Report of U. S. National Museum, 1901. Plate 1.
REPORT
EXHIBIT OF THE UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM
PAN-AMERICAN EXPOSITION, BUFFALO, NEW YORK, 1901.
FREDERICK W. TIME,
Representative, Smithsonian Institution and National Museum.
WILLIAM II. HOLMES,
Head Curator, Department of Anthroiiology,
.AND
GEORGE P. MERRILL,
Head Curator, Department of Geology.
NAT MUS 1901 12 L77

LIST OK ILLUSTRATIONS.
Plate 1. Front view of Government building (frontispiece).
2. General view of U. S. National Museum exhibits.
3. Diagram of floor space.
4. General view of exhibits of Department of Biology.
5. Part of a large mammal case.
6. General view of exhibit of fishes.
7. Kadiakbear.
8. Stone's sheep.
9. Glacier bear.
10. White goat.
11. Alaska wolf.
12. Penguin.
13. Condor.
14. Whooping crane.
!.">. ( Jubah iguana.
1 6. Large boa constrictor.
17. Hog-nose snake group.
is. Alligator snapper.
19. Red drum cast.
20. Black angel-fish in formalin.
21. Hog-fish in formalin.
22. Luminous deep-sea fish model.
23. Family group of the Smith Sound Eskimo.
24. Lay figure group of Eastern Eskimo.
25. Lay figure group of Western Eskimo.
26. Family group of Chilkat Indians.
27. Family group of Hupa Indians.
28. Family group of Sioux Indians.
29. Family group of Navajo Indians.
30. Family group of Zuni Indians.
31. Family group of Cocopa Indians.
32. Family group of Maya-Quiche Indians.
33. Lay figure group of Mexican and South American Indians.
:!4. Family group of Tehuelche Indians.
35. Dwelling group of Central Eskimo.
36. Dwelling group of the Western Eskimo.
37. Dwelling group of the Haida Indians.
38. Dwelling groupof the Montagnais Indians.
39. Dwelling group of California Indians.
40. Dwelling group of the Sioux Indians.
41. Dwelling group of the Wichita Indians.
42. Dwelling group of the Pawnee Indians.
43. Dwelling group of the Cliff Dwellers.
44. Dwelling group of the Papago Indians.
17-.)
180 LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS.
Plate 15. Dwelling group of Venezuela Indians.
It;. Dwelling group of Tehuelehe Indians.
17. Fire-making apparatus of the American Indians.
48. Bows and arrows of the American Indians.
4n . Throwing sticks of the American Indians.
50. Harpoons of the American1 Indians.
51. Water craf I of the American Indians.
52. Textiles of the American Indians.
53. Pottery of the American Indians.
54. Sculpture of the American Indians.
55. Persona] ornaments of the American Indians.
56. Tobacco pipes of the American Indians.
57. Pictography and writing of the American Indians.
58. General view of exhibits, Department of Geology.
7)1). ( reneral view of exhibits, Department of Geology.
lit). Concretionary structures.
61. Concretionary structures.
62. Crinoid series: The Crown.
<;.'!. Crinoid series: The Dorsal Cup.
64. Crinoid series: The Tegmen.
65. Crinoid series: The Brachia and Pinnules.
(iii. Crinoid series: The Anal Area.
117. Crinoid series: The Stem.
68. Crinoid series: The Koots.
(ill. Crinoid series: Crinoid Parasdes.
70. Ilesperornis regalis.
71. Model of Triceratops prorsus.
72. Painting of Triceratops prorsus.
REPORT OX THE EXHIBIT OF THE. UNITED STATES NATIONA1
MUSEUM AT THE PAN-AMERICAN EXPOSITION. BUFFALi
NEW YORK, iooi.
Bv Frederick W. Trie, William H.'Holmes, and Georce P. Merrill.
SUMMARY.
By Frederick W. Trie,
Representative, Smithsonian Institution and National Museum.
The Pan-American Exposition held at Buffalo, New York, opened
May 1,1901, and closed November 2, 1901. An exhibit from the Smith-
sonian Institution and National Museum was provided for in the act of
Congress approved March 3, 1899. The total amount appropriated
for the Government exhibit was $300,000, and for a ( rovernment build-
ing-
, 1200,000. Of the former amount the Smithsonian Institution
and National Museum were allotted $50,000, in addition to which
$2,500 was transferred from the allotment of the Interior Department
to allow for the construction of a model of the extinct American reptile
Triceratops, to be jointly exhibited by the National Museum and the
Geological Survey. The total amount allotted was considerably below
the estimate submitted to the board, which was $62,625.
On the gross sum originally available a pro rata assessment to pro-
vide for an exhibit from the outlying possessions of the United Stair-.
amounting to $1,960.79, was made by the board, and $200 were trans-
ferred to the allotment of the War Department. The net Smithsonian
allotment was, therefore. $50,339.21.
The Goverment building (Plate 1) at Buffalo was on the west side of
the exposition grounds. It was oblong in shape and had a length of
lbs feet and a breadth of 140 feet and was surmounted by a dome 235
feet high. Two pavilions were connected with the main building on
the east side by colonnades. The north pavilion was occupied by the
Fish Commission and the south pavilion conjointly by the Department
of Agriculture and the Philippine collection. The exterior of the
building was finished in stall and tinted yellow, except the dome, which
is i
182 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1901.
was blue. The elaborate polychrome decoration of the other exposi-
tion buildings was not attempted.
The space in the Government building allotted to the Smithsonian
Institution and National Museum was in the northwestern corner.
(Plate 2.) It originally amounted to 10,108 square feet, but the size
of tiie Government building being subsequently reduced the space 1 was
contracted. From the extreme north and south ends and from the
west wall to the main aisle it measured 133 feet by 50 feet, comprising
an area of about 7.500 square feet. A small area at the north end was
separated from the main space by a cross aisle 8 feet wide, leading to
one of the west entrances, and a similar aisle crossed the space near
the south end, though this was not originally proposed, but was found
necessary to allow convenient admission from the annexes. The sub-
division of tin 1 space and the arrangement of cases are shown in the
accompanying diagram. (Plate 3.)
The space was on the whole well lighted b}T a series of large win-
dows in the west wall, supplemented by the clearstory windows above
the main aisle. The west windows were stippled with white paint to
obstruct the direct rays of the sun, and a series of transparencies were
placed in front of them as embellishments.
As usual in most exposition buildings, the posts supporting the
clearstory and aisles caused more or less inconvenience in locating the
cases. In one instance it proved unavoidable to cut a standard case in
pieces and rebuild it about a post in order to maintain an important
aisle. In other instances posts stood immediately in front of the cases.
producing a most undesirable effect. These architectural inconven-
iences can only be got rid of by supporting the roof by a series of
arches springing from the walls.
The interior decoration of the building, as a whole, was placed in
the hands of a committee of the Government board and was uniform
throughout, consisting of red and green bunting supplemented by
United States flags. To these, in the Museum space, were added large
signs bearing the nana 1 of the Institution and Museum and a trophy,
or coat of anus, with the seal and motto of the Smithsonian Institution.
The building had no basements, and empty packing cases were stored
in lofts in the various towers and in the parapets constructed by the
War Department to illustrate the mounting of large ordnance.
A good deal of inconvenience was experienced at the beginning by
the defects in the roof of the building, on account of which certain
parts of the space were flooded during heavy rains. By constant
watchfulness, however, serious damage was avoided. The weather
conditions immediately prior to the opening of the Exposition were
extremely unfavorable. The workmen suffered much from cold, and
the receipt and unloading of exhibits were greatly hampered. Never-
theless, by hard work the Museum display was opened to the public
EXHIBIT AT PAN-AMERICAN EXPOSITION. 183
and practically complete on the 1st of May. when many other pails of
the Exposition were in a backward condition.
As in the case of previous expositions, the exhibit of the National
Museum far exceeded that of the other bureaus under the direction of
the Smithsonian Institution and of the Institution itself, and the greater
part of the total sum allotted was expended in its preparation. The
reason of this will be readily understood when it is recalled that the
Museum is continuously engaged in preparing permanent exhibits for
the public, and has greater responsibilities in this direction than any
other bureau of the Government. The proportion of the allotment
expended by the Museum can not be exactly stated, because the same
mechanics and preparators who were employed in connection with its
exhibits were also engaged for some time on the work of the other
bureaus of the Institution. No apportionment among the several
bureaus of the sum set aside by the Government board was necessary
or desirable, and none was made.
The Bureau of American Ethnology made no separate exhibit on
this occasion, those features of its work which lend themselves to
exhibition being- shown through the agency of the Department of
Anthropology in the Museum.
As in previous instances, the permanent collections, cases, and tix-
tures of the Museum were drawn upon as far as circumstances would
permit, but some new cases were found indispensable, and numerous
specimens were purchased to till out the various series which it was
finally determined to exhibit at Buffalo.
The temporary cases constructed for the Exposition were of pine,
painted black, and furnished with plate glass. These comprised group
cases for tin 1 Department of Anthropology and wall cases and one or
two special cases for the Departments of Biology and Geology. The
regular mahogany Museum cases used were of t ho styles known as
"reconstructed door screens" and "slope tops."
As may be surmised, the regular staff of the Museum can not be
drawn upon beyond a certain limit to prepare collections for a tem-
porary exposition. The regular work of the Museum goes on hand
in hand with the special exposition work, and the principal officers of
the Museum devote a share of their time to each, but it is necessary
to augment the staff of preparators. taxidermists, etc.. very consider-
ably or the exposition collections could never begot ready on time.
Thi> necessity causes one of the principal difficulties in preparing for
an exposition, as expert preparators are few. and those whose services
are desirable are not always to be had at a specified time. The Museum
was especially fortunate in this matter in connection with the Pan-
American Exposition, and it is not too much to say that the work
turned out both by the regular and temporary preparators was supe
rior as a whole to any previous effort. The temporary preparators
184 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1901.
consisted of sculptors, model makers, taxidermists, colorists, paleon-
tological preparators, modelers, and preparators of "accessories,"
such as artificial leaves, flowers, etc.
On June 23, L899, Mr. W. V. Cox, chief clerk of the National
Museum, was designated chief special agent, Smithsonian Institution
and National Museum, for the Pan-American Exposition. Mr. Cox
was also elected secretary of the Government board June 13, 1899,
and with the consent of the Secretary of the Smithsonian Institution
served in this capacity throughout the Exposition.
The work of preparing the exhibits was begun in July, 1899, at
which time a building on Tenth street S.W., Washington, was leased
for temporary workshops. Another workshop and warehouse, No.
Ill Tenth street N. W., was occupied from August, 1900, to April, 1901,
by the Museum conjointly with several of the Executive Departments.
One of the first operations engaged in was the overhauling of the
collections stored in the Museum annexes for material suitable for the
Exposition. This involved considerable time and expense on account
of the crowded condition of the storage quarters.
A considerable amount of field work was done in connection with the
exhibits. Drs. Stejneger and Richmond visited Porto Rico, and Messrs.
William Palmer and J. H. Riley explored western Cuba in February,
1900, and succeeding months in search of characteristic birds, reptiles,
and batrachians. By the courtesy of the War Department the col-
lectors were sent to their respective destinations on the transports
McPherson and Sedgwick, and the collections made in Cuba were also
transported to the United States through the Quartermaster's Depart-
ment of the Army. Drs. Stejneger and Richmond returned April 29,
L900, and Messrs. Palmer and Riley August 14, 1900. Mr. Wirt
Tassin visited Philadelphia in July. 1899, to examine collections of
minerals, and a number of purchases were made. Mr. F. A. Lucas vis-
ited the vicinity of Plattekill, New York, in August, 1899, for the
purpose of examining a mastodon skeleton of which some information
had been received. The specimen did not, however, prove suitable
for the exhibit. Another endeavor was made in the autumn of L899
to obtain a mastodon skeleton by excavating near Monroe, New York,
but this also proved unsuccessful. The same was the case with inves-
tigations in Arkansas. Oklahoma, and Indian Territory in October,
1900. Mr. Lucas went to Kiminswick, Missouri, in August, 1900, on
the same mission, but without result. Dr. G. P. Merrill superintended
the sawing of some line specimens of orbicular granite in Baltimore in
October. L899. Dr. Merrill also visited several localities in North
Carolina in November, L899, and New Haven, Connecticut, Chester,
Massachusetts, in March, L901, and New York City in January, L900,
for the purpose of obtaining geological specimens. Mr. W. H. New
hall visited Point of Rocks, Maryland, for the purpose of obtaining
EXHIBIT AT PAN-AMERICAN EXPOSITION. 185
specimens of the conglomerate rock of that Locality. Mr. Adolph
Tuchband, who made an expedition to the Upper Amazon River in the
spring' of 1900, undertook to obtain ethnological objects, models, cos-
tumes, utensils, etc. of the Indian tribes of that region. The Museum,
however, received nothing from this source.
Mr. \Y J McGee, ethnologist in charge, Bureau of American Eth-
nology, was granted a small sum to collect objects illustrating the
ethnology of the Tepoka Indians of Mexico. On visiting their country,
however, he found the tribe practically exterminated, and he turned
his attention to the Cocopa Indians, from whom he obtained a valuable
collection.
Additions to the various series which it was decided to exhibit were
also made by purchase from professional collectors and dealers both
in the United States and Europe.
Prof. J. B. Steere spent two months on the Amazon River in obtain-
ing characteristic fishes and other vertebrates of that part of South
America and objects illustrating- the ethnology of the various Indian
tribes. Messrs. Barton A. Bean and W. H. King were detailed to go
to Key West, Florida, to collect fishes in formalin, for a special exhibit,
to which further reference will be found on page 186.
THE EXHIBIT OF THE DEPARTMENT OF BIOLOGY.
By Frederick W. True,
Head ( 'urator.
In planning an exhibit from the Department of Biology many points
have to be taken into consideration, such as the letter and spirit of
the law providing for a Government exhibit; the purpose of the expo
sition as a whole; the conditions existing as regards obtaining speci-
mens suitable for exhibition; the relative significance and attractive
ness of different exhibits to the general public.
In the case of the Pan-American Exposition the underlying idea
was so (dearly defined that no difficulty was experienced in determin-
ing the proper scope of the exhibit. The Exposition, as its name
implies, was intended to represent Americaas a whole. It was lining.
therefore, that the animals and plants of North. South, and Central
America should be represented, while a representation of the fauna
and flora of the rest of the world could with propriety be omitted.
The exhibit of the Department was thus limited and only American
objects were represented. From experience gained by participation
in other expositions it was fell that, generally apeaking, large objects
would be more suitable and better appreciated than small ones, and it
was decided, therefore, to confine the zoological exhibit to the verte-
brates. There is no question that a representation of the invertebrate
L86 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1901.
fauna of America would have proved interesting- to the public, espe-
cially such classes of animals as the insects, corals, mollusks, etc., but
in proportion to the outlay of time involved in the preparation of a
thoroughly attractive exhibit the vertebrates appeared to offer the
best topic. A display of the flora of America was necessarily omitted
because the Museum is without resources in this direction, its botanical
collection consisting entirely of dried plants and specimens in alcohol,
which are unsuitable for a popular exhibit. To obtain a creditable
botanical exhibit by field work was impossible in the time allotted.
In order to make the exhibit of the vertebrate animals of America
as significant and attractive as possible the best specimens in every
class were withdrawn from the exhibition series of the Museum, and
these were supplemented by specimens purchased wherever obtainable.
In addition four field parties were sent out to gather material not
otherwise available. Dr. L. Stejneger, curator of the Divison of
Reptiles, and Dr. C. W. Richmond, assistant curator of the Division
of Birds, were sent to Porto Rico and the other West Indian Islands;
Mr. William Palmer, chief taxidermist, and Mr. J. H. Riley, aid in
the Section of Birds 1 Eggs, were sent to Cuba; Mr. B. A. Bean,
assistant curator, Division of Fishes, and Mr. King, to Key West,
Florida, while Prof. J. B. Steere undertook to obtain fishes and other
vertebrates from the Amazon River.
Drs. Stejneger and Richmond did excellent w7ork in Porto Rico,
obtaining a large collection of birds and reptiles, but were prevented
by sickness and the uncertainties of transportation from visiting other
West Indian Islands, as was originally intended. The operations of
Messrs. Palmer and Riley were confined to western Cuba, where large
collections of birds, reptiles, and mammals were made, but the col-
lectors were prevented by lack of time from visiting the eastern end
of the island.
In order to accomplish anything of importance it was necessary to
send these parties out early, while the general plans of the Govern-
ment board as regards buildings, allotment of space, and exhibits
from the outlying possessions of the United States were still incom-
plete. The original plans were considerably modified before being-
adopted, the total amount of space in the Government building was
reduced, and endeavors to form general exhibits from Cuba and Porto
Rico under the Government board were abandoned on account of the
action of the governors of these islands in providing separate displays.
It resulted that only a portion of the material collected could be exhib-
ited, and this was incorporated with the general Museum exhibits.
The work of Professor Steere on the Amazon resulted in our obtain-
ing an excellent series of characteristic fresh-water fishes of this region,
together with characteristic tortoises and other reptiles.
h\ addition to the material obtained by these collecting parties the
EXHIBIT AT PAN-AMERICAN EXPOSITION. 187
Museum secured many fine, characteristic North American mammals,
birds, and reptiles through its correspondents and through various
dealers in natural-history material.
When completed the exhibit contained a very full outline series of
the vertebrate animals of North America and a smaller but still sig-
nificant series from South and Central America. (Plate 4.) Among
the mammals were such striking forms as the Kadiak hear, glacier
bear. Alaska moose, Dall's white sheep. Stone's slice]), musk ox; such
birds as the condor, California vulture, rhea or American ostrich, wild
turkey, harpy eagle, various gay-colored toucans, (he ara, Carolina
paroquet, whooping crane, steamer duck, penguin (Plate L2), etc.
tog-ether with rattlesnakes, boas. Gila monster, alligator snapper,
matamata, mud eel, Cuban toad, and other characteristic American
reptiles and batrachians, and a large series of useful, curious, and bril-
liantly colored American fishes. A more detailed account of the prin-
cipal features of the exhibit will be found on a later page.
TAXIDERMY.
In connection with the Buffalo exhibit a system of accessories was
adopted which, so far as I am aware, has not been attempted hitherto
on a large scale. It was impracticable on account of limited space to
exhibit groups showing the habits and natural surroundings of vari-
ous species, while to display the specimens on plain wooden stands was
thought to deprive them to a certain extent of attractiveness. A com-
promise was therefore effected by using small stands and suggesting
the environment by the introduction of a few plants, a rock or two, a
little snow, a branch of a tree, etc. Thus, the Kadiak bear was placed
on a stand having on it a small section of rock, a little sloping area of
sand, and a dead salmon. The fish-eating habit of this Alaskan bear
was thus suggested in a very small space. The indigo snake was
mounted on a base covered with sand, with a pine cone or two and a
bit of palmetto to indicate that it is a denizen of tin 1 pine barrens.
The condor was represented as perched on a pointed rock, suggesting
its mountain habitat. This treatment was not adopted for fishes, as
aivy endeavor to represent their environment would have caused a
greater expenditure of time and money than the circumstances per-
mitted. They were represented for the most part by painted plaster
casts drawn from the Museum exhibition series. These were supple-
mented by the Key West collection, and by Professor St cere's collec-
tion from the Amazon River, preserved in formalin. The manner in
which these two series of fishes were prepared presented some novel
features and is deserving of a short explanation.
The collectors were provided with a number of shallow galvanized-
iron pans, having a uniform length of •! feet, a quantity of formalin,
injecting syringes, etc. The fish were injected as soon as obtained
188 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1901.
and placed in j>;uis, with the fins carefully spread out in natural posi-
tions. A dilute solution of formalin was then poured into the pans
and allowed to remain until the specimens hardened properly. They
were then taken out and wrapped in cloth and packed with great care.
In the meantime a series of 80 square glass jars, each '2 feet long and
1 foot high, were purchased in Germany, and an equal number of plas-
ter of paris plaques provided, 1 inch thick and exactly long and high
enough to tit the jars. As soon as the fish and jars reached Buffalo
the lish were attached to the plaques and placed in the jars and dilute
formalin poured in. With one or two exceptions the specimens
remained in excellent condition throughout the exposition. (See Plate
21.) The form of the body and tins was exactly preserved, and the
color remained sufficiently to give a very good idea of the appearance
of the fish when alive, though the brighter tints of many of the species
were in most cases subdued or lost. No method of preserving the
life colors perfectly is yet known. To a large extent they appear to
be physiological phenomena. The experiment, as a whole, may be
considered very successful. At the end of six months' exposure at
Buffalo the collection was apparently in as good condition as at the
beginning, and was transferred to the Charleston Exposition without
any further preparation.
CASES AND INSTALLATION.
On account of the large size of some of the mammals, the exhibit of
the Department of Biology occupied the center of the space allotted
to the Museum. Two wall cases -to feet long, 10 feet high, and 1 feel
deep were constructed for the mammals at right angles with the main
aisle (Plate 5), and Hanking them along the west wall was a similar but
shallower case for the fishes.
The birds occupied eight standard Museum screen cases. 8 feet 6
inches long, in front of the mammal cases, and in front of these were
four standard Museum slope-top cases, s feet 6 inches long, for the
reptiles and batrachians. A special case was occupied by the hum-
ming birds.
On account of the small space available, no attempt was made to
assemble the different species in faunal groups, an arrangement
which under proper conditions would have been very desirable. In
temporary expositions the refinements of classification adopted in
museums can seldom be carried out. The Government building at
such expositions is generally constructed on broad architectural lines
to accommodate the diverse exhibits of the several executive depart-
ments and bureaus. The lighting and interior arrangements of the
portion allotted in such buildings to the National Museum rarely
EXHIBIT AT PAN-AMERICAN EXPOSITION. 189
permit the carrying mil of any preconcerted plan rigorously. The
collections arc fitted to the space rather than the space to the col-
lections. This limitation was experienced in Buffalo do less than at
previous expositions. The condition, as already stated, was met by
the abandonment of faunal lines and the mingling together of animals
from the northern and southern parts of the American continents. The
lossof faunal boundaries was probably not felt except by naturalists.
The eye rested everywhere on American species and only American,
and the labels indicated what particular region each animal inhabited.
All the larger mammals and all the birds, reptiles, batrachians, and
ti-dies were furnished with descriptive labels, containing in untechnical
language the most interesting facts in the natural history of the vari-
ous species, due preparation of these labels involved no little labor,
and amounted in effect to writing a popular treatise on the natural his-
tory of the more characteristic American vertebrates. The labels for
tin 1 reptiles and batrachians were prepared by Dr. L. Stejneger, those
for the birds by Dr. C. W. Richmond, for the mammals by Mr. (I. S.
Miller, jr., and for the fishes by Mr. B. A. Bean. Specimens of these
labels are subjoined.
» <; LASS-SNAKE.
Ophisaurus ventralis i Linnaeus).
Although without limbs, and in spite df its name, the Glass-snake is no snake at
all, but a degenerate lizard, not very distinctly related to the species with four well-
developed legs. The character by which it may instantly he recognized isthe exter-
nal ear opening, which is absent in all snakes.
The name < rlass-snake refers to the brittleness of its tail. v\ Inch is so extreme that
a violent muscular exertion is sufficient to disarticulate the vertebraj and break the
animal in two or more pieces. It lives in holes in the ground, and when caughl
often saves its life by disengaging the tail, and leaving the wriggling member in the
hand of the confused captor. That the separate parts of the tail are able to join each
other and grow together again is, of course, a fable. < >n the contrary, a new. short
stump grows out to replace the lost portion of the tail. Tins reduced portion is dif-
ferently colored, and such a specimen as here exhibited is often by the ignorant
regarded as evidence of the existence of the fabulous "Hoop-snake," the conical
stump being taken for the alleged "sting" of the latter.
The Glass-snake is common in the southern United State-.
MOl MAI \ CARIBOU.
Rangifer montanus Thompson Seton.
This is the Caribou of the Rocky Mountains of Canada, southern Alaska, and Idaho.
It is much darker in color than the ( 'aril ton of the Maine woods, from which it differs
also in various details of structure, though its habits are similar. The Caribous are
the American representative of the reindeer, but have never been domesticated by
the Indians or Eskimos; and the Government has found it necessarj to introduce
tame reindeer from the Old World into parts of Alaska where native Caribous are
abundant.
190 REFOKT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1901.
CONDOR.
Sarcorhamphus gryphus ( Linnaeus).
This huge American vulture is one of the largest birds of flight and probably
occupies the first place aim »ng the land birds. It ranges over a large portion of South
America and is restricted mainly to the Andes, where it ascends to heights not
reached by any other creature. The condor is of slow growth, requiring about seven
years to attain the full plumage shown by this specimen, and the young birds occupy
the nest for a year or more before they are able to fly.
MAMMALS.
The largest of the North American game animals exhibited was the
Alaska moose {Aloes gigas). This has only recently been recognized as
a separate species. It grows to a larger size than the moose of the
Eastern States and has larger antlers, which sometimes have a spread
more than 6 feet. They do not remain in herds or wt yard" in winter,
like the Eastern species, and the Indians are therefore unable to
surround them in bands. The fine specimen exhibited was one of
a small series obtained for the Museum a few years ago by Mr. Dall
De Weese. It was represented as standing at the edge of a wood
among fallen branches and leaves and young spruce trees.
Another interesting Alaska game animal was Dall's sheep (Ovis
dalli). This was also obtained in the Cooks Inlet region by Mr. De
Weese. It is pure white throughout, and thus distinguished from all
other wild sheep. It lives among the mountain snow fields. The
species was first made known by Mr. E. W. Nelson.
In contrast witli this sheep was exhibited the newly discovered black
sheep, or Stone's sheep, from the northern limit of the Rocky Moun-
tains of British America. (Plate 8.) This beautiful sheep is very
dark colored with numerous black markings. It was discovered by
Mr. II. A. Stone in the upper part of the Stikine Valley, British
Columbia, and described b}T Dr. J. A. Allen.
Two other large Alaskan mammals deserve special notice. The
larger of these is the Kadiak bear (Ursvs middendorfii). This is the
largest of existing bears and the largest of carnivorous animals.
(Plate 7.) It far exceeds the lion in height and wreight, adults prob-
ably not falling short of a ton. The specimen exhibited weighed about
1,200 pounds. This huge bear occurs, so far as known, only on Kadiak
Island at the mouth of Cooks Inlet. It feeds on salmon and on grasses,
berries, and other vegetable matter. The species was only recently
founded by Dr. C. H. Merriam, who separated it from the grizzly
bear and from other bears with long claws inhabiting the northwestern
section of the continent.
The other Alaskan species above mentioned was the glacier bear
(Ursus emmonsi). This is a small bear of the black-bear group, but,
unlike its congeners, it is gray in color, a very unusual tint among
EXHIBIT AT PAN-AMERICAN EXPOSITION. 191
bears, and probably only found elsewhere in the bear of the mountain
ranges of Tibet. (Plate !».) Its home is among the snow fields and
glaciers back of Mount St. Elias. Little is known of its habits, and
but few .specimens have ever reached museums. It is among the
rarest of American mammals. Its existence was vaguely known to
hunters and explorers for a considerable time. but the species was not
established until 1895. It was described by Mr. William II. Dall and
named in honor of Lieutenant Emmons. U.S. Army.
Another recently known mammal of the Northwest which was
included in the exhibit was the caribou of the northern Rocky Moun-
tains, known as the ""mountain caribou." It was first made known to
science in Ls (.»!> by Mr. Thompson Seton, who obtained specimens from
the Selkirk Ranges, British Columbia. Like Stone's sheep, it is very
dark in color—much more so than the well-known caribou of Maine.
The series of large American arctic and subarctic mammals included
also the musk ox of the barren grounds of Canada, the white goat (or
goat antelope) (Plate 10), and the fur seal.
As characteristic large mammals of the United States were exhibited
the prong-horn (head), the puma or cougar, the gray wolf (Plate 11),
Virginia deer (head), Columbia deer (head), wapiti, and bison."
Of Central American mammals the most interesting exhibited was
the Caribbean seal ( Mon<i</ius tmphudix). This seal was formerly very
abundant in the Gulf of Mexico, but is now confined to the Gulf of
Campeachy, where an excellent series was recently obtained for the
Museum by Mr. E. W. Nelson. This was one of the first American
animals seen by Columbus.
The South American mammals had as prominent representatives the
vicuna, a relative of the well-known llama; the jaguar; the kinkajou,
allied to the raccoon; the coati or coatimondi; the giant armadillo,
the largest of these typical South American mammals; the coypu,
one of the largest of rodent mammals; Azara's dog. one of the fox-
like small wild dogs which replace the true foxes in South America;
the chestnut-headed sloth; the chinchilla; the Chilean gueinal. a char-
acteristic deer of the southern Andes; the great ant-eater: the vis-
cacha, a rodent not unlike the prairie dog, very abundant on the
Pampas; the Patagonian cavy; the white-tipped peccary, and various
monkeys, such as the tufted Capuchin monkey, mantled howler, long-
haired spider monkey, etc.
A very interesting small mammal was the Cuban hutia rat. Three
species of these rats are peculiar to Cuba, the indigenous mammal
fauna of which consists in addition only of certain bats and an insecti-
vore known as the almiqui (Solenodon). In spite of persistent efforts
specimens of the last could not be obtained for the Exposition.
«Of this only u head was exhibited. Two paintings, representing the reckless
slaughter of the hison which led to its extermination, were also displayed.
1 (J2 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1901.
BIRDS.
The collection of birds shown at Buffalo consisted of 416 specimens,
representing the most striking native forms of the Western Hemi
sphere. It contained representatives of the largest as well as the
smallest of the birds of this region. Prominent among the species of
special interest was the condor {Sarcorhamphus gryphus) of the Andes
of South America. (Plate 13.) The specimen exhibited was a male
in fully adult plumage, which is attained only after the bird is 6 or 7
years old. As an example of the best style of taxidermy the specimen
was not surpassed by any other in the collection. With the condor
was exhibited the California vulture {Oymnogyps californianus) , a near
relative and one which rivals it in size. It was once common on the
Pacific coast of the United States, but it is now confined to the less
accessible mountains of California.
The harpy eagle {Thrasaetos harpyia), a bird of great strength and
cruel aspect, living in the dense lowland forests of tropical America,
was represented by a tine adult specimen. Both the golden and the
bald eagles (the latter being the American "'bird of freedom)" were
represented by well-mounted specimens. The largest bird shown was
the rhea {Rhea americana), the New World representative of the African
ostrich. It lives on the grassy plains of southern South America.
The prince of American game birds, the wild turkey {Meleagris gallo-
pavo fera), was shown in its characteristic attitude of strutting. In
this specimen the naked parts about the head and neck were colored
as in life. Elsewhere in the collection an effort was also made to ren-
der the natural colors of faded parts by painting. The necessity of
so doing is strongly felt in such birds as the toucans, whose most
striking characteristic is the brilliant coloration of the enormous bill,
These bright tints disappear at death and in museum specimens must
be reproduced by pigments. Several specimens of these toucans were
exhibited, each one differing from its fellows in tints and pattern of
color of its bill. Among the species shown were Cuvier's toucan
( Ramphastos cuvieri), the Tocard toucan (i?. tocard), the toco (H. toco),
the red-billed toucan {Ii. erytkrorhynchus), etc. Of the parrots
exhibited the hawk parrot (Deroptyus aceipitrinns) deserves special
notice. It is remarkable for its tiara-like crest of bright colors, and
is an uncommon species, native of the Amazon region. From the
mountains of the small island of Dominica was shown the rare imperial
parrot {Amazona imperiaMs), conspicuous for its unusual purple color-
ing. Of equal interest was the St. Vincent parrot {Amazona guil-
dingi), which is noted for the yellow markings on its wings. Other
noteworthy species of parrots exhibited were the grass-green paroquet
of Brazil, a vivid green bird scarcely as large as a sparrow and one of
the smallest members of this family; and the Carolina paroquet (< bnu-
EXHIBIT AT PAN-AMERICAN EXPOSITION. 193
rus carolinensis), formerly common in many parts of the eastern half
of the United States, but now restricted to parts of Florida and
Arkansas.
Two of the most gorgeous species of macaws were exhibited—the
blue-and-yellow macaw (Ara ararattna), and the red-blue-and-yellow
macaw (.1. macao). They are large birds with very long tails and
richly colored, as their names indicate. Both species inhabit tropical
America and are commonly kept in zoological gardens.
One of the most interesting small birds in the collection wasa crowned
tyrant (Oncorhynchm regius), a South American flycatcher, of didl
coloration generally, but with a brightly colored, transverse crest of
unusual size. The tyrant can erect its crest at will, hut in a state of
rest it is folded inconspicuously on the bird's hack.
Among the most remarkable birds in the collection was the king
vulture (Ch/pagus papa), native of the wanner parts of America. It
is of a creamy white and black color, with a hairy, featherless head
and neck, the skin of which is decorated with most of the colors of the
rainbow.
The steamer duck ( TachyWt s ein< r< </) of Patagonia, a large gray bird,
is remarkable in possessing the power of flightonly while young, adults
being too heavy to fly, on account of tin 1 small size of the wings. This
:s one of the characteristic birds of the Southern Hemisphere. The
specimen exhibited was not as good as could he desired, but it was
found impossible to obtain a better one in time for the Exposition.
Several handsome Arctic ducks were shown, such as the Harlequin
{Histrionicus histrionicus), spectacled eider (Arctonetta JiscTieri), Stel-
ler's duck (Eniconetta stelleri), and the king eider {Somateria y'da-
bUis), all noted for their bright colors. The most beautiful American
species is the wood duck (J /'./' sponsa), a specimen of which was included
in the exhibit.
The great whooping crane ( Gmis americana) of our western prairies
was represented by an excellent specimen from Manitoba. It is one
of the most striking members of its family and stands about 4 feet
high. (Plate 14.)
A strange pheasant-like bird from the Orinoco region is the Hoatzin
(Opisthocom-us hoatzin), an adult example of which was exhibited.
This species is of sombre coloring, hut is of interest on account of its
isolated position in the avian world. Although superficially similar
to some of the gallinaceous birds, it has no very near relatives. The
young Iloatzins are armed with double claws at the bend of the wing
and climb about in trees overhanging the water after the manner
of bats.
A bird which attracted much attention was the barn owd (Strtx pra-
tincola), also known as the monkey-faced owl. This species, on account
of its strictly nocturnal habits, is little known to the general public,
NAT MUS VM)i 13
194 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1901.
although it is rather common over a wide area in the United States.
Its curious visage stamps it as a bird of great rarity in the minds of
the laymen.
Of almost equal interest to the people at large are two other com-
mon American birds, the night hawk and the whip-poor-will, which
!>\ many are thought to be one and the same species. These two
species were exhibited side by side, and accompanied by explanatory
labels, pointing out the differences in structure and habits of the two
birds.
Two birds of singular appearance included in the collection were
the roseate spoonbill {Ajaja qjaja), a bright-plumaged bird of tropical
America, remarkable for its flattened spoon-shaped bill and crimson
shoulder patches; and the boatbill (Cochlearvus zeledoni), a nocturnal
variety of heron from tropical America, named from its bill, which
bears a striking resemblance to the upturned surface of a boat.
Of Arctic birds the exhibit included, among others, the tufted puf-
fin (Lunda cirrhata), a member of the auk family, of plain black
plumage, peculiar for its high, laterally compressed, bright-colored
bill, and curly tufts of white hairy feathers springing from the sides
of its head; and the snowj' owl {Nyctea nyctea), one of the largest
species of the owl tribe. This bird is dressed in pure white, relieved
here and there by a few black spots. Its plumage is very thick, even
the bill and feet being hidden in a dense covering of hairy feathers to
protect them from the Arctic cold.
Very owl-like in appearance is the grand potoo (JVyctibius grandis),
a bird belonging to the whip-poor-will family. It is of a mottled gray
and black color, and has an enormous mouth. It inhabits the northern
half of South America. The specimen exhibited was of large size,
but hardly in so good plumage as many of the North American birds.
The oil bird (Steatomis steatornis) is related to the goat suckers. It
dwells in caverns in the northern part of South America, and was dis-
covered by Humboldt during his travels in that region. It lives upon
fruits and berries. An adult specimen was exhibited. A bird which
attracted the attention of many visitors was the man-o'-war bird, whose
abnormally long, folded wings project far beyond its body. In flight
it is one of the most active and graceful of all birds. It is a native of
all tropical seas. Of the commoner birds exhibited one of the most
curious was the anhinga {Anhinga anhinga) or snake bird, a native of
Florida and tropical America, where it haunts sluggish streams and
wooded swamps, usually perching upon snags or stumps projecting
from the water. It has a very small head and long, narrow neck,
whence the name " snake bird.'"
Among the woodpeckers exhibited at Buffalo may be mentioned two
species mounted upon one perch and labeled "giant and pygmy wood-
peckers." The giant is the imperial woodpecker {Campephilus impe-
EXHIBIT AT PAN-AMERICAN" EXPOSITION. 195
riaUs) of the pine forests of northern Mexico, the largest known
member of its family. The other species is the pygmy woodpecker
{Picumnus pygmaeus), from Brazil, one of the smallest of all wood-
peckers. Several other .species of woodpeckers were shown, including
two bright-colored species from Cuba.
The avian fauna of Central America was prominently represented
by the resplendent trogon, or quezal (Pharomachrus mocinno), the
most gorgeous example of its family. It is a native of certain high
mountains of Central America, and is the national bird of Guatemala.
It is of a brilliant metallic green above and crimson below, with a
flattened crest and long streaming tail coverts extending ill feel
beyond the body. The Cuban trogon (Priotehts temnurus), which was
also shown, is confined to the island of Cuba and is noted for the pecul-
iar shape of the tail feathers, which look as if they had been notched at
the end with a pair of scissors. A small, plain-colored species, which
might easily be overlooked in a collection of this kind, is the crested
ovenbird of Brazil {Homorus cristatus), which is, however, notewor-
thy on account of its remarkable nest-building habits. These nests are
composed largely of sticks, some of them as thick as one's little finger
and 2 feet long, the whole structure resembling a barrel lying upon its
side. The nests are about the size of an ordinary flour barrel, while the
bird is no larger than our catbird. The jacamars constitute a family
of brilliantly colored tropical American species, related to the king-
fishers. The species, several of which were represented at Buffalo,
are all inhabitants of dense forest recesses, where they pass much of
their time perched on dead twigs near the ground. The most striking
species is the grand jacamar (Jacamarops aurea), of which several
specimens were shown. Themotmots, represented by several species,
are less gorgeous than the jacamars, but have similar habits. They
are noted particularly for their habit of trimming their tails, the two
central feathers of which are denuded of the webs for a distance of
about an inch at the ends.
Among the numerous bright-colored members of the Tanager fam-
ily umy be mentioned the callistes (genus Calospiza), some of which
are exquisitely colored, the seven-colored calliste (Calospiza tatao)
being one of the most tastefully decorated. The red-eared calliste
(Chlorochrysa_phcenicotis) is unique in having on its shoulders a patch
of color not to be matched in any other bird.
Of more brilliant colors, and in many ways the most remarkable
assemblage of birds to be found in the Western Hemisphere, is the
group known collectively as cotingas. In this family, grouped by
certain peculiarities of structure, may be found such singular birds as
the umbrella bird (Oephalopterus ornatus), the bell bird (Gasmorhyn-
chos tricaruncvlatus)) the bald fruit crow (Gymnocephalus culms), the
cock of the rock (JBupicola rupicola), etc., all remarkable for richness
196 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1901.
of coloring or some bizarre style of plumage or ornamental append-
ages. The holy-ghost bird ( Carpodectes nitidus), of the same family,
is almost pure white, with a delicate wash of blue on the upper sur-
face, and an innocent, dove-like expression. Examples of these and
many other striking forms of the cotinga family were exhibited.
About 150 specimens of hummingbirds were shown in a special ease,
representing many of the more interesting species of this exclusively
American family. Though diminutive in size and occupying but little
space, the gem-like brilliancy of their plumage outshone the larger
birds.
EEPTILES AND BATRACHIANS.
The exhibit of these classes of American animals included the largest
and most characteristic species of which specimens could be obtained.
The series consisted entirely of painted plaster casts on bases, with
accessories, suggesting the natural environment or habits of the various
species.
One of the largest and most interesting specimens was the turtle
known as the alligator snapper. This turtle is found in the South-
western United States. It is the largest species of fresh-water turtle
now existing, and is only surpassed in the class Testudinata by the
giant tortoises of the Galapagos Islands. The specimen exhibited is
the largest one of the species of which there is any record, and hence
the largest American fresh-water turtle thus far known. (Plate 18.)
The shell is 29| inches long and M4 inches wide. It was obtained in
southern Texas. Other interesting American turtles exhibited were
the snapping turtle, the curious soft-shelled turtle, the box tortoise,
etc. A very good specimen of one of the large Galapagos Island land
tortoises was also exhibited. Specimens of the mata-mata of Brazil,
the most grotesque turtle known, and the large Amazon River turtle
were also prepared, but could not be exhibited for lack of space.
The poisonous snakes of North America were represented by the
diamond rattlesnake {Crotalxis adamantetbs), the largest and most poi-
sonous American species; the well-known copperhead, and the water
moccasin, or cotton mouth, which is much dreaded in the Southern
States.
The larger but nonpoisonous snakes of tropical America were rep-
resented by the boas. (Plate 16.) The Museum was fortunate enough
to obtain specimens of the yellow boa of Jamaica, the Cuban boa
(known as the Ma/a de Santa Maria), which is the largest snake of the
West Indies, and the well-known boa constrictor of South America.
Of the last, a beautiful cast of a specimen 12 feet long and also a cast
of a young individual were exhibited. The Cuban and Jamaica boas
could not be exhibited on account of reduction of space. Several of
EXHIBIT AT PAN-AMEKH'AN EXPOSITION. 1 (.»7
the characteristic small harmless snakes were also displayed, and with
them a very instructive preparation representing the nest and eggs of
the curious hog-nosed snake and the newly hatched young snakes.
(Plate IT.)
The American lizards are for the most part too small to he attractive
at an exposition, but the Pan-American exhibit included a line cast of
the so-called Gila monster, which is the only known poisonous lizard.
It inhabits the arid regions of the Southwestern United States and
adjacent parts of Mexico. Its venom is powerful and may cause death.
but as it is a very sluggish creature cases of poison are not frequent.
Two large Cuban lizards found a place in the exhibit, the Cuban
iguana (Plate 15), one of the largest of American lizards, reaching a
length of 5 feet, and the Cuban chameleon, which, like the Old World
chameleons, can change its color, though it is not allied to them, but
belongs to the American family of Anolis lizards. The cast of the
Cuban iguana in its pose and coloring was one of the most satisfactory
and lifelike pieces prepared for the Exposition.
The curious lizard known as the "glass snake" was also included
in the exhibit. This is a lizard without limbs, and hence resembles a
snake. It has the power of detaching its tail by powerful muscular
contractions, and as in this case a new short pointed tail grows out. it
has formed the basis of the stories of the mythical ""hoop snake.*'
The, exhibit of batrachians was smaller than that of reptiles, but
included the more characteristic American forms, such as the mud eel.
tiger salamander, etc.. and several kinds of toads and frogs. Among
the latter was the Cuban toad, remarkable for its large size, and the
large ( hiban tree frog.
FISHES.
The exhibit of fishes comprised more than LOO specimens, of which
the majority were painted casts. The object of the exhibit was to
represent as fully as space would permit the larger, more character-
istic, and more important American species. It was found imprac-
ticable to make a satisfactory exhibit of West coast species, but the
most important forms on the Atlantic coast and the fresh waters were
well represented. (Plate 6.)
The series included many of the most important game and food
fishes, such as the sheepshead, Spanish mackerel, striped bass, tarpon.
bluefish, croaker, mullet, and menhaden. Tarpon, which is well
known as one of the largest American game fishes, was represented
by a stuffed skin from Florida, presented by Bennett II. Young, esq.
The Museum was fortunate in obtaining for this exhibit a good cast
of the man-eater, or great white, shark, b'.j feet in length. Specimens
of the dusky -hark and shovel-nose shark were also exhibited, the for-
mer with the (anion- renioia. or sucking fish, attached. The allied
198 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1901.
skates were represented by :i common species which reaches a length
of 2 feet, and the arraya, or stingray, of the coast of Brazil, which
enters the Amazon and other rivers.
Several of the largest species of the true fishes were included in the
exhibit, such as the horse mackerel, which reaches a length of 10 feet
or more, with a weight of 1,500 pounds; the barracuda of the tropical
Atlantic, which reaches a length of 6 feet; and the wolf fishes, found
in the deep waters of both the Atlantic and the Pacific.
The exhibit included many curious and grotesque marine fishes,
such as the sea bat, a small species often sold in curiosity shops; four-
eyed fishes, so named on account of the dark horizontal line crossing
the eyes; the poison toad of the tropical Atlantic, which is much feared
by the fishermen, who say that its spines inflict very painful wounds.
Besides these are included the well-known flying fish, the large sail-
tish, remarkable for the development of the dorsal fin, a portion of
which extends above the surface of the water when the fish is swim-
ming; the beautiful thread-fish, with its thread-like fins, and many
others.
The exhibit of tropical Atlantic fishes included many of the larger
characteristic species found in Keyr West and in the West Indies,
including some used as food in Cuba. Among these were the lane
snapper, the most important food fish of the Havana markets; the dog
snapper: the Margate fish, an important food-fish in Key West, Nassau,
and Havana; several other species of grunts, among which the com-
mon or white grunt is the most abundant food-fish at Key West. The
groupers, one of the most characteristic groups of tropical fishes, were
represented by numerous species, such as the rock hind, the Nassau
grouper, one of the most attractive of its tribe and of large size, reach-
ing a weight of 50 pounds; the red grouper, a common species of the
Gulf of Mexico; and most remarkable of all, the jewfish, which is
perhaps the largest of the tribe; it reaches a weight of 500 pounds.
Specimens weighing from 150 to 250 pounds are sold in pieces in the
market like halibut.
Other especially interesting species were the beautiful angel fishes
(Plate 20), some of which stray northward as far as the coast of New
Jersey, but are characteristic of the tropical Atlantic; and the rose
fish, remarkable for its brilliant colors; the red drum (Plate !!•), etc.
In addition to the marine fishes it was considered especially desira-
ble to display the more characteristic fresh-water species of North and
South America. The latter series was necessarily confined to species
inhabiting the Amazon and its tributaries, as opportunities were not
afforded to obtain specimens from the southern rivers. Among the
North American forms were such well-known game fishes as the gray-
ling, remarkable for its large dorsal tin; the pickerel, etc. The fishes
EXHIBIT AT PAN-AMERICAN EXPOSITION. 199
of the Great Lukes were represented by the fresh-water drum, white
fish, and large catfish, which reaches a weight of 1«><> pounds or more,
the moon eye and the red-horse mullet. The series also included speci-
mens of the buffalo tish, the largest of the suckers, reaching a weight
of 50 pounds or more, found mainly in the Mississippi River and its
tributaries. Species peculiar to the fresh waters of North America
were the gar pike and mud fish, two very old types of fishes, and the
singular paddle tish of the Southern and Western rivers.
Among the most abundant and characteristic fresh-water fishes of
South America are the cattishes, of which there are many species,
some of which are extremely interesting on account of their curious
mail-like scales and large spines. Among those exhibited was the
small acary caciraba, in which the body and head are entirely covered
with a coat of mail, made up of interlocking, bony plates. It is
typical of the large group comprising more than a hundred species.
Several other species of acary are included in the series. Another
characteristic group of fresh-water fishes of South America are the
characins. They are carnivorous fishes, feeding on various aquatic
animals, including members of their own (lass. Several representa-
tive forms of this characteristic group were included in the exhibit,
such as peixe cachowo, one of the most formidable of the characins.
reaching a length of -i feet; the jeju and the agulha, which are valued
as food fishes. Specimens of the electric eel could not be obtained,
but it was represented by an allied form, the itui, a common species
of tropical America.
At an early stage in the development of plans, it was proposed to
add to the exhibit of fishes characteristic of American waters ;i series
of enlarged models of fishes of the deep sea. It proved, impossible,
however, to construct these in the time available, but a single example
was prepared. The species chosen was one known as JEtJuyprora efful-
gens, belonging to a characteristic family of deep-sea fishes, many of
which are remarkable for their phosphorescent organs. In the species
exhibited there is in addition the luminous spots on the sides found
in many deep-sea tishes. a large luminous area like a lantern on the
top of the head. This extraordinary creature must present a remark-
able appearance 1 when swimming in the dark abysses of the ocean.
The model shown at Buffalo was eight times natural size and had a
length of 4- feet (Plate '2'2). The luminous spots on the sides were
represented by buttons of glass connected with the interior by tubes.
The luminous protuberance on the head was modeled in gelatine and
tinted. The model was so connected with the electric-lighting system
in the building that a gentle glow appeared in the side spots and frontal
protuberance, producing a very striking and it is believed a quite
accurate notion of the appearance of a living phosphorescent deep-sea
fish.
200 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1901.
THE EXHIBIT OF THE DEPARTMENT OF ANTHROPOLOGY.
By William 1 1. I [olmes,
Head < 'urator.
When plans were required for an anthropological exhibit to form
part of the Government's display at the Pan-American Exposition in
Buffalo, 1901, it was not difficult to decide as to what portion of the
very wide field included in the Museum department should be selected.
The Pan-American concept furnished the suggestion, and it was
arranged to present in the most striking manner possible a synopsis of
the Pan-American aborigines, the native peoples of America, from
the Eskimo of North Greenland to the wild tribes of Tierra del Fuego.
The most salient ideas or features available for exposition presenta-
tion in this field are (1) the peoples themselves, and (2) the material
products of their varied activities.
GROUPS OF LAY FIGURES.
The most important unit available for illustrating a people is the
family group—the men, women, and children, with their costumes,
personal adornments, and general belongings. It was therefore decided
to undertake the preparation ot 12 lay-figure family groups, illustrat-
ing such tribes as would serve best as types of the ethnic provinces
distributed between the northern and southern extremes. With such
a set of groups geographical lv arranged upon the exhibition space it
was conceived that the student, and even the ordinary visitor, might,
by passing from north to south or from south to north through the
series, form a vivid and definite notion of the appearance, condition,
and culture of the race or peoples called American Indians, the race
so rudely and completely supplanted by the nations of the Old World.
Each lay -figure group comprises from four to seven individuals,
selected to best convey an idea of the various members of a typical
family, old and young of both sexes.
Two of these groups, the Greenland Eskimo and the Patagonian,
occupy cases 8 by 12 feet in horizontal dimensions and stand at the
northern and southern extremities of the exhibit. The other cases
are smaller and accommodate from three to six figures. Each mem-
ber of a group is represented as engaged in some suitable occupation.
The activities of tin 1 people are thus illustrated and the various prod-
ucts of industry are, as far as possible, brought together in consistent
relations with the group.
In building these figures the closest possible approach to accuracy
was sought, but satisfactory costumes were not always available, and
collections illustrating arts and industries were found to be deficient,
EXHIBIT AT PAN-AMERICAN EXPOSITION. 201
save in a few cases. It is therefore fell that the exhibil is not yet
complete an<l that many changes will be necessary to briny- it up to a
satisfactory standard. It was impossible, in the short time allotted
for the work, to secure life masks of the people, save in a very few
cases, hut the sculptors were required to reproduce the physical type
in each instance as accurately as the available drawings and photo-
graphs would permit. Especial effori was made to give a correct
impression of the group as a whole, rather than to present portraits of
individuals, which can be better presented in other ways. Life masks,
as ordinarily taken, convey no clear notion of tin; people. The faces
are distorted and expressionless, the eyes are closed, and the lips
compressed. Like the ordinary studio photograph of primitive
sitters, the mask serves chiefly to misrepresent the native countenance
and disposition; besides, the individual face is not necessarily a good
type of a group. Good types may, however, be worked out by the
skilful artist and sculptor, who alone can adequately presenl these
little-understood people as they really are and with reasonable unity
in pose and expression.
The lack of appropriate and complete costumes, especially for the
women and children, proved the most serious drawback. An attempt
was made to remedy this by sending collectors to the field, but only
one of four expeditions sent out returned in time to be of service in
the preparation of this exhibit.
It is well understood that for exposition purposes the assemblage of
family groups—or larger units of the living peoples would be far
superior to lay-figure exhibits. The real family, clothed in its own
costumes, engaged in its own occupations, and surrounded by its
actual belongings, would form the best possible illustration of a peo-
ple; but such an exhibit, covering the whole American Held, would
require much time for its preparation as well as the expenditure of
large sums of money. Furthermore, from the museum point of view,
the creation of a set of adequate and artistic lay-figure groups forms a
permanent exhibit which, set up in the museum, continues to please
and instruct for generations; whereas the real people, howsoever
well assembled, must scatter at the close of the exposition, and nothing
is left for future museum display. Such assemblages of our native
peoples as those of the World's Columbian, the Trans-Mississippi, and
the Pan-American expositions are highly interesting and instructive,
but their influence is soon lost, since they reach onPj the audience o\'
the season.
Future expositions may essay the bringing together of living repre-
sentatives of type tribes, scientifically presented and free from the
commercial incubus, but to secure satisfactory results the work must
needs begin not less than two years before the opening of the expo
sition.
202 REPOET OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1901.
The family groups and other lay figures included in the present
exhibit are such as could be brought together in the short period
allotted for preparation, and represent the following tribes:
1. North Greenland Eskimo.
2. Eastern Eskimo.
3. Alaskan Eskimo.
4. Chilkat Indians, Alaska.
5. Hupa Indians, California.
G. Sioux Indians, the Great Plains.
7. Navaho Indians, the arid region.
8. Zuni Indians, the arid region.
!>. Cocopa Indians, Sonora, Mexico.
10. Maya-Quiche Indians, Guatemala.
11a. Zapotec Indian woman, Oaxaca, Mexico.
lib. Jivaro Indian man, Brazil,
lie. Piro Indian man, Brazil.
12. Tehuelche Indians, Patagonia.
Exhibits 2, 3, and 11 of this series were not completed as family
groups and remain assemblages of independent figures simply.
DESCRIPTION OF THE GROUPS.
The first exhibit of the series (Plate 23), beginning at the north, shows
an Eskimo family of Smith Sound, northwestern Greenland. These
are the most northern inhabitants of the world known. On account
of the prevalence of ice the year round they make little use of the
kaiak, or skin boat, employed so constantly by the more southern
Eskimo, using the dog sled for transportation. Their clothing is of
skins of the seal, reindeer, birds, and dogs, and their houses are often
built of snow. Their activities are nearly all associated with the mere
struggle for existence.
This group represents a family as it might appear in the spring,
moving across the ice fields. The young man has succeeded in club-
bing a small seal, and having called on the sledge party to haul it
home is laughed at by the elder man, who tells him lie should have
carried it on his back.
This episode is chosen with the view of illustrating the noteworthy
fact that these farthest-north people are exceptionally cheerful in dis-
position, notwithstanding the rigor of the climate and the hardships
of their life. The woman, who carries a babe in her hood, is about to
help attach the seal to the sledge, and the girl, who plays with the dogs,
and the boy, who clings to the back of the sledge, are not insensible to
the pleasantries of the occasion.
In the scond exhibit (Plate 21) three south Greenland figures take
the place of the family group, which could not be completed in time.
EXHIBIT AT PAN-AMERICAN EXPOSITION. 203
They represent the Eskimo who inhabit Greenland, the shores of
northern Labrador, and Hudson Bay adjoining-. The figure at the
right is that of a young woman of southwestern Greenland, her dress
resembling that of a Lapp. Her people have been under instruc-
tion of Moravian missionaries for generations. The middle figure
represents the native right-hand man of the intrepid whalers, who
before the discovery of coal oil ransacked Hudson Bay for oil and
baleen. The woman at the left is from Ungava Bay. and is dressed in
aboriginal costume of reindeer fur, little modified by outside influences.
Her loose, roomy garments correspond with those figured by the early
voyagers. In her left hand she carries a large wooden plate, while
the right is lifted to ease the headband which passes around the fore-
head, sustaining the babe held in the hood behind. The eastern Eskimo
are especially interesting on account of their association with the
exploring expeditions sent out in the last century to search for the
northwest passage and the North Pole.
The third case (Plate 25) contains three lay figures of the western
Eskimo, who inhabit the shores of the northwestern seas from the
mouth of the Mackenzie River around Alaska to Mount St. Elias.
Their mode of dress and living varies according to the animals on
which they depend and the contact they have had with other races.
In this group will be seen a woman and child from the Mackenzie
River district dressed in caribou skins, a man from about Norton
Sound holding his barbed harpoon, and a woman from Bristol Bay
clad in marmot skins. The Mackenzie and Bristol Bay people are out
of touch with the great fleet of whalers, and their arts are not greatly
modified, but tin 1 Norton Sound Eskimo have been under instruction
of Russians and Americans for more than a hundred years.
The fourth group (Plate 20) illustrates the Chilkat Indian family of
the North Pacific ethnic province. They live on Lynn Canal, or
channel, in southeastern Alaska, and belong to the same family as the
better-known Tlinkits. They are selected to stand as a type of the
region because they are the only tribe that still retains in a measure the
aboriginal costume. They are in commercial contact with the Atha-
pascan family over the mountains to the east, from whom they obtain
horns and wool of the arctic goat. The wool is used in making the
famous Chilkat blankets, which are not woven in a loom, but the
foundation strands are suspended from a bar of wood and fall free
at the ends or are tied up in bundles. The figures of the design are
inserted separately, as in a gobelin tapestry. The men of the tribe
carve the utensils and ceremonial objects from wood and horn. In
this group we see, sitting on the floor, a man carving a wooden mask.
He is dressed in a buckskin suit, whose decorations show contact with
the Thine tribes over the mountains. The woman opposite is engaged
in making a basket, with her babe in its cradle by her side. Standing
204 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1901.
behind is a young girl offering food in a carved wooden dish to a
man who wears one of the fine Chilkat blankets over his shoulders.
Usually the food dish is placed on the ground and the men sit or squat
about it, the women eating separately. The costumes are of buckskin
made in the primitive style, and numerous articles pertaining to the
household or employed in the arts are scattered about the group.
The Hupa Indians (Plate 27), shown in the fifth group, inhabit the
valley of the same name in northwestern California. They represent
in this series of family groups the mixed tribes of California and Ore-
gon. Physically the Hupa stand between the large-bodied Sioux and
the under-sized Pueblo Indians. In language they belong to the
Athapascan family in common with the Tinne of Canada and the
Apache and Navaho of Arizona. They live on a mixed diet of meat,
fish, and acorns; dress in deerskin, and are fond of personal ornament.
Their better houses are of cedar planks and the floor is slightly sunken
beneath the surface of the ground. An important industry among
them is the harvesting, transporting, storing, and milling of acorns,
together with the preparation of food from the meal.
In this group the man is making tire with the twirling drill, the
standing woman carries a load of acorns just gathered, and the sitting
woman is pulverizing acorns in a stone mortar surmounted by a basket
hopper held in place by the miller's knees.
Group 6 (Plate 28) illustrates a Sioux family, which is taken as a
type of the inhabitants of the Great Plains ethnic province. It is on
these plains that the Sioux, Algonkin, and Kiowa developed their
peculiar culture. The activities of all these tribes were created and
fostered by the buffalo—including their food, dress, tents, tools, uten-
sils, aits, industries, social life, lore, and religion. In the group
appear the man, who is the hunter, returning Avith a trophy of the
chase; the wife, who is butcher, tanner, clothier, purveyor, pack ani-
mal, and general drudge, is dressing a hide; the young girl is beading
a moccasin for her sister, who is interested in the work. The smaller
boy, with bow and arrow, welcomes the father. The tribes of the
Great Plains are thought to have been in early times sedentary, but
the acquisition of the horse and the gun fostered a more roving life.
Group 7 (Plate 29) illustrates a Navaho Indian family of the
Pueblo province. They belong to the Athapascan family, whose
home is in northwestern Canada and central Alaska. They are among
the most interesting tribes of the United States since, under Spanish
direction, they laid aside their wild hunting habits, becoming herdsmen
of sheep and other domestic animals and learning to weave and to work
in metals. Their kinsmen, the Apache, on the other hand, fled from
the conquerors and remained little affected by civilization down to the
present time.
The group includes three figures. The man is at work with modern
EXHIBIT AT PAN-AMEKICAN EXPOSITION. 205
implements of iron, shaping the silver ornaments so skilfully wrought
by the workmen of his tribe. Two women are engaged in the most
notable industry of this people, the spinning of yarn from native wool
and the weaving- of blankets.
TheZuni Indians, represented in the eighth family group (Plate 30),
live in pueblos on the table lands of western New Mexico and stand
for the sedentary town-building type of the Pueblo region. They
were visited at the beginning of the 16th century by the earliest Span-
ish explorers, and have been a subject of study by ethnologists for
many years. They dress in woolen clothing, are agriculturists as
well as herdsmen, and make excellent belts, blankets, and pottery.
At the same time they are devoted to their ancient religion.
This group includes in the foreground a young woman engaged in
weaving one of the artistic belts used for the waist. At the right is
seated an old man occupied in drilling a bit of stone with the ordinary
pump drill. His dress is that worn during the Spanish period. Near
the middle of the group stands a young girl in the usual costume, who
has just returned from the spring, bearing upon her head a water ves-
sel. On the right are two children interested in their frugal meal.
The Cocopa Indian family, shown in group 9 (Plate 31), represents the
Sonoran ethnic province. They occupy the lower valley of the Colo-
rado River, Mexico, from the international boundary to the head of the
Gulf of California. Although they were visited by Spaniards in 1540,
and have been in contact with the ( laucasian race for two hundred years,
they retained their primitive traits up to about 1890. They subsist
largely by means of agriculture, feeding partly on game and fish, with
various seeds, roots, and fruits. They dwell in scattered settlements,
usually of one to half a dozen houses, which pertain to a family or
(dan. Little costume is used, the men until recently habitually wear-
ing skins and the women petticoats of the inner bark of willow, as
seen in the illustration. Their faces are habitually painted, and they
are tattooed moderately.
The group includes live figures. A young man with bow and arrow
is engaged in teaching a boy to shoot; the woman is pounding corn in
a wooden mortar, and the young girl carries the babe and concerns
herself with the bow practice of the boy.
The tenth family group (Plate 32) shows the Maya-Quiche of Guate-
mala. These people occupy also parts of Chiapas and a small area in
western Honduras; at one time they were the most highly cultured of all
the native peoples of the Western Hemisphere. They had an artificial
basis of food supply, dressed in delicate fabrics, and were capable of
erecting vast terraces and stepped pyramids surmounted with buildings
adorned with sculptures and paintings. They wore of moderate stat-
ure, not warlike, but industrial, and the sculptures and paintings reveal-
ing their religion are remarkably free from bloody scenes. They
206" REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1901.
number in Central America, at present, several hundreds of thousands.
The family group here presented includes the man with staff and bearing
a net filled with fruit, one woman working at the mill, a second woman
carrying a basket of fruit in her right hand and a gourd bowl in the
left, while the girl walks by her mother, and holds a decorated globular,
gourd vessel.
The eleventh group (Plate 33) consists of three figures, a woman
of Oaxaca, southern Mexico, and two men, representing the Piro and"
Jivaro tribes of the headwaters of the Amazon. The Oaxacan woman
is dressed in a skirt of striped native-woven cloth, held by a belt.
The upper part of the body is covered with a tastefully decorated
tunic. The head is protected b}T a long sash or rebozo. She carries
in her left hand a red earthen drinking cup and in her right two
gourd vessels. The third figure is a Piro man. Arawakan family, head-
quarters of the Ueayle, interesting because tribes speaking the same
language were met with by Columbus on his first voj^age to America.
He wears a tunic of native make, embellished with artistic patterns,
and confined only by a sash of beads decorated with skins of birds
passing over the right shoulder and beneath the left arm. The head-
dress consists of a bark band in which are set three bird plumes. He
holds in both hands a ceremonial baton.
The Jivaro man lives on the headwaters of the river Maranon. He
wears a tasteful and brilliant feather skirt and headdress, ornaments
of teeth, beetle wings, and seeds. This tribe, one of the most forceful
and independent in South America, preserve the dried heads of their
enemies.
The Patagonians, group 12 (Plate 34), taken as a type of the far
southern tribes, apply to themselves the name Tzoneca, .but their
neighbors call them Tehuelche, or southerners. They live on the
plains and desert areas of southern Patagonia, and all of the arts of
their lives grow out of the region. They dress in the skins of animals.
Their rude tents, or toldos are made from the hides of the same animals.
Their furniture, food, and arts are occasioned by the same environ-
ment. Living on animal diet, they resemble the Plains Indians of the
United States, being tall, bony, and athletic. When the Spaniards
had introduced the horse into America it took kindly to these grassy
plains, and the Indians changed their arts to adapt them to this new
domestic animal. On horseback they hunt the guanaeo, the American
ostrich, and vrarious other animals.
In the group the family is on the point of breaking camp. The
man, wearing a skunk-skin robe, with bolas in hand, is ready to mount
his horse. One woman lias already mounted, and the boy assists in
completing her outfit. The second woman is rolling up skin robes of
the household, while the little girl halters the pet ostrich, and the
babe sleeps in its novel cradle.
EXHIBIT AT PAN-AMERICAN EXPOSITION. 207
DWELLING GROUP MODELS.
The second most important concept available for Pan-American
presentation embraces the arts and industries of the people. First in
order among- these is architecture—the building arts—represented by
the dwelling or the cluster of houses and outbuildings occupied by a
family or communal group. On account of the lack of room these
subjects had to be presented by models on a small scale—one twenty-
fourth actual size—but it was found that all essential details could be
reproduced and that something of the people and their occupations
could be shown. The subjects were selected, as were the lay-figure
family groups, to represent type peoples distributed at intervals
between the far north and the far south. The series begins with the
snow house of north Greenland and ends with the skin-covered wind-
break of southern Patagonia.
The list of dwelling group models completed for the Exposition is
as follows:
1. Snow houses of the Greenland Eskimo.
2. Earth house of the Alaskan Eskimo.
3. Wooden dwellings of the Haida, representing the North-
west coast tribes.
1. Skin and bark-covered lodges of the Montagnais Indians,
Labrador.
5. Dwellings of the Sierra (Digger) Indians. California.
6. Skin lodges of the Great Plains Indians.
7. Grass houses of the Wichita Indians, Indian Territory.
8. Earth lodges of the Pawnee Indians, Dakota.
9. Cliff dwellings (ruins), Arizona.
10. Grass and adobe houses of the Papago Indians, old style,
Arizona.
11. Pile dwellings of the Venezuela tribes, South America.
12. Skin shelters of the Patagonians, South America.
The series was intended to include sixteen groups, but in the limited
time allowed the work could not be completed.
The first model of the series (Plate 35) shows a dwelling group
of Central Eskimo. These people live on the area between Hudson
Strait and Baffin Bay. Their winter houses are built of blocks of
compacted snow laid up in a spiral manner, forming a dome. The
blocks are some 3 feet long, 2 feet high, and 6 inches thick. The
main chamber of the house varies from 5 to 12 feet in height and
from 7 to 15 feet in diameter. Over the entrance a square is cut
out and covered with seal intestine for a window. The main domed
chamber is connected by passageways with one or more subor-
dinate chambers which serve as storerooms. In the summer the
natives fish in the open water; in winter seals are taken by cutting
208 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1901.
holes in the ice. The clothing of the men and women is made from
skins of seals and deer, and consists of outside and inside trousers,
jackets -those of the women having hoods—boots, and inside boots or
socks made of light deerskin or birdskin.
In the second model of the series (Plate 36) we have a dwelling of
the Kinugmut Eskimo, taken as a type of the Alaskan region. The
Kings Island people are Kinugmut Eskimo, the same as at Port Clar-
ence and Bering Strait. Their island has steep shores and their houses
often resemble cliff structures. The structures here shown include
the large communal house and the frame for keeping food out of the
reach of the dogs. The house is built of logs set on end and a cob-
work of logs resting on these. The whole is covered with earth and
moss. Entrance is at the outer end of a long gallery and ventilation
is through the roof. A portion has been cut out of one face of the
model to expose to view the interior arrangements of the dwellings.
There are side rooms for storage. The Port Clarence Eskimo live by
hunting sea mammals and by fishing. This special locality is now
interesting, since the United States is there making the experiment of
introducing the domesticated reindeer.
The third model (Plate 37) illustrates a dwelling group of the
Montagnais Indians, a type of the eastern Canadian province. The
Montagnais are of Algonquin stock, and were distributed formerly
throughout Labrador as far north as Ungava Ba}r . They lived by
hunting and fishing. Their dwellings are of skins laid on a frame-
work of poles, not sewed together, but held down by trunks of small
trees leaned against the outside and stones piled around the base.
The group includes finished tents, wood pile, staging filled with skins
and robes, men [tainting a robe, women drying skins, and birch-bark
canoes. The Montagnais dress in deerskin robes, quite like those of
the Eskimo, their neighbors, but well made and decorated with paint
rather than embroidery. Their canoes are of bark, and not of skins,
as are those of their neighbors in the north.
The fourth model (Plate 38) represents a dwelling group of the
Haida Indians, a type of the north Pacific ethnic region. The Haida
Indians inhabit the Queen Charlotte Islands, lying in the Pacific Ocean
75 miles north of Vancouver Island. The}r are a separate linguistic
family. Their houses are in the form of a regular parallelogram,
averaging 50 feet in width and 35 feet in depth. Posts were planted
in the ground, joined by means of timber, and these were covered on
the roof and sides anciently with hewn planks. In front are planted
totem poles, upon which are carved animal totems representing the
crests of the different clans inhabiting the house. Entrance is often
by means of a low doorway cut in the base of the totem post, All
over the front also are painted heraldic emblems connected with their
family symbolism. The Haida tattoo their bodies with various designs,
and now clothe themselves largely after the manner of the whites.
EXHIBIT AT PAN-AMERICAN EXPOSITION. 209
The fifth model (Plate 39) illustrates ;i dwelling group of the
so-called Digger Indians of the Californian region. The numerous
tribes belong to several linguistic families, and occupy an extensive
area in California, Utah, and Nevada. They received their name from
the use of roots in their arts. Their dwellings are primitive, but
modified by contact with the whites. This group includes the com-
munal house, built of boards and shingles; the mill shelter: the sum-
mer house, where the household arts are carried on; the storage plat-
form, and the granary. As these people subsist largely on acorns,
the greater part of the woman's life is spent in gathering the nuts,
carrying them home in a conical basket suspended on the back by a
band passing across the forehead, drying and hulling them, grinding
them in stone mortars, sifting, cooking, and serving the meal in the
form of mush or bread. The men are hunters, fishers, and laborers.
The sixth model (Plate 40) is that of a dwelling group of the
Great Plains Indians. Here dwelt formerly Siouan, Algonquian,
Kiowan, and Shoshonean tribes in tents of buffalo and deer hide. A
set of poles lashed together at the top, a cone-shaped covering over
that, held down by pegs driven into the ground about the edge, con-
stituted the dwelling. The fireplace was in the center, and the furni-
ture consisted of abundance of skins for beds and a few ladles or
spoons of wood or horn for dishes. Cooking was done by roasting
and stone boiling, and pemmican or dried buffalo meat was laid up for
time of need. The men were hunters and warriors, and the women
were skilled in all the peaceful arts that grew out of the chase.
A dwelling of the Wichita Indians is the subject of the seventh
model (Plate 41). This tribe is of Caddoan stock, and formerly
inhabited northern Texas. Their dwellings are generally cone shaped
and dome shaped. The frame is of poles tied together, like lattice-
work. Into this bundles of grass are woven in rows, imbricated so
as to shed the rain. The group shows a finished house, one in process
of erection, and a communal shelter supported on poles. The Wichita
have become agriculturists, and dry their corn on hides or frames.
They have also adopted the metal cooking vessels of the whites. The
method of thatching is to be compared with that of the Papago in
Sonora. Mexico.
The eighth model (Plate 42) represents a dwelling group of the
Pawnee Indians, a type of the Missouri Valley region. Tin 1 Pawnee
formerly lived in Nebraska, on the Platte River. They belong to the
same family as the Arikarees in North Dakota and the Caddoes in
Louisiana and eastern Texas. Although their home was in the country
of the skin-tent dwellers, they continued to build the ancient northern
type of earth-covered abode with slightly sunken floor. The frame
consists of logs set on end in a circle and connected with other timbers.
The roof is of radiating poles, rafters covered with brush and then
with a thick layer of earth and sod. From the circular chamber a
NAT mus 1901 14
210 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1901.
passage several feet in length leads outward, forming the doorway.
This type of dwelling is also interesting in that it is suggestive of the
origin of many of the smaller mounds in different parts of the Missis-
sippi Valley.
The ninth model of the series (Plate 4-8) represents an aneient cliff
dwelling of the Pueblo country. The arid region of Colorado, Utah,
Arizona, and New Mexico abounds in canyons and plateaus, and the
rockv walls have been carved by the elements into many fanciful
shapes. Here also were formed shelves, shelters, and caverns, and
these were extensively utilized by the ancient tribes for dwelling
purposes, from which circumstances they derive their name—Cliff
Dwellers. The fronts of the recesses were closed with stone walls,
and partition walls divided the space into rooms of various sizes.
These houses were reached by natural pathways, by steps cut into the
rock, and by wooden ladders, and they served for defense as well as
for abode. By the remains of industrial arts found in the cliff struc-
tures, their builders are shown to have been the ancestors of part or
all of the modern Pueblo tribes.
A dwelling group of the Papago Indians is shown in the tenth
model (Plate 44). The type is that of the Sonoran region. The Pa-
pago Indians are of Piman stock, inhabiting Pima Count}r
,
Arizona,
and the State of Sonora, Mexico. They dwell in dome-shaped grass
houses, in which a frame of mesquite pole:; is fastened together with
yucca twine, covered with long grass and mud, and protected with
stalks of the ocotilla. Other outbuildings arc the kitchen circle, the
pole-supported shelter, and the ruined house showing structural fea-
tures. The food of the Papago is chiefly vegetal, the staple being the
beans and pods of the mesquite tree. They are clever potters. The
Papago wear little costume, the modern dress being of European or
modified European pattern. The men formerly wrapped skins about
their loins, and the women were clad in fringed petticoats of shredded
bark and leaves.
The eleventh model (Plate 45) illustrates the home of the Goajiros
Indians of Venezuela, a type of the Orinoco ethnic province. The dis-
coverers of the coast of South America were astonished to rind tribes
living in huts built out over the water, and so they gave to this region
the name of Venezuela, or Little Venice. The huts, only a few feet
square, stood among the trees, on platforms constructed by interlacing
the stems. The houses later were supported on piles or trunks of
trees, sunk in the water and standing 5 or 6 feet high. In the center
of each platform was a pile of earth, and on this the lire was built
and kept continually burning. Over the platform was suspended a low
roof thatched with palm leaves. Access to the house was had by
means of a notched tree trunk. The natives moved about in dugout
canoes, and when the water was high one of these could be seen tied
EXHIBIT AT PAN-AMEBICAN EXPOSITION. "2 1 1
to every notched ladder. Little clothing was worn, but there was much
decoration of the person with feathers and seeds, and the hones and
teeth of small animals.
The twelfth model (Plate 46) illustrates the houses and human life
of the Tehuelche tribe of Patagonia.
Fabulous stories are told of their stature. They are, in fact, among
the tallest people in the world. Their food is derived mainly from
the chase. They clothe themselves in skins of animals, and their
women are expert not only in dressing hides, but also in decorating
them with patterns of various colors.
For a house the Tehuelches cover a framework of sticks with a
number of skins sewed together. These shelters, generally open in
front, are called toldos, and the furniture consists of only a few rude
appliances.
In this exhibition are shown a tent in process of construction, a
linished tent, and a temporary shelter. Men and women are engaged
in the various industrial activities of the tribe—dressing hides, curing
meat, and erecting the tent.
This group forms one of a series designed to set forth the dwelling
and home life of native tribes in the Western Hemisphere.
EXHIBITS ILLUSTRATING LEADING ARTS AND INDUSTRIES OF THE
NATIVE AMERICANS."
Thirteen series of exhibits illustrating native handicraft were pre-
sented, each with as much elaboration as the subject and the space
would permit. They represent those activities that seem best qualified
to convey an idea of the culture status of the American race. Each
series of products is made to cover the full range of native achieve-
ment in the branch illustrated.
The exhibits include the following subjects:
1. Fire-making apparatus.
2. Hows and arrows.
3. Throwing sticks.
4. Harpoons.
5. Water craft.
6. Basketry.
7. Woven fabrics.
8. Pottery.
9. Sculpture.
10. Personal ornaments.
11. Tobacco pipes.
li!. Musical instruments.
13. Pictography and writing.
«The majority of theseExhibits were arranged under the direct supervision of
Prof. Otis T. Mason.
212 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1901.
The first of these exhibits (Plate 47) illustrates the important art
of fire making. The fire drill was in almost universal use. It consists
essentially of two parts, the vertical drill of hard wood and the hori-
zontal socket piece of soft, dry wood. The drill is rotated by the
hands, by a strap, or with a bow. The fire is produced by the friction
of the drill in the socket piece, the wood dust in which the lire arises
falling- out of a notch in the side of the socket and igniting. With a
reasonable amount of experience fire ma}r be made by almost anyone
using the specimens shown in this series.
The second exhibit (Plate -48) shows the chief types of bows and
arrows for the several culture regions of the American continent,
beginning with the Arctic province at the north and ending with the
Fuegian at the Straits of Magellan. The eastern Eskimo, on account
of the poverty of material, make a compound bow of whale's rib, for-
merly lashed together with sinew, but now riveted and wrapped. The
western Eskimo bow is backed with sinew, and in many examples is
indistinguishable in shape from the Tartar bow on the Asiatic side.
Sinew backing continues down the Pacific side of the continent to the
Pueblo region, where the material is shredded and mixed with glue.
Over all other parts of America the bow is a simple piece of wood in
various forms, according to locality.
The arrow furnishes one of the best bases for classifying peoples,
its feathering, shaft, and head being subject to modifications of mate-
rial, size, number of parts, and shape of parts in endless variety.
The third exhibit (Plate 49) shows the distribution of the projec-
tile apparatus called "atlatl" by the ancient Mexicans, and throw-
ing stick, or dart thrower, in ethnological literature. The apparatus
consists of a shaft of wood, either a round stick or a Hat board, with a
groove on top. At the manual end or base may be seen one or more
pegs, notches, or perforations designed to receive the thumb or one
or more fingers of the right hand. At the working or outer (Mid is a
hook of some kind to tit into a hollow at the end of the harpoon, dart,
or other projectile. The throwing stick is universal among the
Eskimo; occurs also on the north Pacific coast, and here and there
among the tribes southward; in the Pueblo country; in Sonora, in Mex-
ico; in great numbers throughout southern Mexico and Central Amer-
ica; in southern Florida; along the Cordilleras to the borders of Peru;
at various places on the Amazon, and in the Mato Grosso. Here for
the lirst time a series of these interesting projectile devices are brought
together and exhibited in geographic order.
The fourth exhibit (Plate 50) sets forth the different forms of har-
poons throughout the Western Hemisphere. It is the universal
hunting device among the maritime aborigines, being found all the
way from the farthest north to the Straits of Magellan. A harpoon
is a spear with a movable head attached to the shaft by a line, for the
EXHIBIT AT PAINT-AMEBICAN EXPOSITION. 213
purpose of retrieving the game. There arc two varieties, the barbed
and the toggle harpoon. The barbed harpoon is simply the head of a
barbed spear, having a short line attaching it to the front end of the
shaft. It is impelled from the hand, from a how, or from a throwing
stick. The toggle harpoon has its head binged on the (Mid of a
thong, and when it is driven into an animal turns and forms a T-shaped
attachment, as on the end of a trace chain. The simplest form of the
harpoon is found at the Straits of Magellan, and for this reason the
series begins with the most southern example and proceeds northward
to the Arctic region, where the Eskimo, assisted by the fishermen and
the whalers of the world, have perfected the toggle variety. The
harpoon is used almost entirely in hunting animals by water, although
there are harpoon arrows, used for birds. This will he plain when it
is remembered that all harpoons are made for the purpose of seeming
the game after it is struck. When an animal is lanced on the land the
hunter has an opportunity of following up his effort, hut in the water
the whale, walrus, seal, fish, otter, or turtle usually disappears, and
the float, shaft, bladder, or some such light attachment enables the
hunter not only to secure his game, hut to recover the precious head
of his weapon.
The fifth exhibit (Plate 51) consists of boat models and shows the
remarkable connection between environment, materials, and inven-
tions in navigation. Beginning with the Arctic shores, the Eskimo
rides in a skin-covered kaiak and carries freight in a skin-covered
scow, or women's boat. All over Canada and northern United States
the riding boat and freight boat are made of a light framework cov-
ered with birch bark. It was possible in one of these, by paddling
and by carrying across portages, to pass into any tributary of the
Yukon, Mackenzie, and St. Lawrence rivers—the longest inland journey
by water possible in the world. One could even cross the watershed
between the Great Lakes and the Mississippi, and pass on to New
Orleans. In eastern United States only poor dugouts were known.
On the Missouri River a crate of sticks was covered with hide of the
buffalo, and called a bull boat. On the Pacific coast of North America
canoes capable of making sea voyages of 500 miles were dug out from
the stem of a single tree. The same is true of the Caribbean area,
where the Caribs, in similar craft, visited every land around the bor-
ders of that sheet of water. On the shores of Brazil fishing parties
went out of sight of the land in sangadas of light logs, which were
fitted with sails. Floats of reed were known in the southern States
of the Union and on the west coast all the way from middle California
to southern Peru. In central Brazil a " wood skin." cut from the hark
of a tree in a few minutes, was a common means of transportation,
and the Fuegians made seaworthy craft by sewing three pieces of
bark together, one forming the bottom and the other two th<- sides.
214 REPOET OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1901.
The parts were sewed with baleen and made water-tight by means
of gum.
It is the design of the sixth exhibit to show the types of basketry
for the whole American continent. The series begins in the upper
left-hand corner of the case with the coiled basket of the Eskimo; then
follow Tinne basketry, from interior Alaska; bark work, from Canada:
cane work, from the Gulf States; twined work, from southeastern
Alaska; checker, diagonal, twined, and coiled work, from the Pacific
States of the Union; coiled and diagonal work, from Mexico; wicker
work, from Central America; diagonal work, from Guiana; and coiled
work, from Magellan Straits. The species of plants used, and the
annual rainfall, which determines the toughness and pliability of the
material, govern largely the technic and the quality of basketry in the
several culture regions.
Exhibit No. 7 (Plate 52) is designed to show the chief types of
textile fabrics in various culture regions of the two Americas. The
general term weaving is sometimes applied also to basketry and mat
ting, but here the material is first made into yarn or twine by primi-
tive modes of spinning, either in the fingers, on the thigh, or with a
spindle. The frames on which the weaving was done range in com-
plexity from a mere bar or yarn beam, over which the warp was hung,
to a rude loom in which harness was employed to shift the warp.
Theie were also battens with which to force home the weft. In the
Central American and Peruvian weaving an additional shifting of
warp wTas effected by simple mechanical devices. The llama furnished
one of the finest staples in the world, and the delicate spindles found
in ancient graves of Peruvian women show that the art of working in
the wool of this animal had been highly developed.
The specimens shown in group 8 (Plate 53) are t}rpe forms of the
pottery of the aborigines. This art flourished among the more cul-
tured, .sedentary tribes and was unknown, or but crudely practiced,
in the far north and south, and where nomadic life was the rule. The
mound-building people of the Mississippi Valley, and various tribes
in the southern States farther east, were skilful potters, fashioning
varied and artistic forms and excelling in the simpler modes of decora-
tion. The Pueblo peoples of the arid Southwest were, and still are,
expert potters, but the art was carried to its highest stage by the
more cultured nations of Mexico, Central and South America, Pot-
tery was manufactured mainly for domestic uses, but ceremonial pur-
poses were also subserved. The strong native love of symbolism led
to most varied and elaborate utilization of life forms, both in model-
ing and in surface decoration. The* wheel as a means of throwing
forms was unknown, and the art of glazing had not been discovered.
The ninth exhibit (Plate 54) shows in brief how far the aboriginal
tribes of the Western Hemisphere had progressed in sculpture, or
EXHIBIT AT PAN-AMERICAN EXPOSITION. 215
the representation of natural forms in stone, wood, bone, etc., in the
round or in relief. In the extreme North, beyond the limit of tree
growth, drift-wood and walrus ivory were and are the materials used.
On the north Pacific coast horn, slate, and wood arc utilized to excel-
lent advantage, but in other regions the art is not extensively prac-
ticed at the present time. Formerly many of the American tribes
excelled in carving- , especially in stone, which material was shaped to
represent man, animals, and fanciful creatures in endless variety. The
inspiration for this work was furnished by the religious symbolism of
the people. Statuary as a purely aesthetic art was unknown to the
aborigines, and they had notadvanced to the stage where accurate por-
traiture 1 was appreciated.
Shaping implements were made of stone, copper, hone, wood. etc.
The hammer stone served for breaking, flaking, and pecking, the saw
for dividing, the drill for boring, the grinding stone for shaping and
smoothing, and the knife and chisel for cutting.
The tenth exhibit (Plate 55) shows how, throughout the entire
American continent, adornment of the person gathers its materials
from the most beautiful and durable of the native products. The
necklace is worn always for jewelry, and is made up of those objects
which are considered precious in their several localities. In the
Arctic province it is ivory, bone, and wood; on the Pacific coast, den-
dentalium, abalone, and other shells; in the interior basin, the seeds
of plants; in the tropical regions, teeth of animals, wings of insects,
feathers of birds; and in the Straits of Magellan, where the Fuegian
tribes can scarcely be said to wear clothing, they gather the pretty
little shells from the beach and string them on thongs of sinew for the
adornment of the person. In the codices and sculptures of the more
cultivated races this same passion for adorning tin 1 neck and breast is
exhibited, but with them stone of rare colors and varieties, and copper,
silver, and gold were in favor.
In the eleventh series (Plate 5(3) is assembled a collection of appa
ratus illustrating smoking and snuffing customs of the aborigines of
America. Instead of being counted luxuries, the customs connected
with these practices were associated with their civil, military, and
religious life. In aboriginal times these practices were not universal
throughout the Western Hemisphere; they were more in vogue in
North and Central America than in South America. The western
Eskimo pipes show Asiatic influence. Mackenzie says that the Atha-
pascan tribes did not know the use of tobacco; but the forms of pipes
found in various regions of North America are so highly specialized
and so intimately associated with other classes of antiquities, assuredly
pre-Columbian, that we must conclude that the tobacco pipe was of
native origin. Stone was a favorite material for its manufacture,
216 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1901.
but wood, bone, and pottery were in common u.se. The exhibit will
convey a good idea of the range of form and material, and of the
geographical distribution.
In a limited manner the specimens in the twelfth group (Plate 57)
illustrate the attempts of the aboriginal Americans to record their
thoughts in symbols. Save in the making of calendars the art of
expressing concrete thoughts in syllabic or phonetic symbols had not
been reached anywhere, even among the barbaric tribes of Mexico,
Central America, and Peru. Writing was by means of pictures, parts
of pictures, and rebuses. The Eskimo etched long prompters for
stories on ivory, the forest tribes carved them on wood or scratched
them on bark, the Plains Indians painted them on robes, while the
Mexicans and Mayans sculptured them in stone or painted them on
codices of native paper. The originals of the writings, called codices,
were painted on cotton cloth, skins, or paper made from the maguey
plant, by native artists, long before the conquest by Spain. They
contain histories, genealogical tables, tribute rolls, land titles, laws,
calendars, and minute instructions concerning matters of religion.
Hundreds of them were ruthlessly destined by the Spaniards, but a
few were preserved and are now kept with strictest care in the great
libraries of Europe. By the munificence of His Excellency, Duke de
Lou bat, copies of existing specimens are being made in the highest
style of modern reproduction, so that scholars may have the oppor-
tunity of studying them. In this exhibit will be seen facsimilies of
the Codex Vaticanus, 3773, and the Codex de Bios, now in the Vatican
Library; Codex Cospianus, library of the University of Bologna; and
Codex Borbonicus, in the Palais Bourbon, Paris.
The thirteenth exhibit is designed to show the distribution of time-
marking musical devices among the aboriginal Americans. There was
entire absence of attempts at harmonics among the native tribes of
the Western Hemisphere. Their melodic scale has not been deter-
mined. No mention of stringed musical instruments is found in any
early writer, and all such found in the hands of Indians now are of
foreign patterns. The whistle, the flageolet, and the simple conch-
shell horn were in vogue in many places, but the universal musical
instrument was for rhythm alone, in the form of the drum or the
rattle. The Eskimo made his time-marking instrument of skin, the
West Coast tribes of wood, the Indians of the plains of hoofs of ani-
mals, the Pueblo Indians of gourds, the coast tribes of shells, those of
British Columbia of wood and basketry. In each region the time-
keeper found some natural object ready at hand to do him service.
EXHIBITS REPRESENTING THE ART COLLECTIONS.
Distinct from the above groups of ethnological material are two
series of exhibits representing the art collections of the Smithsonian
EXHIBIT AT PAN-AMERICAN EXPOSITION. 21
7
Institution and installed with the special exhibit of the Institution.
They arc (1) engravings of twenty-four masterpieces of portraiture;
and (2) reproductions of twenty-four masterpieces of landscape and
figure painting.
In addition to the exhibits displayed in the systematic scries along
with the other National Museum exhibits in the Government building,
the following exhibits were prepared for other departments of the
Exposition and lent to them during the continuance of the fair:
1. Series of trephined skulls from Peru, lent to the Division of
Ethnology and Archaeology of the Exposition.
2. Ten plaster busts of American Indians and Eskimo, lent to the
Division of Ethnology and Archaeology of the Exposition.
3. Series of casts of type forms of Indian stone implements, lent to
the Division of Ethnology and Archaeology of the Exposition.
4. Two lay figures of Sioux Indians, lent to the Indian Office
Exhibit, Interior Department.
5. Lay figure of a Filipino girl, weaving at a loom, lent to the Gov-
ernment Commission of the Exposition and installed in the Philippine
exhibit, Government Building.
It is not assumed that the exhibits described in the preceding pages
are completed. They are merely such as could he assembled, on the
plan adopted, within the six months allowed for the work. Maivy
changes and additions will be made when they are finally set up in the
National Museum. The lay figure groups will be enlarged to a uni-
form size, a series of casts illustrating physical types of the people
will be added, pictures will aid in completing the exhibit, and several
new series of objects will serve to widen the field covered.
It is confidently expected that the completed exhibit will come more
nearly bringing within reach of the average person a full conception
of the native American race and its culture than any assemblage of
museum material yet made.
Credit is due to a, numberof collaborators in the preparation of this
exhibit, to Prof. (). T. Mason, curator of ethnology, for his energy
in selecting and arranging the ethnological material and in the prepa-
ration of the series of labels, embodied largely in the present text;
and to Dr. Walter Hough, assistant ethnologist; to T. \Y. Sweeny for
competent service in arranging and mounting the several series of
artifacts; to C. R. Luscombe, modeler of the dwelling groups; to
Frank Lemon, H. J. Ellicott, and U. S. J. Dunbar, sculptors, for
skilful work in modeling the life-size figures; to Mrs. Kate C. Holmes
for lifelike coloration of the figures; to H. W. Hendley and C. E.
Johnson, builders of the lay figures, and especially to Mr. Hendley for
valued aid in setting up the groups.
I was fortunate in securing a set of views of the lay figure groups
and of nearly all the other exhibits. The work was done by two of
218 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1901.
our foremost photographers, Mr. T. W. Smillie, photographer of the
Smithsonian Institution and National Museum, and Miss Frances B.
Johnston, an artist of international reputation. The difficulties in the
case were very great. The exhibits were installed in the darkest sec-
tion of the Government building, and owing to the interference of
timbers and drapery were very unevenly lighted. The glass fronts
of the cases were so inserted that they could not be removed, and the
reflections proved extremely troublesome. Selecting a Sunday morn-
ing for the work, we avoided the crowds that tilled the building during
the week days. Two sheets of dark cloth were secured, each about
14 feet square, and while 1 one of these was tacked over the back of the
case as a background for the group, the other, held by two men on step-
ladders behind the camera, served to prevent reflections in the glass.
The woodwork of the cases interfered somewhat with the view in sev-
eral cases, but by painting out and retouching the parts have been
restored, and a reasonably uniform result has been secured.
It may be noted that at the time of the handing in of this paper the
exhibit is on view, about one-half in the Charleston Exposition and the
remainder in the halls of the National Museum.
THE EXHIBIT MADE BY THE DEPARTMENT OF GEOLOGY.
By George P. Merrill,
Head ( 'urator.
The exhibit made by the Department of Geology at Buffalo was
directly in line with that in the Museum at Washington, differing only
in that special series were selected which seemed best suited to the
purpose, when the place, time, character of the Exposition, and limited
amount of space (1,520 sq. ft.) were taken into consideration. (See
Plates 58 and 59.)
The work of preparation was begun early in the year and continued
until the installation was completed at Buffalo on May 1. While by
no means the entire force of the Department was thus occupied,
nevertheless, the matter was always uppermost and interfered seriously
with the ordinary routine work of the Museum.
An attempt was made to procure for the Exposition a fairly com-
plete skeleton of a mastodon, and Messrs. Lucas and Stewart made
several excursions for the purpose of investigating reported finds of
such remains; but the results were in all cases unsatisfactory. As will
be noted later, however, a small series of more or less fragmentary
materia] was obtained.
Through a joint arrangement with the United States Geological Sur-
vey
,
sufficient funds were obtained for a model of a skeleton of Triceratops
prorsus, the work of preparation of which occupied one preparator
EXHIBIT AT PAN-AMERICAN EXPOSITION. 219
and one or more modelers, besides the attention of the curator of the
section, for a large part of the time until the final installation at
Buffalo.
The details of the exhibits of the various divisions are given below.
No exhibit was made by the section of paleobotany.
I.—DIVISION OF GEOLOGY.
The exhibit for the Division of Geology proper comprised five wall
and one special case, four of the wall cases being occupied by cave,
hot-spring, and geyser deposits, concretions, and silicitied woods.
One ease was set aside for an exhibit of the rocks of the Hawaiian
Islands, the recent annexation of which rendered a special exhibit at
this time appropriate. The following transcript of the label which
accompanied this last collection is sufficiently descriptive for present
purposes:
ROCKS FROM THE HAWAIIAN ISLAXDS.
The Hawaiian Islands are eight in number, lying near the north tropic between
the parallels of latitude 19° and 22J°. They are of volcanic origin, but volcanic
activity has ceased on all except the island of Hawaii, the largest and most southern
of the group. The rocks of the islands are therefore all of an igneous nature, with
the exception of the limestones of the coral reefs which were formed along the shores.
The collection here shown consists of a series of specimens collected mainly from the
islands Oahu and Hawaii by members of the Wilkes Exploring Expedition in 1840,
by A. B. Lyons in 1892, and Prof. C. H. Hitchcock in 1899. It is intended to show
the characteristic forms of the lavas and the ordinary rock types, as well as the soils
resulting from their decomposition.
Perhaps the most unique exhibit pertaining to this division was a
collection of such of the elements, exclusive of the gaseous forms, as
are found in an uncombined or free state in nature. The transcriptof
the general label for this exhibit is given below:
THE NATIVE ELEMENTS.
Of the seventy-two known elements, there are, with the exception of certain gas-
eous forms, but sixteen which have thus far been found in the earth's crust in a
native or uncombined state. These sixteen are as follows:
1. Carbon.
2. Sulphur.
3. Selenium.
4. Tellurium.
5. Arsenic.
6. Antimony.
7. Bismuth.
8. Gold.
9. Silver.
10. Copper.
11. Lead.
12. Mercurv.
13. Platinum.
14. Iridium \ Iri(losmine .
15. Osmium )
16. Iron.
So far as possible these are shown in the accompanying collection. Iridium and
osmium are shown only in the form of the natural alloy Lridosmine, and selenium as
selen-sulphur. Lead occurs native in but minute quantities. Palladium lias been
reported native, but is extremely rare.
220 REPORT OP NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1901.
The most striking of the objects here brought together were ;t
small but very perfecl octahedral crystal of a diamond from South
Africa; a fine large mass of native arsenic from the Hartz Moun-
tains, Germany; a like mass of antimony from New Brunswick; beau-
tiful examples of wire and moss gold from California; branching
crystals of silver and copper from the Lake Superior mines; thin films
of native lead from Sweden; tellurium from Nevada; iridosmine from
the Pacific coast of Oregon; native iron from Greenland, and a tine
water-worn nugget of platinum weighing 444 grams from the Nijni
Tagilsk district, Russia.
There was also a case of striking concretionary forms, including
examples of the so-called "kugel" or orbicular granites from Sweden,
Finland, and Rhode Island, and of the septarian concretions of clay
ironstone from Weymouth, England; New York; Kansas, and other
localities. Examples of the individual specimens are shown on Plates
60 and 61.
II.—DIVISION OF MINERALOGY.
The exhibit of the Division of Mineralogy was arranged with the
following objects in view: To make as attractive a display as possible
with the material and space available; to illustrate methods of arrange-
ment and installation used by the division; to be self-explanatory and
complete in itself. In the carrying out of this a systematic arrange-
ment of minerals was planned which should show specimens of the
more important minerals and their arrangement in accordance with
the genera] scheme of classification, as outlined in the label, a transcript
of which is given below:
V SYSTEMATIC ARRANGEMENT OF MINERALS.
Tlie chemical composition of the mineral determines its position in tin- several
classes. These classes, which are arranged in accordance with certain chemical laws
having the periodic arrangement, of the elements as a basis, are made up of those
minerals having the same dominant negative chemical radical from which the class
name is derived, as sulphide, silicate, etc. The whole is divided into two general
groups
—
native elements and compounds of the elements. The compounds of the
elements are further divided and grouped under certain classes according to, and
which take their names from, their more negative constituents, as follows: Com-
pounds of the halogens, fluorides, chlorides, bromides, and iodides. Compounds of
sulphur, selenium, and tellurium; also arsenic and antimony, including sulphides,
selenides, and tellurides; arsenides, antimonides, sulpharsenides, and sulphantimo-
nides; also sulphosalts. < >xygen compounds, including oxides and the oxygen salts,
borates, aluminates, chromites, ferrites, manganites, plumbates, arsenites and anti-
monites, selenites and tellurites, carbonates, silicates, titanates, columbates and tan-
talates, nitrates, vanadates, phosphates, arsenates and antimonates, sulphates,
selenates and tellurates, chromates, molybdates and tungstates, iodates, and uranates.
( (impounds of organic origin, including salts of organic acids and carbon compounds.
EXHIBIT AT PAN-AMERICAN EXPOSITION. 221
Each of these classes was preceded by a general label giving a short
statement of its more important chemical characters, as illustrated by
the following- example:
CLASS—SILK IATES.
The silicates, derivatives of the several silicic acids H 4Si0 4 , H2Si03 , H6Si2 7
H2Si2 5 , and H4Si3 8 , or compounds of silicon oxide with other oxides, constitute
about nine-tenths of the known crust of the earth and more than one-fourth of the
known kinds of minerals. Isomorphic combinations are the rule, and the class
exhibits great diversity of composition. For example, the ratio of oxygen in silica
to that in combined oxide may vary for monad and dyad elements, such as potas-
sium or calcium, between 2:4 and 4:1; and for silicates of triad elements, such as
aluminum or iron, between 2:6 and 12:3. Again, it is not unusual to find a silicate
containing both potassium and calcium, or the oxides of iron and aluminum, or of
calcium and aluminum, and that not necessarily in atomic proportion. But although
certain oxides are capable of mutual replacement in any ami all proportions, such
as the sesquioxide of iron or aluminum, or the monoxide of calcium, magnesium,
iron, manganese, sodium, or lithium; and though a silicate may contain at once a mix-
ture of sesquioxides and monoxides in combination with silica, the place of a monox-
ide is not taken by a sesquioxide, nor that of a sesquioxide by a monoxide.
Following- the class label, arranged in order from left to fight, were
placed the several members of the class, selected to illustrate as com-
pletely as possible their occurrences, associations, and variety in form
and color. Each specimen was mounted on a block and accompanied
by a small label giving the name of the mineral, its associations, if
any, and its locality.
Conspicuous among the several classes were the fluorides, carbon-
ates, silicates, and chromates, the individuals comprising them being
especially notable for their beauty and vivid coloring. Among the
fluorides were shown a magnificent series of German, English, and
American fluors having an extensive color range, including white, yel-
low, green, violet, sky. and amethystine blue, rose rod. and lilac.
Among the carbonates were the minerals malachite and azurite, the
former bright green in color, the latter a line Berlin blue. In addi-
tion a botryoidal mass of these two minerals was shown in which the
malachite and azurite are in alternate concentric layers, giving rise to
a strong and pleasing contrast of color.
The display feature was well developed in the class silicates where
the green of microcline was contrasted with the rich blue of socialite.
Among the tourmalines was shown the cross section of a crystal red
internally, passing into a lighter hue, and finally green; there svas also
a line mass of ( alifornia rubellite of a delicate pink color on a ground-
mass of lilac-colored lepidolite. Play of color was well illustrated by
a fine cleavage mass of labradorite from Isle of Paul, in which blue
and green predominate.
The series as a whole comprised some 500 specimens and 47 group
labels installed in 4 slope-top cases, as shown in Plates ;>.s and 59.
222 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1901.
III.—DIVISION OF STRATIGRAM 1 10 PALEONTOLOGY.
A. Section of Invertebrate Fossils.
The exhibit of the section of invertebrate fossils formed two series
comprising the more interesting crinoids and cephalopoda, the first
being illustrated by 94 and the second by 156 genera. The object
of the collections was to illustrate by specimens and descriptive labels
the anatom}r and generic characters of the hard parts of these animals
as known to paleontologists, and incidentally to illustrate the methods
of installation practiced in this section.
Each series began with an introductory label defining the essential
characters of each class of organisms. As many technical words were
involved in the description, a second series of labels was prepared, in
which the terms were defined and which were accompanied by speci-
mens on which the parts referred to were artificially colored. As it
may be desirable to build up similar series for other exhibits, some-
time in the future, the transcript of the introductory and explanatory
labels is given below. Plates 62-69 show the character of the mate-
rial comprised in the crinoid series.
This exhibit was comprised in the five screen cases indistinctly
shown at the left in Plate 58.
INTRODUCTORY LABEL.
CLASS CRTNOIDEA.
Crinoids, or sea lilies or stone lilies, are marine animals related to the starfishes,
and like them have in the outer integument a skeleton of calcareous ossicles. A
normal crinoid consists of a crown attached by its dorsal or aboral extremity to a
xtf/m, which is fixed to the sea floor or to some solid body by a root. They are gre-
garious, locally restricted, animals, have existed since Cambrian time, and live in
the seas, ranging from shallow water down to about 3 miles beneath the ocean
surface. In Paleozoic time they had greatest development, and their separated
ossicles occasionally form beds of limestone of considerable thickness. In the Car-
boniferous rocks of the Mississippi Valley crinoids are often well preserved and good
crowns are not rare. More than ?>00 species are known from the vicinity of Burling-
ton, Iowa.
The crinoids, from a phylogenetic standpoint, are divided into the subclasses
Monocyclica and Dicyclica, and these divisions are again separated into six orders,
live suborders, and two grades, all of which are here illustrated by specimens. Of
recognized genera there are upward of 240.
SPECIAL EXPLANATORY . LABELS.
THE CROWN.
(See Plate 62.)
The crown consists of the dorsal cup or shortly cup (colored blue), the legmen,
sometimes called disk or vault (red), and the bracliia or arms (yellow), which are
generally provided with pinnules (Mack ), and often there is an anal tube (brown).
24185. Platycrinus hemisphericus. Lower Carbonic.
24191. Cyathocrinus multibrachiatus. Lower Carbonic.
24163. Batocrinus wachsmuthi. Lower Carbonic. The brachia are removed
to show the tegmen and anal tube.
EXHIBIT AT PAN-AMERICAN EXPOSITION. 223
THE DORSAL til'.
(See Plate 63.)
The dorsal cup in its simplest form is composed of two or three circlets of five
plates, those in one circlet alternating with the five in the adjacent circlet, Of these
the most important are those that support the brachia, and to them the term radiate
is restricted (colored blue). The interradial plates below these are the basals (col-
ored red), so called because in many crinoids they form the base of the cup and rest
on the stem. Such crinoids are called monocyclic. In other crinoids a circlet < if infra-
basals occurs beneath the basals (colored yellow), and these, therefore, are known
as dicyclic.
Primarily there are five plates in each circlet; but owing to the fusion of two or
more of the proximal plates the number of basals in monocyclic forms may be reduced
to four, three, or even two, and the infrabasals in dicyclic crinoids to three.
The cup often has, in addition to the plates above described, supplementary plates
known as "ancr/.s" and "interbrachiate," which assist in enlarging the cup.
776. Batocrinus longirostris. Lower Carbonic. The cup plates not col-
ored are the interbrachials.
7519. Platycrinus planus. Lower Carbonic.
24191. Cyathocrinus multibrachiatus. Lower Carbonic.
THE TEGMEN.
(See Plate 64.)
The tegmen in its simplest form is composed of five plates called deltoids or orals
(colored red). There are nearly always present also ambulacrals (colored blue)
covering the food grooves or ambulacra that lead from the brachia to the mouth.
In many Paleozoic genera the ambulacra] plates are covered by the interradial dome
plates (colored yellow). When the dorsal cup is enlarged by other plates than those
of a simple crinoid, the tegmen also introduces supplementary plates known as intt r-
ambulacrals (black). Finally the tegmen may be in the form of a coriaceous skin,
in which large numbers of thin calcareous ossicles are embedded.
The mouth is nearly always covered by the deltoids or the dome plates, while the
anus, which is closed by a valvular pyramid, is often surrounded by or raised on
small plates (colored brown).
24,185. Platycrinus hemisphericus. Lower Carbonic
768. Dorycrinus unicornis. Lower Carbonic. The anal pyramid is not.
preserved.
775. Batocrinus elegans. Lower Carbonic. The anal tube is broken away.
24,413. Strotocrinus regalis. Lower Carl »onic. A natural cast of t lie interior
surface of the tegmen showing the ambulacra] grooves.
THE BRACHIA AND PINM'LKS.
(See Plate 65.)
The brachia or arms in their simplest form consist of a series of ossicles called
brachials (colored blue), which continue straight tip from the radiate (colored red).
The brachials may he in single or alternating double rows, and hence are spoken of
as uniserial or biserial. The inner surface of the brachia are grooved tor the trans-
mission of fooddaden water to the mouth and for the soft parts; and these are pro-
tected by covering plates called ambulacrate (yellow), which can open or close as
occasion demands.
224 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1901.
The brachia are rarely single, usually bifurcating in a regular or irregular manner
at definite points. The pinnule (colored black) is a brachium in miniature; itdiffers
in nothing but position from the small end branches of a simple dichotomous arm.
However, when the pinnules are regularly placed on alternate sides of successive
brachials of the main branch the arm is said to be pinnulate. To these pinnules are
restricted the fertile portions of the genital rachis.
24,193. Scytalocrinus robustus. Lower Carbonic. Brachia pinnulate with
regular bifurcations. Brachials in single columns.
34,087. Platycrinus agassizi. Lower Carbonic. Brachia pinnulate with regu-
lar bifurcations. Brachials in double, alternating columns.
24.191. Cyathocrinus multibrachiatus. Lower Carbonic. Brachia dichoto-
mous, without pinnules.
24,155. Barycrinus hercules. Lower Carbonic. Pinnulate brachia showing
the ambulacral groove and ambulacral plates.
THE ANAL AREA.
(See Plate 66.)
In most crinoids there is inserted in an interradius one or more extra pieces called
anal plates (colored red). The anal tube when present (colored blue) is supported
by the anal plates. The anal opening ( colored brown) may be in the side or at the
apex of the tube.
26,771. Cactocrinus ornatissimus. Lower Carbonic. Showing the anal tube
between the brachia.
24.192. Scaphiocrinus unicus. Lower Carbonic. Showing the anal tube with
the anal opening in the side.
24.193. Scytalocrinus robustus. Lower Carbonic.
27,868. JEsiocrinus magnificus. Upper Carbonic. The brachia have been
removed.
ENLARGEMENT OF THE SIMPLE DORSAL CUP.
(See Plate 63*.
)
The dorsal cup may be enlarged by the addition of proximal brachials (here col-
ored blue) or by the insertion of a variable number of extra plates between the
brachials. The latter are called interbrachials (colored red).
24,156. Taxocrinus multibrachiatus. Lower Carbonic.
24,163. Batocrinus wachsmuthi. Lower Carbonic.
THE STEM.
(See Plate 67.
The flexible stem is composed of stem ossicles, which vary not only greatly in num-
ber in different crinoids, but often also in form in different parts of the same stem. It
has a more or less large axial canal which serves to transmit vascular and nervous
pr< ilongations, and in the earlier forms may have served other purposes. The larger
segments are called nodal ossicles (blue), and may bear cirri (red) at regular or irreg-
ular intervals throughout the whole length of the stem.
In some forms the stem is almost absent, the cup then cementing to solid objects.
In Pentacrinus the stem attains a length of 18 feet. In rare cases the stem has no
roots, but attaches by the cirri or by windingthe stem around the object of attach-
ment. In others it ends in a four-fluked grapnel or in a bulb; finally, there are
EXHIBIT AT PAN-AMERICAN EXPOSITION. 225
forms without stems or anchoring structures. The latter are adapted to free loco-
liinti in either by swimming or by crawling about by the brachia.
24,887. Ordovician stems and stem ossicles. St. Paul, Minn.
L5,518. Stem of Glyptocrinus. Winding around foreign object. Upper
( rdovician.
.'54,0!)1. Upper Silurian stem and stem ossicies. Dayton, Ohio.
26,4<>s. Myrtilloerinus butbosus. Middle Devonian. Stem ending in a four-
fluked grapnel.
34,086. Stem and ossicles of Platycrinus. Lower Carbonic. The spiral twist
of the flattened stem enables the animal to turn in any direction.
34.092. Stem with cirri. Lower Carbonic.
ROOTS.
(See Plate 68.)
The roots are distal branches of the stem, and, like it, are usually made up of per-
forated ossicles. In some forms the stem terminates in a disk-shaped or encrusting
nonsegmented root.
34,089. Anomalocrinus incurvus. Growing upon a monticuliporoid bryozoan.
Upper Ordovician.
34.093. Knot of Ectenocrinus(?). Upper Ordovician.
10,425. Eucalyptocrinus crassus. Upper Silurian.
34,088. Poteriocrinus spartarius. Lower Carbonic.
Injuries.
Crinoids are found which during life had lost a considerable portion of the brachia.
Such lost parts may be subsequently regrown and pass through the same growth
stages as the adult.
The stems when fractured repair the broken place by profuse calcareous deposit,
as shown by the annexed specimens.
( KINOID PARASITES.
i See Plate 69.)
Gastropods of the genera Cyclonema and Platyceras are found situated over the
anal region of many crinoids. In the Silurian and Devonian such occurrences are
rare and there do nut appear to have been permanent parasites. In the Lower Car-
boniferous, however, the form of the shell is considerably modified and perfectly
molded to the crinoid, proving that the Platyceras spent its life where found. Its
sustenance, therefore, must have been largely the effete matter of the crinoid.
15,513. Glyptocrinus decadactylus. The parasite is Cyclonema bilix. Upper
Ordovician.
26,465. Arthracantha punctobrachiata. The parasite is Platyceras dumosum
rarispinum? Middle Devonian.
24,185. Platycrinus hemisphericus. Lower Carbonic. The parasite is Platy-
ceras uncum.
CRINOIDAL, LIMESTONE.
Limestones are found, many feet in thickness, almost entirely made up of the dis-
jointed skeletal parts of crinoids. Such limestones are usually of local occurrence,
but in the region of Iowa and .Missouri the Burlington crinoid limestone extends for
more than 300 miles. This is the most extensive crinoid bed, having furnished
between 300 and 400 species and many thousands of individuals.
15518. Upper Ordovician crinoidal limestone, from Madison. 1ml.
34094. Lower Carbonic crinoidal limestone, from Burlington, Iowa.
NAT MUS L901 15
226 REPORT OF NATIONAL
MUSEUM, 1901.
Following the crinoids were shown the fossil
cephalopoda, with
special reference to the ammonites. Here
the testaceous anatomy is
not so complicated as in the crinoids
and requires fewer descriptive
labels in the introductory series.
INTRODUCTORY LABELt
CLASS CBtHALOPODA.
The pearly nautilus, squid, and cuttlefish
are three types of h\nng Cephalopods
Jete an"! are resected to marine waten, and are the mostl^3™*
elaL of the Mollusca, a division of the
animal kingdom including besides the Ceph-
thebivalve (dams, oysters), and univalve (drills snails)
shells.
The onus here shown are those having
external chambered shells They
.,,„,, Z Paleozoic and Mesozoic seas. In the Tertiary seas the
shelled^Ceph-
;;;;, 1,,^, to a few forms very much ^*^*£%£^«
the Pacific « »«van (See complete animal
m jar, with alcohol ) 11 sheInu be
straight curved, or roiled, and is divided at
regular interval! by septa. The cham
bers thus formed are connected with the animal by
a tube or mpho.
Th" sheled Cephalopods are divided into two
orders, NauUloidea and Ammonia
Intti former the .u*L (Hues of junction of the , 7„ with
the outer shell) are
usually slight or merely undulated, while in the
latter they are mure or le»
abundantly lobed and inflected, the greatest
complexity having been attained
during MeLoic time. Of Nautiloids about 2,500 species are
known, and of Arnmo-
n ^ iiol^han 5,000. The latter died out during Mesozoic
time o-^aigh
Nautiloidea grew to a length of more than 15 feet,
while certain coiled Ammonoida
have attained a diameter of 5 feet. ,
The classification here adopted is that of Hyatt,
as published in Text Look of
Paleontology, by Zittel and Eastman.
SPECIAL EXPLANATORY LABEL.
NVUTII/l S POMPILIUS UNX.Kl'S.
(Shell with animal. 1
:T;,T^,.^ t, pertu, the she.] when the animal U withdraw,
, llill ,„
i |
>
,•;,„„ „-,,,,,, i, is then violently expelled, the reaction
driving th. creature
backward.
(() Tentacles, of which there are about ninety.
SEPTA AND SIPHO.
Nautilus macromphalus Sowerby.
New Caledonian sea. .,, .,
Theanimal is removed and the shell sectioned to show the
various parts, with
technical names applied directly to each part.
JAWS OF V NAUTILOrD.
Temnocheilus bidorsatus Schlotheim.
(Conchorhynchus avirostris.)
triassic 1 muschelkalk).
Wurzburg, Bavaria, Germany. 29104.
EXHIBIT AT PAN-AMERICAN EXPOSITION. 227
SUTURE.
Ceratites nodosus de Hann.
TRIASSIC.
< roettingen, ( Jermany. 1 163.
A simple Ammonoid with the shell removed to show the suture line (colored red).
DEVELOPMENT OF THE N A I II LOIDEA.
i After Branco.
)
Primordial chamber of Orthoceras from the Triassic of St. Cassian. Enlarged 18
diameters.
DEVELOPMENT OF THE NAUTILOIDEA.
( After Branco.
I
1. Primordial, second, and third chambers of Nautilus pompilius. Enlarged is
diameters.
2. Section of same to show the beginning of the sipho. Enlarged 25 diameters.
DEVELOPMENT OF THE AMMONOLDEA.
(After Branco.)
1. Primordial chamber of a goniatite (Mimoceras compressus) , enlarged 60 diame-
ters.
1?. Primordial chamber and first volution of same, enlarged 60 diameters.
DEVELOPMENT OF THE A.MMONOIDEA.
(After Branco.)
1. Primordial chamber of a latisellate Ammonoid (Arcesles cymbiformis)
,
greatly
enlarged. The term latisellate lias reference to the suture (colored red) forming a
decided broad saddle on the venter.
2. First volution of a latisellate Ammonoid.
DEVELOPMENT OF THE AMMONOIDEA.
(After Branco.
)
1. Primordial chamber of an angustisellate Ammonoid (of the type of Phylloceras
heterophyllum.) enlarged 60 diameters.
2. Section through the primordial, second, and third chambers, to show the
beginning of the sipho of an angustisellate Ammonoid. Enlarged !<•<• diameters.
DEVELOPMENT OF THE AMMONOIDEA.
I After Branco.)
1. Primordial chamber of an angustisellate Ammonoid (of the type of Cosloceras
crassus), enlarged 60 diameters. The term angustisellate has reference to the sutures
(colored red) having prominent ventral saddles, with corresponding deep lateral lobes,
and definite saddles at the umbilical depression.
_. 3. First and second volution of an angustisellate Ammonoid.
4. First three volutions, showing the introduction..!' sutural inflections and shell
sculpture.
DEVELOPMENT OF THE AMMONOIDEA.
i After Branco.
|
Section through the first and second volution of a latisellate Ammonoid | Tropites).
It shows the beginning of the sipho in the ceecal condition in the primordial chain-
228 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1901.
berand its transition from the dorsal to the ventral side; also the transition from
the monochoanitic (having only a funnel) to the later doiockoanitic (funnels lost,
collars alone remaining) c lition. Enlarged 60 diameters.
B. Section of Vertebrate Fossils.
The exhibit of the section of vertebrate fossils comprised a series
of specimens representing the Mastodon, Mammoth, andTitanotherium,
reproductions of the skeletons of Zeuglodon and Triceratops, and a
very complete mounted skeleton of the Cretaceous diving bird Hes-
perornis regalis. This last is of special importance, not only as being
the first skeleton of this representative of the toothed birds to be
mounted and exhibited, but because it threw new light on the struc-
ture and attitude of the bird. In ordinary swimming birds the legs
are directed downward, beneath the body, but the character of the
articulations show that in Hesperornis the tarsi were directed out-
ward at right angles to the body. A photograph of the skeleton as
exhibited is shown in Plate 7<>.
The skeleton of Zeuglodon was modeled from material obtained by
Mr. Charles Schuchert in Alabama. It comprised practically a com-
plete vertebral column, many of the ribs, a good skull containing the
complete dentition, and the major portions of the fore and hind limbs.
This is a greater amount of material than is present in any other
museum, and made it possible for the first time to obtain an accurate
idea of the skeleton of this animal. It is shown suspended from the
ceiling in the background of Plate 59.
The skeleton of Triceratops was a full-sized reproduction based on
the material in the United States National Museum, which contains
portions of fifteen specimens. These include the skull, limbs, lacking
phalanges, pelvis, nearly complete vertebral column in advance of the
sacrum, and several ribs. The greater part of the skeleton was thus
present and restoration was limited to some of the ribs and the greater
portion of the caudal vertebras. The reproduction of the skeleton
provided the first accurate representation of one of these huge dino-
saurs ever placed on exhibition. It is regretted that no more satisfac-
tory view of this interesting restoration could have been obtained
than that furnished in Plates 58 and 59. This exhibit was accompanied
by a small model, some 18 inches in length, and a painting by Mr.
Charles Knight, showing the animal as it was supposed to appear in
life. See Plates 71 and 72.
The exhibit for the Division of Geology, it should be stated, was
prepared under the direct supervision of the head curator; that of the
Di\ ision of Mineralogy by Mr. Wirt Tassin, assistant curator; that of
the Section of Invertebrate Fossils by Mr. Charles Schuchert, assistant
curator, and that of the Section of Vertebrate Paleontology by Mr.
F. A. Lucas, curator of comparative anatomy in charge collection of
vertebrate fossils.
APPENDIX.
[Public—No. 184.]
AN ACT to encourage the holding of a Pan-American Exposition on the Niagara frontier, within the
comity of Erie or Niagara, in the State of New York, in the year nineteen hundred and one.
Whereas it is desirable to encourage the holding of a Pan-American Exposition on
the Niagara frontier, within the county of Erie or Niagara, in the State of New York,
in the year nineteen hundred and one, to fittingly illustrate the marvelous develop-
ment of the Western Hemisphere during the nineteenth century, by a display of the
arts, industries, manufactures, anil products of the soil, mines, and sea; and
Whereas the proposed Pan-American Exposition, being confined to the Western
Hemisphere, and being held in the near vicinity of the great Niagara cataract, within
a day's journey of which reside forty million people, would unquestionably be of vast
benefit to the commercial interests, not only of this country, but of the entire hemi-
sphere, and should therefore have the sanction of the Congress of the United States;
and
Whereas satisfactory assurances have already been given by the diplomatic repre-
sentatives of Canada, Mexico, the Central and South American Republics, and most
of the States of the United States that these countries and States will make unique,
interesting, and instructive exhibits peculiarly illustrative of their material progress
during the century aboul to close; and
Whereas no exposition of a similar character as that proposed has ever been held
in the great State of New York; and
Whereas the Pan-American Exposition Company has undertaken to hold such
exposition, beginning on the first day of May, nineteen hundred and one, and closing
on the first day of November, nineteen hundred and one: Therefore,
Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Represi ntatives of the United Slates of America
in Congress assembled, That all articles that shall be imported from foreign countries
for the sole purpose of exhibition at said exposition upon which there shall be a
tariff or customs duty .shall he admitted free of payment of duty, customs fees, or
charges, under such regulation as the Secretary of the Treasury shall prescribe; but
it shall be lawful at any time during the exposition to sell for delivery at the close
thereof any goods or property imported for or actually on exhibition in the exposi-
tion buildings, or on the grouuds, subject to such regulation for the security of the
revenue and for the collection of import duties as the Secretary of the Treasury shall
prescribe: Provided, That all such articles when sold or withdrawn for consumption
in the United States shall be subject to the duty, if any, imposed upon such articles
by the revenue laws in force at the date of importation, and all penalties prescribed
by law shall be applied and enforced against the persons who may be guilty of any
illegal sale or withdrawal: And provided further, That all necessary expenses incurred
in carrying out the provisionsof this section including salaries of customs officials in
charge of imported articles, shall be paid to the Treasury of the United States by the
Pan-American Exposition Company, under regulations to be prescribed by the Sec-
retary of the Treasury.
Sec. 2. That there shall be exhibited at said exposition by the < rovernment of the
United States, from its Executive Departments, the Smithsonian Institution and
229
230 REPOET OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1901.
National Museum, the United States Commission of Fish and Fisheries, the Depart-
ment of Labor, and the Bureau of the American Republics, such articles and material
as illustrate the function and administrative faculty of the Government in time of
peace, and its resources as a war power, and its relations to other American Repub-
lics, tending to demonstrate the nature of our institutions and their adaption to
the wants of the people. And to secure a complete and harmonious arrangement of
such Government exhibit, a board of management shall be created, to be charged
with the selection, purchase, preparation, transportation, arrangement, safe-keeping,
exhibition, and return of such articles and materials as the heads of the several
Departments and the Secretary of the Smithsonian Institution, the Commissioner of
Fish and Fisheries, the Commissioner of Labor, and the Director of the Bureau of
the American Republics may respectively decide shall be embraced in said Govern-
ment exhibit. The President may also designate additional articles for exhibition.
Such board shall be composed of one person to be named by the head of each Execu-
tive Department, one by the head of the Smithsonian Institution and National
Museum, one by the head of the United States Commission of Fish and Fisheries,
one by the Commissioner of Labor, and one by the Director of the Bureau of the
American Republics. The President shall name one of said persons so detailed as
chairman, and the hoard itself shall appoint its secretary, disbursing officer, and
such other officers as it may deem necessary. The members of said hoard of man-
agement, with other officers and employees of the Government who may be detailed
to assist them, including officers of the Army and Navy, shall receive no compensa-
tion in addition to their regular salaries, but they shall be allowed their actual and
necessary traveling expenses, together with a per diem in lieu of subsistence, to be
lixed by the Secretary of the Treasury, while necessarily absent from their homes
engaged upon the business of the board. Officers of the Army and Ni ' - 11
receive this allow ance in lieu of the transportation and mileage now allowed
Any provision of law which may prohibit the detail of persons in the employ of the
United States to other service than that which they customarily perform shall not
apply to persons detailed for duty in connection with the Pan-American Exposition.
Employees of the hoard not otherwise employed by the Government shall be entitled
to such compensation as the board may determine. The disbursing officer shall give
bond in the sum of twenty thousand dollars for the faithful performance of his
duties, said bond to be approved by the Secretary of the Treasury. The Secretary
of the Treasury shall advance to said officer, from time to time, under such regula-
tions as the Secretary of the Treasury may prescribe, a sum of money from the
appropriation for the Government exhibit, not exceeding at anyone time three-
fourths of the penalty of his bond, to enable him to pay the expenses of said exhibit
as authorized by the board of management herein created.
Sec. 3. That the Secretary of the Treasury shall cause a suitable 1 uilding or build-
inns to lie erected on the site selected for the Pan-American Exposition for the Gov- 1
ernment exhibits from plans to be approved by the board, and he is hereby authorized
and directed to contract therefor in the same manner and under the same regulations
as for other public buildings of the United States; but the contract for said building
or buildings shall not exceed the sum of two hundred thousand dollars, said sum
being hereby appropriated for said purpose, out of any money in the Treasury not
otherwise appropriated. The Secretary of the Treasury is authorized and required
to dispose of such building or buildings, or the material composing the same, at the
close of the exposition, giving preference to the city of Buffalo or to the said Pan-
American Exposition Company to purchase the same at an appraised value, to be
ascertained in such manner as may be determined by the Secretary of the Treasury.
Sec. -1. That the United States shall not be liable on account of said exposition for
any expense incident to or growing out of same, except for the construction of the
building or buildings hereinbefore provided for, and for the purpose of paying the
EXHIBIT AT PAN-AMERICAN EXPOSITION. 231
expense of selection, preparation, purchase, installation* transportation, care, custody,
ami safe return of exhibits by the < rovernment, for the employment of proper persons
as officers and assistants by the board <>f management created by this Act and for
their expenses, and forthe maintenance of the said building or buildings and other
contingent expenses, to be approved by the chairman of the board of management,
or, in the event of his absence or disability, by such other officer as the board may
designate and the Secretary of the Treasury upon itemized accounts and vouchers;
ami the total cost, of said building or buildings shall not exceed the sum of two
hundred thousand dollars; nor shall the expenses of said < rovernment exhibit for each
and every purpose connected therewith, including transportation, exceed the sum of
three hundred thousand dollars, amounting in all to not exceeding the sum of five
hundred thousand dollars, which sum is hereby appropriated, out of any money in
the Treasury not otherwise appropriated, the sum of live hundred thousand dollars,
or so much thereof as may be necessary, to be disbursed by the board of manage-
ment hereinbefore created, of which not exceeding the sum of ten thousand dollars
shall be expended for clerical service: Provided, That no liability against the < rovern-
ment shall be incurred, and no expenditure of money under this Act shall be made,
until the officers of said exposition shall have furnished the Secretary of the Treas-
ury proofs to his satisfaction that there has been obtained by said exposition corpora-
tion subscriptions of stock in good faith, contributions, donations, or appropriations
from all sources for the purposes of said exposition a sum aggregating not less than
five hundred thousand dollars.
Sec. 5. That medals, with appropriate devices, emblems, and inscriptions com-
memorative of said Pan-American Exposition, and of the awards to be made to the
exhibitors thereat, shall be prepared at some mint of the United States for the board
ni |: rs thereof, subject to the provisions of the fifty-second section of the coin-
jf eighteen hundred and ninety-three, upon the payment of a sum not less
than the cost thereof; and all the provisions, whether penal or otherwise, of said
coinage Act against the counterfeiting or imitating of coins of the United States shall
apply to the medals struck ami issued under this Act.
Sec. 6. That the United States shall not in any manner nor under any circum-
stances be liable for any of the acts, doings, proceedings, or. representations of said
Pan-American Exposition Association, its officers, agents, servants, or employees, or
any of them, or for service, salaries, labor, or wages of said officers, agents, servants,
or employees, or any of them, or for any subscriptions to the capital stock, or for any
certificates of stock, bonds, mortgages, or obligations of any kind issued by said cor-
poration, or for any debts, liabilities, or expenses of any kind whatever attending
such corporation, or accruing by reason of the same.
Sec. 7. That nothing in this Act shall be so construed as to create any liability of
the Jnited States, direct or indirect, for any debt or obligation incurred, nor for any
•laim for aid or pecuniary assistance from Congress or the Treasury of the United
States in support or liquidation of any debts or obligations created by said commis-
sion in excess of appropriations made by Congress therefor.
Sec 8. That the appropriation herein made of five hundred thousand dollars in all
shall take effect and become available immediately upon the passage of this Act.
Approved, March :!, L899.

Report of U. S. National Museum, 1901. Plate 2.

Report of U. S. National Museur
Plate 3.
qiiaiHXl UniOOIOdOWlNV X\J V 1 1 ^ g n s
0-

Re.Dort of U. S. National Museum, 1901. Plate 4.

Report of U. S. National Museum, 1901 Plate 5.

Report of U. S. National Museum, 1901.
Plate 6.

Report of U. 5. National Museum. 1901 Plate 7.

Report of U. S. National Museum, 1901. Plate 8.
Stone's Sheep.

Report of U. S. National Museum, 1901. Plate 9.

Report of U. S. National Museum, 1901. Plate 10.

Report of U. S. National Museum, 1901.
Plate 1
1

Report of U. S. National Museum, 1901. Plate 12.
V^.
Penguin.

Report of U. S. National Museum, 1901. Plate 13.

Report of U. S. National Museum,
1901.
Plate 14.
Whooping Crane.

Report of U. S. National Museum, 1901
.
Plate 15.

Report of U. S. National Museum, 1901
Plate 16.

Report of U. S. National Museum, 1901.
Plate 17.

Report of U. 5. National Museum,
190'
Plate 18.

Report of U. S. National Museum, 1901. Plate 19.

Report of U. S. National Museum, 1901. Plate 20.

Report of U. S. National Museur
Plate 21,

Report of U. S. National Museum, 1901. Plate 22.

Report of U. S. National Museum, 1901. Plate 23.

Report of U. S. National Museum, 1901. Plate 24.
Lay Figure Group of Eastern Eskimo.

Report of U. S. National Museum, 1901. Plate 25.
Lay Figure Group of Western Eskimo.

Report of U. S. National Museum, 1901. Plate 26.

Report of U. S. National Museum, 1901. Plate 27.

Report of U. S. National Museum, 1901. Plate 28.

Report of U. S. National Museum, 1901 Plate 29.

Report of U. S. National Museum, 1901
.
Plate 30.

Report of U. S. National Museum, 1901. Plate 31,

Report of U S. National Museum. 190! Plate 32.
Family Group of Maya-Quiche Indians.

Report of U. S. National Museum, 1901. Platf. 33.
Lay Figure Group of Mexican and South American Indians.

Report of U. S. National Museum, 1901. Plate 34.

Repoit of U. S. National Museum, 1 901
.
Plate 35.

Report of U. S. National Museum, 1901. Plate 36.

Report of U. S. National Museum, 1901.
Plate 37.

Report of U. S. National Museum, 1901 Plate 38.

Report of U. S. National Museum, 1901 Plate 39.

Report of U. S. National Museum, 1901. Plate 40.

Report of U. S. National Museum, 1901. Plate 41,

Report of U. S. National Museum, 1901
Plate 42.

Report of U. S. National Museum, 1901. Plate 43.
C3

Report of U. S. National Museum, 1901 Plate 44.

Report of U S. National Museum, 1901. Plate 45.

Report of U. S. National Museum, 1901. Plate 46.

Report of U. S. National Museum, 1 901
.
Plate 47.

Report of U. S. National Museum, 1901. Plate 48.
Bows and Arrows of the American Indians.

Report of U. S. National Museum, 1901 Plate 49.

Report of U, S. National Museum, 1901, Plate 50.

Report of U. S. National Museum, 1901 Plate 51,

Report of U. S. National Museum, 1901. Plate 52.

Report of U. S. National Museum, 1901. Plate 53.

Report of U. S. National Museum, 1901 Plate 54.

Report of U. S. National Museum, 1901. Plate 55.
Personal Adornments of the American Indians.

Report of U. S. National Museum, 1901 Plate 56.

Report of U. S, National Museum, 1901. Plate 57.

Report of U. S National Museum, 1901.
Plate 58.

Report of U. S. National Museum, 1901. Plate 59.

Report of U. S. National Museum, 1901. Plate 60.
Concretionary Structures.

Report of U, S. National Museum, 1901. Plate 61.
:Qk-
\
; t
%$!H1
0»s
Concretionary Structures.
.
Report of U. S. National Museum, 1901. Plate 62.

Report of U. S. National Museum 1901. Plate 63.
THE DORSAL CUP.
The Dorsal Cup in its s.mplest form is composed of 2 or 3 circlets of s plates, those inone circlet alternating with the 5 in the adjacent circlet. Of these the most important
are those that support the brachia and to them the term raMak is restricted .colored bluel
colored red', so called because in many
on the stem. Such crinoids are called
occurs beneath the basals (colored yel-
The interradial plates below these are the
crinoids they form the base of the cup an
' "•• In other crinoids a circlet of mr
low
,
and these, therefore, are known is
Primarily there are 5 plates m each circlet, but owing to the fusion of two or more
o. the proximal plates the number of basals in monocyclic forms may be reduced to 4 3or even 2, and the infrabasals in dicychc crinoids to three.
The cup often has, in addition to the plates above ' described, supplementary platesknown as anals and tut „../., which assist in enlarging the cup.
776. Batocrmus longiio
7.519- Platycrinus planu:
24,191. Cyathocrinus mull
r Carbo The cup pla the intrrbracki
Crinoid Series—the Dorsal Cup.

Report of U. S. National Museum, 1901 Plate 64.
THE TEGMEN.
The Tegmen m its simplest form :s composed of 5 plates called
ored red*. There are nearly always present also atntulacrals (colored blue
, covering the
food grooves or ambulacra that lead from the brachia to the mouth. In many Paleozoic
genera the ambulacra! plates are covered by the m:,ii:i.-mi Jo'mt plates .colored yellow,.
When the dorsal cup is enlarged by other plates than those of a simple crinoid the teg-
men also introduces supplementary plates known as mteramiulmrah [black). Finally the
tegmen may be in the form of a coriaceous skin, in which large numbers of thin calca-
reous ossicles are embedded.
The mouth is nearly always covered by the deltoids or the dome plates while the
mus, which is closed by a a, vim fyramte, is often surrounded by, or raised on. small plates
colored brown
.
Platycrinus hemteph

Report of U. S. Natonai Museum, 1901. Plate 65.
* a
THE BRACHIA AND PINNULES.
The Biachia or arms in their simpl
'•'.. colored blue . which continue s:r
brachials may be in single or alternating do
.. The inner surface of the bra*
laden water to the mouth and for the so
plates called amkulacrah • yellow i, which can
The brachia are rarely single, usually
definite points. The pinnai (colored black is a b
but position from the small end-branches of a s
the pinnules are regularly placed on alternate
branch, the arm is said to be p'ntm/aU. To these
of the genital rachis.
24,193. Scytalocrinua robustus. Lower Carbonic. Brachi
34,087. PlMycrinus agassizi. Lower Carbonic- Brachia
double, alternjting columns.
24,191. Cyathocrinus munibrachiatus. Lower Carbonic.
24,155. Barycrinus hercules. Lower Carbonic. Pmnulale
acral plates.
rm consist of a series of ossicles called
1v : - - 1 '-"-' 1 colored red.. The
"ows, and hence are spoken of as -
re grooved for the transmission of food
ts; and these are protected by covering
or close as occasion demands,
:ating in a regular or irregular manner at
rachium in miniature; it differs in nothing
mple dichotomous arm. However, when
sides of successive brachials of the main
pinnules are restricted the fertile portions
1 pinnulate with regular bifurcations. Brachials m
pinnulate with regular bifurcations. Brachials in
Brachia dichotomous, without pinnules.
brachia showing the ambulacral groove and ambul*
Crinoid Series—the Brachia and Pinnules.

Report of U. S National Museum, 1901. Plate 66.
In most crinoids there is inserted in an interradius one or more extra pieces called
anal fteus (colored red). The anal mtv when present (colored blue), is supported by the
3oal plates. The anal afrnitig (colored brown), may be in the side, or at the apex of the
tube.
»«t77»- Cactocrinus oraathwlmus. Lower Carbonic. Showing the anal rube between the brachia.
a*,lol. ScaphiocrmuB unicus. Lower Carbonic. Showing the anal lube with the anal opening in the side.
>4i'91- Scytnlocrinua rabustuj. Lower Carbonic.
•7,«M. AMMCrinua m«gm«cu«. Upper Carbonic. The brachia have been removed.
Crinoid Series—the Anal Area.

Report of U S. National Museum, 1901. Plate 67.

Report of U. S. National Museum, 1901 Plate 68.
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e d = j
if If|| S «
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S » S 5 a X £
as -j S « o >-o
-
8 ' I 1 § I
^=
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S P.

Report of U. S. National Museum, 1901. Plate 69.

Report of U, S, National Museum, 1901, Plate 70.
Hesperornis regalis.

Report of U. S. National Museum, 1901.
Plate 71.

Report of U. S. National Museum. 1901 Plate 72.