f ■ • 1 t I I THE GRAMA GRASSES: BOUTELOUA AND RELATED GENERA. By David Griffiths. INTRODUCTION. BASIS AND METHODS OF THE WOKE. It was during the writer's connection with the University of Arizona in 1900 that work was begun on this group of plants. Preparations were then made to grow the plants under cultivation at the University in a region where the species predominate in the grass flora and form the main feed upon public and private stock ranges. A change of location caused a change of the plan of work. Since 1901 the writer's studies in the field have been carried on during extensive travel on behalf of the Department of Agriculture for the study of the public stock ranges and other purposes. In addition, travel has been per- formed extensively in Mexico under conditions which have allowed good opportunity for study. The material in the following herbaria has been examined: United States National Herbarium, Gray Herbarium, herbarium of the Mis- souri Botanical Garden, herbarium of the Field Museum of Natural History, herbarium of the California Academy of Sciences (before the fire), and the private herbaria of Brandegee and Tracy. But while the collections in these herbaria were studied, the work is based mainly upon the material in the United States National Herbarium, and the specimens listed are almost entirely from that repository. During his visit to Europe in 1907, Prof. A. S. Hitchcock secured, through the kindness of the directors of the herbaria there, fragments of several typical or authentic specimens for deposit in the National Herbarium. In other cases he procured photographs of type speci- mens and made notes and drawings that have greatly aided in the interpretation of the older names of the species. Further information has been obtained through correspondence with the directors of the botanical gardens at Kew and Berlin, to whom acknowledgments are due for their courtesy. 343 ■+ 344 CONTRIBUTIONS FROM THE NATIONAL HERBARIUM. The drawings accompanying this paper were prepared by Mrs. Agnes Chase, to whom the writer is indebted for numerous notes upon the minute structural details of the species. The half tones, except plate 69, are from photographs taken by himself, and now the prop- erty of the United States Department of Agriculture. ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE OF THE GRAMA GRASSES. It is doubtful whether there is another group of native pasture grasses which is of as much economic importance as this, when both quality and quantity are considered. In the northern prairie region Bouteloua gracilis forms a very large part of the so-called "buffalo-grass formations/' and makes a very fair sod over thousands of square miles. The arable lands upon which tins species forms a good turf, however, are rapidly being broken lip and devoted to ordinary farm crops, so that in the north the areas of grama have been very much reduced in the last 20 years. In the arid Southwest, where the species are not turf formers, except at an altitude of 5,000 to 7,000 feet, the grama grasses are nevertheless of great importance, including, as they do, species which not only inhabit this region, but winch actually furnish the greater part of the feed at altitudes from 7,000 feet down to the driest desert, mesas and lowlands. It is a noteworthy fact that the species which produce not only the greatest amount of feed, but the best feed as well, occupy the higher levels. This is of course accounted for by the heavier precipitation. The conditions upon the highland of Mexico are very much the same as in the southwestern part of the United States, the high tablelands being imperfectly sodded with Bouteloua gracilis, B. chondrosioides, B. filiformis, B. radicom, B. hirsuta, etc., and the lower levels pro- ducing varying growths of such species as B. barbata and B, aristi- doides. The first group especially includes the main pasture grasses over very large areas. The species are preeminently pasture grasses and have been so recognized since they were first studied. Lagasca called attention to them in a very positive fashion as early as 1805, and our early explorers were unstinting in their praises of the gramas. It not infre- quently occurs, however, that many of the species enter quite largely into the composition of hay. Upon the prairies of the North Central States B. gracilis, formerly to a much greater extent than at present, was extensively cut with Agropyron smithii, Koeleria, and other prairie species. Farther south, in Nebraska, Kansas, Oklahoma, and northeastern New Mexico, B. curtipendula is more conspicuous, and B. hirsuta is also of some importance mixed with various species of Andropogon on sandy-loam soils. The most valuable species, how- ever, aside from B. curtipendula, do not well adapt themselves to Coi.tt^ N:11. Hi»rn., Vi»L 14. Plate 68. A. Closely Grazed Bouteloua Region in southern Arizona. B. Habitat of Tali.-Growinq Species of Bouteloua in southern Arizona. N.,:. H.-rt .. V. . 4. Plate 69 A, BOUTELOUA CUHTIPENDL1L A : MlCHX. TORR. IN CULTIVATION. B. Buutcloua gracilis H. B. K.1 Lag. in Cultivation. GRIFFITHS—THE GUAM A GRASSES. 345 cutting for hay. In the main the nutritious and valuable herbage of the grama grasses consists of their basal leaves, and these grasses are consequently adapted mainly to grazing. In the main the perennial species very well withstand heavy grazing and the abuses incident to the open range method of handling stock. Indeed, there are few if any grasses that are superior to them in this regard. Bouteloua gracilis is the species of prime importance in the prairie region, and, together with B. cTiondroswides, B, fMformis, B. radicosa, etc., is also important upon the higher lands farther south. No recorded experiences upon the behavior of these plants under crop- ping systems in the Southwest are known except the general observa- tion that too close grazing reduces the vitality of the plants, and, if long continued, kills them out entirely (PI. 68, A). Upon the northern prairies many observations have been made upon the behavior of the prairie grasses when cut for hay. The extent and degree of cropping have been much more definitely observed in the prairie region. In the Dakotas, Bouteloua gracilis withstands grazing very well, but if grazed closely for even one season it takes it two or three years to recover. It is the common experience that hay can not be cut on the upland prairies oftener than once every two years. In other words, the removal of the ground cover of one year's growth, as close as the mower takes it, sets the plant back at least one year, while burning is still more detrimental. But this applies to the prairie grasses in general. ADAPTABILITY TO CUXTIVATION. Many efforts have been made to cultivate the different species of Bouteloua, especially during the grass-garden period of experimenta- tion in this country, from about 1892 to 1900. The most promising of all the species for field cultivation is B. curtipendula (PI. 69, A), not that it grows any more readily than the others, but on account of its size and habit. All the species re- spond readily to cultural treatment, but none of them have a good seed habit, a very important characteristic in an agricultural grass. The seed can not easily be even properly thrashed. All that can be done is to strip off the spikes, which separate readily from the panicle upon maturity. The whole spike has been invariably sown. In B. gracilis and allied forms the spikelets readily separate from the spikes, but even here it would be impracticable to attempt to secure clean seed. Explanation of Plate 68.—A. A region In which about half a dozen species of Bouteloua grow in pro- fusion whenever summer rains are seasonable, in spite of the fact that it is continuously closely grazed. B. Scene In the Santa Rita Mountains, Arizona. Bouleloua curtipendula and tall forms of B. hirsute and B* radicosa predominate, mixed with species of Leptochloa, Andropogoo, Heteropogon, Muhtenbergia and P&nicum, Explanation op Plate 09,—A, Bouteloua curtipendula. B. Rmitdfnui grociliBoth growing at Walla Walla, Washington. Photographs by Leckeaby. 346 CONTRIBUTIONS FROM THE NATIONAL, HERBARIUM. The spikes of many of the species also drop off very readily when they approach maturity, and it is thus difficult to save the seed. So pronounced is this tendency in some species that it is impossible to prepare good herbarium specimens of plants in the mature state. This accounts for some of the taxonomic errors that have crept into our conceptions of the species. Collectors have commonly selected plants which could be made into good herbarium specimens, or, having collected mature ones, the spikes have been lost. Bouteloua gracilis (PI. 69, B) makes a splendid turf when sown thickly and well cared for. In some places upon the native prairies and foothills of the Northwest beautiful natural turfs of this and Bulbilis are common. Although the quality of the turf is good it has the disadvantage of being green but for a short season. In short, it is more than probable that, because of the lack of good seed habits in this genus, even the most valuable species can not become of importance in cultivation, although good yields of hay can be secured from B. curtipendula at least (PI. 69, A), and good stands can be secured with any of the other perennial valuable species if the seed be secured and sown thick enough. DISTRIBUTION. It is exceedingly difficult to give any definite and concise informa- tion regarding the altitudinal distribution of the species. Bouteloua gracilis is at home upon the prairies at an altitude of 1,000 feet, and, as we have seen, the same form occurs at 7,000 feet or more in the San Francisco highland of Arizona, and at much lower levels in the Santa Rita Mountains, while the taller form grows as low as 4,000 feet in the Santa Rita Mountains of Arizona. Precipitation is a much more important factor than altitude. So far as temperatures are concerned, B. gracilis endures — 40° F. in the northern plains and makes a good growth in nearly frostless regions upon the high- lands of central Mexico, while it sometimes endures a maximum of 100° F. in the summer season. In a circumscribed Bouteloua area there is quite a well-marked zonal distribution of some of the species (Pis. 68, B; 70, A, B; 71, A, B). As an example may be mentioned the region north of Explanation of Plate 70.—A, Scene from north of the Santa Rita Mountains in southern Arizona, Tn the foreground B* ariUidoides predominates and jtarryi is common, A little farther out B, rothrockii and B. filiformis are the prevailing species. On the lower portion of the sleep slopes B, curtipendula and B* are very, abundant, the former reaching an altitude of 5,000 feet, about the highest points at the left of the picture* About one-third way up the sides of the mountains to the right B. radicosa is abundant, while on southern exposures at the altitude of the small cone in center of picture B* eludens occurs sparingly. B* A portion ofthe same area close to the mountains to the right, as seen in the spring of the year. Compare these with plate 75, B, It will be seen that the crop of grass, mainly Bouteloua, is all eaten off and there is now a crop of annual weedy plants consisting mainly of I'lantago, Pectocarya, Esehscholtzia and a few small annual composites* Explanation or Plate 71,—A. A closer Tfew of ground shown in the left-hand part of plate 70, A, showing summer condition of region similar to that shown in plate 70, B. The gramas in the foreground are mainly B. curtipendula, B- IB* filiforviti, and B- eriopoda. Dasylirfan irhrdrri also shows prominently. D. Rrene in the Altar Valley, Arkona, Baboquivari Peak in the background. In the foreground are shown B, Tothrockii, B* barbata, B. amtidoides, and B< fiHformis* Cur,Tr. Njf. Hortj., Vol. 14. Plate 70. A. General View of a Good Bouteloua Region. B. Spring View of a Bouteloua Region Closely Grazed. Cor.tr. Nat. Htrb., Vol. 14. Plate 71. A. Typical View in a Bouteloua Reqion, Showing a Variety of Species. B. Bouteloua Region with a Different Soil and Different Species. f GRIFFITHS—THE GRAMA GRASSES. 347 the highest point of the Santa Rita Mountains of Arizona. From the 4,500 to the 5,000 feet level on the north side of this mountain B. radicosa is abundant. From about 4,500 feet down to 3,800 feet B. Jiliformis is commonly the prevailing species. From 3,800 to 3,400 feet B. rothrocJcii is often the most important plant, and it goes here as low as or lower than any of the other perennial species. Throughout this entire range, from 4,500 to about 3,500 feet, B, curti- l>endula may be found, but usually only upon the rougher lands, and it increases in importance upward, becoming the most important species upon the rocky upper foothills at 4,000 feet. Bouteloua aristidoides, on the other hand, is of wide distribution and may be found from the upper Bouteloua limit to the lower mesas (PI. 67, facing p. 343), and even across them clear to the lower Colorado and into the Salton Sink below the level of the sea. Its greatest develop- ment is in the lower part of the perennial grass region, about the 3,500 feet level. It is found, in occasional years only, where there is a temporary accumulation of flood water, also in favorable places in the mesas, where the regular annual accumulation commonly pro- duces perennial species of Hilaria. In this general Bouteloua belt, mostly at about 4,000 feet, may be found scattering patches of B. parryii, B. dvdens, and B. eriopoda, and, especially below, B. bar- bata is frequently met with. Roughly speaking, the great Bouteloua region of the world ex- tends from Saskatchewan and Manitoba southward between the Mississippi River and the Continental Divide. The western border crosses the Divide in Wyoming, extends into the southern Great Basin region-, and strikes the Pacific coast at about the Mexican boundary. In Mexico the grama grasses extend from coast to coast, reaching their greatest development upon the highland, and dis- appearing entirely in tropical situations of uniform heavy humidity. They are especially abundant and important in those elevated regions which have a heavy summer precipitation and are compara- tively dry the rest of the year. Bouteloua curtipendula is common in the eastern United States and B, hirsuta is prominent in portions of Florida. The writer's knowledge of South American species is based entirely upon a study of meager collections which do not warrant any con- clusion other than that the species appear to be more or less com- mon in the Cordillera region. A few species are of frequent occurrence in portions of the West Indies and other continental islands. 348 CONTRIBUTIONS FROM THE NATIONAL HERBARIUM. ILLUSTRATIVE MATERIAL. Field studies have brought together sufficient material in the group to warrant the distribution of a set of specimens illustrating the writer's conception of the species. These sets, so far as material is available, are deposited in the leading accessible consulting herbaria. A total of nine sets have been put up and deposited as follows: United States National Herbarium, Washington, I). C. Gray Herbarium, Cambridge, Maes. New York Botanical Garden, New York City. Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis, Mo. Field Museum of Natural History, Chicago, 111. University of California, Berkeley, Cal. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, England. Koniglicher Botanischer Garten, Dahlem-Steglitz bei Berlin, Germany. Mus6um d'Hiatoire Nature lie, Paris, France. Beginning on page 425 will be found a list of the species which are being thus distributed, together with designation of the sources of the material. The types of the new species here proposed arc con- tained in the set deposited in the United States National Herbarium at Washington. In some cases the numbers are distributed under other names than those of the text because they were arranged before the work on the text was completed. LIMITATION OF THE GENERA. The genus Bouteloua a was established by Mariano Lagasca iu Variedades de Ciencias, Literatura y Artes (Madrid) in 1805. So far as I am able to determine he has expressed in no way what species he considers typical of the genus, although an elaborate discus- sion is given of the characters and of the economic importance of the group as pasture grasses. Apparently the only way of fixing the type of the genus is to choose the first species listed. This method is as usual the most easily applied in fixing the generic type, and under the application of this rule the name Bouteloua will have to stand for the genus, however that genus is limited, containing the first species, Bouteloua racemosa Lag., which is clearly the same spe- cies as the earlier described Chloris curiipendula Miehx. Lagasca wrote another and more comprehensive treatise upon the same genus eleven years later, in which B. hirsuta is the first species listed and B, racemosa the last. In this treatise Lagasca again fails to indicate what he considers the type of his genus. However, the application to the 1805 paper of this arbitrary principle of priority of place is not here considered to be at all affected by the subsequent publication. ^ —i ■■ ■ i ■—— r»—■ m— ■ ■■ « a Originally this was written Botelua, although Lagasca states that it is dedicated to two Spanish gardeners, brothers, of the name of Boutelou. In a later paper (Gen. & Sp. Nov. 18IG) lie adopts the spelling used here. I GRIFFITHS—THE GRAMA GRASSES. 349 This is not the method followed in some of the recent literature of the grasses, and it is in no closer accord with recent practice than is the comprehension in one genus of all the species here included. Kunth ® was the first excessively to divide the group, and to some extent his work has been adopted by some recent authors. Others have contented themselves with adopting Kunth's genera as sub- genera or sections. Were I to divide the genus, however, the lines laid down by Kunth would have to be somewhat modified as has been done by Nash.6 Kunth includes in Dinebra Bouteloua curti- pendula and B. aristidoides as well as B. radicosa, B, repens, and B. chondrosioides, while for Aristida americana of Linnaeus, the West Indian representative of our B. filiformis, which is a variant very close indeed to that species, the monotypic genus Heterostega of Desvaux was adopted. The other monotypic genus, Polyodon H. B. K., should also, without doubt, be included with the radicosa-repens section of the genus to which Kunth applied the name Dinebra Jacq. Chondrosium on the contrary is better delimited and could stand on its merits without change better than the others. Although Kunth formally recognized all these genera it was against his best judgment that this was done. He specifically states that in his opinion these genera should be united. The disposition made here was decided upon before the opinion of Kunth was discovered. Ilis opinion0 corresponds very closely indeed with my own preference. There has been much difference of opinion as to the relationship of Cathestecum ever since it was established by Presl.d By Bentham and Ilooker it was placed in the Zoysieae along with Aegopogon, which closely resembles some species of Bouteloua and probably should stand closer to that genus than it is now placed. By Ilackel Cathestecum is included in the Festuceae. But the species of this genus in general aspect as well as in minuter details very closely resemble some species of Bouteloua. The resemblance in the field is so great that botanists usually refer their collections of Cathes- tecum to Bouteloua. The group differs from the remainder of the grama grasses in hav- ing 3 spikelets in the spike, in the reduction of the first glume in one or all of the spikelets, and in a tendency to multiplication of awns by division of the nerves of the lemma of the upper florets. «H. B. K. Nov. Gen. & Sp. 1:171-176. 1816. b Small, Fl, Southeast. U. S. 137.1903. CH. B. K. Nov. Gen. & Sp. 1:173.1816. The last paragraph on the page reads as follows: "Heterostega vix genus diatinctum, habitus Dinebrae, characters C'hon- drosii; genera Heteroetegae, Chondxoaii et Polyodon tie, ut mea fert opinio, valde artifieialia, et aptius generi Dinebrae conjungenda Bunt." dEel. Haenk. 1: 295. pi. 4%. 1830. 1 350 CONTRIBUTIONS FROM THE NATIONAL HERBARIUM. Pentarrhaphis, established by Kunth,® was based upon P. scabra, which remained practically unknown until Hackel and Scribner iden- tified it and added another species in 1890.6 Since the addition of this second species it is best separated from the other genera by its spikes of 2 spikelets, one of which is aborted in P. scabra. There appears to be no other character upon which it can be segregated. The monotypic genus Triaenac is separated by its spikes of a single spikelet. With it will naturally fall Boutebua unijiora when this character alone is considered, but the latter species is manifestly very closely related to B. curtipendtda. Indeed, it is quite probable that further collections may prove that the former is simply an unusual form of the latter. BIBLIOGRAPHICAL NOTES. There has always been a question regarding some of Lagasca's names. Kunth's figures,d however, are recognizable by one who is familiar with the species. The examination of a large number of authentic specimens has elucidated many obscure names, but there are a few more that, unless more evidence can be found, will always remain doubtful species. Cervantes's e names published under the genus Erucaria have been rejected almost in toto. It would be very desirable to refer these names properly, although it is not probable that they would seriously affect the synonymy. The next most difficult work to interpret is that of Fournior/ Fragments of specimens cited from European herbaria have assisted greatly in settling doubtful questions. The examination of a cited number, however, is not sufficient to identify Fournier's species, for different species are found at times under the same number in different a In II. B. K. Nov. Gen. & Sp. 1:178. pi. 60. 1810. &ISull. Torrey Club 17: 233. pi. 10S. 1890. «n. B. K. Nov. Gen. & Sp. 1: 178. 1816. H. B. K. Nov. Gen. & Sp. 1: pi. 51-60. 1816. « La Naturaleza 1; 347. 1870. / Mex. PI. 2:1881. There is a difference of opinion about the proper date to cite for this work. It eeems desirable to bring together here the available facts which appear to be as follows: 1. Fournier read a paper before the Academy of Sciences of Paris, June 10,1878, in which he stated that this work was completed and in which he gave data regarding the distribution and number of species. (Compt, Rend. Aead. Sei. (Paris) 86: 14-11. 1878.) 2. Bentham received in 1881 a copy marked "proof sheets" (nee Hitchcock and Chase, Contr. Nat. Herb. IS: 49. 1910) with neither index nor title page. (Journ. Linn. Soc. Bot. 19: 14-134.1881.) 3. Hackel also received a copy of the work excluding title page and terminating with page 144 (18 sheets) in 1881. GRIFFITHS—THE GRAMA GRASSES. 351 herbaria. The specimens in the herbarium of the Museum of Paris must be taken as the basis of his work, but some of the numbers cited have not been found there and a few have not yet been found else- where. DESCRIPTION OF THE GENERA AND SPECIES, THE BOUTELOUAE. Plants annual or perennial, cespitose or Btoloniferous, with spikes one to many, mostly several to many, arranged in unilateral racemes, the spikelets mostly nearly sessile in two rows on a flattened rachis which may be simple or forked distally, but so twisted upon their very short peduncles as to appear more or less unilateral espe- cially when young; spikelets mostly 2-flowered, one of the florets rudimentary, in some cases an additional 1 to 3 rudiments; lemmas 3-nerved, 3-awned, with a 2-nerved mostly ehorter-awned palet. KEY TO THE GENERA AND SPECIES. Spikes consisting of less than 3 spikelets (except in B. unifiora). Spikes consisting of 1 spikelet; rudimentary spikelet trifid. (Triaena, p. 354.) Spikes consisting of 2 spikelets, both perfect or 1 rudi- mentary. (Pentarrhaphis, p. 355.) One spikelet rudimentary, represented by 2 seta? only 1. P. seabra. Both spikelets fully developed 2. P. polymorpka. Spikes consisting of 3 or more spikelets. Spikes consisting of 3 spikelets. (Cathestecum, p. 358.) Plants annual . 1. C. prostratum. 4. Bentham states (loc. cit.) that he is bound to treat it as having taken date, and Hackel used it in the preparation of his part of the grasses in Mar title's Flora of Brazil, published July 1,1883. (Bot. Centralb. 28 : 232.1886.) 5. Hemsley (Biol. Centr. Amer. Bot. 3: November, 1885) cites it freely and to the end of the grass volume from the Bentham copy. 6. The copies of Bentham and of Hackel were not galleys nor even page proofs in the ordinary sense, but the signatures in sheets as they came from the press. In other wortis, the work had taken form and was printed in 1881. 7. Hackel did not receive the index until 1886, although he applied to the printing office for it in 1884. He thinks that the title page was received with the index. (Letter to Hitchcock, Aug. 8,1906.) Dr. Bamhart in response to a request for an opinion has, after reviewing the facts, summed up the matter as follows: "(1) Most grass specialists were able to consult Fournier's work from 1881. (2) They regarded it as published (not in a trade sense, but from a botanical standpoint), and cited it accordingly. (3) If we do not accept 1881 as the date, we open the question, in the case of each Fournier name that found its way deviously into botanical literature between 1881 and 1886, whether it was ade- quately published or not. (4) We have enough questions relating to the adequacy of publication of plant names without needlessly burdening ourselves with such a large number of others. On the whole, therefore, I strongly favor 1881." 9368°—12 2 352 CONTRIBUTIONS FROM TlTli NATIONAL HERBARIUM Plants perennial. Plants cespitose 2. vmUijldum, Plants stoloniferous. Spikes dimorphous; sterile lemma cleft lose than half way 3. C.cmium. Spikes not dimorphous; sterile lemma cleft nearly to the base I ( stolouiferum. Spikes consisting of more than 3 spikelcts. (But in- eluding B. uniflora, which has but J spikelet.) (Bouteloua, p. 363.) Spikelcts pectinately arranged at maturity (Suhgenus Chondhosium). Spikes normally less than 4. Spike 1. Plants annual. Spikes comparatively nurn iw. (Xor! h American) I. It. procumbens. Spikes comparatively wide. (South American) 2. It. simplex. Plants perennial. Stoloniferous 3. H. sioloni/era. Cespitose t. B. scorpioides. Spikes normally 2, often J or 3, or even 4, seldom more than 4. Glumes tuberrulate; rachis prolonged beyond the spikeletK as a naked point..3 Intern odes liirsute-villous 5. ft. kirticuhtu's. Internodes not hirsute-villous (i. H. hirsuta. Glumes not tuberculaU*; rachis not pro- longed . Culms annual 7. H. ffiarUia. Culms in part perennial. Culms erect-branching S. B. breriseta. Culms geniculate-b ranching ;i. It. ramosa. Spikes normally l or more. Glumes hairy-villous 10. B. parnji. Glumes not hairy-vi Hons. Plants annual. Awns of fertile lemma comparatively short J I. ]}, barbultt. Awns of fertile lemma comparatively long 12. B. (irrnoisn. Plants perennial. Low, 10 to 30 em. high. Rudiment, naked 13. B. innii. Rudiment hairy-tufted 14. B. sonarac. Larger plants 30 to 50 cm. high. Culms villous; stolouilernus 35. B, eriopntb. Culms not villous; cespitose. Base delicate.. Ifi, B. wthrarkti. Base strong, harsh, scaly, rliixomatous 17, B. karmmhi. a Forms of B. gracilia have tuberculale glumes, but never a prolonged raehis. GRIFFITHS—THE GBAMA GRASSES. 353 Spikelets not pectinately arranged.0 (Subgenus Atheropogon.) Spikes of 1 spikelet 35. B, uniflora. Spikes of more than 1 spikelet. Plants annual. Leaves and sheaths tuberculate-hairy 18. B. alamosana. Leaves and sheaths not tuberculate- hairy 19. B. aristidoides. Plants perennial. Sheaths densely hairy 20. B. pringld. Sheaths not densely hairy. Glumes densely hairy. Sterile lemma trifid, long-awned. 21. B. chondrosioides. Sterile florets two or three, with well developed lemmas (variable) 22. B. cludem. Glumes not densely hairy. (See continuation.) (Continual ion.) Sterile florets distinctly 2 or more. Plants stoloniferous 23. B. megapotamica. Plants cespitose. Plants low, hairy 24. B. texana. Plants tall, smooth . 25. B. lophostachya. Sterile floret 1 or with additional rudimentary one. Second floret trifid and naked, not glumaceous. Lateral awns short. Proximal spikelets not rudimentary 20. B. acuminata. Proximal spikelets rudimentary 27. B. vaneedeni. Lateral awns nearly as long as central one. 28. B. (tmericana. Second floret glumaceous. Second floret mostly perfect, the first sterile. Plants smooth 29. B. repens. Plants more or less prominently papillose-hairy. Spikes and spikelets alike (Continental Amer- ica). Plants stout with harsh rhizomatous base. 30. B. radicosa. Plants more delicate, cespitose or genicu- late 31. B. jiliformit. Spikes and spikelets very variable (West Indies) 32. B, heterostega. Second floret sterile, the first fertile. Spikes about 12 33. B. disticha. Spikes more numerous. Spikelet with rudiment of a third floret 34. B. pilosa. Spikelet with no rudiment of a third floret 36. B. curtipendula. ° Immature forms of several species belonging here are likely to be looked for under Chondroeium. 354 CONTRIBUTIONS FROM THE NATIONAL HERBARIUM TRIAENA H. B. E. Triaena H. B. K. Nov. Gen. & Sp. 1: 178. 1816. A monotypic genus based upon T. racemosa. Inflorescence linear, racemose, the spikes arranged in two rows on opposite sides of a flattened axis but bo twisted upon their short delicate peduncles as to appear unilateral; spikes consisting of a single 2-flowered spikelet and a prolonged rachie, the lower floret perfect, the upper reduced to a 3-awned rudiment. 1. Triaena juncea (Desv.). Triathera juncea Desv.; Beanv. Ess. Agrost . 40. pi. 9.f. 4■ 1812. Beauvois's figures, although diagrammatic, appear to me well to characterize the plant. Desvaux" distinguishes this from his T. americana which is Arvttida amerirana L. Triaena racemosa H. B. K. Nov. Gen. & Sp. 1: 179. pi. 61. 1816. Easily identified from the figures and description. See also Roem. & Schult. Syst. Veg. 2:421. 1817. Eutriana triaena Trin. Gram. Unifl. 239. 1824. Based upon Triaena racemosa H. B. K. Atheropogon triaena Spreng. Syst. Veg. 1: 293. 1825. Based upon Triaena racemosa H. B. K. Atheropogon domingensis Spreng. Syst. Veg. 1: 293. 1825. Based upon Tri- athera juncea Desv. Dineba crvstata Presl, Rel. Hacnk. 1: 293. 1830. The type, in the Bohemian National Museum at Prague, has been examined. Triathera racemosa Desv. Opusc. 72. 1831. Based on Triaena racemosa II. B. K. See also Roem. & Schult. Syst. Veg. 2: 421. 1817; Fourn. Mex. PI. 2 : 141. 1881. Eutriana? cristata Kunth, Enum. PI. 1:281.1833. Based upon Dineba cristala Presl. Triathera gracilis Fourn. Mex. PI. 2: 141. 1881. I have no hesitancy in referring this to Triaena juncea, although Foumier says distinctly that his plant is not Triaena racemosa II. B. K. Foumier cites il Eutriana racemosa Trin. Msc. in Herb. Petrop." as a synonym. All specimens ho named by Trinius belong to Bouteloua curtipendula. The first specimen cited by Foumier is Berlandier's no, 1016 from Cucrnavaca, Mexico. This number in the herbarium of the Museum at Paris, as well as in the herbarium at Vienna, belongs here without doubt. The latter is labeled Eutriana racemosa Trin. (See Eutriana racemosa Trin.) Bouteloua triaena Scribn. Proc. A cad. Phi la. 1891; 307. /. 2.h 1891. Based upon Triaena racemosa H. B. K. See also Bull. Torrey Club 18: 314. 1891. DESCRIPTION. A cespitose, erect, sparingly hairy perennial, forming strong, conspicuous bunches among other grasses or more rarely continuous pure growths approaching a rough, bunchy turf; culms sparingly branched, erect or when luxuriant geniculatc, 40 to 50 cm. high; sheaths rather close, striate, covered with long, scattered, papillose hairs, these more numerous in plants of exposed places; blades narrow, comparatively short, the lower about 7 cm., the upper 5 cm. long, erect, acuminate, rigid, involute, smooth save for the regularly arranged, marginal, papillose hairs; panicle slender, racemose, 7 to 10 cm. long, the spikes bilateral but usually so curved on their peduncles as to appear unilateral; spikes variable in number, 20 to 70, about 7 mm, long at an thesis but becoming 10 to 12 mm. long by the development of the awns of the rudiment, « Journ. de Bot. 1: (>7. 1813. b In Beal's Grasses of North America (2: 427. 1896) this figure is incorrectly trans- ferred to B. texana. GRIFFITHS—THE GRAMA GRASSES. 355 consisting of one epikelet, the rachis prolonged 1 to 2 mm. beyond; epikelet 2-flowered, the lower floret perfect, the upper reduced to a 3-awned rudiment; glumes minutely hispidulous on the keel, acuminate, the first 2 to 3 mm., the second 4 to 5 mm. long, very short-awned or merely acuminate; lemma ovate, indistinctly 3-nerved, especially below, 3-toothed at the apex, rarely awned; palet 2-nerved with 2 short awns at the apex; rudiment consisting of 3 sca- brous awns about 7 mm. long, upon a naked stipe 3 mm. long; caryopsis not seen. (Figure 19.) This species is common upon the highlands of central Mexico, espe- cially from Hidalgo to Oaxaca, and extends far into Guerrero and west- ern Jalisco. It is well represented in herbaria by Pringle 7482, 870, and 9573, and Nelson 1842, which are typical. Miguel Bang's no, 1307 in Plantae Bolivianae, from Sorata, Bolivia (distributed by Britton and Busby), and Schop's no. 740 are both immature. The latter probably be- longs here, but the former is doubt- fully referred to this species. HERBARIUM SPECIMENS. Mexico : Pringle 9573, El Salto; 8708, near Jojutla; 4792, Los Sedas, Oaxaca. Nelson 1842, Domin- guillo; 1542, Valley of Oaxaca. Conzatti & Gonzalez 265, Los Sedas. Schott 740, Yucatan. PENTARRH A PHIS H. B. K. Pentarrhapkis H. B. K. Nov. Gen. & Sp. 1:177. pi. 60.1816, A mono- typic genus based upon P. scabra. Polyschistis Presl, Bel. Haenk. 1: 294. pi. 41. f-12-18.1830. Based upon P. paupercula. S trom bodurus W illd.; Steud. N om. Bot. ed. 2, 2:299. 1841. This is listed as a synonym of Pen tar- rhaphis, and the single species S. gracilis Willd. is referred (page 647) to Pentarrhapkis scabra H, B. K. (The initial letter of the latter generic name is misprinted "D".) Species with small, woolly spikes consisting of 2 spikelets, one of these sometimes aborted, approximate on a rachis ending in a forked or bifid prolongation; first glume of each epikelet reduced to scarcely more than a straight awn; these together with the bifid rachis appearing like a cluster of awns at the base of the epikelet; spikelets 2-flowered. Fig. 19.— Triaena jtincea. a, Spikelet; 5, c, lemma and palet of first floret; d, rudiment, a, Scale 5; ft-d, scale 10. From Griffith* 8122. 356 CONTRIBUTIONS FROM THE NATIONAL, HERBARIUM 1. Pentarrhaphis scabra H, B. K. Pentarrhaphis scabra H. B. K. Nov. Gen. & Sp. 1:178. pi. t><). I8l(i. Authentic material has not been found, but the figures arts good and leave no room for doubt aB to the identity of the species. See also Bull. Torrey Club 17 : 233. pi. 108. 1890. Atheropogon pentarrhaphis Spreng. Syst. Teg. 1: 294. 1825. Based upon Pen- tarrhaphis scabra II. B. K. Eutriana pentarrhaphis Trin. Gram. Unifl. 239. 1824. Based upon Pentarrhaphis tcabra II. B. K. Polyschistis paupercula Presl,a Rel. Haenk. 1: 294. pi. Al.f. 12-18. 1830. The gures and description identify the plant. DESCRIPTION. An erect, cespitose perennial about 30 cm. high; culms erect, commonly branched from the upper nodes; slieaths loose, etriate, the ligule a short, dense fringe of white Fig. 20—Pentarrhaphis scabra. a, Spike; 6, c, lemma and polet of first floret; d, e, lemma and pa let of second floret, a, Scale 5; b-e, scale 10. From Hcyde & hut 4669. hairs; blades mostly radical, rather harsh, rigid, very slightly scabrous on the margin, the lower 4 to 5 cm. long, the upper reduced to 2 cm. long or less; panicle racemose, loose, 4 to o cm. long, the raehia zigzag; spikes about 12, small, 8 mm. long, including the awns, consisting of one perfect, 2-flowered spikelet. and a cluster of awns below; cluster of awns consisting of 5 parts, 2 of these united below, representing the con- tinuation of the rachis, one slightly expanded, representing the first glume of the perfect spikelet, the other two representing the aborted lower spikelet, all of these, together with the upper glume, densely white-hairy; lemma of the first floret, includ- ing awns, about 6 mm. long and of the second floret about 7 mm, long, both sparingly hairy, the upper coriaceous; palet slightly scabrous on the nerves, convolute, nearly 3 mm. long, scarcely awned; caryopsis not seen. (Figure 20.) a This is from tropical America instead of the Island of Luzon, as stated by Pre?]. See Merrill's opinion in the Philippine Journal of Science (1: 380. 1900). GRIFFITHS—THE GRAMA GRASSES, 357 HERBARIUM SPECIMENS. Mexico: Nelson 2940, Chiapas. Guatemala; Heyde Lux 423, Santa Rosa. 2. Pentarrhaphis polymorpha (Fourn.). Atheropogon polymorphus Fourn. Mex. PI. 2: 141. 1881. A few spikes of the type before me identify thia plant perfectly. Fournier had smaller plants, however, than any in the IT. S. National Herbarium, aa indicated by a photograph of the speci- mens in the herbarium of the Museum at Paris. Boutelona fowrneriana Vasey; Wats. Proe. Amer. Acad. 22: 461. 1887. A name only. Pentarrhapkisfourn.criana Hack. & Scribn. Bull. Torrey Club 17: 229. pi. 107, 108. 1S90. Pringle's no. 2559 in U. S. National Herbarium is a duplicate of the type. Pentarrhaphis gcviinala Hack. & Scribn. Bull. Torrey Club 17 : 230. 1890, A name only. DESCRIPTION . An erect, smooth, cespitose perennial, about 30 em. high, with the habit of well- developed plants of B, trinii, but larger throughout; culms mostly erect, but in some Fig. 2\>— Pmlarrltaphte polymorpha. a, Spike displayed; b, ct lemma and palet of first floret; d, er lemma and pulet t>f second floret* Rcalc 5; b-ef scale T,o. From Fringle 2559. specimens inclined to be slightly geniculate; upper blades sparse, flat, and short, the lower more abundant and longer, a to 10 cm. long and about 1 mm. wide, bearing a few minute, scattered hairs on both surfaces; sheaths striatc, smooth, narrow, the ligule reduced to a ciliate fringe; panicle racemose, the rachis wavy or zigzag; apikes 4 to 8, triangular, 6 to 10 mm. long, purplish in all the specimens at hand; epikelets with backs together, 2 flowered, the lower floret pistillate, the upper Btaminate, with a bifid or undivided awn-like rudiment of a third; glumes narrow, the lower reduced to little more than an awn about 4 mm. long, the upper wider, keeled, notched above, 5 to 6 mm. long; lemma 5 to 6 mm. long, including the 3 nearly equal awns, the glumes and lower lemma covered with white hairn 1 mm. long; pa let 3 to 4 mm. long, deeply 358 CONTRIBUTIONS PROM THE NATIONAL HERBARIUM cleft and bearing 2 short awns; palet and upper floret smooth; behind the palet of the upper floret, a short awn, 1 mm. long, the prolongation of the rachilla; caryopsis not seen. {Figure 21.) The species haa not often been collected. In the TJ. S. National Herbarium, Prin- gle 2559, 11242, 5398, and Palmer 200, all from the State of Jalisco, Mexico, are repre- sentative. Palmer ha.-? also collected it near Durango, Mexico. Rose's no. 1621, Sinaloa, and Rose & Hough 4775, Jalisco, are typical. Fig, 22t— Cathestecum prostratum* Sheath with inflorescence protruding, showing two spikes, one with 3 spikelets, the other with the lower pair of spikelets aborted; b, up- permost spikelet; ct d, !emmu and palet of first floret; lemma and palet of second floret; 0, h, lemma and palet of third floret; if lemma of fourth floret; j, one of lower pair of spikelets; kf lf lemma and palet of first floret; mf nt lemma and palet of second floret* a, Scale 5; b~n, scale 7.5, Fr m type specimen. CATHESTECTJM Presl. Cathestecum Presl, Rel. Haenk. 1: 294. pi. 4~}. 1830. Based upon C. prostratum. Bentham and Hookera write the name "Cathestechum." Inflorescence racemose, with 4 to many spikes, each consisting of 3 approximate spikelets, the first glume of each spikelet, or at least of the terminal one, more or less reduced, commonly to a nerveless fimbriate scale, the lemmas of the upper florets showing a tendency toward branching, or sometimes an actual multiplication of nerves and awns by division of the typical lateral nerves. - - - - - - ' ' — .. . —^ « Gen. PI. 3: 1122. 1883. GRIFFITHS—THE GRAMA GRASSES 359 1. C&thestecum prostratum Presl. Cathestecum prostratum, Presl, Rel. Haenk. 1: 295. pi. 1830; Steud. Sya. PI. Glum, 1: 201, 1854; Fourn. Mex. PI. 2: 133. 1881; Hemsl. Biol. Centr. Amer. Bot, 3: 517. 1885. The following set of characters is drawn from a panicle of the type before me: Spikes 4 to 6, small, about 2.5 mm. wide and 4 mm. long, or, including the awns of the upper spikelets, 8 mm. long, the rachis prolonged into a bifid awn 2 mm. long, the lower pair of spikelets always aborted and often reduced to little more than the glumes, always short-awned; third spikelet, 2 flowered, with a rudi- mentary third floret, the firat floret pistillate; glumes narrow, awned, densely hairy, the first one of the third floret reduced to a blunt, comparatively wide, nerveless scale less than 1 mm. in length; lemma of third spikelet about 4 mm. long, including the slightly unequal awns, slightly hairy above, with subulate acute lobes; palet Fig. 23.—OithegUcum prostratum. aT Spike; ft, uppermost spikelet and prolongation of rachis; c, d, lemma and palet of first floret; e, f, lemma and palet of second floret; g, A, lemma and palet of third floret with prolongation of rachilla attached; f, one of lower pair of spikelets;}, k, lemma and palet of first floret; I, m, lemma and palet of second floret, a, Scale 5; b-m, scale 7.5, From Pringle 8707. 2-nerved, with edges incurved, scarcely awned; lemmas of second floret and rudi- ment of third, with longer, more prominently hirsute awns and rounded, very deeply divided lobes. DESCRIPTION, A tufted annual, about 20 cm. high; culms variable, erect, geniculate or half- prostrate, branching at the nodes; sheaths loosely inclosing the main culm and its branches, the ligule reduced to a delicate fringe of flexuous, white hairs; blades few, short, 3 to 5 cm. long, 1.5 mm. wide, the upper subulate, about 1 cm. long; panicle loosely racemose, with a zigzag flattened axis about 3 cm. long; spikes 4 to 8, trian- gular rhomboidal, about 8 mm. long; lower or lateral spikelets about 4 mm, long, the central or upper one about 6 mm. long, the two lateral 2-flowered and apparently both always staminate, the upper central spikelet consisting of one lower pistillate and two upper staminate florets and a club-shaped or bifurcated prolongation of the rachilla, about 1 mm. long, behind the palet of the third floret; second glume of each 360 CONTRIBUTIONS FROM THE NATIONAL HERBARIUM spikelet densely covered with long straight hairs, that of rurli lateral spikelet about 3 mm. and of the upper one about 4 mm. long, the first glume of each literal spikelet lesa hairy and only 2 mm. long, that of the upper spikelet reducer? to n broiwl fan- shaped, nerveless scale scarcely 1 mm. in length; lemmas of (lie lower spikelet s sparsely short-hairy, coriaceous, 2 to 3 mm. long, short-awned; palels convolute, 2- uerved, slightly scabrous at the tip, not awned; awns of palet of third spikolet about 2 mm. long and more scabrous, the parts of the third florei much reduced; earyopsis not seen. (Figures 22. 23.) The above description is drawn from Pringle's no H707. upon which the large spikes are by far the most abundant, but upon the fame specimens there are other spikes which are the same as those of the type. The Haenkc specimen is uniform in having small spikes with the lateral spikeleta more or less aborted. The Pringle specimen, on the contrary, shows the species to be dimorphic. Founder refers one of Schaffner's specimens without locality to this species, but I have seen only the fragment of the type mentioned above and Pritujk 87(17, collected on limestone hills near Jojutla. Morelos, Mexico. It is more than likely that the description will have to be modified somewhat in the future, for all specimens seen are immature. 2. Cathestecum mul- tifldum sp. n ov. INSCRIPTION. A delicate, upright, hairy, cespitose peren- nial, about 40 cm. high; culms erect, delicate, simple; sheaths striate, close, wit.h a few scat- tered hairs above; ligule a fringe of a few long white hai rs; bl ados a b ui t- dant below, fliif, long and narrow, 10 to 15 cm, long, a trifle over 1 mm. wide, the upper reduced, thinly beset with long, straight or flexuous, white hairs, 2 to 3 mm. long, arising from papilhe; panicle racemose, 5 to 6 cm. long, on a zigzag axis; spikes about 15, small, 4 to 5 mm. long over all, roughly triangular in outline, (he rachis prolonged as a barbed, simple or bifid awn, usually loss than 2 mm. long, with or without a very small winged expansion on one side; lateral spikelets 2-flowered, the rachiHa prolonged into a blunt or bifid awn behind the palet of the second floret, or often the upper floret aborted and reduced to a bunch of awns upon a naked stipe; central spikclet 2 flowered, with a well-dewl- oped third floret consisting of (> to 10 expanded awns on a naked stipe; glumes pubes- cent, narrow, acuminate or short-awned, the first about 2 mm. long, the upper about 3 mm. long; lemma of the lower floret about 2..5 mm. long overall, bearinga few scattered hairs, 3-nerved,3-awned, the awns very short; palet plicate, about 2.5 mm. long, scarcely awned; lemma of the second floret becoming 5 to 7-awnod by the splitting of each of the normal lateral nerves into 2 or 3, 3 to 5 mm. long; lower floret of upper spike- let apparently pistillate only, the others staminate; caryopsisnot seen. (Fn;i;itK 24.) The type of this species was collected by myself at Iguala, Mexico, September 0, 1909. It was later collected at Oaxaca, Mexico, by Hitchcock (no. 6ltM). It is an Fig. 24.- Cathfsfffu m maItifidum. a, Spike; b, uppermost a pikelet; e, d. lemma and palet of first Iloret; c, f, lemmas of second and third florets; ff, h, two views of earyopsis; i,one of lower puir of spikelots; j, k, lemma and palet of lower floret, a, Scale b-f, scale 7..r>; g-i, scale 10; j, k, scale 7.5. From type specimen. GRIFFITHS—THE GRAMA GRASSES. 361 abundant and conspicuous plant, easily recognized by its long, delicate, graceful culms, small spikes, tufted habit and narrow, flat, hairy, abundant leafage. In minuter details it differs from all other species of the genus in having the lateral awns of the lemmas of the second floret split into 2, making a -well-developed 5-awned lemma, while the lower florets are typically 3-awned, and the lateral awns of the lemma of the third floret and rarely of the second also are split into 3, making it 7-awned and 7-nerved. It is very probable that this characterization will have to be modified wheif mature material becomes available, for the above collections are of plants in bloom only. 3. Cathestecum erectum Vasey & Hack. Cathestecum erectum Vasey & Hack. Bull. Torrey Club 11: 37. pi. 45. 1884. The Havard specimens from Presidio County, western Texas, no. 30,1881, and no. 2, 1883, are in the IT. S. National Herbarium, together with the Palmer specimen from Sonora, Mexico, 1869, which is the first mentioned. There is a note on Havard 'a no. 30 in Fiq. 25.—Cathestecum erectum. a, t>, Short and long-awned forma of spikelet; c, uppermost spikelet of a; d, e, lemma and palet of first floret; /, g, lemma and paint of second floret; ft, i, lemma and palet of third floret; j, fc, two views of caryopsis. lemma and palet of first floret; e, rudi- entirely different. One-spiked forms of B. ment- a> Sca'6 ^ scal° ^ c~(>scul<; 1,J- *roiri ... ,, „ , Griffiths S527. graciiis are not at all uncommon, buch forms might easily be confused with B. scorpioides by one who had never seen the latter in the field. The range of B, scorpioides, however, is apparently limited to the high plateau of central Mexico. One-spiked forms that have been examined from northern Mexico or the United States can not be referred to this species. When Pringle's no. 8820, from Zontecomato Station, Hidalgo, Mexico, was first seen it was thought that it was a distinct species. Pittier's no. 422, from the State of Fig. 31 — Bouteloua scorpio- ides. a7 Spikelet; 6, c, lem- ma and palet of first floret; dy rudimentary lemma and palet of second floret; /, rudiment of third floret. at Scale 5; b-f, scale 7.5. From Pringle 8820- GRIFFITHS—THE GRAMA GRASSES. 371 * Puebla, and Lloyd 105, from Hacienda de la Cedros were placed with the Pringle col- lection. Later collections by myself, however, from the Valley of Mexico connect the small, narrow-leaved plants represented by Pringle 8820, with my large, compar- atively wide-leaved plant from Encinillas. The species appears to vary from the large plant described above to a diminutive plant often not over 7 or 8 cm. high, having narrow, rather rigid, mostly radical leaves. The smaller forms resemble B. procumbent except that they are perennial, while the larger ones look more like single- spiked plants of B. gracUis. The species has been collected at various places from northern Zacatecas to Orizaba and is especially abundant in the Valley of Mexico although not at all common in collections. Doubtless the common form of the Valley of Mexico may be found included with B. procumbens in some herbaria. 5. Bouteloua hirticuimis Scribn. Bouteloua hirticuimis Scribn. U. S. Dept. Agr. Div. Agrost, Circ. 30 : 4. 1901. The type is T. S. Brandegee's do. 11, collected September 29, 1899, at Sierra de San Francisquito, Lower California. DESCRIPTION. A cespitose, erect, stout perennial, about 60 cm. high; culms simple, densely hirsute-pubescent below but naked above; sheaths short, striate, glabrous or with a few scattered hairs; ligule conspicuously ciliate-hairy; blades 10 to 20 cm. long, flat, minutely scabrous, tubercular-hairy near base; spikes 2 or 3, apparently normally 2, about 5 cm. long, upon short, curved, woolly peduncles, the rachis projecting 1 to 2 cm. beyond the distal spikclets; spikelets pectinate, numerous, 50 to 60, about 6 mm. long; glumes lanceolate, subulate-pointed, pubescent, the first 2.5 to 3 mm. long, the second 5 to 5.5 mm. long, the latter bearing upon the dorsal surface long papillose hairs, 1 to 3 mm. in length, much like those of B. hirsuta; lemma 3-lobed, with short awns from the 3 nerves, the central lobe 1 to 1.5 mm. longer than the lateral pair, hairy, especially on the nerves; palet 2-nerved, awnless, glabrous, narrowly ovate, 4 to 5 mm. long; rudi- ment consisting of 3 scabrous awns, 3 to 4 mm, long, expanded and scale-like below, the central slightly the longest, interspersed with 2 or 3 scales on a naked stipe 1 to 1.5 mm. long, bearing a few hairs at its apex; caryopsis not known. (Figure 33.) This can be looked upon as a robust, hirsute, hairy-culmed form of B. hirsuta. Its tuberculate-hairy second glume and woolly culms are its distinguishing characteristics. Palmer's no. 201, and Nelson's no. 1259 are typical. Nelson's no. 3121 (Roadside between Tuxtla and San Cristobal, Chiapas, Mexico, September, 1895, in U. S. National Herbarium) includes B. hirsuta and B. hirticuimis mounted on the same sheet, indicating that the collector considered them the same species and probably Fio. 33.—Bouteloua hirticuimis. a, S pikelet; 6,c, lemma and palut. of first floret; d, rudiment, n. Scale 7.5; b-d, scale 10. From type specimen. 372 CONTRIBUTIONS FROM THE NATIONAL HERBARIUM found them growing intermixed. This still further goes to prove the close relationship of the two species and really throws a doubt upon the validity of B. hirticulmis, My own collection from western Jalisco illustrates the same close relationship. Indeed, frequent gradations may be found between this and B. hirsuta in the mountains north- west of Guadalajara. In the vicinity of Aguaacalientes the species has less hairy culms, as shown by some of my own distributions. Further collections from the Pacific coast of Mexico, from Lower California to the Isthmus are necessary. HERBARIUM SPECIMENS. Mexico, Brandegee, El Tase, Lower California. Nelson 3121 (in par I), Chiapas; 1259, Valley of Oaxaca. Paltrier 201, Rio Blanco, Jalisco. 0. Bouteloua hirsuta Lag. Bouteloua hirsuta Lag. Var. Cienc. 24:141. 1805. My interpretation of this is based upon the description and upon a specimen sent by Lagasca to Munich in 1820. A specimen in the herbarium of the Madrid Botanical Garden marked B. hirsuta in Lagasca's hand has both B. hirsuta and B. gracilis on the same sheet. This, however, is not the type, for that was burned in Lagasca's first herbarium. The spike of B. hirsuta from this specimen before me is very large and represents the largest of our southern forms of thin species. The Munich and Madrid specimens appear to be from the same collection. See also U. S. Dept. Agr. Div. Bot. Bull. 12 pi. 39. f. 1-8. 1890; Britt. & Brown, Illust. Fl. 1:180./. 41L 1896; U. S. Dept. Agr. Div. Agrost. 7 : 223./. 205. 1897. Bouteloua hirta "H. R. M,"« Lag. Var. Cienc. 24: 141. 1805. A garden name mentioned as a synonym of Bouteloua hirsuta; B. hirta Scribn.b is based on Chon- drosium hirtum H. B. K. Chondrosium hirtum H. B. K. Nov. Gen. & Sp. 1:176. pi. 69. 1816. The plate identifies this without doubt, although the species normally bears 2 to 4 spikes, not one spike as figured and described. Actinochloa hirsuta Roem. & Schult. Syst. Veg. 3: 419. 1817. Based upon Bou- teloua hirsuta Lag. Eutriana hirta Trin. Gram. Unifl. 240.1824. Based upon Actinochloa hirsuta Roem. & Schult. Atheropogon hirtus Spreng, Syst. Veg. 1: 293. 1825. Based upon Chondrosium hirtum II. B. K. Chondrosium hirsutum Sweet, Hort. Brit. 1: 455. 1826. A name only. Atheropogon papillosus Engelm. Amer. Journ. Sci. 46: 104. 1843. The descrip- tion is sufficient to identify this. The type, in the Engelmann Herbarium, is Geyer's specimen collected near Beardstown, Illinois, in 1842. A specimen so named cor- responding to this description in the Gray Herbarium further identifies it. This is mounted on the same sheet as Mead's specimen from Mason County, Illinois, collected August 25, 1845, Chondrosium asckenbornianum Nees, Linnaea 19 : 692. 1847. The type is Aschen- born Exaic. no. 331. The specimen of this in Willdenow's herbarium is Bouteloua hirsuta. Foumier has listed many numbers from Mexican collectors under (his name but all others examined from whatever source are B. gracilis. As art illustration of the mix up, my notes on Bourgeau's no. 448 are interesting. In the National Herbarium B. gracilis and B. hirsuta are found under this number on the same sheet. In the Gray Herbarium, and the herbaria at Paris and at the St. Petersburg Botanical Garden, this number is B. gracilis, while a duplicate of the type in the Willdenow Herbarium is B, hirsuta. ®I. e., Hort us Regius Matritensis. & Contr. Nat. Herb. 2 : 531. 1894. GRIFFITHS—THE GRAMA GRASSES 373 Chondrosium foenum Torr. in Emory, Mil. Reconn. 154. pi. 12. 1848. The plate is sufficient to identify this. Chondrosium. papillosum Torr. in Marcy, Expl. Red. Riv. 300. 1852. Based upon Atheropogon papilloam Engelm. Bouteloua foena Torr. Cat. PI. Surv. W. 100th Merid. 18. 1874. Based upon Chon- drosium foenum Torr. Chondrosium druimnondii Founi. Mex. PI. 2: 137.1881. The type number (Drurn- mond 323) in the herbarium of the Museum at Paris and in the herbarium of the St. Petersburg Botanical Garden belong to this species, but the prolongation of the rachie is rather short in the fragments before me from both the above depositories. A photo- graph of the type taken for me by A. S. Hitchcock in 1907 represents the typical form of the species. Bouteloua aschenborniana Griseb.; Fourn. Alex. PI. 2: 137. 1881. A manuscript name mentioned as a synonym of Chondrosium aschenbomumum Nees. Bouteloua palmeri Vasey, Bull. Torrey Club 14 : 9. 1887. A name only. Vasey observes that this species, which was distributed to some extent under this name, is a variety of B, hirsuta. Bouteloua hirsuta minor Vasey, TJ. S. Dept. Agr. Div. Bot. Bull. 121: pi. 89. f. 2. 1890. See B. hirsuta major. The type of this variety appears to be a specimen col- lected in Texas, 1883, by S. B. Buckley. Bouteloua hirsuta major Vasey, U. S. Dept. Agr. Div. Bot. Bull. 12 1: pi. S9.f. S. 1891. The specimen in the National Herbarium locates Vaeey's work without doubt, although the label is not in Vasey }s writing. Bouteloua hirsuta palmeri Vasey; Beal, Grasses N. Amer. 2 : 417. 1896. Vasey eays a that this has been distributed as B. palmeri, but he refers it to B. hirsuta. The specimen in the National Herbarium plainly marked by Vasey "Cultivated from seed collected by Palmer in Mexico, 1886," fixes the type without any question. Watson & also uses this name. Bouteloua bolanderi Vasey; Beal, Grasses N. Amer. 2 : 417. 1896. Beal mentions this as a synonym under B. hirsuta variety palmeri. It is said to have been cultivated from seed collected by Palmer in Mexico in 1886. I have not been able to find in the National Herbarium any specimen marked B. bolanderi. Bouteloua hirta Scribn, Contr. Nat. Herb. 2 : 531. 1894. Based on Chondrosium hirtum H. B. K. Bouteloua hirta major Vasey, Contr. Nat. Herb. 2: 531.1894. Bouteloua hirta minor Vasey, Contr. Nat. Herb. 2 : 531. 1894. DESCRIPTION A cespitose, rigid, erect perennial of very variable habit, size, and general appear- ance, in the northern portion of the Great Plains forming a sod, but in the Southwest and in Mexico growing in isolated clumps, rather rigid and stout, with unbranched culms, smooth, striate, close sheaths, small, ciliate ligule, and flat, somewhat hispid, narrow blades, more numerous below than above; panicle racemose, 3 to 5 cm. long, bearing 1 to 4 spikes, normally 2 in the north but more commonly 3 or 4 in the south, 2,5 to 3.5 cm. long, with a projection of the rachis 5 to 8 mm. beyond the last spikeleta; spikelets numerous, 35 to 45, pectinate, consisting of a lower, fertile floret and an upper rudiment, glumes unequal, the first minutely hispid, about 3 mm. long, acuminate, the second acuminate, short-awned, about 6 mm. long, minutely hispid and conspicu- ously tuberculate-hairy; lemma 3-toothed, the central tooth terminating in a short, hispid awn slightly longer than the lateral teeth, these simply acuminate-pointed, conspicuously pubescent; paletoval, broadly pointed; rudiment consisting of 3 his- pid, equal awns, about 6 mm. long, and one or two small scales upon a stipe, 1 to 2 mm. a Bull. Torrey Club 14 : 9. 1887. &Proc. Amer. Acad. 22: 461. 1887. 374 CONTRIBUTIONS FBOM THE NATIONAL HERBARIUM long, the latter slightly pubescent above; caryopsis about 1.5 to 2 mm. long, 0.5 mm. wide, oval, more or less pointed at both ends, the scutellum covering nearly the entire ventral surface and the embryo extending nearly to the apex. (Figure 34.) The distribution of this species is very wide, from British Columbia southward through the continental highland and again at points along the Gulf coast in Florida. As in the case of B. gracilis the northern and southern forma differ widely in both habit and general aspect, the northern being shorter as a rule and showing a tendency to form a sod, while the southern is in the strictest sense a bunch grass. It reaches its best development upon stable, Bandy-loam soils and extends in New Mexico and Arizona into the upper foothills. The most abundant development that has been met Fig. 34.—Boutdoua ktrsuta. a> 8pikelet; &, c, lemma and polet of first floret; d, rudi- ment; et two views and cross section of curyopsis* a, Fcale T.,l; W, scale 12,5. From Griffiths 6I2S, with is in the sandy lands of the Texas-New Mexico line oa*t of Roswell and in foot- hills from Arizona south. In the former situation this and two or three aperies of Andropogon constitute about the only forage. It also grows almost to the exclusion of all else in localities upon the plateau of central Mexico, The species is well understood and seldom incorrectly named in collections. Its distinguishing characteristics are the prolongation of the rachis beyond the spikeleta, the tuberculate, hairy glumes, and the more or less papillose-hairy leaf margins. Seller 1878, Lemmon 3175 and 4073,1'ringle 409, and Palmer 1357 are typical, elem- ental no. 1 (Manitou, Colorado) and Rydberg's no. 1552 are 1-spiked forms which are common enough, but not so commonly collected. GRIFFITHS—THE GRAMA GRASSES. 375 HERBARIUM SPECIMENS. Arizona: Jones 540, Bowie. Lemmon 4639, 4637, and 4640, S. E. Arizona; 3175. Sulphur Spring Valley. MacDougal 616, Beaver Creek. Tourney 26, Prescott, Griffiths 1865, Dragoon Mountains; 1948, Pearce; 1809, Rincon Mountains; 3375 and 3371, Santa Rita Mountains. Griffiths & Thornber 26 and 222, Santa Rita Mountains. Hitchcock 3700, Patagonia; 3732, Benson. Colorado: Williams 2117, Colorado Springs. Rydberg 2360, Meadow Park. Hitch- cock 2270, Ouray. Florida: Simpson (December, 1891). Garber (November, 1878). Combs & Baker 1105, Orange County. Baker 33, Orange County, Illinois: Patterson 590, Oquawka. Wilcox 58, on Mississippi River; 41, Aurora; 63, Manito. Gleason 1003, Havana. Iowa: Ball 116, Ames. Kansas: Smyth 78, Greensburg. Shear 147 and 702, Osborne. Norton 908, Riley County. Thompson 125, Syracuse. Missouri: Bush 389a, Atchison County. Nebraska: Rydberg 1552, near Mullen. Morris 434a. Williams 3008, Weeping Water. Clements 2738, Pishelville. Elmer 133, Crete. New Mexico: Wooton 419 and 1098, Organ Mountains. Vasey 101, Organ Mountains. Metcalfe 754, Bear Mountains. Plank 19, Socorro. Greene 403, Silver City, Hitchcock 3790, Organ Mountains. Standley 4977, San Miguel County. Fendler 951 of 1847. South Dakota: Tkornber 242, Sioux Falls. Rydberg 1135, Hot Springs. Texas: Riggs 66, Marshall. Lindheimer 731 (Fasc. IV). Jermy 781, Gillespie County. Nealley 353 and 93, Santa Ana. Lettcrman, San Antonio (1882). Buck- ley (1881). Heller 1878, Kerrville. Reverchon 4216 and 1153, Dallas; 4, Comanehe Peak; 4089, Wood County. ''Bailey 740, Guadalupe Mountains; 393, Chisaa Moun- tains. Tracy 8205, Dallas; 8221, Colorado; 8213, Weatherford; 8214, Big Springs; 8205, Fort Worth. Ball 994 and 893, Chillicothe. Mexico: Conzatti 2013, State of Oaxaca. Schajfner 1018, San Luis Potosf; 158, Valley of Mexico. Pringle 409, Chihuahua; 11215, Tula. Wilkinson 347, Santa Eulalia Mountains. Brandegee 25, Cape Region, Lower California; 11, Sierra de Laguna, Lower California. Palmer 405, Saltillo; 807, Durango. Parry & Palmer §43, San Luis Potosf. Nelson 0246, Pachcco, Chihuahua. Rose 1904 and 3293, Territory of Tepic; 2588, State of Jalisco. 7. Bouteloua gracilis (II. B. K.) Lag. Actinochloa eiliata Willd.; Beau v. Ess. Agrost. 41. 1812. (See Chondrosium cilia- tum.) Chondrosium dliatum Willd.; Beauv. Ess. A groat. 158. 1812. Beauvoia lists this name in the index, basing it upon the above manuscript name of Willdenow. In Beauvois's personal copy of his Essai," he has written in the index in his own hand that this is C. gracilr. H. B. K. Chondrosium gracile II. B. K. Nov. Gen. & Sp. 1: 176. pi. 58. 1816. The cited plate and description, together with a specimen in Willdenow's herbarium, "ex herb. Hum- bold t ex herb. Kunth " leave no doubt in my mind that this is what in this country we have long called B. oligostackya. It is true that Kunth figures a single-spiked plant, which is the uncommon form. It is rather curious that Humboldt and Bonpland did not collect the more common form, but not nearly so curious as it would have been if they had not collected this widely distributed species at all. Kunth also figures a single-spiked form of B. kirsuta, though this is the less common form of that species. ° This copy is now in the library of the U. S. Department of Agriculture. 376 CONTRIBUTIONS FROM THE NATIONAL HERBARIUM. Actinockloa gracilis Willd.; Roem. & Schult. Syst. Veg. 2: 418. 1817. Based upon Chondrosium gracile H. B. K. Atheropogon oligostackyum Nutt. Gen. PI. 1: 78, 1818. Eutriana gracilis Trin. Gram. Unifl. 240. 1824. Based upon Adinockloa gracilis Willd. Atheropogon gracilis Sprang. Syst. Veg. 1: 293. 1825. Based upon Chondrosium gra- cile H. B. K. Eutriana? oligostackya Kunth, R6v. Gram. 1: 96. 1829. Based upon Atheropogon oligosiackyus Nutt. Bouteloua gracilis Lag.; Steud. Nom. Bot. ed. 2. 1: 219.1840. Based upon Chon- drosium gracile H. B. K. Chondrosium oligostackytim Torr. in Marcy, Expl. Red Riv. 300. 1852. Based upon Atheropogon oligostackyum Nutt. Bouteloua oligostachya Torr.; A. Gray, Man. ed. 2. 553. 1856, see also U. S. Dept. Agr. Div. Bot. Bull. 12 •: pi. 41.1890; Britt. & Brown, Illustr. Fl. 1 : 180./. 412. 1896; U. S. Dept. Agr. Div. Agrost. Bull. 7 : 222. /. 204. 1897 and op. cit. 20 : 106 /. 80.1900. Bouteloua oligostackya intermedia Vasey, Grasses U. S. 33. 1883. A name only. No specimen bo marked can be found in the National Herbarium. Bouteloua oligostackyaf major Vasey, Descr. Cat. Grasses U. S. 62. 1885; Dewey, Contr. Nat. Herb. 2 : 531. 1894; Beal, Graces N. Amer. 2: 418. 1890. Bouteloua major Vasey, Bull. Torrey Club 14 : 9. 1887. Vasey publishes a name only and refers to specimens previously distributed under it. He also states that this is a variety of B. oligostackya. The type is a specimen cultivated from eeed col- lected by Palmer in Chihuahua, Mexico, in 1886. Bouteloua stricta Vasey, Bull. Torrey Club 15 : 49. 1888. A very brief description is given; a fuller description is furnished later.3 The type is C. G. Nealley, without number, western Texas, 1887. The species commonly assumes in the southwest the form represented by Vasey's type. Bouteloua oligostackya pallida Scribn.; Beal, Grasses N. Amer. 2 : 418.1896. PringU 407 is the duplicate type in the National Herbarium. There appears to be no good reason for recognizing such a variety. Pallid and dark-colored forms may be found in nearly all species of the genus. description . A stout, erect, smooth, eespitose perennial, forming a rough sod in the north, but usually in isolated tufts in the south and much larger and ranker in growlh; culms branched only at the very base if at all, sheaths loose, striate, smooth; ligule reduced to a line with at most only a few scattered hairs; blades linear, rather abundant, about 5 to 10 cm. long, 1 to 2 mm. wide, flat, minutely scabrous-margined; spikes normally 2, often I or 3 or 4, seldom 5 or 0, very variable in length, commonly above 3 cm.,& more or less recurved in ago with no projecting sterile rachis; spikelets pec- tinate, on short, minutely pubescent pedicels, numerous, often as many as 80, con- sisting of a fertile flower and a rudiment; glumes lanceolate, short awn ed, keeled, minutely scabrous, the lower 3 to 3.5 mm. long, the upper 5 to 6 mm. long; lemma about 6 mm. long, pubescent, 3-awned, the central awn slightly longer, all hirsute; palet about 5 mm. long, shortly 2-awned from the nerves, the latter slightly hirsute above; rudiment consisting of 3 scabrous, nearly equal awns with 2 or 3 scales at. their bases all supported on a short stipe, 1 to 1.3 mm, long, hairy-tufted at base and apex; caryopsis 2.5 to 3 mm. long, 0.5 mm. wide, concave on the dorsal and sharply convex a U. S, Dept. Agr. Div. Bot. Bull. 121: pi. 45. 1890. 6 One specimen without data from Thurber's herbarium in Herb. Mo. Bot. Gard. has spikes 9 cm. long. C.Titr. N.it. Hi"|i , V.tl. 14 Plate 72. A. Large Native Crop of- Bouteloua oracilis ■ H. B. K.1 Lag. B. Bouteloua gracilis on T-iE Mexican LJoiiDiiit tf Ahi^una. GRIFFITHS—THE GEAMA GRASSES 377 on the ventral surface, the scutellum covering over three-fourths of the ventral surface. (Plate 72, A, B. Figure 35,) This is without doubt the most important economic species of the genus, extending from Manitoba to South America. It is doubtfully reported from Tampa, Florida, As would be expected from a plant of such wide range, it is extremely variable. The above description is drawn in the main from my no. 6108 from the Sonoyta Valley of Arizona, which is very different from the plains region form. The latter produces a rough, rather bunchy sod and sends up but few culms, the abundant basal leaves forming a curly covering close to the ground, the species on this account often being confused in the popular mind with the buffalo grass (Bulbitis dactyloides). But in the southern desert region where, along the Mexican border, it grows in abundance at an altitude of about 5,000 feet it is usually in isolated large bunches. In favorable situations in swales such as are found on the eastern slope of the Santa Rita Mountains of Arizona it assumes more nearly the appearance of the northern form so far as habit is concerned (PI. 72, B). In the South the plants usually grow much larger. It is Fig. 35.—Bouteloua ffracilis. a, Spikelet; b, c, lemma and palet of first floret; S, e, rudiments of second and third florets, a. Scale 7.5; b-e, scale IS. From type specimen of B. stricta. not at all uncommon to find plants there 60 or 70 cm. high, while upon the prairies of the Dakotas the species seldom grows over half ag high. The difference in habit has been assumed by some to indicate a different species, but after studying the species from North Dakota to Oaxaca and cultivating it several times I am not able to take this view. It must be considered that the prairie form of the Dakotas and Montana occurs not only upon the cold, high prairies of the north, but upon the high tableland of northeastern New Mexico (Pi. 72, A), upon the San Francisco highland of northern Arizona, upon the Santa Rita highland of southern Arizona, and in many isolated localities in highland Mexico. This low turf-forming form passes by imperceptible gradations into the tall, robust, strictly bunchy form represented best by the type of B. stricta. Explanation of Plate 72.—A. A growth of Boutelow gracilis under plains conditions In northeastern New Mexico. For several years this locality has been grazed during the winter months only. B. A turf of Boutdoua gracilit at an altitude of 5,000 to 0,000 feet. Compare with figure A. This species does not form a turf thus far south, except at a considerable altitude and under favorable soil and moisture Conditions, 378 CONTRIBUTIONS FROM THE NATIONAL HERBARIUM. Again, when the northern turf-forming and the southern bunched form are grown together their habits are more alike. Both will form a Utrf under proper moisture conditions, and both when cultivated become tall and rank, similar to B. stricta (PI. 69, B). In the publications of the United States Department of Agriculture this species is usually referred to as (< blue grama." The Spaniards of our southwest as well as of Mexico refer to it simply as "grama," which they do not distinguish from similar species. One of the most valuable characteristics of this, species, as well as of some others of the genus, is the short period of development. Jt is a CO to 80 day grass. Upon the Dakota prairies it produces fresh feed in late May and matures during the drought of August. In southern Arizona and the highlands of Mexico it, starts to grow about the middle of July and matures with the close of the rainy and cooler season of late September and early October. It grows in regions where it is cured by drought and not by frosts, the effect being a dead herbage which retains much of its nutriment, making good dry grazing during the winter season, the value of the grass being pro- portionate to the dryness of the season. A rain after it has cured much reduces its value. Shear's no. 813, Knoivlton 140 and 141, Rydbcrg 3429, Williams 2143, Nelson 8307, Merrill & Wilcox 447, Ward 47, and Griffiths 40 are typical of the prairie and northern Rocky Mountain region. In unsodded regions from Colorado southward except at higher elevations, it assumes more of the characters exhibited by specimens collected by Wilcox at Fort Huachuca, in 1834, Mcarns 2301, MetmUe 698, Pringle 407, and Townsend & Baker 257. Parish Brothers 1528, Herb. Colo. State Agr. College 3534 (distributed by N. Y. Dot. Gard.), Skehan 64, and Ncalley from Texas, in 1887, are mostly 1-spiked forms, and such forms occur throughout the range of the species. They are to be looked upon as dwarfs. They appear to be very common in the lower Sierras in California, at least they have been collected there a number of times. There is a very peculiar form of the species in the extreme western portion of northern Texas. It differs from the common form mainly in its hairiness, but it occurs in perfectly circumscribed patches among the other form and can be readily distinguished at some distance. It has been seen twice north of Tcxline, but has never been col- lected and has not been detected in any of the collections examined. So far as hairi- ness is concerned, however, it is almost perfectly matched by a collection by Lind- heimer (Herb. Texicana Exsic. no. 731) in the herbarium of the Missouri Botanical Garden. This, however, ia the large, robust, southern form which differs in general appearance from the inhabitant of the plains. HERBARIUM SPECIMENS. Arizona: Blumer 1704, Chiricahua. Hitchcock 3050, Patagonia. Chase 5834, Flag- staff. Hough 12, Moki Reservation and Little Colorado River. Lciberg 5927, San Francisco Forest Reserve. Griffiths 3369 and 3370, Santa Rita Forest Reserve; 1803, Dragoon Mountains; 1552, Tucson; 1980, Pearce; 1905, Wilcox; 0L08, Fort Crittenden. MacDougal 299, Flagstaff. Mcarns 923, Bisbee; 1127, San Pedro River; 2301, White Water; 2090, San Luis Mountains. Jones 4240, Bowie. Zemmon 4641, 4642; northern Arizona, 427,428. Tourney, Ohirie;ilma,Mountains; 20, Santa Catalina Mountains. Wilcox, Fort Huachuca. Griffiths & Thornbcr 225, Santa Rita Mountains; 264, Empire Ranch. California: Ilall 7589, Santa Ana Canyon, Wilder 744, San Bernardino Mountains, Grinwell 354, San Bernardino Mountains. Abrams 2100, San Bernardino County, Parish Brothers 1528, Bear Valley, San Bernardino Mountains. Lemmon 5445. Colorado: Chase 5303, Manitou; 5290, Pikes Peak Region; 5393 and 5403, llarhert Ranch, Las Animas County; 5346, near Starkville. Tidestrom 65a, Hugo. Shear GRIFFITHS—THE GRAMA GRASSES. 379 858, Alamosa; 813, Hucrfano County; 7491, Colorado Springs; 978, Canyon City; 776, Walsenburg; 642, Georgetown. Williams 2143, Floressant; 2127, Colorado Springs. Wolfe 1112, 1113, 1114, Twin Lakes. Baker, Earle & Tracy 971, Durango. Shear & Bessey 1419, Yampa. Hitchcock 1728, Pikes Peak; 1701, Gar- den of Gods. Snow 31a, Estes Park. Vasey, Fort Garland, 1884. Griffiths 3303, Rocky Ford. Holm 584, Gunnison. Kansas: Hitchcock 3834, Manhattan. Shear 705 and 153, Osborne. Thompson 53, Ulysses; 126, Linvillc; 31b, Ness County. Norton 909, Riley County. Minnesota: Moyer 23, Montevideo, Missouri: Bush 589, 489, Sheffield; 390a, Atchison. Montana: Williams from Griffiths 6338. good as types. Bouieloua burkii and Chondrosium trinii are the same form of plant; that is, the shorter awned, more leafy plant, with longer, laxer leafage. Westward from about the region of Del Rio, Texas, the species is inclined to assume a slightly different aspect. Especially is this true from the region of El Paso to Arizona, The plant is somewhat dwarfed, the leaves are fewer, shorter, and more rigid, and the awns slightly longer. In short, the same differences? occur in this species upon entering more arid situations as are found in B. gradlis in southern California where the leaves become more radical, shorter, and more rigid, compared with those of more humid sections. In the Ilio Grande region the species is very important from the stockman's stand- point, for it often constitutes the sum total of the forage upon the alluvial soils of the shallow ravines and also extends onto the rocky knolls and ridges. When closely grazed it is short, with divaricate, crowded leaves near the base and comparatively naked culms. When unmolested and consequently somewhat shaded Explanation of Platk 74.—A. BouUloua trinii as It grows in arid situations near Andrade, Arizona. Here we always have the form described as B. trifi&a. B. An extraordinarily large bunch of BmUeloua eriopoda from the Santa Rita Mountains, Arizona. Corif. Nat. Hcb., V, c, lemma and palet of first floret; d, e,rudimentary lemma and palet of second floret; /, rudiment of third floret; Q, h, two views of cary- opsis, a, Scale 7.5; b-h, scale 10. From type specimen. A low, spreading, or half-erect perennial, 12 to 15 cm. high; culms simple, stoloniferous or simply geniculate; sheaths close, striate, smooth, the ligule a rather long fringe of white hairs; blades mostly radical, narrow, short, acuminate, 5 to 10 cm. long, decreasing upward to often 1 cm. long, re volute; panicle racemose, about 4 cm. long; spikes 2 to 4, mostly 4, about 12 to 14 mm. long, recurved at the apex; spike- lets about 30, pectinate, about 2.5 mm. long, consisting of a lower perfect floret and an upper rudiment; glumes smooth except for a few long white hairs on the keel, not awned, the second 1.5 mm. long, the first a little shorter; lemma hairy, 3-nerved, shortly 3-awned, 2.3 to 2.5 mm. long, including awns; palet concave, shortly 2-awned, a trifle shorter than its lemma; rudiment of 3 awns interspersed with short, blunt scales upon a short, hairy-tufted stipe, about 0.5 mm. long; caryopsis not seen. (Figure 43.) ® Typical B. burhii and B. trifida are on the same sheet of no. 1361, Texas Plants. & Three sheets of this are placed in as many groups. 390 CONTRIBUTIONS FROM TIIE NATIONAL HERBARIUM The species is to be looked upon as a perennial B. barbnta, a native of the west coast of northern Mexico. The type is Palmer's Yaqui River specimen of 1869 in the National Herbarium. Palmer 751, Alamos, Mexico, 1890 and II" G. Wright 1322 from the headwaters of Mazatlan River are distinctly stoloniferous, while Hitchcock 3552, Guaymas, Mexico, is simply geniculate and a much larger plant than any of the others. The same is true of Chase 5509 from near G nay mas. 15. Bouteloua eriopoda (Torr.) Tom Chondrosium eriopodum Torr. in Emory, Mil. Reconn. 154. 1848. Bouteloua eriopoda Torr. XJ. S. Rep. Expl. Miss. Paeit. 4: 155. 3856. Based upon Chondrosium eriopodum. See also L\ S. Dept. Agr. Div. Bot. Hull. 12 1: pi. 37. 1890; 17. S. Dept. Agr. Div. Agrost. Bull. 7: 217./. 199. ISO7. Bouteloua brevifolia Buckl. Proo. Acad. Phila. 1862 : 93.1862. Asa Gray° reviews Buckley's descriptions and refers this to B. eriopoda Torr. and shows that it was based upon Wright's no. 748 and Fendler's no, 950 (not 946 as on ticket in the Philadelphia Academy Herbarium). INSCRIPTION. A cespitose perennial, growing commonly in large bunches, separated by intervals of a few inches to a few feet of bare ground, or occasionally a weedy annual, but seldom in shade of shrubs; culms geniculate, rather weak, woolly, 40 to 60 cm. long, commonly branched, and in warmer localities sparingly perennial, with close, striatc, smooth sheaths, small ciliate-fringed ligule, and narrow, convolute, smooth blades; panicle race- mose, 10 to 15 cm. long; spikes 3 to 8, commonly 4 or 5, 2 to 3 cm. long; spikelets 12 to 20, 7 to 10 mm. long, loosely pectinate, consisting of one lower fertile floret and an upper rudiment; glumes very unequal, the first about 3 mm., the second about 7 mm. long, keeled, smooth, or the second minutely scabrous at the apex; lemma minutely hairy below, 3-awned, the lateral awns very short, the central equaling those of the rudiment, hispid, 2 mm. long; palet awnless, acuminate, about 5 mm. long; rudiment.consisting of 3 equal, hispid awns 4 mm. long, united at base Flo. 44.—Bouteloua eriopoda. a, Spikclet; b,c, lemma and palet, of first floret; d, rudiment;*, two views and cross-section of caryopsis. a, Scale 7.5; b-e, scale 10. From Griffiths 7002. bv very minute wales and supported upon a slen- der, smooth stipe 2 mm. long, hairy-tufted at each end ; caryi>p■>+% ^ .: % >v;ivv 'v:«.,— V - *,L v£ vS L. j ^ v" *:r F K h utarar-' * ':£\; guK^J' ^ ,:■> ■VA ^ ^. ■t ■ * L lJ ■"■ .4, t v:,«- ; ._:: f f ^ 7iV^V<* A. Isolated Plant of Bouteloua rothrockii Vasey. B, Dense Growth of Bouteloua rqthrocki!. GRIFFITHS—THE GRAMA GRASSES 393 species is Hearing maturity, the landscape is tinted reddish brown by the abundant spikes. In some sections it grows so abundantly that ranchers consider it profitable to cut it for hay. So far as my own observation goes it never yields over one-half ton to the acre of clean, current year's growth (PI. 75, B). In southern Arizona, upon a rainfall of 12 to 18 inches, it grows about 8 inches in the growing season, July to September. Bouteloua rothrocHi is not a grass that withstands close pasturage well. Being a short-lived perennial and a comparatively poorly rooted species, it is easily pulled up and trampled out. The best growths of it today are found in those regions which are at a considerable distance from water available for stock. It grows in bunches of a few culms to scores of culms, but so far as my observation goes never makes any semblance of a turf. When it happens to grow on partly culti- vated ground or in other favorable situations, the bunches may grow very large and the outer culms of the stool become geniculate and even rooted at the joints. Some Fig. 48.—Bouteloua rot&rockii. a, Spikelet; 6, e, lemma and palet of first floret; d, e, rudimentary second and third florets; f, two views and cross-section of caryopsis. a, Scale 7.5; b-f, scale 20. From type specimen of B. micratifha. of my specimens from cultivated ground in the upper Santa Cruz Valley of Sonora show this form of the plant beautifully. My conception of the species is well illustrated by the specimens cited below. Rothrock 691 and Griffiths 1556 have narrow spikes and smaller floral parts throughout than the common typical form (PI. 75, A). Palmer's no. 244 and Pringle 221 very well represent the common form. Brandegee, Culiacan, Mexico, October, 1904, and Palmer 204, 1534, and 1761, are geniculate forms. Purpu$ 94 and Pringle, Arizona, in 1884 without number, represent forms which have about the same relation to the typical species as B. arenosa has to B. barbate. In these the awns are exceptionally long and the spike very wide. 394 CONTRIBUTIONS FROM THE NATIONAL HERBARIUM HERBARIUM SPECIMENS. Arizona: Hitchcock 3685, Patagonia; 3480, Tucson; 3733, Benson. Griffiths 1556, Fort Lowell; 3361, near Tucson; 3402, Santa Rita Forest Reserve; 1785, Rincon Mountains. Mearns 1026, 1064, and 856 south of liisbee. Griffiths & Thornier 199 and 9, Santa Rita Mountains. Purpus 94, Antelope. Pringle in 1884 near Mexican Boundary. Rothrock 691, Sonoyta Valley; 347, Cotton wood. Nealley, Tanque Verde. Wilcox, Fort Iluachuca. Jones 4014, Flagstaff. Lernmon 429, 430. Toumey 807, and 512, Tucson. Utah: Jones, Moab. Mexico: Hitchcock 3583 and 3536, Hermosillo; 3523, Llano. Palmer 235, 166, and 204, Guaymas; 791, Agiabampo; 1543, Culiacan; 1761, Ymala. Brandegee, Culiacan. 17. Bouteloua (Fourn.). Chondrosium karwinskii Fourn. Mex. PL 2: 137. 1881. The type is Karwinski 1479 from "Canon de las Minas et Victoria," Mexico. This number was not found in the Paris Herbarium. My interpretation is based upon a panicle and two leaves of this number from the herbarium of the St. Petersburg Botanical Garden. Ilcmgley (l lists this as one of Fournier's unidentified species, but gives the range as extending from Texas to South Mexico and a specific locality as La Miquiguana. I have seen no collections of the species except as noted below and can not say anything about the basal portion of the type plant nor its duplicates, having seen only a panicle and some leaves. These, however, agree so well with recent collections that I have no hesitancy in referring them here. DESCRIPTION. An erect, cespifcose, gray-glaucous, rigid perennial, with stout, short, rhizomatoua base; culms simple, erect, 20 to 30cm. high; sheaths striate, smooth, close, the ligule reduced to a few long, white hairs; blades narrow, mostly basal, variable, about 7 cm. long and 1 to 1.5 mm. wide; panicle race- mose, about 10 cm. long; spikes 12 to 14 mm. long and 5 or 6 in number; spike lets pectinate on a flattened, short, hairy, zigzag rachis, consisting of a lower perfect and an upper three-awned rudiment, with scales and awns arising from a naked stipe about 1 mm. long; glumes smooth, the second about 2 mm. long, the first a little shorter, acuminate, scarcely awn ed; lemma 2 to 2.5 mm. long, pubescent, with 3 equal awns; palet about the length of its lemma, with 2 very short awns, plicate; caryopsis not seen. (Plate 76. Figure 47.) ° Biol. Centr. Amer. Bot. 3: 504. II885. Explanation or Plate 76.—Natural habitat of Bouteloua 'karwinskii, B. trinii, and B. sloUmjera among vegetation consisting largely of Cercus, Opuntia, Jatropha, etc., east of San Luis i'otost, Mexico. Fig. 47.— Bouteloua karwinskii. a, Spike let; b, c, lemma and paletof first floret; d, c, rudimen- tary lemma and palet of second floret; f, rudi- ment of third floret, a, Scale 6.CG+; b-f, scale 10. From Karwimki 1479, in St. Petersburg Herb. Contr, Nat. Vol. 14. Plate 76. , "T r- . **rm .' ' * ti k ' y 'Ji' i I® j«>/ ' t . *' ; ilf- M ikJr- v* V. ill. ^ \* it 1 n (f. GRIFFITHS—THE GRAMA GRASSES. 395 The species appear to be native from San Luis Potosf northward. It is distin- guished by its strong, harsh, woody base and by its spikes, which, although they resemble those of B. barbata, are slightly wider and shorter. The first material seen was collected by myself near Alonzo, Mexico, March 14, 1905 (no. 7650), All specimens were of the previous year's growth, and consequently not satisfactory. Recently Lloyd has contributed very materially to a knowledge of the species by two collections (nos. 170 and 183) from Hacienda de Cedros. in north- ern Zacatecas. These and a panicle of a duplicate of the type are all the material which bas been seen. 18. Bouteloua alamosana Vasey. Bouteloua alamosana Vasey, Contr. Nat. Ilerb. 1:115. 1891. Edward Palmer's no. 698, Alamos, Sonora, Mexico, September 10 to 30, 1890, is the type. DESCRIPTION. A tufted, sparingly hairy annual with gcniculatc, ascending or prostrate, sparingly branched culms, 4 to 20 cm. high; sheaths striate, rather loose, with scattered, papil- FiCi. 4$.—Bouteloua alamosana. a, Spikelet; 6, c, lemma and palet of first floret; d, e, rudimentary lemma and palet of second floret; f, two views and cross-section of caryopsis; g, portion of leaf blade, a f, Scale 7.5; g, scale 2.5. lose haira, especially near the edges, the ligule consisting of a white, ciliate fringe; blades minutely hispid, especially above, and bearing long, papillose hairs at regular intervals on the margins and scattered and less numerous hairs on the surfaces; panicle racemose, 2.5 to 4 cm. long; spikes 3 to 5,10 to ]5 mm. long, very similar to those of B. texana, containing 3 to 5 spikelets, these often consisting of one floret and a rudi- 1 396 CONTRIBUTIONS 7TROM THE NATIONAL HERBARIUM. meat, this in the proximal epikelet very much reduced; first glume 5 mm., the second 6 mm. long, scabrous-keeled; lemma 6 to 7 mm. long, 3-awned, the central awn about 1 mm. longer than the lateral, smooth, the awns scabrous; palet 2-awned, smooth, the awns scabrous; rudiment consisting of a staminate floret, the lemma bearing 3 long, scabrous awns, about 11 mm. long, lateral awns about 2 mm. shorter; palet similar to but smaller than that of the perfect floret; caryopais cylindrical-ovate, 4 mm. long, 0.75 mm. wide, the large scutellum three-fourths the length of the entire caryopsis or more. {Figure 48.) The type specimens furnish most of the knowledge which we have of this species, which grows upon rocky ridges on the Pacific coast of the State of Sonora, Mexico, It is very distinct from any of the other species. It resembles B. aristidoides in general habit but is a coarser, more leafy plant, and the spikes are more like those of B. texana. Judging from the material in the National Herbarium this should be found com- monly on the Pacific coast of Mexico, south from the State of Sonora. Besides the type specimens there is one collected by Earl Flint in Granada, Nicaragua, in Febru- ary, 1868, which is at least very close to this species. Confirmatory material from Nicaragua is necessary. 10. Bouteloua aristidoides (H. B. K.) Grieeb. Dinebra aristidoides H. B. K. Nov. Gen. & Sp, 1:171.1816. The plate of this a in a later volume identifies the species without doubt. Atheropogon aristidoides Roem. & Schult. Syst. Veg. 2: 415.1817. Based upon Dinebra aristidoides II. 13. K. See also Spreng. Syst. Veg. 1: 293.1825; Fourn. Mex. PI. 2:139.1881. Eutriana aristidoides Trin. Gram. Unifl, 242. 1824. Based upon Atheropogon aristi- doides H. B. K. See also Steud. Syn. PI. Glum. 1: 216.1854. Dineba hirsuta Presl, Bel. Haenk. 1: 292.1830. The type specimen is in the her- barium of the National Museum at Prague. Eutriana T hirsuta Kunth, Enum. PI. 1: 280,1833. Based upon Dineba hirsuta Presl. Aristida unilateralis Willd.; Steud. Nom. Bot. ed. 2. 1:132. 1840. A herbarium name of Willdenow published as a synonym of Eutriana aristidoides. Bouteloua aristidoides Griseb. Fl. Brit. W. Ind. 537. 1864. Based on Dinebra aristi- doides II. B. K. See also U. S. Dept. Agr. Div. Bot. Bull. 12 1: pi. 35. 1890; U. S. Dept. Agr. Div. Agrost. Bull. 7 : 214./. 196. 1897. Bouteloua gracilis Hook.?; Vasey in Wheeler, Rep. U. S. Surv. 100th Merid. 6: 287. 1878, not Lag. 1840. The type is Rothrock's no. 701, Bouteloua ciliata Griseb. Abh. Ges. Wias. Gottingen 19 : 302. 1879 (Symb. Fl. Argent.). The type specimen, Lorenz & Hieronymus 352, from Juramento, Argentina, is in the Grisebaeh Herbarium. Triathera aristidoides Nash in Small, Fl. Southeast. U. S. 137.1903. DESCRIPTION. A tufted, erect or decumbent, smooth annual, with upright or geniculate culms, altogether too variable in size to permit of the preparation of lineal descriptions of any value; nheaths loose, especially on branching culms, striate, the lower one-third to one-half the length of the internode, the upper sometimes nearly as long, this depend- ing upon the character of the season; ligule reduced to a membranaeeous line or slightly fimbriate, with a few scattered hairs; blades small, few, 2 to 7 cm. long, with a few scattered hairs on the upper surface; panicle variable, 2 to 7 or 8 cm. long, but oft on in vigorous plants 15 cm. long, bearing normally 10 to 14 spikes, but under « Op. cit. 7: pi. 695. 1825, Con Jr. Nat, Horn,, VoL 14, Plate 77. A, Large Plant of Bouteloua aristidoides (H. B. K.) Griseb. B. Same Species on Dfs£ht Mesas. GRIFFITHS—THE GRAMA GRASSES. 397 unfavorable conditions Bometimes reduced, in stunted plants, to 2 to 4; spikes pedun- culate, the peduncles about 1 mm. long, these, together with the rachis densely white- hairy over the entire surface or only on the angles, the pubescence diminishing in quan- tity distally to only scattering hairs upon the distal prolongation of the rachis; apikeleta 2 to4, the lowermost more or less aborted, loosely arranged, about 2 mm. apart, consisting of a perfect floret and a rudiment, this reduced or usually absent in the lower spike let; first glume 1.5 to 2 mm., the second 5 to 6 mm. long, minutely scabrous-keeled, both narrow, acuminate; lemma with three, very short, nearly equal, minutely scabrous awns, pubescent, mostly on the 3 nerves, 6 to 8 mm. long; palet smooth, with two very short, very minutely scabrous awns, about 5 to 6.5 mm. long; rudiment consisting of 3 long, scabrous awns upon a hairy stipe, 1 mm. long, bearing a tuft of longer hairs at its apex, the central awn slightly glumaceous at base and about 2 mm. shorter than the lateral, the whole rudi- ment being about 7 mm. long; caryopsis cylindrical-oblong, 3 mm. long, 0.4 mm. wide, grooved on the dorsal surface, the scutel- lum about three-fourths the length of the ventral surface. (Plate 77, A, H. Figure 49.) The species inhabits the drier desert mesas and foothills from western Texas to the Pacific coast and is as variable as the seasons and conditions in this most vari- able region. Often it will mature its seed upon a single culm 1 or 2 cm. high, or it may produce plants with 50 culms 70 cm. in height. Often the spikes are not over 3 or 4 mm. in length and produce but a single seed, while in Palmer 51 some spikes are fully 2.5 cm. in length. The habits of growth of this species particu- larly fit it for a desert habitat. Fig. 4&.—Boutcloua arislidoides. a, SpLkelet; b, c, lemma and It is an annual, producing an Palet f flrst e>tw? v|®W8iJnd cr^f5f . . i , 7. tion of caryopsis. a, Scale 7.5; b-e, scale 10. From Qrifiitht £ibund&nc6 of sc6ds wnicn h&vc 730s* their special methods of dis- semination by burrowing into the ground and thus enable it to persist where less aggressive plants fail. When mature the spike, together with the short, sharp-pointed peduncle, drops off entire. This callus-like peduncle is thickly beset with short, stiff, retrosely arranged hairs, which, together with the awns of the spikelets and the recurved awn-like prolongation of the rachis, assist in the burial of the seed or its adhesion to anything with which it may come in contact. This is doubtless one of the least valuable of the abundant species of this genus. Usually no grazing is done upon it during the time that it is ripening, and, where very Explanation of Plate 77.—A, A vvry large plant of Bouteloua aristidoides from a favorable depression in desert mesas east of Tucson r Arizona, B. A nearly pure stand of the same upon the desert mesas north of the Santa Rita Mountains of Arizona, in a very favorable season* 398 CONTRIBUTIONS FROM THE NATIONAL HERBARIUM plentiful, sheep are removed from it on account of the injury inflicted by the sharp- pointed spikes which work into their feet and disable them. When young, especially before blooming, it is readily grazed by stock, but even then the plants too easily pull up by the roots, the feed therefore being mixed with sand to an annoying extent. I n late autumn, after the spikea have fallen off, the grass apparently affords but little nutri- ment and stock avoid it as much as possible. Associated with it in this country is usually found Aristida kumboldtiana, which has similar characteristics and which adds to the injurious effects. HERBARIUM SPECIMEN'S. Arizona: Mearns 1322, San Pedro River near Mexican Boundary; 924, south of Biebee. Rothroch 701, Riley's Well (near Tucson). Smart 429, Camp McDowell. Jiusby 891, Beaver Creek. Tourney 802 and in Seymour's Grasses 84, Tucson. Griffiths 1523, 3343, Tucson; 1922, Cochise; 1818, Mescal; 1928, Pearce; 3379 and 3418, Santa Rita Forest Reserve. Jones 6065, Canaan Ranch. Wilcox, Fort lluachuca. Blumer 1705, Paradise. Hitchcock 3490, 3507, 3510, Tucson; 3005, Patagonia. California: Orcutt, San Diego. New Mexico: Mulford 1000, Florida Mountains. Metealfe 702, Silver City. Cocke- rell 18, Jarilla Junction. Plank 43, Socorro. Wooton 1053, Las Cruces; 41], Donna Ana County. Mcarns 2340, Dog Mountains; 924, south of Bisbee. Hitch- cock 3756, Doming. Texas: Cockcrell 14, Fort Bliss. Plank 8, Llano; 63, El Paso. Nealley, Laredo. Mexico: Palmer 1353, 1354, Soledad, Chihuahua; 162, Guaym^s; 1(550, Lodiego; 1547, Culiacan; 7, Yaqui River; 177 and 714a, Durango; 859, Carmen Island; 697, Alamos. Pittier 474, Tlahualilo, Durango. Brandcgee, Culiacan; 4, San Jos6 del Cabo, Lower California. SchaJJ'ner, San Luis Potosi. Ptingle 477, Chihuahua; 4592, Tequila. Parry & Palmer 941, San Luis Potosi. Hitchcock 3638, Nogales; 3594 and 3533, Hermosillo; 3549, Guaymas; 3527 and 3519, Llano. Rose 2490, San Juan Capistrano. Nelson 6329, Casas Grandee, Chihuahua. South America: Stuckcrt 10624,12791, 13764, and 20114, Argentina; Kneucker Gram. Exsic. 448; Kurtz IIorb. Argent. 12670. 20. Bouteloua pririglei Scribn. Bouteloua pringlei Scrilm. U. S. Dept. Agr. Div. Agrost. Circ. 30 : 4. 1901. Type, Pringle 8374, collected in the mountains above Iguala, Guerrero, Mexico, October 24, 1900, in the National Herbarium, DESCRIPTION, An erect, cespitoso perennial, a meter high, resembling B. curtipendula in general appearance and habit; culms erect, simple; nodes and intern odes smooth, but sheaths densely papillose-hairy upward, nearly smooth below, rather loose, with a small, densely hairy ligular region; blades long, flat, 5 to 7 mm. wide, more sparingly papil- lose-hairy; inflorescence racemose, the lower spikes showing a slight tendency to become compound, about 30 cm. long, the spikes arranged bilaterally but so curved or twisted, especially above, as to appear unilateral; spikes variable in size, small above and passing gradually into larger ones below, and finally by indistinct grada- tions into spike-bearing branches in the lower portion of the incipient panicle; spike- lets 4 to 5 inm. long, not pectinate, consisting of a single floret and a rudiment repre- sented by a very short prolongation of the rachilla; first glume nearly 3 mm. long, with hispid keel, the second densely hairy, nearly 4 mm. long, lanceolate, acuminate; lemma ovate, long eiliate hairy on the edges and terminating in three short, equal, hispid awns, about 4 mm. long; palct oblong, terminating in two short, hispid awns; rudiment very short, often difficult to distinguish; caryopais oblong, 2 mm. long, 0.3 GRIFFITHS—THE GKAMA GRASSES 899 to 0.5 mm. wide, rounded on the back, the scutellum rounded at the apex and covering two-thirds to three-fourths of the ventral surface. (Figuhe 50.) The only specimens of this species which have been seen are those of the type col- lection. The species is very closely related to B. curtipendula, but is easily distin- guished by the felty-pubcscent sheaths and the character of the inflorescence. 21. Bouteloua chondrosioides (II. B. K.) Griseb. Dinebra chondrosioides H. B. K. Nov. Gen. & Sp. 1:173, pi. 58. 1816. The figures and description and a specimen in the Willdenow Herbarium, collected by Humboldt, show conclusively that this is a young plant of what we have long known in this coun- try as B. havardii. There is another specimen in the Trinius Herbarium from Hum- boldt, determined by Kunth in 1836. The figures cited above are faulty in that they do not show the glumes as hairy as they are. Bouteloua ovata Lag. Gen. & Sp. Nov. 5. 1816. Lagasca's description, "culmo Bubpentastachyo: spicis ovatis: glumis extus pubeecentibus," applies very well to a young specimen of B. havardii such as the type of Dinebra chondrosioides. This, together with the fact that some of the earlier botanists have suggested that the two names apply to the same species, leads me to this disposition. Atheropogon choiidrosioides Roem. & Schult. Syst. Veg. 2: 416.1817. Based upon Dinebra chondrosioides H. B. K. See also Spreng. Syst. Veg. 1:293. 1825. Actinochloa ovata Roem. & Schult. Syst. Veg. 2: 420. 1817. Based on Bouteloua ovata Lag. Eutriana cristata Trin. Gram. Unifl. 241. 1824. Based upon Atheropogon chondrosioides Roem. & Schult. Chondrosium humboldtianum Kunth, R6v. Gram. 1: 93. 1829. Based upon Dinebra chondrosioides H. B. K, See also Fourn. Mex. PI. 2:136. 1881, where this species is also correctly interpreted. Fournier cites Virlet 1412. This num- ber in the herbarium of the Museum of Paris is exactly comparable with my no. Fig. 50.—Bouteloua -pringlei. a, Spikelet; 6, c, lemma and paletwith rudiment attached; A, two views and cross section of caryopsis. a, Scale 7.5; b-d, scale IS, From type specimen. 6732, which is a young specimen of Bouteloua havardii. Schaffner 133, cited by Four- nier, in Grisebftch's herbarium, is likewise an immature plant of B. havardii. Bouteloua chondrosioides Griseb. in Fourn. Mex, PI. 2: 136. 1881. This name, presumably based on Dinebra chondrosioides, is mentioned as a synonym under Chon- drosium humboldtianum. Watson ° gives this combination with Bentham as the author. Bouteloua havardii Vasey in Wats. Proc. Amer. Acad. 18: 179. 1883. Republished in Bull. Torrey Club 11: 6.1884. The specimen cited in the latter place is Havard in 1881, from Limpio Mountains of western Texas. The type specimen in the Na- tional Herbarium is numbered 53. See also U. S. Dept. Agr. Div. Bot. Bull. 121: pi. $8.1890; TJ. S. Dept. Agr. Div. Agroet. Bull. 7 : 216./. 198. 1897. a Proc. Amer. Acad. 18: 179. 1883. 9368°—12* 400 CONTRIBUTIONS FROM! THE NATIONAL. HERBARIUM. DESCRIPTION. A stout, erect, mostly cespitose perennial, with leafy base and comparatively naked culms, sfriatc, loose eheatha, small, sparingly cilia* c, pubcseeul li^ulos, and slender, flat, rather rigid blades, plightly pubescent beneath; panicle racemose, about- 4 cm. long; spikes 4 to 6, densely woolly, 1 to 1.5 cm. Ions, short-pedicellatefrom the sharp angles of a zigzag rachis; spikelcts consisting of one lower perfect floret and a rudiment, more or less pectinate before an thesis, but this arrangement lost with the development of the long, rigid awns; first glume about 3 mm. long, the second about 4 mm. long, both Fro. 51.—Boutfloua chondrosioidn. rx, Spikelet; 6, c, lemma and palet of first floret; d, rudimentary sec- ond floret; e, two views and cross section of caryopaia. o, Scale 7J5; b e, scale 10, a~d, From type specimen of B. havaTdii: c, from Griffith* "200, densely woolly, acuminate, indistinctly keeled; lemma, about 6 mm. long, densely woolly, terminating in three equal awns; palet about the same length, woolly on the edges, the two nerves terminating in short awns; rudiment consisting of 3 hispid, nearly equal awns, about 7 mm. long, upon a short, naked stipe 1 to 1.5 mm. long, the central awn and often the lateral with glume-like wings; caryopsis oval, about 2.5 mm. long, 0.9 mm. wide, the scutellum covering nearly the whole ventral surface and curving over the sides onto the dorsal surface. (Figure 51.) This species attains its maximum development in the plateau region of Mexico, where there are large areas covered with it to the exclusion of nearly all else. It also GRIFFITHS—THE GRAMA GRASSES 401 forma a large part of the forage upon limited areas in the foothills in southern Arizona. It is easily recognized by its woolly spikes, but may be confused with B. eludens. There is probably a greater difference between young and mature specimens in this species than in any other of the group. If Kunth's figures are compared With the figures in this text the difference will be easily appreciated. However, my specimens show conclusively that the awns and rudiment develop greatly after an the- sis. It is certain that Kunth had immature plants. An examination of the specimens which I am distributing under thin name furnish ample proof of the position which is taken here. The plant which Kunth had is also abnormally small. However, this species, in exactly the form described by Kunth, has been seen in abundance in closely grazed areas upon the highlands of Mexico. Upon the highlands of Zacatecas, San Luis Potoaf, Aguascalientes, and portions of Jalisco and Oaxaca it is common to find the grass, closely grazed and trampled, forming some sem- blance of a turf. Under these conditions there is a difference between this form and the common forms of the more arid and stony regions which is comparable to that between the B. gracilis of the prairies of the Dakotas and that of the mountains of Arizona. When closely grazed and trampled the culms are short. It was a young plant grown under such conditions that Kunth figured. Conzatti's no. 156 from Oaxaca is a perfect match for the figures mentioned. Portions of Tourney's no. 138, Pringle, "Sandy Plains near Mexican Boundary, Arizona, Aug. 8, 1884," portions of Havard's no. 1, Limpio, Western Texas, July-Sept., 1883, are like the type so far as some of the spikes are concerned. I consider Wilkinson 53, Pringle 410, Lemmon 4635, and 371, Griffiths & Thornber 2, Ncalley 414a and 166, typical of B. havardii which is the mature stage of the plant. Many of the spikes of Pringle 410 perfectly match the Humboldt specimen. HERBARIUM SPECIMENS. Arizona: Hitchcock 3702, Patagonia. Griffiths 1829, Mescal; 3440, Santa Rita Forest Reserve. Wihox, Fort Huachuca. Griffiths & Thornber 2, Santa Rita Forest Reserve. Lemirum, 371 ,!S. E. Arizona"; 4635, locality unknown. Tourney 800, 138, Tucson. Parish, 202, Tucson. Pringle, near Mexican Boundary. Texas: Nealley 166, Presidio County, Havard 1, Mesquit Canyon, western Texas; 53, Limpio Mountains. Mexico: Pringle 410, Chihuahua. Wilkinson, Santa Eulalia Plains, Chihuahua. Mearns 1897 near Mexican Boundary Monument No. 82. Palmer 546, Durango. CoTizatti 156, Oaxaca. Rose 2532, Huejuquilla, Jalisco; 2782, Plateado, Zacatecas. 22. Bouteloua eludens sp. nov. DESCRIPTION. A tall, erect, cespitose perennial, 20 to 50 cm. high, having a general resemblance in ita more diminutive forms to B. chondrosioides and in some of its taller, more robust forms to hairy-spiked forms of B. mrtipendula; culms erect, unbranched; blades rather abundant, narrow, and most radical, flat, with serrate edges, often 15 cm. long and about 1 to 1.5 mm. wide; ligule reduced to a fringe of short, white hairs; inflores- cence racemose, 6 lo 8 cm. long; spikes 10 to 20, bilaterally arranged on a zigzag axis, but so twisted on the peduncles as to apjwar unilateral, triangular, about 1 cm. long; spikelets about 5, consisting of a lower staminate, pistillate, or perfect floret, a middle staminate, pistillate, or perfect or even rudimentary floret, and an upper rudiment varying from a simple prolongation of the rachilla, to a trifid-awned struc- ture with two scales or to a well-developed lemma, or sometimes entirely absent; glumes narrow, densely pubescent, the first acuminate, 5 to 6 mm, long, the second very short-awned and about 1 mm. longer; lemma 6 to 7 mm. long, pubescent, trifld, with 3 winged, short awns; lemma of second floret pubescent, about 10 mm. long, with 3 hairy-hispid awns, the central about 1 mm. longer than the lateral and with projec- 402 CONTRIBUTIONS FROM THE NATIONAL HERBARIUM tions of the lemma between and outside of the awns; palet of lower floret pubescent above, acuminate, that of the second floret with 2 short awns, both about G mm. long; third floret a simple, undivided awn, a rudimentary lemma consisting of 3 long, pubes- cent, scabrous awns, or a well-developed lemma resembling that of the second floret, but smaller; earyopsis obovate, about 5 mm. long and 1.5 mm. wide, the soutellum covering nearly the entire ventral surface, or only about one-half of it. (Plates 78, 79, 80, A.) This species occurs on familiar collecting ground where the most active botanical collectors have worked for years and where the writer collected for about three years before finding it. No specimens of it have been found in any of the herbaria exam- ined. There are literally scores of acres where it forms one-half to three-fourths of the entire vegetation and consequently is. locally, an important economic species. I first collected the species in the State of Sonora about, a mile south of Nogales, Arizona, and subsequently in several situations in northern Sonora and southern Ari- zona. I have seen or collected it on the slopes of the Cananea Mountains, in the Celero Mountains, where it is most abundant, and in the Santa Rita and Santa Catalina Mountains. It is more likely to occur upon southern exposures, especially in the Santa Ilita and the Santa Catalina Mountains, where it may be neglected for the more common and well-known Bouteloua chondrosioides. In some situations southeast of Nogales, however, where it grows most luxuriantly, it might be mistaken for a hairy- spiked form of B. curtipendula. This in itself indicates a striking variation in the general aspect of the species. As indicated in the illustrations, the floral structure is fully as variable. The type is Griffiths 7269, collected on southern exposures upon the northern slope of the Santa Kita Mountains, Arizona, September 17, 1904. 23. Bouteloua megapotamica (Spreng.) Kuntze. Pappopkorum megapotamicum Spreng. Syst. Veg. 4: Cur. Post., ;t4. 1827. The type was collected by Sello "Rio Grande," Brazil. Eutriana multiset a Necs, Agrost. Bras. 413. 1829. This was described from a speci- men in the Berlin Herbarium collected by Sello at Montevideo. This specimen and a duplicate in the Trinius Herbarium have been examined. See also Kunth, R6v. Gram. 3 : 449. pi. 138. 1829. Pappopkorum eutrianoides Trin.; Nees, Agrost. Bras. 414. 1829. Mentioned as a synonym under Eutriana multiseta. Bouteloua multiseta Griseb. Abh. Ges, Wiss. GQttingen 19: 303. 1879 (Symb. Fl. Argent.). Based upon Eutriana multiseta Nees. Bouteloua megapotamica Kuntze, Rev. Gen, PI. 33: 341.1893. Based upon Pappo- pkorum megapotamicum Spreng. DESCRIPTION. A cespitoae, erect or ascending, strongly stoloniferous perennial; culms about 20 cm. high, erect or geniculate at base, not branched; sheaths close, striatc, smooth; blades rather rigid, abundant below, and often 10 cm. long, but short above, incon- spicuously hairy especially on the lower surface, the edges hispid; ligule consisting of Explanation of Plate 78.—a, Spite ot Bouteloua du/it n*; b, spikelrt; c, lemma of first floret; d, two views of palet of same, one showing pistillate (lower; c and /, lcininaaml paltt with perfect flower of second floret; g, rudimentary lemma of third floret; ft, two views and cross section of earyopsis. a-f, Scale 5; g, scale 7.5; h, scale lfl. From type spoeimen. Explanation of Plate 70.—From typo specimen of Bouleloua elvdciis and photograph taken in Santa Catalina Mountains, Arizona. (5x7 No. 3076 Farm Management, U.S. Dept. Agr.) Uxplan'ation'ofI'i.ateSO-—View showing the strong tufty character of Bouleloua ehulrii*, on southern exposures in Sabinio Canyon, Sauta Catalina Mountains, Arizona, in the latter part of September. B. Bou- teloua trzana from tho vicinity of San Antonio, Texas, where this grass is of minor importance, usually crowded by ranker species. Farther north, in the vicinity of Ban Angelo, it grows more nearly pure. Contr, Nat. Herb>, VoL 14* Plate 78. Bouteloua eludens Griffiths. Contr. Nat, Hero., Vq,. 14. Plate 79. Bouteloua eludens Griffiths. Cort" W.i*. H-'-n., Vn' 1 4, Plate 80. A. Bouteloua eludens Griffiths. B. BOUTLLOUA TEXAN \ S. WATS. GRIFFITHS—THE GRAMA GRASSES. 403 a ring of numerous long, white hairs; spikelets about 5 to 10, not pectinate, consisting of 1 floret and a rudiment; glumes hispid and hairy-tufted at base, awned, the first 6 mm., the second 10 mm. lonp, the latter having an abrupt constriction above, the apex continued into two acuminate, awn-like teeth, 0.5 to 1 mm, long, on each side of the central awn; lemma 11 to 12 mm. long including awns, smooth, shining, and bone-like on the back, with 3 hispid, spreading awns about 5 mm. long, the lateral awna nearly equal to the central; palet deeply sulcate on the back and involute on the Fig. 52.—Bouteloua megapotamica. a, Splkelet; b, c, lemma and palet of first floret; d-g, rudimentary sec- ond, third, fourth, and fifth florets; ft, two views and cross section of earyopsis. a, Scale 2.5; b-h, scale 5. From Arcchavakta, Montevideo. edges, 2-awned, 8 to 9 mm. long; rudiment consisting of 2 or 3 aborted florets appearing like a cluster of 9 to 12 hispid awns of various degrees of rigidity, interspersed with delicate narrow scales a fourth as long or less; caryopsis cylindrical-obovate, 2 to 2.5 mm long, the scutellum covering about two-thirds of the ventral surface. (Figube 52.) Stuckert's no. 27, Kneucker'e Gram, Exs. 376, and Arechavaleta from Montevideo, are typical. The latter shows the stoloniferous character beautifully. 404 CONTRIBUTIONS FROM THE NATIONAL HERBARIUM. 24. Bouteloua texana S. Wats. Bouieloua (Polyodon) texana S.Wats. Proc. Amer. Acad. 18: 196. 1883. The first specimen cited, Brrlandicr 1535, which I accept as tho type, I have been unable to find in the Gray Herbarium. Duplicates ot Hall 771 and Wright 75*2, which are cited by Watson, are in the National Herbarium. See also l. S. Dept. Agr. Div. Agrost. Bull. 7: 215. /. 197. 1898. Polyodon lexanus Nash in Small, 11. Southeast. U. S. 138.1903. DESCRIPTION. An erect, cespitose per- ennial, 20 to 30 cm. high, usually growing in scat- tering bunchea among other grasses, seldom oc- cupying areas exclu- sively; culms simple, erect; shoathsrather close, smooth, stria to, with a email ligule bearing a few scattered hairs or a cilia te fringe; blades narrow, in- volute, about 10 cm. long, sparingly pubescent with long, papillose hairs on the edges and especially on the upper surface, the hairs less conspicuous below; inflorescence race- mose, 4 to 5 cm. long; spikes 6 to 8, about 1 cm. long, on short, pubescent peduncles 1 tnm. long, eas- ily separable and drop- ping off entire; spikelets not pectinate, crowded, consisting of a Imverfertile floret and 2 upper rudi- ments, or often the entire spike let rudimentary; glumes unequal, lanceo- late, acuminate, hairy, the first 3 to 4 mm., (he sec- ond about 6 mm. long, ehort-awncd; lemma about 6 mm. long over all, sparingly hairy on the nerves, bearing 3 equal, hispid awns; palet 4 to 5 mm. lung; ovate, acuminate or with 2 very short awns; lower rudiment of 3 equal, hispid awna about 7 mm. long, united at their bases by rudimentary glumes, and having a rudimentary, cleft palet 2 to 3 mm. long, the upper rudiment of the same nature but smaller in all its parts and usually with no palet; caryopsis about 2 mm. long, 0.6 mm. wide, flat on the dorsal surface, the scutellum covering about seven-eighths of the entire ventral surface. (Plate 80, li, facing p. 402, Figure 53.) Fio. 53.—Bouteloua texana. a, S pikelet; 6, c, lemma and palet of fiist floret; d, e, rudimentary lemma and palet of second floret; /, rudimentary third floret; g, two views and cross section of caryopsis. a, Scale 7.5; b-gr scale 10. From Griffiths 6370. GRIFFITHS—THE GRAMA GRASSES. 405 On account of the abundance of root leaves and its bunched nature, this is a rather good forage grass. It does not appear to be able, however, to compete successfully enough with other species to make it of any great importance. The species is common on the southern plains and in the Rio Grande region and is rather important in the vicinity of San Angelo, Texas. Pringle's no. 9018, distributed as B. bromoides Lag,, Nealley 17, Heller 1485, Tracy 8105, and Reverckon 1135 are representative of the species. HERBARIUM SPECIMENS. Texas: Drummond 374. Rail 1110, Chillicothc. Wright 75, Dallas. Letterman, Dallas, August, 1882. IJall 771, Houston^ Nealley in 1889; 17, Houston. Rever~ chon 1155, 4215 and 522, Dallas. Heller 1485, Nueces County, Piper, Kingsville. Warburton, Terrell. Tracy 88(31 and 8889, Corpus Christi; 8878, Kingsville; 8105, Abilene. Havard, Eagle Pass. Jermy, San Antonio. Smith, Kerrville and San Diego. Bray 329, Llano; 296, Fredericksburg. Busk 244, Houston; 176, Columbia. Plank. 28, Burnet. Mexico: Pringle 9018, Diaz, Coahuila. 25. Bouteloua lophostachya Griseb, Bouteloua lophostachya Griseb. Abh. Ges. AVisa. Gottingen 19: 302. 1879 (Symb. Fl. Argent.). The typo (Hieronymus's no. 971 from Argentina) in the Grisebach Herbarium, has been examined. Bouteloua nana Griseb, Abh. Ges. Wiss. Gottingen 19; 303. 1879 (Symb. Fl. Argent.). The type in the Grise- bach Herbarium (Hieronymus's no. 721, Guazapampa, Argentina) is unquestionably adepauperate form of B. lophostachya. Bouteloua nana is also a younger plant but the panicle and the floral and habit characteristics are in every respect identical with those of Hierony- mous 971. DESCRIPTION. A cespitose, harsh, rigid peren- nial, with freely branching sterna and short, stout footstalks; sheaths striate, short but completely cov- ering the lower internodes; blades rigid, divaricate, harsh, keeled, sharply cuspidate-pointed, 2 to 4 cm. long, abundant below but few above; panicle with 15 to 30 spikes scattered along the main axis, 5 to 10 cm. long, occasionally 2 or 3 spikes together; spikes loosely and indistinctly pectinate, 1 to 3 em. long; epikelets 15 to 20, consisting of a lower perfect floret, with 2 to 4 rudiments above; glumes very slightly scabrous-keeled and short- awned, the first slightly shorter than the second, about 2 mm. long; lemma pubes- cent, 3 to 3.5 mm. long, 3-awned, the central awn 2 or more times longer than the lateral; palet obovate, 2-nerved, awnlcss, about 1,5 mm. long; rudiment consisting of 4 or even 5 well-developed 3-awned scales resembling the lemma but diminishing Fio. 54.—Bouteloua lophostachya. a, Spikelet; 6, c, lemma and palet of first floret; d-h, rudimentary second, third, fourth,fifth, and sixth florets; if two views and cross sec- tion of caryopsis, a, Scale 10; b-i, scale 15. From Kurtz 12687. 406 CONTRIBUTIONS FROM THE NATIONAL HERBARIUM. in size upward, the last sometimes faced by a small 1-awned scale, the whole so congested as to appear like a bunch of awns, and borne upon a short, naked stipe about 1 mm. long; caryopsis 1.25 mm. long, ovate, flattened on the back, the very small scutellum covering only one-fourth or one-fifth of the ventral surface. ( Fig- ure 54.) In general appearance, especially as to inflorescence this species resembles Lep- tochloa, but the floral characters are those of Bouteloua. The basal portion of the plant resembles that of Muhlmbergia pungens Thurb. HERBARIUM SPECIMENS, South America: Stuckert 10277a, in Horb. Argent.; 694, in Kneucker's Gram. Exs. from Argentina. Elliott 510, Chile. Benivati 12G87 in Kurtz, Herb. Argent. 20. Bouteloua acuzoinata (Foum.). Atheropogon acuminatus Fourn. Mex, PI. 2: 139.1881. The specimens cited, Iriebmann 583, from Mirador, and Liebmann 584, from Potrero de Consoquitla, Mex- ico, have not been examined. My knowledge of the species is based upon Palmer's no, 1655, concerning the identity of which there appears to be no doubt. DESCRIPTION. A stout, erect, smooth, cespitose perennial, resembling B. curtipendula in habit and general appearance; culms erect, comparatively stout, about 50 cm. high, leafy to the top, mostly unbranched; sheaths striate, close; blades broad, flat, often 5 mm. wide and 25 cm. long, striate, smooth with serrate edge, and conspicuous, long, dusky, papillose hairs on the upper surface at the base, the ligular mem- brane with a few scattered hairs of the same nature; panicle racemose, often 25 cm. long; spikes numerous, 30 to CO, distinctly bilateral but the peduncles so curved as to appear unilateral toward maturity; spikelets 6 to 15, loosely and indistinctly or not at all pectinate, consisting of 1 floret and a rudiment; glumes hispid, keeled, the first acuminate, about 2 mm. long, the second short-awned, about 3 mm. long; lemma minutely pubescent, shortly 3-aristate, the central awn 0.5 mm, or less longer than the lateral, about 4 mm. long; palet, acuminate, smooth, about 2.5 mm. long; rudiment reduced to a single, hispid, delicate awn, about 1.5 mm. long; caryopsis not seen. (Figure 55.) In general habit this very closely resembles B. curtipendula^ but the spikes are very different, although exactly the same in arrangement. They are smaller and apparently more numerous. Indeed, one might describe the species as B. curti- pendula with small delicate spikes of rather loosely arranged spikelets, only a fourth the size of those of that well-known species. Palmer's 1655, cited above, of which there are two sheets in the National Herba- rium, is from Lodiego, Sonora, Mexico, collected October 9 to 15, 1891. It is said to grow in large bunches on the mountain sides. Fig. 55.—Bouteloua acuminata* at Spikelet; &, c y lemma and palet of first floret; df rudi- ment. o, Scale 7.5; b-d, scale 10. From Palmer 1655. GRIFFITHS—THE GRAMA GRASSES 407 27. Bouteloua vaneedeni Filger. Bouteloua vaneedeni Pilger in Urban, Symb. An till. 6:2.1909; see also Boldingh, RecueilTrav. Bot. Norland. 6: 7. 1909, DESCRIPTION'. An erect, cespitose perennial, 30 to 40 cm. high; sheaths smooth, etriate, close; blades narrow, involute, 6 to 10 cm. long, with a very small ligular ring of white hairs; inflorescence racemose, about 12 to ]5 cm, long; spikes small, 4 to 5 mm. long, and only about 1 mm. wide, numerous, about 30; spikclets 2 to 4, in specimens before me only the distal one fully developed, the proximal ones 1-fiowered, the distal one with a second floret in the form of a trifid rudiment, the lateral awns very short; glumes smooth, strongly nerved, the first 3 mm., the second 4 mm, long, scarcely awned; lemma smooth, 4 mm. long, bearing awns less than 1 mm. long; palet about the length of its lemma, bearing very short awns. (Figure 56.) I am under obligations to both Doctors Filger and Boldingh for specimens of this interesting species, collected by the latter (no. 3512 B) in the island of Anguilla, Leeward Islands. In general aspect it appears to be very similar to B. curti- pendula, while in other respects it even more closely resembles B. unifiara. In detail of the spike it bridges over three genera as here limited. The species is interesting in that there are one to three aborted, 1-flowered spikelets below and only one well- developed distal spikelet in which the second floret is the normal trifid awn, with, however, the lateral awns so short as to be scarcely visible. The type affords all the knowledge we have concerning this species and that specimen is immature. It is possible that mature material will necessitate a different disposition of the species. 28. Bouteloua americana (L.) Scribn. Artstida americana L. Amoen. Acad. 5 : 393.1759; Syst. Nat. ed. 10. 2 : 879.1759. This name has been misapplied by recent authors because of a misstatement by Munro ° concerning its identity, Munro says that A. americana "is called A. dispersa by Trin.", and that" Kunth has misplaced the Linnaan synonym in Eutriana juncifolia.'' Munro, however, was in error, as is easily shown by an examination of the Linnaean plant (see under Bouteloua americana Scribn.); Swartz, Obs. Bot. 41. pi. 2.f. 2.1791. The type, in the Linnaean Herbarium, is a specimen from Jamaica, collected by Patrick Browne. Triathera americana Desv. Nouv, Bull. Soc. Philom. Paris 2:188, 1810. Based upon Aristida americana L, See also Roem. & Schult. Syst. Veg. 2:421.1817. Dineba americana Beau v. Ess, Agrost. 98,160. pi. 16. f. 1-3.1812. Based upon Aris- tida americana L. Heterosteca americana Desv. Joum. de Bot. 1: 68.1813. Based upon Aristida ameri- cana Swartz. Bouteloua litigiosa Lag. Gen. & Sp. Nov. 5.1816. Based upon 4ristida americana L. Aristida furcata Poit.; Roem. & Schult. Syst. Veg. 2: 711. 1817. A herbarium name published as a synonym of Dineba americana Beau v. Eutriana juncta Trin. Gram. Unifl. 238.1824. The specimen in the Trinius Her- barium, collected by Poiteau in Haiti, probably is the Aristida americana of Linnaeus. o Ptoc. Linn. Soc. Bot. 6; 49. 1862. Fig. 56.—Bouteloua vaneedeni. a, Bpike- let; &, e, lemma and palet with rudiment attached, a, ScaleS; b, c, scale 7.5. From type specimen. 408 CONTRIBUTIONS FROM THE NATIONAL HERBARIUM I can not, however, from the insufficient fragment before me be certain about it. The leaves are shorter and rather more rigid than in that species. Eutriana bromoides Trin. Gram. Unifl, 241. 1824, not Kunth 1833. It is more than probable that the species to which Trimus applied this name is B. americana, although the first synonym cited is Atheropogon bromoides Roem. & Schult. The other two synonyms are Aristida americana L, and Boutehua litigiosa Lag., and the plant described iafrom the West Indies. Kunth® has in effect expressed the same view. Bouteloua elatior Griseb. Fl. Brit. W. Ind. 537. I8G4. A portion of the type, Wull- schlagcl 619 and 660, Antigua, in the Grisebach Herbarium, and a photograph are before me. It is typical of Aristida americana L. Atheropogon americanus Fourn. Mex. PI. 2: 139.1881. Based upon Aristida ameri- cana L. Bouteloua triathcra Benth. Journ. Linn. Soc. Bot. 19:104. 1881. Presumably based on Triathera americana Desv. Bouteloua americana Scribn. Proc. Acad. Phi la. 1891: 306.1891. Scribner bases this name on "Aristida americana Sw. Obs. 41. t. [2.] f. 2. (1791)on the supposition that this was distinct from A. americana L., citing Munro's statement,6 that the Linnsean A. americana was a true Ariatida and the species named Aristida dispersa by Trinius. But, as has been shown, Li mucus's type specimen is a Bouteloua. Swartz does not give this as one of his own species, but gives a reference that leads to Linnseus's species. Swartz's illustration shows that he correctly interpreted the species. Hence Scribner's name is, in the last analysis, based on Aristida americana L. DESCRIPTION. A spreading, ascending, or efect, smooth annual; flowering culms mostly erect, freely branched, 20 to 30 cm. high; sheaths stria to, smooth, short, close; blades nar- row, involute, acuminate, bearing numerous papillose hairs on the edges toward the base, there meiging into the very narrow ligular ring; spikes about 2 cm. long, very lax, 3 to 6 or 7; spikelets 5 to 7, about 3 mm, apart, not pectinate but loose, and lying at a narrow angle with the rachia; glumes pronouncedly keeled and strongly hispid, rather abruptly acuminate, the first about 3 mm., the second about 4 mm. long; lemma smooth, shining, and bone-like on the back, 3-awned, the lateral awns less than 1 mm. long, the central projecting about 2 mm, farther; palet 2-nerved, with 2 short awns, nearly as long as its lemma; rudiment consisting of a modified lemma of 3 awns about 9 mm. long, united into a hard small scale at the base and faced by a small 2-nerved rudimentary palet; caryopsia not seen. (Figure 57.) The group comprising Bouteloua americana and the five species here following is a very diflieult one and a great,many names have been applied to the different species owing to a difference of opinion among authors as to generic and specific limitations and to the disregard of the principle of priority as well as to a misunderstanding or neglect of the earlier descriptions, Bouteloua rai/icosa an interpreted here is fairly well marked off. It is a large, robust, almost woody based plant with wide, strongly papillose-hairy leaves. Bou- teloua repens as here interpreted is not bo common as has been supposed. It is easily recognized by its glaucous aspect and by its lack of papillose hairs. The species appears to be confined to the Pacific coast region of central and southern Mexico. Bouteloua americana also is well characterized by iw narrow spikes and annual habit. It is B. jiliformis and B. heterostega that present the greatest difficulties. They are very difficult to segregate, but that is simply another way of acknowledging that we do not know the species well enough. ® Enum. PI. 1: 281. 1833, under E. bromoides. b See above under Aristida americana L. GRIFFITHS—THE GRAMA GRASSES 409 In southern Arizona there is a plant which has heretofore passed for B. broirurides, so called. It is erect and has comparatively delicate sterna and leaves. In southern Texas, where the soil is more fertile, precipitation more abundant, and shade of shrub- bery a more important factor, it has a lighter green color and the culms are more inclined to become geniculate and often are decidedly so. In portions of the Mexican highland, where I judge the conditions are similar to those of Texas, upon the ocean slopes and apparently in portions of South and Central America the characteristics of the Texas form are accentuated and the culms are decidedly geniculate and much branched. In the West Indian islands the plant becomes still more modified into an exceedingly variable form which is often depau- perate, prostrate, or even slightly stoloniferous. In the entire series I have as yet found no constant floral distinctions except that the West Indian plants often have greatly reduced spikes and prominently modi- fied epikelets, which, however, always have typical ones mixed with them. As stated above the Arizona-Texas plant has in the past been referred to B. bromoide.s. It extends in a typical form throughout the Mexican highland at least as far as the Isthmus of Tehuantepec. The geniculate Mexican form received the specific name jUif&rmis from Fournier and the West Indian plant was called Heterosteca juncifolia by Desvaux. For the present it seems wise to recognize Desvaux's species, although unfortunately his name can not be used, and to include under that of Fournier the two forms of the Mexican highland, one of which reaches Arizona and is somewhat modified in Texas. Should it appear wise in the future to separate these two forms the erect one so typical of southern Arizona and the highland of Mexico will have to receive a new name. HERBARIUM SPECIMENS. West Indies: Wright 3816, Cuba, liicksecker 78, St. Croix. Broadway, Tempe, St. George. Hart 559, Gordon Town, Jamaica. Eggers 687, &t. Thomas; 5650, Scarborough, Tabago Island. Panama: Hitchcock 8409. There are two specimens, Elliot 138, Granada, and Dttss 3160, Guadaloupe, which appear a little different in habit. They are mainly larger, ranker plants with even laxer spikes and with slightly shorter awns.* f &• Fig. 57.—Boutcloua amertcana. a, Spikclel; btc, lomma and palet of first floret; d, rudiment; e, two views o/ caryopsis. a, Scale 5; b-e, scale 10. From Wright 3810. 29. Bouteloua repens (II. B, K.) Scribn. & Merr. Dinebra repens II. B. K. Nov. Gen, & Sp. 1; 172. pi. 5L>. 1816. "Crescit ad littora Oceani Pacifici prope Acapulco." My interpretation of this is based upon the figures and descriptions. ? Boulcloua brovioides Lag. Gen. & Sp. Nov. 5. 1K1G. Lagasca says the plant is from Acapulco, which is the only reason for referring it to B. repens. He also says it is an annual, but this would be an easy mistake to make. A later specimen from o Only the specimens in the National Herbarium are before me, as the last work on this group is done; consequently, citation of specimens can not be as ample as it other- wise might be. 410. CONTRIBUTION'S FROM THE NATIONAL HERBARIUM Lagasca in the herbarium at Munich and one from the herbarium of the Botanical Garden at Madrid, bearing this name in Lagasca's hand, spikelets of which are before me, possibly should go with B. filiformis. It seems impossible to identify it. It has been commonly assumed that Boufeloua bromoides Lag. was the same species as that named Dinebra bromoides by Kunth, but Lagasca does not mention Kunth's species and his description doea not apply to it. t Actinochloa bromoides Koem. & Schult. Syst. Veg. 2:420. 1817. Based upon Bouteloua bromoides Lag, Atheropogon repens Roem. & Schult. Syst. Veg. 2: 410.1817. Based upon Dinebra repens. See also Spreng. Syst. Veg. 1: 293.1825. Founder » uses this name, but it is very certain that the specimens he cites under it- do not belong here. Pio. 58.—Bouteloua repena, a, S pikelet; 6, C, lemma and palet of first floret; d, e, lemma and palet of second floret (rudiment attached to palet); 1, portion of leaf blade, o, Scale 5; b-c, scale 7..r>; f, swale 2.5. From Hitchcock 7080. Bouteloua repens Scribn. & Merr. U. S. Dept. Agr. Div. Agrosf. Bull. 24: 26. 1891. Based upon Dinebra repens. The former is the first correct combination which has been found, although the name was applied to a different species. DESCRIPTION. A smooth, glaucous-gray, leafy, stoloniferous, perennial, with erect or ascending and geniculate culms, 50 to 60 cm. high; sheaths slriate, smooth, lax on branching culms, close on simple ones, the ligule bearing a few short, white hairs; blades broad, flat or the upper more commonly involute in drying, about 10 cm, long, and 4 mm. wide, conspicuously striate, hispid on the edges; panicle racemose, 10 cm. or more « Mex. Pi. 2:140.188 L GRIFFITHS—THE GRAMA GRASSES 411 long, the basal portion often included in the sheath at anthesis; strikingly colored, with its purple glumes, green lemmas and cinnabar-colored anthers; spikes about 12, rather lax, flattened, 2.5 cm. long including the awns; spikelets 2-flowered with an additional rudiment consisting of a short, naked, awn-like projection beyond the palet of the second floret, and usually included in the fold of the palet; lower floret herma- phrodite, the second staminate or neuter; glumes sharply and hispidly keeled, acumi- nate but not awned, the second about 7 mm. in length, the first a trifle shorter; lemma of lower floret about 8 mm. long, with 3 short awns, the lateral awns 2 mm, shorter than the central; lemma of upper floret 12 mm. long, lcng-awned, the awns about the .same relative length as in the lower floret, prominently scabrous; palet long, narrow, with 2 very short awns, plicate; caryopsis not seen. (Figure 58.) No authentic material of this has been examined. Several of the older authors have listed it from Acapulco, but referred to it various forms of B. filiformis. It is dis- tinguished from other species of the group by its large, stout, glaucous aspect and by its lack of papillose hairs on the edges of the leaves." Hitchcock's no. 7080, from Manzanillo, Mexico, is the only collection that I am able to refer to this species. It grows in large patches so close to the sea that the spray reaches it at high tide. 30. Bouteloua radicosa (Fourn.). Dinebra bromoides H. B. K. Nov. Gen. & Sp. 1: 172, pi. 51. 1816, not Bouteloua bromoides Lag. 1816. My interpretation of this is based upon the figures and descrip- tion cited. There has been some confusion concerning this species, due mainly to the misinterpretation of this and also of D, repens H. B. K. See also Presl, Rel. Eaenk. 1: 292.1830. The Haenke specimen in the herbarium of the German Uni- versity of Prague shows that the species was correctly interpreted by Presl. Aikeropogon bromoides Roem. & Schult. Syst. Veg. 2: 415.1817. Based upon Dine- bra bromoides H. B. K. See also Spreng. Syst. Veg. 1: 293.1825. Sprengel cites Aristida americana Swartz as a synonym, but that name does not belong to this species. It appears that Fournier & misinterpreted this. He credits the species to Roemer and Schultes and cites Dinebra bromoides II. B. K. as a synonym. According to my interpretation, however, the specimens which he cites belong to A. filiformis. Galeotti 5704 in the U, S. National Herbarium and the herbarium of the Botanical Garden of Brussels, a Karwinski specimen in the St. Petersburg Botanical Garden, and Schajfner 125 in the Willdenow Herbarium, all belong to A. filiformis. The same is true of Botteri 107 and Liebmann 575. A sheet of the last mentioned specimen in the National Herbarium is from the herbarium of the Museum at Paris and is said to have been determined by Fournier. Eutriana bromoides Kunth, R6v. Gram, 1: 95.1829, not Trinius, 1824. Based upon Dinebra bromoides H. B. K. See also Kunth, Enum. PL 1: 281. 1833 and op.cit. 2: 234, pi. 17./. 4.1835; also Steud. Syn. PI. Glum. 1: 216.1854.« Nestlerafcstucarformis Willd.; Steud. Nom. Bot. ed. 2.2: 192.1841. A herbarium name only, given as a synonym of Eutriana bromoides. Heterostegafestucaeformis Bonpl.; Fourn. Mex. PI. 2:140.1881. A herbarium name cited as a synonym of Aikeropogon bromoides. Alheropogon radicosus Fourn. Mex. PI. 2:140.1881. Bourgeau 450, from Mexico, is the type. This number in- the herbaria of the St. Petersburg Botanical Garden, Museum at Paris, and Botanical Garden of Brussels and in the U. S. National Her- barium has been examined. The specimen at Paris is the type. o See discussion after Bouteloua americana. & Mex. PL 2 :140. 1881. c For use of this date of publication see Rendle, Journ. Bot. 37: 33. 1899. 412 CONTRIBUTIONS FROM THE NATIONAL HERBARIUM DESCRIPTION. A stout, erect, cespitose, long-lived perennial with etout rhizomatous base, usually in isolated bunches, but occasionally in continuous patches in the southern portion of its range; culms erect, stout, unbrancheil, 60 to 80 em. high; sheaths close, strongly striate; blades abundant below and more sparing above, flat, variable in width, mostly 2 to 3 mm, wide, with regularly disposed papillose hairs on the edges; ligule a ciliate fringe of white hairs, about 1 mm. long; spikes loose, variable, often 3 cm. long by about 8 mm. wide or sometimes only 1.5 cm. long, and then resembling those of Boutdoua jiliformis; spikeleta 7 to 10 or sometimes oven as much as 11 or 12 mm. long, consisting of 2 florets, the lower perfect, the upper either pistillate or perfect and producing mature seed more often than the lower one; glumes sharply acuminate, the first 4, the second 5 to 6 mm. long; lemma smooth, bone-like, 7 to 8 mm. long, 3-awned, the lateral awns about 1 mm. and the central 2 to 3 mm. long; palet inclosing the caryopsis, scarcely awned, but 1 mm. shorter than the lemma, floret of the same form and texture as that of the lower, 9 to 10 mm. long, with lateral awns 5 to 6 mm. and the central about 1 to 2 mm. longer; palet not differing materially from that of the lower floret; caryopsie about 4 to 5 mm. long, 0,75 to 1 mm. wide, flattened, the scutellum covering four-fifths of the ventral surface. (Plate 81.) As stated elsewhere this species grows in the upper foothills and mountains and reaches higher altitudes than the closely related B.fdiformis with which it is commonly mixed. It differs from that species mainly in being a taller, coarser plant through- out. Its leaves are larger and wider, the culms are larger and stouter, the papillose hairs upon the edges of the leaves are more pronounced and obvious, and the spikes are longer. However, upon plants of B, radicosa may be found some spikes which might pass for B.filiformis, and plants of B.jiliformia grown in exceptionally favorable localities have spikes as long as some forms of B. radicosa. It is only in consideration of an aggregation of characters that they can well be distinguished, yet they are in my mind perfectly worthy of being kept apart and are easily distinguishable in the field and usually upon the herbarium sheet as well. Bouteloua radicosa is found in rather high situations from Arizona and Now Mexico to southern Mexico along the continental highland, and extends westward in important quantities especially into Jalisco and Guerrero.® As in B. fdiformh there is a great variat ion in the spikelet. More commonly it is the second floret that is perfect instead of the first. Tonduz 13745 & is referred here doubtfully on account of the very small spikes. HERBARIUM SPECIMEN'S. Arizona: Wilcox, Fort Huachuca in 1894. Jones 562, Bowie. Griffiths & Tkornber 220, Santa Rita Mountains. MacDougal 798, Dos Cabezas. Nealley, Rincon Mountains. California: Orcutt in 1884. New Mexico: Wright 2024. Smith, Mangas. Rushy 460, Burro Mountains. Mexico: Mcarns 855, south of Bisbee. Toicnsend & Baker 226, Colonia Garcia. Baunjcait 450. Pringle 1436, Guerrero; 8567, Federal District, Brandegee 2 and 57, Cape region, Lower California. Palmer 1354, Coahuila, Nuevo Leon; 301 and 188, Rio Blanco; 115a, Chihuahua; 547, Durango. Nelson 2265, San Marcos, Guerrero; 1443 and 1258, valley of Oaxaca; 6258, Colonia Garcia, Chihuahua; 6305, Sierra Madres, Chihuahua. Rose 2672, Colotlan, Jalisco. ° See under B. americana. & Ilerb. Inat. fis.-geogr. Costa Rica. Explanation or Plate 81.—a, Ilaliil sketch of Boutdoua radicosa; 5, spikclot:c. d, lemma and puletof first floret; € and/, and pulet of second floret; gt prolongation of RLfliilla; two views and cross- section of caryopsis; i, portion of leaf Made, q, One-fourth natural size; 6-p,scalo h; A, scale 7.5: i}scale 2,5. From Griffiths 7181 and photograph. Contr. Nat. Herb., Vol. 14, Plate 81. Bouteloua radicosa (Fourn.) Griffiths. Co-" v. Nit H'-fiv, V , " -t Plate 82. A. BOUTTLOUA F1LIFORMIS FOURN.1 GRIFFITHS. B. B'h.1 I'Eloua c u1-: riPFNOULA 1 Michx. ToRREY. Contr. Nat Herb., Vo'. 14. Plate 83, BQUTELOUA FILtFORMIS f'FOUflfO GRIFFITHS. GRIFFITHS—THE GRAMA GRASSES 413 31. Bouteloua filiformifl (Fourn.). Atheropogon fili/ormis Fourn. Mex. PI. 2i 140.1881. According to Fournier's de- scription and a specimen cited by Fournier, Liebmann, 585, this is a form with genicu- late branching culms of what in this country has passed most commonly for B. bromoi~ des. Karwinski 991b and Liebmann 585 are in the St. Petersburg Botanical Garden, and the latter number is also in the Berlin Herbarium. The type, Karwinski 991b, has not been examined. Vasey" describes and figures this specie* under the name Bouteloua humboldtiana Kunth. DESCRIPTION. An erect and cespitose or geniculate and spreading perennial, with branching culms and with a more limited root system than B. radicosa; culms erect or spreading, unbranched, 30 to 50 cm. high; sheaths smooth, stria te, close; blades narrow, 1.5 to 2 mm. wide, delicate, with papillose hairs regularly distributed upon the margin; ligule a ring of white hairs 1 mm. long or less; spikes commonly 8 mm. wide and 15 mm. long, but often 2 cm. long; spikelets about 10, not pectinate, 12 to 14 mm. long, cone is ting of one perfect lower floret and an upper staminate one; glumes strongly hispidulously keeled, acuminate-pointed but not awned, nearly equal; lemma about 7 mm. long, hispidulous on the nerves toward the apex, 3-nerved, 3-awned, the lateral awns short and the central 1 mm. longer; palet as long as its lemma, toothed but scarcely awned; rudiment consisting of a well-developed staminate floret with a simple, undivided projection of the rachilla 1 mm. long extending above its insertion; lemma of the staminate floret narrower and more conspicuously awned than that of the lower floret, 7 to 8 mm. long over all, the central awn 1 to 2 mm. longer than the lateral, its palet being about the same as that of the perfect floret; caryopsia about 4 mm long and 1 mm. wide, the scutellum covering about three-fourths of the ventral surface. (Plates 82, A, 83.) The species is variable, especially in habit, and has an extensive range from Texas to California and south into South America. In Arizona and the highland of northern Mexico it is an erect plant.& The typical form, that is, the form with geniculate culms growing in favorable situations, is uncommon. There is a slight difference in leafage and color between forms from the United States according aa they grow in the deserts, or upon the more fertile soils of southern Texas. In the latter situation, under cover of brush, the whole plant becomes more lax and has a tendency to become geniculate in habit, like the typical form of the species which is familiar to me in western Jalisco. The following, all from Mexico, appear to be typical of the species: Liebmann 585, Consoquitla, and 575, valley of paxaca. Palmer 1254, Colima; 113, Acapulco; 482, Tamaulipas. Botteri 107, Orizaba; Nelson, Atlixco, July 25 to August 1, 1903. HERBARIUM SPECIMENS. Arizona: Hitchcock 3499, Tucson; 3692, Patagonia. Griffiths 3441, 3386, Santa Rita Forest Reserve; 1470, Rincon Mountains; 1949, Pearce. Griffiths & Thornier 3, Santa Rita Forest Reserve. Lemmon 373. Meams 931, south of Risbee. Nealley 267, Monmouth. Rothrock 484, Camp Bowie. Davis 562, Clifton. Chase 5515, Tucson. a U. S. Dept. Agr. Div. Dot. Bull. 12': pi. 40. 1890. & See discussion under Bouteloua americana. Explanation of Plate 82.—A, Bouteloua ftliformis in lower foothills in southern Arizona upon stony embankments, growing mainly with Leptochloa dubia and B, curtipendula. D, Bouteloua cuTtipe7idular an uncommonly large bunch from near Greaterville, Arizona, Explanation of Plate S3,—at Habit sketch of Bouteloua ftli/ormis; 6, spike let; cf d, lemma and palet of first floret; *,/, lemma and palet of second floret; g, two views of caryopsis; A, portion of leaf blade. % One-fourth natural size; b-f, scale 5; y, scale 7.5: h, scale 2.5. From Griffiths 7199. 414 CONTRIBUTIONS FROM THE NATIONAL HERBARIUM Texas: Havard 89, Eagle Pass. Mexico: Pringle 2547, valley of Monterey; Palmer 482, Victoria; 1254, Colima; 201, Guaymas; 65, Chihuahua. Liebmann 585, Consoquitla; 575, valley of Oaxaca. Botteri 107, Orizaba. Nelson, Puebla. Harlman 30, Fronteras. Brandegee 29, Miraflores, Lower California. Schumann 1741, Pa mil. Schajfner 1003, San Luis Potoaf. Rose & Painter 6538, 6821 (in part) valley of Mexico. Nicaragua: Baker 2319, Granada. Guatemala: Ileydc & Lux 628 in J. D. Smith, Plant. Guat. Beam 6132, Aguas- calientes, Kellerman 4784, Department Amatitlan. Yucatan: Schott 659, 742, Uxmal; 656, Merida. Costa Rica: Tonduz 13745. South America: Pitlier 643, State of Cauca, Colombia. 32. Bouteloua heterostega (Trin.). Heterosteca juncifolia Desv. Nouv. Bull. Soc. Philom. Paris 2: 188. 1810, not Bou- teloua juncifolia Lag. 1816. In 1813 Desvaux a reduces this to a synonym of Heter- osteca americana, but he was not justified in ao doing according to our present concep- tion of species. Kunth & appears to have interpreted Desvaux correctly and figures the plant so common in the western portion of the island of Cuba, but made the mis- take of including with it Aristida americana L. Desvaux's original description of the genus Heterosteca would exclude the Linnsean plant. f Bouteloua juncifolia Lag. Gen. & Sp. Nov. 5.1816. It seems impossible to deter- mine what this is. Lagasca does not mention Desvaux and it does not appear prob- able to me that he and Desvaux had the same species. Lagasca's type comes from a region to the north of the known distribution of Bouteloua heterostega as here inter- preted . f Actinochloa juncifolia Roem. & Schult. Syst. Vcg. 2; 420. 1817. Based upon Bouteloua juncifolia Lag. Eutriana heterostega Trin. Gram. Unifl. 242. 1824. Based upon Heterosteca junci- folia Desv. Atheropogon juncifolius Spreng. Syst. Vcg, 1: 294. 1825. Based upon ''Heterostega juncifolia Desv. ct Kunth." Eutriana juncifolia Kunth, R6v. Gram. 1: 95. 1829. Based upon Heterosteca junci- olia Desv. ? Eutriana t lagascae Kunth, R6v. Gram. 1: 95. 1829. Based upon Bouteloua juncifolia Lag. Dineba juncifolia Beau v.; Steud. Nom. Bot. ed. 2. 1: 510. 1840. A name only given as synonym of Eutriana juncifolia. Bouteloua humboldtiana Griseb. Mem. Amer. Acad. n. ser. 8: 532. 1862. (PI. Wright. Cub.) The type is Wright 734 in the Grisebach Herbarium. Number 739 is also mentioned. Wright 739 in the herbarium of the Paris Museum has both wide and narrow spiked forms on the same sheet. The species is the wide-spiked form typical of Heterosteca juncifolia Desv., of which Kunth gave good figures.& Both numbers are from the island of Cuba. Duplicates of both numbers as well as of Wright 3816 (described as a different species) are in the Gray Herbarium. This should not be contused with Chondrosium humboldtianum Kunth, which is based upon Dinebra chondrosioides II. B. K. Bouteloua porphyrantha Wright, Anal. Acad. Cienc. llabana 8: 201. 1871; Sauv, Fl. Cub. 192. 1873. The type is a part of Wright 739. Duplicates of this number and of the other specimens cited by Grisebach, Wright 734 and 3816, are well represented in ° Journ. de Bot. 1: 68. 1813. b H. B. K. Nov. Gen. & Sp. 1: 173. pi. 54* 1816 GRIFFITHS—THE GRAMA GRASSES 415 the Gray Herbarium and in the National Herbarium. Number 739 in the herbarium of the Paris Museum, as stated above, has, on the same sheet, both wide* and narrow** spikes, common in this species. Atheropogon americanus depauperata[u$\ Fourn. Mex. PI. 2: 139, 1881. Founder cite.3 Bouteloua junci/oUu Lag. and Eutriana lagascae Kunth as synonyms. He men- tions two specimens, the first is one from Karwinski in the St. Petersburg Herbarium with neither number nor locality; the other is Wright 739, It is evident from his description and the citation of the last speci- men that he had in mind Bouteloua porpky- rantha Wright. He is evidently wrong in his interpretation of Lagasca. Heterosteca rhadina Nash, Bull. Torrey Club 30 : 386.1903, Heller's no. 6057, near Ponce, Porto Rico, in the New York Botanical Gar- den, is the type. Duplicates are widely dis- tributed. Some of these duplicates show the same facts exhibited by Wright 739 in the herbarium of the Paris Museum. description. Fig. 50.—Bouteloua hctcrostega. a, 8 pike lot; 5, c, lemma and palet of first floret; d, e, lemma and palet of second floret (rudiment attached to palet). a, Scale 5; b-e, scale 7.5. From. Ledn 861. Plants mostly low, spreading, sometimes erect, but mostly reclined, and often nearly prostrate and stoloniferous, perennial; culms freely branching; spikes 4 to 10, variable, 1.5 to 3 cm. long, 2 to 6 mm. wide; spikelets 4 to 7, about 12 mm. long including awns, 2-flowered, the lower perfect or pistillate, the upper staminate; glumes nearly equal, scabrous-keeled; lemma of lower floret short- awned, with lateral awns shorter than the central, smooth, coriaceous, about 8 mm. long; lemma of upper floret smooth, coria- ceous 10 to 12 mm. long, with long awns, the lateral slightly shorter than the central; palet smooth, 8 mm. long* very short-awned sulcate, on the back between the two nerves, the edges involute; caryopsis about 3 mm. long, 0.7 mm. wide, pointed below and contracted above (immature). (Figure 59.) The species, as it occurs in the West Indies, is very variable in every particular. The spike and spikelet characters are especially subject to variation. The above characterization is drawn from Brother Le6n's no. 861 in so far as spike and details are concerned, amended from Curtiss (West Indian Plants) 546 and others, as to plant characters. The Curtiss specimen in the National Herbarium shows two distinct forms of spikes, one as here described and figured, and the other resembling B. amen* cana. Kunth figured c the wide-spiked form. The majority of the specimens show a true perennial character, while B. americana is evidently an annual. In habit and general aspect the species presents all sorts of variations from an erect plant, with branching culms, to a low prostrate plant, with often long-geniculate to prostrate a Bouteloua kumboldtiana Griseb. ft Bouteloua porpkyrantha Wright. «H, B. K. Nov. Gen. & Sp. 1: 173. pi. 54. 1816. 9368°— 416 CONTRIBUTIONS FROM THE NATIONAL HERBARIUM culms, having profuse proliferations at each node. Rooting often occurs on these nodes making the plants appear stoloniferous, and a short scaly rootstock is sometimes seen, aa in the Hitchcock specimen collected at Triscornia, Cuba, March 23, 1906. The Tracy specimen, mentioned below, has spikes with very long awus closely resembling those of B. radicosa. See discussion under B. americana. HERBARIUM SPECIMENS. West Indies: Wright 739, Cuba; Hitchcock 452, Triscornia, Cuba; 460, Playa de Cojimar, Cuba. Tracy 9088, Triscornia. Sintenh 2'JfiO, 2203, and 1959, Porto Rico. Curtiss 510, I Cabana, Cuba. Diiss 1326, Martiniq ue. Jteller 6057, Porto Rico. Lc6n 293 ana 861. Habana. 33. Bouteloua distich a (IT. B. K.) Benth. Dineba diiaricata Hi-auv. Ess. Agrost. 160. 1812. No description is given; the name appears only in the index, where in his pri- vate copy of thin work Beauvois has written "=disticha," which I interpret to mean Polyodon disltchuiti H. B. K. Polyodon distichum II. B. K. Nov. Gen. crennial, about 30 cm. high, with sparingly branched culms; sheaths striatc, papillose-hairy, rather loose; blades comparatively broad, fiat, scabrous on the edges, with conspicuous papillose hairs, especially toward the base and on the edges; ligule a rather conspicuous collar with a fringe of ciliale hairs; inflorescence racemose; spikes about 25 in number; bilat- eral but sometimes appearing unilateral, about 1.5 cm, long including awna, spike- Fro. (50.—liouldoua dm!)cha. a, Spikelol; b, c, lnmmannri palet of first florel; d, rudimentary floret, a, Sca1u5; scsile 10. From Schott 741 ia Field Museum Herb. lets 5 to 8, not. pectinate, but more or less fascicled, the lower being umall and mostly rudimentary, but the upper more perfectly developed, the upper florets of the spike lets above the two lower ones usually with long-awned lemmas so disposed as to make the spike appear bilaterally GRIFFITHS—THE GRAMA GRASSES. 417 symmetrical; glumes scabrous-keeled, the first reduced nearly to an awn, 5 mm. long, the second wider, 7 to 8 mm. long; lemma 5 to 6 mm. long, smooth, with 3 short awns, the lateral awns slightly longer than the central; upper floret simply a 3-awned rudiment with a few scales at base or a well-developed perfect floret, but always, except in the lower spikes, bearing a long central awn, the lemma, including awn, 10 to 14 mm. long, the lateral awns often not more than 6 or 7 mm. long. (Figure 60.) The first specimen of this species which I have recognized is Sckott 741, in the herbarium of the Field Museum of Natural History. The floral characters of B. disticha are exceedingly variable, as is true of many of the species of this group. The descrip- tion is drawn from the upper spikelets. The lower ones are small and often staminate only, the rudiment being reduced to three imperfectly developed, short awns. The species is exceedingly rare in collections. The chief diagnostic character is the inflorescence and the apparent bilateral arrangement of the spikelets, which is admirably brought out in Kunth's figures. Besides the Schott specimen the following are typical: Curtiss 537, from Cuba; Piltier 10374, from Costa Rica; and Le6n 299, from Cuba. Pittier 2537, Canal Zone, is a geniculate form with branch- ing culms. 34. Bouteloua pilosa (Hook.) Benth. Eutriana pilosa Hook. f. Trans. Linn. Soc, Bot. 20: 173. 1851; Steud. Syn, PI. Glum. 1: 216. 1854. The Macrae specimen from Albemarle Island, cited by Hooker, has not been examined. My knowledge is based upon Andersson 46, from Galapagos, and Fendler 2521, from Venezuela, in the G rise bach Herbarium. More recently many fine specimens have been examined in the Gray Herbarium from the Hopkins Galapagos Expedi- tion (Snodgraas & HeUer 655). Eutriana gradlis Hook. f. Trans. Linn. Soc. Bot. 20:175. 1851, not Bouteloua graeilis Hook.« nor Lagasca.b The type of this species has been examined through the courtesy of the director Fiq. 6l.—Boutrtoua pilosa. a, Spikelet; b, c, lemma and palet of first floret; d, rudimentary second floret; e, rudi- mentary floret of lowermost spike let; /, two views and cross section of cary- opsis. o, Scale 5; b-f, scale 10. From Snodgrasg it Heller 655 in Gray Herb. of the Royal Botanic Gardens of Kew, England. Bouteloua pilosa Benth.; Wats. Proc. Amer. A cad 18: 179. 1883. Based upon Eutriana pilosa Hook. f. DESCRIPTION. An erect, cespitose, smooth annual(?) 20 to 40 cm. high; culms slender, often branching; sheaths close; blades flat, thin, often 10 cm. long, the ligule an incon- spicuous ring of short hairs; inflorescence racemose, 10 to 20 cm. long; spikes vari- able, from 15 to 35, bilateral, on a zigzag rachis, but usually appearing unilateral; o Vasey in Wheeler, Rep. U. S. Surv. 100th Merid. 0: 287.1878 b Steud. Nom. Bot. ed. 2. 1: 219.1840. 418 CONTRIBUTIONS FROM THE NATIONAL HERBARIUM epikelets 3 to 5, consisting of a lower perfect floret and an upper rudiment; glumes narrow, hispid, keeled, the first about 3 mm., and the second about 5 mm. long, smooth, with 3 short, hispid awns, the central awn not over 0.5 mm. longer than the lateral; palet the same length as its lemma, with two short awns from the two nerves; rudiment usually consisting of a single 3-awned lemma, the central awn being by far the most important, often 9 to 10 mm. long, the lateral awns only 2 mm. long, infolded; caryopsis flattened, 1.75 mm. long, 0.5 mm. wide, the small scu- tellum covering only about one-third of the ventral surface. (Figure 61.) The description is drawn from Snodgrass & Ileller 393, James Island, Galapagos, April, 1899. This appears to be a good, average specimen, although it does not cover all of the many variations. The spikelet described is from the middle of the spike. In the lower spikelet the rudiment is usually much smaller than described, at times even reduced to a single awn half as long as the perfect floret. It is exceedingly variable and is more closely related to Ji. curtipendula than to any other species. The Hopkins Galapagos Expedition furnished a fine series of specimens, the best representatives of which are in the Gray Herba- rium. Some of them might be considered an- nual, but no. 507 is clearly perennial. In general aspect this certainly looks like B. curtipendula. 35. Bouteloua uniflora Vasey. Bouteloua unifiora Vasey, Dot. Gaz. 16:26. 1891. The type is Nealley 222, Crockett County, Texas, 1890, in the National Herbarium. See also U. S. Dept. Agr. Div. Agrost. Bull. 7: 212. /. 194. 1897. DESCRIPTION. A tall, smooth, tufted, erect perennial, with the habit and general appearance of B. curtipen- dula; culms simple or branched at the very base, 35 to 50 cm, high; sheaths striale, smooth or minutely rough-hispid under a lens, the ligule reduced to a ring of short, flexuous, white hairs; blades variable, from 2 to 10 cm. long, the longest above, striate, minutely hispid, especially on the upper surface and on the involute edges, the latter being also sparsely papillose-ciliate; panicle racemose, exactly like that of B. curtipendula excepting for the smaller spikes; spikes 25 to 35, 8 to 9 mm. long, consisting of a 1-flowered spikelet and a hispid, closely appressed prolongation of the rachis, about 4 mm. long; second glume 7 to S mm. long, 1 mm. wide, acuminate, the first about 3 mm. long, 0.8 mm. wide, with a more rounded apex; lemma smooth, 3-nerved, very short-awned or awnless, about 6 mm. long, with a narrow, 2-toothed, smooth palet, about 5 mm. long; rudiment consisting of a single, simple, hispid awn about 4 mm. long; caryopsis not known. (Figure 62.) The specimen is immature, and it is barely possible that it may turn out to be an aberrant form of B. curtipendula. Bigelow, " Ilio San Pedro, Texas," November 5, 1850, in the herbarium of S. M. Tracy, from the Thurber Herbarium, is the same aa the type in every floral detail, but the spikes are more numerous. No collections other than these two have been seen. Fig. G2.—Bouteloua uniflora, a, Spike, of single spikelet with prolongation of rachi.s; b, c, lemma and palet; d, rudi- ment. a, Scale 5; b-d, scale 13. From type specimen. GRIFFITHS—THE GRAMA GRASSES 419 36. Bouteloua curtipendula (Michx.) Torr. Ckloris curtipendula Michx. Fl. Bor. Amer. 1: 5!). 18011. The type, collected in Illinois, is in the Michaux Herbarium. Bouteloua racemosa Lag. Yitr. Cicw. 2 "■: 14 L. 1805. Lagawa cite Ckloris curtipen- dula as a synonym in hia later paper." Bouteloua pendula "H. R. M." Lag. Var, Cienc. 24: 141. 1805. A garden name published as a synonym of B. racemosa. Atkeropogon apludimdes Muhl,; Willd. Sp. PI. 4 : 937. 1806; Jacq. Eclog. Gram, 8. pi. 7. 1814; Roem & Schult. Syst. Vcg. 8:413. 1817; Spreng. Syst. Veg. 1:293. 1825. A good list of correctly referred synonyma ia given by Jacquin. Bouteloua melicaejormis Brauss.; Homem. Enum, PL Hort. Hafn. 7. 1807. I fol- low Roerner and Schultes,& who place this ae a synonym under Atkeropogon apludi- oides. Only a name i» listed. Bouteloua melicoides Beau v. Ess. A groat. 40. pi. 9./. 6. 1812. Cased upon "Bout. melicoides Horn." (evidently an error for "melicaeformis"). Beauvois's figures, however, do not apply to B. curtipendula. They resemble more closely some species of the B. procumbens group. In hia private copy of the Agrostographie Beauvoia has written in his own hand "= Atheropogon apludioidea." This name was later listed, with Muhlenberg as the author, by Steudel c ae a synonym of Atheropogon apludioides. Dineba curtipendula Beauv. Ess. Agroet. 98, 1G0. 1812. Presumably based upon Ckloris curtipendula Michx., though Beauvois erroneously cites "Melica curtipendula Mich." See also DC. Cat. Hort. Monsp. 105.1813 (where the generic name ia spelled "Dinebra "); H. B. K. Nov. Gen. & Sp. 1: 171.1816; Presl. Rel. Haenk. 1: 292.1830. Dineba melicoides ? Beauv. Ess. Agrost. 160.1812. A name only, given in the index. Atkeropogon racemo&us Roem. & Schult. Syst. Veg. 2:414. 1817. Based upon Bouteloua racemosa Lag. Eutriana curtipendula Tim. Fund. Agroet. 161. 1820. Based upon Chloris curtipen- dula Michx. See also Steud. Syn. PI. Glum. 1: 215.1854. Melica curtipendula Michx.; Steud. Nom. Bot. 1: 9J, 519. 1821. Based upon Ckloris curtipendula Michx. This name was earlier erroneously given by Beauvois (see above under Dineba curtipendula), Bouteloua curtipendula Torr. in Emory, Mil. Reconn. 154. 1848; U. S. Dept. Agr. Div. Bot. Bull. 121: pi. 4S. 1890; Britt. & Brown, Illust. Fl, 1:180./. 413-1896; U. 8. Dept. Agr. Div. Agrost. Bull. 7 : 213./. 195. 1897. Eutriana affinis Hook. f. Trans. Linn. Soc. Bot. 20: 174.1851; Steud. Syn. Pl. Glum. 1: 215. 1854. The original description states that this is closely allied to E. curtipen- dula. Our present conception of this species would include the form described by Hooker. It is said to be identical with Atheropogon apludioides, Heterostegon curtipen- dulus, and Eutriana curtipendula of Schweinitz in the Hooker Herbarium. It is based upon Drummond specimens from Misaouri and Texas. 27eterostegon curtipendulus Schwein.; Hook. f. Trans. Linn. Soc. Bot. 20:175.1851. A name only. Bouteloua curtipendula aristosa A. Gray, Man. Bot. ed, 2. 553. 1856. This is the typical form in the mountains of the Southwest, but even there the awns often drop off toward maturity. One can establish many varieties in any of these species if he choose, but it appears better not to recognize this form as a subspecies. Atheropogon curtipendulus Fourn. Mex. PL 2:138. 1881. Based upon Bouteloua curtipendula A. Gray. Sckaffner 535 and Bourgeau 2755, cited by Fournier, are in the herbarium of the St. Petersburg Botanical Garden. o Gen. & Sp. Nov. 5.1816. & Syst. Veg. 2:414.1817. cNom. Bot. 1:117.1821. 420 CONTRIBUTIONS FROM THE NATIONAL. HERBARIUM, Eutrtima racemosa Trin.; Fourn. Mex. PI. 2:141. 1881. A name only. According to Hitchcock's notes on the Trinius Herbarium, Trinius's specimen labeled K. raatmosn is there put in the rover with B. curfipenduln, to which species it belongs. (See Tria- thera gracilis under Triaena juncea.) Alheropogon ajftnis Fourn. Mex. PI. 2: 141. 1881. Based upon Eutriana ujftnis Hook. DESCRIPTION. A tall, erect, cespitose perennial, 50 to 80 cm. high, spreading by strong, scaly, creeping rootstocks; sheaths rather close, prominently striate, smooth, the ligule ciliate-f ringed; blades abundant, 10 to 30 cm. long, smooth or very minutely scabrous, about equally distributed over the culm; panicle racemose, 15 to 25 cm. long, with flattened axis; spikes 35 to 50, bilaterally arranged on the flat- tened axis, but the delicate pe- duncles bo twisted and curved as to make them unilateral, 1 to 2 cm. long; epikolets bilateral on a flattened rachia, but not pecti- nate, 5 to 8, consisting of one fertile floret and a rudiment; glumes scabrous-keeled, the first 4 to 5 mm., the second about 7 mm. long; lemma minutely 3- awned, the central awn but little longer than the lateral, 5 to 6 mm. long, smooth to slightly scabrous on the nerves toward the apex; palet acuminate, scabrous above; the rudiment reduced to a min- ute scale with a delicate scabrous awn, and a rudimentary palet consisting of 2 very delicate awns; caryopsis elliptical, about 4.5 mm. long, 1.5 mm. wide, the scutellum covering two-thirds to three-fourths of the ventral sur- face. (Plate 69, A, facing p. 345; 82, B, facing p. 413. Figure 63.) The common "side-oat grama" has a distribution in area second only to B. hirsuta. It is abun- dant from Illinois and Ontario westward and (southward far into South America and has been collected as far east as New York and Connecticut. It is an im- portant native forage in many places. Being of good quality and a largo, vigorous grower, it is one of the most promising species for domestication, but, like all tho others of this genus, it has the important disadvantage of poor sued habits. Besides being produced in small amount, tho seed is difficult of separation from the chaff. In all attempts that have been made to establish meadows of it—and there have been a num- ber in an experimental way—no attempts have been made to thrash the seed at all. The spikes, which readily separate from the culms of maturity, bavo been gathered and sown. \T FlG, 63.—Bouiiloua curtipendula. o, SpiteJet; bt cr lemma and palet of first, floret; dt rudimentary second floret; e, two views &T)d cross seolion of caryopsis; /, gt Jemmn and rudi- ment from a dilTerent plant. at Scale ,1; b-gt srale From Griffiths /, from Griffiths 7071, a-e, GRIFFITHS—THE GRAMA GRASSES. 421 The species is distinct and characteristic, and there are none with which it may be easily confused. Its general aspect is distinct and easily recognized, but the minuter characteristics of the spikelots are most variable, The ab*>ve description was drawn from Griffiths 7071, which corresponds very imperfectly with the drawings of Griffiths 7261, published herewith, especially in the character of the rudiment. The latter form is the variety aristosa, which it does not we in wise to recognize as a subspecies on account of its extreme variation and the intergradations between it and the typical form. As would be expected in a plant of such wide distribution, there are great variations in many if not all of the ordinary taxonomic characters. The accompanying text figures show some of these in so far as they relate to the floral structures. As a rule, the general plant body would be pronounced smooth, but often the leaves and sheaths are quite densely papillose-hairy. A specimen collected by Dr. Short in Kentucky ("Knob of the Crab Orchard "), and another, MacDougal273, Flagstaff, Arizona, both show the development of this character. It frequently occurs that the leaves have conspicuously serrate edges or have regularly placed papillose hairs on the edges. Shear 707, Osborne, Kansas, is a good example of the development of the latter char- acter. A specimen collected by Eggert in Jefferson County, Missouri, August, 1891, in the herbarium of the Missouri Botanical Garden, has pronounced papillose hairs on the edges of the leaves and very wide spikes, but other plants of the same collection 1 have short spikes and look very peculiar for this species. A specimen iti the same herbarium, collected by Bush in McDonald County, Missouri, July 24, 1903, is espe- cially hairy on botli the leaves and the sheaths. This condition is to be distinguished from that of the Eggert specimen above. The hairs are papillose also, but occur on the lower side of the leaves and the upper portion of the sheath a. There is none of #■ this in the Eggert specimen. A specimen from Eggert in same herbarium from St. Clair, Illinois, is very similar to the Bush plant. HERBARIUM SPECIMENS. Arizona: Blunter 1671, Chiricahua Mountains. Hitchcock 3497, Tucson; 3655, Pata- gonia. Tide&troin 925, Jerome Junction. Ncallc.y 1661, Monmouth, Rincon Mountains. MacDougal 799, Dos Cabezos; 273, Flagstaff. Parish 318. Chase 5825, Indian Gardens, Grand Canyon. Griffiths 3373, Santa Rita Forest Reserve; 1438, Benson; 1837, Dragoon Mountains; 1907, Cochise. Hohner 1569, Huachuca Mountains. Knowlton 1961, San Francisco Mountains. Davidson 306, Clifton. Griffiths & Thornber 188 and 189, Santa Rita Mountains. Leiberg 5734, San Fran- cisco Mountains. Jones 6066, Canaan Ranch. Mearns 859, 1065, south of Bisbee; 1118, San Pedro River, Mexican Boundary. Zuck 30, Holbrook. California: Hall 2138, San Jacinto Mountains. Colorado: Chase 5310, Manitou; 5408, Las Animas County. Tidestrom 66, Hugo. Clements (Herb. Form. Colo.) 2. Crandall 3541, Fort Collins. Hitchcock 1792, Pikes Peak. Jones 548, Morrison. Tweedy 376, Durango. Griffiths 3311, Rocky Ford. Shear 969, Canyon City; 948, Salida. Williams 2165 and 2120, Colorado Springs. Baker, Earle & Tracy 970, Durango. Connecticut: Bissell, Housa tonic River near Oxford. Illinois: EUl 181 in 1896, Will County. V. H. Chase, 1875, Princeville. Gleason 1001, Havana. McDonald 60, Peoria. 8keels 534, Joliet. Waite, Ogle County in 1887. Wilcox 62, Manitou. Indiana: Dormer 58, Els ton. low A: Fink 433, Fayette. Morris A255, Murray to Thayer. Pammel & Cratty 756, Led yard. Ball 1008, Manchester. Pammel 645, Des Moinea. 422 CONTRIBUTIONS FROM THE NATIONAL HERBARIUM. Kansas: Hitchcock 3852, Manhattan. Steven# (in Seymour's Grasses) 32, Manhattan. Smyth 285, Caldwell; 60, Hutchinson. Shear 146, 707, Osborne. Norton 910, Riley County. Thompson 127, Syracuse; 57, Ulysses. Michigan: Wheeler, Jackson County. Minnesota; Moycr, Montevideo. Mearns 738, Fort Snelling. Mississippi: Tracy 1392, Starfcville. Montana: Blankin&hip 172, Upper Big Ilom River, Nebraska: Rydberg 2521, North Platte; 1499, Thomas County. Clements 2701, Brazile Creek. New Jersey: Van Sickle (July 27,1893), Zinc Mines. Porter, below Philipsburg. New Mexico: Wooton Standlcy 3525, Lincoln County; 3979, Dona Ana County. Hitchcock 3802, Organ Mountains. Standley 4904, San Miguel County. Fisher 17, Tucumcari. Earle 97 and 94, Gray. Wooton 337, Lincoln County; 2945, Fair view; 2922, Santa Fe; 1096, Organ Mountains, Metcalfe 640, Mangas Springs. Mearns 345, White Water. North Dakota: Stockbridge 1875, Fargo. Brannon 107, Minot. Geyer (1839), near Devils Lake. New York: Wibhe, Schenectady, Ohio: Moselcy, Marblehead. Pennsylvania. Commons 324, Birmingham. IFeller & Halbach 704, Lancaster County. Pennell 569, Chester County. South Dakota: Bruce. 14, Jamesville, Yank ton County. Wallace 9, Indian Creek; 10, Medicine Horse Creek. Griffiths 61, Frankfort; 67, Red field; 285, White Horse Creek; 768, Pierre, 83, Aberdeen. Wilcox 4, Brookings, Texas: Ball 1152, Chillicothe. Tracy 8106, Abilene; 7744, Pierce. Heller 1762, Kerrville. Jermy 94, San Antonio, Wright 756, West Texas. Hall 772, Dallas. Bailey 741, Guadalupe Mountains, Plank 94, Del Rio; 66, El Paso. Mearns 1212, Fort Clark. Lindheimer Exsic. 568. Nealley, College Station. Utah: Jones 5700, Capitol Wash. Wyoming: Chase 5272, Sundance. A. Nelson 530, Whalen Canyon; 8432, Laramie County. Griffiths 525, Devils Tower; 697, Newcastle; 494, Sundance; 410, Beulah: E. Nelson 479, Laramie County. Williams 2587, Sundance. Mexico: Palmer 503, Jalisco; 114 and 206, Chihuahua; 861, Carmen Island; 371 and 407, Saltillo; 264, Conception del Oro; 194, Durango. Lloyd2Q\, 239,213, Cedros, Zacatecas. Hitchcock 3609, Hermosillo; 3633, Nogales. Holway 10, Tula. Pringle 408, Chihuahua. Schumann 1721, Parral, Pitlier 444, Esperanza, Brandegee, San Jos6 del Cabo, Lower California. Mearns 1039, San Jos6 Moun- tains, Sonora; 2305, near White Water, New Mexico; 520, San Luis Moun- tains. Seaton 113, Orizaba, Smith 958, Oaxaca, Bourgeau 491, Santa F6. IAebmann 580, Tehuacan. Orcutt 671, Topo Mountains, Lower California. Nelson 1799, Cuicatlan; 6247, Colonia Garcia, Chihuahua. Rose 2929, Bolanoe, Jalisco. Canada: Herriot, Gait, Ontario. Guatemala: Hyde & Lux 3930 (in J. D. Smith's Plants of Guatemala.) South America: Bang 998, Bolivia. Stucker15877, Argentina. Pittier 1529, Colom- bia. EXCLUDED NAMES. The following names belonging to or likely to be looked for in tin's group are excluded for the reasons enumerated: Arisiida minuta Poit.; Room. & Schult. Syst. Veg. 2 : 711.1817. Listed as a syn- onym of Dineba secunda. Aristida secunda Ledeb.; Steud. Norn. Bot. ed. 2. 1:132. 1840. Given as a syno- nym of Eutriana ledebourii. GRIFFITHS—THE GRAMA GRASSES. 423 Atheropogon antillarum Spreng. Syet. Veg. 1; 294.1825. Aristida antillarum Foir. is cited as a synonym. Probably a species of Arieticla from the West Indies. Atheropogon medius Fourn. Mex, PI, 2: 139.1881. This may be a form of Boute- ioua aristidoides, but it can not be determined with any degree of certainty. Atheropogon villosus Stend. Nom. Bot. ed, 2. 1 : 167.1840. The name is credited to " Nees" and given as a synonym of "Eutriana villosa.'' ChoTidrosium virletii Fourn. Mex. Pi. 2 :136.1881. 1 have not been able to find authentic material of this, although specimens are cited. The type is Virlet 1373, from San Luis Potosi, Mexico. Some portions of the description suggest a form of B. trinii. Chondrosium mbscorpioides C, Miill. Bot. Zeit. 14 : 347.1856. This is probably Bou- teloua gracilis, but there is nothing certain about it. It is from California, Corethrum Vahl, Skrivt. Naturh.-Selsk (Kj0benhavn) 6 *. 85. 1810. This is listed in the Index Kewensis as a synonym of Boutcloua, but both the description and the locality (Syria) indicate that it does not belong to this group. Corethrum bramoides Vahl, Skrivt. Naturh.-Selsk. (Kj^benhavn) 0: 85. 1810. The Index Kewensis refers this to Bouteloua brmnoides, but the description does not ad- mit the plant into this group. Cynomrus retrojlexm Vahl, Symb. Bot. 2 : 20.1791. This is from the East Indies. Both the locality and Vahl's description indicate that it does not belong to this group. Cynomrus secundus Pursh, Fl. Amer. Sept. 2 : 728.1814. It is not possible for me to identify this from the description. It is probably not a member of our group, although by some it has been referred to B. curtipendula. It may be said that B. curtipendula is listed by Pursh under two other genera, viz, Atheropogon and Chloris. Nuttall * refers this doubtfully to Atheropogon apludioides. Dactylis paspaloides Willd.; Kunth, R£v. Gram. 1 :91.1829. Given as a syno- nym of Leptochloa arabica. This has been erroneously referred to this group by some authors, Deyeuxia brasilienm Steud, Nom, Bot. ed.2. 1: 620. 1840. A name from Sprengel'a herbarium given as a synonym of Eutriana villosa according to Trinius's manuscript. Dinebra Jacq. Fragm. 77. pi. 121.f, 1. 1809. This is a genus of Chlorideae to which various authors have referred species of Boutcloua, but which is not allied to this group. Beauvois & spells the name Dineba (the original Arabic spelling) giving Delile as the author, and this spelling is followed by Presl. Kunth spelled the name as did Jacquin. Dineba aegyptica Delile, Descr. Egypt. 4: 26. pi. 11. f. 3.1813. This does not belong here, although repeatedly placed here in the past. Dineba arabica Beauv. Ess. Agrost. 98. pi. 16. /. $. 1812, The plant figured by Beauvois does not belong in this group. See Bentham's opinion of this.c Dinebra brevifolia Steud. Syn, PI. Glum. 1: 299.1854. This is from Abyssinia, and probably is not a member of this group. Dinebra calycina Wight; Nees, Proc. Linn. Soc. 1: 95.1841. A Wight herbarium name published as a synonym of Plagiolytrum calydnum, which is a plant from India. Dineba chloridea Presl, Bel. Haenk. 1 :291.1830. According to the specimen at Prague this is not a Bouteloua, but probably a Chloris. Dineba lima Beauv. Ess. Agrost. 98, 160. 1812. Beauvois cites this doubtfully under this genus. The combination is made in his index Dineba paspaloides Willd.; Beauv. Ess. Agrost. 98,160.1812. A name only, prob- ably based upon Dactylis paspaloides Willd. Willdenow & cites Dinebra arabica and Cynomrus retrofiexus as synonyms of Dactylis paspaloides. Dinebra retroJUxa Panzer, Denkechr. Akad. Wiss. (Miinchen) 4 : 270. 1814. Based on Dactylis paspaloides Willd. a Gen. PI. 78. 1818. & Ess. Agrost. 98.1812. « Journ. Lino. Soc. Bot. 10: 104. 1881. & Enum. PI. 111. 1809. 424 CONTRIBUTIONS FROM THE NATIONAL HERBARIUM. Dinebra secunda Tloem. & Schult. Syst. Veg. 2: 711. 1817. Based upon Cynosurus secundus Pursh. Dinebra verticillata Wight,; Steud. Syn. PI. Glum. 1 : 20!). 185-1. A name cited as synonym of Leptochloa ivightiana. It is from. India and probably not a member of this group. Enteropogon melicoides Nees; Steud. Syn. PI. Glum. 1:216. 1854. A manuscript name published as a synonym of Eutriana enteropogon. Erucaria Cervantes, La Naturalcza (Mexico City) 1 : 347, 1870. There is no way of determining with any certainty what the species described are, and consequently they must be rejected. It is not certain that all of the species belong to this group. Cervantes proposed the following names: Erucaria glandulosa, E. villosa, E, hirsuta, E. lutescens, E. monostachia, E. Utrastachia, E. longifolia, and E. glabra. Fournier has suggested that E. glabra is B. curiipcndula. The description of E. glandulosa and E. hirsuta both suggest B. hirsuta. Erucaria Iv/escens and E. vwnostachia suggest B. procumbens or B. scorpiodes. Erucaria villosa may be B. ehondroshides, Erucaria tetrantachia may be B. gracilis. Eutriana antillarum Steud. Syn. PI. Glum. 1:217. 1854. Based upon "Aristkla antillarum Lam." Eutriana ? chloridea Kunth, Enum. PI. 1: 280. 1833. Based upon Dineba chloridea Presl. Eutriana karmnskiana Steud. Nom. Bot. ed. 2. 1: 620. 1840. A name only, from Trinius's manuscript. Eutriana ledebourii Trin, Gram. Unifl. 238. 1824. Although citing Dinebra secunda Roem, & Schult. (Cynosurus secundus Pursh) as a synonym, Trinius gives the habitat aa St.. Domingo. A specimen named E. ledebourii in the Trinius Herbarium, is doubtful. The spikelet is that of a Bouteloua, but the spikes have but a single spike- let. It does not seem probable, then, that this is the same as B. americana, but I am not able to decide without more material. Eutriana melicoides Steud. Syn. PI. Glum. 1: 216. 1854. The first synonym cited is an East Indian plant. Eutriana villosa Steud. Nom. Bot. ed. 2. 1: 620.1840. No description is given, and the synonyms are only manuscript names. Ischaemum melicoides Koenig; Willd. Sp. PI. 43: 941. 1806; Steud. Syn. PI. Glum. 1: 216. 1854. Steudel cites this name as a synonym of Eutriana enteropogon. The plant is from India and probably does not belong in this group. Leptochloa arabica Kunth, R6v. Gram. 1: 91. 1829. Based upon Dinebra arabica Jacq. Pappophorum alopecuroideum Vahl, Symb. Bot. 3:10. pi. 51. 1794. This haa been referred tc Bouteloua megapotamica, but Vahl's figures show it to be true Pappophorum. Tripogon bromoides Roth, Nov. PI. Sp. Ind. Or. 79. 1821. The generic description excludes Bouteloua; Roem. & Schult. Syst. Veg. 2 : 600. 1817. An earlier mention of the name based on Triathera bromoides Roth in manuscript. LIST OF SPECIMENS DEPOSITED IS PUBLIC HERBARIA." Hitchcock 6074. Griffiths 8117. 8122. 8408. Hitchcock 6776. Griffiths 6834. IT itch cock 6164. 6072. Griffiths 9764. 5918. 6096. 6097. 6158. 7014. 7126. 7278. 7286. 7302. 7308. 7309. 9862. Woo ton 3063. Griffiths 5108. 5112. 5809. 6095. 6208. 6541. 6861. 6890. 6905. Triaenra juncea. Tehuacan, Mexico, August 9, 1910. juncea. Dublan, Ilidalgo, Mexico, September 7, 1905. juncea. Dublan, Hidalgo, Mexico, September 7, 1905. juncea. Saltillo, Mexico, August 17, 1906. Catheetecum erect urn. Balsas, Mexico, September 9, 1910. erectum. Imuris to Santa Ana, Sonora, Mexico, August ]8-19, 1904. multifidum. Iguala, Mexico, September 9, 1909. multifidum. Oaxaca, Mexico, August 12, 1910. Gtoloniferum. Tehuacan, Mexico, August 9,1910, etoloniferum. Tomellin, Mexico, September 31,1909. Bouteloua aristidoidee. Santa Rita Mountains, Arizona, Septem- ber 27-October 3, 1903. aristidoides. Deserts of Tucaon, Arizona, October, 1903. aristidoides. Deserts southeast of Tucaon, Arizona, October, 1903. aristidoides. East of Tucson, Arizona, October 13,1903. aristidoides. Mesas east of Tucson, Arizona, September 4, 1904. aristidoides. Mount Lemmon, Santa Catalina Mountains, Arizona, September 8, 1904. aristidoides. In depressions, southeast of Tucson, Arizona, aristidoides. Southeast of Tucson, Arizona, September 20, 1904. aristidoides. In depressions, southeast of Tucson, Arizona, September 21-23, 1904. aristidoides. Favorable places, east of Tucson, Arizona, Sep- tember 21-23, 1904. aristidoides. Favorable places, east of Tucson, Arizona, Sep- tember 21-23, 1904. aristidoides. Durango, Mexico, September 28, 1909. barbata. Mesilla Park, New Mexico, October 20, 1904. barbata. In irrigated yard, Adamana, Arizona, August 6, 1903. barbata. Adamana, Arizona, August 6, 1903, barbata. Near Navajo, Arizona, September 13, 1903. barbata. Southeast of Tucson, Arizona, October, 1903. barbata. Thornton, New Mexico, October 19, 1903. barbata. Laredo, Texas, June 14,1904. barbata. Imuris to Altar, Sonora, Mexico, August 19, 1904. barbata. Altar, Sonora, Mexico, August 20, 1904. (Close to B. arenosa.) barbata. Altar, Sonora, Mexico, August 20, 1904. (Close to B. arenosa.) "See page 348. 425 426 CONTRIBUTIONS PROM THE NATIONAL HERBARIUM Griffiths 7140. 7156. 7157. 7176. 7303. 7323. 7404. 8116. 9861. 5717. 5758. Hitchcock 6150. Griffiths 5971. 6124. 6732. 6790. 6925. 7266. 7270. 9742. 9863. Chase, V.H. 1875. Griffiths 5614. 7071. 7261. 6746. 6789. 6947. 7051. 7269. 5573. 5968. 7002. 7186. Routeloua barbala. Mount Lemmon, Santa Catalina Mountains, Arizona, September 8-9, 1904. barbata. Mount Lemmon, Santa Catalina Mountains, Arizona, September 8-9, 1904. barbata. Mount Lemmon, Santa Catalina Mountains, Arizona, September 8-9,1904. barbata. Tucson, Arizona. barbata. Mesas near Tucson, Arizona, September 23, 1904. barbata. Preseott, Arizona, September 26,1904. barbata. Las Cruces, New Mexico, October 6, 1904. barbata. Dublan, Mexico, September 7,1905. barbata. Dublan, Mexico, September 7, 1905. breviseta. East of II os well, New Mexico, September 2, 1903. brevLseta, Bluffs of Pecos River near Roswell, New Mexico, September 4,1903. chondrosioides. Oaxaoa, Mexico, August 12, 1910. chondroaioides. San Antonio, Michoacan, Mexico, August 21, 1909. chondrosioidea. Santa Rita Mountains, Arizona, September 27-Octobcr 3, 1903. chondrosioides. Salero Hilln, Santa Rita Mountains. Arizona, October 8, J903. chondroaioides. Tubac, Arizona, August 15, 1904. chondroaioides. Cocospora Ranch, Sonora, Mexico, August 17, 1904. chondrosioides. Laosa, Arizona, August 24, 1904. chondrosioides. Santa Rita Mountains, Arizona, September 17, 1904. chondroaioides. Santa Rita Mountains, Arizona, September 17,1904. chondroaioides, Oaxaca, Mexico, September, 1909. chondroaioides. Durango, Mexico, September 28, 1909. curlipendula. Princeville, Peoria County, Illinois, July 8, 1908, curlipendula. Texline, Texas, August 26-28, 1903. curtipendula. Santa Catalina Mountains, Arizona, September 5-10, 1904, curtipendula. Santa Rita Mountains, Arizona, September 17, 1904. eludens. Santa Rita Mountains, Arizona, eludens. Near Nogales, Sonora, Mexico, August 16, 1904. eludens. Cocoypora Ranch, Sonora, Mexico, August 17, 1904. eludens. Santa Rita Mountains, Arizona, September 29,1904. eludens. Santa Catalina Mountains, Arizona, September 5, 1904. eludens. Santa Catalina Mountains, Arizona, September 18, 1904. eriopoda. Cimarron Canyon, New Mexico, August 23, 1903. eriopoda. Santa Rita Mountains, Arizona, September 27- October 3,1903. eriopoda. Santa Rita Mountains, Arizona, August 31,1904. eriopoda. Santa Rita Mountains, Arizona, September 13-21, 1904. filiform is. El Llano, Jalisco. Mexico. September 16, 1909. GRIFFITHS—THE GRAMA GRASSES. 427 Hitchcock 5827. Bouteloua filiformis. Quer6taro, Mexico, July 24,1910. 5827a. filiformis. Quer^taro, Mexico, July 24, 1910. Griffiths 5916. filiformis. Santa Rita Mountains, Arizona, October 3, 1903. 6397. filiformis. Encinal, Texas, May 20, 1904. 6791. filiformis. Cocospora Ranch, Sonora, Mexico, August 17, 1904. 7178. filiformis, Santa Catalina Mountains, Arizona, September 10-12,1904. 7179. filiformis. Santa Catalina Mountains, Arizona, September 10-12,1904. 7199. filiformis. Santa Rita Mountains, Arizona, September 13-21, 1904. 5187. gracilis. Cimarron Canyon, New Mexico, August 9,1903. 5236. gracilis. St. Johns to White Mountains, Arizona. 5472. gracilis. Raton Mountains, New Mexico, August 18,1903. 5627. gracilis. Texlinc, Texas, August 27,1903. 6108. gracilis. Sonoyta Valley, Arizona, October 7,1903. 6710. gracilis. Colorado Springs, Colorado, August 6, 1904. 9809. gracilis. Dublan, Mexico, September, 1909, hirsuta. Lamy, New Mexico, August 31, 1910. 5523. hirsuta. Cimarron Canyon, New Mexico, August 21, 1903. 5572. hirsuta. Cimarron Canyon, New Mexico, August 23, 1903. 5628. hirsuta. Texline, Texas, August 27, 1903. 5743. hirsuta. Thirty miles east of Roswell, New Mexico, Sep- tember 4, 1903. 6079. hirsuta. Santa Rita Mountains, Arizona, October 3,1903. 6125. hirsuta. Salero Mountains, Arizona, October 8, 1903. 6709. hirsuta. Colorado Springs, Colorado, August 6,1904. 6792. hirsuta. Near Cocospora Ranch, Sonora, Mexico, August 16, 1904. 7263. hirsuta. Santa Rita Mountains, Arizona, September 17,1904. hirticulmis. El Llego, Jalisco, Mexico, September 19, 1909. 9849. hirticulmis. Aguascalientes, Mexico, September 29, 1909. Woo ton 3065. parry i. Mesas near Mesilla Park, New Mexico, October 25, 1904. Griffiths 5940. parryi. Santa Rita Mountains, Arizona, September 27-October 3,1903. 7001. parryi. Santa RiU Mountains, Arizona, August 31, 1904. 7277, parryi. Santa Rita Mountains, Arizona, September 17, 1904. 7421. parryi. Near Mesilla Park, New Mexico, October 6, 1904. 7422. parryi. Near Mesilla Park, New Mexico, October 6, 1904, 7423. parryi. Near Mesilla Park, New Mexico, October 6,1904. 9614. parryi. Santa Rita Mountains, Arizona, September 21, 1908. 5110. procumbens. Adamana, Arizona, August 6, 1903. 5222. procumbens. St. John's to White Mountains, Arizona, August 10, 1903. 5255. procumbens. White Mountains, Arizona, August 11-15, 1903. 5277. procumbens. White Mountains, Arizona, August 11-15, 1903. 5501. procumbens. Raton Mountains, New Mexico, August 18,1903. 5502. procumbens. Raton Mountains, New Mexico, August 18,1903. 5585. procumbens. Cimarron Canyon, New Mexico, August 24,1903. 6724. procumbens. Manitou, Colorado, August 7, 1904. 6725. procumbens. Manitou, Colorado, August 7, 1904. 7362. procumbens. Flagstaff, Arizona, September 28,1904. 8139. procumbens. Zacateeas, Mexico, September 19, 1905. 9516. procumbens. Preseott, Arizona, August 31,1908. 428 CONTRIBUTIONS FROM THE NATIONAL HERBARIUM Hitchcock 6780. Bouteloua radicosa. Balsas, Mexico, September 9, 1910. Griffiths 7012, radicosa. Cultivated at Tucson, Arizona, September 2, 1904. 7050. radicosa. Santa Catalina Mountains, Arizona, September 5-10, 1904. 7180. radicosa. Santa Catalina Mountains, Arizona, September 10- 12, 1904. 7181. radicosa. Santa Catalina Mountains, Arizona, September 10- 12,1904. 7198. radicosa. Santa Rita Mountains, Arizona, September 15,1904. 8124. radicosa. Dublan, Ilidalgo, Mexico, September, 1905. Hitchcock 7040. rep ens, Manzanillo, Mexico, August 20, 1910. Griffiths 1556. rothrockii. Fort Lowell, Arizona, September, 1900. 4402. rothrockii. Santa Rita Mountains, Arizona, May 23, 1903. 6111. rothrockii. Cottonwood, Arizona, October 7, 1903. 6149. rothrockii. Baboquivari Mountains, Arizona; October 10,1903. 6153. rothrockii. Rubles Ranch, Pima County, Arizona, October 11, 1903. 6159. rothrockii. Mesas near Tucson, Arizona, October 13, 1903. 6796. rothrockii. Near CocosporaRanch, Sonora, Mexico, August 17, 1904. 7185. rothrockii. Santa Rita Mountains, Arizona, September 13-21, 1904. 7279. rothrockii. Andrade, Pima County, Arizona, September 20, 1904. Hitchcock 6272. scorpioidefl. Chalchicomula, Mexico, August 19, 1910. Griffiths 8460. scorpii tides. Campcro, Mexico, August 30, 1906. 8461. scorpioides. Campero, Mexico, August 30, 1906. 8462. scorpioides. Campero, Mexico, August 30, 1906. 85*27. scorpioides. Encinillas, Mexico, September 13, 1906. 8054. stelonifura. Alonzo, San Luis Potosf, Mexico, August 11,1905. 6294. texana. Spofford, Texas, May 8, 1904. 6370. texana. Encinal, Texas, May 20, 1904. 6545. texana San Antonio, Texas, May 16, 1905. trinii. Southern Texas. 4112. trinii. Near Tucson, Arizona, April 20-25, 1903. 6104. trinii. Andrade, Pima County, Arizona, October 6, 1903, 6283. trinii. Spofford, Texas, May 8, 1904. 6337. trinii. Eagle Pass, Texas, May 11, 1904. (Closely grazed.) 6338. trinii. Eagle Pass, Texas, May 11, 1904. 6339. trinii. Eagle Pass, Texas', May 11-13, 1904. 6372. trinii. Encinal, Texas, May 20, 1904. 6360. trinii. Encinal, Texas, May 20, 1904. 6429. trinii. Torrecillas, Texas, May 24, 1904. 6430. trinii. Torrecillas, Texas, May 24,1904.