus Gladiolus hortulanus Gladiolus hortulanus Gladiolus hortulanus Gladiolus hortulanus Gladiolus hortulanus Gliricidia ehrenbergii Gliricidia ehrenbergii Gliricidia ehrenbergii Gliricidia ehrenbergii Gliricidia sepium Gnaphalium attenuatum Gnaphalium brachypterum Gnaphalium purpureum Gnaphalium roseum Gnaphalium viscosum Gnaphalium sp. Godmania aesculifolia Godmania aesculifolia Gomphrena decumbens Gomphrena decumbens Gongora spp. Gongylocarpus rubricaulis Gonolobus barbatus Gonolobus barbatus Gonolobus niger Gonolobus prasinanthus Gonolobus sp. Gonolobus sp. Gonolobus uniflorus Gossypium hirsutum Gossypium hirsutum Gossypium hirsutum Gouania polygama Gouania polygama Gouania polygama Gouania polygama Govenia liliacea Govenia superba Greigia oaxacana Gronovia scandens Gronovia scandens Guazuma ulmifolia Guettarda macrosperma Gymnolaena chiapasana Gymnopodium floribundum var. antigonoides Gynerium sagittatum Gypsophila elegans Gypsophila paniculata Gyrocarpus americanus Gyrocarpus americanus Habenaria clypeata chijal bukaro sakil bukaro tzajal bukaro k'anal radiola moraro radiola sak-vilan radiola sakil radiola chenek' te' ch'ix-ni' te' x yax-te' x yax-'ib te' milob ch'o te' poxil yayijemal poxil yayijemal x poxil yayijemal poxil yayijemal poxil yayijemal nap'ap' tz'i'lel chenek'te' yaxal kachu toro te' bot'-jol tz'i'lel x j'ak'-'uch yuch'ul vo' bolom x k'ox arvajaka x kranata ak' x k'ox puyu' x mikulax itaj lo'bol kotom x batz'i ch'um-te' ch'o x xenebal pox lo'bol ak' tux-nuk' k'an-chik tux-nuk' sakil tux-nuk' x makom ch'ix x pek' me'el te' ak' kakaxon ak' kola kola tz'i'lel paxak'il te'tik kilajtik la x k'ox puyu' akit barsin te' x tzitz pox sakil pomos vinik aj nube nube x mail te' xinal te' o'lol tz'emeni' 370 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ANTHROPOLOGY LATIN N A M E TZOTZIL NAME LATIN NAME TZOTZIL N A M E Habenaria quinqueseta Haematoxylon brasiletto Hamelia patens Haplophyton cinereum Harpalyce formosa var. goldmanii Harpalyce formosa x var. goldmanii Hauya elegans Hechtia glomerata x Hedeoma costatum x Hedychium coronarium x Helenium scorzoneraefolia Helianthemum glomeratum Heliconia librata Heliconia schiedeana Heliocarpus donnell-smithii Heliocarpus mexicanus Heliotropium angiospermum Heliotropium indicum x Helosis mexicana Hemerocallis fulva Hemichaena rugosa x Hemichaena rugosa Herissantia crispa Heterocentron subtriplinervium x Heteropteris beecheyana Heteropteris beecheyana x Hibiscus rosa-sinensis Hieracium abscissum Hieracium stuposum Hippeastrum bifidum Hippeastrum solandriflorum Hippeastrum vittatum Hippeastrum vittatum Hippocratia volubilis x Hiraea aff. fagifolia Hiraea reclinata Hofmeisteria urenifolia x Holodiscus argenteus Houstonia serpyllacea Hura polyandra Hybanthus verbenaceus Hybanthus verbenaceus x Hydrolea spinosa Hylocereus undatus Hymenaea courbaril Hymenocallis riparia Hyperbaena mexicana Hypericum uliginosum Hypoxis decumbens x Hypoxis decumbens Hyptis mutabilis Hyptis suaveolens x o'lol tz'emeni' brasil yich'ak ch'o poxil mako' chenek' te' tzo' xulem te' sakil kanela te' chimpo paxak' poxil k'ok' tzajal ch'uch' sakramentual nichim tan pox k'ox lo'bol k'ox lo'bol bot bot alavena tz'i'lel malva tzajal yajan chuch k'anal asasena ch'ix ch'il vet muk'ta pom tz'unun chichol ak' tzajal chii jabnal ne saben pek' me'el tzajal kampana nichim tzotz-ni' tz'i'lel tzotz-ni' tz'i'lel tzajal asasena sakil asasena nichim ninyo tzajal asasena ik'al te' yak' xulem te' ak' jjaral-me'tik tzajal pomos mail tz'i'lel chin te' poxil chon k'anal sat mes nich nab muk'ta chikin ton ch'ilim te' asasena tz'i'lel sik'ol te' tzitz pox ch'upak' joj ve'el k'ovix sakil pom tz'unun nochleb buluk' sat Hyptis suaveolens Hyptis suaveolens Hyptis suaveolens Hyptis tomentosa Hyptis urticoides Hyptis verticillata Hyptis verticillata Iberis simplex Ilex brandegeana Ilex vomitoria Indigofera miniata Indigofera mucronata Indigofera suffruticosa Indigofera thibaudiana Indigofera thibaudiana Indigofera thibaudiana Indigofera thibaudiana Inga fagifolia Inga jinicuil Inga punctata Inga vera ssp. spuria Inga vera ssp. spuria Inga xalapensis Iostephane trilobata Iostephane trilobata Ipomoea alba Ipomoea alba Ipomoea batata Ipomoea hederacea Ipomoea hederacea Ipomoea lindenii Ipomoea microsticta Ipomoea pauciflora Ipomoea pauciflora Ipomoea pauciflora Ipomoea pedicellaris Ipomoea pedicellaris Ipomoea purpurea Ipomoea seducta Ipomoea signata Ipomoea sp. Ipomoea suffulta Ipomoea triloba Ipomoea triloba Ipomoea tyrianthina Iresine angustifolia Iresine celosia Iresine celosia Iresine celosia Iresine nigra Jacaranda acutifolia Jacquemontia nodiflora Jacquemontia pentantha x poxil obal tzukum tz'i'lel x yaxal nich tz'i'lel sakil pom tz'unun sakil pom tz'unun alaveria tz'i'lel x yaxal nich tz'i'lel kopita x oven x batz'i k'oxox te' ch'aben tz'i'lel ch'aben tz'i'lel ch'aben te' ch'aben te' x milob ch'o te' x yax-te' yolnob ch'o tz'erel tz'erel tz'erel chenek'te ' chalon chalon x kontiyerva tzeb nekeb pox x amolyo sakil puyu' tzajal is-ak' x batz'i pik'ok' yaxal puyu' yaxal puyu' amolyo sakil ak' x sakil karnpana ak' pojov ak' x batz'i karnpana ak' tzajal puyu' k'ox pik'ok' yaxal puyu' batz'i pik'ok' k'ox puyu' tzajal puyu' bikil tz'i ' ak' x batz'i pik'ok' batz'i pik'ok' k'ask'as te' koko'on chij k'ask'as tz'i'lel x koko'on k'ask'as te' x pit x sakil ak' k'ox puyu' NUMBER 35 371 LATIN NAME Jacquinea macrocarpa Jaltomata procumbens Jasminum mesnyi Jasminum sambac Jatropha curcas Juanulloa mexicana Juglans regia Juncus dichotomus Juncus ebracteatus Juncus effusus Juncus effusus var. solutus Juncus marginatus var. setosus Juncus microcephalus Juniperus comitana Juniperus gamboana Justicia clinopodium Justicia clinopodium Justicia fulvicoma Justicia sp. Kallstroemia rosei Karwinskia humboldtiana Kearnemalvastrum lacteum Kearnemalvastrum lacteum Kniphofia uvaria Kohleria elegans Krameria revoluta Lactuca graminifolia Lactuca sativa Lactuca sativa Lactuca sativa Lagascea helianthifolia Lagenaria siceraria Lagenaria siceraria Lagenaria siceraria Lagenaria siceraria Lagenaria siceraria Lagenaria siceraria Lagenaria siceraria Lagenaria siceraria Lagenaria siceraria Lagenaria siceraria Lagenaria siceraria Lagenaria siceraria Lamium amplexicaule Lamium amplexicaule Lamourouxia viscosa Lamourouxia viscosa Lantana achyranthifolia Lantana achyranthifolia Lantana camara Lantana hispida Lasiacis divaricata Lasiacis divaricata TZOTZIL NAME majob ik'al chichol ch'o sakil nichim te' sakil nichim te' sakil sal-te' pochok' ton bek' ik'al jobel ik'al jobel ik'al jobel x puj ik'al jobel ik'al jobel ok'il te' ok'il te' x nochleb vonon x tentzun x muk'ta yax-chel x malva mexa tz'i'lel x aja-te'es x k'ox yuch' max muk'ta pak' chak asasena vola tzajal pom tz'unun x tan pox yat tz'i' tz'i'lel lechuka jich'il anal lechuka votzvotz lechuka tzojoj tzu batz'i tzu ik'ob-bail tzu kometa tzu muk'ta tzu nene' tzu tzual moy pulum vo' jay k'ox jay muk'ta jay sme' tzual moy x k'ox akuxa tz'i'lel x tzotzil jabnal x tzajal pom tz'unun tzajal kampana alavena tz'i'lel ten-jol pox ch'ix ch'il vet sakil ch'il vet ik'ob chij x k'ox ne kotom LATIN NAME Lasiacis hispida Lasiacis procerrima Lasiacis ruscifolia Lasiacis sorghoidea Lasiacis sorghoidea Lasianthaea fruticosa Leandra subseriata Leochilus pygmaeus Leonurus sibericus Lepechinia schiedeana Lepechinia schiedeana TZOTZIL NAME chanib x antzil aj x tukum j'ik'al x antzil aj x yat kotom k'ox top'ol tzajal chii jabnal x k'ox uch'ul vo' x marivana chilchil tz'i'lel x poxil obal Lepidium virginicum var. pubescens pich' Leucaena collinsii Leucaena diversifolia Leucaena leucocephala Leucanthemum vulgare Leucanthemum vulgare Leucanthemum vulgare Leucanthemum vulgare Leucanthemum vulgare Leucanthemum vulgare Leucanthemum vulgare Leucanthemum vulgare Leucanthemum vulgare Leucocarpus perfoliatus Liabum andrieuxii Liabum discolor Liabum glabrum var. hypoleucun Licania arborea Licania arborea Licania platypus Licaria peckii Ligustrum lucidum Ligustrum ovalifolium Lilium candidum Linum mexicanum Linum nelsoni Linum schiedeanum Linum schiedeanum Lippia bracteosa Lippia bracteosa Lippia cardiostegia Lippia cardiostegia Lippia chiapasensis Lippia chiapasensis Lippia chiapasensis Lippia myriocephala Lippia nodiflora Lippia stoechadifolia Lippia substrigosa Lisianthius nigrescens var. chiapensis Lisianthius nigrescens var. chiapensis paka olnob tzajal olnob batz'i olnob markarita markariton batz'i markariton tzotzin markariton cha'-lom markarita ch'ulul markarita k'ox markarita markarita reyeno tzotziron markarita chan-tzelav tz'i'lel k'ox suil itaj x batz'i suil itaj i batz'i suil itaj x karnero te' yaxal mol itzompi tzitz te' treno x tuil te' batz'i asasena tzutzub tzitz tz'i'lel x tzitz pox tzitz tz'i'lel x ch'ix ch'il vet x sak-nich te' x sakil ch'il vet muk'ta sak-nich te' x k'ux-pevul sak-nich te' x ch'ix ch'il vet muk'ta sak-nich te' alavena tz'i'lel alavena tz'i'lel sak-nich te' natz' amuch x tzukum tz'i'lel 372 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ANTHROPOLOGY LATIN NAME TZOTZIL NAME LATIN NAME TZOTZIL NAME Lithospermum distichum Litsea glaucescens Litsea glaucescens Litsea neesiana Llavea cordifolia Lobelia cardinalis ssp. graminea Lobelia laxiflora Loeselia glandulosa Loeselia glandulosa Loeselia mexicana Lonchocarpus minimiflorus Lonchocarpus rugosus Lonchocarpus rugosus Lonicera pilosa Lopezia langmanniae Lopezia langmanniae Lopezia racemosa Lophosoria quadripinnata Lophospermum turneri Ludwigia octovalvis Ludwigia octovalvis Ludwigia octovalvis Ludwigia peploides Ludwigia peruviana Luehea Candida Luffa cylindrica Lupinus elegans Lupinus sp. Lycaste cruenta Lycianthes arrazolensis Lycianthes ciliolata Lycianthes lenta Lycianthes lenta Lycianthes quichensis Lycopersicon esculentum var. cerasiforme Lycopersicon esculentum var. commune Lycopersicon esculentum var. commune Lycopersicon esculentum var. commune Lycopodium clavatum Lycopodium taxifolium Lycopodium thyoides Lycopodium tuerkheimii Lygodium venustum Lysiloma acapulcense Lysiloma auritum Lysiloma divaricatum Lythrum lanceolatum Machaerium biovulatum Machaerium biovulatum x tan pox tzis uch x aja-te'es x tzis uch muruch' tzib x primon primon x poxil k'ok' x tentzun poxil k'ok' tzo' xulem te' tzo' xulem te' x kamaron te' tzajal kampana tz'i'lel k'ask'as tz'i'lel k'unil te' x nochleb vonon tzatzal ok tzib ventex chij x pitz'otz' k'anal karnpana tz'i'lel x poxil t'ajel nich nab k'anal kampana tz'i'lel tux-nuk' te' juxob-bail ak' chenek' chij chenek' chij yuch'ul vo' bolom x chichol ch'o yich joj x batz'i putzul chichol chichol te' chichol te' k'ox tzajal chichol muk'ta tzajal chichol telajtik tzajal chichol muk'tik tzajal chichol xanxanil balamil xanxanil te' xanxanil balamil xanxanil te' tzib ak' ik'al suk sakil suk ik'al suk tzutzub x yich'ak mis katu' ch'ix Machaerium chiapense Machaerium chiapense Machaerium chiapense x Machaerium cobanense Machaerium riparium Macroptilium atropurpureum Mahonia berriozabalensis x Mahonia berriozabalensis Mahonia volcania x Mahonia volcania Malaxis fastigiata Malpighia glabra x Malpighia mexicana Malus pumila Malus pumila Malus pumila Malus pumila Malva nicaeensis Malva parviflora Malvaviscus arboreus var. arboreus Malvaviscus arboreus x var. mexicanus Mammillaria eriacantha Mandevilla subsagittata Mandevilla subsagittata Mandevilla tubiflora Mandevilla tubiflora Mangifera indica Mangifera indica Mangifera indica Mangifera indica Manihot aesculifolia x Manihot esculenta Manilkara achras Maranta arundinacea Marattia weinmanniifolia Marina scopa Marina spiciformis Marsypianthes chamaedrys Martynia annua Martynia annua Martynia annua Mastichodendron capiri var. tempisque Matelea aspera Matelea prosthecidiscus Matelea prosthecidiscus Matelea quirosii Matelea quirosii Matelea sp. Matthiola incana Matudina corvii Maxillaria variabilis Medicago polymorpha katu' ch'ix yolnob ch'o yax-'ib te' katu' ch'ix katu' ch'ix yok' tz'i' ak' k'an-te' k'anal te' k'an-te' k'anal te' jutuju k'ol-k'ox batz'i paxamum batz'i mantzana kamosa mantzana perote mantzana tranjero mantzana k'ox pak' chak k'ox pak' chak k'ox tz'oban batz'i yuch' max bik'it chikin ton ch'uxuv ak' pojov ak' ch'uxuv ak' pojov ak' chitom manko batz'i manko tranjero manko xok manko tz'in-te' tz'in-te' muy k'ox ch'uch' muk'ta tzib mesob jol bakal k'anal sat mes tentzun chuchu' moy poxil aja-chon yaxal jovos mikulax itaj xinal ak' kariava ak' pepen ak' krariata ak' pojov ak' tz'i' nichim k'ail yuch'ul vo' j'ik'al tzajal pitzak' NUMBER 35 373 LATIN NAME Medicago sativa Meiracyllium trinasutum Melampodium divaricatum Melampodium linearilobum Melampodium montanum Melampodium montanum Melampodium montanum Melampodium perfoliatum Melanthera nivea Melia azedarach Melilotus alba Melilotus alba Melilotus indica Melilotus indica Melilotus indica Melochia tomentosa Melothria pendula Melothria pendula Mentha citrata Mentha pulegium Mentzelia aspera Merremia aegyptia Merremia umbellata Mesechites trifida Miconia guatemalensis Miconia mexicana Miconia oligotricha Miconia oligotricha Micropleura renifolia Micropleura renifolia Microtropis contracta Mikania cordifolia Milleria quinquefolia Mimosa adenantheroides Mimosa adenantheroides Mimosa albida Mimosa invisa Mimosa nelsonii Mimosa pigra Mimosa pigra Mimulus glabratus Mimulus glabratus Mimulus glabratus Mimulus glabratus Mirabilis jalapa Mirabilis jalapa Mirabilis jalapa Modiola caroliniana Monnina chiapensis Monnina xalapenis Monstera acuminata Monstera deliciosa Monstera deliciosa X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X TZOTZIL NAME alpajo setajtik uch'ul vo' k'ox pilix k'anal matas batz'i saju' k'anal nich xinal pox k'anal nich batz'i saju' paraiso te' ch'aben tz'i'lel alpajo ch'aben tz'i'lel alpajo tzajal pitzak' sakil sat mes ich ak' xantiya ak' ch'ulul alavena batz'i alavena k'anal nap'ap' tz'i'lel sakil puyu' k'anal puyu' chikin chij tzajal chii jabnal tzajal chii jabnal batz'i chii jabnal muk'ta yax-chel krem pox k'ojom tilil ich ak' batz'i saju' yich'ak mis lotz'om chij lotz'om chij leb sotz' tamarin xaxib ch'ix ch'ix ak' alavena tz'i'lel nich nab batz'i bertulaka koko'on nich nab k'ask'as tz'i'lel k'ox tz'oban malva k'ox pak' chak poxil chuvaj pitz'otz' noch'och' pok'ok' yat kotom ak' LATIN NAME Monstera siltepecana Montanoa hexagona Montanoa sp. Montanoa speciosa Montanoa tomentosa ssp. xanthiifolia Moringa oleifera Morus celtidifolia Mucuna pruriens var. utilis Muhlenbergia breviligula Muhlenbergia cf. emersleyi Muhlenbergia macroura Muhlenbergia macroura Muhlenbergia robusta Muhlenbergia spiciformis Muhlenbergia stricta Muhlenbergia tenella Muhlenbergia tenella Muntingia calabura Musa acuminata x M. bulbisiana Musa acuminata x M. bulbisiana Musa acuminata x M. bulbisiana Musa acuminata x M. bulbisiana Musa acuminata x M. bulbisiana Musa acuminata x M. bulbisiana Musa acuminata x M. bulbisiana Musa acuminata x M. bulbisiana Musa textilis Myrcianthes fragrans Myrica cerifera Myriocarpa heterostachya Myriocarpa longipes Myriocarpa yzabalensis Nama jamaicense Nectandra coriacea Neobrittonia acerifolia Neopringlea viscosa Nerium oleander Nicotiana tabacum Nissolia fruticosa Nissolia fruticosa Nissolia fruticosa Nopalea cochenillifera Notholaena Candida Notholaena sinuata Nothoscordum bivalve Nothoscordum bivalve Ocimum americanum Ocimum basilicum Ocimum micranthum Ocotea chiapensis Odontoglossum bictoniense Odontotrichum cirsiifolium TZOTZIL NAME noch'och' ton k'ail x k'ail x ton k'ail x ton k'ail jasinto te' saya-vun javas kajve ch'ix jobel ch'ix jobel x ch'ix jobel ana-jobel ch'ix jobel tzajal jobel ch'ix jobel x akan jobel k'un-jobel makulixkuat batz'i lo'bol chan-tzelav lo'bol mantzana lo'bol natikil lo'bol sakil lo'bol sera lo'bol tzajal lo'bol chimpo lo'bol mol lo'bol x batz'i k'oxox te' satin linkon te' linkon te' linkon te' tz'un-jol tz'i'lel tzitz te' x chichol ak' x akit k'ox patax moy chenek' ak' epal nich x tan ka' tzajal petok muruch' tzib muruch' tzib tuix jobel x ch'upak' k'ox arvajaka batz'i arvajaka k'ox arvajaka tzitz te' uch'ul vo'al ba ton x lo'balal ch'ix 374 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ANTHROPOLOGY LATIN N A M E TZOTZIL NAME LATIN NAME TZOTZIL N A M E Oecopetalum mexicanum Oenothera kunthiana x Oenothera kunthiana x Oenothera kunthiana Oenothera pubescens Oenothera rosea Olmeca reflexa Olmeca reflexa x Olmediella betschleriana Onoseris onoseroides x Operculina pinnatifida Operculina pteripes Oplismenus burmanni x Oplismenus burmanni Oplismenus burmanni Opuntia ficus-indica Opuntia pubescens Opuntia cf. ficus-indica Opuntia sp. Oreopanax capitatus Oreopanax capitatus x Oreopanax obtusifolius x Oreopanax peltatus Oreopanax xalapensis Origanum vulgare Orthosanthus chimboracensis var. centro-americanus Oryza sativa Osbertia stoloniferus Ostrya virginiana var. guatemalensis Otatea fimbriata Otatea fimbriata x Oxalis albicans x Oxalis albicans Oxalis corniculata Oxalis frutescens ssp. angustifolia Oxalis frutescens ssp. angustifolia Oxalis galeottii Oxalis latifolia Pachyptera hymenaea Pachyrrhizus erosus x Pachyrrhizus erosus Pachyrrhizus strigosus x Pachyrrhizus strigosus Pachyrrhizus vernalis Pachythamnus crassirameus Panicum bulbosum Panicum hirticaule Panicum maximum Papaver somniferum Parathesis chiapensis Parathesis chiapensis x kakav te' poxil apon tzajal karnpana tz'i'lel orisyon tz'i'lel orisyon tz'i'lel poxil apon antzil bix k'ox ne kotom k'olo-max saya-vun sakil pik'ok' k'anal puyu' akan jobel tzukum jobel yisim be batz'i petok chorisyo ch'ix ik'-lo'an petok te'tikal petok kajanab te' sakil k'os memela te' jabnal jabnal te' oregano batz'i pech'e-'ok jobel aros tenten pox tz'utuj te' ton bix k'ox ne kotom mail tz'i'lel k'ox vala-pojov k'ox vala-pojov poxil me'-vinik k'ox vala-pojov batz'i vala-pojov batz'i vala-pojov axux ak' pek' me'el jikamo pek' me'el jikamo ak' jikamo ak' bik'it ch'a-te' batz'i sakaton akan jobel batz'i sakaton amapola tzajal k'os bakel amuch te' Parathesis leptopa Parathesis leptopa x Parietaria debilis Parmentiera aculeata Parthenium hysterophorus Parthenium hysterophorus x Parthenocissus quinquefolia x Parthenocissus quinquefolia Paspalum botterii Paspalum plicatulum Paspalum sp. x Passiflora filipes Passiflora foetida Passiflora ligularis Passiflora membranacea x Passiflora pavonis Passiflora sexiflora Passiflora subpeltata Pavonia schiedeana Pedis prostrata Pedilanthus tithymaloides Pedilanthus tithymaloides Pelargonium hortorum Pelargonium hortorum Pelargonium hortorum Pelargonium hortorum Pelargonium hortorum Pennisetum bambusiforme x Pennisetum purpureum Peperomia campylotropa Peperomia deppeana Peperomia galioides Peperomia heterodoxa Peperomia humilis Peperomia liebmannii Peperomia quadrifolia Persea americana Persea americana Persea americana Persea americana Persea americana var. drymifolia Persea donnell-smithii Persea scheideana Perymenium ghiesbreghtii x Perymenium ghiesbreghtii Perymenium grande var. nelsonii Perymenium grande var. nelsonii x Petastoma patelliferum Peteravenia phoenicolepis Petiveria alliacea Petroselinum crispum Petroselinum crispum tzajal k'os bakel amuch te' sikil ton chachi' kulantu ch'o jjaral-me'tik tz'itesob jolol ve'el inatab akan jobel akan jobel k'ox ne kotom kranata ak' kranata ak' kranata kranata kranata ak' te' ak' kranata ak' xtalaj tz'i'lel tzitz tz'i'lel yama chauk piyon te' batz'i tzajal nichim ik"ik'-lo'an tzajal nichim sak-vayan tzajal nichim sakil tzajal nichim tzajal nichim antzil aj meno sentavo tz'i'lel setajtik vixobtakil batz'i vixobtakil vixobtakil chon muk'ta vixobtakil muk'ta vixobtakil setajtik vixobtakil batz'i on ch'ail on tzitz on yax-'on tzitz oven chinin chak'ak' k'ox k'an-'ich k'anal top'ol xolom te' ak' yak'ubal us soro te' kulantu ch'o perejil NUMBER 35 375 LATIN NAME TZOTZIL NAME LATIN NAME TZOTZIL NAME Phanerophlebia remotispora Phaseolus coccineus Phaseolus coccineus Phaseolus coccineus Phaseolus coccineus Phaseolus coccineus Phaseolus coccineus Phaseolus coccineus ssp. darwinianus Phaseolus coccineus ssp. darwinianus Phaseolus coccineus ssp. darwinianus Phaseolus coccineus ssp. darwinianus Phaseolus lunatus Phaseolus lunatus Phaseolus lunatus Phaseolus lunatus Phaseolus vulgaris Phaseolus vulgaris Phaseolus vulgaris Phaseolus vulgaris Phaseolus vulgaris Phaseolus vulgaris Phaseolus vulgaris Phaseolus vulgaris Phaseolus vulgaris Phaseolus vulgaris Phaseolus vulgaris Phaseolus vulgaris Phaseolus vulgaris Phaseolus vulgaris Phaseolus vulgaris Phaseolus vulgaris Phaseolus vulgaris Phaseolus vulgaris Phaseolus vulgaris Phaseolus vulgaris Phaseolus vulgaris Phaseolus vulgaris Phaseolus vulgaris Phaseolus vulgaris Phaseolus vulgaris Phaseolus vulgaris Phaseolus vulgaris Phaseolus vulgaris Phaseolus vulgaris Philodendron hederaceum Philodendron hederaceum Philodendron radiatum Philodendron tripartitum Philodendron warscewiczii muk'ta tzib ik'al botii sakil botii sakil tz'ibal botii tzajal botii tzajal tz'ibal botii xut ik'al ibes k'anal ibes sakil ibes tzajal ibes ik'al xvet' sakil xvet' tzajal xvet' tz'ibal xvet' sakil pat sakil pat ivriro chenek' tz'i'lel xut ik'al x'ak'il ik'al xlumil chana x'ak'il k'anal x'ak'il muk'ta sakil xlumil sakil x'ak'il tzajal x'ak'il tzajal xlumil tz'ibal x'ak'il ik'al x'ak'il ta olon osil muk'ta ik' k'anal ton tz'unun sakil ton tz'unun santoal ik' santoal tzoj tzajal x'ak'il ta olon osil tzo' t'ul tzo' bail xlumil vayu' xlumil kvarentano muk'ta ik' sak-vayan xlumil sakil xlumil tz'ibal xlumil ik'al pat yat kotom ak' noch'och' noch'och' noch'och' noch'och' Phlebodium aureum Phoradendron annulatum Phoradendron falcatum Phoradendron nervosum Phoradendron quadrangulare Phoradendron robustissimum Phragmites australis Phyllanthus mcvaughii Phyllanthus mcvaughii Phyllanthus mcvaughii Phyllantus grandifolius Phymosia rosea Physalis ixocarpa Physalis nicandroides Physalis nicandroides Physalis philadelphica Physalis pubescens Physalis pubescens Physalis sp. Phytolacca icosandra Phytolacca rugosa Picramnia tetramera Pilea microphylla Pimenta dioica Pinaropappus spathulatus var. chiapensis Pinaropappus spathulatus var. chiapensis Pinguicula moranensis Pinus ayacahuite Pinus michoacana Pinus montezumae var. rudis Pinus oaxacana Pinus oocarpa Pinus pseudostrobus Pinus tecote Piper amalgo Piper auritum Piper decurrens Piper hispidum Piper jacquemontianum Piper marginatum Piper nigrum Piper tuberculatum Piptadenia flava Piptochaetium virescens Piptothrix areolaris Piptothrix areolaris Piqueria pilosa Piqueria trinervia Piscidia carthagenensis Pisonia aculeata Pisonia macranthocarpa kilajtik tzib nok'ol sik'ol nok'ol sik'ol nok'ol sik'ol nok'ol sik'ol nok'ol sik'ol antzil aj x brasil x k'an-te' poxil chin k'ol-k'ox batz'i tz'oban muk'ta putzul chichol x batz'i putzul chichol x chichol ch'o batz'i putzul chichol x batz'i putzul chichol x chichol ch'o chichol te' sakil ob tzajal ob ventex mol tontikil pimil anal batz'i pimenta x klavel poxil sep' poxil eal tzajal k'uk' toj ajan toj batz'i toj ik'al toj tzajal toj chak toj tzajal toj mumun te' mumun mumun te' mumun te' mumun te' mumun te' kaxlan pimenta mumun te' x batz'i olnob ne chuch x batz'i k'an-'ich jom akan chichik'uy chichik'uy barsin te' krus ch'ix krus ch'ix 376 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ANTHROPOLOGY LATIN N A M E TZOTZIL NAME LATIN NAME TZOTZIL N A M E Pistacia mexicana Pistacia mexicana Pisum sativum Pitcairnea breedlovei Pitcairnia breedlovei Pitcairnia breedlovei Pitcairnia breedlovei Pitcairnia calderonii Pitcairnia calderonii Pitcairnia heterophylla Pitcairnia karwinskyana Pithecellobium dulce Pithecellobium dulce Pithecellobium dulce Pithecodenium crucigerum Pithecodenium crucigerum Plantago australis ssp. hirtella Plantago linearis Plantago major Platanus mexicana Platymiscium dimorphandrum Pleopeltis munchii Pluchea odorata Plumeria alba Plumeria rubra Plumeria rubra Plumeria rubra Poeppigia procera Polyclathra cucumerina Polygala chiapensis Polygala costaricensis Polygonum portoricense Polygonum punctatum Polygonum punctatum Polygonum punctatum Polypodium adelphum Polypodium alfredii Polypogon elongatus Polypogon viridis Polystichum distans Polystichum distans Porophyllum ruderale ssp. macrocephalum Portulaca oleracea Potentilla staminea Pouteria campechiana Pouteria mammosa Prestonia mexicana Prionosciadium nelsonii Priva aspera Priva lappulacea Prunella vulgaris Prunella vulgaris tzajal paj-'ul chenek' te' sakil karvensa antzil ech' x k'ox uch'ul vo' ch'ix ech' x vojton uma' ech' x antzil ech' ch'ix ech' ch'ix ech' x vojton uma' ech' x brasil vamuch te' x voy chij te' x barsin ak' yat vakax ak' yok' tz'i ' chintuli' jobel yok' tz'i ' jach'ub te' lumpisera kilajtik tzib tzajal sitit sakil patax nichim k'anal patax nichim moraro patax nichim tzajal patax nichim molfno te' xenebal pox poxil chuvaj poxil chuvaj yat nab nich nab yat nab koko'on nich nab kilajtik tzib kilajtik tzib akan jobel akan jobel tzajal tzib muk'ta tzib xinal tz'i'lel batz'i bertulaka k'anal nich no'chi' ja'as x vako' ak' yama chauk puj-'akan pom tz'unun yaxal nap'ap' tz'i'lel arvajaka tz'i'lel x yaxal nich tz'i'lel Prunus armeniaca Prunus barbata Prunus domestica Prunus domestica Prunus domestica Prunus domestica Prunus persica Prunus persica Prunus persica Prunus persica Prunus persica Prunus persica Prunus serotina Prunus serotina Pseudobombax ellipticum Psidium guajava Psidium guajava Psidium guineense Psittacanthus calyculatus Psittacanthus calyculatus Psychotria erythrocarpa Psychotria pubescens Psychotria sp. Pteridium aquilinum Punica granatum Pyrus communis Pyrus pyrifolia Quassia amara Quercus acutifolia Quercus candicans Quercus castanea Quercus crassifolia Quercus crispipilis Quercus elliptica Quercus laurina Quercus oleoides Quercus peduncularis Quercus peduncularis Quercus peduncularis Quercus peduncularis Quercus polymorpha Quercus rugosa Quercus rugosa Quercus rugosa Quercus sapotifolia Quercus segoviensis Quercus segoviensis Quercus segoviensis Randia aculeata Randia cineria Ranunculus petiolaris Rapanea juergensenii Raphanus sativus kaxlan turasnu x chix te' mut ik"ik'-lo'an sirvela k'anal sirvela sakil sirvela tzajal sirvela batz'i turasnu karirat turasnu k'anal prixku' luranko turasnu merokotom turasnu sakil prixku' batz'i chix te' chix te' mut mail te' sakil kaxlan potov tzajal kaxlan potov batz'i potov x nok'ol sik'ol nok'ol sik'ol j ' ik 'al poxil pat ka' x poxil pat ka' x sakil kanela te' batz'i tzib krariata lo'bol batz'i pelex kaxlan pelex te' ak' tz'otz'op sap yok batz'i chikin-ib batz'i te' batz'i chikin-ib sakil chikin-ib jayal pat chikin-ib batz'i chikin-ib x tzajal tulan x k'an-tulan x k'evex tulan sakil tulan k'evex tulan tzajal tulan x k'an-tulan x sakil tulan sakil chikin-ib x sakil tulan k'an-tulan x k'evex tulan boch te' boch te' k'ojom tilil natikil alavanux NUMBER 35 377 LATIN NAME Raphanus sativus Raphanus sativus Raphanus sativus Raphanus sativus Rauvolfia tetraphylla Rechsteineria warscewiczii Rhamnus capraeifolia var. grandifolia Rhamnus mucronata Rhamnus mucronata Rhamnus mucronata Rhamnus sp. Rheedia edulis Rhipidocladum bartlettii Rhipidocladum pittieri Rhipidocladum pittieri Rhus schiedeana Rhus terebinthifolia Rhynchelytrum repens Rhynchelytrum repens Rhynchosia discolor Rhynchosia discolor Rhynchosia longeracemosa Rhynchosia minima Rhynchosia minima Rhynchosia pyramidalis Rhynchospora ciliata Ricinus communis Ricinus communis Ricinus communis Ricinus communis Rigidella orthantha Rivina humilis Rondeletia sp. Rorippa x sterilis Rorippa nasturtium-aquaticum Rosa banksiae Rosa chinensis Rosa chinensis Rosa chinensis Rosa chinensis Rosa chinensis Rosa chinensis Rosa chinensis Rosa damascena Rosa gallica Rosa multiflora Rosa roxburghii Rubus adenotrichus Rubus coriifolius Rubus eriocarpus Rubus fagifolius Rubus humistratus TZOTZIL NAME sakil alavanux ch'ix alavanux kaxlan alavanux muk'ta alavanux ve'el kulajte' x moy x bak te' x bakel amuch te' poxil poslom tzajal k'os x muk'ta paxamum luchamaria chanib chanib x k'ox ne kotom muk'ta paj-'ul k'ox paj-'ul x ch'ix jobel tzajal jobel x pek' me'el chenek' ak' x pek' me'el chenek' ak' chenek' tz'i'lel xchenek' tzajal om krus jobel ch'upak' te' muk'ta ch'upak' te' sakil ch'upak' te' tzajal ch'upak' te' x batz'i jol koy unen mu tz'i'lel k'ask'as tz'i'lel bero bero k'anal roxa sakil roxa batz'i tzajal roxa ik"ik'-lo'an roxa sak-pak'an roxa sak-vayan roxa sak-vayan tzajal roxa sak-vilan tz'unbalal roxa roxa roxa k'ox tzajal roxa makom roxa batz'i makom tuxum makom xoto-chak ch'ail makom tzajal makom LATIN NAME Rubus irasuensis Rubus sapidus Rubus trilobus Ruellia hookeriana Ruellia inundata Ruellia ladea Ruellia nudiflora Ruellia nudiflora Ruellia nudiflora Ruellia parva Rumex crispus Rumex crispus Rumex obtusifolius Russellia sarmentosa Russellia sarmentosa Ruta graveolens Sabal mexicana Sabazia sarmentosa Sabazia sarmentosa Sabazia sarmentosa Saccharum officinarum Sageretia elegans Salix babylonica Salix bonplandiana Salix chilensis Salix humboldtiana Salix taxifolia Salmea scandens Salvia cacaliaefolia Salvia chiapensis Salvia cinnabarina Salvia coccinea Salvia excelsa Salvia holwayi Salvia karwinskii Salvia lasiantha Salvia lavanduloides Salvia leucantha Salvia longispicata Salvia mexicana Salvia microphylla Salvia misella Salvia misella Salvia misella Salvia polystachya Salvia purpurea Salvia reptans Salvia reptans Salvia rubiginosa Salvia tiliifolia Salvia tiliifolia var. albiflora Salvia urica Salvia urica Salvia urica TZOTZIL NAME batz'i makom tuxum makom nuk' chij yaxal kampana tz'i'lel tentzun x yich joj yaxal karnpana tz'i'lel x tentzun x yok' tz'i' k'ask'as tz'i'lel yail tz'i'lel nich nab yail tz'i'lel k'ask'as tz'i'lel x poxil k'ok' lula palma markarita tz'i'lel x chichik'uy x sakil matas vale' ox-'u kilajtik tok'oy batz'i tok'oy kilajtik tok'oy kilajtik tok'oy k'ox tok'oy x batz'i k'an-'ich x yax-'ulan pom tz'unun tzajal pom tz'unun tzajal pom tz'unun tzajal pom tz'unun tzajal pom tz'unun tzajal pom tz'unun tzajal pom tz'unun latzbil tonal pox poxil obal x poxil obal x k'ox yax-chel batz'i ch'ulelal nichim mixto k'ox nap'ap' tz'i'lel alavena tz'i'lel x batz'i pern k'ulub yaxal pom tz'unun yaxal pom tz'unun x batzi pern k'ulub yaxal pom tz'unun yaxal pom tz'unun nochleb buluk' sat x poxil obal x batz'i boraja x poxil obal yax-'ulan pom tz'unun 378 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ANTHROPOLOGY LATIN N A M E Salvia urica Sambucus canadensis Sambucus mexicana Sanvitalia procumbens Sanvitalia procumbens Sarcostemma bilobum Sarcostemma bilobum Sarcostemma bilobum Sarcostemma bilobum Satureja brownei Satureja mexicana Saurauia oreophila Saurauia scabrida Schizocarpum attenuatum Schkuhria pinnata Schoenocaulon officinale Schoenocaulon officinale Schoenocaulon officinale Schoepfia vacciniiflora Schrankia leptocarpa Scirpus californicus Scirpus validus Scleria bourgeaui Scleria hirtella Scleria pterota Sclerocarpus uniserialis Sclerocarpus uniserialis Scutellaria dumetorum Scutellaria dumetorum Sechium edule Sechium edule Sechium edule Sechium edule Sechium edule Sechium edule Sechium edule Sechium edule Sechium edule Sechium edule Sechium edule Sechium edule Sechium edule Sedum guatemalense Sedum praealtum Selaginella pallescens Selenicereus grandiflorus Senecio chenopodioides Senecio salignus Senecio schaffneri Senecio sp. Senecio thomasii Senecio uspantanensis TZOTZIL NAME x yaxal nich tz'i'lel xutax chijil te' batz'i chijil te' x batz'i saju' k'anal nich x kururin x batz'i k'an-ak' tz'itesob jolol ak' pojov ak' k'ox yax-chel alajebal pox ajo' te' ajo' te' xenebal pox vo'tus tz'i'lel sakil pech'e-'ok jobel x yaxux ka' x ch'upak' tzajal ch'it leb sotz' vinik puj vinik puj k'ox limon jobel k'ox limon jobel k'ox limon jobel x batz'i saju' k'anal nich x chak'ak' alavena tz'i'lel ch'um-te' sakil ch'um-te' k'ox sakil ch'um-te' muk'ta sakil ch'um-te' t'arax ch'um-te' sakil t'arax ch'um-te' yaxal t'arax ch'um-te' tzop ch'um-te' sakil tzop ch'um-te' yaxal tzop ch'um-te' yaxal ch'um-te' k'ox yaxal ch'um-te' muk'ta yaxal ch'um-te' k'ox pimil anal batz'i pimil anal xanxanil ton ne bolom x batz'i k'an-'ich batz'i chilkat x batz'i suil itaj x k'am-xoch' x batz'i suil itaj x sakil k'os LATIN NAME Senna atomeria Senna atomeria Senna atomeria Senna cobanensis Senna cobanensis Senna foetidissima var. grandiflora Senna foetidissima var. grandiflora Senna hirsuta var. hirta Senna nicaraguensis Senna nicaraguensis Senna occidentalis Senna pallida Senna pallida Senna pallida Senna pallida var. brachyrrhachis Senna polyantha Senna skinneri Senna skinneri Senna tonduzii Senna unifiora Senna unifiora Serjania psilophylla Serjania punctata Serjania triquetra Sesamum indicum Sesbania emerus Sesbania emerus Setaria gracilis Setaria gracilis Setariopsis auriculata Sicyos microphyllus Sicyos microphyllus Sida acuta Sida barclayi Sida rhombifolia Sida rhombifolia Siegesbeckia jorullensis Siegesbeckia jorullensis Simsia amplexicaulis Simsia grandiflora Simsia sanguinea Sisyrinchium angustissimum Sisyrinchium convolutum Sisyrinchium scabrum Sisyrinchium scabrum Sisyrinchium scabrum Sisyrinchium tindorium Smallanthus maculatus Smallanthus oaxacanus Smilacina scilloides TZOTZIL N A M E x mlchita te' x tzo' xulem te' chenek' chij te' x tz'erel yax-'ib te' x kamaron te' x putzul chij chenek' te' x jabnal x voy chij te' yolnob ch'o chenek' te' yax-'ib te' yolnob ch'o x putzul chij x putzul chij yax-'ib te' yolnob ch'o yax-'ib te' x batz'i ch'aben chenek' tz'i'lel te' ak' x pek' me'el sakil tz'usub jonjolin x ch'aben te' tut nab tzukum jobel yisim be tzukum jobel xenebal pox ch'ix ch'um-te' ch'o sakil sat mes k'anal sat mes k'anal sat mes x k'ox pak' chak batz'i nap'ap' tz'i nap'ap' tz'i'lel batz'i saju' ch'ix saju' k'ox pilix k'anal pech'e-'ok k'anal pech'e-'ok k'anal pech'e-'ok nich nab 'lei jobel jobel jobel pech'e-'ok nich nab k'anal pech'e-'ok k'ail k'ail x muk'ta uch'ul vo' jobel NUMBER 35 LATIN N A M E Smilacina scilloides Smilax bona-nox Smilax domingensis Smilax jalapensis Smilax mollis Smilax subpubescens Sobralia decora Solanum acerifolium Solanum aligerum Solanum aligerum Solanum americanum Solanum americanum Solanum angustifolium Solanum angustifolium Solanum brachystachys Solanum brachystachys Solanum candidum Solanum candidum Solanum cervantesii Solanum cervantesii Solanum chrysotrichum Solanum dulcamaroides Solanum erianthum Solanum lanceolatum Solanum lanceolatum Solanum mammosum Solanum morelliforme Solanum morelliforme Solanum muricatum Solanum nudum Solanum oaxacanum Solanum torvum Solanum torvum Solanum tuberosum Solanum tuberosum Solanum tuberosum Solanum tuberosum Solanum tuberosum Solanum tuberosum Sonchus asper Sonchus oleraceus Sorghum bicolor Sorghum halepense Spartium junceum Spathiphyllum phryniifolium Spigelia humboldtiana Spigelia nicotianaeflora Spigelia splendens Spilanthes americana Spilanthes americana Spiraea cantoniensis Spiranthes aurantiaca Spiranthes aurantiaca TZOTZIL NAME x yat tz'i ' ak' karos ak' sik'ol ak' karos ak' k'ox t'ut' ak' batz'i t'ut' ak' me' putzul x chuchu' sat pukuj x ajval te' sakil unen mu tzajal unen mu x chuchu' ye aja chon sat pukuj tuil te' x k'ux pevul x chichol ch'o sat pukuj x tuil te' k'ux-pevul x pek' me'el moy te' x sak-nich te' k'ux-pevul chuchu' x chichol ch'o is-ak' tz'i'lel pepino tuil te' x yich'ak mis x chuchu' k'ux-pevul batz'i is-ak' sakil batz'i is-ak' tzajal batz'i is-ak' tranjero is-ak' sakil tranjero is-ak' tzajal tranjero is-ak' ch'ix chikaryo batz'i chikaryo tukum j ' ik 'al tzajal sakaton x ch'aben te' x pamal jabnal sat pukuj tz'i'lel poxil chu'ul x tzajal nichim x batz'i saju' chak'ak' x tzajal pomos yok' vakax x ch'upak' LATIN NAME Spiranthes cinnabarina Spondias mombin Spondias mombin Spondias purpurea Spondias purpurea Sporobolus indicus Sporobolus indicus Sporobolus indicus Sprekelia formosissima Stachys agraria Stachys coccinea Stachys coccinea Stachys coccinea Stachys radicans Stachys rotundifolia Stachytarpheta cayennensis Stachytarpheta frantzii Stanhopia ssp. Stelis sp. Stemmadenia eubradeata Stemmadenia obovata Stenocereus eichlamii Stenocereus eichlamii Sterculia apetala Stevia caracasana Stevia connata Stevia lucida Stevia lucida Stevia ovata Stevia ovata Stevia polycephala Stevia polycephala Stevia polycephala Stevia serrata Stevia serrata Stigmaphyllon humboldtianum Stigmaphyllon puberum Stillingia acutifolia Stipa ichu Struthanthus deppeanus Struthanthus intermedius Struthanthus tacanensis Styrax argentum Styrax argentum Styrax argentum Swietenia humilis Symphoricarpos microphyllus Symplocos limoncillo Symplocos vernicosa Synardisia venosa Syngonium negledum Syngonium podophyllum Syngonium salvadorense Syzygium jambos TZOTZIL N A M E yok' vakax batz'i jovos te'tikal po'on batz'i po'on te'tikal po'on x akan jobel x tzukum jobel yisim be tzajal asasena x tzotzil jabnal x tzajal pom tz'unun sten uch x tzotzil jabnal tzotzil jabnal x tzotzil jabnal yarvajaka me'on yarvajlka me'on yuch'ul vo' bolom x sakil uch'ul vo' bik'it choch bik'it choch yoyal vinajel x chorisyo ch'ix kastanya yak'ubal us yak'ubal us ch'a-te' pox poxil ik' bik'it ch'a-te' yak'ubal us poxil ik' bik'it ch'a-te' nap'ap tz'i'lel bik'it ch'a-te' yak'ubal us pepen ak' x kranata ajval te' ne chuch nok'ol sik'ol nok'ol sik'ol nok'ol sik'ol tzitz te' x bak te' ja'as te' kova'na te' poxil t'ajel muk'ta paxamum muk'ta paxamum sakil k'os noch'och' noch'och' noch'och' tzajal potov 379 380 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ANTHROPOLOGY LATIN N A M E TZOTZIL NAME Tabebuia rosea Tagetes elongata Tagetes erecta Tagetes erecta Tagetes erecta Tagetes filifolia Tagetes foetidissima Tagetes lucida Tagetes nelsonii Tagetes nelsonii Tagetes tenuifolia Talinum paniculatum Talinum triangulare Talinum triangulare Tamarindus indica Tanacetum parthenium Tanacetum parthenium Taraxacum officinale Taxodium mucronatum Tecoma stans Tecoma stans Tephrosia cinerea Tephrosia lanata Ternstroemia lineata ssp. chalicophila Ternstroemia lineata ssp. chalicophila Ternstroemia oocarpa Ternstroemia oocarpa Tetragonia expansa Thalidrum guatemalense Thalictrum guatemalense Thelypteris deflexa Thelypteris oligocarpa Thelypteris resinifera Thelypteris rudis Theobroma bicolor Thevetia ovata Thevetia peruviana Thevetia plumeriaefolia Thuidium delicatulum Thymus vulgaris Tigridia chiapensis Tigridia hallbergii Tigridia pavonia Tillandsia butzii Tillandsia butzii Tillandsia capitata Tillandsia capitata Tillandsia caput-medusae Tillandsia caput-medusae Tillandsia dasyliriifolia aj-te' te' k'ox vo'tus antzil vo'tus kelem vo'tus kaxlan vo'tus tzitz tz'i'lel x k'ox vo'tus tzitz x k'anal matas tzis chauk k'ox vo'tus yaxal bertulaka bilil itaj x bilil itaj tamarin volita jjaral-me'tik tontikil putzul k'isis x k'an-te' putzul chij yolnob ch'o x chenek' chij te' batz'i k'oxox te' x tilil batz'i k'oxox te' x tilil espinaka tuturu yama chauk k'ox tzib k'ox tzib k'ox tzib k'ox tzib kokov choch x choch choch tzon-te'al balamil tomyo sakil jol koy te'tikal jol koy batz'i jol koy uma' ech' kilon uma' ech' uma' ech' vojton uma' ech' uma' ech' kilon uma' ech' krus uma' ech' LATIN NAME TZOTZIL N A M E Tillandsia dasyliriifolia Tillandsia fasciculata Tillandsia fasciculata Tillandsia flabellata Tillandsia flabellata Tillandsia guatemalensis Tillandsia plumosa Tillandsia plumosa Tillandsia ponderosa Tillandsia rodrigueziana Tillandsia seleriana Tillandsia seleriana Tillandsia usneoides Tillandsia vicentina Tillandsia vicentina Tillandsia violacea Tillandsia violacea Tillandsia violacea Tinantia erecta Tithonia diversifolia Tithonia longiradiata Tithonia rotundifolia Tithonia tubaeformis Tournefortia densiflora Tournefortia densiflora Toxicodendron radicans Toxicodendron striatum Tradescantia crassifolia Tradescantia guatemalensis Tragia nepetifolia Trema micrantha Trichilia hirta Trichilia hirta Trichilia hirta Trichilia hirta Trichilia martiana Tridax procumbens Trifolium amabile Trifolium repens Tripogandra angustifolia Tripogandra disgrega Tripogandra grandiflora Tripogandra montana Tripsacum laxum Tripsacum maizar Tripsacum manisuroides Triticum aestivum Triumfetta dumetorum Triumfetta grandiflora Triumfetta polyandra Triumfetta semitriloba Triumfetta speciosa Trixis inula uma' ech' uma' ech' tzajal uma' ech' x krus ech' uma' ech' krus ech' tzajal uma' ech' uma' ech' vojton ech' ch'ix ech' x vojton ech' yech'joj tzon-te'al krus uma' ech' tzajal uma' ech' kilon ech' sakil kilon ech' tzajal kilon ech' batz'i tz'emeni' sun sun sun sun x ik'al vinik x tuil te' matal ak' ich te' yaxal tz'emeni' yaxal tz'emeni' k'ox la vax te' x batz'i po'on x batz'i jovos x tempix x tzajal sal-te' x tzajal sal-te' x chak'ak' batz'i pitzak' muk'ta pitzak' k'ox tz'emeni' batz'i tz'emeni' batz'i tz'emeni' batz'i tz'emeni' batz'i ximo' batz'i ximo' bik'it ximo' triko k'ox yuch' max batz'i yuch' max tzotzin yuch' max batz'i yuch' max batz'i yuch' max te'tikal chilkat NUMBER 35 LATIN NAME Turbina corymbosa Turnera diffusa Turnera ulmifolia Turpinia occidentalis Typha domingensis Typha latifolia Ulmus mexicana Urera caracasana Urera caracasana Urtica chamaedryoides Urvillea ulmacea Vaccinium confertum Valeriana densiflora Valeriana scandens Valeriana sorbifolia Valeriana sorbifolia Valeriana urticaefolia Verbena Carolina Verbena Carolina Verbena litoralis Verbesina crocata Verbesina crocata Verbesina crocata Verbesina hypsela Verbesina neriifolia Verbesina perymenioides Verbesina punctata Verbesina steyermarkii Verbesina turbascensis Vernonia deppeana Vernonia leiocarpa Vernonia leiocarpa Vernonia oaxacana Viburnum acutifolium ssp. blandum Viburnum acutifolium ssp. lautum Viburnum acutifolium ssp. lautum Viburnum elatum Viburnum elatum Viburnum elatum Viburnum hartwegii Viburnum hartwegii Viburnum hartwegii Viburnum hartwegii Viburnum jucundum Viburnum jucundum x V. acutifolium subsp. lautum Viciafaba Viciafaba Viciafaba Viciafaba TZOTZIL NAME x pek' me'el poxil lukum sakil sat mes x yax-'ib te' antzil puj antzil puj tz'utuj te' te' x jabnal muk'tik la batz'i la sakil tz'usub k'ox aja-te'es voy mula x tzajal puyu' voy mula yama chauk voy mula alavena tz'i'lel batz'i pern k'ulub batz'i pern k'ulub x batz'i k'an-'ich x ch'ix ch'il vet x nam-te' mol nam-te' mol x batz'i k'an-'ich nam-te' mol nam-te' mol nam-te' mol nam-te' mol sakil sitit x batz'i tzelo-pat xolom sakil sitit x mantzana te' x k'ol-k'ox x tzotz-ni' te' x kajve te' x ajate'es x muk'ta paxamum atz'am te' x sak-nich te' x tzotz-ni' te' x k'anal konkon tzotz-ni' te' x tzotz-ni' te' sakil javas tzeb javas tzajal javas k'anal javas LATIN NAME Viciafaba Vigna umbellata Vigna umbellata Vigna umbellata Vigna unguiculata Vigna unguiculata Vigna vexillata Viguiera dentata Viguiera longifolia Villadia albiflora Villadia albiflora Vinca major Viola nannei Viola odorata Vitis bourgeana Vitis tiliifolia Vitis tiliifolia Vitis vinifera Vriesea werckleana Waltheria americana Wedelia fertilis Wigandia urens Wigandia urens var. caracasana Wimmeria acuminata Wimmeria pubescens Wimmeria pubescens Wimmeria pubescens Woodwardia spinulosa Xanthosoma robustum Xanthosoma violaceum Xanthosoma violaceum Ximenia americana Xylosma flexuosum Xylosma intermedium Xylosma intermedium Xylosma intermedium Xylosma quichense Yucca elephantipes Zantedeschia aethiopica Zanthoxylum culantrillo Zanthoxylum foliolosum Zanthoxylum mayanum Zanthoxylum mayanum Zanthoxylum mayanum Zanthoxylum sp. Zea mays Zea mays Zea mays Zea mays Zea mays Zea mays Zea mays Zea mays 381 TZOTZIL NAME krem javas ik'al aros chenek' sakil aros chenek' tzajal aros chenek' ik'al kantela chenek' k'anal karitela chenek' te'tikal kantela chenek' sakil pilix x k'anal matas poxil chin x batz'i vixobtakil bioleta bioleta bioleta batz'i tz'usub sakil tz'usub x ve'el inatab uva antzil ech' sakil sat mes x batz'i saju' chon la chon la jich'il anal ch'it x brasil pinto te' x tzajal kanela te' muk'ta tzib pok'ok' sakil pi tzajal pi po'on ch'ix yisim bolom x akit yaxal ch'it yisim bolom yisim bolom kaxlan tok'oy kartucho yich'ak mis yich'ak mis x batz'i jovos x batz'i pom x tzajal sal-te' x po'on ch'ix bik'it ivriro bik'it sak chix te' enario ik'al ixim ik'al pinto isim ivriro krema 382 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ANTHROPOLOGY LATIN NAME TZOTZIL NAME Zea mays Zea mays Zea mays Zea mays Zea mays Zea mays Zea mays Zea mays Zea mays Zea mays Zea mays Zea mays Zea mays Zea mays kvarentano k'anal chix te' k'anal ivriro k'anal napalu k'ox k'anal napalu muk'ta ivriro muk'ta k'on muk'ta sak pinto ixim rokame sakil napalu sakil pinto ixim sakramentual ixim teralenyo LATIN NAME TZOTZIL NAME Zea mays Zea mays Zea mays Zea mays Zea mays Zea mays Zephyranthes brevipes Zephyranthes carinata Zeugites americana var. mexicana Zeugites munroana Zingiber officinale Zinnia elegans Zinnia peruviana x tuspenyo tzajal napalu vitztikal bik'it k'on vitztikal bik'it sak vitztikal muk'ta k'on vitztikal muk'ta sak nichim joj nichim joj k'otox jobel konejo jobel xenxerva snichim san-lukax snichim san-lukax Appendix 5 Tzotzil Plant Name Synonymy Common terms not normally translated in the synonymy Tzotzil term ak' batz'i bik'it bik'tal ik'al itaj jobel k'anal k'ox English equivalent vine real small small black greens grass yellow small Tzotzil term muk'ta muk'tik nich nichim te' tzajal tz'i'lel yax*al English equivalent large large flower flower tree red plant blue, green Synonymy (* = appears in Colonial dictionary) Tzotzil term English equivalent Synonym aja-te'is ajan te' ajan tz'i'lel ajo' ajoj ajoj te' ajval te' akan aj akan tz'i'lel akux tz'i'lel akuxa akuxa jabnal akuxa tz'i'lel ak'jobel ak'il chenek' ak'il tzib ak'ubal us alavanux alavena tzi'lel aleli alfajo amalyo amarin anima nichim ear of corn tree ear of corn plant lord tree stem reed stem plant needle plant needle needle leaf needle plant vine grass vine vine night gnat mint plant ghost flower 383 aja-te'es mojan batz'i yajan chuch ajo' te' ajo' te' ajo' te' ve'el kulajte' (Rauvolfia tetraphylla) tut yat nab k'ox akuxa tz'i'lel muk'ta akuxa tz'i'lel k'ox akuxa tz'i'lel k'ox akuxa tz'i'lel akan jobel x'ak'il chenek' tzib ak' yak'ubal us ch'ix alavanux arvajdka tz'i'lel tz'i' nichim alpajo amolyo tzajal asasena mukumu 384 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ANTHROPOLOGY Tzotzil term arveja arvensa asusena avrajaka axux ka' axux tzis uch ba'yi k'on ba'yi tz'unubil bak ak' bak-julan te' bak ni' te' bak te' bak tz'i'lel bak xul bakal tz'i'lel bakel amuch te' balajtik xanxanil te' bankilal bankilal jol olol bantera espanyol bantera nichim barbaskova te' baroso manko barsin ak' barsin te' batz'i chenek' batz'i chi batz'i chichol batz'i ech' batz'i met batz'i nichim batz'i paxak' batz'i sakil turasnu batz'i tulan be xinich ak' be xinich te' belakrus chenek' beltura tz'i'lel beltoraka belturaka bero bero' berol berturaka bik'it choch te' bik'it ch'aben bik'it k'on bik'it k'os English equivalent horse garlic opossum fart early yellow first seed bone vine skinny tree thin-topped tree skinny tree corncob plant thin wattle corncob plant toad bone tree tubular arboreal tree elder brother (or) chief senior child's head Spanish flag flag flower pimpled spotted vine spotted tree ant path vine ant path tree Veracruz small yellow Synonym karvensa karvensa asasena arvajaka yaxux ka' tzis uch muk'ta k'on napalu pacha ch'uxuv ak' bak te' bak te' jom akan poxil tza'nel bak te' poxil obal tzajal k'os xanxanil te' (Lycopodium tuerkheimii) moy jol olol asasena vola asasena vola barsin te' chitom manko pek' me'el ve'el kulajte' ik'al x'ak'il pino chi batz'i putzul chichol krus ech' lo'balal met tzajal nichim muk'ta paxak' batz'i turasnu sakil tulan tzajal tulan ich ak' k'orok' te' ik'al xlumil batz'i belturaka bertulaka bertulaka bero bero bero bertulaka bik'it choch tontikil ch'aben k'anal chix te' kajanab te' NUMBER 35 Tzotzil term bik'it met bik'it pem-k'ulub bik'it puj bik'it sakaton bik'it sun bik'it tubajtik lima bik'tal aj bik'tal anal te' bik'tal la bik'tal pom tz'unun bik'tal tzajal roxa bik'tal tz'emeni' bik'tal xinal te' boch jay te' boka itaj bolita bot ak' bot'-jol nichim bot'-jol tz'i'lel brokame bugambilya bukero buluk' sat tz'i'lel castillan chenek'* castillan ch'um* castillan ich* castillan ixim* castillan makum* castillan potov* castillan tuil nichim* castillan tzitz* cha'-lamal yanal toj chachi' ak' chak-lakan te' chak-te'* chak tojal ixim chak'ak' chak'ak' tz'i'lel chame-'at ch'ix chan-tzelav ak' chan-tzelav kinya chayna nichim chenek' aja-chon chenek' chon English equivalent small protuberant lemon small-leaved tree little stinky tree gourd gourd tree little ball protuberant-topped flower protuberant-topped plant hornworm plant castilian castilian castilian castilian castilian castilian smelly castilian flower castilian two thickness-leaved wasp's flower red tree pine stump centipede thorn winged vine four-ridged rattlesnake bean snake bean Synonym lo'balal met batz'i pem-k'ulub antzil puj batz'i sakaton sakil pilix pimil pat lima ik'ob chij tzajal ch'it k'ox la yax-'ulan pom tz'unun k'ox tzajal roxa yaxal tz'emeni' tuil te' batz'i te' mikulax itaj volita bot arvajaka tz'i'lel asasena vola j'ak'-'uch arvajaka tz'i'lel j'ak'-'uch ten-jol pox rokame asasena vola bukaro nochleb buluk' sat javas batz'i melon pimenta triko kranata lo'bol mantzana alavena inojo sakil k'uk' toj ne inatab k'ox bukaro nichim brasil chix te' bik'it ximo' chak'ak' k'ox k'an-'ich lotz'om chij barsin ak' yat vakax ak' chan-tzelav lo'bol muk'ta ch'ib poxil aja-chon poxil aja-chon 385 386 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ANTHROPOLOGY Tzotzil term English equivalent Synonym chenek' ch'o chenek' ch'o ak' chi ak' chi met chi uch'ul vo' chi vet chi' chich te' chichik'u' chichik'ul chichilk'un chichol moletik chichol tz'i'lel chikaro chikeryo chikin ba chikin chij chikin chij ak' chikin ch'o pox chikin t'ul ak' chikin t'ul jobel chikorya chikoryo chilkan chilkat chilkat te' chimpo chimpo kinya chimpu chimpu javas chinkul k'evex chinkuya chitom lima chitom po'on chivo pox chivo te' chix te' ak' chix te' k'on chix te' mut chobtikal chenek' choch te' cholchol nich chu' lima chu' ninyo mouse bean mouse bean fox's chi sweet elders' gopher's ear deer's ear deer's ear vine mouse's ear medicine rabbit's ear vine rabbit's ear grass small small small small spiked Pig Pig goat medicine goat cherry vine cherry yellow bird's cherry com field string of flowers breast lime Christ Child's breast chenek' chij chenek' tz'i'lel chenek' ak' yak'il vob ch'ix ak' kaxlan tok'oy te'tikal chi kilajtik uch'ul vo' kaxlan tok'oy nantzi' batz'i chix te' chichik'uy chichik'uy chichik'uy chichol ch'o chichol ch'o chikaryo chikaryo tzitz pox yok' tz'i ' chikin chij chikin ch'o pojov ak' krus jobel (Cyperus spedabilis) chikaryo chikaryo batz'i chilkat k'ox chilkat tzajal chii jabnal kvarentano chimpo lo'bol kvarentano krem javas chin-jol k'evex chin-jol k'evex ch'ulul lima batz'i jovos yaxal nich tz'i'lel (Ageratum echinoides) sakil pom tz'unun ch'ix ak' makulixkuat vax te' k'anal chix te' makulixkuat x'ak'il chenek' choch batz'i pojov tz'i'lel yalem bek'et pimil pat lima chuchu' NUMBER 35 Tzotzil term chu' ryox ch'a-'itaj ch'a-te' ka' ch'a-te' te' ch'a-te' tz'i'lel ch'aben antivo ch'aben chij ch'aben ch'o ch'aben ka' ch'aben tz'i'lel ch'aben vet ch'ail jobel ch'ail pox ch'ail tz'i'lel ch'akil tz'i'lel ch'ako ak' ch'elop vet ch'ib tzib ch'ich' ni' te' ch'ieb ch'uj* ch'il-te' vet ch'ili vet ch'ilim vet ch'in te' ch'it te' ch'ix ch'ix ak' ch'ix alavena ch'ix bolom ch'ix ixim ch'ix napux ch'ix pom tz'unun ch'ix pox ch'ix te' ch'ix tzib ch'ix tz'i'lel ch'ix vo tz'i'lel ch'ix xan ch'ixal itaj* English equivalent god's breast bitter greens horse's ancestor's deer's mouse's horse's fox's bitter grass bitter medicine bitter plant flea plant fox rib breeding place of cochineal bug fox rib fox rib fox pinole itchy tree thorn spiny vine prickly jaguar thorn spiny com rough spiny hummingbird nectar thorny medicine thorny tree spiny thorny plant bristly fly (deer fly) plant thorny prickly greens Synonym ch'ail pox chuchu' pa' itaj bik'it ch'a-te' yak'ubal us ch'ail pox ch'ail pox chenek' chij tontikil ch'aben chenek' chij ch'aben ka' tontikil ch'aben chenek' chij chenek' chij ch'aben ka' muk'ta pitzak' poxil sep' poxil obal poxil obal poxil pat ka' chilchil tz'i'lel ch'um-te' ch'o ch'il vet muk'ta tzib (Cyrtomium remotisporum) ch'ich' ni' tzajal petok ch'il vet ch'il vet ch'il vet kachimpa te' sakil ch'it k'at'ix karos ak' yat vakax ak' batz'i alavena yisim bolom sakramentual ixim ye tz'i' batz'i napux yaxal pom tz'unun (Salvia polystachya) poxil tza'nel boch te' ch'ix ak' kevrajacha tzajal ch'ulelal nichim keb chij tzajal pitz'ak keb chij batz'i xan batz'i boraja 387 388 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ANTHROPOLOGY Tzotzil term ch'ixal nichim* ch'ixal toj tz'i'lel ch'oliv chij ch'oliv nichim ch'oliv tz'i'lel ch'uch' tz'i'lel ch'ulelal ch'ulelal pox ch'ulul ak' ch'ulul anal chikin-ib ch'ulul anal k'oxox te' ch'ulul mustisya ch'ulul napux ch'ulul on ch'ulul pat naranja ch'ulul te' ch'um-te' ak' ch'upak' ch'upak' ak' ch'upak' ch'o ch'upak' mut ch'upak' tz'i'lel coles* duranko durasnos* elomonix especies* espuma delmar florejvana frasil fresno granada* granadiya English equivalent thorny flower pine thorn (a poisonous caterpillar) plant deer's ghost ghost medicine smooth vine smooth-leafed armadillo ear smooth-leaved smooth smooth smooth smooth-skinned smooth chayote vine mouse's bird's sea spray Synonym lo'balal ch'ix roxa tzukum tz'i'lel tzajal ch'oliv k'anal matas (Bidens ostruthioides) k'ox ch'oliv k'ox ch'uch' batz'i ch'ulelal nichim batz'i ch'ulelal nichim tz'usub ak' t'ut' ak' sakil chikin-ib ik'al k'oxox te' k'ox mustisya kaxlan napux yax-'on jayal pat naranja atz'am te' lo'bol kotom xenebal pox polotz' juxob-bail ak' xavon ak' chak'ak' k'ojom jol itaj luranko turasnu turasnu elamonix pimenta muk'ta pompom krisantema brasil presa kranata lo'bol kranata lo'bol higos* ik'ux ichi ak' ichil ak' ik'-lo'an puyu' ik'-soman ibes ik'al chikin-ib purple _ blackish ich ak' ich ak' tzajal puyu' ik'al ibes batz'i chikin-ib NUMBER 35 389 Tzotzil term English equivalent Synonym ik'al k'oxox te' ik'al lo'bol ik'al mustisya ik'al makom ik'al nap'ap' tz'i'lel ik'al nich puyu' ik'al nok ik'al pat chikin-ib ik'al pojov tz'i'lel ik'al pom tz'unun black toasted tortilla tree black sticky plant black flowered black barked black latex plant black hummingbird nectar ik'al sat tz'i'lel ik'al te' ik'al tulan ik'al tzelo-pat ik'al tzitz ik'al tz'emeni' ik'al tz'i'lel ik'al tz'usub inajo inejo inejo te' ivriro 250 ivriro 580 jabnal jabnal te' jamapa chenek' japob kantela me japob kantela tz'i jax-chu' lima jayal pat tulan j'ak'-tzeluel j'alnom sevulya jetav ch'ib jich'il akuxal tz'i'lel 'eletik 'lei jich'il anal chikin-ib black-fruited plant black plated-bark hybrid 250 hybrid 580 leaf women's candle holder candle holder plant flat-breasted thin-barked giver of cramps postpartum mother fork narrow needle plant narrow-leaved yaxal mol batz'i lo'bol muk'ta mustisya tuxum makom tzajal makom yaxal nap'ap' tz'i'lel yaxal puyu' ak' tzajal nok batz'i chikin-ib muk'ta on te' pox nochleb buluk' sat puj-'akan pom tz'unun sakil pom tz'unun (Hyptis urticoides) sten uch tzajal pom tz'unun yaxal pom tz'unun (Salvia purpurea) sakil ch'il vet ve'el kulajte' ik'al vinik treno tuil te' k'an-tulan batz'i tzelo-pat tzitz yaxal tz'emeni' (Commelina coelestis, Cymbispatha commelinoides) nochleb buluk' sat yax-'ulan pom tz'unun yaxal nap'ap' tz'i'lel t'ut' ak' inojo inojo tut nab bikit ivriro muk'ta ivriro tzajal chii jabnal ajo' te' muk'ta ik' pamal jabnal pamal jabnal ch'ulul lima tzajal tulan batz'i tzelo-pat j'alnom tuix palma ch'ib k'ox akuxa tz'i'lel jayal pat chikin-ib 390 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ANTHROPOLOGY Tzotzil term jich'il anal tzelo-pat jikamu jik'ik' te' jipleb vonon jisan-tzotz jit'ob na jjalal-me'tik jjaral-me'tik jjaral-me'tik saju' volita jobelal avarto jobelal na joj joj tz'i'lel jok'leb vonon jol choy tz'i'lel jol itajil paxak' jol koy ch'o jol tuk' te' jolinom itaj jolom paxak'* jom akan juljul nabo* juxob ek'en jvanita kachimpa tz'i'lel kachumpa te' kajtzanob bek'et kajvel kamaba ak' kampana kampana ch'o tz'i'lel kampana ch'ulelal kampana nichim kampana pox kampana tz'i'lel kantela ak' kape kapulin kapulin ak' karera karida karmenita karolina nichim kartucho nichim kastansya kaxlan kajve English equivalent narrow-leaved acrid tree bumblebee perch house lashing our Holy Lady our Holy Lady our Holy Lady packsaddle grass house thatch raven plant bumblebee perch fish head plant cabbage-head mouse gunstock tree head greens head hollow stem long metate platform smoother meat shelf bell mouse's bell plant ghost bell bell flower bell medicine bell plant candle vine cherry vine Caroline flower castilian Synonym bak tzelo-pat jikamo moy te' nochleb vonon itzompi sakil ak' altamixa altamixa k'anal matas bik'it ximo' ch'ix jobel tzojoj natz' amuch te'tikal jol koy jol choy chimpo paxak' te'tikal jol ch'oy mora jol itaj muk'ta paxak' puj-'akan pom tz'unun jolinom napux tut yat vakax ak' k'ok' sat nichim k'anal kampana tz'i'lel kachimpa te' sakil akuxa tz'i'lel kajve kdnava ak' batz'i kampana nichim primon bik'tal kampana nichim malva tzajal ch'ulelal nichim bik'tal kampana nichim te'tikal karitela chenek' kajve batz'i chix te' makulixkuat karirat turasnu karirat turasnu liryo asasena vola kartucho kastanya javas kajve NUMBER 35 Tzotzil term kaxlan makom kaxlan mantzana kaxlan napux kaxlan tz'ol keb chij keb vakax ak' kebrajacha kekex kelem jabnal kervajacha kervejacha kilajkik uch'ul vo' kiletel ech' kilkil ech' kilkil la kilkil tz'i'lel kilon ak' kinya lo'bol klavelito kok koko'on nich nab kokov te' kola lakarto kola tz'i'lel kola venaro kolail vob komenal met konchiyerva kometa koryo tzukum jobel koryon ch'ix kotom kovana te' koxo mol kovario te' koykoy koyoy krafiata chuch kranate' krem vo'tus krisante krus ch'ix kulantu tz'i'lel kulix itaj English equivalent castilian castilian castilian castilian deer burp cow burp vine boy leaf pendulous water-drinking receptacle pendulous pendulous pendulous pendulous plant pendulous vine cocoa tree crocodile tail glue plant deer's tail fiddle glue inflorescence horn running caterpillar grass accordion spine lame old man squirrel's boy cross thorn cabbage Synonym tuxum makom tranjero mantzana jolinom napux kvarentano tz'ol chikin chij chikin chij kevrajacha pok'ok' jabnal kevrajacha kevrajacha tzajal tz'emeni' kilon ech' kilon ech' batz'i la bik'it nap'ap' tz'i'lel ne inatab p'uk chan-tzelav kinya klavelina koko yat nab ch'ilim te' vux te' ch'ixal amuch muk'ta chikin ton ne bolom kola tzajal kampana nichim kola lo'balal met kontiyerva jok'leb tzo'op tz'unun tzukum jobel chorisyo ch'ix merokotom kanela te' tzajal xlumil kovana te' jol koy chinin jol koy kranata ak' kranata kelem vo'tus krisantema boch te' kuchara nich nab kulantu ch'o tzajal tzukum jol itaj 391 392 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ANTHROPOLOGY Tzotzil term English equivalent Synonym kurarina kuruch' itaj kururin ak' kururina kuskun-te' kvarentanyo k'a'esob nukul k'ajbenal chenek' k'ak'al mach'ul k'ak'al yuch' max k'an-'ich la k'an-tzu mail k'anal chak toj k'anal ch'ix k'anal ch'oliv k'anal kaxlan potov k'anal nich k'anal nich poxil k'ok' k'anal nich primon k'anal nich tz'i'lel k'anal nok'ol sik'ol k'anal pak' chak k'anal pech'e-'ok k'anal pik'ok' ak' k'anal pitzak' k'anal po'on k'anal potzan te' k'anal saju' k'anal te' k'anal tub chii k'anal tulan k'anal tz'irin x'ak'il k'anal uch'ul vo' k'anal yich'ak mut k'anas te' k'asal ak' k'ask'as nichim k'axib jobel k'ayil k'ib te' k'ik'i jobel k'ob tz'i' k'ojom jobel k'ol-k'ox moletik k'ol-pat naranja k'olo-max te' k'oro te' k'otox k'ox chak'ak' kinky hide tanner hot hot monkey's louse tan yellow thorn yellow-flowered fever medicine yellow-flowered yellow bottom patch yellow flat stem yellow showy tree yellow cricket spit yellow-spotted yellow bird's claw brittle vine brittle flower waterjug tree spreading grass dog's paw elder's child rattle rattling rind monkey-rattle tree kururin tzukum jol itaj kururin kururin uskun-te' kvarentano batz'i xaxib muk'ta xaxib x'ak'il chenek' sakil matas k'anal matas chon la sak-vayan mail k'anal chix te' ye aja chon tzajal ch'oliv sakil kaxlan potov chak'ak' xinal pox chak'ak' yalem bek'et mexa tz'i'lel yikatz toj k'anal sat mes yok' vakax k'anal puyu' tzajal pitzak' batz'i jovos nam-te' mol ch'ix saju' mora ch'upak' joj k'an-tulan tz'ibal x'ak'il yuch'ul vo' bolom k'anal konkon no'chi' ne saben k'ask'as tz'i'lel sakil pech'e-'ok jobel k'ail boch te' tzuntzun jobel pinto ixim k'ojom batz'i sakaton k'ol-k'ox k'ol-pat mantarina k'olo-max k'orok' te' krus jobel chak'ak' 35 Tzotzil term k'ox chichol k'ox ch'ilim vet k'ox ech' k'ox ik'al te' k'ox jabnal k'ox j'alnom met k'ox kampana nichim k'ox kaxlan alavanux k'ox klavel k'ox k'anal roxa k'ox k'os k'ox la k'ox machita te' k'ox makom k'ox matas k'ox nap'ap' tz'i'lel k'ox on te' k'ox palma k'ox papaya k'ox pik'ok' ak' k'ox pitzak' k'ox pomos k'ox potov k'ox sak-nich te' k'ox sak-vayan roxa k'ox sat mes k'ox tub chii k'ox tuix k'ox tzelo-pat k'ox tzu k'ox xaxib k'ox yax-'ib k'ox yaxal pom tz'unun k'ox yaxal puyu' k'un-tz'i'lel k'unil ok te' k'ux-pevul ich k'ux-pevul te' la ak' la ka' late' lalya Ian te' Ian te' tz'i'lel lansa vitzal chenek' latz lechuga* English equivalent small leaf small postpartum mother small carnation small machete tree small sticky plant small white-flowered tree small pink small cricket spit small blue hummingbird nectar soft plant soft-trunked tree horse's Lance Mt. bean flat Synonym k'ox tzajal chichol sakil ch'il vet krus ech' ik'al vinik k'ox yax-chel sakil pem-k'ulub chi met sakil kampana nichim kaxlan alavanux poxil sep' k'anal roxa tzajal k'os kilajtik la nichim te' makom tz'i'lel sakil matas poxil k'ok' yaxal nap'ap' tz'i'lel aja-te'es batz'i pech'e-'ok jobel papaya mut yaxal puyu' batz'i pitzak' tzajal pomos batz'i potov latzbil tonal pox k'ox tzajal roxa k'anal sat mes ch'upak' joj te'tikil tuix chan-tzelav tzelo-pat ik'ob-bail tzu nene' tzu batz'i xaxib ch'aben te' nochleb buluk' sat k'ox puyu' tontikil pimil anal k'unil te' volajtik ich moy te' kilajtik la chon la sakil la chon la dalya yax-'ib te' yok' tz'i' muk'ta ik' pacha lechuka 393 394 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ANTHROPOLOGY Tzotzil term lima chinchina lima jmalalena limas* limon limon ch'ix limones* liryo lixton verte lo'balal chix te' lo'balal met lo'balal on* lo'balal petok lo'bol ak' lo'bol chij lo'bol chitom lo'bol chuch lo'bol ch'ix lo'bol joj lo'bol jti'-sip lo'bol k'ux kumum lo'bol mut lo'bol sat vet loj-'at pox lok'esob-bail tzu lok'esob jolobil lot'om ch'il lotz'om chij ch'ix lotz'om chij tz'i'lel luchleb tz'unun luchleb vet luchleb vonon lumpijera luranko machita ak' machita te' mach'ul majob ik'al te' mail ak' makom ak' makom mut makom vet makom xoto-chak makum* makum saya-Hun* malok malvarisko English equivalent orange lima Magdalenas' lemon thorn green ribbon edible edible edible edible edible vine deer's fruit pig's fruit squirrel's fruit edible thorn raven's fruit tick eater's (groove-billed ani's) fruit (white-tipped) dove's fruit bird's fruit fox's fruit dangling testicle medicine bringer out loom cloth remover cramp thorny deer cramp hummingbird perch fox perch bumblebee perch machete vine machete tree wind beater tree bird's fox's Synonym ch'ulul lima chu' lima lima elamonix boch te' elamonix sakil asasena yaxal pom tz'unun batz'i chix te' chi met on batz'i petok yat kotom ak' yat tz'i' ak' chan-tzelav lo'bol lo'bol ak' yat kotom ak' lo'balal ch'ix yich joj ch'ix ak' kajve te' pitz'otz' lo'bol vet krem pox ik'ob-bail tzu tzutzub lotz'om chij lotz'om chij lotz'om chij tzajal kampana chin te' nochleb vonon lumpisera luranko turasnu chenek' ak' pek' me'el chenek' chij te' yaxal kachu toro te' sakil matas majob ik'al xantiya ak' makom ch'ix batz'i makom batz'i makom xoto-chak makom saya-vun maluk malva NUMBER 35 395 Tzotzil term English equivalent Synonym mantzana ulo' maritzana ka' maritzana kinya mantzana naranja mantzaninya mantzaniya manya chenek' tz'i'lel margarita marimpa te' marivano tz'i'lel maruch itaj matabey matapalo mataraton matas sajo' matas tz'i'lel matz'an-tzotz mayil melon* melon ak' membrillo* memela tz'i'lel meryo pox meryo tz'i'lel mes te' mesjob tz'i'lel meskero milob tz'i' mis tz'i' mis tz'i' ak' mixtu' mol ech' mol pak' chak mol tzib molinyo mololinyo mora te' moraro nichim mosote jobel mostasa mostaza* moy ka' moy pox muil pom tz'unun muil te' mujan muk'ta aja-te'es muk'ta chikin-ib Chamulan apple horse's apple apple apple peanut plant marimba tree Mary's greens ox killer tree killer rat killer melon vine media 0/2 real) medicine media O/2 real) medicine plant broom plant dog killer dog's vagina dog's vagina vine big big patch big fern moll purple flower horse tobacco tobacco medicine fragrant fragrant tree batz'i maritzana maritzana te' mantzana lo'bol batz'i mantarina mantzanilya mantzanilya mexa tz'i'lel markarita kovana te' marivana ob tzo' xulem te' kajanab te' milob ch'o te' sakil matas sakil matas itzompi mail batz'i melon xantiya ak' nimpronix krem pox chikin ch'o sentavo tz'i'lel tzukum tz'i'lel yak'ubal us (Stevia connata) meno ch'upak' te' yaxal tz'emeni' (Commelina erecta) tzajal puyu' mixto antzil ech' muk'ta pak chak muk'ta tzibe tzatzal ok tzib molino te' moh'no te' mora yax-'ulan pom tz'unun mosote mustisya mustisya moy te' moy tzajal pom tz'unun k'anal konkon mojan aja-te'es sakil chikin-ib 396 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ANTHROPOLOGY Tzotzil term muk'ta choch te' muk'ta ch'il vet muk'ta ch'it muk'ta elamonix muk'ta ik' k'ajbenal chenek' muk'ta ik'al te' muk'ta j'alnom met muk'ta jol choy tz'i'lel muk'ta kaxlan alavanux muk'ta kaxlan napux muk'ta k'oxox te' muk'ta la muk'ta makom muk'ta markarita muk'ta nap'ap' tz'i'lel muk'ta pelex muk'ta pom muk'ta pom tz'unun muk'ta pomos muk'ta potov muk'ta poxil k'ok' muk'ta primon muk'ta puyu' muk'ta rabano muk'ta saju' muk'ta sakaton muk'ta sakil roxa muk'ta sal-te' muk'ta sat mes muk'ta top'ol muk'ta tulan muk'ta tz'usub muk'ta xan muk'ta xanxan muk'ta yalem bek'et muk'tik chichol muk'tik javas muk'tik k'ail muk'tik makom muk'tik sat mes muk'tik tuix mum muruch' itaj muruch' potzil nichim mustesya English equivalent large black com stubble bean large postpartum mother large fish head plant large castilian large castilian large fever medicine large fallen flesh large sat broom kinky kinky thick Synonym choch ch'ix ch'il vet ik'al te' limon muk'ta ik' ik'al te' muk'ta met yarvajaka me'on muk'ta alavanux jolinom napux ik'al k'oxox te' tzajal k'os chon la sakil la tuxum makom tz'unbalal makom markariton k'anal nap'ap' tz'i'lel kaxlan pelex batz'i pom puj-'akan pom tz'unun tzajal pom tz'unun ik'al pomos kaxlan potov chak'ak' tzajal pom tz'unun muk'ta on te' pox tzajal puyu' natikil alavanux batz'i saju' batz'i sakaton sakil roxa tzajal sal-te' sakil sat mes k'analtop'ol tzajal tulan ich ak' palma xanxanil balamil xanxanil ton yaxal nich tz'i'lel muk'tik tzajal chichol tzeb javas ton k'ail tz'unbalal makom tzukum tz'i'lel sakil tuix mumun tzukum jol itaj kaxlan vo'tus mustisya NUMBER 35 Tzotzil term na p'ilix na vonon te' na xinich te' nabo* nakleb vonon nak'ubal us nanchi' nankeo nankipo nankipu te' nankipu' nankito nanta' nantzi bejuko napalu' nap'-'us tz'i'lel nap'ap' nich nap'ap' poxil ik' nap'ap' tz'i'lel nap'ux te' naranja ich naranja lima naranja te' naranjas* natikil kinya natz' alperes natz'il te' natz'il tz'i'lel ne chuch jobel ne ch'o tz'i'lel ne kotom nichim ne tz'i' tz'i'lel nekebal pox nes-kajve nich joj nich rosa* nichim anima nichim chak-lakan te' nichim chij nichim ch'ulelal nichim jch'ul-me'tik valalupa nichim jjaral-me'tik nichim jobel nichim joj nichim ninyo English equivalent grasshopper house carpenter bee nest tree ant nest tree bumblebee home gnat's shadow nantzi vine gnat sticking plant sticky flower sticky "wind" medicine sticky plant orange orange orange long ensign-bearer's necklace necklace tree necklace plant squirrel tail grass rat tail plant coati's tail flower dog's tail plant shoulder medicine raven's flower rose flower dead person's flower wasp's flower (deer or sheep's) flower ghost flower Our Lady of Guadalupe's flower Our Holy Lady's flower raven's flower Christ-Child flower Synonym chilchil tz'i'lel yax-'ib te' be xinich te' napux nochleb vonon yak'ubal us nantzi' nankipu nankipu nankipu nankipu nankipu mojan nankipu ch'ix ak' napalu va'ajtik nex k'anal pom tz'unun ch'a-te' pox k'anal pom tz'unun poxil ik' yaxal nich tz'i'lel (Ageratum houstonianum) nok'ol sik'ol yikatz toj k'anal ich ch'ulul lima batz'i k'oxox te' naranja natikil lo'bol malva tzajal ch'ulelal nichim yich'ak ch'o ne chuch yarvajaka me'on tzajal kilkil nichim xanxanil te' (Lycopodium taxifolium) tzotz-ni' tx'i'lel javas kajve nichim joj roxa barsin ak' k'ox bukaro mukumu tzajal pojov tz'i'lel koko'on chij jjaral-me'tik ik'al jobel sakil pech'e-'ok jobel yok' vakax mukumu 397 398 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ANTHROPOLOGY Tzotzil term nichim te' nichim uch nichim valalupa nichimal k'in valalupa nixto nochi nochleb buluk' sat nochleb p'ilix nochleb tz'unun nochleb tz'unun tz'i'lel noch'och' tz'i'lel nok'ol sik'ol ak' nok'ol sik'ol te' nop'ol sik'ol nuez* nukul pat te' nukul te' nuk' xchil ulo' o'lol markarita o'lol sakaton o'lol tzo' mut ich ojov ak' olnob te' olotiyo onob orkana orkiya orkiya nichim oven on oven te' ovos paj-'ul ak' pajajtik on pajal chichol pajal makom pajal mantzana pajal potov pak' chak abnal* palma ch'ib palma nichim palma tzib palopfnto pansuro te' papausa papayusa paskva chenek' patax chenek' English equivalent flower tree opossum's flower Guadalupe flower flower of the fiesta of Guadalupe homworm perch grasshopper perch hummingbird perch hummingbird perch plant leather-barked tree leather tree the neck of a Chamulas robe medium medium medium bird shit lord vine orchid flower sour com gruel vine long sour sour sour sour bottom patch leaf palm palm flower palm spotted tree pot-bellied tree Christmas Synonym poxil yayijemal k'ox patax batz'i pech'e-'ok jobel koko'on chij koko'on chij mixto no'chi' yak'ubal us chilchil tz'i'lel yax-'ulan pom tz'unun nochleb vonon k'anal nap'ap' tz'i'lel sik'ol ak' sik'ol te' nok'ol sik'ol ton bek' vax te' yak'jnibak k'anal pom tz'unun ch'ulul markarita tzotziron markarita batz'i sakaton jlok'ol-chak ich p'uk yolnob ch'o pacha olnob yoyal vinajel jutuju me' putzul oven oven batz'i jovos k'ox paj-'ul yax-'on batz'i putzul chichol batz'i makom batz'i mantzana batz'i potov pak' chak muk'ta ch'ib kola muk'ta tzib pinto te' inop papausa k'evex papausa k'evex ik'al x'ak'il xvet' chenek' NUMBER 35 399 Tzotzil term pataxet chenek' pataxete nichim paxak' ch'o paxamum te' paxamun paxku'al chenek' payliyo pech'-ok pech'ajtik jobel pech'ajtik tzajal jobel pech'e-'ok pech'e-'ok castillan nichim* pech'e-'ok chon peche-'ok nichim* pech'e-'ok tz'i'lel pera peras* peron petet petet te' pich' itaj pich' tuluk' pich' tz'i'lel pik'in te' pimenta te' pimenta tz'i'lel pimentail ul pimil anal pimil anal chikin-ib pimil anal tz'i'lel pimil pat chikin-ib pimil pat on pimilta piminta piminta tz'i'lel pimyenta te' pimyenta tz'i'lel pinto botii pinto x'ak'il pinto xvet' pinyon pirik' botii pirik' nichim pirik' x'ak'il pirik' xvet' pisis boch te' pitzak pitzak' chitom po'on chitom po'on ich English equivalent mouse's Christmas flat-stem flat grass flat stem flat-stemmed castilian flower flat-stemmed snake flat-stemmed flower flat-stemmed plant large pear spindle turkey's pepper tree com gruel pepper thick leaf thick leaf plant thick-barked thick rind pepper plant pepper tree pepper plant spotted spotted spotted speckled speckled flower spotted spotted round gourd tree pig's pig's hog plum Synonym xvet' chenek' patax nichim chimpo paxak' muk'ta paxamum paxamum ik'al x'ak'il moraro espayder pech'e-'ok jobel batz'i pech'e-'ok jobel tzukum jobel batz'i pech'e-'ok jobel asasena k'anal pech'e-'ok jobel asasena batz'i pech'e-'ok jobel kaxlan pelex pelex kaxlan pelex k'anal top'ol k'anal top'ol pich' pich' pich' memela te' poxil poslom tzajal k'os poxil pat ka' batz'i pimenta poxil eal batz'i chikin-ib poxil eal batz'i chikin-ib batz'i on pimenta pimenta sentavo tz'i'lel tzajal k'os sakil ch'il vet tz'ibal botii tz'ibal x'ak'il tz'ibal xvet' sakil sal-te' tz'ibal botii k'ok' sat nichim tz'ibal x'ak'il tz'ibal xvet' boch pitzak' batz'i pitzak' batz'i jovos k'anal ich 400 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ANTHROPOLOGY Tzotzil term English equivalent Synonym po'on te' pochajtik anal tz'i'lel pojov ak' pojov choch pojov te' pokok pom akan pom ch'a-te' pom ryox potom paxak' potov te' potosoara potz-nich jobel potzalal nichim potzan pox jnibak pox ka' poxil antz tz'i'lel poxil balamil poxil chakal poxil chin poxil chuvaj poxil ch'ich' poxil ch'ich' tza'nel poxil ch'ulelal poxil eal poxil ik' poxil jabnal poxil javal okol poxil jik'ik'ul obal poxil k'ak'al sik posil k'ak'et poxil k'ok' poxil k'ux k'abil poxil k'uxben chon poxil lukum poxil majbenal poxil makel poxil mako' chon poxil nuk'ul wide-leaved plant milky-sap vine milky-sap milky-sap tree incense stem incense bitter tree God's incense clustered thick flower grass thick flower Ixtapanec's medicine horse medicine woman's medicine plant earth medicine boil medicine mange medicine madness medicine blood medicine bloody dysentery medicine ghost medicine mouth (fever sore) medicine wind medicine leaf medicine cracked foot medicine whooping cough medicine hot cold (malaria) medicine bum medicine fever medicine painful urine medicine toothache medicine worm medicine breathing medicine constipation medicine cockroach poison neck (mumps) medicine batz'i jovos yail tz'i'lel sakil ak' choch te'el uli' pok'ok' jom akan muk'ta ch'a-te' batz'i pom potpot paxak' boch te' pinto te' kakaxon jobel (Chloris virgata) tzajal nichim antzil vo'tus ch'ail pox poxil pat ka' k'anal pom tz'unun j'ak'-'uch poxil chin keb chij koko'on chij poxil sep' k'ox k'an-'ich k'ojom k'anal pom tz'unun k'anal pom tz'unun k'anal pom tz'unun k'ox paj-'ul muk'ta vala-pojov ch'a-te' pox k'ox yax-chel kafnusa te' poxil obal xanxanil ton sakil ch'il vet batz'i chikin ton malva chikin ch'o k'ox nap'ap' tz'i'lel k'ox yax-chel poxil apon yok' tz'i' sakil pem-k'ulub chilchil tz'i'lel batz'i pojov tz'i'lel tzutzub yok' tz'i' sakil pem-k'ulub poxil mako' bik'it on te' pox 35 Tzotzil term poxil poslom poxil sal-tz'i' poxil sal-tz'i' ak' poxil sarampyo poxil sep' poxil sim-nak'al poxil tanal eal poxil tza'nel poxil tz'akob-bail poxil vo'an poxil yayijel poxil yayijemal prasil preno te' primon puj yoyal balamil puj-'ut ich puj-'ut jobel pujan tzajal ich pujkin ich pulin vo' pulun vo' punyal tz'i'lel putzul chichol ak' putzul chij tz'i'lel putzul nichim putzul pepen putzul t'en putzul unetik puyu'al chobtik puyu'al vitztik p'ilix p'uk rabano rabanos* radidla rais English equivalent poslom medicine mange medicine measles medicine mange medicine dysentery medicine tooth medicine diarrhea medicine mending medicine tumor medicine wound medicine wound medicine world pillar hollow inside hollow inside hollow red hollow water drawer water drawer dagger plant hollow chichol vine hollow sheep (or) deer plant hollow flower butterfly's hollow flower fluffy runt or hollow runt children's hollow (flower) cornfield temperate root Synonym poxil chin koko'on chij sat vet chak'ak' ich ak' yat tz'i' ak' ik'al ok tzib k'ojom k'ox la nap'-'us tz'i'lel yok' tz'i' bot'-jol tz'i'lel krus jobel k'anal pom tz'unun poxil pat ka' tzukum tz'i'lel yich'ak ch'o boch te' k'anal pom tz'unun sakil pom tz'unun koko'on chij poxil yayijemal tzotz-ni' tz'i'lel brasil treno tzajal kampana vinik puj sakil pem-k'ulub pujkan ich paj-'akan jobel pujkan ich pujkan ich pulum vo' pulum vo' tut nab chichol ak' sakil sat mes va'ajtik nex sakil akuxa tz'i'lel orisyon tz'i'lel sakil ak' yax-'ib te' orisyon sakil puyu' yaxal puyu' pilix kola tz'i'lel alavanux alavanux bukaro krisantema nichim 401 402 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ANTHROPOLOGY Tzotzil term rais ta komitan ratonero ravanito ravano rimponix romero rosa* rosaryo roxa ruda* sajo' saju' sak-morte ich sak-nich te' sak-paran te' sak-tanan pox sakil boton sakil chii jabnal sakil ch'ix sakil ch'ix te' sakil ch'uch' sakil ech' sakil itaj sakil ik'al te' sakil jach'ub te' sakil jobel sakil kachu toro te' sakil karitela chenek' sakil karnero te' sakil kevrajacha sakil k'evex tulan sakil kinya sakil k'evex sakil k'oxox te' sakil mes te' sakil mustisya sakil mutut sakil nap'ap' sakil nich nab sakil nich pech'-'ok sakil nich puyu' sakil nichim sakil ok tzib sakil olnob sakil pak' chak English equivalent Comitan root mouser rosary rose white mould white flowered tree whitish medicine white bud white-thomed tree white greens white toasted tortilla tree white broom tree white sticky white-flowered white-flowered white-stemmed white bottom patch Synonym krisantema nichim milob ch'o te' kaxlan alavanux alavanux nimpronix sakil k'uk' toj roxa tzajal kampana lula saju' k'anal matas morte ich ton k'ail treno nam-te' mol ve'el kulajte' asasena vola nube batz'i chii jabnal keb chij krus ch'ix lo'balal ch'ix tomal ch'ix kevrajacha k'ox ch'uch' antzil ech' batz'i itaj muk'ta paxamum sat pukuj jach'ub te' kakaxon jobel (Dactyloctenium aegyptium) yaxal kachu toro te' k'anal karitela chenek' karnero te' sakil ch'ix k'an-tulan sakil lo'bol k'anal k'evex yaj-te' kotom poxil tza'nel k'ox mustisya kajanab te' kilajtik nex bero nich nab sakil pech'e-'ok jobel sakil puyu' mukumu tzatzal ok tzib batz'i olnob batz'i pern k'ulub NUMBER 35 Tzotzil term sakil pom tz'unun sakil saju' sakil sakaton sakil sevulya sakil sun sakil tok'oy sakil tzelo-pat sakil tzib sakil tz'emeni' sakil yich'ak mut saksak-vilan klavel sal-tz'i' ak' salya jobel salya-vun sanaorya santa lusfya santa roxa te' santa roxail te' santo nichim santo te' santoal turasnu sat mes poxil ka' sat ob sat toj sat vet saus savus saya-Hun* sboch pukuj sekaro sekarovel sera kinya sera tz'i'lel setom paxak' setomal paxak' sevulya silo sim tuluk' nichim simaron po'on sipres skolail svob antivo skventa jtaleltik sne ba sne bolom sne lakarto snich pok' ulo' snichim jch'ul-me'tik snichim jsoktom snichim me'eletik English equivalent white onion white bird's claw pink mange vine packsaddle grass Saint Lucy Saint Rose tree Saint Rose tree All Saints' Day flower saint tree All Saints' Day sat broom horse medicine ob berry pine fruit fox's berry soya paper devil's gourd wax wax plant round round turkey wattle flower wild glue for the ancient people's fiddles concerning our customs gopher's tail jaguar's tail crocodile's tail Chamul&s tunic tassle Our Holy Lady's flower Chiapanec's flower ladies' flower Synonym tzajal pom tz'unun batz'i saju' batz'i sakaton sakil tuix tzojoj batz'i tok'oy chan-tzelav tzelo-pat tzatzal ok tzib batz'i tz'emeni' jabnal te' sak-vayan klavel yat tz'i' ak' kakaxon jobel saya-vun sanorya k'ox bukaro yax-'ib te' yax-'ib te' mukumu ch'u-te' karirat turasnu poxil jolol ob asasena vola poxil poslom k'isis k'isis saya-vun boch te' lo'bol vet lo'bol vet sera lo'bol kola potpot paxak' potpot paxak' tuix sila tzajal kilkil nichim batz'i jovos ok'il te' kola tz'i'lel tzutzub (Lythrum lanceolatum) karnero te' ne bolom ne bolom tzajal kampana jjaral-me'tik k'anal konkon mukumu pamal jabnal 403 404 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ANTHROPOLOGY Tzotzil term snichim ninyo snichim san-tukax snichim xan-lukax soj soktomal sevulya soltaro pox sonso ech' soro pox soro te' sot' ech' sotz' te' spox jnibak spoxil kaxlan spoxil yul j'alnom sputz'taob xavon k'oxetik stubtaob xavon k'oxetik stz'itesob at suk mok suspenyo suyul itaj sve'el tuch'ich' talesob chu'ul tz'i'lel tamarin te' tan ok tz'i'lel tan makom tan-mukan tz'i'lel tan sat makom tan tz'i'lel tanal makom tanjero is-ak' tanjero mantzana taro te' la te' limon te'el marimpa te'el petet te'tikal ch'oliv te'tikal k'evex te'tikal petok te'tikal po'on te'tikal xut te'tikil papaya te'tikil sevulya telajtik ch'um tempich tempich ich tempran ich tenpich ich English equivalent Christ Child's flower San Lucas' flower San Lucas' flower Chiapan onion soldier medicine dumb skunk medicine skunk tree rattle ech' bat tree Ixtapanec's medicine chicken seasoning seasoning for a post-partum mother's com gruel children's soap blower children's soap spitter penis enlarger fence plug oriole's food milk-inducing plant tamarind tree gray-stemmed plant scruffy scruffy plant scruffy-fruited scruffy plant scruffy foreign foreign lemon tea marimba tree bodkin tree wild wild wild wild wild wild wild long Synonym tzon-te'al balamil snichim san-lukax snichim san-lukax tzojoj sakil tuix j'ak'-'uch uma' ech' soro te' xinal te' vojton ech' pom ka' ch'ail pox tomyo tzitz pox tontikil putzul tontikil putzul p'uk yat kotom latzbil tonal pox tuspenyo suil itaj k'ox arvajaka poxil yayijemal tamarin jok'leb tzo'op tz'unun xoto-chak k'ox top'ol xoto-chak tan tz'ul itaj batz'i makom tranjero is-ak' kaxlan mantzana otot ajo' te' batz'i limon jobel be xinich te' k'analtop'ol tzajal ch'oliv batz'i k'evex tzajal petok batz'i jovos xut papaya mut te'tikil tuix mail ch'um tempix tzo' mut ich tzo' mut ich tzo' mut ich tzo' mut ich NUMBER 35 405 Tzotzil term English equivalent Synonym tentzun pox tentzun tz'i'lel ti' ba vakax timbre timpre tinpich ich toj-cho' te' tok'ol tok'oy tok'oy chi tok'oy te' ton ak' tontikil ch'aben tontikil ech' top'ol te' tranjero javas trebol* trejo trigo jobel tub pilix tuil chijil te' tuil te' tuil yisim jobel tuix jobel tuix ka' tulan te' turanku turasno turesno turesnu turisnu tut nichim tut tz'i'lel tutal vo' tuvix tux-nok'* tux-nuk' tz'i'lel tuxta kinya t'an-'ak' t'an ch'um-te' t'ant'an ak' t'ax ch'um-te' t'erel te' t'oskin chenek' goat medicine goat plant cow's forehead bell hard vine stony rock foreign spit stinky stinky tree stinky-rooted grass onion grass horse Tuxtla _ bald vine bald bald vine bald tentzun tentzun kakaxon jobel (Dactylodenium aegyptium) batz'i xaxib batz'i xaxib tzo' mut ich bak amuch te' k'anal top'ol kaxlan tok'oy kaxlan tok'oy kaxlan tok'oy k'ox tok'oy ne saben tzukum tz'i'lel antzil ech' k'analtop'ol tzeb javas pitzak' tzajal pitzak' avena chilchil tz'i'lel xutax chijil te' chichol te' ch'u-te' xinal te' krus jobel (Cyperus flavus) sakil pech'e-'ok jobel yaxux ka' muk'ta kachu toro te' luranko turasnu turasnu turasnu turasnu turasnu k'ask'as tz'i'lel (Rondeletia sp.) tontikil putzul vinik puj tuix tux-nuk' poxil yayijemal batz'i lo'bol ve'el inatab t'arax ch'um-te' ve'el inatab t'arax ch'um-te' tz'erel k'anal x'ak'il t'ut' ak' karos ak' 406 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ANTHROPOLOGY Tzotzil term t'ut'ak ak' tzajal ak' tzajal belturaka tzajal chix te' tzajal ch'ili vet tzajal ch'ix tzajal ch'ix nichim tzajal ech' tzajal ixim tzajal jach'ub te' tzajal kachu toro te' tzajal kampana tzajal kinya tzajal koko'on tz'i'lel tzajal k'oxox te' tzajal la tzajal majava ak' tzajal nich jobel tzajal nich nab tzajal nichim ta olon osil tzajal olonal nichim tzajal pek' me'el tzajal pom tz'unun tzajal pom tz'unun tzajal pox tzajal saju' tzajal sevulya tzajal suk tzajal te' tzajal te'-'ak' tzajal tuix tzajal tzib tzajal tzotz-ni' te' tzajal tz'i'lel tzajal tz'usub tzajal uch'ul vo' tzajal vixobtakil tzajal xaxib tzalub kelem tzan tzelo-pat English equivalent red red red fox rib red nettle red thorny flower red comb tree red bell lowland red flower red lowland flower red woman's tumpline red hummingbird nectar tree red medicine red onion red tree red stiff vine red downy-tipped tree cockscomb Synonym t'ut' ak' k'anal ak' majaVa ak' batz'i pik'ok' vax te' ve'el inatab batz'i belturaka chix te' mut ch'ix ch'il vet lo'balal ch'ix snichim san-lukax vojton ech' chix te' kamaron te' muk'ta kachu toro te' tzajal kampana nichim tzajal lo'bol koko'on chij batz'i k'oxox te' chon la majaVa ak' tzajal jobel koko'on nich nab snichim san-lukax snichim san-lukax nichim ne saben k'anal pom tz'unun puj-'akan pom tz'unun yaxal pom tz'unun (Salvia purpurea) tzajal ch'ulelal te' nichim muk'ta akuxa tz'i'lel ch'ix saju' batz'i tuix ik'al suk poxil chin ne saben batz'i tuix batz'i tzib yich'ak ch'o ajo' te' sakil akuxa tz'i'lel yich'ak ch'o batz'i tz'usub sakil uch'ul vo' muk'ta vixobtakil setajtik vixobtakil ch'ich' ni' yalem bek'et chan-tzelav tzelo-pat NUMBER 35 407 Tzotzil term English equivalent Synonym tzatzal t'ul jobel tzav ch'um-te' tzeb tz'i'lel tzeb vo'tus tzebal vo'tus tzele-pat tzib nab tzibal k'a'-te' tzibal ton tzima tzima' boch tzima' ch'ix tzis chauk tzis chauk* tzis chitom tzis chitom te' tzisan kotz tzitz jobel tzitz saju' tzitz te' tzitz tzoj tob tzitzal ul tzitzil ul tzo' ka' pom tzo' olol tzo' unen tzon-te' tzon-te'al toj tzop ch'um-te' ch'o tzopin ch'um-te' tzotz-ni' ak' tzotzil ak' tzotzil tzib tzotzin ak' tzotzin matas tzotzin sat mes tzotzin te' tzotzin tz'i'lel tzotziron ch'um-te' tzotziron pik'ok' tzual bankilal tzukum ch'ix tzukum nich tz'i'lel tzukum te' tzuk' ch'en tzun-jol tz'i'lel tzun te' jol rabbit fur grass prickly girl plant girl girl plated-bark pond fern rotten tree fern rock fem calabash gourd thorny calabash thunderbolt fart pig fart pig fart tree rooster bristle grass com gruel tzitz com gruel tzitz horse shit child shit baby shit tree beard pine tree beard furry mouse's chayote furry downy-tipped vine downy vine downy fem downy vine downy downy downy tree downy plant downy downy chief's gourd caterpillar thorn caterpillar flower plant caterpillar tree cliff's forelock messy-haired plant messy stiff hair tzuntzun jobel tzop ch'um-te' k'anal nap'ap' tz'i'lel antzil vo'tus antzil vo'tus tzelo-pat kuchara nich nab kilajtik tzib muruch' tzib tzima' tzima' boch te' tuturu tzis uch tzis chauk yax-'ib te' krus jobel yaxal pom tz'unun (Salvia reptans) k'anal matas tzutzub tzitz tz'i'lel tzitz tzitz ach'el pom no'chi' no'chi' tzon-te'al krus yikatz toj ch'ix ch'um-te' ch'o tzop ch'um-te' vako' ak' k'ox puyu' tzajal tzib k'ox puyu' k'anal matas chichol ak' ajo' te' nap'-'us tz'i'lel chichol ak' k'ox boraja tzotz-ni' tz'i'lel tzop ch'um-te' batz'i pik'ok' tzual moy chorisyo ch'ix tzukum tz'i'lel tzukum tz'i'lel poxil sep' tentzun poxil ti'ben lukum 408 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ANTHROPOLOGY Tzotzil term English equivalent Synonym tzuntzun tz'i'lel tz'akal k'on tz'akob-bail tz'akob-bail pox tz'am-te'al na tz'elel te' tz'emeni tz'emeni'al ba ton tz'emeni'al ch'en tz'ibaltik ibes tz'ibaron x'ak'il tz'ibaron xlumil tz'ibirin x'ak'il tz'ibirin xlumil tz'ibirin xvet' tz'ibkun botii tz'ibkun x'ak'il tz'ibkuron botii tz'ibkuron xvet' tz'ibom tz'i'lel tz'ipak ak' tz'itesob at tz'itesob jolol tz'itz'op nich tz'ob tz'oban ak' tz'oban te' tz'oban tz'i'lel tz'ol ka' tz'omol tz'i'lel tz'ubal nich tz'uil itaj tz'un te' jol tz'unbalal bik'tal tzajal roxa tz'unbalal chi tz'unbalal ch'aben tz'unbalal sakil roxa tz'unbalal te' tz'unbalal tzajal roxa tz'unub potov tz'usub* tz'usub ak' tz'usum tz'usum ak' tz'utuj jobel tz'utz'un tz'unun tz'uxub messy plant late yellow mender mender medicine house rafter rock top cliff striped striped striped striped striped striped striped striped striped striped writer plant penis enlarger hair grower vine plant horse stool plant pointed flower greens planted tree hair cultivated cultivated cultivated cultivated cultivated cultivated cultivated com flower sipping hummingbird nap'-'us tz'i'lel tzukum tz'i'lel k'anal chix te' ch'a-te' pox poxil ik' ch'a-te' pox poxil ik' bot tz'erel tz'emeni' o'lol tz'emeni' (Cranichis trilobata) tzajal tz'emeni' k'analibes tz'ibal x'ak'il tz'ibal xlumil tz'ibal x'ak'il tz'ibal xlumil tz'ibal xvet' tz'ibal botii tz'ibal x'ak'il tz'ibal botii tz'ibal xvet' tzajal pojov tz'i'lel jikamo ak' p'uk poxil jolol tzutzub ob k'ox tz'oban k'ox tz'oban k'ox pak' chak kvarentano tz'ol mail tz'i'lel yaxal kampana tz'i'lel tz'ul itaj poxil ti'ben lukum k'ox tzajal roxa pino chi batz'i ch'aben sakil roxa presa batz'i tzajal roxa kaxlan potov uva tz'usub tz'usub tz'usub ik'ob chij yax-'ulan pom tz'unun tz'usub NUMBER 35 409 Tzotzil term English equivalent Synonym uch'ob vo' uch'ul vo' tz'i'lel uch'ul vo'al ton uli' te' unen mu tz'i'lel uskun tz'i'lel va'ajtik on va'ajtik tok'oy va'al nich vach' nichim vach' t'ul vakax itaj vako ak' vale' tz'i'lel vanal pojov vamoch vara chenek' vax vax ak' vax tz'i'lel vayu' chenek' ve'el chij ve'el chitom ve'el chuch ve'el ka' ve'el ka' jobel ve'el k'ovix ve'el mut ve'el sak-ch'ut mut ve'el t'ul ve'el vakax ve'el vokoto vega chenek' veltura itaj ventex ventex chij ventex mamal verakrusano chenek' vinik aj vok vo' vol-jol makom vola nichim vo'tus ch'o drinking water receptacle drinking water receptacle plant rock-growing drinking water receptacle little delicious plant long long upright flower twig flower rabbit twig cow greens milky sap grayish sheep food pig food squirrel food horse food horse food grass towhee food bird food white-bellied bird (mockingbird) food rabbit food cow food chachalaca food chaplet deer's chaplet dude's chaplet Veracruz man reed foam round-ended round flower mouse's uch'ul vo' yaxal tz'emeni' (Commelina diffusa) yok' vakax te'el uli' chichol te' uskun-te' yax-'on batz'i tok'oy k'anal konkon k'ox bukaro tzitz pox chikin chij vako' ak' konejo jobel yat kotom batz'i vala-pojov vamuch te' muk'ta ik' tzo' bail xlumil vax te' vax te' yolnob ch'o sakil ibes pitz'otz' chan-tzelav lo'bol ve'el kulajte' tan ka' krus jobel (Cyperus melanostachyus) puj-'akan pom tz'unun ve'el kulajte' poxil chin akan jobel (Polypogon semiverticillata) alpajo sakil tz'usub muk'ta ik' batz'i bertulaka ventex mol tzajal ch'ulelal nichim kajve te' ventex mol ik'al xlumil yajil ama bero tuxum makom asasena vola k'ox vo'tus 410 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ANTHROPOLOGY Tzotzil term vo'tus ulo' vola x'ak'il volajtik uch'ul vo' volajtik ch'um volita nichim volvol ich volvol nabo* votzvotz pox voy ch'ix te' English equivalent Chamulan's round round round little ball flower round round clumpy medicine thorn hoof tree Synonym k'ox vo'tus tzo' t'ul x'ak'il kilajtik uch'ul vo' k'ox uch'ul vo' baril ch'um volita volajtik ich jolinom napux yuch' max pox voy chij te' wapo ak' xam-pelfpe te' xam-pflpe te' xanchiya xanil ixim xantiya antivo xantiya ch'o xanxan xanxan jobel xanxan tz'i'lel xanxanil be xavon ak' xavon te' xaxib ch'o xaxib te' xchob antivo xchu' jch'ul-me'tik xela nichim xelajtik krisantema xelajtik la xenobal xik' kukay ximo xinal te' xinal tz'i'lel xmatal ak' xnok xojob xoto-chak xotajtik ch'um xpoko' San Felipe tree San Felipe tree xan for com ancestor's mouse's roadside soap vine soap tree mouse's ancestors' com our lady's breast ribbon flower runcinate runcinate vomiting firefly's wing stinky tree stinky plant ant tree magdalen vine coiled bottom ra; twisted to one sii vako' ak' putzkuy xinal te' xantiya pik' xan xantiya ak' ch'um-te' pox sakil pem-k'ulub batz'i pech'e-'ok jobel krus jobel (Cyperus hermaphroditicus) sakil pem-k'ulub juxob-bail ak' tuil te' ch'aben tz'i'lel muk'ta xaxib yolnob ch'o batz'i ximo' chuchu' nichim ninyo patax nichim esp&yder kilajtik la xenebal pox k'anal pech'e-'ok jobel ximo' chin te' yax-'ib te' chenek' tz'i'lel tzajal pom tz'unun be xinich te' matal ak' nok krus jobel (Cyperus hermaphroditicus) kometa ch'um pok'ok' NUMBER 35 Tzotzil term xpokok xpok'ok' xuch'al on te' xul xul te' xulal na xulub tuix xulub vakax xulub vakax ch'ix yail tz'i'lel yaj kotom yajan joj yak' ch'o yak' moletik yak' uch yak'il vob ak' yama chij yanal moy yanal pojov yat chitom paxak' yat chitom po'on yat karnero ak' yat nab yat tz'i' te' yax-'on ak' yax-'ulan puyu' yax-chelul yax-met yaxal ak' yaxal barsin ak' yaxal bot te' yaxal ch'ix yaxal kinya yaxal nich asasena yaxal nich tz'i'lel yaxal pom tz'unun yaxal pomos yaxal tzib yech' antivo yech' j'ik'al yich koyote yich kulajtik yich k'ank'uk' yich mut yich ulo' English equivalent resinous wattle wattle tree house wattle horn cow horn cow horn thorn hot plant coatimundi's reed raven's ear of com mouse's vine elder's vine it causes yellowing fiddle string vine (deer's or sheep's) flute moy leaf pojov leaf pig penis pig penis sheep penis vine lake penis dog penis tree green avocado vine purple green spotty vine green thorn green ancients' spook's coyote's chili Tenejapans' chili Cancuc's chili bird's chili Chamulas chili Synonym pok'ok' pok'ok' nap'ap' on te' bak te' bak te' bak te' te'tikil tuix yaxal kachu toro te' chojchoj yat nab ik'ob chij batz'i yajan chuch batz'i yuch' max ne saben j'ak'-'uch' yak'il vob ik'ob chij moy batz'i vala-pojov kinya paxak' batz'i jovos vako' ak' yail tz'i'lel muk'ta on te' pox lo'bol kotom yaxal puyu' muk'ta yax-chel muk'ta met pek' me'el pepen ak' kanava ak' kajanab te' nichim te' chimpo lo'bol yaxal asasena poxil chuvaj (Polygala costaricensis) sakil pom tz'unun ik'al pomos muk'ta tzib (Notholaena sinuata) uma' ech' (Tillandsia fasciculata) antzil ech' (Vriesea breedlovei) ve'el kulajte' yich kurik yich kurik tzo' mut ich yich kurik 411 412 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ANTHROPOLOGY Tzotzil term yich xulem yich'ak katu' yich'ak maxu' yich'ak mut yich'ak mut ak' yisim be jobel yisim uch yitaj jsoktom yitaj pale yixtol ch'o yok ne sibak yok' tz'i' tz'i'lel yol lum yolnob chij yolnob ka' yolnob vakax yolnob vet yoven chuch yu mamal yuch'ul vo' antivo yuch'ul vo' bolom yuch'ul vo' chuch yuka yuka te' yuka' yuka' ak' yut mokal chenek' English equivalent buzzard's chili cat's claw cat's claw bird's claw bird's claw vine road whisker grass opossum's whiskers Chiapanecs' greens priest's greens mouse's toy rocket stem dog's tongue plant earth's child deer's horse's cow's fox's squirrel's elder's moon ancestor's drinking water receptacle jaguar's drinking water receptacle squirrel's drinking water receptacle yucca vine yard Synonym ve'el kulajte' yich'ak mis yich'ak mis jabnal jabnal te' k'anal puyu' tzukum jobel yisim be chilchil tz'i'lel muk'ta bertulaka yat nab tzukum tz'i'lel pilix yok' tz'i' chenek' tz'i'lel yolnob ch'o yolnob ch'o yolnob ch'o yolnob ch'o oven ventex mol yuch'ul vo' j'ik'al uch'ul vo'al baton yuch'ul vo' j'ik'al tz'in-te' tz'in-te' tz'in-te' jikamo ak' ik'al x'ak'il Appendix 6 Plant Use House Construction ADOBE MOLD Pinus spp. DAUB FIXER Lycopodium taxifolium L. tuerkheimii Pinus spp. Cedrela oaxacana C. odorata C. salvadorena Chlorophora tindoria Cordia alliodora Cupressus benthamii var. Eysenhardtia adenostylis Juniperus gamboana Pinus ayacahuite Pinus spp. Pithecellobium dulce Antigonon flavescens A. guatemalense Canavalia glabra C. hirsutissima C. villosa Celtis iguanaea DOOR lindleyi LASHING Chiranthodendron pentadactylon Clematis dioica C. grossa Cucumis anguria Cydista diversifolia Dalbergia glabra Didymaea alsinoides Furcraea guatemalensis Heliocarpus donnell-smithii H. mexicanus Heteropteris beecheyana Ipomoea pauciflora I. signata I. sp. /. triloba I. tyrianthina toj xanxanil te' xanxanil te' toj bik'it ch'u-te' sakil ch'u-te' sakil ch'u-te' mora be xinich te' nukul pat yax-te' ok'il te' tzajal k'uk' toj toj vamuch te' tz'usub kanava ak' pek' me'el pek' me'el pek' me'el ch'ix ak' k'am-xoch' ich ak' ich ak' ch'um-te' pox barsin ak' majava ak' tz'usub ak' te'tikal chi bot bot tzajal pek' me' sakil ak' batz'i pik'ok' k'ox puyu' bikil tz'i ' ak' batz'i pik'ok' Jacquemontia pentantha Malvaviscus arboreus var. mexicanums Muntingia calabura Piptochaetia virescens Pithecodenium crucigerum Rhynchosia discolor Smilax subpubescens St ipa ichu Styrax argentum Trema micrantha Triumfetta grandiflora T. semitriloba T. speciosa LINTEL Chlorophora tindoria Cupressus benthamii var. lindleyi Eysenhardtia adenostylis Pinus spp. MAINPOST Acalypha macrostachya A. mollis Acer negundo var. mexicanum Alvaradoa amorphoides Ardisia escallonioides Bambusa vulgaris Buddleia skutchii Calycophyllum candidissimum Carpinus caroliniana Chlorophora tindoria Comocladia guatemalensis Cordia alliodora Crataegus pubescens Cupressus benthamii var. lindleyi Dendropanax arboreus Diphysa floribunda Eugenia acapulcensis E. amatenangensis E. carranzae E. laughlinii E. yunckeri Eysenhardtia adenostylis Godmania aesculifolia Hauya elegans k'ox puyu' batz'i yuch' max makulixkuat ne chuch yat vakax ak' pek' me'el t 'ut' ak' ne chuch ja'as te' vax te' batz'i yuch' max batz'i yuch' max batz'i yuch' max mora nukul pat yax-te' toj linkon te' linkon te' sakil te' kamaron te' tzajal ch'it otot batz'i tzelo-pat tzajal tzelo-pat tz'utuj te' mora kachimpa te' be xinich te' k'at'ix nukul pat tempix k'an-te' sakil ch'it sakil ch'it sakil ch'it sakil ch'it sakil ch'it yax-te' yaxal kachu toro te sakil kanela te' 413 414 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ANTHROPOLOGY Inga vera ssp. spuria chalon /. xalapensis chalon Juniperus gamboana ok'il te' Leucaena collinsii paka' olnob L. diversifolia tzajal olnob Luehea Candida tux-nuk' te' Lysiloma acapulcense ik'al suk L. auritum sakil suk L. divaricatum ik'al suk Morus celtidifolia saya-vun Myriocarpa heterostachya linkon te' M. longipes linkon te' M. yzabalense linkon te' Ostrya virginiana var. guatemalensis tz'utuj te' Parathesis chiapensis tzajal k'os P. leptopa tzajal k'os Perymenium grande var. nelsonii k'anal top'ol Pinus spp. toj Prunus serotina batz'i chix te' Quercus corrugata k'evex tulan Q. peduncularis batz'i tulan Q. polymorpha k'evex tulan Q. rugosa batz'i tulan Q. segoviensis batz'i tulan Rhus schiedeana muk'ta paj-'ul Schoepfia vacciniiflora tzajal ch'it Senna cobanensis yax-'ib te' S. pallida yax-'ib te' S. skinneri yax-'ib te' S. tonduzii yax-'ib te' Verbesina perymenioides nam-te' mol Vernonia leiocarpa xolom Wimmeria pubescens tzajal kanela te' PURLIN, RAFTER Alnus acuminata ssp. arguta sakil nok A. jorullensis tzajal nok Bambusa vulgaris var. vittata k'anal otot B. vulgaris var. vulgaris yaxal otot Buddleia nitida bak tzelo-pat B. skutchii batz'i tzelo-pat Calycophyllum candidissimum tzajal kanela te' Car pinus caroliniana tz'utuj te' Cleyera theaeoides ik'al k'oxox te' Hauya elegans sakil kanela te' Heliocarpus donnell-smithii bot H. mexicanus bot Juniperus gamboana ok'il te' Leucaena collinsii paka' olnob L. diversifolia tzajal olnob L. leucocephala batz'i olnob Lysiloma auritum sakil suk Ostrya virginiana var. guatemalensis tz'utuj te' Platanus mexicana jach'ub te' Quercus peduncularis Q. rugosa Q. segoviensis Senna cobanensis S. pallida S. skinneri S. tonduzii Viburnum hartwegii batz'i tulan batz'i tulan batz'i tulan yax-'ib te' yax-'ib te' yax-'ib te' yax-'ib te' atz'am te' RIDGE POLE, ROOF POLE, ROOF ROD Acacia pennatula Alnus acuminata ssp. arguta A. jorullensis Bauhinia divaricata B. pauletia B. ungulata Buddleia nitida B. skutchii Calycophyllum candidissimum Carpinus caroliniana Cleyera theaeoides Dodonaea viscosa Garrya laurifolia Hauya elegans Heliocarpus donnell-smithii H. mexicanus Leucaena collinsii L. diversifolia L. leucocephala Lippia cardiostegia L. chiapasensis L. myriocephala L. substrigosa Luehea Candida Montanoa hexagona Ostrya virginiana var. guatemalensis Phragmites australis Pinus spp. Platymiscium dimorphandrum Quercus crassifolia Q. peduncularis Q. rugosa Q. segoviensis Styrax argentum Swietenia humilis Viburnum hartwegii STEAMBATH Alnus acuminata ssp. arguta A. jorullensis Eysenhardtia adenostylis Juniperus gamboana Quercus peduncularis Q. rugosa kevrajacha sakil nok tzajal nok voy chij te' voy chij te' voy chij te' bak tzelo-pat batz'i tzelo-pat tzajal kanela te' tz'utuj te' ik'al k'oxox te' bak te' ik'al vinik sakil kanela te' bot bot paka' olnob tzajal olnob batz'i olnob muk'ta sak-nich te' sak-nich te' muk'ta sak-nich te' sak-nich te' tux-nuk' te' ton k'ail tz'utuj te' antzil aj toj lumpisera batz'i te' batz'i tulan batz'i tulan batz'i tulan ja'as te' kovaria te' atz'am te' sakil nok tzajal nok yax-te' ok'il te' batz'i tulan batz'i tulan NUMBER 35 415 Q. segoviensis Senna cobanensis S. pallida S. skinneri S. tonduzii THATCH Andropogon bicornis A. glomeratus Aristida schiedeana Brahea nitida Bouteloua media Chloris virgata Cynodon dactylon Dactylodenium aegyptium Eleusine indica Festuca amplissima Lycopodium taxifolium L. tuerkheimii Muhlenbergia cf. emersleyi M. macroura M. robusta M. spiciformis M. strida Panicum bulbosum P. maximum Phragmites australis Piptochaetium virescens Sabal mexicana Saccharum officinarum St ipa ichu TIE BEAM Alnus acuminata ssp. arguta A. jorullensis Buddleia skutchii Calycophyllum candidissimum Carpinus caroliniana Chlorophora tindoria Clethra mexicana Cleyera theaeoides Cupressus benthamii var. lindleyi Hauya elegans Heliocarpus donnell-smithii H. mexicanus Juniperus gamboana Leucaena collinsii L. diversifolia L. leucocephala Licania arborea Lysiloma auritum Ostrya virginiana var. guatemalensis Pinus spp. batz'i tulan yax-'ib te' yax-'ib te' yax-'ib te' yax-'ib te' jobelal xalma jobelal xalma tzajal jobel pik' xan tzajal jobel kakaxon jobel kakaxon jobel kakaxon jobel kakaxon jobel ch'ix jobel xanxanil te' xanxanil te' ch'ix jobel ana-jobel ch'ix jobel ch'ix jobel ch'ix jobel batz'i sakaton batz'i sakaton antzil aj ne chuch palma vale' ne chuch sakil nok tzajal nok batz'i tzelo-pat tzajal kanela te' tz'utuj te' mora bak amuch te' ik'al k'oxox te' nukul pat sakil kanela te' bot bot ok'il te' paka' olnob tzajal olnob batz'i olnob yaxal mol sakil suk tz'utuj te' toj Platanus mexicana Wimmeria pubescens WALL POLE Buddleia skutchii Pinus spp. Saurauia scabrida Swietenia humilis Tecoma stans Tithonia diversifolia T. longiradiata T rotundifolia T tubaeformis Verbesina hypsela WATTLE Alnus acuminata ssp. arguta A. jorullensis Ceanothus coeruleus Chusquea foliosa Cornus excelsa Dodonaea viscosa Garrya laurifolia Holodiscus argenteus Lippia cardiostegia L. chiapasensis L. myriocephala L. substrigosa Muntingia calabura Otatea fimbriata Perymenium grande var. nelsonii Phragmites australis Quercus peduncularis Q. rugosa Q. segoviensis Styrax argentum Verbesina hypsela Viburnum hartwegii V. jucundum jach'ub te' pinto te' batz'i tzelo-pat toj ajo' te' kovana te' putzul chij sun sun sun sun nam-te' mol sakil nok tzajal nok ik'al pomos muk'ta ne kotom isbon bak te' ik'al vinik tzajal pomos muk'ta sak-nich te sak-nich te' muk'ta sak-nich te sak-nich te' makulixkuat ton bix k'anal top'ol antzil aj batz'i tulan batz'i tulan batz'i tulan ja'as te' tzitz te' nam-te' mol atz'am te' tzotz-ni' te' WHITEWASH FIXATIVE Opuntia ficus-indica batz'i petok Cornus excelsa Crataegus pubescens Eysenhardtia adenostylis Pinus spp. Pithecellobium dulce Quercus peduncularis Furniture BED isbon k'at'ix yax-te' toj vamuch te' batz'i tulan 416 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ANTHROPOLOGY Q. rugosa Q. segoviensis Senna cobanensis S. pallida S. skinneri S. tonduzii batz'i tulan batz'i tulan yax-'ib te' yax-'ib te' yax-'ib te' yax-'ib te' BENCH Cedrela oaxacensis bik'it ch'u-te' C. odorata sakil ch'u-te' C. salvadorensis sakil ch'u-te' Ceiba aesculifolia mojan Chlorophora tindoria mora Cupressus benthamii var. lindleyi nukul pat Eysenhardtia adenostylis yax-te' Ficus glabrata amat F. glaucescens amat Lysiloma acapulcense ik'al suk L. divaricatum ik'al suk Pinus spp. toj Pithecellobium dulce vamuch te' Senna cobanensis yax-'ib te' S. pallida yax-'ib te' S. skinneri yax-'ib te' S. tonduzii yax-'ib te' Spondias mombin batz'i jovos BOARD, SHELF Cedrela oaxacensis C. odorata C. salvadorensis Chlorophora tindoria Cordia dentata C. dodecandra C. sebestena Cupressus benthamii var. lindleyi Ficus glabrata F. glaucescens Juniperus gamboana Pinus spp. Pithecellobium dulce Quercus crispipilis Q. laurina BROOM Baccharis vaccinioides Brahea dulcis Marina scopa Sida acuta S. barclayi S. rhombifolia Turnera ulmifolia Waltheria americana bik'it ch'u-te' sakil ch'u-te' sakil ch'u-te' mora nankipu nankipu nankipu nukul pat amat amat ok'il te' toj vamuch te' batz'i chikin-ib jayal pat chikin-ib mes te' batz'i xan mesob jol bakal sakil sat mes k'anal sat mes k'anal sat mes sakil sat mes sakil sat mes CHAIR, TABLE Cedrela oaxacensis bik'it ch'u-te' C. odorata sakil ch'u-te' C. salvadorensis sakil ch'u-te' Chlorophora tinctoria mora Cordia alliodora be xinich te' Cupressus benthamii var. lindleyi nukul pat Eysenhardtia adenostylis yax-te' Juniperus gamboana ok'il tel' Pinus spp. toj Pithecellobium dulce vamuch te' CHARCOAL Quercus castanea Q. crispipilis Q. laurina batz'i chikin-ib batz'i chikin-ib jayal pat chikin-ib CHEST, COFFER Cedrela oaxacensis C. odorata C. salvadorensis Chlorophora tinctoria Cordia alliodora Cupressus benthamii var. lindleyi Pinus spp. Pithecellobium dulce Alvaradoa amorphoides Platanus mexicana COMB CORN BIN Buddleia nitida B. skutchii Cordia alliodora Crataegus pubescens Cupressus benthamii var. lindleyi Eysenhardtia adenostylis Juniperus gamboana Perymenium grande var. nelsonii Pinus ssp. Pithecellobium dulce Quercus peduncularis Q. rugosa Q. segoviensis Senna cobanensis S. pallida S. skinneri S. tonduzii bik'it ch'u-te' sakil ch'u-te' sakil ch'u-te' mora be xinich te' nukul pat toj vamuch te' kamaron te' jach'ub te' bak tzelo-pat batz'i tzelo-pat be xinich te' k'at'ix nukul pat yax-te' ok'il te' k'anal top'ol toj vamuch te' batz'i tulan batz'i tulan batz'i tulan yax-'ib te' yax-'ib te' yax-'ib te' yax-'ib te' GOURDS, SCOOP, STRAINER Crescentia alata tzima' NUMBER 35 C. cujete Lagenaria siceraria boch jay pulum vo' tzu GRIDDLE BROOM Brahea nitida HOOK Cornus excelsa Eysenhardtia adenostylis Pinus spp. Quercus peduncularis Q. rugosa Q. segoviensis pik' xan isbon yax-te' toj batz'i tulan batz'i tulan batz'i tulan LAMP STAND Cedrela oaxacensis C. odorata C. salvadorensis Cordia alliodora Eysenhardtia adenostylis Ficus glabrata F. glaucescens Pinus spp. MAT Brahea dulcis bik'it ch'u-te sakil ch'u-te' sakil ch'u-te' be xinich te' yax-te' amat amat toj batz'i xan METATE PLATFORM Chlorophora tinctoria Cupressus benthamii var. lindleyi Ficus glabrata Pinus spp. Pithecellobium dulce POT STAND Quercus peduncularis Q. rugosa Q. segoviensis SPOON Erythrina chiapasana E. goldmanii Pinus spp. mora nukul pat amat toj vamuch te' batz'i tulan batz'i tulan batz'i tulan x'ukun x'ukun toj STEAMBATH FAN Brahea dulcis batz'i xan STIRRING ROD Ceanothus coeruleus Cornus excelsa Holodiscus argenteus Quercus peduncularis ik'al pomos isbon tzajal pomos batz'i tulan 417 Q. rugosa Q. segoviensis Viburnum jucundum Casimiroa edulis Cochlospermum vitifolium Erythrina chiapasana E. goldmanii Persea americana Pinus spp. STOOL STOPPER Salix bonplandiana S. chilensis Spondias mombin Zea mays batz'i tulan batz'i tulan tzotz-ni' te' aj-te' putzkuy x'ukun x'ukun batz'i on toj batz'i tok'oy kilajtik tok'oy batz'i jovos ixim TAMALE PLATFORM Acacia angustissima sakil xaxib Alnus acuminata ssp. arguta tzajal nok Cornus excelsa isbon Cydonia oblonga nimpronix Quercus crassifolia batz'i te' Q. peduncularis batz'i tulan Q. rugosa batz'i tulan Q. segoviensis batz'i tulan Pinus spp. TORTILLA PRESS toj Fencing ARBOR Baccharis glutinosa Dodonaea viscosa Lippia cardiostegia L. myriocephala Quercus candicans k'ox chilkat bak te' muk'ta sak-nich te' muk'ta sak-nich te' sap-yok BRUSH FENCE Acacia angustissima A. cornigera A. fames iana A. pennatula Aeschynomene compada A. purpusii Bourreria huanita Calliandra confusa C. grandiflora C. houstoniana Ceanothus coeruleus Cestrum aurantiacum batz'i xaxib chojchoj sakil ch'ix kevrajacha yolnob ch'o yolnob ch'o ik'al te' ch'ich' ni' ch'ich' ni' ch'ich' ni' ik'al pomos tuil te' 418 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ANTHROPOLOGY C. guatemalense Chamaecrista nictitans ssp. disdena var. pilosa Cornus excelsa Crataegus pubescens Desmanthus virgatus Ehretia latifolia Indigofera thibaudiana Lasiacis divaricata Luehea Candida Lysiloma acapulcense L. aurita L. divaricata L. aurita L. divaricata L. aurita Machaerium chiapense Prunus persica Quercus spp. Salvia lasiantha Senna occidentalis Senna pallida Senna skinneri Solanum brachystachys Tephrosia cinerea CORRAL POST Acer negundo ssp. mexicanum Agave americana A. chiapensis Bucida macrostachya Clethra mexicana Cornus excelsa Crataegus pubescens Cupressus benthamii var. lindleyi Dendropanax arboreus Enterolobium cyclocarpum Luehia Candida Perymenium grande var. nelsonii Pinus spp. Quercus spp. FENCE POST, RAIL, Acacia angustissima A. pennatula Acer negundo ssp. mexicanum Agave americana Alvaradoa amorphoides Annona cherimola tuil te' yolnob ch'o isbon k'at'ix yolnob ch'o ik'al te' yolnob ch'o ik'ob chij tux-nuk' te' ik'al suk tzajal suk ik'al suk tzajal suk ik'al suk sakil suk yolnob ch'o prixku' turasnu batz'i te' chikin-ib tulan latzbil tonal pox yolnob ch'o yolnob ch'o yolnob ch'o tuil te' yolnob ch'o RAIL sakil te' muk'ta met lo'balal met muk'ta kachu toro te' bak amuch te' isbon k'at'ix nukul pat tempix pit tux-nuk' te' k'anal top'ol toj batz'i te' chikin-ib tulan FENCEROW sakil xaxib kevrajacha sakil te' muk'ta met kamaron te' batz'i k'evex Ardisia escallonoiides Bambusa vulgaris var. vittata B. vulgaris var. vulgaris Bauhinia divaricata B. pauletia Bucida macrostachya Buddleia americana B. crotonoides B. crotonoides ssp. amplexicaulis B. skutchii Bursera excelsa Byrsonima crassifolia Calliandra confusa C. grandiflora C. houstoniana C. portoricensis Casimiroa edulis Ceiba aesculifolia Cestrum aurantiacum C. guatemalense Chlorophora tinctoria Cleyera theaeoides Coccoloba barbadensis C. liebmannii C. mayana Cochlospermum vitifolium Cordia alliodora C. dentata C. dodecandra C. sebestena Cornus excelsa Crataegus pubescens Crescentia alata C. cujete Cupressus benthamii var. lindleyi Dendropanax arboreus Diospyros digyna Enterolobium cyclocarpum Erythrina chiapasana E. goldmanii Eugenia acapulcensis E. amatenangensis E. carranzae E. laughlinii E. yunckeri Eysenhardtia adenostylis Ficus cookii F. glabrata F. glaucescens Genipa caruto Gliricidia sepium Godmania aesculifolia Guazuma ulmifolia Gyrocarpus americanus tzajal ch'it k'anal otot yaxal otot voy chij te' voy chij te' muk'ta kachu toro te chan-tzelav tzelo-pat chan-tzelav tzelo-pat chan-tzelav tzelo-pat batz'i tzelo-pat batz'i pom nantzi' ch'ich' ni' ch'ich ni' ch'ich' ni' muk'ta xaxib aj-te' mojan tuil te' tuil te' mora ik'al k'oxox te' karnero te' karnero te' karnero te' putzkuy be xinich te' nankipu nankipu nankipu isbon k'at'ix tzima' boch nukul pat tempix uch pit x'ukun x'ukun sakil ch'it sakil ch'it sakil ch'it sakil ch'it sakil ch'it yax-te' mutut amat amat maluk milob ch'o te' yaxal kachu toro te' akit xinal te' NUMBER 35 419 Haemotoxylum brasiletto Hauya elegans Holodiscus argenteus Inga vera I. vera ssp. spuria I. xalapensis Jatropha curcas Juniperus gamboana Lasianathaea fruticosa Leucaena collinsii L. diversifolia L. leucocephala Licania arborea Lonchocarpus minimifiorus L. rugosus Luehea Candida Lysiloma acapulcense L. auritum L. divaricatum Manilkara achras Parathesis chiapensis P. leptopa Pinus spp. Pithecellobium dulce Platanus mexicana Platymiscium dimorphandrum Poeppigia procera Pouteria mammosa Prunus persica P. serotina Quercus spp. Randia aculeata Rhus schiedeana Sabal mexicana Salix bonplandiana S. humboldtiana Sambucus mexicana Saurauia scabrida Schoepfia vacciniiflora Senna atomeria S. cobanensis S. nicaraguensis Senna pallida S. tonduzii Solanum brachystachys Swietenia humilis Symplocos limoncillo brasil sakil kanela te' tzajal pomos chalon chalon chalon sakil sal te' ok'il te' k'ox top'ol paka' olnob tzajal olnob batz'i olnob yaxal mol tzo' xulem te' tzo' xulem te' tux-nuk' te' ik'al suk sakil suk ik'al suk muy pimenta te' pimerita te' toj vamuch te' jach'ub te' lumpisera molino te' ja'as prixku' turasnu batz'i chix te' chix te' mut batz'i te' batz'i tulan chikin-ib k'an-tulan k'evex tulan sap yok tz'otz'op boch te' muk'ta paj-'ul palma batz'i tok'oy kilajtik tok'oy batz'i chijil te' ajo' te' tzajal ch'it tzo' xulem te' yax-'ib te' voy chij te' yax-'ib te' yax-'ib te' tuil te' kovana te' muk'ta paxamum S. vernicosa Tecoma stans Ternstroemia lineata ssp. chalicophylla T. oocarpa Trichilia martiana Vernonia leiocarpa Viburnum elatum V. jucundum Wimmeria pubescens Xylosma intermedium Zea mays muk'ta paxamum putzul chij batz'i i k'oxox te' batz'i k'oxox te' tzajal sal-te' xolom kajve te' tzotz-ni' te' pinto te' yaxal ch'it ixim GATE, STILE Buddleia nitida B. skutchii Chlorophora tinctoria Cordia alliodora Cupressus benthamii var. lindleyi Ficus glabrata F. glaucescens Juniperus gamboana Pinus spp. Pithecellobium dulce Poeppigia procera Quercus spp. Rhus schiedeana Sabal mexicana Senna tonduzii Styrax argentum bak tzelo-pat batz'i tzelo-pat mora be xinich te' nukul pat amat amat ok'il te' toj vamuch te' molino te' tulan muk'ta paj-'ul palma yax-'ib te' tzitz te' LASHING FOR CORRAL, FENCE Antigonon flavescens A. guatemalense Canavalia glabra C. hirsutissima C. villosa Clematis dioica C. grossa Cydista diversifolia Didymaea alsinoides Heliocarpus donnell-smithii Heteropteris beecheyana Ipomoea sp. /. pauciflora I. purpurea I. signata I. tyrianthina Jacquemontia pentantha Matelea aspera Muntingia calabura Pithecodenium crucigerum Smilax subpubescens Triumfetta grandiflora sakil tz'usub kanava ak' pek' me'el pek' me'el pek' me'el ich ak' mikulax itaj mikulax itaj tz'usub ak' bot ne saben k'ox puyu' sakil ak' k'ox pik'ok' batz'i pik'ok' batz'i pik'ok' k'ox puyu' mikulax itaj makulixkuat yat vakax ak' batz'i t'ut' ak' batz'i yuch' ax 420 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ANTHROPOLOGY T semitriloba T speciosa batz'i yuch' max batz'i yuch' max Agriculture CULTIVATED PLANT Brassica campestris B. juncea B. nigra B. oleracea var. achephala B. oleracea var. capitata B. oleracea var. acephala Bursera excelsa Capsicum annuum Chamomilla recutita Chenopodium ambrosioides Chrysanthemum coronarium Citrus aurantifolia C. limonia Coffea arabica Coriandrum sativum Crataegus pubescens Crocosmia x crocosmiiflora Cucurbita ficifolia C. mixta C. moschata C. pepo var. melopepo Dendranthema morifolium Dianthus caryophyllus Gladiolus hortulanus Gypsophila elegans G. paniculata Lagenaria siceraria Leucaena leucocephala Leucanthemum vulgare Lycopersicum esculentum var. cerasiforme Malus pumila Mangifera indica Mentha citrata M. pulegium Nicotiana tabacum Passiflora ligularis Pelargonium hortorum Persea americana Phaseolus coccineus batz'i napux k'ox mustisya muk'ta mustisya batz'i itaj jol itaj tzukum jol itaj batz'i pom bak ich sakil ich mantzanilya koko'on krisantema elamonix chu' lima kajve kulantu k'at'ix k'ox bukaro mail sakil ch'um tz'ol espayder kartolina krisantema nichim muk'ta pompom pompom klavel klavelina batz'i bukaro nube nube tzu batz'i olnob markarita markarition k'ox tzajal chichol mantzana xok manko ch'ulul alavena batz'i alavena moy kranata tzajal nichim on botii P. coccineus ssp. darwinianus P. lunatus P. vulgaris Piper auritum Prunus domestica P. persica Psidium guineense Pyrus communis Raphanus sativus Rosa chinensis Salix bonplandiana S. humboldtiana Sambucus canadensis S. mexicana Sechium edule Solanum americanum S. tuberosum Tagetes erecta Tanacetum parthenium Viciafaba Vigna unguiculata Zantedeschia aethiopica Zea mays ibes xvet' x'akil chenek' xlumil chenek' mumun sirvela prixku' turasnu batz'i potov kaxlan pelex alavanux sakil roxa batz'i tok'oy kilajtik tok'oy xutax chijil te' batz'i chijil te' ch'um-te' unen mu batz'i is-ak' tranjero is-ak' vo'tus volita javas kantela chenek' kartucho ixim CULTIVATED PLANT (occasional) Acer negundo ssp. mexicanum Agave americana A. brachystachys Allium ascalonicum A. cepa A. sativum Amaranthus hybridus Amaryllis belladonna Ammi majus Annona cherimola A. diversifolia Arundo donax Beta vulgaris var. cicla Bougainvillea glabra Brassica oleracea B. rapa Bursera bipinnata B. simaruba Canna edulis Cannabis sativa Capsicum annuum sakil te' muk'ta met ch'upak' j'alnom tuix batz'i tuix yaxux ka' batz'i tz'ul itaj liryo enkaje batz'i k'evex papausa k'evex yajil ama aselka yaxyax-'ulan kilkil nichim kolinabo jolinom napux ach'el pom tzajal sal-te' tzajal ch'uch' marivana morte ich natikil ich pujkan ich NUMBER 35 421 C. pubescens Carica papaya Chamomilla recutita Citrus aurantium C. sinensis Cleome magnifica Cochlospermum vitifolium Conium maculatum Crescentia cujete Crinum amabile Crotolaria incana C. mucronata C. pumila C. quercetorum Cupressus benthamii var. lindleyi Cydonia oblonga Cymbopogon citratus Dahlia pinnata Datura Candida Daucus carota var. sativa Dianthus barbatus Erythrina chiapasana E. goldmanii Ficus carica Foeniculum vulgare Gaultheria odorata Heliocarpus donnell-smithii Hemerocallis fulva Hippeastrum solandriflorum H. vittatum Hylocereus undatus Iberis simplex Ipomoea batatas I. microstida Juglans regia Juniperus gamboana Kniphofia uvaria Lactuca sativa Leucaena collinsii Liabum glabrum var. hypoleucum Lilium candidum Litsea glaucescens Lycopersicon esculentum var. commune Mangifera indica Manihot esculenta Musa acuminata x M. bulbisiana M. textilis Nopalea cochenillifera Opuntia ficus-indica Papaver somniferum Parmentiera aculeata Phragmites australis Phymosia rosea k'anal ich papaya mantzanilya alaxax naranja pa' itaj putzkuy enkaje boch snichim koyta tontikil ch'aben batz'i ch'aben tontikil ch'aben tontikil ch'aben nukul pat nimpronix batz'i limon jobel dalya batz'i kampana nichim sanorya k'ok' sat nichim x'ukun x'ukun ik'ux inojo aja-te'es bot k'anal asasena sakil asasena nichim ninyo muk'ta chikin ton kopita tzajal is-ak' amolyo ton bek' ok'il te' asasena vola lechuka paka' olnob batz'i suil itaj batz'i asasena tzis uch muk'ta tzajal chichol manko tz'in-te' chan-tzelav lo'bol mol lo'bol tzajal petok batz'i petok amapola chachi' antzil aj batz'i tz'oban Plumeria alba P. rubra Prunus armeniaca P. serotina Psidium guajava Pyrus communis Rapanaea juergensenii Rorippa nasturtium-aquaticum R. x sterilis Rosa banks iae R. multiflora Ruta graveolens Saccharum officinarum Salvia cacaliaefolia S. microphylla Sedum praealtum Solanum mammosum Spondias purpurea Synardisia venosa Tagetes lucida Thymus vulgaris Tigridia pavonia Xanthosoma violaceum TOOLS: Ax Handle Agonandra racemosa Ardisia escallonioides Bauhinia divaricata B. pauletia Chlorophora tinctoria Coffea arabica Crataegus pubescens Diphysa floribunda Eugenia acapulcensis E. amatenangensis E. carranzae E. laughlinii E. yunckeri Eysenhardtia adenostylis Leucaena collinsii L. diversifolia Lysiloma acapulcense L. auritum L. divaricatum Platanus mexicana Prunus serotina Psidium guajava Quercus castanea Q. crispipilis Q. laurina patax nichim patax nichim kaxlan turasnu batz'i chix te' kaxlan potov batz'i pelex tilil bero bero k'anal roxa k'ox tzajal roxa lula vale' yax-'ulan pom tz'unun mixto batz'i pimil anal chuchu' po'on sakil k'os tzitz tomyo batz'i jol koy Pi turasnu te' tzajal ch'it voy chij te' voy chij te' mora kajve k'at'ix k'an-te' sakil ch'it sakil ch'it sakil ch'it sakil ch'it sakil ch'it yax-te' paka' olnob tzajal olnob ik'al suk sakil suk ik'al suk jach'ub te' batz'i chix te' chix te' mut kaxlan potov batz'i chikin-ib batz'i chikin-ib jayal pat chikin-ib 422 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ANTHROPOLOGY Q. oleoides Q. peduncularis Q. rugosa Q. segoviensis Schoepfia vacciniiflora Xylosma intermedium batz'i chikin-ib batz'i tulan batz'i tulan batz'i tulan tzajal ch'it yaxal ch'it Billhook Handle Ardisia escallonioides Chlorophora tinctoria Coccoloba barbadensis C. diversifolia C. liebmannii C. mayana Coffea arabica Cordia dentata C. dodecandra C. sebestena Cornus excelsa Crataegus pubescens Diphysa floribunda Eugenia acapulcensis E. amatenangensis E. carranzae E. laughlinii E. yunckeri Eysenhardtia adenostylis Guazuma ulmifolia Leucaena diversifolia Luehea Candida Mahonia berriozabalensis Rhus schiedeana Schoepfia vacciniiflora Symplocos limoncillo S. vernicosa Tecoma stans Wimmeria pubescens tzajal ch'it mora karnero te' karnero te' karnero te' karnero te' kajve nankipu nankipu nankipu isbon k'at'ix k'an-te' sakil ch'it sakil ch'it sakil ch'it sakil ch'it sakil ch'it yax-te' akit tzajal olnob tux-nuk' te' k'an-te' muk'ta paj-'ul tzajal ch'it muk'ta paxamum muk'ta paxamum putzul chij pinto te' CORN SHUCKER Haemotoxylon brasiletto Leucaena collinsii L. diversifolia L. leucocephala brasil paka' olnob tzajal olnob batz'i olnob CORN STUBBLE RAKE Buddleia nitida B. skutchii Crataegus pubescens bak tzelo-pat batz'i tzelo-pat k'at'ix DIGGING STICK Acacia angustissima Acalypha macrostachya A. mollis Agonandra racemosa batz'i xaxib linkon te' linkon te' turasnu te' Amelanchier denticulata Ardisia escallonioides Bauhinia divaricata B. pauletia Buddleia nitida B. skutchii Calliandra portoricensis Carpinus caroliniana Ceanothus coeruleus Coccoloba barbadensis C. mayana Cordia alliodora C. dentata C. dodecandra C. sebestena Cornus excelsa Crataegus pubescens Diphysa floribunda Eugenia acapulcensis E. amatenangensis E. carranzae E. laughlinii E. yunckeri Eysenhardtia adenostylis Guazuma ulmifolia Guettarda macrosperma Hauya elegans Leucaena collinsii L. diversifolia Lippia cardiostegia L. myriocephala Luehea Candida Mahonia berriozabalensis Myricocarpa heterostachya M. longipes M. yzabalensis Ostrya virginiana var. guatemalensis Prunus serotina Rhus schiedeana Schoepfia vacciniiflora Symplocos limoncillo S. vernicosa Tecoma stans Viburnum hartwegii Wimmeria pubescens FLAIL Eysenhardtia adenostylis Luehea Candida Wimmeria pubescens mantzana te' tzajal ch'it voy chij te' voy chij te' bak tzelo-pat batz'i tzelo-pat muk'ta xaxib tz'utuj te' ik'al pomos kam6ro te' kamdro te' be xinich te' nankipu nankipu nankipu isbon k'at'ix k'an-te' sakil ch'it sakil ch'it sakil ch'it sakil ch'it sakil ch'it yax-te' akit barsin te' sakil kanela te' paka' olnob tzajal olnob muk'ta sak-nich te muk'ta sak-nich te tux-nuk' te' k'an-te' linkon te' linkon te' linkon te' tz'utuj te' batz'i chix te' chix te' mut muk'ta paj-'ul tzajal ch'it muk'ta paxamum muk'ta paxamum putzul chij atz'am te' pinto te' yax-te' tux-nuk' te' pinto te' HOE (MATTOCK) HANDLE Acacia pennatula kevrajacha NUMBER 35 423 Acalypha macrostachya A. mollis Agonandra racemosa Amelanchier denticulata Ardisia escallonioides Bauhinia divaricata B. pauletia Buddleia nitida B. skutchii Carpinus caroliniana Ceanothus coerulens Coccoloba barbadensis C. diversifolia C. liebmannii C. mayana Coffea arabica Cordia alliodora C. dentata C. dodecandra C. sebestena Cornus excelsa Crataegus pubescens Diphysa floribunda Eugenia acapulcensis E. amatenangensis E. carranzae E. laughlinii E. yunckeri Eysenhardtia adenostylis Guazuma ulmifolia Guettarda macrosperma Hauya elegans Leucaena diversifolia Lippia cardiostegia L. chiapasensis L. myriocephala L. substrigosa Luehia Candida Mahonia berriozabalensis Myriocarpa heterostachya M. longipes M. yzabalensis Ostrya virginiana var. guatemalensis Prunus serotina Rhamnus capraeifolia var. grandifolia Rhus schiedeana Schoepfia vacciniiflora Symplocos limoncillo S. vernicosa Tecoma stans Verbesina perymenioides linkon te' linkon te' turasnu te' mantzaria te' tzajal ch'it voy chij te' voy chij te' bak tzelo-pat batz'i tzelo-pat tz'utuj te' ik'al pomos karnero te' karnero te' karnero te' karn6ro te' kajve be xinich te' nankipu nankipu nankipu isbon k'at'ix k'an-te' sakil ch'it sakil ch'it sakil ch'it sakil ch'it sakil ch'it yax-te' akit barsin te' sakil kanela te' tzajal olnob muk'ta sak-nich te' sak-nich te' muk'ta sak-nich te' sak-nich te' tux-nuk' te' k'an-te' linkon te' linkon te' linkon te' tz'utuj te' batz'i chix te' bak te' muk'ta paj-'ul tzajal ch'it muk'ta paxamum muk'ta paxamum putzul chij nam-te'mol Viburnum hartwegii Wimmeria pubescens Xylosma intermedium atz'am te' pinto te' yaxal ch'it Cornus excelsa MACHETE HOOK isbon PICK HANDLE Bauhinia divaricata B. pauletia B. ungulata Coffea arabica Cordia dentata C. dodecandra C. sebestena Leucaena collinsii L. diversifolia Quercus castanea Q. crispipilis Q. laurina Q. oleoides Tecoma stans Acacia angustissima Arbutus xalapensis Baccharis vaccinioides Ceanothus coeruleus Holodiscus argenteus Myrica cerifera Prunus persica Quercus crassifolia Sambucus canadensis S. mexicana OTHER: Bean Pole voy chij te' voy chij te' voy chij te' kajve nankipu nankipu nankipu paka' olnob tzajal olnob batz'i chikin-ib batz'i chikin-ib jayal pat chikin-ib batz'i chikin-ib putzul chij batz'i xaxib on te' mes te' ik'al pomos tzajal pomos satin prixku' turasnu batz'i te' xutax chijil te' batz'i chijil te' Flower Wrapper Acer negundo ssp. mexicanum Baccharis vaccinioides Buddleia skutchii Myrica cerifera Piqueria pilosa P. trinervia Stillingia acutifolia sakil te' mes te' batz'i tzelo-pat satin chichik'uy chichik'uy ajval te' Grain Measure Cedrela oaxacensis C. odorata C. salvadorensis Pinus spp. bik'it ch'u-te' sakil ch'u-te' sakil ch'u-te' toj 424 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ANTHROPOLOGY Sandpaper (for tool handles) Curatella americana vux te' Davilla nitida vux te' Equisetum hymale var. affine tut E. myriochaetum tut Threshing Platform Cecropia peltata k 'orok ' te ' Cochlospermum vitifolium putzkuy Luehea Candida tux-nuk' te' Animal Husbandry DOG HOBBLE Cornus excelsa isbon DOG LEASH Ipomoea signata pik'ok' /. tyrianthina pik'ok' HORSE W H I P Baccharis trinervis arsyal te' Prunus serotina batz'i chix te' PACK ROPE CLEAT Rhus schiedeana muk'ta paj-'ul PACK SADDLE Andropogon bicornis jobelal xalma (ladino) A. glomeratus jobelal xalma (ladino) Festuca amplissima ch'ix jobel Muhlenbergia breviligula ch'ix jobel M. cf. emersleyi ch'ix jobel M. robusta ch'ix jobel M. strida ch'ix jobel Tripsacum manisuroides bik'it ximo' TETHERING POST Cornus excelsa isbon SHEPHERD SWITCH Cornus excelsa isbon Prunus persica prixku' turasnu Rubus trilobus nuk' chij CAT, DOG, CHICKEN, TURKEY FOOD Zea mays ixim PIG FOOD Bidens pilosa sakil matas Cucurbita moschata ch'um Cyclanthera bourgeana Kallstroemia rosei Musa acuminata x M. Simsia amplexicaulis Zea mays Bidens pilosa Calliandra confusa C. grandiflora C. houstoniana Cucurbita ficifolia C. moschata Iresine angustifolia I. nigra Panicum hirticaule Paspalum botterii P. plicatulum Polypogon elongatus P. viridis balbisiana batz'i ch'um-te' ch'o mexa tzY'el chan-tzelav lo'bol batz'i saju' ixim HORSE FODDER Saccharum officinarum Simsia amplexicaulis Zea mays Calliandra confusa C. grandiflora C. houstoniana Iresine angustifolia I. nigra Phaseolus vulgaris Salix bonplandiana Sambucus mexicana Sonchus oleraceus sakil matas ch'ich' ni' ch'ich' ni' ch'ich' ni' mail ch'um k'ask'as te' k'ask'as te' akan jobel akan jobel akan jobel akan jobel akan jobel vale' batz'i saju' ixim SHEEP FODDER REMEDIES: ch'ich' ni' ch'ich' ni' ch'ich' ni' k'ask'as te' chenek' batz'i tok'oy batz'i chijil te' batz'i chikaryo Chickens' Disease Citrus aurantifolia elamonix Cucumis melo var. conomon C. melo var. reticulata Eysenhardtia adenostylis Opuntia ficus-indica Parietaria debilis Sambucus mexicana Thalidrum guatemalense Arachis hypogaea Corchorus siliquosus Aphrodisiac (horses) Diarrhea (horses) batz'i melon chi'il melon yax-te' batz'i petok "cold" sikil ton batz'i chijil te' "cold" tuturu manya chenek' sakil sat mes "hot" NUMBER 35 425 Sida acuta Turnera ulmifolia Waltheria americana sakil sat mes "hot' sakil sat mes "hot' sakil sat mes "hot' Diarrhea (sheep) Baccharis serraefolia poxil tza'nel "hot" Dog Poison Antidote Borreria laevis Citrus aurantifolia Phaseolus coccineus Piqueria pilosa P. trinervia Sambucus mexicana Vaccinium confertum Pack Sores Nama jamaicense Psychotria erythrocarpa Solanum chrysotrichum S. lanceolatum S. torvum sakil pem-k'ulub elamonix "cold" botii chichik'uy "cold" chichik'uy "cold" batz'i chijil te' "cold" k'ox aja-te'es "cold" tzun-jol tz'i'lel poxil pat ka' "hot" k'ux-pevul "hot" k'ux-pevul "hot" k'ux-pevul "hot" Rabies (for dogs) Cyclanthera langaei Piqueria pilosa P. trinervia Swellhead (sheep) Anthericum eleutherandrum A. vestitum Echeandia macrocarpa E. macrophylla var. longifolia E. parviflora Prunella vulgaris Ranunculus petiolaris Zea mays Tarantula Bite (horses) Anthericum eleutherandrum A. vestitum Bourreria laevis Cissampelos pareira Echeandia macrocarpa E. macrophylla var. longifolia E. parviflora Elytraria imbricata Lisianthius nigrescens var. chiapensis polotz' chichik'uy "cold' chichik'uy "cold' ch'upak'joj ch'upak' joj ch'upak' joj ch'upak' joj ch'upak' joj arvajaka tz'i'lel k'ojom ixim ch'upak' joj ch'upak' joj alavena tz'i'lel kururin "hot" ch'upak' joj ch'upak' joj ch'upak' joj poxil yerva "hot" natz' amuch "cold' Ranunculus petiolaris Solanum angustifolium Allium sativum Baccharis vaccinioides Cissampelos pareira Myrica cerifera Nicotiana tabacum Schoenocaulon officinale Adiantum andicola Baccharis vaccinioides Nicotiana tabacum Phaseolus coccineus ssp. darwinianus Piqueria pilosa P. trinervia Polypodium adelphum "Wind" (horses) "Wind" (sheep) k'ojom ye aja chon yaxux ka' mes te' te' kururin "hot' satin moy yaxux ka' ik'al ok tzib mes te' moy ik'al ibes chichik'uy chichik'uy kilajtik tzib Hunting Lasiacis divaricata Brahea nitida Cedrela oaxacensis C. odorata C. salvadorensis Chlorophora tinctoria Cordia alliodora C. dentata C. dodecandra C. sebestena Persea donnell-smithii Pithecellobium dulce Prunus serotina Senna cobanensis S. pallida S. skinneri S. tonduzii Muhlenbergia macroura Piptochaetium virescens Stipa ichu DEER CALL GUN WAD GUNSTOCK SLING ik'ob chij pik' xan bik'it ch'u-te sakil ch'u-te' sakil ch'u-te' mora be xinich te' nankipu nankipu nankipu oven vamuch te' batz'i chix te yax-'ib te' yax-'ib te' yax-'ib te' yax-'ib te' ana-jobel ne chuch 426 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ANTHROPOLOGY SLINGSHOT Chlorophora tinctoria Coffea arabica Cordia alliodora C. dentata C. dodecandra C. sebestena Cornus excelsa Crataegus pubescens Luehea Candida Pithecellobium dulce Senna cobanensis S. pallida S. skinneri S. tonduzii Stemmadenia obovata Stillingia acutifolia Thevetia ovata T. plumeriaefolia TRAP Cornus excelsa Furcraea guatemalensis Kearnemalvastrum lacteum Malvaviscus arboreus var. arboreus Triumfetta grandiflora T. semitriloba T. speciosa mora kajve be xinich te nankipu nankipu nankipu isbon k'at'ix tux-nuk' te' vamuch te' yax-'ib te' yax-'ib te' yax-'ib te' yax-'ib te' choch ajval te' choch choch isbon te'tikal chi muk'ta pak' batz'i yuch' batz'i yuch' batz'i yuch' batz'i yuch' chak max max max max Food CANDY Cydonia oblonga Ficus carica Manihot esculenta Saccharum officinarum Sorghum bicolor nimpronix ik'ux tz'in-te' vale' tukum j'ik'al DRINK: TEA, COFFEE Acrocomia mexicana Citrus aurantium C. sinensis Coffea arabica Cymbopogon citratus Dahlia imperialis Encyclia ochracea Saccharum officinarum Satureja mexicana Tagetes lucida Tamarindus indica Theobroma bicolor Vaccinium confertum Zea mays nap alaxax naranja kajve batz'i limon jobel batz'i ch'oliv k'ox uch'ul vo' vale' batz'i ch'ulelal nichim tzitz tamarin kokov k'ox aja-te'es ixim FOOD WRAPPER Canna edulis Chiranthodendron pentadactylon Musa acuminata x M. bulbisiana Oreopanax peltatus Piper auritum Pitcairnia breedlovei Quercus candicans Rumex crispus R. obtusifolius Vriesea werckleana Zea mays FRUIT Ananas comosus Annona cherimola A. diversifolia Carica papaya Casimiroa edulis Citrullus vulgaris Citrus aurantifolia C. limetta C. limonia C. retriculata C. sinensis Crataegus pubescens Cucumis melo var. conomon C. melo var. reticulata Diospyros digyna Licania platypus Malus pumila Mangifera indica Manilkara achras Musa acuminata x M. bulbisiana Passiflora ligularis Persea americana Pouteria campechiana P. mammosa Prunus domestica P. persica Psidium guajava P. guineense Pyrus communis Rubus adenotrichus tzajal ch'uch' k'am-xoch' batz'i lo'bol jabnal mumun antzil ech' sap yok yail tz'i'lel yail tz'i'lel antzil ech' ixim muk'ta paxak' batz'i k'evex papausa k'evex papaya aj-te' xantiya elamonix ch'ulul lima chu' lima mantarina naranja k'at'ix batz'imelon chi'il melon uch itzompi mantzana manko muy batz'i lo'bol chan-tzelav lo'bol chimpo lo'bol maritzana lo'bol natikil lo'bol sakil lo'bol sera lo'bol tzajal lo'bol kranata batz'i on yax-'on no'chi ja'as sirvela prixku' turasnu kaxlan potov batz'i potov pelex batz'i makom NUMBER 35 R. irasuensis Sechium edule Spondias purpurea FRUIT (occasional) Acrocomia mexicana Adenocalymna apurense Amelanchier denticulata Annona purpurea A. reticulata Arbutus xalapensis Bromelia hemisphaerica B. pinguin B. plumieri Byrsonima crassifolia Carica cauliflora Celtis iguanaea Chlorophora tinctoria Citrus medica Cocos nucifera Coriaria ruscifolia Cydonia oblonga Duchesnia indica Ehretia latifolia E. tinifolia Epiphyllum crenatum var. kimnachii Ficus carica F. glabrata F. glaucescens Gaultheria odorata Genipa caruto Gonolobus uniflorus Guazuma ulmifolia Hylocereus undatus Hymenea courbaril Inga fagifolia I. jinicuil I. punctata I. vera ssp. spuria I. xalapensis Jaltomata procumbens Lantana camara L. hispida Lepechinia schiedeana Lycianthes ciliolata L. lenta Malpighia mexicana Melothria pendula Morus celtidifolia Muntingia calabura Opuntia ficus-indica Parmentiera aculeata batz'i makom ch'um-te' po'on nap te' ak' maritzana te' chin-jol k'evex k'anal k'evex on te' chimpo paxak' kinya paxak' potpot paxak' nantzi' paplya mut ch'ix ak' mora sila koko lo'bol vet nimpronix makom tz'i'lel ik'al te' nampivo batz'i chikin ton ik'ux amat amat aja-te'es maluk lo'bol ak' akit muk'ta chikin ton ch'ilim te' tz'erel tz'erel tz'erel chalon chalon chichol ch'o ch'ix ch'il vet ch'ix ch'il vet chilchil tz'i'lel yich joj chichol te' batz'i paxamum xantiya ak' saya-vun makulixkuat batz'i petok chachi' Persea scheideana Philodendron hederaceum Pithecellobium dulce Prunus armeniaca P. serotina Rheedia edulis Rhus schiedeana Rubus coriifolius R. eriocarpus R. sapidus R. trilobus Sageretia elegans Saurauia scabrida Spondias mombin Styrax argentum Symplocos limoncillo S. vernicosa Tabebuia rosea Tamarindus indica Vaccinium confertum Vitis bourgeana Ximenia americana GRAIN, NUT, Acrocomia mexicana Arachis hypogea Leucaena collinsii L. diversifolia L. leucocephala Oryza sativa Triticum aestivum Zea mays GRAIN, NUT, chinin yat kotom ak' vamuch te' kaxlan turasnu batz'i chix te' luchamaryia muk'ta paj-'ul tuxum makom xoto-chak tuxum makom nuk' chij ox-'u ajo' te' batz'i jovos ja'as te' muk'ta paxamum muk'ta paxamum aj-te' te' tamarin k'ox aja-te'es batz'i tz'usub po'on ch'ix SEED nap manya chenek' paka' olnob tzajal olnob batz'i olnob aros triko ixim SEED (occasional) Arbutus xalapensis Ceiba aesculifolia Cocos nucifera Cordia dodecandra Enterolobium cyclocarpum Juglans regia Oecopetalum mexicanum Phyllanthus grandifolius Saurauia scabrida Sorghum bicolor Sterculia apetala muk'ta on te' mojan koko nankipu pit ton bek' kakav te' k'ol-k'ox ajo' te' tukum j'ik'al kastanya riorEMr VjKEblN: Brassica campestris B. juncea B. nigra B. oleracea var. acephala B. oleracea var. capitata batz'i napux k'ox mustisya muk'ta mustisya batz'i itaj jol itaj 427 428 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ANTHROPOLOGY B. oleraceus var. acephala Crotalaria mucronata Raphanus sativus Solanum americanum GREENS (occasional; Amaranthus hybridus A. scariosus Boerhaavia diffusa Boldoa purpurascens Capsicum annuum Chenopodium murale C. nuttalliae Cleome magnifica Crotolaria incana C. pumila C. quercetorum Fernaldia pandurata Galinsoga quadriradiata Jaltomata procumbens Lepidium virginicum var. pubescens Leucaena collinsii L. diversifolia L. leucocephala Liabum glabrum var. hypoleucum Matelea aspera Phyllanthus grandifolius Phytolacca icosandra P. rugosa Piper auritum Portulacca oleracea Raphanus sativus Rivina humilis Rorippa nasturtium-aquaticum R. x sterilis Sonchus oleraceus Talinum triangulare Tetragona expansa Tigridia pavonia tzukum jol itaj batz'i ch'aben muk'ta alavanux sakil alavanux unen mu batz'i tz'ul itaj batz'i tz'ul itaj kilajtik nex muk'ta bertulaka ich tan tz'ul itaj tan tz'ul itaj pa' itaj tontikil ch'aben tontikil ch'aben tontikil ch'aben chikin chij uskun-te' chichol ch'o pich' paka' olnob tzajal olnob batz'i olnob batz'i suil itaj mikulax itaj k'olk'ox sakil ob tzajal ob mumun batz'i bertulaka kaxlan alavanux muk'ta alavanux natikil alavanux unen mu tz'i' lei bero bero batz'i chikaryo bilil itaj espinaka batz'i jol koy OTHER COOKED FOOD Cucurbita ficifolia C. mixta C. moschata C. pepo var. melopepo Ipomoea batata Lycopersicon esculentum Phaseolus lunatus mail sakil ch'um tz'ol tzajal is-ak' k'ox tzajal chichol tzajal chichol xvet' chenek' P. vulgaris Physalis var. parviflora Sechium edule Solanum tuberosum Viciafaba Vigna unguiculata Zea mays x'ak'il chenek' xlumil chenek' batz'i putzul chichol ch'um-te' is-ak' javas kantela chenek' ixim OTHER COOKED FOOD (occasional) Acrocomia mexicana Agave americana A. chiapensis A. kewensis Brahea dulcis B. nitida Brassica oleracea var. gongyloides B. rapa Cirsium horridulum C. mexicanum C. nigriceps C. subcoriaceum Dioscorea cf. dugesii D. cymosula var. cinerea D. nelsonii Erythrina chiapasana E. goldmanii Marattia weinmanniifolia Phaseolus coccineus P. coccineus ssp. darwinianus Physalis philadelphica Raphanus sativus Sabal mexicana Saccharum officinarum Tigridia pavonia Xanthosoma robustum X. violaceum nap muk'ta met lo'balal met chi met batz'i xan pik' xan kolinabo jolinom napux lo'balal ch'ix tomal ch'ix tomal ch'ix tomal ch'ix p'uk p'uk p'uk x'ukun x'ukun muk'ta tzib botii xut ibes muk'ta putzul chichol kaxlan alavanux muk'ta alavanux natikil alavanux sakil alavanux palma vale' batz'i jol koy pik'ok' Pi OTHER RAW FOOD (occasional) Allium ascalonicum j'alnom tuix A. cepa batz'i tuix A. kunthii te'tikil tuix Brassica oleracea var. acephala batz'i itaj Dalembertia triangularis jol olol Daucus carota var. sativa sanorya Encyclia ochracea k'ox uch'ul vo' Oxalis galeottii batz'i vala-pojov NUMBER 35 0. latifolia Pachyrrhizus erosus Raphanus sativus Saccharum officinarum Sonchus oleraceus Tripsacum laxum Zea mays SEASONING Allium ascalonicum A. cepa A. kunthii Ananas comosus Bixa ore liana Capsicum annuum C. annuum var. aviculare C. pubescens Chenopodium ambrosioides Cinnamomum zeylanicum Citrus aurantifolia C. aurantium C. sinensis Coriandrum sativum Litsea glaucescens Mentha citrata M. pulegium Persea americana Pimenta dioica Piper auritum P. nigrum Pouteria mammosa Saccharum officinarum Tagetes lucida Thymus vulgaris Zingiber officinale Weaving BOBBIN Chlorophora tinctoria Diphysa floribunda Eysenhardtia adenostylis Leucaena diversifolia L. leucocephala BODKIN Brickellia scoparia Licaria peckii Linum mexicanum Lythrum lanceolatum Nectandra coriacea Stipa ichu batz'i vala-pojov jikamo ch'ix alavanux kaxlan alavanux vale' batz'i chikaryo muk'ta ximo' ixim j'alnom tuix batz'i tuix te'tikil tuix muk'ta paxak' vo'ox ich tempich ich k'anal ich koko'on kanelo elamonix alaxax naranja kulantu tzis uch ch'ulul alavena batz'i alavena tzitz batz'i pimenta mumun kaxlan pimenta ja'as vale' tzitz tomyo xenxerva mora k'an-te' yax-te' tzajal olnob batz'i olnob tzutzub tzitz te' tzutzub tzutzub tzitz te' ne chuch 429 CARDING BRUSH Pinus spp. toj CLOTHING MATERIAL, FIBERS Agave sisalana Brahea dulcis Furcraea guatemalensis Musa textilis Sabal mexicana pino chi (hats, nets, shoulder bags, tump- lines) batz'i xan (hats) te'tikal chi (nets, ropes) mol lo'bol (strings) palma (hats) DYE, MORDENT Ageratina bustamenta A. ligustrina A. mairetiana A. pringlei Alnus acuminata ssp. arguta A. jorullensis Bixa orellana Chromolaena collina Coriaria ruscifolia Cuscuta corymbosa var. grandifolia C. tinctoria Haematoxylon brasiletto Leandra subseriata Miconia guatemalensis M. mexicana M. oligotricha Pachythamnus crassirameus Stevia ovata S. polycphala S. serrata LOOM BAR Acalypha unibradeata Ardisia escallonioides Ceanothus coeruleus Chusquea foliosa Eugenia acapulcensis E. amatenangensis E. carranzae E. laughlinii E. yunckeri Holodiscus argenteus Otatea fimbriata Rubus trilobus Schoepfia vacciniiflora Phragmites australis bik'it ch'a-te' bik'it ch'a-te' muk'ta ch'a-te' bik'it ch'a-te' sakil nok tzajal nok vo'ox bik'it ch'a-te' lo'bol vet k'an-ak' k'an-ak' b r a s i l ( C h a m u l a n s ) tzajal chii jabnal batz'i chii jabnal tzajal chii jabnal batz'i chii jabnal bik'it ch'a-te' bik'it ch'a-te' bik'it ch'a-te' bik'it ch'a-te' tzajal te' tzajal ch'it ik'al pomos muk'ta ne kotom sakil ch'it sakil ch'it sakil ch'it sakil ch'it sakil ch'it tzajal pomos ton bix nuk' chij tzajal ch'it SHED ROD antzil aj 430 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ANTHROPOLOGY SHUTTLE Coreopsis mutica var. microcephala batz'i k'an-'ich Rubus trilobus nuk' chij SPINDLE Perymenium grande var. nelsonii k'anal top'ol Xylosma intermedium yaxal ch'it TANNING AGENT Acacia angustissima batz'i xaxib Alnus acuminata ssp. arguta A. jorullensis Bocconia arborea B. frutescens Calliandra portoricensis Citrus sinensis Crataegus pubescens Cupressus benthamii Juniperus gamboana Pinus ayacahuite Pinus spp. Prunus serotina Quercus crassifolia sakil nok tzajal nok kamusa te' kamusa te' muk'ta xaxib TENTERHOOK naranja k'at'ix WARPING BAR var. lindleyi nukul pat ok'il te' tzajal k'uk' toj toj batz'i chix te' batz'i te' WARPING BAR POLE Cornus excelsa Otatea fimbriata isbon ton bix Music BELL STOCK Cupressus benthamii var. lindleyi nukul pat DRUM Cedrela oaxacensis C. odorata C. salvadorensis Enterolobium cyclocarpum Licaria peckii Nectandra coriacea bik'it ch'u-te' sakil ch'u-te' sakil ch'u-te' pit tzitz te' tzitz te' DRUM COLLAR Cornus excelsa isbon Rhus terebinthifolia k'ox paj-'ul DRUMSTICK Cornus excelsa isbon FIDDLE, GUITAR, HARP Cedrela oaxacensis bik'it ch'u-te' C. odorata sakil ch'u-te' C. salvadorensis sakil ch'u-te' Cupressus benthamii var. lindleyi nukul pat Leucaena collinsii paka' olnob Pinus ayacahuite tzajal k'uk' toj Pinus spp. toj Prunus serotina batz'i chix te' FIDDLE, GUITAR (glue) Govenia liliacea kola G. superba kola tz'i'lel FIDDLE Bow Cedrela oaxacensis C. odorata C. salvadorensis Coffea arabica Eysenhardtia adenostylis Leucaena diversifolia L. leucocephala Morus celtidifolia Prunus serotina bik'it ch'u-te' sakil ch'u-te' sakil ch'u-te' kajve yax-te' tzajal olnob batz'i olnob saya-vun batz'i chix te' FIDDLE STRING (resin) Bursera bipinnata Arundo donax Gynerium sagittatum Phragmites australis Cordia alliodora Swietenia humilis Canna edulis Crescentia alata FLUTE MARIMBA RATTLE ach'el pom yajil ama vinik aj antzil aj be xinich te' kovaria te' tzajal ch'uch' tzima' Toys FLOWER Canna edulis Castilleja arvensis Cypripedium irapaneum Datura Candida Epidendrum arbuscula tzajal ch'uch' j'ak'-'uch putzul batz'i kariipana nichim muk'ta uch'ul vo' NUMBER 35 Ipomoea spp. Smilacina scilloides Taraxacum officinale Thalidrum guatemalense Tigridia pavonia Zephyranthes brevipes Z. carinata Crescentia alata Cucurbita galeottii Gonolobus uniform Houstonia serpyllacea Lagenaria siceraria Passiflora filipes P. foetida P. pavonis P. subpeltata Phyllanthus grandifolius Picramnia tetramera Sabal mexicana Trifolium amabile T. repens Zea mays Agave americana Pinus spp. Trifolium amabile T. repens Encyclia varicosa Govenia liliacea 431 FRUIT LEAF ROOT SAP (glue) STEM Epidendrum radicans Equisetum hymale var. affine E. myriochaetum Ipomoea signata I. tyrianthina Lasiacis divaricata Sambucus canadensis S. mexicana Smilax bona-nox S. jalapensis pik'ok' puyu' muk'ta uch'ul vo' tontikil putzul tuturu jol koy nichim joj nichim joj tzima' ch'ako' lo'bol ak' mail tz'i'lel suy tzu krariata ak' Kranata ak' kranata ak' krariata ak' k'ol-k'ox ventex mol palma batz'i pitzak' muk'ta pitzak' ixim muk'ta met toj TIP Thalidrum guatemalense pitzak' pitzak' sakil uch'ul vo' kola tzajal tz'emeni' tut tut pik'ok' pik'ok' ik'ob chij xutax chijil te' batz'i chijil te' karos ak' karos ak' tuturu Religious Use ALTAR FLOWERS (ladino) Acalypha hispida Acrocomia mexicana Asparagus setaceus Bidens ostruthioides Bougainvillea buttiana B. glabra Caesalpinia exostema C. pulcherrima Cavendishia crassifolia Chrysanthemum coronarium Cupressus benthamii var. lindleyi Cynoglossum amabile Cypripedium irapaneum Datura Candida Dendranthema morifolium Dendropanax arboreus Epiphyllum crenatum var. kimnachii Euphorbia leucocephala Fleischmanniopsis leucocephalum Fuchsia microphylla ssp. quercetorum Gaillardia pulchella Galphimia glauca Gnaphalium attenuatum G. brachypterum G. roseum G. viscosum Gomphrena decumbens Hemerocallis fulva Hibiscus rosa-sinensis Hippeastrum solandriflorum Iresine celosia Jasminum mesnyi J. sambac Lycopodium thyoides Malvaviscus arboreus var. arboreus Matthiola incana Montanoa speciosa Moringa oleifera Nerium oleander Nissolia fruticosa Ocimum basilicum Peter avenia phoenicolepis Plumeria alba P. rubra tzajal kilkil nichim nap sakil kilkil nichim k'anal matas yaxyax-'ulan kilkil nichim yaxyax-'ulan kilkil nichim nichim te' nichim te' konkon krisantema nukul pat k'ox boraja putzul batz'i kampana nichim cha'-koj kampana nichim krisantema tempix chikin ton mukumu sakil nichim tzajal ch'ulelal nichim tzajal markarita k'anal konkon poxil yayijemal poxil yayijemal poxil yayijemal poxil yayijemal bot'-jol tz'i'lel k'anal asasena tzajal kampana nichim sakil asasena koko'on chij sakil nichim te' sakil nichim te' xanxanil balamil k'ox tz'oban tz'i' nichim sakil nichim jasinto te' k'ox patax epal nich batz'i arvajaka yak'ubal us patax nichim patax nichim 432 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ANTHROPOLOGY Senna cobanensis S. pallida S. skinneri S. tonduzii Stevia ovata Thelypteris sp. Tillandsia butzii T capitata T. caput-medusae T. dasyliriifolia T fasciculata T plumosa T. vicentina Zinnia elegans yax-'ib te' yax-'ib te' yax-'ib te' yax-'ib te' yak'ubal us k'ox tzib uma' ech' uma' ech' uma' ech' uma' ech' uma' ech' uma' ech' uma' ech' snichim san-lukax RELIGIOUS DECORATION Acrostidum danaeifolium Agave americana Amaryllis belladonna Ammi majus Anthurium schlechtendalii Bougainvillea buttiana B. glabra Brahea nitida Calliandra confusa C. grandiflora C. houstoniana Cavendishia crassifolia Chamaedorea elatior C. ernesti-augustii C. nubium Chamomilla recutita Chrysanthemum coronarium Citrus aurantium C. limonia C. medica C. sinensis Conium maculatum Cornus excelsa Cosmos bipinnatus Crataegus pubescens Crocosmia x crocosmiiflora Ctenitis equestris Cupressus benthamii var. lindleyi Dahlia coccinea D. imperial is D. pinnata Daucus carota Dendranthema morifolium muk'ta tzib muk'ta met liryo enkaje pamal jabnal yaxyax-'ulan kilkil nichim pik' xan ch'ich' ni' ch'ich' ni' ch'ich' ni' konkon batz'i ch'ib muk'ta ch'ib muk'ta ch'ib mantzanilya krisantema alaxax chu' lima sila naranja enkaje isbon kampray k'at'ix k'ox bukaro muk'ta tzib nukul pat tzajal ch'oliv batz'i ch'oliv dalya enkaje espayder kartolina krisantema nichim muk'ta pompom pompom Dianthus caryophyllus Dryopteris nubigena Escobedia laevis Gaultheria odorata Gladiolus hortulanus Gypsophila elegans G. paniculata Helenium scorzoneraefolia Hemerocallis fulva Heteropteris beecheyana Hippeastrum solandriflorum Leucanthemum vulgare Lilium candidum Litsea glaucescens Lycopodium thyoides Marattia weinmanniifolia Musa acuminata x M. bulbisiana Myrica cerifera Ocimum basilicum O. micranthum Passiflora ligularis Pelargonium hortorum Peperomia galioides Peteravenia phoenicolepis Phanerophlebia remotisporum Phragmites australis Phymosia rosea Pilea microphylla Pinguicula moranensis Pinus ayacahuite Pinus spp. Pitcairnia breedlovei Polystichum distans Rapanaea juergensenii Rosa banksiae R. chinensis R. multiflora Rubus trilobus Saccharum officinarum Salvia microphylla Sambucus mexicana Sedum praealtum Senecio salignus Sisyrinchium convolutum Smallanthus maculatus S. oaxacanus Sobralia decora Solanum mammosum Spiraea cantoniensis Sprekelia formosissima Stevia ovata klavel klavelina muk'ta tzib batz'i asasena aja-te'es batz'i bukaro nube nube sakramentual nichim k'anal asasena ne saben sakil asasena markarita markariton batz'i asasena tzis uch xanxanil balamil muk'ta tzib chan-tzelav lo'bol satin batz'i arvajaka k'ox arvajaka kranata batz'i tzajal nichim batz'i vixobtakil yak'ubal us muk'ta tzib antzil aj batz'i tz'oban tontikil pimil anal poxil eal tzajal k'uk' toj toj antzil ech' tzajal tzib tilil k'anal roxa batz'i tzajal roxa sakil roxa k'ox tzajal roxa nuk' chij vale' mixto batz'i chijil te' batz'i pimil anal batz'i chilkat k'anal pech'e-'ok jobel k'ail k'ail me' putzul chuchu' tzajal pomos tzajal asasena yak'ubal us NUMBER 35 433 Synardisia venosa Tagetes erecta Tanecetum parthenium Ternstroemia lineata ssp. chalicophylla T. oocarpa Thuidium delicatulum Tillandsia guatemalensis T. ponderosa T. seleriana T. usneoides T. violacea Vaccinium confertum Vriesia werckleana Woodwardia spinulosa Zantedeschia aethiopica Zinnia elegans CROSS Cedrela oaxacensis C. odorata C. salvadorensis Chlorophora tinctoria Cordia alliodora Cupressus benthamii var. lindleyi Juniperus gamboana Pinus ayacahuite Pinus spp. Pithecellobium dulce Sambucus canadensis Senna cobanensis S. pallida S. skinneri S. tonduzii sakil k'os antzil vo'tus kaxlan vo'tus kelem vo'tus jjaral-me'tik volita batz'i k'oxox te' batz'i k'oxox te' tzon-te'al balamil krus ech' vojton ech' yech'joj tzon-te'al krus kilon ech' k'ox aja-te'es antzil ech' muk'ta tzib kartucho snichim san-lukax bik'it ch'u te' sakil ch'u te' sakil ch'u te' mora be xinich te' nukul pat ok'il te' tzajal k'uk' toj toj vamuch te' xutax chijil te' yax-'ib te' yax-'ib te' yax-'ib te' yax-'ib te' GUNPOWDER Arbutus xalapensis Litsea glaucescens Salix bonplandiana S. humboldtiana muk'ta on te' tzis uch batz'i tok'oy kilajtik tok'oy Quercus spp. Rhus schiedeana MORTARMEN'S MALLET tulan muk'ta paj-'ul SAINT Cedrela oaxacensis C. odorata C. salvadorensis Olmeca reflexa Otatea fimbriata bik'it ch'u-te' sakil ch'u-te' sakil ch'u-te' SHAMAN'S STAFF antzil bix ton bix STAVE Cornus excelsa Cupressus benthamii Cydonia oblonga var. lindleyi isbon nukul pat nimpronix OTHER RELIGIOUS USE Agave sisalana Aldama dentata (excluding food) Alnus acuminata ssp. arguta Brahea dulcis Bursera bipinnata B. excelsa Canna edulis Cornus excelsa Crescentia alata C. cujete Cucurbita galeottii Cydonia oblonga Erythrina chiapasana E. goldmanii Gossypium hirsutum Lagenaria siceraria Pinus spp. Quercus crassifolia Saccharum officinarum Tillandsia usneoides Viguiera dentata Zea mays Alnus acuminata ssp. A. jorullensis Ambrosia cumanensis Helenium scorzonerat Nicotiana tabacum Valeriana densiflora V. sorbifolia V. urticaefolia Erodium cicutarium E. moschatum Geranium goldmanii G. seemannii Foeniculum vulgare Peperomia galioides Vaccinium confertum Remedies ABORTIVE arguta folia ACHES (k'asel) ANGER (tranquilizer pino chi sakil pilix tzajal nok batz'i xan ach'el pom batz'i pom tzajal ch'uch' isbon tz'ima' boch ch'ako' nimpronix x'ukun x'ukun sakil tux-nuk' jay tzu toj batz'i te' vale' tzon-te'al krus sakil pilix ixim sakil nok tzajal nok "cold" altamixa "hot" sakramentual nichim moy voy mula "hot, cold" voy mula voy mula k'ox akuxa tz'i'lel k'ox akuxa tz'i'lel muk'ta akuxa tz'i'lel sakil akuxa tz'i'lel ) inojo batz'i vixobtakil k'ox aja-te'es 434 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ANTHROPOLOGY Verbena Carolina V. litoralis batz'i pem-k'ulub batz'i pem-k'ulub ANGRY REBELLIOUSNESS (toyob-bail-purge) Calea urticifolia ch'ail pox Polyclathra cucumerina xenebal pox "hot" Schizocarpon attenuatum xenebal pox Sicyos microphylla xenebal pox Verbena Carolina batz'i pem-k'ulub "cold" V. litoralis batz'i pem-k'ulub ATHLETE'S FOOT Osbertia stoloniferus Piqueria pilosa P. trinervia Zea mays Litsea glaucescens Geranium goldmanii Hieracium abscissum H. stuposum Osbertia stoloniferus Salvia cacaliaefolia tenten pox chichik'uy "cold" chichik'uy "cold" ixim ANT STING tzis uch BARRENNESS muk'ta akuxa tz'i'lel "hot" tzotz-ni' tz'i'lel tzotz-ni' tz'i'lel tenten pox yax-'ulan pom tz'unun BLACK EYE Mirabilis jalapa malva BLOOD CLOTTING Adenocaulon lyratum Coffea arabica Erodium cicutarium E. moschatum Ficus cookii F. cotinifolia Geranium seemannii Hieracium abscissum H. stuposum Lobelia laxiflora Malva nicaeensis M. parviflora Micropleura renifolia Pedilanthus tithymaloides Plantago australis ssp. hirtella P. major Stevia serrata keb chij kajve k'ox akuxa tz'i'lel "hot" k'ox akuxa tz'i'lel "hot" mutut mutut sakil akuxa tz'i'lel tzotz-ni' tz'i'lel tzotz-ni' tz'i'lel primon k'ox pak' chak k'ox pak' chak krem pox piyon te' yok' tz'i' yok' tz'i' bik'it ch'a-te' Verbena Carolina V. litoralis batz'i pem-k'ulub batz'i pem-k'ulub BLOOD FORTIFIER Solanum chrysotrichum S. lanceolatum S. torvum BOILS (chakal, vo Casimiroa edulis Cnidoscolus aconitifolius C. multilobatus C. tubulosus Erodium cicutarium E. moschatum Eryngium ghiesbreghtii Malaxis fastigiata Plantago australis ssp. hirtella P. major Sida barclayi S. rhombifolia k'ux-pevul k'ux-pevul k'ux-pevul 'an) aj-te' "cold" sakil la "hot" sakil la "hot" sakil la "hot" k'ox akuxa tz'i'lel "hot" k'ox akuxa tz'i'lel "hot" keb chij "hot" jutuju yok' tz'i' yok' tz'i' k'anal sat mes "hot' k'anal sat mes "hot' BONE BREAK Ambrosia cumanensis Arbutus xalapensis Datura Candida Malva nicaeensis M. parviflora Nicotiana tabacum Parathesis chiapensis P. leptopa Petiveria alliacea Phoradendron nervosum P. quadrangulare P. robustissimum Pinus spp. Piqueria pilosa P. trinervia Prunus persica Ricinus communis Rumex crispus R. obtusifolius Stevia lucida S. polycephala Struthanthus intermedius S. tacanensis Tabebuia rosea Tillandsia usneoides Verbena Carolina altamixa nap'ap' on te' batz'i kampana nichim k'ox pak' chak k'ox pak' chak moy tzajal k'os tzajal k'os soro te' nok'ol sik'ol nok'ol sik'ol nok'ol sik'ol toj chichik'uy chichik'uy prixku' turasnu ch'upak' te' yail tz'i'lel "hot" yail tz'i'lel "hot" ch'a-te' pox "hot" poxil ik' nok'ol sik'ol nok'ol sik'ol aj-te' te' tzon-te'al krus batz'i pem-k'ulub NUMBER 35 435 V. litoralis BURNS Epiphyllum crenatum var. kimnachii Euphorbia macropus Justicia sp. Mirabilis jalapa Viciafaba batz'i pem-k'ulub chikin ton "cold" batz'i pojov tz'i'lel "cold" malva "cold" malva "cold" javas CATARACT (jch'ul-me'tik ta ssat) Phaseolus vulgaris ik'al chenek' "cold" CATERPILLAR STING Opuntia pubescens chorisyo ch'ix CAVITIES Bursera bipinnata B. excelsa Lepechinia schiedeana Nicotiana tabacum ach'el pom batz'i pom "hot" chilchil tz'i'lel moy "hot" CHAFED LEGS Symphoricarpus microphyllus poxil t'ajel "hot' CHEST PAIN, HEARTBURN, (me'-vinik) Chamaecrista desvauxii Chamomilla recutita Citrus aurantifolia Foeniculum vulgare Hamelia patens Ocimum basilicum Oxalis frutescens ssp. angustifolia Peperomia galioides Plantago australis ssp. hirtella P. major Rosa chinensis Rubus coriifolius R. sapidus Vaccinium confertum GALL STONES poxil me'-vinik "cold" mantzanilya "hot" elamonix inojo "cold" yich'ak ch'o "cold' batz'i arvajaka poxil me'-vinik "cold" batz'i vixobtakil yok' tz'i' "cold" yok' tz'i' "cold" batz'i tzajal roxa "cold' tuxum makom tuxum makom k'ox aja-te'es "cold" CHILLS AND FEVER Dichondra argentea Salix bonplandiana Salvia lavanduloides Stachys radicans Prunus persica COLIC chikin ch'o batz'i tok'oy poxil obal tzotzil jabnal k'anal prixku' "cold' merokotom "cold" CONSTIPATION AND URINARY BLOCKAGE Allium sativum Borreria laevis Crescentia cujete Cucumis anguria Equisetum hymale var. affine E. myriochaetum Malva nicaeensis M. parviflora Nicotiana tabacum Piper spp. Rosa chinensis axux "hot" sakil pem-k'ulub "hot' boch "hot" ch'um-te' pox "hot" tut "cold" tut "cold" k'ox pak' chak "hot" k'ox pak' chak "hot" moy "hot" mumun te' "hot" sakil roxa "cold" COOLING AGENT (for head) Smilax jalapensis t'ut' ak' "cold" Vaccinium confertum k'ox aja-te'es "cold" COUGH Borago officinalis Chamomilla recutita Citrus sinensis Cordia dodecandra Crataegus pubescens Cymbopogon citratus Guazuma ulmifolia Haematoxylon brasiletto Jatropha curcas Malvaviscus arboreus vai Ocimum basilicum Salvia lavanduloides Sambucus mexicana Tagetes erecta Aristolochia sericea Calea urticifolia Cissampelos pareira Nicotiana tabacum Petiveria alliacea Pouteria mammosa Ruellia inundata : arboreus CRAMPS (tzeluel) DANDRUFF batz'i boraja "hot" mantzanilya "hot" pimil pat naranja nankipu k'at'ix batz'i limon jobel "hot' akit "hot" brasil sakil sal-te' "hot" k'ox tz'oban "cold" batz'i arvajaka poxil obal "hot" batz'i chijil te' "hot" kelem vo'tus vako' ak' "hot" ch'ail pox "hot" kurarin "hot" moy "hot" soro te' "hot" ja'as "hot" tentzun "hot" Agave brachystachys Chamomilla recutita Satureja mexicana Sedum praealtum Yucca elephantipes DEAFNESS tub chii mantzanilya "hot" batz'i ch'ulelal nichim "hot" batz'i pimil anal "cold' kaxlan tok'oy 436 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ANTHROPOLOGY DEPRESSIO> (ti'ol) Sambucus mexicana DIARRHEA Acaena elongata Aloysia chiapensis Baccharis serraefolia Borreria laevis Calea urticifolia Chamomilla recutita Cuphea aequipetala C. cyanea Dorstenia contrajerva Equisetum hymale var. affine E. myriochaetum Eucalyptus camaldulensis E. globulus Guazuma ulmifolia Helianthemum glomeratum Hyptis tomentosa Justicia clinopodium Kniphofia uvaria Lantana achyranthifolia L. camara L. hispida Melampodium montanum Satureja mexicana Verbena Carolina V. litoralis DYSENTERY Acaena elongata Bursera simaruba Byrsonima crassifolia Citrus aurantifolia Crossopetalum parvifolium Cuphea aequipetala C. cyanea C. pinetorum Cyperus hermaphroditicus Dalea versicolor Dianthus caryophyllus Equisetum hymale var. affine E. myriochaetum Gomphrena decumbens Guazuma ulmifolia Hamelia patens Helianthemum glomeratum Licania platypus Melampodium montanum J batz'i chijil te' yuch' max pox chivo te' poxil tza'nel "hot" sakil pem-k'ulub "hot' ch'ail pox mantzanilya "hot" nochleb vonon "hot" k'anal pom tz'unun "hot" kontiyerva "hot" tut "cold" tut "cold" kampor kampor akit tan pox "hot" sakil pom tz'unun "hot' nochleb vonon "hot" asasena vola "hot" ten-jol pox "medium" ch'ix ch'il vet ch'ix ch'il vet xinal pox "hot" batz'i ch'ulelal nichim batz'i pem-k'ulub "hot' batz'i pem-k'ulub "hot' yuch' max pox "hot" tzajal sal-te' "medium" nantzi' "medium" elamonix poxil sim-nak'al "hot" nochleb vonon "hot" k'anal pom tz'unun "hot" poxil majbenal "hot" krus jobel tzukum tz'i'lel "cold" tzajal klavel "hot, cold' tut "cold" tut "cold" bot'-jol tz'i'lel "hot" akit "hot, medium" yich'ak ch'o "medium' tan pox "medium" itzompi xinal pox Persea americana Prunus persica P. serotina Psidium guineense Psychotria erythrocarpa Rubus adenotrichus R. coriifolius R. irasuensis R. sapidus Satureja mexicana Solanum americanum S. erianthum Tamarindus indica Ocimum basilicum Satureja brownei Stachytarpheta frantzii Yucca elephantipes EARACHE batz'i on "cold" prixku' turasnu batz'i chix te' "cold" batz'i potov poxil pat ka' "hot" batz'i makom "cold" tuxum makom batz'i makom "cold" tuxum makom batz'i ch'ulelal nichim unen mu moy te' tamarin "medium" batz'i arvajaka k'ox yax-chel yarvajaka me'on "hot' kaxlan tok'oy Castilleja arvensis Didymaea alsinoides Gyrocarpus americanus Helianthemum glomeratum Justicia clinopodium Lagenaria siceraria Licania platypus Oenothera rosea Prunella vulgaris Sambucus canadensis S. mexicana Thevetia ovata T plumeriaefolia EVIL EYE, EMBARRASSMENT (apon) j'ak'-'uch tz'usub ak' xinal te' tan pox nochleb vonon "hot" nene' tzu itzompi poxil apon "cold" arvajaka tz'i'lel "hot" xutax chijil te' "cold" batz'i chijil te' "cold" choch "medium" choch "medium" EYE DISTRESS Cissus cacuminis C. sicyoides Nicotiana tabacum Vitis bourgaeana ve'el inatab ve'el inatab moy "hot" tz'usub "hot' FEMALE PROGENY STIMULANT Iostephane trilobata tzeb nekeb pox FEVER Chamomilla recutita Citrus aurantifolia Cucumis melo var. conomon C. melo var. reticulata Dichondra argentea Digiticalia chiapensis mantzanilya elamonix batz'i melon "medium' chi'il melon chikin ch'o "cold" jok'leb tzo'op tz'unun "cold" NUMBER 35 437 Foeniculum vulgare Loeselia mexicana Lygodium venustum Oenothera rosea Oxalis albicans O. corniculata O. frutescens ssp. angustifolia Parietaria debilis Pelargonium hortorum Peperomia galioides Rubus eriocarpus Salvia misella Spilanthes americana Stevia ovata Tamarindus indica Thalidrum guatemalense Zea mays inojo "cold" poxil k'ok' "medium" tzib ak' "cold" poxil apon "cold" k'ox vala-pojov "cold" k'ox vala-pojov "cold" k'ox vala-pojov "cold" sikil ton batz'i tzajal nichim "cold" batz'i vixobtakil "cold" xoto-chak "cold" k'ox nap'ap' tz'i'lel "cold" chak'ak' "cold" bik'it ch'a-te' "cold" tamarin "cold" tuturu "cold" tzajal ixim "cold" FEVER, ACHES (majbenal) Cuphea cyanea C. pinetorum Dichondra argentea Foeniculum vulgare Gaultheria odorata Lythrum lanceolatum Ocimum americanum O. micranthum Parietaria debilis Peperomia deppeana P. quadrifolia Plantago australis ssp. hirtella P. major Rosa chinensis Ruta graveolens Sambucus mexicana Satureja brownei S. mexicana Stachys radicans Vaccinium confertum k'anal pom tz'unun "hot, cold" poxil majbenal "hot" chikin ch'o "cold" inojo "medium, cold" batz'i aja-te'es "cold" tzutzub "cold" k'ox arvajaka "hot" k'ox arvajaka "hot" sikil ton "cold, medium" setajtik vixobtakil "cold" setajtik vixobtakil "cold" yok' tz'i' "cold" yok' tz'i' "cold" batz'i tzajal roxa "cold' lula "hot" batz'i chijil tel' "cold" k'ox yax-chel "hot" batz'i ch'ulelal nichim "hot" tzotzil jabnal "cold, medium" k'ox aja-te'es "cold" FEVER SORE Begonia biserrata B.fischeri var. tovarensis B. oaxacana Cucurbita ficifolia Oxalis galeottii 0. latifolia Pelargonium hortorum Peperomia deppeana P. galioides P. quadrifolia Pinguicula moranensis Psidium guineense Rhus schiedeana R. terebinthifolia Rosa chinensis Sedum praealtum Solanum americanum muk'ta vala-pojov "cold" muk'ta vala-pojov "cold" muk'ta vala-pojov "cold" mail "cold" batz'i vala-pojov "cold' batz'i vala-pojov "cold' batz'i tzajal nichim "medium" setajtik vixobtakil "cold" batz'i vixobtakil "cold" setajtik vixobtakil "cold" poxil eal "cold" batz'i potov muk'ta paj-'ul "cold" k'ox paj-'ul "cold" batz'i tzajal roxa "cold" batz'i pimil anal "cold" unen mu FINGERNAIL INFECTION (unen k'obol) Monnina chiapensis Pinaropappus spathulatus var. chiapensis Prunus persica pitz'otz' poxil sep' "cold" prixku' turasnu "FLOWER WATER" (for bathir Bursera bipinnata B. excelsa Gaultheria odorata Litsea glaucescens Pelargonium hortorum Peperomia galioides Pinus michoacana P. oaxacana Pitcairnea breedlovei Rapanaea juergensii Synardisia venosa Tillandsia guatemalensis T ponderosa Vaccinium confertum Vriesea werckleana ig patient) ach'el pom batz'i pom batz'i aja-te'es tzis uch batz'i tzajal nichim batz'i vixobtakil ajan toj ik'al toj antzil ech' tilil sakil k'os "cold, medium" krus ech' "cold" vojton ech' k'ox aja-te'es antzil ech' 438 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ANTHROPOLOGY "FLOWER WATER" (for bathing newborn baby) HAIR SOFTENER Pouteria mammosa ja'as Adiantum andicola A. concinnum A. poirettii Bursera bipinnata Fuchsia paniculata Gaultheria odorata Litsea glaucescens Pelargonium hortorum Phragmites australis Pinus michoacana P. oaxacana Satureja mexicana Synardisia venosa Tillandsia guatemalensis Vaccinium confertum Zea mays Euphorbia hyssopifolia Adenocaulon lyratum Allium sativum Nicotiana tabacum FOOT SORE ik'al ok tzib ik'al ok tzib ik'al ok tzib ach'el pom yich'ak mut batz'i aja-te'es tzis uch batz'i tzajal nichim antzil aj "cold" ajan toj ik'al toj batz'i ch'ulelal nichim sakil k'os krus ech' k'ox aja-te'es k'anal ixim (ti'ben lukum) GANGRENE (mos) poxil ti'ben lukum keb chij yaxux ka moy HAIR GROWTH STIMULANT Ampelocissus acapulcensis Ampelopsis mexicana Anoda cristata Cissus cacuminis C. sicyoides Coriaria ruscifolia Parthenocissus quinquefolia Sarcostemma bilobum Scirpus californicus S. validus Smilax subpubescens Typha domingensis T latifolia Scirpus californicus S. validus Sida barclayi S. rhombifolia Tinantia erecta Typha dominguensis T. latifolia HAIR LOSS ve'el inatab tz'itesob jolol "cold" poxil jolol "cold" ve'el inatab ve'el inatab lo'bol vet ve'el inatab tz'itesob jolol ak' vinik puj vinik puj batz'i t'ut' ak' antzil puj "cold" antzil puj "cold" vinik puj vinik puj k'anal sat mes k'anal sat mes batz'i tz'emeni' antzil puj antzil puj Chamomilla recutita Citrus aurantifolia Rubus adenotrichus R. irasuensis Saccharum officinarum HANGOVER HEAD COLD Chamaesyce hyssopifolia Sambucus mexicana Catoferia chiapensis Lithospermum distichum Pelargonium hortorum Peperomia galioides Satureja brownei Sedum praealtum Bursera steyermarkii Cissampelos pareira Lagenaria siceraria Licania platypus Oxalis galeotti 0. latifolia HEADACHE HEART PAIN (k'ak' nuk') HERNIA HICCUP INFECTION mantzanilya elamonix "cold" batz'i makom batz'i makom vale' poxil ti'ben lukum "hot" batz'i chijil te' muk'ta yax-chel "hot" tan pox "hot" batz'i tzajal nichim "hot" batz'i vixobtakil k'ox yax-chel "hot" batz'i pimil anal pom ka' kururin "cold" nene' tzu "hot" itzompi "hot" batz'i vala-pojov batz'i vala-pojov (embedded thorn) Centropogon grandidentatus Lobelia laxiflora Senecio salignus INFECTION primon primon batz'i chilkat (wounds and cuts) Asclepias contrayerba Centropogon grandidentatus Chamaesyce hypericifolia Desmodium skinneri Gnaphalium attenuatum G. brachypterum G. roseum G. viscosum bik'it on te' pox "hot' primon poxil ti'ben lukum tan ka' "medium" poxil yayijemal "hot" poxil yayijemal "hot" poxil yayijemal "hot" poxil yayijemal "hot" NUMBER 35 439 Ipomoea pauciflora Malva nicaeensis M. parviflora Verbena Carolina V. litoralis Catoferia chiapensis INSOMNIA sakil ak' "cold" k'ox pak' chak k'ox pak' chak batz'i pem-k'ulub batz'i pem-k'ulub muk'ta yax-chel "medium" Catoferia chiapensis Cyperus hermaphroditicus Eucalyptus camaldulensis E. globulus Saccharum officinarum Salvia mexicana S. microphylla Satureja mexicana LABOR DIFFICULTY muk'ta yax-chel "hot" krus jobel kampor kampor vale' alajebal pox mixto batz'i ch'ulelal nichim LACTOGENIC Commelina diffusa Hieracium abscissum H. stuposum Ruta graveolens Spigelia nicotianaeflora yaxal tz'emeni' "cold' tzotz-ni' tz'i'lel "hot" tzotz-ni' tz'i'lel "hot" lula "hot" poxil chu'ul "hot" LARYNGITIS (makal jnuk' tik ta sik) Chamomilla recutita Oryza sativa Ruta graveolens Saccharum officinarum Zingiber officinale mantzanilya "hot' aros lula "hot" vale' xenxerva "hot" Clematis dioica C. grossa Monnina chiapensis LAUNDRY HANDS ich ak' ich ak' pitz'otz' "hof Clusia rosea LAZINESS (of tortilla-making girl) memela te' LEG PAIN Elytraria imbricata Salix bonplandiana Tagetes nelsonii poxil yerva batz'i tok'oy tzis chauk "hot' LIVER DAMAGE (from excessive drinking) Medicago sativa alpajo Solanum chrysotrichum k'ux-pevul S. lanceolatum S. torvum Bursera bipinnata B. simaruba Byrsonima crassifolia Pinus oocarpa P. teocote Quercus peduncularis Q. rugosa Q. segoviensis k'ux-pevul k'ux-pevul LOOSE TOOTH ach'el pom "hot" tzajal sal-te' "hot" nantzi' "hot" tzajal toj "hot" tzajal toj "hot" batz'i tulan "hot" batz'i tulan "hot" batz'i tulan "hot" LOVE POTION, ETC. Ipomoea pedicellaris Mentzelia aspera Zanthoxylum culantrillo Z. foliolosum Solanum chrysotrichum S. lanceolatum S. torvum Allium sativum Anagalis arvensis Polygala chiapensis P. costaricensis Satureja brownei Verbena Carolina V. litoralis Calea urticifolia Cissampelos pareira Coffea arabica Hypericum uliginosum Lantana achyranthifolia L. cardiostegia L. hispida Ocimum americanum O. micranthum Prunella vulgaris Quercus peduncularis Q. rugosa Q. segoviensis Verbena Carolina V. litoralis LUNGS MADNESS MALARIA tzajal puyu' k'anal nap'ap' tz'i'lel yich'ak mis yich'ak mis k'ux-pevul k'ux-pevul k'ux-pevul yaxux ka' poxil chuvaj "hot" poxil chuvaj "hot" poxil chuvaj "hot" k'ox yax-chel "cold" batz'i pem-k'ulub "hot' batz'i pem-k'ulub "hot' ch'ail pox "hot" kururin "hot" kajve tzitz pox "hot" sakil ch'il vet "medium hot" sakil ch'il vet "medium, hot" sakil chiil vet "medium, hot" k'ox arvajaka "hot" k'ox arvajaka "hot" arvajaka tz'i'lel "hot" batz'i tulan batz'i tulan batz'i tulan batz'i pem-k'ulub "hot" batz'i pem-k'ulub "hot" 440 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ANTHROPOLOGY MALE PROGENY STIMULANT Acourtia nudicaulis krem nekeb pox Capsicum annuum ich Micropleura renifolia krem pox "hot" MANGE (sep') Eryngium carlinae E. ghiesbreghtii E. longirameum Nicotiana tabaccum Nothoscordum bivalve Malva nicaeensis M. parviflora Pinaropappus spathulatus var. chiapensis Plantago australis ssp. hirtella P. major Ranunculus petiolaris Tragia nepetifolia MEASLES Adiantum andicola A. concinnum A. poirettii Bixa ore liana Cucurbita ficifolia Plantago australis ssp. hirtella P. major Ruta graveolens Satureja brownei Zea mays keb chij keb chij keb chij moy tuix jobel "hot" k'ox pak' chak k'ox pak' chak poxil sep' "cold' yok' tz'i' "cold" yok' tz'i' "cold" k'ojom "hot" k'ox la ik'al ok tzib "cold" ik'al ok tzib "cold" ik'al ok tzib "cold" vo'ox "medium" mail "hot" yok' tz'i' "cold" yok' tz'i' "cold" lula "hot" k'ox yax-chel "hot' ixim "medium" MENSTRUAL FAILURE Baccharis vaccinioides mes te' "hot" Hiraea aff. fagifolia yak' xulem "hot' Juglans regia ton bek' "hot" Myrica cerifera satin "hot" MUMPS Asclepias oenotherioides Echeveria acutifolia E. mucronata E. sessiliflora Lycopersicum esculentum var. cerasiforme L. esculentum var. commune Physalis philadelphica Plantago australis ssp. hirtella P. major Sedum praealtum bik'it on te' pox "cold' poxil chin "cold" poxil chin "cold" poxil chin "cold" k'ox tzajal chichol "cold" muk'tik tzajal chichol "cold" batz'i putzul chichol yok' tz'i' "cold" yok' tz'i' "cold" batz'i pimil anal "cold' MUSCULAR PAIN (nelub) Plantago australis ssp. hirtella yok' tz'i' P. major yok' tz'i' Zea mays ixim NAUSEA AND DIARRHEA (xenel ch'utul) Justicia clinopodium nochleb vonon "hot" Satureja mexicana batz'i ch'ulelal nichim NIGHT SWEATS Tagetes erecta k'anal antzil vo'tus NIGHTMARES Crotalaria sagittalis Cuphea aequipetala Psychotria erythrocarpa Ruta graveolens poxil vayichil nochleb vonon "hot' ch'ail pox "hot" lula "hot" NIPPLE PAIN Euphorbia anychioides Solanum chrysotrichum S. mitlense S. torvum Calliandra confusa C. grandiflora C. houstoniana NOSEBLEED poxil chu'ul k'ux-pevul k'ux-pevul k'ux-pevul ch'ich' ni' "cold' ch'ich' ni' "cold' ch'ich' ni' "cold' NURSING STIMULANT Commelina diffusa yaxal tz'emeni' "cold' PARALYSIS Leonurus sibericus marivana PENIS GROWTH STIMULANT Cecropia peltata k'orok' te' Cyrtopodium punctatum yat kotom Dioscorea cf. dugesii p'uk "cold" D. cymosula var. cinerea p'uk "cold" D. nelsonii p'uk "cold" PINK EYE Ampelocissus acapulcensis Cissus cacuminis C. sicyoides Diastatea micrantha Parthenocissus quinquefolia Vitis bourgeana ve'el inatab ve'el inatab ve'el inatab poxil satil "cold' ve'el inatab batz'i tz'usub NUMBER 35 441 POSTPARTUM COLD Capsicum annuum ich Cissampelos pareira kururin Helenium scorzoneraefolia sakramentual nichim Piper nigrum kaxlan pimenta Saccharum officinarum vale' POST-PARTUM EYE-DIMMING (yax-chel) Catoferia chiapensis Cuphea aequipetala Satureja brownei muk'ta yax-chel nochleb vonon k'ox yax-chel Ambrosia cumanensis Helenium scorzoneraefolia Hypericum uliginosum Senecio salignus Smallanthus maculata POSTPARTUM HEMORRHAGING altamixa sakramentual nichim tzitz pox batz'i chilkat k'ail S. oaxacana Tanacetum parthenium k'ail jjaral-me'tik POSTPARTUM PURGATIVE TEA Rosa chinensis sakil roxa "cold" POSTPARTUM SWEATBATH Litsea glaucescens tzis uch "cold" Cucumis anguria Cucurbita moschata Piqueria pilosa P. trinervia PURGATIVE RABIES ch'um-te'pox ch'um chichik'uy "cold' chichik'uy "cold' SCARS AND BLEMISHES Cuphea aequipetala nochleb vonon "medium" SKIN DISEASE (chin) Echeveria acutifolia E. bella E. mucronata E. sessiliflora Galium uncinulatum Perymenium ghiesbreghtii Tecoma stans Villadia albiflora poxil chin "cold" poxil yat chij "cold" poxil chin "cold" poxil chin "cold" bik'it nap'ap' tz'i'lel "cold" k'ox k'an-'ich "hot" putzul chij "cold" poxil chin SKIN DISEASE (jak'ob ik') Citrus aurantifolia Lagenaria siceraria elamonix tzu SKIN DISEASE (sal-tz'i') Aster bullatus Bomarea acutifolia B. hirtella Clematis dioica C. grossa Erigeron karwinskianus Spilanthes americana poxil sal-tz'i' yat tz'i' ak' "medium" yat tz'i' ak' "medium" ich ak' "hot" ich ak' "hot" poxil sal-tz'i' "cold, medium" chak'ak' "cold" SMALLPOX (muk'ta kuyel) Phaseolus vulgaris SNAKEBITE Borreria laevis Chenopodium ambrosioides Cissampelos pareira Elytraria imbricata Hybanthus verbenaceus Martynia annua Nicotiana tabacum Pinus spp. Salvia tiliifolia var. albiflora Sisyrinchium convolutum chenek' "cold" alavena tz'i'lel koko'on kururin "hot" poxil yerva "hot" poxil chon poxil aja-chon moy toj nochleb buluk' sat "hot" k'anal pech'e-'ok jobel "hot" SORE THROAT Cymbopogon citratus SOUL LOSS Allium sativum Castilleja arvensis Nicotiana tabacum Pelargonium hortorum Pinus spp. Quercus rugosa Ruta graveolens Salvia lasiantha Tagetes nelsonii Villadia albiflora Zea mays limon jobel batz'i axux j'ak'-'uch "hot" moy batz'i tzajal nichim toj tzajal tulan lula "hot" latzbil tonal pox tzis chauk "hot" poxil chin ixim 442 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ANTHROPOLOGY SPIDER BITE (black widow spider or tarantula) Capsicum annuum bak ich "hot" Cissampelos pareira kururin Enterolobium cyclocarpum pit Pinus spp. toj Rhynchosia pyramidalis xchenek' tzajal om SPLIT HEELS Bocconia arborea B. frutescens STEAM CURE (pus ton) Ageratina ligustrinum Allium sativum Arbutus xalapensis Arceuthobium globosum Arracacia bradeata Baccharis vaccinioides Bassovia foliosa Buddleia americana B. crotonoides ssp. amplexicaulis Bursera steyermarkii Capsicum annuum Comarostaphylus arbutoides C. discolor Gyrocarpus americanus Myrica cerifera Phoradendron annulatum P. falcatum P. nervosum P quadrangulare Prunus serotina Quercus spp. Salvia cacaliaefolia S. rubiginosa Sambucus canadensis S. mexicanus Solanum aligerum S. brachystachys S. cervantesii Stachys coccinea Stillingia acutifolia Struthanthus intermedius S. tacanensis kamusa te' "hot" kamusa te' "hot" muk'ta ch'a-te' batz'i axux nap'ap' on te' yikatz toj yama chauk mes te' sat pukuj chan-tzelav tzelo-pat chan-tzelav tzelo-pat pom ka' ich k'ox on te' k'ox on te' xinal te' satin nok'ol sik'ol nok'ol sik'ol nok'ol sik'ol nok'ol sik'ol batz'i chix te' tulan yax-'ulan pom tz'unun yaxal pom tz'unun xutax chijil te' batz'i chijil te' sat pukuj sat pukuj sat pukuj sten uch ajval te' nok'ol sik'ol nok'ol sik'ol STOMACHACHE Aloysia chiapensis Aristolochia sericea Bucida macrostachya Calea urticifolia chivo te' "hot" vako' ak' "hot" muk'ta kachu toro te' "hot" ch'ail pox "hot" Cirsium horridulum Cissampelos pareira Citrus medica Crusea diversifolia Cuphea aequipetala Dorstenia contrajerva Kallstroemia rosei Lantana hispida Licania platypus Pinus spp. Pitcairnia spp. Plantago linearis Psychotria erythrocarpa Quercus spp. Ruta graveolens Sambucus mexicana Satureja mexicana Tanecetum parthenium Aristolochia sericea Bursera bipinnata B. excelsa Calea urticifolia Cissampelos pareira Dorstenia contrajerva Geranium seemannii Hypericum uliginosum Micropleura renifolia Mirabilis jalapa Nicotiana tabacum Ocimum americanum O. basilicum O. micranthum Petiveria alliacea Psychotria erythrocarpa Quercus spp. Ruellia inundata Satureja brownei SWELLING SWELLING (poslom) Allium sativum Ambrosia cumanensis Epiphyllum var. kimnachii Iresine celosia Lisianthius nigrescens var. chiapensis Myrica cerifera Nicotiana tabacum Ranunculus petiolaris lo'balal ch'ix kururin "hot" sila tzitz tz'i'lel "hot" nochleb vonon "hot" kontiyerva mexa tz'i'lel "medium' sakil ch'il vet itzompi "hot" toj ch'ix ech' "hot" chintuli' jobel "hot" ch'ail pox "hot" tulan "hot" lula batz'i chijil te' "cold" batz'i ch'ulelal nichim "medium" volita "hot" vako' ak' ach'el pom "hot" batz'i pom "hot" ch'ail pox "hot" kururin "hot" kontiyerva "hot" sakil akuxa tz'i'lel "hot" tzitz pox "hot" krem pox "hot" malva "hot" moy k'ox arvajaka "hot" batz'i arvajaka "hot" k'ox arvajaka "hot" soro te' "hot" ch'ail pox "hot" tulan "hot" tentzun "hot" k'ox yax-chel "hot" batz'i axux "hot" altamixa "hot" batz'i chikin ton "cold' poxil poslom "cold" natz' amuch "cold" satin "hot" moy "hot" k'ojom NUMBER 35 443 Rhamnus mucronata poxil poslom "hot" TOE INFECTION (spojoval koktik) Peteravenia phoenicolepsis Prunus persica yak'ubal us prixku' turasnu TOOTHACHE Houstonia serpyllacea Lepechinia schiedeana Myrica cerifera Nicotiana tabacum Petiveria alliacea Solanum chrysotrichum S. lanceolatum S. torvum Stemmadenia obovata Thevetia ovata T. plumeriaefolia mail tz'i'lel chilchil tz'i'lel satin moy soro te' k'ux-pevul k'ux-pevul k'ux-pevul choch "hot" choch "hot" choch "hot" TUBERCULOSIS Acacia farnesiana Polyclathra cucumerina Tithonia diversifolia T. longiradiata T. rotundifolia T. tubaeformis sakil ch'ix "hot" xenebal pox "hot' sun "hot" sun "hot" sun "hot" sun "hot" Dahlia imperialis URINARY EXCESS batz'i ch'oliv URINARY PAIN Cissampelos pareira Crusea sp. Nicotiana tabacum Solanum chrysotrichum S. mitlense S. torvum kururin "hot" sakil pern k'ulub "hof moy "hot" k'ux-pevul "hot" k'ux-pevul "hot" k'ux-pevul "hot" VAGINAL WORMS Crataegus pubescens k'at'ix VENEREAL DISEASE Arracacia bracteata Equisetum hymale var. affine E. myriochaetum WARTS Agave chiapensis Stillingia acutifolia yama chauk "medium' tut "cold" tut "cold" lo'balal met ajval te' "hot" WASP STING Dorstenia contrayerva kontiyerva Solanum chrysotrichum S. lanceolatum S. torvum WEANING MEDICINE k'ux-pevul "hot" k'ux-pevul "hot" k'ux-pevul "hot" Ceiba pentandra WEIGHT INDUCER inop WHOOPING COUGH Arceuthobium globosum Enterolobium cyclocarpum Eucalyptus camaldulensis E. globulus Kniphofia uvaria Licania platypus Malvaviscus arboreus var. arboreus Parmentiera aculeata Phoradendron nervosum P. quadrangulare P. robustissimum Phymosia rosea Pithecellobium dulce Salvia lavanduloides Selaginella pallescens Stemmadenia obovata Struthanthus intermedius S. tacanensis Thevetia ovata T. plumeriaefolia Tillandsia usneoides yikatz toj "hot" pit kampor kampor asasena vola "hot" itzompi k'ox tz'oban "medium' chachi' "hot" nok'ol sik'ol nok'ol sik'ol nok'ol sik'ol batz'i tz'oban "hot" vamuch te' "hot" poxil obal "hot" xanxanil ton choch "medium" nok'ol sik'ol nok'ol sik'ol choch "medium" choch "medium" tzon-te'al krus "WIND" (chills and fever, swelling) Acaena elongata yuch' max pox "hot" Allium sativum yaxux ka' Ambrosia cumanensis altamixa "hot" Aristolochia maxima vako' ak' "hot" A. sericea vako' ak' "hot" Asclepias similis muk'ta on te' pox "hot' Baccharis vaccinioides mes te' Bocconia frutescens kamusa te' Buddleia americana chan-tzelav tzelo-pat "hot" B. crotonoides ssp. amplexicaulis Bursera steyermarkii Chamomilla recutita Cissampelos pareira Dorstenia contrajerva Eucalyptus camaldulensis E. globulus Helenium scorzoneraefolia Helianthemum glomeratum Hieracium abscissum chan-tzelav tzelo-pat "hot" pom ka' mantzanilya "hot" kururin kontiyerva "hot" kampor kampor sakramentual nichim tan pox "hot" tzotz-ni' tz'i'lel "hot" 444 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ANTHROPOLOGY H. stuposum Hypericum uliginosum Jacquinia macrocarpa Lantana hispida Melampodium montanum Nicotiana tabacum Ocimum basilicum Pachyptera hymenaea Petiveria alliacea Picramnia tetramera Pinus spp. Polyclathra cucumerina Porophyllum ruderale ssp. macrocephalum Quercus spp. Ruta graveolens Satureja brownei S. mexicana Smallanthus maculata S. oaxacanus Solanum aligerum Stevia lucida S. polycephala Stillingia acutifolia Tanacetum parthenium Tragia nepetifolia Urtica chamaedryoides Vernonia deppeana V oaxacana Wigandia urens W. urens var. caracasana Leucaena collinsii Malva nicaeensis M. parviflora Nicotiana tabacum Prunus persica Turnera diffusa Verbena Carolina V. litoralis WORMS tzotz-ni' tz'i'lel "hot" tzitz pox "hot" majob ik'al "hot" sakil ch'il vet xinal pox "hot" moy "hot" batz'i arvajaka axux ak' soro te' "hot" ventex mol toj xenebal pox "hot" xinal tz'i'lel batz'i tulan lula "hot" k'ox yax-chel "hot" batz'i ch'ulelal nichim "hot" k'ail k'ail sat pukuj ch'a-te' pox "hot" poxil ik' "hot" ajval te' "hot" jjaral-me'tik "hot" k'ox la batz'i la "hot" sakil sitit sakil sitit chon la "hot" chon la "hot" paka' olnob k'ox pak' chak "hot" k'ox pak' chak "hot" moy prixku' "medium, hot" turasnu poxil lukum "cold" batz'i pem-k'ulub batz'i pem-k'ulub Quercus spp. Casimiroa edulis Platanus mexicana Quercus spp. Other BARREL STAVES chikin-ib BRIDGE aj-te' jach'ub te' chikin-ib tulan Sabal mexicana COFFIN Cupressus benthamii var. lindleyi Pinus spp. DUGOUT (ladino) Enterolobium cyclocarpum GLUE Encyclia varicosa E. sp. Govenia liliacea G. superba POISON Acacia angustissima Annona cherimola A. purpurea Aster bullatus Calliandra portoricensis Cardamine flaccida Comocladia guatemalensis Crotolaria acapulcensis Dioscorea cf. dugesii D. cymosula var. cinerea D. nelsonii Eryngium carlinae E. ghiesbreghtii E. guatemalense E. longirameum Garrya laurifolia Gliricidia sepium Guettarda macrosperma Haplophyton cinereum Hura polyandra Mahonia berriozabalensis M. volcania Mimulus glabratus Pedilanthus tithymaloides Phaseolus lunatus Polygonum portoricense P. punctatum Prunus serotina Ricinus communis Senecio salignus Stillingia acutifolia Thevetia ovata T. plumeriaefolia Toxicodendron radicans T. striatum Zantedeschia aethiopica palma nukul pat toj pit sakil uch'ul vo' sakil uch'ul vo' kola kola tz'i'lel batz'i xaxib batz'i k'evex chin-jol k'evex koko'on nich nab muk'ta xaxib bero nich nab kachimpa te' ch'aben ka' p'uk p'uk p'uk keb chij ch'ix nich nab ch'ix nich nab ch'ix nich nab ik'al vinik milob ch'o te' barsin te' poxil mako' chin te' k'anal te' k'anal te' koko'on nich nab piyon te' xvet' yat nab koko'on nich nab yat nab batz'i chix te' ch'upak' te' batz'i chilkat ajval te' choch choch matal ak' ich te' kartucho Appendix 7 Cultural Omnibus CONTENTS Cultural Glossary 445 Root 447 Stem, Trunk 447 Plant Emotions 463 Bark 464 Leaf 464 Flower 469 Fruit 474 Com Root 485 Cornstalk 485 Com Leaf 489 Com Flower 490 Ear of Com 490 Stages of Growth 496 Land and Forest 500 Climate 504 Season 505 Tools, etc . . . . 505 Agricultural Activities 517 Agricultural Techniques 527 Work and Attitudes towards Com 527 Plant Pests and Diseases 528 Corral and Yard 529 Gathering 530 Woodcutting 531 Charcoal 531 Fencing 532 House Construction . . . . 535 Weaving 544 Food Preparation 544 Seasoning 550 Com Food 551 All Souls' Day Cemetery Food 556 Flowers 556 Marketing 557 Measures . . 560 Ceremonial Activities and Tools 562 Fiesta Calendar 564 Religious Decoration 565 Curing 580 Curing Activities 581 Curing Tools and Remedies 582 Plants in Place Names 583 Indexes . . . 675 almud, 1.5 metric liters. almul, cf. almud. annual community ceremony, each of three meetings held in the Center for the new year, mid-year, and end of year, attended by shamans from the entire township, to pray for divine protection for the community. Visits are made to the Center churches and to many mountain shrines. cantor, paxyon, official of the first level of the religious hierarchy who is active during Carnival, Lent, and Easter. Chapel of the Lord of Esquipulas, Iskipula, chapel at the west end of the churchyard in the Center, where the members of the religious hierarchy are sworn into office, where the stewards-royal and publicans meet every weekend and where they receive the offering of salt from the tithing man of Atz'am on his biweekly visits. Charcoal Cruncher, jk'ux-'ak'al, demonic person, usually female, whose head becomes disattached from its body at night to bounce out and crunch red hot coals at people's hearths. Church of St. Lawrence, San Torenso, principal church in Zinacantan Center. Church of St. Sebastian, Ch'ul Martil, church in Zinacantari Center, constable, mayol, official of the first level of the religious hierarchy who acts as errand boy and policeman for the civil authorities, deputy, ajensya, hamlet civil official, dude, mamal, each of two horsemen, impersonated by the senior stewards during the Christmas season. Earth, Ch'ul Balamil, the terrestrial and aquatic world presided over by the Earth Lord. Earth Lord, Yajval Balamil, god who controls water, winds, earth, flora, and fauna. He may take the form of a wealthy ladino rancher, a thunderbolt, or a serpent. He is addressed in agricultural, rain, and new house ceremonies, and in witchcraft or soul-loss prayers, elders, moletik, the six officials at the top two levels of the religious hierarchy: grand alcalde, petty alcalde, and the four prefects, "embarrassment," apon, fever, nausea, and diarrhea suffered by babies who have been stared at by pregnant women, or fever of grown person caused by shame. 445 446 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ANTHROPOLOGY ensign-bearer, alperes, official of the second level of the religious hierarchy, entertainer, jtoy-k'in, religious officials of the previous year who impersonate a variety of characters at the Fiesta of St. Sebastian, "evil eye," cf. "embarrassment." fanega, cf. janika. flower change, bal-te', periodic renewal of floral decorations in the churches and chapels, and at the house altars of the elders, stewards, and stewards-royal, "flower water," nichim, water from sacred waterholes, in which a variety of fragrant plants are boiled. It is used to bathe patients, the occupants of a new house, sacrificial chickens, and stewards' coffers, godfathers of the Christ Children, pagrinoetik, 12 officials, including the 6 elders, the magistrate, syndic, and four justices of the peace, who take turns bearing the images of the Christ Children, Joseph, and Mary during the Christmas Eve procession, grand alcalde, muk'ta alkalte, top official of the fourth level of the religious hierarchy, grand Spanish lord, muk'ta jkaxlan, grand alcalde of the previous year, who impersonates a Spanish lord at the Fiesta of St. Sebastian, holy elder, ch'ul mol, each of 6 retired religious officials who are in charge of the crucifixion of Christ in the Center. A second teen is in charge in Naben Chauk. jaguar, bolom, each of two junior entertainers at the Fiesta of St. Sebastian, who were the previous year's ensign-bearers of the Holy Trinity and St. Anthony. Jaguar Rock, Bolom Ton, large rock near the Church of St. Sebastian that serves as a stage for action for the junior entertainers at the fiesta. Jaguar Tree, bolom te', alder tree erected next to the Church of St. Sebastian, that is climbed by the jaguars and the spooks at the fiesta. janika, 180 metric liters. Judas, xutax, Judas effigy hung on the bell tower of the Church of St. Lawrence and on the church tower in Naben Chauk on Maundy Thursday and burnt at midnight on Holy Saturday, judge ordinary, alkalte xuves, terminal official of the religious hierarchy who is active during Carnival. ka'benal, each of two of the junior entertainers for the Fiesta of St. Sebastian who were the previous year's third and fourth prefects. Kalvaryo, principal mountain shrine in the Center, seat of the tutelary gods. kvarto, 5 metric liters. ladina, non-Indian Mexican woman. ladino, non-Indian Mexican man. lona, large burlap bag. majbenal, aches and pains, weakness and fever caused by blows given by the tutelary gods. metate, grinding stone. milpa, field of corn, beans, and sometimes squashes and gourds, mortarman, jten-kamaro, one of the men who detonates the gunpowder mortars at fiestas. Our Lord, Kajvaltik, Christ, petty Spanish Lord, bik'it jkaxlan, petty alcalde for the previous year who impersonates a Spanish lord at the Fiesta of St. Sebastian. poslom, serious lesion usually on legs or arms, caused by demons, prefect, rejirol, each of four officials of the third level of the religious hierarchy, publican, mexon, each of two officials of the first level of the religious hierarchy dedicated to the care of Our Lord of Esquipulas in the Center. A second pair is in charge in Apas. sak-jol, each of two members of the senior entertainers for the Fiesta of St. Sebastian, who were the first and second prefects of the previous year, shaman, j'ilol, male or female curer who acts a defense counsel before the gods. Sir Spook, tot j'ik'al, leader of the spooks during Carnival in the Center, "soul-loss," komel or balamil, loss of the soul to the Earth Lord. This may occur to a child if startled or to an adult whose soul has been sold by a witch, spook, j'ik'al, young man who cavorts during Carnival, and each of the six to eight constables of the previous year who are members of the junior entertainers at the Fiesta of St. Sebastian, "steam cure," pus ton, method to reduce swelling, also prescribed following bloodletting. Thirteen brown river pebbles are heated red hot. On top of these are placed a variety of plants over which is poured a large gourd of the assistants' urine, steward, martomo, each of 24 officials of the first level of the religious hierarchy dedicated to the care of the saints in the Center, also hamlet religious officials, steward-royal, martomo rey, each of two officials of the first level of the religious hierarchy dedicated to the care of Our Lord of Esquipulas in the Center. A second pair is in charge in Apas. Thunderbolt, Chauk, aspect of the Earth Lord, tithing man, mayol, official of the first level of the religious hierarchy in charge of bringing salt from Atz'am to the Chapel of Our Lord of Esquipulas in the Center, tutelary gods, Totil Me'iletik, the ancestor gods who reside in the mountain shrines and meet at Kalvaryo to judge their progeny. tzon te', each of two members of the junior entertainers at the Fiesta of St. Sebastian, who were the previous year's publicans, "white" dysentery, sakil sim-nak'al, dysentery with a white rather than a bloody discharge, "wind," ik', cause of stomach aches and painful swelling of the extremities. NUMBER 35 447 yajnul sbik'tal isim xchu' yexpulal yok yibel yisim sjol ko'san sk'ox isim spitzak'il ssat stzek Root bump in grass root caused by worm inside, "its ear of com" secondary root, "its little whisker" eye of a potato, "its nipple" prop root (sugarcane), "its foot's spur" perennial root (scarlet runner bean, chayote, pik'ok', jicama, sweet potato, fem, orchid, chikin ton, root of watermelon squash that is sent out from runner when it grows along surface of ground) foot (tree), fibrous root, (not tuber, bulb or corm), buttress (wild fig), "its whisker" tuber, bulb, "its head" edible chayote root secondary root, "its little whisker" rhizome (scarlet runner bean), stringy, starchy, swollen root part (ch'upak') clove (garlic), "its eye" skin (gladiolus, onion, ch'upak'), "its skirt" SHAPE AND SIZE xchujal k'ak'al butajtik k'ak'al pitajtik sk'oxil xliklon netel tumul k'an-chajan runt (potato) roundly visible (potato or other tuber protruding from ground) cf. k'ak'al butajtik runt (potato) dangling twisted (chayote root) long (root exposed on bank or cliff) COLOR brown (potatoes in net) OTHER sjech sjech'benal smukoj yalel spitzpon xxet'elul bite a piece out of (potato, chayote root, lily tuber, gladiolus) (with one's hoe) chunk cut out of tuber by hoe deeply buried uprooting (potatoes) (pig) cf. sjech'benal ach' te' yak'il bate' sbek'tal Stem, Trunk young fruit tree that has not yet produced fruit or young pine tree that has not yet produced pine cones, "new tree" stem (all vines) tree top cut off and lying on ground, "tree top" pith (elderberry, dahlia, sun), soft wood surrounding 448 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ANTHROPOLOGY xcha'-kojol yok chak te' xchikin yok xchilopal chuman te' xchumanil xch'iomal yibel sjam sjol ska'av sjomal yok yanal sk'ololk'olol ssat ni' te' snuk' yok yol spochbenal spolav p'ajlep sp'ejlej ssakil ssakil pat ssat ste'el stek'lej stomal tzajal toj tz'etob syol yunenal yunenal sni' heartwood, "its flesh" second segment of seedling, "its second level's leg" large log, "tree ass" wing (rachis and stem, petiole), "the ear of its leg" splinters of wood attached to trunk, tendril, skin of stripped stem (chayote, watermelon squash), "its splinter" stump bottom part (plant) young sprout, seedling (beans, watermelon squash, gladiolus) foot of tree, "its root" soft wood surrounding heartwood, "its opening" heart (palm), edible stump (maguey), "its head" node (reed, sugarcane, bamboo) channeled petiole (banana, pok'ok') "the depression of its leaf stem" tree rings (if layers can be pulled off), "the steps of its face" tree top of standing tree, "tree tip" tree top of standing tree, "tree tip" section of trunk that has been chopped all the way around, "its neck" standing tree trunk, stem, "its leg" sport (young trees sprouting from roots: pear, apple, quince), any seedling sprouting near parent plant or tree, "its child" soft wood surrounding heartwood, "its chipping place" tree ring, "its line" sprout produced by seed that has fallen (watermelon squash, gourd, scarlet runner bean), "fallen" entire trunk with branches removed soft wood surrounding heartwood, "its whiteness" soft wood surrounding heartwood, "its white bark" grain of wood, "its face" trunk "its wood" entire trunk with branches heart (palm), edible stump (maguey), "its conical part" heart (pine), resinous pine wood, "red pine" medium-sized to large tree being felled or having been felled when land is cleared heartwood, center of pith, "its heart" apical meristem of rosetted plants (maguey, bromeliad, pineapple), early stage of plant (that has not yet flowered), "its babyhood" apical meristem, "the babyhood of its tip" ROUGHNESS OR FLAKINESS kajajtik skajalkajal ocholik pochajtik with prominent nodes and appearing segments (bamboo, horsetail) segmented or with nodes, "its steps" rough (oak), "flaky" rough (oak), "flaky" NUMBER 35 449 pochajtik ssolilal polajtik t'elajtik tzelajtik tz'aramtik varkuxtik flaky (madrone, cherry, alder, tzajal sal te'), "its chaff is flaky" ridged (brasilwood, tree clasped by strangler fig), "ridged" ridged (brasilwood, tree clasped by strangler fig) ridged (brasilwood, tree clasped by strangler fig) segmented or with prominent nodes (mumun, bamboo, horsetail), "ridged" rough (oak), "scaly" mu'yuk yelav tech'ech' ssat tik'ajtik ssat tik'anajtik ssat tuk' ssat tzukuktik ssat tz'otajtik ssat tz'otanajtik ssat tz'otanik ssat GRAIN QUALITY lacking a straight grain, "it has no face" crooked grain (madrone), "its face is snarled" in-curving grain (eucalyptus, cedar, ceiba, pit, ch'ilim te'), "its inward face" in-curving grain, "its inward face" straight grain, "its face is straight" crooked grain (madrone), "its face is shriveled," crooked grain, "its face is crooked" crooked grain, "its face is crooked" crooked grain, "its face is crooked" xbakub k'unil te' sputzpon ssot'son xtech'ton ton toj xt'ajt'on tzatzal te' stzin sba stzuktzon HARDNESS OF WOOD become hard soft wood wood that makes ax bounce off (x'ukun) (lowland kachimpa te', kachu toro te' that makes ax bounce off)1 (hard wood that does not chip easily) pine that breaks off in chunks, not splitting properly, "rock pine" resounding of dull blade striking hard wood (hardwood tree), "strong tree" become hard (wood that makes ax bounce off) jom te' puj-'ut te' pujul vomol HOLLO WN ESS hollow tree or log (k'orok' te') hollow tree or log hollow hollow, "perforated" mu xuch' vo' ssit' taki-te' stz'ap xyaxub yox WOOD QUALITY not absorb moisture (catbriar lashing in rainy season) swell (wood in rainy season) dry wood shrink (wood, vine, thatch) become moist (rainy season) green 'Entries totally within parentheses are examples of the Tzotzil word, not translations. 450 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ANTHROPOLOGY banal puch'ul spuman pumul vanal vatal MASSIVENESS (large log) lying (large log) set down (log) (large log) (very large log) (large log or stump standing up) ya'lel xchu' xch'ich'el spojoval tzonok' xxuch'al xuch'ulik RESIN AND SAP sap, raindrops falling from tree, "its water" milky sap (ajval te', mutut, amat, pinyon, muk'ta choch), "its milk" red sap (tzajal tulan, sal te', pinyon) "its blood" milky sap (ajval te'), "its pus" resin (batz'i toj, pit used to plug leaks in water jugs and splits in soles of feet, incense) resin, incense, sap (wild fig, gumbolimbo) resinous (pine) yakan cha'-jetav te' xch'ixal yich'ak jet te' sjetav jetjet ska"alka'al ka'avil k'al te' sk'elom sk'ob ni' ich'akil stek'el tek'el toj stzatzal stzek tz'akavil tz'akavul stz'akleb yuxub svex TRUNK PROJECTIONS inter node (sugarcane, reed, bamboo), "its leg" fork thorn, spine, "its thorn" tendril, "its claw" fork with one branch just a nub fork forked with many nodes node (bamboo, cane, reed) split in middle (tree trunk), space between forking branches or two trunks emerging from same base sprout, sucker branch, "its arm" tendril, "claw nail" cut pine bough to be stood up for decoration cf. stek'el down sheath (sugarcane, palm, bamboo, reed, holly fem, banana), "its skirt" with many nodes with many nodes branch node, "its joint" branch node, knot, red wood (pine), "its joint" sheath (sugarcane, palm, bamboo, reed, holly fem, banana) SHAPE OF CREEPER-LIKE STEMS jalajtik kujkuj interwoven bent over NUMBER 35 451 k'amal lukul k'amal smey yok te' tzunajtik tz'otanajtik stz'ototet tz'otol vomoch'tik vuvu spat xotajtik xotanajtik xxototet xotxot spiral ing spiraling twistedly wrap around tree (vine), "it embraces the tree trunk' thickly clustered spiraling spiraling spiraling interwoven bent over spiraling spiraling slightly spiraling bent over chinajtik chinaltik chinil vatal chinkultik sjol ot'omtik p'o'ol p'okav p'okp'ok t'omt'om sjol uxkuntik KNOBBY, KNOTTY with small knobs (log with branches lopped off), "bumpy" with burls (oak) bumpy (ceiba, oak, nankipu) bumpy (ceiba), "pointed" cabbage head, "its head" bumpy (ceiba), "protuberant" knobby (stump of branch) knotty section of tree trunk knotty (tree trunk) with knobbed or protuberant end (stick) bumpy (ceiba), scaly ja'al t'omol t'omol yu THICK-STEMMED thick and healthy (stem of squashes, chayote, turnip or water gourd, reed, sugarcane, lily) thick and conical (columnar cactus) thick (tree, post) sayal ssayson sipil ssipson WEIGHTLESS (wood) (tree, maguey inflorescence stalk) (wood) (tree, maguey inflorescence stalk) -lot xloti PAIREDNESS (two trees growing from single base) lie together (logs) ch'ulul yok stzatzal yok tzotziltik DOWNY, FUZZY, SMOOTH smooth-stemmed (daisy) smooth with downy stem (daisy) downy, fuzzy, smooth 452 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ANTHROPOLOGY tzotzin tzotzintik downy, fuzzy, smooth chan-tzelav ox-tzelav vexajtik yok WINGED four-sided (faba bean, chan-tzelav tzelo-pat) three-sided (amat) winged, "its stem is split open" chotol p'ejel setel CIRCULAR FORM sitting (maguey) sitting (maguey) sitting (pineapple or maguey plant) -k'os smetzan ta'al ikom sta'an komel -tel telajtik LENGTH sugarcane set down long object (wood, sugarcane, pine tip) lying (long log) leave lying long object (log) firewood, sugarcane stretched out (lumber, fallen trees) ch'och'omtik xjoch'in jomoch'tik vomoch'tik RIDDLED (wood, tree) become wormeaten (wood, tree) punched full of holes (by woodpecker) xchaj chavajtik chaval chavchav -chiv chivajtik xchivan xchivivet vichil LEAFLESS become leafless (forest in dry season) lying with uncut branches (trees, undergrowth, branches that have not burned) lying with uncut branches (trees, undergrowth) lying with uncut branches (whether leafy or not) leafless branch bare (trees) put leafless branches in fence or fire dragging (bare branches) defoliated (with only a few leaves at end of branch, or one branch left on tree, or one tree left standing in a cleared field with or without leaves) -chev chevajtik xchevekil chevel xchex LEAFINESS leafy branch (kale) stalky, (cabbage that has not yet headed) with many stalks lying on ground (leafy branch, frond) drag (leafy branch) NUMBER 35 453 -chex chexel xchexekil ch'etel jetzel vochol vochvoch yech kotol chaval leafy branch, frond, leaf (kale,turnip) lying on ground (leafy branch, frond) with many stalks (cabbage that fails to head), with both short and long fronds stalky (cabbage that does not grow) not yet headed (cabbage), in clump (zucchini), with second level of leaves (beans, squash, dahlia) beginning to head (cabbage) stalky (cabbage head that did not head properly) lying uncut (branches), not neatly stacked (firewood) sk'i sba k'iil slin sba pak'al pirn mu stak' snet' sba tzonol svol tz'akal ta j-mek votzvotz CARPETING, THICK blanket (squash vine, spiderwort, chak'ak', akan jobel, chayote, popapple) blanketing (bean, popapple) drape heavily (chayote vine, climbing rose, bindweed) closely spaced (leaves of ibes, scarlet runner bean, seiva bean, impenetrable forest) heavy (undergrowth, forest) they shouldn't touch (melon, watermelon vines) thick (moss, bromeliads, vines, beans) wrap around (pole bean plants, muk'ta ik' bush bean) very thick (weed) closely spaced (leaves of ibes, scarlet runner bean, seiva bean) xchojan sje' sba slin sba linlin xlinp'uj slisan lisil petzpetz HEAVILY FOLIAGED, BRANCHED OR FRUITED become laden with fruit (branch), cf. slisan produce many branches become laden with fruit (peach, avocado) heavily foliaged, heavily branched become heavily foliaged heavily fruited (fruit tree, beans) heavily fruited (long fruits or long effect of fruit on branch) low BENT DOWN, BOWED DOWN, GROWING DOWNWARDS je'el bowed down (heavily-laden branch) jekel yalel with branch growing downwards kujkuj bent over sla'an bend down (coffee branch, trees in live fence) xla'p'uj grow crookedly (plant, tree) likil overhanging (tree), hanging by a thread (branch) xliklon dangling (vine) linlin te' tree with arching or pendulous branches (willow, bald cypress) slu'an bend down (coffee branches) lu'ul bent over very sharply (slender tree in wind, heavily laden branch) 454 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ANTHROPOLOGY xm p UJ xni'tzaj yalel spux tz'uyul svutz' sba vutz'ul bend down (heavily laden branch) bend down (heavily laden branch) bend (stalk) bowed down (heavily laden tree) bend low (heavily laden plum tree) bowed down (small, heavily laden tree) BENT DOWN AND SWAYING xje'et xka'a'et xla'a'et xliklajet xni'i'et stz'uyuyet swaying (branch) swaying (heavily laden branch) bouncing up and down (branch, tree under weight) dangling and swaying (Spanish moss, torn banana leaves) sagging greatly and swaying (heavy-laden branch on the point of breaking) swaying (heavily laden branch) SWAYING, SWISHING, RUSTLING, TREMBLING, SQUEAKING x'ap'ap'et crashing (big tree) xchajchon swishing (underbrush being cut) xchajlajet swishing (palm fronds in steam bath) xchak'ak'et rustling (reeds) xchak'et rustling (reeds) xchijlajet rustling (fruit tree being shaken, dry coffee beans on tree in wind) xch'ejlajet rustling (branches of tree being chopped when it sways into other trees) xjapjon swaying (tall and slender tree) xjipjon swaying (branches, bromeliad flowers) xkikiket swaying back and forth in unison (high weeds, sugar? cane, reeds in wind) xla'lajet swaying (trees in wind, young sugarcane) xlap'ap'et rustling (seeds in wind) xlininet rustling (leaves, fruit) xlinlajet rustling (when branch is shaken) slinulan shake up and down (branch) or back and forth (tree) causing rustling sound xlip'ip' toppling over (tree into ravine) xlip'ip'et swaying precariously (tall tree in wind or on edge of ravine) xlu'lajet trembling (slender trees in wind, leaves in wind) xni'lajet swaying (trees in wind) xnikiket trembling (grass or weeds in wind) ssokoket rustling (sugarcane or weeds) xt'irluj rebounding (thin tree, bean jumping out of pod) xt'omlajet popping (green wood on fire) tz'o'ilin te' squeaking tree stz'o'lajet squeaking (trees) xvak'ak'et rustling (seeds in wind) xvechlajet wiggling (fence posts, tree in wind) xvereret rustling (sugarcane in wind) xvoch'och'et crashing (big tree), crackling (bean pods when stepped on) NUMBER 35 455 voch'olvoch'olvoch'ol xvuk'uk'et xvuyuyet xyoet crash (tree) windswept (reeds, sugarcane, trees) swaying precariously (tree in wind, tree being climbed or chopped) waving back and forth (wheat, oats) chijil chivil ch'etel lajal tzaval vatzal SPINY with prominent spines (kevrajacha) with prominent spines (bullhorn acacia, kevrajacha), "bared" with prominent spines (hawthorn, kevrajacha) with prominent stinging spines (nettle) with prominent spines (hawthorn, kevrajacha) "prickly" with prominent spines balajtik pach'pach' tuk' xotxot SPINE SHAPE dowel-shaped (hawthorn) flat (bullhorn acacia, kevrajacha) straight (hawthorn, kevrajacha) curved (bullhorn acacia, lotz'om chij, ox-'u, yich'ak mis) bix-'akan bixajtik jich'il joy xnatub xt'ilt'on yok SLENDER, SPINDLY, TALL, THIN long-stemmed tall (reeds) slender (stick), narrow (palm strip) thin (weeds, palm frond) grow spindly (unweeded beans, potatoes) overly springy or flexible (hoe handle) CROOKEDNESS, WARPING xluktzaj lukul mechel smechtzan sba mekajtik xotajtik xxotk'ij xotol xxototet xotxotcrooked (stick) warp or twist (wood) crooked (tree) crooked (stick) twist (tree) crooked (sticks) crooked (sticks) warp crooked (stick, karavato te') twisted (vine with twisted grain) sk'am xloch'etaj sluk sba snitan sba nitil -setel stz'ot COIL, TWINE, CLING, ROLL coil (grass that is coiled by horse's or cow's tongue to facilitate chewing) climb and cling to branches loop (vine) cling (bean vine) clinging (vines, bean vine) roll of vines, woven palm twine (grass to make lashing) 456 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ANTHROPOLOGY x'alaj xcha'-kremaj xcham chib u yip xch'ajp'uj xch'i xch'i stuk xch'ich'i balamil xjav tal sje' sba slin sba sjip xa yisim jun u yip xk'a' xk'obin xk'oxp'ij k'un xch'i xlintzaj xmolib mu jaluk yip, jabil nox xmuk'ib oxib u yip petzel to xp'ol sujom xch'i ta yav ta yav sta sbaik ta be xtakij stzak lum xvok' xvok' tal stuk GROWTH AND DEATH have new tubers appear (onion), "be born" put forth new growth after being felled, "rejuvenate" die (plant, tree) it flowers for 2 months (sage) or fruits for 2 months (prickly pear, peach), it has strength for 2 months remain stunted in growth (any cultivated plant, tree), "become lazy" grow come up by itself have vegetation grow a little, "the world grows a little" have seed split and send up sprout (bean, peach) grow healthily (plant, tree) grow healthily (plant, tree) take root it lasts for one month (flowering season of calla lily, fruiting season of itzompi) rot put forth branches or stems remain stunted in growth (any cultivated plant, tree) be slow-growing mature (tree) grow old (plant, tree) annual grow big (plant, tree) it lasts three months (flowering season of geranium, feverfew /volita/) be still unharvested (beans, squashes, flowers), "still standing" multiply be fast-growing grow only in certain places, "in its place, in its place" catch up die (tree), "dry up" take root, grow (young plant), "grab the ground" emerge (young weeds, flower plants, coriander, field mustard, cabbages) come up by itself SPROUTING bichilik xch'iomaj jumul jusul kusul kutzul xk'elomaj laxal musul potol sk'elom xpul tzonol sk'elom sprouting sprout sprouting cf. jumul sprouting thickly cf. kusul sprout barely visible, sprouting cf. jumul with many sprouts in clump, "its sprouts are clustered' sprout thickly (weeds, underbrush, beans) with many sprouts in clump, "its sprouts are thick" NUMBER 35 457 -kil -nit -petz -set -tek' CLASSIFIERS FOR PLANTS vine vine tree, plant, grass clump maguey, roll of vines or woven palm tree, plant, grass clump petzantik taman tek'antik st6k'elt6k'el tzopantik vichantik votzantik WIDELY SPACED, SPARSE too widely spaced (plants, trees) very widely spaced (plants), sparse (trees) cf. petzantik sparse (flower plants) with widely spaced clumps (weeds cut unevenly) cf. taman cf. tzopantik potol tzopol tzunul CLUMPED (bush bean plants that have been pulled up, bean plants next to threshing floor) (grass) (low-growing plant) k'echel latzal PILE small pile, evenly piled evenly piled -ch'et ch'etel xch'etan tzaval stzavan tzelel yemel xyemi yomol MESSY PILE (cabbage, stubble, twigs, pine needles, thatch) large pile carry or place in pile (pine needles, thatch) large messy pile set down (pile of weeds) big, messy pile (logs) very large messy pile (firewood) be in large pile (firewood) in small pile or bunch (greens, weeds, pine tips, thatch, mexican coyote brush on path) chepel pech'el stz'al tz'alal TIED BUNDLE OR PILE tied pile (firewood), tied bag (beans) cf. chepel tie in bundle (firewood, grass, stubble, pine boughs) tied bundle (firewood, grass, stubble, pine boughs) 458 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ANTHROPOLOGY xlakaket xlaklon sputzutzet xputz'utz'et ssomson xvutzutzet SPRINGY UNDERFOOT springy springy springy (weeds that one's feet go through, rotten tree that cannot be cut) cf. sputzutzet sinking down underfoot (weeds) cf. sputzutzet slik sba xliktzaj yok xvuk' svuk'sba UNDERMINED, UPROOTED be uprooted (tree) become undermined (tree roots) be uprooted (tree) be uprooted kajal xk'ik'on smaslajet xmaxlajet FLOATING floating on top of water (leaves) waving back and forth on surface of water (leaves) floating in water (trees, branches) floating on top of water (trees, branches) -jav xjek -jek sjep -jep xk'as ta be xk'aslajet k'av xk'avlajet -k'os xli'et xlfvluj xtomlajet stotzlajet xt'aj xt'il BREAKING, CRACKING, SPLITTING split section (firewood, pine) split off (branch) branch whether attached or not split off (shoot), chop off (branch) small chip that has been chopped off (wood, incense, pine), strip (palm frond) break off in the middle (wood being split) cracking repeatedly (underbrush, kindling being broken into short lengths) crack (breaking branch) cracking (branches in wind) piece broken off (sugarcane) stretching apart and tearing (straight-grained wood) cracking or splitting open suddenly (wood) cracking (fence when robber breaks through) cracking (branches in wind) split (wood) split (wood) xchilopal xchiulal xchivulal xch'uch'ulil CHIP, CUT SECTION, SLAB chip, splinter still attached to tree chip, splinter, fibers (pumpkin squash, summer squash, watermelon squash) fibers, tips that are pulled off small chip, shred NUMBER 35 459 -jam sjam jepelte' k'albil te' slok' -poch spolvoal -pum p'asal te' p'asp'as te' -p'os p'osp'os te' ssepelul ssesben ssilbenal voch'ol te' vok'ol te' sok'olil votzvotz xxet'ulan split section (firewood, pine) slab, large chip, tailing of pine tree kindling, splinter, "split wood" shingle, "split wood" cut out or chip off (pine or incense from living tree) large chip (pine, incense) sawdust section of thick log shim, short log short log, log stool section of log section of log chip broken off (wood) sawdust produced by wood grubs or saw splinter (pine), "its splitting" badly splintered tree standing or fallen, "broken wood' cf. voch'ol te' chip broken off (wood) runty (tree that will not grow) chip off (bits of wood from trunk that does not split) TRUNK PREPARATION balbil cho'bil ta machita ch'ulbil lek sk'ob ch'ulbil ta machita jaxbil jaxlubil mu stak' ch'ulel p'otbil ta k'ok' tz'otbil twined (grass) with bark removed with branches lopped off neatly with bark removed cut through at an angle (elderberry for planting) cut through at opposite angles (hawthorn slip) it cannot be dressed properly with bark removed by fire twined (vine, grass for lashing) CUTTING, PIERCING, CRUSHING xjap'luj skitz skup slutz' ssep'van ssijson xt'omomet sudden tearing (thorn in flesh) gash or scratch (arm, leg) (grass, thorns, sharp leaves) cut self (with grass) pin hand or foot (tree) crush person or person's hand or foot (tree) feeling slight pain (from thorn) feeling slight pain (from thorn) PRICKLE, STING, CAUSE ITCHING OR SWELLING chak' chin kolo'al tz'i'lel slajbe xlajlon xlaxlon xlaxluj xmilvan cause bumps (chin te', kachimpa te', poison ivy), "give bump" plant that stings (ajval te'), "evil plant" strike with prickly plant (la, majob ik'al) prickling (cactus, etc., in skin) cf. xlajlon stinging suddenly (nettle) kill person (chin te', poison ivy) 460 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ANTHROPOLOGY xpujtzanvan sak-juch'an ssit'esvan xti'van xvuchesvan cause swelling (yaw root, ajval te') white (pus caused by contact with xinal te') cause swelling (poison ivy) cause prick or sting person (thorn, poison ivy), "bite person" blister (ajval te', chin te', kachimpa te', mutut, poison ivy) yik' jik'ik' jomjom k'ojoj mu ODOR odor acrid (burnt ajval te', sat pukuj) musty (weeds, cut grass) acrid (burnt ajval te', sat pukuj) fragrant (pine, laurel, ajate'es, vixobtakil, basil, mint, coriander, mexican tea, piper, geranium) COLOR chak-ch'ulan chak-kuxan chak-saran chak-silan '-bal an '-bichan -busan -jul an -kuxan '-k'uchan -latzan -lusan -matz'an -metzan '-mok'an -paran '-petzan -p'osan -saran -sijan -te'an -telan -tutz'an -tz'apan -va'an ik'-yi'an k'an-chapan k'an-ch'ulan k'an-julan k'an-metzan k'an-paran k'an-silan k'an-telan k'an-tilan brown (smooth board) red (glowing branch on tree) red (madrone, cherry, sal te', pine) red (split pine) black (telephone post) black (stump, branch) black (charcoal) black (roof poles blackened by smoke) black (burnt tree) black (thorn in skin) black (piled logs) black (frost-bitten and wilted plants) black (old firewood) black (burnt tree lying on ground) black (burned trees) black (large tree) black (forked stump) black (burnt log) black (pine) black (thorn in foot) black (large standing tree partially consumed by fire) black (fallen burned trees, standing tree, stem) black (burnt, fallen tree) black (thorn in foot) black (stump) black (pile of charcoal) brown (roll of ne saben) brown (smooth board) yellow (tip of fence post) brown (rafter) brown (dead branch on tree) yellow (split pine) yellow (pine log) yellow (fruit, sugarcane) NUMBER 35 461 k'an-tz'apan k'an-tz'uban sak-chexan sak-ch'alan sak-ch'ulan sak-julan sak-la'an sak-li'an sak-metzan sak-paran sak-pitan sak-silan sak-taran sak-telan sak-tzonan sak-tz'apan sak-tz'uban sak-yoman tan-salan tan-saran yax-'op'an yax-botzan yax-busan yax-ch'alan yax-ch'etan yax-jotzan yax-junan yax-k'otzan yax-k'uchan y ax-petzan yax-p'osan yax-telan yax-tinan yax-toman yax-tzonan yax-tzunan yax-tz'apan yax-tz'uban yax-va'an yellow (point of fence post) brown (point of fence post) white (fallen tree at night) pale (bamboo) white (smooth board, handle) white (barkless trunk) white (split wood) white (split wood) white (lumber) white (lumber) white (cabbage head) white (split pine) white (large tree trunk) white (lumber) white (spanish moss) white (point of fence post, digging stick, stake) white (tip of post or digging stick) white (dried weeds) gray (bark) gray (bark) green (moss-covered rock) green (amaranth) green (ch'aben) green (trunk of tux-nuk' te') green (expanse of cabbage, pile of ch'a-te') green (sprouts) green (sprouts) green (sprouting weeds) green (sprout) green (cabbage) green (tree trunk) green (fallen maguey inflorescence) green or gray (Spanish moss) green (maguey stalk that has not yet flowered) green or gray (spanish moss) green (low weeds, tan pox) gray (tip of flagpole) green (tip of fence post) green (trunk of cotton tree) OTHER xnap van balbal x'isiset juljul kajajtik skojolkojol kotolik xk'alet mokajtik pechajtik stick (to person's clothes) dowel-shaped (trunk, pole) hissing (green wood) branchless (standing tree) lying on top of (well-hoed weeds lying on ground) regular spacing of branches (yijil anal toj, alder) curved (thorns of bullhorn acacia or ox-'u) peeling off when pulled apart (firewood nearly cut through) with tops cut off (grass eaten by horse or cow) sitting (improperly hoed weeds) 462 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ANTHROPOLOGY pek'el pik'pik' xch'ut potz'potz' xch'ut p'osol sovra te' taniltik tek'el xtixk'uj tomol stuchan j-p'ej ssat tuk' tumul tz'al tz'altz'al tz'aram vach' tey to xvay jutuk chvula'aj animal xxanav yaxib low (pine trunk with chips cut out, watermelon squash with rotten spot), "its belly is toothless" (pine trunk with chips cut out) lying (short log) leftover wood or tree that is not needed scattered (weeds that have been hoed) standing (plant, trees, vine, grass, etc.) roll (log) protruding (sprout, saguaro cactus) produce single fruit (young tree) straight protruding (vine) ridged (sugarcane or bamboo when nodes are too close together) ridged (sugarcane or bamboo when nodes are too close together) ridged (sugarcane when nodes are too close) twig, switch (for mule, sheep, disobedient child) (felled tree that will be chopped the next day), "it will sleep a little still" mix strains (when red and red striped scarlet runner beans or ear of com with a few kernels of another color, or red and yellow ibes beans occur on the same vine), "it visits" to spread (reeds, watermelon squash, chayote), "it walks a lot" cover (coffee shade tree; avocado, mango, chalon) sk'asan sk'asank asan k'asbentik xk'iet k'iil FLATTENED flattened swept (grass by wind) (forest that has been cut down) DRAGGING xchech xch'ejlajet sjochan xjochochet xkililet (tree) crackling (poles dragged through forest) drag with difficulty (branches, trees) scraping (branches dragged on ground) dragging along (branches, logs) PULL OUT xchechan stas (branches from fence) (branches from fence) POKE INTO FIRE xchuch smul stijan (firewood farther into fire) (pine) (logs) NUMBER 35 463 Plant Emotions abol sba chak' sk'ak'al yo'on xbaxbolaj bik'it yo'on cha'-tos sna' xchan talel chib yo'on chopoltik sjol bak'intik ch'abal lek xch'ulel xch'ajub xch'ay yo'on ta korixmatik muk' xch'ulel lek ch'ilin ch'it'ixaj jun yo'on chkap chkap sjol xkuch yu'un sk'elbe yo'on buch'u sk'uxubin k'un yo'on slok'ta mu xa'i asaluna stoyoj sba li kobele ma'uk slumal cha'i mu sna' spaj mantal mu chnopvan mu spaj mantal ch'ok' sonso te' xti'olaj toj tzotz yo'on jtoy-bail ta j-mek stoy sba stze'in "it suffers" (weeds waiting to be cut, unpicked bean plants, beans that are spilled and stepped on) "it gets angry" (weeds that are weeded, trees that are cut) "it is industrious" (plant that grows well, fast) "it is small-hearted" (white bush bean that may produce well or not regardless of the planter) "it knows two ways (plant that is a remedy for two kinds of sickness, or that is prepared in two different ways) "it learns" (squashes learning from stars to produce many fruits) "it is unhappy" (if it doesn't grow well or is not cared for) "it is uncooperative sometimes" (wild nightshade, which is always bitter when cooked by some people, fruit tree that doesn't fruit) "it doesn't have a good soul" (weed) "it grows lazy" (plant that stops growing) "it is distracted in Lent" (plant that doesn't grow in the dry season) "it doesn't have a good soul" (weed) "it scolds" (tzajal tulan that sparks in fire) "it is jealous" (weeds that have been weeded next to weeds that haven't) "it is happy" (if it grows well and is well cared for) "it gets angry" (weeds that are weeded, trees that are cut) "it gets angry" (tzajal tulan that sparks in fire) "it endures" (herb that is kept inside and retains flavor when dry) "it sees who will treat it well" (tobacco that will not grow in everyone's yard) "it is weak-hearted" (white bush bean that may or may not produce well regardless of the planter) "it pictures" (squashes learning from stars to produce many fruits) "it doesn't feel the hoe, the fucker" "rebelled" (weeds that survive weeding) "it does not feel like home" (crop that does not grow well in region) "it doesn't know how to disobey" (sedum) "it doesn't grow accustomed" (crop that does not produce in particular areas, as beans or pumpkin squash near Tuxtla, beans near Ocozocuatla where it is too rainy) "it doesn't disobey" (plant that usually grows well fast) "it cries" (unweeded plant, weed that has been cut) "stupid tree" (useless) "it is depressed" (plant on unproductive land, unweeded plant) "it is very strong-hearted" (tzajal kachimpa te') (hard to cut) "very rebellious" (tzajal unen mu that is often bitter when cooked) "it is rebellious" (mexican tea that won't grow again after it is pulled up) "it laughs" (weeds that overcome cornfield) 464 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ANTHROPOLOGY Bark spat p'alp'ax sp'alp'axil ssolilal (both inner and outer), "its back" thick corrugated bark (some pines, juniper, pear, walnut, old oak or willow, suk) cf. p'alp'ax bark flakes (eucalyptus, madrone, sal te') chinaltik chinkultik ch'ulul jayal joy pirn pimil p'alp'axtik uxkuntik TEXTURE bumpy (juniper, stot inop, nankipu) bumpy (juniper, stot inop, nankipu) smooth thin thin thick thick flaky (madrone, cherry, eucalyptus) lumpy (bark of sick tree, x'ukun, ach'el pom) COLOR tan-salan tan-saran gray gray PEEL OR FLAKE OFF xpoch pochajtik xkoch kocholik xk'alet slok' stotz spoch lok'el flake off partly flaked off flake off partly flaked off peeling off by pulling it (vine bark) peel off (bark of pine or incense tree) peel off (bark of pine or incense tree) chip off (pine chips) CLASSIFIER -poch (bark) Leaf yanal yanal xak toj sbatz'i anal cha'-lamal anal yolon anal staki-'anal yunen anal svok'ebal anal xak toj syijil anal pine needle true leaf (bean), "its real leaf new needle (pine), "second stage leaf lower leaf, "its underneath leaf dead leaf, "its dry leaf cotyledon, "its baby leaf cotyledon, "its emerging leaf pine needles old dead leaf on tree or plant, "its old leaf NUMBER 35 465 sba yelav smeriax sni' yok spat spat sti'il stzakleb yanal stzek yut svex LEAF PARTS upper surface, "its top" upper surface, "its face" large, leafy stipules, "its stockings" tip, "its nose" stem, "its leg" upper surface (for those who call undersurface yut), "its back" undersurface, "its back" edge, "its mouth" leaf base at stem, "leaf's joint" clasping leaf base, leaf sheath (banana, palm, fem, yucca), "its skirt" undersurface, "its inside" clasping leaf base, leaf sheath (banana, palm, fem, yucca), "its pants" ch'ululik skajalkajal krusaltik k'atajtik nichimtik pintotik polajtik spolav spololpolol ssflilsflil t'elajtik tzukumtik stz'alaltz'alal stz'aramul stz'ibal yanal tz'ibaltik VEINING veins barely perceptible, shiny, as in thick leathery leaves with immersed veins, "smooth" secondary veins at right angles to primary vein, "its raised part" secondary veins at right angles, "cross-like" secondary veins at right angles, "crosswise" tertiary veins visible on under surface, "flowery" variegated leaves or secondary erosion by outside forces, "spotted" prominent primary veins, "striped" primary vein, "its line" secondary veins at right angles to primary vein, "its lines" secondary veins at right angles to primary vein, "its strips" prominent primary veins, "raised" tertiary veins visible on upper surface, "caterpillar-like" secondary veins at right angles to primary vein, "its ridges" secondary vein not at right angles to primary vein, "its ribbing" leaf veins, "the leafs writing" variegated leaves or secondary erosion by outside forces, "striped" ch'ixaltik ch'ululik sti'il pulajtik set'ajtik xelajtik xetajtik EDGE finely to coarsely serrate, "spiny" entire, "smooth-edged" crenate (division not ending in spine), "depressed" incised, cleft, "pinched" finely to coarsely serrate, "chipped" lobed and parted, "chipped" 466 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ANTHROPOLOGY xetajtik jutuk xulajtik tri-lobed, "slightly chipped" crenate (division not ending in spine), "uneven" balajtik chivajtik jamalik jetajtik jich'ilik kilajtik lichajtik linajtik lisajtik mit'ajtik pajajtik palma pech'ajtik pochajtik sepajtik setajtik suk'ajtik telajtik tz'upajtik sni' va'ajtik xel-chikin xelajtik xelxel SHAPE awl-shaped (grass, wild onion), "tubular" pinnately or palmately divided (zucchini), "toothed" large, simple lance-ovate (banana, canna watermelon squash, sun, pamal jabnal), "wide" bilobed or cleft, "forked" linear lanceolate (pine, grass, eucalyptus), "narrow" narrow and downward pointing (willow, peach, grass, fennel) large, simple lance-ovate (banana, canna, watermelon squash, sun, pamal jabnal), "wide" pinnately or palmately divided (lead tree) "loose and flowing abundantly" finely divided into leaflets (legumes, ferns), "abundantly pendulous" with winged rachis, lyrate (chalon, tz'erel, sap yok), "constricted" linear lanceolate (pine, grass, eucalyptus), "long and pointed" long, thin, fibrous, parallel-veined, "palm-like" flat (lily, orchid), "flat" large, simple lance-ovate (banana, canna, watermelon squash, sun, pamal jabnal), "big" round (geranium, vixobtakil), "round" round (vixobtakil), "round" crenately lobed, "uneven" linear lanceolate (pine, grass, eucalyptus), "long" pointed (maguey), "its tip is pointed" narrow and upright (daisy), "standing" sagittate or hastate leaf base (pamal jabnal), "chipped ear" lobed, palmately or pinnately deeply lobed (jabnal), "chipped" sagittate or hastate leaf base (pamal jabnal), "chipped" chinkultik chivil xa svach'il chivil xa yanal ch'enaltik ch'ixtik ch'och'omtik ch'ulul x'el'elet julajtik xk'oxet xk'oxoxet k'un TEXTURE bumpy (leaves covered with wasp galls) with just the primary vein, "now its twig is bare" with just the primary vein, "now its leaf is bare" pitted (batz'i te'), "with holes" rough (mint) riddled, lacy, "riddled" smooth glossy, "greasy" with just the primary vein, "branchless" brittle brittle, crackling soft NUMBER 35 467 lajal xch'ixal xlap'ap'et xlebebet lisajtik nap'ap' pimik tulajtik tzotz tzotzintik stz'ayayet ujkintik ujkumtik xvoch'och'et xelantik prickly (nettle) glistening (fem spores, jamal anal tzib) glossy, "glistening" shredded (by hail), "abundantly pendulous" sticky thick, succulent, "thick" with just primary and secondary veins, "fallen out" tough downy, fuzzy, densely tomentose glossy, glistening (fem spores, jamal anal tzib), "shim? mering" bumpy (leaves covered with wasp galls) bumpy (leaves covered with wasp galls) brittle, crackling shredded (by hail), "badly chipped" cha'-jetav cha'-p'ej cholajtik jit'ajtik ju-koj skajalkajal lechajtik lechelik nap'aj tik noch'ajtik ox-p'ej pechajtik potol vojol votzol POSITION opposite, "two-forked" divided into two leaflets, "two-leaved" (fem), "in row" (fem), "in long line" alternate, "each step" leaves arranged in layers on a stem (bamboo), "its steps" opposite-leaved, "paired" two cotyledons (squash, gourd, beans, faba bean, cabbage), "paired" sessile, "adherent" sessile, "clinging" divided into three leaflets (clover), "three-leaved" opposite-leaved, "wide" whorled, clump (grass), rosette, "clustered" whorled, clump (grass), rosette, "clustered" caespitose (tufted bromeliads), "ruffled" pach'ajtik pech'ajtik FLATNESS equitant, "flat" equitant, "flat" LEAF PRESENTATION telajtik yok yanal xelajtik yok yanal xuk'ajtik yok yanal truncate, "its leaf stem is long" cordate, "its leaf stem is chipped" leaves presented at right angles to stem, "its leaf stem is bent" DROOP xak' sk'ak'alil slusan sba xmatzaj cause to wither (frost), "it gives its heat" droop, wilt slightly wilted (leaves in strong sun or frost) 468 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ANTHROPOLOGY kuruch'tik smoch' sba moch'ol moro morotik muchul smuch' sba xmuruch'ib muruch'tik taki-moch'an umul yobol yubul CURL UP curly curl up curled up (dead leaf) curled (leaves of diseased peach tree, bean plants, kale) curly curled up (leaf) curl up curl up (leaves of diseased bean or cabbage plants) curly dry and curled up curled (young aroid) curled up curled up SPINNING xvelelet xvereret xviriret spinning spinning (leaves in wind that are still attached) jataltik sjek sjis xkokoj xkokoj ta ora xlilij xxiriktaj xxirkataj xirkatik TEAR, FALL OFF ENTIRELY, STRIP torn strip off (cabbage leaf) strip off (leaves, pine needles) (rain and wind), (pine needles) (person), tear (leaves) (wind) fall off entirely they fall off right away (ana-jobel leaves) fall off entirely fray or shred fray or shred torn CLASSIFIER -pej (leaf) chijal yanal te' putzulal tulan HEDGEHOG GALL "tree leaf's sheep" "oak puff ch'a k'ojoj mu xin xinxin ya ODOR, TASTE bitter (marigold, peach) pungent (marigold) fragrant (basil, bergamont mint, chamomile, coriander, fennel, geranium, laurel, penny royal, tzitz) stinky (ajval te', tzis chauk, xinal te') pungent (tzitz) hot (watercress), bitter (tobacco) NUMBER 35 469 chak-t'aran ik'-chevan ik'-chexan ik'-lo'an ik'-pochan ik'-tz'uyan ik'-vak'an k'an-nuxan k'an-poman k'an-setan k'an-tzaman sak-chexan sak-ch'etan sak-pochan yax-chexan yax-ch'etan yax-t'otzan COLOR purplish (leaf) black (improperly dyed palm) black (black palm for hat) blackish (dead leaf) black (old leaves on tree) glossy black (dyed palm) black (dyed palm frond) yellow (leaves floating on water) yellow (dead leaves) yellow (roll of woven palm strip) brown (dead leaf) white (dry palm frond) white (person wearing palm raincoat) white (frost-bitten leaves) green (leaves of field mustard, cabbage, potatoes) green (fresh thatched roof of brahea palm) green (leaf applied to wound) OTHER yanal te' sk'a'al xk'anub xnu'llij xmuy yuchal xnululij ssom tzopol leafy branch (for fence) dead leaves, "its rottenness" yellow slipping suddenly (on dry leaves) yellow (beans, potato plants from excess humidity) slide (child using maguey leaf as sled) pine needles for ripening fruit, spread on floor of steward's house, leaves slipped between firewood and person's back to protect him from chafing in a small pile (pine needles) Flower snich nichim ssual stomal stz'utujal flower, including grass and wheat flower, "its flower" flower squash or gourd flower inflorescence (thistle, ch'upak', banana) inflorescence (ximo') FLOWER PARTS yat snich sbek' boton sbotonal sbotonalil xchikin yik' yibel sjol stamens and pistil (solanum, calla lily), "its flower's penis" anthers if mature and turning to seed, "its seed" bud bud bud tepal (mexican shell flower), "its ear" odor, "its air" phyllaries (daisies), "its root" disk florets, stamens and pistil, "its head" 470 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ANTHROPOLOGY skomenal snich o'lol yok yolon anal spoketal snich sputzulal stand sti'il stzakelul snich stzakleb stzitzop'al yumulal snich yunen anal yunen ibel syol inflorescence stalk (maguey) petal and ray florets, "its flower" disk florets, stamens and pistil, "center" pedicel; individual and cluster, "its leg" phyllaries, "its lower leaf petals (solanum), "its flower's bowl" anthers not held together, "its fluff pollen (all flowers, pine), "its ashes" edge of flat flower parts phyllaries, "its flower's holder" pedicel; individual and clusters, "its joint" stalk (tall grass flower) small flowers not clearly differentiated into sexual and non-sexual parts, "its flower's bud" petal and ray florets, phyllaries, "its baby leaf anthers, "its baby root" disk florets, stamens and pistil, "its heart" balajtik snich bichajtik snich bot'-jol bot'ajtik snich butajtik snich cha'-lom cholajtik snich cholol muyel snich ch'itajtik snich jipajtik snich kajajtik snich skajalkajal snich kakal kakaxon snich kejajtik snich kotkot snich krusal snich k'iajtik snich lichajtik snich likajtik snich linajtik snich lisajtik snich nap'ajtik snich FLOWER SHAPE AND POSITION tubular (spadix of anthuriums, sage flower, lily bud), "its tubular flower" with flowers projecting above plant (lily), "its flower is poking out or up" capitate, cone-shaped composite receptacle (onion flo? wer), "protuberant-headed" capitate, cone-shaped composite receptacle, "its protu? berant flower" capitate inflorescence, "its protuberant flower" semi-double ray florets (daisy), "two-tiered" composite head, interrupted spike, "its flower in rows" sessile, "its flowers lined up on top of each other" with long, erect tail-like spike of female flowers (acalypha flower), "its bristling flower" pendulous, "its down-hanging flower" interrupted spike, "its flowers on top of one another" capitate, clustered flowers (marigold, onion), "its stepped flowers" in middle of fork (orchid, bromeliad) tight-clustered flowers (krus jobel), "its cross-like flower" reflexed, "its bent flower" reflexed (sakil k'os), "its arched flower" tight-clustered flowers (krus jobel), "its cross-like flower" sessile, "its blanketing flower" pendulous, "its down-hanging flower" pendulous (datura), "its down-hanging flower" flowers with prominent filamentous anthers, "its loose and abundantly flowing flower" flowers with prominent filamentous anthers, "its abun? dantly pendulous flower" sessile, "its adherent flower" NUMBER 35 471 ni'ajtik snich noch'ajtik snich nup'ajtik snich ox-koj snich ox-lom snich pajajtik snich pich'ajtik snich potajtik snich potzajtik snich pulajtik snich se'ajtik snich setajtik snich telajtik snich tobajtik snich torn-jol tuch'uch'tik snich tzukumtik snich tz'e'ajtik snich tz'ukajtik snich tz'upajtik snich va'ajtik snich vol-nich volajtik snich votzajtik snich xelajtik snich xelajtik yuxub pendulous, "its down-bent flower" sessile, "its clinging flower" boat-shaped spathe (wandering jew), "its folded flower" flat-topped corymbs and umbels, "its three-layered flower" flat-topped corymbs and umbels, "its three-layered flower" tight racemes or spikes, small-flowered, "its long and pointed flower" corymb of rayless composite heads, tight-clustered inflorescence, "its lumpy flower" tight-clustered inflorescence, "its clustered flower" capitate, tight-clustered inflorescence, double, "its thick flower" campanulate, tubular campanulate, "its depressed flo? wer" bilabiate, "its crooked flower" composite head, "its round flower" tubular (spadix of anthuriums, sage flower, lily bud), "its long flower" capitate inflorescence, "its cone-shaped flower" capitate, cone-shaped composite receptacle (onion flo? wer), "protuberant-headed" laciniate (begonia flower), "its cut flower" with short dense racemes (amaranth), "caterpillar-like)" bilabiate, "its tilted flower" reflexed, "its upside down flower" tight racemes or spikes (grass spikes), "its pointed flower" tight racemes or spikes, small-flowered, "its erect flower" budded (bean flower, chayote flower before it has opened), "wrapped flower" capitate, small round-shaped single or clustered flowers (marigold, onion), "its round flower" in thick clusters (grass flowers, sweet william), "its ruffled flower" lobed corolla or series of corollas (see leaf), "its chipped flower" scalloped flower parts, "its chipped joint" xjulav xkux xpotztzaj xtuk umul sxet sba xxettzaj OPEN open (evening primrose, cut flower after it is watered), "it wakes up" cut flower after it is watered, "it revives" grow in thick cluster open partially opened open spread or open wide (bunch of flowers in hand) 472 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ANTHROPOLOGY FLOWERING sba snich jabil jabil snichin snichin mu sna' chpaj ssepal ssipal xtomi stz'akal nich ibes) xyal snich first flowering flower every year (fruit trees) flower first time continuous (flowering), "it doesn't know to stop" autumn flower that never develops into fruit (peach, pear, apple), "its disk" cf. ssepal (bud) second flowering (papaya, mango, lead tree, seiva bean, flower (watermelon squash, pumpkin squash, chayote) WILT slusan sba lusul moch'ol xtup' xyubtzaj droop or wilt down-hanging and withered closing wilt, "extinguish" close TORN, FALL, STRIP jataltik sjis xkokoj xlilij xtukp'ij x'unen-p'aj xirkatik torn (calla lily) strip off (rain and wind) fall fall fall fall before setting fruit torn (calla lily) ASPECT xja'lajet k'echel xni'lajet pirn tamantik snich moving back and forth in cluster (flowers at tip of plant) lying in large messy pile (calla lilies) moving up and down (roses in wind) covered with flowers, "thick" with few flowers, "its flowers are widely spaced" ODOR ch'a jik'ik' k'ojoj mu pajpaj-'umantik xpaket smuil bitter (marigold) acrid (chilkat) pungent (marigold) fragrant fermented odor (mango flower) it is fragrant COLOR chak-'och'an chak-'ulan red (expanse of flowers) purple (flower) NUMBER 35 473 chak-bukan chak-loman chak-nichan chak-nikan chak-petzan chak-potzan chak-tukan chak-vak'an chak-voch'an chak-yoman chaka-nich k'an-'ulan k'an-bukan k'an-chevan k'an-kunan k'an-laman k'an-loman k'an-nichan k'an-nikan k'an-nulan k'an-petzan k'an-set'an k'an-tukan k'an-vajan k'an-yoman sk'anubtas sak-'och'an sak-'ulan sak-bukan sak-loman sak-lusan sak-nikan sak-petzan sak-potzan sak-tukan sak-vajan sak-vilan sak-yoman yax-'ulan yax-'uman yax-toman yax-tukan y ax-y oman red (expanse of gladiolus), yellow (expanse of marigolds or bush sunflowers) red (many scarlet runner bean flowers, geraniums, gladiolus) red (expanse of scarlet runner bean, geranium or gladiolus flowers) red (scarlet runner bean, xut, gladiolus or geranium flowers in profusion) red (many blossoms on gladiolus plants) red (marigold blooms on plant) red (many geraniums), orange (many marigolds) red (peach blossoms) red (scarlet runner beans, flowers, geraniums, red- flowered trees) red (nochleb vonon flowers) red-flowered (scarlet runner bean) yellow (many marigold flowers on plant) yellow (expanse of marigolds) yellow (many field mustard flowers) yellow (many flowers of putzkuy, agave) yellow (expanse of yellow flowers which blanket ground) yellow (field mustard, marigold, chilkat or sakramen? tual nichim flowers) yellow (expanse of chilkat, sakramentual nichim) yellow (many flowers of chilkat) orange (many marigold flowers) yellow (many field mustard flowers) yellow (many lady slipper flowers) light orange (flowers) yellow (many marigold blooms) yellow (many flowers) yellow (many marigolds, field mustard flowers) make yellow (field mustard in com field) white (expanse of daisies) pale blue, white (flower) white (expanse of daisies) white (expanse of flowers) white (wilted and faded flowers) white (many white flowers) white (many flowering daisy, calla lily or amaryllis plants) white (double roses) white (many daisies) white (many daisies) pale (flowers) white (flowers) lavender (flower) green, blue (bud) green (flower stalk) blue (many ik'al pomos flowers) green (handful of ch'aben or chayote flowers) 474 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ANTHROPOLOGY -pej CLASSIFIER (flower) xak' simal xputzulaj OTHER cause hay fever (chilkat) "it gives mucous" inflate putzul flower (child) chitom chochob lo'bol ssat tuluk'al toj stz'unbal oy stz'unbal yech Fruit fruit (polotz'), "pig" acom edible fruit (not including chilis, tomatoes, squashes, avocados) bean, berry, burr, fruit, nut, pod (with beans; beans, lead tree), bulbil (maguey), "its face" pine cone, "its turkey" seed for planting to be developed from a particular seed (as gourds that necessarily produce small or large fruits), "it has a seed for that" ya'lel yat yav sbek' yav snich yav ssual sbek' sbek'tal bichajtik xchu' sbikil xchak xchabil xchilopal xchiulal xchu' xchuival xch'iomal sk'a'epal sk'elom -k'ol slaxlejikil smachal smachitail FRUIT PARTS juice, "its water" core or placenta (chili), "its penis" core (apple, pear), "place of its seed" calyx (apple, tangerine), "place of its flower" calyx (squashes, gourds), "place of its flower" seed, bean, "its seed" nut meat, edible part of fruit (avocado, peach), "its flesh" persistent tubular calyx on end of round fruit, protrusion at end of fruit, warty protrusion (lemon), "its breast is poking out" stringy pulp (squashes, gourds), "its intestines" basal end (chayote), "its ass" sap (sick peach, bruised mango), "its wax" chaff (flailed bean pods and plants), "its splinters" string (bean pod), fiber (chinin), "its fiber" nipple-like extension (some citrus fruits), milky sap (fig, papaya), "its breast" seed membrane (chayote), "its purse" sprout (often referring to sprout that develops within or projects from unplanted fruit; beans, squashes, orange, peach), "its growth" chaff (flailed bean pods and plants), "its splinters" sprout, "its sprout" layer of seeds in pine cone exudation (droplets appearing where squash or chayote is scratched), "its eruption" fibrous pith (dishrag gourd), "its basket" seed pod (kale, cauliflower, field mustard, jack bean, NUMBER 35 475 smach'ach'ul smach'opal smach'ul smixik' sni' snukulal snuk' pajayom spat spojoval spolav spulpulil yut sputzulal sp'al ssolepal ssolilal ssolipal stand tuchajtik xchu' st'elav stzakleb sbek' stzakleb snich stzakleb ssat stzakleb svorxail stzakleb svuntoal stzatzal stzek stzelav stzis stzotzil stzual yuxub svileb svilopal svorxail svorxail sbek' olnob tree), "its machete" empty sterile bean pod or squash seed (archaic), "its shriveling" empty sterile bean pod or squash seed (archaic), "its shriveling" empty sterile bean pod or squash seed (archaic), "its shriveling" calyx (apple, tangerine), "its belly button" tip (long fruit; banana, chili), end (fruit that is not spherical; avocado), sprout (chayote), "its nose" skin (avocado pit, peanut), "its skin" neck (squashes, gourd, avocado), "its neck" bean pod with undeveloped kernels shell, skin, skin of avocado pit, pith (orange), "its back" milky sap (fig, papaya), "its pus" line separating ribs (pumpkin squash), rib (green fig), "its line" cavity, "its hollow insides" swollen calyx (husk tomato), "its puffiness" husk (beans) chaff (flailed bean pods and plants), skin (peanut), "its dropping" chaff (flailed bean pods and plants), skin (peanut), "its dropping" chaff (flailed bean pods and plants), skin (peanut), "its dropping" powder (ch'ilim te'), "its ashes" persistent tubular calyx on end of round fruit, protrusion at end of fruit, warty protrusion (lemon), "its breast is clinging" prominent rib or wing (some bananas, lo'bol ak'), "its scar" core (apple, pear), "joint of its seed" calyx (apple, tangerine), "its flower joint" fruit stem (banana), end of stem or attachment point of stem on branch, "fruit joint" core (citrus), "joint of its bag" core (citrus), "joint of its fat" fiber (pit of itzompi), "its hair" fruiting stalk after all the fruit has been removed (banana), "its skirt" prominent rib or wing (some bananas, lo'bol ak'), "its ridge" citrus rind oil, "its fart" fiber (pit of itzompi), "its hair" acom cap, "its gourd" fruit stalk (squashes, gourd, chayote), fruit stem, pith (center of banana), "its joint" tufts of apical hair (seed of milkweed), "its flying apparatus" sterile squash seed, "its flying quality" inner skin (citrus), "its bag" membrane dividing segments (citrus), fleshy covering of seed (squashes), "its seed's bag" 476 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ANTHROPOLOGY svuntoal svuntoal sbek' xxuch'al syol inner skin (citrus), "its fat" membrane dividing segments (citrus), fleshy covering of seed (squashes), "its seed's bag" sap (sick peach, bruised mango), "its resin" pit (avocado), hilum (bean), basal scar area (nut, pit), core (citrus, pineapple), "its heart" bikiltik bilil chi'-muan yik' jomjom jomom xlaxaxet mu sno'p'lij poj sapap sik-laman sik-lojan voch'voch' xakak ya ya-jat'an ODOR, FLAVOR, TASTE fibrous (chinin, chin-jol k'evex) unpleasantly slippery (pokeberry) delicate sweetness (fragrance of quince) grainy and dry (avocado, peach, black, white and yellow sapotes, plantain, pippin, mantzana kinya), "corny" musty (chili, overripe banana) cf. jomjom slightly hot (chili) fragrant, delicious (avocado, banana, coyol, pear) burning (chili) sour (lime, lemon) acid (apple, nance, son sapote, mamey sapote, chico sapote, quince) tasteless (apple, melon, peach, pear, watermelon) cf. sik-laman grainy (apple, pear, white sapote) acid (unripe fruit, quince, tranjero manko) hot (chili, garlic, onion, radish, paka' olnob seeds) bad-tasting (unknown fruits, black sapote) COLOR chak-bojan chak-k'uyan chak-lisan chak-pok'an chak-tz'uyan chak-voch'an chak-vojan ik'-busan ik'-chajan ik'-chojan ik'-let'an ik'-lojan ik'-loman ik'-nikan ik'-pitan ik'-pok'an ik'-p'atan ik'-p'uyan ik'-tz'uyan ik'-voch'an red (inside of watermelon) purple (expanse of blackberries) red (cherries or blackberries in clusters), orange (oranges in clusters) red (fruit of lo'bol vet) red (many wild raspberries on plant) red (chilis on plant, red-podded beans), orange (many oranges or hawthorn apples on tree) red (banana on tree) black (beans in pile) black (beans in net or basket) black (clusters of fruit) black (small number of beans on bottom of bowl or basket) black (clusters of fruit) black (many ripe cherries) black (fruit on tree) black (gourd) black (blackberries and cherries) black (beans in pods) black (many cherries on tree) glossy black (cherries in cluster) black (many cherries, dogwood or lo'bol vet berries on tree) NUMBER 35 477 ik'-vojan k'an-bet'an k'an-chepan k'an-chijan k'an-chivan k'an-ch'ijan k'an-kepan k'an-k'uyan k'an-likan k'an-lisan k'an-mulan k'an-nikan sak-tzopan sak'-tz'uyan sak-vayan sak-voch'an sak-vojan vayu' yax-bajan yax-busan yax-jap'an yax-jet'an yax-kepan yax-k'otzan yax-nikan yax-pitan yax-p'atan yax-p'uyan yax-setan yax-t'ijan yax-tzitzan yax-tzopan yax-tzu'an yax-tzukan yax-tz'uyan yax-voch'an yax-vojan yax-volan yax-yeman ik'al chij chon pinto pirik' piruk' tz'ibaron tz'ibin tz'ibirin black (grapes, cherries) yellow (pumpkin squash on ground) yellow (oranges in net) yellow (many mangoes, nankipu fruit, hog plums, plums) brown (fruit stems on tree after fruit has fallen) yellow (many pumpkin squashes on ground) yellow (bunch of bananas) yellow (many hog plums on tree) yellow (many citrons on tree) yellow (many apples, hawthorn apples, quinces, oranges on tree) yellow (apples, peaches, oranges, hawthorn apples on tree) yellow (many oranges on tree) white (cotton) white (many fruit of treno) tan (beans) white (many chilis on plant) white (clusters of fruit) tan (beans) green (unripe peaches or hawthorn apples, white sapote fruit on tree, watermelon or watermelon squash either on plant or ground) green (pile of lead tree pods) green (piles of chayotes or watermelon squashes) green (pile of unripe mangoes) green (bunch of unripe bananas) green (sprouting weeds, field mustard or carnation seeds sown on ground) blue (expanse of dogwood fruit, fruit and flowers of yich joj) intense green (unripe fruit) gTeen (many coffee berries on tree) green (many fruits on wild chili plant) green (unripe pineapple) green (ripe avocado, watermelon squash, fruit of k'olo- max te') green (nearly ripe tzitz avocado) green (olnob pods or unripe chilis in small piles) green (many cherimoya fruits on tree) green (wrinkled unripe cherries) green (unripe mangoes, avocados or wild figs on tree) green (unripe chilis on plant) green (many unripe fruits, avocados on tree) green avocado (yax-'on) green (pile of limes or avocados) heavily spotted (scarlet runner beans) striped, spotted (beans) striped, spotted (beans) striped, spotted (beans) striped, spotted (beans) striped, spotted (beans) striped, spotted (beans) 478 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ANTHROPOLOGY tz'ibkuron xok striped, spotted (beans) spotted (mango) FRUITING AND STAGES OF FRUIT banajtik ssat ech'om chenek' ech'om ch'um ech'om mail yich'ak mut jabil ch'um jabil mail jun-abi chenek' kavajtik xchak xkux jabil k'ex o oy ssat milajtik snuk' mol chenek' sna'oj yorail pak'ayom spak'ayomal ssatin ssepal ssipal sit'ilik sbek' tuchulik ssat stutzan tutzulik ssat xach'alik ssat xotolik snuk' stz'unbal tz'unubil yuchal xyal ssat large (squashes) last year's beans, "past bean" last year's pumpkin squash, "past pumpkin squash" last year's watermelon squash, "past watermelon squash" young bean pod, "bird claw" last year's pumpkin squash, "year pumpkin squash" last year's watermelon squash, "year watermelon squash" last year's beans with its bottom split (chayote) it rests a year (fruit tree) it fruits constantly with its neck constricted (gourd) last year's beans, "old beans" to produce at one time, "it knows its time" young bean pod, "bird claw" young bean, "its bird's claw" fruit tiny fruit that never develops (squash, mango, citrus, gourd), "its disk" tiny fruit that never develops (squash, mango, citrus, gourd), inedible inner skin of sweet lemon, "its disk" with its beans swollen (bean) just beginning to appear (fruit) beginning to form (pumpkin squash, chayote, peach) with stubby fruit (gourd) with its fruit stretched out (pumpkin squash) with its neck twisted (pumpkin squash) seed for planting seed for planting tiny fruit that never develops or fruit that is half-rotten on branch (peach) begin to fruit (pumpkin squash, watermelon squash, summer squash, zucchini, gourd, chayote), "its fruit drop" LONG buchbuch kilajtik nattik pajpaj telajtik va'ajtik long and pointed (top of gourd) long and slender (bean) long and slender (bean) long and pointed (avocado, pear) long and slender (bean, peanut, peach, pear and hawthorn seed) long (avocado, pumpkin squash) NUMBER 35 479 k'ak'al butajtik p'ejajtik volajtik ROUND roundly visible (squashes, gourds lying on ground) (orange, bean) (bean, orange, radish and cabbage seed) mach'optik ssot' sba ssot'ot'et stzap' stzuk sba tzukajtik tzukuktik SHRIVEL shriveled up (bean pods, beans) shrivel up and harden (sugarcane, apple, peach, water? melon squash, pumpkin squash, summer squash) soft and shriveled (pear) shrink (beans) shrivel up and harden shriveled and hardened (watermelon squash, pumpkin squash) shriveled and hardened (watermelon squash, pumpkin squash) patz'al xpatz'tzaj xpitz'itz'et pok'ol xpok'tzaj st'us xamal xxamtzaj SQUASHED squashed squash squishing underfoot squashed squash squash squashed squash (ripe fruit) xnik lek xpukpon ta lo'el sputzutzet SOFT have soft skin (ripe avocado, peach, mamey sapote) properly soft for eating (mango, melon) springy (undeveloped squash seeds) HARD xjet'jon lich'ich' nukultik te'-pat te'-tzinan tech'ech' ston sba tontontik tzotz hard (pear, perote apple, white sapote) hard-skinned (nearly full grown squash that does not ripen properly) hard (pear, perote apple, white sapote) hard-skinned (pumpkin squash, beans) (banana that will not ripen, mamey sapote, son sapote, avocado) hard (pear, perote apple, white sapote, avocado) harden (banana, mamey sapote, avocado, mango) hard and lumpy (flesh of avocado, white sapote when partly ripe), "rocky" hard (good squash seeds) 480 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ANTHROPOLOGY puj-'ik' tuchulik tutzulik tuxumtik tze unen UNRIPE hollow (bean pod) young (peaches, chayotes, avocados, pumpkin squashes) young (peaches, chayotes, avocados, pumpkin squashes) with few beans (bean pod) unripe young, unripe, "baby" xbiet xchik'inaj xk'anub lo'ajtik xnik noyol span sba lek nin ta lo'el xpaninaj xpusinaj somtabil xta'aj tok'on t'ijil xtzajub xijilik xit'ilik yij RIPE soft sweat (beans) ripen, turn yellow gelatinous (popapple) be ripe to the touch (avocado, melon, mango, peach, itzompi, papausa, chico sapote, mamey sapote, banana), sweat and be weevil-eaten (beans stored in house), "it moves" ripe ripen (mangoes, mamey sapotes, black sapotes, chinin, yax-'on buried in pine needles and set in sun) soft and ripe (peach, apple, white sapote, banana), "fine to eat" cf. span sba ripen (beans, fruit buried in pine needles), "sweat" ripened in pine needles (mango, mamey sapote, banana) ripen ripe large and ripe (watermelon squash, pumpkin squash, summer squash) ripen (chili), "redden" bulging (bean pod) bulging fully ripe (bean pod) ripe (chayote, beans, fruit) x'ech'omaj ech'om tok'on xjomjom-ta'aj sk'a'al k'o' lo'ajtik xlo'et xpuk'tzaj OVERRIPE, ROTTEN spoil (beans stored too long) overripe, "past ripe" sweat and go bad rottenness rotten mushy rotting become mushy -choj chojol lisil pich'il potol CLUSTER, RACEME raceme (bananas) popapples, grapes or chayotes hanging from vine, "clustered" abundant (bean pods on vine), in strings, fruit of sessile, round berries in thick clusters, "hanging down abundantly" clustered (coyol fruit) NUMBER 35 481 voj vojol cluster (cherries), raceme in cluster (grapes, bananas) chan-tzelav chinaltik chinil bujul chinil vatal chinkul chinkultik ch'itil ch'ulul moroch'tik spat ox-tzelav polajtik p'alp'axtik oy stzelavtak oy xxulub pach'ajtik stz'ayayet ujkumtik votol SURFACE four-sided (ch'ilim te', spotted scarlet runner bean) bumpy, rugose rugose (negrohead soncoya, quince) bumpy, rugose (negrohead soncoya, quince) bumpy, rugose (negrohead soncoya, pineapple, orange, sweet lime, cherimoya) bumpy, rugose bristly (castor bean, yuch' max) smooth (apple, papausa) with rough surface (xk'un bean pod) three-sided ribbed (pumpkin squash, green fig) bumpy with ridges (banana) with two projections (cosmos seed) flat (melon, gourd, squash and marigold seed, scarlet runner bean) glossy (muk'ta ik' x'ak'il) rough (mandarin, orange, avocado, mamey sapote, blackberry) bristly (pine cone, negrohead soncoya) pis-tonan taki-moch'an taki-sot'an taki-tzinan stzin sba stzotz sba DRY dried up (if doesn't ripen or is picked too young) dry and curled up (bean pod) dried up dried up (if doesn't ripen or is picked too young) dry up. cf. taki-tzinan dry up. cf. taki-tzinan lukluk milmil milajtik mit'-jol mit'mit' CONSTRICTED constricted (banana) constricted (water gourd or pumpkin squash neck) constricted in the middle or with tapering top (pumpkin squash, water gourd), "constricted head" constricted BENT moch'ol netel xot-jol xot-nuk' xotxot curled up (bean pod) (neck of gourd) with top twisted to side (gourd, pumpkin squash), "twisted head" with top twisted to side (gourd, pumpkin squash), "twisted neck" with top twisted to side (gourd, pumpkin squash), "twisted neck" 482 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ANTHROPOLOGY tu'ul tubtub tubul PEAR-SHAPED (avocado) (pear, avocado) thick-necked (water gourd) k'ol-bek' k'olol LOOSELY ENCLOSED IN CAVITY (avocado pit) (avocado pit) xchujal chujil sk'oxil tuch'ajtik STUNTED (apple, mango, pear, peach) (apple, mango, pear, peach) (apple, mango, pear, peach) barely appearing, then dying ch'och'omtik xjoch'in naka xa spat li'i RIDDLED riddled with holes (gourd) become worm-eaten worm-eaten (beans), "this is just the skin' DENTED, BITTEN, BROKEN, SLICED, SPLIT sbi sba be skinned sjav split in two (orange, melon, mamey sapote) javemik sbek' bean that has split and emerged, "its seeds are split" sjech' bite a piece out of (fruit, squash) sjech'benal chunk cut out of fruit inadvertently (chayote struck by machete) sjis cut in chunks (squash) xkachluj splitting open suddenly (papausa) kaval split open (end of chayote, overripe papausa) sk'aslajet cracking repeatedly (young bean pods) -k'os piece broken off (banana) xlaj ta sotz' be bitten by bat (white sapote, banana, peach), "be finished by a bat" majbil bruised, "beaten" xpotz'k'ij dent (gourd, any fruit) xputz'k'ij dent (gourd, any fruit) xp'at split open (bean or olnob pod) ssep' cut in two (squashes) -set slice (pineapple) sset slice (pineapple, squashes, radish) ssil slice (melon, watermelon), break into sections (citrus fruit) xt'il split (bean pods) svoch'be spat break open (nut, peanut, peach pit, mamey sapote) svok'olil damage, "its broken part" xxet' break or cut in two -xet' chunk (squash), half (fruit) NUMBER 35 483 xyayij syayijel xlikp'uj yalel linlin slisanlisan t'uyajtik xt'uykin sba yalel vitil xchajajet xchijijet xchararet xcherchon xchilchon xk'olk'on be damaged (fruit), "be wounded" damage, "its wound" HANG, DRAPE stretch downwards (watermelon squash on vine) heavy with fruit drape heavily here and there (beans on plants, peaches or avocados on tree) hanging on long stem (chayote) hang down lower (squash) hanging (single fruit) SWISHING (beans being poured) (beans being poured) RATTLING (dry bean pods) (cracked gourd) (seeds of field mustard, marigold) (pit of avocado, or mamey sapote when picked too young) sjis xkokoj xlilij xlinp'uj slisp'un yalel x'uchib x'unen-p'aj st'ulajet st'iislij xyal yuchal DROP strip off (rain and wind) drop off (all peaches when knocked down by hail, all fruit when ripe) drop off (all peaches when knocked down by hail, all fruit when ripe) drop off (all fruit before ripe, knocked down by wind or hail) cause to drop (opossum) yellow (peaches, apples, white sapotes that drop before developing) drop before developing (peach), "fall young" fall by themselves (many fruit) fall by itself yellow (peaches that drop before developing) xbajluj sputzlij sputz'lajet ssomlij xt'uslajet THUDDING plopping (hawthorn apple) thudding suddenly (chayote) thudding thudding softly (chayote falling in high weeds) plopping ABUNDANT lisil nikil (fruit on Christmas tree) (fruit on tree) 484 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ANTHROPOLOGY nitil pirn tz'uyul (fruit on tree) abundant (fruit on tree) kajajtik ssat yalal matzal VISIBLE with its fruit lying visibly (young squash on vine) peeping forth (young squashes, gourds, chayotes) xbusk'ij busul xji'jon k'echel tokol tzelel tzopol xyemyon yomol PILE pile up (fallen fruits) in large pile piled on ground (rotting fruit) in pile (greens, flowers) in large pile in large mound in large pile (fruit, chilis) piled on ground (rotting fruit) in pile (lead tree pods, flowers, firewood) -kot -P'ej -set CLASSIFIERS FOR FRUIT (chili) (most fruit including peanut, seeds) (pineapple, potpot paxak') OTHER banajtik jalajtik sjotz' joy kotol xk'ask'on latzal lek ve'elil ssat lo'bajel lo'balal mu xjav ta javel oy xxulub pach'ajtik xpaninaj pech'ajtik pek'el pirn pitajtik xpuklij sp'ejan xp'ol ta pikel large (squashes) (chon la), "woven" pull out (squash seeds) thin (rind) lying (chili) tearing off readily (string of bean pod) lined up close together (beans in pods of cow pea or scarlet runner bean) be good to eat (unfamiliar fruit), "its fruit is a good meal" edible fruit edible it doesn't split apart (batz'i turasnu) with two projections (cosmos seed) flat (melon, gourd, squash and marigold seed, scarlet runner bean) sweat (fruit ripened in pine needles) flat (chon la), "flat" low thick (rind) swollen (healthy ibes pod) be grabbed up set down multiply (beans that seem to multiply after being flailed or that swell after being cooked or that do not run out), "it multiplies at the touch" NUMBER 35 485 p'osajtik ssayson tan pukuk toyol uinbil vach vuchul yalel toyol smuk'tikil short and hollow (bean pod) weightless (wormeaten beans) beans scattered around the house (by chickens or people) or mixed with dirt, "ashes, dust" high strung on a necklace (choch, eucalyptus, hawthorn apples) fruit joined together, "twin" sitting (gourd) some little, some big (fruits on tree) xlajajet xlememet xte'ubtasvan xmakesvan ssit'esvan ACTION UPON MAN Stinging, Prickling, Cause Swelling prickly sensation (caused by touching chayote, ch'um? te' ch'o fruit) stinging or smarting (pain caused by chili in eyes) stiffen person's penis (peanuts) cause constipation (pumpkin squash that is too "hot," many potatoes, tobacco, highland black beans) cause swelling (too much chicha, tobacco when thanks are said for it, highland black beans) Corn Root sba yisim sbaj yisim yexpulal yok yibel yisim yixkulal stz'un sba prop root, "its first whisker" take root, "nail its roots" prop root, "the spurs of its foot" root root sprout, "its whisker" prop root take root firmly, "plant itself ch'ulul yok k'ajben sk'ajbenal lokom pek'ex yok p'ajlep p'osajtik stzatzal yok sva'leal Cornstalk smooth-stemmed (lowland com, black com, sakramen? tual ixim, ye tz'i') stubble stalk of mature plant stunted "short-stemmed" (dwarf com) com plant that sprouts from fallen kernel thick (young cornstalks), "chubby" with down on stem (highland com) cornstalk, "its sugarcane" CORNSTALK PARTS yakan yav syial ska'av spolav k' stzek ajben intemode furrowed intemode where com ear rests, "place of young com ear" node furrowed intemode where com ear rests, "stubble's line" sheath 486 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ANTHROPOLOGY chak-pujan k'an-ch'etan k'an-loman k'an-petzan k'an-poman sak-valan sak-vayan yax-balan yax-chajan yax-ju'an yax-k'utan COLOR brown (stunted com plants) yellow (cornfield ruined by rain) yellow (seared cornfield) yellow (com plants with roots that have been eaten by grubs) yellow (cornfield covered with weeds) white (seared com plants) white (seared com plants) green (cornfield) green (well-weeded cornfield) green (cornfield) intense green (cornfield) CORNSTALK STAGES stzo' koktik ech'el sjoloval kakantik ech'el jchukbenaltik ech'el jlotz'optik ech'el jnekebtik ech'el xjaxet ta jjoltik ximuketotik o jpajtzajel 'at our calves" 'at our knees" 'at our waist" 'at our armpits" 'at our shoulders" 'rustling at our heads" 'we are buried in it" 'full-grown" TINY, RUNTY ulajtik x'ultzaj ch'etajtik t'enajtik votzvotz tiny, but may still grow become runty runty runty runty GROW UPWARDS CROOKEDLY ka'-ni' ske'an yok skejan sba xkejk'uj smech sba smechan sba (com that has been broken and resumes growth), "bent tip" (flattened com), "bend its stem" (flattened com), "kneel" (flattened com) (com beaten down by wind) cf. smech sba Bow DOWN, FLATTEN, BREAK je'el ska' xk'as lok'el xchi'uk yajnul k'asaltik sk'asan sk'asank'asan k'asbentik bowed down (heavy-laden stalk) double over (wind) break together with ear (com being doubled) broken break many (com plants) (wind) break (com plants) here and there with some (com plants) flattened and others standing NUMBER 35 487 xk'iet sloman ta tek'el mokajtik sne'an sba muyel snel nijantik spak pak'al spuchk'inan spux stek'an xtomk'ij xtomlajet stusan komel svayebin svoch'ilan voch'ol te' vok'ol te' xvuk' xvuk'uk'et vuk'ul chevel swept (com by wind) step on (horse or cow flattening com plants) with tips cut off (com eaten by horse or cow) (flattened com that seeks light), "go crooked and upward" flatten (cornfield) bowed over here and there double over (wind) flattened (cornfield) push down (com plants) (wind) double over (wind) step on (mule flattening cornfield) break (cornstalk in wind or when being doubled) cracking (weak cornstalks in wind) leave stretched out in pile (cornfield flattened by wind) knock down (cornfield by wind or animal), "make into a sleeping place" break down (cornfield by wind or cows) broken (cornfield when plants are knocked down in every direction), "broken wood" cf. voch'ol te' be leaning over (cornfield) windswept (cornfield) pointing in every direction (wind-damaged com), "flat? tened and lying" SOUND AND MOTION xchajchon xchajlajet xchak'ak'et xjochochet xkikiket xla'lajet xlap'ap'et xlininet xpaVluj ssokoket ssukuket xtal xbat xvak'ak'et xvereret svoch'och'et xvuyuyet xxiket swishing (com being carried, dry com plants) swishing (com when person walks through field) rustling (com planted too close together so the plants strike each other) scraping (com stubble dragged on ground) swaying back and forth in unison (healthy com in wind) swaying (com plants) rustling (young com plants) rustling (falling com tassels) exploding (young cornstalk heated under fire, also when taken out and struck with rock) (child's game) rustling (seared com plants) rustling (com plants in wind, when all move together) moving back and forth (com stubble in wind) rustling (young com plants) rustling (one or two leaves of com, com stubble in wind) crackling (dry com husk or leaves when stepped on) swaying precariously (cornfield in wind) moving back and forth (com stubble in wind) kayantik kaybentik xkayet WITH GAPS (planted row where plants have died) (row of com) (row of com) 488 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ANTHROPOLOGY petzantik pich'antik p'ejantik taman tamkan tek'antik stek'eltek'el vichajtik vichil svotzolvotzol Too WIDELY SPACED, SPARSE sparse (sprouts) sparse sparse sparse sparse sparse sparse solitary (sprouts) pak'al sukul Too CLOSELY SPACED too closely spaced too closely spaced xnatub pak'al ta tz'i'lel xpimij tz'i'lel somol ta tz'i'lel sukul ta tz'i'lel WEED-CLOGGED grow spindly (unweeded com) weed-clogged have weeds grow thick "buried in weeds" weed-clogged abol sba chak' sk'ak'al yo'on xch'ajub chkap xkuch yu'un mas lek xa'i ch'ok' xtavan xa'i stoy sba EMOTIONS 'it suffers (unweeded cornfield, com that is spilled and stepped on) 'it gets angry" (com that stops growing) 'it grows lazy" (com that stops growing) 'it gets angry" (com that is not weeded) 'it endures" (com that grows even when it is only weeded once) 'it feels better" (com plant that is well-weeded) 'it cries" (unweeded com, com that is sold to a government warehouse) 'it is tired of it" (com yellowing on steep slope) 'it is rebellious" (com that is not weeded) sbek'in chopol kiximtik ch'abal yikatz chobtik xch'ay sba ja'al t'omol sjip ssat lek kiximtik snach'an sba xpajtzaj LIFE AND DEATH provide good yield our com is bad (when there are few ears) fail to produce ears, "the com field has no burden" fail (com farming) thick and healthy (cornstalk) produce mature kernels our com is good (when the kernels are developed) sprout and wither, "peep out" stop growing (mature plant) NUMBER 35 489 pero mi ja'uk j-ch'ix ajan muk' bu iyak' ta yeik ti xchobike xp'ich lok'el tal sp'ichan sba xp'ol xp'ol ta pikel totzol xt'inlajet tajpattik st'uj sba st'uslajet tajpattik xve'baj fail to produce ears, "but not even an ear of com was given to their mouths by their cornfields" emerge from ground sprout and wither proliferate multiply (com or beans that seems to multiply after being flailed or that swells after being cooked or that does not run out), "it multiplies at the touch" flourishing (cornfield with ears), "crested" thumping our backs (ears of com in flourishing field) be selected out (com that grows or fails to grow because of poor land) thumping our backs (ears of com in flourishing field) consume souls of com (jjuch'nom com) xchololet juljul xkayet korixmatikil chobtik sk'am slomollomol petzel to ssayson sujom potol xpul vo'tikal chobtik xulul yech kotol chaval OTHER standing in rows of equal height (young com) poking upward (com plant stripped of leaves by sheep, cow) with irregularly-sized clumps dry season com (irrigated) coil (stubble that is coiled by horse's or cow's tongue to facilitate chewing) each of many plots (of growing com) still unharvested, "still standing" wormeaten fast-growing (kvarentano ixim, sakramentual ixim) clumped (plants that have sprouted from buried corncob) sprout thickly rainy season cornfield cf. juljul with irregular growth (cornfield) xch'iomal lek jamalik lek pocholik lek xekelik Corn Leaf first foliage leaf wide (healthy com plant growing in fertile ground) wide (healthy com plant growing in fertile ground) wide (healthy com plant growing in fertile ground) CORN LEAF STAGES bichilik lavuxtik pichilik potzolik xlap'ap'et xkunlajet 'poking up" 'nail-like" 'poking up" 'clumped" 'gleaming" 'unfurled" 490 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ANTHROPOLOGY muchul xmuruch'ib snup' sba valalik svaltzan CURL UP curled up (leaf of a seared com plant) curl up (leaves affected by uch) curl up (seared leaf) curled (leaves of plants just beginning to be seared) curl up xk'anub yanal xmuy yuchal sak-vaytaj stzajub yanal COLOR have leaves yellow (com that matures and dries) yellow (from excess humidity) turn white (seared com plants) have leaves redden (leaves of com that stops growing in mid-course) sjek stzekin komel stz'al sba OTHER strip off strip down to the sheath (hail, caterpillars) become ridged (lowland com leaves in the sun) stz'utujal Corn Flower com flower CORN FLOWER STAGES sbal sba x bal tzaj stz'utujin chbik'taj sni' lansatik balalik chlilij jlilijel chtitij jtitijel flower flower flower "its tip is getting smaller" "spear-shaped" "tubular" "it is bursting open" "it is bursting open" (same stage as above) "it is bursting open" "it is bursting open" (same stage as above) ch'ixil ixim snak'obal ryox xojobal ryox Ear of Corn "handspan com,' com that is not going to be flailed "god's shadow" "god's sunbeam" altal xcha'al chib sjol chib lotol chikin t'ul TYPES com with two ears inside on husk, "altar" ear of com lacking kernels on one row, "its metate" ear with two tips, "two headed" two ears of com with separate husks emerging from the same node, "two paired" very large ear of com in ajan stage with upper leaf sheath NUMBER 35 491 ch'o ixim joj jov ch'ut jjuch'nom mayol me' ixim sme' oxib sjol pich' jojoch' pik' -ch'ut tot ixim spreading open to suggest rabbit's ears, "rabbit ear" ear with silk wrapped entirely around it or with silk emerging from each kernel, "mouse com" ear of com split in two, "raven" ear of com with several rows lacking kernels, "split belly" split corncob or ear with no kernels on upper end, "grinder" ear of com lacking its cob in the "neck" of the ear ear of com with 2 or 3 tips, "mother com" cf. me' ixim ear with three tips, "three-headed" tiny ear of com devoid of kernels, in long husk, "lumpy com husk" ear lacking kernels in the center of the row, "toothless belly" 2 or 3 ears with separate husks growing from same node, "father com" yaseroal bakal sbaklel xchak xchilopal xcholav xchu' xch'ut yibel jojoch' jarina sjoch'al sjoch'il jojoch' sjol sjol sjuxal sk'a'al sk'a'epal slokomal smach'ach'ul matz' snexal snuk' yok jojoch' pajayom spat xa spolav ssat ssolepal PARTS OF CORNCOB, KERNEL, ETC. very starchy, nearly transparent edge of kernel, better, heavier, "its steel" corncob corncob bottom of corncob, "its ass" hollowness (wormeaten com), chaff "its splinter" row of com kernels, "its row" milk, "its milk" middle of corncob, "its belly" attachment stem, "root of com husk" dust (wormeaten com), "flour" dust (wormeaten com) dust (wormeaten com) com husk com silk, "its hair" tip of corncob kernel, "its head" skin of com kernel enclosing kernel com chaff, rotten kernels, "its rubbish" com chaff, "its rubbish" ear of com with very thin undeveloped kernels poorly developed kernels skin of com kernel after it has been ground com silk section of ear towards the far end if lacking its cob there, "its neck" attachment stem, "leg of com husk" partially developed kernels com that has had the insides of the kernel eaten by weevils, "its skin now" furrow between rows of kernels, "its row" kernel, "its face" chaff, white matter, "its chaff 492 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ANTHROPOLOGY ssolilal ssolipal stokal tuxum stzakleb ixim stzuk'al unenal xxik' syol chaff, white matter, "its chaff chaff, white matter, "its chaff mixture of red and white kernels, white at end of kernel, "its cloud" ear of com with few kernels attachment stem, "com joint" com chaff, "its forelock" center of young com, sprouts of com that appear after mouse has eaten plant skin of com kernel, "its scale" embryo of kernel, "its heart" chak-ch'etan chak-nexan chak-sulan chak-tzopan chak-vitan chak-yeman ik'-chunan ik'-jeman ik'-majan ik'-tukan ik'-yeman k'an-bek'an k'an-busan k'an-butan k'an-jeman k'an-ji'an k'an-jochan k'an-k'ian k'an-pochan k'an-soyan k'an-tzopan k'an-xojan k'an-yeman pinto sak-bek'an sak-busan sak-butzan sak-chajan sak-jeman sak-ji'an sak-kunan sak-k'ian sak-laman sak-tzopan sak-yeman COLOR red (com silk) brown (com silk) red (com silk of young com) red (com in pile) brown (com silk) red (pile of com ears) black (com silk) black (com in large piles) black (ear of com hanging downwards) black (com silk) black (com in pile) yellow (com kernels) yellow (com kernels in pile) yellow (com ears in pile) yellow (com in large piles) yellow (com kernels or ears spread out) yellow (com husk) yellow (com spread out) yellow (com husk) yellow (hanging seed com) yellow (com in pile) yellow (com husks) yellow (com in piles) striped, spotted (com ears) white (com kernels) white (piled com) white (com silk) white (com in net) white (com in large piles) white (com kernels, ears or cobs) white (com) gleaming white (expanse of com) white (expanse of com kernels) white (com in small pile) white (com kernels or ears in piles) ik'al jol chu' ixim CORN SMUT com smut, some say it is inedible, "black head" com smut, "com breast" NUMBER 35 493 xchu' stokal cf. chu' ixim com smut, "its cloud" EAR OF CORN STAGES y> tzajal jol muk'tik yi me' yi cham-jol muk'tik me' yi chu' ixim jayal ajan jayel ajan ik'-chunan ch'ix-majan ajan yikatz och k'on k'an-pochan vojton immature ear red silk larger immature ear half-grown dried silk, "dead hair" larger half-grown ear milky com (can't be shelled) thin-kernelled ear (that still will mature) (same stage as ch'ix-majan) cf. jayal ajan black (silk) (same stage as ch'ix-majan) "standing up" (yajnul) soft mature ear when plant has ajan, "its burden" beginning to yellow (husk) yellow-husked dry mature ear but'-jol xchujal chujil jich'il jol mut sk'oxil t'enajtik t'uchajtik yijil KINDS OF EARS with kernels to the very tip (580 hybrid) runty runty slender runt when ear has dried, "bird head" runty runty runty, barely appearing, then dying thick chijil chojol je'elik je'je' jechelik xjipjon leklek sba slisan lisil mach'optik majmaj milmil snuk' mit'mit' snuk' pik'pik' xch'ut soyol tz'uytz'uy ASPECT with many ears in cornfield hanging down (seed com hung on rafters), "clustered" large ears, leaning far to side at 45 degree angle upwards leaning far to side at 45 degree angle upwards leaning far to side at right angles swaying (com ear hanging down) beautiful (long ears) be heavily-fruited hanging down in abundance (com from rafter) shriveled up (ear with shrunken, tiny kernels) leaning downwards at 45 degree angle lacking cob towards the far end, "constricted neck" lacking cob towards the far end, "constricted neck" ear with com smut, "its belly is toothless" with com husk spread open (ear of com on stalk that has not been doubted) leaning downwards at 45 degree angle 494 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ANTHROPOLOGY vava yalal matzal ye'elik ye'ye' upright beautiful (young com ears) large ears, leaning far to side at 45 degree angle upwards leaning far to side at 45 degree angle upwards -chol -ch'ix -k'os -petz -poch -P'ej -tek' -tel CLASSIFIERS (row of kernels on cob) (ear) (piece broken off) (plant, including when stubble) (com husk) (kernel, stalk) (plant, clump of plants) (stalk) yikatz cha'-koj cha'-tz'ol j-koj j-tz'ol juljul te' yolon yi ox-koj ox-tz'ol tuk'il te' yuchal xokol k'ajben xokol te' EARS ON STALK soft or dry ear of com on stalk, "its burden" com stalk with two ears, "two levels" com stalk with two ears, "two levels" com stalk with one ear, "one level" com stalk with one ear, "one level" barren com stalk, "branchless tree" lower and younger immature ear of com on stalk, "low" y? com stalk with three ears, "three levels" com stalk with three ears, "three levels" barren com stalk, "straight tree" stalk that never develops yi barren com stalk, or stalk that has had ears stolen, "empty stubble" barren com stalk, "empty tree" ach' ixim ech'om ixim jabil ixim jun-abi ixim mol ixim poko' ixim xchibal jabil ixim SHELLED CORN first year com or com whose husk is still yellow and can't be husked yet, "new com" second year com, "past com" second year com, "year com" second year com, "last year's com" second year com, "old com" second year com, "old com" third year com, "second year's com" SEED CORN aven yavenil jun-abi tz'unubil ovol soy tz'unubil replanted com com for replanting second year seed com, newly planted com highland seed com seed com "last year's seed" NUMBER 35 495 joy latz pacha pajal pejajtik ton volajtik KERNEL SHAPE thin flat very thin and wider than long long and pointed large and thin round, "stone" round xchik'inaj x'ech'omaj xpusinaj takin yU RIPENESS sweet (ripe com) spoil (com stored too long) sweet (ripe com) ripe ripe (too old or dry to eat on cob) mach'optik ssut ssat SHRINK shriveled (drought, excess humidity) xkajtzaj ssat GROW mature, "its kernels rise' xchajajet xchijet xchijijet sji' sba xjininet xjoch'jon skap sba xpukij xpukuket tan pukuk xtananet xtanij xyemet syi' sba syuk'sba CORN KERNELS OR COBS IN MOTION whishing (com kernels falling) whishing (falling com kernels) whishing (falling com kernels) slide down (corncob) thudding (ears of com being poured into bag or falling by themselves), swooshing (kernels) scratching (rat dragging com husk, wind moving husk) get mixed together (different kinds) scatter, spill sliding, scattering com scattered around the house (by chickens, people) or mixed with dirt, "ashes, dust" scattering spill, scatter sliding slide down (corncob) spread level (com in bin) tey t'enel t'uchul yikatz stuchan st'enant'enan st'uchan PRODUCE SMALL EARS have produced many small ears, "its burden is small' produce small ears which still may grow produce one short ear after another produce small ears 496 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ANTHROPOLOGY OTHER chepel jal snitvan ech'el mas sjayillighter xjech'jon jomoch' jomjom jomom xnik pech'el j-p'ej panin tijtij xve'baj ve'bal ixim mas yalalheavier ovol sit'ilik xa, xjip xa yisim tied bag last for a long time, "pull person far" (com kernels) crunching (weevils) riddled musty cf. jomjom sweat and be weevil-eaten (com stored in house), "it moves" cf. chepel one kernel, one bag of com dough, i.e., bag of com that is destined for immediate consumption rather than for sale exhausted (com supply) be eaten (by weevils) com to be eaten (as opposed to seed com) (com kernels) Stages of Growth CORN planting now (the kernels) are swollen, now it has put forth roots, xlok' xch'iomal bichilik, lavuxtik, pich'ilik xatal potzolik xa, xchololet xa, xlap'ap'et xa, lek xa xvinaj lek xa xkunlaje stzo' koktik ech'el po'ot xa sjoloval kakantik ta sta sjoloval kakantik, sjoloval kakantik ech'el, sjoloval kakantik xa smuk'ul ko'tik ech'el po'ot jchukbenaltik jchukbenaltik ech'el, ta sta jchukbenaltik, jchukbenaltik xa jlotz'optik ech'el jnekebtik ech'el, jnekebtik xa ech'el ximuketotik o, ximuketotik xa o, ximuketotik o xa, lek 2 days lowland, 4 temperate, 8 highland its growth appears now they are nail-like (1") 5 lowland, 10 temperate, 15 highland they are clumped now, they form a row now, they are gleaming now, they are easily visible now (when 2nd level leaves) (reseeding time), 8 days lowland, 15 temperate, 20 highland now they are unfurled (when 3-4 levels of leaves which touch ground) (first weeding), 20 days lowland, \l/2 temperate, 2 highland at our calves (seldom said) they are almost at our knees (first weeding), 1 day(s) lowland, 2 temperate, 2'/2 highland it reaches our knees, now it is at our knees (second weeding) it is at our thighs 3-4 days it is almost at our waist (second weeding), 2 days lowland, 3 temperate, 3'/2 highland it is at our waist, it reaches our waist, it is now at our waist it is at our armpits (seldom said) it is at our shoulders, 4-5 days we are buried by it, we are buried by it now, we are well-buried by it, 4-5 days NUMBER 35 497 ximuketotik o xjaxet ta jjoltik jpajtzajel xa, xbik'taj xa sni', lansatik xa balalik xa, xlilij xa, xtitij xa, jlilijel xa, jtitijel xa, jtz'utujinel xa jyianel xa, vajal ta yi, nap'ajtik xa syial tzajal joltik xa muk'tik xa syial me' yitik xa, cham joltik xa muk'tik me' yi xa ik'-chunanik xa, ch'ix-majan, o xa jayal ajan lek xa ajan, yu'un xa ajan, chapal ta ajan yijil ajan xa och k'on, k'onik xa jujuntik xk'anub xa k'an-pochanik xa, o xa vaj, lek xa ta pakel, ch'abal xa ajan takinik xa, stak' xa k'ajel k'ajoj, maj-'ixim it rustles at our heads, 4-5 days it has stopped growing now, its tip is getting smaller, (its tip) is like a lance now, 4-5 days (its tassel) is tubular now, it is bursting open now, it is floweing now, 4-5 days now it has young ears, it is studded with young ears, its young ears are sticking on, 4-5 days now its hair is red, 4-5 days its young ears are big now, 8 days it has big half-grown ears now now (the silk) is black, now it has thin kernels, 8 days now its ears are fine, now it has ears, its ears are ready now, 8 days now its ears are old, 4-5 days the yellow is beginning, a few are yellow now now they are yellowing, 8 days now they are yellow, now there are tortillas, now it is good for doubling, now there are no ears they are dry now, now they can be harvested harvest, flailing lechelik xa slekikil, lek sepelik chak' xa sni' nat xa batem sni' tzakal ta j-mek sni' lekik xa ssual, ta xnichin chyal xa p'ejantik ssat, ta xyal ssat xach'alik xa yunen sat, ichil ch'um ch'um xa busul ta j-mek yak'oj xotolik xa snuk' banajtik no ox PUMPKIN SQUASH now (the leaves) are paired well, they are well-rounded now it has produced sprouts now their sprouts have gone far their sprouts have grown together (the ends of the vines overlap) now it has many flowers, it flowers now a few fruits are lowering, its fruits are coming down now their little fruits are stretched out, young pumpkin squash now there are (mature) pumpkin squashes it has produced piles (of fruit) now their necks are twisted they are just lying prominently SUMMER SQUASH, WATERMELON SQUASH lechelik xa slekikil, lek xa sepelik chak' xa sni' lekik xa sni' tzakal ta j-mek sni' chak' xa ssual, xyal snich o xa ssual chyal xa ssat lekik xa ssat, ichil mail now (the leaves) are paired well, now they are well-rounded now it has produced sprouts now it has many sprouts their sprouts have grown together now it is budding, its flowers are lowering now it has flowers now its fruits are lowering now it has many fruit, young watermelon squash 498 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ANTHROPOLOGY banal ik xa slekikil yolel to ta xyal ta j-mek ssat lek islaman ta j-mek ssat now many (fruits) are lying prominently now many of its fruits are still lowering it has scattered many fruit lechelik xa slekikil chak' xa sni' lekik xa sni' chnichin xa o xa snich GOURDS now (the leaves) are paired well now it has produced sprouts now it has many sprouts now it is budding now it has flowers tutzulik xa yunen sat, xyal ssat now its little fruits are stubby, its fruits are coming down milajtik no ox snuk', unen tzu their necks are just constricted, little gourds lamal no ox they are just scattered melel slekikil, tzu xa they are wonderful, now (there are) gourds lechelik xa slekikil o xa sni' chnichin xa o xa p'ejantik ssat lek isatin lamal no ox sjay (or) spulon vo' TORTILLA AND DEEP GOURDS now (the leaves) are paired well now it has sprouts now it is budding now it has a few fruits it fruited well its gourds are just scattered istzak lum lekik xa sni', lek xa unenik sni' sk'an xa ste'el natik xa sni' ibat xa ta j-mek sni' chyal xa snich vol-nich xa lekik xa snich kavajtik xa yunen chak, unen ch'um te' lisil ta j-mek lek pirn ssatin mu to xti'van iyijub xa xti'van xa lek xa ta lo'el CHAYOTES it has taken root now it has many sprouts, now it has many little sprouts now it needs its tree (support), now its sprouts are long now its sprouts have gone far now its flowers are lowering now it is budding now it has many flowers now the little bottoms (of the fruits) are split, little chayotes it is hanging down now in abundance it is fruiting well it does not prick yet it is mature now it pricks now now it is good to eat BEANS ta ssit' sit'ilik xa isbaj xa yisim, ta xch'iomal kotolik xa tal, lek xa xvinaj lechelik xa xchololet xa (the beans) are swelling now (the beans) are swollen now it has taken root, its sprouts are growing now they have come up (with the beans) curled over, now it is fully visible now (the leaves) are paired now (the plants) are in a row NUMBER 35 499 yak' xa xcha'-kojol yanal yak' xa yox-kojol yanal yak' xa xchan-kojol yanal, chak' xa sni' tztzak xa sba likel stzakoj xa sba vol-nichtik xa lekik xa snich, jnichinel xa o xa jutuk pak'ayom, yunen pak'ayomal lekik xa spak'ayomal, unen chenek' sit'ilik xa sbek' yijik xa chlik xa k'anubuk k'onik xa takinik xa now it has produced the second level of leaves now it has produced the third level of leaves now it has produced the fourth level of leaves, now it has tips now (the plants) are beginning to grow together, now it has produced sprouts now (the plants) have grown together now they are in bud now they are flowering well, now it is a flowering plant now there are a few young beans, it has young beans now they have many young beans, little beans now their beans are swollen now they are mature now they are beginning to yellow now they are yellow now they are dried out o xa sk'elom, lek xa ta tz'unel chlok' xa tal lek xa xchololet lek xa ta lumtabel yok, lumtael vol-nich xa o xa snich tzsatin xa yijik xa, o xa ssat iyijub xa ssat, lek xa ta jok'el o xa sjol POTATOES now it has sprouts, now it is good for planting now it is coming up now they are in rows now they are ready for hilling, hilling now it is budding now it has flowers now it is fruiting now they are mature, now it has fruit now its fruit are mature, ready now to dig now it has tubers CALLA LILIES, LILIES, DAHLIAS, CHRYSANTHEMUMS, DAISIES istzak xa lum xchololet xa slekil batz'i potolik xa tal sni' batz'i lekik xa ta j-mek sk'an xa ak'intael o xa sbotonal lekik xa snich now it has taken root now it is in rows now it is sprouting in clusters now there are many now it needs weeding now it has buds now it has many flowers 500 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ANTHROPOLOGY lekik xa, istzak xa lum o xa p'ejantik snich pirn xa ta j-mek snich GERANIUMS, STONE CROP now they are fine, now they have taken root now they have a few flowers now it has many flowers GLADIOLUS, CARNATIONS, FEVERFEW (volita) lekik xa, istzak xa lum lek xa ta ak'intael yax-ju'an xa slekil lek xa ta lumtabel yok istzak xa sba lek o xa sbotonal lekik xa snich ijtuch'be xa j-tuch'el snich now they are fine, now they have taken root now it is ready for weeding now they are green now it is ready for hilling now they are growing together now it has buds now it has many flowers now I have cut the first cutting of flowers ik'al lum xk'a'-satij k'a'al balamil sk'a'epal yanal te' k'o' balamil oyyip Land and Forest FERTILITY "black earth" become fertile, "get rotten grain" fertilized ground compost, "garbage of tree leaves" fertile land be productive, "it has strength" javaltik juxjux kankan salal t'ant'an t'axt'ax vuxvux DENUDED eroded land (split) (dry season only), eroded "bald" deforested (mountain), bare of weeds "naked" denuded (dry season only), eroded ch'aj ch'aj balamil ch'ajil balamil k'anal lum mol balamil sovra osil t'int'in balamil tzajal lum UNPRODUCTIVE "lazy" unproductive land, "lazy land" (xolom, jom akan, mol tzib, pom tz'unun, ik'al te', te'el petet, poxil ik') cf. ch'aj balamil unproductive land, "yellow earth" unproductive land that has been planted for 3-4 years, "old land" unproductive land, "leftover land" useless land unproductive land, "red earth" NUMBER 35 501 pukuktik taki -balamil stakinal DRYNESS dusty stretch dry land dryness ach'eltik xak' syaxal nail vo' xyal syaxal yox HUMIDITY muddy stretch keep humid (by weeding with hoe), "give its greenness" rainy region, "house of rain" become humid, "have its greenness fall" humid, "green" chab-lum k'un-sat balamil puk-sat balamil xtuk tzatzal balamil yi' yij-sat yijil sat balamil SOIL QUALITY clay, "wax earth' (good, but hard to work, and if rains are heavy, crop will yellow) soft ground crumbly soil, "spreading-grained land" be crumbly hard ground sand hard ground, "thick grain" hard ground, "thick-grained land" bajiotik xchak osil chinkan tontik ch'ijil tontik ch'il tontik jamaltik jav osil jobeltik jutuk sbek'tal muk'tik ste'tikal yok osil osiltik pach'altik pimil vach'tik potrerotik stenlej stentej ti' nab ti * ti' be ti'ilti'il be t'inav osil t'int'in balamil tzellejtik tz'i'lelaltik tz'i'leltik LAND flood plain foot of slope, "land's ass" field littered with boulders rocky field pebbly place open country gentle slope grass land rocky land, "little flesh" with large trees foot of slope forest, open land plains, flat land thick low second growth pasture land flat meadow cf. stenlej river edge, pond edge trailside cf. ti'ti' be mound in flat land, "swollen land' cf. t'inav osil slope large expanse of weeds expanse of weeds 502 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ANTHROPOLOGY uk'umaltik unen 'osil unen vach'tik unenajeb unenal unenaltik vach'tik ve'eb vakaxtik yaxaltik river edge second growth, "baby forests" (pines, tz'utuj te', k'oxox te') young low second growth second growth cf. unenajeb cf. unenajeb low second growth, undergrowth, "twigs" (k'ol-k'ox, k'an-'ich, chii jabnal) pasture land, "cow eating place" meadow, humid stretch of land, "green expanse" ach' balamil yav chob bojbalal 'osil chavit chik'balal 'osil chobtik chukul sjiloal chuman te'tik iximaltik xjam balamil jamal sjiloal jap chobtik sjiloal kolem balamil sk'al xlebet lep'el yav chobtik slikbenal mol k'ajben livilik nichimaltik nichimtik yolon chobtik te'elal te'lalcf. te'elal te'lal k'ajben st'ab tzeil osil tz'unbaltik tz'utujtik xekajtik WORKED LAND, CORNFIELD virgin land, "new land" unplanted cornfield, "cornfield's place" felled forest irrigated cornfield burnt land cornfield with rows too close together expanse of stumps cornfield become open (land in dry season), "open land" with rows too far apart space between rows distance between rows communal land, all land during dry season when animals may roam freely, "free land" space between holes or clumps in same row (com, beans) forming broad swatch (land being cleared, weeded or hoed) the cornfield makes an open space (in the woods), "stained by the cornfield" space between holes or clumps in same row (com, beans) field planted for five or more years, "old stubble" too wide apart (rows of com) large expanse of cultivated flowers expanse of cultivated flowers space under the growing com plants, 'underneath the cornfield" felled trees, cleared field (before or after burning) field that has been cleared the previous year forming broad swatch (land being cleared, weeded or hoed) fallow land, "unripe land" orchard com field with tassels too wide apart (rows) NUMBER 35 503 sba osil kayejon -makel -nit -set yok osil tavlon PLOT top of plot fire lane stretch of land to be cleared or hoed simultaneously by row of workers patch of sloppy weeding large plot of land, cornfield foot of plot plot of land 100 x 25 armspans or 50 x 50 armspans, or land on which 1 liter of seed com can be planted bik'it ste'tikal chajal te'tik ch'ixtik ik'-kujan yolon jabnal osil mol osil mol te'tik montanya muk'tik ste'tikal petzantik xch'ixal pirn te'tik pimil yolon pimilaltik tojtik toyol osil tz'etobtik FOREST have small trees thin forest expanse of thorny trees (hawthorn, kevrajacha) heavy forest, "black underneath" heavy forest, "leaf forest" heavy forest, "old forest" heavy forest, "old forest" heavy forest, rain forest have large trees scattered thorn trees heavy forest heavy undergrowth, "thick underneath" heavy growth (forest or second growth) pine forest heavy forest, "tall forest" expanse of forest in area suitable for farming ik'-bujan ik'-butan ik'-juxan ik'-mit'an ik'-polan ik'-tanan k'an-bujan k'an-juxan sak-chapan sak-juxan sak-loman yax-ju'an yax-kilan yax-k'utan yax-t'aban yax-t'axan COLOR black (fire-burnt hill) black (fire-bumt hill) black (well-burnt field) black (ground) black (strips of burned land not uniformly burned) black (uniformly burned land) brown (eroded hill) brown (earth washed bare) cleared (weeded land) bare (land) white (expanse of flowering trees) green (meadow, forest) green (strip of land) intense green (fields) green (field) green (cleared piece of forest) 504 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ANTHROPOLOGY LAND USE Pathside plants are like second growth, but grow higher because the trails are like water drains. Pine forest after burning only becomes pine forest. Flowers shouldn't be planted in old corn fields as they're unproductive. Houseowners may say to a person borrowing their house, "bal xavak' ak'a'alik," "it is a help that you leave your fertilizer," i.e., his rubbish, his excrement to enrich the land. Climate MOON Stages: 1. ch'abal jch'ul-me'tik, "no our holy mother" ta lum to jch'ul-me'tik, "our holy mother is still on the ground" 2. yunenal jch'ul-me'tik, "our holy mother's infancy" 3. o'lol jch'ul-me'tik, "half our holy mother" 4. xetxet to jch'ul-me'tik, "our holy mother is still chipped" po'ot xa chnoj jch'ul-me'tik, "our holy mother is about to fill" 5. sset xa sba jch'ul-me'tik, "our holy mother is round now" lek xa xp'ejet jch'ul-me'tik, "our holy mother is good and round" 6. ssutp'ij xa jch'ul-me'tik, "our holy mother is returning now" xetxet xa jch'ul-me'tik, "our holy mother is chipped now" ssut xa jch'ul-me'tik, "our holy mother is returning now" 7. o'lol jch'ul-me'tik, "half our holy mother" Stages 3-7 are considered sufficiently yij or full to permit planting, harvesting and wood-cutting. If the crescent or gibbous moon is pachal, "horizontal"?no rain. If the crescent or gibbous moon is tz'e'el, "vertical"?rain. When the moon is tz'e'el it looks to the ocean (nab sk'el). Hail is a punishment. Dew (yov osil) will cause a tool to rust or the blade to soften if left outside overnight (chmajvan) DRYNESS chk'ep stop raining, clear chlaj ta k'ak'al be damaged, "by drought, "die from the sun" chva'i k'ak'al have severe dry spell in rainy season, "the sun stands up" NUMBER 35 505 sjis chlaj ta ach'el chlaj ta k'onom chlaj ta uch lek chak' vo' toj mas chak' ch'ul-vo' WETNESS strip (leaves, flowers, fruit) be too wet, "die from the mud" be killed by June bug grubs be killed by yellowing be rainy, "it gives rain properly" be too rainy, "it gives too much holy rain' sjis sk'as ska' chlaj ta ik' taki-"h' svuk'es W I N D strip (leaves, flowers, fruit) break double over wind damage, "die from the wind" drying wind flatten xak' skak'alil ik'al taiv chlaj ta taiv jmilvanej xmuy ta te'etik FROST cause to wither, "it gives its heat" invisible killing frost, "black frost" be frostbitten, "die from the frost" killer to affect the trees (heavy frost), "it climbs up the trees" chik'-'osilik korixma k'ajojtik k'epelaltik ovoltik pak'-chobtik tz'un-chenek'tik vo'tik Season burning season (April) dry season harvesting season (November-February) dry season planting season (March-July) doubling season (8 September, Natividad-mid October) bean-planting (30 August, St. Rose-21 December, St. Matthew) rainy season akapulko alku' moch almasiko abono anob amero asaluna avolajebal avono bauobil Tools, etc. double-bladed machete basket with handle, "arch basket" seed bed 1 m square, handspan high of black earth with sheep manure, may be edged by rocks or occasionally logs fertilizer hewing or carving instrument (axe, chisel) leather or net com threshing sieve 1 m square, 40 cm deep hoe gourd net or shoulder bag for seed com and beans cf. abono whisk broom to clean foreign particles from com, gourd to skim off foreign matter from food, "skimmer" 506 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ANTHROPOLOGY ????: ? : < - S . ' ^ ; \ B FIGURE 23.?Tools: A, ax, ek'el; B, machete, machita; C, weed-clearing hook, karavato; D, billhook, luk. bantera bareta bareta tak'in bek'ob k'a'ep bote busanobil xchajobil chaka' asaluna chichinobil chijobil chikin te' chik'ob ak'al chik'ob met strip of cloth to scare marauding birds digging stick, length depends on height of user, used 2-3 years crowbar for digging up rocks in cornfield branches used to sweep up rubbish, forked stick to rake up com stubble 3-5 liter com measuring can mat or bag for piling com and beans on, "piler" closely knit net or metal strainer for winnowing com or beans weeding hoe stick for knocking down peaches, wire strainer for separating chaff from flailed com, gourd strainer or plastic mesh bag for com gruel, vokol ich stick for knocking down peaches stake with branches (used to set or hang pots on), "ear tree" wood for making charcoal, "charcoal burner" wood for roasting maguey, "maguey burner" NUMBER 35 507 FIGURE 24.?Tools: A, planting stick, bareta; B, rake, moch te'; C, pick, piko. chik'ob tan chik'ob volol ch'ulob te' ek'el esteron 47 gramoksone j at obal jik'aobil jimich' jimich' te' jit'ob joch'ob jok'anob ve'lil jorkata sju'obil juch'ob kalax karavato wood for burning lime, "lime burner" pine bark for firing clay whistles, "whistle burner" instrument for planing or smoothing (ax, machete) ax broad leaf herbicide brand broad leaf herbicide brand deer bone or wire com shucker closely knit net or metal strainer for winnowing com or beans, "winnower" sling made of woven grass for throwing stones throwing stick (for knocking down mangoes, avocados, wasp nests) vine or twilled grass for house, fence, etc., "lashing" piece of metal used to scrape up weeds, "scraper" tripod for cooking in fields, "food hanger" forked pole used to lower fruit-laden branch bowl in which herbs are crushed, stick or bowl used to crush dried chili, "crusher" mill (for removing com husk, for com, for sugarcane) card (for wool) forked stick used when clearing weeds with machete, or for picking fruit 508 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ANTHROPOLOGY FIGURE 25.?Tools: A, weeding hoe, chaka' asaluna; B, cultivating hoe, asaluna. karavato te' kayejon koyin kriva k'ajavebal k'atal te' k'ebob k'etanobil sk'okobil k'ox machita sla'obil lavux te' cf. karavato 2-3 armspans wide fire lane long, single-bladed machete, "Collins" screen for winnowing com and beans net or plastic bag for holding ears of com, com shucker, "harvester" horizontal rail of corral or fence, pole of bottom of bed or of com bin bin or bag that com is poured into, mat that com is poured onto, "pourer" mat or bag on which com or beans are piled, "piler" forked stick for picking peaches, pole with wire bag at end for picking pears, "picker" short single-bladed machete, "small machete" fork of tree used to secure object for bending or straightening, "bender" stakes used in brush fence or in fence against which dirt NUMBER 35 509 FIGURE 26.?Sling, jimich'. :^r:y^. ^x^jrx FIGURE 27.?Mouse trap, petz'. 510 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ANTHROPOLOGY FIGURE 28.?Dove trap, syakobil. lebal nuti' lechanobil likbil moch lfkido livra lona luk ma'ltaob mach-te' machita majob majob chenek' mak mok makob sat ixim mankera is piled to reduce erosion, wooden peg for shingle- roofed house, "nail tree" wide-meshed net in which com is flailed bowl for beans, etc. basket with handle herbicide scales; 3 gourds on string for measuring butchered meat when bought by many for All Souls' Day canvas sheet billhook watering can, "waterer" rake (for com stubble, weeds, underbrush) machete flail, threshing net, "beater" bean flail (1 armspan long) branches used to make fence impassible, "fence shield" plastic sheet or blanket hung around threshing sieve, "com kernel cover" water hose NUMBER 35 511 FIGURE 29.?Water gourd, tzu. mastiko max-te' me' yakil vo' mes semet seed bed cf. mach-te' starter for chicha (roasted dry com on the cob or charred piece of sugarcane), "mother of entangling water" griddle broom 512 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ANTHROPOLOGY A B FIGURE 30.?Gourds: A, soul-recalling gourd, ik'ob bail tzu; B, rattle gourd, tzu skventa sot. FIGURE 31.?Ceremonial rattle, sot. NUMBER 35 513 FIGURE 32.?Tobacco gourd, tzual moy (stot). FIGURE 33.?Tortilla gourd, k'ox jay. mesob jol bakal mixobil moraleta mulino nail chobtik broom used to sweep bits of corncob off com that has fallen through sieve during flailing, "sweeper of corncob heads" gourd or cup from which dregs are removed from posol and formerly from com gruel or in which posol and com gruel are mixed, "mixer" plastic net handbag com grinder, gasoline-driven com grinder sleeping hut near cornfield, "cornfield house" 514 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ANTHROPOLOGY FIGURE 34.?Basket, moch. NUMBER 35 515 naylo net'ob vaj sni'obil yoyal arnero pak'anob parto pasob kanal pasob sibak patob vaj pertilisarite petz' pitzob ton polvo potob nichim poxil pulatu pulob ul pulob vo' pulobil spuntal chobtik p'ilom te' p'isob sp'uyobil senya yosil sinta ssuk tanke tasa tasob te' kaxlan te'el alampre ste'el chenek' te'el chenek'ul vaj ste'el chobtik plastic sheeting tortilla press forked pole used to pull down branches to reach fruit each of 4 threshing platform posts, 1l/2 m should not be too high lest all the chaff and corn's soul be lost. banana leaf on which tortilla is patted straw mat (folded and sewn to make bag for storing com or beans) hoe, "profit maker" half gourd used for making gunpowder, "gunpowder maker" cloth on which bean tamales are prepared, "tortilla mold" fertilizer to trap a rat, a rock a handspan and a half in length, and a handspan and four fingers in width is rubbed on the ground to smooth it. A stake is planted at one end of the rock. False mallow bark is tied to the top of the stake and to a bunch of weeds at the far end of the rock. Com kernels that have been roasted to add fragrance are tied to the bark. The rock is rested on the bark, and, if necessary, a second rock is placed on top of it. More com and com kernels are blown under the rock. When the rat cuts the bark, the rocks fall on top of it. crowbar, "rock digger" insecticide, fungicide circle of stakes for supporting cultivated flowers fungicide, herbicide, insecticide, "medicine" clay soup bowl, bowl for displaying produce gourd for dishing out com gruel, "com gruel scooper" old gourd used by women washing at stream, "water scooper" oak leaf used to scoop up water to drink, "scooper" stick to prop up fallen com plant snare (for rabbits, dogs, doves or quails) (dogwood). The snare many hang in the air so as to catch the animal around the neck and strangle it, or be laid on the ground to catch the animal live by the feet measure for com or beans stick or bowl used to crush dried chili, "crusher" mark on trees to show boundaries of plot to be cleared double-bladed machete stopper (traditionally made of com husk), branches to plug hole in fence water tank enamel bowl for washing hands, for pozol spoon used to lift food out of boiling water so that it can be picked up in the hand chicken roost barbed wire fence post bean pole (batz'i te', dogwood) pieces of wood placed in pot to separate layer of tamales stick to prop up fallen com plants 516 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ANTHROPOLOGY te'el ch'ojon tak'in te'el pisil vaj te'el pixalal tek'obal sternal te' ti' be tileb k'ok' transkwat tul t'ujob tzalobil tzobob chenek' tzobob k'ajben tzobob tzo' ka' tzual moy tzual vo' tz'abuobil tz'ajob stz'ajobil tz'etob te' yual te' uch'obil va'anob vajob vakax te' vara vok'ob osil vol ak'al volob vompa vutz'ob vux ton xach'ob xxijobil xik' xik'-te'ob xonjolil te' xotob xulob telephone post pieces of wood placed in pot to separate layer of tamales palm woven into hat for reinforcement ladder arbor, 1 m high, covered with leafy branches for the rainy season so earth does not wash away from seed bed. Also used for chayotes, watermelon squash, and popapples "tree bed", gate, "path door" kindling, "fire burner" narrow leaf herbicide brand stirring rod, 2 handspans longer than depth of pot basket in which cobs are kept after being flailed to be checked to see whether they have any kernels still attached, "chooser" hoe for leveling ground, ax for dressing log, "leveler" cup or basket for holding beans when harvested, "bean collector" rake, "com stubble collector" basket for holding horse manure, "horse manure collec? tor" tobacco gourd water gourd gourd for skimming up clean water or tasting com gruel com starch for breaking in pot pot used to soak vines prior to use as lashing, "soaker" ax, "cutter" stick fastened to dog's neck to prevent it from chewing the rope which ties it to a tree and keeps it from marauding the cornfield oak leaf used to scoop up water to drink place against which firewood is leaned, prop for fruit-laden branch, "leaner" old pot or box used as seedbed and kept under the roof overhang (for mint, carnation, yellow chili), raised plot of ground used as seedbed, palm frond used to spread steam in steambath), "sow" tripod for cooking in fields, "cow tree" stick used to level com in kvarcha te4, kvarto almul large-bladed hoe for preparing soil for planting charcoal wrapper (oak leaves) wrapper, (mexican coyote brush, tzelo-pat, wax myrtle, ajval te' branches to wrap flowers) weed sprayer rope, forked stick or rock used to bend down whetstone tree or post to which rope or wire is tied while being stretched or straightened, "stretcher" flail used to tamp down com in bag prop for house or for heavily laden branch cf. xik' wooden pillow long enough for two, formerly used forked stick on which vine is rolled, "roller" thorn (hawthorn, kevrajacha) used to extract snail from shell NUMBER 35 517 yakob mut syakol syakobil yat yavlito trap (to catch doves alive) trap (to capture doves alive) cage the size of a large almud measure is made of com stubble and propped up with a stick or held up by a string, when white-winged dove touches stick or string the cage falls. The dove is killed or raised. stick or string of bird trap, "its penis" hand truck (for transporting firewood, etc.), "little devil" sboj boj-'osil xkankon snul ssesulan xt'ajluj xt'ajt'on tz'etob xxaxulan Agricultural Activities CHOP chop chopping ringing in the distance (ax) chew (with dull ax that does not bite), "gnaw' chew (with blunt ax) resounding suddenly (ax striking hard wood) resounding suddenly (ax striking hard wood) chopping chew (with blunt ax) xlom ta ek'el xlom ta luk slomes stijbe yalel FELL fell with ax fell with billhook fell fell spaklu spuxli FELL FOR FENCE (by cutting trunk only partially), "fold" (by cutting trunk only partially), "fold" xchajchon sjaxlu sjis skech skup sk'as sk'asbe sni' smatz'ulan smiltzanbe snuk' mu xak' skamul pasbil ta kapon sp'asulan ssep'ulan ssoka CUT, BREAK, TEAR swishing (billhook, machete) cut at an angle (slip) strip off (fruit, flowers, leaves, pine needles), tear in strips (palm) slice off (with hoe or knife), taper (log) saw break (cornstalk, banana), tear (palm strip) break tips by mistake (watermelon squash, beans) stick (ax) cut all the way around trunk, "constrict its neck" difficult to chop, "it doesn't give chips" cut back (watermelon squash and chayote first sprouts), "castrated" cut into short pieces (felled branches) cut into many pieces (felled branches) cut down undergrowth (with billhook or machete before felling large trees) 518 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ANTHROPOLOGY stzeptzon stzuktzon svel vel -k'ajben vel-vach' hacking (ax cutting grass, or machete) pliable (soft wood being cut; x'ukun) cut (weeds, underbrush) cutting of com stubble cutting of underbrush xch'ul sk'aba svel LOP OFF BRANCHES cut off cleanly cut off leaving spikes cut off, leaving tree standing sk'al slok'be xch'ut spoch lok'el stotz st'ol FLAKE OFF, CHOP OUT peel off (lead tree pod, bark), cut (pine shingle) (pine chips from standing tree) (pine chips from standing tree, bark) flake off (section from pine tree), peel off (bark) sp as ssep' stuch' CUT IN LENGTH short lengths (tree, sugarcane) (small tree cut with a machete) (medium to large trunk) sjav sli' tajavel ssil st'ox SPLIT (wood) split apart (wood) split in wide strips (palm strips for tying branches or flowers), splinter (pine) split xak' yelav aven xch'amun yolon xchob xch'ol 'ech'el -koj -k'ex -lorn -moj smuk smukilan ovol spetzan ssalbe ovol PLANT when land is flat enough to permit planting, "give face" replanting of com, cabbage, kale, carnation, feverfew (volita), one week after initial planting plant one's bush beans in another's lowland cornfield, "borrow underneath his cornfield" (beans) (1-2) plantings (1-2) plantings (1-2) plantings (1-2) plantings (1-2) plantings (potato, pit), "bury" plant slips (apple, elderberry, sakil k'os), "keep burying" com planting replant (com; if too many shoots in clump one is pulled up and replanted when xkunlajet) finish com planting hurriedly NUMBER 35 519 ssom ta avel stani stek'an stz'apbe ovol stz'un -tz'unel svaj xxijbe ovol xxojbe ovol plant without weeding or clearing com stubble (com, beans), "bury" plant carelessly (com, beans), "scatter" cf. spetzan plant, "pierce with com" plant planting (com, flowers, peaches) sow (coriander, chili, flowers, cabbage, field mustard seeds) plant, "ram in seed com" plant, "insert seed com" TRANSPLANT xch'ak sk'extabe yav stzopan transplant transplant transplant PLANE xch'ul spas ta parejo xan remove bark and branches, plane, "make even" hew "smootheri BREAK GROUND AND WEED xakinaj sbal xch'oj xjoch'jon sjos josiav chenek' sjoy-sati sjur ta majel skomtzan taak'in skul ta majel sk'al slech slilin lilinbil -lorn smel-vok' melbil xpak'pon spas ta parejo pechajtik pol-sat potbil ta o'lol spuch' ta majel weed make tubular pile of weeds dig each hole only (for calla lilies) clanking (hoe on rock) weed before planting beans weeding before planting beans, "bean scraping" weed around each plant (leaving the rest unweeded) hack at sloppily (weeding with hoe, machete or billhook) leave undisturbed at weeding (tontikil ch'aben, batz'i ch'aben, amaranth, bean, watermelon squash, pump? kin squash, gourd, field mustard, kale, chikin chij, mikulax itaj, marigold) hack at sloppily (weeding with hoe, machete or billhook) weed alternate rows (lazy person) hoe up without shaking out dirt hoe, shaking out dirt weeds shaken out of dirt (1-3) weedings hoe (leaving no rows unfilled), "break evenly" hoed (leaving no rows unfilled), "break evenly" hoeing ineffectually when ground is very wet, "patting" level, "make even" left lying on ground without being shaken out (weeds) have just the row hoed, "lined face" well piled in middle, between rows (weeds) hack at sloppily (weeds or grass with hoe, machete or billhook) 520 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ANTHROPOLOGY sputz pon ssalbe ak'in ssujilanbe sk'ak'al tanultik xtek'van stotz st'ab balamil st'ust'on stzeptzon svalk'un svok' osil yech istek'an xchob hoeing ineffectually when ground is very wet, "patting" finish weeding hurriedly cut weeds quickly so they will dry out, "speed its heat" scattered (weeds) have weeds grow too high to be cut, "step on person" dig up (weeds without knocking out dirt) rake even (seed bed or field for radishes, cabbage, kale, flowers) hoeing hoeing turn over (weeds without knocking out dirt) "break ground" fail to weed cornfield, "he just stood up his cornfield" DOUBLE sbek' xcha'-jok'an xchik' ska' sk'ej spak spux ssalbe ka'el ssalbe pakel ssalbe puxel brush together and insert (leaves of com plant being doubled) hang up again (cornstalk that has snapped when doubled) insert (leaves of com plant being doubled) double over (stalks, com) push aside (leaves of com plant being doubled) cf. ska' cf. ska' finish doubling hurriedly finish doubling hurriedly finish doubling hurriedly SPREAD OUT sk'i syi' spread flat (beans, com, chili, coffee beans, squash or gourd seeds) spread flat (beans, com, chili, coffee beans, squash or gourd seeds) cf. sji' CROOKED sjam sba sjol xluktzaj xmechtzaj sne' sba sjol snup sba sjol sse'ub ssokilan 'abtel xxekp'uj xxotk'ij syub sba sjol go apart (end of rows during planting), "its head is opening" go crooked (planting, hoeing) go crooked (end of row during planting) go apart (end of rows during planting), "its head is crooked" go together (end of rows when planting), "its head meets" go very crooked (planting, hoeing) hoe or plant very crooked rows, "keep wrecking work" diverge (rows of com) go slightly crooked (row) go together (end of rows when planting), "its head closes up" NUMBER 35 521 xkajtzaj xti'ilaj COMPLETE Row reach end of row "go to the edge" spej lok'el spetz lok'el spitz -pitzel sp'ichulan DIG UP dislodge (stump, com stubble, stone, tethering post with hoe or ax head) (tree, plant) (tree, plant) (to transplant) dig up (grubs eating com roots) sjotz' ovol sjotz' k'ajben sp'ichu stok' SCRATCH UP, PULL UP scratch up com (birds, raccoon) pull up com stubble pluck out (seed com, young com) (birds) pull out by the roots (radish, field mustard, young com, bush bean plants) sbul cha'-tuch'el chan-tuch'el j-tuch'el sjech sjek sjotzanjotzan sjok' sjos sk'aj xchob sk'as sk'asbe sni' sk'ok xk'uxk'ulaj slilin slok' jobel slok' trigo smeltzan yixim ox-tuch'el -poj xp'ajesvan ssalbe k'ajel sset xtitetite HARVEST, PICK (kidney beans, bush beans, coriander, calla lily, baby's breath, radish, shallot, field mustard, cotton), "pull out" two pickings (gladiolus, feverfew /volita/) four pickings (lily) one picking (baby's breath) (yolon yi, com ear), "rip off (young unen mu), "rip off pull up one after another (bean plants) (potatoes, chayote root, soaproot), "dig up" (kale, cabbage) (com, com on the cob) (coriander, mexican tea, ch'aben, carnation, lily, fever? few (volita), squash flowers and tips when stolen), "break" (wild nightshade) cut (flowers), pull off (fruit, cabbage leaf) glean (com, beans, coffee, gourds, pumpkin squash, watermelon squash) shake down (peaches, beans) cut thatch reap wheat harvest one's com, "make one's com" three pickings (lily) picking (flowers) drop (fruit for person standing beneath tree) finish harvesting com hurriedly cut off level with ground (pineapple, chayote or watermelon squash tips, maguey, cabbage) walking about picking (large ears of com) 522 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ANTHROPOLOGY stok' stuch' stuch' ta kuchilu stul pick (cotton) (flowers, pole beans, faba beans, mint, piper, coriander, cotton, mexican tea, squash flowers and tips, ch'aben, chayote, chili, tomatoes, squashes, gourds, peaches, beans, greens) cut with a knife (gladiolus) pick (fruit, nut) slok' ssi' ssa' stzob GATHER firewood (religious official) gather (firewood, pine needles, greens, fruit or flowers, plants, pine boughs for curing ceremony or religous decoration) gather (fruits fallen to ground, many tomatoes, squashes, scarlet runner beans, gourds, or potatoes and chayote roots that have been dug up, firewood) sbul sjech sjek skay slatz' spul ssoles ssoy-pati stok' STEAL pull up (cabbage) rip off (ear of com, flowers, kale, cabbage, beans, fruit) rip off (ear of com, flowers, kale, cabbage, beans, fruit) filch (com, beans from bag), pull off a few (ears of com, beans) stick in between (stolen com ears hidden in bundles of firewood) filch (com, beans from bag) remove (ear of com from husk leaving husk almost intact), "drop" cf. ssoles pull out of the ground (potatoes) xchuk'ilan ta majel svej ta majel svit ta majel xxul ta te' STRIKE FRUIT keep knocking on ground or rock (child with apple, adult with watermelon squash or pumpkin squash) strike hanging pair of fruit or many fruits strike hanging fruit poke upwards with a stick (fruit on branch, chayote, young watermelon squash so it will fall) xcham ta majel xchamcham ta majel chamem xchep ta majel ta anil xch'ej ta majel ta anil xch'oti x'ixin sk'ut smaj SHUCK, FLAIL, SHELL shell easily (com being flailed), "it dies from a beating" shell with difficulty (com being flailed), "it barely dies from a beating" well-flailed flail quickly (a few ears of com or beans in a net or bag) flail quickly (a few ears of com or beans in a net or bag) shell (fresh com with one's fingers) shell (picking out kernels with one's fingers) shell by turning the ear with both hands flail NUMBER 35 523 snib spoch lok'el sputz' ta majel sp'itesanbe ssat st'ab st'ech ta majel ta anil st'ex ta majel st'us ta majel wet and smooth (ground on which flailed com is to fall) shuck flail with difficulty (beans, com) make a lot jump (com or beans being flailed) wet and smooth (ground on which flailed com is to fall) cf. xchep ta majel ta anil cf. xchep ta majel ta anil flail (com, horse, cow or sheep manure) WINNOW xchaj xji'jon sjik'a svel winnow to remove dirt by shaking in net (leftover com, beans of poor quality) lying unwinnowed (com, beans) winnow by shaking in basket, shovel or screen (com, beans) fan (chaff) WATERING ma'ltaej-'itaj ma'ltaej-nichim stik'be ya'lel watering of cabbage watering of flowers irrigate, "put its water in" SOAK ssit'es st'ub (seed com, beans) (yam in dye, barrel, leather in water) sjit' sset xxot COIL, ROLL lash with vines (house and walls, corral, fence) (woven palm strip) (vine) PALM WEAVING sjal jich'il sjitz'jon skitz'be skitz'kon sp'ichbe xp'ichp'on ssol xtilet yij weave thin (14 armspans) squeaking (when being pulled) make squeak squeaking (when being pulled) flick flicking come unrolled (woven palm) come unrolled (woven palm) thick (woven palm strip sewn so that much is hidden; 11-12 armspans) xch'etetet sjop CARRY carry on back with net or with one arm bent over shoulder supporting load (thatch, com stubble, twigs) carry armfuls (weeds, bush bean plants, stubble) 524 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ANTHROPOLOGY skuch sk'ech slatz' spet spoy ech'el stin ta kuchel carry with tumpline (firewood) carry crosswise in arms (weeds) or with one arm flexed carry under one arm (short sticks interspersed with long ones) carry in both arms (bag) carry off on shoulder (tree) carry on back with net or with one arm bent over shoulder supporting load (thatch, com stubble, twigs) xch'ol skokon sk'eb POUR pour into bag, basket, storage pot or bin, on mat (com, beans) empty onto or into (com, ears of com, fruit, beans) pour widely into bag, bin, basket, on mat (grain, fruit) sk'et slup spul SCOOP UP scoop up in hand (com, beans with gourd, basket, spoon or shovel) cf. spul (com, beans) (often to exchange secretly for cane liquor, etc.) TIE xchep -chep xchuk -chuk spech' stz'al -tz'al tie in bundle (firewood, pine tips), tie (bag of com) bundle, bag tie in bunches (flowers, thatch, pine boughs, stubble) bunch tie in large bundle (thatch, flowers, firewood), tie (bag of com) tie in bundle (heavy firewood, flowers) bundle slatz slotz STACK (boards, ears of com in pot or bag, firewood) (boards) sjop -jop sk'et -k'et smich' -mich' syom -yom HANDFUL hold cupped in both hands handful (2 hands) hold (handful), cup in hand (tobacco, beans, com) hold in two hands that meet or in fist (greens, flowers, sticks, lead tree pods, thatch, stubble, pine kindling) hold in both hands, but that don't meet (flowers, weeds, pine tips, stubble, thatch) bunch, bouquet NUMBER 35 525 -bus sbusan -kun skunan xkuni -k'ech sk'echan -k'et sk'etan -pot spot spotan stokan -tus stusan -tzop stzopan tzopol syoman yomol SMALL PILE, NEAT PILE pile pile (com, beans, pine needles) pile pile (com, beans, pine needles) be piled (com, beans) neat pile set down in neat pile (firewood, flowers) (com, beans) set down in neat pile (gourdful of com, beans) pile gather together in pile (wood, stubble, pine needles) pile up (ears of com, firewood, beans) set down pile (firewood, com, fruit) (twigs, stubble) set in neat pile (firewood, flowers) (com) set down in pile in a small pile (com) set down in neat pile (flowers, weeds, pine tips, stubble, thatch) in small pile (stubble) spak'tzan yalel steman stzelan tzelel xvak'luj svatzan svotzan syeman LARGE PILE, MESSY PILE stamp down (pile of com stubble) make large messy pile of (com stubble, weeds) make large messy pile of (com stubble, weeds) large pile (stubble) clattering suddenly (wood being piled up) set down large pile (com stubble, twigs) set down large pile (stubble, leaves, pine needles) set down large messy pile (firewood, com, fruit) slok'es smanulan sba xnopvan snupin spas kanal SUITABILITY, PROFIT make produce well (com, beans, chili, cabbage, radish, flowers) keep being lucrative (com, beans, flowers) grow well under one's care (plants) be suitable (land for crop), "fit" render good harvest (any crop; lowland com and kidney bean), "make a profit" MOVING CONCEALED ssomson ssukson (in weeds or underbrush) (in weeds or underbrush) sluchan sba CLIMB perch, sit in tree 526 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ANTHROPOLOGY xnochlajet xt'ochlaj st'okan sba shinnying up (children in tree) scrambling up (children in tree) cling to tree top stakijes stakijes ta k'ak'al stakijes ta k'ok' DRY dry (wood, com, beans) dry in the sun (com, beans, chili, pumpkin squash seeds, gladiolus bulbs) dry by the fire (wood) xchik' osil snop' k'ok' xjatav xk'ak' kayejon k'ok' BURN bum forest light the fire run away bum fire lane fire balajtik si' t'oxbil si' vach' FIREWOOD small sticks split wood faggots jilo sjoy ta te' sjoyin ta ton skay lok'el sk'a'es sk'ej sk'ex sle' slilin slok'es li bik'ite sluch slumta slumtabe yok snet' snet' ta lum snitulan x'olin spas xchob spimubtas spoxta sset' ssomi OTHER row (com, beans, chili, coffee, sugarcane, flowers) corral (cabbage, lettuce, swiss chard), surround with stakes (coriander, mexican tea) surround with rocks (chuchu') thin (com, radishes, carrots) fertilize (sheep), cure (leather) store in small quantity (com, beans, chili) borrow (com, chili formerly, lowland beans, to be replaced later) pry open (com husk to see if ripe) shake down (leaves), shake out (bag) thin (radishes), "take out the little ones" prick out thorn with needle hill (potatoes, cabbage, kale, highland com by Chamulas and San Feliperos, carnation) hill (gladiolus, feverfew /volita/) push (avocado skin to see if ripe) push to the ground (felled trees, branches) tug (vine) camp by cornfield work in cornfield (clear, plant, weed, double, harvest) make thick or impenetrable (fence) cure (piss on chili plants), apply herbicide stick fingernail into (pumpkin squash, summer squash, watermelon squash to test ripeness) bury (mangoes or mamey sapotes in pine needles and set in sun to ripen) NUMBER 35 527 ssomta surko xtanij stiman stz'ak sva'an svaltzan sves svom xxij xxuj cf. ssomi row (com, beans, chili, coffee, sugarcane, flowers) spill (beans, potatoes, nixtamal) tie (loom to post), tether graft (peach trees) stand up (log) cause to splay (butt or stick) sweep up (logs in current), rake (weeds), toss off field (weeds, trees) perforate (wood) stamp down (com in bag) push (leaning tree) Grafting Hoeing Ripening Agricultural Techniques The slip to be grafted should not have leafed, the tree to be grafted onto should not yet be in flower. The graft is made 2 handspans from the ground. The tree is cut evenly across and a slice made down through the center. The slip is cut leaving just a thin section V2 inch long that is inserted at the edge of the trunk. The slip is 4 buds long. The top is cut at an angle. All cut areas are covered with beeswax and the trunk wrapped with a cloth "turban." flowers, cabbage, field mustard, coriander, radishes after All Soul's Day. Mangoes, mamey sapotes, bananas, avocados and chinin are placed in a hole lined with banana leaves, and the fruit then covered with leaves. This is done by a ladino owner. If fruit are brought to the highlands they are spat upon to ripen and placed in a bag or basket, covered with pine needles and set on the tile roof so the smoke will speed the process. Work and Attitudes towards Corn sba abtel xchak abtel te to xchik'inaj bek' at un bia! ich'ay-k'obij li j'ovole ep ibat yu'un sat ixim mu xich' ta k'ux yixim naka xchonel nom xkilet xkiltekflte mu xa sk'uxubinik, yech te xji'jon lek ve'bajel mi xana' xa'abtej kere! makbil the top of the field, "the work's top" the bottom of the field, where work begins "the work's bottom" "then the balls will certainly sweat!" (said to com farmers going to the lowlands to work) "the planter lost his touch, he let many kernels fall" "he doesn't care about his com, he sells it right off falling far behind work here and there haphazardly (planting, weeding, harvesting) "they don't care for (their com or beans) it just lies scattered" "there is good food if you know how to work, son!" (where the ground is fertile) harvested not by rows, "closed" 528 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ANTHROPOLOGY smeltzan chob prepare the com field snit lead o'lol k'obol boy who can only do half a man's share of work, "half a hand" laj spulanan lok'el yixim "he finished scooping out all his com" (he spent everything on cane liquor) isp'is sba ta vinik ismeltzan ep "he thought he was a man, he planted a lot of com, but he xchob pero muk' xlok' yu'un couldn't weed it all" ta sk'in ssuj sba "hurry mu sta li k'obole not keep up with, "not reach the hand" mu stabe sk'ob not keep up with, "not reach his hand" xtitetate work here and there haphazardly (planting, weeding, harvesting) stzak yabtel begin work, "grab one's work" Plant Pests and Diseases SCRATCHERS AND EATERS Com paca coati raccoon collared peccary white-lipped peccary deppe's squirrel boat-tailed grackle unicolored jay steller's jay green jay red-shafted flicker magpie jay orange-fronted parakeet red-eyed towhee yellow-throated brush finch black robin common bobwhite armyworm (xuvit) com earworm (tusino) com rootworm (xk'unuk') june bug grub leafcutter ant locust Chili Beans Tomato Pumpkin squash Chayote Banana Popapple young com ripe com young com, ripe com (near streams) young com, ripe com (near streams) " (most destructive) ripe com young com (most destructive) young com young com, seed com young com young com com ears young com young com iguana, (skin of fruit) green jay, oriole, boat-tailed grackle, deer (leaves), leafcutter ants (leaves and fruit) deer (leaves) (especially kantela chenek'), bean beetle (leaves) (especially kantela chenek') leafcutter ants (fruit) deer (leaves) gopher (root) gopher (root) gopher (root) NUMBER 35 529 Corral and Yard JTEK LUM Corral (yut koral, yut itajtik) Vines: watermelon squash Plants: cabbage carnation coriander field mustard garlic geranium goosefoot mint mustard onion radish Yard (yut mok) Vines: black pole bean (yut mokal chenek') blackberry (ik'al makom) chayote raspberry scarlet runner bean summer squash watermelon squash Trees: apple cherry hawthorn maguey peach (luranko, batz'i turasnu, sakil prixku', tzajal prixku') plum (tzajal and sakil sirvela) pokeberry prickly pear white sapote Plants: amaranth black mustard cabbage coriander com curly kale faba bean field mustard (kaxlan and ch'ix napux) husk tomato mexican tea marsh marigold mint onion potato radish swiss chard wild nightshade wild onion ELAN VO' Plants: coriander field mustard ground cherry mint wild nightshade JOK' CH'ENOM Vines: watermelon squash Plants: cabbage coriander field mustard NABEN CHAUK Corral Plants: amaranth cabbage chamomile fennel field mustard (ch'ix and ch'ulul) goosefoot kale (kulix itaj, sakil and tzajal kuruch' itaj) lemon grass marigold mint (batz'i alavena) radish (rabano, natikil rabano) rue tobacco turnip wild nightshade 530 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ANTHROPOLOGY Yard Vines: rose (red, white) Plants: blue lily of the Nile calla lily carnation chrysanthemum daisy feverfew (volita) geranium gladiolus (red, yellow) lily (sakil and tzajal asasena) SEK'EMTIK Vines: chayote ibes popapple rose scarlet runner bean summer squash and zucchini watermelon squash white pole bean Plants: amaranth mexican shell flower batz'i kampana nichim calla lily canna lily chamomile cherry tomato chili (k'anal and morte) ch'upak' coriander fennel field mustard geranium gladiolus (red, white) husk tomato lemon grass marigold mexican tea mint and penny royal P? pokeberry prickly pear (batz'i) me tobacco vixobtakil white lily wild nightshade wild onion Trees: avocado (batz'i on, tzitz on, tzitz) batz'i k'evex batz'i suil itaj castor bean cherry elderberry (batz'i and xutax) hawthorn juniper laurel peach (batz'i, prixku', luranko) piper reed sakil k'os tilil wax myrtle white sapote wild wintergreen Gathering The following wild foods must be bought from neighbors who themselves pick them: field mustard, black mustard, amaranth, coriander, mint, wild nightshade, husk tomato, cherry, x'ukun flowers. Trailside Shepherding Wood gathering cherry, blackberry, raspberry, hawthorn apples, poke? berry, sow thistle (chikaryo), pepper grass (pich'), uskun te', mexican shell flower Shepherds take pot, salt, chilis, tortillas and gather pokeberry or wild nightshade. maguey stalk (eaten raw in rainy season), lo'bol joj (fruits in January, arboreal orchid (in rainy season), madrone (in September), wild wintergreen (rainy season) NUMBER 35 531 Clearing Planting Weeding, Doubling Harvest chimpo paxak', potpot paxak', xantiya ak', lime (few) paxak' (fewer), lime (few) wild nightshade, chikin chij, mikulax itaj, ch'aben, mango, wild guava, ch'ilim te', nance, lime paxak' (fewer), wild nightshade, chikin chij and ch'aben (all fewer), maluk, paka' olnob, Woodcutting One man has motor saw. He cuts pine into 3 or 5 meter lengths then saws them into rafters, boards, two-by-fours, which he sells by the dozen. The motor saw may also be used for firewood and charcoal. Owner of finca rents motor saw. Charges $25 a tree. Charcoal Wood burns for 7-8 days. Then uncovered (sjotz'es) and put in (1) net, (2) basket, (3) bag. Sold the next day in San Cristobal, in street, at houses, in market. If charcoal seller goes on foot he carries charcoal in net. He may rent 1-3 mules. If he pays for truck he will take 6-9 nets. One bag charcoal sold for $60-$70. One net charcoal sold for $65-$80. One basket charcoal sold for $120-$ 150. Length of wood is 1 m 20 cm. Mule rent is $7 per net, $3 per bag. Truck fee is $14 per basket, $7 per net, $3 per bag. If net is carried on trail it takes 3 hours. Trees used are batz'i te', tulan, sap yok, chikin-ib. Wood is cut 1 m + 1 handspan long. If ground is even the charcoal-making spot is not dug up, otherwise it is evened out. The wood is piled up to a height of possibly 2 m with a hole left in the middle for the charcoal. The pile is covered with pine needles. On three sides logs are stacked up one deep and dirt is tossed into the crack between the pine needles and the wall. The top is covered with dirt one inch built up. A passageway for the smoke is dug under the bottom logs on all four sides, either in the center or at the corners. It takes from 1 to 2 weeks depending on the size of the pile. Charcoal is made by people of Elan Vo' and Chak Toj. A plot of forest may be "rented" or a tree ($40-$80) or a pile of wood (j-p'ej mukel ak'al?$50). A big tree can produce two piles. Batz'i te' and sap yok are softer. On te' may be added to the pile, but is not normally used. The wood is cut into logs 2 ax lengths long. The charcoal is usually made on a slope. The ground at the upper end is dug 3 handspans deep. A large pine log is left at the upper end and on the 2 sides (smak). The old dirt and ash are cleaned away with a shovel. Then the floor is covered with one level of straight logs 4" in diameter. Smaller logs are placed on the bottom because they bum faster. Before the logs are placed, 2 stakes with pointed ends (xiktaobil) are hammered into the ground at the lower end. They are elbow height. Three small stakes are placed at the upper end so the next levels of logs won't be flush with earth, and the smoke can escape. Little sticks 2 handspans long (sk'ux) are used to fill in the holes where the logs are not straight. The next level is of larger logs, but a space the size of one log in the very middle is left for the place where the fire will be lit. This is filled one level deep with little sticks, then charcoal (stileb) is piled 1 level deep, then 2 more levels of little sticks topped by a large log (smak k'ok'). Before the first level of little sticks is put in, a stick is stuck in at right angles to the logs on either side so they won't fall into the crevice. The logs on both sides of the crevice are increasingly large. The largest logs are rolled onto the top of the pile with the aid of 2 532 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ANTHROPOLOGY logs that are placed perpendicular to the upper end of the pile and serve as sleds (sbalalinobil). Two stakes are propped against the lower end of the pile, too, so the pile won't collapse when the large logs are rolled on. They are covered with 1 level of small logs (as on the bottom), topped by little sticks. The pile is now at about breast height, but the wood may be piled as tall as a man. Skinny logs 1 deep are piled 2 levels high at both ends. A log is placed against the 2 stakes at the lower end. A rock is placed in each comer. A rock is also placed at the center of the upper side so the logs wouldn't touch the earth. Mexican coyote brush and batz'i te' branches (with leaves) are stuck in between the pile and the enclosing logs up to the top of them, on all four sides. These sob prevent the layer of dirt from putting out the fire. Dry pine needles (svol) are piled on the top and sides and inserted in the holes at the ends. Then the charcoal is lighted at the end with a match and pine needles. Dirt (stenobil) is piled up to the height of the first enclosing log. Then a second level of enclosing logs is made and propped up with a stake at the middle of each log. A rock surrounded by sob is placed in each comer. Then a third level of enclosing logs. Dirt is piled in as each level is reached and then piled a handspan deep on the top, but deeper in the center. A smoke hole is dug under the center of each bottom enclosing log on each side. The pile is checked every morning and every afternoon to make sure that the sides haven't collapsed and that the center hasn't fallen in. If the wood is green it takes a week, if dry, 5 days. The charcoal is ready when the smoke stops. Charcoal is made throughout the year except in September and October when the rains may put out the fire. Charcoal used to be taken to San Cristobal by mule at the cost of $10 a mule. But now most people hire a truck for $400. The charcoal is usually unloaded at San Ramdn. Young girls clean away the pile of dirt, chop the small sticks, bring the branches and pine needles, and help the man place the large logs correctly. His wife lights the fire. Fencing akoja alampre mok chevanbil mok cholbil met jit'bil mok koral mok k'atal te' mok latzbil lum latzbil ton paklubil mok sukbil mok tz'unbalal te' ta mok yanal te'al mok gate with 5 rails and 2 perforated gate posts barbed wire fence brush fence lacking poles maguey fence pine slab, pole or stubble fence (lashed together) fence with just rails placed transversely fence with single rail set on forked posts sod wall stone wall fence with trees chopped part-way through and pushed over brush fence with posts elderberry fence, "planted trees in fence" brush fence FIGURE 35.?Elderberry fence, tz'unbalal te' ta mok. 533 NUMBER 35 FIGURE 36.?Felled tree fence, paklubil mok. FIGURE 37.?Brush fence, sukbil mok. FIGURE 38.?Maguey fence, cholbil met 534 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ANTHROPOLOGY ^L>-: FIGURE 39.?Sod fence, latzbil lum. FIGURE 40.?Fences: A, stone fence, latzbil ton; B, barbed wire fence, alampre mok. NUMBER 35 535 ?^0^^p^f0^ --...-ttst-fc--' 'iXfn x-x-^^K w^-~~-^'-*'*~ -'.'X'X''-:/'r^'^ B FIGURE 41.?Gate and fence: A, gate, akoja; B, plank fence, jit'bil mok. FIGURE 42.?Stile, moch te'. For a long-lasting wooden fence only heartwood should be used. In the Center and in densely populated hamlets, the fence type often varies every few feet with oil drums or whatever convenient piece of wood or junk interposed. House Construction 10-12 roof rods for hip-roofed house 16 tie beams for large house, 12 for small house (8-10) wattle 25 dozen poles for large house, 16 dozen for small house (7-12 doz) main roof beams?6.4 m long roof crest pole?fieldhouse?2 roof rods?4-8 (6-8), fieldhouse?8-10 each side 536 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ANTHROPOLOGY FIGURE 43.?Weaver in house yard: A, warping bar, komen; B, pole fence, jit'bil mok; C, loom post, jalavebal; D, pot stand, chikin te'. roof poles?8-10 dozen, fieldhouse?2 dozen each side lashing?10-15 rolls tie beams?4v (vara or yard long house)?4, 6v?6, 8v?8, fieldhouse?3 roof rods?4v?3 doz, 6v?4 doz, 8v?6 doz wattle?4v?3 doz, 6v?4 doz, 8v?6 doz (5 doz, 7 doz) mainposts?8, 12.272 m (3-5 m), fieldhouse?3 tall, 6 short thatch-^v?1200, 6v?1600, 8v?2400 (8 bok' or 3200) Green wood rots sooner (tulan heartwood better if green, won't rot in rainy season). Tulan lasts 15-20 years (only 8-10 years). If whole trunk is used it only lasts 2-3 years. Fieldhouse wood may be any as there is no assurance that land can be rented the next year. Mainpost is sunk 1 yard, wall pole is sunk 1 handspan. Lashing?dry vines are soaked in water. pech'-jobel pech'-mok pech'-na thatch lashing fence lashing house lashing NUMBER 35 537 FIGURE 44.?Roof plan of traditional house: plan of tie beams. HOUSE TYPE blokal na chukal na jit'bil na jit'bil te'al na jobelal na kuchomal na k'albil te'al na lagriyoal na pak'bal na tenel te'al na vakax na xamital na concrete block house hip-roofed square house house with pole or board walls lashed with vines cf. jit'bil na thatch-roofed house lean-to, shed shingle-roofed house brick house mud and wattle walled house plank-walled house hip-roofed rectangular house adobe-walled house chotleb chuk HOUSE PARTS roof beam plate 538 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ANTHROPOLOGY FIGURE 45.?Elevation of house frame: A, posts, yoyal na; B, tie beam, tz'am te'; C, roof beam plate, chotleb chuk; D, main roof beam, chuk. Posts delineate a front porch area. chotleb legra chotleb regla chuk eskina te' jit' na sjit'benal jit'ob na jol chuk rafter plate cf. chotleb legra main roof beam comer rafter lashing lashing lashing roof crest NUMBER 35 539 FIGURE 46.?Elevation of house frame: A, purlin, moriyo, B, cross piece, ka'. Four purlins are bound midway up the roof beams. The cross piece is tied to the apex of the A-frame. ka' skajleb k'albil te' lamina karton lamina tak'in lavux te' legra moriyo jol tzel oy regla inside pole of roof crest lintel shingle cardboard sheet tin sheet shingle peg tie beam of tile-roofed house purlin ridge pole mainpost cf. legra 540 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ANTHROPOLOGY FIGURE 47.?Roof plan of traditional house, A-frame and roof purlins in place: A, main roof beam; B, purlin; C, roof beam plate. sak-te' stenobil sjol tzakanob malku' tz'am te' umpral xul rafter of thatch-roofed house outside pole of roof crest (2) lintel tie beam lintel horizontal wattle on roof or wall NUMBER 35 541 FIGURE 48.?Roof plan with rafters in place: arrows point to rafter, sak-te' 542 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ANTHROPOLOGY FIGURE 49.?Roof plan with wattle in place: arrow points to watUe, xul. nsftfi FIGURE 50.?Elevation of traditional house in construction. Note how the construction of the smoke hole forms an even steeper pitched roof over the apex of the main roof. The lowest course of thatch has been partially trimmed. The pit on the side of the house provides the plaster of mud, pine needles and water. FIGURE 51.?Block house in construction: A, tie beam, legra; B, roof beam plate, chotleb chuk; C, rafter plate, chotleb legra; D, main roof beam, chuk; E, corner rafter, eskina te'; F, purlin, moriyo; G, ridge pole, jol tzel. 544 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ANTHROPOLOGY FIGURE 52.?Modern house and yard. bonobil u l ? Weaving dye com that has been ground once and boiled without lime, for starching and strengthening thread k'asbil chenek' pajal vo' pox ta'ajesbil met trago voy xekem ch'um xekem mail xekomal ch'um Food Preparation FOOD AND DRINK (other than com) string beans (pole bean and runner bean young pods), "broken bean" chicha, "sour water" cane liquor cooked maguey root cane liquor mamey sapote pit, toasted and ground and mixed with pamal ul small chunks of cooked pumpkin squash rind small chunks of cooked watermelon squash rind large chunks of cooked pumpkin squash rind NUMBER 35 545 xekomal mail yakil vo' yax-'ich large chunks of cooked watermelon squash rind chic ha fresh chili, "green chili" xbi bikiltik xbilet bilil chi' chi'-matz'an chi'-muan ch'a isis lek iximtik jik'ik' jomjom jomom juyul sk'aslajet k'ojoj xlaxet lo'ol mu xnap'non xnititet xnochochet xnop'lij nukultik xpajetaj pajpaj-'uman spaset poj pojpoj smuil putzul sapap sik-laman sik-lojan sik-t'ojan sitilik ta'aj xa TASTE, SMELL, AND TEXTURE become soft (com kernel when boiled in lime water) fibrous (pumpkin squash, watermelon squash when fleshy covering of seeds is still stuck on) slippery (com gruel that is not as sour as it should be) unpleasantly slippery (bertulaka) sweet, salty very slightly sweet or salty with delicate sweetness (yi) bitter (coffee, peach and cherry bark) not properly sour (com gruel) sticky (not too wet) (chayote, watermelon squash), "good and corny" acrid, suffocating (burnt com gruel or chili) musty (tortillas, beans) cf. jomjom soft (beans, watermelon squash, pumpkin squash, boiled peaches) crumbly (tortilla of highland com) acrid, suffocating (cane liquor, burnt com gruel or chili), sharp (garlic) slightly sour (com gruel) soft (sufficiently cooked beans) fragrant, delicious (coffee, orange leaf) sticky curdling (com gruel, squash, beans), "pulling" going sour (com dough), "sticking" burning (strong cane liquor) leathery (batz'i suil itaj, mikulax itaj, chikin chij) ferment, go sour (com dough, com gruel, chicha, cane liquor) fermented, sour (com dough, com gruel, chicha, cane liquor) fermenting (too much) sour spicy (ginger), "its flavor (or fragrance) is rather sour" hollow (tortilla), fluffy (bread) acid (oak and satin bark) tasteless (peach, apple, melon, watermelon, watermelon squash, pear, chayote, com on the cob) cf. sik-laman tasteless (com gruel) puffed up (bread) cooked (ready to eat) 546 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ANTHROPOLOGY taki-chivan taki-ch'ilan xtech'ech'ub xtech'ton tok'on xtonlajet tu stzajajet tze tze to stzeub tzij stzuktzon tz'ajbil svitikil volajtik vosajtik xvuch xvuk mu xvuklij xch'utit xakak xin xit'ilik yoxo' dried up (food whose juice has been evaporated by over-cooking) dried up (food whose juice has been evaporated by over-cooking) become tough (kale that does not cook properly) tough (kale that does not cook properly, watermelon squash and chayotes that don't soften, com that can't be ground because it hasn't split) cooked (ready to eat) hardening (beans that do not become soft when boiled, faba bean, young watermelon squash) stinky (bad food) beginning to ferment (com gruel, chicha) raw undercooked become inedible (beans that harden or cabbage that becomes bitter when boiled, com gruel that does not cook properly), "become unripe" rank rubbery (tortilla of highland com) brandied (peach, nance, apple, quince) stems of greens, some cooked and some not wrapped up (tamale) soggy (tortillas, toasted tortillas) puff up (tortilla) puff up (tortilla) doesn't puff up (tortilla of highland com) acid (maguey heart) sour (dough), acid flavor given to food by metal pot puffed up (bread) thin (posol, com gruel, vokol ich) SPLIT x'ex xjavlajet xp'at p'olox xtuk split open (com when boiled twice for posol, com dough) splitting (beans that do not become soft when cooked) split open (improperly ground com) with skin coming off (boiled com) split open (com for posol or jux, toasted tortilla, rice) split open (com for posol) SWELL xpuj-'ik'ij xp'olp'oltik ssit' xvoktzaj (weevil-eaten beans when cooking) proliferate slightly (dry com that swells when cooked) (beans or nixtamal in water) (weevil-eaten beans or com) COLOR chak-kavan chak-p'uyan chak-t'ojan red (sliced watermelon) red (chili water) brown (coffee or coca cola being poured) NUMBER 35 547 chak-voch'an chak-xet'an ik'-p'oxan ik'-sut'an ik'-t'ojan ik'-xet'an k'an-chavan k'an-jatan k'an-k'olan k'an-la'an k'an-nikan k'an-puk'an k'an-p'osan k'an-p'oxan k'an-sepan k'an-silan k'an-t'ojan k'an-xet'an sak-chak'an sak-let'an sak-pak'an sak-pisan sak-silan sak-t'uban sak-tzu'an sak-t'ojan sak-xet'an yax-bikan yax-butz'an yax-jet'an yax-set'an yax-t'ojan red (chilis in sauce) red (sliced watermelon) black (toasted tortilla) black (tamale wrapper) black (coffee or coca-cola being poured) black (sliced black sapote) yellow (sliced pineapple) yellow (melon slices) yellow (powder of achiote seed mixed with posol) yellow (tortilla) yellow (many toasted tortillas) brown (coffee or coca cola being poured) yellow (roasting ear of com) yellow (toasted tortilla, roasted ear of com) brown (sugar loaf) yellow (sliced melon) yellow (coffee, coca cola, or chicha being poured) yellow (sliced melon) white (com left in bottom of pot) white (spilt com gruel) white (inside of unripe watermelon) white (potato, cabbage) white (sliced melon) dirty white (chicha) white (shriveled chayote) white (com gruel still lacking sugar) white (sliced potato or cabbage) gray (overly thin com gruel being poured) gray (pile of washed potatoes) green (insufficiently cooked cabbage) green (sliced white sapote) greenish (com gruel flavored with marsh marigold) NUMERAL CLASSIFIERS -ulel -xet' -xut evaporation (water in bean pot, fast-cooking beans take 2-3, but slow-cooking beans, as muk'ta ik' bush bean, may take 6 potfuls of water) piece (bread) piece (bread, tortilla) xcho'benal sleslon let'el snap' sba xpok'tzaj OTHER QUALITIES peeled section (sugarcane, com stalk) bubbling (com gruel, nixtamal) spilled (small blob of com gruel, boiled squash) stick (to the griddle, as tortilla) sink to bottom of pot (cooked greens) slok'es smeltzan spas k'oxox spas vaj MAKE (tortillas, cane liquor) (bread) (toasted tortilla) (toasted tortilla) 548 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ANTHROPOLOGY spok ssap WASH wipe off, wash (squashes) (beans, nixtamal, potatoes, greens, tomatoes, tubers) sju snib sp'uy MASH, SMEAR crush in one's hands (medicinal herb), mash with spoon (chili) smear (beans and com with hands to make bean tamales) mash with back of spoon (chili, beans, tomatoes, potatoes), or if in lowlands with stick or butt of corncob PAT spak'an xt'axt'on (tortilla) patting xchik' ve'el sluch slup spul xxul ta vaj SCOOP UP dunk (tortilla in broth) scoop with rind (squash) (com gruel or cooked squash scooped up with gourd or spoon) com gruel or cooked squash scooped up with gourd or spoon (with a tortilla or toasted tortilla) sk'ut xxixin SHELL twist (corncob when shelling it) (com) sjuch' xketkon sketzbe skev slatz snoy spitz' sp'at xvesvon svoch' GRIND grind (a lot of dried chili for a large meal of potatoes, beans, watermelon squash, summer squash, pumpkin squash, chayote root or snails) grinding (com) slowly second time grind (com) second time ineffectually (young girl) grind (com) slowly first time (child, sick person) grind (com) a third time grind (com) a second time (sugarcane) grind (com) hurriedly first time grinding (com) second time slowly and ineffectually grind (com) first time, "break" sbakubtas xch'il COOK toast (toasted tortilla) fry or toast while stirring NUMBER 35 549 xch'ili sk'oxibtas slakan span sta'ajes svo toast on the griddle toast (toasted tortilla) boil, steam boil (squash, com on the cob) cook, bake toast on the coals sbutz' xjech'jon xk'avk'on sk'ux sk'uxbe xchob sliset ta ich slo' slo'be xchob slop ta uch'el sluch ta vaj smatz' snul sti' st'um ta ti'el stz'utz' xuch' sve' svinkil-lo' svinkil-ti' xxax xp'uvp'on ye xp'uvtp'uvte ye EAT suck (mango, mamey sapote, itzompi) gnawing (dog eating corncob), biting (person biting tiny stone mixed with beans or uncooked food) chomping (dog eating dried ear of com) (nuts, peanuts, toasted tortillas, boiled or roasted yi, green chili, com on the cob, seeds, sugarcane) eat one's com (dog in cornfield) sucking breath in and out after eating hot chili (fruit, squash, potatoes, greens) eat one's com (mule or dog in cornfield eating young com) slurp (cane liquor, posol, com gruel, squash, beans eaten by Chamulan laborers) scoop up food with tortilla or toasted tortilla chew (maguey, sugarcane, com stalk, guajilote, matz', ginger) eat clean (corncob, itzompi, mango pit, mamey sapote), "gnaw" (beans, chili, tomato, fried rice) crunch (green chili) suck (popapple, com on the cob) drink (rice porridge, coffee) (tortillas, bread, meal with tortilla) gulp down without a tortilla (greens, potatoes, water? melon squash, pumpkin squash) gulp down without a tortilla (meat) chew (vegetables, tortillas), pre-chew (tortilla for infant) chomping (horse, pig, or dog eating dry corncob) walking about chomping (pig eating peach pits) cha'-p'ej ta ak'el xchichin xchivu xcho' sk'aslajet sk'ok sk'ut slotz smas spajubtas spich' -pich' OTHER ACTIONS half fill (pot with dry beans) strain strip stem (chayote, watermelon squash) peel, husk, skin snapping (young beans, toasted tortillas) pull off (lump of com dough to be ground) twist into small sections (greens so they will fit into pot) stack (tortillas) remove from liquid (cabbage, com dough, ear of com) ferment make lump (com dough, com and bean tamales, beans) lump 550 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ANTHROPOLOGY spitz' spix spotz xpuki spuk'ilan sp'al lok'el ssut' xtani stas stotz st'ax an st'oj stzeubtas svok' squeeze (orange, lime, amaranth, pa'-'itaj) wrap (tamale) hold with pot holder (com husk) be served (com gruel, tortillas given to people by stewards) test ripeness by squeezing (mango, mamey, avocado, white sapote), test if cooked by squeezing (chayote) scrape off (tortilla stuck to griddle) put in bag (tortillas, posol) cf. xpuki take off (tortilla from griddle), remove from container (ear of com, chayote, stopper that has fallen in) lift up (tortilla to turn it over) slap (thick tortillas, isis vaj onto griddle) pour back and forth to cool (bowl of com gruel, coffee) make inedible (pregnant woman who cooks chenek'ul vaj, pisil vaj), "make unripe" open (squash, with machete), "break" Seasoning smueb mu snupin spoxil Seasoning: Achiote Allspice Cinnamon Clove Coriander Ginger Ground squash and pumpkin seeds Husk tomato Lime Lime, coriander Marsh marigold Mexican tea Mint Mint and coriander Onion Orange Pepper Pineapple Piper Sour orange Sugar herb, orange rind used to flavor cane liquor "it doesn't go with it" (seasoning) herb chicken, red com chowder, chitlings com gruel (sakil ul) com gruel, pork, rice, red soft drink (ladinos) chicken, turkey beef, snails, beans, tomatoes, potatoes, chayote root, young chayotes, fresh kantela chenek', summer squash com gruel snails, beans, occasionally potatoes, com chowder and tomatoes greens,jerked beef curly kale, cabbage, amaranth, rattle-box, wild night? shade beef broth and mint com gruel chicken, broad beans, tomato com chowder, scarlet runner bean, ibes, young pumpkin squash, young summer squash cabbage, beef, pork, snails, pork com chowder, cha- kat'ob, bililux curly kale, beef, cabbage yo'on tuluk', fried beans cane liquor chicken, com gruel (pamal ul) chicha snails, beans cabbage, kale coffee, pinole, com gruel, watermelon squash, pumpkin squash NUMBER 35 551 Tzitz (avocado) Wild onion Mexican tea and chili Mexican tea and chili with the following mushrooms Mint, chili and coriander Mexican tea, chili, and mint Coriander and chili Coriander and chili Mint and chili Chili: p'uyum p'uyum taxux p'uyum ton kaxlan ichil ch'um ichil tz'ol ichil mail com gruel beef, pork, chicken, eggs, beans, cushaw and pumpkin squash seeds, chili sauce, potatoes, tomatoes, chayote root snails, iguana, chicken, common bobwhite, red-billed pigeon, plain chachalaca, band-tailed pigeon, rufes- cent tinamou, mourning dove, magpie jay, white- tipped dove, spotted sandpiper, yellow-backed oriole, inca dove, bar-winged oriole, ground dove, steller's jay, black robin, unicolored jay, towhee, brush finch, armadillo, skunk, rat, opossum, large pocket gopher, hispid pocket gopher yo'on tuluk' (Lycoperdon sp.), bililux (Collybia sp.), chakat'ob (Hypomyces ladifluorum), chechev (many genera), tzajal chikin (Lactarus volemus), k'abix toj (Marasmius sp.), mana yok (Cantharellus sp., Hyd- num repandum, Clitocybe aurantiaca, Ladarius vole? mus), moni' (Agaricus campestris), sak-'itaj (Pleuro- tus sp.), sak-balon (Collybia dryophila, Cantharellus sp., Clitocybe sp.), sekub t'ul (Boletus sp.), tajchuch (Lentinus lepideus), k'anal yuy (Amanita caesaria) deer, snails crab raccoon, opossum, peccary, rabbit, deer mouse, hispid cotton rat, chiapan climbing rat, red brocket, white- tailed deer, deepe's squirrel, guatemalan gray squirrel, flying squirrel, hog-nosed skunk, hooded skunk, southern spotted skunk, coatimundi beans and chikin j'ik'al (Auricularia auricularis) peccary, raccoon, squirrel, coati, opossum, armadillo, snails, young watermelon squash, young pumpkin squash, young summer squash chili sauce jerked meat dipped in chili sauce hard-boiled eggs dipped in chili sauce young pumpkin squash with chili young summer squash with chili young watermelon squash with chili lakanbil ajan lakanbil xchi'uk spat panbil ajan tok'on ajan vobil ajan vobil xchi'uk spat vobil vojton yolon yi Corn Food CORN ON THE COB boiled com on the cob boiled with husk boiled com on the cob boiled com on the cob roasted com on the cob roasted with husk roasted dry com on the cob boiled, roasted, occasionally eaten raw. If sheath is young, eaten with sheath. Roasted with sheath. 552 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ANTHROPOLOGY ach' vaj isis vaj k'oxox k'unil vaj memela nup'em chenek' t'aja-sat t'ajal sat xopa TORTILLAS tortilla made of fresh com, "new tortilla" young com tortilla. Ripe com is ground only, not boiled. It is thick but the size of a soft tortilla. In times of famine the undeveloped kernels of chu' ixim are scraped off and used for this, toasted tortilla. Com ground twice, tortilla left on griddle until it splits, then it is turned over, then it is leaned against hearthstone, waterpot, etc. to yellow. When eaten with squash at the Posadas it is salted, untoasted tortilla, "soft tortilla" tortilla with hole in center. Thick with a hole in the center or with 1-4 holes made by sticking one's finger through; 2-4 inches across. Fed to child learning to talk. Water and salt spread on top. bean turnover, "folded beans." Smaller than soft tortilla. Dry beans are boiled and rubbed on com. small toasted, salted tortilla, "cracked face." Same as k'oxox, but set at fireside for just a short time so it will still be soft. It is taken to the lowlands for only a few days because it mildews, cf. t'aja-sat tortilla soaked in vegetable or meat broth, tortilla or bread soaked in coffee, dry toasted tortilla dust soaked in beans. k'ak'et vaj taki-vaj vayem vaj volje vaj BURNT OR STALE TORTILLAS burnt tortilla two day old tortilla, "dry tortilla" one day old tortilla, "tortilla that has slept" one day old tortilla, "yesterday tortilla" chenek'ul vaj TAMALES bean tamale. Com and beans are measured out. Round of cane liquor at beginning, middle, end. When cooked, com is taken to mill. First the com, then the beans are kneaded on a large cloth. Three rounds of cane liquor for kneading. The mixture is cut into sections with a thread and wrapped in jabnal leaves. Sections are boiled. Three rounds of cane liquor in big jigger as before. When one batch is ready it is taken out and put in a basket. By the last round the cooks are pretty drunk. Two jpat vaj who know how much firewood to use, how thick the beans, are chosen when the com and beans are measured. The ritual tutor gives them the thread measure. A stick a handspan long or a handspan and 3 fingers is used to measure the depth of the water so it won't reach the platform. Only red beans are used, especially the scarlet runner bean, but although it is considered the best quality, it is harder to grind and thus often avoided. This is eaten at NUMBER 35 553 chenk'ul vaj mumun patz' pisil vaj pitavul tamali' xojem vaj weddings (a custom rapidly disappearing), on Cross Day, by the cantors on Carnival monday and tuesday. To prevent a cook's pregnancy from spoiling the tamales, a pregnant cook must put the first 3 tamales in the pot. If she forgot to do so and the tamales do not cook properly she must stick her tortilla cloth or table cloth in the pot. bean tamale piper tamale. When a fanner finds pipers growing near his lowland cornfield he may collect 50-100 leaves. He rolls them up, ties them in the center with a vine and sticks them in his net. When he reaches home he tells his wife, "I've brought two (cha'-p'ej) pipers. Fix them for us to eat." She boils whatever kind of bean she has. The next morning she makes lumps of com dough and grinds the beans. She unrolls the leaves, selecting the ones that are not torn, and rubs a thin layer of dough on top, then a layer of beans. Both ends are closed. She piles them on the wooden platform in the pot and steams them. When ready they are eaten hot. If they are allowed to cool they must be warmed and the person who is to eat them is struck three times on the back and told, "kok Nixyo!" (deaf Dennis) each time by the person offering pipers. Otherwise it is believed that the person's tumpline or ax handle will break. The beans may be substituted by offering tomatoes or watermelon squash. prepared like pitavul, but without beans, wrapped and divided in middle by young com leaf to add flavor. com is rolled into small balls the size of a hog plum. Three balls 2 layers deep are wrapped in com leaf or k'am xoch' leaves and steamed. Used by stewards when they enter or leave office, when they venerate coffer, by elders on St. Sebastian, Carnival, St. John's Day, cantor, at a wedding, or by anyone who wishes. When prepared for ritual meal cane liquor is served as for chenek'ul vaj, and same precautions taken for pregnancy. com and fresh bean tamale. Fresh beans are shelled and the beans poured on top of com dough that has been mixed with water. The beans are mixed in and boiled with com. The dough is then rolled in com leaf, the size of a roll and steamed. Any fresh bean will do except faba bean. Used by anyone. pork tamale (presented by the stewards to the sacristans on Pentecost) fresh com tamale, "inserted tortilla." Young com is cut off with knife, ground, made into ball the size of a roll, wrapped well in com husk, steamed. Very sweet. vokol ich CORN CHOWDER com chowder. Com boiled without lime, ground, mixed 554 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ANTHROPOLOGY tzajal vokol ich vokol ich chichol vokol ich chitom vokol ich choy vokol ich is-ak' vokol ich kamaron vokol ich ko'san vokol ich ta koko'on vokol ich taxux vokol ich ton kaxlan with water in bowl or bucket, strained, boiled. "red com chowder." Com prepared as above, tomato, wild onion, and achiote added. Chicken and eggs boiled separately, then vokol ich poured on top. Used for banquet at Fiesta of St. Sebastian, Carnival, Saint John's Day by elders, scribes, stewards-royal, publi? can, constable and civil officials. Ensign-bearers eat it at Fiesta of St. Sebastian and Carnival. "tomato com chowder." Com prepared as above. Tomatoes ground on metate, wild onion, salt, chili added. Not eaten by many people. "pork com chowder." Com prepared as above. Another cook fries pork when com is mixed with water. Mint, chili, wild onion, salt are added to com, when cooked, pork is added and boiled briefly. Used by religious officials, by person having small curing ceremony as substitute for chicken, or by anyone who wishes during Lent or by those who don't eat fish. Served at 3 annual shamans' meetings. "fish com chowder." Com prepared as above. Fish is singed on fire to help remove the scales, scales are pulled off. Skin and flesh are added to com and boiled briefly. Used rarely for curing ceremony, mostly during Lent by those who eat fish, or at other times by anyone. Tomatoes or potatoes may be added. "potato com chowder." Com prepared as above. Potatoes cooked together with com, wild onion. Tomato may be added. "shrimp com chowder." After com is cooked, shrimp, tomato and wild onion added. "chayote root com chowder." Same preparation as for potato chowder. com chowder flavored with wild onion, mexican tea and chili, "mexican tea com chowder" "jerked beef com chowder." Jerked beef is boiled in a little water. When nearly cooked, com is added and cooked together briefly. Rarely used for curing ceremony. "egg com chowder." Com prepared as above, raw eggs added. Given to those who adorn crosses in curing ceremony, eaten by anyone. CORN GRUEL ul pajal ul com gruel. To ensure that com gruel for a ritual meal not be spoiled by a pregnant cook all cooks must bite a piece of the brown sugar that is added to the gruel. "sour com gruel." One to two quarts of com are poured into a pot, water is added and the com is soaked for 8-10 days or 2 weeks. Then the com is boiled, stirred, and sugar is added as with pamal ul. Some people use com boiled without lime rather than soaked com because the com sometimes turns bad. It is served by NUMBER 35 555 pamal ul paninal ul pimentail ul pit-sat ul p'atbil ul tzitzal ul xenxervail ul voch' ul everyone with com on the cob on All Souls' Day and also then by the Stewards of Saint Anthony. It is served by some on Holy Cross Day together with chenek'ul vaj. Com is ground twice, mixed with water, strained, put in pot, kept for 2 nights, next to the fire, then boiled. "sweet com gruel." The com is boiled without lime, ground twice, mixed with water in a bowl, strained, poured in a pot, boiled and stirred until sticky and slippery (xbililub). Then brown sugar is added, 2-3 sections (sep) or a whole package (tel) depending on the amount prepared. When served by office holders the com is soaked first, otherwise it is boiled without lime. It is drunk by everyone during Holy Week, by some people at any time, and during a major curing ceremony. It is offered by compadres after a baptism, by stewards when their chaplets are counted, by stewards-royal, publicans, ensign-bearers, and elders when entering and leaving office. "nixtamal com gruel." The com is ground once and mixed with water. Sometimes it is flavored with marsh marigold or cinnamon. "allspice com gruel." This is pit-sat ul or pamal ul flavored with brown sugar, black pepper (kaxlan pimenta) and chili (3-4). It may be drunk by anyone, but is prepared especially for post-partum mothers to induce lactation. "lumpy com gruel." The com is boiled without lime and ground once, then mixed with water in a cup or a small pot. If it is put in a pot it is boiled again in that pot. Enough is made for a gourdful apiece. "hurriedly ground com gruel." cf. pit-sat ul. "marsh marigold com gruel." This is pit-sat ul flavored with marsh marigold. "ginger com gruel." This is pit-sat ul flavored with ginger. "hurriedly ground com gruel." cf. pit-sat ul. POZOL AND PINOLE jojoch'al uch'imo' matz' uch'imo' ch'ilim pozol wrapped in com husk pozol pozol. Com is boiled first with lime, then rinsed and boiled without lime, then the kernels are ground once. The dough is taken to the lowlands, wrapped in canna leaves, or com husks, and mixed with cold water and drunk at 10 A.M. when working in the lowland fields. It is mixed with hot water and drunk by patients. Three bowls are offered to everyone at a burial. It is "hot" (with hot water). pinole. White or yellow com kernels roasted on griddle, ground twice and added to boiling sweetened water. Drunk at home or taken to work in lowland fields or 556 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ANTHROPOLOGY tzajal ve'lil roadwork. It used to be used in ochel ta na. Three rounds were served: (1) for establishing cofathership, (2) for deciding on wedding godfather, (3) for hearing where wedding godfather lives. One almud or 2 quarts were used depending on number of relatives of bride's father. For ochel ta na 2 large water jugs full were taken, "red meal," chitlings and pig's feet with pinole, tomatoes, achiote, and chili. It is prepared when a pig is slaughtered. It is also eaten by the elders at the 3 annual meetings of the shamans. xch'il ta tontik ch'ilbil sat ixim juch'bil ixim pich'bil ixim p'otbil vojton tukum voch' vivich MISCELLANEOUS com kernels stirred on hot ground where ashes have been brushed off popcorn, com for pinole, "toasted com kernel" ground com, can be voch'bil, noybil, or latzbil, but juch'o ta anil means voch'o ta anil lump of com dough dry com on the cob roasted quickly (for chicha starter) popcorn chick food Olon Jtek-lum Jok' Ch'enom Elan Vo' All Souls' Day Cemetery Food chayote, sugarcane, com ears, oranges, apples (1). bananas, oranges, sweet lemons, sugarcane, apples, chayotes. plantains, oranges, sweet lemons, sugarcane, pears, com on the cob, chayotes. (Underlined items must be offered. If not owned, they must be bought.) Elan Vo' Jok' Ch'enom Jtek Lum Naben Chauk Paste' Pat Osil DECORATIONS bamboo palm, tilil, wax myrtle, cypress, carnation, geranium, marigold, ch'oliv Flowers COMMERCIAL FLOWERS (1) gladiolus, (2) geraniums, marigolds, (3) calla lilies, (4) carnations (2 families) gladiolus (1) pompoms, (2) carnations, (3) calla lilies, (4) lilies (liryo), (5) feverfew (volita), (6) daisies (1) feverfew (volita), fine carnations, (2) calla lilies, geraniums, (3) daisies, (4) marigolds. Very few gladiolus, all new varieties brought from afar. (1) gladiolus, (2) daisies (markarita, muk'ta markarita), (3) carnations, lilies (asasena), pinks (1) pompoms, (2) carnations, (3) daisies. Very few daisies now. NUMBER 35 557 P'ij (1) daisies, (2) calla lilies, (3) gladiolus, carnations, (4) chrysanthemums (florejvana) Stzellejtik (1) calla lilies, (2) daisies, (3) blue lilies of the Nile. Few feverfew (volita), gladiolus, carnations, lilies (liryo). Flowers were first sold commercially 3 years before Petul Vaskis was an ensign-bearer, ca. 1950. Neither the buyers nor the sellers knew the names of the flowers. They were sold only in San Crist6bal. Two bunches were sold for 5. When they were first sold in Tuxtla the flowers wilted very fast until the sellers were told to wet the stems before shipping, after untying them and at night. The first plants to be grown for sale were daisies and gladiolus. The primary commercial flowers used to be daisies (markarita, markariton) and calla lilies. Now they are carnations and feverfew (volita). Other commercial flowers are enkaje, lilies (liryo), marigolds, geraniums, roses, kampray (Jtek Lum), dahlias (dalya) (few), k'ox bukaro (very few), batz'i asasena (very few). Naben Chauk flowers sold in Tuxtla, Arriaga, Tonala, Magon, Pijijiapan, and Acala. Apas flowers sold in Villa Flores, Concordia. Jtek Lum, Na Chij, Pat Osil flowers sold in Chiapa, Tuxtla. PEACHES, ETC. Peaches, chayotes, watermelon squashes, and potatoes sold in Chiapa in Xun Vaskes' boyhood; 35 years ago were sold in Arriaga. FLOWERS People who go to fiesta may bring home flowers they have rubbed on saint, or basil from San Lucas or Ixtapa and divide them up among family members or neighbors or just let them sniff them, saying, "Nupo ava'i nichim, li'ay ta k'in." Flowers picked one day before they are sold. They last one day except for calla lilies that last 2 days. They are put in water overnight. The ends of the stems of calla lilies lilies (liryo), gladiolus are skinned with a knife so that they will absorb more water. The next morning 4-5 aspirin are put in the water. The flowers are wrapped in mes te' then with elderberry, canvas or plastic sheeting. If flowers are sold in the street they wilt in the wind. Marketing San Cristobal January Men?beans, lead tree Women?beans, scarlet runner beans, chayote, coffee, x'ukun February Men?scarlet runner beans, oranges, bak ich, avocados, watermelon Women?radishes, beans, lead tree, curly kale March Men? Women?watercress, string beans, swiss chard April Men?mangoes Women?radishes, swiss chard May Men?mangoes, com on the cob Women?radishes July Men?beans, chayotes, peaches, chilies, itzompi Women?apples, peaches, white sapotes, mustard, wa? tercress, coriander, chili, com September Men?pears, beans 558 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ANTHROPOLOGY October November Women?pears, coffee beans, radishes, beans, string beans, bak ich Men?pears, apples, oranges, bananas, scarlet runner beans, lead tree, chayote, potato, bak and sakil ich, com on the cob, summer squash, pitch pine, brown sugar Women?apples, com, com on the cob, chayotes, bak ich, pears, scarlet runner beans, ch'ulelal, hawthorn, bamboo palm Men?bak ich, chayote, pumpkin squash, cantaloupes, beans Women?radishes, chayotes, summer squash, water? melon squash, string beans, bak ich, beans, scarlet runner bean MARKET FRUIT pumpkin squash cushaw watermelon squash summer squash zucchini musk melon watermelon chayote chayote blackberry blackberry wild raspberry jicama popapple chili chili chili yellow chili hawthorn avocado avocado avocado avocado avocado black sapote chico sapote white sapote son sapote yellow sapote mamey sapote mango ch'um sakil mail tz'ol kvarentano tz'ol batz'i melon xantiya ch'um-te' t'arax ch'um-te' batz'i makom tuxum makom xoto-chak jikamo kranata sakil ich pujkin ich bak ich k'anal ich k'at'ix yax-'on chinin tzitz on tzitz batz'i on uch muy aj-te' itzompi no'chi' ja'as manko Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec I " '.'? :....:-.:,:^T7,:,l;V;^"21 EZZZZ3 LZX~: i - "''.' '-'"i zn cz 1....'...'..".,'... ..::.:.....:i 1 i \ ] I 1 1 1 1 1 r,"", ,",""! NUMBER 35 nance guajilote locust tree cherry sweet lemon sweet lime lime Valencia orange navel orange mandarin orange mandarin orange coffee wild hog plum hog plum apple pippin small pear pear quince peach peach peach peach apricot freestone peach plum coconut coyol lead tree lead tree lead tree tamarind prickly pear chirimoya papaya guava guava sugarcane pineapple pineapple plantain banana banana banana banana banana banana banana nantzi' chachi' ch'ilim te' chix te' chu'-lima ch'ulul lima elamonix jayal pat naranja pimil pat naranja mantarina k'ol-pat manta? rina kajve jovos po'on batz'i mantzana kamosa mantzana batz'i pelex kaxlan pelex nimpronix chalon batz'i turasnu karirat turasnu luranko turasnu merokotom kaxlan turasnu prixku' sirvela koko nap batz'i olnob tzajal olnob paka' olnob tamarin petok batz'i k'evex papausa chin-jol k'evex papaya kaxlan potov batz'i potov vale' paxak' kinya paxak' batz'i lo'bol chan-tzelav lo'bol mantzana lo'bol natil lo'bol sera lo'bol tzajal lo'bol chimpo lo'bol sakil lo'bol 559 Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Z3 ZU 560 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ANTHROPOLOGY ta bolsa busanbil cholbil ta kaltera ta kvarto k'echanbil latzanbil latzbil lotol mich'bil mich'il potol ta pulatu ta syen votzol yombil FORM IN WHICH FOOD IS SOLD by the bag (plum, potato, peach, tomato) piled in large piles (cantaloupe, watermelon, orange, popapple, chayote, pineapple, papaya, watermelon squash, pumpkin squash, avocado, ear of com, jicama, papausa, short-stemmed flowers) in Tuxtla in row (beet, mamey sapote, yellow sapote) in a measuring can (lemons, beans, faba bean, pea, scarlet runner bean, coffee, plum) in 5-liter measure (com, beans, fig) piled in large piles (sugarcane, long chayote tubers, papayas in the warehouse) piled in large piles (sugarcane, long-stemmed flowers) stacked (swiss chard) in pairs (morte ich), piled one on top of the other (tomato, orange) in bunches (flowers) in small pile (swiss chard, radish, lettuce, lead tree pod) in pyramid (tomato, orange, tangerine, potato), in small pile (fresh beans, chili, banana, sweet potato, chayote tuber, summer squash, mango, guava, black sapote, chico sapote) in a bowl (fresh beans, scarlet runner bean, hog plum, coffee, walnut, blackberry, cherry, plum, peanut) by the hundred (peach, pear, apple, quince, popapple, walnut) in messy pile (beans in pods) in bunches (flowers) FOOD, ETC. RESOLD BY ZINACANTECS 1. com, salt, flowers 2. sugar, sugarcane, bananas, oranges, mamey sapotes, mangoes, hog plums, peaches, pears, apples, avocados, pineapples, chayotes, potatoes, cabbages, radishes, com ears, coriander, melons, watermelons 3. beans Measures VOLUME MEASURES pulatu bote kaltera litro o'lol tasa almul almul moch bik'it almul muk'ta moch tasa (72 metric liter) earthen soup bowl com measure (1 metric liter) enamel bowl com measure (1 metric liter) tin can com and bean measure (1 metric liter) (1 metric liter) enamel bowl com measure, "half cup" (1.5 metric liters) (1.5 metric liters) bread basket for engagement gifts (1.5 metric liters) wooden com and bean measure, "small almud" (1.5 metric liters) large basket, "large basket" (1.67 metric liters) enamel bowl com and bean measure NUMBER 35 561 kvartiya muk'ta tasa kvarcha te' kvarto -te' bik'it moch kvarto moch muk'ta almul o'lol almul moch o'lol moch litro litro moch mol moch vorsa pok' vorsa plastiko k'ox brin k'ox lona lona reja -te'el tersyo mol brin mol lona janika janika litro (2V2 metric liters) wooden com measure (2'/2 metric liters) enamel bowl com measure, "large cup" (5 metric liters) wooden bowl measure (5 metric liters) wooden bowl measure (5 metric liters) wooden bowl measure (5 metric liters) small basket, "small basket" (5 metric liters) small basket, "quart basket" (20 metric liters) wooden com and bean measure, "large almud" (10 metric liters) medium-sized basket, "half almud basket" (10 metric liters) medium-sized basket "half basket" (20 metric liters) (20 metric liters) largest size basket, "liter basket" (20 metric liters) largest size basket, "grand basket" (60 metric liters) cloth sugar bag, "cloth bag" (75 metric liters) plastic sugar bag (90 metric liters) small burlap bag formerly used for storing com and beans, "small brin" (90 metric liters) small burlap bag, "small lona" (90 metric liters) burlap bag wooden crate (chayotes, peaches) (90 metric liters) wooden com measure (90 metric liters) (120 metric liters) large burlap bag formerly used for storing com and beans, "large brin" (150-165 metric liters) burlap bag, "large lona" (180 metric liters) (240 metric liters) MISCELLANEOUS VOLUME MEASURES bulto -chep tarea tersyo cf. -chep load (firewood, flowers, charcoal) pile of firewood 1 armspan long and 1 high large amount, load (firewood, charcoal) SEED CORN MEASURES 15 liters of seed com planted to a tavlon 20 liters of seed com planted to a tavlon if choice land 60 liters of seed com planted to a hectare 5 liters of seed com produces 270 liters in a fair harvest 5 liters of seed com produces 450 liters in a good harvest LINEAR MEASURES -JOV -set tavlon armspan plot of land, cornfield plot 25-30 x 100-120 armspans square 562 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ANTHROPOLOGY k'u snamakil xil sba? ju-p'ej k'ob -ch'utub (10 cm) jch'utub -ch'ix (20 cm) trenta (30 cm) kvarenta (40 cm) sesenta (60 cm) chanib okol metro (1 meter) PLANTING DISTANCE How far apart are they? finger's width (gladiolus) span of thumb and forefinger 1 thumb and forefinger span (feverfew) handspan (carnation, cabbage) (daisy) (calla lily) (com), "four feet" (5 handspans) lajcha-p'ej yok losina bresa gruesa NUMERICAL MEASURES 1 dozen (lilies, calla lilies, gladiolus), "12 stems" dozen 12 dozen (flowers, rockets) cf. bresa ak'-kantelail chobtik yak'obil yav ak'al bal-te' bal-te' ta na ch'akob nichim jop-k'a'ep kantelail chobtik kavilto krusal ixim skuxanbe skantela ta xchob sk'ebbe k'echob te' k'ixin vo' k'oltixyo sla'an jlaklej sluktzan smakbe ssat balamil makob ik' Ceremonial Activities and Tools cornfield ceremony, the clearing, primarily in the lowland cornfields at the planting, the second weeding and the harvest (requesting rain and protection from wind and snakes, address to Earth Lord and tutelary gods), "the cornfield's alms enter" place where candles are offered censer, "charcoal place" change of floral decorations change of floral decorations in religious official's house small basket for the flowers used by a religious official to decorate his house altar, "flower divider." gathering up of rubbish (assistants of stewards when they entrust coffer to their successors) candles or ceremony for com fields banquet arbor at the Fiesta of St. Sebastian, "courthouse" cross placed on pile of ears of com in lowlands, or in com bin hold cornfield ceremony pour on (cane liquor or broth offering) poles used to carry jaguar tree ritual speech; coffee, "hot water" jousting target make into arch (floral arch, frame of straw bull) pot used for boiling "flowers," "flowers" to be boiled in curing ceremony, "boiler" make into arch (floral arch, frame of straw bull) make offering to Earth Lord for house or field ceremony, "close the Earth's eyes" ceremony to prevent wind from destroying cornfield, "wind shutter" NUMBER 35 563 mixail mail x'och slimuxnail chob x'och slimuxnail na x'och slimuxnail vo' pakpak-bail pakpak vo' span papal atz'am papal ual pasob kompixyon pasob proxixyon potzob spuk p'ajesob jsa'-kantela jsa'-nichim jsa'-pox jsa'-ve'elil sikil vo' sukbil yanal te' stenobil kamaro ste'el kamaro te' bolom te'el kantela te'el pom te'el trampol te'el vob ste'el yut stz'akiel tz'unbal te' xalu' xxij xxot Christ is clothed with a 3- tinsel flowers are tied to the Christmas season watermelon squash eaten by the stewards, "Mass watermelon squash" hold agricultural ceremony dedicate new house (offerings to Earth Lord), "the house's alms enter." The owners and their children are bathed with "flower water." hold well ceremony, offerings to Earth Lord annually or bianually, "the well's alms enter" reciprocal offering of cane liquor by the cupbearers of each ensign-bearer on Fiesta of St. Sebastian, "recip? rocation" cane liquor offered reciprocally by ensign-bearers and their cooks on the Fiesta of St. Sebastian, Carnival, and St. John's Day, "reciprocal water" boil ("flowers") straw mat in which salt is wrapped straw mat in which chaplet is wrapped white flowers taken to confession, "confession maker" flower petals strewn on processional path, processional trees, "procession maker" anthurium leaf to wrap candle distribute evenly to everyone (com gruel, food, liquor, cigarettes, palm fronds, saints' flowers), (coffee, bread, tamales, mangoes, and cane liquor on Corpus) geranium bloom used to sprinkle water in mouth of corpse on way to cemetery, "dropper" person in charge of bringing candles to cornfield person in charge of bringing cross decorations to cornfield person in charge of bringing liquor to cornfield person in charge of bringing food to cornfield ritual speech; cane liquor, "cold water" kitchen arbor for stewards-royal and publicans at the Fiesta of St. Sebastian, "plugged tree leaves" mallet for striking peg into mortar mortar peg jaguar tree stick to which new candles are bound to keep them from breaking when being transported wood incense drumstick (paka' olnob, dogwood) peg of stringed instrument sounding post (fiddle), "inside post" cross decorations, "dressing up" tree planted on both sides of processional path of saint (yellow or moctezuma pine, tilil, wax myrtle), "planting tree" flower vase for officials' banquet table, "pitcher." thread (hawthorn apples) make into arch (floral arch, frame of straw bull) , 5-, or 6-petaled flower on the cross. When he is taken down, "head" and the "heart" of the cross. 564 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ANTHROPOLOGY Fiesta Calendar STATIONARY FIESTAS New Year's Day, K'exel January 1 Epiphany, Rey 6 Our Lord of Esquipulas, K'in Iskipula 15 St. Sebastian, K'in Xan Chavaxchan 18-22 Our Lady of Candelaria, Sk'in Jch'ul-me'tik Kantelarya February 22 St. Joseph, K'in San Jose March 19 St. Peter, Martyr, K'in Samporo Martil April 29 Holy Cross Day, K'in Krus May 3 Mary, Help of Christians, Sk'in Jch'ul-me'tik Auksiliyadora 24 St. Anthony, K'in San Antonyo June 13 St. John, K'in San Jvan 24 St. Peter, K'in San Pegro 29 St. Ignatius, K'in San Inasyo July 31 St. Dominic, K'in Santo Rominko August 4 St. Lawrence, K'in San Torenso (Jk'intik) 10 St. Rose, K'in Santa Roxa 29 Our Lady of the Nativity, K'in Nativirat September 8 St. Nicholas, K'in San Mikulax Sk'in Jtotik Apuxtol 3 The Immaculate Conception, Sk'in Jch'ul-me'tik Konsepsyon (or) December 8 The Most Pure Virgin, Sk'in Jch'ul-me'tik Purisima Our Lady of Guadalupe, K'in Valalupa 16 Posadas, Mixatik 16-24 First Christmas Mass, Ba Mixa 16 Seventh Christmas Mass, Vukub Mixa 22 Eighth Christmas Mass, Vaxakib Mixa, Xoj K'at'ix, Ventex Mamal 23 Ninth Christmas Mass, Baluneb Mixa 24 Christmas Eve, Ch-ayan Ninyo 24 Christmas, Paskva 25 MOVABLE FIESTAS Carnival, K'in Tajimoltik Saturday before Ash Wednesday, Savaro K'ak'al, Xlok' Penton Sunday before Ash Wednesday, Rominko K'ak'al Monday before Ash Wednesday, Lunex K'ak'al Tuesday before Ash Wednesday, Martex K'ak'al Lenten Fridays, Vyernextix First Friday of Lent, Ba Vyernex Second Friday of Lent, Chib Vyernex Third Friday of Lent, Oxib Vyernex Fourth Friday of Lent, Chanib Vyernex Fifth Friday of Lent, Vo'ob Vyernex Sixth Friday of Lent, Vakib Vyernex Our Lady of Sorrows, Sk'in Jch'ul-me'tik Lorol Palm Sunday, Rominko Ramox NUMBER 35 565 Holy Week, Kuxel Monday of Holy Week, Lunex Kuxe (Santo) Tuesday of Holy Week, Martex Kuxel (Santo) Wednesday of Holy Week, Melkulex Kuxel (Santo) Maundy Thursday, Jveves Kuxel (Santo) Good Friday, Vyernex Santo Holy Saturday, Savaro Kuxel (Santo) Corpus Christi, K'in Sakramentu Sacred Heart, K'in Korason ANNUAL COMMUNITY CEREMONIES New Year's, Ach' Jabil (3rd Sunday, Monday, Tuesday after January 21) Mid-year's, O'lol Jabil (3rd Sunday, Monday, Tuesday after 24 June) Year-end's, Slajeb Jabil (3rd Sunday, Monday, Tuesday after 31 October) Religious Decoration (1982-1983) APAS Flower change steward-royal's house: Sixth Lenten Friday St. Peter, Martyr Day All Saints' Day, All Souls' Day Ninth Posada bamboo palm (25 dozen) geraniums (1 large basket) feverfew (volita) (1 large basket) chrysanthemums (krisantema) (1 load) calla lilies (18) pine needles (2 large bags) pine boughs (2) mixed flowers (1 load) bamboo palm (3 dozen) geraniums (1 small basket) feverfew (volita) (1 armful) chrysanthemums (krisantema) (2 bunches) gladiolus (2 dozen) pine needles (1 small bag) pine boughs (5: 2 for coffer, 3 for cross) chilkat (1 large basket) pine boughs (1 dozen) pine needles (2 large bags) fan palms (pik' xan) (3 dozen) maguey (muk'ta met) (15) roses (1 large basket) fan palms (batz'i xan) (6 dozen) yellow marigolds (1 large basket) tangerines (1 crate) popapple (300) sweet lemons (chu' lima) (150) chuchu' (3 dozen) red hawthorn (1 small basket) yellow hawthorn (1 small basket) bamboo palm (25 dozen) publican steward-royal between stewards royal and publicans publican between stewards royal and publicans 566 Ninth Posada creche in mountains: Spanish moss (2 large bags) bananas (kinya lo'bol) (4 trees) sugarcane (4 stalks) sedum (1 small basket) geraniums (1 large basket) bromeliad (krus ech') (3 dozen) bromeliad (kilon ech') (18) moss (1 small bag) pumpkin squash (4) gourd (jay) (5) white pine (4) pine boughs (4) pine needles (2 large bags) chamomile (15 bunches) nuk' chij (4 dozen) (for creche) spanish moss (1 large bag) bananas (kinya lo'bol) (2 trees) sugarcane (2 stalks) SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ANTHROPOLOGY between stewards royal and publicans Flower Change coffer: Monday of Holy Week coffer: St. Peter, Martyr Day Our Lady of the Rosary Day All Saints' Day, All Souls' Day coffer: Ninth Posada ATZ'AM bamboo palm (20 dozen) steward geraniums (2 large baskets) " pine boughs (9; 2 for church door, 3 for cross, 2 for each well) " pine needles (2 large bags) " calla lilies (25 dozen) " bromeliad (krus ech') (not counted, sometimes used) " chrysanthemums (krisantema) (yellow chrysanthemums may be added to arches, alternating with geraniums) lilies (sakil asasena), carnations, gladiolus, feverfew (volita) tithing man baby's breath, daisies for vases (not counted) " bamboo palm (5 dozen) steward geraniums (1 small basket) " pine boughs (7; 4 inside, 3 for cross) " pine needles ('/2 bag) " calla lilies (3-4 dozen) " sedum (2 large baskets) " (substitute for geranium) sedum (1 small basket) roses (not counted) " fan palms (batz'i xan) red marigolds (4 large baskets) Jtek Lum white roses (scattered in well) " fan palms (pik' xan) (not counted) fiesta committee many flowers brought from all hamlets voluntarily yellow marigold (2 large baskets) (substitute for geranium) steward yellow marigold (1 small basket) " dogwood (not counted) anyone bamboo palm (not counted) Spanish moss pine (jich'il anal toj) (4) " sugarcane (2) bananas (lo'bol) (2) NUMBER 35 Ninth Posada 567 creche in woods: citron sweet limes pumpkin squash popapple chuchu' oranges bromeliad (kilon ech') (if available) geraniums pine needles (2 large bags) wax myrtle (for procession) pine boughs (for procession) k'oxox te' (for procession) hawthorn (to hang on creche) fem (tzajal tzib) (to cover creche) elderberry (flowers for procession path) madrone (flowers for procession path) dogwood virgin's bower anyone steward, tithing man Flower change house: pine boughs (5) St. Peter, Martyr Day All Saints' Day, All Souls' Day Day of the Immaculate Conception BIK'IT JOYIJEL bamboo palm (14 dozen) red carnations (40 bunches) white carnations (40 bunches) calla lilies (10 dozen) daisies (30 bunches) feverfew (volita) (10 dozen) white gladiolus (6 dozen) pine boughs (6: 2 for door, 3 for outside cross, 1 for inside cross) basil (4 bunches) pine needles (1 small bag) red carnations (10 bunches) flowers for vases fan palms (batz'i xan) yellow marigolds (1 small basket) bamboo palm (14 dozen) red carnations (70 bunches) white carnations (70 bunches) calla lilies (20 dozen) red gladiolus (20 dozen) white gladiolus (20 dozen) feverfew (volita) (15 bunches) daisies (60 bunches) basil (40 bunches) steward 568 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ANTHROPOLOGY CHAK TOJ Flower change Good Friday St. Josephs' Day All Saints' Day, All Souls' Day Our Lady of Guadalupe Day Ninth Posada creche in woods: geraniums (1 bunch) anyone pine needles (2 large bags) lilies (sakil asasena) (1-2 bunches) (may be substituted by gladiolus, red hot pokers daisies, pinks chilkat (1 large basket) white roses (not counted) " bromeliad (kilon ech') (not counted) " wax myrtle (not counted) tilil (not counted) " fan palms (pik' xan) (not counted) " yellow marigold mixed with geraniumsif there is any of latter available " fan palms (pik' xan) dogwood or xaxib (none counted) juniper bromeliad (tzajal ech') " sedum geraniums hawthorn Spanish moss moss chuchu' (if found) " oranges tangerines fem (muk'ta tzib) maguey (lo'balal met) (small plants) roses " juniper bromeliad (tzajal ech') sedum geraniums hawthorn Spanish moss moss dogwood or xaxib ELAN VO' Flower change each steward's house: New Years' Day each steward's house: pine boughs (6) steward pair bamboo palm (3 dozen) junior steward bromeliad (krus ech') (40) senior steward geraniums (1 large basket) steward pair gladiolus or calla lilies or lilies (sakil asasena) (10-12 dozen) each steward carnations (10 bunches when available) pine boughs (5) bamboo palm (2 dozen) bromeliad (krus ech') (40) geraniums (1 large basket) pine needles (1 small bag) feverfew (volita) (1 large basket if available) geraniums (1 large basket) steward pair sedum (1 large basket) geraniums (1 large basket) NUMBER 35 569 each steward's house: St. Sebastian's Day (24 Jan) Fourth Lenten Friday each steward's house: Palm Sunday the same Good Friday St. Peter, Martyrs' Day Corpus Christi each steward's house: Our Lady of the Rosary Day each steward's house: All Saints' Day, All Souls' Day each steward's house: First Posada each steward's house: sedum (1 large basket) pine boughs (6 large) fan palms (pik' xan) (1 load) chamomile (10 bunches) chamomile (10 bunches) pine (jich'il anal toj) (2 trees) bromeliad (kilon ech') (8) pine needles (1 large bag) fan palms (batz'i xan) (80) sakramentual nichim (1 armful) sakramentual nichim (1 armful) red marigolds (1 large basket) red marigolds (1 large basket) yellow marigolds (1 large basket) yellow marigolds (1 large basket) sedum (1 large basket) sedum (1 large basket) steward pair deputy assigns palm man for year each steward anyone who of? fers steward pair palm man steward pair each steward steward pair Flower change Our Lord of Esquipulas Day Our Lady of Sorrows Day St. Lawrence's Day New Year's Day Holy Cross Day KELEM TON red carnations (50 bunches) feverfew (volita) (30 bunches) daisies (20 bunches) calla lilies (40 dozen) bamboo palm (8 dozen) pine boughs (2 dozen) pine needles (2 large bags) red carnations (70 bunches) feverfew (volita) (50 bunches) daisies (20 bunches) calla lilies (40 dozen) bamboo palm (8 dozen) pine boughs (23: 6 crosses and steward's cross) (3 apiece, 2 for church) communal Flower change Flower change house of senior steward: MUK'TA JOK' bamboo palm (10 dozen) geranium (1 large basket) pine boughs (4: 2 for door, 1 for entrance cross, 1 for cross inside) calla lilies (8 dozen) red carnations (6-7 dozen) daisies (2-3 bunches) pine needles (4 large bags) pine boughs (5) pine needles (1 large bag) all other decorations taken from above 4 stewards (1 senior, 3 junior) 4 stewards (1 senior, 3 junior) senior steward 570 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ANTHROPOLOGY St. Ignatius' Day Ninth Posada creche: house of senior steward: same as bal te', but people give flowers spanish moss (2 small bags) ox-'u (3-4 dozen for frames) chuchu' (2-3 crates) moss (l/2 small bag) taken from above senior steward 4 stewards Flower change each steward's house: Our Lord of Esquipulas Day Flower change (Lent) Palm Sunday St. Peter, Martyr Day St. Anthony's Day Our Lady of the Rosary Day All Saints' Day, All Souls' Day Day of the Immaculate Conception Christmas (26 Dec) creche in woods: NA CHIJ bamboo palm (12 dozen) bromeliad (krus ech') (40) tilil (5: 2 for door, 3 for cross) geraniums (1 large basket) calla lilies (25 dozen) may be substituted by gladiolus, lilies (sakil asasena), blue lily of the Nile bamboo palm (6 dozen) pine boughs (3 inside) tilil (3 for door cross) pine needles (1 small bag) geraniums (1 small basket) calla lilies, etc. (1 dozen) bromeliad (krus ech') (25) fan palms (pik' xan) (100 bunches) sedum replaces geraniums fan palms (pik' xan) (125) fan palms (batz'i xan) (250) fan palms (pik' xan) (100 bunches) red marigolds replace geraniums yellow marigolds replace geraniums blue lily of the Nile (25 dozen) bamboo palm (125 bunches) bromeliad (krus ech') (75) sedum (1 big basket) moss (1 small bag) popapple (50) chuchu'(50) hawthorn (1 quart) sweet lemons (chu' lima) (250) oranges(2) pumpkin squash (3-4) spanish moss (1 large bag) pine (jich'il anal toj) (2 trees) juniper (10 branches) sedum (taken from above) moss (taken from above) spanish moss (taken from above) hawthorn (taken from above) alternating steward steward pair each steward deputy steward pair each steward deputy steward pair each steward steward pair deputy steward pair Flower change NABEN CHAUK bamboo palm (60 dozen) both steward pairs alternate NUMBER 35 571 steward's house: Epiphany Lenten Fridays (except 4th Friday Fourth Friday Wednesday of Holy Week Good Friday St. Peter, Martyr Day Mary, Help of Christians Day (21-24 May) All Saints' Day, All Souls' Day Our Lady of Guadalupe Day First Posada Ninth Posada Ninth Posada geraniums (1 small basket) pine boughs (7: 2 per door and 3 for cross) gladiolus, lilies (asasena), calla lilies (15 dozen) feverfew (volita) (30 bunches) pine boughs (5) pine needles (1 small bag) geraniums (1 small basket) bamboo palm (4 dozen) flowers for vases sedum ('/2 basket) geraniums (l/2 basket) geraniums (1 basket) chamomile (50 bunches) chamomile (30 bunches) geraniums (1 large basket) chilkat (1 large basket) maguey (1 dozen) fan palms (pik' xan) (2 bundles) tilil (2 loads) wax myrtle (2 loads) bromeliad (kilon ech') (1 dozen) geraniums (1 large basket) chamomile (30 bunches) roses (1 large basket) tilil (2 loads) wax myrtle (2 loads) pine (pimil anal toj) (20) fan palms (batz'i xan) (60 fronds) gladiolus and other fancy flowers geraniums (72 small basket) yellow marigolds (72 small basket) geraniums (1 large basket) calla lilies (5 dozen) gladiolus and other fancy flowers sedum (1 bunch) geraniums (1 bunch) bromeliad (vojton ech') (2) sedum (72 small basket) geraniums (72 small basket) bamboo palm (45 dozen) Spanish moss (1 bundle) pine needles (1 bag) bromeliad (krus ech') (1 dozen) hawthorn (2 armspans) chuchu' (25) popapple (25) sweet lemons (chu' lima) (25) oranges (pimil pat naranja) (25) white pine (4) each steward junior stewards alter? nate each steward pairs alternate each steward pairs alternate each steward each pair fiesta committee deputy each pair each steward deputy reforestation department each steward flower merchants each steward flower merchants each steward stewards of Our Holy Lady of Guadalupe each steward each steward each pair each steward each pair each steward godparents 572 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ANTHROPOLOGY PASTE' Flower change stewards' houses: Holy Week Good Friday St. Peter, Martyr Day Corpus Christi St. Peter's Day Our Lady of the Rosary Day All Saints' Day, All Souls' Day Ninth Posada bamboo palm (5 dozen) bromeliad (krus ech') (3 dozen) pine boughs (5) geraniums (1 small basket) gladiolus (7 dozen) calla lilies (3 dozen) daisies (4 bunches) lilies (liryo) (3-4 dozen) k'ox bukaro (3 dozen) red carnations (6 dozen; may substitute for geraniums) yellow day lilies, feverfew (volita), chrysanthemums (krisantema) (may substitute for other flowers) bamboo palm (4 dozen) bromeliad (krus ech') (3 dozen) pine needles (1 small bag) pine boughs (5) flowers taken from above chamomile (1 large basket) roses (1 small basket) palm fronds (batz'i xan) (400) sakramentual nichim (1 large basket for each home and church) fan palms (pik' xan) (100) fan palms (pik' xan) (100) red marigolds (1 large basket) yellow marigolds (1 large basket) sedum (1 large bag) pine boughs (2 for church) pine needles (1 small bag) chuchu' (2 dozen) popapple (1 dozen) hawthorn (1 large basket) tangerines (2 dozen) pumpkin squash (1) Spanish moss (1 small bag) bromeliad (krus ech') (3 dozen) shared by steward pair each steward each steward shared each steward shared each steward SAK LUM Flower change Flower change steward-royal's house: geraniums (2 large baskets) bromeliad (krus ech') (1 large bag may be substituted by 32 dozen bamboo palm fronds) pine boughs (6) pine needles (3 large bags) feverfew (volita) (100 or so) carnations (50) lilies (sakil asasena) (50) calla lilies (5-6 dozen) geraniums (1 small basket) bromeliad (krus ech') (1 small basket) bamboo palm (8 dozen) pine boughs (5) pine needles (1 large bag) steward-royal steward-royal NUMBER 35 573 Fifth Lenten Friday All Saints' Day, All Souls' Day Ninth Posada creche in woods: creche in church: feverfew (volita) (1-2 dozen) carnations (50) lilies (sakil asasena) (50) calla lilies (2 dozen) flowers as above spanish moss (2 large bags) bromeliad (kilon ech') (2 dozen) pine (jich'il anal toj) (6 trees) bananas (kinya lo'bol) (2 trees) sugarcane (2 stalks) fan palms (pik' xan) (2 loads) k'oxox te' (5 loads) roses (1 large bag) yellow marigolds (3 loads substituting for geraniums) baby's breath (2 bunches) carnations (2 bunches) pine needles (1 small bag) dogwood (2) sweet lemons (chu' lima) (200) oranges (pimil pat naranja) (200) citron (10) Spanish moss (1 large bag) pine boughs (2 trees) bananas (kinya lo'bol) (4 trees) sugarcane (4 stalks) hawthorn (1 small basket) sedum (1 small basket) ferns (tzajal tzib) (1 load) moss (1 large basket) ? pumpkin squash (2) dogwood (1 dozen) baby's breath geraniums, carnations (given by people to decorate inside of creche) steward royal among community SAN MIKULAX Flower change Flower change New Year's Day Fourth Lenten Friday Maundy Thursday Holy Cross Day Corpus Christi bamboo palm (20 dozen) bromeliad (krus ech') (100) geraniums (1 large basket) pine needles (72 large bag) (at crosses) pine boughs (5: 2 for door, 3 for cross) (6: 3 apiece for 2 crosses) calla lilies (32 dozen) or gladiolus, lilies (sakil asasena), blue lily of the Nile, feverfew (volita), baby's breath (dry season), or chrysanthemums (pompom) (expensive) sedum (1 small basket) chamomile (1 small basket) chamomile (1 small basket) roses (2 large baskets) sakramentual nichim (1 large basket) red carnations (1 large basket) (substitute for geraniums, which rot in rainy season) 4 of 90 members 4 of 90 members 574 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ANTHROPOLOGY St. Nicholas' Day (8-10 Sep) All Saints' Day, All Souls' Day Ninth Posada creche outside: red carnations (1 large basket) yellow marigolds (1 large bunch) bromeliad (krus ech') (3 dozen) dogwood juniper moss ferns (tzajal tzib) (4) hawthorn oranges tangerines popapple watermelon squash (small fruits) dogwood juniper hawthorn moss 4 of 90 members Flower change SEK'EMTIK bamboo palm (16 dozen) geraniums (one large basket) pine boughs (22) (church and 6 crosses) calla lilies (13 dozen) red carnations (10 bunches) feverfew (volita) (70 bunches) pine needles (2 large bags) white carnations or daisies may be substituted for volita so that red and white flowers alternate on arch steward steward's house: Of the flowers for the flower change, the following are taken out for the steward's house Our Lady of Sorrows Day (sixth Lenten Friday) St. Peter, Martyr Day St. Lawrence's Day (5-6 August) Our Lady of the Rosary Day All Saints' Day, All Souls' Day Ninth Posada pine needles (72 small bag) pine boughs (5: 3 for cross, 1 for each side of table) calla lilies (2 dozen) red carnations (2 bunches) bamboo palm (2 dozen) geraniums (1 small basket) pine boughs (5) calla lilies (1 bunch) red carnations (1 bunch) feverfew (volita) (19 bunches) red gladiolus (1 bunch) chamomile fan palms (batz'i xan) (200-250) red marigolds (1 large basket) yellow marigolds (1 large basket) pine (jich'il anal toj) (2) juniper (2 loads) (creche at roadside and in church) (1 large basket) bananas (kinya lo'bol) trees (2) pine needles (2 bags) moss (1 bag) sedum (1 bunch) anyone same as Flower change steward NUMBER 35 575 roadside creche: chuchu' (50) popapple (50) sweet lemon (chu' lima) (50) juniper (6-8 branches) spanish moss anyone steward Flower change churches steward's house ZINACANTAN CENTER geraniums (1 large basket) calla lilies (6 dozen) bromeliads (krus ech') (150) bamboo palm (300) geraniums (1 small basket) calla lilies (3 dozen) bromeliads (krus ech') (60) bamboo palm (4 dozen) pine boughs (3 for altar, 3 for cross) pine needles (1 bag) each steward New Year's Day churches courthouse pillars Epiphany churches "bull's blood" St. Sebastian's Day Church of St. Lawrence Church of St. Sebastian banquet vases jaguar tree jousting target jousting runway banquet arbor kitchen houses food chicha Saturday before Ash Wednesday chicha food Sunday, Monday, Tuesday before Ash Wednesday banquet vases calla lilies (4 dozen) tilil (2 small bundles) calla lilies (4 dozen) calla lilies (2 dozen) onion mint chili fancy flowers (3 dozen) fancy flowers ($50) fancy flowers ($100) calla lilies (2 dozen) calla lilies (2 dozen) chrysanthemums (pompom) (1 dozen) chrysanthemums (pompom) (1 dozen) alder (1) pine (jich'il anal toj) (2) oak branches (tulan) oak branches (tulan) oak branches (tulan) quince jam pineapples sugarcane brown sugar pineapples sugarcane brown sugar jabnal leaves (400-500) calla lilies (2 dozen) each senior steward each junior steward each steward constables each steward each ensign-bearer Stewards of Our Lady of the Rosary each steward each ensign-bearer senior stewards junior stewards senior stewards junior stewards jaguars, spooks Spanish lords grand Spanish lord grand alcalde stewards royal Spanish lords entertainers cantors each cantor sacristans 576 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ANTHROPOLOGY First, second, third Lenten Fridays Church of St. Lawrence Fourth Lenten Friday Church of St. Lawrence procession path house altars of Stewards of the Holy Cross Fifth, sixth Lenten Fridays, Monday and Tuesday of Holy Week Church of St. Lawrence chrysanthemums (pompom) (1 dozen) red beans (tzajal xlumil) (172 bushels) geraniums (72 small basket) chamomile (4 bunches) chamomile (5 bunches) white rose petals (1 large bowl) white rose petals (72 small basket) geraniums (72 small basket) geraniums (1 bunch) chamomile (7 bunches) chamomile (6 bunches) white rose petals (2 large bowls) white rose petals (1 large bowl) calla lilies (2 dozen) calla lilies (4 dozen) chilkat (1 small basket) tilil (1 bundle) wax myrtle (1 bundle) k'oxox te' (1 bundle) fan palm (pik' xan) (1 bundle) maguey (muk'ta met) (6 leaves) calla lilies (6 bunches) palm fronds (batz'i xan) (300) Fifth, sixth Lenten Fridays, Monday, Tuesday, Wednesday of Holy Week Church of St. Lawrence procession path procession path Maundy Thursday Church of St. Lawrence Good Friday Church of St. Lawrence white rose petals (1 basket) chilkat (1 basket) tilil (1 bundle) wax myrtle (1 bundle) k'oxox te' (1 bundle) white rose petals (1 large basket) bromeliads (kilon ech') (2) pine tree (1) pine tree (1) pine needles (1 small bag) white rose petals (1 large basket) chilkat (1 large basket) sacristans each steward each ensign-bearer each steward and can? tor each steward each ensign-bearer each steward each ensign-bearer each steward each ensign-bearer each steward constables people of Elan Vo' each Steward of the Holy Cross each steward Junior Steward of St. Dominic, Junior Steward of the Holy Sacrament each steward and can? tor constables constables each steward junior stewards senior stewards Stewards of the Holy Cross each cantor and Stew? ard of the Holy Cross NUMBER 35 577 procession path St. Peter, Martyr Day Church of St. Lawrence Holy Cross Day crosses Corpus Christi Church of St. Lawrence food Sacred Heart Day St. Peter's Day St. Dominic's Day St. Lawrence's Day Independence Day courthouse St. Rose's Day necklace Our Lady of the Nativity Day Our Lady of the Rosary Day Church of St. Lawrence to Atz'am to Atz'am banquet vases All Saints' Day, All Souls' Day Day of the Immaculate Conception geraniums (72 small basket) chamomile (72 small basket) tilil (1 bundle) wax myrtle (1 bundle) k'oxox te' (1 bundle) palm fronds (batz'i xan) (250) geraniums (1 large basket) tilil (3 for each of 11 crosses) pine needles (2 bunches for each of 11 crosses) white rose petals (72 small basket) geraniums (72 small basket) sakramentual nichim (72 small basket) mangoes (10 for sacristans and musicians) calla lilies (3 dozen) gladiolas($100) calla lilies (6 dozen) calla lilies (6 dozen) fine flowers ($100) fan palm (pik' xan) (1 load) red carnations (5 bunches) white carnations (5 bunches) calla lilies (4 dozen) calla lilies (2 dozen) calla lilies (2 dozen) calla lilies (2 dozen) geraniums (72 large basket) red marigolds (72 large basket) calla lilies (2 dozen) geraniums (72 small basket) red marigolds (72 small basket) pine (5 boughs: 3 for cross, 2 for door) bromeliads (vojton ech') (200) bamboo palm (200) calla lilies (2 dozen) chrysanthemums (pompom) (1 dozen) calla lilies (6 dozen) geraniums (72 large basket) yellow marigolds (72 large basket) calla lilies (4 dozen) each steward constables each of the Stewards of St. Anthony and the Holy Cross each of the Stewards of the Holy Cross each steward each steward and ensign-bearer people of Elan Vo' Stewards of the Holy Rosary each steward each ensign-bearer each steward each ensign-bearer each steward each steward and elder each steward and elder Stewards of St. Sebas? tian each steward Stewards of St. An? thony and St. Se? bastian each steward each of the Stewards of St. Dominic, the 578 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ANTHROPOLOGY procession path Our Lady of Guadalupe Day procession path The Posadas food First Posada stewards' altar Seventh Posada Church of St. Lawrence Eighth Posada Church of St. Lawrence Church of St. Lawrence tilil (2 bundles) wax myrtle (2 bundles) k'oxox te' (2 bundles) pine needles ( 1 bag) calla lilies (4 dozen) pine needles (1 bag) tilil (2 bundles) wax myrtle (2 bundles) k'oxox te' (2 bundles) watermelon squash and pumpkin squash (2 dozen) geraniums (72 large basket) sedum (72 large basket) geraniums (72 small basket) sedum (72 small basket) white pine (tzajal k'uk' toj) (2) white pine (1) white pine (1) geraniums (72 large basket) sedum (72 large basket) bromeliads (krus ech') (40) bromeliads (vojton ech') (3) lilies (batz'i asasena) (3) moss (tzon-te'al balamil) (2 bags) chuchu' (2 dozen) chuchu' (1 dozen) sugarcane (2) reed (antzil aj) (4 dozen) banana tree (chan-tzelav lo'bol) (2) popapple (2 dozen) popapple (1 dozen) sweet lemon (chu' lima) (2 dozen) sweet lemon (1 dozen) navel orange (2 dozen) Holy Cross, the Holy Sacrament Junior Steward of St. Dominic, Junior Steward of the Holy Cross each Steward of Our Lady of the Rosary, St. Anthony, St. Se? bastian Junior Steward of Our Lady of the Rosary Senior Steward of Our Lady of the Rosary each steward Steward of Our Lady of the Rosary other senior stewards other junior stewards each steward stewards each steward Stewards of Our Lady of the Rosary Junior Steward of St. Dominic Stewards of Our Lady of the Rosary Junior Steward of St. Anthony Stewards of Our Lady of the Rosary Senior Steward of St. Dominic Stewards of Our Lady of the Rosary NUMBER 35 579 Ninth Posada Church of St. Sebastian navel orange (1 dozen) hawthorn apples (13 armspans) fan palm (pik' xan) (1 tree) fan palm (1 tree) bamboo palm (570) pine boughs (36) dogwood (2 dozen) pine needles (1 bag) bromeliads (2 dozen left over from above) moss (tzon-te'al balamil) dogwood (2 dozen) hawthorn apples (3 armspans) bamboo palm (2 dozen) bamboo palm (2 dozen) Senior Steward of St. Anthony Stewards of Our Lady of the Rosary Junior Steward of St. Dominic Junior Steward of the Holy Sacrament Junior Steward of Our Lady of the Rosary Stewards of Our Lady of the Rosary each steward godfathers Stewards of Our Lady of the Rosary Junior Steward of St. Sebastian Junior Steward of the Holy Sacrament Flower change stewards royal houses: New Years' Day Our Lord of Esquipulas Day Lenten Fridays Corpus Christi St. Lawrence's Day Our Lady of the Rosary Day ZINACANTAN CENTER (ISKIPULA) bamboo palm (50 dozen; 25 for doorways, 25 inside) geraniums (2 small baskets) calla lilies (25 dozen) or gladiolus, lilies (sakil asasena, liryo red hot poker chrysanthemums (krisantema) (2 vases) or blue lily of the Nile (expensive) or feverfew (volita) or daisies carnations (25 bunches) pine needles (4 small bags) bamboo palm (5 dozen) geraniums (1 small basket) calla lilies (5 dozen) carnations (4 bunches) pine boughs (6: 3 for cross, 3 for altar) pine needles (1 small bag) carnations (30 dozen) pine needles (4 small bags) fine red gladiolus (1 gross) pine boughs (12) all paper flowers changed chamomile (2 small baskets) sakramentual nichim substituted for carnation fine red gladiolus (1 gross) red marigolds (2 small baskets) publican pair stewards royal and publicans (removed after a week) publican pair incoming publicans incoming stewards royal and publicans publican pair highland hamlets publican pair 580 All Saints' Day, All Souls' Day First Posada Christmas (28 Dec) New Year's Mid-year's Year-end's yellow marigolds (2 small baskets) sedum (2 small baskets) calla lilies (30 dozen) juniper (5; 4 for doors, 1 for cross) juniper (5) Spanish moss (2 large bags) all paper flowers changed juniper (5) SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ANTHROPOLOGY publican pair ? outgoing publicans publicans Flower change St. Sebastian's Day First Lenten Friday Fourth Lenten Friday Fifth, Sixth Lenten Fridays Maundy Thursday Good Friday Corpus Christi Our Lady of the Rosary Day All Saints' Day, All Souls' Day Christmas ZINACANTAN CENTER (MOLETIK) bamboo palm (5 dozen) pine boughs (7: 3 for cross, 4 for altar) pine needles (2 small bags) geraniums (1 small basket) 9 vases in which may be put daisies, carnations, feverfew (volita), lilies (bantera nichim, sakil asasena, liryo), gladiolus, chrysanthemums (krisantema, pompom), blue lily of the Nile "Shared" means that the first flower change is borne by the grand alcalde, then the petty alcalde, then the prefects in descending order until the cycle is repeated, oak (tulan) (enough to cover 6 x 3 m shelter) pine (2 to hang jousting target) chamomile (12 bunches) roses (1 large basket) chamomile (24 bunches) roses (2 large baskets) roses (2 large baskets to bury Christ) roses (2 large baskets for procession) sakramentual nichim (1 small basket) red marigolds (1 small basket) yellow marigolds (1 small basket) (flower change) sedum (1 small basket) senior publican petty alcalde shared grand alcalde grand alcalde, petty alcalde grand alcalde Curing Divination?13 grains of corn of each color used, chosen from big corn ears, may be highland or lowland, but usually highland. Kernels lying on side (tz'e'el) mean kuxul balamil, the earth is dangerous. Kernels tip down (nujul) mean the soul is tz'ajal ta vo', submerged in water. Kernels tip up (chotol) or rising to surface of water mean xi'em ta chon, frightened by a snake, or ta stot, ta sme', by the tutelary gods. Each of the four ears of com from which the kernels have been taken are put at the head of the bed for three days when the flowers are removed. The kernels used in the divination are placed in a soul-calling gourd. After three days the kernels are toasted or ground and prepared as the patient desires and eaten. NUMBER 35 581 Shaman required: chakal (vo'an) jak'ob ik' jik'ik'ul obal komel ta balamil k'asel ta jch'uleltik k'elel (satil) k'ux o'onil majben k'ak'al majben skventa kajvaltik majben utz kolo' poslom sak-'obal sarampyo sik k'ok' sikil kolo'al ik' simal obal situbel ti'ol tup'-'ik' tzeluel tz'akob bak xenel ch'utul x'atiltasvan bakubtasbil mi xbik'taj chabibil chichinbil ch'ilbil ju'bil ta tze juch'bil k'ixnabil slajbe slakan boil rash whooping soul-loss aches and evil eye chest pain aches and aches and aches and ILLNESSES cough pains pains pains pains lesion in leg or arm tuberculosis measles chills and fever chills and fever head cold swelling depression epilepsy cramp i broken bone nausea, diarrhea nichim? lakanbil xchevel lambil smes xmuet ta nichim sna' spikel snib x'och ta nichim x'och ta volim pak'bil Shaman not required: eal kojon (solem kattik) xk'a' sk'al koktik k'a'el k'ak'al sik k'ux k'abil k'uxben chon lesel k'obol makel me'-vinik nelub nuk'ul pumel sal-tz'i' satil sep' sim-nak'al ti'ben chon toyob-bail Curing Activities bathe person toasted should the leaves be removed, "should the flower when only "hot" foods can be eaten, "cared for" strained toasted fever sore hernia athletes' foot venereal disease malaria painful urination toothache chilblain constipation, urinary blockage heartburn reflex pain in thigh or armpit mumps swollen stomach blemish pinkeye mange dysentery snakebite rebelliousness get smaller" mashed raw (rubbed between the palms of the hands) ground on metate wilted on the fire muscular aches) strike with nettle or griddle (leaves used for bone break, boil (curative plants; sakil k'os, bromeliad, geranium, laurel, peperomia, incense, pine) stem boiled placed on wound oi break (like bandage or compress) change floral decorations at mountain shrines in prepara? tion for visit, "sweep" be fragrant in the flowers (patient who ceremonial bed) use tobacco for curing, "know how to touch" massage has entered enter ceremonial bed (patient), "enter into the flowers" enter ceremonial bed (patient) cf. lambil 582 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ANTHROPOLOGY xpamtavan spech' pech'bil p'up'unbil tenbil tz'ajbil svuch'ta cense person tie floral decorations (sakil k'os, bromeliad, laurel, geranium pine) bound (bandage, compress) ground to powder mashed with rocks soaked blow (cane liquor) on aptaobil atinajebal bajob-bail bajobil bolibtasobil ik'ob-bail kolo'al chamel -lajel slok'esobil ta balamil majob-bail mak kantela makob j'ak'-chamel makob k'ak'al satil makob utz kolo' smakobil ik' smakobil ssat balamil smes mesob-bail -mok muk'ta mol ojov papal nichim pich'ob-bail pokob potzob-bail potzol spoxilin ssikubtasob ta'ajesob chakal Curing Tools and Remedies gourd for recalling soul, "shouter" holy gourd for "flower water," "bathing place" branch used to remove "wind" in body, "self-beater" branch used to remove "wind" chewing tobacco, "stupefier" gourd for recalling soul, "self-caller" sickness transferred to person on trail, "evil sickness" blow of prickly plant (to remove "wind" in limbs) gourd used in divination at curing ceremony, "remover from the earth" branches used to strike earth to bring back lost soul (oak, yellow or montezuma pine), "self-beater" each of 3 tips of pine placed at foot of candles at shrine (yellow or montezuma pine), "candle shield" tobacco or garlic used to blind witches, "good, evil stopper" tiny gourd worn on baby's bracelet, "hot eye stopper" tobacco, garlic, rue used to blind witches, "good, evil stopper" branches or straw mat set up to shield candles from wind, "wind shutter" garlic or tobacco buried where person has fright and rubbed on body at bedtime, camphor placed in bag and hung around neck at bedtime, "closer of the earth's eyes' rub with elderberry branches or eggs (child suffering from effects of evil eye), "sweep" absorbent (elderberry branches used to "sweep" patient), "self-sweeper" bunch of mexican coyote brush left on trail or blow (with mexican coyote brush to remove "wind" from leg) chewing tobacco, "big old man" mixture of chewing tobacco, garlic, and urine rubbed on leg to cure poslom, "lord" straw mat on which "flowers" for curing ceremony are placed, "flower mat" tobacco leaves and hawthorn leaves used to bandage broken bones "flower" water, "bather" leaf for wrapping broken bone, "folder" enveloped (patient in bed surrounded with flowers) medicinal herb gourd used to cool water in which "flowers" have been boiled, "cooler" herb used to dry out boil NUMBER 35 583 stalesobil ya'lel xchu' tek'el toj tuch'ob k'ok' jtunel tup'ob k'ak'al satil tup'ob majbenal tzebiltasobil tzebinajebal tzo' ek'en tzobob vo' tz'akob-bail vesob ch'ich' syaluobil rue tea drunk to cause woman's milk to flow pine tips (used to decorate crosses or erected on both sides of procession route) fever reducer medicinal herb, "useful object" elderberry used to relieve effects of evil eye, "extinguisher of hot eye" herbs used to cure majbenal, "extinguisher of beating" "flower water," "shampoo" half gourd for "flower water," "shampooing place" scraps of dough that have fallen onto metate platform. They are rubbed on a bum to soothe it, "metate platform shit." gourd for holy water, "water collecter" leaves used to speed mending of bones, "mender" herb used to reduce hemorrhage object used magically to incapacitate or cure (tobacco, garlic, white sapote pit, avocado) Plants in Place Names ([p] indicates that in the place name the plant has the pluralizing marker -tik, "expanse of," e.g., botiltik, scarlet runner bean field, naranjatik, orange grove.) VINES botii [p] botii chenek' [p] chenek'[p] ibes [p] kranata [p] mail [p] sakil roxa suy [p] PLANTS alavena [p] ana-jobel [p] chichol [p] ch'aben [p] ch'ail pox [p] ch'oliv [p] ch'uch' [p] is-ak' [p] k'anal ixim [p] jobel [p] koko'on [p] matas [p] nich nab [p] puj [p] tut [p] tzib [p] tzis chauk [p] tzon-te' tz'i'lel [p] vale' [p] ximo' [p] TREES aj [p] aj-te' [p] batz'i te' bix [p] chachi' chi [p] chijil te' [p] chikin-ib [p] chix te' [p] pajal chix te' -ch'a-te' [p] ch'ib [p] ch'ix [p] isbon [p] ja'as [p] jabnal kajve [p] kampor k'ail [p] k'am-xoch' k'an-te' k'at'ix [p] tzajal k'at'ix k'evex k'ol-k'ox [p] k'olo-max [p] lima [p] limon [p] lo'bol [p] manko [p] mes te' [p] mutut tzajal mutut naranja [p] ne kotom [p] nok [p] ok'il te' [p] on[p] on te' [p] oven oven on paj-'ul pera petok [p] pit pom potov [p] p'ilix sap yok [p] satin [p] toj [p] ajan toj [p] tok'oy ton k'ail top'ol tulan turasnu [p] tux-nuk' te' [p] tzajal te' tzitz uch [p] xan [p] x'ukun yaj-te' Appendix 8 Tzotzil Original of Holy Cross Day Prayer (As told to Robert M. Laughlin by Antzelmo Peres Peres) (See "For a Handful, a Fistful") En el ch'ul nompre li ch'ul ryox, Jesukristo kajva'l, K'u yepal tana jtot, K'u yepal tana kajva'l? Yul tal yo jlumal, Yul tal yo kach'elal, Ti li' ta yo latz'elike, Ti li' ta yo lavichonike. K'u yepal ta jchapa tana, K'u yepal ta jmeltzan tana, Ti jset'e, Ti jutebe, Ti yo laxi'elike, Ti yo lak'exelike. Ikajtzaj tal li ch'ul k'ak'ale, Dcajtzaj tal li ch'ul orae, Yu'un ti yo lamuk'ta k'inike, Yu'un ti yo lamuk'ta paskoike, Xchi'uk li nichimal ch'ul balamil, ch'ul vinajel, Ch'ul lum, ch'ul osil, Ch'ul rey, ch'ul anjel, Ch'ul chon, ch'ul chauk une, Ch'ul muk'ta ch'ul tot, Ch'ul muk'ta ch'ul kajval. K'u yepal tana un, jtot, K'u yepal tana un, kajval? Mi lekil ch'ambil tana, Mi lekil ich'bil tana, K'u yepal ti jset' talele, K'u yepal ti juteb talele? Yat o tal yo sjol, Yat o tal yo yo'on, Yo lavalabik un, Yo lanich'nabik un. Mi chalekil k'elbekon to ta yo spat, Yo xokon? Mi mu to k'u spasik, Mi mu to k'u snuptanik, K'u yepal ti buy ta xanavike, Ti bu ta xbeinike, Ti buy ta xyalike, Ti buy ta xmuyike, Ta xmal, Ta sakub, Ti yo lanichim baike, Ti yo lanichim satike, Ti buy staike, Ti buy xich'ike, Ti jset'e, Ti jutebe, Ti yo laxi'elik une, Ti yo lak'exelik une? Ch'ul nompre li ch'ul ryox, Jesukristo kajval, Ja' me yul o tal yo jlumal, Yo kach'elal tana, Ta yo latz'elik un, Ta yo lavichonik un, Kajval. En el ch'ul nompre ch'ul ryox, Jesukristo kajval, Tzauk une ch'ul ba mexa, Tzauk une ch'ul ba sovrero, K'u yepal un ch'ul toj, K'u yepal un ch'ul kantela, K'u yepal i'och tal yo jlumal, Yo kach'elal, K'u yepal ti jset'e, K'u yepal ti juteboxuk une, K'u yepal yo jtotoxuk un, Yo jme'oxuk un, K'u yepal ta jchapaoxuk tana, Ta jmeltzanoxuk tana, Me lekil chapaloxuk tana, Me lekil meltzanoxuk tana, Me lekil ch'ambiloxuk tana, Me lekil ich'biloxuk tana, Yu'un ti ch'ul balamile, Yu'un ti ch'ul vinajele, Yu'un ti ch'ul lume, ti ch'ul osile, Ti ch'ul reye, ti ch'ul anjele, Ti ch'ul chone, ti ch'ul chavuke? K'u yepal ta jk'anbe ch'ul pertonal tana, Ta jk'anbe ch'ul lisensya tana, Yu'un ti spate, Yu'un ti xokone, Yo lavalabik un, Yo lanich'nabik un. Ijtabetik o yorail, 585 586 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ANTHROPOLOGY Ijtabetik o sk'ak'alil, Ti yo lamuk'ta k'inike, Ti yo lamuk'ta paskoike, Xchi'uk li santa krus de mayo. Ch'ul muk'ta ch'ul tot, Ch'ul muk'ta ch'ul kajval, K'u yepal yo lamuk'ta k'inike, Yo lamuk'ta paskoik, Nichimal ch'ul balamil, ch'ul vinajel, Ch'ul lum, ch'ul osil, Ch'ul rey, ch'ul anjel, Ch'ul chon, ch'ul chauk. Mi chalekil k'elbekon to, Mi chalekil ilbekon to, K'u yepal yo spatik un, Yo xokonik un, Ti yo lavalabik une, Ti yo lanich'nabik une? Mi mu to k'u spas un, Mi mu to k'u snuptan un, Mi mu to majbiluk li yo spate, Mi mu to majbiluk li yo xokone, Mu to sibtasbiluk li yo spate, Mu to sibtasbiluk li yo xokone, Ti buy ta xanavike, Ti buy ta xbeinike, Ti buy ta xch'amunike, Ti buy ta smakiike, Ti yo lapanaike, Ti yo laxokon naike, Ti yo lakevualike, Ti yo lavaxinalike, Ti buy chak' ti yo yik'ubalike, Ti buy chak' ti yo sk'a'epalike, Ti ta xmale, Ti ta sakub, Ti ta yo lanichim baik une, Ti ta yo lanichim satik une, Ch'ul muk'ta ch'ul tot, Ch'ul muk'ta ch'ul kajval. Mi ta komon li ch'ul k'op tanae, Mi ta komon li ch'ul ti' tanae, Xchi'uk li muk'ta ch'ul totiletike, Li muk'ta ch'ul me'iletike? Mi komon ch'ambiloxuk, Mi komon ich'biloxuk, Ch'ul muk'ta ch'ul tot, Ch'ul muk'ta ch'ul kajval? Tzauk une, jtot, Tzauk une, kajval! Ja' me yul o tal yo jlumal, Yo kach'elal un, Ta yo latz'elik, Ta yo lavichonik un, Ch'ul muk'ta ch'ul tot, Ch'ul muk'ta ch'ul kajval. En el ch'ul nompre ch'ul ryox, Jesukristo kajval, Tzauk une ch'ul muk'ta ch'ul tot, Tzauk une ch'ul muk'ta ch'ul kajval! K'u yepal tana un ch'ul tot, K'u yepal tana un ch'ul kajval, Ta yo labaik tana, Ta yo lasatik tana, Ch'ul muk'ta ch'ul totiletik, Ch'ul muk'ta ch'ul me'iletik Ch'ul muk'ta ch'ul maretik, Ch'ul muk'ta ch'ul ajvetik. K'u yepal ta jchapa ti jset'e, Ta jchapa ti jutebe, K'u yepal yo laxi'elik un, Yo lak'exelik un, K'u yepal jsil yo stoj, K'u yepal jsil yo skantela, Jp'ej yo spom, Jp'ej yo xch'ail, Jp'ej yo snichim, Jp'ej yo syanal te', Li yo lavalabike, Li yo lanich'nabike. K'u yepal ta jk'anbe ti ch'ul pertonale, Ta jk'anbe ti ch'ul lisensyae. Ikajtzaj tal ti ch'ul k'ak'ale, Ikajtzaj tal ti ch'ul orae, Yu'un ti yo lamuk'ta k'inike, Yu'un ti yo lamuk'ta paskoike, Xchi'uk li santa krus de mayo, Ch'ul muk'ta ch'ul tot, Ch'ul muk'ta ch'ul kajval. Tzauk une jtot, Tzauk une kajval! Mi ta komon k'op tana, Mi ta komon ti' tana, Mi komon ch'ul ch'ambil tana, Mi komon ch'ul ich'bil tana, K'u yepal ti jset'e, K'u yepal ti jutebe? Mi ch'ul lekil ba mexa k'otel tana, Mi ch'ul lekil ba sovrero k'otel tana, Mi ch'ul lekil lavalena k'otel tana, Mi ch'ul asasena k'otel tana, Ti ta yo latz'elike, Ti ta yo lavichonik une? Oyuk ti yo lavokolike, Oyuk ti yo lavik'ti'ike, Chalekil k'elbekon tana, Chalekil ilbekon tana, NUMBER 35 587 K'u yepal yo spat, K'u yepal yo xokon, Ti yo lavalabik une, Ti yo lanich'nabik une. Mu to me k'u spasik un, Mu to ma k'u snuptanik un, Ti buy ta xak' ti yo yik'ubalike, Ti buy ta xak' ti yo sk'a'epalike, Ti buy ta xch'amunike, Ti buy ta smakiike, Ti yo lapanaik une, Ti yo laxokon naik une, Ti yo lakevualik une, Ti yo lavaxinalik une, Ch'ul muk'ta tot, Ch'ul muk'ta ch'ul kajval! K'u yepal un, jtot, K'u yepal un, kajval, K'u yepal tana un, jtot, K'u yepal tana un, kajval, Xatabekon to me ta yo k'elel, Xatabekon to me ta ilel, Ti mu to me asibtasbekon li yo spatike, Ti mu to me asibtasbekon li yo xokonike? Mu to mo majbiluk yo spatik, Mu to me majbiluk yo xokonike, K'u yepal ti ta yo latz'elike, K'u yepal ti ta yo lavichonike, K'u yepal ti li' ta xanavike. Ti li' ta xbeinike, Ti ta jun xmale, Ti ta sakube, Ti ta yo lanichim baike, Ti ta yo lanichim satik une, Ch'ul muk'ta ch'ul tot, Ch'ul muk'ta ch'ul kajval. Tzauk une, ch'ul tot, Tzauk une, ch'ul kajval! Komon me xach'ul k'opon yo labaik tana, Komon mo xach'ul ti'in yo labaik tana, Xchi'uk li nichimal ch'ul balamil, Xchi'uk li nichimal ch'ul vinajel, Nichimal ch'ul lum, ch'ul osil, Ch'ul rey, ch'ul anjel, Ch'ul chon, ch'ul chauk une, Ch'ul muk'ta ch'ul tot, Ch'ul muk'ta ch'ul kajval. K'u yepal tana jtot, K'u yepal tana, kajval, Ja' me chba kikta o tana, Ja' me chba jkomtzan o tana, Ti jset'e, Ti jutebe, Ta yo latz'elik une, Ta yo lavichonik une, Ch'ul muk'ta ch'ul jtotoxuk un, Ch'ul muk'ta ch'ul jme'oxuk un. Tzauk une, ch'ul vakib ch'ul totiletik, Tzauk une, ch'ul vakib ch'ul me'iletik! Mi chakomon yo lak'opon baik tana, Mi chakomon ti'in yo labaik tana, Xchi'uk ti ba ninab ch'ul vo'e, Xchi'uk ti ba ninab ch'ul nabe, Ti yo lavatinajebike, Yu'un ti yo latzebinajebike, Ti buy ta stunike, Ti buy ta slajesike, Ti yo lavalabike, Ti yo lanich'nabike, Ti buy ta xch'amunike, Ti buy ta smakiike, Ti buy ta sap o ti yo yik'ubalike, Ti buy ta sap o ti sk'a'epalike, Ti ta xmale, Ti ta sakube, Ti ta yo lanichim baik une, Ti ta yo lanichim satik une? Xakomon k'opon me yo labaik tana, Xakomon ti'in me yo labaik tana, Mu to me kapuk ti yo lajolike, Mu to me kapuk ti yo lavo'onike, Ti k'u yepal tey ta xanavike, Ti k'u yepal tey ta xbeinike, Ti yo lavalabike, Ti yo lanich'nabike, Ti x'avlajet ti bik'ite, Ti x'avlajet ti muk'e, Tey ta yo latz'elike, Ti tey ta yo lavichonik une, Xchi'uk li nichimal ch'ul balamil, Xchi'uk li nichimal ch'ul vinajel, Xchi'uk li nichimal ch'ul lum, ch'ul osil, Li ch'ul rey, ch'ul anjel une, Li ch'ul chon, ch'ul chavuk une, Kajval. Tzauk une, ch'ul tot, Tzauk une, ch'ul kajval! Xakomon lekil ch'ambekon me tana, Xakomon lekil ich'bekon me tana, K'u yepal ti jset'e, K'u yepal ti jutebe, Ti yo laxi'elik une. Ti yo lak'exelik une. Mu me k'u temel k'otel tana, Mu me k'u but'ul k'otel tana, Tajset' xame k'otel, Ta juteb xa me k'otel. Ti yo lavalabik une, 588 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ANTHROPOLOGY Ti yo lanich'nabik une, Iyat ti sjolike, Iyat ti yo'onike, K'u yepal ta x'ech' o, K'u yepal ta xjelav o, Ti yo lamuk'ta k'inike, Ti yo lamuk'ta paskoike, Ti ch'ul muk'ta ch'ul jtotoxuk une, Ti ch'ul muk'ta ch'ul jme'oxuk une. Mi ja' to la yech xil ta yo sba, Mi ja' to la yech xil ta yo sat, Ti k'al junab yo lanichim baike, Ti k'al junab yo lanichim satik une? Mi ja' to la yech sk'anik li ch'ul pertonale, Sk'anik li ch'ul lisensyae, Yu'un ti yo spatike, Yu'un ti yo xokonike? Mi xalekil va'an to la ti yo labaike, Mi xalekil tek'an to la ti yo labaike? Ch'ul nompre ch'ul muk'ta ch'ul tot, Ch'ul muk'ta ch'ul kajval. Tzauk une, jtot, Tzauk une, kajval! Komon me xak'opon yo labaik tana, Komon me xati'in yo labaik tana, Chi'uk li Senyor Iskipula, muk'ta ch'ul vinik, Chi'uk li Senyor Iskipula, muk'ta ch'ul jkaxlan! Tzauk une, jtot, Tzauk une, kajval! K'u yepal tana un, jtot, K'u yepal tana un, kajval, Ta jta ta tijel ti yo lani'ike, Ta jta ta tijel ti yo lachikinike tanae, K'u yepal yu'un ti jset'e, K'u yepal yu'un ti jutebe, Ti jsil yo stoje, Ti jsil yo skantelae, Yo lavalabik un, Yo lanich'nabik un? Ta jk'an o ch'ul pertonal, Ta jk'an o ch'ul lisensya, Yu'un yo spat. Yu'un yo xokon, Ti yo lavalabik une, Ti yo lanich'nabik une. K'u yepal ta x'ech' o, K'u yepal ta xjelav o, Ti yo lamuk'ta k'inik une, Ti yo lamuk'ta paskoik une, Xchi'uk li ch'ul Santa Krus de Mayo, Ch'ul muk'ta tot, Ch'ul muk'ta kajval. Tzauk, jtot, Tzauk une, kajval! Komon me xach'ambekon li jset'e, Komon me xach'ambekon li jutebe! Mu me k'u temel, Mu me k'u but'ul, Ja' no me ta yo lamuk'ta k'inike, Ja' no me ta yo lamuk'ta paskoike. Tzauk une, ch'ul muk'ta ch'ul jtotoxuk, Tzauk une, ch'ul jme'oxuk, Mi chakomon k'elbekon to, Mi chakomon ilbekon to, K'u yepal yo spat, Yo xokon, Yo lavalabik un, Yo lanich'nabik un? Mu to la me ach'aybekon, Mu to la me atenbekon. Xavak'bekon to la me ta sba ti yo lavokike. Ti ta sba ti yo lak'obike, Mu to la me k'u spas ti yo spatike, Mu to la me k'u spas ti yo xokonike, Ti mu to la me majbiluk ti yo spatike, Ti mu to la majbiluk ti yo xokonike, Yu'un ti ch'ul reyetike, Yu'un ti ch'ul anjeletike, Yu'un ti ch'ul chonetike, Yu'un ti ch'ul chauketike, Ti mu to la sibtasbiluk ti yo spatike, Ti mu to la sibtasbiluk ti yo xokonike, Yu'un ti jkot yo latz'unubike, Yu'un ti jkot yo lavovolike, Xchi'uk li ch'ul nichimal ch'ul balamil, Xchi'uk li ch'ul nichimal ch'ul vinajel. Tzauk un, ch'ul jtot, Tzauk un, ch'ul kajval! Xakomon k'opon yo labaik, Xakomon ti'in yo labaik, Xakomon k'ejbekon to, Xakomon vetz'bekon to, Ti jkot yo latz'unubike, Ti jkot yo lavovolike. Ma'uk asibtasbekon o yo spat, Ma'uk asibtasbekon o yo xokon, Yo lavalabik, Yo lanich'nabik, K'u yepal tey ta xanav, K'u yepal tey ta xbein, Ti ta xmale, Ti ta sakube, Ti ta yo lanichim baik, Ti ta yo lanichim satik, Ti buy ta xch'amunike, Ti buy ta smakiike, Ti yo lapanaike, Ti yo laxokon naike, NUMBER 35 589 Ti yo lakevualike, Ti yo lavaxinalike, Ti buy ta xak' ti yo yik'ubalike, Ti buy ta xak' ti yo sk'a'epalike, Ti buy yalelike, Ti buy muyelike, Li ta xmale, Li ta sakube, Ti ta yo lanichim baike, Ti ta yo lanichim satike. Ma'uk to me k'u spas ti yo spatike, Ma'uk to me k'u spas ti yo xokonike, Ti buy chanavik une, Ti buy chbeinik une, Ti buy chyalik une, Ti buy chmuyik une, Ti buy chpich' ti lajuneb yo yokike, Ti buy chpich' ti lajuneb yo sk'obike, Ti buy ta staniike, Ti buy ta spukiike, Ti yo laxojobalike, Ti yo lanak'obalik une, Kajval. Me komon k'op to tana, Me komon ti' to tana, Me chakomon ma'ltabekon tal, Me chakomon at'esbekon tal, Ti jpetz yo laxojobalike, Ti jpetz yo lanak'obal ike? Mi jch'amuntik tal, Mi jmakitik tal, Ya'lel yo labaik, Ya'lel yo lasatik. Yo lavatinajebik. Yo latzebinajebik un, Kajval? Komonuk me ch'ul malbiluk tal, Komonuk me ch'ul k'ebbiluk tal tana, K'u yepal ti jset'e, K'u yepal ti jutebe, K'u yepal un, jtot, K'u yepal un, kajval, Ti ya'lel yo labaike, Ti ya'lel yo lasatik une, Kajval. Komonuk me xach'ul k'elbekon to, Komonuk me xach'ul ilbekon to, Mi tey to la staik un, Mi tey to la xich'ik un, Ti jset'e. Ti jutebe, Ti yo laxi'elike, Ti yo lak'exelike, Ti yo laxojobalike, Ti yo lanak'obalik une, Kajval. Komonuk me ch'ul k'elbekon un, Komonuk me ch'ul ilbekon un, Tzauk une, jtot, Tzauk une, kajval! Komonuk me ch'ul k'opon abaik tana, Komonuk me ch'ul ti'in abaik tana, Chi'uk li ch'ul pagre San Torenso, Pagre Santo Rominko, Vinajelal antz, Vinajelal sinyora, Nichimal ch'ul man vinajel, Ch'ul man lorya, Kajval. K'u yepal un, ch'ul jtot, K'u yepal un, ch'ul kajval. Mi komon k'op tana, Mi komon ti' tana, Mi komon li ch'ul ch'ambil tanae, Mi komon li ch'ul ich'bil tanae, K'u yepal ti jset' talele, K'u yepal ti juteb talele, Ti jsil yo stojike, Ti jsil yo skantelaike, Ti yo lavalabike, Ti yo lanich'nabike? Mi ch'ul lekil ba mexa tana, Mi ch'ul lekil ba sovrero tana, Ti ta yo latz'elike, Ti ta yo lavichonike. Xchi'uk li nichimal ch'ul balamile. Xchi'uk li nichimal ch'ul vinajele, Xchi'uk li ch'ul lum, ch'ul osil, Ch'ul rey, ch'ul anjel, Ch'ul chon, ch'ul chauk? K'u yepal un, ch'ul tot, K'u yepal un, ch'ul kajval, Mi chalekil k'elbekon to, Mi cha'ilbekon to, K'u yepal yo spatik, K'u yepal yo xokonik, Yo lavalabik un, Yo lanich'nabik un? Mu to me ch'aybiluk li spatike, Mu to me ch'aybiluk li xokonike, Xalekil va'an to me ti yo labaike, Xalekil tek'an to me ti yo labaike, Mu me majbiluk yo spat, Mu me majbiluk yo xokon, Yu'un ti ch'ul reye, Yu'un ti ch'ul anjele, Yu'un ch'ul chon, Yu'un ch'ul chauk. 590 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ANTHROPOLOGY Tzauk une, ch'ul tot, Tzauk une, ch'ul kajval! Mu me sibtasbiluk ti yo spatike, Mu me sibtasbiluk ti yo xokonike, Yu'un ti ch'ul balamile, Yu'un ti ch'ul vinajele, Ch'ul muk'ta ch'ul tot, Ch'ul muk'ta ch'ul kajvel. Komonuk to xach'ul k'elbekon, Komonuk to xach'ul ilbekon, Yo spatik un, Yo xokonik un, K'u yepal ti li' ta xanavike, K'u yepal ti li' ta xbeinike, Ti yo lavalabike, Ti yo lanich'nabik une. K'u yepal li ta xmale, K'u yepal li ta sakube, Ti yo lanichim baik un, Ti yo lanichim satik un, Ch'ul jtotoxuk un, Ch'ul jme'oxuk un. Tzauk une, jtot, Tzauk une, kajval! Komon me xak'opon yo labaik tana, Xati'in yo labaik tana, Chi'uk li ch'ul nichimal ch'ul Martil jtot, Ch'ul nichimal ch'ul Martil ch'ul kajval! Tzauk une, jtot, Tzauk une, kajval! Me lekil k'elbil tana, Me lekil ilbil tana, K'u yepal yo spatik un, K'u yepal yo xokonik un, Yo lanich'nabik un? Ja' me yat o yo sjolik, Ja' me yat o yo yo'onik, Ja' me ta jset' o, Ja' me ta juteb o, K'u yepal ti jsil yo stojike, Ti jsil yo skantelaike, Ta jk'anbe ti ch'ul pertonale, Ta jk'anbe ti ch'ul lisensyae, Yu'un ti yo spatike, Yu'un ti yo xokonike, K'u yepal ta x'ech' o, K'u yepal ta xjelav o, Ti yo lamuk'ta k'inike, Ti yo lamuk'ta paskoike? Junab to nan ti yo lanichim baike, Junab to nan ti yo lanichim satike, Mi ja' to la yech ta tzobolik, Me ja' to la yech ta lotolik, Mi ja' to la yech xil ta yo sbaik, Mi ja' to la yech xil ta yo satik, Sk'anik ti ch'ul pertonale, Sk'anik ti ch'ul lisensyae, Yu'un ti yo spatike, Yu'un ti yo xokonik une, Ch'ul jtotoxuk un, Ch'ul jme'oxuk un. Tzauk une, ch'ul tot, Tzauk une, ch'ul kajval! Oyuk yo lavokolik tana, Oyuk yo lavik'ti'ik tana, Lekil ch'ul komon k'opon yo labaik tana, Xach'ul komon ti'in yo labaik tana, Xchi'uk li ch'ul senyor, San Salvador ta o'lol ch'ul vinajel, Ta o'lol ch'ul lorya. K'u yepal un, ch'ul tot, K'u yepal un, ch'ul kajval, K'u yepal tana un, jtot, K'u yepal tana un, kajval, Mi komon k'op tana, Mi komon ti' tana, Xchi'uk li Senyor San Migel Anjel jtot, Xchi'uk li Senyor San Migel Anjel kajval. K'u yepal un, ch'ul jtotoxuk, K'u yepal un, ch'ul jme'oxuk un, Mi chach'ul lekil ch'ul ch'ambekon tana, Mi chach'ul lekil ch'ul ich'bekon tana, K'u yepal ti jset'e, K'u yepal ti jutebe, Ti ta yo latz'elik k'otel, Ti ta yo lavichonik k'otel, Chi'uk li nichimal ch'ul balamil, Chi'uk li nichimal ch'ul vinajel, Chi'uk li nichimal ch'ul lum, ch'ul osil, Ch'ul rey, ch'ul anjel, Ch'ul chon, ch'ul chauk? K'u yepal ta x'ech' o, K'u yepal ta xjelav o, Ti yo lamuk'ta k'inike, Ti yo lamuk'ta paskoik une, Kajval? Chakomon va'an to yo labaik, Chakomon tek'an to yo labaik. Mi mu to la me k'u spas ti yo spate, Mi mu to la me k'u spas ti yo xokone, Ti yo lavalabik une, Ti yo lanich'nabik une, K'u yepal ti ta xanavike, K'u yepal ti ta xbeinike, K'u yepal ta xmal, K'u yepal ta sakub, Ti yo lanichim baike, Ti yo lanichim satike, NUMBER 35 591 Ti buy ta xch'amunike, Ti buy ta smakiike, Ti yo lapanaik une, Ti yo laxokon naik une, Ti buy ta xak' ti yo yik'ubalike, Ti buy ta xak' ti yo sk'a'epalike, Ti buy ta stunike, Ti buy ta slajesike, Ti ya'lel yo labaike, Ti ya'lel yo lasatike, Ti yo lavatinajebik une, Ti yo latzebinajebik une, Ch'ul nichimal ch'ul rey, ch'ul anjel, Ch'ul chon, ch'ul chauk. K'u yepal un, ch'ul jtot, K'u yepal un, ch'ul kajval? Komon me ch'ul k'opono yo labaik tana, Komon me ch'ul ti'ino yo labaik tana. Komon me ch'ul ch'ambiluk un, Komon me ch'ul ich'biluk, Ti jset'e, Ti jutebe, Chi'uk li ch'ul reyetike, Chi'uk li ch'ul anjeletike, Chi'uk li ch'ul chonetike, Chi'uk li ch'ul chauketike, Chi'uk li nichimal ch'ul balamil, ch'ul vinajel. Tzauk une, ch'ul ba ninab vo', Ch'ul ba ninab nab, Kajval! Komonuk me xach'ul ch'ambekon li jset'e, Li jutebe, Mu me k'u temel k'otel, Mu me k'u but'ul komel, Ti ta yo latz'elike, Ti ta yo lavichonike, Ta jset' xa me, Ta juteb xa me, Jp'ajel xa me ta yo laveik tana, Jp'ajel xa me ta yo lati'ik tana, Xal ti yo lavalabike, Xal ti yo lanich'nabike, Ta yo latz'ele, Ta yo lavichone, Ch'ul muk'ta jtot, Ch'ul muk'ta kajval. K'u yepal ilaj o me ti yo lamuk'ta k'inike, Ti yo lamuk'ta paskoike. Tzauk une, ch'ul jtot, Tzauk une, ch'ul kajval! K'u yepal tana un, jtot, K'u yepal tana un, kajval? Mi komon li k'ope, Mi komon li ti'e, Ch'ul muk'ta jtot, Ch'ul muk'ta kajval? Jelavkon ta yo labaik tana, Jelavkon ta yo lasatik tana, Naka no me laj jta ta tijel ti yo lani'ike, Ti yo lachikinik une, Ch'ul jtot, Ch'ul kajval. Tzauk une, jtot, Tzauk une, kajval! K'usi yepal tana un, jtot, K'usi yepal tana un, kajval, Tzauk une, ch'ul toj, Tzauk une, ch'ul kantela! K'u yepal une, jtot, Kajval. Ijoyp'ij tal yo ke, Yojti', Yu'un ti yo lak'oponobilike, Yu'un ti yo lati'inobilike. Me komon ch'ul k'op tana, Me komon ch'ul ti' tana, Me komon li ch'ambiloxuke, Me komon li ich'biloxuke, Yu'un ti ch'ul vinajele, Yu'un ti ch'ul lume, Yu'un ti ch'ul osile, Ti ch'ul reye, ti ch'ul anjele, Ti ch'ul chon, ch'ul chauk, Chi'uk li ch'ul ba ninab vo', Chi'uk li ch'ul ba ninab nab? K'u yepal ba kikta tana, K'u yepal ba jkomtzan tana? Mi chalekil k'elbekon to, Mi chalekil ilbekon to, K'u yepal ti spate, K'u yepal ti xokone, Ti yo lavalabike, Ti yo lanich'nabike, Ti mu to la me ti ch'aybiluke, Ti mu to me ti tenbiluke, Ti mu to la me majbiluk ti yo spate, Ti mu to la me majbiluk ti yo xokone, Ti mu to la me asibtasbekon li yo spate, Ti mu to la me asibtasbekon li yo xokone, Yu'un ti jkot yo latz'unubike, Yu'un ti jkot yo lavovolike. Xalekil k'elbekon me tana, Xalekil ilbekon me tana, Ma'uk me asibtasbokon o yo spat, Yo xokon, Ti bik'ite, Ti muk'e, 592 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ANTHROPOLOGY Ti p'ejele, Ti luchule, K'u yepal tey ta xanavike, K'u yepal tey ta xbeinike, Ti tey x'avlajet ta xmale, Ti tey x'avlajet ta sakube, Li ta yo latz'elike, Li ta yo lavichonike, Ti tey ta xch'amunike, Ti tey ta smakiike, Ya'lel yo lasatik, Ya'lel yo labaik, Yo lavatinajebik un. Yo latzebinajebik une, Ch'ul kajval. Komon me ch'ul k'opono yo labaik tana un, Komonuk me ch'ul ti'ino yo labaik tana un, Komon me xach'ul k'elbekon to tal, Xach'ul ilbekon to tal, K'u yepal yo spat, Yo xokon, Yo lavalabik un, Yo lanich'nabik un. Tzauk une, jtot, Tzauk une, kajval! Jelavkon ta yo laba un, Jelavkon ta yo lasat un, Xavak'ikon li ta ch'ul pertonale, Xavak'ikon li ta ch'ul lisensyae, Buy xa k'alal yechon, Buy xa k'alal mu yechikon, Bu xa k'alal jta, Mu jta, Ti yo lak'oponobilike, Ti yo lati'inobilike, Ti yo tz'akal tz'i'one, Ti yo tz'akal chitomone, Ch'ul muk'ta ch'ul tot, Ch'ul muk'ta ch'ul kajval. Tzauk une, jtot, Tzauk une, kajval! Jelavkon ta yo labaik un, Jelavkon ta yo lasatik un, Ch'ul nompre li ch'ul ryox. Jesukristo kajval. Appendix 9 Colonial Dictionary (The spelling of a plant name marked with an asterisk (*) is dubious.) WILD PLANTS, TREES, VINES acom amaranth artichoke blackberry borage brasilwood cedar (with bigger leaf, lighter wood and reddish) small-leaved cedar clover cochineal cochineal cactus cypress fennel wild fennel grass juniper laurel magnolia very fragrant heart-shaped flower mallow moss spanish moss oak evergreen oak large-leaved oak small-leaved oak palm palm grove palm with round fruit palmetto pepper pepper weed pine pinon pinon nut reed (with which they make petates) chochob. tz'ul itaj. yaxal jobel, yaxal lo'bol chij. makum. ch'ixal itaj. chak-te'. ch'u te'. k'isis. trebol. xch'ieb ch'uj, ste'el ch'uj. ok'il te', nukul pat. batz'i tzitz, tzitz. jobel, si'vilon. k'uk' toj. tzis chauk. olonton nichim. pak' chak abnal. tzon te'. chikin ib, tulan. tulan. boch *ji tulan, boch jay tulan. tzo' tulan. xan. xantik. nap. xan. pich'. tel toj, ten toj, toj. castillan toj. lo'balal castillan toj, lo'balal aj, chanib. puj- 593 594 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ANTHROPOLOGY rope rope made of tree bark rush (with which they make petates) seaweed soapweed thistle thorn vine round vine willow k'am-xoch. *Hi'it. slam Ho'. ch'upak'. ch'ix, ch'ixal itaj sak-ch'ix. t'ut' ak'. tok'oy. CULTIVATED PLANTS, TREES, AND VINES apple avocado avocado tree bean broad bean bunch (bananas, dates, grapes) cabbage cherry chili cocoa cocoa pod com cotton dill fennel fig garlic gourd grape henequen henequen fiber jasmine leek lentil lettuce lily lime lime tree maguey melon mint mulberry mulberry tree mustard castillan potov. on, lo'balal on. ste'el on. chenek'. castillan chenek'. j-choj,j-lik. coles. chix-te'. ich. spat kokov. ixim tux-nok'. tzitz. castillan tzitz. higos. ajos. tzu. tz'usub. chi. jazmin, nichim. castillan tuix, puerro, tuix. bik'tal chenek', castillan chenek', castillan pech'pech'. lechuga. pech'e-'ok castillan nichim, pech'e-'ok nichim. ste'el limones. chi. castillan ch'um, melon. castillan tuil nichim. castillan makum, makum saya-Hun, sat saya-Hun saya-Hun, ste'el makum. mostaza. NUMBER 35 olive olive tree onion string of onions orange orange tree parsley peach pear pear tree pepper pineapple plum plum tree pomegranate pomegranate potato quince quince tree radish rhubarb rose rosemary rue squash (a kind like a tree melon) (large and long) sugarcane turnip long turnip round turnip vegetable walnut wheat aceituna. ste'el aceite. tz'isbil tuix. naranjas. naranjo, ste'el naranjas. perejil. durasnos. peras. peras, ste'el peras. castillan ich, especies. jolom paxak'. po'on. po'on. castillan makum, granada. granado. is-ak'. membrillo. ste'el membrillo. rabanos. ruibarbo. ch'ixal nichim, snich rosa, rosa. romero. ruda. ch'um. mail. vale'. nabo. juljul nabo. volvol nabo. itaj. nuez, ton bek'. castillan ixim. 595 apple apple orchard bean broad bean field bum bum beneath the trees as when they bum thickets for cornfields, leaving large trees standing burning of underbrush burnt burnt field cane canefield AGRICULTURE castillan potovtik. chabal castillan chenek'. tokal-te'. tokal te', tokal-te'ivanej, tokavej k'ak'etal, k'ak'etaltik. xch'ieb vale', vale'tik. 596 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ANTHROPOLOGY chop com be threshed (com) com field laborer com field weeder com stubble com that matures in 60 days dry ear of com ear of com (when the kern? els are large and soft) ear of young com (milky with undeveloped kernels) painted com person who spends many days in the cornfield rainy season com summer com thresh com white com cotton clean and pick cotton cultivate cultivated cultivated field cultivated ground cultivation cut (upright object as a tree) cut or pick melon or mushroom cap dig dig up (jicama, potato) dig with blows as with a hoe double (border, cornstalk, hem, sugarcane) double over (cornstalk, sugarcane) early be early (fruiting) early-fruiting (figs, quinces, etc.) fell fell trees felled felled tree felling be engaged in felling trees felling of trees fertilize field bajbonet, baj, boj, p'as. ixim. tek'ey ixim. jchob-'abtel. jtukesel-lum, jtukiej -chobtik, jtukiej-lum. k'ajben. ox-vinik k'in ixim. vojton. ajan. yi- ( tz'ibal ixim. jk'ulej ta chobtik. Ho'tikil ixim. k'ak'altikil ixim, k'ak'altikil osil ixim. tek' ixim. sakil ixim. sivuj. chabaj, chaban, chaban chob. chabajeb, chob. chabanbil osil, chabanbil lum. chabajel, chabjomal. tz'et. k'ok. jotz'. vok'. pux. pak. ba'yi ba'yi nach'el, ba'yitajel. tz'et te'. tz'etbil. tz'etob. tz'etav. tz'etob. ak' stzo' caballo, och yu'un stzo' caballo, jobel, stenlej jobel. lumtay ta tzo NUMBER 35 furrow (either plowed or as in the Mexican's cornfields or as we do when we plant radishes (not plowing, but as the Mexicans prepare their cornfield plow a furrow plowed furrow garden flower garden glean com gleaning gleaning of com after harvest gleanings com gleanings graft (tree) grafted shoot grafted onto a tree grape grapevine prop green grub com grub harvest (com, etc., that is not dry or well-cured) com harvest harvest com harvest time hatchet weeding hatchet hoe hoeing hook irrigated land level become level (cleared field) measure measure of seed to be planted melon melon patch net net for carrying com orchard pasture vok'. tz'alav. tz'al. xoj ta vok'el, xoj vok'el. xojbenal, xojbenal ta vok'el. yav itaj, yav tz'unbaltik, yav slumal nichim. yav nichim, nichimtik. k'uxk'ultay. k'uxk'ulaj. k'uxk'ulajel. k'uxk'ul. stzo' vojton. unen k'exbon. unen ni'. yipajebal. tze, tzeel. xchanul ixim. yox to. k'ajoj. k'aj. vojtontik. ak'inajebal boj osil, tukesbey, tuki lum. bojel osil. lukbay, lukuchtay. ulbaybil. ulbal osil, ulbaltik. pach'tzaj. j-te'el. castillan ch'umtik, chabal castilh nuti'. yav tz'unbaltik, yav tz'unubil. abnaltik, jobeltik, slo'bajeb chij, 597 tz'unubil, tz'unbaltik, 598 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ANTHROPOLOGY pick (beans, chilis, cotton, flowers, fruit) (flowers, fruit) pick out or up (as when they pick up grains on the ground picked plant (as when they plant com or we plant radishes) appearance of plants plant a vineyard planting plow plowed extent of ground plowed by one yoke of oxen in a day plowing produce produce with (com, fruit) prop prop up (grapevine) prune pruned pruned part pull pull out by the roots (as radishes, carrots, without digging) pull up easily (as when they weed the garden) purchase com purchase reap reap wheat reseed ridge ridge between furrows ripe become ripe ripen on the tree (figs or other fruit) root take root scarecrow seed seed bed seedling transplanted seedling sickle slip chij, voymoltik. tul. tuch'. tarn. tuch'ul, tulbil. tz'un, tz'unbaj. av. ch'iel. tz'un tz'usub. ovol, tz'unbajel. boj osil, chabej, chaban, chaban chob, pitz osil chabajeb j-choj vacas ta jun k'ak'al. bojel osil, pitzel osil. utz ayan. ipajes, xok'i. k'abay, lok'esbey sk'ob. k'okbenal. bul. jotzan, jotz'. ekel, man-'ixim. luk. cha'-lom av, cha'-lom vaj, cha'-'av, cha'-tz'un tz'alal. tok'on. tata'ajel. matz'ub, ta'aj. matz'ub ta te', matz'ub ta ste'el. ibelub, iben, isimay, tzak lum. sibtasabil, sibtasan-vinik. tz'unbal, tz'unubil. j-t'abal, j-t'ob. yol tz'unubil, tz'unubil. j-tek tz'unubil. slukbayabil ixim. tz'unbal te', tz'unubil yol te'. NUMBER 35 sluice sow (wheat) sown spade spading sprout (plant) (when partly grown) sprouted sprouting (seedling) stick stick on (graft) thin thin out thin out (lettuce, trees) thinned be thinned out threshing threshing floor threshing floor (where the grain is stirred) transplant vegetable vegetable patch vineyard watered weed (weedy place) weed a second time weed cornfield weed too early while the plants are still young weeded weeding plants removed by weeding weeding season weight half a hundred weight (half a fanega) hundred weight (seed) winnow winnowing winnowing floor ocheb ya'lel, ocheb Ho', be ya'lel, be-o'. p'up'un, vaj. p'up'unbil, vajbil. pitzel osil. yunenal, yunenal snich, sk'exbon, k'exbonaj, k'exlomaj lok', lup, sni', ni'in, tuk, yijub. lok' sk'exbon. lok' ste'el. tzakal, yijil. ch'ixil. buchul. tz'ak tz'ak ba. tek'eltek'el lok'es. tek'ek'tik lok'es. tek'ek'tik lok'esbil, tek'eltek'el lok'esbil. tek'eltek'el lok'. stek'obil ixim. juyobil ixim. k'ex slumal yu'un, Iik yu'un, pet. j-t'abal, j-t'ob, t'abal itaj. tz'usubtik, chabal tz'usub, chabal chi'. malatayabil. ak'inaj, ak'intay. tz'i'lel osil, tz'i'leltik. cho'ilan, josilan. ak'intay ixim, tukesbey lum, tuki lum, tukibey lum. yax-maj. tukibil. ak'in, tukesey-lum, tukiej-lum. ak'in. sk'inal ak'in. j-te'el, te'el ta muk'ta te'. te'el. jik'ay, veluy, vuch'. jik'ayabil ixim, svuch'iabil ixim. 599 FOOD AND EATING: GRAIN, VEGETABLES, FRUIT bean bean flour biscuit (bread cooked twice) ch'ilbil chenek'. takes vaj. 600 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ANTHROPOLOGY bran bread a quarter of bread, etc. be scarce (bread) barley bread bran bread bread baked under the ashes bread cooked in a pit bread crumbs bread roasted on the coals bread soaked in wine broken piece of bread broken piece of bread given to beggars hard bread (biscuit, hard? tack) ring-shaped bread small ring-shaped bread sour bread stale bread wheat bread breadcrumb cabbage cabbage broth cake Easter Cake chili chili sauce chocolate pure chocolate crumb tiny crumb dough com dough wheat dough eat (eggs and fruit without pits) (eggs or fruit) (fresh com, greens) (meat fish, mushrooms, or beans) fig candied fig flour wheat flour food (eggs or fruit) (fresh com, greens) (meat, fish, mushrooms, beans) baby food molasses mustard sol, sol castillan ixim. j-xut vaj. toj pojel. cebada vaj. stzo' vaj, smatz'il vaj. muk-tanibil vaj. bontaybil vaj. xutul vaj. leb-tanibil vaj. tz'ajbil ta chi' vaj, vaj tz'ajbil ta chi' xut. xut, xutulil vaj. *naitzil. xotbil vaj, xotol vaj, xotxot vaj. bik'tal xotxot vaj. pajal vaj. takes vaj. castillan vaj. ch'uch'ul vaj. ya'lel itaj. ston tuluk'il vaj. p'uyum 'ich. tzeel kokov. p'uyulil, p'uyulil vaj, xut. sesenbil vaj. patax. uch'omo', juch'bil ixim. tzeel castillan vaj. lo'. lo'baj. k'ux, k'uxbaj. ti', ti'baj. matz'ubtasbil higo, panbil higo, poxtaybil higo, takijesbil higo. castillan ch'ilim. lo'bol. k'uxbol. ti'bol. ulil vaj, vajil ul. ya'lel vale'. NUMBER 35 mustard sauce nougat oil orange orange peel or rind pancake parsley parsley sauce peach peach preserves pinol quince quince preserve raisin rind roll French roll spice taffy tamale bean tamale tortilla juch'bil mostaza. pamal sakil. aceite. spat naranja. pamal lo'bol, pamal vaj. juch'bil perejil. pamal durasnos. ch'ilim. pamal membrillos. k'ibil tz'usub, takin tz'usub patil. volbil vaj. putzet vaj. castillan ich. melcocha, panbil pom. chenk'ul vaj. batz'i vaj. 601 DRINK posol pulque whiskey com whiskey wine plum wine red wine white wine uch'om-o'. ya'lel chi', pamal chi'. ya'lel ixim. chi', vino. ya'lel po'on. tzajal chi', chak-juban chi sakil chi'. Appendix 10 Glossary of Botanical Terms acaulescent accrescent achene acuminate acute aggregate aggregate fruit alternate amplexicaul annual anther apetalous apex apical apiculate appendage appressed areole aril arillate attenuate awn axil axillary axis basal berry bilabiate bilocular bract bulb stemless or apparently so. enlarging with age; inflated; usually pertaining to the calyx, a small, dry, hard, unopening, 1-seeded fruit, gradually tapering to a sharp point, the sides more or less pinched in before reaching the tip. sharp pointed, less tapering than acuminate, collected into dense clusters but not united, a fleshy fruit formed from the clustering together of pistils that were distinct in the flower; example: raspberry, having one leaf or branch at a given level on the stem; having one part of a flower between or alternating with other parts, clasping the stem. completing the life cycle in one growing season, the part of the stamen containing the pollen, without petals. tip, the extreme end, the growing point of a root or stem, situated at the tip. having a small sharp point, a secondary part attached to a main structure, lying flat or close against something; often refers to hairs, a small, clearly marked space; a term frequently used to denote small spine-bearing areas on the stem of a cactus, an appendage growing at or about the hilum, or point of attachment, of a seed, with an aril, gradually narrowed, a terminal bristle-like appendage, upper angle formed by a leaf or branch with the stem, in an axil, the central stem or supporting structure along which parts or organs are arranged, relating to or situated at the base, a pulpy fruit with immersed seeds and no true stone, two-lipped, two-celled, a modified or reduced leaf situated near a flower or inflorescence (adj. bracteate). a leaf bud with fleshy scales or leaf bases, frequently underground. 603 604 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ANTHROPOLOGY bulbil bur burl bush caespitose calyx campanulate capitate capsule carpel catkin caudex clavate cleft connate cordate corm coriaceous corolla corymb cotyledon crenate crenulate crown culm cyme decompound decumbent decurrent dense dentate digitate disk flowers (disk floret) distichous distinct divaricate drupe ellipsoid elliptic elongate entire small bulbs arising around the main bulb. a seed or fruit bearing spines or prickles. an overgrown knot or an excrescence on a tree often formed at the juncture of the trunk with the root, a low thick shrub without a distinct trunk, growing in dense clumps or tufts, the outer series of the floral envelopes, usually green, bell-shaped or cup-shaped with a flaring rim. head-shaped, aggregated into into very dense clusters, a dry fruit opening by definite pores or slits and made up of more than one pistil, a simple pistil or element of a compound pistil, a spike or spike-like, usually pendulous inflorescence of unisexual flowers, the woody base of an otherwise herbaceous perennial (pi. caudices). club-shaped, thickened towards the apex, cut about to the middle, the union of like structures, of a conventional heart shape, usually with a notch at base and pointed tip. a bulb-like, fleshy, underground stem, texture of leather, the inner series of the floral envelope; collective name for petals, a flat-topped flower cluster in which the outermost flowers bloom first, the seed leaves or first leaves of the embryo, often functions as the first leaf of a seedling, toothed with teeth rounded at apex, crenate with small teeth. an inner appendage to a petal or the throat of a corolla, a hollow or pithy stem found in grasses and sedges, a convex or flat-topped flower cluster with central flowers opening first, more than once divided or compound, reaching out with the tip ascending, running down the stem, below the insertion; usually said of leaves, said of inflorescences where the flowers are crowded, toothed with teeth directed outward, not forward, fingered; shaped like an open hand; compound wim parts radiating out from a common point like fingers on a hand, the regular tubular flowers on the heads of Asteraceae. in two vertical rows, separate; like parts not at all united, widely divergent. a fleshy, unopening, one-seeded fruit (drupaceous), an elliptic solid, shaped like an ellipse; in the form of a flattened circle more than twice as long as broad, drawn out in length, with an even margin. NUMBER 35 605 ephemeral epiphyte epiphytic equitant everted fascicle fertile filament filamentous filiform fistulous flabellate foliate follicle fourmerous fruit fusiform glabrous globose glomerule glumes hastate heartwood herb herbaceous hilum hispid imbricate incised incurved indehiscent indigenous inflorescences insectivorous intemode involucre laciniate lanceolate lance-ovate leaflets legume linear lasting for one day or less. a plant that grows on other plants, but not parasitically. relating to epiphytes. folded over as if astride. turned outward. a close cluster (adj. fasciculate). capable of producing fruit and seeds. any thread-like body. composed of threads. very fine and narrow; thread-like. hollow and cylindrical throughout, like onion leaves. fan or wedge-shaped. having leaves. a dry fruit with one pistil and splitting down one side only, having four like parts. the ripened pistil with all its accessory parts, spindle-shaped; thickest near the middle and tapering toward each end. without hairs. spherical, rounded, shaped like a globe, a dense crowded cluster, usually of flowers, a pair of bracts at the base of a grass spikelet. shaped like an arrowhead but with the basal lobes pointing outward (compare sagittate), the innermost and oldest wood next to the pith, a plant with no persistent woody stem above the ground, with the texture, color, and properties of an herb, the scar or point of attachment of a seed, with stiff and rigid bristles or bristle like hairs, overlapping, as shingles on a roof, cut sharply and usually irregularly, commonly describes leaf margins, bending inwards towards the axis or attachment, remaining persistently closed; not opening by definite lines or pores, native to the area, the flowering part of a plant, almost always used for a flower cluster; the arrangement of the flowers on the axis, consuming insects; used of those plants which capture insects and absorb nutriment from them, the part of the stem between two nodes or joints, a whorl of distinct or united leaves or bracts subtending a flower cluster, narrowly incised or slashed; leaf margins cut in narrow and usually pointed lobes, lance-shaped; much longer than broad; broadest toward the base and tapering to the tip. a shape between lanceolate and ovate, a segment of a compound leaf, the fruit in the pea family which is a simple pod opening in two pieces, long and narrow, of uniform width. 606 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ANTHROPOLOGY lobe lobed lyrate meristem monecious monocot mucilaginous multifid node nut nutlet oblanceolate oblong-oval obovate obpyramidal opposite orbicular oval ovate ovoid palmate panicle pappilate pedicel peduncle pedunculate perennial perianth petal petiolate petiole peltate phyllary pinnate pinnatifid pistil pit pith plicate prop roots pubescent raceme a division or segment of an organ, usually rounded. bearing lobes. describes leaves parted with the terminal segment large and rounded an the lower lobes small, a region of growth or actively dividing cell tissue, unisexual flowers with the male and female elements in the same individual, a plant having only one cotyledon or seed leaf, slimy or mucilage-like, divided into many segments. the place on a stem where leaves or branches originate, a hard, one-seeded, indehiscent fruit, a small nut. inversely lanceolate, attached at the tapered end. oval, but much lengthened, with the sides parallel, inversely ovate, attached at the narrow end. inversely pyramidal, with the point of attachment at the small end. having two leaves or branches at a node; having one part placed before another in a flower, a two-dimensional figure circular in outline, broadly elliptic, shaped like the longitudinal section of an egg with the broader end downwards, an egg-shaped solid, the lobes or divisions attached or running down toward one place at the base (compare pinnate), a loose, branched flower cluster (adj. paniculate), bearing minute conical projections, the stalk of a flower in a flower cluster (adj. pedicellate), the stalk of a single flower or flower cluster, borne upon a peduncle, a plant lasting for three years or more; a stem not dying back over the winter, the floral envelopes, the calyx or corolla or both, a division of the corolla, with a petiole. the stalk to a leaf blade or to a compound leaf, shield-shaped, attached to a stalk by the lower surface and not by the margin, one bract of an involucre. with the leaflets arranged on each side of a common axis, pinnately divided into lobes, but not cut to the midrib, the female or seed-bearing structure of a flower, when complete consisting of ovary, style, and stigma, a small depression, the spongy center of a stem, surrounding or joining to the inner part of the vascular bundles, folded in plaits, usually lengthwise on the order of a folding fan. aerial roots arising at the base of a plant and providing extra support for the plant, clothed with hair, the hair usually fine and soft, a simple flower cluster in which pedicellate flowers are borne on a common and usually elongate axis. NUMBER 35 607 rachis rank receptacle recurved reflexed reniform reticulate rhizomatous rhizome root rootstock rosette rosulate rotate rugose runner sagittate salverform samara saxicolous scabrous scape scapose scorpioid scurf secund serrate serrulate sessile sheath shrub silique sinuate sori spadix spathe spatulate spine spinescent the axis of an inflorescence or a compound leaf. a vertical row. the part of the flower that bears the organs of the flower such as the petals, stamens, and sepals; the expanded portion of the flower stalk that bears the collected flowers of a head as in Asteraceae. curved outward, downward or backward, abruptly bent or turned backward or downward, shaped like a kidney bean, netted; with a network, having the characters of a rhizome, any prostrate more or less elongated stem growing partly or completely beneath the surface of the ground, the descending axis of the plant without nodes and absorbing moisture from the ground, a rhizome. a circular cluster of leaves, in the form of a rosette, wheel-shaped, flat and circular in outline, with wrinkled or creased surface, a very slender stolon-like stem rooting at the apex, shaped like an arrowhead, with the basal lobes directed backward; refers to leaves, a corolla with a slender tube abruptly expanding into a flat limb, an indehiscent winged fruit, growing on rock, rough to the touch. a leafless flower stalk arising from the ground, bearing a scape or resembling one. coiled at the apex like the tail of a scorpion, small, bran-like scales on the stem and leaves (adj. scurfy), arranged on one side only; unilateral, with sharp teeth directed forward, diminutive of serrate, without a stalk. a tubular structure, as the lower part of a grass leaf, a woody perennial plant smaller than a tree and usually with several basal stems, a narrow, many-seeded capsule characterstic of the mustard family in which the valves split from the bottom and leave the placenta and false partition on which the seeds grow, strongly wavy-margined, the aggregation of sporangia or spore-bearing organs on the underside of a fem frond, a spike with a thick and fleshy axis, usually densely flowered with imperfect flowers, a broad sheathing bract enclosing a spadix. broad and rounded at the apex and tapering at the base; flattened, spoon-shaped, a sharp-pointed, rigid, deep-seated outgrowth from the stem, bearing a spine or ending in a spine-like sharp point. 608 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ANTHROPOLOGY spinulose stamen stipitate stolon subcordate subglobose subsessile suffrutescent tap root tendril tepal terete thorn tomentose tomentum trifoliate trimerous tripinnate truncate tuber tubercule tuberculate tuberous umbel umbellate unifoliate uricating valvate vernation verticillate villous viscid whorl wing beset with small spines. the male organ of a flower, consisting of filament, anther, and pollen, provided with a stipe or with a slender stalk-like base, a horizontal stem, creeping a rooting at the nodes, giving rise to a new plant at its tips, somewhat or almost cordate or heart-shaped, somewhat or almost globe-shaped, having a very short petiole, pedicel, peduncle, or stalk; almost sessile, somewhat shrubby, a root with a stout tapering body, a slender structure derived from the stems or leaves by means of which a plant may make itself secure, a term used to denote perianth parts when petals and sepals can not be differentiated, round in cross section, cylindrical, a stiff, hard, sharp-pointed emergence more deeply seated than a prickle, clothed with dense, matted woolly hairs, the covering of closely interwoven and tangled hairs in a tomentose surface, a compound leaf with three leaflets, having three like parts, pinnate three times, squared off at the tip or base as if cut off with a straight blade; usually describes leaves, a short thickened underground stem, a small, rounded structure, bearing small processes or tubercules. having or resembling a tuber, an inflorescence in which the branches arise from the same point like the ribs of an umbrella, in or like an umbel, having only one leaf or leaflet, stinging, opening by valves; splitting open along a suture line; having edges which do not overlap, the arrangement of leaves in a bud. with three or more leaves or other structures arranged in a circle about a stem or other common axis, bearing long weak hairs, having a sticky surface, the arrangement of similiar parts, such as leaves, in a circle around an axis (adj. whorled). a thin and usually dry extension bordering and organ. NUMBER 35 609 to oi A A PLATE 1.?Chenek': A, tzajal botii (Phaseolus coccineus); B, sakil tz'ibal botii (Phaseolus coccineus); C, tzajal tz'ibal botii (Phaseolus coccineus); D, xut (Phaseolus coccineus); E, k'anal ibes (Phaseolus coccineus ssp. darwinianus); F, sakil xvet' (Phaseolus lunatus); G, tzajal xvet' (Phaseolus lunatus); H, tz'ibal xvet' (Phaseolus lunatus); I, tzajal xlumil (Phaseolus vulgaris); J, batz'i ik'al xlumil (Phaseolus vulgaris); K, muk'ta ik'al xlumil (Phaseolus vulgaris); L, sak-vayan xlumil (Phaseolus vulgaris); M, tzajal xk'un xlumil (Phaseolus vulgaris); N, ik'al x'ak'il (Phaseolus vulgaris); O, chana x'ak'il (Phaseolus vulgaris); P, k'anal x'ak'il (Phaseolus vulgaris); Q, tz'ibal x'ak'il (Phaseolus vulgaris); R, muk'ta ik' (Phaseolus vulgaris); S, tzo' t'ul (Phaseolus vulgaris); T, tzajal xlumil (Phaseolus vulgaris); U, tzajal xlumil (Phaseolus vulgaris); V, tzajal aros chenek' (Vigna umbellata); w, sakil javas (Viciafaba); X, ik'al kdntela chenek' (Vigna unguiculata); Y, k'anal kantela chenek' (Vigna unguiculata); Z, sakil karvensa (Pisum sativum); A A, manya chenek' (Arachis hypogaea); BB, javas kajve (Mucuna puriens var. utilis). 610 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ANTHROPOLOGY PLATE 2.?Ch'um-te': A, polotz' (Cyclanthera langaei); B, ch'um-te' (Cucumis anguria); C, xantiya ak' (Melothria pendula); D, xavon ak' (Cayaponia attenuata); E, ch'ix ch'um-te' ch'o, xenebal pox (Sicyos microphyllus). NUMBER 35 611 PLATE 3.?Makom: A, batz'i makom (Rubus adenotrichus); B, tzajal makom (Rubus humistratus); C, tuxum makom (Rubus coriifolius); D, ch'ail makom (Rubusfagifolius); E, makom tz'i'lel (Duchesnea indica); F, makom ch'ix (Buettneria aculeata); G, xoto-chak (Rubus eriocarpus). 612 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ANTHROPOLOGY PLATE 4.?Pek' me'el: A, ne saben (Heteropteris beecheyana); B, chenek' ak', pek' me'el, yok'tz'i'ak' (Canavalia hirsutissima). NUMBER 35 613 PLATE 5.?Tz'usub: A, batz'i tz'usub (Vitis bourgeana); B, ve'el inatab (Ampelocissus acapulcensis); C, sakil tz'usub, ve'el inatab (Cissus cacuminis); D, sakil tz'usub (Antigonon flavescens). 614 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ANTHROPOLOGY PLATE 6.?Tz'usub: A, (x) k'ox puyu', (x) kranata ak' (Gonolobus barbatus); B, vako ak' (Aristolochia sericea); C, lo'bol ak' (Gonolobus uniflorus); D, ch'uxuv ak' (Mandevilla tubiflora); E, ch'uxuv ak' (Mandevilla subsagittata); F, pojov ak' (Matelea sp.). ((x) = extended range.) NUMBER 35 615 PLATE 7.?Aja-te'es: A, aja-te'es (Gaultheria odorata); B, k'ox aja-te'es (Vaccinium confertum); C, tzis uch (Litsea glaucescens). 616 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ANTHROPOLOGY PLATE 8.?Bak te': A, ventex mol (Picramnia tetramera); B, bak te' (Dodonea viscosa); C, ajval te' (Stillingia acutifolia); D, majob ik'al (Jacquinea macrocarpa). NUMBER 35 617 PLATE 9.?Bix: A, antzil aj (Phragmites australis); B, vinik aj (Gynerium sagittatum); C, meno (Pennisetum purpureum); D, ik'ob chij (Lasiacis divaricata). 618 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ANTHROPOLOGY PLATE 10.?Bix: A, muk'ta ne kotom (Chusquea foliosa); B, yaxal otot (Bambusa vulgaris); C, antzil bix (Olmeca reflexa); D, ton bix (Otatea fimbriata); E, chanib (Rhipidocladum pittieri); F, k'ox ne kotom (Chusquea liebmannii). NUMBER 35 619 PLATE 11.?Bot: A, bot (Heliocarpus donnell-smithii); B, be xinich te' (Cordia alliodora); C, sakil sal-te' (Jatropha curcas); D, tzajal sal-te' (Bursera simaruba). 620 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ANTHROPOLOGY PLATE 12.?Bot: A, mail te' (Pseudobombax ellipticum); B, putzkuy (Cochlospermum vitifolium); C, ch'ilim te' (Hymenaea courbarit); D, jasinto te' (Morus celtidifolia) (isolate). NUMBER 35 621 PLATE 13.?Bot: A, akit (Guazuma ulmifolia); B, (x) akit (Neopringlea viscosa); C, bik'it choch (Stemmadenia obovata); D, tux-nuk' te' (Luehea Candida), ((x) = extended range.) 622 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ANTHROPOLOGY PLATE 14.?Chalon: A, tz'erel (Inga punctata); B, chalon (Inga vera ssp. spuria). NUMBER 35 623 PLATE 15.?Chijil te': A, ch'ix ak' (Celtis iguanaea); B, batz'i chijil te' (Sambucus mexicana); C, batz'i chix te' (Prunus serotina). 624 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ANTHROPOLOGY PLATE 16.?Chijil te': A, batz'i paxamum (Malpighia mexicana); B, muk'ta paxamum (Symplocos vernicosa); C, yaxal ch'it (Xylosma intermedium); D, sakil ch'it (Eugenia laughlinii); E, tzajal ch'it (Schoepfia vacciniiflora); F, yisim bolom (Xylosma flexuosum). NUMBER 35 625 f1f% PLATE 17.?Chijil te': A, makulixkuat (Muntingia calabura); B, ik'al vinik (Garrya laurifolia); c, treno (Ligustrum lucidum); D, vax te' (Trema micrantha); E, nampivo (Ehretia tinifolia); F, ik'al te' (Ehretia latifolia). 626 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ANTHROPOLOGY PLATE 18.?Chilkat: A, arsyal te' (Baccharis trinervis); B, bik'it ch'a-te' (Ageratina ligustrinum); C, ch'ail pox (Calea urticifolia); D, batz'i chilkat (Senecio salignus); E, poxil ik' (Stevia polycephala). NUMBER 35 627 PLATE 19.?Jabnal: A, jabnal (Oreopanax peltatus); B, k'am-xoch' (Chiranthodendron pentadactylon); C, k'orok' te' (Cecropia peltata). 628 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ANTHROPOLOGY PLATE 20.?Jabnal: A, mumun (Piper auritum); B, mumun te' (Piper jaquemontianum). NUMBER 35 629 PLATE 21.?K'an-te': A, k'an-te' (Diphysa floribunda); B, yax-te' (Eysenhardtia adenostylis); C, milob ch'o te' (Gliricidia sepium); D, yax-'ib te' (Senna tonduzii); E, brasil (Haematoxylon brasiletto). 630 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ANTHROPOLOGY PLATE 22.?K'an-te': A, sakil kanela te' (Hauya elegans); B, tzajal kanela te' (Calycophyllum candidissimum). NUMBER 35 631 PLATE 23.?K'an-te': A, pinto te' (Wimmeria pubescens); B, jach'ub te' (Platanus mexicana); C, putzul chij (Tecoma stans); D, kamaron te' (Alvaradoa amorphoides). 632 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ANTHROPOLOGY PLATE 24.?K'at'ix: A, k'at'ix (Crataeguspubescens); B, isbon (Cornus excelsa). NUMBER 35 633 PLATE 25.?Olnob: A, sakil ch'ix (Acacia farnesiana); B, kevrajacha (Acacia pennatula); C, batz'i xaxib (Acacia angustissima); D, chojchoj (Acacia cornigera); E, muk'ta xaxib (Calliandra portoricense); F, ch'ich' ni' (Calliandra grandiflora). 634 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ANTHROPOLOGY PLATE 26.?Olnob: A, batz'i olnob (Leucaena leucocephala); B, tzajal olnob (Leucaena diversifolia); C, paka' olnob (Leucaena collinsii). NUMBER 35 635 PLATE 27.?Olnob: A, pit (Enterolobium cyclocarpum); B, molino te' (Poeppigia procera); C, vamuch te' (Pithecellobium dulce); D, voy chij te' (Bauhinia divaricata). 636 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ANTHROPOLOGY PLATE 28.?Olnob: A, ik'al suk (Lysiloma divaricatum); B, ik'al suk (Lysiloma acapulcensis); C, sakil suk (Lysiloma auritum). NUMBER 35 637 PLATE 29.?On: A, itzompi (Licania platypus); B, no'chi' (Pouteria campechiana); C, ch'ulul aj-te' (Casimiroa edulis); D, uch (Diospyros digyna); E, muy (Manilikara achras); F, ja'as (Pouteria mammosa). 638 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ANTHROPOLOGY PLATE 30.?On: A, yax-'on (Persea americana); B, yax-'on (Persea americana); C, ch'ail on (Persea americana); D, batz'i on (Persea americana); E, tzitz (Persea americana var. drymifolia); F, chinin (Persea schiedeana). NUMBER 35 639 PLATE 31.?Pitz'otz': A, pitz'otz' (Monnina xalapensis); B, sat pukuj (Solanum aligerum); C, ve'el kulajte' (Cordia spinescens). 640 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ANTHROPOLOGY PLATE 32.?Po'on: A, mojan (Ceiba aesculifolia); B, inop (Ceiba pentandra); C, bik'it ch'u te' (Cedrela oaxacensis); D, batz'i jovos (Spondias mombin); E, po'on ch'ix (Ximenia americana). NUMBER 35 641 PLATE 33.?Po'on: A, maluk (Genipa caruto); B, amat (Ficus glabrata); C, mutut (Ficus cookii); D, kajanab te' (Oreopanax capitatus); E, yaxal jovos (Mastichodendron capiri var. tempisque). 642 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ANTHROPOLOGY PLATE 34.?Sun: A, k'ail (Smallanthus maculatus); B, sun (Tithonia tubaeformis); C, ton k'ail (Montanoa hexagona); D, tzojoj (Lagascea helianthifolia). NUMBER 35 643 PLATE 35.?Tilil: A, batz'i k'oxox te' (Ternstroemia oocarpa); B, k'ol-k'ox (Phyllanthus grandifolius); C, yaxal mol (Licania arborea). 644 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ANTHROPOLOGY PLATE 36.?Tilil: A, tzajal k'os (Parathesis chiapensis); B, karnero te' (Coccoloba barbadensis); C, bak amuch te' (Clethra mexicana); D, k'ojom (Rapanea juergensenii). NUMBER 35 645 PLATE 37.?Tulan: A, batz'i chikin-ib (Quercus crispipilis); B, jayal pat chikin-ib (Quercus laurina); C, sakil chikin-ib (Quercus elliptica); D, tz'otz'op (Quercus acutifolia). 646 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ANTHROPOLOGY PLATE 38.?Tulan: A, muk'ta kachu toro te' (Bucida macrostachya); B, yaxal kachu toro te' (Godmar, aesculifolia). NUMBER 35 647 PLATE 39.?Tulan: A, sakil tulan (Quercus peduncularis); B, k'an-tulan (Quercus segoviensis); C, batz'i te' (Quercus crassifolia); D, k'evex tulan (Quercus polymorpha); E, sap yok (Quercus candicans). 648 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ANTHROPOLOGY PLATE 40.?Tulan: A, tz'utuj te' (Ostrya virginiana var. guatemalensis); B, sakil nok (Alnus acuminata ssp. arguta); C, k'ox paj-'ul (Rhus terebinthifolia); D, muk'ta paj-'ul (Rhus schiedeana). NUMBER 35 649 PLATE 41.?Tzelo-pat: A, sakil sitit (Vernonia deppeana); B, tzajal sitit (Pluchea odorata); C, batz'i suil itaj (Sinclairia glabrum var. hypoleucum); D, k'ox suil itaj (Sinclairia andrieuxii). 650 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ANTHROPOLOGY PLATE 42.?Tzelo-pat: A, batz'i tzelo-pat (Buddleia skutchii); B, chan-tzelav tzelo-pat (Buddleia crotonoides). NUMBER 35 651 PLATE 43.?Tzotz-ni' te': A, ajo' te' (Saurauia scabrida); B, kastanya (Sterculia apetala). 652 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ANTHROPOLOGY <#&M PLATE 44.?Tzotz-ni' te': A, tzotz-ni' te' (Viburnum jucundum); B, sak-nich te' (Lippia chiapensis); C, k'ux-pevul (Solanum chrysotrichum). NUMBER 35 653 ""227 ^ms= 7 \ PLATE 45.?Te' (isolates): A, papausa k'evex (Annona diversifolia); B, batz'i k'evex (Annona cherimola); C, k'anal k'evex (Annona reticulata); D, chin-jol k'evex (Annona purpurea). 654 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ANTHROPOLOGY PLATE 46.?Ch'aben: A, batz'i ch'aben (Crotalaria mucronata); B, chenek' chij (Lupinus elegans); C, ch'aben ka' (Crotalaria acapulcensis); D, tzukum tz'i'lel (Dalea lutea var. gigantea); E, poxil mako' (Haplophyton cinereum); F, mesob jol bakal (Marina scopa). NUMBER 35 655 W D PLATE 47.?Ich: A, k'anal ich (Capsicum pubescens); B, jlok'ol-chak ich (Capsicum annuum); C, morte ich (Capsicum annuum); D, yich kurik (Capsicum annuum); E, bak ich (Capsicum annuum); F, natikil ich (Capsicum annuum); G, tzo' mut ich (Capsicum annuum var. aviculare); H, sakil ich (Capsicum annuum); I, pujkan ich (Capsicum pubescens); J, chileancho (Capsicum annuum). 656 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ANTHROPOLOGY PLATE 48.?Ich: A, unen mu (Solanum americanum); B, ye aja chon (Solanum angustifolium); C, yich joj (Lycianthes ciliolata); D, chuchu' (Solanum mammosum); E, tzo' mut ich (Capsicum annuum var. aviculare). NUMBER 35 657 PLATE 49.?K'ojom: A, poxil chuvaj (Polygala costaricensis); B, poxil pat ka' (Psychotria erythrocarpa); C, muk'ta akuxa tz'i'lel (Geranium goldmanii); D, k'ox akuxa tz'i'lel (Erodium cicutarium); E, sakil akuxa tz'i'lel (Geranium seemanii); F, yok' tz'i' (Plantago australis ssp. hirtella); G, chintuli' jobel (Plantago linearis); H, poxil yerva (Elytraria imbricata); I, poxil sep' (Pinaropappus spathulatus var. chiapensis); J, k'ojom (Ranunculus petiolaris). 658 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ANTHROPOLOGY PLATE 50.?Moy: A, sakil kampana nichim (Bouvardia longiflora); B, tzajal kampana nichim (Hibiscus rosa-sinensis); C, moy (Nicotiana tabacum); D, bik'tal kaVnpana nichim (Escobedia guatemalensis); E, batz'i kcimpana nichim (Datura Candida). NUMBER 35 659 PLATE 51.?Moy: A, yaxal k&npana tz'i'lel (Achimenes grandiflora); B, tzajal k&mpana tz'i'lel (Lonicera pilosa); C, k'anal kimpana tz'i'lel (Ludwigia octovalvis); D, poxil aja-chon (Martynia annua). 660 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ANTHROPOLOGY pa? # TI ^ i / PLATE 52.?Pak' chak: A, muk'ta pak' chak (Kearnemalvastrum lacteum); B, k'anal sat mes (Sida rhombifolia); C, sakil sat mes (Waltheria americana); D, sakil sat mes (Melochia tomentosa); E, sakil pern k'ulub (Borreria laevis); F, batz'i pern k'ulub (Verbena Carolina). NUMBER 35 661 ? \ A i / w PLATE 53.?Petok: A, batz'i chikin ton (Epiphyllum crenatum var. kimnachii); B, muk'ta chikin ton (Hylocereus undatus); C, ch'ixal amuch (Acanthocereus horridus); D, ne bolom (Selenicereus grandiflorus). 662 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ANTHROPOLOGY PLATE 54.?Pimil anal: A, tontikil pimil anal (Pilea microphylla); B, batz'i pimil anal (Sedum praealtum); C, k'ox pimil anal (Sedum guatemalensis); D, poxil yat chij (Echeveria bella); E, poxil chin (Echeveria mucronata); F, poxil eal (Pinguicula moranensis). NUMBER 35 663 PLATE 55.?Pimil anal: A, sentavo tz'i'lel (Peperomia campylotropa); B, setajtik vixobtakil (Peperomia deppeana); C, vixobtakil chon (Peperomia heterodoxa); D, muk'ta vixobtakil (Peperomia humilis); E, batz'i vixobtakil (Peperomia galeoides). 664 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ANTHROPOLOGY PLATE 56.?Pitzak': A, alpajo (Medicago sativa); B, tzajal pitzak' (Melilotus indica); C, batz'i pitzak' (Trifolium amabile); D, muk'ta pitzak' (Trifolium repens); E, muk'ta vala-pojov (Begonia fischeri); F, tzajal pitzak' (Medicago polymorpha); G, mail tz'i'lel (Houstonia serpyllacea); H, k'ox vala-pojov (Oxalis corniculata); I, batz'i vala-pojov (Oxalis galeottii); J, poxil me'-vinik (Oxalis frutescens ssp. angustifolia); K, chak'ak' (Spilanthes americana); L, chikin ch'o (Dichondra argentea); M, poxil chuvaj (Anagallis arvensis); N, tzotz-ni' tz'i'lel (Hieracium stuposum). NUMBER 35 665 PLATE 57.?Pom tz'unun: A, k'ox nap'ap* tz'i'lel (Salvia misella); B, k'anal nap'ap' tz'i'lel (Mentzelia aspera); C, bik'it nap'ap' tz'i'lel (Galium uncinulatum); D, batz'i nap'ap' tz'i'lel (Siegesbeckia jorulensis); E, yaxal nap'ap' tz'i'lel (Priva lappulacea). 666 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ANTHROPOLOGY PLATE 58.?Pom tz'unun: A, yax-'ulan pom tz'unun (Salvia urica); B, puj-'akan pom tz'unun (Priva aspera); C, k'anal pom tz'unun (Cuphea cyanea); D, yaxal pom tz'unun (Salvia polystachya); E, tzajal pom tz'unun (Salvia excelsa); F, sakil pom tz'unun (Hyptis urticoides); G, muk'ta pom tz'unun (Hemichaena rugosa). NUMBER 35 667 PLATE 59.?Pom tz'unun: A, poxil k'ok' (Loeselia mexicana); B, tentzun (Ruellia inundata); C, yich'ak ch'o (Hamelia patens); D, ba ikatzil (Fuchsia splendens); E, primon (Lobelia laxiflora); F, poxil majbenal (Cuphea pinetorum). 668 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ANTHROPOLOGY '*'.% '^?IS'"-"1'"-. M B rs^O, v ?*r* V v- ^ ' ->'? ;^.M: HN^;. ??a-A' ? * & > ? \ / 'jj % XX' ,x/"x- - ;: F ~.\ PLATE 60.?Pom tz'unun: A, yalem bek'et (Castilleja integrifolia); B, j'ak'-'uch (Castilleja arvensis); C, tzajal kampana (Lamourouxia viscosa); D, latzbil tonal pox (Salvia lasiantha); E, sten uch (Stachys coccinea); F, nochleb buluk' sat (Salvia tilliifolia). NUMBER 35 669 PLATE 61.?Vo'tus: A, vo'tus (Tagetes erecta); B, tzitz tz'i'lel (Tagetesfilifolia); C, tzitz (Tagetes lucida); D, k'ox vo'tus (Tagetes tenuifolia). 670 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ANTHROPOLOGY PLATE 62.?Vo'tus: A, vo'tus tz'i'lel (Schkuhria anthemoidea); B, tzutzub (Linum mexicanum); C, tzitz pox (Hypericum uliginosum); D, nochleb vonon (Cuphea aequipetala). NUMBER 35 671 PLATE 63.?Yama chauk: A, inojo (Foeniculum vulgare); B, krem pox (Micropleura renifolia); C, keb chij (Eryngium ghiesbreghtii); D, enkaje (Ammi majus); E, perejil (Petroselinum crispum); F, keb chij (Eryngium carlinae); G, kulantu (Coriandrum sativum). 672 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ANTHROPOLOGY PLATE 64.?Yama chauk: A, kulantu ch'o (Donnellsmithia juncea); B, kulantu ch'o (Apium leptophyllum); C, kulantu ch'o (Berula erecta); D, kulantu ch'o (Daucus montanus); E, kulantu ch'o (Parthenium hysterophorus). NUMBER 35 673 PLATE 65.?Yama chauk: A, tuturu (Thalidrum guatemalense); B, tzis chauk (Tagetes nelsonii); C, jok'leb tzo'op tz'unun (Digiticalia chiapensis); D, sakil nichim te' (Jasminum mesneyi); E, chichik'uy (Piqueria trinervia). 674 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ANTHROPOLOGY PLATE 66.?Yama chauk: A, tut (Equisetum myriochaetum); B, yama chauk (Arracacia bracteata); C, yama chauk (Prionosriadium nelsonii); D, voy mula (Valeriana sorbifolia); E, yama chauk (Aralia humilis); F, yama chauk (Arracacia nelsonii); G, k?musa te' (Bocconia arborea). Index 1 Cultural Omnibus Index (Tzotzil) aj, antzil, 576 aj-te', 558 ajval te', 450, 459-460, 468, 516 amat, 450, 452 asasena, 556, 571 asasena, batz'i, 557, 578 asasena, sakil, 566, 568, 570, 572-573, 579-580 bantera nichim, 580 batz'i te', 466, 515, 531-532 bertulaka, 545 bukaro, k'ox, 557 chachi', 559 chak'ak', 453 chalon, 462, 466, 559 chenek', ibes, 103, 453 chenek', kantela, 528, 550 chenek', muk'ta ik', 453, 547 chenek', muk'ta ik' x'ak'il, 481 chenek', tzajal xlumil, 576 chenek', xk'un, 481 chenek', xut, 473 chenek', yut mokal, 529 chijil te', batz'i, 530 chijil te', xutax, 530 chikin chij, 519, 531, 545 chikin ton, 447 chii jabnal, 502 chilkat, 472-474, 565, 568, 574, 576 chin te', 459-460 chinin, 474, 476, 480, 527, 558 chix te', 559 choch, 485 choch, muk'ta, 450 chuchu', 526, 565, 568, 570-572, 575, 578 ch'a-te', 461 ch'aben, 461, 473, 521-522, 531 ch'aben, batz'i, 519 ch'aben, tontikil, 519 ch'ilim te', 449, 475, 481, 559 ch'oliv, 556 ch'um, 558 ch'um-te', 558 ch'um te', t'arax, 558 ch'um te' ch'o, 485 ch'upak', 447, 469, 530 dalya, 557 ech', kilon, 566-567, 569, 571, 573, 576 ech', krus, 566, 568, 570-575, 578 ech', tzajal, 568 ech', vojton, 571,577-578 florejvana, 557 ich, bak, 557-558 ich, k'anal, 530 ich, m6rte, 530, 560 ich, pujkin, 558 ich, sakil, 558 itaj, kulix, 529 itaj, sakil kuruch', 529 itaj, tzajal kuruch', 529 ixim, kvarentano, 489 ixim, sakramentual, 485, 489 ixim, ye tz'i', 485 ja'as, 558 jabnal, 466, 552, 575 jay, 566 jikamo, 558 jobel, akan, 453 jobel, ana-, 468 jobel, krus, 470 jol koy, batz'i, 530 jom akan, 500 jovos, 559 kachimpa te', 449, 459-460 kachimpa te', tzajal, 463 kachu t6ro te', 449 kajve, 559 kampana nichim, batz'i, 530 kampray, 557 kevrajacha, 455, 503, 516 kinya, mantzana, 476 koko, 559 kranata, 558 krisantema, 565-566, 572, 579-580 k'am-xoch', 553 k'an-'ich, 502 k'at'ix, 558 k'evex, batz'i, 530, 559 k'evex, chin-jol, 476, 559 k'ol-k'ox, 502 k'olo-max te', 477 k'orok'te', 449 k'os, sakil, 518, 530 k'oxox te', 571, 573, 576-578 la, 459 la, chon, 484 lima, chu', 559, 565, 570-571, 573, 575, 578 lima, ch'ulul, 559 liryo, 572, 579 lo'bol, 566 lo'bol, batz'i, 559 lo'bol, chan-tzelav, 559 lo'bol, chimpo, 559 lo'bol, kinya, 566, 573-574 lo'bol, mantzana, 559 lo'bol, natil, 559 lo'bol, sakil 559 lo'bol, sera, 559 lo'bol, tzajal, 559 lo'bol ak', 475 lo'bol joj, 530 lo'bol vet, 476 lotz'om chij, 455 mail, 559 majob ik'al, 459 makom, batz'i, 558 makom, ik'al, 529 makom, tuxum, 558 maluk, 531 mantarina, k'ol-pat, 559 mantzana, batz'i, 559 mantzana, kamosa, 559 melon, batz'i, 559 merokotom, 559 met, lo'balal, 568 met, muk'ta, 565, 576 mikulax itaj, 519, 531,545 mutut, 450 muy, 558 nankipu, 251 nantzi', 559 nap, 559 napux, ch'ix, 529 napux, ch'ulul, 529 napux, kaxlan, 529 naranja, jayal pat, 559 675 676 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ANTHROPOLOGY naranja, pimil pat, 559, 571, 573 nimpronix, 559 no'chi', 559 nochleb vonon, 473 nuk' chij, 566 olnob, batz'i, 530, 558 olnob, paka', 476, 531, 559, 563 olnob, tzajal, 559 on, batz'i, 559 on, tzajal, 559 on, yax-, 479, 558 ox-'u, 455, 461, 568 pamal jabnal, 466 papausa, 480-482, 559 papaya, 559 paxak', 559 paxak', chimpo, 531 paxak', kinya, 559 paxak', potpot, 484, 531 pelex, batz'i, 559 pelex, kaxlan, 559 petok, 559 petok, batz'i, 530 pi, 530 pik'ok', 447 pimenta, kaxlan, 555 pinyon, 450 pit, 449 po'on, 559 polotz', 474 pom, ach'el, 464 pom tz'unun, 500 pomos, ik'al, 473 pompom, 573, 575-577, 580 potov, batz'i, 559 potov, kaxlan, 559 prixku', 530, 559 putzkuy, 473 putzul, 474 rabano, 529 rabano, natikil, 529 sakil, 558 sakramentual nichim, 473, 569, 572-573, 577, 579-580 sal te', 450, 460, 464 sal te', tzajal, 449 sap yok, 466,531 sirvela, 559 sirvela, sakil, 529 sirvela, tzajal, 529 suil itaj, batz'i, 530, 545 sun, 466 tamarin, 559 tan pox, 461 te'el petet, 500 tilil, 530, 556, 568, 570-571, 575-578 toj, batz'i, 450 toj, jich'il anal, 566, 568, 571-573 toj, pimil anal, 569 toj, tzajal k'uk', 576 toj, yijil anal, 461 treno, 477 tulan, 531,536, 575, 580 tulan, tzajal, 450, 463 turasnu, batz'i, 484, 529-530, 559 turasnu, karirat, 559 turasnu, kaxlan, 559 turasnu, luranko, 529-530, 559 tuxnuk' te', 461 tzelo-pat, 516 tzelo-pat, chan-tzelav, 452 tzib, jamal anal, 467 tzib, mol, 500 tzib, muk'ta, 568 tzib, tzajal, 567, 573-574 tzis chauk, 468 tzit, 468, 477, 530, 558 tzon-te'al balamil, 578-579 tz'erel, 466 tz'ol, 558 tz'ol, kvarentano, 558 tz'utuj te', 502 uch, 558 unen mu, tzajal, 463 vale', 559 vixobtakil, 460, 466, 530 volita, 456, 518, 556-557, 565-567, 571-574, 579-580 xan, batz'i, 565-567, 570, 572, 576-577 xan, pik', 565-566, 570-573, 576-577, 579 xantiya, 558 xantiya ak', 531 xaxib, 568 x'ukun, 449, 464, 518, 557 ximo', 469 xinal te', 460, 468 xolom, 500 xoto-chak, 559 yich joj, 477 yich'ak mis, 455 yuch' max, 481 Index 2 Cultural Omnibus Index (English) acacia bullhorn acacia, 461 achiote, 547, 550, 554, 556 acalypha, 470 alder, 446, 449, 461, 575 allspice, 550, 555 amaranth, 461, 471, 519, 529-530, 549-550 amaryllis, 473 anthurium, 470-471, 563 apple, 448, 472, 474-477, 479-483, 518, 522, 529, 545-546, 556-560 perote apple, 429 apricot, 559 avocado, 453, 462, 474-483, 507, 526-527, 530, 550-551, 557-558, 560 baby's breath, 566, 573 bamboo, 448-450, 461-462, 467 banana, 448, 450, 454, 465-466, 469, 475-482, 515, 517, 527-528, 556, 558-560 basil, 557, 567 bean, 446, 448, 453-457, 462-464, 467-469, 471, 474-485, 489, 498-499, 502, 505-508, 510, 515-526, 527-528, 544-553, 557-558,560-561,576 bush bean, 453, 457, 463, 521, 523, 547 castor bean, 481, 530 coffee bean, see coffee faba bean, 452, 467, 522, 529, 546, 550, 553, 560 jack bean, 474 kidney bean, 521, 525 pole bean, 453, 522, 529-530, 544 scarlet runner bean, 447-448, 453, 462, 473, 477, 481, 484, 522, 529-530, 550, 552, 557-558, 560 seiva bean, 453, 472 string bean, 544, 558 yam bean, 558 begonia, 471 bindweed, 453 blackberry, 476, 481, 529-530, 558, 560 brasilwood, 449 bromeliad, 448, 453-454, 467, 470, 566-579, 581-582 cabbage, 452, 456-457, 461, 467-469, 479, 518-523, 526-527, 529, 546-547, 549-550, 560, 562 cactus, 459 columnar cactus, 451 saguaro cactus, 462 canna, see lily cantaloupe, 558, 560 carnation, 477, 500, 516, 518, 521, 526, 529-530, 556-557, 562, 566-569, 572-574, 577, 579-580 catbriar, 449 cauliflower, 474 cedar, 449 ceiba, 449, 451 chamomile, 468, 529-530, 566, 569, 571-574, 576-577, 579-580 chayote, 447-448, 451, 453, 462, 471-475, 477-478, 480, 482-485, 498, 516-517, 521-522, 528-530, 545-551, 554, 556-558, 560-561 cherimoya, 477, 481 cherry, 449, 460, 464, 476-477, 481, 529-530, 545, 559-560 chili, 474-477, 480, 484-485, 507, 515-516, 519-520, 522, 525-526, 528, 530, 545-549, 551, 554-558, 560 chrysanthemum, 499, 530, 557, 565-566, 572-573, 575-577, 579-580 pompom, 556, 573-577, 580 citron, 477, 567, 573 citrus, 474-476, 478, 482 clove, 550 coffee, 453-454, 462, 477, 520-521, 526-527, 545-546, 549-550, 552,557-560 coriander, 456, 460, 468, 519, 521-522, 526-527, 529-530, 550-551,557,560 corn, see: Agricultural Activities All Souls' Day Cemetery Food Ceremonial Activities and Tools Corn Flower Corn Food Corn Leaf Corn Root Cornstalk Curing Ear of corn Food preparation Marketing Measures Stages of growth Tools Work and Attitudes towards Corn also, 446, 462, 502, 505 cosmos, 481, 484 cotton tree, 461 coyol, 476, 480, 559 cypress, 556 bald cypress, 453 dahlia, 447, 453, 499, 557 daisy, 451, 466, 469-470, 473, 499, 530, 556-557, 562, 566-569, 572, 574, 579-580 datura, 470 677 678 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ANTHROPOLOGY dishrag gourd, 474 dogwood, 476-477, 515, 563, 566-568, 573-574, 579 elderberry, 447, 459, 518, 530, 532, 557, 567, 582-583 eucalyptus, 449, 464, 466, 485 fennel, 466, 468, 529-530 fern, 447, 465-467, 567-568, 573-574 holly fern, 450 feverfew, 456, 500, 518, 521, 526, 530, 556-557, 562, 565-569, 571-574, 579-580 fig, 474-475, 481, 560 wild fig, 447, 449-450, 477 garlic, 447, 476, 529, 545, 582-583 geranium, 456, 460, 466, 468, 473, 499, 529-530, 556-557, 563, 565-582 ginger, 545, 549-550, 555 gladiolus, 447-448, 473, 499, 521-522, 526, 530, 556-557, 562, 565-568, 570-574, 577, 579-580 goosefoot, 529 gourd, 446, 448, 451, 467, 469, 474-476, 478-479, 481-484, 498, 505-506, 519-522, 524-525, 548, 555, 566, 580, 582-583 grape, 477, 480-481 grass, 447, 454-455, 457, 459-462, 466-467, 469-471, 501, 507, 518-519 lemon grass, 529-530 pepper grass, 530 ground cherry, 529 guajilote, 549, 559 guava, 531,559-560 gumbolimbo, 450 hawthorn, 455, 459, 476-478, 483, 485, 503, 516, 529-530, 558, 563, 565, 567-568, 570-574, 579, 582 hog plum, 477, 553, 559-560 wild hog plum, 559 horsetail, 448-449 incense, 450, 458-459, 464, 563, 581 jicama, 447, 560 juniper, 464, 530, 568, 570, 574-575, 579 kale, 452-453, 474, 518-522, 526, 529, 546, 551 curly kale, 529, 550, 557 lady slipper, 473 laurel, 460, 468, 530, 581-582 lead tree, 466, 472, 474, 477, 484, 518, 524, 557-560 lemon, 474-476, 560 sweet lemon, 478, 556, 559, 565, 570-571, 573, 575, 578 lily, 447, 466, 470-471, 499, 521, 530, 556-557, 562, 566, 568, 570-573, 578-580 blue lily of the Nile, 530, 557, 570, 573, 579-580 calla lily, 456, 469, 472-473, 499, 521, 530, 556-557, 562-579 canna lily, 466, 530, 555 yellow day lily, 572 lime, 476-477, 550, 559 sweet lime, 481,559, 567 locust tree, 559 madrone, 449, 460, 464, 530, 567 maguey, 448, 451-452, 457, 461, 466, 469-470, 474, 506, 521, 529-532, 544, 546, 549, 565, 568, 571, 576 mandarin, see orange mango, 462, 472, 474, 476-480, 482, 507, 526-527, 531, 549-550, 557-558, 560, 563, 577 marigold, 468, 470-473, 481, 483-484, 519, 529-530, 556-557, 565-574, 577, 579-580 marsh marigold, 529, 547, 550, 555 melon, 452, 476, 479-482, 484, 545, 547, 560 musk melon, 558 watermelon, 452, 476, 482, 545-547, 557-558, 560 mexican coyote brush, 457, 516, 532, 582 mexican shell flower, 469, 527, 530 mexican tea, 460, 463, 521-522, 526, 529-530, 550-551, 554 milkweed, 475 mint, 460, 466, 516, 522, 529-530, 550-551, 554, 575 bergamont mint, 468 moss, 453, 461, 566, 568, 570, 573-574, 578-579 spanish moss, 454, 461, 566, 568, 570-573, 575, 579 mustard, 529, 557 black mustard, 529-530 field mustard, 469, 473-474, 477, 483, 519, 521, 527, 529-530 nance, 476, 531,559 negrohead soncoya, 481 nettle, 455, 459, 467, 581 nightshade wild nightshade, 463, 521, 529-531, 550 oak, 448-449, 451, 464, 468, 515-516, 545, 575, 580, 582 oat, 455 onion, 447, 456, 470-471, 476, 529, 550, 575 wild onion, 466, 529-530, 551, 554 orange, 474-477, 481-482, 545, 550, 556-560, 567-568, 570-571, 573-574 mandarin orange, 481, 559 navel orange, 559, 579 Valencia orange, 559 orchid, 447, 466, 470, 530 palm, 448, 450, 454-455, 457-458, 465, 467, 516-518, 523, 563, 576-577 bamboo palm, 556, 558, 565-575, 577, 579-580 brahea palm, 469 fan palm, 565-574, 576-577, 579 papaya, 472, 474-475, 559-560 peach, 453, 456, 466, 468, 472-474, 476-479, 481-483, 506, 508, 519, 522, 527, 529-530, 545-546, 549, 557, 559-561 peanut, 475, 478, 482, 484-485, 549, 560 pear, 448, 464, 472, 474-476, 478, 482, 508, 545, 556, 558-560 penny royal, 468, 530 pine, 447-450, 452, 457-462, 464, 466, 468-470, 474, 480-481, 484, 502-504, 507, 517-518, 522, 524-527, 531-532, 558, 563, 565-583 pineapple, 448, 452, 476-477, 481-482, 484, 521, 547, 550, NUMBER 35 679 559-560,575 pink, 556, 558 piper, 460, 522, 530, 550, 553 pippin, 476, 559 plantain, 476, 556, 559 plum, 454, 477, 529, 559-560 poison ivy, 459-460 pokeberry, 476, 529-530 popapple, 453, 480, 516, 528, 530, 549, 558, 560, 565, 567, 570-572, 574-575, 578 potato, 447, 455, 469, 485, 499, 518, 521-522, 526-527, 529, 547-551,554,557-558,560 prickly pear, 456, 529-530, 559 quince, 448, 476-477, 481, 546, 559-560, 575 radish, 476, 479, 482, 520-521, 525-527, 529, 557-558, 560 raspberry, 529-530 wild raspberry, 476, 558 rattle-box, 550 reed, 447, 450-451, 454-455, 462, 530, 578 rice, 546, 549-550 rose, 453, 472-473, 530, 557, 565-566, 568, 571-573, 576-577, 580 rue, 529-530, 582-583 sage, 456, 470-471 sapote black sapote, 476, 480, 547, 558, 560 chico sapote, 476, 480, 558, 560 mamey sapote, 476, 479-483, 526-527, 544, 549, 558, 560 son sapote, 476, 479, 558 white sapote, 476-477, 479-480, 482, 529-530, 547, 550, 557-558, 583 yellow sapote, 476, 558, 560 sedum, 463, 566, 568-574, 578-580 shallot, 521 soaproot, 521 solanum, 469-470 sow thistle, 530 spiderwort, 453 squash, 446, 451, 453, 456, 463, 467, 469, 474-476, 478-479, 481-484, 520-522, 545, 547-550, 552 pumpkin squash, 458, 463, 472, 475, 477-482, 485, 497, 519, 521-522, 526-528, 544-545, 548-551, 558, 560, 566-567, 570, 572-573, 578 summer squash, 458, 478-480, 497-498, 529-530, 548, 550, 558, 560 watermelon squash, 447-448, 458, 462, 466, 472, 477-481, 483, 497-498, 516-517, 519, 521-522, 526, 529-530, 544-546, 548-551, 557-558, 560, 563, 574, 578 stone crop, 500 sugarcane, 447, 450-452, 454-455, 458, 460, 462, 479, 511, 518, 526-527, 547-549, 556, 559-560, 566, 573, 575, 578 sunflower bush sunflower, 473 sweet potato, 447, 560 sweet william, 471 swiss chard, 527, 529, 557, 560 tamarind, 559 tangerine, 474-475, 560, 565, 568, 572, 574 thistle, 469 tobacco, 463, 468, 485, 516, 524, 529-530, 581-583 tomato, 474, 522, 548, 550-551, 553-554, 556, 560 cherry tomato, 530 husk tomato, 475, 529-530, 550 turnip, 451, 453, 529 virgin's bower, 567 walnut, 464, 560 wandering jew, 471 watercress, 468, 557 wax myrtle, 516, 530, 556, 563, 567-568, 571, 576-578 wheat, 455, 469, 521 willow, 453, 464, 466 wintergreen wild wintergreen, 530 yaw root, 460 yucca, 465 zucchini, 453, 466, 478, 530, 558 Index 3 Plant Index (Latin) (Boldface = page(s) of principal entry) Abies guatemalensis, 15, 16, 146,184 Abutilon purpusii, 147,193 Acacia angustissima, 15, 145,172, 417-418, 422-423, 430, 444 Acacia cochliacantha, 14 Acacia comigera, 14, 144, 169, 417 Acacia farnesiana, 14, 144, 171, 417, 443 Acacia pennatula, 14, 144,170, 414, 417-418, 422 Acacia pringlei, 14, 171 Acaena elongata, 16, 147,194, 436, 443 Acalypha arvensis, 204, 221 Acalypha botteriana, 204, 221, 250 Acalypha hispida, 147,195, 431 Acalypha langiana, 250 Acalypha macrostachya, 15, 148,197, 413, 422-423 Acalypha mollis, 148,197, 413, 422-423 Acalypha setosa, 204, 221 Acalypha sp., 204, 221 Acalypha unibracteata, 15, 148, 201 Acalypha vagans, 250 Acanthocereus horridus, 206, 245-246 Acer negundo ssp. mexicanum, 17, 145,176, 413, 418, 420, 423 Achimenes Candida, 131 Achimenes cettoana, 206, 241 Achimenes grandiflora, 206, 241, 273 Achimenes longiflora, 206, 241 Acourtia nudicaulis, 213, 277, 440 Acrocomia mexicana, 147, 192, 426-428, 431-432 Acrostichum danaeifolium, 210, 432 Adenocalyma apurense, 120, 141, 427 Adenocaulon lyratum, 270, 434, 438 Adiantum andicola, 209, 262, 425, 438, 440 Adiantum concinnum, 209, 262, 438, 440 Adiantum poirettii, 209, 262, 438, 440 Aegopogon cenchroides, 210, 264 Aeschynomene compacta, 145,172, 417 Aeschynomene purpusii, 145,172, 417 Agapanthus africanus, 204, 224 Agave americana, 144,166, 418, 420, 428, 431-432 Agave brachystachys, 208, 256-257 Agave chiapensis, 144, 166, 418, 428, 443 Agave kewensis, 144,166, 428 Agave sisalana, 144,165-166, 429, 433 Ageratina aschenborniana, 220 Ageratina bustamenta, 143,157, 214, 282, 429 Ageratina chiapense, 180 Ageratina ligustrina, 143, 157, 429 Ageratina mairetiana, 143,157, 429 Ageratina muelleri, 281 Ageratina petiolaris, 214, 282 Ageratina pringlei, 15, 143, 214, 282, 429 Ageratum corymbosum, 212, 273 Ageratum echioides, 212, 273 Ageratum houstonianum, 207, 212, 252, 273 Ageratum paleaceum, 212, 273 Agonandra racemosa, 148, 201, 421-423 Albizzia caribaea, 13 Alchemilla pectinata, 239, 247 Alchemilla sibbaldiaefolia, 239, 255-256 Aldama dentata, 209, 260, 433 Alfaroa mexicana, 15 Allium ascalonicum, 208, 257, 420, 428-429 Allium cepa, 208, 257, 420, 428-429 Allium kunthii, 208, 257-258, 428-429 Allium sativum, 208, 256, 420, 425, 435, 438-439, 441-443 Allium scorodoprasum, 208, 256 Alloispermum scabrum, 213, 276 Alnus acuminata ssp. arguta, 17, 146, 186-187, 414, 415, 417, 429-430, 433 Alnus jorullensis, 17, 146,187, 414, 415, 429-430, 433 Alonsoa meridionalis, 212, 274 Aloysia chiapensis, 147,191, 436, 442 Altemanthera laguroides, 213, 276 Alvaradoa amorphoides, 143, 161, 413, 418 Amaranthus hybridus, 203, 219, 420, 428 Amaranthus scariosus, 203, 219, 428 Amaranthus spinosus, 203, 219 Amaryllis belladonna, 204, 225, 420, 432 Ambrosia cumanensis, 15, 209, 258, 433-434, 441-443 Amelanchier denticulata, 144,165, 422-423, 427 Amelanchier nervosa, 15 Ammi majus, 211, 270, 420, 432 Ampelocissus acapulcencis, 120, 139, 438, 440 Ampelopsis mexicana, 119, 138, 438 Amyris chiapensis, 14 Anagallis arvensis, 207, 248-249, 273, 439 Ananas comosus, 144,167, 426, 429 Andropogon bicomis, 208, 255, 415, 424 Andropogon glomeratus, 208, 255, 263, 415, 424 Anemia adiantifolia, 209, 262 Anemia phyllitidis, 209, 262 Anemopaegma puberulum, 119-120, 137,141 Annona cherimola, 147, 196, 418, 420, 426, 444 Annona diversifolia, 148,196, 420, 426 Annona purpurea, 147, 196, 427, 444 Annona reticulata, 148,196, 427 Anoda cristata, 132, 206, 223, 241-242, 244-245, 250, 280, 438 681 682 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ANTHROPOLOGY Anogramma leptophylla, 209, 262 Anthericum eleutherandrum, 208, 256, 425 Anthericum vestitum, 208, 256, 425 Anthurium chamulense, 251 Anthurium huixtlense, 251 Anthurium schlechtendalii, 207, 251, 432 Anthurium seleri, 251 Antigonon flavescens, 119-120,138,141, 413, 419 Antigonon guatemalense, 119,137, 413, 419 Aphelandra deppeana, 273 Apium leptophyllum, 211, 271 Aploleia multiflora, 211, 266 Arachis hypogaea, 117, 123, 424 Aralia humilis, 212, 271 Arbutus xalapensis, 14, 145,176, 423, 427, 433-434, 442 Arceuthobium globosum, 206, 243, 442-443 Archibaccharis androgyna, 15 Ardisia densiflora, 15 Ardisia escallonioides, 14, 142,155-156, 413, 418, 421-423, 429 Argemone mexicana, 222 Aristida schiedeana, 210, 264, 415 Aristolochia maxima, 120, 138-139, 243, 443 Aristolochia sericea, 120, 138-139, 435, 442-443 Arracacia bracteata, 212, 271, 442-443 Arracacia nelsonii, 212, 271 Arthraxon quartinianus, 210, 264 Arundinella deppeana, 210, 263-264 Arundo donax, 142, 150, 420, 430 Asclepias contrayerba, 207, 250, 438 Asclepias curassavica, 207, 250 Asclepias oenotherioides, 207, 250, 440 Asclepias similis, 207, 250, 443 Asclepias sp., 141 Asparagus setaceus, 147, 195, 431 Aspilia purpurea, 223 Asplenium monanthes, 210, 263 Aster bullatus, 209, 213, 226, 278, 441, 444 Aster exilis, 213, 219, 226, 278 Astranthium purpurascens, 260 Ateleia tomentosa, 14 Avena fatua, 205, 230-231 Avena sativa, 205, 231 Ayenia mexicana, 147, 193-194 Ayenia micrantha, 194 Baccharis glutinosa, 143, 157, 417 Baccharis salicifolia, 201 Baccharis serraefolia, 15, 143, 158, 425, 436 Baccharis trinervis, 15, 143, 157, 424 Baccharis vaccinioides, 15, 143, 158, 416, 423, 425, 440, 443 Bacopa monnieri, 203, 216 Bacopa repens, 216 Bakeridesia sp., 159 Bambusa vulgaris var. vittata, 142, 151, 413-414, 418 Bambusa vulgaris var. vulgaris, 142, 151, 413-414, 418 Barleria micans, 204, 221, 273 Bartletina hylobia, 273 Bastardia viscosa, 207, 252 Bauhinia divaricata, 145, 171-172, 414, 418, 421-423 Bauhinia pauletia, 14, 145,164,171-172, 414, 418, 421-423 Bauhinia ungulata, 145,171-172, 414, 423 Beaucarnea goldmanii, 166 Begonia biserrata, 207, 249, 437 Begonia fischeri var. tovarensis, 207, 249, 437 Begonia oaxacana, 207, 249, 262, 437 Begonia plebeja, 250 Beilschmiedia riparia, 145, 175 Berchemia scandens, 17 Bernoullia flammea, 14 Berula erecta, 211, 213, 271, 278 Beta vulgaris, 203, 215 Beta vulgaris var. cicla, 212, 274 Bidens aurea, 204, 223 Bidens bicolor, 194, 204, 213, 223, 276 Bidens humilis, 204, 223 Bidens laevis, 271 Bidens ostruthioides, 204, 213, 223, 276, 431 Bidens pilosa, 204, 223, 424 Bidens squarrosa, 15, 271 Bidens triplinervia, 204, 223, 258 Billbergia pallidiflora, 213, 276 Bixa orellana, 148, 201, 429, 440 Blechum brownei, 213, 276 Blepharodon mucronatum, 119, 138 Bletia reflexa, 240 Bletia sp., 265, 267 Bocconia arborea, 147, 195, 212, 271, 430 Bocconia frutescens, 147, 195, 212, 271, 430, 443 Boerhaavia diffusa, 203, 216, 428 Boerhaavia erecta, 203, 216 Boldoa purpurascens, 203, 216, 428 Bomarea acutifolia, 120, 141, 441 Bomarea hirtella, 120, 141, 441 Bonamia sulphurea, 119, 133 Bonplandia geminiflora, 253-254, 273 Borago officinalis, 203, 216-217, 435 Borreria laevis, 206, 212, 244, 272, 425, 435-436, 441 Bouchea prismatica, 253-254, 273 Bougainvillea buttiana, 147, 195, 431-432 Bougainvillea glabra, 147, 195, 431-432 Bourreria huanita, 14, 143,156, 417 Bouteloua media, 210, 264, 415 Bouvardia leiantha, 241-242 Bouvardia longiflora, 15, 206, 241 Brachiaria reptans, 210, 264 Brahea dulcis, 147, 192-193, 417, 428-429, 433 Brahea nitida, 147,193, 415, 417, 425, 428, 432 Brassica campestris, 203, 215, 420, 427 Brassica juncea, 203, 215, 420, 427 Brassica nigra, 203, 215, 420, 427 Brassica oleracea var. acephala, 205, 230, 420, 427-428 Brassica oleracea var. botrytis, 205, 230 Brassica oleracea var. capitata, 205, 230, 420, 427 Brassica oleracea var. gongyloides, 205, 230, 428 Brassica rapa, 203, 215, 420, 428 Brickellia diffusa, 221 Brickellia scoparia, 211, 269, 429 NUMBER 35 683 Bromelia hemisphaerica, 144, 167, 427 Bromelia pinguin, 144, 167, 427 Bromelia plumieri, 144,167, 427 Brosimum alicastrum, 14 Buchnera pusilla, 244, 267-268 Bucida buceras, 13 Bucida macrostachya, 13, 146,186, 418, 442 Buddleia americana, 147,190-191, 418, 442-443 Buddleia crotonoides, 15, 147, 190-191, 418 Buddleia crotonoides ssp. amplexicaulis, 147, 190-191, 418, 442- 443 Buddleia nitida, 147,190, 416, 419, 422-423 Buddleia skutchii, 14, 147,190, 415-416, 418-419, 422-423 Buettneria aculeata, 118, 131 Bumelia obtusifolia var. buxifolia, 148, 202 Bumelia pleistochasia, 14 Bunchosia lanceolata, 150, 180 Bunchosia montana, 120, 141, 185 Bursera bipinnata, 145,179, 420, 430, 433, 435, 438-439, 442 Bursera diversifolia, 14 Bursera excelsa, 145,179, 418, 420, 433, 435, 442 Bursera simaruba, 13, 142, 153, 420, 436, 439 Bursera steyermarkii, 145, 179, 438, 442-443 Byrsonima crassifolia, 14, 142,151-152, 418, 436 Caesalpinia exostema, 144, 164, 431 Caesalpinia pulcherrima, 144, 164, 431 Caesaria nitida, 313 Calathea soconuscum, 204, 224-225 Calceolaria tripartita, 265 Calea ternifolia, 158 Calea trichotoma, 15 Calea urticifolia, 15, 143,158, 434-436, 439, 442 Calliandra caeciliae, 169-170 Calliandra confusa, 144, 169-170, 417-418, 424, 432, 440 Calliandra emarginata, 171-172 Calliandra grandiflora, 15, 144, 169-170, 417-418, 424, 432, 440 Calliandra houstoniana, 15, 144, 169-170, 417-418, 424, 432, 440 Calliandra portoricensis, 145,172, 418, 422, 430, 444 Calliandra spp., 313 Calliandra tetragona, 145,172 Calochortus ghiesbreghtii, 208, 256, 258 Calonyction aculeatum, 119,134 Calopogonium coeruleum, 118,132 Calycophyllum candidissimum, 14, 143, 161, 413-415 Calyptocarpus wendlandii, 213, 276 Calyptranthes chiapensis, 14, 146,180 Campelia zanonia, 211, 266 Campyloneurum angustifolium, 210, 263 Campyloneurum xalapense, 210, 263 Canavalia glabra, 118, 120,133, 141, 413, 419 Canavalia hirsutissima, 118, 132-133, 413, 419 Canavalia villosa, 118,132, 413, 419 Canna edulis, 204, 225, 420, 426, 430, 433 Cannabis sativa, 213, 277 Capparis flexuosa, 132 Capraria biflora var. pilosa, 253 Capsella bursapastoris, 219 Capsicum annuum, 204-205, 227-228, 420, 428-429, 440-442 Capsicum annuum var. aviculare, 205, 228, 429 Capsicum pubescens, 205, 227, 420, 429 Cardamine flaccida, 213, 278, 444 Carex donnell-smithii, 257 Carex jamesonii, 264 Carex polystachya, 210, 264 Carex spp., 16 Carica cauliflora, 148, 198, 427 Carica papaya, 148, 198, 420, 426 Carlowrightia sp., 253-254 Carpinus caroliniana, 146,188, 413-415, 422-423 Casearia commersoniana, 144, 168 Casearia corymbosa, 144, 168 Casimiroa edulis, 145, 172-173, 417-418, 426, 434, 444 Cassytha filiformis, 140 Castilleja arvensis, 207, 251, 430, 436, 441 Castilleja elastica, 179 Castilleja integrifolia, 208, 251, 254, 267-268 Catoferia chiapensis, 14, 212, 273, 438-439, 441 Catopsis nutans, 274 Cavendishia crassifolia, 16, 144,168, 431-432 Cayaponia attenuata, 118,127 Cayaponia racemosa, 118,127 Ceanothus coeruleus, 15, 148, 199, 415, 417, 422-423, 429 Cecropia peltata, 13, 143,159, 413, 416-417, 424, 440 Cedrela oaxacensis, 13, 145,177, 413, 416-417, 423, 425, 430, 433 Cedrela odorata, 145,177, 413, 416-417, 423, 425, 430, 433 Cedrela salvadorensis, 145, 177, 413, 416-417, 423, 425, 430, 433 Ceiba aesculifolia, 13, 145,178, 416, 418, 427 Ceiba pentandra, 14, 145,177-178, 443 Celastrus vulcanicola, 16, 168 Celtis iguanaea, 142,156, 413, 427 Cenchrus brownii, 210, 264 Cenchrus pilosus, 210, 264 Centauria cyanus, 213, 278 Centaurium brachycalyx, 268 Centropogon grandidentatus, 208, 253, 438 Centrosema plumieri, 118, 133 Centrosema pubescens, 118,132-133 Cephalocereus maxonii, 206, 246 Cerastium nutans, 242-243 Cestrum aurantiacum, 145,155,177, 417 Cestrum guatemalense, 145,177, 418 Cestrum nocturnum, 177 Chamaecrista desvauxii, 213, 279, 435 Chamaecrista nictitans ssp. disdena var. pilosa, 145,172, 245,418 Chamaecrista rufa, 245 Chamaedorea concolor, 15, 147,195 Chamaedorea elatior, 147,194-195, 432 Chamaedorea ernesti-augustii, 147,195, 432 Chamaedorea nubium, 147,195, 432 Chamaesyce densiflora, 207, 250 Chamaesyce hirta, 198, 207, 250 Chamaesyce hypericifolia, 198, 207, 250-251 Chamaesyce hyssopifolia, 207, 250-251 Chamomilla recutita, 209, 259-260, 420-421, 432, 435-436, 438-439, 443 Chamomilla suaveolens, 259-260 684 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ANTHROPOLOGY Cheilanthes farinosa, 210, 263 Cheilanthes hirsuta, 210, 262 Cheilanthes lendigera, 210, 263 Cheiloplecton rigidum, 210, 263 Chenopodium ambrosioides, 203, 218, 420, 429, 441 Chenopodium murale, 203, 219-220, 428 Chenopodium nuttalliae, 203, 219-220, 428 Chimaphila umbellata, 214, 279 Chiococca alba, 189-190 Chiococca phaenostemon, 15 Chiococca sessilifolia, 14 Chiranthodendron pentadactylon, 16, 143, 159, 413 Chloris virgata, 210, 263, 415 Chlorophora tinctoria, 148, 198, 413, 415-419, 426-427, 429 Chromolaena collina, 15, 143, 157, 429 Chromolaena odorata, 213, 276 Chrysanthemum coronarium, 209, 259, 420, 431-432 Chrysophyllum cainito, 142, 155 Chrysophyllum mexicanum, 14, 142, 155 Chusquea foliosa, 16, 142,151 Chusquea liebmanni, 142, 151 Cicer arietinum, 117, 122 Cinnamomum zeylanicum, 143,161,429 Cirsium horridulum, 204, 222, 428, 442 Cirsium mexicanum, 204, 222, 428 Cirsium nigriceps, 204, 222, 428 Cirsium pinetorum, 313 Cirsium subcoriaceum, 191, 204, 222, 428 Cissampelos pareira, 120, 139-140, 425, 438-439, 441-443 Cissus cacuminis, 119-120, 138-139, 436, 438, 440 Cissus rhombifolia, 138 Cissus sicyoides, 120,138-139, 436, 438, 440 Citharexylum donnell-smithii, 168 Citrullus vulgaris, 118,130, 426 Citrus aurantifolia, 144, 167, 420, 424-426, 429, 435-436, 438, 441 Citrus aurantium, 144, 167, 421, 426, 429, 432 Citrus limetta, 144,168, 426 Citrus limonia, 144,168-169, 420, 426, 432 Citrus limonia 'Eureka', 144, 169 Citrus limonia 'Millsweet', 144, 168 Citrus medica, 144, 169, 427, 432, 442 Citrus reticulata, 144, 169, 426 Citrus sinensis, 144, 169, 421, 426, 429-430, 432, 435 Clematis dioica, 120, 139, 413, 419, 439, 441 Clematis grossa, 120, 139, 413, 419, 439, 441 Cleome magnifica, 203, 219, 421, 428 Cleome spinosa, 159 Clethra lanata, 16 Clethra mexicana, 146, 180, 415 Clethra suaveolens, 149 Cleyera theaeoides, 146, 181-182, 414-415, 418 Clitoria polystachya, 143, 160 Clusia flava, 14 Clusia rosea, 145, 178, 439 Cnidoscolus aconitifolius, 144 Cnidoscolus aconitifolius 'Maya', 144, 163-164, 434 Cnidoscolus multilobus, 144, 164, 434 Cnidoscolus tubulosus, 144, 164, 434 Coxana purpurea, 212, 271 Cobaea scandens, 119,133 Coccoloba barbadensis, 14, 146,180, 418, 422-423 Coccoloba diversifolia, 146, 180, 423 Coccoloba liebmannii, 146, 180, 418, 423 Coccoloba mayana, 146,156,180, 418, 423 Cochlospermum vitifolium, 13, 142, 153, 417-418, 421, 424 Cocos nucifera, 147,192, 427 Coffea arabica, 144, 167-168, 420-423, 426, 430, 434, 439 Cologania broussonettii, 118, 132-133 Cologania glabrior, 118,132 Cologania procumbens, 133 Colubrina elliptica, 180 Colubrina erecta, 181 Comarostaphylos arbutoides, 145, 176, 442 Comarostaphylos discolor, 15, 145, 176, 442 Combretum fruticosum, 120,141 Commelina alpestris, 211, 266, 273 Commelina coelestis, 211, 266 Commelina diffusa, 211, 266, 273, 439-440 Commelina erecta, 211, 266 Comocladia guatemalensis, 143, 160, 413, 444 Conium maculatum, 211, 270, 421, 432 Conopholis americana, 214, 282 Conyza canadensis, 218-219 Conyza chilensis, 204, 207, 222, 252, 279 Conyza sophiifolia, 219 Corchorus siliquosus, 206, 245, 424 Cordia alliodora, 13, 142,152, 413, 416-419, 423, 425-426, 430, 433 Cordia dentata, 148,198, 416, 418, 423, 425-426 Cordia dodecandra, 14, 148, 198, 416, 418, 423, 425-427, 435 Cordia foliosa, 145,177 Cordia sebestena, 148, 198, 416, 418, 423, 425-426 Cordia spinescens, 14, 145,177, 213, 276 Coreopsis mutica var. microcephala, 15, 146, 185, 430 Coriandrum sativum, 211, 270-271, 420, 429 Coriaria ruscifolia, 15, 148, 197-198, 427, 429, 438 Cornus disciflora, 188 Cornus excelsa, 17, 144, 162, 415, 417-418, 422-424, 426, 430, 432-433 Cosmos bipinnatus, 204, 223, 432 Cosmos caudatus, 223 Cosmos crithmifolius, 222 Cosmos diversifolius, 260 Costus sanguineus, 204, 226 Cranichis trilobata, 211, 265-266 Crataegus pubescens, 14, 17, 144, 162-163, 413, 415-416, 418, 420-423, 426, 430, 432, 435, 443 Crescentia alata, 14, 142,152, 416, 418, 430-431 Crescentia cujete, 14, 142,151, 417-418,421, 435 Crinum amabile, 204, 226,421 Crocosmia crocosmiiflora, 210, 264-265, 420,432 Crossopetalum parvifolium, 213, 279 Crotalaria acapulcensis, 203, 220, 444 Crotalaria cajanifolia, 220 Crotalaria incana, 203, 220, 421, 428 Crotalaria mucronata, 203, 220, 421, 428 Crotalaria pumila, 203, 220, 421, 428 NUMBER 35 685 Crotalaria quercetorum, 203, 220, 421, 428 Crotalaria sagittalis, 204, 221 Croton argenteus, 280 Croton ciliatoglandulifer, 149, 213, 277 Croton draco, 142,152, 273 Croton guatemalensis, 156 Crusea calocephala, 206, 244 Crusea diversifolia, 211, 268-269, 442 Crusea parviflora, 206, 244 Crusea sp., 244, 443 Ctenitis equestris, 210, 263, 432 Cucumis anguria, 117,127, 413, 435, 441 Cucumis melo var. conomon, 118,129-130, 424, 436 Cucumis melo var. reticulatus, 118, 130, 424, 436 Cucurbita ficifolia, 118, 128-129, 420, 424, 428, 437, 440 Cucurbita galeottii, 118,127, 431 Cucurbita mixta, 118,130, 420, 428 Cucurbita moschata, 118,127-128, 420, 424, 428, 441 Cucurbita pepo var. melopepo, 118,130, 420, 428 Cupanea dentata, 14 Cuphea aequipetala, 211, 267-268, 436, 440-442 Cuphea cyanea, 176-177, 207, 252, 436-437 Cuphea hyssopifolia, 17 Cuphea intermedia, 226 Cuphea leptopoda, 207, 252-254 Cuphea pinetorum, 208, 252-253, 436-437 Cuphea utriculosa, 269 Cuphea wrightii, 267-268 Cupressus benthamii var. lindleyi, 146, 182, 413, 415-419, 421, 430-431,433,444 Curatella americana, 14, 148, 201, 424 Cuscuta corymbosa var. grandifolia, 120, 140, 429 Cuscuta tinctoria, 120, 140, 429 Cuscuta yucatana, 120, 140 Cyclanthera bourgeana, 117,126-127, 424 Cyclanthera langaei, 17, 117,127, 425 Cydista diversifolia, 119,136, 413, 419 Cydonia oblonga, 144,165, 417, 421, 426-427, 433 Cymbispatha commelinoides, 211, 266 Cymbopogon citratus, 208, 255, 421, 426, 435, 441 Cynanchum rensonii, 138 Cynanchum sp., 138 Cynodon dactylon, 210, 263, 415 Cynoglossum amabile, 203, 217, 431 Cyperus canus, 210, 264 Cyperus hermaphroditus, 210, 264, 281, 436, 439 Cyperus manimae, 210, 264 Cyperus niger, 210, 264, 279 Cyperus pallens, 210, 264 Cyperus spp., 16 Cyperus virens, 210, 264 Cypripedium irapeanum, 211, 265, 430-431 Cyrtopodium punctatum, 211, 267, 440 Cystopteris fragilis, 210, 262-263 Dactyloctenium aegyptium, 210, 263, 415 Dahlia australis var. chiapensis, 204, 222 Dahlia coccinea, 204, 212, 222, 271, 432 Dahlia imperialis, 204, 222, 426, 432 Dahlia pinnata, 204, 223, 421, 432 Dalbergia glabra, 14, 118, 132-133, 413 Dalea foliolosa, 204, 221 Dalea leporina, 204, 221 Dalea lutea var. gigantea, 204, 221 Dalea sericea, 221 Dalea tomentosa var. psoraleoides, 204, 221 Dalea versicolor, 14,161, 204, 221, 436 Dalechampia scandens, 120, 141, Dalembertia triangularis, 207, 250, 428 Daphnopsis americana, 143, 156 Daphnopsis selerorum, 17 Datura Candida, 206, 241, 421, 430-431, 434 Datura stramonium, 143, 158 Daucus carota, 211, 270-271, 432 Daucus carota var. sativa, 203, 215-216, 421, 428 Daucus montanus, 212, 271 Davilla nitida, 148, 201, 424 Delonix regia, 144,164 Dendranthema morifolium, 209, 258-261, 420, 431-432 Dendropanax arboreus, 15, 146,187, 413, 418, 431 Deppea grandiflora, 17 Descurainia streptocarpa, 219 Desmanthodium perfoliatum, 15, 190 Desmanthus virgatus, 145, 172, 418 Desmodium amplifolium, 207, 214, 252, 279-280 Desmodium aparines, 214, 279-280 Desmodium chiapense, 214, 279-280 Desmodium maxonii, 214, 279-280 Desmodium nicaraguense, 15, 214, 279-280 Desmodium orbiculare, 214, 279-280 Desmodium palmeri, 212, 274 Desmodium skinneri, 214, 279-280, 438 Desmodium strobilaceum, 214, 279-280 Dianthus barbatus, 209, 259, 421 Dianthus caryophyllus, 209, 258-259, 420, 432, 436 Dianthus chinensis, 258-259 Diastatea micrantha, 213, 279, 281, 440 Dichanthelium laxiflorum, 210, 264 Dichondra argentea, 207, 248, 436-437 Didymaea alsinoides, 120,138,141, 413, 419, 436 Digitaria leucites, 263 Digiticalia chiapensis, 211, 212, 270-271, 436 Dioscorea cf. dugesii, 119,135, 428, 440, 444 Dioscorea convolvulacea, 119, 134-135 Dioscorea cymosula var. cinerea, 119, 135, 428, 440, 444 Dioscorea floribunda, 119,134-135 Dioscorea nelsonii, 119,135, 428, 440, 444 Diospyros digyna, 145, 176, 418, 426 Diospyros nicaraguensis, 142, 155, 176, 181 Dipholis matudae, 145,175 Diphysa floribunda, 14, 143,161-162, 413, 421-423, 429 Diphysa spinosa, 171 Dodonaea viscosa, 142,149, 414-415, 417 Donnellsmithia juncea, 212, 271., Dorstenia contrajerva, 213, 276, 436, 442-443 Drimys granadensis, 16, 181., Drymaria gracilis, 273, 279 686 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ANTHROPOLOGY Dryopteris nubigena, 210, 263, 432 Dryopteris wallichiana, 17 Duchesnea indica, 118, 131, 427 Duranta repens, 144, 165 Dyssodia appendiculata, 271 Dyssodia papposa, 223, 269 Echeandia macrocarpa, 208, 256, 425 Echeandia macrophylla var. longifolia, 208, 256, 425 Echeandia parviflora, 208, 256, 425 Echeveria acutifolia, 206, 247, 440-441 Echeveria bella, 207, 247, 441 Echeveria mucronata, 206, 247, 440-441 Echeveria sessiliflora, 206, 247, 440-441 Echinopepon horridus, 117,127 Ehretia latifolia, 14, 143, 156, 418, 427 Ehretia tinifolia, 143,156, 180, 427 Eichhomea crassipes, 212, 274 Elaeodendron trichotomum, 13, 145, 176 Elaphoglossum latifolium, 210, 262-263 Elaphoglossum paleaceum, 210, 262-263 Elaphoglosum latifolium, 251 Eleocharis dombeyana, 279 Eleusine indica, 210, 263 Elionurus tripsacoides, 210, 264 Elytraria imbricata, 206, 240, 425, 441 Encyclia chondylobulbon, 267 Encyclia cochleatum, 211, 267 Encyclia ochracea, 211, 266, 426, 428 Encyclia spp., 211, 267, 444 Encyclia varicosa, 211, 267, 431, 444 Enterolobium cyclocarpum, 13, 144, 171, 418, 427, 430, 442-444 Epidendrum arbuscula, 211, 267, 430 Epidendrum ciliare, 211, 267 Epidendrum parkinsonianum, 211, 266 Epidendrum radicans, 211, 266, 431 Epiphyllum crenatum var. kimnachii, 206, 245, 427, 431, 435 Equisetum hymale var. affine, 214, 279-280, 424, 431, 435-436, 443 Equisetum myriochaetum, 212, 271, 431, 435-436, 443 Erianthus trinii, 254 Erigeron karwinskianus, 204, 226, 441 Eriobotrya japonica, 173 Erodium cicutarium, 205, 239, 433-434 Erodium moschatum, 205, 239, 433-434 Eryngium carlinae, 211,213, 270, 278, 440, 444 Eryngium ghiesbreghtii, 211, 213, 270, 278, 434, 440, 444 Eryngium guatemalense, 213, 278, 444 Eryngium longirameum, 211, 270, 281, 440, 444 Erythrina chiapasana, 14, 148, 201-202, 417-418, 421, 428, 433 Erythrina goldmanii, 14, 148, 201-202, 417-418, 421, 428, 433 Erythrodes secunda, 211, 266 Erythroxylon havanense, 14 Erythroxylon rotundifolium, 147, 195 Escobedia guatemalensis, 206, 241 Escobedia laevis, 224, 432 Eucalyptus camaldulensis, 146, 186, 436, 439, 443 Eucalyptus globulus, 146, 186, 436, 439, 443 Eugenia acapulcensis, 14, 142, 155, 413, 418, 421-423, 429 Eugenia amatenangensis, 142, 155, 168, 418, 421-423, 429 Eugenia carranzae, 14, 142, 155, 413, 418, 421-423, 429 Eugenia caryophyllus, 147, 195 Eugenia laughlinii, 14, 142, 155, 413, 418, 421-423, 429 Eugenia rhombea, 15 Eugenia yunckeri, 142,155, 200, 413, 418, 421-423, 429 Eupatoriastrum nelsonii, 223 Euphorbia anychioides, 207, 250, 440 Euphorbia dentata, 207, 250 Euphorbia francoana, 207, 250 Euphorbia graminea, 198, 207, 213, 250, 276 Euphorbia heterophylla, 185, 207, 250 Euphorbia leucocephala, 148, 198, 431 Euphorbia macropus, 198, 207, 250, 435 Euphorbia pseudofulva, 14, 162 Euphorbia pulcherrima, 159 Exothea paniculata, 14 Exostema caribaeum, 14 Eysenhardtia adenostylis, 13, 144, 162, 413, 415-418, 421-424, 429-430 Fernaldia pandurata, 119,136-137, 428 Festuca amplissima, 16, 208, 254, 415, 424 Ficus carica, 147, 195, 421, 426-427 Ficus cookii, 145,178, 418, 434 Ficus cotinifolia, 145, 178, 434 Ficus elastica, 145, 179 Ficus glabrata, 14, 145,177, 416-419, 427 Ficus glaucescens, 14, 145,177, 416, 418-419, 427 Fleischmannia imitans, 273 Fleischmannia pycnocephala, 214, 273, 282 Fleischmanniopsis leucocephalum, 214, 279, 431 Foeniculum vulgare, 211, 270, 421, 433, 435, 437 Fragaria vesca, 118, 131 Fraxinus uhdei, 146, 184 Fuchsia encliandra ssp. tetradactyla, 176-177, 226 Fuchsia microphylla ssp. aprica, 226 Fuchsia microphylla ssp. quercetorum, 204, 226, 431 Fuchsia paniculata, 17, 144, 169, 438 Fuchsia splendens, 17, 207, 251, 253 Fuchsia thymifolia ssp. minimiflora, 176-177 Fuirena simplex, 279 Furcraea guatemalensis, 144, 166, 413, 426, 429 Gaillardia pulchella, 260, 431 Galactia acapulcensis, 117, 125 Galactia striata, 133 Galinsoga quadriradiata, 203, 220, 223, 428 Galium aschenbornii, 127 Galium orizabense, 208, 252 Galium sp., 127,207,252 Galium uncinulatum, 207, 208, 252, 441 Galphimia glauca, 15, 144, 168,431 Garcia nutans, 180 Garrya laurifolia, 15, 143, 156, 414-415, 444 Gaudichaudia albida, 119, 137 Gaultheria cumingii, 16 Gaultheria odorata, 15, 16, 142,148, 421, 427, 432, 437-438 Gaura tripetala, 254, 267-268 Gaya minutiflora, 153, 203, 218 NUMBER 35 687 Genipa caruto, 145,178, 418, 427 Gentiana laevigata, 141 Gentlea micrantha, 17 Gentlea venosissima, 14 Geranium goldmanii, 205, 239, 433-434 Geranium seemannii, 205, 213, 239-240, 276, 433-434, 442 Gladiolus hortulanus, 210-211, 264-266, 420, 432 Gliricidia ehrenbergii, 143, 160-162 Gliricidia sepium, 13, 143,161, 418, 444 Gnaphalium attenuatum, 213, 279, 431, 438 Gnaphalium brachypterum, 213, 279, 431,438 Gnaphalium purpureum, 279 Gnaphalium roseum, 214, 279, 431, 438 Gnaphalium salicifolium, 16 Gnaphalium viscosum, 214, 279, 431, 438 Godmania aesculifolia, 13, 143, 146, 160,186, 413, 418 Gomphrena decumbens, 208, 251, 255, 431, 436 Gongora spp., 211, 267 Gongylocarpus rubricaulis, 272 Gonolobus barbatus, 134,137 Gonolobus niger, 138 Gonolobus prasinanthus, 119,137 Gonolobus sp., 127, 419 Gonolobus uniflorus, 119, 137, 427, 431 Gossypium hirsutum, 214, 280, 433 Gouania polygama, 118,131-133, 141 Govenia liliacea, 211, 265, 431, 444 Govenia superba, 211, 265, 444 Greigia oaxacana, 17, 144, 167 Gronovia scandens, 134, 144,163 Guazuma ulmifolia, 142,152, 418, 422-423, 427, 435-436 Guettarda combsii, 14 Guettarda macrosperma, 143,160, 422-423, 444 Gymnolaena chiapasana, 268 Gymnopodium floribundum var. antigonoides, 148,199 Gynerium sagittatum, 142,150, 430 Gypsophila elegans, 209, 260, 420, 432 Gypsophila paniculata, 209, 260, 420, 432 Gyrocarpus americanus, 142,153-154, 418, 436, 442 Habenaria clypeata, 211, 266 Habenaria quinqueseta, 211, 266 Haematoxylon brasiletto, 14, 143, 160, 419, 422, 429, 435 Hamelia patens, 208, 254, 435-436 Haplophyton cinereum, 204, 221, 444 Harpalyce formosa var. goldmanii, 143,160, 171 Hauya elegans, 143,161, 413-415, 419, 422-423 Hechtia glomerata, 167 Hedeoma costatum, 253 Hedychium coronarium, 225 Helenium scorzoneraefolia, 209, 261, 432, 441, 443 Helianthemum glomeratum, 208, 255-256, 436, 443 Heliconia librata, 148,197 Heliconia schiedeana, 148,197 Heliocarpus donnell-smithii, 142,152, 413-415, 419, 421 Heliocarpus mexicanus, 142,152, 413-415 Heliocarpus terebinthinaceus, 13 Heliotropium angiospermum, 212, 272 Heliotropium indicum, 241-242 Helosis mexicana, 214, 282 Hemerocallis fulva, 204, 224, 421, 431-432 Hemichaena rugosa, 221, 208, 252 Herissantia crispa, 203, 218 Heterocentron subtriplinervium, 194 Heteropteris beecheyana, 118,132-133, 413, 419, 432 Hibiscus rosa-sinensis, 206, 241, 431 Hieracium abscissum, 207, 249, 434, 439, 443 Hieracium stuposum, 207, 249, 434, 439, 444 Hippeastrum bifidum, 204, 224 Hippeastrum solandriflorum, 204, 224, 421, 431-432 Hippeastrum vittatum, 204, 224-225, 421 Hippocratia volubilis, 143, 156 Hiraea aff. fagifolia, 120, 139, 440 Hiraea reclinata, 120, 141 Hofmeisteria urenifolia, 258 Holodiscus argenteus, 15, 148,199, 415, 417, 419, 423, 429 Houstonia serpyllacea, 207, 248, 443 Hura polyandra, 13, 143, 159-160, 444 Hybanthus verbenaceus, 213, 245, 278, 441 Hydrolea spinosa, 213, 278 Hylocereus undatus, 206, 245, 421, 427 Hymenaea courbaril, 13, 142, 153, 427 Hymenocallis riparia, 204, 224 Hyperbaena mexicana, 14, 148, 200 Hypericum uliginosum, 211, 268, 439, 441-442, 444 Hypoxis decumbens, 208, 257-258 Hyptis mutabilis, 208, 253 Hyptis suaveolens, 204, 217, 221, 252, 273 Hyptis tomentosa, 208, 253, 436 Hyptis urticoides, 208, 253 Hyptis verticillata, 212, 272-273, Iberis simplex, 209, 259 Ilex brandegeana, 15 Ilex vomitoria, 15, 181 Indigofera miniata, 207, 248 Indigofera mucronata, 207, 248 Indigofera suffruticosa, 143,160-161 Indigofera thibaudiana, 15, 143, 145, 160-162,172 Inga fagifolia, 142,154, 427 Inga jinicuil, 142,154,427 Inga punctata, 142,154 Inga vera ssp. spuria, 142-143, 154,160, 414 Inga xalapensis, 142,154, 414 Iostephane trilobata, 213, 276-278 Ipomoea alba, 119,133-134 Ipomoea batata, 205, 230 Ipomoea hederacea, 119,134 Ipomoea lindenii, 119,134 Ipomoea microsticta, 118,133 Ipomoea pauciflora, 119,133-134,138, 413 Ipomoea pedicellaris, 119,133-134 Ipomoea purpurea, 119,134 Ipomoea seducta, 119, 134 Ipomoea signata, 119,133-134, 413 Ipomoea sp., 119,134, 413 Ipomoea suffulta, 119,134 688 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ANTHROPOLOGY Ipomoea triloba, 119, 133-134, 413 Ipomoea tyrianthina, 119,133-134, 413 Iresine angustifolia, 147, 196 Iresine celosia, 203, 213, 218, 276 Iresine nigra, 147, 196 Jacaranda acutifolia, 171 Jacquemontia nodiflora, 134 Jacquemontia pentantha, 119, 134, 413, 419 Jacquinea macrocarpa, 14, 142, 149, 444 Jaltomata procumbens, 203, 218, 427-428 Jasminum mesnyi, 212, 271, 431 Jasminum sambac, 212, 271, 431 Jatropha curcas, 142, 153, 435 Juanulloa mexicana, 213, 278 Juglans regia, 146, 184-185, 421, 427, 440 Juncus dichotomus, 210, 263 Juncus ebracteatus, 210, 263 Juncus effusus, 210, 263 Juncus effusus var. solutus, 279 Juncus marginatus var. setosus, 210, 263 Juncus microcephalus, 210, 263 Juniperus comitana, 146,182 Juniperus flaccida, 313 Juniperus gamboana, 14, 146,182, 413-416, 419, 421, 430, 433 Justicia clinopodium, 253-254, 267-268, 436, 440 Justicia fulvicoma, 273 Justicia sp., 241-242, 435 Kallstroemia rosei, 213, 277, 424, 442 Karwindkia calderonii, 14 Karwinskia humboldtiana, 149 Kearnemalvastrum lacteum, 194, 206, 244, 426 Kniphofia uvaria, 204, 224, 421, 436, 443 Kohleria elegans, 208, 253 Krameria revoluta, 255-256 Lactuca graminifolia, 214, 282 Lactuca sativa, 213, 276-277, 421 Lagascea helianthifolia, 146, 180 Lagenaria siceraria, 119,135-136, 420, 436, 441 Lamium amplexicaule, 239, 273 Lamourouxia viscosa, 208, 253-254 Lantana achyranthifolia, 204, 212, 221, 272, 436, 439 Lantana camara, 204, 221, 427, 436 Lantana hirta, 15 Lantana hispida, 15,150, 204, 221, 427, 436, 439, 442, 444 Lasiacis divaricata, 142,151, 431 Lasiacis hispida, 142, 150 Lasiacis procerrima, 150 Lasiacis ruscifolia, 237 Lasiacis sorghoidea, 150, 267 Lasianthaea fruticosa, 146, 185, 419 Leandra subseriata, 147,194, 429 Leochilus pygmaeus, 266-267 Leonurus sibericus, 277, 440 Lepechinia schiedeana, 212, 217, 272-273, 427, 435, 443 Lepidium virginicum var. pubescens, 203, 219, 428 Leucaena collinsii, 144, 170-171, 414-415, 421-423, 427-428, 430, 444 Leucaena diversifolia, 144,171, 414-415, 421-423, 427-430 Leucaena leucocephala, 144, 170, 415, 420, 427-430 Leucaena sp., 313 Leucanthemum vulgare, 209, 260, 420, 432 Leucocarpus perfoliatus, 212, 274 Liabum andrieuxii, 147,190 Liabum discolor, 190 Liabum glabrum var. hypoleucum, 147,190, 421, 428 Licania arborea, 14, 146,180, 182, 415 Licania platypus, 145,173, 426, 436, 438, 442-443 Licaria peckii, 145,175, 429-430 Ligustrum lucidum, 143,156 Ligustrum ovalifolium, 177 Lilium candidum, 204, 224, 421, 432 Linum mexicanum, 211, 269, 429 Linum nelsonii, 211, 268-269 Linum schiedeanum, 211, 268-269 Lippia bracteosa, 192, 221 Lippia cardiostegia, 147, 191-192, 221, 414-415, 417, 422-423 Lippia chiapasensis, 15, 147, 191-192, 221, 414-415, 423 Lippia graveolens, 15 Lippia myriocephala, 15, 147, 191-192, 414-415, 417, 422-423 Lippia nodiflora, 212, 272 Lippia stoechadifolia, 212, 272 Lippia substrigosa, 15, 147,192, 414-415, 423 Lisianthius nigrescens var. chiapensis, 204, 221, 425, 442 Lithospermum distichum, 255-256, 438 Litsea glaucescens, 142, 149, 421, 429, 432-433, 437-438, 441 Litsea neesiana, 15 Llavea cordifolia, 210, 263 Lobelia cardinalis ssp. graminea, 253 Lobelia laxiflora, 208, 253, 434, 438 Loeselia glandulosa, 253-254 Loeselia mexicana, 208, 253, 437 Lonchocarpus minimiflorus, 144,171 Lonchocarpus rugosus, 144, 161, 171 Lonicera pilosa, 206, 241 Lopezia langmanniae, 14, 148, 196-197, 213, 276 Lopezia racemosa, 267-268 Lophosoria quadripinnata, 210, 263 Lophospermum turneri, 214, 281 Lozanella enantiophylla, 15 Ludwigia octovalvis, 176-177, 206, 226, 241 Ludwigia peploides, 213, 278 Ludwigia peruviana, 206, 241 Luehea Candida, 13, 142,153, 414, 418-419, 422-424, 426 Luffa cylindrica, 117,127 Lupinus elegans, 203, 220 Lupinus sp., 203, 220 Lycaste cruenta, 211, 267 Lycianthes arrazolensis, 218 Lycianthes ciliolata, 205, 229 Lycianthes lenta, 203, 217-218 Lycianthes quichensis, 203, 218 Lycopersicon esculentum var. cerasiforme, 203, 217, 420, 440 Lycopersicon esculentum var. commune, 203, 217-218, 421, 440 Lycopodium clavatum, 214, 281 Lycopodium spp., 16 Lycopodium taxifolium, 214, 281, 413, 415 Lycopodium thyoides, 214, 281, 431-432 NUMBER 35 689 Lycopodium tuerkheimii, 214, 281, 413, 415 Lygodium venustum, 210, 263, 437 Lysiloma acapulcense, 13, 144,171, 414, 416, 418-419, 421 Lysiloma auritum, 13, 144,171, 414-415, 418-419, 421 Lysiloma divaricatum, 144, 171, 414, 416, 418-419, 421 Lythrum lanceolatum, 211, 269, 429, 437 Lythrum vulneraria, 16 Machaerium biovulatum, 14, 118,132-133 Machaerium chiapense, 118, 132, 145,162,172, 418 Machaerium cobanense, 118,132 Machaerium riparium, 14, 118,132 Macroptilium atropurpureum, 118, 133 Mahonia berriozabalensis, 143,161, 422-423, 444 Mahonia volcania, 15, 143,161, 444 Malaxis fastigiata, 211, 265, 434 Malpighia glabra, 180 Malpighia mexicana, 143, 156, 427 Malus pumila, 144,164-165, 420, 426 Malva nicaeensis, 206, 244, 434-435, 439-440 Malva parviflora, 206, 244, 434-435, 439-440 Malvaviscus arboreus var. arboreus, 15, 147, 193, 426, 431, 435, 443 Malvaviscus arboreus var. mexicanus, 15,193-194,413 Mammillaria eriacantha, 206, 245 Mandevilla subsagittata, 119,133, 138 Mandevilla tubiflora, 119,133, 138 Mangifera indica, 145,173-174, 420-421, 426 Manihot aesculifolia, 159 Manihot esculenta, 143, 158-159, 421, 426 Manilkara achras, 145,174, 419,426 Maranta arundinacea, 204, 224-225 Marattia weinmanniifolia, 17, 210, 263, 428, 432 Marina scopa, 203, 220-221, 416 Marina spiciformis, 245 Marsypianthes chamaedrys, 253-254 Martynia annua, 206, 227, 242-243, 441 Mastichodendron capiri var. tempisque, 145, 178 Matelea aspera, 119,137-138, 419, 428 Matelea prosthecidiscus, 120,137,139 Matelea quirosii, 137-138 Matelea sp., 119, 138 Matthiola incana, 208, 256, 431 Matudina corvii, 180 Maxillaria variabilis, 267 Medicago polymorpha, 207, 249 Medicago sativa, 207, 248, 439 Meiracyllium trinasutum, 211, 267 Melampodium divaricatum, 209, 260 Melampodium linearilobum, 223 Melampodium montanum, 213-214, 223, 276, 281, 436, 444 Melampodium perfoliatum, 213, 276 Melanthera nivea, 223 Melia azedarach, 148,198-199 Melilotus alba, 207, 248 Melilotus indica, 207, 248-249 Meliosma matudae, 15, 16 Melochia tomentosa, 206, 245 Melothria pendula, 118, 127,139,427 Mentha citrata, 212, 272, 420, 429 Mentha pulegium, 212, 271-272, 420, 429 Mentzelia aspera, 207-208, 252, 439 Merremia aegyptia, 119,134 Merremia umbellata, 119,134 Mesechites trifida, 137 Miconia guatemalensis, 147,194, 429 Miconia mexicana, 147, 194, 429 Miconia oligotricha, 17, 147, 194, 273, 429 Micropholis sericea, 14 Micropleura renifolia, 211, 240, 270, 434, 440, 442 Microtropis contracta, 181-182 Mikania cordifolia, 139 Milleria quinquefolia, 223 Mimosa adenantheroides, 133, 170 Mimosa albida, 144, 170 Mimosa invisa, 118,132 Mimosa nelsonii, 171 Mimosa pigra, 145,156,172 Mimulus glabratus, 212-213, 216, 272, 278, 444 Mirabilis jalapa, 193, 206, 213, 241-242, 276, 435, 442 Modiola caroliniana, 244 Mollinedia guatemalensis, 15 Monnina chiapensis, 240, 437, 439 Monnina xalapensis, 15, 145,176-177 Monstera acuminata, 118,131 Monstera deliciosa, 118,132, 251 Monstera siltepecana, 118,131 Montanoa hexagona, 15, 146, 180, 414 Montanoa sp., 180 Montanoa speciosa, 180, 431 Montanoa tomentosa ssp. xanthiifolia, 180 Moringa oleifera, 174,195, 437 Morus celtidifolia, 142,153, 414, 427, 430 Mucuna pruriens var. utilis, 117,122 Muhlenbergia breviligula, 208, 254, 424 Muhlenbergia cf. emersleyi, 208, 254, 415, 424 Muhlenbergia gigantea, 16 Muhlenbergia macroura, 16, 208, 254, 415, 425 Muhlenbergia robusta, 16, 208, 254, 415, 424 Muhlenbergia spiciformis, 210, 264, 415 Muhlenbergia stricta, 208, 254, 415, 424 Muhlenbergia tenella, 210, 263-264 Muntingia calabura, 143, 156, 413, 415, 419, 427 Musa acuminata x M. bulbisiana, 148, 197, 421, 424, 426, 432 Musa textilis, 148,197, 421, 429 Myrcianthes fragrans, 15, 181 Myrica cerifera, 15, 148, 197, 423, 425, 432, 440, 442, 442 Myriocarpa heterostachya, 148,197, 414, 422-423 Myriocarpa longipes, 15, 148, 197, 414, 422-423 Myriocarpa yzabalensis, 148,197, 414, 422-423 Nama jamaicense, 214, 280-281, 425 Nectandra coriacea, 145,175, 429-430 Nectandra sp., 313 Neobrittonia acerifolia, 218 Neopringlea viscosa, 152 Nerium oleander, 148, 199, 431 Nicotiana tabacum, 206, 242-243, 420, 425, 433-436, 438, 442-444 Nissolia fruticosa, 118, 132, 279-280, 431 Nopalea cochenillifera, 14, 206, 246, 421 Nopalea lutea, 14 690 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ANTHROPOLOGY Notholaena Candida, 210, 263 Notholaena sinuata, 210, 263 Nothoscordum bivalve, 208, 256, 258 Ocimum americanum, 212, 272, 437, 439, 442 Ocimum basilicum, 212, 272, 431-432, 435, 437, 442, 444 Ocimum micranthum, 212, 272, 432, 439, 442 Ocotea chiapensis, 145, 175 Odontoglossum bictoniense, 211, 267 Odontotrichum cirsiifolium, 222 Oecopetalum mexicanum, 15, 147,195, 427 Oenothera kunthiana, 208, 241, 254 Oenothera pubescens, 208, 254 Oenothera rosea, 208, 254, 436-437 Olmeca reflexa, 142,150-151 Olmediella betschleriana, 16, 148, 196 Onoseris onoseroides, 153 Operculina pinnatifida, 119,134 Operculina pteripes, 119,134 Oplismenus burmanni, 210, 263-264 Opuntia ficus-indica, 206, 246, 415, 421, 424, 427 Opuntia pubescens, 206, 245 Opuntia sp., 14, 206, 246 Oreopanax capitatus, 16, 145,178,181 Oreopanax obtusifolius, 178 Oreopanax peltatus, 143,159 Oreopanax xalapensis, 15, 143, 159 Origanum vulgare, 208, 255 Orthosanthus chimboracensis var. centroamericanus, 208, 257 Oryza sativa, 205, 230, 439 Osbertia stoloniferus, 214, 280, 434 Ostrya virginiana var. guatemalensis, 146, 188, 414-415, 422-423 Otatea fimbriata, 142, 150-151, 415, 429-430, 433 Oxalis albicans, 207, 248-249, 437 Oxalis corniculata, 207, 249, 437 Oxalis frutescens ssp. angustifolia, 207, 249, 435, 437 Oxalis galeottii, 207, 249, 428, 437-438 Oxalis latifolia, 207, 249, 429, 437-438 Oxylobus oaxacanus, 16 Pachyptera hymenaea, 119, 136, 444 Pachyrrhizus erosus, 118, 132-133, 429 Pachyrrhizus strigosus, 118, 132-133 Pachyrrhizus vernalis, 118, 132 Pachythamnus crassirameus, 143, 157, 429 Panicum bulbosum, 208, 255, 415 Panicum hirticaule, 210, 263, 424 Panicum maximum, 208, 255, 415 Papaver somniferum, 212, 273-274, 421 Parathesis chiapensis, 146, 180-181, 414, 419, 434 Parathesis donnell-smithii, 15 Parathesis leptopa, 15, 146, 180-181, 414, 419, 434 Parietaria debilis, 203, 219, 424, 437 Parmentiera aculeata, 142, 151, 421, 427, 443 Parthenium hysterophorus, 212, 258, 271 Parthenocissus quinquefolia, 120, 138-139, 438, 440 Paspalum botterii, 210, 263, 424 Paspalum plicatulum, 210, 263, 424 Paspalum sp., 151 Passiflora filipes, 119,137, 431 Passiflora foetida, 119,137, 431 Passiflora ligularis, 119, 137, 420, 426, 432 Passiflora membranacea, 137 Passiflora pavonis, 119,137, 431 Passiflora sexiflora, 120,141 Passiflora subpeltata, 119, 137, 431 Pavonia schiedeana, 206, 245 Pectis prostrata, 211, 268-269 Pedilanthus tithymaloides, 148, 199, 212, 271, 434, 444 Pelargonium hortorum, 209, 261-262, 420, 432, 437-438, 441 Pennisetum bambusiforme, 150 Pennisetum purpureum, 142, 151 Peperomia campylotropa, 207, 247 Peperomia deppeana, 207, 248, 437 Peperomia galioides, 207, 247-248, 432-433, 435, 437 Peperomia heterodoxa, 207, 248 Peperomia humilis, 207, 248 Peperomia liebmannii, 207, 248 Peperomia quadrifolia, 207, 248, 437 Pemettya ciliata, 16 Pemettya hirsuta, 16 Persea americana, 145,174-175, 417, 420, 426, 429, 436 Persea americana var. drymifolia, 145, 175 Persea donnell-smithii, 16, 145, 175, 425 Persea scheideana, 145,173, 427 Perymenium ghiesbreghtii, 15, 146, 185, 248, 441 Perymenium grande var. nelsonii, 146, 185, 414-416, 418, 430 Petastoma patelliferum, 120,141 Peteravenia phoenicolepis, 15, 214, 282, 431-432, 443 Petiveria alliacea, 148, 200, 434-435, 442-444 Petroselinum crispum, 212, 271 Phanerophlebia remotispora, 210, 263, 432 Phaseolus coccineus, 117,121,125, 420, 425, 428 Phaseolus coccineus ssp. darwinianus, 117,121-122, 420, 425, 428 Phaseolus lunatus, 117, 125, 420, 428, 444 Phaseolus vulgaris, 117, 120-121, 123-125, 212, 273, 420, 424, 428 Philodendron hederaceum, 118, 131-132,427 Philodendron radiatum, 118, 131 Philodendron tripartitum, 118, 131 Philodendron warscewiczii, 118, 131 Phlebodium aureum, 210, 263 Phoradendron annulatum, 206, 243, 442 Phoradendron falcatum, 206, 243, 442 Phoradendron nervosum, 206, 243, 434, 442-443 Phoradendron quadrangulare, 206, 243, 434, 442-443 Phoradendron robustissimum, 206, 243,434, 443 Photinia matudae, 16 Phragmites australis, 142,150, 414-415, 421, 430, 432, 438 Phyllanthus grandifolius, 15, 146,180, 431 Phyllanthus mcvaughii, 14,160-161, 207, 250 Phymosia rosea, 147,193, 421, 432 Physalis ixocarpa, 203, 217 Physalis nicandroides, 217-218 Physalis philadelphica, 203, 217, 440 Physalis pubescens, 217-218 Physalis sp., 218 Phytolacca icosandra, 203, 218-218 NUMBER 35 691 Phytolacca rugosa, 203, 218-219 Picramnia tetramera, 142,149-150, 431, 444 Pilea microphylla, 206, 247, 432 Pimenta dioica, 148,199, 429 Pinaropappus spathulatus var. chiapensis, 206, 240, 258-259, 437, 440 Pinguicula moranensis, 207, 247, 432, 437 Pinus ayacahuite, 15, 16, 146, 184, 413, 430, 432-433 Pinus michoacana, 14, 146, 182-184,437-438 Pinus montezumae var. rudis, 14, 146, 182-184 Pinus oaxacana, 15, 146, 182-184,437-438 Pinus oocarpa, 14, 15, 146,184, 439 Pinus patula ssp. tecunumanii, 15 Pinus pseudostrobus, 15, 146,184 Pinus spp., 413-419, 423, 430-431, 441, 444 Pinus tecote, 15, 146, 184, 439 Piper amal go, 143, 159 Piper auritum, 143,159, 420, 426, 429 Piper decurrens, 143, 159 Piper hispidum, 143,159 Piper jacquemontianum, 143, 159 Piper marginatum, 143,159 Piper nigrum, 148,199, 429, 441 Piper spp., 435 Piper tuberculatum, 143, 159 Piptadenia flava, 14,170 Piptochaetium virescens, 208, 255, 413, 415 Piptothrix areolaris, 146, 185 Piqueria pilosa, 211, 269-270, 425, 434, 441 Piqueria trinervia, 211, 269-270, 425, 434, 441 Piscidia carthagenensis, 143,160 Pisonia aculeata, 144,170 Pisonia macranthocarpa, 14, 144, 170 Pistacia mexicana, 143, 146, 160, 187 Pisum sativum, 117, 122-123 Pitcairnia breedlovei, 14, 212, 266-267, 274-275, 426, 433, 437 Pitcairnia calderonii, 212, 274 Pitcairnia heterophylla, 212, 274 Pitcairnia karwinskyana, 275 Pitcairnia ssp., 442 Pithecellobium dulce, 13, 144, 160, 171-172, 413, 417, 419, 425-427, 433, 443 Pithecellobium lanceolatum, 14 Pithecoctenium crucigerum, 120,136, 139, 413, 419 Plantago australis ssp. hirtella, 206, 240, 434-435, 437, 440 Plantago linearis, 205, 240 Plantago major, 206, 240, 434-435, 437, 440 Platanus mexicana, 17, 143, 161, 414-416, 419, 421, 444 Platymiscium dimorphandrum, 145,173, 414, 419 Pleopeltis munchii, 210, 263 Pluchea odorata, 15, 147,190 Plumeria alba, 148,199, 421,431 Plumeria rubra, 13, 148,199, 421, 431 Poeppigia procera, 13, 144, 170,419 Polyclathra cucumerina, 118,127, 434, 443-444 Polygala chiapensis, 205, 240, 439 Polygala costaricensis, 206, 240, 439 Polygonum portoricense, 214, 282, 444 Polygonum punctatum, 213-214, 278, 444 Polypodium adelphum, 210, 263, 425 Polypodium alfredii, 210, 263 Polypogon elongatus, 210, 263, 424 Polypogon viridis, 210, 263, 424 Polystichum distans, 210, 263, 432 Porophyllum ruderale ssp. macrocephalum, 214, 281-282, 444 Portulaca oleracea, 203, 216, 428 Potentilla staminea, 213, 276 Pouteria campechiana, 145, 174, 426 Pouteria mammosa, 145, 173, 419, 426, 429, 435, 438 Prestonia mexicana, 139 Prionosciadium nelsonii, 212, 271 Priva aspera, 208, 253 Priva lappulacea, 207, 208, 252 Prosopis juliflora, 14 Prunella vulgaris, 212, 272-273, 425, 436, 439 Prunus armeniaca, 147, 189, 421, 427 Prunus barbata, 155 Prunus domestica, 147, 189, 420 Prunus persica, 147,188-190, 418-420, 424, 434-437, 443-444 Prunus serotina, 142,155,414,419,421-425, 427,430,436,442,444 Pseudobombax ellipticum, 13, 142,153 Psidium guajava, 148, 200, 421, 426 Psidium guineense, 14, 148, 199-200, 420, 426, 436-437 Psittacanthus calyculatus, 206, 243 Psychotria erythrocarpa, 14, 206, 240, 425, 436, 440, 442 Psychotria pubescens, 240 Psychotria sp., 161 Pteridium aquilinum, 209, 262 Punica granatum, 147, 196 Pyrus communis, 144,165, 420-421, 426 Pyrus pyrifolia, 144, 165 Quassia amara, 120,141 Quercus acutifolia, 15, 146, 188 Quercus benthamii, 16 Quercus candicans, 15, 146, 187, 417, 426 Quercus castanea, 15, 146,185-186, 416, 421, 423 Quercus corrugata, 15, 414 Quercus crassifolia, 15, 146,185-186, 414, 417, 423, 430, 433 Quercus crispipilis, 15, 146, 186, 416, 421, 423 Quercus elliptica, 15, 146,186 Quercus insignis, 15 Quercus laurina, 146, 186, 416, 421, 423 Quercus oleoides, 14, 146,186, 422-423 Quercus peduncularis, 15, 146, 187-188, 414-417, 422, 439 Quercus polymorpha, 15, 146,188, 414 Quercus rugosa, 15, 146,187-188, 414-417, 422, 439 Quercus sapotifolia, 146, 186 Quercus segoviensis, 15, 146,187-188, 414-417, 422, 439 Quercus spp., 418-419, 442, 444 Randia aculeata, 142,151, 419 Randia cineria, 142,151 Ranunculus petiolaris, 205, 240, 425, 440, 442 Rapanea juergensenii, 15, 16, 45, 181-182, 421, 432, 437 Raphanus sativus, 203, 214-215, 420, 428-429 Rauvolfia tetraphylla, 145,177 692 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ANTHROPOLOGY Rechsteineria warscewiczii, 242-243 Rhamnus capraeifolia var. grandifolia, 149, 423 Rhamnus mucronata, 15, 180-181, 443 Rhamnus sp., 156 Rhamnus serrata, 15 Rheedia edulis, 14, 148, 198, 427 Rhipidocladum bartlettii, 142, 150 Rhipidocladum pittieri, 142,150-151 Rhus schiedeana, 15, 146,187, 414, 419, 422-424, 427, 433, 437 Rhus terebinthifolia, 15, 146, 187, 430, 437 Rhynchelytrum repens, 210, 254-255, 264 Rhynchosia discolor, 118,132-133, 413 Rhynchosia longeracemosa, 133 Rhynchosia minima, 118, 132, 212, 274 Rhynchosia pyramidalis, 117,124, 442 Rhynchospora ciliata, 210, 264 Rhynchospora spp., 16 Ricinus communis, 143,158, 434, 444 Rigidella orthantha, 265 Rivina humilis, 205, 229, 428 Rondeletia sp., 213, 276 Rorippa nasturtium-aquaticum, 203, 216, 421, 428 Rorippa nasturtium-aquaticum sterilis, 203, 216, 421, 428 Rosa banksiae, 120,140, 421, 432 Rosa chinensis, 120, 140-141, 420, 432, 435, 437, 441 Rosa damascena, 140 Rosa gallica, 140 Rosa multiflora, 120,140-141, 421, 432 Rosa roxburghii, 120, 141 Rubus adenotrichus, 15, 118, 131, 426, 436, 438 Rubus coriifolius, 118,131, 427, 435-436 Rubus eriocarpus, 118, 131, 427, 437 Rubus fagifolius, 118,131 Rubus humistratus, 15, 118, 131 Rubus irasuensis, 118, 131, 426, 436, 438 Rubus sapidus, 118, 131, 427, 435-436 Rubus trilobus, 15, 148,198, 424, 427, 429-430, 432 Ruellia hookeriana, 206, 241 Ruellia inundata, 208, 253-254, 435, 442 Ruellia lactea, 229 Ruellia nudiflora, 206, 240-241, 253-254 Ruellia parva, 213,276, Rumex crispus, 213-214, 278, 282, 426, 434 Rumex obtusifolius, 214, 282, 426, 434 Russellia sarmentosa, 213, 253, 276 Ruta graveolens, 213, 277, 421, 437, 439-441, 444 Sabal mexicana, 147,192, 415, 419, 428-429, 431 Sabazia sarmentosa, 223, 270 Sabazia sarmentosa, 209, 260 Saccharum officinarum, 205, 237-239, 415, 421, 424, 426, 428-429, 432-433, 438-439, 441 Sageretia elegans, 14, 118,132-133, 427 Salix babylonica, 148, 200-201 Salix bonplandiana, 17, 148, 200-201, 419-420, 424, 433, 435, 439 Salix chilensis, 17 Salix humboldtiana, 148, 200-201, 419-420, 433 Salix taxifolia, 17, 148, 200-201 Salmea scandens, 185 Salvia cacaliaefolia, 253, 421, 434, 442 Salvia chiapensis, 208, 253 Salvia cinnabarina, 15, 208, 253 Salvia coccinea, 208, 253 Salvia excelsa, 208, 253 Salvia holwayi, 208, 253 Salvia karwinskii, 208, 253 Salvia lasiantha, 15, 207, 251-252, 418, 441 Salvia lavanduloides, 203, 217, 435, 443 Salvia leucantha, 217 Salvia longispicata, 273 Salvia mexicana, 204, 226 Salvia microphylla, 208, 255, 421, 432 Salvia misella, 207-208, 212, 244, 252, 272, 437 Salvia myriantha, 15 Salvia polystachya, 15, 208, 253 Salvia purpurea, 15, 208, 253 Salvia reptans, 208, 244, 253 Salvia rubiginosa, 15, 208, 253, 442 Salvia tiliifolia, 15, 208, 252, 441 Salvia tiliifolia var. albiflora, 217 Salvia urica, 208, 217, 253, 273 Sambucus canadensis, 142,154-155, 420, 423, 431, 433, 436, 442 Sambucus mexicana, 142, 154, 419-420, 423-425, 431-432, 435-438, 442 Sanvitalia procumbens, 213, 223, 276 Sapindus saponaria, 14 Sarcostemma bilobum, 119,138,140, 438 Satureja brownei, 212, 273, 437-442, 444 Satureja mexicana, 204, 226, 426, 435-440, 442, 444 Saurauia oreophila, 17, 147,191 Saurauia scabrida, 147,191, 415, 419, 427 Schizocarpum attenuatum, 118,127, 434 Schkuhria pinnata, 211, 269 Schoenocaulon officinale, 208, 256-257, 425 Schoepfia vacciniiflora, 142, 155, 414, 419, 422-423, 429 Schrankia leptocarpa, 118,132 Scirpus californicus, 214, 279, 438 Scirpus spp., 16 Scirpus validus, 214, 279, 438 Scleria bourgeaui, 208, 255 Scleria hirtella, 208, 255 Scleria pterota, 208, 255 Sclerocarpus uniserialis, 213, 223, 276 Scutellaria dumetorum, 212, 248, 272, Sechium edule, 117, 125-126, 420, 427-428 Sedum guatemalense, 206, 247 Sedum praealtum, 206, 246-247,421,432, 435,437-438, 440 Selaginella pallescens, 214, 281, 443 Selenicereus grandiflorus, 206, 246 Senecio chenopodioides, 185 Senecio salignus, 143,157, 432, 438, 444 Senecio schaffneri, 190 Senecio sp., 159 Senecio thomasii, 190 Senecio uspantanensis, 181 Senna atomeria, 144,164,171, 419 Senna cobanensis, 143,154,162, 414-416, 419, 425-426, 432-433 NUMBER 35 693 Senna foetidissima var. grandiflora, 161-162 Senna guatemalensis var. chiapensis, 15 Senna hirsuta var. hirta, 143,160 Senna incamata, 15 Senna nicaraguensis, 159,172,419 Senna occidentalis, 145,172, 418 Senna pallida, 143, 145, 160,162,172, 414-416, 418-419, 425-426, 432-433 Senna pallida var. brachyrrhachis, 162 Senna polyantha, 162 Senna septentrionalis, 15 Senna skinneri, 143, 145,162,172,414-416,418,425-426,432-433 Senna tonduzii, 144, 162, 414-416, 419, 425-426, 432-433 Senna unifiora, 212, 220, 274 Serjania psilophylla, 120, 141 Serjania punctata, 133 Serjania triquetra, 120,138 Sesamum indicum, 213, 276 Sesbania emerus, 161, 214, 280 Setaria gracilis, 210, 264 Setariopsis auriculata, 210, 264 Sicyos microphyllus, 117, 118,127, 434 Sida acuta, 206, 245 Sida barclayi, 206, 245 Sida rhombifolia, 206, 244-245 Siegesbeckia jorullensis, 207-208, 252 Simsia amplexicaulis, 204, 223, 424 Simsia grandiflora, 204, 223 Simsia sanguinea, 209, 260 Siparuna nicaraguensis, 15 Sisyrinchium angustissimum, 208, 257 Sisyrinchium convolutum, 208, 257, 432, 441 Sisyrinchium scabrum, 208, 213, 257, 278 Sisyrinchium tinctorium, 208, 257 Smallanthus maculatus, 15, 145,180, 432,444 Smallanthus oaxacanus, 145, 180, 432, 444 Smilacina scilloides, 141, 267, 431 Smilax bona-nox, 119,134, 431 Smilax domingensis, 17, 119, 135 Smilax jalapensis, 119,134, 431 Smilax mollis, 119,135 Smilax subpubescens, 119,135, 413,419, 438 Sobralia decora, 211, 265,432 Solanum acerifolium, 227 Solanum aligerum, 145,149, 177, 442, 444 Solanum americanum, 205, 228-229, 420, 428,436-437 Solanum angustifolium, 205, 227, 229 Solanum brachystachys, 145, 177, 419, 442 Solanum candidum, 191, 218 Solanum cervantesii, 145,177, 442 Solanum chrysotrichum, 15, 147,191, 425, 434, 439-440, 443 Solanum dulcamaroides, 133 Solanum erianthum, 147,191, 436 Solanum lanceolatum, 15, 147,191-192, 425, 434, 439-440, 443 Solanum mammosum, 204, 227, 421, 432 Solanum morelliforme, 205, 218, 230 Solanum muricatum, 118,130 Solanum nigricans, 15 Solanum nudum, 145,177 Solanum oaxacanum, 133 Solanum pubigerum, 15 Solanum torvum, 147, 227, 425, 434, 439-440, 443 Solanum tuberosum, 205, 229, 420, 428 Sonchus asper, 204, 222 Sonchus oleraceus, 204, 222, 424, 428-429 Sorghum bicolor, 205, 237, 427 Sorghum halepense, 208, 255 Spartium junceum, 161 Spathiphyllum phryniifolium, 251 Spigelia humboldtiana, 214, 279 Spigelia nicotianaeflora, 213, 278,439 Spigelia splendens, 262 Spilanthes americana, 207, 223, 248, 437, 441 Spiraea cantoniensis, 199, 432 Spiranthes aurantiaca, 211, 256, 267 Spiranthes cinnabarina, 211, 267 Spondias mombin, 13, 145,178-179, 417, 427 Spondias purpurea, 145,178-179, 421, 427 Sporobolus indicus, 210, 263-264 Sprekelia formosissima, 204, 224, 432 Stachys agraria, 273 Stachys coccinea, 208, 253, 273, 442 Stachys radicans, 212, 273, 435, 437 Stachys rotundifolia, 273 Stachytarpheta cayennensis, 212, 273 Stachytarpheta frantzii, 212, 273, 436 Stanhopea spp., 211, 267 Stelis sp., 267 Stemmadenia eubracteata, 142,152 Stemmadenia obovata, 13, 142,152, 426, 443 Stenocereus eichlamii, 14, 206, 245-246 Sterculia apetala, 147,191 Sterculia mexicana, 14 Stevia caracasana, 214, 282 Stevia connata, 214, 282 Stevia lucida, 143, 157-158, 434, 444 Stevia ovata, 143,157, 214, 282, 429, 437 Stevia polycephala, 143,157-158, 207, 252, 429, 434, 444 Stevia serrata, 143,157, 214, 282, 429, 434 Stigmaphyllon humboldtianum, 119,138 Stigmaphyllon puberum, 137 Stillingia acutifolia, 142,149, 423, 426, 442, 444 Stipa ichu, 16, 208, 255, 413, 415, 425, 429 Stipa virescens, 16 Struthanthus deppeanus, 206, 243 Struthanthus intermedius, 243, 434, 442-443 Struthanthus tacanensis, 206, 243, 434, 442-443 Styrax argentum, 14, 145-146,149,175,180, 414-415, 419, 427 Styrax ramirezii, 16 Swietenia humilis, 13, 145,173,414-415,419, 430 Symphoricarpos microphyllus, 204, 226 Symplocos breedlovei, 17 Symplocos limoncillo, 143,156, 419, 422-423, 427 Symplocos vernicosa, 143, 156, 419, 422, 427 Synardisia venosa, 15, 146,180-181, 421,432, 437-438 Syngonium neglectum, 118,131 694 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ANTHROPOLOGY Syngonium podophyllum, 118,131 Syngonium salvadorense, 118,131 Syzygium jambos, 148, 200 Tabebuia chrysantha, 13 Tabebuia rosea, 13, 145, 173, 427, 434 Tagetes elongata, 211, 269 Tagetes erecta, 211, 269, 420, 433, 435, 440 Tagetes filifolia, 211, 268-269 Tagetes foetidissima, 269 Tagetes lucida, 211, 268, 421, 426, 429 Tagetes nelsonii, 212, 223, 271, 439, 441 Tagetes tenuifolia, 211, 269 Talinum paniculatum, 203, 216 Talinum triangulare, 203, 216, 428 Tamarindus indica, 144, 171, 426-427, 436-437 Tanacetum parthenium, 209, 258, 262, 420, 433, 442, 444 Taraxacum officinale, 209, 261, 431 Taxodium mucronatum, 17, 146,182 Tecoma stans, 143,161-162, 415, 419, 422-423 Tephrosia cinerea, 145, 172 Tephrosia lanata, 164 Ternstroemia lineata ssp. chalicophylla, 16, 17, 146,181-182, 433 Ternstroemia oocarpa, 15, 146,181-182, 433 Tetragonia expansa, 203, 218, 428 Thalictrum guatemalense, 212, 271, 424, 431, 437 Thelypteris deflexa, 210, 263 Thelypteris oligocarpa, 210, 263 Thelypteris resinifera, 210, 263 Thelypteris rudis, 210, 263 Thelypteris sp., 432 Theobroma bicolor, 147, 196, 426 Thevetia ovata, 142,152-153, 426, 436, 443-444 Thevetia peruviana, 153 Thevetia plumeriaefolia, 142, 152-153, 426, 436, 443-444 Thuidium delicatulum, 214, 280 Thymus vulgaris, 208, 256, 421, 429 Tigridia chiapensis, 211, 265 Tigridia hallbergii, 211, 265 Tigridia pavonia, 211, 265, 421, 428, 431 Tillandsia butzii, 212-213, 275, 432 Tillandsia capitata, 212-213, 275, 432 Tillandsia caput-medusae, 212-213, 275, 432 Tillandsia dasyliriifolia, 212-213, 275, 432 Tillandsia fasciculata, 212-213, 275, 432 Tillandsia flabellata, 213, 274-275 Tillandsia guatemalensis, 212, 275, 433, 437-438 Tillandsia plumosa, 213, 275, 432 Tillandsia ponderosa, 213, 275-276, 433, 437 Tillandsia rodrigueziana, 212, 274 Tillandsia seleriana, 213, 275-276, 433 Tillandsia usneoides, 214, 280, 433-434, 443 Tillandsia vicentina, 213, 275, 432 Tillandsia violacea, 212, 274-275, 433 Tinantia erecta, 211, 266 Tithonia diversifolia, 15, 145, 180, 415, 443 Tithonia longiradiata, 146, 180, 415, 443 Tithonia rotundifolia, 15, 146, 180, 415, 443 Tithonia tubaeformis, 15, 146, 180, 415, 443 Tournefortia densiflora, 156,177 Toxicodendron radicans, 143,160, 444 Toxicodendron striatum, 143,160, 444 Trachypogon spp., 14 Tradescantia crassifolia, 211, 266 Tradescantia guatemalensis, 211, 266 Tragia nepetifolia, 144, 163-164, 440, 444 Trema micrantha, 143,156, 413 Trichilia hirta, 153,178, 187 Trichilia martiana, 153 Tridax procumbens, 248 Trifolium amabile, 207, 248-249, 431 Trifolium repens, 207, 249, 431 Tripogandra angustifolia, 211, 266 Tripogandra disgrega, 211, 266 Tripogandra grandiflora, 211, 266 Tripogandra montana, 211, 266 Tripsacum laxum, 205, 239, 429 Tripsacum maizar, 205, 239 Tripsacum manisuroides, 205, 239, 424 Triticum aestivum, 205, 237 Trisetum irazuense, 16 Triumfetta dumetorum, 147, 194 Triumfetta grandiflora, 147,193-194, 413, 419, 426 Triumfetta polyandra, 147,194 Triumfetta semitriloba, 147, 193-194, 413, 419, 426 Triumfetta speciosa, 147, 193-194, 413, 419, 426 Trixis inula, 143,157 Trophis mexicana, 15 Turbina corymbosa, 133 Turnera diffusa, 213, 278-279 Turnera ulmifolia, 206, 245, 416, 425 Turpinia occidentalis, 15, 162 Typha domingensis, 214, 279, 438 Typha latifolia, 16, 214, 279, 438 Ugni myricoides, 16 Ulmus mexicana, 15, 146, 188 Urera alceifolia, 15 Urera caracasana, 144, 159, 164 Urtica chamaedryoides, 144,163 Urvillea ulmacea, 120, 138 Vaccinium confertum, 16, 142, 149, 425-427, 433-435, 437-438 Vaccinium geminiflorum, 16 Vaccinium haematinum, 16 Valeriana densiflora, 214, 281, 433 Valeriana scandens, 134 Valeriana sorbifolia, 212, 214, 271, 281, 433 Valeriana urticaefolia, 214, 281, 433 Verbena Carolina, 206, 212, 244, 272, 434, 436, 439, 444 Verbena litoralis, 206, 244, 434-436, 439, 444 Verbesina crocata, 185 Verbesina hypsela, 146, 185, 415 Verbesina neriifolia, 185 Verbesina perymenioides, 15, 146, 185, 414, 423 Verbesina punctata, 146,185 Verbesina steyermarkii, 146,185 Verbesina turbascensis, 15, 146, 185 NUMBER 35 695 Vernonia deppeana, 15, 147, 190, 444 Vernonia leiocarpa, 15, 146, 185,190, 414, 419 Vernonia oaxacana, 147,190, 444 Viburnum acutifolium ssp. blandum, 165 Viburnum acutifolium ssp. lautum, 180 Viburnum elatum, 149, 156, 168 Viburnum hartwegii, 15, 147, 168, 191-192, 414-415, 419, 422-423 Viburnum jucundum, 147, 192, 415, 417, 419 Viburnum jucundum x V. acutifolium, 192 Vicia faba, 117,122, 420, 428, 435 Vigna umbellata, 117,121 Vigna unguiculata, 117, 122, 420, 428 Vigna vexillata, 117, 122 Viguiera cordata, 15 Viguiera dentata, 209, 260, 433 Viguiera longifolia, 223 Villadia albiflora, 206, 247-248, 441 Vinca major, 204, 226-227 Viola nannei, 204, 226-227 Viola odorata, 204, 226-227 Vitis bourgeana, 119,138, 427, 440 Vitis tiliifolia, 120, 138-139 Vitis vinifera, 120,138 Vriesea werckleana, 212, 274, 426, 433, 437 Waltheria americana, 200, 245, 416, 425 Wedelia fertilis, 223 Wienmannia pinnata, 16 Wigandia urens, 144, 163, 444 Wigandia urens var. caracasana, 144,163, 444 Wimmeria acuminata, 142,155 Wimmeria chiapensis, 16 Wimmeria pubescens, 143,160-162, 414-415, 419, 422-423 Woodwardia spinulosa, 210, 263, 433 Xanthosoma robustum, 207, 251, 428 Xanthosoma violaceum, 207, 251, 421, 428 Ximenia americana, 145, 179, 427 Xylosma flexuosum, 143,157 Xylosma intermedium, 142,-143, 152, 155-157, 419, 422-423, 430 Xylosma quichense, 143, 157 Yucca elephantipes, 144, 166, 435-436 Zantedeschia aethiopica, 204, 225, 420, 432, 444 Zanthoxylum culantrillo, 118, 133, 439 Zanthoxylum foliolosum, 118, 133, 439 Zanthoxylum mayanum, 153, 178-179 Zanthoxylum sp., 179 Zea mays, 205, 231-237, 417, 419-420, 424-429, 431, 433-434, 437_438, 440- 441 Zephyranthes brevipes, 213, 278, 431 Zephyranthes carinata, 213, 278, 431 Zeugites americana var. mexicana, 210, 264 Zeugites munroana, 210, 263 Zingiber officinale, 214, 281, 429, 439 Zinnia elegans, 209, 261, 432-433 Zinnia peruviana, 261 Zizyphus amole, 14 Zunila alba, 15 Index 4 Plant Index (Tzotzil) (Boldface = page(s) of principal entry) Aj, 142,150 Aj, antzil, 142,150 Aj, vinik, 142, 150 Aj-te', 145,172-173 Aj-te', bik'it, 145,172-173 Aj-te', ch'ulul, 145,173 Aj-te', muk'ta, 145, 173 Aj-te' te', 145,173 Aja-te'es, 142,148-149 Aja-te'es, k'ox, 142,149, 150 Ajo' te', 147, 191 Ajval te', 142,149, 191 Akit, 142,152 Akuxa tz'i'lel, 205, 239-240 Akuxa tz'i'lel, k'ox, 205, 239 Akuxa tz'i'lel, muk'ta, 205, 239 Akuxa tz'i'lel, sakil, 205, 239-240 Alajebal pox, 204, 226 Alavanux, 203, 214-215 Alavanux, ch'ix, 203, 214 Alavanux, kaxlan, 167, 203, 214-215 Alavanux, muk'ta, 203, 215 Alavanux, natikil, 203, 215 Alavanux, sakil, 203, 215 Alavena, 212, 230, 271-272 Alavena, batz'i, 212, 271-272 Alavena, ch'ulul, 212, 272 Alavena tz'i'lel, 212, 272 Alaxax, 144,167 Alpajo, 207, 248 Altamixa, 209, 258 Amap61a, 212, 273-274 Amat, 145,177 Amolyo, 118,133 Aros, 205, 230 Arsyal te', 143,157 Arvajaka, 212, 272 Arvajaka, batz'i, 212, 259, 272, 273, 276 Arvajaka, k'ox, 158, 212, 272 Arvajaka tz'i'lel, 212, 272 Asasena, 204, 224 Asasena, batz'i, 204, 224 Asasena, k'anal, 204, 224 Asasena, sakil, 204, 224 Asasena, tzajal, 204, 224 Asasena, yaxal, 204, 224 Asasena tz'i'lel, 204, 224 Asasena v61a, 204, 224 Aselka, 212, 274 Aselka, k'anal, 212, 274 Aselka, yaxal, 212, 274 Atz'am te', 147,191 Avena, 205, 230-231 Axux, 208, 256 Axux, batz'i, 208, 232, 243, 256, 277 Axuxak', 119,136 Ba ikatzil, 207, 251 Ba nab tz'i'lel, 212, 274 Bak amuch te', 146,180 Bak te', 142, 149 Bakel amuch te', 146, 180 Barsin ak', 119,136 Barsin te', 143,160 Batz'i te', 146,185-186 Be xinich te', 142, 152 Bero, 203, 216 Bertulaka, 203, 216 Bertulaka, batz'i, 203, 216 Bertulaka, k'ox, 203, 216 Bertulaka, muk'ta, 203, 216 Bertulaka, yaxal, 203, 216 Bikiltz'i' ak', 119, 133 Bilil itaj, 203, 216 Bioleta, 204, 226-227 Bix, 142,150 Bix, antzil, 142,150 Bix, ton, 142,150 Boch, 142, 151 Bochte', 142,151 Boraja, 203, 216-217 Boraja, batz'i, 203, 216-217 Boraja, k'ox, 203, 217 Bot, 142, 152 Bot, ch'ich', 142, 152 Bot'-jol tz'i'lel, 208, 255 Brasil, 143, 160 Bukaro, 210, 264 Bukaro, chijal, 210, 264 Bukaro, k'ox, 210, 264-265 Bukaro, tzajal, 210, 264 Bukero, sakil, 210, 264 Chachi', 142,151 Chak'ak', 207, 248 Chalon, 142,154 Chan-tzelav tz'i'lel, 212, 274 Chanib, 142,150 Chaya itaj, 144,163 Chenek', batz'i manya, 117,123 Chenek', chana x'ak'il, 117,123 Chenek', ik'al aros, 117,121 Chenek*, ik'al botii, 117,121 Chenek', ik'al ibes, 117,122 Chenek', ik'al kantela, 117,122 Chenek', ik'al pat, 117,124 Chenek', ik'al x'ak'il, 117,123 Chenek', ik'al x'ak'il ta olon osil, 117,123 Chenek', ik'al xlumil, 117,124 Chenek', ik'al xvet', 117,125 Chenek', krem javas, 117,122 Chenek', kvarentano, 117, 125 Chenek', k'anal ibes, 117,122 Chenek', k'anal javas, 117,122 Chenek', k'anal kantela, 117, 122 Chenek', k'anal x'ak'il, 117,123 Chenek', manya, 117,123 Chenek', muk'ta ik', 117,123,125 Chenek', muk'ta sakil xlumil, 117,125 Chenek', sak-vayan xlumil, 117,125 Chenek', sakil aros, 117,121 Chenek', sakil botii, 117,121 Chenek', sakil ibes, 117, 122 Chenek', sakil javas, 117, 122 Chenek', sakil pat, 117,124 Chenek', sakil pat ivriro, 117, 124-125 Chenek', sakil tz'ibal botii, 117,121 Chenek', sakil x'ak'il, 117, 123 Chenek', sakil xlumil, 117,125 Chenek', sakil xvet', 117,125 Chenek', santoal ik', 117, 123 Chenek', santoal tzoj, 117, 123 Chenek', soktomal manya, 117,123 Chenek', te'tikal kantela, 117,122 Chenek', tzajal aros, 117, 121 Chenek', tzajal botii, 117, 121 Chenek', tzajal ibes, 117,122 Chenek', tzajal javas, 117,122 Chenek', tzajal tz'ibal botii, 117,121 Chenek', tzajal x'ak'il, 117, 123 Chenek', tzajal x'ak'il ta olon osil, 117,123 Chenek', tzajal xlumil, 117,124 Chenek', tzajal xvet', 117,125 Chenek', tzeb javas, 117, 122 697 698 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ANTHROPOLOGY Chenek', tzo' bail xlumil, 117, 124 Chenek', tzo' t'ul, 117, 123 Chenek', tz'ibal x'ak'il, 117, 123 Chenek', tz'ibal xlumil, 117,125 Chenek', tz'ibal xvet', 117, 125 Chenek', vayu' xlumil, 117, 124 Chenek' ak', 118,132, 133 Chenek' chij, 203, 220 Chenek' chij te', 143, 164 Chi, 144,165-166 Chenek' te', 143,160 Chenek' tz'i'lel, 212, 274 Chi, pino, 144, 165-166 Chi, te'tikal, 144, 166 Chichik'uy, 211, 234, 269-270 Chichol, 203, 217-218 Chichol, batz'i putzul, 203, 217 Chichol, k'ox tzajal, 203, 217 Chichol, muk'ta putzul, 203, 217 Chichol, muk'tik tzajal, 203, 217-218 Chichol, putzul, 203, 217 Chichol, telajtik tzajal, 203, 217, 218 Chichol ak', 203, 218 Chichol ch'o, 203, 218 Chichol te', 203, 218 Chijil te', 142, 154-155 Chijil te', batz'i, 142, 154 Chijil te', xutax, 142, 149,154-155, 191 Chikaryo, 204, 222 Chikaryo, batz'i, 204, 222 Chikaryo, ch'ix, 204, 222 Chikaryo tz'i'lel, 204, 222 Chikin chij, 119, 136-137 Chikin ch'o, 207, 248 Chikin-ib, 146,186 Chikin-ib, batz'i, 146, 186 Chikin-ib, jayal pat, 146, 186 Chikin-ib, sakil, 146, 186 Chikin ton, 206, 218, 245 Chikin ton, batz'i, 206, 245 Chikin ton, bik'it, 206, 245 Chikin ton, muk'ta, 206, 245 Chii jabnal, 147,194 Chii jabnal, batz'i, 147, 194 Chii jabnal, tzajal, 147, 194 Chilchil tz'i'lel, 212, 272-273 Chilkat, 143, 149, 157 Chilkat, batz'i, 143, 157 Chilkat, k'ox, 143, 157 Chilkat, te'tikal, 143, 157 Chin te', 143, 159-160 Chinin, 145, 173 Chivo te', 147,191 Chix te', 142, 155 Chix te', batz'i, 142,155, 191 Chix te' mut, 142, 155, 191 Choch, 142, 152-153 Choch, bik'it, 142, 152 Chojchoj, 144, 169 Chuchu', 204, 227 Ch'a-te', 143, 157, 191 Ch'a-te', bik'it, 143, 149,157 Ch'a-te', muk'ta, 143, 149,157 Ch'a-te' pox, 143,157-158 Ch'aben, 203, 220 Ch'aben, batz'i, 203, 220 Ch'aben, tontikil, 203, 220 Ch'aben ka', 203, 220 Ch'aben te', 143, 160-161 Ch'aben tz'i'lel, 207, 247 Ch'ail pox, 143, 158 Ch'ako', 118,127 Ch'ib, 147,194-195 Ch'ib, batz'i, 147, 194-195 Ch'ib, muk'ta, 147,195 Ch'ib, palma, 147, 195 Ch'ich' ni', 144, 169-170 Ch'il vet, 204, 221 Ch'il vet, ch'ix, 204, 221 Ch'il vet, sakil, 204, 221 Ch'ilim te', 142,153 Ch'it, 142,155 Ch'it, jich'il anal, 142,155 Ch'it, muk'ta tzajal, 142, 155 Ch'it, sakil, 142, 155 Ch'it, tzajal, 142,155 Ch'it, tzotzin, 142,155 Ch'it, yaxal, 142, 155-156 Ch'ix, 204, 222 Ch'ix, chorisyo, 206, 245 Ch'ix, krus, 144, 170 Ch'ix, lo'balal, 204, 222 Ch'ix, sakil, 144,171 Ch'ix, tomal, 204, 222 Ch'ix, xaxib, 145, 172 Ch'ix ak', 142, 156 Ch'ix-ni' te', 143, 161 Ch'ixal amuch, 206, 245-246 Ch'oliv, 204, 222 Ch'oliv, batz'i, 204, 222 Ch'oliv, k'ox, 204, 222 Ch'oliv, tzajal, 204, 222 Ch'u te', 145, 177 Ch'u te', bik'it, 145, 177 Ch'u te', sakil, 145, 177, 182 Ch'uch', 204, 224-225 Ch'uch', k'ox, 204, 224-225 Ch'uch', tzajal, 204, 225 Ch'ulelal nichim, 204, 226 Ch'ulelal nichim, batz'i, 204, 226 Ch'ulelal nichim, tzajal, 204, 226 Ch'um, 118, 127-128, 232, 234, 272 Ch'um, baril, 118, 128 Ch'um, kom&a, 118, 128 Ch'um, mail, 118, 128 Ch'um, setajtik, 118,128 Ch'um-te', 117, 125-126, 220, 228 Ch'um-te', k'ox yaxal, 117, 126 Ch'um-te', k'ox sakil, 117,126 Ch'um-te', muk'ta sakil, 117,126 Ch'um-te', muk'ta yaxal, 117,126 Ch'um-te', sakil, 117,126 Ch'um-te', sakil t'arax, 117, 126 Ch'um-te', sakil tzop, 117, 126 Ch'um-te', t'arax, 117,126 Ch'um-te', tzop, 117,126 Ch'um-te', yaxal, 117,126 Ch'um-te', yaxal t'arax, 117,126 Ch'um-te', yaxal tzop, 117, 126 Ch'um-te' ch'o, batz'i, 117,126-127 Ch'um-te' ch'o, ch'ix, 117, 127 Ch'um-te' pox, 117 Ch'upak te', muk'ta, 143, 158 Ch'upak te', sakil, 143,158 Ch'upak te', tzajal, 143, 158 Ch'upak', 208, 256 Ch'upak' joj, 208, 256-257, 272 Ch'upak' te', 143,158 Ch'uxuv ak', 119,133 Dalya, 204, 223 Dalya, ik'-lo'an pino, 204, 223 Dalya, ik'-lo'an pinto pino, 204, 223 Dalya, ik'-lo'an potz pino, 204, 223 Dalya, k'an-set'an pino, 204, 223 Dalya, k'an-set'an potz pino, 204, 223 Dalya, k'anal pino, 204, 223 Dalya, k'anal potz pino, 204, 223 Dalya, k'ox sakil pino, 204, 223 Dalya, moraro, 204, 223 Dalya, rosaro pino, 204, 223 Dalya, sak-vayan pino, 204, 223 Dalya, sakil pino, 204, 223 Dalya, sakil potz pino, 204, 223 Dalya, tzajal pino, 204, 223 Ech', 212, 274-276 Ech', antzil, 212, 274 Ech', ch'ix 212, 274 Ech', kilon, 212, 274-275 Ech', kilon uma', 213, 275 Ech', krus, 149-150, 169, 184, 194, 212, 275 Ech', krus uma', 213, 275 Ech', sakil kilon, 212, 275 Ech', tzajal kilon, 212, 275 Ech', tzajal uma', 213 275 Ech', uma', 212-213, 275 Ech', vojton, 149 213, 275-276 Ech', vojton uma', 213, 275 Ech', xulub chivo, 213, 276 Elamonix, 144, 167, 217, 230 Enkaje, 211,270 Epalnich, 118,132 Espayder, 209, 258 Espayder, k'anal, 209, 258 NUMBER 35 699 Espayder, moraro, 209, 258 Espayder, sakil, 209, 258 Espinaka, 203, 218 Ich, 204, 227-228 Ich, bak, 204, 227 Ich,jlok'ol-chak, 204, 227 Ich, k'anal, 205, 227 Ich, m6rte, 205, 227 Ich, natikil, 205, 227 Ich, pujkan, 205, 227 Ich, sakil, 205, 227-228 Ich, tzo' mut, 205, 228 Ich, volajtik, 205, 228 Ich ak', 120,139 Ich te', 143,160 Ik'al te', 143, 149,156 Ec'al vinik, 143,156, 191 Ik'ob chij, 142,151 Ik'ux, 147, 195 Ik'ux, ik'al, 147, 195 Ik'ux, yaxal, 147,195 Inojo, 154,211,261,270 Inop, 145, 177-178 Is-ak', 205, 229-230 Is-ak', batz'i, 205, 229 Is-ak', sakil batz'i, 205, 229 Is-ak', sakil tranjero, 205, 229 Is-ak', tranjero, 205, 229 Is-ak', tzajal, 205, 229-230 Is-ak', tzajal batz'i, 205, 229 Is-ak', tzajal tranjero, 205, 229 Is-ak' tz'i'lel, 205, 230 Isbon, 144, 163 Itaj, 205, 230 Itaj, batz'i, 205, 230, 272 Itaj, jol, 205, 230, 272 Itaj, k'ox yo'on vakax, 205, 230 Itaj, muk'ta jol, 205, 230 Itaj, muk'ta yo'on vakax, 205, 230 Itaj, sakil tzukum jol, 205, 230 Itaj, tzajal tzukum jol, 205, 230 Itaj, tzukum jol, 205, 230 Itaj, yo'on vakax, 205, 230 Itzompi, 145,173,251,256 Ixim, 150, 169, 205, 231-237, 259, 270 Ixim, bik'it ivriro, 205, 236 Ixim, bik'it sak, 205, 235 Ixim, chix te', 205, 235 Ixim, enano, 205, 236 Ixim, ik'al, 205, 235 Ixim, ik'al pinto, 205, 236 Ixim, ivriro, 205, 236 Ixim, k'anal chix te', 205, 235 Ixim, k'anal ivriro, 205, 236 Ixim, k'anal napalu, 205, 236 Ixim, k'ox k'anal napalu, 205, 236 Ixim, muk'ta ivriro, 205, 236 Ixim, muk'ta k'on, 205, 235 xim, muk'ta sak, 205, 235-236 xim, napalu, 205, 236 xim, pacha, 205, 236 xim, pinto, 205, 236 xim, rokame, 205, 237 xim, sakil napalu, 205, 236 xim, sakil pinto, 205, 236 xim, sakramentual, 205, 236 xim, teralenyo, 205, 237 xim, tusp6nyo, 205, 237 xim, tzajal napalu, 205, 236 xim, vitztikal bik'it k'on, 205, 236 xim, vitztikal muk'ta sak, 205, 236 xim, ye tz'i', 205, 236 'ak'-'uch, 207, 251 a'as, 145,173 a'as te', 146, 180 abnal, 143,159 abnal te', 143,159 abnal, tzotzil, 212, 248, 273 ach'ub te', 143, 147,161, 195 asinto te', 147, 195 ay, 119,135-136 ay, k'ox, 119, 135 ay, muk'ta, 119,135-136 ikamo, 118,132 ikamoak', 118,132 jaral-me'tik, 208, 258 obel, akan, 210, 263 obel, ana-, 208, 254 obel, chintuli', 205, 240 obel, ch'ix, 166, 208, 254-255 obel, ik'al, 210, 263 obel, kakaxon, 210, 263 obel, konejo, 210, 263-264 obel, krus, 210, 244, 264 obel, k'anal pech'e-ok', 208, 257 obel, k'otox, 210, 264 obel, k'ox limon, 208, 255 obel, k'un-, 210, 263 obel, limon, 208, 255 obel, pech'e-'ok, 208, 257 obel, pech'e-'ok batz'i, 208, 257 obel, puj-'akan, 210, 264 obel, sakil pech'e-'ok, 208, 257 obel, tuix, 208, 258 obel, tzajal, 210, 264 obel, tzukum, 210, 264 obel, tzuntzun, 210, 264 obelal xalma, 208, 255 ok'leb tzo'op tz'unun, 211, 270 olchoy, 212, 276 ol koy, 213, 265 ol koy, batz'i, 211,265 olkoy, sakil, 213, 265 olkoy, te'tikal, 213, 265 ol olol, 207, 250 om akan, 146, 185 Jonjolin, 213, 276 Jovos, 145, 178 Jovos, batz'i, 145, 178 Jovos, yaxal, 145,178 Jutuju, 211,265 Juxob-bail ak', 117,127 Kachimpa te', 143,160 Kachu t6ro te', 146, 186 Kachu tdro te', muk'ta, 146,186 Kachu t6ro te', yaxal,146, 186 Kajanab te', 145, 178 Kajve, 144,167-168, 196 Kajve, javas, 117,122 Kajve te', 144,168 Kakav te', 147,195 Kakaxon ak', 118,132 Kamaron te', 143,161 Kampana, tzajal, 208, 254 Kampana ak', 119, 133 Kanipana ak', batz'i, 119,133 Kanipana ak', sakil, 119,133 Kampana nichim, 206, 241 Kampana nichim, batz'i, 206, 241 Kampana nichim, bik'tal, 206, 241 Kampana nichim, cha'-koj, 206, 241 Kampana nichim, sakil, 206, 241 Kampana nichim, tzajal, 206, 241 Kampana tz'i'lel, 206, 241 Kampana tz'i'lel, k'anal, 206, 241 Kampana tz'i'lel, tzajal, 206, 241 Kampana tz'i'lel, yaxal, 206, 241 Kampor, 146, 186 Kampray, 204, 223 Kamusa te', 147,195 Kanavaak', 119,137 Kanela te', 143, 161 Kanela te', sakil, 143,161 Kan61a te', tzajal, 143,161 Kanelo, 143,161 Karnero te', 146,180 Karos ak', 119,134 Kartolina, 209, 258 Kartolina, k'anal, 209, 258 Kartolina, moraro, 209, 258 Kartolina, sakil, 209, 258 Kartucho, 204, 225 Karvensa, sakil, 117,122-123 Kastanya, 147, 191 Katu'ch'ix, 118,132 Keb chij, 211,270 Kevrajacha, 144,170 Kilkil nichim, 147, 195 Kilkil nichim, sakil, 147,195 Kilkil nichim, tzajal, 147,195 Kilkil nichim, yaxyax-'ulan, 147,195 Klavel, 209, 258-259 Klavel, ik'ik'-lo'an, 209, 259 Klavel, korona, 209, 259 700 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ANTHROPOLOGY Klavel, rosaro, 209, 259 Klavel, sak-vayan, 209, 259 Klavel, sakil, 209, 259 Klavel, tzajal, 209, 259 Klavelina, 209, 259 Klavo, 147, 195 Koko, 147, 192 Koko'on, 203, 218, 240 Koko'on chij, 203, 218 Kokov, 147, 196 Kola, 211,265 Kola tz'i'lel, 211,265 Koliflor, 205, 230 KolinSbo, 205, 230 Konkon, 144, 168 Konkon, k'anal, 144, 168 Kontiyerva, 213,276 Kopita, 209, 259 Kovana te', 145,173 Kranata, 119, 137 Kranata ak', 119,137 Kranata lo'bol, 147, 196 Krem pox, 211,270 Krisantema, 209, 259 Krisantema, k'anal, 209, 259 Krisantema, rosaro, 209, 259 Krisantema, sakil, 209, 259 Krisantema nichim, 209, 259 Krus tz'i'lel, 213, 276 Kulantu, 211,270-271, 272 Kulantu ch'o, 211,271 Kururin, 120, 124, 139-140, 186, 240 K'ail, 145,180 K'ail, ton, 146,180 K'am-xoch', 143, 159 K'an-'ich, 146,185 K'an-'ich, batz'i, 145,185 K'an-'ich, k'ox, 146,185 K'an-ak', 120,140, 158 K'an-ak', batz'i, 120, 140 K'an-ak', k'ox, 120, 140 K'an-te', 143, 161 K'an-tulan, 146,188 K'anal ak', 119,137 K'anal nich, 213, 276 K'anal te', 143, 161 K'ask'as te', 147, 196 K'ask'as tz'i'lel, 213, 276 K'at'ix, 144,163 K'at'ix, k'anal, 144, 163 K'at'ix, sijom, 144, 163 K'at'ix, tzajal, 144, 163 K'evex, 147, 196 K'evex, batz'i, 147,196 K'evex, chin-jol, 147, 196 K'evex, k'anal, 148,196 K'evex, papausa, 148,196 K'isis, 146, 182 K'ojom, 205, 240, 272 K'ok' sat nichim, 209, 259 K'ol-k'ox, 146, 180 K'olo-max, 148, 196 K'orok' te', 143,159 K'os, 146,180-181 K'os, sakil, 146, 150, 180-181, 184 K'os, tzajal, 146, 181 K'oxox te', 146,181 K'oxox te', batz'i, 146,181, K'oxox te', ik'al, 146, 181 K'unil te', 148, 196-197 K'ux pevul, 147,191La, 144, 163-164 La, batz'i, 144, 163 La, chon, 144, 163 La, kilajtik, 144,163 La, k'ox, 144,163-164 La, muk'tik, 144,164 La, sakil, 144,164 Latzbil tonal pox, 207, 251-252 Leb sotz', 118, 132 Lechuka, 213, 276-277 Lechuka, jich'il anal, 213, 277 Lechuka, votzvotz, 213, 277 Lima, 144,168 Lima, chu', 144,168 Lima, ch'ulul, 144,168 Lima, pimil pat, 144,168-169 Limon, 144, 169 Limon jobel, batz'i, 208, 255 Limon jobel, k'ox, 148, 255 Linkon te', 148, 197 Liryo, 204, 225 Lo'bol, 148,197 Lo'bol, batz'i, 148,197 Lo'bol, chan-tzelav, 148,197 Lo'bol, chimpo, 148,197 Lo'bol, k'ox, 148,197 Lo'bol, mantzana, 148, 197 Lo'bol, mol, 148, 197 Lo'bol, natikil, 148, 197 Lo'bol, sakil, 148, 197 Lo'bol, sera, 148,197 Lo'bol, tzajal, 148,197 Lo'bol ak', 119,137 Lo'bol kotom, 119, 137 Lo'bol vet, 148, 197-198 Lotz'om chij, 144, 170 Luchamaria, 148, 198 Lula, 139, 213, 268, 277 Lumpisera, 145, 173 Machita te', 144,164 Mail, 118, 128 129, 220, 232, 234, 272 Mail, chij-chon, 118, 129 Mail, sak-vayan, 118,129 Mail, sakil, 118,129 Mail, tz'ibaltik, 118,129 Mail, yaxal, 118,129 Mail te', 142, 153 Mail tz'i'lel, 207, 248 Majavaak', 118,132 Majob ik'al, 142,149 Makom, 118,131 Makom, batz'i, 118,131 Makom, ch'ail, 118, 131 Makom, tuxum, 118, 131 Makom, tzajal, 118, 131 Makom, tz'unbalal, 118,131 Makom ch'ix, 118, 131 Makom tz'i'lel, 118,131 Makom uch, 143, 158 Makulixkuat, 143, 156 Maluk, 145,178 Malva, 206, 241-242 Manko, 145,173-174 Manko, batz'i, 145,174 Manko, chitom, 145,174 Manko, tranjero, 145, 174 Manko, xok, 145,174 Mantarina, 144,169 Mantarina, batz'i, 144,169 Mantarina, k'ol-pat, 144, 169 Mantzana, 144,164-165, 233 Mantzana, batz'i, 144, 164 Mantzana, kamosa, 144,165 Mantzana, per6te, 144,165 Mantzana, tranjero, 144, 165 Mantzana te', 144,165 Mantzanilya, 209, 259-260 Marivana, 213, 277 Markarita, 209, 260 Markarita, cha'-lom, 209, 260 Markarita, ch'ulul, 209, 260 Markarita, k'ox, 209, 260 Markarita, tzotziron, 209, 260 Markarita rey6no, 209, 260 Markarita tz'i'lel, 209, 260 Markariton, 209, 260 Markariton, batz'i, 209, 260 Markariton, tzotzin, 209, 260 Matal ak', 143, 160 Matas, 204, 223 Matas, k'anal, 204, 223 Matas, sakil, 204, 223 Me' putzul, 211,265 Melon, 118,129-130 Melon, batz'i, 118,129-130 Melon, chi'il, 118,130 Memela ak', 119,137 Mernela te', 145, 178 Meno, 142,151 Mes te', 143, 149,158, 191 Mesob jol bakal, 203, 220-221 Met, 144,166 Met, chi, 144, 166 NUMBER 35 701 Met, lo'balal, 144,166 Met, muk'ta, 144,166 Metabel, 203, 215 Mexa tz'i'lel, 213, 277 Mikulax itaj, 119,137-138 Milob ch'o te', 143,161 Mixto, 208, 255 Mojan, 145,178 Molino te', 144,170 Mora, 148,198 Mosote, 210, 264 Moy, 206, 232-233, 242-243, 256, 273, 277 Moy te', 147,191 Mukumu, 148,198 Mumun, 143,159 Mumun te', 143,159 Mustisya, 203, 215 Mustisya, k'ox, 203, 215 Mustisya, muk'ta, 203, 215 Mutut, 145,178 Muy, 145,174 Nam-te' mol, 146,185 Nampfvo, 143,156 Nankipu, 148, 198 Nantzi', 142, 151-152 Nap, 147,192 Napux, 203, 215 Napux, batz'i, 203, 215 Napux, jolinom, 203, 215 Napux, kaxlan, 203, 214-215 Nap'-'us tz'i'lel, 213, 277 Nap'ap' tz'i'lel, 207, 252 Nap'ap' tz'i'lel, batz'i, 208, 252 Nap'ap' tz'i'lel, bik'it, 208, 252 Nap'ap' tz'i'lel, k'anal, 208, 252 Nap'ap' tz'i'lel, k'ox, 208, 252 Nap'ap' tz'i'lel, yaxal, 208, 252 Naranja, 144,169 Naranja, jayal pat, 144,169 Naranja, pimil pat, 144, 169 Natz' amuch, 204, 221 Ne bolom, 206, 246 Ne chuch, 208, 255 Ne inatab, 119,134-135 Ne kotom, 142,151 Ne kotom, k'ox, 142,151 Ne kotom, muk'ta, 142,151 Ne saben, 118,132 Nekebpox, 213, 277 Nekeb pox, krem, 213, 277 Nekeb pox, tzeb, 213, 277-278 Nex, 203, 216 Nex, kilajtik, 203, 216 Nex, va'ajtik, 203, 216 Nich nab, 213, 278 Nichnab, bero, 213, 278 Nichnab, ch'ix, 213, 278 Nich nab, koko'on, 213, 278 Nich nab, kuchara, 213, 278 Nich nab, pech'e-'ok, 213, 278 Nichim joj, 213, 278 Nichim ninyo, 204,125 Nichim te', 144,164 Nimpronix, 144,165 Nimpronix te', 144,165 No'chi', 145,174 Nochleb buluk' sat, 208, 252 Nochleb vonon, 211, 267-268 Noch'och', 118,131 Nok, 146,186-187 Nok, sakil, 146, 186-187 Nok, tzajal, 146,187 Nok'ol sik'ol, 206, 242 Nok'ol sik'ol j'ik'al, 206, 242 Nube, 209, 260 Nukul pat, 146,182 Nuk' chij, 148,198 Ob, 203, 219 Ob, sakil, 203, 219 Ob, tzajal, 203, 219 Ok'il te', 146,182 Olnob, 144,170-171 Olnob, batz'i, 144,176 Olnob, paka', 144,170-171 Olnob, tzajal, 144, 171 On, 145, 174-175 On, batz'i, 145,174-175 On, ch'ail, 145,175 On, tzitz, 145,175 On te', 145, 176, 191 On te', k'ox, 145,176 On te', muk'ta, 145, 176 On te', nap'ap', 145,176, 191 On te' pox, 207, 250 On te' pox, bik'it, 207, 250 On te' pox, muk'ta, 207, 250 Oregano, 208, 255 Orisyon tz'i'lel, 208, 254 Otot, 142, 151 Otot, k'anal, 142, 151 Otot, yaxal, 142,151 Oven, 145, 175 Ox-'u, 118,132-133 Pa' itaj, 203, 218 Paj-'ul, 146,187 Paj-'ul, k'ox, 146, 160,187 Paj-'ul, muk'ta, 146, 187 Paj-'ul, tzajal, 146, 187 Pak' chak, 206, 244 Pak' chak, k'ox, 206, 244, 279 Pak' chak, muk'ta, 206, 244 Palma, 147, 192 Pamal jabnal, 207, 251 Papaya, 148,198 Papaya mut, 148,198 Paraiso te', 148,198-199 Patax, 148,199 Patax, k'ox, 148,199 Patax nichim, k'anal, 148,199 Patax nichim, moraro, 148,199 Patax nichim, sakil, 148,199 Patax nichim, tzajal, 148,199 Paxak', chimpo, 144, 167 Paxak', kinya, 144, 167 Paxak', muk'ta, 144,167 Paxak', potpot, 144,167 Paxak'il te'tik, 144, 167 Paxamum, 143,156 Paxamum, batz'i, 143,156 Paxamum, muk'ta, 143,156 Pek'me'el, 118,133 Pelex, 144,165 Pelex, batz'i, 144,165 Pelex, kaxlan, 144, 165 Pem-k'ulub, 206, 244 Pem-k'ulub, batz'i, 206, 244 Pem-k'ulub, sakil, 206, 244 Pepen ak', 119, 138 Pepino, 118,130 Perejil, 212, 271 Petok, 206, 246 Petok, batz'i, 206, 246 Petok, ik'-lo'an, 206, 246 Petok, te'tikil, 206, 246 Petok, tzajal, 206, 246 Pi, 207, 251 Pi, sakil, 207, 251 Pi, tzajal, 207, 251 Pich', 203, 218 Pik'ok', 119,133-134 Pik'ok', batz'i, 119,133-134 Pik'ok', k'ox, 119,134 Pik'ok', sakil, 119,134 Pilix, 209, 260 Pilix, k'ox, 209, 260 Pilix, sakil, 209, 260 Pimenta, 148,199 Pimenta, batz'i, 148, 199 Pimenta, kaxlan, 148,199 Pimil anal, 206, 246-247 Pimil anal, batz'i, 206, 246-247 Pimil anal, k'ox, 206, 247 Pimil anal, tontikil, 206, 247 Pinsel, 213, 278 Pinto te', 143, 161-162 Pit, 144, 171 Pitzak', 207, 248-249 Pitzak*, batz'i, 207, 248-249 Pitzak', muk'ta, 207, 249 Pitzak', tzajal, 207, 249 Pitz'otz*, 145, 176-177 Piyon te', 148,199 Po'on, 145, 178-179 702 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ANTHROPOLOGY Po'on, batz'i, 145,178-179 Po'on, te'tikal, 145,179 Po'on ch'ix, 145, 179 Pochok', 213, 278 Pojov ak', 119,138 Pojov tz'i'lel, 207, 250 Pojov tz'i'lel, batz'i, 207, 250 Pojov tz'i'lel, tzajal, 207, 250 Pok'ok', 207, 251 Polotz', 117,127 Pom, 145, 179 Pom, ach'el, 145,179 Pom, batz'i, 145, 179 Pomka', 145,179 Pom tz'unun, k'anal, 208, 252 Pom tz'unun, muk'ta, 208, 252 Pom tz'unun, puj-'akan, 208, 252-253 Pom tz'unun, sakil, 149, 208, 253 Pom tz'unun, tzajal, 149, 191, 208, 253 Pom tz'unun, yax-'ulan, 191, 208, 253 Pom tz'unun, yaxal, 208, 253 Pomos, 148, 199 Pomos, ik'al, 148, 149,199 Pomos, sakil, 148, 199 Pomos, tzajal, 148, 149, 199 Pompom, 209, 260-261 Pompom, batz'i, 209, 260-261 Pompom, k'anal, 209, 261 Pompom, k'anal muk'ta, 209, 261 Pompom, moraro, 209, 261 Pompom, moraro muk'ta, 209, 261 Pompom, muk'ta, 209, 260-261 Pompom, sakil, 209, 261 Pompom, sakil muk'ta, 209, 261 Potov, 148, 199-200 Potov, batz'i, 148, 199-200 Potov, kaxlan, 148, 200 Potov, sakil kaxlan, 148, 200 Potov, tzajal, 148, 200 Potov, tzajal kaxlan, 148, 200 Poxil apon, 154,208,251,254 Poxil chin, 206, 207, 247, 250 Poxil chon, 213, 278 Poxil chu'ul, 207, 213, 250, 278 Poxil chuvaj, 205, 207, 240, 249 Poxil eal, 207, 247 Poxil ik', 143, 158 Poxil jolol, 206, 244-245 Poxil k'ok', 208, 253 Poxil lukum, 213, 278 Poxil majbenal, 208, 253 Poxil mako', 204, 221 Poxil me'-vinik, 207, 213, 249, 279 Poxil obal, 203, 217 Poxil pat ka', 205, 240 Poxil poslom, 146, 181 Poxil sal tz'i', 204, 226 Poxil satil, 213, 279 Poxil sep', 205, 240 Poxil sim-nak'al, 213, 279 Poxil ti'ben lukum, 207, 250-251 Poxil t'ajel, 204, 226 Poxil tza'nel, 143, 158 Poxil vayichil, 204, 221 Poxil yat chij, 207, 247 Poxil yayijemal, 213, 234, 279 Poxil yerva, 203, 240 Presa, 146, 184 Primon, 208, 253 Prixku', 146,188-189 Prixku', k'anal, 147, 189 Prixku', sakil, 147,189 Puj, 214, 279 Puj, antzil, 214, 279 Puj, vinik, Pulum vo', 119,136 Putzkuy, 142, 153 Putzul, 211,265 Putzul chij, 143,162 Puyu', 119,134 Puyu', k'anal, 119,134 Puyu', k'ox, 119, 134 Puyu', sakil, 119,134 Puyu', tzajal, 119,134 Puyu', yaxal, 119,134 P'uk, 119,135 Radiola, 211,265-266 Radidla, k'anal, 211,266 Radiola, moraro, 211, 266 Radi61a, sak-vilan, 211, 266 Radiola, sakil, 211,266 Roxa, 120, 140-141 Roxa, batz'i tzajal, 120,140 Roxa, ik'ik'-lo'an, 120, 140 Roxa, k'anal, 120, 140 Roxa, k'ox tzajal, 120,140-141 Roxa, makom, 120,141 Roxa, sak-pak'an, 120,140 Roxa, sak-vayan, 120, 140 Roxa, sak-vayan tzajal, 120, 140 Roxa, sak-vilan tz'unbalal, Roxa, sakil, 120,141 Saju', 204, 223 Saju', batz'i, 204, 223, 234 Saju', ch'ix, 204, 223 Sak-nich te', 147, 191-192 Sak-nich te', muk'ta, 147, 191-192 Sakaton, 208, 255 Sakaton, batz'i, 208, 255 Sakaton, tzajal, 208, 255 Sakil, 118,130 Sakil, kometa, 118,130 Sakil, setajtik, 118,130 Sakil, telajtik, 118,130 Sakil, volajtik, 118,130 Sakil ak', 119,134 Sakil nichim, 214, 279 Sakil nichim te', 212, 271 Sakil te', 145,176 Sakramentual nichim, 209, 261 Sal-te', 142,153 Sal-te', sakil, 142,153, 240 Sal-te', tzajal, 142,153 Sanorya, 203, 215 Sap yok, 146, 187 Sat mes, 206, 245 Sat mes, k'anal, 206, 245 Sat mes, sakil, 206, 245 Sat pukuj, 145,177 Sat pukuj tz'i'lel, 214, 279 Sat vet, 214, 279 Satin, 148, 181-182, 191, 200, 252 Saya-vun, 142, 153 S6ntavo tz'i'lel, 207, 247 Sikil ton, 203, 219 Sik'ol ak', 119,135 Sik'ol te', 148, 200 Sila, 144,169 Sirvela, 147,189 Sirvela, ik'ik'-lo'an, 147,189 Sirvela, k'anal, 147, 189 Sirvela, sakil, 147, 189 Sirvela, tzajal, 147,189 Sitit, 147,190 Sitit, sakil, 147,190 Sitit, tzajal, 147,190 Snichim koyta, 204, 226 Snichim xan-lukax, 209, 201 Soro te', 148, 200 Sten uch, 208, 253 Suil itaj, 147, 190 Suil itaj, batz'i, 147,190 Suil itaj, k'ox, 147,190 Suk, 144,171 Suk, ik'al, 144,171 Suk, sakil, 144,171 Sun, 145, 180 Tamarin, 144, 171 Tan ka', 214, 279-280 Tanpox, 208, 251,255-256 Te' ak', 120,141 Tempix, 146, 187 Ten-jol pox, 204, 221 Tenten pox, 214, 280 Tentzun, 208, 253-254 Tilil, 146, 181-182 Toj, 140, 146, 158, 181, 182-184, 186, 191, 233, 259 Toj, ajan, 146,184, 191 Toj, batz'i, 146,184 Toj, chak 146,184 Toj, ik'al, 146, 184 I Toj, k'uk', 146, 182,184 NUMBER 35 703 Toj, sakil k'uk', 146,184 Toj, tzajal, 124, 146, 184 Toj, tzajal k'uk', 146,184 Tok'oy, 148, 200-201 Tok'oy, batz'i, 148, 201 Tok'oy, kaxlan, 144,166 Tok'oy, kilajtik, 148, 201 Tok'oy, k'ox, 148, 201 Tomyo, 208, 256 Ton bek', 146, 184-185 Tontikil putzul, 209, 261 Top'ol, 146, 185 Top'ol, k'anal, 146, 185 Top'ol, k'ox, 146, 185 Treno, 143,156 Triko, 205, 239 Tub chii, 208, 257 Tuil te', 145, 177 Tuix, 208, 257-258 Tuix, batz'i, 208, 257 Tuix, j'alnom, 208, 251 Tuix, sakil, 208, 257 Tuix, te'tikil, 208, 257-258 Tuix tz'i'lel, 208, 258 Tukum j'ik'al, 205, 237 Tulan, 146,187-188, 191 Tulan, k'evex, 146,188 Tulan, sakil, 146,188 Tulan, tzajal, 146, 160, 184, 186, 188 Turasnu, 147, 189-190 Turasnu, batz'i, 146,189 Turasnu, karirat, 147, 189 Turasnu, kaxlan, 147,189 Turasnu, luranko, 147,189 Turasnu, merokotom, 147, 189-190 Turasnu te', 148, 201 Tut, 214, 280 Tutnab, 214, 280 Tuturu, 212, 271 Tux-nuk', 214, 280 Tux-nuk', k'an-chik, 214, 280 Tux-nuk', sakil, 214, 280 Tux-nuk' te', 142,153 T'ut'ak', 119,135 T'ut'ak', batz'i, 119,135 T'ut'ak', k'ox, 119,135 Tzajal nichim, 150, 209, 261-262 Tzajal nichim, batz'i, 209, 261-262 Tzajal nichim, ik'ik'-lo'an, 209, 262 Tzajal nichim, sak-vayan, 209, 262 Tzajal nichim, sakil, 209, 262 Tzajal te', 148, 201 Tzelo-pat, 147, 190-191 Tzelo-pat, bak, 147,190 Tzelo-pat, batz'i, 147,190 Tzelo-pat, chan-tzelav, 147, 158, 190-191 Tzib, 209-210, 262-263 Tzib, batz'i, 209, 262 Tzib, ik'al ok, 209-210, 262 Tzib, jamal anal, 210, 262-263 Tzib, kilajtik, 210, 263 Tzib, k'ox, 210, 263 Tzib, muk'ta, 210, 263 Tzib, muruch', 210, 263 Tzib, tzajal, 210, 263 Tzib, tzatzal ok, 210, 263 Tzib ak', 210, 263 Tzima', 142, 152 Tzis chauk, 212, 271 Tzis uch, 142, 149, 150 Tzitz, 145,175,211,268 Tzitz pox, 211,255-256, 268 Tzitz te', 145, 175 Tzitz tz'i'lel, 211,268-269 Tzo' xulem te', 144, 171 Tzojoj, 146,180 Tzon-te', 219, 280 Tzon-te', pop, 214, 280 Tzon-te'al balamil, 214, 280 Tzon-te'al krus, 214, 242, 280 Tzon-te'al te', 214, 280 Tzon-te'al ton, 214, 280 Tzotz-ni' te', 147, 192 Tzotz-ni' tz'i'lel, 207, 249 Tzu, 119,136 Tzu, batz'i, 119,136 Tzu, ik'ob-bail, 119,136 Tzu, korn6ta, 119,136 Tzu, muk'ta, 119, 136 Tzu, nene', 119,136 Tzual moy, 119,136 Tzukum tz'i'lel, 204, 221 Tzun-jol tz'i'lel, 214, 280-281 Tzutzub, 211,269 Tz'emeni', 211, 266 Tz'emeni', batz'i, 211, 266 Tz'emeni', k'ox , 211, 266 Tz'emeni', muk'ta, 211, 266 Tz'emeni', o'lol, 211, 266 Tz'emeni', tzajal, 211, 266 Tz'emeni', yaxal, 211, 266 Tz'erel, 142, 154 Tz'i' nichim, 208, 256 Tz'in-te', 143,158-159 Tz'itesob jolol, 119,138 Tz'itesob jolol ak', 119,138 Tz'oban, 147,193 Tz'oban, batz'i, 147, 193 Tz'oban, k'anal, 147,193 Tz'oban, k'ox, 147, 193,281 Tz'ol, 118,130,272 Tz'ol, batz'i, 118,130 Tz'ol, kvarentano, 118, 130 Tz'ol, sakil, 118,130 Tz'ol, yaxal, 118,130 Tz'otz'op, 146,188 Tz'ul itaj, 203, 219-220 Tz'ul itaj, batz'i, 203, 219 Tz'ul itaj, ch'ixal, 203, 219 Tz'ul itaj, sakil, 203, 219 Tz'ul itaj, tan, 203, 219-220 Tz'ul itaj, tzajal, 203, 219 Tz'usub, 119,138 Tz'usub, batz'i, 119, 138 Tz'usub, sakil, 119-120,138 Tz'usub ak', 120,138 Tz'utuj te', 146, 188 Tz'utuj te' te', 146,188 Uch, 145, 176 Uch'ul vo', 211,266-267 Uch'ul vo', kilajtik, 211,266 Uch'ul vo', k'ox, 211, 266-267 Uch'ul vo', muk'ta, 211, 267 Uch'ul vo', sakil, 211,267 Uch'ul vo', setajtik, 211, 267 Uch'ul vo'al ba ton, 211, 267 Uli', te'el, 145,179 Unen mu, 205, 228-229 Unen mu, sakil, 205, 229 Unen mu, tzajal, 205, 229 Unen mu tz'i'lel, 205, 229 Uskun-te', 203, 220 Uva, 120, 138 Vako' ak', 120, 138-139, 140, 158 Vala-pojov, 207, 249 Vala-pojov, batz'i, 207, 249 Vala-pojov, k'ox, 207, 249 Vala-pojov, muk'ta, 207, 249 Vale', 186, 196, 205, 232-233, 237-239, 261,268-269 Vale', sakil, 205, 239 Vale', tzajal, 205, 239 Vale' j'ik'al, 205, 239 Vamuch te', 144,171 Vax te', 143,156 Ve'el inatab, 120, 139 Ve'el kulajte', 145,177 Ve'el k'ovix, 208, 258 Ventex chij, 214, 281 Ventex mol, 142,149-150 Vixobtakil, 207, 247-248 Vixobtakil, batz'i, 149-150, 207, 247-248 Vixobtakil, muk'ta, 207, 248 Vixobtakil, setajtik, 207, 248 Vixobtakil chon, 207, 248 Vo'ox, 148, 201 Vo'tus, 211,269 Vo'tus, antzil, 211, 269 Vo'tus, kaxlan, 211,269 Vo'tus, kelem, 211,269 Vo'tus, k'ox, 211,269 Vo'tus tz'i'lel, 211, 269 Vojton tz'i'lel, 204, 226 704 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ANTHROPOLOGY Volita, 209, 262 Voy chij te', 145,171-172 Voy mula, 214, 281 Vux te', 148, 201 Xan, 147,192-193 Xan, batz'i, 147, 193-194, 233 Xan, pik', 147, 193 Xantiya, 118,130 Xantiya ak', 118,127 Xanxan, 214, 281 Xanxanil balamil, 214, 281 Xanxanil te', 214, 281 Xanxanil ton, 214, 281 Xavon ak*, 118, 127 Xaxib, 145,172 Xaxib, batz'i, 145,172 Xaxib, muk'ta, 145,172 X'ukun, 148, 201-202 Xchenek' tzajal om, 117,124, 140, 149 Xenebal pox, 118, 127 Xenxerva, 214, 281 Ximo', 205, 239 Ximo', batz'i, 205, 239 Ximo', bik'it, 205, 239 Xinal ak', 120,139 Xinal pox, 214, 281 Xinal te', 142, 153-154, 191 Xinal tz'i'lel, 214, 281-282 Xolom, 146,185 Xoto-chak, 118,131 Xtalaj tz'i'lel, 206, 245 Xut, 117,125 Xutak', 117,125 Yail tz'i'lel, 214, 282 Yaj-te' kotom, 145,176 Yajan chuch, 214, 282 Yajan chuch, batz'i, 214, 282 Yajan chuch, tzajal, 214, 282 Yajil ama, 142, 150 Yak' jnibak, 143,156 Yak' max, 120,141 Yak' xulem, 120, 139 Yak'il vob, 118,133 Yak'ubal us, 214, 282 Yalem bek'et, 208, 254 Yama chauk, 212, 271 Yarvajalca me'on, 212, 273 Yat kotom, 211,267 Yat kotom ak', 118, 132 Yatnab, 214, 282 Yat tz'i' ak',120, 141 Yat tz'i' tz'i'lel, 214, 282 Yat vakax ak', 120, 139 Yax-'ib te', 143,162 Yax-chel, 208, 273 Yax-chel, k'ox, 208, 273 Yax-chel, muk'ta, 208, 273 Yax-'on, 145,175 Yax-te', 144,162 Yaxal mol, 146,182 Yaxal nich tz'i'lel, 212, 273 Yaxux ka', 208, 256 Ye aja chon, 205, 229 Yech' joj, 213, 276 Yich joj, 205, 229 Yich kurik, 205, 228 Yich'ak ch'o, 208, 254 Yich'ak mis, 118,133 Yich'ak mut, 144, 150,169, 232 Yikatz toj, 206, 243, 281 Yisim be, 210, 264 Yisim bolom, 143,157 Yisim mut bolom, 148, 202 Yok' tz'i', 206, 240 Yok'tz'i 'ak', 118,133 Yok'vakax, 211,267 Yolnob ch'o, 145,172 Yoyal vinajel, 206, 246 Yuch' max, 147,193-194 Yuch' max, batz'i, 147,194 Yuch' max, k'ox, 147,194 Yuch' max, tzotzin, 147,194 Yuch' max pox, 147,194 Yuch'ul vo' bolom, 211, 267 Yuch'ul vo'j'ik'al, 211,267 Index 5 Plant Index (English) (Boldface = page number(s) of principal entry) Acacia, Bull's Horn, 169 Agave, 165-166, 256-257 Alder, 186-187 Alfalfa, 248 Allspice, 199 Amaranth, 219-220 Apple, 105,164-165 Apple, Golden Pippin, 165 Apricot, 77,188-189 Arrow Root, 224-225 Avocado, 25, 103, 107,173-175 Baby's Breath, 24, 260 Bachelor's Button, 278 Bamboo, 102,150-151 Banana, 45, 103,197 Basil, 272 Basil, European, 272 Bean, 19, 24, 28, 69-74, 77,. 102, 103,-106, 120-125 Bean, Bush, 124-125 Bean, Faba, 122 Bean, Jack, 133 Bean, Lima, 125 Bean, Pole, 123-124 Bean, Rice, 121 Bean, Scarlet Runner, 125 Bean, Seiva, 125 Beet, 215 Beggar's Ticks, 223 Blackberry, 131 Bloodwood, 160 Blueberry, Wild, 149 Borage, Garden, 216-217 Box Elder, 176 Bromeliad, 274-276 Broom Brush, Mexican, 158 Buddleia, 190 Bugloss, 217 Bullrush, 279 Burclover, 248-249 Cabbage, 24-25, 77, 102, 230 Cacao, 196 Cactus, 102, 109, 245-246 Cactus, Orchid, 245 Calabash Tree, 151 Calabash Tree, Wild, 152 Camphor, 43, 186 Candytuft, 259 Cantaloupe, 130 Carnation, 24, 96-97, 106, 258-259 Carrot, 24, 215 Castor Bean, 107,258 Catbriar, 134-135 Cattail, 104, 279 Cauliflower, 230 Cedar, 177 Ceiba, 107,177-178 Chamomile, 43, 45, 259-260 Chard, Swiss, 274 Chayote, 25, 37, 77, 79, 103, 106-107, 125-126, 220, 228 Cherry, 103,155 Cherry, Black, 155 Chili, 37-38, 103, 107, 227-228 Chili, Cherry, 228 Chinaberry, 198 Chrysanthemum, Florists', 25, 97, 258-261 Cinnamon, 161 Citron, 169 Clove, 195 Clover, 248-249 Clover, Yellow Sweet, 249 Coconut, 192 Coffee, 25, 37,167-168, 196 Coriander, 24, 37, 270-271 Corn, 2, 19, 24, 26-28, 37, 67-72, 74-79, 103-108,231-237 Cosmos, 223 Cotton, 280 Coyol, 107,192 Cud Weed, 279 Cushaw, 130 Custard Apple, 196 Cypress, 26, 32, 97,182 Cypress, Bald, 182 Dahlia, 223 Dahlia, Tree, 222 Daikon, 215 Daisy, 96-97, 259-260 Daisy, Crown, 259 Daisy, Ox Eye, 260 Dandelion, 261 Datura, 109, 241 Dock, 282 Dodder, 140 Dogbane Tree, 152-153 Dogwood, Creek, 162 Elderberry, 43,154-155 Elm, 188 Evening Primrose, 254 Fennel, 43, 270 Fern, Bracken, 262 Fern, Holly, 263 Fern, Maidenhair, 262 Feverfew, 24, 43, 97, 263 Fig, 195 Fig, Wild, 177-178 Figwort, 274 Fir, 184 Four O'clock, 109, 241 Frangipanni, 199 Fuchsia, Lilac, 150,169 Garlic, 43, 256 Geranium, Garden, 25, 45, 57, 261-262 Ginger, 281 Ginger, Wild, 226 Gladiolus, 24, 96-97, 264-266 Goosefoot, Nettle-leaved, 219 Gourd, 103, 107,135-136 Gourd, Bottle, 135-136 Gourd, Dishrag, 127 Grape, 103,138 Grape, Wild, 138 Grass, Beard, 255 Grass, Lemon, 255 Ground Cherry, 217 Guajilote, 151 Guamuchil, 171 Guanacaste, 171 Guava, 199-200 Gum, 186 Gumbolimbo, 153 Hackberry, 156 Hackberry Bush, Mexican, 156 Hawthorn, 162-163 Hibiscus, Garden, 109, 241 Hog Plum, 178-179 705 706 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ANTHROPOLOGY Hop Hornbeam, 188 Hopseed Bush, Clammy, 149 Hornbeam, American, 188 Horsetail, 280 Incense Tree, 179 Jamaica Cherry, 156 Jamberry, 217 Jimson Weed, 258 Juniper, 32,182 Kale, 79, 230 Kale, Curly, 230 Kidney Wood, 162 Kohlrabi, 230 Laurel, Bush, 149 Lead Tree, 170-171 Lemon, 169 Lemon, Sweet, 168 Lettuce, 276-277 Lichen, 280 Lily, 96-97, 224-226, 256-258 Lily, Calla, 97, 225 Lily, Day, 224 Lily, White, 224 Lily of the Nile, 97, 224 Lime, 25,168 Lime, Sweet, 168 Madrone, 176 Maize, 231-237 Mango, 37,173-174 Manila Hemp, 197 Manzanita, 176 Marigold, 45, 269 Marigold, Marsh, 32 Marijuana, 277 Melon, 77,127-130 Melon, Musk, 129-130 Mexican Tea, 37, 218 Milkweed, 250 Mint, 37, 107, 271-272 Mint, Bergamont, 272 Mistletoe, 243 Moss, 280 Moss, Club, 281 Moss, Resurrection, 281 Moss, Spanish, 280 Muhly, Rat Tail, 254 Mulberry, Wild, 153 Mustard, Black, 215 Mustard, Field, 25, 38, 215 Nance, 151 Nettle, 163-164 Nightshade, Wild, 228-229 Oak, 32, 185-188 Oak, Black, 185-186 Oak White, 187-188, Oat, 230-231 Oleander, 199 Onion, 103, 257-258 Onion, Wild, 37, 257-258 Orange, 37,169 Orange, Navel, 169 Orange, Sour, 167 Orange, Valencia, 169 Orchid, 265-267 Orchid, Ladies' Slipper, 265 Oregano, 255 Palm, 192-195 Palm, Bamboo, 45,194-195 Palm, Fan, 45,192-193 Palm, Sabal, 192 Papaya, 198 Parsley, 271 Pea, 122-123 Pea, Chick, 122-123 Peach, 188-190 Peach, Cling, 189-190 Peach, Freestone, 25, 77, 79,188-189 Peanut, 123 Pear, 103,165 Pear, Oriental, 165 Penny Royal, 271-272 Pepper, Bell, 227 Pepper, Black, 199 Pepper Grass, 219 Pine, 26-27, 32, 45, 57, 105,182-184 Pine, White, 184 Pine, Yellow, 184 Pineapple, 37,166-167 Pink, Garden, 259 Piper, 37,159 Plantain, 37,197 Plum, 77, 79, 189 Poison Ivy, 160 Poison Sumac, 160 Pokeberry, 218-219 Pomegranate, 196 Popapple, 45, 137 Poppy, Opium, 273-274 Potato, 24-25, 37, 77, 79, 102, 105, 107, 229 Prickly Pear, 109, 246 Quince, 165 Radish, 24, 37, 214-215 Radish, Oriental, 215 Raspberry, Wild, 131 Red Hot Poker, 224 Reed, 103, 150 Rice, 230 Rose, 45, 103,140-141 Rose, Bush, 140-141 Rubber Tree, 179 Rue, 43, 277 Rush, 263 Sand Bur, 264 Sapote, Black, 176 Sapote, Chico, 174 Sapote, Mamey, 37,173 Sapote, Son, 173 Sapote, White, 172-173 Sapote, Yellow, 174 Sea Grape, 180 Sedge, 264 Sedum, 246-248 Self-heal, 272 Sesame, 276 Shallot, 257 Shell Flower, Mexican, 265 Sorghum, 237 Sow, Thistle, 222 Spiderwort, 266 Spinach, New Zealand, 218 Spurge, 250 Squash, 37, 45, 77, 79, 103, 106,127-130 Squash, Pumpkin, 25, 38,127-128 Squash, Summer, 130 Squash, Watermelon, 25, 105, 107, 128-129, 220 Stock, 256 Strawberry, 131 Strawberry, Mock, 131 Sugarcane, 37, 45, 102-103, 237-239 Sumac, 187 Sweet Potato, 229-230 Sweet William, 259 Sycamore, 161 Tamarind, 171 Tangerine, 169 Thistle, 222 Thyme, 256 Tick Clover, 279 Tobacco, 43, 107, 109, 242-243 Tomato, 37, 217-218 Tomato, Cherry, 217 Tomato, Husk, 37, 217 Tomato, Italian, 218 Tomato, Pulp, 218 Trumpet Bush, Yellow, 162 Turnip, 215 Umbrella Tree, 198 Violet, 226-227 Virgin's Bower, 139 Walnut, 184 Water Hyacinth, 274 Watercress, 38, 216 Watermelon, 130 Wax Myrtle, 45, 82, 200 Wheat, 237 Willow, 200-201 Wintergreen, Wild, 148-149 Yam, Wild, 135 Yucca, Bulb Stem, 166 Zinnia, 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