Bibliography of Tortoises of the World Giants to Dwarfs Devin A. Reese & George R. Zug Department of Vertebrate Zoology National Museum of Natural History - Smithsonian SMITHSONIAN HERPETOLOGICAL INFORMATION SERVICE NO. 161 2023 SMITHSONIAN HERPETOLOGICAL INFORMATION SERVICE The first number of the SMITHSONIAN HERPETOLOGICAL INFORMATION SERVICE series appeared in 1968. SHIS number 1 was a list of herpetological publications arising from within or through the Smithsonian Institution and its collections entity, the United States National Museum (USNM). The latter exists now as little more than the occasional title for the registration activities of the National Museum of Natural History. No. 1 was prepared and printed by J. A. Peters, then Curator- in-Charge of the Division of Amphibians & Reptiles. The availability of a NASA translation service and assorted indices encouraged him to continue the series and distribute these items on an irregular schedule. The series continues under that tradition. Specifically, the SHIS series distributes translations, bibliographies, indices, and similar items judged useful to individuals interested in the biology of amphibians and reptiles, and unlikely to be published in the normal technical journals. We wish to encourage individuals to share their bibliographies, translations, etc. with other herpetologists through the SHIS series. If you have such an item, please contact George Zug [zugg @ si.edu] for its consideration for distribution through the SHIS series. Our increasingly digital world is changing the manner of our access to research literature and that is now true for SHIS publications. They are distributed now as pdf documents through two outlets: BIODIVERSITY HERITAGE LIBRARY. www.biodiversitylibrary.org/bibliography/15728 All numbers from 1 to 140 [1968-2009] available in BHL. SMITHSONIAN LIBRARY’S WEBSITE. https://repository.si.edu/handle/10088/842 2023 – Division of Amphibians & Reptiles National Museum of Natural History Smithsonian Institution ISSN 2331-7515 Cover Image: Manouria emys From E.G. Gray, 1860 1 Introduction We wrote “Tortoises of the World Giants to Dwarfs” as a non-technical book for a general audience of natural history readers. Our major goal was to present the full diversity of tortoise biology. To do that, we relied on the full range of scientific literature, hence our information sources were largely peer-reviewed articles. To serve the general readers and to avoid the disruption that occurs with in- text citations and further to restrain the size of the resulting book, we did not include a bibliography of our source literature. We realize that some readers may wish to know what references were used. That is the purpose of this SHIS. We include full citations for all articles and books that we examined and from which we extracted information. Those citations are organized alphabetically by the primary author in each chapter, section, and subsection where their information was used in the text of our book. Chapter 1. How the Tortoise Beat the Hare Buhlmann, K.A., T. S. Akre, J. B. Iverson, D. Karapatakis, R. A. Mittermeier, A. Georges, A.G. Rhodin, P. P. van Dijk, and J. Gibbons. 2009. A global analysis of tortoise and freshwater turtle distributions with identification of priority conservation areas. Chelonian Conservation and Biology 8(2): 116‒149. DOI:10.2744/CCB-0774.1 Ge, D., Z. Wen, L. Xia, Z. Zhang, M. Erbajeva, C. Huang, and Q. Yang. 2013. Evolutionary history of lagomorphs in response to global environmental change. PLOS One 8(4): e59668. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0059668 Kamler, J. F., and W. B. Ballard. 2006. Ear flashing behavior of black-tailed jackrabbits (Lepus californicus). The American Midland Naturalist, 155(2): 402‒403. DOI: 10.1674/0003- 0031(2006)155[402:efbobj]2.0.co;2 Chapter 2. Life in a Shell: Tortoise Body Plan General background information on turtle and tortoise anatomy Ashley, L. M. 1962. Laboratory Anatomy of the Turtle. Wm. C. Brown Co Publisher, Dubuque, Iowa. Corpus ID: 82985391 Legler, J. M., and R. C. Vogt. 2013. The Turtles of Mexico. Land and Freshwater Forms. University of California Press, Berkeley. ISBN: 0-520-26860-9 Nagashima, H., S. Kuraku, K. Uchida, Y. Kawashim-Ohya, Y. Narita, and S. Kuratani. 2011 Body plan of turtles: an anatomical, developmental, and evolutionary perspective. Anatomical Science International 87: 1–13. DOI: 10.1007/s12565-011-0121-y Thomson, J. S. 1932. The anatomy of the tortoise. Scientific Proceedings of the Royal Dublin Society N.S. 20(28): 359–461, Plates 19–43. ISBN: 9781932871104 Wyneken, J., M. H. Godfrey, and V. Bels (eds.) 2008. Biology of Turtles. CRC Press. Boca Raton. DOI:10.1201/9780849333392 2 Limbs Blob, R. W., A. R. V. Rivera, M. W. Westneat. 2007. Hindlimb function in turtle locomotion: limb movements and muscular activation across taxa, environment, and ontogeny. Pp. 153-176. In J. Wyneken, M. H. Godfrey, and V. Bels (eds.) Op cit. DOI: 10.1201/9781420004977-10 Crumly, C.R., and M. R. Sánchez-Villagra. 2004. Patterns of variation in the phalangeal formulae of land tortoises (Testudinidae): developmental constraint, size, and phylogenetic history. Journal of Experimental Zoology, Part B, Molecular and Developmental Evolution 302(2): 134‒146. DOI:10.1002/jez.b.20010 Schleich, H. H., and W. Kastle. 2002. Order Chelonia/Testudines (Turtles: Terrapines & Tortoises. Pp. 501–573. In H. H Schleich and W. Kastle (eds.) Amphibians and Reptiles of Nepal. A. R. G. Gantner Verlag, Ruggell. Schleich, H. H., and W. Kastle. 2002. Order Chelonia/Testudines (Turtles: Terrapines & Tortoises. Pp. 501–573. In H. H Schleich and W. Kastle (eds.) Amphibians and Reptiles of Nepal. A. R. G. Gantner Verlag, Ruggell. ISBN 3-904144-79-0 Head Bels, V., S. Baussart, J. Davenport, M. Shorten, R. M. O’Riordan, S. Renous, and J. L. Davenport. 2007. 8. Functional Evolution of Feeding Behavior in Turtles. Biology of Turtles: From Structures to Strategies of Life. Thomson, J. S. 1932. Op. cit. Tortoise Shells Generally & Tortoise Shells Specifically Achrai, B., and H. D. Wagner. 2017. The turtle carapace as an optimized multi-scale biological composite armor – A review. Journal of the Mechanical Behavior of Biomedical Materials 73: 5–67. DOI: 10.1016/j.jmbbm.2017.02.027 Adams, R. B., J. C Pitman, and L. A. Harveson, 2006. Texas tortoise (Gopherus berlandieri) consumed by a mountain lion (Puma concolor) in Southern Texas. Southwestern Association of Naturalists 51(4): 581–582. DOI: 10.1894/0038-4909(2006)51[581:ttgbcb]2.0.co;2 Dosik, M., and T. Stayton. 2016. Size, shape, and stress in tortoise shell evolution. Herpetologica 72(4): 309–317. DOI: 10.1655/Herpetologica-D-16-00031.1 Dziomber, L., W.G. Joyce, and C. Foth. 2020. The ecomorphology of the shell of extant turtles and its applications for fossil turtles. PeerJ 8:1–35. DOI: 10.7717/peerj.10490 Fritz, T. H. 1983. Morphometrics of Galapagos tortoises: evolutionary implications. Pp.107–122. In R. Bowman, M. Berson, and A. E. Leviton (eds.) Patterns of Evolution in Galapagos Organisms. American Association for the Advancement of Science, Pacific Division. San Francisco. ISBN 0-934394-05-9 Gerlach, J. J. 2012. Skeletal ontogeny of Seychelles giant tortoises (Aldabrachelys/Dipsochelys). Scientific Research and Essays 7, 1083‒1099. DOI: 10.5897/SRE11.2019 Hirasawa, T., H. Nagashima, H., and S. Kuratani. 2013. The endoskeletal origin of the turtle carapace. Nature Communications 4: 1–7. DOI: 10.1038/ncomms3107 Loveridge, A., and E. E. Williams. 1957. Revision of the African tortoises and turtles of the suborder Cryptodira. Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard 115: 163–557. DOI: 10.5962/BHL.PART.2474 3 Lyson T. R., B. A. Bhullar, G. S. Bever, W. G. Joyce, K.de Queiroz, A. Abzhanov, and J. A. Gauthier. 2013. Homology of the enigmatic nuchal bone reveals novel reorganization of the shoulder girdle in the evolution of the turtle shell. Evolution & Development 15(5): 17–25. DOI: 10.1111/ede.12041 Magwene, P. M., and J. J. Socha. 2013. Biomechanics of turtle shells: how whole shells fail in compression. Journal of Experimental Zoology 319A: 86–98. DOI: 10.1002/jez.1773 Shelef, Y., and B. Bar-On. 2017. Surface protection in bioshields via a functional soft skin layer: lessons from the turtle shell. Journal of the Mechanical Behavior of Biomedical Materials 73: 68–75. DOI: 10.1016/j.jmbbm.2017.01.019 Stayton, C. T. 2011. Biomechanics on the half shell: functional performance influences patterns of morphological variation in the emydid turtle carapace. Zoology 114: 213−223. DOI: 10.1016/j.zool.2011.03.002 Shell Shape Chiari, Y., van der Meijden, A. Caccone. J. Claude, and B. Gilles. 2017. Self-righting potential and the evolution of shell shape in Galápagos tortoises. Scientific Reports 7:15828 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-15787-7 Grubb, P. 1971. The growth, ecology, and population structure of giant tortoises on Aldabra. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society, London B 260: 327–372. DOI: 10.1098/rstb.1971.0018 Moskovits, D. K. 1988. Sexual dimorphism and population estimates of the two Amazonian tortoises (Geochelone carbonaria and G. denticulata) in northwestern Brazil. Herpetologica 44(2): 209–217. Corpus ID: 89266048 Vlachos, E., and M. Rabi. 2017. Total evidence analysis and body size evolution of extant and extinct tortoises (Testudines: Cryptodira: Pan-Testudinidae). Cladistics 34: 652–683. DOI: 10.1111/cla.12227 Zug, George R. 2013. Reptiles and Amphibians of the Pacific Islands: A Comprehensive Guide. University of California Press, Berkeley. ISBN: 0520274969 Zug, George R. 2022. Amphibians and Reptiles of Myanmar: Checklist and Keys. I. Amphibians, Crocodilians, and Turtles. Smithsonian Contributions to Zoology 653: 1–113. DOI: 10.5479/si.19098995 Shell Size Morafka D.J. 1994. Neonates: Missing links in the life histories of North American tortoises. Pp. 161–173. In R.B. Bury and D. J. Germano (eds.) Biology of North American Tortoises. National Biological Survey, Fish and Wildlife Research 13: 1–204. Corpus ID: 83178373 Werner, Y. L., N. Korolker, G. Sion, and B. Goçmen. 2016. Bergmann’s and Rensch’s rules and the spur-thighed tortoise (Testudo graeca). Biological Journal of the Linnean Society 117: 796– 811. DOI: 10.1111/bij.12717 4 Moving With a Shell Walking Gaits Tomović, L., D. Arsovski, A. Golubović, and X. Bonnet. 2020. Inside the shell: body composition of free-ranging tortoises (Testudo hermanni). Zoology 142: doi.org/10.1016/j.jool.2020.125821 Zug, G. R. 1973. A critique of the walk pattern analysis of symmetrical quadrupedal gaits. Animal Behaviour [1972] 20:436–438. DOI: 10.1016/s0003-3472(72)80005-8 Zug., G. R. 1973. Walk pattern analysis of cryptodiran turtle gaits (Reptilia). Animal Behaviour [1972] 20:439–443. DOI: 10.1016/s0003-3472(72)80006-x Walking Mechanics Blob, R. W., A. R. V. Rivera, and M. W. Westneat. 2007. Pp. 157–183. In J. Wyneken, M. H. Godfrey, and V. Bels (eds.) Biology of Turtles. CRC Press, Boca Raton. ISBN:0 429128400 Renous, S., F. de L. de Broin, M. Depecker, J. Davenport, and V. Bels. 2007. Evolution of locomotion in aquatic turtles. Pp. 97–138. In J. Wyneken, M. H. Godfrey, and V. Bels (eds.) Op cit. DOI: 10.1201/0849333392 Schmidt, M., M. Mehlhorn, and M. S. Fischer. 2016. Shoulder girdle rotation, forelimb movement and the influence of carapace shape on locomotion in Testudo hermanni (Testudinidae). Journal of Experimental Biology 219: 26932703. DOI: 10.1242/jeb.137059 Zani, P. A., and R. Kram. 2008. Low metabolic cost of locomotion in ornate box turtles, Terrapene ornata. Journal of Experimental Biology 211: 3671–3676. DOI: 10.1242/jeb.019869 Digging Allen, M. 1997. Florida Game and Fresh Water Fish Commission's Mitigation Park Program. Tortoise Burrow. Bulletin of the Gopher Tortoise Council 17(1): 5–6. Barbour, R. W. and Ernst, C. 1972. Turtles of the United States. University Press Kentucky, Lexington. Kinlaw, A. L. 1999. A review of burrowing by semi-fossorial vertebrates in arid environments. Journal of Arid Environments 41: 27–145. Wilson, D. S. 1991. Estimates of survival for juvenile gopher tortoises, Gopherus polyphemus. Journal of Herpetology 25: 376–379. Flipping Over Chiari, Y., A. van der Meijden, A. Caccone, J. Claude, and B. Gilles. 2017. Op cit. DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-15787-7 Domokos, G., and P. L. Várkonyi. 2007. Geometry and self-righting of turtles. Proceedings of the Royal Society B 275: 11−17. DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2007.1188 Ewart, H. E., P. G. Trickle, W. I. 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