- APPENDIXONE -- - - 
THE ATLANTIC AND GULF RAPID REEF ASSESSRTENT (AGRRA) 
PROTOCOLS: FOR ER VERSION 2.2 
PATRICIA RICIHARDS KRAMER' and JUDITH C. LANG" 
'I'he AGRRA methodology is the result of' an on-going international collaboration 
of reef scientists and managers. Since its initiation 111 1995. the rncthods havc uildcrgonc 
a series of iterations (Table 1 )  in response to recon~rncndatio~~s f'ronn the orgaiiizing 
committee and our colleagues. Version 2.2 of the AGRIU method is briefly summarized 
below as it u a s  the telsion used for many of the assessments reported in this volume. 
Sections that have been changed in subsequent versions are underlined. Specific 
deviations from this or other versions of the protocols are detailed in the individual 
papers of this volume. For more information on the current version of the methodology, 
data-sheet templates, survey equipment, and the AGRRA approach. see the AGRRA 
website (l~ttp:llcoral.ao~nl.noaa.govlagraimethod/~nethodho~~~e.htm). 
One of the main objectives of the AGRRA approach is to provide a standardized 
nlethodology enabling teams working in different areas to collect and compare data on a 
regional scale. With visual censuses. it is particularly important to minimize individual 
bias among observers. Hence. it is essential to carefully standardize methods prior to data 
collection. Suggestions for consistency training and calibration can also be found at the 
ACRKA website. 
ON OF REEFS AN 
For the purposes of AGRRA, a region is defined as the coarsest scale category 
(-1 00-1 000 km scale); followed by an area (-1 0-1 00 km scale); a reef (-1 -1 0 km scale); 
and a site (0.2 km scale). 
The method for selection of reefs to assess will be influenced in part by their local 
abundance and distribution and by the sampling effort to be undertaken. Whenever the 
extent and/or number are too large for complete sampling, the reefs should be subdivided 
or "stratified" and examples selected from within each subdivision. All good sources of 
information (benthic maps, aerial photographs, remote images, charts, local knowledge, 
reconnaissance by Manta tow-board, etc.) should be employed to separate the reefs into 
1 Marine Geology and Geophysics, Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric 
Science, University of Miami, 4600 Rickenbacker Causeway, Miami, FL, 33 149. 
Email: kramerq@bellsouth.net 
P. 0 .  Box 539, Ophelia, VA 22530. Email: JandL@rivnet.net 
subdivisions on  the-basisof-geographic distribution-and by-secondary-characteristics such 
as size, depth range, and position relative to land. If there are no clear bases for making 
subdivisions (e.g., a continuous bank barrier or fringing reef several kilometers long), a 
numbered grid 200 m long can be superimposed along a chart or image of the reef, with 
each number representing a potential survey site. Hardgrounds, pavements and other 
habitats that lack a framework constructed of reef-building corals should be avoided. 
Once reefs are stratified, depending on the methods and resources available for 
use, the ones that are selected for survey will generally fall into one of three categories: 
1.  Unbiased-chosen on the basis of a randoin sampling strategy; 
2. Representative-chosen with local knowledge to be representative of reefs in the area; 
3. Strategic-chosen with local knowledge and for a purpose (e.g., they are considered 
threatened, degraded or in  particular!^ good condition). 
For regional comparisons, it is best to have reef5 that are chosen by either category (I) or 
(2). Reefs chosen by (3) should be clearly flagged as such. 
A site is defined as an area of habitat of 200 m x 200 m (or less) that is more or 
less honlogeneous and accessible from a boat anchored or moored in one place. Two 
habitats of maximum reef development of particular interest are the -1-5 m depth interval 
(shallow Acropora palmata zone) and the -8- 1 5 m depth interval (shallow fore reef or 
equivalent). Whenever possible, one site within each of these depth intervals should be 
surveyed on each reef chosen for an AGRRA assessment. The site description for each 
survey site should include an explanation of how the site was selected. 
At each site, haphazardly lay a 10-m transect line (marked in 2 m intervals) just above 
the reef surface (= taut) in a direction that is approximately parallel to the long axis of 
the reef. Be sure to avoid or cross any other transects. Stay away from the edges of 
the reef and try to avoid areas with abrupt changes in slope, deep grooves, large 
patches of sand or unconsolidated coral rubble. Unusual reef features should be 
included only to the extent appropriate to their relative abundance at the site. 
Record total live stony coral (scleractinians + Millepora) cover under the transect line 
(to the nearest 10 cm) with a measuring tool (e.g., a I-m long PVC pipe marked in 10 
cm intervals). If the reefs are too small to avoid sandy patches, record how much of 
the line crosses sand (for later calculation of live stony coral coverlm of reef hard reef 
substratum). 
Swim along the transect line, stopping at the first stony coral (Table 2) located 
directly beneath the line that is at least 25 cm (or, if preferred, at least 10 cm) long 
and in original growth position or, if fallen, has either become reattached to the 
substratum or is too large to move. Record each of the following: 
A. Name (genus and species) 
B. The water depth at the top of the colony at the beginning and end of each transect 
and at any major change in depth (>lm). 
C. After identifying the colony-boundaries based on commonskeletal connections- 
among the living polyps and similarities in their size and color, record maximum 
colony projected diameter (live + dead areas) perpendicular to the axis of growth 
and maximum height (live + dead areas) above the substratum parallel to the axis 
of growth. 
D. Percentage estimates of the coral that are "recently dead" (corallite structures are 
white and either still intact or covered by a layer of algae or fine mud; include fish 
bites) and "old dead" (corallite structures are either gone or covered by organisms 
that are not easily removed, including brown encrusting clionid sponges) as 
viewed from above at an angle that is parallel to the axis of growth. If the entire 
coral has been dead a long time and can still be identified. at least to generic level 
based on gross (e.g., Acmporca pulmcrfcr) or skeletal (e.g., Dip/oria) morphology, 
score as 100% "old dead." 
E, Evidence anywhere on the entire colony of- 
@ Any diseases. using the following color categories: 
BB = Black band 
WB = White band 
WS = White spots, patches or pox 
WP = White plague 
YB = Yellow blotch (sometimes called yellow band) 
RB = Red band 
UK = Unknown 
Underline any disease visible on the upper colony surface that contributed to the 
estimate of "% recent dead." 
e Bleached tissues as approximate severity of discoloration: 
P = Pale (discoloration of coral tissue) 
PB = Partly bleached (patches of fully bleached or white tissue) 
BL = Bleached (tissue is totally white, no zooxanthellae visible) 
All other sources of recent mortality that can still be unambiguously 
identified, such as sediment, storm damage, parrotfish bites, damselfish bites 
andlor algal gardens, predation (e.g., by Corallophilia abbreviata or 
Hermodice carunczrlata), and spatial competitors (e.g., benthic algae, 
invertebrates like Erythropodium caribaeorum or other stony corals). 
Underline any that contributed to the estimate of "% recent dead." 
Algal gardens established by damselfish (in live parts of the coral as numbers 
of resident fishes andlor the presence of their gardens). 
For large clusters or thickets in which colony boundaries are not distinguishable, use 
a standard point-count method to identify recent death, old death, or living coral 
tissue every 25 cm along the line. The maximum diameter and height should be 
determined for the entire cluster or thicket. 
4, Go to the next appropriately sized coral and repeat step 3 above. Continue evaluating 
each coral until reaching the other end of the transect line. 
Reswimthe transect with the25  x-25 em-algal quadrat. Stwing at + m,~ laee - the  
quadrat every two meters directly below the transect line (i.e., at 1,3,5,7,9 m). If any 
of these area are unsuitable (i.e., 4 0 %  is covered by algae of any functional group), 
place the quadrat on the nearest available space within a 1 m radius of the mark. If no 
suitable areas are present, draw a line through the space on the data sheet. For each 
quadrat that is in a suitable area, remove anv thin lavers of sediment that could cover 
crustose coralline algae and record each of the following: 
Subtratum type; 
% of macroalgae (all larger erect fleshy algae >1 cm in height; - both fleshy and 
calcareous]; 
% of algal turfs fmostlv tinv filaments, <I cm in height), including any below the 
canogics of macroa1,me; 
% living crustose coralline algae (solid, calcareous encrusters that are pink or 
rcddish in color. include any that are clearly visible below turf algae or a thin 
layer of sediment); 
By using the plastic ruler for scale, the average canopy height of the macroalgae 
in the 4uadrat. 
Optional-the number of all small (up to 2 cm lnaxin~un~ diameter) stony corals 
(scleractinians and Millepora) in the quadrat and, whenever possible, their 
identity to the genus level. 
Swim along the transect, counting every Diadema antillarum (juveniles and adults) 
that can be seen within a belt extending 112 m on each side of the line. 
Collect the line and haphazardly reset it at least 1 m laterally away from its previous 
position, following previous guidelines. Try to distribute transects around the survey 
site. 
Repeat steps 2-6 for each transect. Continue to reset transects until a minimum of 100 
corals and 50 quadrats have been assessed. 
Enter transect data into the AGRRA benthos spreadsheet. After checking for 
accuracy, submit an electronic copy to agrra@rsmas.miami.edu. Back up data 
regularly and store in a safe place. 
FISH 
The following two distinct assessment methods should be applied at each site. 
Whenever possible, they should be conducted between 1000 and 1400 hours. As many 
fishes are wary of humans, it is important to try to keep away from other divers. 
615 
Method I-:-Belt-Transects--for -AC3RRA-S-pec-ie 
All belt trailsects used for fish assessments should be located within the same 
general habitats and depth intervals (i.e., at 1-5 m and 8-15 m) as the benthic transects, 
but they will tend to be furlher apart and may range into deeper and shallower water. 
Lay a 30 m transect by first placing the weighted end of the tape on the bottom and 
[hen swiinming in a straight line (by periodically fixing on a distant object) while 
releasing the tape from the reel. which can be clipped to the weight belt for easy 
release. 
Ssvim at a mo1.e ix less constant rate holding a I -m wide T-bar (with 5 cm increments 
for scale) angled downward at about 45 degrees mhile looking consistently about 2 mn 
ahead nl'thc '1'-bar. Within a belt visually estimated to be 2 m wide. count only the 
fish listed in 'fable 3 (also listed on the data sheet). while using the T-bar to estimate 
the size of each fish within one ofthe following size categories ( 6 ,  5-1 0, 10-20. 20- 
30. 30-40. N k m ) .  If !mxssar-y, pause while recording data and then resume 
swimming. Do not count juvenile parrotfishes and grunts <5 cm in total length. 
Large, intraspecific groups can be classified into one-or-more size categories as 
necessary. By keeping an equivalent effort on all segments of the transect, the 
tendency to count all members of a school crossing the transect, instead ofjust those 
members which happen to be within the belt as counting of its segment takes place, 
can be avoided. 
Recoil the tape and haphazardly redeploy at a distance of least 5 m laterally away 
from the previous position. 
Repeat steps 1-3 for each transect. Continue to reset trailsects until a minimum of 10 
transects have been completed. 
Enter belt-transect data into the AGRRA fish spreadsheet. After checking for 
accuracy, submit an electronic copy to agrra@rsmas.miami.edu. Back up data 
regularly and store in a safe place. 
Modifications. Researchers wanting to census other species of fish are encouraged to 
do so on a separate pass over the transect, after the completing counts of AGRRA 
fishes. 
Method 11. Roving Diver Technique 
After finishing the belt transects (or concurrently depending on the number of 
surveyors), a census of all species of fishes should be conducted in the same general 
depth and habitat as the belt transects, following the methodology of the Reef 
Environmental Education Foundation (REEF) (see http://www.reef.org/) and briefly 
explained below. 
616 
1. Swim around the she-for-approxin~ately 30 minute&prefera-b1y 45-60 inii~utes), 
searching under overhangs, in caves and so on to find as many fish species as 
possible. 
2. By the end of the dive, estimate the density of each species by using logarithmic 
categories: Single (1 fish), Few (2-1 0 fishes), Many (1 1-100 fishes), or Abundant 
(> 100 fishes) and summarize these observations on a standardized REEF data entry 
sheet. 
3. Transcribe the data oil a standardized REEF Scantron sheet and send to REEF HQ, at 
P.O. Box 246. Key Largo, FL 33037, USA. 
Stationary Plot Fish Survey 
The Stationary Plot Technique (Bohnsack and Bannerot, 1986), outlined below, 
has been used extensively in the Caribbean and the Florida Keys to provide data on 
abundance and size for a wide range of fish species. Its use is encouraged as a third way 
to quantify fishes at each site, but not as a replacement for Method I or 11. 
1.  Count the number of fish observed in a visually estimated cylinder (radius of 7.5 m) 
for a period of five 5 minutes. 
2. Estirna~e and record the length of each fish counted. 
The Fish Bite Method (Steneck, 1985) can be used to gauge the effect of certain 
herbivorous fishes on algal composition in the survey sites. Herbivorous fish guilds are 
categorized as: 
Scrapers = Scaridae (parrotfish) 
Browsers = Acanthuridae (surgeonfish), Microspathodon chrysurus (yellowtail 
damselfish) 
Non-denuders = other Pomacentridae (damselfish) 
1. Use a metric scale in conjunction with natural landmarks on the reef surface (e.g., a 
small coral or gorgonian) to haphazardly delineate an area that is approximately 1 m 
square and representative of the benthic cover at the site. (Do not place a meter 
quadrat on the substratum as some fish are particularly prone to biting novel objects 
placed within their feeding territories). 
Back off as far as possible while still being able to see the meter-square area. Watch 
for five minutes. Record the depth, time of day, and number of bites from all species 
of fishes in the three guilds listed above, whenever possible identifying them to 
6 17 
species. It is necessary to b r a &  to distinguish (a)- jtwenile-searids f ~ o m  other fishes 
with similar stripes, such as acanthurids and labrids (wrasses which only look as 
though they are biting algae as they search for amphipods to eat) and (b) yellowtail 
damselfish (which are browsers) from the species of damselfish that cultivate algal 
gardens. 
2. Repeat for a total of five quadrats (and -25 minutes of observation). 
arlis pro\ idcd the species names for Tables 1 and 2. We thank all of the 
AGIZRA contributors for their suggestions on improving this version of the method. P.R. 
Mra~ner thanks E. Fisher, R .  Ripkey, A.R. Lees, P.K. Kramer and M.K. Richards for 
~echnical support. J .  Lang thanks G.  Arcilo, D. Brewer, and the stafr'of'the Akumal Dive 
Shop for field support in Akumal, Mkxico during early field tests of the AGRRA 
protocol. 
Bohnsack, J.A., and S.P. Bannerot 
1986. A stationary visual census technique for quantitatively assessing community 
structure of coral reef fishes. NOAA Technical Report National Fish and 
Wildlife Service 41 : 1-1 5. 
Cairns, S.D., DR. Calder, A. Brinkmann-Voss, C.B. Castro, P.R. Pugh, C.E. Cutress, 
W.C. Jaap, D.G. Fautin, R.J. Larson, C. Richard Harbison, M.N. Arai, and D.M. Opresko 
199 1. Common and ScientlJic Names of Aquatic Invertebrates from fhe United Sfnfes 
rand Canadu. Cnidaria and Ctenophora. American Fisheries Society Special 
Publication 22. Bethesda, Maryland. 75 pp. 
Eschmeyer,W.N. (editor) 
1998. Catalog of Fishes. Special Publication No. 1 of the Center for Biodiversity 
Research and Information, California Academy of Science, San Francisco, 
CA. Volumes 1-3,2905 pp. 
Foster, A.B. 
1987. Neogene paleontology in the northern Dominican Republic. 4. The Genus 
Stephanocoenia (Anthozoa: Scleractinia: Astrocoeniidae). Bulletins of 
American Paleontology 93:s-22. 
Ginsburg, R.N., R.P.M. Bak, W.E. Kiene, E. Gischler, and V. Kosmynin. 
1996. Rapid assessment of reef condition using coral vitality. Reef Encozrnter 
19:12-14. 
Robbins, C.R. and R. M. Bailey, C. E. Bond, J.  R. Brooker, E. A. Lachner, R. N. Lea, and 
W. B. Scott 
199 1. Common and ScientiJic Names of Fishes from the United States and Canada. 
Fifth Edition. American Fisheries Society American Fisheries Society Special 
Publication 20. Bethesda, Maryland. 183 pp. 
- 
- 
erbivory: patterns in space and 
time. Pp. 353-356. In: D.F. Toomey and M.W. Nitecki (eds.), Pnleoalgology: 
Contenzporurjl Research and Applications. Springer-Verlag, Heidelberg. 
Weil, E., and N. Knowlton 
1994. A multi-character analysis of the Caribbean coral Montastraea anndaris 
(Ellis and Solander, 1786) and its two sibling species, M. javeolata (Ellis and 
Solander, 1 786) and M. jkanksi (Gregory, 1 895). Bulletin qj' Marine Science 
55:151-175. 
619 
Table3 . Timeline of the development of the AGRRA methodology. 
Version 
Prototype 
1 
Prototype 
2 
Prototype 
3 
Version 
1 .0 
Version 
2.0 
Version 
2.1 
Version 
2.2 
la te  Major Highlights 
contributors 
1995 Ginsburg, Bak, Large stony corals-mortality and size quantified 
Kiene, dischler in ~ l o r i d a  Keys 
and Kosmynin. 
(1 996) 
1996- Steneck and Lang Initial draft of AGRRA benthos and fish 
1997 protocols prepared and field-tested in the 
Bahamas and ~klexico 
Summer Kramer, First extensive field test and consistency 
1997 Kosmynin, Marks, training in Florida Keys and Andros; 
and Kraincr Benthos protocol-damselfish and sources of 
coral mortaiity added; 
Fish protocol-Roving Diver Technique used in 
addition to belt transects 
Fall Steneck, Lang, First version posted at AGRRA web site 
June 
1998 
March 
1999 
May 
1999 
1997 Kramer & 
Ginsburg 
Ginsburg, Kramer, Revised on basis of Miami June 1998 
Lang, Sale and 
Steneck 
Bonaire Training 
Workshop 
Akumal Training 
Workshop 
Workshop: 
Benthos protocol-estimates of live stony coral 
cover added, bleaching categories defined, 
placement of algal quadrats and substratunl 
type standardized, ~nacroalgal height changed 
from maximum to average; 
Fish protocol-belt transects and Roving Diver 
Technique methods adopted, belt transect 
length and number stabilized at 30 m and 10, 
respectively 
Benthos protocol-minimum size for individual 
stony coral assessment informally changed from 
25 cm to 10 cm, coral disease terminology 
standardized; 
Fish protocol-parrotfish and grunts <5 cm in 
total length removed; 
UW data sheets standardized; 
Excel data spreadsheets introduced 
Benthos protocol-informal clarification that 
thin layers of sediment only should be removed 
from substratum in algal quadrats; 
Fish protocol-species in "Other" category of 
belt transects standardized; 
First Spanish translation of workshop training 
manual 
Table 1 Continued. 
Version 
Version 
3.0 
Date Major Highlights 
contributors 
May Revised on basis of Miami May 2000 Workshop: 
2000 Benthos protocol-minimum number of transects set at 6, 
minimum size for individual stony corals changed from 25 
cm to 10 cm and minimum number of colonies assessed 
changed from 100 to 50, minimum number of quadrats 
changed from 50 to 30, turf algae removed and macroalgae 
partitioned into fleshy and calcareous with separate 
measurements of their average heights, relative abundance of 
remaining algal functional groups redefined to be assessed 
without removal of canopy layers or sediment, coral recruit 
counts changed from optional to required, a measure of 
maximum reef relief added; 
Fish protocol-species of balistids and serranids in belt 
transects standardized 
62 1 
Table 2.List of stony corals surveyed in the AGRM belt transeets during 1997-2000. 
Suborder 
~ a r n i l ~ '  
Milleporina 
Milleporidae 
Scleractinia 
Acroporidae 
Astrocoeniidae 
Caryophyllidae 
Faviidae 
Meandrinidae 
Mussidae 
Millepora alcicornis 
M brazilienses' 
M. complanata 
Acropora cervicornis 
A. palmata 
A. prolifera 
Agar~cia agcwicites 
A ,fragilis 
A. grahamrre 
if. hzrmilis 
A. lrimarcki 
A. tenuifolia 
A. undata 
Leptoseris cucullata 
Stephanocoenia intersepta 
Eusm ilia fastigiata 
Colpophyllia natans (OR C. amaranthus, C. breviserialis and C. natans) 
Cladocora arbuscula 
Di@loria clivosa 
D. labyrinthiformis 
D. strigosa 
Favia fragum 
F. leI~tophylla2 
Manicinri areolata 
Montastraea annularis (OR Montastraea annularis f annularis) 
M. cavernosa 
M. .faveolata (OR Montastraea annularisj faveolata) 
M. franksi (OR Montastraea annularisj franksi) 
Solenastrea bournoni 
S. hyades 
Dendrogyra cylindrus 
Dichocoenia stokesi 
Meandrina meandrites 
Isophyllastrea rigida 
Isophyllia sinuosa 
Mussa angzrlosa 
Mussismilia braziliensis2 
M hartii2 
M hispida2 
Mycetophyllia aliciae 
M ferox 
M. lamarckiana (OR M. danaana and M. lamarckiana) 
Table 2 Continued. 
Suborder 
Family1 
Oculinidae 
Pocilloporidae 
Siclerastreidae 
Species' 
Scolymia cubensis 
S. lacera 
Oculina sp. 
Madracis decactis 
M. formosa 
M. mirahilis 
M. pharensis 
Porites aslreoides 
I-'. branneri 
P. fiircatcr (OK P. porilesJ: ,furcalu) 
P. yoriles (OR P. porilesJ porites) 
Siderastreu radians 
S. siderea (OR Siderastrea rcrdiansJ: sidereal 
S. stellala2 
I Family and species names as in Cairns et al. (1991), except for Foster's (1987) revision of 
Slephanocoenia, and Weil and Knowlton's (1994) revision of the Montastraea annularis species 
complex. 
' in Brazil 
Tabte 3. List of fishes surveyed in the AGR-RA belt transeets-(Version 2;2$7 - 
Familv names1 
Scientific Common 
.4canthuridae surgeon fish 
Balistidae leatherjackets 
~aemul idae '  grunt 
Lutjanidae snapper 
Poinacanthidae angelfish 
S ~ e c i e s  names' 
Scientific Common 
C. co,.r~i:rror~!: 
C ' / i r i c t ~ d ~ ~ ~  O C ' / ! U ~  U S  
Chcietodon .sedentcii.iu,s 
Ch~ietodon .rtriatzr.r 
Anisotremus .sui.iticw7et~.si.~ 
A. virgit7iclr.s 
Haernulot7 olbirrn 
N, aurolit~e~it~rin 
/-I. c~arhor~crriritn 
I / ,  chrysurgyc~rn~ 
I f .  ,flavo/inea1iii~ 
N. rntrcr-ostomzlin 
fl. i?7~<l~it11~~1il11 
1-1, pcir/n 
H. p l ~ i ~ ~ ~ i e r i  
H. .rcizrru.r 
H. striatzrin 
Lutjclnus ~ t i ~ ~ / i . s  
I,. apodzrs 
L. cynnopterus 
L. griseus 
L joczd 
L. mahogotii 
L sytiugris 
0cyzrr.w cllryszrrus 
Centropyge a,gi 
Holacantl7us bernmden.sis 
H. ciliaris 
H. tricolor 
Pornacanthus arcuatus 
ocean surgeonfish 
doctorfish 
blue tang 
scrawled filrfish 
queen triggcrlish 
n hitespotted filcfish 
orangcspotted filefish 
ocfan rr~ggerfish 
biach ciurgon 
Sargassunl 
I".i__ - -2"  ! ~ s h  
longsno~ii 
butterfly iish 
Coureyc b~ltrerf'l> fish 
spotfin butterfly fish 
reef butterflyfish 
banded butterflyfish 
black margate 
pork fish 
margate 
tomtate 
caesar grunt 
srnalimouth gnrnt 
French grunt 
Sp;misli grunt 
cottonwick 
sailors cho~ce  
white grunt 
bluestriped grunt 
striped grunt 
mutton snapper 
schoolmaster 
cubera snapper 
gray snapper 
dog snapper 
mahogany snapper 
lane snapper 
yellowtail snapper 
cherubfish 
blue angelfish 
queen angelfish 
rock beauty 
gray angelfish 
P. parzr French angelfish 
Table 3 Continued. 
Familv names' 
Scientific Common 
Scaridae' parrotfish 
Species names' 
Scientific Common 
Scarus coelesrimts midnight parrotfish 
Serranidae sea basses 
(grouper) 
Others 
- .  - 
' ~omencla ture  as in Robbins et al. (1991); see Appendix Two for the corresponding generic and 
specific names in Eschmeyer et al. (1998). 
' Excluding Haeinulidae and Scaridae <5 cin in total length. 
in Brazil 
S. coerulcus 
S. croicensis 
S. guucmiaia 
S. Icrcnioplei.u.s 
3 S. tri.~pinos~c.s. 
5. vetulcr 
S~~tr~.i.roinu (lfOVI~l'illlil 
S. irlrrofi-enulunz 
S. chl:vsopter~!~t~ 
S. mdic-ms 
S. ruDripinj7e 
S. vir i i h  
Epinephelus c-rdscensionis 
E. crucntatlls 
E. jirlvus 
E. gurtcrtl!~ 
E. mcrryjnutus3 
E. striutus 
Mycteroperca boliuci 
M interstitialis 
-44. ridbru 
A% tigris 
!2% venenosrr 
Bodianus r~tfiis 
Ccrruns ruher 
Lnchnolcriimu mmimz!s 
Microspathodon chrysurus 
Sphyraena burrucuda 
blue parrotfish 
striped parrotfish 
rainbow parrotfish 
princess parrotfish 
greenlip parrotfish 
queen parrotfish 
greenblotch parrotfish 
redband parrotfish 
redtail parrotfish 
bucktooth parrotfish 
redfin parrotfish 
stoplighr par rotiish 
rock hind 
graysby 
coney 
red hind 
dusky grouper 
Nassau grouper 
black grouper 
yellowmouth grouper 
comb grouper 
tiger grouper 
yellowfin grouper 
spanish hogfish 
bar jack 
hogfish 
yellowtail damselfish 
great barracuda