townsend: generic name musca 433
SUBSECTION b4
Elytra with punctures of dorsal area fine, not impressed.
Declivity with interspaces 1 smooth; black shining. Ventura
County, California, in cones of Pinus monoyhijlla. Length,
2.95-3.20 mm. Length, female type, 2.95 mm.; Ventura County,
California, in Pinus monophylla, June 5, 1904, author, collector;
Hopk. U. S., No. 2784. Type, Cat. No. 7474, U. S. N. M.
C. monophyllae, sp. nov.
Elytra with punctures of dorsal area coarse, impressed.
Dull black. Boulder and Manitou, Colorado, in cones of Pinus
flexilis. Length 2.95-3.30 mm. Length, female type, 3.L5 mm.;
Mount Manitou, Colorado, in Pitnis flexilis, January 25, 1914,
W. D. Edmonston, collector; Hopk. U. S., No. 12400a. Type,
Cat. No. 7475, U. S. N. M C. flexilis, sp. nov.
SECTION a4
Black, shining; declivity with interspace 1 smooth. Northern Cali-
forftia and southern Oregon, n cones of Pinus Jamhertiana. Length
2.85-3.95 mm. Length, female type, 3.50 mm.; Hilt, California, in
Pinus Jamhertiana, September 20, 1913, P. D. Sergent, collector;
Hopk. U. S., No. 10833a2. Type, Cat. No. 7478, U. 8. N. M.
C. lambertianae, sp. nov.
ENTOMOLOGY.—Correction of the misuse of the generic name
Musca, with description of two new ge7iera. Charles H. T.
Townsend, Bureau of Entomology.
For almost a century the generic name Musca has, by misuse,
been perverted from its rightful application. It is, nomen-
clatorially, one of the most important in the order of flies, or
Diptera, the superfamily name Muscoidea being derived from it;
hence, the correction of its misuse is especially important. The
present paper deals with the proper application of the name and
includes also descriptions of two new muscoid genera.
In 1810 Latreille^ designated Musca vomitoria F. =( Musca vomi-
toria Jj.y as type of the genus Musca. The designation is valid and
can not consistently be set aside. Calliphora RD.^ (1830) falls to
1 Consid. 444.
'^ Bezzi & Stein (Kat. Pal. Dipt., 1907) indicate Musca vomitoria F. as a synonym
of Musca mortuorum L. This is manifestly incorrect. Both the description and
the bibliographic references given by Fabricius under vomitoria fix his species
as vomitoria L. It must be pointed out that Latreille, in designating genotypes,
customarily accredited Linnean species to Fabricius when such had been treated
by the latter author.
3 Myod. 433.
434 townsend: generic name musca
Musca; its tj^pe is Musca vomitoria RD. (nee. L.) = Musca erythro-
cephala Meigen, which species is congeneric with vomitoria L.)
Musca domestica L. and the species that have long been classed with
it under the name Musca require fresh generic reference. At least
three genera have been confused here, outside of Byomya and Plaxemya,
The type of Plaxemya is Musca vitripennis Meigen, according to well-
established synonymy. Musca violacea RD.^ is hereby designated as
the genotype of Byomya RD. (1830).^
Eumusca Townsend (1911) was founded on Musca corvina F. (re-
stricted). The new genus Promusca is here erected for Musca doriies-
tica L., and the new genus Viviparomusca for Musca bezzii Patton &
Cragg. Musca tempestiva Fallen is not typical of Promusca on ex-
ternal adult characters. It may form an atypical subgenus under
Promusca, provided reproductive and early-stage characters are
found to agree. Credit belongs to Portchinski*^ for suggesting, from
the reproductive standpoint, some thirty years ago, the distinctness
of the genotypes of Promusca, Eumusca, and Viviparomusca,
Promusca Townsend, gen, nov.
Genotype, Mwsm dofnestica Linne, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, no. 54. 1758.
The genus is to be distinguished from all the forms hitherto confused
with it by the frontalia of female widening out to fill practically or nearly
the whole front, and the eyes of male being widely separated. There
are about sixty to eighty ovarioles in each ovary. The uterovagina
is provided anteriorly with a pair of inflatable pouches or sacs named
by Hewitt the accessory copulatory vesicles. Small macrotype, sub-
cylindrical, unpediceled, unmodified and unincubated eggs are de-
posited. The ovaries mature simultaneously an egg for each ovariole,
the whole product being normally ejected by the fly during one ovi-
position period. Puparium reddish-brown,
' Ibid. 393.
*
Coquillett's designation (Type Spp. No. Amer. Dipt., 1910) of Ahisca tem-
pestiva Fallen as type of Byomya is invalid, since he mentions by name no origi-
nally included species. Were we to accept as valid a designation of an origi-
nally included species by number with omission of the name, the designation in
question would still remain invalid since it designates two of the originally
included species. The use of the term "supposed species" does not affect the
status of the case. The logical interpretation of the International Code is that
one, and only one, of the originally included names of species can be validly
designated as genotype, since this is the only course that can insure stable results.
Synonymy is always subject to revision. Two names supposed to be synonymous
may at any time prove to be distinct.
6 Hor. Soc. Ent. Ross. 19: 210-244. 1885.
townsend: generiq name musca 435
EUMUSCA Townsend
Genotj^pe, Musca corvina Fab.; Towns, restr., Proc. Entom. Soc.
Washington, 13; 167-170. 1911.
Syn. Musca corvina F.; Port., 1885-1892 (form depositing two
dozen large eggs with pedicel).
Musca ovipara Port., Bur. Entom. Comm. Sc. Minist. Agr.
St. Petersburg, 8, No. 8: 13, footnote.
1910.
Musca corvina F.; Schnabl & Dziedz., Die Anthomyid. 128.
1911.
Parafacialia of female about one and one-half times as wide as third
antennal joint, slightly narrowing below; those of male slightly widen-
ing below. Parafrontalia of female narrowest in middle, a little over
half the width of frontalia at that point. Cheeks of male less than
one-third eye-height, those of female not much over two-sevenths of
same. Palpi of both sexes only faintly thickened apically, not flattened.
Both sexes with only one pair of weak ocellars. Front of female
distinctly less than eye-width. Only one discal pair of scutellars in
both sexes. Penultimate joint of hind tarsi in both sexes hardly or
but slightly longer than broad, the tarsal joints in general shortened.
Male claws not heavy, strongly curved, slightly longer than last tarsal
joint. Vein M] hardly at all or only faintly bent in after origin.
This genus has from one to two dozen ovarioles in each ovary. The
uterovagina is without copulatory vesicles, so far as known. The
eggs are large macrotype, subcylindrical, with long petiole. The whole
product of both ovaries, being one egg for each ovariole, is apparently
deposited at one oviposition period. Puparium white.
Musca pattoni Austen, M. gihsoni Patton & Cragg, and M. convexi-
frons Thoms. appear to belong in this genus, either as typical or as
atypical forms.
Viviparomusca Townsend, gen. nov.
Genotype, Musca hezzii Patton & Cragg, Indian Journ. Med. Re-
search, 1: 9-14; pis. and 5. 1913.If.
Differs from Eumusca as follows: Parafacialia of female very broad,
equilateral, fully twice as wide as third antennal joint; those of male
much narrower above, broadening conspicuously below. Parafrontalia
of female in middle fully three-fourths the width of frontalia at same
point. Cheeks of male over one-third eye-height, those of female
about two-fifths same. Palpi of female much widened and flattened
apically, those of male distinctly enlarged at tip but not much flattened.
Female with three or four pairs of rather strong ocellar bristles, male
with weak ones behind the front pair. Front of female in middle
greater than eye-width. Two discal pairs of macrochaetae on scutel-
lum. Penultimate joint of male hind tarsi fully twice as long as wide,
the tarsal joints in general elongate rather than shortened. Male
436 FEWKES: PREHISTORIC CULTURAL CENTERS
claws long and strong, those of front and middle legs fully as long as
last tarsal joint. Vein Mi usually deeply bent in after origin.
This genus is remarkable for having practically the same type of
female reproductive system as Glos'sina. There is only one ovariole
in each ovary. The ovaries mature an egg alternately; one at a time
being hatched, and maggot carried to third stage, in the uterus. The
uterus is merely the much distended uterovagina, functioning as uterus;
it bears no copulatory vesicles anteriorly. Puparium dirty-gray to
yellowish.
Musca larvipara Portchinski'^ (syn. Musca corvinoides Schnabl &
Dziedz.^) evidently belongs to this genus.
ANTHROPOLOGY.—Prehistoric cultural centers in the West
Indies.^ J. Walter Fewkes, Bureau of Ethnology.
When the West Indies were discovered by Europeans the
inhabitants of these islands were ignorant of the metals, iron and
bronze, which have played such an important part in elevating
the condition of prehistoric man in the Old World. Stone,
clay, wood, bone, and shell were employed by the natives for
utensils and implements ; gold and copper for ceremonial purposes
or for personal decoration. The Precolumbian aborigines of the
West Indies, like those of the rest of America, were practically
in what Professor Hoernes has aptly called the infancy of our
race culture, to which the name Stone Age is commonly applied.
This period of race history seems to have been universal; it was
nowhere of brief duration. Successive steps in cultural advance-
ment were slow and in certain localities were retarded by un-
favorable environmental conditions.
It has been estimated that the Stone Age in the Old World
lasted from the year 100,000 to 5000 B.C." The American
Indian was practically in the Stone Age when he was discovered
at the close of the 15th century, and the inhabitants of a few of
the Polynesian Islands were still living in this epoch a little
over a century ago. There is every reason to suppose that the
^ Bur. Ent. Comm. Sc. Minist. Agr. St. Petersburg, 8, no. 8: 13, footnote. 1910.
8 Die Anthomyid. 128. 1911.
1 Published by permission of the Secretary of the Smithsonian Institution.
^
Practically another way of saying that the length of the Stone Age far ex-
ceeded, the age of metals .