PLATE 1. Lepidopora sarmentosa (a, b, holotype, F132; c-g, Eltanin 1857, USNM 60135): a, b, anterior and 
posterior faces of holotype colony, x 3.6; c, branch tip, x 24; d, gastropore lip, x 43; e, gastrostyle, x 132, 
stereo pair; f, dactylopores surrounding a gastropore, x 52; g, dactylopore, x 160, stereo pair. 
103 
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PLATE 2. Lepidopom dendrostylus (a, S53, USNM 85085; b, holotype, F146; c-e, A910, USNM 60251; f, F146, 
USNM 85084): a, branch tip bearing compound dactylopore spines, x 23, stereo pair; b, holotype colony, x 
0.57; c, gastro- and dactylopores and linear-imbricate coenosteal texture, x 22.5, stereo pair; d, linear- 
imbricate coenosteal texture, x 180; e, f, gastrostyle, x 96, x 185, respectively (e is a stereo pair). 
104 
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PLATE 3. Lepidopora dendrostylus (a-c, d, A910, USNM 60251; e, f, S573, NZOI): a, two dactylostyles, x 255; b, 
dactylostyle, x 570; c, female efferent pore, x 48; d, gastrostyle frond, x 660; e, gastrostyle, x 180; f, male 
ampulla and ampullar spine, x 83. Lepidopora microstylus (g, holotype, T243; h, E860, NZOI): g, holotype 
colony, x 2.2; h, gastropore and three dactylopores, x 70, stereo pair. 
105 
PLATE 4. Lepidopora microstylus (a, c-f, E860, NZOI; b, T243, USNM 85086): a, gastropore chamber and 
rudimentary gastrostyle, x 58, stereo pair; b, c, gastrostyle, x 205, x 225, respectively (c is a stereo pair); d, 
branch tip illustrating two gastropores and dactyloporcs, x 28; e, internal male ampulla and efferent tube 
leading to surface (at left), x 120, stereo pair; f, dactylopore, x 170. 
10f 
PLATE 5. Lepidapora symmetries, (a-f, holotype, E305): a, b, branch illustrating gastro- and dactylopores and 
coenosteal texture, x 14, x 29, respectively (b is a stereo pair); c, branch cross section illustrating porosity of 
branch core, x 33; d, gastropore and coenosteal texture, x 115, stereo pair; e, f, gastrostyle, x 190, x 205, 
respectively (f is a stereo pair). 
107 
PLATE 6. Lepidopora ctyptoq/mas (a, e, g, h, E846, USNM 85087; b, d, f, P559, USNM 72345; c, E305, USNM 
72342): a, largest colony, x 0.95; b, d, branch tip illustrating gastropores and aligned dactylopores, x 14.5, x 
20, respectively; c, gastropore flanked by two rows of dactylopores, male efferent pore at top, x 43; e, 
spinose coenosteal texture, x 510; f, longitudinal section of a gastropore tube illustrating a female efferent 
pore, x 95; g, h, gastrostyle, x 105, x 325, respectively (g is a stereo pair), 
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PLATE 7. Lepidopora polystichopora (a, c, f-h, E861, USNM 85089; b, d, e, E305, USNM 72348): a, large colony, x 
0.8; b, c, branch tips illustrating gastropore and aligned dactylopores, x 13.7, x 23, respectively; d, f, g, 
coenosteal texture: spinose, imbricate, and transition between the two, respectively, x 505, x 365, x 220, 
respectively; e, gastropore flanked by two rows of dactylopores, x 36, stereo pair; h, gastrostyle, x 66. 
109 
PLATE 8. Lepidopora polystichopora (a, b, E861, USNM 85089; c, d, E850, USNM 85090): a, two large gastropores, 
coenosteal texture, and two small conical male efferent pores, x 34, stereo pair; b, segment of a gastrostyle, x 
265; c, lipped gastropore (upper right) and lidded female efferent pore (lower left), x 56, stereo pair; d, 
cluster of spines covering female efferent pore, x 210. Adelopora crassilabrum (e, g, holotype, E846, NZOI; f, 
E856, USNM 85093): e, holotype colony, x 2.75; f, g, views of swollen gastropore lip, x 45, x 39, respectively. 
110 
PLATE 9. Adelopora crassitabrum (a, c, e, E856, USNM 85093; b, d, f, E846, USNM 85092): a, dactylopore, x 300; 
b, longitudinal section of an uncleaned gastropore tube with operculum (underside, to left) still intact, x 53, 
stereo pair; c, intact operculum and coenosteal articulation, x 200; d, open coenosteal articulation (operculum 
removed), x 140, stereo pair; e, coenosteal texture, x 175; f, lower face of an operculum with articular edge in 
foreground, x 145, stereo pair. 
in 
PLATE 10. Adelopora fragilis (a, c, e-g, Coriolis D5; b-c, G3, holotype): a, intact opcrculum at branch axil, x 55; b, 
g, lower face of operculum, x 100, x 140, respectively; c, holotype colony, x 2.6; d, upper gastropore tube 
revealing open coenosteal articulation (operculum removed), x 43, stereo pair; e, linear-imbricate coenosteal 
texture, x 230; f, intact operculum, x 96. 
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PLATE 11. Adelopora fragilis (a, G3, USNM 85094; b, U599, USNM 85095): a, two internal male ampullae, x 54; 
b, superfcial female ampullae, x 30, stereo pair. Adelopora moseleyi (c, d, f, P842, USNM 85097; e, g, 1735, 
USNM 85096): c, holotype colony, x 1.4; d, branch tips and axils containing several opercula, x 22; e, g, upper 
face of intact opercula, x 150, x 110, respectively (g is a stereo pair); f, lower face of an operculum, x 165. 
113 
PLATE 12. Adelopora moseleyi (a-c, e, P842, USNM 85097; d, f, 1735, USNM 85096): a, longitudinal section of a 
gastropore tube illustrating closed coenosteal articulation at top, x 105, stereo pair; b, linear-imbricate 
coenosteal texture, x 435; c, closed-type coenosteal articulation, x 220, stereo pair; d, f, transitional 
coenosteal texture from imbricate to smooth, both x 190; e, female ampulla and efferent pore, x 37, stereo 
pair. 
114 
PLATE 13. Lepidotheca fascicularis (a-h, Eltanin 1423, USNM 60112): a, holotype colony, x 1.65; b, c, branches 
illustrating lipped gastropores, dactylopore spines, and broad, convex coenosteal strips, x 26, x 58, respectively; 
d, dactylopore spine, x 250; e, f, imbricate coenosteal texture, x 205, x 550, respectively; g, axial gastropore 
flanked by two lips, x 80; h, gastrostyle and tabula, x 160, stereo pair. 
115 
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PLATE 14. Lqjidotheca fascicularis (a, b, Eltanin 1423, USNM 60112): a, male ampulla and efferent pore, x 55, 
stereo pair; b, female ampullae, x 30. Lepidotheca inconsuta (c, C731, USNM 85098; d, holotype, Eltanin 1422; 
e, f, Eltanin 1422, USNM 60144): c, branch bearing a female ampulla, x 23, stereo pair; d, holotype colony, x 
1.15; e, male ampullae, x 45, stereo pair; f, male ampulla with several apical efferent pores, x 66. 
116 
PLATE 15. Lepidotheca inconsuta (a, b, Eltanin 1422, USNM 60144; c, C731, USNM 85098): a, two dactylopore 
spines, x 94; b, Hnear-imbricate coenosteal texture, x 112; c, rudimentary gastrostyle, x 225. Lepidotheca 
chauliostylus (d, f, holotype, E862; e, h, G3, USNM 85101; g, E856, USNM 85100): d, holotype colony, x 2.1; e, 
branches illustrating hooded gastropores, aligned dactylopore spines, and male ampullae, x 23, stereo pair; f, 
aligned dactylopore spines, x 78; g, h, linear-imbricate coenosteal texture, x 195, x 520, respectively. 
117 
PLATE 16. Lepidotheca chauliostylus (a-c, holorype, E862; d, E856, USNM 85100; e-g, G3, USNM 85101): a-c, 
aligned dactylopore spines and axial gastropore flanked by two lips, x 60, x 67, x 160, respectively; d, apical 
view of male ampulla adjacent to a gastropore, x 72, stereo pair; e, hooded gastropore and female ampulla, x 
45; f, gasrrostyle, ring palisade, and lateral view of a male ampulla with two efferent pores, x 90, stereo pair; 
g, female ampullae, x 36. 
118 
PLATE 17. Lepidotheca cervicornis (a, b, syntype, ZMC; c-g, E291, USNM 85102): a, branch of syntype, x 2.4; b, 
branch tip illustrating dactylopore spines, x 17; c, gastropores with closely adjacent dactylopore spines, x 54; 
d, dactylopore spines, x 56; e, branch tip with dactylopore spines and ampullae, x 22, stereo pair; f, g, 
partially damaged, spongy ampullae, x 95, x 53, respectively (g is a stereo pair). 
119 
PLATE 18. Lepidotheca cervicornis (a, syntype, ZMC; b, E291, USNM 85102): a, b, gastrostyle, x 165, x 77, 
respectively (a is a stereo pair). Lepidotheca altispina (c-g, E856): c, holotype colony, NZOI, x 1.6; d-g, 
branches illustrating tall dactylopore spines and reversed polarity of linear-imbricate coenosteal texture, x 
36, x 51, x 65, x 140, respectively (f is a stereo pair), USNM 85103. 
120 
PLATE 19. Lepidotheca altispina (a-f, E856, USNM 85103): a, b, linear-imbricate coenosteal texture, x 280, x 155, 
respectively (b is a stereo pair); c, dactylopore spine, x 150; d, gastrostyle, x 125, stereo pair; e, cross section 
of branch illustrating male ampulla and efferent pore, x 58; f, clustered female ampullae, x 25, stereo pair. 
121 
PLATE 20. Lepidotheca robusta (a-g, holotype, 196): a, dactylopore spines and several mature female ampullae, 
x 14, stereo pair; b, holotype colony, x 0.85; c-e, dactylopore spines, x 66, x 78, x 100, respectively (c is a 
stereo pair); f, g, imbricate coenosteal texture illustrating alternating polarity, x 650, x 290, respectively. 
122 
PLATE 21. Lepidotheca robusta (a-f, holotype, 196): a, female ampulla and efferent pore, x 40; b, apical view of 
dactylopore pseudotabulae in a sheared dactylopore spine, x 220, stereo pair; c, d, dactylopore pseudotabulae 
in longitudinal section of a dactylopore tube, x 205, x 94, respectively (d is a stereo pair); e, f, gastrostyle and 
tabula, x 65, x 80, respectively (f is a stereo pair). 
123 
PLATE 22. Stephanohelia praecipua (a-f, E861, 85108): a, colony segment illustrating branching pattern, x 15, 
stereo pair; b, holotype colony, x 2.0, NZOI; c, d, terminal branch lets illustrating aligned dactylopores, x 61, 
x 112, respectively (c is a stereo pair); e, gastrostyle, x 290, stereo pair; f, characteristic branching pattern 
with an axial gastropore, x 48. 
124 
PLATE 23. Stephanohelia praecipua (a, E861, USNM 85108; b, c, E859, USNM 85107): a, alternating coenosteal 
polarity, x 420; b, c, male (?) ampullae, x 50, x 95, respectively. Inferiolabiata labiata (d-f, h, F127, NZOI; g, 
Eltanin 2143, USNM 60007): d, colony, x 1.3; e, branch segment illustrating coenosteal texture and spongy 
male (?) ampullae, x 17, stereo pair; f, linear-imbricate coenosteal texture with broad coenosteal slit, x 128; 
g, h, dactylopore spine with lateral dactylostyles, x 55, x 135, respectively. 
125 
PLATE 24. Inferiolabiata labiata (a, F127, USNM 85109; b, Eltanin 2143, USNM 60007): a, gastrostyle and diffuse 
ring palisade, x 90, stereo pair; b, clustered ampullae, x 37. Inferiolabiata spinosa (c, e, f, E861, USNM 85112; d, 
holotype, E861): c, apical view of branch tip illustrating numerous lateral dactylostyles, x 21, stereo pair; d, 
holotype colony, x 1.4; e, branch coenosteum with one gastropore and several dactylopore spines, x 58, 
stereo pair; f, dactylopore spines with serrate edges, x 107. 
126 
PLATE 25. Inferiolabiata spinosa (a-d, E861, USNM 85112; e, 1372, NZOI): a, apical view of dactylopore spines 
illustrating lateral dactylostyles, x 125; b, gastrostyle and diffuse ring palisade, x 135, stereo pair; c, branch 
segment with tall dactylopore spines and one male ampulla, x 17; d, male ampulla and efferent pore, x 55, 
stereo pair; e, female ampulla and efferent pore, x 39. Inferiolabiata towei (f, E305, NZOI; g, P541, NZOI): f, 
branch segment illustrating dactylopore spines, x 17; g, colony, x 3.0. 
127 
PLATE 26. Inferiolabiata lowei (a-f, E305, NZOI): a, branch segment illustrating gastrostyle, ridged dactylopore 
spines, mammiform male ampullae, and gastropores, x 15, stereo pair; b, imbricate coenosteal texture, x 150; 
c, d, sheared dactylopore spines illustrating adcauline platelet, x 83, x 130, respectively <c is a stereo pair); e, 
gastrostyle stabilised by two tabulae, x 70, stereo pair; f, ridged dactylopore spines, x 39. 
128 
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PLATE 27. Sporadopora mortenseni {a, syntype, ZMC; b, c, e, E305, USNM 85113; d, f, P472, NZOI): a, syntype 
colony, x 2.1; b, c, branch coenosteum illustrating large, circular gastropores, smaller elliptical dactylopores, 
and very small coenosteal pores, x 20, x 47, respectively (b is a stereo pair); d, branch segment illustrating 
gastropores, dactylopores, and several shallow pits overlying male ampullae, x 26, stereo pair; e, imbricate 
coenosteal texture, x 240; f, enlargement of spongy pit overlying internal male ampulla and its efferent pore 
opening into adjacent gastropore tube, x 82, stereo pair. 
129 
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PLATE 28. Sporadopora mortenseni (a, P472, NZOI; b, E305, USNM 85113): a, longitudinal section of a gastro- 
pore tube illustrating presumed male efferent pore, x 65, stereo pair; b, elongate gastrostyle, x 160. Spora- 
dopora micropora (c, holotype, D39; d, e, D39, USNM 85114): c, holotype colony, x 1.2; d, e, blunt branch tips 
illustrating gastropores (larger pores) and dactylopores, x 12.8, x 15.4, respectively (e is a stereo pair). 
130 
PLATE 29. Sporadopora micropora (a g, D39, USNM 85114): a, b, g, coenosteal texture, x 160, x 285, x 61, 
respectively; c, branch cross section illustrating internal female ampullae and porous branch core, x 2.05; 
d, e, gastrostyle, x 150, x 67, respectively (e is a stereo pair); f, longitudinal section of gastropore tube flanked 
by two internal male ampullae, x 44. Sporadopora marginata (h, 2 syntypes from NZGS): x 2.2. 
131 
PLATE 30. Distkhopora dispar (a, b, f, g, D159, USNM 85116; c, holoiype, D159; d, e, D39, NZOI): a, pore row, 
x 32.5; b, colony with pseudocyclosystemate arrangement of pore types, x 2.2; c, colony with typical pore- 
row arrangement of pore types, x 3.0; d, tuberculate coenosteal texture, x 135, stereo pair; e, longitudinal 
section of branch illustrating two internal male ampullae (branch surface to right), x 30.5; f, gastrostyle with 
dactyloridge to left, x 54, stereo pair; g, spination of gastrostyle ridge, x 545. 
132 
PLATE 31. Distichopora dispar (a, D159, USNM 85116; b, D39, NZOI): a, axial view of two dactyloridges, x 150; 
b, lateral view of a dactyloridge, x 265. Systemapora ornata (c, d, f, P46, USNM 85117; e, holotype, P46, 
NZOI): c, f, branch segment illustrating aligned dactylopores, lipped gastropores, and several male ampullae, 
x 30.5, x 38, respectively (f is a stereo pair); d, imbricate coenosteal texture with alternating polarity, x 600; e, 
holotype colony, x 0.7. 
133 
PLATE 32. Systemapora ornata (a-f, P46, USNM 85117): a, aligned dactylopores and two lipped gastropores, x 
50, stereo pair; c, dactylopore spine, x 320; c, d, gastrostyle, x 240, x 405, respectively <c is a stereo pair); e, 
aligned coenosteal spines separating lateral branch edge from branch face, x 455, stereo pair; f, branch tip 
bearing a female ampulla with efferent pore, x 18.1. 
134 
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PLATE 33. Systemapora ornata (a, b, P46, USNM 85117): a, cluster of spines protecting male efferent pore, x 475; 
b, male ampulla, x 110, stereo pair. Errina novaezelandiae (c, syntype of ?. n. /brma benhami, Manchester 
Museum, Boschma #138; d, syntype of E. n. forma ramosa, BM(NH) 1950.1.11.83; e, Q741, USNM 85121; f, 
Q748, USNM 85122; g, para type of E. cruenta, D156, USNM 76879): c, d, branches with dactylopore spines, x 
3.8, x 2.7, respectively; e, branch segment with dactylopore spines and lipped gastropores, x 40; f, reticulate- 
granular coenosteal texture and one conical dactylopore spine, x 235; g, tall, horseshoe-shaped and small, 
mound-shaped dactylopores, x 68.5, stereo pair. 
PLATE 34. Errina novaezelandiae (a, b, d, Q748, USNM 85122; c, para type of Errina cruenta, D156, USNM 
76879): a, b, dactylopore spines, x 61, x 48, respectively (a is a stereo pair); c, gastro style, x 160, stereo pair; d, 
coenosteal papillae, x 55.5. Errina chathamensis (e, f, C618, USNM 85125): e, branch segment with compound 
dactylopore spines, x 18.5, stereo pair; f, red colony, x 0.45. 
136 
PLATE 35. Errina chathamensis (a, c, e, g, J55 [red form]; b, d, f, D878 [white form]: a, b, compound and small 
conical dactylopore spines, x 160, x 42.5, respectively; c, simple dactylopore spine, x 150; d, gasrrostyle, x 
160, stereo pair; e, female branch segment with both types of dactylopore spines, x 23; f, small conical 
dactylopore spine, x 240; g, female ampulla, x 53. 
137 
PLATE 36. Errina laeuigata (a-g, holotype, D145): a, branch segment with dactylopore spines, x 20, stereo pair; 
b, holotype colony, x 0.73; c, smooth coenosteal texture, x 210; d, dactylopore spines with accessory 
spinules, x 105; e, f, dactylopore spines and spinules, x 72.5, x 68.5, respectively (f is a stereo pair); g, 
gastrostyle, x310. 
138 
PLATE 37. Errina hicksoni (a-g, A743, USNM 76517): a, holotype colony, x 0.85, NZOI; b, branch cross section 
illustrating a gastrostyle and several ampullae, x 23.5; c, imbricate dactylopore spine, x 180; d, smooth 
coenosteal texture, x 180; e, g, coenosteum bearing dactylopore spines, x 39, x 87, respectively (both are 
stereo pairs); f, gastrostyle and ring palisade, x 200. 
139 
PLATE 38. Errina cooki (a, c-f, A444, USNM 60252; b, syntype, Manchester Museum, Bosch ma #140): a, branch 
tip illustrating dactylopore spines and lipped gastropore, x 50, stereo pair; b, branch of syntype, x 3.5; c, 
branch tip illustrating dactylopore spines, gastropores, and female ampullae, x 20, stereo pair; d, reticulate- 
granular coenosteal texture, x 510; e, gastrosryle, x 135, stereo pair; f, dactylopore spine, x 195. 
140