FRAMING AIR AND SPACE 
 
A REPORT OF A STUDY ON THE SUBJECT MATTER OF 
THE NATIONAL AIR AND SPACE MUSEUM 
FROM THE PERSPECTIVES OF VISITORS AND STAFF 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
                 SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION 
         OFFICE OF POLICY AND ANALYSIS 
                 WASHINGTON, D.C. 
             JULY 2008
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
DIRECTOR’S PREFACE 
Framing Air and Space is an ambitious formative 
endeavor that involved considerable data collection 
and analysis. Thanks are due to the Exhibition and 
Interpretive Vision Group of the National Air and 
Space Museum (NASM) that requested the study: 
Martin Collins, Timothy Grove, Peter Jakab, Beatrice 
Mowry, Victoria Portway, and David Romanowski. 
They are well aware of the importance of visitors and 
their responsiveness to the dissemination of 
information on air and space. 
 
Andrew Pekarik designed the study, led the data 
collection, analyzed the findings, and wrote the report. 
During the data collection phase he was helped by 
James Smith, a senior analyst from the Office of 
Policy and Analysis (OP&A), and Yuko Ichikawa and 
Anna Shkrabaliuk, OP&A interns. Pamela Blalock, 
Barbara Brennan, and Timothy Grove from NASM 
also assisted in the data collection effort. Karl Stessy, 
OP&A intern, helped with data entry, and Yuko 
Ichikawa helped with analysis. 
 
Thanking NASM and OP&A staff who are making 
contributions to disseminating science and culture has 
become a familiar and pleasurable task for me. Again, 
my sincere appreciation for a job well done. 
 
Carole M.P. Neves 
Director 
Office of Policy and Analysis 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
i 
           
TABLE OF CONTENTS 
 
 
 
 
DIRECTOR’S PREFACE ................................................................................................... i 
TABLE OF CONTENTS.................................................................................................... ii 
THE STUDY .......................................................................................................................1 
THE METHOD....................................................................................................................1 
PARTICIPANTS .................................................................................................................2 
SELECTIONS......................................................................................................................2 
IMAGE AND TEXT INTEREST LEVELS........................................................................2 
COMPARING VISITORS AND STAFF............................................................................3 
GROUPINGS.......................................................................................................................4 
CATEGORIES.....................................................................................................................5 
DIFFERENCES BETWEEN VISITORS AND STAFF .....................................................6 
ITEMS WITHIN CATEGORIES........................................................................................6 
NAMES OF GROUPINGS .................................................................................................7 
DISCUSSION......................................................................................................................7 
 
APPENDICES 
A. INTEREST LEVELS OF TEXTS ............................................................................. A-1 
B. INTEREST LEVELS OF IMAGES............................................................................B-1 
C. VISITOR CONCEPT CATEGORIES AND SUB-CATEGORIES ...........................C-1 
D. ALL GROUP NAMES ASSIGNED BY VISITORS AND STAFF ......................... D-1 
 
 
 
 
 
ii 
THE STUDY 
Recently the National Air and Space Museum 
(NASM) began a broad review of its plans for future 
exhibitions. The Exhibition and Interpretive Vision 
Group (EVIG), a cross-disciplinary committee of 
museum staff under the leadership of Space History 
Curator Martin Collins, is leading this review effort.  
 
This study was a first step towards including visitor 
perspectives in this review process. It had three aims: 
1. To ascertain visitors’ level of interest in 
particular words and images 
2. To understand how visitors frame the 
museum’s subject matter  
3. To determine where staff and visitor interest 
levels and views of the subject matter either 
agree or differ. 
 
The study used a method called “concept mapping,” or 
“concept framing,” which uses card sorts to obtain a 
collective view of the way that participants frame a 
given topic, in this case, the subject matter of NASM.1 
                                                 
1 For an earlier use of this method at the Smithsonian’s National 
Museum of the American Indian, and a fuller description of the 
method, see Office of Policy and Analysis, Mapping Treaties: 
Concept Mapping as a Guide for Developing a New Exhibition at 
The National Museum of the American Indian, August 2007. The 
report is available at: 
http://www.si.edu/opanda/docs/Rpts2007/Treaties Report 
Final.pdf 
 
THE METHOD 
The members of EVIG selected 100 words and 100 
images that represented the range of topics and 
materials that are covered and collected by NASM. 
These words and images comprised two sets of 100 
cards, a text set and an image set.   
 
The visitor portion of the study was conducted on 
weekdays between December 10 and 18, 2007. This is 
a relatively quiet time at NASM. 
 
Tables were set up near the center of the museum, and 
visitors were invited to “help the museum plan future 
exhibitions by looking at some cards.” The sample 
was a convenience sample -- the selection method was 
not systematic. Those who were conducting the study 
sought out visitors when there was room at the table 
and an opportunity to get up from the table. Visitors 
were approached in the central museum area or as they 
passed by the table. Overall about half of the people 
who were asked agreed to participate.  
 
When visitors sat at the table they were given either a 
set of text cards or a set of image cards. They were 
asked to divide the set they were given into two 
subsets: the words/images that they found most 
interesting, and the words/images they found less 
interesting. Upon completion of that task, the “less 
interesting” subset was removed and visitors were 
asked to divide the most interesting words/images into 
groups, in whatever way they pleased, with as few or  
 
as many in a group as they wished. When they 
finished with this, they were asked to give a name or 
title to each of their groups. The contents of each of 
these groups and their titles were recorded on a form 
for later analysis. In addition, each participant was 
asked if this was his/her first visit to the museum, and 
the sex and age of the participant was estimated and 
recorded. Each visitor did only one sort, either image 
or text. The entire process took an average of 15-20 
minutes per sort, and usually multiple sorts were 
conducted simultaneously at the tables. Altogether 100 
visitors did image sorts and 96 visitors did text sorts. 
 
NASM staff was also invited to participate in this 
study. A table near the main staff elevator and a 
nearby conference room were used for this purpose 
over a two-day period (December 19 and 20). In this 
case participants were asked to do both text and image 
sorts, following the same procedures used with 
visitors. Image sorts were completed by 54 staff 
members, and 50 of them also did text sorts. Staff 
members included curators, administrators, interns, 
and other professionals. 
1 
           
PARTICIPANTS 
Males comprised 57% of visitor participants. Ages 
ranged from 5 to 80s, with a median estimated age in 
the 30s. Staff participants were also 57% male, with 
median estimated age in the 50s. Exactly half of the 
visitors were in the museum for the first time. 
 
SELECTIONS 
On average, both visitors and staff chose about half of 
the images and texts as very interesting (visitors: 48 
images, 53 texts; staff: 51 images, 52 texts).  
 
When they organized them into groups, visitors 
formed an average of five image groups and six text 
groups, while staff created an average of eight image 
groups and eight text groups. In general staff members 
put more effort into creating comprehensive 
groupings, e.g., 3% of visitor groupings were 
“miscellaneous,” compared to 1% of staff groupings. 
Altogether there were 1,116 groupings made by 
visitors in their 196 sorts, and 833 groupings made by 
staff in their 104 sorts.  
 
IMAGE AND TEXT INTEREST LEVELS 
For these visitors as a whole the three most interesting 
texts were: 
• Space Shuttle (selected by 74%) 
• Spying from space, reconnaissance (73%) 
• Space station (73%) 
 
 
The three least interesting texts were: 
• Crop dusting (selected by 23%) 
• Model airplanes (24%) 
• Uniforms (27%) 
 
For the staff who participated in this study the most 
interesting texts were: 
• Apollo (78%) 
• Mercury (78%) 
• Spacecraft (76%) 
• Exploration (76%) 
• Wright Brothers (76%) 
 
Least interesting for these staff members were: 
• Airline security (12%) 
• Business aviation (16%) 
• Safety (18%) 
 
For the participating visitors the most interesting 
images were: 
 
(85% each) 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Least interesting for these visitors were: 
 
(10% each) 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
For participating staff the most interesting images 
were: 
 
(91%) 
        (87%) 
 
 
 
 
For these staff the least interesting images were the 
same two that were least interesting for visitors (13% 
each). 
 
For both groups the exceptional events, earth from 
space and moon landings, were most interesting, while 
the everyday scenes, baggage claim and flight 
attendants, were least interesting. 
 
 
 
2 
           
COMPARING VISITORS AND STAFF 
The upper graph on the right shows the percentage of 
visitors and staff that found particular texts interesting. 
(See Appendix A). The texts are ordered in decreasing 
percentages of interest among visitors (blue bars). Gaps 
below the implied line show where staff participants were 
less interested than visitors, while red bars that rise above 
the implied line indicate higher levels of interest among 
the participating staff. The lower graph presents the 
image interest levels in the same way (see Appendix B). 
Texts
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
100%
t 7
9
t 8
4
t 4
9
t 3
4
t 6
5
t 6
8
t 3
1
t 1
2
t 5
4
t 1
3
t 2
9
t 3
8
t 7
0
t 9
8
t 7
5
t 1
8
t 2
7
t 7
3
t 3
3
t 5
0 t 3 t 2
6
t 6
1
t 3
7
t 5
8 t 4 t 1
4
t 2
3
t 7
7 t 1 t 7
8
t 4
8
t 4
1
t 6
2
t 8
1 t 2 t 8
9 t 7 t 5 t 5
3
t 3
6
t 6
4
t 1
5
t 5
5
t 8
5
t 1
6
t 6
7
t 2
2
t 3
5
t 5
9
Images
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
100%
i 7 i 3
0
i 1
0
i 6
7
i 4
4
i 1
5
i 4
6
i 9
3
i 1
0 0 i 1
9
i 7
5
i 8
8
i 5
7
i 9
0
i 7
3 i 3 i 4
0
i 7
6 i 4 i 3
8
i 4
7
i 1
4
i 7
7
i 2
7
i 1
8
i 8
6
i 5
2
i 5
4
i 9
7
i 3
2
i 3
6
i 3
7
i 1
7
i 9
1
i 6
3 i 6 i 8 i 1
1
i 5
8
i 2
5
i 4
8
i 8
0
i 8
7
i 3
3
i 8
1 i 5 i 5
1
i 5
6
i 9
2
i 8
2
 
Note that some images generated higher levels of 
interest than texts, (image interest levels range from 
91% to 10%; text interest levels from 76% to 12%). 
The graphs show that visitors and staff participants did 
not differ very much from one another in their levels 
of interest in either texts or images. 
 
There are only a few extreme differences:2 Among 
images visitor participants were much more interested 
in the Global Flyer (67% vs. 43%, left below) and 
staff participants were much more interested in the 
Buck Rogers Card (59% vs. 30%, right below). 
 
 
 
 
 
                                                 
2 Extreme here refers to a difference greater than twice the 
standard deviation of the mean. 
Among the texts, visitor participants were much more 
interested in Safety (48% vs. 18%) and Airline security 
(40% vs. 12%). Staff participants were much more  
 
 
 
interested in the text cards Mercury (78% vs 48%) and 
Popular culture (66% vs. 35%).   
 
 
3 
           
GROUPINGS 
After participants had selected the most interesting 
texts or images, they organized them into groupings. 
As shown in Appendix D, their names for these 
groupings reflected a diversity of perspectives. 
 
The groupings were analyzed for what they have in 
common. How frequently did texts or images appear 
in the same grouping? Analyzing the entire set of 
groupings together establishes how closely each text 
or image was associated with each other text or image.  
 
The cards that participants more closely associated 
with one another can be viewed as a cluster, and these 
clusters can be examined for what they share. The 
shared dimensions of these clusters reveal aspects of 
the participants’ thinking. In other words, cards that 
are similar in some way tend to appear together in the 
groupings made by participants because that similarity 
is part of their way of seeing these texts or images. 
 
The figure at the right is a two dimensional 
representation of the text sorts done by participating 
visitors. The spacing represents how associated the 
texts are in the groupings: items closer to one another 
appeared together in groupings more often. The 
clusters are delineated with dashed lines and have 
been assigned names based on what they share.  
 
 
 
TEXT CLUSTERS 
DERIVED FROM VISITOR GROUPINGS 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Key: Each square represents a different text card. The 
percentage is the median percent that chose each of 
the items in the cluster. Green shading indicates 
medians over 60%; blue 50-60%; red under 50%. 
4 
           
CATEGORIES 
As illustrated on the previous page, analysis of the 
associations among participating visitors’ text groupings 
indicates that they can be clustered in six categories:3 
1. Astronomy (median interest level 64%) 
2. Space Flight (59%) 
3. Aviation Technology (56%) 
4. Military Aviation (56%) 
5. Aviation Systems (48%) 
6. Non-military Aviation (40%) 
 
The same analytical process for texts grouped by staff 
participants provides a similar clustering: 
1. Astronomy (68%) 
2. Space Flight (64%) 
3. Popular Culture (64%) 
4. Pioneers (56%) 
5. Aviation Technology (54%) 
6. Military Aviation (53%) 
7. Non-military Aviation (34%) 
 
Analysis of images grouped by visitors leads to: 
1. Disasters (62%) 
2. Space Flight (60%) 
3. Aviation Technology (56%) 
4. Military Aviation (56%) 
5. Astronomy (54%) 
6. People (44%) 
7. Non-military Aviation (30%) 
                                                 
3 For a fuller description of the analysis method, see Appendix tk. 
 
Analysis of images grouped by staff participants 
yields these categories: 
1. Space Flight (67%) 
2. Astronomy (66%) 
3. Disasters (61%) 
4. People (56%) 
5. Aviation Technology (54%) 
6. Military Aviation (50%) 
7. Popular Culture (48%) 
8. Non-military Aviation (30%) 
 
If the clustering process were to be allowed to 
continue, all aviation elements would eventually 
cluster together, and all the astronomy and space flight 
elements would cluster together. In other words, as 
both these staff and visitors conceptualize the subject 
matter of the museum, ultimately there is a division 
between everything related to aviation and everything 
related to space flight and the universe. Combining 
and simplifying this conceptual nesting across 
participants, texts, and images produces the overview 
figure on the right. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
NASM 
Aviation Space 
Aviation technology 
Disasters 
People 
Military aviation  
Astronomy 
Space flight 
Popular culture 
Aviation systems 
Non-military aviattion 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
5 
           
DIFFERENCES BETWEEN VISITORS AND 
STAFF 
The few differences between visitor and staff clusters 
are worth noting. Staff text and image groupings 
suggest a concept of popular culture, while visitor text 
groupings suggest a concept of aviation systems.  
 
Popular Culture (Staff) 
Among the texts, the staff’s popular culture category 
is based on the close association of six terms: 
Aerospace art; Science fiction; Star Trek, Star Wars; 
Popular culture; Exploration; and Search for 
extraterrestrial life.  
 
In images it describes this cluster of five images: 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Visitors placed these texts and images with other 
categories. Except for the text card Exploration, which 
visitors placed with other items linked to Astronomy,  
 
visitors associated all the other terms, i.e., Aerospace 
art; Science fiction, etc. with terms in the catch-all 
category of Non-military Aviation. 
 
Similarly visitors tended to group the image of the 
woman (Lt. Uhura in Star Trek: The Original Series) 
along with images of airplanes, airplane interiors, 
airports, stewardesses, etc. in Non-Military Aviation, 
while the other images were embedded in the cluster 
described as Astronomy.  
 
Aviation Systems (Visitors) 
This category arises from the close association of 
thirteen related terms in the text sorts done by visitors: 
• Airline security 
• Airports 
• Air traffic control 
• Pilot 
• Commercial aviation 
• Safety 
• Search and rescue 
• Crashes, accidents 
• Black boxes 
• Cockpits 
• Navigation 
• GPS 
• Aerial photography 
 
 
ITEMS WITHIN CATEGORIES 
Analysis and clustering of the text and image 
groupings for visitor and staff participants led to nine 
key categories, as noted above. Each of these 
categories, however, can be further analyzed to 
identify sub-categories within them. 
 
Within the Aviation Systems category, for example, 
further analysis identifies three sub-categories: 
 
Infrastructure: 
Airline security; Airports; Air traffic control; 
Pilot; Commercial aviation;  
 
Safety: 
Safety; Search and rescue; Crashes, accidents; Black 
Boxes 
 
Instrumentation: 
Cockpits; Navigation; GPS; Aerial photography 
 
 
For the complete contents of all visitor categories and 
sub-categories, see Appendix C. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
6 
           
NAMES OF GROUPINGS 
Participants were asked to name the groups that they 
formed during the sorting process. Visitors assigned 
630 different names to their 1,116 groups and staff 
gave 502 names to their 833 groups. (See Appendix D 
for a list of all group names.) 
 
Among visitors there were three group names that 
appeared in more than 10 percent of the card sorts:  
 
Space (35%) 
Military (21%) 
History (11%) 
 
Among staff there were eleven group names that 
appeared in more than 10 percent of the card sorts: 
 
Military aviation (22%) 
Popular culture (21%) 
Space (19%) 
Astronomy (18%) 
Early flight (13%) 
Science fiction (12%) 
Patriotism (12%) 
Military (11%) 
Commercial aviation (11%) 
Technology (11%) 
World War II (11%) 
 
 
 
DISCUSSION 
The most notable finding of this study is the 
fundamental division of the subject matter into nine 
major categories, two of which are aspects of space 
and seven of which relate to aviation. Among these 
categories, the texts and images associated with space 
and astronomy generated the highest levels of interest. 
 
Before the study began, it was hypothesized that staff 
and visitors might have markedly different views of 
the subject matter. The study showed that this was not 
the case. Visitors and staff were very similar in the 
way they viewed this subject matter, including levels 
of interest, clustering of images and texts, and names 
for groupings. They differed in only a few respects.  
 
Visitors were much more interested than staff in safety 
and airline security, and their sorts revealed a category 
of Aviation Systems (including the sub-categories of 
Safety, Infrastructure, and Instrumentation). Staff was 
more interested in popular culture and staff card sorts 
demonstrated a category of Popular Culture that 
included the subcategories Science Fiction, Aerospace 
Art, and the Search for Extraterrestrial Life.  
 
These differences are minor, although they do suggest 
some future program possibilities that might have 
been easily overlooked.  
 
Another striking finding is how closely the current 
arrangement of the museum corresponds to the major  
 
concept categories of visitors, starting with the 
physical division into air (primarily west wing) and 
space (primarily east wing).  
 
Many of the visitors’ conceptual categories and 
subcategories (see Appendix C for the complete 
listing) have their own dedicated exhibition or major 
portion of an exhibition within the museum: 
Astronomy (Universe, Telescopes, Space Travel, 
Exploration); Space Flight (Space exploration, Space 
program, Spacecraft, Rocketry); Aviation Technology 
(Historical, Experimental, Technological 
Change/Innovation); Military Aviation (War, 
Warplanes, Space Spying, Weapons, Air War);  Non-
military Aviation (General Aviation, Airports and 
Planes, Air Travel, Climate, Extraterrestrials); 
Aviation Systems (Infrastructure, Safety, 
Instrumentation).  
 
The two categories least supported by the current 
arrangement are People (Historical, Military) and 
Disasters (Explosions, Crashes).  
 
Overall the study demonstrates that the museum is 
well-positioned to respond to the interests of its 
visitors, and suggests some areas that might be 
considered in future planning. 
 
 
 
7 
APPENDIX A
INTEREST LEVEL OF TEXTS
NOTE ON USING THIS APPENDIX:
This appendix lists all the texts sorted by visitors.
Texts are listed in descendin g  order based on the percenta g e
of visitors who selected the text as especially interestin g .
A-1
n r
u
Text Visitors Staff Text Visitors Staff Text Visitors Staff
Space Shuttle 74% 64% Extraterrestrials, UFOs 57% 44% T errorism 46% 26%
Space station 73% 70% Global warmin g 57% 58% Weather forecastin g 46% 54%
Spyin g  from space, reconnaissa 73% 72% Iraq and Af g hanistan wa 57% 40% Air traffic control 45% 26%
Supersonic fli g ht 70% 58% Jet en g ines 57% 36% Science fiction 45% 56%
Invention 69% 74% Aerodynamics 56% 56% Air racin g 44% 40%
Spacecraft 69% 76% Airship, blimp, Zeppelin 56% 56% Black aviators, astronauts 43% 50%
Fi g hter plane 68% 54% Commercial spacecraft 56% 54% Korean Wa r 43% 42%
How thin g s fly 68% 54% Jet a g e 56% 34% En g ineerin g 42% 42%
Planetarium 68% 64% Naval aviation 56% 36% Fli g ht suits, G-suits 42% 46%
Planets 68% 68% Air shows 55% 34% Airports 41% 30%
Rocket 68% 58% Fli g ht testin g 55% 56% Pioneers 41% 64%
World War II 68% 62% Flyin g  Ti g ers 55% 58% Airline security 40% 12%
Experimental aircraft 67% 54% Missile 55% 42% Aerospace art 40% 62%
The Moon 67% 74% Ultrali g ht aircraft 55% 36% Commercial aviation 40% 36%
Apollo 66% 78% Air Force 54% 42% Mechanics 40% 34%
Helicopter 66% 44% Aircraft carrie r 54% 46% Pilot 40% 40%
Mars 66% 74% Atomic bomb 54% 58% Star Trek, Star Wars 40% 52%
Solar system 66% 72% Black boxes 54% 30% T uske g ee Airmen 40% 64%
Astronomy 65% 68% Cockpits 54% 34% Balloon 35% 42%
Universe 65% 70% Golden A g e of Fli g ht 54% 46% Glider 35% 40%
Early fli g ht 64% 70% Space a g e 54% 70% Popular culture 35% 66%
Galaxies 64% 72% Wri g ht brothers 54% 76% T ransport airplanes 35% 24%
Flyin g  boats 63% 56% Aerial photo g raphy 53% 74% Business aviation 32% 16%
Military aviation 63% 52% Cold War 53% 52% Barnstormin g 30% 50%
Satellite 63% 58% Space race 53% 62% Fli g ht attendant, stewarde 29% 34%
Stars 63% 68% Women aviators,astrona 53% 56% Uniforms 27% 28%
World War I 63% 56% Human-powered aircraft 52% 36% Model airplanes 24% 30%
Search and rescue 61% 38% Soyuz, Soviet spacecraft 51% 56% Crop dustin g 23% 22%
Sound barrier 60% 48% Gemini 50% 74%
Space telescopes 60% 60% Mercury 48% 78%
Bi g  Ban g 59% 68% Navi g ation 48% 44%
Bombe r 59% 40% Safety 48% 18%
Crashes, accidents 59% 50% Space suits 47% 60%
Exploration 59% 76% T elescopes 47% 56%
Search for extraterrestrial life 58% 74% Aerobatics 46% 42%
Vietnam War 58% 54% GPS 46% 50%
A-2
APPENDIX B
INTEREST LEVEL OF IMAGES
NOTE ON USING THIS APPENDIX:
This appendix lists all the ima g es sorted by visitors.
Ima g es are listed in descendin g  order based on the percenta g e
of visitors who selected the ima g e as especially interestin g .
B-1
ID (not shown to participants) Visitors Staff ID (not shown to participants) Visitors Staff ID (not shown to participants) Visitors Staff
Aldrin on moon 85% 76% Graf Zeppelin 71% 69% World Trade Center on 911 66% 54%
EVA 85% 69% WWII bombers 71% 57% Bonestell painting 65% 80%
Earth from Moon 78% 91% Breitling Orbiter balloon 68% 54% Mercury 7 Astronauts 65% 78%
Moon rover 78% 87% Hindenburg 67% 69% Apollo 11 capsule 65% 63%
Apollo 11 launch 76% 76% Global Flyer 67% 43% Igor Sikorsky 65% 56%
Space Shuttle night launch 74% 67% Galaxy M51 66% 72% Earth 64% 76%
B-2 73% 69% WASPs 66% 67% V2 rocket 64% 69%
Planets 73% 63% North American X-15 and pilots 66% 59% Challenger Shuttle disaster 62% 74%
B-2
ID (not shown to participants) Visitors Staff ID (not shown to participants) Visitors Staff ID (not shown to participants) Visitors Staff
Marine helicopter 62% 50% Glenn and Mercury capsule 56% 72% Pilots license 54% 54%
Viking Lander on Mars 60% 70% SpaceShipOne 56% 57% International Space Station 54% 48%
Hubble Telescope in Shuttle 60% 59% Huey Helicopter in Vietnam 56% 43% Spirit of St Louis 53% 63%
Star nursery 59% 69% Concorde 56% 41% Balloon race St Louis 1909 53% 52%
Shuttle astronauts sleeping 59% 52% Aviation accident 55% 72% Bell X-1 cockpit 53% 41%
Atomic blast 59% 50% Sikorsky flying boat Pan Am Clipper 55% 56% Tobbert Goddard 52% 57%
Gossamer Albatross 57% 50% P-51 Mustangs 55% 50% Amelia Earhart 51% 56%
Aircraft carrier deck 57% 48%
Chandra astronomical 
observatory 55% 46% Wright Flyer first flight 49% 69%
B-3
ID (not shown to participants) Visitors Staff ID (not shown to participants) Visitors Staff ID (not shown to participants) Visitors Staff
Mobile Quarantine Facility 47% 67% Loudenslager Laser 45% 33% Bessie Coleman 41% 54%
Tuskegee Airmen 47% 67% Earth satellite image 44% 54% Very Large Array 41% 54%
WWI pilot 47% 52% P-26A Peashooter 44% 52% Crop dusting 41% 20%
Sopwith Snipe biplane 47% 46% Shuttle main engine 44% 33% V2 victim Antwerp 1944 40% 48%
Charles Lindbergh 46% 59%
Female aircraft factory 
worker 43% 56% Space monkey Able 40% 44%
Langley Quarter scale 46% 44% Barnstorming 42% 59% Oneill Space colony 40% 44%
Mission Control 45% 61% Mail truck and mail plane 42% 44% Early flight and children 38% 59%
WWII pilots 45% 50% WWII Flight jackets 42% 39% Commercial airport 38% 35%
B-4
ID (not shown to participants) Visitors Staff ID (not shown to participants) Visitors Staff ID (not shown to participants) Visitors Staff
Aloha Airlines disaster 37% 41% Travel poster 34% 52% Air mail pilot journal 30% 31%
Pilots in fighter plane 37% 35% Star Trek - Uhuru 34% 44% Curtiss motor 30% 28%
Enola Gay 36% 50% Jacobs multiplane drawing 34% 37% Airplane interior 27% 33%
Medal of Honor 36% 37% Bell X-1 plans 33% 43% Cessna 150 27% 17%
Pan Am 747 airliner 36% 28% TWA airliner and a family 31% 41% King Air 27% 17%
Air Traffic Control 36% 26% Buck Rogers card 30% 59% Early Map 22% 33%
Copernicus 35% 52% Travelers 30% 39% Aerial Camera 22% 30%
Early Space Station 35% 35% Stewardess 30% 35% Early aviation tools 19% 30%
B-5
B-6
ID (not shown to participants) Visitors Staff
Washington National Airport 17% 19%
TSA sign 10% 17%
Baggage Claim 10% 13%
Flight attendants 10% 13%
APPENDIX C
VISITOR CATEGORIES AND SUB-CATEGORIES
FOR TEXT SORTS AND IMAGE SORTS
NOTE ON USING THIS APPENDIX:
This appendix displays the clustering of all texts and images sorted by visitors.
Each major category (e.g., Astronomy) is a cluster identified in the analysis.
Sub-categories (e.g., Universe, Telescope, Exploration) are sub-clusters within the category.
Within the sub-categories the individual texts and images are positioned according to their relationships, i.e.,
items most closely related to one another are arranged horizontally. 
C-1
ASTRONOMY
Texts Images
UNIVERSE UNIVERSE
galaxies stars universe astronomy solar system
Big Bang
Mars planets the Moon planetarium
TELESCOPES
Mercury telescopes   space telescopes
EXPLORATION
exploration
SPACE TRAVEL
C-2
SPACE FLIGHT
Texts Images
SPACE PROGRAM SPACE EXPLORATION
space age space race
Soyuz, Soviet spacecraft space suits   Gemini
commercial spacecraft
SPACECRAFT
space shuttle space station Apollo spacecraft
DELIVERY SYSTEM
rocket sattelite
U.S. SPACE PROGRAM
ROCKETRY
C-3
AVIATION TECHNOLOGY
Texts Images
HISTORICAL PIONEERS
early flight   Wright brothers    Golden Age of flight Jet age
ultralight aircraft   flying boats human-powered aircraft
air racing air shows aerobatics   airship, blimp, zeppelin
EXPERIMENTAL
how things fly  sound barrier invention
TECHNOLOGICAL CHANGE
aeordynamics jet engines supersonic flight flight testing
INNOVATION
C-4
MILITARY AVIATION
Texts Images
WAR WARPLANES
Cold War Vietnam War World War I World War II Iraq & Afghanistan wars
Korean War Tuskegee airmen  Flying Tigers terrorism
SPACE SPYING
spying from space, reconnaissance
WEAPONS
atomic bomb missile
aircraft carrier Naval aviation Air Force military aviation   bomber
fighter plane
AIR WAR
C-5
NON-MILITARY AVIATION
Texts Images
GENERAL AVIATION AIRPORTS AND PLANES
engineering   mechanics aerospace art flight suits
model airplanes business aviation crop dusting glider balloon
barnstorming uniforms transport airplanes flight attendant
pioneers popular culture
Black aviators, astronauts women aviators, astronauts
CLIMATE
global warming weather forecasting
EXTRATERRESTRIALS AIR TRAVEL
extraterrestrials, UFOs   search for extraterrestrial life
science fiction Star Trek, Star Wars
C-6
AVIATION SYSTEMS
Texts
INFRASTRUCTURE
airline security airports air traffic control
pilot   commercial aviation
SAFETY
safety search and rescue black boxes crashes, accidents
INSTRUMENTATION
cockpits navigation
GPS aerial photography
C-7
PEOPLE
Images
EARLY FLIGHT
MILITARY
C-8
DISASTERS
Images
EXPLOSIONS
CRASHES
C-9
APPENDIX D
ALL GROUP NAMES ASSIGNED BY VISITORS AND STAF F
NOTE ON USING THIS APPENDIX:
This appendix lists all the names that visitors and staff g ave their g roupin g s of selected texts and ima g es.
The list includes the number of times the name was used by visitors, by staff, and total.
The first 202 names, those used more than once, are listed in descendin g  order of the total number of times they were used.
The remainin g  names, those used only once, are listed in alphabetical order.
Since there were approximately 200 visitor sorts and 100 card sorts, the percenta g e of visitors who used a particular name
can be calculated by dividin g  the number in the Visitor column by two. 
Percenta g e of staff who used a g iven name is approximately the same as the number in the Staff column.
D-1
Group Name Vis. Stf. Tot. Group Name Vis. Stf. Tot. Group Name Vis. Stf. Tot.
space 69 20 89 planets 6 2 8 space travel 4 4
military 41 11 52 safety 8 8 space-related 2 2 4
astronomy 10 19 29 space fli g ht 2 6 8 Star Tre k 4 4
history 21 8 29 spacecraft 4 4 8 weathe r 2 2 4
military aviation 6 23 29 balloons 2 4 6 aerobatics 3 3
popular culture 6 22 28 fli g ht 5 1 6 Aerospace art 3 3
science fiction 13 12 25 historical 5 1 6 air transportation 3 3
Patriotism 12 12 24 planes 6 6 aircraft operation 1 2 3
commercial aviation 10 11 21 terrorism 5 1 6 airlines 1 2 3
disasters 11 9 20 accidents 1 4 5 airports 3 3
space exploration 10 10 20 air shows 4 1 5 aliens 3 3
technolo g y 8 11 19 astronauts 3 2 5 aviation history 2 1 3
early fli g ht 5 13 18 cockpits 1 4 5 bombs 2 1 3
wa r 15 3 18 destruction 3 2 5 civil aviation 2 1 3
World War II 6 11 17 environment 4 1 5 cold war 2 1 3
aviation 9 6 15 experimental 2 3 5 commercial fli g ht 2 1 3
g lobal warmin g 12 3 15 helicopter 1 4 5 culture 3 3
exploration 4 10 14 navi g ation 3 2 5 earth 3 3
aircraft 9 4 13 space race 3 2 5 equipment 3 3
universe 8 5 13 women 3 2 5 experimental fli g ht 3 3
wars 12 12 Aerial photo g raphy 2 2 4 Golden A g e 1 2 3
commercial 6 5 11 Air Force 3 1 4 Historical aviation 1 2 3
g eneral aviation 5 6 11 air traffic control 3 1 4 history of aviation 3 3
Invention 5 6 11 explorin g  the universe 4 4 human interest 2 1 3
pioneers 5 6 11 explosion 3 1 4 infrastructure 3 3
pilots 6 4 10 fli g ht testin g 3 1 4 innovation 2 1 3
art 9 9 how thin g s fly 2 2 4 inter-war aviation 3 3
early aviation 2 7 9 human space exploration 4 4 Jet A g e 2 1 3
en g ineerin g 6 3 9 planets and the universe 4 4 manned space fli g ht 3 3
experimental aircraft 9 9 rocketry 2 2 4 mechanics 3 3
airplanes 8 8 search and rescue 3 1 4 military aircraft 2 1 3
crashes 4 4 8 security 4 4 model airplanes 3 3
history of fli g ht 4 4 8 solar system 1 3 4 other worlds 3 3
li g hter than air 1 7 8 space a g e 2 2 4 photo g raphy 1 2 3
outer space 8 8 space stuf f 4 4 planetarium 2 1 3
D-2
Group Name Vis. Stf. Tot. Group Name Vis. Stf. Tot. Group Name Vis. Stf. Tot.
planetary science 3 3 g alaxy 2 2 system of control 2 2
planetary studies 3 3 Golden a g e of fli g ht 2 2 technical 2 2
rockets 3 3 helicopters 2 2 telescopes 2 2
science 3 3 heroes 2 2 the future 1 1 2
sound barrier 3 3 historic 2 2 the universe 2 2
space pro g ram 2 1 3 historic period 2 2 thin g s that fly 2 2
space stations 3 3 human component 2 2 travel 2 2
sport aviation 3 3 human space fli g ht 2 2 types of crafts 2 2
tools 2 1 3 innovations 2 2 UFOs 2 2
uniforms 1 2 3 interestin g  stuff 1 1 2 unknown 2 2
World War I 3 3 inventions 2 2 unusual aircraft 1 1 2
Aerial application 2 2 LTA 2 2 Vietnam War 1 1 2
aerospace 2 2 mappin g 2 2 violence 2 2
aircraft carrie r 2 2 mechanical aspect, equipment 2 2 virtual fli g ht 2 2
airline security 2 2 military and wars 1 1 2 war / a gg ressive 1 1 2
airship 2 2 moon 2 2 warfare 2 2
airships 2 2 mysterious 2 2 weather forecastin g 2 2
Apollo 1 1 2 planets and g alaxies 1 1 2 what it's like to fly 2 2
be g innin g  of fli g ht 2 2 planets and solar system 2 2 women and aviation 2 2
Capitalism 2 2 problems 2 2 women in aviation 2 2
cockpit 2 2 propulsion 2 2 women's history 2 2
commercial aircraft 1 1 2 race and g ende r 2 2 world beyond earth 2 2
cool aircraft 1 1 2 remote sensin g 2 2 world events 2 2
crop dustin g 2 2 risk 2 2 Wri g ht brothers 1 1 2
desi g n 2 2 rockets and stuf f 2 2 1920's and 1930's 1 1
different types of fli g ht 1 1 2 science and technolo g y 2 2 1920s and 1930s aviation 1 1
earlier aviation 1 1 2 September 11th 2 2 a 19th century world of flyin g 1 1
earlier fli g ht 2 2 space a g e / technolo g y 2 2 accident and rescue 1 1
early U.S. human space fli g ht 2 2 space and universe 2 2 accidents and events 1 1
en g ineerin g  and science 2 2 space science 1 1 2 accidents, catastrophes 1 1
en g ines 2 2 space shuttle 2 2 accidents, disasters 1 1
extraterrestrial 2 2 space technolo g y 2 2 acrobatics 1 1
fantasy 2 2 space vehicles 2 2 activists 1 1
fli g ht attendant 2 2 Star Trek, Star Wars 2 2 adventure flyin g 1 1
fun stuff 1 1 2 stars and planets 2 2 advertisement 1 1
D-3
Group Name Vis. Stf. Tot. Group Name Vis. Stf. Tot. Group Name Vis. Stf. Tot.
Aerial 1 1 airport, airlines and passen g er experience 1 1 aviation history, early science 1 1
Aerial camera 1 1 airports and commercial aviation 1 1 aviation human factors 1 1
Aerial planet 1 1 airspace 1 1 aviation milestones 1 1
aerobatics, experimental fli g ht 1 1 alternative model of fli g ht 1 1 aviation minorities 1 1
aerodynamics and aircraft type 1 1 Amelia Earhart 1 1 aviation topics 1 1
aerospace en g ineerin g 1 1 American history 1 1 aviation, astronauts 1 1
Aerospace technolo g y 1 1 American stuff 1 1 aviators 1 1
Aesthetic aircraft 1 1 Americans into space 1 1 Aviones 1 1
aesthetic en g ineerin g 1 1 application 1 1 back g round of fli g ht 1 1
African American 1 1 applications 1 1 ballistic 1 1
African-American air/space 1 1 applications of fli g ht 1 1 balloons and early photo g raphy 1 1
after disasters 1 1 architecture 1 1 balloons, airship 1 1
a g e of helicopter 1 1 archival documents 1 1 barnstormin g 1 1
a g es 1 1 armed forces 1 1 barrier breakers 1 1
a g es and wa r 1 1 art and culture 1 1 basics 1 1
air destruction, disaster 1 1 art and literature 1 1 battle 1 1
air fli g ht 1 1 art and popular culture 1 1 be g innin g 1 1
air info 1 1 artifacts 1 1 be g innin g  to newest aircraft 1 1
air pilot 1 1 artwor k 1 1 behind the science of fli g ht 1 1
air racin g 1 1 aspects of flyin g 1 1 beyond earth 1 1
air thin g s that are not space 1 1 associate of the people 1 1 Bi g  Ban g 1 1
air travel 1 1 astronauts and others 1 1 bi g  ideas 1 1
aircraft safety 1 1 astronauts and planes 1 1 Black history 1 1
aircraft types 1 1 astronauts and special moments 1 1 blast off 1 1
airline business 1 1 astronauts/ pilots 1 1 blimp 1 1
airplane desi g n 1 1 astronomy and space exploration 1 1 blueprints, maps, advertisements 1 1
airplane staff 1 1 astronomy and theories 1 1 broader universe 1 1
airplane stuff 1 1 astronomy, sun system, air photo g raphy 1 1 Business  1 1
airplanes and accidents 1 1 Atmosphere 1 1 business and aviation 1 1
airplanes and what you can do with them 1 1 atomics 1 1 business aviation 1 1
airplanes models 1 1 attemptin g  to fly 1 1 catastrophes 1 1
airplanes- non-military 1 1 attractive flyin g 1 1 cate g ories of aircraft 1 1
airplanes, fli g ht 1 1 aviation clothin g 1 1 century of innovation 1 1
airport architecture 1 1 aviation disasters 1 1 Charles Lindber g h 1 1
airport desi g n 1 1 aviation experiments 1 1 civic aviation 1 1
D-4
Group Name Vis. Stf. Tot. Group Name Vis. Stf. Tot. Group Name Vis. Stf. Tot.
civilian 1 1 developmental 1 1 early science 1 1
classic aircraft 1 1 devices or parts 1 1 early science from space 1 1
climate 1 1 different 1 1 early space pro g ram 1 1
climates 1 1 different form of aviation 1 1 early space station 1 1
cold war and space race 1 1 different ima g es, space 1 1 early U.S. space pro g ram 1 1
commerce and space 1 1 different kind of thin g s 1 1 early, g eneral fli g ht 1 1
commercial airlines 1 1 different thin g s 1 1 earth and beyond 1 1
commercial aviation/ business application 1 1 different types of aircraft 1 1 earth-related 1 1
commercial flyin g 1 1 disaster and consequences 1 1 ecolo g y 1 1
commercial space fli g ht 1 1 disaster and war 1 1 education 1 1
commercial use of satellites 1 1 disasters that can happen 1 1 elements of fli g ht 1 1
commercialism 1 1 disasters, turnin g  points 1 1 emotional 1 1
competition 1 1 documentary history of aviation 1 1 enablin g  technolo g y 1 1
concepts and reality of space fli g ht 1 1 documentation 1 1 en g ineerin g  and fli g ht testin g 1 1
cool firsts 1 1 documents 1 1 en g ineerin g  and testin g 1 1
cool thin g s 1 1 dramatic 1 1 en g ineerin g - related 1 1
crashes and rescue 1 1 E.T. 1 1 entertainment  1 1
crashes and safety 1 1 earlier astronauts 1 1 entertainment in aviation 1 1
crashes, explosions 1 1 earlier desi g n and development 1 1 environment and space 1 1
created by wa r 1 1 earlier history 1 1 eras 1 1
creative thin g s to do with planes 1 1 earlier pioneerin g 1 1 ethics 1 1
crucial 1 1 earlier space exploration 1 1 ETS 1 1
cultural advancement 1 1 early aeronautics 1 1 events 1 1
culture of fli g ht 1 1 early air explorers 1 1 events and history 1 1
curious items 1 1 early American space exploration 1 1 evolution of travel 1 1
current affairs 1 1 early commercial transport 1 1 exhibition fli g ht 1 1
current aviation 1 1 early days of fli g ht 1 1 exhibits 1 1
current event 1 1 early desi g n 1 1 expeditions in space 1 1
current issues 1 1 early desi g ns 1 1 experiment 1 1
cute picture 1 1 early existence 1 1 experimental aviation 1 1
death and destruction 1 1 early history 1 1 experimentation 1 1
death of airlines 1 1 early milestones 1 1 explainin g  the universe 1 1
defense 1 1 early pioneers 1 1 exploration aircraft 1 1
deferent kinds of aviation 1 1 early postal era 1 1 exploration and study of the universe 1 1
destructive stuff 1 1 early posters / air posters 1 1 exploration of space 1 1
D-5
Group Name Vis. Stf. Tot. Group Name Vis. Stf. Tot. Group Name Vis. Stf. Tot.
exploratory thin g s 1 1 flyin g  apparel 1 1 g round control / trackin g 1 1
explore r 1 1 flyin g  boat and balloons 1 1 hands-on knowled g e 1 1
explorers 1 1 flyin g  boat and helicopters 1 1 hei g ht of aviation 1 1
explorin g 1 1 flyin g  boats 1 1 helicopter history 1 1
explorin g  other worlds 1 1 flyin g  device 1 1 heroism 1 1
extra-dramatic and dan g erous 1 1 flyin g  g roups 1 1 Historic Periods 1 1
extraterrestrials 1 1 flyin g  utensils 1 1 historical / educational 1 1
extreme technolo g y 1 1 forecastin g 1 1 historical facts 1 1
famous people 1 1 frequent, what is what 1 1 historical issues 1 1
famous people in space aviation 1 1 from the ai r 1 1 historical milestones 1 1
far space 1 1 fun 1 1 historical people 1 1
fiction 1 1 funky aircraft 1 1 historical period 1 1
fi g hter aircraft 1 1 funky events in aviation history 1 1 historical space 1 1
fi g hter planes 1 1 Future 1 1 history and aircraft 1 1
findin g 1 1 future and unknown 1 1 history I' vet known 1 1
findin g  and locatin g  thin g s 1 1 future aviation 1 1 history of aerospace 1 1
first 1 1 futurist 1 1 History of aircraft 1 1
first moon mission 1 1 g ad g et 1 1 history of aviation and space exploration 1 1
fli g ht aircraft 1 1 g ad g ets 1 1 history of fli g ht and space exploration 1 1
fli g ht and space 1 1 g allery ideas 1 1 history of helicopter use 1 1
Fli g ht and War 1 1 Gemini 1 1 history of human fli g ht 1 1
fli g ht by balloons 1 1 Gemini, Mercury and Apollo 1 1 history of planes at war 1 1
fli g ht control 1 1 g eneral aircraft 1 1 history of rocketry 1 1
fli g ht envelope 1 1 General Areas (broad cate g ory) 1 1 history of space 1 1
fli g ht exploration 1 1 g eneral earth 1 1 history of space travel 1 1
fli g ht history 1 1 g eneral fli g ht 1 1 history of technolo g y 1 1
fli g ht maintenance 1 1 g eneral knowled g e 1 1 history throu g h today 1 1
fli g ht on plane 1 1 g eneral space 1 1 how do they do that 1 1
fli g ht science 1 1 g eneral topics of interest 1 1 how do they wor k 1 1
fli g ht space 1 1 g eneralized concepts 1 1 how it all be g an 1 1
fli g ht story, mistakes 1 1 g lobal weather 1 1 how it works 1 1
fli g ht suits 1 1 Golden A g e / pioneers 1 1 how thin g s work 1 1
fli g hts and earth 1 1 GPS 1 1 how to g et to the moon 1 1
flyin g 1 1 g ravity 1 1 human experience in space 1 1
flyin g  / anythin g  that g oes into the air 1 1 g reat monuments 1 1 human exploration 1 1
D-6
Group Name Vis. Stf. Tot. Group Name Vis. Stf. Tot. Group Name Vis. Stf. Tot.
Iconic ima g e of 20th century 1 1 key concepts 1 1 military float 1 1
Iconic pictures 1 1 Korean conflict 1 1 military history and early fli g ht 1 1
Icons 1 1 later fli g ht 1 1 military x-15 1 1
Icons of fli g ht 1 1 launchin g  pad 1 1 military-related 1 1
ideas 1 1 li g hter than air fli g ht 1 1 minorities 1 1
ideolo g y 1 1 literature 1 1 minority history 1 1
ima g ery of space exploration 1 1 livin g  and workin g  in space 1 1 mishaps / disasters 1 1
ima g ination 1 1 lo g istics 1 1 missiles 1 1
ima g inative responses to space fli g ht 1 1 LTA fli g ht 1 1 missions 1 1
ima g in g 1 1 machines, devices for earth 1 1 models / examples 1 1
impact 1 1 Man's continuin g  exploration fli g ht 1 1 modern aircraft 1 1
important people 1 1 manned spacecraft 1 1 modern aviation 1 1
in space 1 1 manned spacefli g ht 1 1 modern day airports 1 1
individual people 1 1 map 1 1 modern military 1 1
info  1 1 maps / true prints 1 1 modern space exploration 1 1
info about where we come from 1 1 Marine 1 1 modern space fli g ht 1 1
innovation of technolo g y 1 1 Marine aviation 1 1 modern technolo g y 1 1
innovation, advances 1 1 Mars and Moon 1 1 money makes planes fly 1 1
Innovative fli g ht 1 1 mechanical drivers 1 1 monitorin g  in space 1 1
inspiration 1 1 mechanical exploration 1 1 monitorin g / tradin g  / analyses 1 1
instruments of air 1 1 mechanics of flyin g 1 1 moon stuff exploration 1 1
intel 1 1 mechanics, the How 1 1 more modern stuf f 1 1
interested in knowin g  more 1 1 Medal of Hono r 1 1 movin g  towards space 1 1
interestin g  old stuff 1 1 memorable 1 1 my work at NASM 1 1
interestin g  planes 1 1 method 1 1 NASA, related to the space pro g ram 1 1
interestin g  pro j ects 1 1 milestones in aviation 1 1 natural stuff about the universe 1 1
International cooperation 1 1 milestones in history 1 1 nature / universe 1 1
international war 1 1 military / Air Force 1 1 naval aviation 1 1
invention and tools 1 1 military / intelli g ence 1 1 navi g atin g 1 1
invention fli g ht 1 1 military / the future 1 1 neat stuff 1 1
inventional exploration 1 1 military / war 1 1 neat thin g 1 1
Iraq wa r 1 1 military and defense 1 1 nebulas 1 1
j et 1 1 military application 1 1 ne g ative impact 1 1
j et en g ines 1 1 military conflict 1 1 neutral 1 1
j et travel 1 1 military conflicts and their weapons 1 1 new and odd technolo g y 1 1
D-7
Group Name Vis. Stf. Tot. Group Name Vis. Stf. Tot. Group Name Vis. Stf. Tot.
new desi g n 1 1 people-what are they doin g 1 1 political circumstances 1 1
new types of aircrafts 1 1 personal 1 1 political space 1 1
new wars 1 1 personal equipment 1 1 politics 1 1
new ways of seein g  the world 1 1 personal stories 1 1 politics, equipment 1 1
non-airfoil craft 1 1 personalities and history 1 1 pop culture 1 1
non-made thin g 1 1 phenomena 1 1 popular people, astronauts 1 1
non-traditional air vehicles 1 1 philosophy / theolo g y 1 1 post World War II 1 1
not easily accessible 1 1 photo g raphy / Art 1 1 post-war military aviation 1 1
not necessary, but cool 1 1 physical 1 1 practical thin g s 1 1
nothin g  will stop us 1 1 physics and mechanics 1 1 pre World War I fli g ht 1 1
novelty 1 1 pictures from space 1 1 preliminary fli g ht 1 1
novelty fli g ht 1 1 pilot 1 1 preparation 1 1
ob j ect in space 1 1 pilotin g 1 1 present, how it is like today 1 1
ob j ects 1 1 pioneer aviation 1 1 pretty picture 1 1
ob j ects of interest 1 1 pioneerin g 1 1 primary sources 1 1
observation 1 1 pioneerin g  fli g ht 1 1 Principles of fli g ht 1 1
ocean planet 1 1 pioneerin g  people 1 1 private g olden a g e of flyin g 1 1
odd fun stuff 1 1 pioneers / the be g innin g s 1 1 process of space exploration 1 1
old aircraft 1 1 pioneers of early aviation 1 1 pro g ress of aviation 1 1
old documents 1 1 pioneers of fli g ht 1 1 pro g ress of women/ social pro g ress 1 1
old history 1 1 Pioneers of fli g ht and space exploration 1 1 pro g ression of technolo g y 1 1
old interestin g  stuff 1 1 plane desi g n 1 1 propulsion systems 1 1
old pictures 1 1 planes and men 1 1 recent space fli g ht and exploration 1 1
older desi g n 1 1 planes and people 1 1 record breaker s 1 1
ordinary people 1 1 planes and theory evolved 1 1 record setters 1 1
other forms of transportation 1 1 planet  1 1 related to the work 1 1
parts of aircraft 1 1 planet picture 1 1 rescue / safety 1 1
people and aerospace 1 1 planet study and exploration 1 1 research 1 1
people and teams 1 1 planetary  1 1 research aircraft 1 1
people in aviation 1 1 planetary exploration 1 1 research to avoid wa r 1 1
people in fli g ht 1 1 planetary space 1 1 research, advancement of knowled g e 1 1
people in space 1 1 planetary study and astronomy 1 1 risks of air travel 1 1
people memories 1 1 planets and solar system exploration 1 1 rocket and space race 1 1
people on the aviation 1 1 playfulness 1 1 rocket en g ine 1 1
people vs nature 1 1 political 1 1 rocket ships 1 1
D-8
Group Name Vis. Stf. Tot. Group Name Vis. Stf. Tot. Group Name Vis. Stf. Tot.
rocketry and missiles 1 1 space / universe 1 1 Star Wars, fli g ht fantasy 1 1
Rockets- crashes 1 1 space aliens 1 1 stars 1 1
Rockets- stuff bein g  launched 1 1 space and exploration 1 1 stars and stuff 1 1
rotary win g 1 1 space and future 1 1 stars and universe 1 1
safety / security 1 1 space and past-present-future 1 1 stunt flyin g 1 1
safety in future way 1 1 space and planets 1 1 stunts 1 1
safety, crash 1 1 space and spacecraft 1 1 suits 1 1
satellite 1 1 space and technolo g y 1 1 supersonic fli g ht 1 1
satellites 1 1 space artifacts 1 1 survival 1 1
science / science fiction 1 1 Space fantasy and the Wonder of space 1 1 system exploration 1 1
science behind everythin g 1 1 space frontie r 1 1 systems 1 1
science behind everythin g 1 1 space g ad g et 1 1 teachin g 1 1
science behind fli g ht 1 1 space history 1 1 teamwor k 1 1
Science fiction / fun stuff 1 1 space ima g in g 1 1 technical / mechanical 1 1
science fiction and extraterrestrials 1 1 space interest 1 1 technical thin g s 1 1
science fiction and the world that lay beyond 1 1 space launch 1 1 techniques which you can see in movies 1 1
science fiction, contemporary issues 1 1 space observation 1 1 technolo g ical & en g ineerin g  advancements 1 1
science from space 1 1 space photo g raphy 1 1 technolo g y advances 1 1
science, science fiction 1 1 space race, cold wa r 1 1 technolo g y H1624/ invention 1 1
scientists, en g ineers 1 1 space race, planet 1 1 T echnolo g y of space and aircraft control 1 1
scientists, technolo g y, exploration 1 1 space reconnaissance 1 1 technolo g y of space exploration 1 1
search for extraterrestrial life 1 1 space safety 1 1 technolo g y used 1 1
security and military 1 1 space shuttle machines 1 1 technolo g y, how thin g s work 1 1
sellin g  aviation 1 1 space thin g 1 1 telescope 1 1
September 11th, disasters 1 1 space thin g s 1 1 tension 1 1
si g nals 1 1 space walkin g 1 1 terrorism / accidents 1 1
si g nature and space 1 1 space-oriented 1 1 terrorism and security 1 1
Skylab 1 1 spacecraft and human space fli g ht 1 1 terrorism invention 1 1
smoke 1 1 spaceship 1 1 testin g 1 1
so you want to g et there faste r 1 1 spaceship, astronomy, space science 1 1 the 50's 1 1
social and cultural aspects 1 1 spaceship, new discovery 1 1 the bomb 1 1
social and cultural chan g e 1 1 specialized aircraft 1 1 the everyday 1 1
Soyuz 1 1 spinoffs of the space pro g ram 1 1 the experience of the end-use r 1 1
space  missions 1 1 sports and fli g ht 1 1 the factory 1 1
space / space exploration 1 1 spyin g 1 1 the fun g roup 1 1
D-9
Group Name Vis. Stf. Tot. Group Name Vis. Stf. Tot. Group Name Vis. Stf. Tot.
the future and theory 1 1 tra g edies 1 1 vision 1 1
the future of the space exploration 1 1 tra g edies, disasters 1 1 visual aerospace 1 1
the future space 1 1 tra g edy 1 1 visual art, aviation art 1 1
the hero 1 1 transport 1 1 visually compellin g 1 1
the human component 1 1 transportation 1 1 Voya g e r 1 1
the international 1 1 travelin g  to the moon 1 1 want to know more 1 1
the not-quite-real 1 1 trippy 1 1 war / combat / airplanes 1 1
the planets 1 1 T uske g ee airmen 1 1 war / military aviation 1 1
the public face of aviation 1 1 types 1 1 war and defense 1 1
the roles of women and African Americans 1 1 types of aircraft 1 1 war and espiona g e 1 1
the state 1 1 T ypes of aircraft / pilots 1 1 war and fli g ht 1 1
the tools that help look beyond 1 1 types of machines 1 1 war and history 1 1
the transnational and capitalism 1 1 U.S. in space 1 1 war and security terrorism 1 1
the way thin g s work 1 1 uncertainty 1 1 war confident 1 1
themes 1 1 unconventional fli g ht / not airplanes 1 1 war involvin g  aircraft 1 1
thin g s about airports 1 1 unfounded vision 1 1 war time 1 1
thin g s I don't believe in 1 1 unidentified ob j ects 1 1 war veteran experiences 1 1
thin g s I'd like to see 1 1 unique aviation ima g es 1 1 war-oriented 1 1
thin g s my mother would find interestin g 1 1 universe / nature 1 1 war-related 1 1
thin g s people do 1 1 universe, thin g s out of the human reach 1 1 war, disasters 1 1
thin g s that appeal to g eneral public 1 1 unknown air / early aviation 1 1 war/ space/ etc 1 1
thin g s that are out there 1 1 unknown thin g 1 1 wars, history 1 1
thin g s that move fast 1 1 unmanned spacecraft 1 1 way thin g s work 1 1
thin g s that should not fly 1 1 unusual air travel 1 1 weather environment 1 1
thin g s within human reach 1 1 use of aircraft 1 1 what the public sees in an airport 1 1
thin g s you need to know to fly 1 1 use of technolo g y 1 1 who flies 1 1
time period 1 1 Utopia 1 1 why do they do that 1 1
timeline 1 1 vehicles and weapons of war 1 1 why fly 1 1
Timeline of planes 1 1 Vietnam 1 1 women / invention 1 1
tools and experiments 1 1 Vietnam conflict 1 1 women / minorities 1 1
tools and maintenance of aircraft 1 1 Vietnam era 1 1 women and aviation history 1 1
tools and the people who use them 1 1 views from above 1 1 women in airspace 1 1
topics of aviation 1 1 views from soil 1 1 women pilots 1 1
tourism 1 1 violence 1 1 women pioneers 1 1
traffic control 1 1 virtual aircraft 1 1 World War I aviation 1 1
D-10
Group Name Vis. Stf. Tot.
World War II bombin g 1 1
World War II people 1 1
Wow! 1 1
writin g  stuff 1 1
yet to come 1 1
D-11