ANATOMICAL OBSERVATIONS ON A COLLECTION OFORANG SKULLS FROM WESTERN BORNEO; WITH ABIBLIOGRAPHY. By Ales Hrdlicka,Assistant Curator, Divisio)i of Physical Antliropology
.
INTRODUCTION.In January, 1906, the L^nited States National Museum received fromDr. W, L. Abbott !^6 orang- skulls, !24 of which were collected along- theSakaiam River, in Landak, western Borneo, the remaining- two being-from the Landak River, in the same region. The Sakaiam is a largetri))utary of the lower Kapuas; it flows from the southern slopes ofthe elevations that form the southwestern boundary of Sarawak, andjoins the Kapuas at Sangou, very near the ecjuator and at about 110^
?10' east longitude.Doctor Abbott's collection of orang skulls is probably the largest3^et made in that region. Selenka's great collection in Munich includes22 "Landak" orang skulls, but the exact location is not given; therest of Selenka's abundant material was derived eiitirel}' from the ter-ritory of the Ketungan stream, lying- considerably to the northeastwardof the Sakaiam.Only four of Doctor Abbott's specimens are fresh, the apes havingbeen killed by his hunters; the expedition was made in the dry season,after the orangs had abandoned the lowlands along the I'ivers, wherethe wild fruits had become exhausted. The additional crania wereobtained from a Dyak house, where, according to the custom of thenatives, they had lieen hung up as trophies, the animals having- beenkilled, cooked, and eaten. Most of these older specimens were onlyslightly damaged and remain fit for study. No one of the skulls isaltered through any pathological condition.Anatomical description of the above-named specimens seems desira-ble for several reasons. This is a large collection from a limited local-ity, representing, very probably, one species or "race'' of the apes.The results of the study should contribute to the anatomical knowledgeof orang crania in general, augment the value of the data accumulated
Proceedings U. S. National Museum, Vol. XXXI?No. 1495. 539
540 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. vol. xxxi.by Diimortior, Dolisle, Owen, Seletika, A\'!iIkhotf, etc.. for anthropo-logical comparisons, and also form a basis for the collation of orangskulls from other localities.The (}Ucstion as to which species of orangs the crania belong must forthe present remain unanswered, on account of the existing uncertain-ties as to the species-distinguishing marks on the skull. Presumably, .the animals are nearest related to the "Landak race" of Selenka.The technical terms in the description are those that are in generaluse in craniometry and anatom3\'^'OBSERVATIONS.A(/e.?The tirst problem in the examination of Doctor A))bott'sseries was how to determine the fulh^ adult skulls from those ofyounger animals. It was found that:(1) No reliance can be placed on the condition of the sutures of thecranial vault as indicative of age. The lambdoid and then the sagit-tal, both of whicii in man remain open long into adult life, in theorangs begin to svnostose even before the completion of the seconddentition; and the coronal, in its superior half, soon follows in occlu-sion upon the sagittal suture. The inferior portion of the coronal andthe temporo-parietal articulation are more stable and become fullyoblitei-ated only about the time when other signs indicate that thegrowth of the animal has been completed. Thus it is onl}^ the stateof these last two sutures that may aid in determining the adult period.(2) The facial sutures remain patent longer than most of those ofthe cranial vault. The first to synostose is the intermaxillary artigida-tion, the next those of the malar Ijone, and last of all the nasal, andpieces of one or two orbital sutures. The closure of the intermaxil-lar}" articulation precedes the attainment of full growth; that of themalar sutures is about cotemporary; while parts of the nasal articida-tions and an orbital segment or two may persist open for some timeafter the adult stage of life has l)een attained.(3) Obliteration of the basilar suture seems to correspond veryclosely with the reaching of full growth, and, as in man, it will befound of all the signs the most reliable in separating adult fromyounger orang crania.( t) The completion of the second dentition in oi'angs is not a criterion .that the adult life has ))een reached, for it takes place before the fullgrowth of the animal is achieved. The wear and pitting of the teethbegin also during adolescence, soon after the eruption of the thirdmolars.(5) In males the fusion of the temporal ridges and the formationtherefrom of a sagittal crest appear to correspond closely with reach- ?
"See Quain's or Cunningham's Anatomy, or Topinard's Anthropology.
NO. 1495. OBSERVATIONS ON ORANQ SKULLS?HRDLICKA. 541ing the adult stage. In females this sign is much less accentuated andis not to be relied upon.By the above distinguishing marks Doctor Abbott's collection isseparable into one 3"oung, twelve adolescents, and thirteen adults.Among the adolescents the second dentition (82 teeth) is fully com-pleted in ten: while in two (Cat. Nos. 14218:^>, and l-l:220()), the thirdmolars are still wholly in their sockets. Of the adult crania severalshow signs of aging, but none of advanced senility.Sex.?The principal signs which characterize the adult male orangskulls are a relatively greater size of the crania, great canine teeth,and a pronounced sagittal crest; while the jaws, particularly the lower,the malars, zygomatic processes, supraorbital ridges, lambdoid crest,and the face, vault, and base as a whole, are larger and heavier thanin the females. Judging by these characteristics, the collection con-tains thirteen male and eleven female skulls; in one specimen (Cat.No. 142184), after repeated examinations, the sex remains doubtful.The angle of the lower jaw,'^' which in man is a good sexual character,can not be much relied upon in differentiating oran^" skulls, as will beseen from the foliowino- table:Mimdihular (nujle in orang.^.
Cat. No.
542 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. .X.XXI.CRANIAL CAPACITY.The crjinial cavity appears to have reached the luiiit of its expansionin nearly all the specimens, so that it is not necessary to exclude morethan one (Cat. No. 142171) from comparison.The method used in determining the capacity was that described b}"the writer on a former occasion," and the results correspond closeh'with the absolute volume of the cranial cavity. To insure accuracyfour determinations were made on each skull. The results were asfollows: Cranial capacity.
Cat. No.
NO. 1495. OBSERVATIONS ON ORANG SKULLS?HRDLICKA. 543Welcker/' one orang, adult, 460 cc. ; one orang, nearly adult, 450cc. ; one orang, adult, 390 cc.Bischoti'/^ one orang, adult, 575 cc. ; one orang, adult, 370 cc. ; 1orang, adult, 325 cc.Topinard,'' three orangs, males, adult, 439 cc. (433-478 cc); oneorang, female, adult, 418 cc.Vogt,^ eight orangs, males, 448 cc. (390-500 cc); seven orangs,females, 378 cc. (335-425 cc).Delisle,'' first, 385 cc. ; second, 470 cc. ; third. 475 cc. ; fourth, 430 cc.
;
fifth, 410 cc; sixth, 395 cc; seventh, 445 cc; eighth, 390 cc; ninth,340 cc. ; tenth, 355 cc./Selenka's measurements are as follows:
Selenka's measurements of the cranial capacity.
544 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. XXXI.On combining' thet*e data on cranial capacit}' in full-grown orangs iti.s found that the measurement ranges in the males from 355 (Delisle)to 540 (Abbott) and even 575 (Bischott), and in the females from 300(Selenka) to 490 (Selenka), which is a great variation. The greatestand smallest capacities in the Abbott series are not attended with anyother structural peculiarities which would point to animals belongingto distinct species, and must be ascri))ed solely to individual diversit3\LINEAR DIMENSIONS AND FORM OF THE SKULL.Measurements of the cranial vault in orangs and pai'ticularly in themales otier difficulties which are not encountered in man. The regionabove the nasal bone, corresponding in part to the human glabella,varies much even in the same sex and is not suitable for the anteriorstarting point of the long diameter of the vault. The point choseninstead was the intersection of the median line with a horizontalline obtained b}^ passing the rod of the sliding compass down thefrontal bone until it rested on the orbital arches. This point marksver}^ nearly the anterior boundary of the vault, and corresponds closeh'to Broca's ophryon as well as to the point from winch S-hwalbe,Selenka, and Kohlt>rugge measured. The length was measured fromthat ad md.rliinim^ which generally corresponds to some point on thevertical occipital ridge. The breadth was the greatest diameter at theheight of the temporo-parietal sutures, the temporal bone lielowexpatiding in thickness and rendering all measurements over it imprac-ticable. Selenka" measured the breadth in nuich the same maimer.The height taken was the standard one, basion to bregma (or wherecrest existed to its base over bregma). The following table gives theresults of these measurements:Cranial raeai^urements.Male orangs.
Cat. No.
142183 .14219.5 .142188 .142200 .142197 .142180 .142181 .142196 .142198 .142194 .142192 .142199 .142189 .
Length. Breadth,
Cm.11.813.012.3{?')12.1(?)11.912.112.612.312.712.112.4
Cm.10.211.210.210.010.310.09.49.710.09.710.09.89.4
Length-breadthIndex(length =100).
Average. 12. .5R*i"^e { 11;8 10.09.41L2 80.075.886.4
Height.
Cm.9.3bll.511.19.4(?')(?)9.5(?)10.39.5
'' 10.''9.6
''9.29.99.211.5
Female orangs.
Cat. No. Length.
142201142202142193142170142169142185142187142182142190142186142191
Cm.12.011.311.211.211.311.511.211.511.211.711.8
11.411.212.0
Breadth. Length-breadthindex Height,(length =100).Cm.9.89.29.29.29.38.99.19.89.29.69.5
9.3
81.781.482.182.182.377.481.285.
2
82.182.080.5
81.777.485.2
Cm.9.2(?)9.19.39.29.48.88.99.08.68.7
9.08.69.4
b Approximately.
''Studien ueber Entwickelung-sgesehichte der Tiere, 1898, pp. 22, 23.
NO. 1495. OBSERVATIONS ON ORANG SKULLS?HRDLICKA. 545The data show, in confonriity with those on capacit}', that in orang-sthe cranial vault g-rows veiy little after the eruption of the third per-manent molars. The cranial index in half of the males and nearly allthe females is moderateh' brachjcephalic, in the other half of the malesand one female mesocephalic. The predominance of moderate ))rach3'-cephaly agrees with former observations. In the males the indexappears to decrease somewhat with growth, which is largel}" due tothe increasing thickness of the vertical occipital ridge; in the femalessuch diU'erence is not noticeable. The height shows a reciprocal com-pensation with the breadth. On the average, the female skull is bothabsolutely and relativel}' lower than that of the male. (Height-lengthindex, male 81, female TS; Height-breadth index, male H9, female 1>6.)The range of variation, except with the cephalic index in the males,can not be regarded as excessive.MEASUREMENTS OF THE FACE.The lower jaw attains in tlie males remarkable proportions, showingat the same time more variation than does that of the females. Theheight of the svmphysis, from the highest point of the alveolar processin the median line perpendicularly downward," measured as follows:
Cat. No.
546 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM.ments are used extensively in iinthropometiy and their relation/'facial heiffht, upper, X 100\ . ^, i^ ? i ? j ,- i^ i,( ?y. r^?-?^^.. ) ffives the upper racial index or Koll-V diam. biz3^^omatic max. / ^ ^^mann. Doctor A-bbott's series of orangs shows in these particulars asfollows: Facial dimensions.Male orang.s.
NO. 1495. OBSERVATIONS ON ORANG SKULLS?HRDLICKA. 547
cavity. The maximum of the protrusion is reached with the comple-ion of the second dentition; and contrary to what is observed in man,but in accord with the differences in the size of the teeth, the prog-nathism is generally greater in the male. The next table gives thegnathic index of the various skulls, obtained bj" the method of Flower/basi-alveolar length X 100^^ basi-nasal length
548 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. XXXI.
Measurements of orbits.Male orangs.
NO. 1495. OBSERVATIONS ON ORANG SKULLS?HRDLICKA. 549The forehead, while more or les.s sloping- backward, shows alwaysa good median convexity; in the old males, however, this is nearlyobscured by the approximated and prominent temporal ridges.The features of the vault of paramount interest are the temporalridges, and the various aspects under which they were found gave riseto much confusion in the earlier contributions on orang craniology andorang species. Doctor Abbott's series of crania shows clearly manyimportant points concerning these features. Up to the completion ofpermanent dentition the temporal lines are seen to be well apart all alongthe median line and resemble in every way those in man. During lateadolescence, however, these ridges show a rapid approach toward theinterparietal articulation and develop into lines of pronounced rough-ness in the females and into irregularly elevated ridges in the males.In most females they evolve no further than just indicated (as, forexample, in Nos. 142193, 142169, 142185, 142186, and 142191), but insome they approach near to junction in the median line (No. 142190),and in othiu's the}^ join for a variable distance from the vertex to theobelion and form a single, low (1 to 8 mm.), sagittal crest, which some-times shows b}" a median groove the line of previous separation (Nos.142170, 142187, and 142182). In males of this series the junction ofthe advancing rough lines or ridges has taken place in all that reachedvery near or into adult life (Nos. 142181 to 142189), forming eventu-all}" a pronounced sagittal crest which extends over a part of the frontalbone, rises at its highest point to from 1 to 2 cm. in height, and offersa greatly enlarged surface for the attachment of the temporal muscles.The gradual advance mesiad of the two temporal rid^-es with thedevelopment of the muscles of mastication, the formation at last of thesingle crest, and the complete disappearance of all traces of the earlierridges over the parietal bones, constitute a series of the most interesting-phenomena in the morpholog}' of the orang skull; and they throw atthe same time light on the origin and significance of those abnormallyhigh temporal ridges met with in other animals, and occasionally in thehuman cranium."The Jamhdofd crests^ serving for the attachment of temporal as wellas occipital muscles, develop in both sexes of orangs much earlierthan the sagittal. They reach jointly from mastoid to mastoid, form-ing at lambda a pronounced, rough, triangular tuberosity. In malesthese crests also, like the sagittal ones, reach much greater propor-tions than in females. Thej" cause a verv early closure of the lamb-doid suture.The vertical occipital ridge js comparatively moderate, probablynever rising above 4 mm. above the surface of the neighboring bone,and usually being lower. It is more developed in the males.
?See A Painted Skeleton from Northern Mexico, by the present writer, AmericanAnthropologist, u. s.. Ill, September-December. 1901.
550 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. vol. xxxi.The supraorbital ivdges^ pronounced in both sexes, are seldom veryheavy. They show a marked difference from those in man, consisting-in their tapering toward the median line and enlarging- outward, upto the malo-frental suture; in man these ridges are generalh" mostpronounced in their mesial extremity and taper outward.The sutures ofthe vault show well-developed, often very fine and com-plex (sagittal and Ikmbdoid), serration. The coi'onal, the most simple,presents below its middle, in nearh' every case where the oliliteration isnot too advanced, a backward incurvation or angle, the sign of a fetalfontanel and a still earlier developmental separation in this location.^'The general order of si/nostoK/.s in the sutures of the A'ault is lamb-doid, sagittal (the two may coincide), coronal, temporo-occipitai,temporo-parietal.Sutural and fontanel ossicles occur not infrequentlj', but seem to belimited to th(^ posterior part of the skull. There were found severalsmall ones in each asterion in No. 14220J; one at right asterion in No.142195; one in each temporo-occipitai in No. 142200; one in righttemporo-occipitai and one in lambdoid in 142171; three in right andtwo in left temporo-occipitai in No. 142169; several small in righttemporo -parietal in No. 142186. Several of the male and three of thefemale skulls showed advanced obliteration, which involved an}' acces-sory bones which may have existed.In the skull with uncertain sex (No. 142184) there are two suturalbones in the sagittal and one ossicle in each lambdoid articulation, andseveral in and about each asterion. Other larger sutural l)ones existedin this specimen along the sagittal, l)ut their boundaries are partlyobliterated; a persisting incomplete boundarj- of one near bregmalooks at first sight like a partial parietal suture. Apparently therewere in this skull disorders in ossilication.No form oi parietal division exists in any of the twenty-four skulls.As to pterion the conditions are as follows: Male. Female.Parieto-sphenoidal artit'ulation, both slides 6 5Parieto-sphenoidal articulation, right side 2Fronto-temporal articulation, both sides .3Fronto-temporal articulation, left side. 2Unrecognizable because obliteration 4 1The skull of uncertain sex (No. 142184) shows also a bilateral parieto-sphenoidal articulation. The H pterion therefore, or the form whichis general in man, occurs also in a very large majority (80 per cent ofall the nonobliterated articulations) * of these orangs.
""'For details concerning this feature and bibliography, see A. Hrdlicka, Divisionsof the Parietal Bone in ]Man and Otlier Mammals, Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., XIX,1903, pp. 231-383.^Anoutchin (Bull. Soc. d'Anthrop., 1878, p. 332) in 65 orang crania found thefronto-temporal articulation on one or both sides in 29.2 per cent of the skulls. DoctorAbbott's collection, reported in similar way, shows the condition in 27.3 per cent ofthe skulls?results remarkablv alike.
NO. 1495. OBSERVATIONS ON ORANG SKULLS?HRBLICKA. 551The mastoid is differentiated, though less so than in man; it is alsolarger in the males.Facialfeatures.?The nasal bone is in all the specimens single, but inseveral of the youngest skulls there can be traced a former median ver-tical fissure. In several cases the free border shows two lateral fissures,but these have nothing to do with an original, central separation oftwo nasal components. The })one varies more than any other part ofthe face in shape and breadth, though in general it tapers from belowupward, with a constriction (in most specimens) near the middle. Inone of the series it is quite rudimentary (fig. 1).Selenka found various grades of deficiency to acomplete absence of these bones in several of hisspecimens.''The nose as a whole is leptorhynic, due to theheight of the face. The aperture in the nearlygrown-up and adult animals difi^ers in shape fromverticall}" elliptical to nearly triangular; it variesin breadth in the adults from 2.5 to 3.2 cm. in themales and from 1.9 to 2.5 cm. in the feuiales. Theso-called simian gutters do not occur in the young-est female, but in the other specimens are generallypresent, though shallow. The inferior Iwundar}^of the nose is mostly widely convex, but in severalspecimens (as, for instance, in No. 112199) it islimited by an easil}" appreciable ridge.Nearly all of the specimens show a more or less pronounced eleva-tion corresponding to, and very evidently morphologically identicalwith, the nasal spine in human skulls.'' This elevation is particularlyprominent (over 3 mm, high) in the female orang (No. 112109), beingfully as large and well formed as in occasional human crania (fig. 2).The malar l)ones were examined particularl}" for divisions, but nota trace was found of either sutures or fissures. There was also acomplete absence of the maxillary and zygomatic processes which, asW. Gruber first pointed out, in man frequently extend over the ven-tral surface of the malar, occasionally forming a complete bony arc.In No. 112169, however, are present on the right side two good-sizedaccessory ossicles, one in the zygomatic and the other at the inferiorextremity of the malo-maxillary articulation (fig. 3).''The symph3^sis of the lower jaw'^ is invariabh^ receding from above
? Menschenaffen, pp. 48, 49.
^ Concerning this point see particularly E. T. Hamy, De I'epiue nasale dans I'ordredes primate?, Bull. Sue. d'Anthropol. de Paris, IV, 1869, pp. 13-28.'Compare W. Gruber, in the Arch. f. Anat., Physiol., etc., 1873, p. 337.f'For detail discussion on the mandible of apes see O. Walkhoff, Der Unterkieferdes Anthropomorphen und des Menschen in seiner funktionellen Entwickelung undGestalt, in Pt. 4 of Selenka' s Studien u. Entwickelungsgeschichte d. Tiere, Wies-baden, 1902.
Fig. 1.
?
Rudimentarynasal bone in thefemale adult orang.(Cat. No. 142191 U.S.N.M.) (Exact size).
552 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM.downward, but the grade of the obliquit}" differs. The cause of thisslope is, to a large extent, the great development of the alveolarprocess, itself due in turn to the size of the teeth. Properly speak-ing, we have here a high degree of mandibular prognathism. Thehorizontal rami pass l)ackward with a moderate divergence, but the
-SKI'LL of female ORAN(i SHOWINT; NASAI. SPINE (Cat. No. 112U'i9 T'.S.X.M.l-tWO rows of teeth, to connect with those of the upper jaw, run nearl}'or entirely in parallel lines. This gives to each of the horizontalbi'anches a rather pronounced twist, well seen from above, and addsmuch to tlie thickness of the upper border l>ehind the second molars.
NO. 1495. OBSERVATIONS OX ORANG SKULLS?HRDLICKA. 553The vertical ramus in the females approaches in form the same partof the human jaw; in males the posterior border shows a markedrou^h curve or process, produced by the attachment of the powerfulinternal pter^^goid muscle and the stylo-mandibular lio-anient.Base of the skull.?The palate approaches ov^oid in form?narroweroehind than in front, or it is elliptical, or U-shaped. The intermaxil-laries are still wholly separated in No. lil:2171, and the palatal part oftheir articulation is more or less visible in all the adolescents. Thenares are spacious, of somewhat greater height than breadth. Theexternal pterygoid plates are everted; the pterygoid fossa is some-times deep (as, for instance, inNo. 142192); sometimes veryshallow (as in the case ofNo. 142195). The glenoidsare broad and shallow, and arebounded externally by thelarge zj'gomatic tuberosity,posteriorly by a well devel-oped post-glenoid process, andmesially by a pronouncedtuberosity, formed by thatpart of the temporal whichlies next to the petrous Ijone.This elevation, but feebl}' rep-resented in human crania,seems to take in part the placeof the spinous process, whichin the orangs is nearly orwholly absent. The eminen-tia articularis is very low.The floor of the auditor'}^meati shows no dehiscence.The surface of the basilar process is, viewing the base of the skullfrom a])ove, generally on a lower level than the more elevated partsof the petrous portions of the temporal; and these portions extendforward well upon the body of the sphenoid, leaving only a small side-slit for the middle lacerated foramen. These two features, to whichthe writer briefl}^ drew attention before." constitute a very good indexof the relative development of the brain and skull. In an intellectualwhite man the petrous portions, looked at from above, are decidedlysunken below the level of the neighboring parts, which ofl'ered less
? Certain Racial Characteristics of the Base of the Skull. (Abstract.) Kept.Section Anthropology and Psychology, N. Y. Acad. Sci., Science, Feb. 22, 1901. p. MOO.
Fig. 3.
?
The right molar of female oeang (Cat. Nd.142169 U.S.N.M.), showing accessory ossicles at
.(? and y.
554 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM.
resistance than these hard wedges to the expansion of the brain; andthe middle hicerated foramina are large, through the spreading of thesurrounding parts, Avhile the petrous bones remained stationary. Inthe African blacks the petrous portion and surface of neighboringbones are often on the level and the middle lacerated space is small,while in the Indians, brown, and some 3'ellow races the conditions aremostly between those of the white and black. The whole process ofthe changing relations and gradual enlargement of the middle perfo-rated space can be studied in whites alone from childhood to adultlife. In all the apes and monkeys and in other mammals the middleperforated space is insignificant and the relative elevation of thepetrous portions equals or exceeds that in the orangs.There are present in a number of the skulls distinct styloids. Thedetail conditions in this respect are as follows:Styloids.Male orangs.
NO. 149.5. OBSERVATIONS OX ORANG SKULLS?HRDLICKA. 555The po.sterior cond\'loid fonimiiia. such as occur somewhat irreou-larly in man and each of wliich transmits a vein from the lateralsinus, are absent in the orangs. There are, near the usual location ofthese foramina in a number of the skulls ver\' small siuolo orifices,usually less than 1 millimeter in diameter, l)ut these are only theo})eninos of the canals of nutrient vessels. The posterior condvloidfossa, however, and the groove leading from it to the anterior condy-loid depression, are invariably well repi-esented. particulai'ly .so in themale skulls.The articular surface of the condyles, often doul)le in man, is singlein all these specimens.The foramen magnum diti'ers greatly in size and shape, as will bestbe seen from the following figures:
Mt'd^nnriinnils of ((miiiieu incu/iiHtn.Male orangs.
556 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. vol. xxxi.smooth. Tho lower portion of the Mietopic crest is, in a large propor-tion of the skulls. al)sent or nearly so, the ethmoid depression is verydeep, the crista g-alli insignificant, though not wholly wanting. Theoutline of a horizontal plane of the skull above the orbits is nicelyovoid, dirt'ering from that in man by greater convergence of the parie-ties toward the median line in front; in other words, the frontal region
Fig. 4.?Skull of m.\le orang (Cat. No. 142198 U.S.N.M.). ?, Arch in the dorsum sell.?: /COMPLETE KEXE.STRUM .\BOUT THE GASSERIAX GANGLION.
of the orang brain is more pointed tlian in man. In the gibbon andlower primates this condition is still more accentuated.The spinous foramen is absent; it is merged with the foramen o\ale,which is spacious.The middle and posterior clinoids, and in some cases the anteriorones also, are united l)y a bridge which completes a large pituitar}'foramen. In six cases only is this union wanting and in two others itis on one side incomplete. The dorsum selhe is in seventeen skulls (11
NO. 1495. OBSERVATIONS ON ORANG SKULLS?HRDLICKA. 557
males, 6 females) an arch over a large foramen (see fig. 4^/), in six (1male, 5 females) it consists only of two diverging lamina^ with widemesial separation, and in one case (female, No. 142201) there are or\\jtraces of even these lamina?.The lateral borders of the dorsum sella^ or its components, articulateat their base, in many of the specimens, with a process from the pointof the petrous part over a quite spacious canal for the inferior petrosalsinus; and a little farther laterad the free superior border of the petrousbone shows a marked oval depression for the Gasserian ganglion.This hollow is more pronounced than in man; in some of the speci-
^IG. 5.?Skull of female fiRAxo (Cat. No. iji'ito U.S.N.M.), showing a DonxiTTiox ix size ofTHE MOLARS FROM THE FIRST BACKWARDS.mens projecting spicuhe from the superior border of the pc^trous boneconvert it into an incomplete foramen; and in one case (No. 142198)there is on the right side a union of these processes, from whichresults a complete spacious bony fenestrum (fig. 4/'). This feature,so far as the writer could find, has not been reported previously eitherin apes or man.The teeth.?Orang teeth in general have been studied thoroughly bySelenka,'^' and there will be added in this place only a fe^v particulars.The male teeth are all larger than the corresponding ones of the
? Menschenaffen, p. 57 et seq.
558 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. vol. xxxi.females and the latter also approach more the human form. In someof the females (as, for instance. No. 142170) the upper molars diminishver}^ perceptibly from the first to the third and are also not far from
NO. 1495. OBSERVATIONS ON ORANG SKULLS?HRDLICKA. 559in one the rij^lit third lower molar seems to be permanently wanting.Among the 12 males and 10 females with full second dentition theconditions are as follows: Dentition.
560 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. VOL. XXXI.The .study of orano- crania as a whole inipresse.s one with the highdegree of individual variation and with the role played by the musclesand teeth in modifying various parts. As both of these agencies aremainly connected with the kind of food, the plausible suggestion forcesitself upon the mind that a prolonged change, la.sting- through a num-l)er of generations, to food requiring much less mastication should
Fig. v.?.Mandible of adult male orang (Cat. No. 1421S1 U. S. N. M.). x, A supernumerary tooth;//, IRREGULARITY OF THE PREMOLARS. THE RIGHT RAMUS EXHIBITS ONLY TWO MOLARS.greatly modify the whole orang skull. It should also })ring it nearerto the human type, for the features by which the orang cranium differsmost from the human are with few exceptions exactly those producedby greater teeth and nmscles of mastication.As this paper goes to print word is received from Doctor Abbottof a shipment to the National Museum of further material, consist-ing of eighteen crania and skeletons of orangs from Sumatra; these
NO. 1495. OBSERVATIONS ON ORANG SKULLS?HRDLICKA. 561ought to prove of great interest in connection Avith the Borneo materialhere described. ,,.,,? uAn endeavor has ])een made by the writer to collect tlie bibliographyof writings relative to or dealing with orang craniology . This proved
FIG. S.-MANDIB,.E OF FEMALE OKANG (Cat. NO. 142198 U.S.N.M.) , SHOWING A RrDIMENTARV FOURTHMOLAR l)N THE LEFT.to be an arduous tasl^, though the number of larger contributions tothe subject is limited. The following pages contain all the works thatcould be personally examined, and there were only a few obscuretitles where this was not possible :BIBLIOGRAPHY.Abel, C. Some Account of an Oran-Ontang of Remarkable Height Found on theIsland of Sumatra, etc. Asiat. Researches, XV, Serampore, 1825, pp. 489-498;also Edinburgh Jour, of Science, IV, 1826, pp. 193-200; Calcutta GovernmentGazette, 13 Jan., 1825.Proe. N. INI. vol. xxxi?OG 37
562 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. vol. xxxi.Aeby, C. Die Schiidelformen des Menschen und der Affen. Leipzig, 1867. Ref. inAlbum d. iiatuur, 1867, Wetensch. bijbl., pp. 84-85.
. Beitriige zur Kenntniss der Microcephalie. Arch. f. Anthropol., VII, 1874,p. 199.AiGNER, F. Ueber die Scheitelbeine des Menschen und des Orang-Utang. Inaug.-Diss., Miinchen, 1900 (251 pp.).Alessandrini, a. Brevi note illustrative di uno scheletro di giovine Orang-Outang.Nuovi Ann. d. sc. natur., Bologna, 3. sen, IX, 1854, pp. 353-363.Allman, <i. J. An Account of the Anthropoid Apes. Proc. Roy. Soc. Edinb., VI,1869, pp. 500-504.Anderson, J. Catalogue of Mammalia in the Indian Museum. Part I, Primates,etc. Calcutta, 1881, pj). 2-25.Anderson, R. J. The Premaxilla in Primates. XIV Congr. internat. de medec.(1903), Anatomy, 1904, pp. 147-154.Anoutchine, D. Sur la conformation du pterion chez diverges races humaines et lesPrimates. Bull. Soc. d'anthrop. Paris, 3. ser., 1, 1878, pp. 330-333. Also Izvestijaimp. obscestva Ijob. estestv., antropol. i etnograf., XXXVIII, Moskva, 1880.Audebert, J. B. Histoire naturelle des Singes. Paris, 1797, pp. 18-24.
. Historie naturelle des Singes etdes Makis. Paris, 1800.Batljeff, N. a. Zur Morphologie der Zahnkronen des Menschen und der Thiere.Arbeiten d. anthrop. Ges. d. k. milit.-med. Akad. St. Petersburg, I, 1894, pp.26-102; refer, in Arch. f. Anthrop., XXVI, 1899, pp. 771-772. (Another paperby B. on the subject, with a general note on Anthropoids, is to be found in theBull. Acad. Sc. St. Petersb., V, 1896, p. 93 et seq.)BiscHOFF, Th. L. W. Ueber die Verschiedenheit in der Schadelbildung des Gorilla,Chimpanse und Orang-Outang, vorziiglich nach Geschlecht und Alter, etc.Miinchen, 1867.
. Ueber Brachycephalie und Brachyencephalie des Gorilla und der anderenAffen. Sitzungsber. d. math.-phys. Classe d. k. bayer. Akad. d. Wissensch.,Miinchen, XI, 1881, pp. 379-390.Blainville, H. M. D. Sur quelques especes de singes confondues sous le nomd' Orang-Outang. Annales d. sc. natur., 2. ser., V, Paris, 1836, pp. 59-62. Also,under same title, in Compt. rend. Acad, sc, II, Paris, 1836, pp. 73-76. Noteson the above inl'Institut, IV, 1836, pp. 45-46, and in Froriep's Xotizen, XLVIII,1836, pp. 241-244.Blyth, E. Remarks on the Different Species of Orang-Utang. Journ. Asiat. Soc.Bengal, Calcutta, XII, 1853, pp. 369-382; XXIV, 1855, pp. 518-528.
. Further Remarks on the Different Species of Orang-Utang. Jour. Asiat. Soc.of Bengal, Calcutta, XXIV, 1856, pp. 518-528.Branco, W. Die menscheniihnlichen Ziihne aus dem Bohnerz der schwiiliischenAlb. Jahreshefte d. Ver. f. vaterlilnd. Naturk. Wiirttemberg, Stuttgart, 1898(24. Jahrg.), pp. 1-144.Broca, p. L'ordre des primates. Bull. Soc. d'anthrop., Paris, 2. ser., IV, 1869, pp.228-401; discussion; IV, pp. 411, 424, 487, 554, 641, 647; V, 1870, 22, 149, 168,265, 324, 368, 379, 479, 482, 528, 556, 561, 572, 622. Mem. d'anthropol. (Broca),III, 1877, pp. 1-144. Also separately, Paris, 1870.Brooke, J. Letter on the Habits and Points of Dis^tinction in the Orangs of Borneo.Proc. Zool. Soc. London, IX, 1841, pp. 55-60. Froriep's N. Notiz., XXII, 1842,pp. 129-135. Nouv. Ann. d. sc. natur., Bologna, IX, 1843, pp. 343-352.
. A letter concerning Orangs, w ith notes on their skulls. Annals and Magaz.of Natur. Hist., London, IX, 1842, pp. 54-59.BRtJHL, C. B. Zur Kenntniss des Orang-Kopfes und Orang-Arten, Vienna, 1856;Berlin, 1887.Burmeister, H. Ueber einige osteologische Anomalien der Orang-Utang. Zeitungf. Zool., I, Leipzig, 1848, pp. 3-5.
NO. 1495. OBSERVATIONS ON ORANG SKULLS?HRDLICkA. 568Oamerano, L. Materiali per lo studio della sutura temporo-frontale nell' Orango enei Miceti. Boll. Mus. zool. anat. comp., Torino, 1897, XII, p. 291.Camper, P. Natuurkundige verhandelingen over der Orang-Outang. Amsterdam,1782. Naturgeschichte des Orang-Utang und einiger andern Affenarten. Diissel-dorf, 1791, pp. 186, 188. CEuvres de Pierre Camper, Hist, natur., I, Paris, 1803,p. 82.Casus, C. G. Zur vergleichenden Symbolik zwischen Menschen- und Affen-Skelet.Jena, 1861.Caeus, J. V. Uebereine Anomalie im Gebisse des Orangutans. Ber. Ges., Leipzig;I, pp. 32-37.Ckisp, E. On the Anatomy of Quadrumana, etc. Rept. Anthroj). Brit. Assn. Adv.Sci., The Anthropol. Review, II, London, 1864, pp. 308-312.Ceull, W. H. Diss, inaug., De cranio eiusque ad faciem ratione. Groningen, 1810.Cunningham, R. O. On the Occurrence of a Pair of Supernumerary Bones in theSkull of a Lemur and on a Peculiarity in the Skull of a Young Orang. Proc.Zool. Soc, London, 1896, Pt. 4, pp. 996-998.CuviER, F. Histoire naturelle des Orangs-Outangs. Paris, 1795.
. Des dents des mammiferes. Paris, 1825, pp. 8-12.CuviER, G. Orang-Utang von Blainville. Isis, 1819, pp. 133-134.
. Sur r Orang-Outang. Jour, de physique, etc., LXXXVI, Paris, 1818, pp.311-313.Lemons d'anatomie comparee. 2d ed. Paris, 1837, II.Dally, E. L'ordre des primates et le transformisme. Bull. Soc. d' anthropol.Paris, 2d ser.. Ill, 1868, pp. 673-712; discussion, p. 724. Also in octavo, Paris,1869.Delisle, F. Notes sur I'osteometrie et la craniologie des Orang-Outans. Nouv. Arch.du Museum d'hist. natur., 3d ser., VII, Paris, 1895, pp. 83-114.Delisle, P. Sur I'osteologie des Orangs-Outans. Compt. rend. Acad. Sc, CXIX,Paris, 1894, pp. 241-242.Deniker, J. Les singes anthropoides. These inaug., Paris, 1886; also Jour, d'anat.,etphysiol., Paris, 1886.Duhousset, E. Etude comparative du maxillaire inferieur de I'homme et de celuidu singe. Bull. Soc. d'anthropol., Paris, 2d ser., I, 1866, pp. 693-699.Dumortier, B. C. J. Observations sur les changements de forme que subit la tetechez les Orang-Outangs. Compt. rend. Acad, de Paris, VII, 1838, pp. 1057-1059;L'Institut, VI, 1838, pp. 415-416; Bull. Acad. Brux., V, 1838, pp. 756-762;Ann. sc. natur., 2d ser., Zool., XI, 1839, pp. 56-58; Froriep's N. Notiz., IX, 1839,pp. 133-134.Duvernoy, J. L. Sur les caracteres anatomiques des grands Singes pseudo-anthro-pomorphes. Arch, du Museum d'hist. natur., VIII, Paris, 1855-1856, pp. 1-248.Evans, G. (A brief report on two large Orang crania. ) Jour. Asiat. Soc. of Bengal,Calcutta, 1838, VII, p. 669.Fere, C. Contribution a 1' etude de la topographie cranio-cerebrale chez quelquessinges. Jour, de I'anat. et physiol., etc., Paris, XVIII, 1882, pp. 545-563.Deuxieme note. Idem, XXI, 1885, pp. 298-303.FiCK, R. Vergleichend anatomische Studien an einem erwachsenen Orang-Uttang.Arch. f. Anat. und Entwickelungsgesch., Leipzig, 1895, pp. 1-100. Bibliography.
. Beobachtungen an einem zweiten erwachsenen Orang-Utang und einemSchimpansen. Arch f. Anat., 1895, pp. 289-318.Fischer, J. B. Synopsis Mammalium. Stuttgart, 1829; Simla satyrus, p. 92.Fitzinger, L. J. Untersuchung iiber die Existenz verschiedener Arten unter denasiatischen Orang-Affen. Wiener Sitzungsber. d. math.-naturwissensch. CI., XI,1853, pp. 400-449; also separately, Wien, 1854.Flower, W. H. An Introduction to the Osteology of the Mammalia. London, 1885.
564 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. voi. xxxi.Frassetto, F. Di un cranio di Simia satyrus Linn, con rara sutura sopranumerarianel parietale destro. Boll. Miis. zool. anat. com, Torino, XIV, 1899, No. 344.
. Notes de craniologie comparee. Ann. sc. natur., Paris, 1903, pp. 143-363.
. Le forme craniche degli antrojjoidi (Simida?) in rapporto alie umane. AttiSoc. romana di antropol., X, fasc. 1, Roma, 1904; reprint, pp. 1-31.Gabbiglietti, a. Intorno all' opera del C. G. Carus sulla simbologia comparata tralo scheletro umano e quello delle scimie. Giorn. r. Accad. di med. di Torino,2d ser., XLIII, 1862, pp. 470-498. Also separately Torino, 1862 (31 p.).Gaudry, a. Sur la similitude des dents de I'homme et de quelques animaux.L'Anthropologie, 1901, pp. 93-102.Geoffroy S.\int-Hilaire, E., and Cuvier, G. Histoire natur. des Orang-Outangs.Millin, Magaz. Encycl., I, 1795, pp. 451-463.
. Memoire sur "les Orang-Outangs. Jour, de pbys., etc., XLVI, 1798, pp.185-191.
. Sur un pretendu Orang-Outang des Indes, publie dans les actes de la Societede Batavia. Jour, de physique, etc.. Ill, Paris, 1798, pp. 342-346.
. Tableau des Quadrumanes. Ann. Mus. d'hist. natur., XIX, Paris, 1812,p. 89.
. Considerations sur les Singes les plus voisins de I'homme. Ann. d. scs.natur., 1836, p. 62.Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, Isidor. Description des Manuniferes nouveaux ou impar-faitement connus de la collection du Museum d' histoire naturelle. Arch, duMuseum, II, Paris, 1841, pp. 507-512.Gervais, p. Histoire naturelle des Mammiferes, Paris, 1854, I, p. 27.GiEBEL, C. G. Odontographie. Leipzig, 1855.
. Eine antidarwinistische Vergleichung des Menschen -und der Orangschildel.Zeitschr. f. ges. Naturwiss., XXVItl, Halle, 1866, pp. 401-419.GiGLioLi, E. H. Studii craniologici sui Chimpanze. Ann. Mus. civ. di storia natur.,Genova, 1872, III, pp. 56-179.GoRKE, O. Beitrag zur functionellen Gestultung des Schudels bei den Anthnjpo-morphen und Menschen durch Untersuchung mit Rontgenstrahlen. Arch. f.Anthrop., 2. Ser., I, 1903, pp. 91-108.Haberer, a. Uber die Norma occipitalis bei Mensch und Affe. Innaug.-Diss.,Mlinchen, 1899.Hamy, E. T. Del'epine nasale anterieure dans I'ordre des Primates. Bull. Soc.d'anthropol. de Paris, 2d ser., IV^ 1869, pp. 13-28.Hartmann, R. Die menscheniihnlichen Affen und ihre Organisation im Vergleichzur men.schlichen. Leipzig, 1883; also in Italian, Milano, 1884; in Enghsh,London, 1885; and in French, Tours and Paris, 1886.Herve, G. Observations sur deux squelettes de jeunes orangs. Bull. Soc. d'anthrop.Paris, 3d ser., XII, 1889, pp. 378-391; ref. Arch. f. AnthropoL, XX, 1891-1892,pp. 128-129.Heusinger, C. F. Vier Abbildungen des Schiidels der Simia satyrus von verschied-enem Alter, zur Aufkliirung der Tabel von Oran utan. Marburg, 1838.Hornaday, W. T. On the Species of Bornean Orangs, with Notes on Their Habits.Proc. Amer. Ass. Adv. Sci., XXVIII, 1879, pp. 438-455.
. Two years in the Jungle. New York, 1885, p. 407.Hrdlicka, Ales. New Instances of Complete Division of the Malar Bone, withnotes on Incomplete Division. Amer. Naturalist, XXXVI, April, 1902, pp.273-294.
. Divisions of the Parietal Bone in Man and Other Mammals. Bull. Amer.Mus. Nat. Hist., XIX, New York, July 11, 1903, pp. 231-386. Bibliography.Humphry, G. M. Depressions in the Parietal Bones of an Orang and in Man.Supernumerary Molars in Orang. Jour. Anat. and Physiol., London, VIII,1874, pp. 136-141.
NO. 1495. OBSERVATIONS ON ORANCl SKULLS?HRDLICKA. 565Huxley, T. H. The Structure and Classification of the Mammalia. Med. Timesand Gaz., February-March, 1864.
. A Manual of the Anatomy of Vertebrated Animals. New York, 1872,p. 405.Jacobi, a. Die Grossenverhiiltnisse der Sohiidelhohle and der Gesichtsholden l)eiden Menschen und Anthropoiden. Berlin, 1901.J.\coBY, W. Unterschiede am Schiidel der Schimpansen, Gorilla und Orang-Utan.Inaug. -Dissert., Stuttgart, 1903; under same title in Zeitschr. f. Morphologic undAnthropol., VI, 1903, pp. 251-284.Jentink, F. a. Some Remarks Concerning the Orang-Oetan. Notes Leyden Mas.,XVII, 1895-1896, pp. 17-18.Joseph, G. Morphologische Studien am Kopfskelet des Menschen und der Wirbel-thiere. Breslau, 1873, pp. 1-75.
. Ueber der Schliifenlinien und den Scheitelkaunn an den Schiideln derAffen. Morphol. Jahrb., II, pp, 519-533.Keith, A. An Introduction to the Study of Anthropoid Apes. III. The OrangOutang. Natural Science, IX, London, 1896, pp. 316-326. Bibliography.
. Inflation of the Nasal Canal in the Skulls of Adult Gorillas and Chimpan-zees, and the Relative Development of the Sinus maxillarisand Inferior Meatusin Man and Apes. Jour. Anat. and Physiol., London, XXXVI, 1902, pp.xlvii-li.Latreille, p. a. Addition a Particle des Orangs-Outangs. Histoire naturelle desSinges, I, Paris, 1801, p. 154.Lenz, H. Die anthropomorphen Affen des Li'ibecker Museums. Liibeck, 1876.Die Anthropoiden des Museums zu Liibeck. Liibeck, 1897. Also a report inCentralbl. f. Anthropol., etc., II, Breslau, 1897, i)p. 345-346.Lesson, R. G. Hist, naturelle des Mammiferes. Paris, 1828-1837, III, p. 230.Leuckart, R. Ueber einige abnorme Bildungen des Nasenbeins beim Menschenund Orang-Utang. Zeitung f. Zool., 1, 1848, pp. 59-61.LucAE, J. Ch. G. Der Pongo-und der Orang-Schiidel in Bezug auf Species undAlter. Abhandl. d. Senckenb. naturf. Gesellsch., z. Jubiliium F. Tiedemann's,1854, pp. 154-167.
. Ueber Wachsthum des Affenschiidels im Vergleich zu dem beim Menschen.Arch. f. Anthropol., V, 1872, pp. 518-520.
. Affen-und Menschenschiidel im Ban und Wachsthum verglichen. Arch. f.Anthropol., VI, 1873, pp. 13-38. .Lucas, F. A. The Species of Orangs. Proc. Soc. Natur. Hist. Boston, XXI, Bos-ton, 1881, pp. 228-233.Macnamara, N. C. Beweisschrift betreffend die gemeinsame Abstammung derMenschen und der anthropoiden Affen. Arch. f. Anthrop., new ser., Ill, 1904,pp. 77-84.Maggi, L. II canale cranio-faringeo negli antropoidi. Rendic. R. 1st. Lombard.,Milano, 1891, 2d ser., XXIV, pp. 138-149.
. Sopra una varieta morfologica delle ossa nasali e intermascellari nell' orango.Rendic. R. 1st. Lombard., Milano, 2d ser., XXIV, Milano, 1891, pp. 401-415.Maggi, Z. Sopra una diminuzione numerica dei dente nell' orango. Rendic. Istit.Lombardo. 2d sen, XXIV, Milano, 1891, pp. 586-593.
-. Intorno alia forma primitiva delle ossa nasali nell' orango. Rendic. R. 1st.Lombard., 2d ser., XXIV, Milano, 1891, pp. 808-820.
. I mesognati asinchiti nei giovani antropoidi. Rendic. 1st. Lombard. , 2d ser.,XXIV, Milano, 1891, pp. 993-999.Magitot, E. L'homme et les singes anthropomorphes. Bull. Soc. d'anthrop.Paris, 2. ser., IV, 1869, pp. 113-145.
. Traite des anomalies du systeme dentaire, etc., Paris, 1877.
566 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. vol. xxxi.Manouvrier, L. M^moire sur les variations normales et les anomalies des os nasauxdans I'espece humaine. Bull. Soc. d'anthrop. Paris, 4. ser., IV, 1893, pp.712-747.Mayer, C. Bemerkungen iiber den Bau des Orang-Ontang Schiidels. Arch. f.Naturg., 15 Jahrg., 1849, I, pp. 352-357.
. Zur Anatomie der Orang-Utang und der ("himpanse. Arch. f. Naturgesch.,22 Jahrg., 1856, I, pp. 281-304; also separately, Bonn, 1857.Menalda v. Schouwenburg, H. J. Die vierhandige zoogdieren. Album d. natuur,1870, pp. 321-338.Meyer, A. B. Notizen fiber die anthropomorphen Affen des Dresdener Museums.Mitth. a. d. k. zool. Museum, Dresden, 1877, pp. 223-247.Mivart, St. George. Man and apes. New York and London, 1873, p. 98.Muller, J. Jahresber. ii. vergl. Anat., Arch. f. Anat, Physiol., etc., Berlin,Jahrg. 1836, pp. xlvi-xlviii; Idem., Jahrg. 1839, p. ccix. (Mainly notes onOwen's and other publications.
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Owen, R. On the Anatomy of the Orang-Utan. Proc. Committee Zool. Soc. London,I, 1830-1831, pp. 9-10.
?
. (Remarks concerning Orangs. ) Phil. Magaz., in Ann. of Phil., Jan., 1831,pp. 55, 60, 225; July, 1831, p. 60.
. On the Osteology of the Chimpanzee and Orang Utan. Trans. Zool. Soc,London, I, 1835, pp. 343-379.
. On the Specific Distinctions of the Orangs. Proc. Zool. Soc. London, IV,1836, pp. 91-96; London and Edinburgh Philosoph. Magaz., X, pp. 295-301.
. On the Cranium of Simla Wurmbii. Proceed. Zool. Soc, London, V, 1837,p. 82. L'Institut., VI, 1838, p. 311.
. On a New Orang. Proc. Zool. Soc, London, IV, 1837, pp. 91-96.
. Sur deux cranes d'Orang-Outang. L'Institut, V, 1837, pp. 209-210; Isis,1838, pp. 200-203.
. Note sur les differences entre le Simla Morio d'Owen, et le Simia Wurmbiidans la periode d'adolescence, decrit par M. Dumortier. Compt. Rend. Acad, sc,VIII, Paris, 1839, pp. 231-236. Ann. sc. natur., 2 ser., Zool., XI, 1839, pp.122-125.
. Osteological Contributions to the Natural History of the Orang Utans.Trans. Zool. Soc, London, II, 1841, pp. 165-172.
. Odontography, I, London, 1840-45, p. 451.
. On the Anthropoid Apes. Rep't. Brit. Assn. Adv. Sci., 24th meet., 1854.pp. 111-113.
. On the Anthropoid Apes and their Relations to Man. Notit'. Proc. R.Inst., London, 1855, II, pp. 26-41.
. Osteological Contributions to the Natural History of the Chimpanzees andOrangs. Trans. Zool. Soc, Lonc'on, IV, 1862;Description of the Cranium of an Adult Male Gorilla, etc., with Remarks onthe Capacity of the Cranium and Other Characters Shown by Sections of theSkull, in the Orangs, Chimpanzees, aud in Different Varieties of the HumanRace * * * pp. 75-89;Comparison of the Lower Jaw and Vertebral Column of the Troglodytes gorilla.Troglodytes niger, Pithecus satyrus, and Different Varieties of the HumanRace * * * pp. 89-115;Characters of the Skull of the Male Pithecus morio, with Remarks on theVarieties of the Male Pithecus satyrus * * * pp. 165-178.
. Osteological Contributions to the Natural History of the Chimpanzeesand Orangs. Trans. Zool. Soc, London, 1865, IV, pp. 89-115.
. Anatomy of Vertebrates, London, 1866, II, pp. 534-535; III, pp. 316-327.
NO. 1495. OBSER YA TIONS ON ORANG SKULLS?HRDLICKA . 567Peters, W. Ueber den Schadel eines weiblichen Orang-Utang mit sech.s Backzahneiiin beiden Oberkiefern und den rechten Unterkieferhalfte. Sitzber. d. Ges.naturf. Frennde, Berlin, Oct. 1872, p. 76.Kanke, J. Dir iiberzahligen Hautknochen des menschlichen Schiideldachs.Abhandl. d. k. bayer. Akad. d. Wissensch., II Gl., XX, 2 Abth., pp. 277-464(reprint pp. 1-190). Miinchen, 1899.Reonault, F. La Suture lacrimo-ethmoidale. Bull. Soc. d'antbrop. Paris, 4 ser.,V, 1894, pp. 413-419.RoTSCHiLD, W. Notes on Antbropoid Apes. Proc. Zool. Soc. London, II, 1904, Pt. 2pp. 413-440.RuDOLPHi, K. A. Ueber den Orang-Utang und Beweis dass derselbe ein jungerPongo sey. Abbandl. d. konigl. Acad. d. Wissench., Jahrg. 1824, Berlin, 1826,pp. 131-135.Rutimeyer, L. Referenz iiber Th. L. W. Biscboff's "tj. d. Verschiedenheit in d.Schiidelbildung d. Gorilla, Chimpanse u. Orang-Outang. " Arcb. f. Anthropol., II,1867, pp. 343-348.Sandifort, (G). Ontleedkundige Beschouwing van een volwassen Orang-Oetan.Verhandel. o. d. Natuurlijke Gescbiedenis d. Nederlandscbe Over-zeesche bezit-tingen, etc. (Zoologie), foL, Leiden, 1839-1844.Schaafhausen, a. Sur les rapports entre les singes antbropomorpbes et rhomme.Bull. Soc. d'antbrop. de Paris, YI, 1865, pp. 11-20.ScfiLEGEL, H. Monograpbie des Singes. Leiden, 1876.Schlegel, H., and S. Muller. Bijdragen tot de natuurlijke Historie van den Orang-Oetan. Verhand. o. d. natuurl. Gescbiedenis d. Nederlandscbe overzeescbebezittingen, Zoologie, 1841. Ref. in Froriep's Nene Notizen a. d. Gebiete d.Natur- u. Heilkunde, XV, No. 22. pp. 337-344.Schneider, A. Ein Beitrag zur Anatomic der Scbreitelbeine des Menscben und derAffeu. Inuag. Dissert., Strassburg, 1902.V. ScHREBER, J. Cb. D. Die Siiugetbiere. Supplementband, I, Erlangen, 1840, p. 40.ScHWALBE, G. Studien iiber Pithecantbropus erectus. Zeitscbr. f. Morphol. undAntbrop., I, Stuttgart, 1899, pp. 16-240.Selenka, E. Die Rassen und der zabnwecb.sel des Orang-Utan. Sitz.- Ber. Matb.-Phys. CI. Akad. Wiss. Berlin, XVI, 1896, pp. 381-392.
. Menscbenaffen. 8 parts, Wiesbaden, 1898-1900.Snelleman, J. F. Fauna van Midden-Sumatra. Leiden, 1887. (Part I of Vol. IVof P. J. Veth's Natural History of Sumatra.
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Staurenghi, C. Appunti di osteologia. Sulla fossa anteriore della base del craniodeir uomo e del mammiferi. Bob Soc. Medico-Cbirurg. Pavia, 1896; reprint,pp. 1-91, Pavia, 1896.Stevens, H. V. and Virchow, R. Scbildel und Haar Orang Panggang in Malac( a.Verhandl. d. Berl. Ges. f. Antbropol., 1892, pp. 439-444.Temminck, C. J. Monograpbie sur le genre Singe, in Monograpbies de Mammalogie.II, Leiden, 1835-1841, p. 119. Witb bibliograpby.Tii.Esius, W. G. Naturbist. Frucbte d. unter Krusen^teru vollbracbten Erdumseg-lung. St. Petersburg, 1813, pp. 109-130.TopiNARD, p. De revolution des molaires et des premolaires cbez les Primates, etc.L'Anthropologie. Ill, Paris, 1892, pp. 641-710.
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