86 JOURNAL OF THE LEPIDOPTERISTS' SOCIETY Journal of the Lepidopterists' Society 60(2), 2006, 86-91 STABILIZING THE NOMENCLATURE OF FABRICIAN NAMES OF NORTH AMERICAN HAIRSTREAKS (LYCAENIDAE: THECLINAE: EUMAEINI) ROBERT K. ROBBINS Department of Entomology, PO Box 37012, NHB Stop 105 Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC 20013-7012 USA. email: robbinsr@si.edu AND GERARDO LAMAS Museo de Historia Natural, Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos Apartado 14-0434, Lima-14, PERU email: glamasm@unmsm.edu.pe ABSTRACT. Four actions are taken to preserve nomenclatural stability of Nearctic hairstreak names proposed by Fabricius. Following the provisions of ICZN Article 23.9.1, Thecla liparops Le Conte, 1833 is made anomen protectum and Hesperia anacreon Fabricius, 1793 is made a nomen oblitum. Thecla m-album Boisduval & Le Conte, 1833 is made a nomen protectum and Hesperia euripides Fabricius, 1793 is made a nomen ohlitum. Lycus niphon Hiibner, [1819] is made a nomen protectum and Hesperia plautus Fabricius, 1793 is made a nomen ohli- tum. The name Hesperia cecraps Fabricius, 1793 cannot be determined definitively from the original description and might apply to different biological species. We designate a neotype for Hesperia cecrops Fabricius, 1793 following the provisions of ICZN Article 75.3, with the new type locality of Savannah, Georgia, USA. New information on the identity7 oiPapilio mars Fabricius, 1776 and Hesperia titus Fabricius, 1793 is consistent with current usage. The identity of Hesperia columella Fabricius, 1793 was corrected previously, and Vapilio ixion Fabricius, 1775 remains a nomen dubium. Additional key words: ICZN Article 23.9.1, Fabricius, Icones, Jones, Nearctic, Taxonomic Stability7. Between 1775 and 1807, Johann Christian Fabricius named 1,648 lepidopteran species (Zimsen 1964), including about 35 that belong to?or have been thought to belong to?the Eumaeini (Lycaenidae: Theclinae) (Robbins & Lamas in prep.). The exact number is unclear because the identity of many Fabrician lycaenid species has been uncertain (e.g., Druce 1907: 568, Draudt 1919-1920: 825). Few types are extant (Zimsen 1964). Verbal descriptions were rarely sufficiently detailed to identify species. Descriptions were not accompanied by published illustrations, and some names that were illustrated later in unpublished manuscripts were not necessarily the same species that Fabricius had originally described (Robbins & Lamas in prep.). Finally, type localities were usually inaccurate. In one of his later works Fabricius (1793) sometimes referenced illustrations in an unpublished book by William Jones [P-1818] called the "Icones" (Lamas 1979 and included references). This book was never published, and the manuscript now belongs to the Hope Department of Entomology, University of Oxford, England (Smith 1986). Illustrations from the manuscript were used to identify some Neotropical Eumaeini (Robbins 2004), but the application of Fabrician names that belong to the Nearctic Eumaeini has not been reviewed. As detailed in this paper, the stability of four North American names that have been used widely and consistently for more than a century is in jeopardy. The primary purpose of this paper is to review and stabilize the nomenclature for those Fabrician names that refer to the Nearctic Eumaeini. The name of one species that occurs in southern Texas (Hesperia herodotus Fabricius) will be treated elsewhere (Robbins & Lamas in prep.) because it is primarily a Neotropical species (Robbins & Duarte 2005). MATERIALS AND METHODS Fabrician names that belong to the Nearctic Eumaeini were determined by a search of the literature and by examining a set of photographic color slides of Jones' Icones made by the Hope Department of Entomology at Oxford University. These names are listed below alphabetically, and historical use of each is outlined. We figure those names that were illustrated in Jones and note whether the Jones illustration was referenced in the original description. Although each of these illustrations (Figs. 1, 3, 5, 7, 9, 11) was cited by Fabricius (1793) as being in Jones' Volume 6, they are currently listed in Volume 5 in the Hope Department of Entomology Library title card with a note that they are the same as Volume 6 in Fabricius. Plate and figure numbers are identical in both sources and are cited in the legend for figures 1-12. Identification of species illustrated by Jones was based primarily upon wing pattern characters. Wing venation, especially the radial veins, usually cannot be seen clearly in Jones' illustrations. Under Article 23.9.1 of the International Code of VOLUME 60, NUMBER 2 87 Ifc %4 A Figs. 1-8. Upperside (left) and underside. 1. HespeHa anacreon in Jones' Icones (plate 5, fig. 4). 2. Satyrium liparops, female, Atlanta, Georgia. 3. HespeHa cecrops in Jones' Icones (plate 21, fig. 2). 4. Calycopis cecrops, male neotype, see text for full data. 5. Hesperia euripides in Jones' Icones (plate 13, fig. 4). 6. Parrhasius m-alhum, female, Savannah, Georgia. 7. Papilio mars in Jones' Icones (plate 18, fig. 2). 8. Strymon acis, female, Big Pine Key, Florida. 9. Hesperia plautus in Jones' Icones (plate 44, fig. 1). 10. Callophrys niphon, male, Alexandria, Virginia. 11. Hesperia titus in Jones' Icones (plate 44, fig. 2). 12. Satyrium titus, male, Alexandria, Virginia. JOURNAL OF THE LEPIDOPTERISTS' SOCIETY Zoological Nomenclature (ICZN 1999), if an older name, such as three of those identified in this paper, was not applied to a species after 1899 and the younger name has been used by at least 10 different authors in 25 works over the past 50 years (but not in less than a 10 year span), then the younger name is to be protected. The references required by this article are cited in the Appendix. Finally, we use ICZN Article 75.3 to propose a neotype to preserve current usage of a name that cannot be identified with certainty from the original description. RESULTS 1. Hesperia anacreon Fabricius, 1793 The illustration in Jones of Hesperia anacreon, which was referenced in the original description of Fabricius, is the same species that is currently called Satyrium liparops (Clench 1961, Scott 1986) (Figs. 1, 2). The pattern of off-set white lines on the ventral wings of the Jones illustration can refer to no other species in North America (Clench 1961) or elsewhere (Robbins, unpubl.). Comstock and Huntington (1959: 70) wrote "Neither Butler nor Druce recognized anacreon, but it might be determined from Jones' drawings." This name was not recognized in Draudt (1919-1920) or DAbrera (1993, 1995). There are no known extant types of H. anacreon (Druce 1907, Zimsen 1964), and it has not been used as a valid taxon since Westwood (1852). In the Appendix, more than 25 works in which the name S. liparops (Le Conte) has been used by more than 10 authors are listed, for which reason this name is now protected. The names in the synonymy below are clinal geographical forms, but accurately placing the geographical origin of the illustrated specimen of H. anacreon F is likely to be somewhat arbitrary. The synonymy is as follows: Satyrium liparops (Le Conte, 1833) (Thecla), nomen protectum, type locality: Georgia, USA Hesperia anacreon Fabricius, 1793 nomen oblitum (ICZN, Art. 23.9.1) type locality: India Thecla strigosa Harris, 1862, type locality: Massachusetts, USA Thecla liparops ab. pruina Scudder, 1889, type locality: Massachusetts, USA Thecla strigosa var. liparops Fletcher, 1903, type locality: Manitoba, Canada preoccupied by Thecla liparops Le Conte, 1833 Strymon strigosus fletcheri Michener & dos Passos, 1942, replacement name; type locality: Manitoba, Canada Strymon strigosus aliparops Michener & dos Passos, 1942; type locality: Colorado, USA Satyrium liparops floridensis Gatrelle, 2001, type locality: Florida, USA 2. Hesperia cecrops Fabricius, 1793 Although Hesperia cecrops was described from "Indiis", it has been treated as a New World species for more than 125 years, usually as the North American endemic that is currently called Calycopis cecrops (Butler 1870, Scudder 1876, Draudt 1919-1920, Holland 1931, Klots 1951, Clench 1961, Field 1967, Howe 1975, Scott 1986, Opler & Malikul 1992, DAbrera 1993, Glassberg 1999, Fig. 4). Despite its consistent usage, identification of Hesperia cecrops is unclear. Identification of the Jones illustration (Fig. 3)?referenced in the original description of Fabricius?might conceivably refer to one of several species of Calycopis. The prominent red basal edging of the postmedian line is consistent with the wing pattern of C. cecrops (Figs. 3, 4) as well as with some other Calycopis species (Field 1967). The dorsal brown color lacking virtually any blue in the illustration is shared by many "summer form" males of C. cecrops (Clench 1961, Field 1967, Scott 1986) (Figs. 3, 4), but occurs occasionally in C. isobeon (sometimes referred to by its junior synonym, C. quintana [K. Johnson, 1991]). The single ventral hindwing orange-red cubital spot with a small black "pupil" at the basal edge does not exactly match the cubital spot of any Calycopis, including C. cecrops (Figs. 3, 4). Finally, no publication of which we are aware has ever mentioned a type specimen nor is an extant type known (Zimsen 1964). We designate a male neotype for Hesperia cecrops Fabricius, 1793 following the qualifying conditions of ICZN Article 75.3. The reason for designating the neotype is to conserve usage of this name as it has been employed almost exclusively for more than a century (Scudder 1876, Draudt 1919-1920, Holland 1931, Klots 1951, Clench 1961, Field 1967, Howe 1975, Scott 1986, Opler & Malikul 1992, DAbrera 1993, Glassberg 1999). Hesperia cecrops is differentiated from its close relatives by the characters given in Field (1967). The neotype male (Fig. 4) has one white label [Savannah, GEORGIA/ Chatham County/ 30 May '64/ Coll by S.S. Nicolay] with all lines printed except for the handwritten date. We have added a printed red neotype label [NEOTYPE/ Hesperia cecrops Fabricius/ Robbins & Lamas, 2006]. As noted, no extant type is known (Zimsen 1964). The neotype wing pattern is similar to the figure in Jones (Figs. 3, 4) and is consistent with usage of this name. The original type locality was erroneous, and the new type locality for VOLUME 60, NUMBER 2 89 Hesperia cecrops Fabricius, 1793 is Savannah, Georgia, USA in accordance with ICZN Article 76.3. The neotype is deposited in the National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC, USA. 3. Hesperia columella Fabricius, 1793 Jones' Icones was not referenced in the original description of H. columella nor did Jones illustrate it. However, Robbins examined the two extant syntypes of H. columella in Copenhagen (Zimsen 1964, one had been at Kiel) and illustrated one of them (Robbins & Nicolay 1999). Although this name had been applied to the species now called Strymon istapa (Reakirt) (Riley 1975, Smith et al. 1994), which occurs from the southern United States to Brazil and Peru, it actually refers to a species endemic to the Lesser Antilles (Robbins & Nicolay 1999). 4. Hesperia euripides Fabricius, 1793 The illustration in Jones of Hesperia euripides, which was referenced in the original description of Fabricius, is the same species that is currently called Parrhasius m- album (Boisduval & Le Conte) (Nicolay 1979) (Figs. 5, 6). Parrhasius m-album differs from P. moctezuma Clench, P. urraca Nicolay, and P. selika (Hewitson) (= P. appula [Hewitson], Robbins 2004) by lacking both ventral forewing submarginal lines (one may be vestigial) (Nicolay 1979) and lacking virtually all red on the ventral hindwing anal lobe. The illustration of H. euripides has both characters of P. m-album (Figs. 5, 6). There are no known extant types of H. euripides (Zimsen 1964), and it was last "used" as a valid species by Butler (1870) and Kirby (1871). It was not mentioned by Draudt (1919-1920) or DAbrera (1993, 1995). In the Appendix, more than 25 works in which the name P. m-album (Boisduval & Le Conte) has been used by more than 10 authors are listed. All conditions of Article 23.9.1 are met, for which reason prevailing usage is to be maintained. Parrhasius m-album (Boisduval & Le Conte, 1833)(Thecla), notnen protectum; type locality: Georgia, USA Hesperia euripides Fabricius, 1793 notnen oblitum (ICZN, Art. 23.9.1); type locality: Indiis Thecla psyche Boisduval & Le Conte, 1833, type locality: Georgia, USA 5. Papilio ixion Fabricius, 1775 Papilio ixion was described from "in India," but no figure of this species was referenced nor is a type specimen known to be extant (Zimsen 1964). This name has been treated as a junior synonym of the species now called Strymon acis (Drury) (Fabricius 1793, Godart 1824, Westwood 1852) and as a senior synonym of the species now called Parrhasius m-album (Butler 1870, Kirby 1871), but reasons have not been given for either synonymy. Comstock and Huntington (1961: 240) wrote "We cannot identify ixion." Robbins (2004) treated it as a nomen dubium. Without substantive new information, continuing nomen dubium status preserves nomenclatural stability. 6. Papilio mars Fabricius, 1776 Fabricius (1793) synonymized this name from "America meridionali" with Papilio ixion F and Papilio acis Drury, 1773 (identification of acis from the original illustration is definitive even though the type locality of "New York" is incorrect). The latter synonymy has been used ever since although no types are known to be extant (Zimsen 1964). Jones illustrated P. mars, which is the species now called Strymon acis (Drury) (Figs. 7, 8). This information is consistent with current usage, and identification of the name is stable. 7. Hesperia plautus Fabricius, 1793 The illustration in Jones of Hesperia plautus, which was referenced in the original description of Fabricius, is the same species that is currently called Callophrys (Incisalia) niphon (Clench 1961, Scott 1986) (Figs. 9, 10). Its ventral forewing possesses two transverse bars in the discal cell and its hindwing costa is straight, which differentiates it from C. eryphon (Boisduval) and C. lanoraieensis (Sheppard) (Clench 1961). There are no known extant types of H. plautus (Zimsen 1964). Kirby (1879) listed Thecla niphon (Hiibner) as a synonym of Thecla plautus (Fabricius), but this action was apparently overlooked. Comstock and Huntington (1962: 116) wrote "Scudder places plautus in the synonymy of niphon Hiibner based on Abbot's unpublished drawing in the British Museum. He credited the name plautus to Abbot and not to Fabricius. Fabricius gave a reference to Jones' figure '6, tab. 44. fig. 1.' His description reads like niphon Hiibner. The date of plautus is 1793; the date of niphon is 1823. This should be investigated for possible synonymy." Because Scudder incorrectly attributed plautus to John Abbot, plautus Scudder is a nomen nudum. The name plautus F has not been used as a valid taxon since 1879. In the Appendix, more than 25 works in which the name C. (I.) niphon (Hiibner, [1819]) has been used by more than 10 authors are listed. All conditions of Article 23.9.1 are met. Despite the synonymy in Kirby (1879) and the discussion in Comstock and Huntington 90 JOURNAL OF THE LEPIDOPTERISTS' SOCIETY (1962), the name Lycus niphon Hiibner is protected. Callophrys (Incisalia) niphon (Hiibner, [1819]) (Lycus), notnen protectum, type locality: [Georgia], USA Hesperia plautus Fabricius, 1793 notnen oblitum (ICZN, Art. 23.9.1); type locality: Indiis Papilio plautus Scudder, 1876 nomen nudum, type locality: Georgia, USA Incisalia niphon var. clarki T.N. Freeman, 1938, type locality: Ontario, Canada 8. Hesperia titus Fabricius, 1793 The identification of this species has been clear since it was described from "Anglia." The original description references an illustration in Jones (Fig. 11) that is consistent with the current identification of Satyrium titus (Fig. 12) (Clench 1961, Scott 1986). No extant types are known (Zimsen 1964), but Butler (1870) suggested that a specimen in the Natural History Museum (London) might be a type from the Drury collection. It is also consistent with the current identification of Satyrium titus. The name titus F. was involved in a ruling on generic names, and was placed on the Official List of Specific Names in Zoology as name #1605 (ICZN 1959). DISCUSSION The nomenclature of North American Eumaeini has been markedly stabilized in the past few years. Application was made to, and granted by, the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature to protect the name Ministrymon azia (Hewitson) from an older name (Robbins & Lamas 2004, ICZN 2006). The nomenclatural confusion between Strymon yojoa (Reakirt) and S. daraha (Hewitson) has been untangled so that the former name still applies to the species that ranges into the United States (Robbins & Lamas 2002). The taxonomic confusion between Strymon columella (Fabricius) and S. istapa (Reakirt) has been straightened out so that the former name no longer applies to the North American fauna. Three widely used names, P. m-album, C. (I.) niphon, and S. liparops, have now been protected from older Fabrician names that have not been used in over a century. Finally, a neotype for Hesperia cecrops Fabricius stabilizes this name as it has been used consistently for over a century. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS We are grateful to the Hope Department of Entomology, Ox- ford University, for making a set of color slides of Jones' Icones available. Brian Harris kindly helped with technical aspects of the project. 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Special Private Publication, Sparta. 28 pp. * KLASSEN, P., A. R. WESTWOOD, W. B. PRESTON, & W. B. MCKILLOP. 1989. The butterflies of Manitoba. Manitoba Museum of Man and Nature, Winnipeg. 290 pp. * LAYBERRY, R. A., P. W. HALL, & J. D. LAFONTAINE. 1998. The butterflies of Canada. University7 of Toronto Press, Toronto. 280 pp. MILLER, J.Y. 1992. The common names of North American butter- flies. Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, D.C., ix + 177p. MILLER, L. D. & F. M. BROWN. 1981. A catalogue/checklist of the but- terflies of America north of Mexico. Lepid. Soc. Mem. No. 2. 280 pp. " NICOLAY, S. S. 1979. (see lit. cited). OPLER, PA. & GO. KRIZEK. 1984. Butterflies East of the Great Plains. An illustrated natural history. Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore, xvii + 294 pp. OPLER, PA. & V. MALIKUL. 1992. (see lit. cited). PYLE, R. M. 1981. The Audubon Society field guide to North American butterflies. Alfred A. Knopf, New York. 924 pp. SCOTT, J. A. 1986 (see lit. cited). SHAPIRO, A. M. 1974. Butterflies and skippers of New York State. Search Agriculture, Entomology (Ithaca) 12. SHAPIRO, A. M. 1966. Butterflies of the Delaware Valley. American Entomological Society7, 79 pp. SHULL, E. M. 1987. The butterflies of Indiana. Indiana Academy of Science, Bloomington, 262 pp. " SMITH, D. S., L. D. MILLER, & J. Y. MILLER. 1994. The butterflies of the West Indies and South Florida. Oxford University Press, Oxford, 264 pp. TlETZ, H. M. 1972. An index to the described life histories, early stages and hosts of the Macrolepidoptera of the continental United States and Canada. Vol. 1. Allyn Museum of Entomology, Sarasota, 536 pp. ZlEGLER, J. B. 1960. Preliminary7 contribution to a redefinition of the genera of North American hairstreaks (Lycaenidae) north of Mexico. J. Lepid. Soc. 14: 19-23. 92 JOURNAL OF THE LEPIDOPTERISTS' SOCIETY