Three New Species of Eleocharis (Cyperaceae) from the Andean
P?ramos of Colombia and Ecuador
M. Socorro Gonz?lez Elizondo and Irma Lorena L?pez Enriquez
CIIDIR IPN Unidad Durango, Sigma s.n. Fracc. 20 de Noviembre II, 34220 Durango, Mexico.
herbario_ciidir@yahoo.com.mx; lorena_lopez05@yahoo.com.mx
Paul M. Peterson
Department of Botany, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution,
Washington, D.C., 20013-7012, U.S.A. peterson@si.edu
Carmen Ulloa Ulloa and Peter M. j0rgensen
Missouri Botanical Garden, P.O. Box 299, St. Louis, Missouri 63166-0299, U.S.A.
carmen.ulloa@mobot.org; peter.jorgensen@mobot.org
ABSTRACT. Three new closely related species of
Eleocharis R. Brown (Cyperaceae) from Andean
p?ramos are described from Colombia: E. fassettii S.
Gonz?lez & P. M. Peterson, E. cuatrecasii S. Gonz?lez
& P. M. Peterson, and E. moraosejoana S. Gonz?lez,
C. Ulloa & P. M. j0rgensen. They all belong to
Eleocharis subgen. Eleocharis, sect. Eleocharis, and
differ from related species by a combination of
characters, among which are the thin, loose upper
sheath apices and the unusual achene shape that is
conspicuously tapered toward the base and apex.
RESUMEN. Se describen tres nuevas especies de
Eleocharis R. Brown (Cyperaceae) de Colombia: E.
fassettii S. Gonz?lez & P. M. Peterson, E. cuatrecasii
S. Gonz?lez & P. M. Peterson y E. moraosejoana S.
Gonz?lez, C. Ulloa & P. M. j0rgensen, conocidas
solamente de p?ramos andinos. Todas forman parte de
Eleocharis subgen. Eleocharis, secc. Eleocharis.
Difieren de las especies relacionadas en una
combinaci?n de caracter?sticas entre las que destaca
el ?pice de la vaina superior delgado y laxo y la forma
del aquenio, angostado hacia la base y el ?pice.
Key words: Andes, Colombia, Cyperaceae, Ecua-
dor, Eleocharis, lUCN Red List, p?ramo.
Eleocharis R. Brown (Cyperaceae) is a widely
distributed genus of more than 200 species (Gonz?lez
& Peterson, 1997) that can be distinguished by the
following vegetative and reproductive morphological
characters: leaves basal and reduced to tubular
sheaths, inflorescence reduced to a single spikelet,
and a stylopodium that is persistent on the achene.
Despite its morphological simplicity, there is broad
diversity within Eleocharis (Gonz?lez & Peterson,
1997; Gonz?lez & Tena, 2000). The genus was
extensively studied by H. K. Svenson between 1929
and 1957 (see Svenson, 1929, 1937, 1957). However,
no recent comprehensive worldwide taxonomic treat-
ment of the genus is available (Smith et al., 2002), and
many species remain undescribed in Latin America.
Three new closely related species are described
here from the p?ramos in the northern Andes. The
North Andean p?ramos are one of the richest high-
elevation mountain ecosystems in the world with high
biological diversity and endemism, but they are
ecologically fragile and severely threatened by human
activities (Luteyn, 1999; Sklen?r et al., 2005).
The three new taxa belong in Eleocharis subg.
Eleocharis, sect. Eleocharis, which is the most diverse
group of the genus in the classification proposed by
Gonz?lez and Peterson (1997). Further studies will be
necessary to place the species here described in the
most appropriate subseries. In their general aspect,
presence of horizontal rhizomes, and obscurely
trigonous achenes, the new species are morphologi-
cally similar to species of Eleocharis subser. Trunca-
tae Svenson (Svenson, 1932), but differ in the
membranous, hyaline or subhyaline, and nontruncate
apices of the upper sheaths. Differences with E.
domheyana Kunth and E. montana (Kunth) Roemer &
Schuttes, with which specimens of the new species
have been erroneously placed according to annota-
tions on herbarium labels, are presented in a key to
species below.
1. Eleocharis fassettii S. Gonz?lez & P. M.
Peterson, sp. nov. TYPE: Colombia. Santander:
Alto del Almorzadero, N of Cerrito, small pond
on p?ramo, 12,500 ft., 31 Oct. 1944, N. C.
NovoN 18: 168-174. PUBLISHED ON 22 MAY 2008. doi: 10.3417/2007038
Volume 18, Number 2
2008
Gonz?lez Elizondo et al. 169
Eleochar?s (Cyperaceae) from Colombia and
Ecuador
Fassett 25994 (holotype, US; isotypes, MO, NY,
WIS). Figure 1.
Eleocharit? subarticulatae (Nees) Boeckeler similis sed
atrospiculis laxifloris, glumis latis et antheris longioribus
differt; E. domheyanae Kunth similis sed vaginis super-
ioribus ?pice membranaceis, leviter obliquis, hyalinis, Iaxis,
absque cuspis et acheniis ellipsoideis vel subfusiformibus
leviter reticulatis differt.
Rhizomatous perennials; roots fibrous, brown;
rhizomes (1?)2^ mm wide, long-creeping to ascen-
dant, covered by long scales (sheaths) up to 1 cm X
1?2 mm, purple to black, or stramineous with purple
striations, the distal part sometimes foliaceous, the
young scales sometimes translucent, red-striate or
punctiform, the old scales becoming fibrous; culms 8?
28 cm X 0.5?1.2 mm, solitary or tufted, pale green,
terete or somewhat flattened when pressed, evidently
sulcate or lineolate, usually septate-nodulose, soft,
erect or slightly recurved. Leaf sheaths loose,
stramineous, often purple-striate or punctiform at the
base, membranous, hyaline and red-punctiform dis-
tally, slightly oblique, upper sheath apex rounded or
sometimes bifid, the mouth concave or slightly cleft.
Spikelets lanceoloid or ovoid, 5.5?9 X 1.5?3 mm, 8-
to 22-flowered, apex acute; proximal scale empty,
persistent, amplexicaulous or almost so, less than 1/3
(often less than 1/5) the length of the spikelet, the
midvein region broad, greenish to stramineous, finely
nerved, rounded at the apex, with a hyaline margin
and apex less than 0.2 mm; floral scales polystichous,
appressed or somewhat spreading at the apex, 2-2.8
X 0.7-0.9 mm in lateral view, ecarinate or obscurely
car?nate at the apex, membranous, ovate, obtuse to
acute, with a green or stramineous midvein and dark
purple to black sides, the margin and apex not hyaline
or the hyaline part less than 0.2 mm wide; hypogynous
br?stles equaling or longer than the achene, 4 to 7,
light reddish brown, finely retrorsely dentate; style
tr?fid; stamens 3, anthers 0.9?2 mm, the connective
short, prolonged. Achenes 1.1?1.6 mm (not including
the stylopodium), 0.6-0.8 mm wide, obscurely trigo-
nous with the sides convex, or biconvex with the
abaxial angle represented by a paler, low ridge, the
lateral angles slightly costulate, the achene ellipsoid,
subfusiform, or narrowly obovoid, tapered to the base
and to the apex, the apex forming a neck, pale to
golden yellow or pale brown, somewhat iridescent,
very finely reticulate, the per?carp fragile, easily
breaking; stylopodium (0.2-)0.3-0.5(-0.9) mm, 0.1-
0.2 mm wide at the base, lanceoloid, gray to pale
brownish, often on a fine, pale ridge.
Distribution and habitat. Eleocharis fassettii is a
subaquatic plant that occurs in ponds and wet washout
of loose sandstone and other sedimentary rocks from
the p?ramos and chaparral of the Eastern Cordillera
(Cordillera Oriental) in Colombia. This area includes
the Cocuy region where there is a high diversity of
plants (Cleef, 1997). Collection elevations have been
reported from 2700 to 3550 m.
lUCN Red List category. Eleocharis fassettii fits
the lUCN (2001) category of Near Threatened (NT),
because of its restricted, patchy distribution, the
possibility of habitat degradation by human-mediated
fires, and overgrazing practices that are common in
the region (Cleef, 1997). The species may be extant
within the boundaries of Cocuy and Iguaque National
Parks.
Etymology. The epithet honors Norman Carter
Fassett (1900-1954), who collected the type speci-
men. Dr. Fassett was an expert on several groups of
aquatic plants and vegetation, and participated in the
Colombian Cinchona Project in the 1940s.
Discussion. Collections o? Eleocharis fa.ssettii have
been identified as E. domheyana, which it resembles
in general habit and in its mucronate stylopodium.
Eleocharis dombeyana belongs to Eleocharis subser.
Truncatae and has upper sheaths with a firm, truncate,
and evidently cuspidate apex.
In Eleocharis fas.settii, the narrow stylopodium is
usually 0.4?0.5 mm long, but it can be only 0.2 mm
when the upper part is broken early, or as long as
0.9 mm when the base of the style is persistent. The
shape of the achene, including an apex that is
abruptly narrowed into a neck, the long, lanceolate
stylopodium, and the general appearance of the plant
are morphologically similar to E. subarticulata, a
species of uncertain placement in Eleocharis (Sven-
son, 1939; da Silva et al., 2005) known from lower
elevations in Brazil and Paraguay. Differences
between the two species are presented in the key.
Eleocharis subarticulata and E. fa.s.settii are mor-
phologically similar, but their taxonomic relationship
is unclear. The former species has the lowest
chromosome number known in Eleocharis: ra = 3 (da
Silva et al., 2005). In the state of Rio de Janeiro, it is
recorded only for the Serra do Itatiaia, a region with a
puzzling biogeographical history with the Sierra
Nevada del Cocuy; this relationship was discussed
by Cleef (1997), who reported the presence in the
Cocuy area at 4060 m of an aquatic liverwort
{Herbertus oblongifolius (Stephani) Gradstein & Cleef),
otherwise known only from the Itatiaia massif. The
Itatiaia massif is the highest area near Rio de Janeiro,
reaching 2787 m (Guedes-Bruni & de Lima, 1997). A
formation called Atlantic Brazilian paramos of the
high altitudes from the Atlantic coastal chain of
Brazil, flor?stically somewhat related to Andean
170 Novon
Figure 1. EleocharL'i fasseuii S. Gonzalez & P. M. Peterson. ?A. Habit. ?B. Upper portion of distal leaf sheath. ?C.
Achene. A and B from G. Smith 1006; C from N. C. Fassett 25994.
p?ramos, was first described by Schnell in 1987 (cited
in a Report by the Institute of Terrestial Ecology,
Institut Royal des Sciences Naturelles de Belgique
[1996]). The firmer apex of the upper sheaths and
fewer-flowered spikelets of the plants identified as E.
suharticulata from Itatiaia (Gil & Bove, 2007) indicate
that they could represent a new taxon or a variety of
either E. fassettii or E. suharticulata, which is
otherwise known from much lower elevations.
Paratypes. COLOMBIA. Depto. Boyac?: Cordillera
Oriental, Sierra Nevada del Cocuy, Quebrada de San Paulino
pr?x. Aho Ritacuva, 7 Apr. 1959, H. G. Barclay & P.
Juajibioy 7316 (COL not seen, MO, US); valley of R?o
Pomera, 13 km NW of Arcabuco, 20 Aug. 1944, N. C. Fassett
25644 (NY, US, WIS). Depto. Cuiidinamarca: Cordillera
Oriental, hills at W base of Monserrate, E of Bogot?, 13 lune
1950, S. Galen Smith 1006 (COL not seen, K, MO, US).
2. Eleocliaris cualrecasii S. Gonz?lez & P. M.
Peterson, sp. nov. TYPE: Colombia. Depto.
Antioquia: "P?ramo de Sonson" along or near
carretera betw. Sonson & Narino, 9000-9600 ft.
[not actually p?ramo, "paramillo"], 23 May 1944,
E. L Core 729 (holotype, US). Eigure 2.
Eleochariti fassetti S. Gonz?lez & P. M. Peterson valde
affinis sed habitu minore, caulibus rigidis recurvatis, spiculis
paucifloris et squamis infimis longioribus ad 1/2 spiculae
longitudinem differt.
Rhizomatous perennials; rhizomes 2-A mm wide,
long-creeping, covered by scales (sheaths) 7-15 X
1.5?2 mm, purple-colored or stramineous with dark
purple to black striations, the apex translucent,
rounded, the old scales becoming fibrous; culms
1.2^ cm X 0.3?0.6 mm, in fascicles along the
rhizome, pale green, terete, slightly sulcate, rigid
and arching or recurved. Leaf sheaths loose, strami-
neous and purple-striated at the base, membranous
and slightly inflated distally, slightly oblique, hyaline
and red-punctiform distally, upper sheath apex
rounded (sometimes bifid), concave at the ventral
part (mouth). Spikelets ovoid, 2-5.6 X 1-3 mm, 2- to
12-flowered, apex acute; proximal scale up to 1/2 the
length of the spikelet, sterile, with the midvein broad,
greenish to straw-colored, finely nerved; floral scales
polystichous, somewhat spreading at the apex, 1.8-2.6
X 0.5-0.7(?0.8) mm in lateral view, obscurely
car?nate at the apex, membranous, ovate, obtuse to
acute, the midvein green or stramineous and dark
purple, sometimes with black sides, the margin and
apex not hyaline or the hyaline part less than 0.2 mm
wide; hypogynous bristles equaling to longer than the
achene, 4 to 7, light reddish brown, finely retrorsely
dentate; style trifid; stamens 3, anthers 0.8-1 mm, the
connective short prolonged. Achenes 1.2?1.4 mm (not
including the stylopodium), 0.6?0.7 mm wide, ob-
scurely trigonous with the sides convex, or biconvex
with the abaxial angle represented by a paler, low
ridge, the lateral angles slightly costulate, the achene
narrowly obovoid to subfusiform, the apex forming a
neck, pale to golden yellow or pale brown, somewhat
iridescent, very finely reticulate, the pericarp often
breaking along from the base to the apex; stylopodium
Volume 18, Number 2
2008
Gonz?lez Elizondo et al. 171
Eleochar?s (Cyperaceae) from Colombia and
Ecuador
Figure 2. Eleochark cuatrecadi S. Gonz?lez & P. M. Peterson. ?A. Habit. ?B. Achene. A and B from E. L. Core 729 (US).
(0.3?)0.4 mm long, 0.15?0.2 mm wide at the base,
lanceoloid, gray to pale brown-colored.
Distribution and habitat. This species appears to
be a narrow endemic and is only known from the type
collection in the Cordillera Central of Colombia
between 2735 and 2920 m.
lUCN Red List category. It is problematic to
assign an lUCN conservation status to species only
known by the type collection (Valencia et al., 2000);
however, its limited occurrence would fit the category
of Critically Endangered (CR), according to lUCN
Red List criteria (lUCN, 2001).
Etymology. The epithet honors the outstanding
botanist, Jos? Cuatrecasas (1903-1996), who was
Spanish by birth, an American citizen since 1953, and
a passionate student of the Colombian flora since his
first trip to the country in 1932. His words, "There is
nothing better than botany and the p?ramos" (Garc?a
Kirkbride, 1997), are a reflection of this.
3. Eleocharis moraosejoana S. Gonz?lez, C. UUoa
& P. M. j0rgensen, sp. nov. TYPE: Colombia.
Depto. Nari?o: Cumbal, p?ramo shore or lake,
4000 m, 24 Mar. 1941, K. von Sneidem .%.n.
(holotype, NY; isotype, LL). Figure 3.
Planta Eleochariti fassetti S. Gonz?lez & P. M. Peterson
similis sed culmis crassitudine 2- ad 3-plo maioribus, vaginis
superioribus apice chartaceis, cuspidatis et spicula longiora,
squamis floralibus longioribus differt.
Perennials, probably rhizomatous; culms 24?53 cm
X 2.3?3.5 mm, in fascicles, sometimes solitary, erect.
green, spongy, terete or somewhat flattened when
pressed, longitudinally striate, appearing septate-
nodulose, the internal septae incomplete. Leaf sheaths
loose, papery, stramineous or light purple at the base,
pale green or stramineous above, upper sheath apex
subtruncate to slightly oblique, the margin hyaline
with red dots at the union with the rest of the sheath,
cuspidate, the cusp 0.4-1 mm, green or dark purple to
almost black. Spikelets cylindric to lanceoloid, 13?25
X 2.6-4.6 mm, ca. 35- to 120-flowered, apex acute; 2
proximal scales ? equal, lacking a flower, the main
body 1.5?2.4 mm wide, broad, finely nerved, greenish
to stramineous, appearing to be a continuation of the
culm, apex up to 1.1 mm, rounded or acute with a
dark purple to black border, margin and apex hyaline;
floral scales 2.8-4.7 X 0.6-1.1 mm in lateral view,
polystichous, apl?cate, ecarinate, membranous, oblong
to lanceolate, apex acute or obtuse, with a broad green
or stramineous midvein region contrasting with the
reddish to dark purple or almost black sides, the
margin and apex hyaline; hypogynous bristles equal-
ing to longer than achene, 4 to 7, stramineous to light
reddish brown, retrorsely dentate; style trifid; stamens
3, the filaments sometimes dark-colored, anthers 1.2?
1.7 mm, the connective prolonged. Achenes 1.4?
1.7 mm (not including the stylopodium), 0.7?0.8 mm
wide, obscurely trigonous or plano-convex with the
abaxial angle represented by a paler, low ridge, the
angles costulate, the achene ellipsoid to subfusiform,
narrowed to the base and to the apex, the apex
gradually narrowed into a short neck, finely punctate-
reticulate with longitudinal cells, shiny and yellow to
olivaceous or reddish, ripening to dark brown or
172 Novon
Figure 3. Eleochar?s moraosejoana S. Gonz?lez, C. Ulloa & P. M. j0rgensen. ?A. Habit. ?B. Upper portion of distal leaf
sheath. ?C. Achene, bristles, and filaments removed. ?D. Achene. A, B, and C from K. von Sneidern s.n.; D from W. B.
Drew E-473.
sometimes becoming paler and dull; stylopodium 0.2?
0.5 mm long, 0.2-0.3 mm wide at the base, narrowly
pyramidal, whitish or dark brown, somewhat spongy at
least at the base and papillate at X30, often on a fine,
pale or dark ridge.
Distribution and habitat. Eleocharis moraosejoana
is apparently an uncommon endemic known only from
two localities: the eastern slopes of Volc?n de Chiles
in the Cordillera Occidental of Ecuador from wet
swales of p?ramo associated with Juncus L. (as seen
on paratype), and the type locality in southwestern
Colombia, from a lakeshore in the p?ramo on the
Cumbal volcano. This record adds the genus Eleo-
charis to the genera known from the p?ramos of the
Nari?o volcanoes, as listed in Rangel and Garz?n
(1997). Elevations for collections have been reported
from 3495 to 4000 m.
lUCN Red List category. Eleocharis moraosejoana
could be considered in the lUCN (2001) category of
Critically Endangered (CR) given its restricted
distribution, possible habitat loss, its rarity (i.e.,
known only from two collections 25 km apart, both
from the 1940s), and the recent history of intense
fires in the area (Ramsay, 2001). The specimens
were collected from a region that has only partial
floristic inventories (Mendoza & Ram?rez, 2000;
Ramsay, 2001; Pe?afiel Cevallos, 2003) and still
remains poorly known. It may occur within the
boundaries of Ecological Reserve of El Angel in
northern Ecuador.
Etymology. The epithet honors the Colombian
botanist, Luis Eduardo Mora-Osejo (1931-2004), a
native of Nari?o and a specialist in Cyperaceae and in
several other families. Dr. Mora-Osejo was "doubt-
lessly the most eminent botanist of Colombia"
(Gonz?lez, 2004).
Discussion. Eleocharis inorao.sejoana is morpho-
logically similar to E. fassettii, as indicated by the
similar shape and size of the achenes. However, E.
moraosejoana is a more robust plant (culms 24?53 cm
vs. 8?28 cm in E. fas.settii) with a cuspidate apex
of the upper sheaths, larger spikelets (13-25 X 2.6-
4.6 mm vs. 5.5?9 X 1.5?3 mm), longer floral scales
(2.8^.7 mm vs. 2?2.8 mm), and different proximal
floral scales. The external aspect of E. moraosejoana
is similar to E. densa Bentham, from Mexico and
Central America. However, E. densa has more
densely flowered spikelets, as well as obovate,
biconvex achenes that are thicker, wider, and more
finely reticulated.
A note on the type specimen at NY indicates that
this species was perceived as similar to Eleocharis
nodulosa (Roth) Schultes (= E. montana). Although
E. moraosejoana is superficially similar to E.
montana, E. moraosejoana is a coarser plant with
irregular internal septa (that sometimes appear as
complete septa when only a layer of the spongy
interior is viewed), apex of the upper sheaths
subtruncate to oblique, fewer-flowered spikelets, and
ellipsoid to subfusiform achenes.
Paratype. ECUADOR. Prov. Carchi: Cordillera Occi-
dental, E slopes of Volc?n de Chiles, above Tufino
[Ecuadorian Chinchona Mission], 17 Aug. 1944, W. B. Drew
E-473 (NY, US).
Volume 18, Number 2
2008
Gonz?lez Elizondo et al. 173
Eleochar?s (Cyperaceae) from Colombia and
Ecuador
KEY TO NEW AND MORPHOLOGICALLY SIMIL,VR SPECIES OF ELEOCHAR?S IN COLOMBIA AND ECUADOR
la. Distal portion of upper sheaths herbaceous to papery, the apex truncate, thickened, and abruptly cuspidate; achenes
obovoid to obpyriform, not narrowed to the apex or base 2
2a. Culms internally with regular, complete transverse septa (which are evident or not externally); achenes
evidently reticulate at X30 E. montana
2b. Culms internally lacking complete transverse septa; achenes smooth to papillose at X30 E. domheyana
lb. Distal portion of upper sheaths membranous or papery, the apex oblique, thin, lacking a cusp or subtruncate and
with a cusp (in E. moraosejoana); achenes ellipsoid, fusiform, or narrowly obovoid, narrowed to the apex and to the
base 3
3a. Floral scales 0.5-0.6 mm wide in lateral view, densely crowded, greenish to castaneous with a castaneous or
dark purple border; anthers 0.5?0.7 mm long; achenes deeply reticulate; known from 200?900(?1200) m in
Brazil and Paraguay E. subarticulata
3b. Floral scales 0.5?1.1 mm wide in lateral view, in dense or lax arrangements, greenish or stramineous on
midvein, sides castaneous to dark purple or almost black; anthers 0.8-2 mm long; achenes finely reticulate;
known from 2700^000 m in Andean p?ramos 4
4a. Culms 2.3-3.5 mm wide; apex of the upper sheaths cuspidate; spikelets 13-25 mm long; floral scales 2.8-
4.7 mm long E. moraosejoana
4b. Culms 0.3?1.2 mm wide; apex of the upper sheaths not cuspidate; spikelets 2?9 mm long; floral scales
1.8-2.8 mm long 5
5a. Rhizomes creeping to ascendant; culms 8-28 cm X 0.5?1.2 mm, soft, not or slightly recurved;
spikelets 5.5?9 mm long, 8- to 22-flowered; proximal scale less than 1/3 the length of the spikelet;
anthers 0.9?2 mm long E. fassettii
5b. Rhizomes creeping; culms 1.2^ cm X 0.3-0.6 mm, rigid and recurved; spikelets 2?5.6 mm long, 2- to
12-flowered; proximal scale 1/3?1/2 the length of the spikelet; anthers 0.8-1 mm long E. cuatrecasii
Acknowledgments. We thank Jorge A. Tena, Marta
Laura Ruiz, and Oliver A. Anderson Huerta for help
with the illustrations. To the curators at the following
herbaria for making specimens available: K, LL, MO,
NY, US, WIS. Information on duplicates at COL was
sent by Luis Carlos Jimenez-B. and Diego Alonso
Giraldo Ca?as. Victoria C. Hollowell and one
anonymous reviewer made valuable suggestions on
the manuscript. MSGE and ILLE acknowledge
Instituto Polit?cnico Nacional and the Comisi?n de
Operaci?n y Fomento de Actividades Acad?micas of
the Instituto Polit?cnico Nacional for support for
research.
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