Reprint from: 
Studies on 
Neotropical Fauna 
and Environment 
Ecology and Systematics 
Editorial Board: L. Brundin 
E. Du Bois 
Stockholm 
Reymond Marcus Sao Paulo 
J. Gery Saint-Cyprien 
E.F. Kilian Giessen and Valdivia 
H.W. Koepcke Hamburg 
J. Reichholf M?nchen 
Editor-in-chief: E.J. Fittkau M?nchen 
PUBLISHED BY 
SWETS & ZEITLINGER B.V., LISSE 
Studies on Neotropical Fauna and Environment 0165-0521/87/2201-0001$3.00 
Vol. 22 (1987), No. 1, pp. 1-9 ? Swets & Zeitlinger 
Additions to tiie Reptile Fauna of Paraguay 
witii Notes on a Small Herpetological Collection from ?mambay 
Roy W. MCDIARMID and Mercedes S. FOSTER 
MCDIARMID, R.W. & M.S. FOSTER: Additions to the reptile fauna 
of Paraguay witli notes on a small herpetological collection from Amambay. 
Studies on Neotropical Fauna and Environment 22 (1987), pp. 1-9. 
Specimens in a small collections of reptiles and amphibians from Parque 
Nacional Cerro Cora, Departamento Amambay, Paraguay are reported. 
Included are the first records of Bachia bresslaui, Phrynops gibbus, and 
Ololygon fuscomarginata for that country. Brief notes on morphology, 
distribution, and natural history of species collected, are included. The 
systematic status of Phrynops tuberculatus vanderhaegei is evaluated. 
Roy W. McDiarmid and Mercedes S. Foster, Biological Survey Section 
U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, National Museum of Natural History, 
Washington, D.C. 20560, USA 
Introduction 
In 1980, the National Forest Service of Paraguay began an inventory of the country's flora 
and fauna. Initial efforts were concentrated in the national parks in order to provide information 
for guides to the common organisms of these areas (e.g.. Ministerio de Agricultura y Ganaderia, 
1982). With this renewed interest in the biota of Paraguay,.records of species not previously 
reported from the country, as well as distributional information, are of interest, since the 
herpetofauna of Paraguay remains poorly known despite early (Boettger, 1885a, b; Boulenger, 
1894; Peracca, 1904; Bertoni, 1914, 1939), and even more recent reports (Scott and Lovett, 
1975; Talbot, 1977). In 1980 (3-18 September) and 1983 (31 October-4 November), MSF made 
small collections of reptiles (4) and amphibians (69) at Parque Nacional Cerro Cora, Departamento 
Amambay, Paraguay. Herein we report on those collections. 
Parque Nacional Cerro Cora is located near the Brazilian border in northeastern Paraguay 
(ca. 22? 38' S, 56? 03' 30" W, elcv. ca. 500 m), ca. 32 km WSW of Pedro Juan Caballero. 
It lies in an area of subtropical moist forest between the 22? and 23? isotherms, and 1400 
and 1500 mm isohyets (Farina Sanchez, 1973). Several habitats are represented in the park, 
including (1) pasture and low scrub, the latter dominated by spiny ground bromeliads, in areas 
cleared and periodically burned; (2) very open, low (canopy ca. 6 m) woodland with a dense 
understory including ground bromeliads and columnar cacti; (3) tall (ca. 15- 20 m) semideciduous 
forest with a relatively open understory, apparently selectively logged ca. 35 years ago; and 
(4) relatively undisturbed gallery forest with an open understory. Unless otherwise noted, 
amphibians were collected in 1980 around a small (< 1 ha), probably man-made lagoon in 
a cleared area, or in the vicinity of an impoundment (10-15 m across) behind a low (ca. 1.5 
m) dam on a small stream in a sparse woods. In 1983, most specimens were taken along a 
flooded road and from adjacent flooded pasture. Specimens are deposited in the National Museum 
of Natural History, Washington, D.C. (USNM). 
2 R.W. MCDIARMID AND M.S. FOSTER 
Species accounts 
Bachia bresslaui. 
One male (USNM 253142) was collected during the day on 14 September, 1980 from under 
a board in a grassy, wooded area. It represents the first record of this species from Paraguay 
and the southernmost record for the genus (Dixon, 1973), and extends the range ca. 1100 km 
SSE from the nearest known locality at Utiarati, Rio P^agaio, Mato Grosso, Brazil. The Mato 
Grosso specimen comes from the upper Tapaj?s drainage system, a north-flowing tributary 
of the Amazon (Vanzolini, 1966). The Paraguayan locaUty lies near the divide between the 
drainage of the Alto Paran? and Paraguay rivers, which join to form the major southward 
flowing river, the Paran?, draining portions of southern Brazil, Paraguay, and northeastern 
Argentina. 
With his report of the Amazonian locality of the,second known specimen of B. bresslaui, 
Vanzolini (1966) questioned the accuracy of the locality "S. Paulo," recorded fot the holotype 
in the specimen catalogue of the Instituto Butantan. He considered the presence of the species 
in Sao Paulo doubtful. However the type description (Amaral, 1935:250) for the specifies "... 
do interior do Estado de S. Paulo" as the type locality, which, considering our record from 
a site within the drainage basin of the Paraguay River, appears accurate, albeit imprecise. 
For the most part, the Paraguayan specimen agrees with the other two 
known individuals (VanzoUni, 1961, 1966) in details of scalation and color. 
Pertinent data are (characteristics differing from other specimens indicated 
parenthetically): snout-vent length 75 mm; tail lenght 88 mm, broken, may 
have been regenerated; scales around mid-body 35 (Dixon [1973] listed 33-35, 
but Vanzolini [1961,1966] reported 35 in both known specimens); dorsal scales 
50 (47-49), lanceolate, keeled; ventral scales 36 (but see below; Dixon [1973] 
listed counts of 37-38 in table 3, but of only 38 in the species account [p. 
18]; Vanzolini [1961] reported 38 for both specimens); ventral scales quad- 
rangular anteriorly but posterior margins of posterior ventral scales distinctly 
rounded and imbricate; guiar scales 9; prefrontals absent; interparietal present, 
narrowly elongate; 1 preocular; 2 supraoculars; 1 postocular; temporals 0 + 
1 (left), 1 + 1, supralabial 5 contacts parietal on left side through fusion With 
temporal 1; preanal pores 1 + 1; femoral pores 2 + 2 (1 + 2, 2 + 2); preanal 
scales 5 or 9 (4 + 5). 
Dixon (1973) designated the enlarged scales immediately anterior to the 
anus as the preanal shields. He commented that three scales are normal unless 
they are divided transversaly, forming two rows of shields. He reported six 
preanal scales (excluding two small lateral scales) for the specimen that Vazolini 
(1966) described as having five preanal scales. Vazolini obviously counted only 
the posterior row of enlarged scales and included two smaller laterals. 
Accordingly, Vazolini's count of ventral scales rows is one higher than that 
reported by Dixon for the same specimen; the three scale range in ventrals 
(36-38) actually reflects different counting methods rather than different 
numbers of scale rows. Because the scales between the preanal pores are enlarged 
and distinct from the ventrals, we prefer to consider both rows as part of 
the preanal shield and record nine preanal scales. This interpretation changes 
the ventral scale range for the known specimens from 36-38 to 36-37. 
Color and pattern of the Paraguayan specimen (Fig. 1) are paler than and 
slightly different from those in the other two specimens: dorsal head pattern 
similar to illustration of Amazonian specimen (Vanzolini, 1966:190), but less 
distinct and lacking dark Unes on lateral margins of frontal and on parietals; 
ADDITIONS TO REPTILE FAUNA OF PARAGUAY 3 
irregulary edged mid-dorsal stripe extending 5 dorsal scales onto body from 
posterior tip of interparietal and adjacent parietals, and dividing into a pair 
of dorsal lines separated by 2-3 dorsal scales that become interrupted dashes 
on posterior body, fading on tail; lateral brown stripes darkest on sides of 
head and neck, becoming fainter on sides, disappearing on tail; faint brown 
spots on chin and gulars; belly and ventral surface of tail cream. In life, dorsally 
light brown with dark brown lines; head very shiny medium brown; pale 
pinkish gray below; tail cream. 
Phrynops gibbus. 
One specimen (USNM 253211) taken at night, 14 September, 1980, represents the first record 
of P. gibbus from Paraguay. It was located on the mud bottom in shallow water at the edge 
of a small impoundment. The pond contained a dense growth of floating (Eichhomia crassipes) 
and submerged vegetation. This record represents a range extension to the southeast of ca. 
2500 km from the closest published locality record at Yarinacocha, Rio Ucayali in east central 
Peru (Pritchard and Trebbau, 1984). 
Ernst (1981a) indicated a locality in the central Amazon Basin (estimated from his map [p. 
279.1] at ca. 5? S, 60? W) in the state of Amazonas, Brazil, but he did not qiention the record 
in the text. This may account for its omission from the distribution map of P. gibbus in Pritchard 
and Trebbau (1984: fig. 21). The record (C. H. Ernst, pers. comm.) is based on a specimen 
(USNM 257780) collected in 1979 by R.I. Crombie (pers. comm.) 54 km (by road) ? SW Itaituba, 
Parque Nacional da Amazonia, Rio Tapaj?s, Brazil (4? 41' S, 56? 21' W). This locaUty (Fig.2) 
is actually in the states of Para, lying ca. 400 km E of the locality in Amazonas, that Ernst 
plotted (1981a).' It is about 2000 km N of our Paraguayan locality. 
If Emys stenops (Spix) is a synonym of P. gibbus, as originally proposed by Bour (1973), 
then Spix's record of this form from ?ie bank of the Rio Solimoes (that portion of the Amazon 
river between 60? and 70? W latitude, extending from the Brazilian border near Leticia, 
downstream to the Rio Negro near Manaus (Vanzolini, 1981) places P. gibbus well within the 
Amazon basin. Ernst (1981a) and Pritchard and Trebbau (1984) apparently accepted this 
synonomy but did not include the locality for the holotypc off. stenops on their maps. Vanzolini 
( 1981 :xix), probably following Wermuth and Mertens ( 1961 ), listed ?. stenops (Spix) as a synonym 
of Phrynops rufipes (Spix). Howeverj Hoogmoed and Gruber (1983) redescribed the type and 
confirmed Bour's conclusion that E. stenops is a juvenal P. gibbus. Even though Pritchard 
and Trebbau (1984: fig. 21) depicted a major hiatus in the range of P. gibbus, we suspect that 
additonal field work will show that it is widespread, although perhaps not common, in appropriate 
habitats throughout northern Brazil north of the Amazon. 
In 1983, three additional specimens (CM 94314-15, 94322) of P. gibbus were taken at Cerro 
Cora, and a fourth (MNHNP127522) from San Lorenzo, Departamento Central, east of Asunci?n, 
Paraguay. These five specimens are the southernmost records for the species, and the first from 
the south-flowing Paran? drainage system. Measurements of these Paraguayan specimens are 
given in Table 1. All agree with the definition in Ernst (1981a) and the photographs and description 
in Pritchard and Trebbau (1984). 
After comparing our five specimens to P. gibbus recently collected along 
the Rio Santiago in Amazonas (4), and along the Rio Tambopata in Madre 
' The locality record for Rhinoclemmys punctularia (Ernst, 1981: 276.1) from the central Amazon 
basin is also plotted in error; it is based on a specimen (C.H. Ernst, pers. comm.) taken 
near the P. gibbus locality, also in Parque Nacional da Amazonia on the Rio Tapaj?s. The 
presence of R. punctularia in the central Amazon basin in confirmed by three specimens (two 
in the Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard University [MCZ 2061 and 4060] from 
Amazonas, and one in the American Museum of Natural History [AMNH 62584]from Para) 
that were examined by Ernst (1978) and listed by Pritchard and Trebbau (1984), but omitted 
from Ernst's map (1981b). 
R.W. MCDIARMID AND M.S. FOSTER 
Fig. 1.   Dorsal view of head and anterior body of Bachia bresslaui (USNM 253142). Line 
10 mm. 
de Dios (1), Peru, and from the Rio Tapaj?s, Para, Brazil (1), we have concluded 
that they are not specifically distinct, since size, proportions and coloration 
generally agree. The Rio Santiago records are the western most for the species 
and extend the range of P. gibbus along the Rio Alto Mara?en above the 
Pongo Manseriche into the Rio Santiago drainage. The Rio Tambopata material 
extends the previously reported range of R gibbus in Peru about 800 km 
from Yarinococha. This locality is about 1400 km northwest of the Paraguayan 
localities and is the first from the Rio Madeira drainage, a major north flowing 
tributary of the Amazon. These records will be reported in more detail elsewhere 
(McDiarmid, umpubl. data). The range of P. gibbus as currently known is 
shown in Figure 2. 
We also compared our specimens to the brief description of Phrynops 
tuberculatus vanderhaegei given by Bour (1973), who listed the type specimen 
as a living adult male, without a number, probably from the vicinity of 
Asunci?n, Paraguay. The sizes and proportions of the specimens agree; minor 
details of colorations differ as follows (data from Bour in parentheses): head 
uniform dark gray with indistinct small tan spots, especially laterally (gray 
with brown or orange vermiculations); color on throat and neck yellow, yellow 
with gray markings, or diffuse gray (uniform pale yellow); plastron color varying 
from dark brown with paler edges of guiar, femoral, and anal margins to 
yellowish tan with darker brown blotches on intergular, humerais, pectorals, 
and femorals with gulars and anals uniformly pale (plastron covered with 
central dark brown blotch with extensive pale, pigmentless areas on intergular, 
gulars, humerais, f'^morals, and anal scutes, especially along the seams) - some 
of the dark coloration on certain of our specimens may be largely the result 
ADDITIONS TO REPTILE FAUNA OF PARAGUAY 
Fig. 2. Distribution records of Phrynops gibbus. Squares = localities taken from Mittermeier 
et al. (1978); triangle = correctly plotted locality of USNM 257780 (see text); dots = 
localities of specimens reported herein. Type locality of P. t. vanderhaegei insufficiently 
precise to plot (Bour, 1973). 
of Staining; upper jaws with faint dark streaks, lower jaws with or without faint 
marks (jaws pale yellow). 
Bour (1973) remarked that in coloration and certain peculiarities of mor- 
phology, R t. vanderhaegei strongly resembled P. gibbus. The only characteristics 
he listed that seem to be diagnostic are the absence of axillary scutes (which 
he questioned as anomalous) and the partial separation of the supracaudal 
scutes by the posterior extension of the last vertebral scute. Examination of 
the axillary condition in P. gibbus shows that the scute character is variable 
(visible on only one side in a specimen from Peru); again, no difference between 
the Paraguayan specimens and P. gibbus from Peru was found. 
The alleged supracaudal separation by the vertebral scute cannot be seen 
in the photographs of the living type. Unfortunately, the photograph of a 
second purported specimen o? P. vanderhaegei (Pritchard, 1979) does not allow 
evaluation of this characteristic. Most specimens of P. gibbus that we examined, 
including the Paraguayan material, have a straight or nearly straight seam 
between the last vertebral and the supracaudals. In a few specimens (CM 
6 R.W. MCDIARMID AND M.S. FOSTER 
Table 1. Measurements (mm) of specimens of Phrynops gibbus from Paraguay. CL = carapace 
length (straight line); CW = carapace width; PLmi = plastron length (midUne); PLma 
= plastron length (maximum); SD = shell depth (maximum); ALW = width of anterior 
lobe of plastron; PLW = width of posterior lobe of plastron; ASW = width of anal 
scutes (maximum); BW = bridge width; HW = head width (maximum) 
Mus. No. Sex CL CW PLmi PLraa SD ALW PLW ASW BW HW 
USNM 253211 M 143 101 117 128 46 73 63 44 30 29 
CM 94314 M 172 115 141 152 55 81 71 50 34 34 
CM 94322 F 146 100 123 133 47 73 63 45 30 30 
CM 94315 F 192 132 156 169 67 94 87 55 41 37 
MNHNP 127522 F 200 141 168 184 68 100 93 70 45 41 
94314, 94322), however, a posterior extension of the last vertebral along the 
midline inserts slightly into the suture between the supracaudals. In our opinion, 
this trait is variable and not useful in distinquishing the Paraguayan population. 
Based on the above comparisons, we conclude that Bour's vaderhaegei is 
more similar to P. gibbus than to P. tuberculatus, and in fact, we see no consistent 
way of distinguishing them. We thus consider all material from Paraguay 
to be representative of a single species, P. gibbus. Pritchard (1979) also 
considered vanderhaegei to be distinct from P. tuberculatus, primarily on the 
basis of the stated range and Bour's (1973) indication that it lacked neck 
tubercles and had a brown plastron. Whether populations of this wide ranging 
species are geographically recognizable, will be determined only after detailed 
analysis of its geographic variation. All characteristics that Bour (1973) listed 
in his description (except as noted above) are approximated by or included 
within the variation seen in the material we examined from Paraguay, Peru 
and Brazil, or encompassed by data and photographs in Pritchard and Trebbau 
(1984). Nevertheless, specimens are few, and recent collection of P. gibbus 
from outside its previous known range indicates the need for more extensive 
sampling in appropriate habitat in the southern portions of the Amazon Basin. 
Surprisingly, Pritchard assigned (1979:783) vanderhaegei to the subgenus 
Batrachemys which he defined as a group of species with heads broader (greater 
than 21% of carapace length) than those of species in the subgenus 
Mesoclemmys. Yet the head width of the type of vanderhaegei is only 20% 
of the carapace length (Bour 1973). Our Paraguayan specimens of P. gibbus 
also have a relatively narrow head (20% or less of carapace length). The 
significance of these proportions, particularly with regard to subgenera, is 
unknown since only limited information on allometric changes and geographic 
and sexual variation in size in Phrynops is available (Rhodin and Mittermeier, 
1983; Pritchard and Trebbau, 1984). Until growth patterns, and variation in 
size and proportions are known, use of these characteristics to separate taxa 
is inappropriate. 
ADDITIONS TO REPTILE FAUNA OF PARAGUAY 7 
Ololygon fuscomarginata. 
(USNM 253100-253102; 1 Nov.). A large chorus of this species was present on the nights of 
31 October to 3 November in an area of pasture flooded to a depth of ca. 40 cm. Males were 
perched head above, ca. 15 to 30 cm. above the water, parallel to the length of narrow laves 
of a dense, emergent grass. The calling frogs were always positioned with their heads thrown 
back, forelimbs extended, and golden-yellow vocal sacs inflated. Several pairs were in amplexus. 
To the best of our knowledge, these are the first published records of the species from eastern 
Paraguay. Duellman (1977) listed Paraguay in the range of this species, but that may have 
been based on its reported occurrence in Argentina, a report discounted by Cei (1980), who 
stated that O. fuscomarginata cannot be considered a member of the Argentine batrachofauna. 
Other species collected at Cerro Cora. 
Botrops moojeni (USNM 253143-144, 15 Sept.), 
Bufo paracnemis (USNM 253603, tadpoles near metamorphosis, 14 Sept.; many adults observed). 
Leptodactylus labyrinthicus (USNM 253115, adult and USNM 253610, tadpoles, 3 Nov.). 
L. gracilis (USNM 253114, 2 Nov.). 
Lfuscus (USNM 253106,13 Sept.. only individual seen that month: USNM 253107. 253108-110. 
253111-113, 31. Oct.-2 Nov., common). 
L. podicipinus (USNM 253116-120, 153121, 253122, 253124-125, 3,13, 14 Sept., 2 Nov.). 
Adenomera hylaedactyla (USNM 253105, 3 Sept.). 
Pseudopaludicola ameghini (USNM 253138, along creek through forest,  18 Sept.; USNM 
253139-140, in flotted pasture, 3 Nov.). 
P/r;'j?/aem?5 cen/ra/w (USNM 253126,14 Sept.). 
P. cuvieri (USNM 253127-128, 3 Nov.). 
Physalaemus nattereri (USNM 253129-130 and 253131 [skel.], 253132-135,253136, adults, USNM 
253612, eggs; 13, 14, 15, Sept., 3 Nov.; first collected at night, 13 Sept., following heavy rain 
during the day; most hopping along dirt road and covered with sandy soil as if recently emerged 
from burrows; occasional individuals heard calling at the lagoon 13 Sept., vocal sac black, 
mottled yellow-green; on 14 sept., 10-15 individuals chorusing there, several amplexing pairs, 
and eggs deposited in foam nests floating at water's surface, but generally attached to bank 
under overhanging vegetation [reproductive behavior and larval development of these species 
in the state of Sao Paulo, Brazil, described by Vizotto, 1967]). 
P santafecinus (USNM 253137, 3 Nov.). 
Hyla nana (USNM 253086-093, 253094, 253095, 3,13 Sept., 31 Oct.; common during both visits; 
calling in mixed choruses with H. bivittata from vegetation emergent from and adjacent to 
lagoon and flooded pasture, 31 Oct.-3 Nov.). 
H. bivittata (USNM 253084,253085,253080-083, adults, and USNM 253604-605,253606, tadpoles, 
3, 13 Sept., 31 Oct., 3, 4 Nov.; common during both visits). 
Ololygon eringiophila (USNM 253096 31 Oct.). 
O. X- signata (USNM 253103-104, 13 Sept.), 
Chiasmocleisalbopunctata (USNM 253141, 31 Oct., species chorusing in flooded pasture). 
Also included in the collection were one kind of hylid tadpole (USNM 253607-608, 3, 4 Nov.) 
and two kinds of ledtodactylid tadpoles, possibly of the genus Physalaemus (USNM 253611, 
253613, 3 Nov.), that we were unable to identify to species. A fourth unidentified species 
(USNM 253609, 4 Nov.) is represented by two tadpoles (Gosner stages 40, 41) with small toe 
discs and reduced webbing suggestive of the hylid Aplastodiscus perviridis. However, comparison 
of these specimens to the description of the larva of A. perviridis (Caramaschi et al., 1980) 
indicates that some other species is represented. The tadpoles have a sinistral, horizontally 
oriented spiracle free from border and longer than eye width; anal opening appears dextral; 
mouth small, directed anteroventrally; disc entire, bordered by single row of small papillae, 
interruped anteriorly; tooth row formula 1,1-1/3; body subovoid, light brown; eyes dorsolateral, 
not forming lateral profile from above; caudal musculature pale with faint marking, darkest 
along midline on anterior quarter of tail; dorsal fin deepest, moderately pigmented to tip, ventral 
fin depth ca. 60% of dorsal, clearer, with faint concentrations of pigment; total length 58 mm, 
body length 15 mm (second specimen with damaged tail). 
? R.W. MCDIARMID AND M.S. FOSTER 
Acknowledgements ^ 
We thank Ing. Hernando Bertoni, Minister of Agriculture, and Ing. Hilario Moreno, National 
Forest Service of Paraguay, for providing collecting permits. We also thank J. L. Carr, R. 
I. Crombie, C. H. Ernst, L. A. Fitzgerald, A. G. J. Rhodin, and N. J. Scott for stimulating 
discussion and for information concerning individual specimens, J. L. Carr, R. I. Crombie, 
C. H. Ernst, R C. H. Pritchard, and A. G. J. Rhodin provided helpful comments on the manuscript. 
C. J. McCoy and E. J. Censky, Carnegie Museum (CM) loaned valuable speciemens. Field 
work was carried out in cooperation with personnel from the Inventario Biol?gico Nacional 
del Paraguay, Museo Nacional de Historia Natural, San Lorenzo, Paraguay (MNHNP). We 
thank them for logistic support, specimen loan, and companionship in the field. 
Resumen 
Se informa acerca de una colecci?n peque?a de reptiles y anfibios del Parque Nacional Cerro 
Cora, Departamento Amambay, Paraguay. Se incluye los primeros registros de Bachia bresslaui, 
Phrynops gibbus, y Ololygon fuscomarginata del pa?s. Adem?s, hay informes breves sobre las 
morfolog?as, las distribuciones, y las historias naturales de las especies que se ha coleccionado, 
y comentario sobre la taxonom?a de varias especies de Phrynops. 
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STUDIES ON NEOTROPICAL FAUNA AND ENVIRONMENT 
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