DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGUE OF THE COLLECTION OFECCLESIASTICAL ART IN THE UNITED STATES NA-TIONAL MUSEmi.By I. M. Casanowicz.Assistant Curator, Division of Old World Archeology, United States National Museum.
INTRODUCTION.The collection of Ecclesiastical Art forms part of the section of theHistory of Religions which is on exhibition in the old building of theNational Museum. It comprises church furnitures, as far as theyare embellished by art, aj^purtenances of the public worship, andobjects used in individual devotions and on special occasions, and isobviously confined to the illustration of the ceremonies and usagesof the ritual branches of Christendom?that is, the Roman Catholicand eastern churches. Of the former the collection is quite repre-sentative, occupying an alcove of three cases. Of the eastern churchesthere is a small collection of the Greek Orthodox Church, mostly ofthe Russian division of that denomination, and of the ArmenianChurch, filling one case. Much material of the collection remains,for lack of exhibition space, in storage.The description is accordingly divided into?I. Ecclesiastical Artof the Roman Catholic Church; II. Of the Eastern Church; andIII. Of the Armenian Church.
I. ECCLESIASTICAL ART OF THE ROMAN CATHOLIC CHURCH.PARAPHERNALIA OF THE CHURCH SERVICES.SERVICE OF THE MASS.The service of the mass is, according to the teaching of the CatholicChurch, a perpetual repetition of the sacrifice of Christ on the cross.The bread and wine are, by the words of consecration pronouncedby the priest, changed into the real body and blood of Christ (trans-substantiation), and Christ thus offers himself each time anewthrough the priest, his representative on earth, and is partaken ofin the communion.The liturgy of the m.ass consists of extracts from the Scripturesand prayers, some of which are always recited, while others varyProceedings U. S. National Museum, Vol. 55?no. 2287. 605
606 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. vot. 55.according to the season or the purpose for which the mass is offered,and is, in the larger portion of the Roman CathoUc Church, in theLatin language.The requisites for the celebration of mass are: An altar, of whichat least the part of the table upon which the chalice and paten restduring the service must be of stone, in which relics of the martyrsare inclosed (with reference to Revelation vi, 9), and must be con-secrated by a bishop. The altar is covered with three linen cloths(symbolizing the linen cloths in which Christ's body was shrouded,as the altar represents his tomb), blessed by a bishop, or by a priestempowered by him. Midway of the altar and fixed to its base isthe tabernacle, a small chest, more or less decorated, which holdsthe consecrated hosts in their repositories, the cibory and pyx, forthe communion of the laymen and for the sick, and a light is alwayskept burning in front of it. Upon the altar is a crucifix. Twocandles are lighted during a low mass, which is one recited by thepriest without chant, and six during a high mass, which is oneaccompanied by lausic and incense and attended by a deacon andsubdeacon.The sacred vessels used in the service of the mass are the chalice,in which the wine, mixed with water, is consecrated, and the paten,a small plate upon which the host, in form of a cake of unleavenedwheat bread, about 2 inches in diameter, rests during a portion ofthe mass. The appurtenances of the chalice and paten are thecorporal, a square piece of cloth, upon which the host and chaliceare placed, and v/hich when not in use is held in the burse, a casecovered with the same material as the priest's vestm^ents; the puri-ficator, a piece of linen used for wiping out the chalice; the pall, astiff piece of linen, about 5 inches square, used to cover the chalice;and the veil, a square piece of the same material as the priest'svestments, with which the chalice is covered before offertory andafter communion.Mass may be celebrated only in the morning, and the celebrantmust be fasting.1. Higli altar.?^IVIade of wood and constructed in a combinationof Gothic, Renaissance, and Rococo styles, and probably dates fromthe seventeenth century. It is adorned with two oil i^aintings.The lower represents the assumption of Mary into heaven. Mary,in a blue cloak with yellow borders, is ascending to heaven surroundedby fluttering cherubs, while underneath the apostles with upliftedfaces and raised hands are gazing after her. The Assumption of theVirgin is the principal feast celebrated in her honor, and is observedon August 15. The upper painting represents John the Evangelistin a red cloak holding the chalice of the Lord's Supper. Height, 15
NO. 2287. COLLECTION OF ECCLESIASTICAL ART?CASANOWICZ. 607feet; width, 7 feet 3 inches.?Hildesheim, Germany. (Cat. No. 207743,U.S.N.M.)2. Altar.?Made of wood and adorned with an oil painting repre-senting the Holy Family?that is, Joseph, Mary, and the InfantJesus. Probably dating from the seventeenth century. Height,7 feet 21 inches; width, 4 feet 2^ inches.?Hildesheim, Germany.(Plate 60, Cat. No. 207744, U.S.N.M.)3. Altar cloth.?Made of linen, with lace borders and embroiderededges. Length, 62 inches; width, 29 inches.?Italy. (Cat. No.179015, U.S.N.M.)4. Fragments of gilded carvings of an altar.?Including six ovalpanel paintings, measuring each 10| by 8| inches, representing theVirgin Mary, the archangel Gabriel, and the four Evangelists.
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Italy. (Cat. No. 179013, U.S.N.M.)5. Bronze candlesticJc.?With a point on top upon which to stickthe candle. Height, 13 inches.?Italy. (Plate 61, fig. 1, Cat. No.152230, U.S.N.M.)6. Bishop's candlesticJc.?Made of white metal. Used to light thebishop while reciting the ])rayers of thanksgiving after mass. Height,2^ inches; length, lOJ inches.?Italy. (Plate 61, fig. 2, Cat. No.179034, U.S.N.M.)7. Pair ofcandlesticlcs.?Made of wood, carved and gilded. Height,121 inches.'?Spain. (Plate 61, fig. 3, Cat. No. 1788G3, U.S.N.M.)8-9. Altar lamps.?Made of white metal in chased work. In frontof the tabernacle of the altar in which a consecrated host is pre-served a lamp filled with olive oil is ahvays kept bm-ning. It isusually suspended by a chain from the ceiling of the church in frontof the tabernacle.?Italy. (Plate 62, figs. 1 and 4, Cat. Nos. 179022-023, U.S.N.M.)10. Large altar lamp.?Made of brass, hammered work. Diameterof bowl, lOi inches.-Italy. (Cat. No. 179024, U.S.N.M.)11. Large altar lamp.?Made of white metal, repousse work.l>iameter, 12 inches.?Italy. (Cat. No. 199026, U.S.N.M.)12-13. Small altar lamps.?Made of white metal.?Italy. (Cat.No. 179023, U.S.N.M.)14. Altar lamp.?Made of brass.?Madrid, Spain. (Cat. No.167082, U.S.N.M.)15. Small lamp.?^Made of l)rass, with loops for suspension.Height, 8f inches; diameters, 2| and 2| inches.?Italy. (Cat. No.152235, U.S.N.M.)16-17.
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Censers or thuribles.?Made of white metal, openwork.The censer consists of a cup or bowl, which is provided with a mov-able pan for holding ignited charcoal, upon which the incense is put,a lid or covering and four chains about 3 feet in length, three ofwhich unite the bowl to a circular disl:, wliile the fourth is used for62055?20?Proc.N.M.vol..55 40
608 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. vol. 55.
raising the lid to which one end of it is attached, the other passingthrough a hole in the disk and terminating in a ring. Incense isused at a solemn high mass, at vespere, benediction, at the obsequiesof the dead, and at certain other ceremonies and blessings. Thecustom of burning incense in religious ceremonies is widespread.Besides the fragrance, it is a symbol of prayer (see Psalms cxli, 2;Revelation v, 8; viii, 3).?Italy. (Plate 62, figs. 2 and 3, Cat. Nos.152233 and 179022, U.S.N.M.)18. Denser
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?Made of white metal.?Italy. (Cat. No. 179023,U.S.N.M.)19. Censer.?Mside of brass.?Italy. (Cat. No. 179023, U.S.N.M.)20. Censer.?Made of brass, openwork.?Italy. (Cat. No. 179025,U.S.N.M.)21-22. Incensehoat.?Made of white metal, repousse work. Beforeputting the incense from the boat, or nave, into the censer, the priestmakes the sign of the cross and pronounces a blessing over it.
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Italy. (Plate 63, figs. 1 and 4, Cat. Nos. 179021-2, U.S.N.M.)23. Incense boat.?Made of white metal, chased and repousse workHeight, 4^ inches; length, 6^ inches.?Italy. (Cat. No. 152234,U.S.N.M.)24-25. Holy water vessel and sprinkler.?The vessel is of v/hitemetal with fluted sides in repousse w^ork. The sprinkler is of brass.On Sunday, at the beginning of high mass, the priest sprinkles thepeople with water, into which salt has been tlu-own and over whichvarious prayers and benedictions have been pronounced, recitingPsalm li, 9. The rite is therefore called Asperges, from the first wordof the verse in Latin. It is symbolical of the pm-ification of the soul,and it is also believed to be a means of grace, in virtue of the prayersand blessings pronounced over the water by the priest. Height, 5inches; diameters, 5^ and 3 inches.?Italy. (Plate 63, figs. 2 and 3,Cat. No. 152228, U.S.N.M.)26-27. Chalice and paten.?Made of silver, gilded. The chalice isin Renaissance style and is adorned with floral designs in chased work.The chalice, or at least its cup, in wliich the wine is consecrated, andthe paten, upon which the host is placed, must be either of gold orof silver gilded. They are consecrated with prayer and anointingwith the holy chrism, and after that must not be touched by a lay-man. Height of the chalice, 8 J inches; diameters, 5| and 3| inches;diameter of the paten, 6i inches.?Italy. (Plate 64, figs. 1 and 3,Cat. Nos. 17901G-017, U.S.N.M.)28. Pair of cruets with tray.?Made of glass. The stoppers ofthe cruets are in the form of a cross. Used for holding, respectively,the wine and water for the Eucharist.?Montclair, New Jersey.(Cat. No. 239069, U.S.N.M.) Gift of Rev. Joseph Mendl.
no. 2287. COLLECTION OF ECCLESIASTICAL ART?CASANOWWZ. 60929. Pair of cruets with tray.?The same as the preceding number.
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Ridgewood, New Jersey. (Cat. No. 239094, U.S.N.M.) Gift of Rev.P. T. Carew.30. Cihory.?-Made of silver, gilded, in form of a chalice, only widerand shallower in the cup, with a conical cover, surmounted by across. In the cibory are reserved the smaller hosts for the ordinarycommunicants and the sick. It is kept covered with a silken veil inthe tabernacle of the altar. Height, 7 inches; diameters, 2^ and 2^inches.?Italy. (Plate 65, fig. 1, Cat. No. 152227, U.S.N.M.)31. Pyx.?-Made of white metal in the same shape as the cibory,only smaller. Used for carrying the sacrament to the sick. Height,3^ inches; diameters, If and Ih inches.?Italy. (Plate 65, fig. 4, Cat.No. 179030, U.S.N.M.)32. Brass vase.?^Made in form of an amphora with a conical cover.Probably used for holding the holy chrism, which is consecrated bythe bishop on Thursday of the Holy Week ("Maimdy Thursday"),and is used in the rites of baptism, confirmation, ordination, andcoronation; in the consecration of churches, altar stones, chalices,and in blessing the baptismal water. The chrism of the RomanCatholic Church consists of a mixture of oil and balsam. The chrismof the Eastern Church contains, besides oil and balsam, 55 otheringredients, among wliich are red wine, orange and rose water, mastic,various gums, nuts, pepper, flowers, and ginger, and certain chemistsof Constantinople are officially appointed to prepare it.^ Height, 8finches; diameter, 3 inches.?Italy. (Cat. No. 179020, U.S.N.M.)33-34. Silver cup and spoon.?Probably used for handing out theholy chrism. Height of the cup, 3 inches; diameter, H inches.Seville, Spain. (Plate 65, figs. 5 and 6, Cat. No. 167049, U.S.N.M.)ALTAE LINEN TEXTILES.35-36. Three corporals.?Made of linen, with lace borders and anembroidered cross in the center. Upon the corporal the host andchalice are placed during celebration of the mass. Dimensions, 11 ^by 9^ inches to 17 by 14 inches.?Italy. (Cat. No. 179002, U.S.N.M.)37-38. Two hurses.?Of green silk, with cross and borders of yellowsilk and gold brocade. The burse is used to hold the corporal whennot in use. Dimensions, 8^ and 9^ inches square.?Italy. (Cat.No. 179002, U.S.N.M.)39, Burse.?Of yellow silk brocade with green border. Dimen-sions, 8 inches square.?Italy. (Cat. No. 179003, U.S.N.M.)40. Burse.?Oi black brocade, with cross and borders of whitebrocade. Dimensions, 8 inches square.?Italy. (Cat. No. 179004,U.S.N.M.)
1 See Adrian Fortescue, The Eastern Orthodox Church, London, 1910, p. 425.
610 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. tol. 55.41. PaZZ.?Made of linen, with a gold fringe, embroidered in silverand gold, with figures of chalice, host, burning hearts, and the instru-ments of the crucifixion. Used to cover the chalice. Dimensions,5 inches square.?Italy. (Cat. No. 152232, U.S.N.M.)42. Pall.?Made of linen, with lace fringe and red cross in thecenter.?Italy. (Cat. No. 179005, U.S.N.M.)43-47. Five imricators.?Made of linen, with lace borders andembroidered cross in the center. Used for wiping out the chaliceafter the communion. Dimensions, 5 to Q\ inches.?Italy. (Cat.No. 179007, U.S.N.M.)48. Veil.?Of black brocade, with white borders and white crossin the center. The veil is used to cover the chalice before the offer-tory and after the communion. Dimensions, 18^ inches square.
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Italy. (Cat. No. 179004, U.S.N.M.)49. Veil.?Of black brocade, with borders of yellow silk. Dimen-sions, 22f inches square.?Italy. (Cat. No. 179004, U.S.N.M.)50. Veil.?Of purple silk, with borders of gold applique work anda cross within a circle of the same stuff. Dimensions, 22 inchessquare.?Italy. (Cat. No. 179005, U.S.N.M.)51
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Veil.?Of reticellar work in pale blue and white. In the center,IHS, which is the abbreviation of the Latin words Jesus liominumsalvator (Jesus Saviour of Mankind), within a circle of rays, while theedges are adorned with floral designs. Dimensions, 24 inches square.Italy. (Cat. No. 179006, U.S.N.M.)52. Laver.?Made of brass, semicu'cular as to be fastened to thewall, with a crane at the bottom. Before vesting for the celebrationof the mass the celebrant washes his hands in the sacristy to typifypurity of heart and outer reverence for the sacred presence. Duringthe mass he washes his hands after the offertory and communionat the altar. Height, 19 inches; width, 12^ inches.?Italy. (Cat.No. 179027, U.S.N.M.) VESTMENTS OF THE MASS.It is assumed by many authorities that the ecclesiastical vestmentswere evolved by a natural process from the ordinary costume of aRoman citizen of the first or second centmy of the Christian era.The vestments used in the celebration of the mass are:(1) The cassock, a close-fitting robe reaching to the heels and but-toned aU the way down in the front. It is the distinctive dress ofclerics worn by them in their homes and at all sacred functions, and,in Catholic countries, at aU times. The cassock of secular priests isblack; of bishops and archbishops, pm'ple or violet; of cardinals, red;of the pope, white.(2) The amice or amict (from the Latin amicire, to cover, to clothe),also called humeral (from the Latin humerus, shoulder), a piece oflinen, about 3 feet long by 2 feet wide, with a cross embroidered in
NO. 2287. COLLECTION OF ECCLESIASTICAL ART?CASANOWICZ. 611the middle of the upper edge, which the celebrant rests for a momenton his head, kissing the cross, and then spreads it over his shoulderswith a prayer, binding it around the shoulders l)y means of stringsat the u])per cornel's of the cloth.(3) The alb, a loosely fitting shirt-like robe of white linen (henceits name, from, the Latm alhus, white), reaching from head to foot.It is sometimes adorned with a border of lace or embroidery. Ittypifies the purity of life.(4) The girdle, or cincture, a Hnen cord, the two ends of which ter-minate in large tassels, v/ith which the priest binds the alb. It sym-bolizes continence and self-restraint.(5) The maniple, a strip of cloth about 2 feet long, embroidered withthree crosses, one in the middle and one at each of the extremities.It is worn on the left wrist, to which it is attached by a pin or string,hanging equally on both sides. It was originally a handkerchief ortowel, and gradually developed into an ornamental and symbolicalliturgical vestment. It signifies the rope with which Christ wnsbomid and the tears of penitence to be wiped off.(6) The stole (also called orarium), a long band of cloth, put aroundthe neck and crossed on the breast, being held in this position by thegirdle. It is also worn at the performance of any rite, as ministeringthe sacraments or blessing persons and things. It is the symbol ofspiritual power and jurisdiction. It was perhaps developed from thescarf used to protect the neck.(7) The chasuble (from Latin casula, the diminutive of casa, hut,because like a little house it covered the whole body) . It is the outeror upper vestment v.diich is last assumed. It is elliptical in cut, openon both sides and at the top, and as it is passed over the head to reston the shoulders it reaches to the knees in front and a fev,^ incheslower behind. The material (gold cloth, brocade, silk, wool, linen)and color of the casuble, stole, and maniple, as also of the veil andburse, must be the same. The color of these vestments varies ac-cording to the season or the occasion of the mass. White or goldcloth is employed on the joyous feasts of Christ and Mary; red isused on Pentecost, in masses of the Holy Ghost, and of the apostlesand martyrs; green is the color of the season, when there is no specialfeast; violet is used during Advent and Lent and on all penitentialoccasions; and black is used in masses of the dead and on GoodFriday.(8) The biretta, a stiff square cap with three or four prominences orprojecting corners rising from its crown, and sometimes with a tasselin the middle v/here the corners meet. It is worn by the celebrantwhen he approaches the altar to say mass, and is, like the cassock,vvorn by the secular clergy generally.The dalm.atic (from Dalmatia, where the garment originated) is thedistinctive vestment of the deacon when he assists at high mass, the
612 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. vol.55.
service of benediction, and at processions. It resembles the chasuble,only it is not rounded at the extremities, but straight, and has widesleeves and marked y/ith two stripes. It has to conform in color tothe vestments of the celebrant. The stole is worn by the deaconover the left shoulder and joined on the right side.The tunic, which is the vestment of the subdeacon, does not differmuch in form from the dalmatic.Vestments of a mass celebrated hy a hishoj) (j^ontijical mass).?Thebishop, possessing the plentitude of priesthood, wears, when cele-brating a pontifical mass, the vestments of all the ranks of the min-istry. Peculiar to him are the rochet, a closely fitting garment oflinen with sleeves, which he wears over the cassock, gloves, sandals,and the miter, a kind of a folding cap. It consists of two like parts,each stiffened by a lining and rising to a peak. These are sewn to-gether on the sides, but are united above by a piece of material thatcan be folded together. Two lappets with fringes hang down fromthe back. According to the style, there is distinguished the Gothicmiter, with straight lines and sharp point, and the Italian miter, withgreater height and curved lines. The bishop also wears a pectoralcross, and a pontifical ring, and carries the crozier or pastoral staff,the symbol of authority and jurisdiction.53. Priests' mass vestments.?Consisting of cassock, amice, alb,cincture, maniple, stole, chasuble, and biretta. The maniple, stole,and chasuble are made of red silk with floral designs in silver applique,and come from Italy; the cassock is a gift of the Rev. John Fenlon,St. Austens, Brooldand, District of Columbia; the amice, alb, whichis adorned v/ith a border of embroidered floral designs, the cinctureand biretta of velvet, are the gifts of the Rev. Joseph Mendl, Mont-clair. New Jersey. (Plate 66, Cat. Nos. 178996 and 239066-068,U.S.N.M.)54. Priests' mass vestments.?Consisting of alb, maniple, stole,chasuble, and biretta. The maniple, stole, and chasuble, of floweredcroisson silk in white and light green, come from Italy, the alb, oflinen with lace border, and biretta, of velvet, are the gifts of the Rev.P. T. Carew, Ridgewood, New Jersey. (Plate 67, Cat. Nos. 178997and 239090-093, U.S.N.M.)55. Maniple of white croisson silk.?Embroidered in silk.?Italy.(Cat. No. 178999, U.S.N.M.)56. Maniple of purple croisson silk brocade.?Italy. (Cat. No.178999, U.S.N.M.)57. Maniple of white satin brocade.?With borders and crosses insilver and gold applique.?Italy. (Cat. No. 178999, U.S.N.M.)58. Maniple of croisson silk brocade.?With borders and crosses inyeUow silk brocade.?Italy. (Cat. No. 178999, U.S.N.M.)
^0.2281. COLLECTION OF ECCLESIASTICAL ART?CASANOWICZ. 61359. Maniple of green silk and silver hrocade.?lia\y . (Cat. No.178999, U.S.N.M.)60. Maniple of wliite croisson sillc brocade.?With borders andcrosses in gold lace.?Italy. (Cat. No. 178999, U.S.N.M.)61. Maniple of red satin.?^With crosses of yellow silk borderedwith gold thread and the ends of the bars of the crosses terminatingin fleurs-de-lis.?Italy. (Cat. No. 179000, U.S.N.M.)62. Maniple of Rosa silk brocade.?With borders and crosses inyellow silk brocade.?Italy. (Cat. No. 179000, U.S.N.M.)63. Maniple of black silk brocade.?With borders and crosses msilver lace.?Italy. (Cat. No. 179000, U.S.N.M.)64. Maniple of black silk brocade.?With crosses in yellow silkbrocade, and yellow silk fringes.?Italy. (Cat. No. 179001, U.S.N.M.)65. Maniple of black velvet.?With borders and crosses of yellowsilk bordered with red silk. The four ends of the crosses terminate infleurs-de-lis.-Italy. (Cat. No. 179001, U.S.N.M.)66. Philippine dalmatic.?Made of purple velvet, with rosettes andother floral designs in gold applique, m form of a wide, loose robe withan openmg at the top for passing of the head. The usual form of thedalmatic resembles that of the chasuble, only it is not rounded atthe extremities but straight.?Philippme Islands. (Plate 68, Cat.No. 213406, U.S.N.M.) .67. Bishop's nniter.?Made of white silk, embroidered in gold andset with stones. Dimensions, 16^ by 13 i inches.?Italy. (Plate69, fig. 1, Cat. No. 179032, U.S.N.M.)68. Bishop's crozier.?^^lade of white metal. The crozier is thepastoral staff of the bishop, symbolizing his authority and jurisdic-tion. It is of metal, hollow, usually higlily ornamented, with a hookor curve on the upper end. An archbishop's staff is surmounted bya cross or crucifix; that of a patriarch bears a cross with two trans-verse bars; and that of the pope bears a cross with three transversebars. Height, 6 feet 3 inches.?Italy. (Plate 69, fig. 2, Cat. No.179031, U.S.N.M.)69. Pectoral cross.?Made of silver, gilded. Height, 9 inches.
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Italy. (Plate 69, fig. 3, Cat. No. 179033, U.S.N.M.)70. Mozzetta (from Italian mozzo, Latin, mutilus, mutilated, cur-tailed) .?A short, cape-shaped vestment of scarlet silk, open in front,which can, however, be buttoned over the breast, covermg theslioulder, with a little hood behind. It is worn by the Pope, cardinals,bishops, abbots, and others who do so by custom or papal privilege.Italy. (Cat. No. 211699, U.S.N.M.)71. Altar bell.?Made of brass. At various parts of the mass,especially during consecration and elevation of the host and chalice,a small bell is rung to attract the attention and excite the^ devotionof those present. Height, 5^ inches; diameter, 2\ inches.?Spain(Cat. No. 178862, U.S.N.M.)
614 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. vol. 55.72. Silver hell.?Adorned with three Greek crosses within ovals inchased work. Height, 1| mches; diameter, 1^ inches.?Seville,Spain. (Cat. No. 167045, U.S.N.M.)73. Wooden clapper.?During holy week, when music and joyoussounds are excluded from the church, a wooden clapper or rattle isused in place of a metal bell, to give the various signals to the con-gregation. Measurements, 12 by 14 inches.? (Cat. No. 179054,U.S.N.M.)74. Osculatory.?A bronze plaque made m form of a facade of theItalian Renaissance style, with the representation of the Ecce Homo(Christ holding a scepter?compare Matthew xxvii, 29), and theword lerosolyma (Jerusalem) ; in the gable, a cherub, and below, afloral design ; with a handle on the back. The osculatory is an instru-ment whereby the "kiss of peace" is given at a certain stage of thecelebration of the mass. Hence its name, from the Latin osculum,kiss; it is also called pax, peace. In the primitive church the usagewas for the ''holy kiss" to be given by the members of the congre-gation promiscuously to one another. In the twelfth or thirteenthcentury, for reasons of convenience, a substitute for the actual kisswas introduced in the shape of a tablet, bearing the image of Christ,or Mary, or of a saint, or of the crucifixion, and fitted with a handle,which after being kissed by the celebrating priest, was passed to thosewho were to receive the Idss of peace. It is rarely used at present.Height, 5^ inches; width, 3 J inches.?Italy. (Plate 70, fig. 1, Cat.No. 179045, U.S.N.M.)75. Osculatory.?Gilt bronze plaque in form of a facade of theItalian renaissance style, flanked by caryatids with a handle behind.In the gable, God the Father giving the blessing; in the center, thedescent of the cross, with the Mater Dolorosa above it; below^ acherub. Height, 6| inches; width, 4| inches.?Italy. (Plate 70,fig. 2, Cat. No. 179046, U.S.N.M.)76. Hourglass.?An hourglass was formerly kept on the pulpit toregulate the duration of the sermon. Height, 6^ inches; diameter, 3
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inches.?Italy. (Cat. No. 152250, U.S.N.M.)77-78. Vase and tray.?Made of white metal. Chased and repoussework. Used for ablution by the bishop before and after celebrationof mass. Height of vase, 8 inches; diameters 3 and 2^ inches;diameters of the tray, 12^ and 9^ inches.?Italy. (Plate 65, figs. 2and 3, Cat. No. 152228, U.S.N.M.)SERVICE OF BENEDICTION.The service of Benediction, or as it is more fully called, Benedictionof the Blessed Sacrament, is an afternoon or evening devotion. Itsmain feature is the exposing of the Eucharist (the consecrated host)upon the altar in an ostensory, which is surrounded with lights, in-
^0.222,1. COLLECTION OF ECCLESIASTICAL ART?CASANOWICZ. 615
censed and adored. After the singing of certain hymns and litaniesthe celebrant, clad in a cope and his shoulders enveloped in a humeralveil, in which he wraps his hands, takes the ostensory and makeswith it the sign of the cross in silence over the kneeling congregation.79-80. Cope, veil, and stole.?The cope is of yellow croisson silk, theveil of white and blue silk. The cope is a wide garment, reachingnearly to the feet, open in front and fastened by a clasp, with a semi-circular cape at the back.?Italy. (Plate 71, Cat. No. 1.52226, and179008-9, U.S.N.M.)81. Ostensory (from Latin ostendere, to show, to expose, also calledmonstrance, from Latin monstrare, to show).?This consists of a diskencompassed with sunbeams and surmounted by a cross, set upon along stem, which rests on a base like a chalice. In the center is in-sorted a lunette, a circular crystal case in which the host is placed forexposition. The base and stem are of brass; the upper part is ofsilver, gilded. Height, 20f inches; diameter, 10 and 4f inches.
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Italy. (Plate G4, fig. 2, Cat. No. 179018, U.S.N.M.)82. Piece of carved ivory.?Cut in form resembling a heart. Inopen work are the letters J H S (Jesus hominuni Salvator), sur-mounted by a cross. Above are perforations arranged to representa crown. Around the edge are incised diagonal or zigzag lines. Per-haps used as an ecclesiastical badge. Dimensions, 4| by 4| inches.Italy. (Cat. No. 292307, U.S.N.M.)83. Triptych.?Made in Gothic style, of wood, painted and gilded.On the upper tire is represented Christ seated in the center, the righthand raised in blessing, the left holding the Gospels, mth angels'heads at his feet, and Mary and the angel of annunciation on thesides. On the lower tire, in the center, is represented Mary holdingthe Infant Jesus, attended by angels on either hand; while the twoside panels are occupied by St. Peter with the keys and St. Paul withthe sword, respectively, each holding the Gospel book. Height, 29inches; width, 20f inches.?Italy. (Plate 72, Cat. No. 179038,U.S.N.M.)84. Triptych.?^Made of wood, carved, painted, and gilded. Repre-senting, in relief, the crucifixion. The shrine was used by mission-aries on their journeys. Height, 17 inches; width, 27-^ inches.Madrid, Spain. (Plate 73, Cat. No. 178761, U.S.N.M.)85. Iloly water fountain.?^^lade of white metal embossed with amonogram and a crown. A vessel containing water mixed with saltand blessed by a priest is placed at the entrance of churches andhouses. Catholics, on entering a church or a house, usually dip thefingers into the vessel and make the sign of the cross. Height, 11inches; width, 5f inches.?Italy. (Plate 74, fig. 1, Cat. No. 152237,U.S.N.M.)
616 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. vol.55.86. Holy water fountain.?^Made of porcelain. In the center ispainted a cross and I H S (Jesus Jiominum Salvator?Jesus Saviour ofMankind). Height, 16i inches; widtli, 7^ inches.?Italy. (Plate 74,fig. 2, Cat. No. 152239, U.S.N.M.)87. Holy water fountain.?Made of white metal. Embossed withthe figure of Mary. Height, 9| inches; width, 7 inches.?Italy.(Plate 65, fig. 3, Cat. No. 152238, U.S.N.M.)88. Holy water fountain.?^Made of brass. The upper part is carvedto represent the crucifixion. Height, 7^ inches; width, 3^ inches.
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Italy. (Cat. No. 152236, U.S.N.M.)89. Holy water fountain.?Made of brass. Height, 19 inches;width, 12^ inches.?Italy. (Cat. No. 179027, U.S.N.M.)90. Holy water fountain.?Made of porcelain. Height, 9 inches;width, 5 inches.?Italy. (Cat. No. 152240, U.S.N.M.)91. Holy loater fountain.?Made of porcelain. Height, 10^ inches;width, 7^ "inches.?Italy. (Cat. No. 152241, U.S.N.M.)92. Almshox.?Rectangular iron box with a slit on top. Dimen-sions, 5f by 4f by If inches.?Italy. (Cat. No. 179040, U.S.N.M.)93. Brass hasin.?Adorned with a figure, which is seemingly a com-bination of rosette and a star, in repousse work. Probably used forreceiving offerings. Diameter, 17 i inches.?Italy. (Cat. No. 179028,U.S.N.M.)94. Brass hasin.?With an inscription in Gothic ( ?) characters anda wheel-shaped figure in repousse and chased work. Diameter, 16^inches.?Italy. (Cat. No. 179029, U.S.N.M.)UTURGICAL WORKS.95. Missal {missale) on wooden stand.?Contains all the hturgyrec^uired for the celebration of the mass throughout the year. It isprinted in Latin in red and black letters. The black letters consti-tute the text of the missal, and the red its rubrics or directions in per-forming the various actions of the mass. Height, 12 inches; width,8i inches.?Italy. (Plate 75, Cat. No. 179011, U.S.N.M.)96. Altar cards.?Printed on cardboard and set in carved, gildedframes. Three cards, which contain certain portions of the massliturgy, for the reading of which it is not convenient to look into themissal, are placed on the altar in an upright position, for the greaterconvenience of the priest. Height, 16^ and 12 inches; width, 17^and 10^ inches.?Italy. (Plate 76, Cat. No. 179014, U.S.N.M.)97. Manuscript of two parchment leaves of a missal.?With illumi-nated initials. Dimensions, 20 by 14 inches.?Italy. (Cat. No.179012, U.S.N.M.)98. Canon of the mass (Canon Missae).?Containing that part ofthe mass which is permanent and unchanging in its prayers andceremonies, hence the name, "canon"?that is, rule, or fixed stand-
no. 2287. COLLECTION OF' ECCLESIASTICAL ART?CASANOWICZ. 617
ard. Printed in red and black characters at Venice in 1624. Thetitle-page is adorned with vignettes depicting the Acts of the Apostles,while two full-page illustrations represent the Last Supper of Christwith the Apostles, and the Trinity, and celebration of the Eucharist,respectively. Bound in red Russian leather, gold-tooled with thearchcpiscopal arms of Venice. Height, 14^ inches; width, 10 inches.?
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Venice, Italy. (Cat. No. 214725, U.S.N.M.)99. Antiyhonany {Anti'plionarium ahhreviatum: videlicet dominicaleet festivum) .?Contains liymns and psalms which are chanted alter-nately by two choirs. Printed in Latin in red and black letters atVenice in 1547. Bound in sheepskin. Height, 14 inches; width,9f inches.?Venice, Italy. (Cat. No. 288986, U.S.N.M.) Gift ofMiss Louise Salter Codwise.lOU. Pontifjcale Romanwni.?With wooden stand. The pontificalcontains the ritual for the performance of rites and functions re-served for a bishop, such as the consecration of churches, altars,and sacred vessels; the administration of the sacraments of confirma-tion and ordination, as fixed by Pope Clement VIII (1592-1605).Printed in Latin in red and black characters at Antwerp, Belgium,in 1707. Bound in leather and covered with red velvet. Withgilt and tooled edges. Height, 6f inches; width, 4 inches.?AtratoRiver, Colombia, South America. (Cat. No. 286447, U.S.N.M.)Lent b}^ Col. David duBose Gaillard.OBJECTS OF VENERATION AND DEVOTION.CROSSES AND CRUCIFIXES.The cross essentially consists of an upright and a transverse pieceplaced upon one another in various forms; a crucifix is a cross witha figure fixed on it. The cross was a common instrument of capitalpunishment among the ancients. It was also and is still a mostcommon religious symbol of pre-Christian and non-Christian reli-gions, and, like the triangle and other geometric figures, it is some-times merely ornamental in origin with no symbolic significance.In Christianity, on account of the death of Christ upon the cross, itbecame the principal symbol of faith and emblem of salvation.There are four principal types of the cross: 1. The Tau cross{crux commissa), from its form of the Greek Tau T, also called St.Anthony's cross, after the legend that St, Anthony (about 251-356)exterminated the idols of Egypt with such a cross; it is the earliestform of the cross. 2. The equilateral or Greek cross, where twoequal arms cross one another at right angles in the middle. 3. St.Andrew's cross (crux decussata) , when two shafts of equal length arecrossed diagonally in the middle X , so-called, because the ApostleSt. Andrew is supposed to have been martyred upon such a cross;4. The Latin cross (crux imrmssa, or capitata), in which the upright
618 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. vol.55.is longer than the transverse beam and is crossed by it near thetop ?]-. It is the form supposed to liave been used in the crucifixionof Christ. A variety of this cross is the Lorraine or Jerusalemcross, with two transverse bars, the upper one shorter than thelower ^, so-called, because Godfrey de Bouillon, Duke of Lorraine,when chosen by the Crusaders as the first king of Jerusalem (1099),adopted this cross. It is also called the cardinal cross, because itis one of the distinctive insignia of cardinals and archbishops.101. Processional cross.?Made of bronze. With trefoil ends (crosshotone). From the four angles of the junction of the two beamsissue rays. Above is a tablet with the title: J N R J, the initials ofJesus Nazarenus Rex Judaeorum (Jesus of Nazareth, King of theJews), the inscription Pilate is recorded to have placed upon thecross of Christ (John xix, 19-20). With a socket for inserting apole. Church processions are alv/ays headed by a cross fastenedon a pole. Height, 33 inches.?From a church of San Domingo,Valley of Mexico. (Plate 77, Cat. No. 158316, U.S.N.M.)102. Processional (?) cross.?Made of bronze, richly adorned inchased and hammered work. At the ends are medallions ropre-senting, respectively: On top, God the Father holding in the lefthand a cross and with the right giving the blessing; to the right,Mary; to the left, probably John the Baptist; and below, John theEvangelist, holding the cup of the Eucharist. The figure of Christwas broken away. With a tang for inserting into a shaft. Height12 inclies.?Italy. (Plate 78, Cat. No. 152231, U.S.N.M.)103. Ivory cross vjith appurtenances of the Passion.~The crossproper rises from a post which is set into a base. Both the postand the base have on their sides a sort of railing in open vrork. Thebase rests upon a plinth and this again is placed on a platform. Atthe corners of the base are twisted colunms and on top of the cornersof the base as well as of the plinth and platform are carved vases.The front and back are adorned with rosettes and clusters of grapes.The whole stands on rounded feet.The objects connected with the Passion represented on this crossare, beginning at the top, a pelican. From the habit of this birdof storing food in the large pouch attached to its lower mandible forthe purpose of feeding its young, which it does by pressing the pouchagainst the breast, arose the belief that it opened its breast with itsbill to feed its young with its own blood?a belief which seemed toderive support from the red at the end of the bill, and thus thepelican became a symbol of Christ's love for his church.Underneath is the tablet inscribed with the title, I N R I?JesusNazarenus Rex Judaeorum (Jesus of Nazareth, King of the Jews
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John xix, 19-20). Upon the transverse beam are, at the right end(of the plate) a winged sphinx, at the left a winged, horned griffin.
vo. 222,1. COLLECTION OF ECCLESIASTICAL ART?CASANOWICZ. 619To the right of the vertical beam a hand, and to its left a vase.These, with the bundle or tuft fastened to a staff seen next to thesphinx, may either refer to the episode of the alabaster vase withprev ious ointment which Mary of Bethany poured upon the feet ofJesus and dried them with her hair, shortly before the Passion(John xii, 3), or to that of the washing of the feet of the disciples byJesus (John xiii, 4-5), while next to the griffin is the lance with whichJesus' side was pierced (Matthevv' xxvii, 49). On the front of thetransverse beam is in the center the crown of thorns (Matthew xxvii,28), and to its sides the hammer and tongs, respectively, and a nailat either side of them. Beneath the transverse beam are, in suc-cession, the seamless coat of Jesus and the dice which the soldiei-sused in castinglotsforit (John xix, 23-24) ; two swords (Luke xxii, 38and 50) ; the lantern which the officials used in their search for Jesus(John xviii, 3) ; and the handkerchief, or sudarium of Veronica. Thisrefers to the story that when Jesus passed her door, bearing his cross,Veronica, touched with compassion, wiped the drops of agony fromhis face, and the features of Jesus were imprinted upon the cloth.According to another account Veronica was the woman that washealed by touching Christ's robe (Matthew ix, 20-21). Desiring aportrait of him, St. Luke thrice painted it. Then Jesus said to her,
"Unless I aid you, Luke's art is in vain, for my face is only knownto him who sent me." Afterwards, being at her house, he asked forwater to wash his face, and returned to her the napkin with the por-trait. Five cities claim the possession of the genuine sudarium ofVeronica?Turin in Italy, Toulouse, Besan^on, and Campiegne inFrance, and Sorlat in Spain (?). Veronica herself is honored by ashrine at the right hand of the high altar of St. Peter's in Rome, andher festival is observed on the 4th of February.Farther down, a cherub; skull and crossbones, emblematic ofChrist's triumph over death and the grave, or it may be intended toindicate Golgotha, the place of skulls (Matthew xxvii, 33). It is alsoexplained as the skull of Adam, according to the tradition that thecross was placed on the resting place of the first father of mankind.Upon a sort of platform underneath is placed the cock of St. Peter(Matthew xxvi, 34 and 74). From the platform rise on staffs to theright the cup of vinegar and to the left the sponge which was dippedinto it and reached up to Jesus on the cross (Matthew xxvii, 48).Diagonally placed are the ladder for mounting up to the cross, andthe pillar, with the rope wound around it, with which Jesus wasbound to the pillar to be scourged (Matthew xxvii, 26). Lastly,the vase and basin which rest on the base may either be intended forthe vessels wh ch Jesus used in washing the feet of the disciples(John xiii, 4-5), or for those in which the spices were brought to thegrave to anoint the body of Jesus (John xix, 39; Comp. Mark xvi, 1).
620 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. vol.55.Height, ISJ inches.?From the old Mission Church at Jemez, NewMexico. (Plate 79, Cat. No. 211877, U.S.N.M.)104. Wooden cross.?Inlaid with straw to represent the instru-ments of the Passion. Height, 21 inches.?From an old Spanishchurch in Cabolca, Senora, New Mexico. (Cat. No. 179041, U.S.N.M.)105. Wooden cross.?Inlaid with straw in a lozenge pattern.Height, 21 inches.?From an old Spanish church in Cabolca, Senora,New Mexico. (Cat. No. 179042, U.S.N.M.)106. Wooden crucifix.?With the figure of Christ in mother-of-pearl. Height, 3f inches.?Palestine. (Cat. No. 74617, U.S.N.M.)107. Lorraine crucifix.?Made of silver, openwork. Pendant.Height, 3| inches.?Nurnberg, Germany.? (Cat. No. 286813,(U.S.N.M.) Lent by Miss Julia Halsted Chadwick.108. Glass cross.?Consisting of cut crystals fixed to a frame ofbrass rods. Pendant. Height, 3| inches.?Probably from Italy.(Cat. No. 262158, U.S.N.M.) Lent by Mrs. G. Brown Goode.109. Wooden crucifix.?Inlaid with pieces of looking-glass. Thefigure is of white metal and fastened to a chased metal plate. The fourends are likewise encased in metal, terminating in trefoils (crosshotone). Pendant. Height, 5^ inches.?Spain. (Cat. No. 286814,U.S.N.M.) Lent by Miss Juha Halsted Chadwick.110. Wooden crucifix.?With the figure of Christ of brass. Overthe crossbeam is the title, I N R 1 (Jesus of Nazareth, King of theJews). At the four ends are medallions, representing, at the top, adove, symbol of the Holy Ghost (Matthew iii, 16) ; to the right, thebust of Christ; to the left, the bust of Mary ; and below a lamb, symbolof Christ (John 1, 29). Height, 4h inches.?Mexico. (Cat. No.277743, U.S.N.M.). Lent by Major Harry S. Bryan.111. Pectoral cross.?Made of brass, gilded. Hollow and chasedwork. Height, 4 inches.?Italy. (Cat. No. 179117, U.S.N.M.)112. Lorraine cross.?Made of brass, hammered work. Engravedon one side, "San Antoni ora pro me" (St. Anthony, pray for me);on the other, " San Cornelia ora pro me" (St. Cornelia, pray for me)Height, 3| inches.?Italy. (Cat. No. 179118, U.S.N.M.)KELICS AND RELIQUARIES.Kelics are the remains of departed saints. They include (1) thebodies or parts of the bodies of the venerated persons; (2) objects usedby them or connected with their death, such as clothes, vestments,rosaries, the nails, lance, spear, or fragments of the true cross ofChrist, the girdle, veil of Mary, etc. ; and (3) objects connected with theirtomb or hallowed by contact with their bodies. Relics are often car-ried in solemn procession, and pilgrimages are made to the churches ormonasteries in which they are preserved. No church building can beconsecrated unless it contains relics. Keliquaries are repositories of
so. 22S7. COLLECTION OF ECCLESIASTICAL ART?CASANOWICZ. 621
relics and are usually made of precious metals and adorned withjewels, in form of a box, casket, or shrine. The veneration ofrelics dates back to the early centuries of Christianity; in the fourthcentury it was already widely spread.113. Silver reliquary.?Made in form of an ostensory, encompassedby sunbeams. Chased work. Behind the glass is seen a crosslet,supposed to be made from a particle of the true cross. By the "truecross" is meant the actual original cross upon which Jesus was cruci-fied. It is believed by both the Roman Catholic and the EasternChurch that the cross buried upon Golgotha was found in 326 A. D.by the Empress Helena, mother of Constantine the Great, and thechurch commemorates this event by appointing the 3d of May (inthe Eastern Church the 13th of September) as the annual festival ofthe discovery of the cross {inventi crucis). Height, 8i inches.?Se-ville, Spain. (Cat. No. 166987, U.S.N.M.)114. Reliquary.?Consisting of an oval metal frame. Behind theglass in front is a tiny cross set in a gilt frame of scroll design. Aninscription reads. Lignum S S. crucis D. N. J. C. (wood of the mostholy cross of our Lord Jesus Christ). On the back is the episcopalwax seal, attesting to the genuineness of the relic. Diameters, 1\by IJ inches.?Probably from Italy. (Cat. No. 256893, U.S.N.M.)Lent by Mrs. S. Brown Goode.115. Relic of St. Anne, motJier of Mary.?In an oval case of whitemetal. On the back is in relief an efhgy of Mary and the petition inFrench, "O Mary, conceived vv^ithout sin, pray for us who take theirrefuge to thee." Diameters, 1 inch by | of an inch.?Italy. (Cat.No. 179058, U.S.N.M.)116. Relic of St. Peter.?In an oval case of white metal, with theepiscopal seal. Diameters, 1\ by l\ inches.?Italy. (Cat. No.179061, U. S. N. M.)117. Relics of St. Clement.?Consistmg of two molar teeth in a brassframe. St. Clemient was the third bishop of Rome toward the end ofthe first century. Diameters, 1| by 1^ inches.?Italy. (Cat. No.179060, U.S.N.M.)118. Relics of Christ, Mary, St. Joseph, St. Francis a Paula {I4I6-1507), St. Francis Xavier, 32 {1506-1552), St. Theresa (1515-1582), and St. Aloysius Gonzaga (1568-1591).?In an oval brass case.Diameters, 3 by 2i inches.?Italy. (Cat. No. 179062, U.S.N.M.)119. Relic of St. Charles Bejrromeo (1538-1584)-?In an oval case ofwhite metal with the episcopal seal. St. Borromeo was Cardinal andArchbishop of Milan. Diam^cters, 1|^ by 1 inch.?Italy. (Cat. No.179059, U.S.N.M.)120. Silver reliquary.?Oval containing relics of Mary, St. Joseph,St. John of the Cross (1542-1591), and St. Theresa, framed by a floraldesign in filagree work, studded with colored stones. With the epis-
622 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. vol. Qh
copal seal. Height, 3 inches; width, 21 inches.?Italy. (Cat. No.179037, U.S.N.M.)121. Silver reliquary.?With miniature pamting of Mary. Spanishworkmanship. Brought to New Mexico in 1783 by Padre Sanchez.Diameters, 4 and 3 inches.?Pueblo of Tesuque, New Mexico. (Cat.No. 176080, U.S.N.M.)122. Silver reliquary
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?With miniature paintings. Height, 2J inches;width, 2 inches.?Madrid, Spain. (Cat. No. 178864, U.S.N.M.)123. Sacred heart.?Model of a burning heart, made of brass. Theadoration of and devotion to the sacred heart of Jesus, as a noble partof his person and a symbol of liis love, became general and popu-lar in the Catholic Church through Margaret Marie Alacoque, aFrench nun of the Visitation Order, who lived in the seventeenth cen-tury. Since 1856 a yearly feast in honor of the sacred heart is cele-brated on Friday after the feast of Corpus Christi. Height, 2^inches.?Italy. (Cat. No. 179063, U.S.N.M.)
The cult of images is practiced both in the Roman Catholic and inthe Eastern Church. In the Roman Catholic Church both picturesand statues are used, while the Eastern Church forbids statues. Thedoctrine of the Roman Catholic Church concerning the veneration ofimages, as formulated by the Council of Trent (1563), is that theimages of Cliiist, of the Vhgin Mother of God, and of the saints are tobe had and retained particularly in temples, and that honor and ven-eration are to be given them; not that any divinity or virtue is be-lieved to be in them on account of which they are to be worshiped, oranything is to be asked of them, but because the honor which is shownto them is referred to the prototypes which those images represent; insuch wise that by the images which we kiss, and before which we un-cover the head and kneel, we adore Christ and venerate the saintswhose likenesses they bear. The cult paid to images is designatedwith the Greek word dulia (secondary veneration), m contradistinctonfrom latria (supreme worship), wliich is allowed to be offered to Godonly.124. Jesus in Oethsemane.?Representing Jesus kneeling with thecup in front of him (Matthew xxvi, 36). Carved in relief upon a pieceof limestone from the river Jordan.?Jerusalem, Palestine. (Cat.No. 76975, U.S.N.M.)125. Wooden figure of Christ.?The long curled locks are held bythe crown of thorns of gilded brass ; behind the head rises a cruciformhalo of the same material; around the loins is a kind of apron, like-wise of gilded brass, with birds and floral designs in respousse work,while under it is a loin cloth of blue satin. In the hands and feet,which latter are crossed over one anothei, are the holes of the nails,
NO. 2287. COLLECTION OF ECCLESIASTICAL ART?CA8AN0WICZ. 623and on the left side of the che^t is the hole caused by the spoai (Johnxix, 34). The figure evidently was part of a crucifix. Height, 12inches.?Philippine Islands. (Plate 80, Cat. No. 213405, U.S.N.M.)126. Wooden Jigure of Christ.?Similar to the preceding one. Theloin cloth consists of a piece of brocade, with gold applique. Height,28 inches.?Philippine Islands. (Cat. No. 213405, U.S.N.M.)127. Cloak oj' jigure.?Made of red satin, with the letters J H S(Jesus Tiominum Salvator?Jesns Saviour ol Mankind) and fleurs-de-lisin gold applique.?Philippine Islands. (Cat. No. 213-408, U.S.N.M.)128. The Lord's Supi^er.?Engraved on the 3b<^ll of the peai I oyster.Measurements, 6 by 6 inches.?Bethlehem, Palestine. (Plate 81,fig. 1, Cat. No. 74542, U.S.N.M.)129. The Ascension.?Engraved on the shell of the pearl oyster.Around the center representing the Ascension are 12 medallions,representing the apostles with their emblems, in the following order:1, St. Peter with the keys; 2, St. Paul with the sword; 3, St. Matthewwith the pick; 4, St. James the Lesser with the club; 5, St. Johnwith the chalice; 6, St. James the Elder with the pilgrim's staff;7, St. Philip with the small cross; 8, St. Bartholomew with the bookand knife; 9, St. Andrew with his cross (the crux decussata, see abovep. 617); 10, St. Thomas with the architect's square; 11, St. Matthiaswith the ax; 12, St. Simon with the saw. Measurements, 6 by 6inches.?Bethlehem, Palestine. (Plate 81, fig. 2, Cat. No. 74541,U.S.N.M.)130. Bust of Mary.?Made of terra cotta, painted and gilded.Mary, the mother of Christ, is venerated in the Catholic Church asthe most exalted of created beings. She is called the "BlessedVhgin," the "Holy Vu-gin," "Our Lady" (Italian "Madonna"), andsince the Council of Ephesus in 431 the designation "Mother of God"is formally applied to her. While the veneration paid to other saintsis termed dulia, she alone is entitled to hyperdulia, and her intercessionis invoked more than that of all others. She is the patroness of manycountries, cities, and societies. In ecclesiastical art she occupies amost important position, and all the chief events of her life haveformed the subjects of artistic representation. Height, 12 inches.
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Italy. (Cat. No. 179049, U.S.N.M.)131. " Virgin of the Pillar.''?Statuette made of brass, chiseledwork, representing Mary standing upon a piUar, holding in her leftarm the Infant Jesus, both crowned, with a halo of rays and stars.This Ls a model of a celebrated statue of that name (Nuft-tra Senoiadel Pilar) at Saragossa in Spain. Tradition asserts that the Virgin,standing upon a pillar, appeared to St. James (San Jago), the apostleand patron saint of Spain, when he was making a missionary ])il2Tun-ago through Spain. Height, 7 inches.?Spain. (Cat. No. 178866,U.S.S.N.M.)G2055?20?Proc.N.M.vol.nS 41
624 PROCEEDINGS OF TEE NATIONAL MUSEUM. vol. 55.132. " Virgin of the Pillar."?^Miniature statuette of silver, gilded.Height, 2| inches.?Spain. (Cat. No. 178865, U.S.N.M.)133. Statuette of Mary.?CaWed "Virgin of Good Friday." Madeof brass, chiseled work. Height, 4^ inches.?Madrid, Spain. (Cat.No. 178867, U.S.N.M.)134. Bust of Mary.?Made of papier-mache, with a dome-shapedcrown. Height, 10 mches.?Italy. (Cat. No. 179052, U.S.N.M.)135. ''Pieto."?Mary holding the body of Christ. Statuette ofwood, painted. Height, 13 inches.?Italy. (Cat. No. 179048,U.S.N.M.)136. " Pieta."?The same as the preceding one. Height, 12inches.?Italy. (Cat. No. 179048a, U.S.N.M.)137. Crown.?Made of bronze, gilded, and adorned with coloredstones. Dates from the seventeenth centmy- It decorated animage of Mary, in the demolished church of St. Anna, the formernunnery, Zbrasiovski Dom, in Prague, Bohemia. Height, 5 inches;diameter, 4 inches.?Prague, Bohemia. (Cat. No. 154776, U.S.N.M.)138. Porcelain plaque.?Representing Mary, in relief. Dated1795. Height, 13 inches; width, 9f inches.?Florence, Ital3^ (Cat.No. 214721, U.S.N.M.)139. Porcelain plaque.?Painted with three figures?Mary, crowned,and two women performing the devotion of the rosary before her.Dated from the seventeenth century. Height, 9| inches; width, 10^inches.?Italy. (Cat. No. 152242, U.S.N.M.)140. Silver medallion.?Representing, on one side, Mary withthe Infant Jesus ; on the other, a burning heart pierced by a sword,alluding to Luke ii, 35. Set in silver filigree. Measurements, If byn inches.?Italy. (Cat. No. 179056, U.S.N.M.)141. Miniature of Mary.?Painted on glass. Diameters, 2 and1| inches.?Spain. (Cat. No. 178869, U.S.N.M.)
.142. Two processional banners.?Made of white metal. Embossedon one side with the figure of Mary, holding in the right hand arosary, on the left arm the Infant Jesus; on the other side, with thefigure of St. Dominic, to whom the introduction of the rosary in itspresent form is ascribed, holding a lily, which is his emblem. Prob-ably used at the feast of the rosary, which is celebrated on the firstSunday in October. Measurements, 10 by 7 inches.?Italy. (Plate82, Cat. No. 179070-071, U.S.N.M.)143. Silver medaUion.?Representing, on one side, St. Peter; onthe other, St. Paul. Set in silver filigree. Diameter, 1^ inches.
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Italy. (Cat. No. 179057, U.S.N.M.)144. Mace of St. Sehastian.?Made of white metal, terminatingat the top in a statuette of the saint. St. Sebastian was, accordingto tradition, a Roman soldier and Christian martjrr, having beenshot to death about 288 A. D., by order of Diocletian. He is vener-
NO. 2287. COLLECTION Oh' ECCLESIASTICAL ART?CASANOWICZ. 625
ated in the Catholic Chiu'ch as patron of shar])sliooters and pro-tector from pestilence. He is usually represented as a fair youthbound to a pillar or tree and riddled with arrows. The mace wasprobably carried in procession on his festival, on the 20th of January.Length, 2 feet 1 inch.?Italy. (Cat. No. 1790GS, I'.S.N.M.)145. Porcelain plaque representing St. Antliony of Padua.?St.Anthony, born in Lisbon, Portugal, in 1195; died near Padua, Italy,in 1231; was a Franciscan theologian and preacher to whom the per-formance of many miracles are attributed. He was canonized byGregory IX in 1232, and his day in the Roman calendar is June 13.He is especially invoked for the recovery of things lost. Diameters,14 by 81 inches.?Italy. (Cat. No. 179035, U.S.N.M.)14C). Porcelain plaque of the Sodality of St. Anthony cf Padua.?Dated 1620. A sodality is a congregation or association consistingof lay persons, meeting together at stated times, mider ecclesiasticaldirection for the performance of pious exercises. Diam.eters, 14 by 12inches.?Italy. (Cat. No. 179036, U.S.N.M.)147. St. Theresa.?Statuette of wood. St. Thereas (born 1515,died 1582) was a Spanish nun of the Carmelite Order, of v,'hich shefounded a reformed branch. She is famous as a writer of mysticaland ascetical works. She was canonized in 1022, and is also vener-ated, next to St. James, as patron saint of S])ain. Height, 21inches.?Italy. (Cat. No. 179-047, U.S.N.M.)148. St. Theresa.?Souvenir of the tercentenary anniversary ofher death in 1582. Plaque of white metal bearing her image. Height4^ inches; width, 2\ inches.?Madrid, Spain. (Cat. No. 1G7043,U.S.N.M.) FEINTS.They are for the greater part representations of images or paintingswhich are preserved and venerated in some church, mostly in Siena,Italy.149. Christ on the cross.?Print on ]ia[)er. To the right standsAdam in the attitude of adoration; to the left, a winged figure inCorinthian helmet, holding in the right hand a lance and with theleft pointing to the crucified; below lies Eve in sleep. A serpent isbiting the feet of Christ, in allusion to Genesis iii, 15. 8^ by 6finches.?Italy. (Cat. No. 179079, U.S.N.M.)150. The Holy Child of Cehu {Santo Nino de Cebu).?Print on paper.
''The oldest miraculous image is the Holy Child of Cebu, reputed tohave been found on the shore of the island of Cebu in 1565. It is saidto be an image of the Holy Child Jesus. It is a wooden image 15inches long, with ebon features, and is kept in a strong room in thechurch of the Holy Child, on the island of Cebu. When exposed toview before the populace it has the honors of field marshal accorded
626 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. vol.66.to it. During the annual feast held in its honor, January 20, pilgrimsfrom the remotest islands and from across the sea come to purifytheir souls at the shrine of the Holy Child." ^ 29| by 20 inches.
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Manila, Philippine Islands. (Cat. No. 205542, U.S.N.M.)151. Madonna of the Olive.?Print on paper. Representing theMadonna with the Infant Jesus, with cherubs fluttering over them.Inscribed above in Latin, "Like a green olive tree in the house ofGod." (Psalm lii; in the Catholic Bible, li, 8.) Below is stated,in a colophon in Italian, that it is a "representation of the miraculousimage of the Most Holy Mary of the Olive which is kept in the Churchof Pieve Vecchia, which was carried in procession in Siena in 1820with a relic of the veil of the same Virgin." 11 by 8 inches.?Siena,Italy. (Cat. No. 179080, U.S.N.M.)152. Madonna of Intercession.?Print on paper. Representing theMadonna with the Infant crowned. The colophon in Latin statesthat the original is preserved in a chapel of the metropolitan churchat Siena for the solemn supplication on Low Sunday?that is, Sundaynext after Easter (dominica in alhis, the Sunday of white garments,from the white robes worn in early times by those who had been bap-tized just before Easter). 14 J by 10| inches.?Siena, Italy. (Cat.No. 179081, U.S.N.M.)153. Madonna, crowned.?Print on paper. Surrounded by float-ing cherubs and worshiped on one side by a monk, on the other by anun. The colophon states that it is a representation of the imagewhich is venerated in the Church of Insigne CoUegiata of Provenzano.It was crowned in 1681 and carried in procession on Low Sunday of1850 with relics of St. Bernardine, St. Catherine, and others. 14| by10^ inches.?Siena, Italy. (Cat. No. 179082, U.S.N.M.)154. Madonna of Good Counsel.?Print on paper. Representingthe Madonna with the Infant crowned, surrounded by cherubs.Below is a mountain scenery with a church or citadel. The originalis, as the colophon states, venerated in the Church of St. Leonard inSiena and was carried in procession on Low Sunday of 1833, togetherwith a relic of the veil of Mary and the relics of John the Baptist, St.Jerome, St. Anthony of Padua, and St. Eurosia. 15 by 10 inches.Siena, Italy. (Cat. No. 179083, U.S.N.M.)155. Madonna.?Print on paper. Representing the Madonna ina columned shrine which is supported by two cherubs and surmountedby a crown, orb, and cross which are held by two cherubs. The wholeis surrounded by aureole of rays and framed in a wide arch. Beneathto the right is a female saint holding a lily stalk and a book; to theleft, a male saint holding a paten or tray. In the upper corners aredeer. It is a representation of the miraculous image of Holy Maryof Insigne CoUegiata of Provenzano in Siena. It was crowned No-
> Rev. Curtin G. Rotrp in the Missionary Review, vol. 15 (September, 1902), p. 685.
vo. 229.1. COLLECTION OF ECCLESIASTICAL ART?CASANOWICZ. 627vember 1, 1681, and carried with solemn pomp in procession with ftrelic of the veil of Mary, the pallium of the patriarch St. Joseph, andthe relics of Saints Concittadio, Bernardino, Catherine, Ludovico, andCristina on Low Sunday of 1850. 23 by 18 inches.?Siena, Italy.(Cat. No. 179084, U.S.N.M.)156. Madonna of Grace.?Print on paper. Representing the Ma-donna with the Infant, both crowned in a frame which is upheld bytwo angels, while over it are floating three cherubs,and the whole isinclosed in a wide arch. The inscription states that the original isvenerated in the chapel of Pope Alexander VII in the Sanesi Metro-politana, and was carried in solemn procession on Low Sunday of1860. 21 by 14f inches.?Siena, Italy. (Cat. No. 179085, U.S.N.M.)157. Madonna.?Print on paper. Representing the Madonna withInfant and a female saint on either side. The original is venerated inthe Church of the Servites (Servi Beatae Mariae Virginis, founded in1240) at Siena and was carried in procession on Low Sunday of 1817.llf by 8i inches.?Siena, Italy. (Cat. No. 179086, U.S.N.M.)158. Madonna of the Rosary.?Print on parchment. Representingthe Madonna with the Infant crowned, holding a rosary and cross,respectively, and surrounded with 15 cameos depicting the 15 mys-teries of the rosary (for which see below, p. 630). 3 J by 2 J inches.
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Italy. (Cat. No. 179087, U.S.N.M.)159. Madonna of the Rosanj.?Print on paper. Representing theMadonna with the Infant crowned, both holding rosaries, the Infantalso holding in the right hand the terrestial orb surmounted by across (symbolizing the subjection of the world to the cross). In thecorners are cherubs. The original is venerated in the Church dellaContrada della Chiocciola and was carried in procession on Low Sun-day of 1870. 15i by 11 inches.?Italy. (Cat. No. 179090, U.S.N.M.)160. Madonna of Devotion.?Print on paper. Representing theMadonna with the Infant crowned within a portal of the renaissancestyle. In the gable are a dove (symbol of the Holy Ghost) and fourcherubs in clouds from which rays issue, and surmounted by a crownand cross which are supported by two cherubs. On the sides arecherubs holding lighted candelabra. The original is venerated bythe Venerable Society of Maria de Portico della di Fontegiusta andwas carried in procession, together with relics, on Low Sunday of1818. Ill by 8^ inches.?Italy. (Cat. No. 179088, U.S.N.M.)161. Madonna with the Sword in Her Bosom.?Print on silk. Inillusion to Luke ii, 35. 7| by 6| inches.?Italy. (Cat. No. 179089,U.S.N.M.)162. Madonna of the Immaculate Conception.?Print on paper.Representing the Madonna crowned with a halo of stars and a scepterin her right hand, standing in an arch within a portal of tlie renais-sance style. In the gable are a dove and three cherubs in a circle of
628 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. vol.55.
rays and surmounted by a crown which is held by two floating cher-ubs. The original is venerated in the parochial Church of St.Mamiliano in the Valli suburb of Siena, and was carried in processionon Low Sunday of 1849 together with relics. 17^ by 12| inches.
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Siena, Italy. (Cat. No. 179091, U.S.N.M.)163. Satin print.?Containing, in Italian, a sonnet, commemo-rating the aiuiual festival of John the Baptist, celebrated by a societynamed after him. 22 by 19^ inches.?Siena, Italy. (Cat. No.152247, U.S.N.M.)164. St. Dominic.?Print on silk St. Dominic, born at Cartha-gena, Spain, in 1170, died at Bologna, Italy, in 1221, was the founderof the order of the Dominicans or Preaching Monks in 1216. He isrepresented with his emblem, the lily stalk. 13 by 9^ inches.Italy. (Cat. No. 152248, U. S. N. M.)165. St. Bernardine of Siena.?Print on paper. St. Bernardine,1380-1444, was a member of the Minorites of St. Francis, a mission-ary and reformer. He is often called the ''Apostle of Italy," and isone of the most popular saints of Italy, especially of his native city,Siena. 5| by 4^ inches.?Siena, Italy. (Cat. No. 179097, U.S.N.M.)166. St. Loyola.?Print on paper. From a print by Bolswert aftera painting by Rubens. St. Ignatius Loyola, born in Loyola, Spain,in 1491, died in Rome, Italy, in 1556, was the founder of the Societyof Jesus. 15i by 10^ inches.?Italy. (Cat. No. 179096, U. S. N. M.)167. Suarez.?Print on paper. Francisco Suarez, born in Granada,Spain, in 1548; died in Lisbon, Portugal, in 1617, was a noted Jesuittheologian and scholastic philosopher. 12 by 8^ inches.?Italy.(Cat. No. 179094, U.S.N.M.)168. Plessis.?Colored print on paper. Joseph Octave Plessis,1763-1822, was bishop of Quebec from 1806 to 1822. 13i by 9^inches. (Cat No. 179095, U.S.N.M.)169. Tiveniy-four plates.?Depicting the revelations and visions ofJoannes de Malta, a native of the Provence, France, founder of theorder of the Trinitarians for the redemption of captives {ordo SanctaeTrinitatis et de redempiione captivorum) in 1198. Printed in Paris,France, in 1633, bound in vellum. 14f by 10| inches. (Cat. No.28528, U.S.N.M.)170. Theological disputation.?Print on paper. It was held inSiena in November, 1781. 24 by 21 inches.?Siena, Italy. (Cat.No. 179099, U.S.N.M.)171. Philosopliical disputation.?Print on paper. It took place atSiena in April, 1790. 36^ by 20^- inches.?Siena, Italy. (Cat. No.No. 179100, U.S.N.M.)172. Bronze doors of the cathedral of Pisa.?Three leaves with oneof Italian text giving the history and description. The bas-reliefsof the doors, which depict the lives of Mary and Jesus, were executed
NO. 2287. COLLECTION OF ECCLESIASTICAL ART?CASANOWICZ. 629by the Dominican Padre Domeuico Partigiani and Angelo Serranoafter the designs of Giovanni da Bologna and others about 1602.23 by 18 inches.?Italy. (Cat. No. 179093, U.S.N.M.)173. Wooden die for jnctures of the Madonna.?3| by 2f inches.
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Italy. (Cat. No. 179064, U.S.N.M.)174. Leaden Die for the Picture of Saint Rojnuald (about950-1027) founder of the Camaldolese order.?Oval, 2| by If inches.Italy. (Cat. No. 179065, U.S.N.M.)KELIGIOUS MEDALS.Religious medals have the object to commemorate persons (Christ,Mary, saints, and angels) and historical events (dogmatic definitions,miracles, anniversaries, dedications, etc.). They arc issued byvarious ecclesiastical authorities and by confraternities for badgesand decoration of their members. They are worn by the faithfuland believed to be, by reason of their having been blessed by a priest,a means of grace and to possess protective virtues.175. Out of about 350 of such medals in the collection of theUnited States National Museum, 16 are reproduced on the plate.They represent?1, St. Benedict (480-543), founder of the order ofthe Benedictines; 2, St. Joseph and the Infant Jesus; 3, the Virginwith the Infant; 4, the Virgin, surrounded by rays; 5, Leo XIII,Pope, 1878-1903; 6, the sacred hearts of the Holy Family (Jesus,Mary, Joseph); 7, head of St. Anastasius, monk and martyr; 8, St.Benedict; 9, St. Louis de Gonzaga (1568-1591), holding a crucifixand a skull; 10, the Trinity; 11, the Holy Family; 12, St. Francisof Assisi (1182-1226), founder of the order of Franciscans; 13, Virginand the Infant, enthroned; 14, iirms of the Capuchins of Milan,Italy, in 1856; 15, St. Joseph with the Infant; 16, the Virgin with theInfant, crowned.?Italy. (Plate 83, Cat. No. 179077, U.S.N.M.)VOTIVES.Votive offerings are set up in churches or chapels as a thanks-giving for some signal answer to prayer, resulting in the deliverancefrom peril or the cure of disease. Usually a likeness of the part ofthe body healed, in silver or some other material, is put up. Thecustom was also in vogue among the ancient Greeks and Romans.176. Votive offerings.?Made of silver foil. Consisting of modelsof two hearts, an arm, a pair of e3^es, a pair of breasts, a prayingwoman, and a child.?Italy. (Cat No. 179069, U.S.N.M.)177. Votive offerings.?Made of hollow wax. Representing apair of eyes, an arm, and the foot of a horse.?Seville, Spain. (Cat.No. 167064, U.S.N.M.)178. Votive offering.?Made of silver amalgam in form of a tower.Height, 2f inches.?Potisi, Bolivia. (Cat. No. 179104, U.S.N.M.)
630 PROChjEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. vol.55.
The rosary (from the Middle Latin, rosai'ium, properly a garlandof roses) is a string of beads, generally formed into a circlet or loop,used for keeping count of prayers or formulas repeated in religiousdevotions. The materials of which it is made range from naturalberries or common wood to costly metals and precious stones. Suchdevices to assist the memory in complex repetitions occur also amongthe Hindus, Buddhists, and Mohammedans. In fact, it can be saidthat some form or other of rosary is used by about three-fourths ofthe world's inhabitants. The Roman Catholic rosary in its presentform and the method of devotion performed with its aid is ascribedto St. Dominic (1170-1231), the founder of the Dominican order, towhom, according to legend, the Virgin Mary handed a rosary fromheaven as a weapon against heretics and infidels. But both thepractice of often repeating prayers and the employment of someexpedient for recording the number of repetitions can be traced to amuch earlier date.^The ordinary Catholic rosary consists of 150 small beads, dividedinto decades by 15 larger beads. To these beads, forming a chaplet,is usually attached a pendant, consisting of a crucifix, one large andthree small beads. The devotion begins with the invocation. "Inthe name of the Father, the Son, and the Holy Ghost." Then theApostles' Creed is recited on the crucifix, a paternoster (the Lord'sPrayer) on the larger bead, and three Ave Maria (Hail Mary) on thethree smaller beads, closing with the Gloria (Glory be to the Father,to the vSon, and to the Holy Ghost"). This forms the introductionto the rosary proper. Then follow decades of aves, counted by thesmaller beads, each decade preceded by a paternoster, for which alarger bead is used, and followed by a gloria. The 150 aves cor-respond to the number of Psalms, hence from an early period thedevotion was called "Our Lady's Psalter." For each decade asubject, or "mystery," in the life of Christ and Mary is set for medi-tation, the 15 mysteries being divided into five joyful, five sorrowful,and five glorious. The five joyful mysteries are: The annunciation(Luke i, 26), the visitation (Luke i, 39), the nativity (Luke ii), thepresentation (Luke ii, 21), and the finding in the temple (Luke ii,41). The five sorrov/ful mysteries are: The agony in Gethsemane(Matthew XXvi, 36), the scourging (Matthew xxvii, 26), the crowningwith thorns (Matthew, xxvii, 29), the carrying of the cross (Johnxix, 17), and the crucifixion (Matthew xxvii, 35). The five gloriousmysteries are: The resurrection (Matthew xxviii), the ascension(Luke xxiv, 50), the descent of the Holy Ghost (Acts ii), the assump-
? For a fullerdiscusslon of the subject see The collection ofrosaries in the United States National Museum,by I. M. Casanowicz, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. 36, pp. 333-360, with pis. 21-30, Washington, GovernmentPrinting Office, 1909.
NO. 2287. COLLECTION OF ECCLESIASTICAL ART?CASANOWICZ. 631tion of Mary into heaven, and the coronation of Mary in heaven(the two last mysteries are accepted on the authority of tradition).The rosary most in use, however, consists of five decades for the avesand five larger beads for the paters, called the "lesser rosary."Otherwise it is arranged in the same way and recited in the samemanner and order as the "greater" or "full" rosary. The entiredevotion of 15 decades may be said on it by counting it tliiee times.Besides this "Dominican rosary," which is used m common byall Catholics, there are other varieties of chaplets used by particularreligious bodies or for special devotions. So the chaplet of St.Bridget of Sweden (about 1303-1373), which consists of 63 beadsfor the aves, to commemorate the 63 yeai-s which Mary is supposedto have lived; the crown of our Lady, in use among the Francis-cans, has 72 aves, based on another tradition of Mary's age; andothers more.The Feast of the Rosary is observed on the first Sunday in Octoberas the anniversary of the victory of the Christians over the Turksin the naval battle at Lepanto, near the Eohinades Islands, onOctober 7, 1571, which is attributed to the power of the devotionof the rosary.Rosaries are usually blessed with prayers and holy water by someduly authorized ecclesiastical pereon and become thereby sacramen-tals?that is, instruments of grace.179. Rosary of mother-of-pearl.?The full or greater Dominicanrosary. The 15 decades are divided by the insertion in two placesof four extra beads, one large and three small ones, into tliree divi-sions of five decades each. The chain on which the beads are strung,as also the figure of Christ on the crucifix, are of German silver.Length, 7 feet.?Italy. ( ?) (Plate 84, Cat. No. 288983, U.S.N.M.)Gift of Miss Louise Salter Codwise.180. Rosary.?Made of the seeds of the Virginia fringe tree.(Chioanthus virginica). The lesser Dominican rosary of five decadesThe cross is of olive wood from Mount Olive, bound in Japanesesilver. Of the same metal are also the figure of Christ and the chainon which the beads are strung. Length, 53 inches.?Washington,District of Columbia. (Plate 85, Cat. No. 275575, U. S. N. M.) Giftof Frederick J. Braendle.181. JRosary.?Made of the Kentucky coffee beans (Gymnocladusdioica). The lesser Dominican rosary of five decades. The cross ofolive wood is bound in Japanese silver. Of the same metal is thefigure of Christ and the other appurtenances of the crucifix?namelythe title (I N R I) and the rhomb-shaped nimbus above the figure,the skull and crossbones (for the significance of which see abovep. 619) underneath, and the crown of thorns on the back of the
632 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. vol.66.
crucifix. Length, 71 inches.?Washington, District of Columbia.(Cat. No. 302930, U.S.N.M.) Gift of Frederick J. Braendle.182. Rosary.?Made of ebony beads. The full or greater Domini-can rosary of 15 decades. The cross, which is of the same materialas the beads, is bound in silver-plated nickel, with the figure ofChrist on one side, and a crown of thorns with a burning heart insideof it, of the same metal, on the other. Length, 6 feet 9^ inches.
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Italy. (Cat. No. 1 79075, U.S.N.M.
)
183. Rosary.?Made of glass and composition beads. The fullor greater Dominican rosary of 15 decades. The beads for the avesare of glass, while those for the paters, as also the three introductorybeads, are of composition. Length, 4 feet 4 inches.?Italy, (Cat.No. 179075, U.S.N.M.)184. Rosa,ry.?Made of mahogany beads. The lesser Dominicanrosary of five decades. On each of the beads are carved four setsof double circles, or ''eyes." The cross (in place of a crucifix)is likewise formed of beads. Length, 5 feet 3 inches.?Italy. (Cat.No. 179075, U.S.N.M.)185. Rosary.?Made of olive-wood beads, carved with intersectingcircles. The lesser Dominican rosary of five decades. In placeof the crucifix is a bronze medal, tliree-fourths of an inch in diameter,with the bust of Pius IX and the date 24 (the number of years ofhis reign) on the obverse; on the reverse is the figure of the Pope,in fiiU pontificals, on his throne, attended by cardinals, and theLatin inscription, ''Ecumenical Council, 1869," referring to theVatican Council which v/as opened in that year. This rosary wasblessed by Pius IX in 1873. Length, 37 inches.?Rome, Italy.(Plate 86, fig. 1, Cat. No. 168294, U.S.N.M.) Collected by Gen.John A. Halderman.186. Rosary.?Made of ivory beads. The lesser Dominicanrosary of five decades. The beads for the aves are faceted, whilethe pater beads are barrel-shaped. In place of the crucifix is acopper medal, 1^ inches in diameter, having on the obverse theimage of the Virgin with the Infant Jesus crowned; on the reverse,a much effaced Latin inscription. Length, 40 inches,?Italy.(Plate 86, fig. 2, Cat. No. 179075, U,S.N,M,)187. Rosary.?^Made of Job's tears. The lesser Dominican rosaryof five decades. The cross of ebony is bound in brass and has thesame appurtenances as the one described under No. 182. Length,33 inches,?Italy, (Plate 86, fig. 3, Cat. No, 179075, U.S,N,M,)188. Rosary.?Made of composition. Consisting of seven sets,each having seven beads. This rosary is used in honor of the sevensorrows of Mary?namely, the prophecy of Simon (Luke ii, 35);the flight into Egypt (Matthew ii, 13); the losing of Jesus in thetemple (Luke ii, 48); seeing Jesus carrying the cross (John xix, 17);
NO. 2287. COLLECTION OF ECCLESIASTICAL ABT?CASANOWICZ. 633standing under the cross (John xix, 25); the piercing of Jesus' sidewith the hmce (John xix, 34); and the lowering of Jesus' body intothe sepulcher (Matthew xxvii, 60). In phace of the pater beadsare seven brass plaques, representing each on one side, Mary withseven swords piercing her heart; on the other, the incidents in Christ'slife enumerated above. The cross is formed of brass. Length, 33inches.?Italy. (Plate 86, fig. 4, Cat. No. 179075, U.S.N.M.)189. Rosary.?Made of blue glass beads. The lesser Domuiicanrosary of five decades. The five pater beads are of the seeds of theAhrus precatorius (called ''crabs' eyes," or "jumble beads"). In-closed in an egg-shaped box of bone. Length, 12 inches; diametersof the box, If inches.?Madrid, Spain. (Plate 86, fig. 5, Cat. No.167020, U.S.N.M.)190. Rosary,?Of green glass beads. The lesser Dominican rosaryof five decades. In place of the crucifix is an oval brass plaque bear-ing the image of the Virgin of Guadelupe of Mexico. The paters aremarked by double beads of the same size and color as those of theaves. Length, 26 inches.? Mexico. (Cat. No. 179075, U. S. N. M.)191. Rosary.?Of Avooden beads, painted black. The lesserDominican rosary of live decades. Worn at the girdle by membersof the Fi-aternity of Misericordia {Arcicovfraternita de Santa Mariadella Misericordia) in Italy. Length, 50 inches.?Pisa, Italy.(Cat. No. 153893, U.S.N.M.)192. Rosary.?Made of composition. The Franciscan rosary ofseven decades. This rosary is used for the dcYotion in honor of theseven mysteries in the life of Mary?namely, the conception (Luke i,26) ; the visitation (Luke i, 39) ; the nativity (Luke ii) ; the adoration ofthe magi (Matthew ii); the presentation (Luke ii, 21); the finding inthe temple (Luke ii, 41); and the apparition after the resurrection toMary. The rosary is provided with two rings for suspending fromthe girdle. Length, 6 feet, 8 inches.?Italy. (Plate 87, fig. 1, Cat.No. 179075; U.S.N.M.)193. Rosary.?Of black glass beads. The lesser Dominican rosaryof five decades. An oval bronze medal, If and If inches in diameter,which takes the place of the crucifix, has on one side the bust of St.Ignatius Loyola (1491-1556), the founder of the Society of Jesus,on the other, the figure of St. John of Nepomuk, the patron saint ofBohemia, who was martyred in 1393. The rosary is provided withtwo rings to be suspended from the girdle. Length, 55 inches.
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Italy. (Plate 87, fig. 2, Cat. No. 179075, U.S.N.M.)194. Rosary.?Of wooden beads. Used in the devotion of thecrown of our Lord. Consists of 33 beads for the paters, to com-memorate the years of Christ's life on earth, and five for the aves,in honor of the five wounds. The crucifix is substituted by a brassmedal, H inches in diameter, engraved with the instruments of the
634 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. vol.55.passion and the Latin words, "The passion of Christ save us, the pas-sion of Christ comfort me." Between the ave beads is inserted apiece of bone, IJ inches high, carved with the faces of Christ andMary, and a skull. Length, 47 inches. Italy. (Plate 87, fig. 3,Cat. No. 179075, U.S.N.M.)195. Rosary.?Made of composition beads. Consisting of threesets of nine beads each, separated by an oval brass plaque, whichhas on one side a representation of the Trinity, on the other, theGloria in Latin. Length, 21 inches.?Italy. (Plate 87, fig. 4, Cat.No. 179075, U.S.N.M.) RELIGIOUS ORDERS.196. Habit of a Benedictine monlc.?Consisting of a cassock, ascapular (that is, a piece of cloth passing over the head and hangingdown over the shoulders), and a cowl. The order of Benedictinemonks was founded by St. Benedict of Nursia, Italy, in 529. It wasthe first monastic order established in the Occident, and its organiza-tion became the model upon which all the monasteries of the westernchurch were formed. Common to all monastic orders are the threevows of obedience, chastity, and poverty. The Benedictine monkswere bound by their rule to cultivate the land and to read and copymanuscripts.?Italy. (Gat. No. 154312, U.S.N.M.)197. Habit of Dominican monlc.?Consisting of a cassock, scapular,and cowl of white wool. The Dominican order was founded by St.Dominic, called de Guzman, in 1204. Its chief original purposewas to preach, especially to infidels and heretics. It is, therefore,called the "preaching order." The Dominicans are also calledBlack Friars, because of the black cloak worn by them out of dooi-s.
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Italy. (Cat. No. 154312b, U.S.N.M.)198. Habit of a CapucJiin monlc.?Consisting of upper garment,cowl of brown cloth, and rope girdle. The Capuchins are a branchof the Franciscan order, established by Matteo di Bassi, of Urbino,in 1526. They derive their name from the long-pointed capuche, orcowl, which is the distinguishing mark of their dress. Their regula-tions oblige them to live by begging, and not to use gold, silver, orsilk, even in the decoration of their churches and altars.?Italy.(Cat. No. 154312, U.S.N.M.)199. Costume of the Fraternity of the Misericordia.?Consisting of aloose hooded cassock of black stuff, held by a girdle from which arosary is suspended, and a broad-brimmed felt hat. The Fraternityof the Misericordia {Pia Arciconfraterniia de Samta Maria deltaMisericordia) is believed to have been instituted in 1244 and issurviving to the present day in many cities and towns of Italy.Besides taking care for the burial and the performance of the funeralrites of the dead and friendless its members also discharge the fimc-tion of an ambulance corps, dealing with accidents as they occur and
no. 2287. COLLECTION OF ECCLESIASTICAL ART?CASANOWICZ. 635carrying the sick to the hospitals. Its membership is recruited fromall ranks of society, and the active work is carried on by the membersin person. The funds needed for the work is obtained by muteappeals of the members in public places and at the doors of churches,for which they hold out an aim box and from the fees of the member-ship. When on duty the members wear a costume of the cheapestmaterial which completely envelopes and disguises them; even theface is hidden by a covering in which only two holes are left for theeyes.?Pisa, Italy. (Plate 88, Cat. No. 153893, U.S.N.M.)200. Devotions in Honor of the Stigmata and Festival of St. Fravcisof Assisi.?Printed in 1740 at Rome. St. Francis, born 1182, died1226, in Assisi, Italy, was the founder of the Franciscan order.According to tradition he received, in 1224, while absorbed in prayerand contemplation on Monte Alverno, the stigmata of Christ?that is,an imitation of the wounds of Christ was miracuously impressed uponhis body. He was canonized in 1228.?Rome, Italy. (Cat. No.2:14724, U.S.N.M.)201. Disciplinary girdle.?Made of wire. It is sometimes worn bymonks and other devout persons as a means of mortification and ofsubduing the passions. Length, 3 feet.?Italy. (Plato 89, fig. 1,Cat. No. 179067, U.S.N.M.)202. Disciplinary scourge.?Made of twisted wire. They are em-ployed by monks and other devout persons as a means of mortifi-cation and of subduing the passions.?Italy. (Plate 89, fig. 2,Cat. No. 152252, U.S.N.M.) SCAPtTLARS.Scapular (from middle Latin scajmlaris, pertaining to tlie shoulders,La-tin scapulae, shoulder blades, shoulders), is primarily the namegiven to a portion of the monastic habit in certain rehgious orders,consisting of a long narrow strip of clotli which passes over the head,covering the shoulders and hanging down in front and behind. Withthe growth of fraternities of lay people affiliated with the religiousorders the practice grew up among devout persons of wearing underthe ordinary dress a small scapular consisting of two little pieces of-cloth adorned with a picture of the Virgin, a cross or some otherreligious symbol and joined by strings, in honor of Mary. Certainrehgious obligations and exercises and sundry spiritual privileges,such as indulgences, are attached to the wearing of it. The scapularwas brought into use in the thirteenth century by St. Simon Stock,an Englishman, general of the Carmelite Order.203. Scapular.?Consisting of two pieces of brown cloth, measuring5| by 3 1 inches, one of which is embroidered with a shield, crown,and crosses; the other with a pelican, the symbol of Christ (seeabove, p. 618), and connected by strings.?Italy. (Cat. No. 179072,U.S.N.M.)
636 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUiiEUM. vol. 55.204. Scapular.?Consisting of two pieces of cloth, stamped withthe figures of Mary and other saints, and connected by strings.Measurements, 2 by If inches.?Italy. (Cat. No. 179073, U.S.N.M.)205. Scapular.?Consisting of two pieces of brown cloth, measuring2f by If inches, stamped with the figure of Mary crowned, with theinfant Jesus, both holding scapulars, with cherubs above and belowand the words Na. Sa. del Carmen, our Lady of Carmen (? Carmel).
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Italy. (Cat. No. 179074, U.S.N.M.)206. Scapular.?Consisting of two pieces of cotton cloth, measuring2^ by 2 inches, one of which is stamped on one side with the figureof Christ with a burning heart; on the other, with the figure of a saintand an ostensory. Tlie other is stamped on one side with the figureof Mary with a burning heart; on the other, with the figure of afemale saint.?Manila, Pliilippine Islands. (Cat. No. 216990,U.S.N.M.) MISCELLANEOUS.207. Fish.?Made of metal. On one side is a Greek cross, on theother the Christ monogram^ in relief. With a chain for suspension.The form of a fish was a favorite symbol on the early Christianmonuments, alluding to the waters of baptism; also because theinitial letters of the Greek word for fish contained the confession
"Jesus Christ, Son of God, Saviour." Length, 9 inches.?Italy.(Cat. No. 179010, U.S.N.M.)208. Olive palm.?Palm leaf combined with an olive branch. Insome churches in Italy it is blessed by the priest on Palm Sundayand sold at the clmrch door. Protective properties are attributed toit, and it is kept over the bed tiU the following year. This specimenwas blessed at the Santa Felicita Church in Florence, in 1892. Length,2 feet 5 inches.?Florence, Italy. (Cat. No. 179076, U.S.N.M.)209. Certificate of indulgence.?Manuscript written on vellum.Granted by Pope Alexander VIII (1689-1691), on March 20, 1690, tothe Church of the Fraternity of Holy Intercession, in Siena, Italy.Indulgences are granted by the Roman Catholic Church for the re-
, mission of the temporal punishment due to sin, after the removal ofguilt and eternal punishment of sin in the sacrament of penance, andwhich must be discharged either in this life or after death in purgatory.The recipient must be in a state of grace, and has to perform certaingood works, as giving of alms, fasting, attending mass, makingpilgrimages, etc. By way of intercession, indulgences may be appliedby the recipient to shorten the sufferings of souls in purgatory.Measurements, 15^ by 5^ inches.?Siena, Italy. (Cat. No, 214723,U.S.N.M.)210. Papal hull.?Manuscript, written on parchment, dated 1781,with a leaden seal, having on one side the busts of SS. Peter and Paul;on the other, the name Pius VII (Pope 1775-1799), attached by a
.NO. 2287. COLLECTION OF ECCLESIASTICAL ART?CASANOWICZ. 637cord of yellow silk. A bull is a document issued by a pope. Thename is derived from the Latin bulla, a bubble floating upon water;then a boss, a circular plate. In course of time it came to be appliedto the leaden seals with wliich papal and royal documenl ; wereauthenticated in the Middle Ages, and by a further development thename from designating the seal was eventually attached to the docu-ment itself. The seal has always on one side a representation of theApostles Peter and Paul on the other the name of the reigning Pope,and is attached by a silken cord if it be a "bull of grace, " and by oneof hemp if a "bull of justice. " Measurements of the parchment, 26fby 32 inches; diameter of the seal. If inches.?Italy. (Cat. No.179078, U.S.N.M.)211. Leaden stamp of Pius II, Pope 1458-1464.?On one side arerepresented the heads of SS. Peter and Paul; on the other is thename Pius Papa II. Diameter, ly^ inches.?Italy. (Cat. No. 179105,U.S.N.M.)212. Leaden stamp of Clement XI, Pope 1700-1721.?On one sideare the busts of SS. Peter and Paul, with a cross between them; on theother, Clemens Papa XI, with a rayed cross above. Diameter, l^^j-inches.?Italy. (Cat. No. 179106, U.S.N.M.)213. Leaden stamp of Clement XIII, Pope 1758-1769.?On one sideare the busts of SS. Peter and Paul, with a cross between them; onthe other, Clemens Papa XIII, with a rayed cross above. Diameter,If inches.?Italy. (Cat. No. 179107, U.S.N.M.)214. Pontifical album.?Consisting of 12 colored pictures, showingthe Roman Catholic hierarchy and papal attendants.?Rome, Italy.(Cat. No. 179103, U.S.N.M.)215. Pontifical album.?Consisting of 12 colored pictures, showingthe officials and attendants of the papal court.?Rome, Italy. (Cat,No. 179104, U.S.N.M.)216. Wooden caslc.?Gilded and decorated with the papal arms.Height, 9^ inches; length, 12 inches; diameter, 5^ inches.?Italy.(Cat. No. 152243, U.S.N.M.)217. Wooden oval tablet.?Carved round the edge with leaf pattern,and in the center with the letters J IT S {Jesus liominum salvator?Jesus Saviour of Mankind) in reUef. Diameters, 15 and 11 inches.
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Italy. (Cat. No. 179066, U.S.N.M.)218. Terra-cotta candlesticlc.?From the shaft in the center branchout four arms. With fine moldings. Height, 9^ inches; diameterof the base, 7^ inches.?Italy. (Cat. No, 152245, U.S.N,M.)219. Terra-cotta lamp.?In the center of the top is the Christmonogram ^ in relief, while round tlie edge are circles, enclosineeach a cross, alternating with loops. Height, 1^ inches; length, 4finches,?From the Catacombs of Rome, Italy. (Cat. No. 152246,U.S.N.M.)
638 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL AIU8EVM. vol. 55.220. Terra-cotta laiwp.?On the top the Christ monogram in beadedcharacters. Height, 1% inches ; length, 4^ inches.?From the Cata-combs of Rome, Italy. (Cat. No. 152246, U.S.N.M.)221. Terra-cotta lam.j).?On top dove holding an olive branch, thesymbol of peace, in its bill, surmounted by a winged caduceus (thestaff of Mercury). Height, 1^ inches; diameter, 2f inches.?Fromthe Catacombs of Rome, Italy. (Cat. No. 152246, U.S.N.M.)222. Delftware fasJc.?Decorated with the letters J H S (JesusSaviour of Mankind). Height, 7^ inches; diameter, 6 inches.
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Italy. (Cat. No. 152244, U.S.N.M.)223. Jug.?Oi Guadalupe ware. Used by pilgrims to the shrine ofGuadalupe, near the City of Mexico, to carry away holy water.Height, 11 inches.? Guadalupe, Mexico. (Cat. No. 179102,U.S.N.M.)224. Two corner fixtures.?Made of brass, openwork. Perhapsused for the corners of the binding of a missal or the Gospels. Meas-urements, 5i by 4 inches.?Spain. (Cat. No. 178868, U.S.N.M.)225. Panel painting.?Representing the Virgin and Infant in thesky, and below some worshippers. Signed, P. G. R. 1711. Height,7K inches; width, 11 inches.?Italy. (Cat. No. 164846, U.S.N.M.)226. Church lantern, (?)?Made of wood, carved, painted, andgilded. Triangular. The columns of the three angles are carved inthe form of caryatides, overtopped by a sort of cupola, terminatingin a knob. Height, 24 inches; width, \\h inches.?Italy. (Cat.No. 179039, U.S.N.M.)227. Parasol {umhreTlino).?The cover is of blue cotton, withtrimmings and fringes of yellow silk. Perhaps used to hold over theostensory when carried in procession. Height, 30 inches.?Italy.(Cat. No. 179019, U.S.N.M.)
II. ECCLESIATICAL ART OF THE EASTERN CHURCH.The Eastern Church, also called the Greek Catholic, the OrthodoxGreek, or, briefly, the Orthodox Church, its full title being the HolyOriental Orthodox Apostolic Church, is that branch of the Christianchurch which predominates in eastern Europe and western Asia.The dissolution of union (schism) between the eastern and westernparts of the Christian church became definite in 1054, when legates ofthe Roman pontiff deposited on the great altar of the church of St.Sophia at Constantinople the sentence of excommunication againstCaerularius, the patriarch of Constantinople. It was broughtabout by political and hierarchical, as well as dogmatical and cere-monial differences which arose between western and eastern Christen-dom, with their representative seats at Rome and Constantinople,in the preceding centuries of the church.
NO. 2287. COLLECTION OF ECCLESIASTICAL ART?CASANOWICZ. 639The Greek Catholic Church has, in common with the RomanCathohc Church, the doctrines of seven sacraments, namely, bap-tism, chrism (confirmation), penance (preceded by confession),eucharist (the Lord's supper), ordination, marriage, and extremeunction; besides the sacrifice of the mass; the religious venerationof Mary, the saints, images, reHcs, and the cross; the hierarchicaldegrees; and monasticism.Its peculiar tenets are mainly as follows: It adheres only to thedecrees of the first seven ecumenical councils. It teaches the pro-cession of the Holy Ghost from the Father alone. It denies thedogmas of the immaculate conception of Mary and of the supremacyand infallibility of the Roman pontiff, and rejects the doctrine ofpurgatory, of works of supererogation, and indulgences, but praysfor the dead that God would have mercy on them on the day ofjudgment.Its ritual and ceremonial differences from those of the WesternChurch are chiefly the following: Baptism is administered by three-fold immersion; chrism (confirmation) is conferred immediately afterbaptism and by a priest (not by a bishop) ; in communion both breadand wine are given to the laity and even to infants, the bread beingput into the wine; anointing (extreme unction) is performed on thesick, not the dying; and fasts are kept on Wednesday and Friday.The clergy of the Greek Catholic Church are divided into twoclasses?the black clergy (so called from their dress), or monks, andthe \vhite, or secular clergy. The former live in celibacy, and fromamong them are chosen the higher hierarchical grades?that is, thepatriarchs, metropolits, archbishops, and bishops. The lowersecular clergy, comprising popes (priests), deacons, subdeacons, andreaders, must be married before receiving orders, but can not marrya second time.The churches of the Greek Catholic Church are mostly built inform of a cross. In Russia they are generally crowned with one ormore cupolas of a bulbous shape, which are surmounted by a cross.Sometimes there is a belfry standing separate from the church. Thealtar space, which usually faces east, is divided from the main bodyof the church by a board partition, called iconostas (image stand),which is covered with images of Clmst and the saints, and containstlirec doors. The service is performed behind this screen, and onlyat certain stages are the middle doors, called the "sacred," or "royalgates," opened. There are no benches in the churches, the peoplestanding during service. No organ or any other instrumentalmusic is permitted, but tlie mass is generally accompanied ])y choralsinging, and the choirs are composed entirely of men and boys.The Orthodox Church consists at the present of 16 separate in-dependent branches, who profess the same faith, use the same liturgy62055?20?Proc.N.M.vol.55 42
640 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NA.TIONAL MUSEUM. vol.55.(though in different languages), and are in communion with oneanother. They are: 1-4, the patriarchates of Constantinople, j^lex-andria in Egypt, Antioch in Syria, and Jerusalem in Palestine; 5,Cyprus; 6, Russia; 7, Carlowitz; 8, Hermannstadt (both in Austria-Hungary); 9, Czernowitz in the Bukovina; 10, Bosnia and Herze-govina; 11, Serbia; 12, Montenegro; 13, Bulgaria; 14, Rumania; 15,Greece, and 16, Mount Sinai, consisting of only the monastery.THE RUSSIAN ORTHODOX CHURCH.Russia received its Christianity in the tenth century, under Olgaand Vladimir the Great (984-1015), from Constantinople. TheRussian Church entirely agrees in doctrine and ritual with the otherbranches of the Orthodox Church, wliile in administration it is dis-tinct. At first under the jurisdiction of the patriarch of Constan-tinople, it became in 1589 independent, establishing its own patriarchin Moscow. Peter the Great (1689-1725) abolished the patriarchateand set up the Holy Directing Synod in 1721 to rule the church ofRussia.^The church in Russia is administered by 86 bishops, of whom 3,those of Kiev, Moscow, and Petrograd, are always metropolits, and14 are archbishops. There are 481 monasteries for men and 249convents for nuns. In America the Russian Church is representedby an archbishop of Aleutia and North America with two suffragans,the bishops of Alaska (with residence in San Francisco), andBrookl}^.There are in Russia a great number of sects, most of which ac-knowledge the doctrinal basis of the oriental church, but reject theliturgy of the Russian Church as changed by the patriarch Nicon(1654). They are called by the state church RascolniH (separa-tists), while they call themselves Starnovyertzi (of the old faith).228. Russian cover for altar tahle.?^IMade of purple croisson silk,with a cross in the center. The sanctuary in an eastern church isseparated from the main body of church by the image screen (iconos-tas), and the laity is not allowed there. In the middle, before the
"royal gates," stands the altar, called "throne," a solid squarestone, covered with a linen cloth down to the ground all around.Over the linen cloth is laid a covering of some rich material, repre-senting the "glory of God." Besides the "tin-one" is another table,called the "altar of sacrifice" (prothesis) , on which are the sacredvessels used in the celebration of the mass. These consist of thechalice, paten, which is much larger and deeper than the one usedin the Roman Catholic Church; the star?that is, a cross of bentmetal which stands over the paten holding the veils wliich cover thepaten and chalice; a spoon for giving communion to the people, a
? Since the revolution of 1917 the patriarchate of Moscow has been restored.
NO. 2287. COLLECTION OF ECCLESIASTICAL ART?CASANOWICZ. 641knife in form of a lance, in allusion to the lance which pierced theside of Christ (John xix, 34), with which the bread for the Eucharistis cut up; and two fans, made of a long handle and a flat representa-tion of a seraph with six wings (Isaiah vi, 2), which the deaconwaves over the sacrament. Length, 37-5 inches; width, 34 inches.
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Nizhni Novgorod, Russia. (Cat. No. 154785, U.S.N.M.)229. Russian cover for altar tahle.?Made of striped silk, with twocrosses in silver applique. Length, 6 feet 2 inches; width, 2 feet1 inch.?Nizhni Novgorod, Russia. (Cat. No. 154788, U.S.N.M.)230. Old Russian Church candlesticJc.?Made of brass. The back,somewhat in form of a harp, terminates on the end in three flames,arranged in the form of a cross. From the back, which was fastenedto the wall, run out five arms in a semicircle. Height, 13 inches;width, 12* inches 9 inches.?Washington, D. C. (Cat. No. 251899,U.S.N.M.)231. Russian funerary pall.?Made in form of a cross, with thefour ends, or wings, to hang down the sides. The center, or top cover,is of yellow silk; the ends are of black velvet. On each of the narrowends is a double cross of cream colored silk sewed on. On the wideends is in each corner a skull and crossbones of the same material andworkmanship as the crosses on the narrov/ ends, while in the centerof each is a painted oval representing the angel announcing theresurrection of Christ to the two Marys at the tomb (MatthewXXVIII, 1-6). Length, 10 feet 4 inches; width, 6 feet 4^: inches.?Nizhni Novgorod, Russia. (Cat. No. 179110, U.S.N.M.)ECCLESIASTICAL VESTMENTS.The full canonicals of a Greek Catholic priest are: 1, stoicharion, aloose shirtlike garment with wide sleeves and reaching to the feet,of any stuff or color, corresponding to the Roman Catholic alb; 2,epimanilcia, cuffs, made of silk or brocade and reaching about half-way from the wrist to the elbov>r; 3, epitrachelion, corresponding toand resembling the Latin stole, only instead of being tlu'own aroundthe neck, the head is put tlu-ough a hole in the upper end and ithangs down in front nearly to the feet; 4, zone, girdle; and 5,phaenolion, chasuble, a bell-shaped garment with short wide sleeves,with a hole througli which the head is put, reacliing to the feet be-hind and at the sides and usually scooped out in front. Priests of ahigher rank (Protopopes in Russia) vcear in addition, tlie epigonation,a rhomb or lozenge-shaped piece of stiff brocade, about 12 inches inlength, suspended from the girdle at the right side, symbolizingthe sword of tlie Spirit. The priest's every-day attire is a cassockof any sober color.The bishop's liturgical vestments are generally more ornamentalthan those of a priest, being embroidered with crosses and figures
642 I'ROCEEDINOS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. vol. 55.
of the Virgin and of saints. His stoicharion has red and white bandsrunning from the shoulders to the feet, and embroidered at thebottom. The epitrachelion is worn around the neck and hangs downin the front. In place of the pliaenolion the bishop wears a salclcos, atunic of puce-colored satin reaching to below the knees, with shortsleeves, divided up the sides which are joined by bows of ribbons orclasps. Over this comes the omopliorion, a wide band of silk orvelvet passed round the neck, one end hanging down from the leftside in front, the other behind, and kept in its place with ornamentalpins. The pontifical miter is a high hat which swells out toward thetop and is spanned diagonally by two hoops; on the highest pointof the dome-shaped top is a cross, either standing upright or placedflat. The bishop also wears a pectoral cross and a medallion withthe image of the Virgin and Infant, called the panagia or enkolpion,and carries a pastoral staff or crozier (dikanikion)
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The deacon wears the stoicharion, the epimaniTcia, and the epi-trachelion, called orarion, which hangs from the left shoulder, towhich it is pinned, straight to the ground before and behind.232. Russian priests^ phaenolion.?Made of heavy gold brocade,with a Greek cross in gold applique, lined with silver applique, onthe back.?Nizhni Novgorod, Russia. (Plate 90, Cat. No. 154783,U.S.N.M.)233. Russian priests' phaenolion.?Made of gold and purple silkbrocade, with Greek cross in gold and silver applique on the back.
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Nizhni Novgorod, Russia. (Cat. No. 154784, U.S.N.M.)234. Pastoral staff of a Greek Catholic bishop.?Made of coppertubes, silvered, terminating at the top into two serpents bent into ahandle, giving it the appearance of an anchor, the emblem of hope,with a cross surmounting an orb between them. The handle andthe cross are gilded. Height, 5 feet 2 inches.?Constantinople,Turkey. (Plate 91, fig. 1, Cat. No. 154797, U.S.N.M.)235. Costume of a Greek Catholic monk.?Consisting of? 1, innercoat; 2, soutana; 3, outer coat; 4, girdle; 5, shoes with goloshes; 6,cylindrical hat, called Kalemaukion, without a brim below, but witha narrow rim at the top. It is worn by all ecclesiastics with theother vestments out of doors and in processions.?Constantinople,Turkey. (Plate 92, fig. 1, Cat. No. 154773, U.S.N.M.)RUSSIAN ICONS AND CROSSES.The Greek Orthodox Church does not admit sculptured figuresinto the churches (though they often have numerous statues uponthe outside), perhaps because they are reminiscent of the Greek gods.The eastern icon?that is, image of Christ, Mary, the angles, andsaints?is always flat; a painting, mosaic, or bas-relief. To imitatean effect of sculpture in the painted pictures placed upon the iconostas
NO. 2287. COLLECTION OF ECCLESIASTICAL ART?CASANOWICZ. 641or the screen which divides the sanctuary from the main body of thechurch, the icon, which is generally painted upon wood, is covered,excepting the face and hands, with a raised relief of silver, gold, orpearls, and precious stones, showing all the details and curves of thedrapery, clothing, and halo around the flat painted face and handsof the icon. In many Russian churches not only all the wall spacebut the surface of the columns as well is covered with pictures repre-senting scenes from the Bible or the lives of the saints or religiousheroes. Before the icons candlesticks or large lamps are lighted.In the homes such a picture is usually put up in the corner of a room,and before it a lamp burns and devotions are performed. Devoutpersons wear on a little chain around the neck a small cross or sacredimage given them on the day of baptism.The cross usually seen in the Russian Church is three-barred, ofwhich the upper bar represents the title of the cross (John xix, 19);the second, the arms; and the lowest, which is always inclined at anangle, the foot rest {suppedaneum) , on the assumption that one footof Christ, when suffering, was drawn higher than the other.There are in the museum's collection over 300 icons and crosses,the larger part of brass. A selection from them will be noted below.236. Russian icon, Mary with infant.?Covered with a silver giltplate of chased work to represent the clothing, with apertures forfaces and hands. Studded with fresh-water pearls, emeralds, rubyspinels, and garnets, which date from the eleventh to the fourteenthcentury, as they are all drilled and were used for some other purposebefore they were put in the frame of the icon. The pictures on thefolding doors, representing scenes from the lives of Christ and Mary,were painted by the artist who designed and decorated the cathedralof Nizhni Novgorod, about 1645. Height, 13^ inches; width, 17i,inches.?Nizhni Novgorod, Russia. (Plato 93, Cat. No. 154779U.S.N.M.)237. Russian icon, Mary with infant.?Painted on wood. Height,6| inches; width, 4f inches.?Nizhni Novgorod, Russia. (Cat. No.154778, U.S.N.M.)238. Miniature of Christ and Mary.?Oval, painted on porcelaineChrist is represented in half figure, with long hair falling behind, faceslightly turned to the left, and hands folded on the bosom. He iscovered with a green cloak wliich leaves his bosom and left arm free.Mary's minute bust is above, with red garment down over her head.She is represented with hands extended rising above the clouds or,looking down from heaven. The porcelain is set in a silver gilt frame,which is provided with a loop for suspension, indicating that it wasworn as a medallion. An inscription in Russia reads, "Moscow.April 13, 1796." Diameters, 2t and iH inches. (Cat. No. 293052,
644 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. vol. 55.U.S.N.M.) Gift of Abraham Burnstine, Washington, District ofColumbia.239. Miniature head of Christ.?Painted on wood from the cabinbuilt by Peter the Great (1682-1725) and lacquered. Height, 2^inches; width, 1| inches.?Russia. (Cat. No. 281569, U.S.N.M.)Bequest of Homer N. Lockwood.240. Russian icon, the Holy Family.?Painted on wood. Height,2f inches; width, 2| inches.?Nizhni Novgorod, Russia. (Cat. No.154777, U.S.N.M.)241. Russian icon, Cosmas and Damianus.?Painted on wood.Cosmas and Damianus were two brothers who died as martyrs in thepersecution of the Cliristians under the Roman Emperor Diocletian(303-311 A. D.). Height, 8| inches; width, 6| inches.?NizhniNovgorod, Russia. (Cat. No. 154781, U.S.N.M.)242. Russian icon.?Consisting of a brass triptych. In the centeris the Virgin with the Infant; above, God the Father; in the twowings, scenes from the life of Chi-ist.?Nizhni Novgorod, Russia.(Plate 94, fig. 1, Cat. No. 179-120, U.S.N.M.)243. Russian icon.?Made of brass. In the center Christ seated,holding in the left hand the Gospels and with the right giving theblessing, surrounded by the Twelve Apostles. Above in a shield, Godthe Father, holding in his left hand the orb, surmounted by a cross,and with the right hand giving the blessing, and beneath the shieldthe dove, symbol of the Holy Ghost, and the whole surmounted bysix seraphim, each with six wings (Isaiah vi, 2).?Nizhni Novgorod,Russia. (Plate 94, fig. 2, Cat. No. 179113, U.S.N.M.)244. Russian cross.?Made of brass. Representing, in relief, thecrucifixion. On top, God the Father and the dove (as in the pre-ceding); under the thu'd oblique bar (the suppedaneum) a skuUand cross bones.?Nizhni Novgorod, Russia. (Plate 94, fig. 3, Cat.No. 179111, U.S.N.M.)245. Russian icon.?Consisting of a brass tetraptych, representingin 20 compartments, in relief, scenes from the life of Christ.?Russia.(Plate 95, Cat. No. 211164, U.S.N.M.)HTUEGICAL BOOKS.The liturgies used in the orthodox communities belong to theByzantine rite. This rite comprises three liturgies?that of St.John Chrysostom, patriarch of Constantinople (died 407) ; that of St.Basil the Great, bishop of Caesarea in Cappodocia, Asia Minor(died 379); and that of St. Gregory Dialogos (Pope Gregory I, 590-604), also called the liturgy of the presanctified. The two latter areused only on special days, while that of St. Chrysostom is the ordinaryliturgy. While the ritual is the same in all the branches of theOrthodox Church, the language in which it is recited is that of each
?o. 2287. COLLECTION OF ECCLESIASTICAL ART?CASANOWICZ. 645people, only usuall}^ in the archaic form. Thus, in the Greek-speakingcommunities it is the old Greek; among the Slavs it is old Slavonik;Rumanian is used by the church of that country and the Rumaniansin Hungary; while Syriac is the church language in some parts ofSyria.246. Manual of the services of the Orthodox Church.?Containing adescription of the services, rites, and ceremonies of the Greek Ortho-dox Church, with illustrations. Compiled by Archpriest I"*. SokolofTi-anslated from the Russian. Printed in JSTew York and Albany,1899.?Sitka, Alaska. (Cat. No. 259114, U.S.N.M.) Gift of Rev.A. P. Kashevaroff.247. The divine liturgies of our fathers among the Saints JohnChrysostom and Basil the Great, with that of the Presanctified.?Editedwith Greek text by J. IST. W. B. Robertson. Printed in black and redletters. The black letters contain the text of the liturgies, while thered the ruljrics or directions in ])erforming the various actions of theservice, with a colored plate, representing the crucifixion. London,1894.?Sitka, Alaska. (Cat. No. 259107, U.S.N.M.) Gift of Rev.A. P. Kashevaroff.248. Octoechos, or Boole of Eight Tones.?Containing the com-memorations, or collects, for each day of the week?namely: Sundayof the resurrection, Monday of the angels, Tuesday of John the Bap-tist and the other prophets, Wednesday of Mary, Thursday of theapostles and St. Nicholas, Friday of the cross, and Saturday of thesaints. They are sung in eight varied tones, covering a cycle of eightweeks, hence the name Octoechos. Translated from the Slavic byProf. N. Orloff. Printed in London, 1898.-Sitka, Alaska. (Cat.No. 259109, U.S.N.M.) Gift of Rev. A. P. Kashevaroff.249. Horologion, or Booh of Hours.?Containing the daily devo-tions for the stated or canonical hours. Translated from the Slavicby Prof. N. Orloff. Printed in London, 1897.?Sitka, Alaska. (Cat.No. 259681, U. S.N.M.) Gift of Rev. A. P. Kashevaroff.250. TrehniJc, or Boole of Needs.?Containing the prayers and serv-ices performed on various occasions, such as churching of a woman,baptism, confession, marriage, visiting the sick, bm-ial. Translatedfrom the Slavic by S. V. Shann. Printed in London, 1894.?Sitka,Alaska. (Cat. No. 259108, U.S.N.M.) Gift of Rev. A. P. Kashev-aroff.
III. ECCLESIASTICAL ART OF THE ARMENIAN CHURCH.The territory which once formed the Kingdom of Armenia, is thetableland situated between Asia Minor and the Caspian Sea, inclosedon several sides by the ranges of the Taurus and Anti-Taurus, andpartly traversed by other mountains, the highest of which is thevolcanic peak of the Ai-arat mentioned in the Old Testament. The
646 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. vol. 5C.Armenian people appear in history about the middle of the sixth cen-tm'y B. C. The last refuge of Armenian independence was destroyedby the Mamelukes in 1375, and the country is now divided betweenTurkey, Russia, and Persia.The establishment of Christianity in Ai-menia is ascribed to St.Gregory the Illuminator, the apostle of Armenia, Certain is thatChristianity at an early date passed from Syria over into Armenia,and that the Bible was translated into Armenian in the fifth century.The Armenian Church agrees in many doctrines and practices withthe Greek Orthodox Church. It teaches the procession of the HolyGhost from the Father only, but maintains the formula of one naturein Christ (monopJiysitism) . Baptism is performed by partially im-mersing and then thrice pouring water on the head of the person.Confirmation is performed by the priest at baptism. The Lord'sSupper is administered in both kinds, the broken bread or wafer(unleavened) being dipped in undiluted wine and laid on the tongueof the fasting communicant. Like the Roman Catholic Church theArmenian Church professes belief in seven sacraments, in transub-stantiation, and adores the host in mass, but rejects the doctrine ofpurgatory, though prayers are offered for the dead. It venerates thecross, the saints and then* pictures, and insists on the perpetualvirginity of Mary. The church services are performed in the an-cient Armenian language.There are kept by the Armenian Chm-ch 105 fast days, when noanimal food can be eaten; 14 great feast days observed more strictlythan Sunday; and more minor feasts than days of the year.The clergy of the jirmenian Church is divided into nine grades ororders: The catholicos, who is at the head of the entire hierarchywith his seat at Etchmiadzin, near Erivan, the capital of RussianArmenia; patriarchs; archbishops; bishops; priests; deacons; sub-deacons; porters; readers; exorcists; and candle lighters. The priestsare divided into two classes?the doctors or teachers {vartaheds) , whomust live in celibacy ; and the parish priests, who must marry beforeattaining the rank of subdeacon. Besides the secular clergy thereare also monks in the Armenian Church,Armenian church buildings are usually small and have massivewalls, sometimes 7 or 8 feet thick, and very small windows. Theyare square and are adorned with a polygonal tower terminating in ashort spire.251. Costume of an Armenian ^^msf.?Consisting of?1, tunic; 2,soutana; 3, girdle; 4, shoes with galoshes; 5, cylindrical hat of bluevelvet, with waulted and fluted top.?Constantinople, Turkey.(Plate 92, fig. 2, Cat. No. 154774, U.S.N.M.)252. Armenian patriarch's staf.?Made of copper, silvered, ter-minating in a gilded orb surmounted by a cross. Height, 5 feet 9
NO. 2287. COLLECTION OF ECCLESIASTICAL ART?CASANOWICZ. 647inches.?Constantinople, Turkey. (Plate 91, fig. 2, Cat. No. 154796,U.S.N.M.)253. Kschotz.?Made of white metal. A musical instninicnt inform of a rayed circle, somewhat like the halo round the head of asaint, with 10 gilded globular tinklers attached on the edge. In themiddle of the circle is a six-winged seraph (Isaiah vi, 2) . At certainparts of the celebration of the mass this instrument is shaken with theobject, as the ringing of the altar bell in Roman Catholic churches,to excite the attention and devotion of the congregation. Height,19 inches; diameters, IH ^-nd ^i inches.?Constantinople, Turkey.(Plate 96, fig. 1, Cat. No. 154799, U.S N M.)254. Cross of benediction.?Made of white metal. Used when givingthe blessing to the congregation by an ecclesiastic. The Armeniancross differs from the Latin cross by the arms being nearer the topand much shorter. Height, 9^ inches; width, 5^ inches.?Constan-tinople, Turkey. (Plate 96, fig. 2, Cat. No. 154798, U.S.N.M.)255. Flute.?Used for accompanying the chanting of the mass inthe Armenian Church. The Armenian Church makes no use of theorgan. Length, 31 inches.?Constantinople, Turkey. (Plate 97, fig.1, Cat. No. 154802, U.S.N.M.)256. Triangle.?Used during the service of the mass in the Arme-nian Church. Height, 7 inches; base 6 inches.?Constantinople,Turkey. (Plate 97, fig. 2, Cat. No. 154805, U.S.N.M.)257. Double bell.?Made of white metal. Used at the conclusionof the service of the mass in the Armenian Church. Height, 8 inches;diameters, 3| and 3 inches.?Constantinople, Turkey. (Plate 97, fig.3, Cat. No. 154801, U.S.N.M.)258. Cymbal.?Used in the service of the mass in the ArmenianChurch. It is struck with a hammer, and the secret of its manufac-ture is said to be known to but one artisan in Constantinople. Diam-eter, 15 inches.?Constantinople, Turkey. (Plate 97, fig. 4, Cat. No.154803, U.S.N.M.)259. Pair of cymbals.?Called by the Armenians Dzindzgha. Usedin the service of the mass in the Armenian Church. Diameter, 11inches.?Constantinople, Turkey. (Cat. No. 154804, U.S.N.M.)MODELS OF ECCLESIASTICAL EDIFICES.260. Models of the cathedral, the baptistery, the Campanile or LeaningTower, and the Cam.po Santo of Pisa, Italy.?Made of alabaster andmounted upon a tablet of black marble. The cathedral (duomo) wasbegun in 1063 (or 1067) and consecrated in 1118. It is a basihca ofthe romanesque style of architecture. Its plan is a Latin cross, 311feet long, 106^ feet across the nave, and four aisles, 237 feet acrossthe transept, and 91 feet high, to the wooden ceiling of the nave.Over the apse is a semidome. The facade has five superposed tiers
648 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. vol. 55.
of arcades witli small columns, and a similar arcade is carried roundthe edifice under the roof. The baptistery which stands in front ofthe cathedral, erected between 1154 and 1350, is a circular structurewith a dome, surmounted by a statue of John the Baptist. It alsohas two tiers of superposed arcades. Its height is 180 feet; the diam-eter inside is nearly 100 feet, outside 107 feet, so that the walls areabout 8 feet thick. The dome is 60 feet in diameter and is supportedon four piers and eight pillars. The campanile or leaning tower wasin process of construction one hundred and seventy-odd years, 1174-1350. It is a cylindrical structure in eight stories. The lower story,which is solid, has a height of 35 feet and is adorned with 15 three-quarter columns. The six stories above this average 20 feet inheight, and are surrounded with an open arcade. The whole iscrowned with a similar circular tower, 27 feet high, in which thebells are hung. The entire height is thus 182 feet. The diameter atthe base is 52 feet. The tower, in consequence of the giving awayof the foundations before the fifth story was reached, leans 11 feet2 inches out of the perpendicular, and adding the 1 foot 10 inches ofthe projecting cornice, it overhangs the base by 13 feet.The Campo Santo, or burial place, was begmi in 1278 and com-pleted in 1464. It is an oblong building with a square tower in front,surmounted by a cupola. It contains among others the tomb ofHenry VII, Emperor of Germany 1308-1313. It is a veritablemuseum of medieval painting and sculpture. Height of the bap-tistery of the model, 2^ inches.?Pisa, Italy. (Cat. No. 2f 7751,U.S.N.M.) Gift of Mrs. Charlotte Emerson Main.261. Model of a church in Borgund, Norway.-?Made of wood. Thechurch is a wooden structure, with many pinnacles, givmg it theaspect of a Chinese pagoda and suggesting the "house of sevengables." This style of church architecture was at one time verycommon in Norway, but is fast disappearing. Height, 8 inches;length, 7| inches; width, 5 J inches.?Norway. (Cat. No. 249675,U.S.N.M.). Gift of Miss Eliza R. Scidmore.262. Model of the tabernacle of the Church of Jesus Christ of LatterDay Saints in Salt Lake City, Utah.?Made of wood. The tabernacle,built in 1864-1867, is in the shape of an oval or ellipse, 250 feet long,150 feet wide, and 80 feet high. It is covered with a wooden roofwith iron shingles, resembling a turtle sheU, which rests upon 44buttresses of sandstone, but unsupported by pillars or beams, so thatthe interior presents one of the largest unsupported arches in theworld. Between the buttresses are 20 large double doors openingoutward and affording speedy egress. Inside the building is sur-rounded by a gallery, except at the west end where there are a plat-form for speakers, seats for the choir, and one of the largest organs,comprising 500 pipes. The building which is used for public religi-
NO. 2287. COLLECTION OF ECCLESIASTICAL ART?CASANOWICZ. 649ous services on Sunday afternoons, for lectures, sacied concerts, andother meetings, has a seating capacity for 8,000 people, but canaccommodate about 10,000, and is well adapted for speaking andhearing. It is said that a pin dropped at one end of the hall may beheard disthictly at the other end, over 200 feet awa5^ The modelshows the arrangement of the interior in detail and also the organ.Height, 31 inches; length, 7 feet; width, 4 feet 2 inches.?Salt LakeCity, Utah. (Cat. No. 258396, U.S.N.M.) Gift of the committeeof the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints.263. Temple of tlie Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints inSalt Lalce City, Utah.?Made of plaster of Paris. The temple isbuilt mamly of gray granite, quarried from the Wasatch Mountains,and it required 40 years (1853-1893) for its construction. It is 186feet long from east to west and 99 feet wide. The walls are 6 feetthick. At each corner are three pointed towers, the loftiest of which,in the center of the eastern or principal facade, is 210 feet high, andis surmounted by a gilded copper statue, 12 feet 6 inches high, oi theangel Moroni. The temple is used for the administration of ordi-nances, as baptism, marriage, ordination, also for theological lectures,preaching, prayer, etc. Height, 5 feet 4 inches; length, 5 feet 3 in-ches; width, 3 feet 4 inches.?Salt Lake City, Utah. (Cat. No.258397, U.S.N.M.) Gift of the committee of the Church of JesusChrist of Latter Day Saints.

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Roman Catholic Altar from GermanyFor description see page 607.

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< 5

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Paten d; and Chalice (3) and Ostensory (2).For descript!ON see paoes 608 *nd 616.

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CiBORY ' I ), Tray '2i, Urn (3). Pyx i4), and Cup (5) and Spoon '6) for Holy Chrism.For description see pages 609 and 614.

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Maniple ili. Chasuble i2), and Stole i3).For description see page 612,

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Stole i I >, Chasuble 2', and Maniple (3).For description see page 612.

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Purple Velvet Dalmatic from the Philippines.For description see page 613.

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Bishop's Miter i|i, Crozier (2), and Pectoral Cross (3)For DEscRiprioN see page 613.

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O oI- !j< Q

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Cape and Stole.For description see page 615.

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Wooden Triptych in Gothic Style.For description see page 615.

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PROCESSIONAL CROSS FROM MEXICO.For? DESCRIPTION SEE PAGE 618.

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Processional Cross from Italy.
=OR DESCRIPTION SEE PAGE 618.

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Ivory Cross with Appurtenances of the PassionFor description see page 619.

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Wooden Figure of Christ from the Philippines.For DE'i-^RIPTlON SEE PAGE 622.

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Religious Medals from Italy.For description see page 629

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<UJ -a. s

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Rosary Made of Seeds of the Virginia Fringe Tree.For oescdiction sfe pace 63 1

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Roman Catholic RosariesFor description see pages 632 and 633.

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Roman Catholic Rosaries.For description see paces 633 and 634.

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?IcM / ZmM. hz^-<ji'u-C^~'f/-^i^Costume cf the Fraternity of the Misericordia.For desckiption see page 63^.

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Disciplinary Girdle ih and Disciplinary Scourge (2).For description see page 635.

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Gold Brocade Phaenolion of a Russian PriestFor description see pace 642.

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Pastoral Staffs.For description see pages 642 and 646

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Russian Icon of Mary and InfantFor description see page 6*3.

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Brass Icons of the Russian ChurchFor description see page 644.

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Paraphernalia of the Armenian ChurchFor description see page 647.

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Musical Instruments of the Armenian ChurchFor description see page 647.