imbebasia
- SWA-RESEARCH - SWA-FORSCHUNG -:I
28 December, 1970
THE CONSTITUTION OF THE INTERTIDAL FAUNA
OF ROCKY SHORES OF SOUTH WEST AFRICA.
PART 1. LUDERITZBUCHT
ABSTRACT
A survey was made of the fauna of rocky intertidal shores in the vicinity of Liideritz-
bucht. Transects were made at four localities, ranging from an area exposed to strong
wave action to an area in the lagoon completely sheltered from wave action. The dif-
ferent localities are described and compared, and the intertidal rocky shore fauna ::>f
Liideritzbucht is compared with that of localities on the west coast of South Africa. A
full list of the species recorded from Liideritzbucht during the survey is given.
Cimbebasia
Series A: Natuurwetenskappe
Natural History
Naturgeschichte
Series B: Kultuurwetenskappe
Cultural History
Kulturgeschichte
Uitgawe van die
Departement van Nasionale Opvoeding
Redakslonele adres:
Staatsmuseum, Posbus 1203,
Windhoek, S.W.A,
Publ:shed by the
Department of National Education.
Editorial address:
state Museum, P. O. Box 1203,
Windhoek, S.W.A.
Herausgegeben vom
Kultusministerium.
Schrlftleltung:
Staatsmuseum, Postfach 1203,
Windhoek, S.W.A.
The editors and publishers of
Clmbebasla are not
responsible for the '{Iews
expressed by the authors
and do not necessarily agree
with such '{Iews.
Printed In South West Africa
by John Meinert (Pty.) Ltd.
Windhoek,
THE CONSTITUTION OF THE INTERTIDAL FAUNA
OF ROCKY SHORES OF SOUTH WEST AFRICA.
PART 1. LUDERITZBUCHT
by
MARY-LOUISE PENRITH * & BRIAN F. KENSLEY
South African Museum,
Cape Town.
I. Introduction 192
II. Scope of the survey 193
III. Methods . 195
IV. Description of the area 195
V. Description of the transects . 197
VI. Fauna list and notes on the occurrence of particular groups . 208
VII. Discussion 211
VIII. Conclusi.ons 213
IX. Acknowledgements 213
X. Gazetteer 214
XI. References 214
The constitution of the intertidal fauna of rocky shores in the Republic of South
Africa is well known as a result of the work of the late Professor T. A. Stephen-
son and his colleagues of the University of Cape Town, who made a series of
surveys of rocky intertidal shores from Port Nolloth (29017' S., 16051' E.), on
the west coast, to Isipingo (290 58'S., 300 57' E.), on the Natal coast, during the
period 1932-1937. The results of this work have been published in a series of
papers dealing with the individual surveys, and in three summarising papers by
Stephenson 1(1939, 1944, 1948). The South African intertidal region was found
to be broadly divisible into three faunal provinces: the west coast, from Port
Nolloth (or the Orange River) to Cape Point; the south coast, from False Bay
to the region of Qolora/Port St. John's on the Transkei coast; and the east coast,
from Port St. John's to northern Natal. Transitional areas occurred between
Kommetjie on the west coast of the Cape Peninsula and Cape Agulhas, and
between Port Elizabeth and Port Edward.
While the survey did not include a detailed analysis of physical conditions around
the coast, the faunal distribution seemed closely related to temperature (Stephen-
son, 1939). The west coast fauna was found to be a cold-temperate fauna owing
to the influence of the upwelled Benguela system, which results in temperatures
seldom exceeding 140 C at the surface inshore along the west coast. The south
coast fauna is warm-temperate in character, and the east coast fauna is sub-
tropical, with a fairly strong tropical element. The west and south coast faunas
were found to contain a considerably higher proportion of forms endemic to the
South African region than the east coast fauna. That the west and south coast
faunal provinces are distinct only in the intertidal zone of the shore has been
suggested by Day (1967). At deeper levels the temperature is more uniform on
both sides of Cape Point, and with it the benthic fauna. However, as the present
survey refers only to the intertidal region of the shore, the two provinces are
treated as separate in this work.
Stephenson's survey did not extend north of the Orange River mouth on the west
coast, and the intertidal marine fauna of South West Africa is very poorly known.
Some intertidal collecting was done in the vicinity of the ports of Swakopmund
and Liideritzbucht by W. Michaelsen's marine biological expedition to West
Africa (Michaelsen, 1914-1928). The results of this collecting led Michaelsen
and others to conclude that the affinities of the marine shallow-water fauna of
South West Africa lay with the Cape fauna rather than with the fauna of tropical
West Africa. This resulted in the proposal of a Namaqua faunal province, with
its northern boundary at about 180 S. (Ekman, 1953), to contain the South West
African and western South African marine shallow-water faunas. Stephenson's
west coast faunal component corresponds with this Namaqua province {Stephen-
son, 1948). Little other systematic collecting of marine intertidal fauna has been
carried out in South West Africa.
It could be assumed that between the tropical West African faunal province that
extends at least as far south as Great Fish Bay (M~amedes) in southern Angola
(Ekman, 1953) and the cold-temperate Namaqua fauna, a transitional area of
faunal overlap would occur. Stephenson (1948) suggested that it was possible,
though very doubtful, that a warm-temperate fauna such as the South African
south coast fauna, might occur on the South West African coast. Ekman (1953)
suggested that the bounds of the trtansitional area might lie between 17? and 20?
S. However, inshore temperatures recorded along the South West African coast
by Stander (1964) suggest that the transitional area might be expected to extend
quite considerably further south than the suggested 20? S.; both a comparison
of records from Swakopmund and Liideritzbucht by Michaelsen's expedition
(Michaelsen, 1914-1928) and the distribution of certain intertidal fishes
(Penrith, 1965) suggest that the intertidal faunas of Swakopmund, at 22? 14' S.,
and at Luderitzbucht (26? 38' S.) might differ considerably. In view of this,
it was felt that a series of surveys of the intertidal marine fauna of South West
Africa, similar to those carried out by Stephenson in the south, would be inter-
esting and would fill a gap in the knowledge of the patterns of faunal distri-
bution around southern Africa.
The entire South West African coastline is bounded to the east by the arid Namib
desert, which extends for 80-100 miles inland and renders the coast difficult of
access except at the three coastal towns of Liideritz, Walvis Bay and Swakop-
mund. In addition to this, most of the southern coast of South West Africa is
proclaimed as a diamond area and is therefore virtually inaccessible for this type
of work owing to the difficulty of obtaining permits to enter the area, and
particularly owing to the difficulty of transport, there being a ban on the entry
and exit of vehicles. In the area between the 23rd and 29th parallels, the town of
Liideritz and its immediate vicinity constitute the only part of the coast which
is ordinarily accessible. Liideritzbucht is fortunately a particularly suitable area
for study; not only are there extensive rocky shores, but the nature of the bay is
such that it offers a variety of rocky shore environments ranging from head-
lands exposed to heavy wave action to extremely sheltered areas within a lag-
goon. The fauna could therefore be expected to include elements adapted to
several types of ro~ky intertidal habitat. Liideritzbucht was therefore selected
as the first area to be investigated.
The present survey of the rocky intertidal fauna at Liideritzbucht must be re-
garded as a broad outline of the type of fauna found there in terms of Stephen-
son's faunistic provinces rather than as a detailed survey of the biology of the
area itself. As Liideritzbucht is situated approximately 860 miles from Cape
Town, some of this distance being over very indifferent roads, it was possible to
make only two brief visits to the area, which was fortunately well known to one
of us (M.-L.P.) from earlier visits in connection with intertidal fish distribution.
It was therefore not posible to gain more than a very general impression of the
physical conditions which might influence the fauna of the area. It was felt that
temperature and salinity readings made over a period of a few days would be
meaningless, as no indication of maxima, minima, and means could be obtained
in this way. A range of localities from an exposed headland outside the main
bay to an extremely sheltered bay within the lagoon were selected for study, and
,; 35'
NORTH
" ~SO 26',. '6'
Agate
,i PENGUIN IS~ 37'
3S '"'
GUANO
BAY
3' 3"
Nf
it is hoped that in this way the general impression of the fauna we obtained was
not unduly influenced by factors of which we were unaware. The survey was
confined to rocky shores, sandy and muddy areas not being included except where
they intruded into a rocky area under consideration. Finally, although a very
general description of the algal flora is given, the algae were not considered in
detail, the survey being primarily concerned with the fauna.
Collecting was carried out by hand in five areas from Big Bay south of Liideritz-
bucht to Agate BeaCh in the north (map 1). At four of these localities, surveyed
trans~ts were made according to the method used by Stephenson and described
in detail by Day (1959). At each station of each transect the animals in an area
of approximately one metre square were collected. Cryptofauna was in general
excluded from the transects, but was covered by general collecting. Transects
of this nature are of course quantitative in only the broadest comparative sense,
and absolute numbers of animals are not given lest a false impression of
accuracy should be conveyed. In presenting the results of the transects
graphically, arbitrary degrees of abundance are used, the following categories of
abundance being represented by different vertical scales: present (5 or fewer
specimens at a station), fairly common (6-20 specimens), common '(21-50
specimens), abundant (more than 50 specimens). The abundance of the algae is
not indicated in the graphs; only the ranges of the most characteristic forms are
given.
Liideritzbucht is a large bay situated at 26? 36' S., 15? 08' E. on the southern
coast of South West Africa. The surrounding desert is hilly, with numerous high
rocky outcrops. Between North East Point to the north and Diaz Point to the
south are several subsidiary bays, including North Harbour, Robert Harbour,
Liideritz Harbour, and Shearwater Bay. Three rocky islands, Seal Island, Pen-
guin Island, and Shark Island (the latter connected with the town by a cause-
way), lie within the main bay. North Harbour, Robert Harbour, and Shearwater
Bay are large, shallow, mainly sandy bays with limited outcrops of intertidal
rock. Liideritz Harbour extends southwards as a sheltered lagoon, the margins of
which are mainly rocky, terminating in mud flats. The lagoon is strongly tidal
throughout its length. The localities at which collections were made were as fol-
lows: 1) A headland just north of Big Bay, 14 kilometres south of Diaz Point;
2) A locality near the lighthouse at Diaz Point; 3) A bay on the western shore
of the lagoon, just south of Griffith Bay; 4) The rocks just below the Strand
Cafe on the eastern shore of the lagoon; 5) Agate Beach at the southern end of
North Harbour.
The coast between Diaz Point and Big Bay is rocky and exposed to strong wave
action. Big Bay is a large sandy bay bounded to the north and south by rocky
headlands, on the seaward side of which wave action is considerable. A transect
l"tor'na punctata
ISiphonarla
I
'capens's
I I IChoromytl/us merldlonal/sI ~I
Dodecaceria pu'chra
FissJrella mut~b;lis
I -I
Chiton nigrovirescens:Thais dubia
Au'acomya magellanica
He'cion dunkeri
capensis ~:-\
U'va ftro~
j Chaetangium ova'e II -- --I Chordariops;s capensisL I --______~ ,;' Splachnidium rugosu_m-_- ---,- t'umbrica'is
I ?capenslS
Patella granatina
I IPatella barbara
IPatella arg.nville;
was made over a rocky slope on the seaward side of the northern headland (map
1). There were no loose rocks in the area, so that an abundant cryptofauna was
not developed.
Diaz Point is a broad, rocky headland, on the western side of which is the site
where Bartholomew Diaz placed his original padrao in 1486. A lighthouse is
situated on a high point on the south eastern side of the headland. A transect
was made on the north eastern side of the headland about half a kilometre north
of the lighthouse. The area where the transect was made is sheltered from the
full force of the seas which break outside the bay, but is exposed to moderate
wave action. The transect layover rocky slopes and ledges. General collecting
was carried out in pools in the vicinity, where loose stones sheltered a fairly rich
cryptofauna.
The bay on the western shore of the lagoon, henceforth designated as 'Q' Bay
(map 1), is completely sheltered from any wave action. The rocks over which the
transect was made are mainly rather small and scattered, and bounded above by
a sandy shore with a fringe of Salicornia sp. The substratum between the rocks
is a fine, sandy mud which is black and appears somewhat anaerobic from just
below the surface. The water in 'Q' Bay is rather turbid owing to fine suspended
matter and decaying algae.
Only general collecting was carried out on the eastern shore of the lagoon, at
some rocks below the Strand Cafe near the Liideritz Municipal bungalows. Owing
to exigencies of time, the collection made at these rocks was not as comprehensive
as those made at the other four localities. The rocks at the cafe form a sheltered
environment but are not as completely protected from wave action as 'Q' Bay,
and the environment is in general cleaner.
Agate Beach, in the southern curve of North Harbour, is a sheltered sandy bay
with a fringe of rocks on its southern shore. It lies within the proclaimed
diamond area but is relatively accessible, as it is outside the area to which entry
of vehicles is totally prohibited, and permits for entry during the hours of day-
light are obtainable. The bay is extremely sheltered. A transect was made over
a flat area of rocks interspersed with pools on the southern shore. There is con-
siderable deposition of fine silt over the loWer rocks, and the substratum between
the rocks is mainly fine, sandy mud. Many of the rocks are loose and movable,
and shelter a rich cryptofauna.
Inshore surface temperatures of coastal waters surrounding Liideritzbucht vary
between 12? and 14? C (Stander, 1964; Division of Sea Fisheries Annual Reports,
1963, 1964). No data are available for the bay itself, but temperatures in the
relatively shallow, calm water of the bay might be expected to be somewhat
higher than in the surrounding coastal waters.
1. Big Bay (fig. 1)
The area in which the transect was made is shown in plate 1. The transect lay
over a fairly even gneiss slope with a few small crevices and pools. The level of
high water of spring tides was taken to be the level below which no salt-encrusted
depressions occurred. The vertical and horizontal distribution of non-cryptic
animals and the ranges of the more caracteristic algae are shown in (figure 1).
At the level of low water of spring tides the transect was bounded by kelp, mainly
Laminaria sp. Above the upper fringe of the kelp zone, from 0-2 feet above low
water of spring tides, is a dense algal carpet. At 0-1' above low water of spring
tides this consists of a dense band of Champia lumbricalis J amongst which tufts of
Cladophora capensis were common, and Gigartina radulaJ Gigartina stiriataJ and
Gymnogongrus glomeratus occurred. Arthrocardia sp. was present in small
quantities, and Lithothamnion sp. formed dense encrustations only in crevices.
Above the level of the Champia lumbricalis fringe the algal carpet consisted
mainly of the flat fronds of Aeodes orbitosa and Iridaea capensis.
From about 3 feet vertically above low water of spring tides the algal growth
was much sparser. Ulva atroviridisJ Chordariopsis capensisJ and Splachnidium
rugosum were present in pools and crevices, and scattered growths of Chaetan-
gium ovale occurred on exposed rock surfaces about 4' vertically above low water
of spring tides. From about 4-8' vertically above low water of spring tides '(over
a distance of about 55 feet) Porphyra capensis formed a band on the exposed
rock surface, but the plants were stunted and sparsely distributed.
Most of the epifauna in the intertidal zone at Big Bay occurred between 0 and 4'
above low water of spring tides. Four limpets were present. Patella argenvillei
formed a band at the lowest level, most of the shells having tufts of algae grow-
ing on them. Patella barbara was present in small numbers at the same level;
Patella granatina was present in fair numbers between 0 and 18" above low water
of spring tides. Patella granularis occurred from just above the kelp fringe to
about 5' above low water of spring tides, being most abundant 1-3' above L.W.S.
and forming a characteristic zone at this level.
The black mussel, Choromytilus meridionalisJ was poorly represented at Big Bay,
but another mussel, Aulacomya magellanicaJ formed a band of moderate density
0-3' above low water of spring tides. In the upper part of the algal carp~t a
whelk, Thais dubiaJ and a chiton, Chiton nigrovirescensJ were fairly common. On
the exposed rocky slope above the algal carpet, the only epifauna consisted ()f
Siphonaria capensisJ which was concentrated around small pools and crevices,
and Littorina punctataJ which extended from just above the algal carpet to about
2 feet above high water of spring tides, and was most abundant between 4' 4"
and 7' 6" above low water of spring tides.
The large, sand-encrusted sea anemone Bunodactis reynaudi and the sandy tubes
of the polychaete worm Gunnarea capensis occurred in fairly large numbers in
crevices 0-2'6" above low water of spring tides. Another tubicolous polychaete,
Dodecaceria pUlchraJ formed burrows in encrustations of LithothamnionJ where
these were available.
Owing to the absence of shelter, cryptofauna was poor, but a number of small
organisms occurred in large numbers at the bases and amongst the fronds of
algal tufts. The tufts of Champia lumbricalis sheltered large numbers of the small
gasteropod Tricolia neritinaJ the isopods Dynamenella hutton?i and Cymodocella
pustulataJ and the errant polychaetes Platynereis dumerilii and Syllis armillaris.
In this region the amphipod Calliopiella michaelseni was present in large num-
bers associated with Patella granatina and Patella argenvillei. The sedentary
polychaete Thelepus comatus was common at the bases of Aeodes orbitosa as well
as in kelp holdfasts below the intertidal zone. An amphipod, Hyale hirtipalma,
was common in the upper part of the algal carpet, and at higher levels, another
amphipod, Hyale grandicornis, and an isopod, Dynamenella scabricula, were
common in small pools containing Chordariopsis capensis.
The transect at Diaz Point stretched over a solid rock face, with a few shallow
crevices and depressions. The slope was steep, with high water of spring tides
about 8' 6" above the level of low water of spring tides. The lowest station of the
transect fell away steeply. The transect is represented graphically in figure 2.
A fringe of kelp bounded the transect at the level of low water of spring tides.
Above the kelp, th~ rock was covered to a height ofa:bout 3 to 4' above low water
of spring tides with a thick growth of Lithothamnion sp. and Arthrocardia sp.,
interspersed with numerous clumps of Champia lumbricalis. Gigartina stiriata,
Cladophora oapensis, Aeodes orbitosa, Iridaea capensis, and Codium fragile
capense were also very common (pI. 2). Cladophora capensis and Lithothamnion
sp. occurred in isolated patches to a level of 4-5' above low water of spring tides.
Scattered clumps of Splachnidium rugosum and Chaetangium ovale also occurred
at this higher level. A low mat of Porphyra capensis extended from about 5'
above low water of spring tides almost to the level of high water of spring tides.
A water-filled crevice about 5' 6" above low water of spring tides contained a few
clumps of Chordariopsis capensis. Parts of the upper slope not covered by Por-
phyra capensis had a slimy film of a blue-green alga, Lyngbya sp.
The rock face up to a level of 3' above low water of spring tides was rich in
sedentary animals. Patella argenvillei was abundant in its characteristic zone just
above the kelp fringe; this zone was unusually broad at Diaz Point, specimens of
Patella argenvillei occurring as much as 3' above low water of spring tides. Hel-
cion dunkeri and AUlacomya magellanica were also abundant in this zone, Patella
miniata was fairly common, and Patella barbara and the key-hole limpet, Fissu-
rella mutabilis, were also present. Patella granatina was present at a higher level
(about 3' above 10 wwater of spring tides); sandy tubes of Gunnarea capensis
were also present at this level. Patella granularis was the most abundant animal
in a broad zone from 3-7' above low water of spring tides. Siphonaria capensis
was fairly common in crevices about 6' above low water of spring tides. Littorina
punctata was common between high water of spring tides and the upper limit of
the Patella granularis zone.
The algal tufts provided shelter for numerous small organisms. Tricolianeritina
was common on most of the algal fronds. The isopod Dynamenella huttoni, which
is almost always found on the fronds of Champia lumbricalis, was common, and
Parisocladus perforatus was common in the holdfasts of Champia lumbricalis
and Arthrocardia sp. The amphipods Lysianassa ceratina, Lysianassa variegata,
and Hyale diastoma were common amongst the algae; the latter species had not
been recorded since it was described by Barnard (1916) from Sea Point, near
Cape Town. Calliopiella michaelseni was associated with Patella argenvillei and
,
!
I
i
ii l~
-+-Sp/achnidiUj rugosum__
Chaetangium ovale
i I ------
I I I Aeodes or
l
bit.:~ - - ii'
I Codium f"agile
--i-----------utI!othamnion sp. 'r---- --,- - ----t,.;;,oPhora ~apensjs I
I I____] Gigartina stiriata---~l --t
~l
Uttorino punctatj
J. Patella
$iphonaria capensis
I
granular;.
I
Gunnarea capensis~Patella grani tina
-~- ------- ----------~---I ------
po~~ra Icapensis
Chordariopsis capens;s
1u/acomya magellanica
Fissurel'a mutabilis
l,p,atella
Patella
barbara
Im;niata
Ir
IArthrocardia sp.
I I
Fhampja lum,brica'js
~ I I
kelp
I
P. granatina. Small specimens of the xanthid crab Pilumnoides, perlatus) which
was to be found in almost every kelp holdfast, occurred in the bases of tufts of
Champia lumbricalis. This alga also sheltered a variety of polychaete worms, of
Which Lepidonotus semitectus) Marphysa capensis) Platynereis dumerilii) and
Platynereis australis were fairly common. Two larger polychaetes, Thelepus
comatus and Pseudonereis variegata) were common particularly in the kelp hold-
fasts.
In addition to the fauna of the transect itself, a number of pools in the immediate
vicinity were investigated. Encrustations of Lithothamnion sp. in pools contained
the polychaete Dodecaceria pulchra. The whelks Burnupena delalandii and Thais
squamosa were confined to pools, the former species being very common. A small
starfish, Asterina exigua) was also confined to pools. The underside of movable
rocks in pools sheltered a very ri<!h cryptofauna, which included small white
chitons, lschnochiton hewitti; small periwinkles, Gibbula rosea; a variety of
echinoderms, including small black holothurians, Pentacta doliolum, a red star-
fish, Patiria granifera) a brittl~star, Ophiothrix triglochis) and small specimens
of Parechinus angulosus; numbers of the large red amphipod, Ceradocus rub-
romaculatus; a number of isopods including Exosphaeroma varicolor) Parisocla-
dus perforatus) Sphaeramene polytylotos) and Glyptidotea lichtensteinii; a num-
ber of pycnogonids, of Which Tanystylum brevipes was the most common; and
a variety of polychaetes incl:J.ding Euphrosine capensis) Flabelligera affinis)
Eulalia capensis) Branchiomma natalensis) and Potamilla reniformis. Another
polychaete, Cirriformia capensis) occurred in concentrations of fine sand between
rocks in pools.
The area in which the transect was made is shown in plate 2. High water of
spring tides is indicated on the sandy shore by a line of drift matter consisting
mainly of kelp. ThE.narrow sandy beach is ringed with Salicornia sp.; the first
rocks occur in the lower part of the Salicornia fringe about 2' below high water
of spring tides. The slope of the rocks to low water of spring tides is extremely
gradual. The lower edge of the transect at low water of spring tides was bounded
by kelp, mainly Laminaria sp. From the kelp an outcrop of rock rose fairly
steeply to a height of about l' above low water of spring tides; on the shoreward
side of this outcrop was a channel just exposed at low water of spring tides, but
not invaded by kelp. From the channel the rocks sloped fairly evenly to the
Salicornia) interspersed with shallow pools and <!hannels.
The rocky outcrop on the seaward side of the channel was carpeted with an algal
flora consisting mainly of Gigartina radula) Gigartina stiriata) Gymnogongrus
glomeratus) Ulva atroviridis) and Lithothamnion sp. In the channel, the above
algae were present as well as Cladophora capensis) Champia lumbricalis) Codium
fragile capense) and Arthrocardia sp. The rocks immediately shoreward of the
<!hannel had a similar algal flora to the seaward outcrop in a narrow finge to
about l' above low water of spring tides; above this level from 1-3' above low
water of spring tides was a dense carpet of Ulva atroviridis. Chaetangium ovale
was present on exposed rocks at this level. From about 2--4' above low water
I De'.
I
Helda," peetuncu,#us
Siph.n.d. ,ape~.;s ~
echinola I ---.----I Afrocomine;"a copens;s
perine~,"e?i.?n?u?n?ti?a?v~a-lI~ta ?
I I Helcion dunker;
Crep;du'~ porcellana
Burnupena delDlan~ii
. ~ .
I Ischnochiton hewitt; I
Chl~.Vl,e.i.n. ~
Patella I granatina...-_-~
I Patella granularis I
IAulacomya magellan;c,a
Bunodacf;s rey~audi
Gigar-fino radula
i Gigartin'q stjriQfa
'G;mnogongrus g'ome,.atus
I Champ;o lumbricalis
Ch;"angium ova'e !
I CI-;~-':-h.-:r-a-,-a-p-,:-::l
Codiumfragile ca~en$e
- Uthothamnion sp!
A.~d:' .'blt ??-;;I--
i
of spring tides, dense growths of Porphyra capensi~ covered all the exposed rock
surfaces.
The major part of the very rich fauna occurred from 0-2' above low water of
spring tides. Forms which occurred throughout this region from the shoreward
side of the channel to the seaward side of the outcrop were the limpets Patella
granaUna and Patella granularis (the former more common from the channel
seaward, and the latter most densely concentrated on the shoreward side of the
channel), the orange sponge Hymeniacidon perlevis (most abundant in the chan-
nel), the gasteropods FissurelZa mutabilis} Burnupena delalandii} and Crepidula
porcellana} the black mussel Choromytilus meridionalis (most abundant in the
channel), the small bivalves Kellya rubra and Tellimya trigona} the sea anemone
Anthothoe stimpsoni} the polychaetes Gunnarea capensi~ and Platynereis
dumerilii} and the amphipod Lysianassa ceratina. The small black chiton Chiton
nigrovirescens was common on both sides of the channel but was replaced in the
channel by the small, white, mainly cryptic lschnochiton hewitti. The sea
anemone Bunodosoma capensis showed a similar interrupted distribution. Buno-
dactis reynaudi was present in the channel and also in crevices on the seaward
outcrop, as were small numbers of Aulacomya magellanica. The small gastero-
pods Gibbula rosea and Tricolia neritina were common in the channel and on the
seaward outcrop, as were the brittle-star Amphiura capensis} the polychaete
Lepidonotus semitectus} and the isopod Exosphaeroma varicolor.
As might be expected, several animals were found to be confined to the channel.
These included the gasteropods Ajrocominella capensis} Gibbula capensis} and
Marginella capensis; the sea urchin Parechinus angulosus; the polychaetes Dodc-
caceria pUlchm (burrowing in encrustations of Lithothamnion), Euclymene
luderitziana(abundant in mud under stones), and Naineris laevigata; the
brachiopod Discinisca tenuis} and the isopods Paridotea ungulata and Parisocla-
dus perjoratus. Forms which were recorded from the channel and the shoreward
side of the channel but not from the seaward outcrop included Helcion dunkeri
and the bivalve Tapes corrugata.
Marphysa sanguinea} a polychaete living in mud under and between stones, was
common only on the shoreward side of the channel, below 2' above low water of
spring tides. GibbuZa beckeri apparently replaced Gibbula capensis and Gibbula
rosea at this level. Helcion pectunculus and Siphonaria capensis both commenced
their ranges shoreward of the channel, extending to a level of almost 3' above
low water of spring tides. Apart from these two molluscs, the common animals
of the Ulva/Porphyra belt up to 4' above low water of spring tides were Burnu-
pena delalandii} Crepidula porcellana (which often clings to Burnupena delalandii
and therefore generally shows a similar distribution), Clavatula sinuata (present
to the lowest levels but patchily distributed), the sea anemones Bunodosoma
capensis and Anthothoe stimpsoni} a small white gasteropod TurbonilZa trachealis}
a sipunculid Phascolosoma sp. (Which occurred patchily from the channel shore-
wards), two polychaete worms Perinereis nuntia vallata and Cirrijormia tenta-
culata} and the large sphaeromid isopod Parisocladus stimpsoni. Most of these
forms thinned out gradually towards the upper limit of the Ulva. At about 4'
above low water of spring tides the few forms still present included Perinereis
nuntia vallata} Turbonilla trachealis} Clavatula sinuata} and Phascolosoma sp.
Hymeniacidon perlevis
Patella ~ranatina.....-~~
Pentacta doliolum
IIschnochiton hewittiI~
Dodecaceria pulchra
~I-,.,e'don peduncu'us
pqtella granu'aris
IAsterina exiguq
Parechinus angulo.us-I--
Aulacomya magellanica-+--
Choromytilus meridionalia
Crepidu/a porce~
Helcion dunJclr;
Arthrocardia sp.
I
I.ithothamnion .p.
Gymnogongrus glomerat??
IGigartina radula
Gigartina-stir/ata 1=
Cladophora capen-a',---l-
Champla lumbrlcali ?....l...-
??? _.J<e/p
The littoral isopod Deto echinata was extremely common under stones at this
level, and throughout the Salicornia belt to a level of about 5' 4" above low water
of spring tides.
The uppermost station of the transect was situated at high water of spring tides
in sand, and a few specimens of the littoral isopod Tylos granulatus '(very com-
mon on the open sandy beach in the middle of the bay), the amphipods Talor-
chestia quadrispinosa and Talorchestia australis, a beetle, Pachyphalaria capensis,
and a spider, Tricassa deserticola, were collected.
Most of the loose rocks in the area rested on a muddy substratum, in which
burrowing animals such as a mud-shrimp, Upogebia capensis, and a large poly-
chaete worm, Eunice aphroditois, were found. The polychaetes Nicolea m.acro-
branchia and Sabellaria spinulosa jucicola, the amphipod Ceradocus rubrom.acu-
latus, the brachiopods Discinisca tenuis and Kraussina rubra, a large chiton,
Chaetopleura papilio, a pycnogonid, Hannonia typica, and the brittle-star Ophio-
thrix triglochis occurred fRquently on the underside of stones. The crabs
Hymenosoma orbiculare and Dromidia hirsutissima and a hermit crab, Paguristes
gamianus, were found in pools.
The area in whictl the transect was made is shown in plate 3. The slope of the
shore is gentle but uneven, with numerous pools and gullies interspersed in places
with raised ridges of rock. The position of high water of spring tides was diffi-
cult to fix, since there is no distinct line of drift along the rocks and no distinct
splash zone. It was taken to be just below the uppermost rocks, some of which
were whitened by birds and therefore presumably not covered at high tide.
Algal growth is very dense. The transect was bounded at low water of spring
tides by a dense fringe of kelp, mainly Laminaria sp. Immediately above the kelp
was a narrow belt densely carpeted with mainly Gigartina radula, Gigartina
stiriata, and Arthrocardia sp. Tufts of Champia lumbricalis were present, becom-
ing dense amongst the kelp. Aeodes orbitosa, Cladophora capensis, Gymnogongrus
glomeratus, Hypnea spicijera, and Lithothamnion sp. were also present, and Ulva
atroviridis was fairly common in pools. Above this region was a 60' broad
expanse (1-4' 6" above low water of spring tides) densely covered with Ulva
atroviridis. Porphyra capensis formed a broad dense belt on exposed rocks from
about 3' 6" to 4' 6" above low water of spring tides. Arthrocardia sp. and Litho-
thamnion sp. were fairly common in pools to a level of about l' 6" above low
water of spring tides. Chaetangium ovale was present at about 3' above low
water of spring tides.
At a level of 0-1' above low water of spring tides, exposed rock surfaces were
occupied by the limpets Patella argenvillei and Patella barbara, with Patella
granatina higher up. Aulacomya magellanica formed a fringe at the lowest level,
becoming abundant amongst the kelp holdfasts. Choromytilus meridionalis was
present in small numbers. Between the rocks, the tubes of Gunnarea capensis
were numerous. Dodecaceria pulchra was common in encrustations of Litho-
thamnion sp. at this level. Pools at this level contained large numbers of Pare-
chinus angulosus) Burnupena delalandii) Crepidula porcellana) and Fissurella
mutabilis. A red starfish, Henricia ornata) was fairly common in the kelp fringe
and just above. The sea anemones Bunodactis reynaudi and Bunodosoma capensis
occurred in crevices between rocks, the latter at higher levels than the former.
The limpet Patella granularis was very common from about l' 6"-3' above low
water of spring tides. At about 1-1' 6" above low water of spring tides a small
black holothurian, Pentacta doliolum) was abundant amongst the Ulva. Siphona-
ria capensis and Asterina exigua were common on rocks about 2' above low
water of spring tides, and somewhat higher (3' 6") Helcion pectunculus became
common. The small sea anemone Anthothoe stimpsoni was fairly common under
stones at this level. Littorina punctata occupied a narrow zone from 4-5' above
low water of spring tidei'.
The kelp holdfasts and algal tufts immediately above the kelp gave shelter to a
large number of small organisms. The crab Pilumnoides perlatus was common
in every kelp holdfast and in the algae immediately above, as were th~ amphi-
pods Hyale salikLnha and Lysianassa ceratina)' the isopods Cymodocella pustulata)
Dynamenella huttoni) and Exosphaeroma porrectum; the small gasteropod
Tricolia neritina)' a small bivalve, Kellya rubra)' the poychaetes Lepidonotus
semitectus) Lysidice natalensis) Marphysa capensis) Nereis (Neanthes) operta)
Platynereis dumerilii) Syllis variegata) and Thelepus pequenianus)' and the pyc-
nogonids Achelia quadridentata and Hannonia typica. Euphrosine capensis)
ischnochiton hewitti) and Ceradocus rubromaculatus were common in kelp hold-
fasts as well as under stones. Kelp holdfasts also sheltered large numbers of the
amphipods Maera vagans and Paramoera capensis; the brittle-star Amphiura
capensis; the whelks Burnupena cincta) Thais dubia) and Thais squamosa)' Crepi-
dula porcellan,a; the polychaetes Nicolea macro branchia, Polynoe scolopendrina
(also under stones), Syllis gracilis) Trypanosyllis gemmulifera) and Terebella
pterochaeta)' the large isopod Paridotea reticulata) and a pycnogonid, Tanystylum
brevipes. Other organisms, not found in the kelp holdfasts, were present or com-
mon in the algal tufts at the bottom of the shore; these included Gibbula rosoo)
Platynereis australis) Parisocladus perforatus) the small brittle-star Amphipholis
squamata) and a pycnogonid, Nymphopsis cuspidata. A small gasteropod,
Eatoniella nigra) and a polychaete, Naineris laevigata) were common both in the
kelp holdfasts and in the Ulva. Hyale grandicornis was common in the Ulva at
higher levels of the shore. Calliopiella michaelseni was common associated with
the limpets Patella granatina and Patella argenvillei. Fairly large numbers of
Cirriformia capensis occurred in crevices where silt had accumulated.
The numerous loose stones, many of which rested on a muddy substratum, shel-
tered a rich cryptofauna, including the chitons Chiton nigrovirescens and Chae-
topleura papilio)' the brachiopods Discinisca tenuis and Kraussina rubra)' a crab,
Dromidia hirsutissima; a brittle-star, Ophiothrix triglochis; a large black holo-
thurian, Cucumaria frauenfeldii)' the isopods Exosphaeroma varicolor and Glypti-
doteu lichtensteinii)' a sipunculid, Phascolosoma sp.; and the polychaete worms
Branchiomma? natalensis) Branchiomma violacea) Cirriformia tentaculata) Eulalia
capeneis) Euniceaphroditois) Flabelligera affinis) and Potamilla reniformis. Near
the top of the shore, loose stones sheltered large numbers of the isopod Deto
echinata.
5. Roc k s below the S t ran d C a f e
Although no transect was made in this area, a description of the locality and its
fauna is induded.
The shore is bounded above by a retaining wall which is at least splashed at high
water of spring tides. Below the wall is a narrow sandy beach, above a shore-
ward series of rocks separated from a parallel seaward series by a system of pools
and channels.
The shoreward rocks were thickly carpeted with Porphyra capensis. The pools
contained a dense growth of Ulv,a atroviridis} and had many loose rocks which
sheltered a rich cryptofauna. The seaward rocks were covered with an algal
carpet consisting mainly of Aeodes orbitosa} Gigartina radula} Gigartina stiriata}
Gymnogongrus glomeratus} encrusting Lithothamnion sp., Champia lumbricalis}
and Cladophora capensis} the latter two species mainly in a fringe round the base
of the rocks. A fringe of kelp bounded the seaward edge of the rocks, and in
places kelp invaded the channels and pools.
The sea anemone Bunodactis reynaudi was present in large numbers in the pools
and channels. Masses of the sandy tubes of Gunnarea capensis fringed the pools
and filled crevices between the rocks; this was one of the few localities at
Liideritzbucht where really massive concentrations of these worm tubes were
found to occur.
Numerous whelks occurred in the pools, of which Burnupena delalandii was the
most common; Thais cingulata and Thais squamosa also occurred. Burnupena
papyracea occurred at the lowest levels, and juvenile Burnupena cincta were
present in the kelp holdfasts. The keyhole limpet Fissurella mutabilis was com-
mon in the pools and on the rocks.
Both mussels, Aulacomya magellanica and Choromytilus meridionalis') were
found, the former more or less confined to the seaward edge of the outer rocks
and to kelp holdfasts, and the latter species forming dense beds in the pools and
channels. Patella argenvillei formed a belt on the seaward edge of the outer rocks,
with Patella granatina higher up, and Patella granularis forming its usual zone,
extending from the shoreward side of the outer rocks to almost the upper limit
of the Porphyra.
Kelp holdfasts, algai tufts, the underside of rocks, and spaces in the Gunnarea
tube masses provided shelter for a considerable cryptofauna. The minute black
gasteropod, Eatoniella nigra, was common, particularly amongst the Ulva. TTi-
colia neritina and Gibbula rosea were also very common. A brachiopod, Kraussina
rubra} was found on the undersides of stones and in kelp holdfasts. Several
species of amphipods were common: Calliopiella michaelseni} associated with
limpets; Hyale saldanha} Lysianassa ceratina} and Paramoera capensis in algal
tufts low down on the shore; and Hyale grandicornis in Ulva at higher levels.
The crab Dromidia hirsutissima was fairly common in pools. The sphaeromid
isopods Dynamenella ovalis} Parisocladus perforatus} and Exosphaeroma
porrectum were common, partucularly in kelp holdfasts; Exosphaeroma varicolor
was very common under stones. Three species of pycnogonids, Hannonia typical
Tanystylum brevipes} and Pz;cnogonum angulirostrum} were collected in alglll
tufts and kelp holdfasts. The small brittle-star Amphipholis squamata was
abundant in kelp holdfasts, and Ophiothrix triglochis and small Parechinus
angulosus were found under stones. Several polychaete worm species were col-
lected: Lepidonotus semitectus} Marphysa capensis} Platynereis dumerilii} Pla-
tynereis, australis} and syllids including Syllis gracilis} Syllis armillaris, and
Trypanosyllis gemmulifera were fairly common in algal tufts, and Cirriformia
capensis was common wherever a muddy substratum was available.
A full list of the invertebrate species recorded from Liideritzbucht during the
present survey is given in table 1. Disregarding species recorded as "present"
from only one or two localities, it may be noted that the majority of the species
fall into one of the following categories: (1) species collected at all the localities,
(2) species collected at all the localities except Big Bay, (3) species collected at
the sheltered localities only. The second category may be explained by the lack
of habitats for cryptofauna at Big Bay, and the third possibly by conditions of
temperature as well as lack of wave action. In addition to these major categories,
certain species were found at 'Q' Bay only, where they were common; a few
species were found at all localities except 'Q' Bay; a small number of species
were fairly common at Diaz Point and not recorded from any of the other locali-
ties; and finally, a few species were found only at the more exposed localities of
Big Bay and Diaz Point. Various factors, such as the very sheltered and relatively
muddy conditions at 'Q' Bay, the fact that Diaz Point was the only exposed
locality examined which offered suitable habitats for cryptofauna, and the
possibility of higher temperatures at the more sheltered localities, might explain
these categories. The accuracy and completeness of the collecting was probably
not such as to make further analysis of these apparent categories worthwhile at
this stage, but where instances appeared to be significant they are noted in the
remarks on the different taxonomic groups below.
The following species were recorded from all or almost all the localities: Dode-
caceria pulchra} Gunnarea capensis} Lepidonotus semitectus} Platynereis dumerilii}
Spirorbis patagonicus. Eulalia trilineata} Marphysa capensis} and Syllis gracilis
were collected at all the localities except 'Q' Bay. Naineris laevigata occurred in
large numbers at all the localities except Big Bay. (The sipunculids collected
show a similar distribution to Naineris laevigata). Few species were collected
at Big Bay, probably owing to the lack of suitable intertidal habitats. Several
species were found only at 'Q' Bay, of which Euclymene luderitziana} Marphysa
sanguinea} and Sabellaria spinulosa fucicola were common. Pseudonereis varie-
gata and Thelepus comatus were recorded only from the two exposed localities,
and Eunice aphroditois} Nicolea macrobranchia} Nereis operta} Polynoe scolo-
pendrina, Terebella pterochaeta, Thelepus pequenianus, and Trypanosyllis
gemmulifera were recorded only from sheltered localities.
Cirripedia
Barnacles did not form a conspicuous part of the intertidal fauna. The only
species recorded were Balanus algicola, present in small numbers on limpets and
kelp fronds at the bottom of the intertidal zone, and Chthamalus dentatus, a few
specimens of which were found in the Patella granularis zone at the sheltered
localities.
Isopoda
More than two thirds of the 32 species of isopods collected appear to be endemic.
Apanthura cf. sandalensis, Deto echinata, Exosphaeroma porrectum, Panathura
serricauda, Paridotea ungulata, and Parisocladus stimpsoni were found only at
sheltered localities, the latter species only at 'Q' Bay, where it was abundant.
Paridotea rubra was collected only at the two exposed localities; Dynamenella
scabricula was collected only at Big Bay, and Dynamenella australis and Janira
exstans were both collected only at Diaz Point, where they were common. Cymo-
docella pustulata and Parisocladus perforatus were very common at all the locali-
ties, and Exosphaeroma varicolor occurred, often in great numbers, wherever
there were loose rocks. The burrowing littoral isopod, Tylos granulatus, a few of
which were found above the rocky shore at 'Q' Bay, is very common on open
sandy beaches in the vicinity of Liideritzbucht.
Amphipoda
Of the 28 species obtained 11 appear to be endemic.
Calliopiella michaelseni, Hyale grandicornis, and Hyale saldanha were present,
usually in large numbers, at all the localities. Lysianassa ceratina, very common
at most localities, was not collected at Big Bay, and Hyale hirtipalma was found
only at the two exposed localities. The presence of Hyale diastoma in large num-
bers at Diaz Point is worthy of note, as this species has not been recorded since
its description by Barnard in 1916.
Decapoda
Two of the seven species recorded appear to be endemic. Four of the species
(Dromidia hirsutissima, Hymenosoma orbiculare, Paguristes gamianus, and
Upogebia capensis) were taken only in sheltered localities. Upogebia capensis
is fairly common in the mudflats at the head of the lagoon, but is less common
in rocky areas. The rock lobster,Jasus lalandii, occurs intertidally only some-
times in the juvenile stages; it and the large crab, Plagusia chabrusJ were found
only at the exposed localities.
Pycnogonida
All six species of pycnogonids collected are endemic. Two of them, Phoxichilidium
capensis and Pycnogonum angulirostrum, had not been recorded since their
original descriptions.
No pycnogonids were found at the very exposed locality of Big Bay. Hannonia
typica was present at all the sheltered localities; Barnard (1954) noted that he
did not collect this species at Sea Point, although it was fairly common at Blou-
berg nearby. Blouherg offers more sheltered locafities than Sea Point. It seems
that Hannonia typica prefers localities of slight wave action.
Echinodermata
No echinoderms were found at Big Bay intertidally. Ophiothrix triglochis and
Parechinus angulosus were found at all the other localities, the former never in
large numbers, and the latter in large numbers only at Agate Beach.
Mollusca
All except eight of the species collected seem to be limited to the southern African
region. Five species, Littorina punctata, Crepidula porcellana, Burnupena cincta,
and Tapes corrugata occur to a greater or lesser degree on the tropical west
coast of Africa; Tapes corrugata is also known from the Mediterranean. Several
of the species extend into Moc;;ambique,but only two, Fissurella mutabilis and
Tricolia neritina, are recorded from more tropical areas of the Indian ocean
region. Aulacomya magellanica seems to have a circumpolar distribution, occurr-
ing on most of the southern islands such as Kerguelen, the Falklands, and in the
Straits of Magellan.
The species of Pyrene referred to as Pyrene cf. langleyi differs slightly from the
descriptions of this established species. The generic status of the Liideritzbucht
specimens is without question, and they certainly constitute a record for the area.
The distribution within the Liideritzbucht area of the two species of mussels is
of interest. Both occurred at all or almost all the localities investigated, but while
AUlacomya magellanica was common intertidally only at the exposed localities,
Choromytilus meridional is was common only in the sheltered 'Q' Bay area and
in pools at the rocks below the Strand Cafe. Several molluscs were collected only
in sheltered areas; these included Chaetopleura papilio, Tapes corrugata, Burnu-
pena papyracea, Crepidula pOTcellana, Helcion pectunculus, Marginella biannn-
lata, Pyrene cf. langleyi, Thais cingulata, and Turbonilla trachealis. Tellimya
trigona, Clavatula sinuata, Gibbula beckeri, Gibbula capensis, Marginella
capensis, and Oxystele variegata were found only at 'Q' Bay, most of them in
large numhers. The limpets Patella argenvillei and Patella barbara were not
found at 'Q' Bay, although the former species formed a characteristic fringe at
the bottom of the intertidal zone at all the other localities investigated. Another
limpet, Patella compressa, occurred on kelp stipes at all localities but was not
recorded intertidally.
Brachiopoda
Both species were found only at sheltered localities. Kraussina rubra was
previously recorded from Lambert's Bay to the Transkei; Discinisca tenuis, not
previously mentioned in South African literature, was originally described from
the coasts of Peru and Chile. It is also known from Swakopmund and the
northern South West African coast (South African Museum collection).
Proto chordata
Pyura stolonifera, which forms a characteristic belt just below low water of
spring tides, particularly on the south coast, did not appear to be common at
Liideritzbucht. A few specimens were observed among the kelp at Agate Beach.
The intertidal fishes of Liideritzbucht were not included in the present survey,
as they have formed the subject of a previous survey, preliminary results of
whiCh have been published '(Penrith, 1965). Fish cannot, in any case, be in-
corporated in transects, as they are purely pool inhabitants, although the per-
manent inhabitants of the intertidal zone do in fact show a type of vertical
zonation. However, we include a brief summary of the results of the survey of
the intertidal fishes. The species recorded are listed in table 2. All are endemic to
the South African region.
In general, most of the species occurred wherever suitable pool or gully habitats
were available. Three of the species, Pavoclinus pavo, Gynutoclinus rotundifrons,
and Eckloniaichthys scylliorhiniceps, were represented in the collection by one
specimen only, and are apparently rare in the area. All three are species which
on the west coast tend to be associated with kelp.
Two of the specie::;were recorded from localities within the bay ('Q' Bay, Strand
Cafe, and Agate Beach), where they did not appear to be uncommon. These were
Ctenogobius saldanha and Blennioclinus brachycephalus.
As might be expected from the low temperatures prevailing in the region of
Liideritzbucht, the fauna of the rocky intertidal zone of the shore conforms
closely with that of localities investigated on the west coast south of the Orange
River by Stephenson and his colleagues, in particular Port Nolloth on the
northern part of the west coast, described by Bright (1938). Of 187 species of
Polychaeta, Crustacea, Pycnogonida, Mollusca, Brachiopoda, Echinodermata, and
Proto chordata recorded from Liideritzbucht during the present survey, 96% had
been previously recorded from localities south of Liideritzbucht on the west coast
of southern Africa. Of these species, 23% had not previously been recorded
north of Lambert's Bay; the great majority of these were found in the sheltered
areas of 'Q' Bay, the Strand Cafe, and Agate Beach. This also applies to the inter-
tidal fishes Ctenogobius saldanha and Blennioclinus brachycephalus.
Stephenson, Stephenson & Day (1940) and Stephenson (1944), discussing the
general features of the west coast, noted that there were certain differences
between areas such as Oudekraal and Lambert's Bay on the Southern part of the
west coast and Port Nolloth in the north. These differences are related chiefly
to the overlap of typically south coast forms such as Patella cochlear and
Oxystele tigrina on to the southern part of the west coast. Marchand (1932)
indicated that a minimal temperature area exists on the northern part of the
west coast, roughly in the region of Hondeklip Bay to Liideritzbucht. This mini-
mal temperature area can be expected to act as a barrier to the establishment
of southern, warm-temperate species. It seems feasible that the warm, shallow
bays of Liideritzbucht might, by offering higher temperatures than the exposed
areas of the northern west coast, make it possible for species which prefer
warmer water to become established.
The vertical zonation of the shore fauna of most of the localities investigated at
Liideritzbucht corresponded closely with that described for the west coast in
general by Stephenson, Stephenson, & Day (1940). The succession from low
water of spring tides is the usual west coast transition from the kelp fringe
through three zones characterised from bottom to top respectively by Patella
argenvillei) Patella granularis) and snails of the genus Littorina. The breadth of
the zones varied depending on the degree of wave action. Thus at Big Bay and
Diaz Point the Patella argenvillei zone and the mixed algal carpet characteristic
of the lower levels of rocky shores continued further above low water of spring
tides than at the sheltered Agate Boach, since the amount of water movement
at low tide at the two former localities renders the period of exposure and
desiccation shorter. At 'Q' Bay no specimens of Patella argenvillei were found.
The Patella granularis zone was marked at all localities. There was no Littorina
zone at 'Q' Bay owing to the lack of rocks near the top of the shore.
With regard to 'Q' Bay, it is worthy of note that although the shore apart from
the upper few feet is in the main rocky, forms such as Euclymene luderitziana
and Orbinia angrapequensis) which were found to be highly characteristic of
sandy transects in the Langebaan lagoon by Day (1959), were found amongst
the rocks at 'Q' Bay, the former species in large numbers.
Certain differences between the intertidal faunas of Liideritzbucht and Port
Nolloth were also noted.
Stephenson, Stephenson, & Day (1940) noted the progressive decrease in barnacle
populations on the west coast. At Lambert's Bay and Port Nolloth the barnacles
Octomeris angulosa and Tetraclita serrata) which contribute extensively to the
strongly marked baIanoid zone on the south coast of southern Africa, were rare,
confined to crevices in the Patella granularis zone (which corresponds to the
balanoid zone of the south coast). These two species were apparently absent from
Liideritzbucht. The small barnacle Balanus algicola) which Stephenson, Stephen-
son, & Day \(1940) found to be characteristic of the west coast, forming a dense
belt in places at Port Nolloth and Lambert's Bay in the Patella argenvillei zone,
was inconspicuous at Liideritzbucht, although it was present on limpets, mussels,
and kelp fronds at most localities. Chthamalus dentatus) a barnacle found on the
south coast and dominant in its zone on the east coast of southern Africa, and
widely distributed in warmer waters, was not found at Lambert's Bay or Port
Nolloth (Stephenson Stephenson, & Day, 1940). Very smaIl numbers of this
species were found. 'at Liideritzbucht in the Patella granularis zone of the
sheltered areas.
The periwinkle Oxystele variegata) highly characteristic of pools and crevices in
the Patella granular is zone of Saldanha Bay (Day, 1959), Lambert's Bay (Ste-
phenson, Stephenson, & Day, 1940), and Port Nolloth (Bright, 1938), was virtual-
ly absent from the localities investigated at LUderitzbucht, a single specimen
collected at 'Q' Bay being the sole representative of the species in the present
survey.
Parechinus angulosus, typically abundant on the west coast (Stephenson,
Stephenson, & Day, 1940), was not common at any of the localities investigated
at LUderitzbucht except Agate Beach, where it was quite numerous.
No explanation of these differences can at present be offered except in the case
of Chthamalus dentatus, which may be able to establish itself at the sheltered
areas owing to rather higher temperatures within the bay.
The rocky intertidal shore fauna of LUderitzbucht is in general typical of the
South African west coast. There seems little indication the LUderitzbucht has any
greater faunal affinity with tropical West Africa than any other locality on the
South African west coast. The barnacle Chthamalus dentatus and the brachiopod
Discinisca tenuis are two of the very few species found north of Liideritzbucht
which LUderitzbucht does not share with localities further south on the west
coast.
The topography of the LUderitzbucht area renders available a wide variety of
environmental conditions which might make the area suitable for the establish-
ment of species that would be unable to colonise most of the west coast. An in-
vestigation of the fauna of the bay and lagoon in relation to their temperature
regime would very probably yield interesting results.
We are grateful to Mr. C. G. Coetzee, Director of the State Museum, Windhoek,
for arranging permission from the South West African Administration for the
survey to be made, and to the South West African Administration for granting
that permission. We are grateful to Dr. T. H. Barry, Director of the South
African Museum, for making it possible for us to do the survey.
Our very grateful thanks are due to Mr. M. J. Penrith for extensive assistance
with the fieldwork, for helpful criticism during the course of the work, and for
providing transport on the second visit.
We are indebted to Mr. R. Simons of the Division of Sea Fisheries, Cape Town,
for identifying the algae; to Dr. N. A. H. Millard, of the University of Cape Town,
for identifying the hydroids; to Mr. R. I. Dick, of the University of Cape Town,
for identifying the leeches; to Dr. R. F. Lawrence, of the Albany Museum,
Grahamstown, for identifying a spider, and to Mr. B. Lamoral, of the Natal
Museum, Pietermaritzburg, for information in regard to the distribution of the
spiders; and to Prof. J. H. Day, of the University of Cape Town, for checking
the indentifications of two of the polychaetes.
We wish to thank Commodore J. C. Walters and Commander A. Fawthrop of the
South African Navy for making an unpublished chart of the Liideritzbucht area
available to us.
We are grateful to Mr. S. X. Kannemeyer of the South African Museum for
developing and printing photographs.
X. GAZETTEER
Agulhas 34? 50' S. 20? 00' E. Lamberts Bay 32? 04' S. 18? 20' E.
Bashee 31? 55' S. 28? 27' E. Louren<;o
Bogenfels 27? 23' S. 15? 22' E. Marques 25? 58' S. 32? 30' E.
Buffels River 24? 07' S. 27? 42' E. Liideritzbucht 26? 38' S. 15? 10' E.
Cape Cross 21? 45' S. 13? 57' E. Mossel Bay 34? 12' S. 22? 08' E.
Cape St. Francis 34? 10' S. 19? 47' E. Orange
Danger Point 34? 37' S. 19? 17'E. River Mouth 29? 40' S. 24? 13' E.
Dassen Island 33? 25' S. 18? 05' E. Oudekraal 33? 59' S. 18? 01' Eo
Durban 29? 53' S. 31? 00' E. Plettenberg Bay 34? 05' S. 23? 21' E.
East London 33? 00' S. 27? 54' E. Port Alfred 33? 36' S. 26? 54' E.
Elizabeth Bay 26? 52'S. 15? 09' E. Port Elizabeth 33? 58' S. 25? 36' E.
False Bay 27? 59' S. 32? 23' E. Port Nolloth 29? 17' S. 16? 51' E.
Great Fish Port St. John's 31? 37' S. 29? 32' E.
River 33? 50' S. 27? 05' E. Qolora 32? 37' S. 28? 26' E.
Groenrivier 30? 51' S. 17? 33'E. Richards Bay 28? 47' S. 32? 05' E.
Hermanus 34? 25' S. 19? 14'E. Rocky Point 18? 59' S. 12? 29' E.
Hout Bay 34? 03' S. 18? 21' E. St. Lucia Bay 28? 23' S. 32? 2'5'E.
Inhambane 23? 51' S. 35? 29' E. Saldanha 33? 00' S. 17? 56' E.
Kei River 32? 41' S. 28? 23' E. Still Bay 34? 23' S. 21? 24' E.
Knysna 34?03'S. 23? 03' E. Swakopmund 22? 40' S. 14? 34'E.
Kosi Bay 27? 00' S. 31? 50' E. Table Bay 33? 56' S. 18? 28' E.
Krom River 34? 07' S. 19? 47' E. Walvis Bay 22? 59' S. 14? 31' E.
Kunene
River Mouth 17? 15' S. 11? 45'E.
XI. REFERENCES
BARNARD, K. H. 1916. Contributions to the crustacean fauna of South Africa. No.3.
Ann. 8. Afr. Mus. 15: 105~302.
- 1954. South African Pycnogonida. Ann. 8. Afr. Mus. 41: 81~158.
BRIGHT, K. M. F. 1938. The South African intertidal zone and its relation to ocean
currents. III. An area on the northern part of the west coast. Trans R. 80c.
8. Afr. 26: 67-88.
DAY, J. H. 1959. The biology of Langebaan Lagoon: a study of the effects of shelter
from wave action. Trans R. 80c. 8. Afr. 35: 475--547.
1967. A monograph on the Polychaeta of southern Africa. 1~2. London: British
Museum (Natural History).
EKMAN, S. 1953. Zoogeography of the seas. London: Sidgwick & Jackson.
MARCHAND, J. M. 1932. Hydrographic investigations during 1930. Rep. Fish. mar. biol.
8uru. Un. 8. Afr. 8 (2): 1-,3Q.
PENRITH, M.-L. 1965. Note on an extension of the known ranges of distribution of
some species of Clinidae (Pisces). S. Afr. J. Sci. 61: 423.
SOUTH AFRICA. DIVISION OF SEA FISHERIES. 1963. 31st annual report for the
period 1st April 1959 to 31st March 1960: 1-242. Pretoria: Government Printer.
- 1964.32nd annual report for the period 1st April 1960 to 31st March 1961: 1-267.
Pretoria: Government Printer.
STANDER, G. H. 1964. The pilchard of South West Africa (Sardinops ocellata). The
Benguela current off South West Africa. Investl Rep. mar. Res. lab. S. W. Afr.
12: 1-43.
STEPHENSON, T. A. 1939. The constitution of the intertidal fauna and flora of South
Africa. Part 1. J. Linn. Soc. Land. rZool.J 40: 487-536.
1944. The constitution of the intertidal fauna and flora of South Africa. Part II.
Ann. Natal Mus. 10: 261-358.
1948.The constitution of the intertidal fauna and flora of South Africa. Part III.
Ann. Natal Mus. 11: 207-324.
, STEPHENSON, A. & DAY, J. H. 1940. The South African intertidal zone and
its relation to ocean currents. VIII. Lamberts Bay and the west coast. Ann. Natal.
Mus. 9: 345-380.
l>:) Table 1. List of species recorded from LUderitzbucht during the present survey. 01-0 g'Q) 0-
?>
[Bi; [Di~/ 'Q' IStr~dlAgate I I
0-
Species South African
General 1.;
Bay Pt. Cafe Beach Distribution Distribution ~.
I I
Phylum: PORIFERA
Hymeniacedon perlevis (Montagu) I- I Fe I FC I Fe I Fe I Port Nolloth toEast London
Phylum: CNIDARIA
Class: HYDROZOA
Amphisbetia operculata (Linnaeus) I- I P I- I- I- I Lamberts Bay toSouth Coast
Halecium beanii (Johnston) I- I P i- I-I- I Swakopmund to I CosmopolitanSouth Coast
Plumularia setacea (Linnaeus) I- I- I -1-1 P I Lamberts Bay to I CosmopolitanSouth Coast
Symplectoscyphus macrogonus I- I P i- I-I- I Lamberts Bay to(Trebilcock) South Coast
Phylum: ANNELIDA
Class: HIRUDINEA
Pontobdella sp. 1= 1-; I-- I- I PStibarobdella cf. bimaculata (Oka) I I Panama
Class: POLYCHAETA
Arabella iricolor caerulea (Schmarda) I P I - I - I - I - I Liideritzbucht to I EndemicMo!;ambique
Branchiomma natalensis (Kinberg) I-I P I-I - I FC I Liideritzbucht to I EndemicTable Bay
Species I Big I Diaz I 'Q' IStrand/Agate I South African I GeneralBay Pt. Cafe Beach Distribution Distribution
Branchiomma violacea (Schmarda) I- I- I- I- I FC I Swakopmund to I EndemicDurban
Cirratulus filiformis Keferstein I-I P I - I - I - IWalvis Bay to I N. AtlanticAgulhas Indo-Pacific
Tropical E.
Atlantic
Cirriformia capensis (Schmarda) I - I Fe I -I P I FC 1Swakopmund to Trop. E.Kei Atlantic
Cirriformia tentaculata (Montagu) 1-1-1 C I -I P I Swakopmund to N. AtlanticM~ambique Indo-Pacific "tJ
Tropical E. (ll;$
Atlantic ;:!....?.;;>'
Dodecaceria pulchra Day I C I C I C I-I C I Liideritzbucht to Endemic eo.Kei ~(ll
Euclymene lombricoides (Quatrefages) I - I - I - I - I P I Liideritzbucht to N. Atlantic ~/li'M~ambique Mediterranean <ce
Euclymene luderitziana Augener I - I - I C I-I - I Liideritzbucht to Endemic ISaldanha t"";'::
I
R.
Eulalia capensisSchmarda I-I P -I -I P I Swakopmund to Endemic (ll;:!.Knysna ...?.l-.0'
'Eulalia triliniata Saint Joseph I P I P I -I P I P ILamberts Bay to N. Atlantic ;':~;;>'Port St. Johns ...?.
Eunice aphroditois (Pallas) I -I - I FC 1 - I FC I Swakopmund to N. Atlantic
;;....?.
(ll
Durban Indo-Pacific "i...?.
Mediterranean R:a
Euphrosine capensis (Kinberg) I -I P I -I -I P I Liideritzbucht to I Endemic -I>:J Kosi Bay ~I-' is-.J
t>:l I Big I Di~z I 'Q' IStrand/Agate I I
Q
f-' South African General ?-00 Species Bay Pt. Cafe Beach Distribution Distribution 0-(l)
0-
Exogone verugera (Claparede) I P 1-1-1-1- I Liideritzbucht to I N. Atlantic 1;;15'Cape Peninsula Indo-Pacific
Mediterranean
Flabelligera affinis Sars I - I FC I P I - I FC I Liideritzbucht to I ArcticKei N. Atlantic
N. Pacific
S. Atlantic
Gunnarea capensis (Schmarda) I C I C I C I C I C I Swakopmund to I EndemicSt. Lucia
Hyboscolex longiseta Schmarda I - I- I - I P I- I Swakopmund I New ZealandPort Nolloth to
Mo~ambique
Lepidonotus semitectus Stimpson I P I Fe I C I C I FC I Swakopmund to I EndemicRichards Bay
Lumbrineris coccinea (Renieri) I -I- I - I - I P I Liideritzbucht to N. AtlanticM~ambique Mediterranean
Lysidice natalensis Kinberg I - I P I- I - I Fe I Liideritzbucht to EndemicSt. Lucia
Lysidice ninetta Audouin & Milne I - I - I - I - I P I Swakopmund to I N. AtlanticEdwards Liideritzbucht Mediterranean
Tropical
E. Atlantic
Marphysa capensis (Schmarda) I P IFeI-1 P I FC I Swakopmund to AntarcticSaldanha Subantarctic
Marphysa depressa (Schmarda) I - I - I - I P I- I Saldanha Bay to SubantarcticRichards Bay
Species I Big I Diaz I 'Q' lStr~ndlAgate I South African I GeneralBay Pt. Cafe Beach Distribution Distribution
Marphysa sanguinea (Montagu) I - I - I C I - I - I Llideritzbucht to I N. AtlanticPort Elizabeth Indo-Pacific
Mediterranean
Naineris laevigata (Grube) I-IFCIFCI C I C I Swakopmund to CircumtropicalMo?;ambique Mediterranf>an
Nereis (Neanthes) operta Stimpson I - I P I- I P I P I Swakopmund to EndemicMo?;ambique
Nicolea maerobranchia (Schmarda) I- I- I C I - I P I Swakopmund to EndemicNatal "tl
(I:l
Nicolea venustula venustula (Montagu) I- I- I- I - I P I Lliderittbucht to N. Atlantic 3.
Mo?;ambique N. Pacific ...?;;>'
Mediterranean e.~
Odontosyllis polycera (Schmarda) 1- 1-1-1- I P I Llideritzbucht to Subantarctic (I:l~Malagassy ~~
Orbinia angrapequensis (Augener) I- I - I P I-I- I Swakopmund to Endemic IPort Elizabeth ~R.
Oriopsis neglecta Banse I - I P 1-1-1- I Swakopmund to Endemic (I:l~....?Table Bay '"0'~
Perinereis nuntia vallata (Grube) I- I - I C I-I- I Swakopmund to Indo-Pacific ~;;>'...?Mo?;ambique ~....?
Pherusa laevis (Stimpson) I- I - I -I P I Llideritzbucht to Endemic (I:l-I ~...?Bashee River R:?.
PherufJa monroi Day I- I- I - I P I - I Llideritzbucht to Subantarctic -I;lt-:> Bashee River ~"'" ~<0
t-:>
I
C)
t-:> I Big I Diaz I 'Q' IStrand/ Agate I South African General ?"0 Species Bay Pt. Cafe Beach Distribution Distribution C"<IlC"
Pista foliigera Caullery I - I P I -I-I- I Saldanha to N.E. Atlantic ~Malagassy Indo-W.-Pacific
Platynereis australis (Schmarda) I-I C I - I Fe I C ILiideritzbucht to SubantarcticFalse Bay
Platynereis dumerilii (Audouin & C C C FC Fe Swakopmund to I Cosmopolitan
Milne Edwards) Richards Bay
Polynoe erythrotaenia (Schmarda) - - P - - Liideritzbucht to I Endemic
Cape Peninsula
Polynoe scolopendrina Savigny I- I - I P I- I P I Lamberts Bay to N. Atlantic
Gt. Fish R. Mediterranean
Potamilla reniformis (MUller) I-I P I - I - I C I Orange R. Mouth Arctic
Richards Bay N. Atlantic
N. Pacific
Pseudonereis variegata (Grube) I P I C I- I- I- I Liideritzbucht to I CircumtropicalMo!;ambique
Sabellaria spinulosa fucicola (Augener) I=I~ I~1=1= 1LUderitzbucht EndemicSabellides capensis Day LUderitzbucht to EndemicKrom R.
Spirorbis. (Paralaeospira) patagonicus P FC FC FC FC Swakopmund to I Subantarctic
Caullery & Mesnil S1, Lucia Bay
Sthenelais boa (Johnston) P - - P P LUderitzbucht to I N. Atlantic
Mo!;ambique Mediterranean
Species I Big I Di~z I 'Q' IStrandlAgate I South African I GeneralBay Pt. Cafe Beach Distribution Distribution
Syllis (Syllis) gracilis GrUbe I P I P I - I P I P I Swakopmund I CosmopolitanCape to
Mo!:ambique
Syllis (Typosyllis) armillaris (Miiller) I FC I - I - I P I - I Swakopmund to I Cosmopolitan
MO!:ambique
Syllis (Typosyllis) variegata GrUbe I P IFCI-I-I P I Liideritzbucht to I CosmopolitanMo!:ambique
Syllis (Typosyllis) vittata GrUbe 1- I P I-I- I - 1Elizabeth Bay to N. AtlanticCape St. Francis Mediterranean
Terebella pterochaeta Schmarda I - I - I - I P 1 P I Swakopmund to N.E. Atlantic "tl{l>Richards Bay Indo-W. ;;!"i...
Pacific ..?.???
Thelepu8comatus (GrUbe) 1 FC I FC I - I - I - I Lamberts Bay I S. Atlantic e.~Indo-Pacific {l>~
Thelepus pequenianus Augener I - I - I - I P I P I Liideritzbucht to Endemic 1il~Port Elizabeth I
Trypanosyllis gemmulifera Augener 1-1-1- I P 1 P I Swakopmund to Endemic t"~:Port Elizabeth R.{l>"'l.....?.
'"0'
Class: SIPUNCULOIDEA I ~~???..?.
Phascolosomasp. - P C FC FC ;i'..?.
Phylum: MOLLUSCA {l>"'l..?.
Class: POLYPLACOPHORA R:a
Chaetopleura papilio (Spengler) - - P - P Liideritzbucht to Endemic ~...., East London...., ~l-'
~ I
c~ I Big I Diaz I 'Q' /Strand/Agate I South African General ~.~ Species Bay Pt. Cafe Beach Distribution Distribution 0-(1)
0-
Chiton nigrovirescens Blaineville I P I-IFCI- I P I Liideritzbucht to I Endemic 1;j~.Port Alfred
lschnochiton hewitti Ashby I - I FC I P I- I C I Liideritzbucht to I EndemicTable Bay
Class: LAMELLIBRANCIllATA
I I I I I I Swakopmund toAulacomya magellanica(Chemnitz) C C P P P South AmericaNatal Falkland Is.
P I - I I FC I I Walvis Bay to
Kerguelen Is.
Choromytilus meridionalis (Krauss) I C P EndemicPlettenberg Bay
Kellya rubra Montagu I I C I FC I C I C Port Nolloth to I CosmopolitanNatal
Tapes corrugata (Gmelin) I I - I C I- I P Walvis Bay to I MediterraneanNatal West Africa,
Angola
Tellimya trigona Barnard I I- I C I- I- I Liideritzbucht to I EndemicFalse Bay
Thecalia concamerata Bruguiere - - - P Port Nolloth to I Endemic
Natal
CIMS: GASTEROPODA -
Afrocominella capensis (Dunker) P FC - - Port Nolloth to I Endemic
East London
Argobuccinum argus (Gmelin) I I P I- I- I- ILiideritzbucht to I Australia, N.Z.Port Alfred St. Paul &
Amsterdam Is.
Species I Big \ Diaz I 'Q' IStrand/Agate I South African I GeneralBay Pt. Cafe Beach Distribution Distribution
Burnupena cincta (Bolten) I-I P I P I P I C I Liideritzbucht to I AngolaNatal
Burnupena delalandii (Kiener) I - I FC I A I C I A I Port Nolloth to I EndemicFalse Bay
Burnupena papyracea (Bruguiere) 1-1-1 P I P I - I Liideritzbucht to EquatorialNatal Africa
Clavatula sinuata Born I - I - I A I - I - I Buffels River to EndemicPort Alfred
Crepidula porcellana Lamarck I - I - I A I - I FC I Bogenfels to Morocco toNatal Angola "tl(l)
Eatoniella nigra (Krauss) I A I A I A I FC I FC I Port Nolloth to Endemic ~I ?..""Port Alfred ;;:-e..
Fissurella mutabilis Sowerby I P I FC I A I FC I C I Liideritzbucht to Mo<;ambique & ~(l)Natal Malagassy ~
Gibbula becke1'i Sowerby 1- 1- I C I-I- I Port Nolloth to Endemic ~~Port Alfred II
Gibbula capensis (Gmelin) I-I-IFC 1-!-ISaldanhato Endemic
t<:;:::R.Natal (l);:t
Gibbula rosea (Gmelin) 1- 1 P I A I FC I FC I Liideritzbucht to Endemic ""'"Cl"False Bay :;::~
Helcion dunkeri (Krauss) I FC I I FC I FC I P I Liideritzbucht to Endemic ;;:-C ""
Natal ~.""(l)
Helcion pectunculus (Gmelin) 1-1-1 C I - I FC I Liideritzbucht to Endemic '"l~Natal
Littorina punctata Philippi I A I A 1-1-1 A I Saldanha to West Africa ....?.~.", Knysna :;::.", ~V>
t3 I Big IDiaz I 'Q' IStrand/Agate I South African I General
Q
II>- Species ~.Bay Pt. Cafe Beach Distribution Distribution 0-(\\
I -- I -- I -- I -- I I Liideritzbucht to 0-Marginella biannulata (Fabricius) P I Endemic ~~.Transkei
Marginella capensis Krauss I -- I -- I FC I -- I -- I Liideritzbucht to I EndemicFalse Bay
Nassa scopularcus Barnard I = I = I P I -- I -- I Bogenfels (Fossil) I EndemicOxystele variegata (Anton) P -- -- Liideritzbucht to Mo~ambiqueNatal
Patella argenvillei Krauss I FC I C IFeI--1 P I Liiderittbucht to I Endemic
Natal
Patella barbara Linnaeus I FC I P I -- I -- I P I Liideritzbucht to I Endemic
Natal
Patella compressa Linnaeus I FC I FC I Fe I FC I FC I Liideritzbucht to I Endemic
Danger Point
Patella granatina Linnaeus I -- I P I FC I P I P I Liideritzbucht to I EndemicAgulhas
Patella granularis Linnaeus I FC I A I A I C I P I Liideritzbucht to I EndemicZululand
Patella miniata Born I--IFCI--I--I P I Liideritzbucht to I EndemicZululand
Pyrene ct. langleyi (Sowerby) /--1--1--1-- I P I False Bay to I EndemicPort Alfred
Rissoa capensis Sowerby I P I -- I -- I -- I -- I Still Bay to I EndemicPort Alfred
Siphonaria (Patellopsis) capensis I P IFCIFCI--1 P I Liideritzbucht to I InhacaQuoy & Gaimard Kosi Bay
Species I Big I Diaz 'Q' IStrand/Agate I South African I GeneralBay Pt. Cafe Beach Distribution Distribution
Thais cingulata (Linnaeus) - - P P - Liideritzbucht to Endemic
Cape Peninsula
Thais duma .(Krauss) FC - - - P Liideritzbucht to Endemic
Transkei
Thais, squamosa (Lamarck) - FC - P FC Liideritzbucht to Indo-Pacific
East London, Natal
Tricolia neritina (Dunker) A A A FC A Liideritzbucht to Mauritius
East London
Turbonilla trachealis Gould - - A P P Saldanha to Endemic
Natal
Class: CEPHALOPODA
Eledone sp. - - P - P
Phylum: ARTHROPODA
Class: CRUSTACEA
Subclass: COPEPODA
Oroer: CYCLOPOIDEA
Cancerilla tubulata Dalyell - - - P - Mediterranean,
(on Ophiothrix triglochis) N. Atlantic
Subclass: CIRRIPEDIA
alanus algicola Pilsbry P P P P P Liideritzbucht to Endemic
Transkei
hthamalus dentatus Krauss - - P P P Swakopmund, W. Africa,
Liideritzbucht, Angola, Aden,
Table Bay to Natal Malagassy
~ I Big I Diaz I IStrand/Ag;te I South African
~
Q
en Species 'Q' General ?'Bay Pt. Cafe Beach Distribution Distribution Cl"(\l
Cl"
Subclass: MALACOSTRACA I I I I I I I ~~.
Order: LEPTOSTRACA
N ebalia capensis Barnard - - - - P Table Bay, I Endemic
Hermanus
Order: PERACARIDA
Suborder: MYSIDACEA
Gastrosaccus sp. I-- 1-- I- I- I P
Suborder: TANAIDACEA
Anatanais gracilis (Heller) I- I P I- I- I- I Lamberts Bay to Ceylon, S10Paul &Durban Amsterdam Is.
Leptochelia savignyi (Kr6yer) I -I- I- I P I P i Port Nolloth to N. & S. AtlanticDurban Indo-Pacific
I
Mediterranean
Suborder: ISOPODA
Apanthura cf. sandalensis Stebbing - - P I P P Saldanha Bay Loyalty Is.False Bay
East London
Cymodoce unguiculata Barnard I- I- I P I- I- I Saldanha, I AustraliaTable Bay
Cymodocella pustulata Barnard I C I FC I FC I A I A I Liideritzbucht to I EndemicNatal
Cymodocella sublevis Barnard I- I- I P I- I- ISaldanha to I EndemicNatal
Species I Big I Diaz I 'Q' \strandl Agate I South African I GeneralBay Pt. Cafe Beach Distribution Distribution
LJeto echi~ta C;uerln I- I- I A I- I A I Liideritzbucht to I ? St. Paul Is.Danger Pt.
LJynamenella australis Richardson I - I A I- I - I - i Liideritzbucht to I EndemicHermanus
LJy~menella huttoni (Thomson) I A I A I- I- I C I Liideritzbucht to New ZealandZululand CkJugh Is.
LJynameneUa ovalis Barnard I P I- I- I C I- I Table Bay to EndemicEast London
LJynamenella scabricula (Heller) I C I P I- I- I- I Liideritzbucht to EndemicHermanus 'tl<l);;;:
Engidotea lobata (Miers) I - I P I - I- I- ILamberts Bay to Endemic ~.<""\0Port Elizabeth ;;re.
Exanthura macrura Barnard I- I- I- I- I P ILamberts Bay to Endemic ~<l)Table Bay ~
Exosphaeroma laeviusculum (Heller) I- I- I P I- I- I Liideritzbucht to ? Java ~<c::Cape Peninsula I
Exosphaeroma porrectum Barnard 1-1-1- I C I C I Liideritzbucht to Endemic t"'0::R.Cape Peninsula <l)"'i...
<""\0
Exosphaeroma truncatitelson Barnard I- I - I P I- I - ILamberts Bay to Endemic '"0-0:False Bay C);;r
I- IFC I I FC I ILiideritzbucht to Endemic <""\0Exosphaeroma varicolor Barnard A P ~.Hermanus <""\0<l)"'i
<""\0
Glyptidotea lichtensteinii (Krauss) I - I P I- I - I P I Liideritzbucht to Endemic ~\ Transkei -(;l
l\j Gnathia spongicola Barnard I- I- I I- I- ITable Bay Endemic 0:a:-:> P ;;;:-l ~
t-:>
I
Q
t-:> I Big I Diaz I 'Q' IStrand! Agate I South African G?neral ~.00 Species Bay Pt. Cafe Beach Distribution Distribution 0-(ll
0-
Iais pubescens(Dana) I - I P I FC I P I- I Liideritzbucht to I Indo-Pacific 1;;S?Inhambane Atlantic
Tristan da Cunha
Gough Is.
Ianiropsis palpalis Barnard I - I P I P I- I- I Saldanha to I EndemicPt. St. Johns
ldotea indica Milne Edwards
I = I ~ I = I P I~ I Table BayJaeropsis curvicornis (Nicolet) P Lamberts Bay to Chile,False Bay Indo-Pacific
Janira capensisBarnard I-I- I- I P I- IPort Nolloth to EndemicPlettenberg Bay
Janira exstans Barnard 1- IFCI- I- I- ITable Bay to I Endemic
East London
Panathura serricauda Barnard I- I- I- I P I p I Saldanha to Cape I Endemic
Peninsula
Paridotea jucicola Barnard I- I- I P I- I- I Groenrivier to I EndemicFalse Bay
Paridotea reticulata Barnard I- I- I~ I- I P I Liideritzbucht to I EndemicStill Bay
Paridotea rubra Barnard I P I P I- I- I- I Liideritzbucht to I EndemicEast London
Paridotea ungulata (Pallas) 1- I-IFCI P I- I Walvis Bay to I New Zealand,
East London Subantarctic
Islands
Parisocladus perjoratus I FC I A I A I A I A I Liideritzbucht to I St. Paul Is.(Milne Edwards) Zululand
Species I Big I Diaz I 'Q' IStrandl Agate I South African l. GeneralBay Pt. Cafe Beach Distribution Distribution
Parisocladus stimpsoni (Heller) 1-1-1 A I- I - I Liideritzbucht to I EndemicDurban
Sphaeramene polytylotos Barnard I- I P IFC I- I- I Liideritzbucht to I EndemicPlcttenberg Bay
Tylos granulatus Krauss - - P - - Swakopmund to I Endemic
Suborder: AMPHIPODA
Cape Peninsula
Ampelisca brevicornis (Costa) - - - - P Liideritzbucht to Mediterranean
Agulhas N. Atlantic
Ampithoe talsa Barnard I- I- I- I- I P I Saldanha to Aden,East London Arabian Sea ~<!l
I- I P I FC I P I FC I Table Bay to N. Atlantic ;:lAmpithoe ramondi (Audouin) ;4?.?.Natal Indo-Pacific ?...
Aora typica Kroyer I - I FC I P I P I P I Port Nolloth to Australia eo~Durban New Zealand <!l
Subantarctic ~;'
Islands ~
Calliopiella michaelseni Schellenberg I A I A I P I P I C I Swakopmund to Endemic It'<Table Bay l;::~
Caprella penantis Leach
I=IFCI= I
P
1=
I Natal Cosmopolitan <!l::!....
Caprellina longicollis (Nicolet) Swakopmund to Chile, '"P 0-l;:
Durban New Zealand, ~?...
Mediterranean, .?.~.
Subantarctic ...<!l
Islands ~...
Caprellina spiniger Barnard - - P - - False Bay Endemic ~....
Ceradocus rubromaeulatus (Stimpson) - FC FC - A Liideritzbucht to Red Sea, ~l;:l-.:l Transkei Indo-Pacific ~l-.:lto
t.:l
I
()c.> I Big I Diaz I 'Q' IStrandlAgate I South African General ~.0 Species Bay Pt. Cafe Beach Distribution Distribution 0-<ll0-
Corophium acherusieum Costa I- I- I- I P I I Cape Peninsula I Mediterranean ~- ~.to Durban W. Africa,
Indo-Pacific
Gitanopsis pusilla Barnard I- I- I- I- I P I Swakopmund to I EndemicFalse Bay
Guernea laevis Chevreaux - - P - FC Table Bay Brittany, Ceylon
Hoplopleon medusarum Barnard - - P - - Saldanha Endemic
Hyale diastoma Barnard - C - - - Table Bay Endemic
Hyale grandicornis Kr6yer A A P FC P Table Bay to New Zealand,
East London Subantarctic
Islands
Hyale hirtipalma (Dana) 1 A I P I- I- I- ITable Bay, I Chile, PeruFalse Bay New Zealand
Subantarctic Is.
Hyale saldanha Chilton I P I A I A I A I A I Saldanha to I EndemicFalse Bay
Ischyrocerus anguipes Kr6yer I- I P I- I- I- ITable Bay to I N. AtlanticNatal
Lysianassa ceratina (Walker) I- I C I A I A I A I Liideritzbucht to I MediterraneanZululand N. Atlantic
E. Africa
Lysianassa variegata (Stimf/son) I - I A I - I- I FC I Liideritzbucht to I ZanzibarEast London
Maera hirondellei Chevreaux 1= 1= I~ 1= I P I Saldanha Azores, AlgiersMaera inaequipes (Costa) FC Port Nolloth to MediterraneanNatal Bermuda
Indo-Pacific
Species \ Big I Diaz I 'Q' \strandl Agate I South African I GeneralBay Pt. Cafe Beach Distribution Distribution
Maera vagans Barnard I - I- I- I- I A ILamberts Bay to I EndemicTable Bay
Melita orgasmos Barnard I - I P I- I- I - IPort Nolloth to I EndemicEast London
Paramoera bidentata Barnard I - I C I- I- I- ITable Bay to I EndemicStill Bay
Paramoera capensis (Dana) I - 1 FC 1- C P Liideritzbucht to New ZealandDurban Falkland Is.
Talorchestia australi8 Barnard I- I - I P -. - Table Bay Endemic
False Bay ~;:s
Talorchestia quadrispinosa Barnard I I I P I- I- I Dassen Is. to ~.- - Endemic <-10;::-False Bay e.
Walvis Bay ~
Order: EUCARIDA
;:s
'"~t:::
Suborder: DECAPODA I
Dromidia hirsutissirna (Lamarck) - - P P P Lamberts Bay to Endemic t-<;e,
Mossel Bay R.(1);1.
Hymenosoma orbiculare Desmarest I I- I FC I- I P ILiideritzbucht to Moc;ambique <-10- '"0'Natal Zanzibar ;e'";::-
Jasus lalandii (Milne Edwards) I P I P I- I- I - ?1Cape Cross to Endemic <-10~.Agulhas <-10(1)-l
<-1015:~
Paguristes gamianus (Milne Edwards) I- I IFC I- I- I Liideritzbucht to I Endemic -- ??<>: Port Alfred ;ec" ;:sJ-' ??
I>:> I
Q
VJ I Big I Diaz I IStrand/Agate I South African General g'I>:> Species 'Q'Bay Pt. Cafe Beach Distribution Distribution Cl"(\l
Cl"
Pilumnoides perlatus (Poeppig) I -I FC I-I- I P I Rocky Point, , Panama, Chile ~~.to False Bay Ireland,
Britain
Plagusia chabrus (Linnaeus) I P I P i- I- I- I Kunene River Chile,]douth to ~atal ~ew Zealand
Australia
Upogebia capensis (Krauss) - - P - I - Liideritzbucht to Endemic]dossel Bay
Class: PYC~OGOIDDA I Liideritzbucht toAchelia quadridentata (Hodgson) - P - - P I Endemic
False Bay
Hannonia typica Hoek I- I- I P I P I P I Liideritzbucht to I Endemic~atal
Nymphopsis cuspidata (Hodgson) I - I P I- I- I P I Liideritzbucht to I EndemicEast London
Phoxichilidium capensis Flynn - P - - - Hout Bay Endemic
Pycnogonum angulirostrum Stock - - - P - False Bay Endemic
Tanystylum brevipes (Hoek) - P - FC P Liideritzbucht to Endemic
Durban
Class: ARACHIDDA
Desis formidabilis (Cambridge) - - FC P Fe Liideritzbucht to I Endemic
East London
Tricassa deserticola Simon I- I- I P
Species I Big I Diaz I 'Q' IStrand/ Agate I South African GeneralBay Pt. Cafe Beach Distribution Distribution
Class: INSECTA
Anurida maritima Laboulbene P - A - A S.W.A. to Natal Cosmopolitan
Pachyphalaria capensis Laporte - - P - - S.W.A. to Cape Endemic
Peninsula
Phylum: BRACIllOPODA
Discinisca tenuis (~owerby) - - FC - P Walvis Bay, Chile, Peru
Swakopmund
Kraussina rubra (Pallas) - - FC FC P Lamberts Bay to Endemic
Transkei
Phylum: PROTOCHORDATA
Subphylum: UROCHORDATA
Class: ASCIDACEA
Ascidia sydniensis :::itimpson - - - - P Saldanha to West Indies
Port Elizabeth Australia
pyura stolonifera (Heller) - - - - P Port Nolloth to ?Australia
Natal
Phylum: ECIllNODERMATA
Class: ASTEROIDEA
Asterina exigua (Lamarck) - FC - - FC Liideritzbucht to Indo-Pacific
Delagoa Bay St. Helena
Henricia ornata (Perrier) - - - - FC Port Nolloth to Endemic
Qolora
atiria granifera Gray - P - - - Groenrivier to EndemicPort Alfred
~I
Qw
I Big I Diaz I 'Q' IStrandl Agate I South African General ~.II'> Species Bay Pt. Cafe Beach Distribution Distribution 0'~
0'I;l
Class: OPHIUROIDEA co~.
Amphipholis squamata (Della Chiaje) - P - C C Liideritzbucht to Cosmopolitan
Inhambane
Amphiura oapensis Ljungman - - C - P Liideritzbucht to I Endemic
Plettenberg Bay
Ophiothrix triglochis Miiller & Troschel - P P P P I Liideritzbucht to I Endemic
East London
Class: ECHINOIDEA
Parechnius angulosu,s (Leske) - P P P C I Liideritzbucht to I Mo<;ambique
Zululand
Class: HOLOTHUROIDEA
Cucumaria frauenfeldii Ludwig - - - - P Liideritzbucht to I ? Java
East London
Pentacta doliolum(Pallas) - FC - - C Liideritzbucht to I Endemic
Port Elizabeth
Thyone aurea Quay & Gaimard - - - - P Liideritzbucht to I Endemic
False Bay
Gobiidae
Coryphopterus nudiceps (Cuvier &
Valenciennes)
Clinidae
Blennioclinus brachycephalus
(Valenciennes)
Shore opposite Halifax Island; Port Nolloth to Knysna
Diaz Point; 'Q' Bay; rocks near
Strand Cafe; Agate Beach.
'Q' Bay; rocks near Strand Cafe Saldanha Bay to Port Elizabeth
'Q' Bay; rocks near Strand Cafe;
Agate Beach
Shore opposite Halifax Island;
Diaz Point; 'Q' Bay; rocks near
Strand Cafe; Shark Island;
Agate Beach
Northern headland, Big Bay;
shore opposite Halifax Island;
Diaz Point; 'Q' Bay; rocks near
Strand Cafe; Shark Island,
Agate Beach; Shearwater Bay
Northern headland, Big Bay;
shore opposite Halifax Island;
Diaz Point; Shearwater Bay;
rocks near Strand Cafe
Liideritzbucht; False Bay to Kei
River Mouth
I\:) I I Qt.) ~.C) Species Localities Distribution 0-
(\\
0-~co
Clinus dorsalis Castelnau I Northern headland, Big Bay; I Liideritzbucht to Natal ~.
shore opposite Halifax Island;
'Q' Bay; rocks near Strand Cafe;
Diaz Point; Shearwater Bay;
Shark Island; Agate Beach
Clinus heterodon Valenciennes I Shore opposite Halifax Island; I Swakopmund to False Bay
Diaz Point
Clinus superciliosus (Linnaeus) I Northern headland, Big Bay; I Rocky Point to Kei River Mouth
shore opposite Halifax Island;
Diaz Point; Shearwater Bay;
Rocky Point to Zululand
Shark Island; Agate Beach
Clinus venustris Gilchrist & Thompson I Diaz Point; Shearwater Bay; I Liideritzbucht to Port Alfred
rocks near Strand Cafe
Gynutoclinus rotundifrons (Barnard) I Agate Beach Lambert's Bay to Oudekraal
Pavoclinus pavo (Gilchrist & Thompson) Shearwater Bay Liideritzbucht to Kei River Mouth
Gobiesocidae
Chorisochismus dentf!x (Pallas) I Northern headland, Big Bay; IRocky Point to Zululand
shore opposite Halifax Island;
Diaz Point; Shearwater Bay;
rocks near Strand Cafe;
Agate Beach
Eckloniaichthys scylliorhiniceps Smith I Agate Beach I False Bay to East London
b: Algal carpet just above LWS at Big Bay, showing kelp, Champia lumbricalis,
Cladovhora capensis, and Gigartina stiriata.
Plate 2 a: Patella ar[Jenvillei zone at Diaz Point, showing algae including
lumbrical'i3, Aeodes orbitosa, and Arthrocardia sp.