Surveys and excavations from Chevery to Jacques Cartier Bay

1. Surveys and excavations from Chevery to Jacques Cartier Bay

2. Table of Contents

3. %Mm

4. T I N

5. Hare Harbor-1 Maps

6. c4

7. Vatcher Site

8. Chevery Lake Site

9. Boatyard Site

10. Mainland Cove

11. Providence Island Survey

12. Kanty Island-1

13. Kanti Island-2

14. Gros Mecatina -3, L2

15. Gros Mecatina-3, L5

16. Bayfield Island-1

17. Canso Island-1

18. Section 4

19. Glass Bead Analysis

20. Petit Mecatina 3 - A Basque Whaling Station of the Early 17 th

21. Century?

22. Figure 7. Date of Occupation of the Petit Mecatina Basque Site as Obtained from Analysis of the Seed Beads

23. Section 5

24. Field Photographs

25. The Gateways Project 2004

26. The Gateways Project 2004

27. The Gateways Project 2004

28. The Gateways Project 2004

29. The Gateways Project 2004

30. The Gateways Project 2004

31. The Gateways Project 2004

32. 118

33. The Gateways Project 2004

34. The Gateways Project 2004

35. Section 6

36. Sample Field Report Form

37. S 5

38. S S

39. re

40. < 2 S 5

41. re

42. < 2 s 5

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44. II

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48. 1 s

49. .If 1

50. ! |

51. II

52. I S

53. 0 ) ro

54. 1 s

55. .i ^ ?

56. ” g

57. 2 g,

58. o ° f

59. II

60. LNS 2003 ARTIFACT CATALOG 176

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74. Short description of the main artifacts found on the Hare Harbor Basque site (EdBt-3) during summer 2004

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Surveys and excavations from Chevery to Jacques Cartier Bay

Fitzhugh, William W., 1943-

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Ministers de la Culture et des Communications generate de I'Est du Quebec

N°. de permis:

amt CnmemmScmions

Quebec §§

Sirectlon de Mi

“XU e-memoire aux archeologues

04-CHRY-03

Nom du requerant: Adresse:

Monsieur Yves Chretien 2217 Filteau Saint-Nicolas (Que.) G7A 2N4

Ann6e du permis: 2004

Nature de la demande: Inventaire dans la region dc Cap Whittle ct de la baie Jacques-Cartier (sur dcs sites presumes

Paieo-esquimaux et Archaique maritime) et evaluation et foille aux sites basque du Port Mecatina et de Hare Harbor (Basse Cote-Nord), dans le cadre de recherches par le Smithsonian Institute.

Contenu du rapport de recherche archeologique

1.

2 .

3.

4.

5 .

D l;.' be du s6jour sur le terrain

Carte topographique au 1: 50 000 (localisation des sites) Photographic adriemie (localisation des nouveaux sites) Plans

- teniloire prospecte (cchcllc)

- surface touilicc (echelle)

- bondages (echelle)

Coupes

- stratigraphic de chaque site etudie Description

En annexe

Cochez S.V.P. Oui Non

Table caption

Non

Table caption

applicable

Table caption

Pages

Table caption

correspondantes

a □

X

8-17

X

24-34

X

24-34

~x

r—

36-72

X

36-72

X

36-72

□

- techniques de fouille et/ou d'inventaire

2L

r

□

- enregistrement des donnees

X

□

7. Traces dtecablissement

- plan general

x_

- photos significatives ■

X.

- niveau stratigraphique

X

- indications generates

Y

- matures de protection prises

x_

8- Interpretations

Y

9. Reconunandaiions

x_

10. Catalogue des objets

X

—

11. Catalogue des photos

X

0 □

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Table caption

53, 70

17-21, 36-7 2,_

36-109

53, 70

17-21

17-21, 36-72 Appe n dix I and I I 3-5

(Tif<§ de la Reglementatioa sur la recherche archeologique. Pour obtenir une copie complete du Reglement, communique/: avee ie ou la responsable des perm,Is de la Direction gdnerale de I’Est du Quebec)

Note: Veuillez s.v.p. adjoindre cet aide-memoire lors du d6pds du rapport.

480, bout Saint-laurent bureau 600

Vleux-Momrtel (qu4bed H2Y3Y7 Coufflt!: am@mcc.gouv.qca WiWjna.5siw.qc«^regton/06/0S.t!tni

Date d'impression: 9 juillet, 2002

** PAGE TOTflLE.04 **

CONTENTS

Page no.

Figure List 4

Section 1: Project Narrative 7

(William Fitzhugh and Yves Chretien)

Section 2: Topographical Maps and Aerial Photographs 23

(Helena Sharp)

Section 3: Field Notes 35

(William Fitzhugh and Helena Sharp)

Section 4: Glass Bead Analysis 75

(Anja Herzog and Jean- Francois Moreau)

Section 5: Field Photographs 88

(Pitsiulak Crew)

Section 6: Sample Field Report Form 121

Appendix I: Gateways 2003 Catalogue 124

(Anja Herzog)

Appendix II: Gateways 2004 Preliminary Artifact Inventory 190

(Christina Leece and Helena Sharp)

Appendix III: Artifact Review 206

( Yves Chretien )

Figure List

Figure

Page Number

Fig. 1.1:

The Pits, getting her fancy-style name attached.

9

Fig. 1.2:

Boyce and Joanne

10

Fig. 1.3:

The screached-in crew

10

Fig. 1.4:

Working on the Hare Harbor-1 site

11

Fig. 1.5:

Bakeapple

12

Fig. 1.6:

The crew gets trained in survival suit use

13

Fig. 1.7:

Alvin Bobbit’s point

14

Fig. 1.8:

Inside the Providence church

14

Fig. 1.9:

The Gros Mecatina long house

15

Fig. 1.10

Mary saving the day

16

Fig. 1.11

L’Anse Amour Lighthouse Museum

17

Fig. 1.12

Clifford Hart entertains us with old-style tunes

17

Fig. 1.13

The remaining crew takes stock in St. Anthony

18

Fig. 2.1:

Map of 2004 Gateways Expedition

23

Fig. 2.2:

Aerial Photograph showing location of Hare Harbor-1

24

Fig. 2.3:

Section of map showing location of Hare Harbor-1

25

Fig. 2.4:

Aerial Photograph showing the locations of Providence Island, Kanty Island-1&2, and Galuchon Island-1

26

Fig. 2.5:

Section of map showing the locations of Providence Island, Kanty Island-1&2, and Galuchon Island-1

27

Fig. 2.6:

Aerial Photograph showing location of Canso Island-1

28

Fig. 2.7:

Section of map showing location of Canso Island-1

29

Fig. 2.8:

Aerial Photograph showing the locations of Mainland cove, Vatcher site, Microblade site, Chevery Lake site, and Boatyard site.

30

Fig. 2.9:

Section of map showing the locations of Vatcher site, Microblade site, Chevery Lake site, and Boatyard site.

31

Fig. 2.10

Aerial Photograph showing Gros Mecatina 3, L2

32

Fig. 2.11

Section of map showing location of Gros Mectaina 3, L2

33

Fig. 2.12

Section of map showing location of Bayfield Island-1 (EhBo-15)

34

Fig. 3.1a

Hare Harbor-1 site, view from the bay

36

Fig. 3.1b

Area 1 and 2, view to north at start of A2 excavation

37

Fig. 3.2:

Hare Harbor map

38

Fig. 3.3:

Area 3, TP3, wood pieces exposed

39

Fig. 3.4:

Oil lamp with remains of strap bracket

39

Fig. 3.5:

Glass bead from A2

40

Fig. 3.6:

Area 4, Yves in the “Groswater squares”

41

Fig. 3.7:

4S/2S, Area 1 feature 4, view to south

42

Fig. 3.8:

Red Bay museum reconstruction of Basque site

42

Fig. 3.9:

Area 3, TP3 wood pin, barrel stave and cut wood

43

Fig. 3.10

Hare Harbor-1 Area 2 map of rocks and features

45

Fig. 3.11

Hare Harbor-1 Area 1 map of pavement and features

45

Fig. 3.12

Hare Harbor- 1 Area 1 close up of pavement after clean up

46

Fig. 3.13

Hare Harbor-1 Area 1 pavement

46

Fig. 3.14

Hare Harbor-1 Area 2 artifact distribution

47

Fig. 3.15

Hare Harbor-1 Area 1 artifact distribution

48

Fig. 3.16

Hare Harbor-1 Area 2 iron distribution

49

Fig. 3.17

Hare Harbor-1 Area 1 iron nail/spike distribution

49

Fig. 3.18

Hare Harbor-1 Area 2 distribution of large (>8 cm) spikes

50

Fig. 3.19

Hare Harbor-1 Area 1 distribution of large (>8 cm) spikes

50

Fig. 3.20

Hare Harbor-1 Area 2 tile distribution

51

Fig. 3.21

Hare Harbor-1 Area 1 tile distribution

51

Fig. 3.22

Beach and terraces, view to northwest

52

Fig. 3.23: Vatcher Area map 53

Fig. 3.24: Vatcher site map 53

Fig. 3.25a: Vatcher site 54

Fig. 3.25b: Vatcher site profile 54

Fig. 3.26: Vatcher site artifact drawings 55

Fig. 3.27: Area sketch of Chevery lake site 56

Fig. 3.28: Area sketch of boatyard site 57

Fig. 3.29: Mainland Cove area sketch and artifact drawing 58

Fig. 3.30: Seal processing area 59

Fig. 3.31: Porch of Providence Island church 59

Fig. 3.32: Pitsiulak and boat hauling windlass in Providence Harbor 60

Fig. 3.33: Area sketch of Kanty Island 1 & 2 61

Fig. 3.34: Lena, Emi, Madeline LeBreton, and Mary 63

Fig. 3.35: Gros Mecatina-3, L2 map 64

Fig. 3.36: Artifact drawings are 40% reduction 65

Fig. 3.37: Gros Mecatina-3, L2 pit in S-l. View to northwest 66

Fig. 3.38: Gros Mecatina-3, L5 map 67

Fig. 3.39: Gros Mecatina-3, L2 and L5 68

Fig. 3.40: Bayfield Island overview map 69

Fig. 3.41: Bayfield artifacts 70

Fig. 3.42: Test Pits: Solid circles are rocks 71

Fig. 3.43: Bayfield Island profile of Test Pit-1 red ocher in east wall 71

Fig. 3.44: Fox trap 2 72

Fig. 3.45: Canso Island-1 fox traps and axis measurements 73

Fig. 4.2: Glass beads from the Petit Mecatina collection 75

Map 4.1: Normandy Stoneware Production Centers 83

Map 4.2: Map of NE N. America with Basque Whaling Stations 84

Fig. 4.3: Analysis of the Petit Mecatina white glass bead 85

Fig. 4.4: Analysis of the Petit Mecatina turquoise glass beads 85

Fig. 4.5: Analysis of the Petit Mecatina black glass bead 86

Fig. 4.6: Analysis of the Petit Mecatina red glass bead 86

Fig. 4.7: Date of the Petit Mecatina Basque site as obtained from analysis of the seed 87

beads

Fig. 5.1: Faiance sherds from HH-1 2003 finds 89

Fig. 5.2: Ceramic from Red Bay collection 89

Fig. 5.3: HH-1: 7N 5E Oil lamp, 2004 89

Fig. 5.4: Oil lamp from Red Bay collection (Tuck and Grenier 1989) 89

Fig. 5.5: HH-1: 5N IE Iron Knife (?) and pipe stem 90

Fig. 5.6: HH-1: 4N 4E Ceramic pot sherd 90

Fig. 5.7: Soapstone lamp fragment, HH-1, 2003 91

Fig. 5.8: 6N 9E Soapstone lamp fragment HH-1 2004 91

Fig. 5.9: HH-1: 3S5E Soapstone lamp fragment, 2002 92

Fig. 5.10: Red Bay glass vase (Tuck and Grenier: 1989) 92

Fig. 5.11: Bottom row, glass collected from HH-1 2003 92

Fig. 5.12: HH-1: 5N10E wooden pin 93

Fig. 5.13: HH-1: Area 3 TP3 flooded with water, Andy Colboume and Emi Donati 93

Fig. 5.14: HH-1: Area 3 TP3 wood and soapstone 94

Fig. 5.15: HH-1: Emi and Andy with barrel top/bottom piece from Area 3 TPS 94

Fig. 5.16: HH-1: Area 3 saw cut wood 95

Fig. 5.17: HH-1: A2: 5N4E bead 95

Fig. 5.18: HH-1: Area 4 microblade 96

Fig. 5.19: HH-1: Area 1 Lead fishing sinker 96

Fig. 5.20: HH-1: Area 2 Iron knife(?) 97

Fig. 5.21: HH-1: Area 2 Ceramic sherd, flint, red glass fragment, and thin milky white glass 97

fragment

Fig. 5.22: Bayfield Island -1 survey area, view NW 98

Fig. 5.23: Bayfiled Island -1, Test Pit 1, finds in situ 98

Fig. 5.24: Bayfield Island-1,TP3: reworked side-notched point, stem (or distal) 99

fragment, reworked side-notched biface

Fig. 5.25: Bayfield Island-1, TP2: Grey chert biface edge flake 99

Fig. 5.26: Bayfield Island-1, TP1: Stemmed knife, corner notched point, chert end 100

scraper

Fig. 5.27: Bayfield Island-1, TP1: Comer notched point, stemmed knife, chert end 100

scraper, illustrating opposite sides from top photo.

Fig. 5.28: Boatyard site quartz artifact 101

Fig. 5.29: Lake Site quartz artifacts 101

Fig. 5.30: Gros Mecatina-3, L2, SI after excavation 102

Fig. 5.31: Gros Mecatina-3, L2, SI hearth 102

Fig. 5.32: Gros Mecatina-3, L2 area, view North 103

Fig. 5.33: Gros Mecatina-3, L2, SI side-notched biface knife, side-notched biface 103

knife, microblade, side-notched plano-convex endblade

Fig. 5.34: Gros Mecatina-3, L2, SI mottled brown-tan chert, side notched piano- 104

convex endblade in 4 pieces

Fig. 5.35: Gros Mecatina-3, L2, SI utilized flakes and cores 104

Fig. 5.36: Gros Mecatina-3, L2, SI scrapers 105

Fig. 5.37: Kanti Island-1 tent ring finds 105

Fig. 5.38: Kanti Island-2 cache pits, view northwest 106

Fig. 5.39: Kanti Island-1 tent ring, view east 106

Fig. 5.40: Mainland Cove, core fragment 107

Fig. 5.41: The Crew at Vatcher Site: Christie, Emi,Christine Vatcher, Lena, Polly, 107

Mary, and Yves, view east

Fig. 5.42: Vatcher Site artifact cluster area, trowel points north 108

Fig. 5.43: Vatcher Site triangular biface pre-form, scrapers, and square-based 108

biface fragment

Fig. 5.44: Vatcher Site flake knife 109

Fig. 5.45: Vatcher Site core fragment, and utilized flakes 109

Fig. 5.46: Vatcher Site surface collection, scrapers and pseudo-micropoint 110

Fig. 5.47: Vatcher site excavated artifacts: piece esquillee, square-based biface 110

comer fragment, utilized flake, biface edge fragment, utilized flake Fig. 5.48: Providence Island settlement. View southeast 111

Fig. 5.49: Providence Island view of church, to northeast 111

Fig. 5.50: Providence Island church, inside sanctuary 112

Fig. 5.51: Canso Island boulder cache area with fox traps 112

Fig. 5.52: Canso Island fox trap number 2 113

Fig. 5.53: Canso Island bird hunting blind, view southwest, with Christie Leece 113

Fig. 5.54: Christie Leece swimming with the “sparkles” 114

Fig. 5.55: Wilson Evans, Emi and Lena infront of their sand castle version of 114

Teotihuacan, Amy Evans cabin beach

Fig. 5.56: Boyce Roberts, Bill, Christie, Perry, Lena, Polly, Emi, and Andy in 115

Quirpon

Fig. 5.57: Andy Colboume throwing a rope to shore in Harrington Harbor 115

Fig. 5.58: Mark and Paul Rowsell, Larry Ransom and Harrington Harbor 116

friends

Fig. 5.59: St. Augustine, Bernard Organ, retired fisherman 116

Fig. 5.60: Bill Fitzhugh and Bob Bryan 117

Fig. 5.61: Bob Bryan’s famous yellow plane 117

Fig. 5.62: Jim Ransom with whale bone sled runner 118

Fig. 5.63: Sharon Ransom with traditional artifact 118

Fig. 5.64: Yves explaining our excavation at Hare Harbor-1 to visitors fromTete a 119

la Baleine

Fig. 5.65: Annual lobster dinner aboard the Pitsiulak 119

Fig. 5.66: Relaxing in the evening on the Pitsiulak 120

Fig. 5.67: Christie, Perry and Lena relaxing in the Zodiac en route to Harrington 120

Harbor

Section 1

Project Narrative and Preliminary

Conclusions

By William Fitzhugh and Yves Chretien

Project Narrative and Preliminary Conclusions

By William W. Fitzhugh and Yves Chretien

The fourth year of the Smithsonian’s Gateways Project, dedicated to archaeological surveys, excavations, and cultural heritage research along Quebec’s Lower North Shore, was conducted during the first three weeks of August, 2004. The goals of this year’s project were similar to those of the 2001-2003 seasons and concentrated in the core region investigated since 2002, from Cape Whittle to Blanc Sablon. Specifically, our attention in 2004 season was directed at a third year of excavations at the Petit Mecatina Hare Harbor Basque site, surveys of the mainland coast from Chevery to Harrington, excavations at Gros Mecatina 3, and surveys of Fechteau Island and the western portion of Bayfield Island near St. Augustine. Work was conducted under an archaeological permit granted to Yves Chretien, who co-directed the project, participated in field work, and coauthored this report.

Research was conducted by a combined American and Canadian team including William W. Fitzhugh, Christina Leece, and Helena Sharp of the Smithsonian National Museum of Natural History’s Arctic Studies Center; Yves Chretien of Quebec City, Emiliana Donadi-Sanchez of Concordia University in Montreal, Polly Husmann of Notre Dame University, Mary Melnik of Bowdoin College, photographer Will Richard of Maine, and our skipper, Perry Colboume, and his nephew, Andy Colboume, of Lushes Bight, Newfoundland. Yves and Mary joined the project after our arrival in Harrington Harbor; Polly left the project to return to university on 15 August, and Will had to leave on the 9 th to return home for his son’s wedding. Christine Vatcher of Harrington Harbor volunteered for two days of survey on the Chevery beaches. In addition to the assistance of a hardworking crew, this year’s work benefited from three weeks of calm weather that inexplicably was accompanied by a near total absence of flies of all description - a very unusual condition that local people attributed to continuation of a cold, wet, foggy spring well into the middle of August. Usually, the early summer fog clears by August, but this year we rarely saw the sun even on fair days. Although fog played havoc with plane schedules, it did not hamper our research, and in fact brought a welcome regime of light winds and breezes instead of the strong southwest winds that usually prevail in this part of the Gulf during August.

As in previous years, the

research team assembled in Lushes Bight, on Long Island (Green Bay/

Springdale) where Perry Colboume had prepared the Pitsiulak and assembled and tested the expedition’s equipment. The Pits looked grand in a new coat of polyurethane-based royal blue paint.

In addition to repairing our ‘old friend’ the main engine exhaust elbow (that fortunately for us

Fig. 1.1: The Pits, getting her fancy-style name attached.

Section 1: Field Narrative

9

reached term and blew out a few days before rather than after our departure, sparing us a crippling failure underway), Perry had managed to acquire a fancy script version of the vessel’s name in ‘stick-on’ adhesive plastic. So after affixing ‘Pitsiulak ’ to both sides of the bow and painting her formal registry number on the cabin’s side we fueled, loaded food and personal gear, and departed on 30 July, leaving behind the cacophony of the U.S. Democratic National Convention.

Our early departure allowed us to reach Englee, halfway up the Great Northern Peninsula, rather than La Scie or Fleur de Lys, as our first port-of-call after a day of calm steaming. That evening brought a fabulous lightning storm, a wild game of darts in the town beer hall, and the loss of the contents of our unguarded cooler of beer to a marauding band of local teens. During the passage from Green Bay we noted the absence of whales which in other years were common along this coast. In fact we saw no whales during our run from Newfoundland to Harrington, and it was even more unusual to find them missing from the Strait of Belle Isle and the northeast coast of Newfoundland during our return in late August. Local opinion attributed this to an absence of feed, especially capelin. Our second day passage, to Quirpon, was a harbinger of the summer conditions we would encounter for the next few weeks in Quebec: glassy calm seas and thick fog nearly the entire way. We saw no icebergs, no other vessels, and no sea-life except for a few fulmars off St. Anthony.

In Quirpon we met our friend, Boyce Roberts, who gave us a lift to the L’Anse aux Meadows Viking site where our new crew members became acquainted with this always-impressive Parks Canada historical site and museum, and later met Gina Noordhof and Adrian, owners of the nearby Norseman Restaurant. Following a moose stew at Boyce and Joanne Roberts’ we spend the evening at Skipper Hot’s Bar where Boyce had arranged for the uninitiated to be ‘screeched in’, a hazing experience that requires one to recite Newfie tongue-twisters, eat ‘lassie’ bread and dried whole capelin, down a shot of Newfoundland Screech (rum), dance a jig to Is the B ’ye, and kiss a codfish. All this - and more - was faithfully recorded by Will’s camera and my video camera.

The next day’s passage (1 August) across the northern tip of Newfoundland was mercifully calm, and except for a few gannets and fulmars, two fishing boats, and one super-tanker met in the Strait of Belle Isle, was completely uneventful, flat, lifeless, and grey owing to the fog, which enveloped us off Blanc Sablon and kept us in its clutches until we anchored near St. Augustine that evening. The next morning dawned clear and bright, and we proceeded west through the Grand Rigoulette passage, but by midday the west wind kicked up a sharp sea which we had

Fig. 1.3: The screeched-in crew

10

The Gateways Project 2004

to buck until arriving at Harrington Harbor in early afternoon. Bob Bryan’s yellow Cessna seaplane was pulled up on its ramp, and the town was as busy as ever, basking in the glory of the notoriety from a year’s run of the film,

La Grande Seduction , which was shot in Harrington two summers ago.

Fortunately the fish plant was operating and had a good set of quotas that would keep it open until the end of August, ensuring us of many meals of fresh fish. Will and I paid a visit to Bob Bryan, whom I had known about for years but had never met. He founded the Quebec-Labrador Foundation and for many years ran a ministry-based youth mission to Harrington and other locations on the Lower North Shore, and now spends the month of July here with his wife, Trish, returning to their winter home in Lennoxville, Quebec, for the rest of the year.

He had heard of our work and offered his plane any time we needed it for surveys or aerial photos - a wonderful opportunity! We learned that Bryan had offered his historical collections, which included the flag from Wilfred Grenfell’s medical vessel, Strathcona , to the new culture center being planned for Harrington, and that community elders, Sharon and Jim Ransom, after having spent many years living in St. John’s working for Exxon-Mobile, would soon retire to Harrington and were donating their collection to the museum. Visits to Paul Rowsell, Christine Vatcher, Wilson Evans and others caught us up on the winter’s events and this year’s unusually cool, foggy summer. Word of our arrival quickly spread, and by the end of the day Paul’s brother, Mark, and Alvin Bobbitt brought us stone artifacts they had found on the mainland shore north of Harrington, where high sand banks are eroding extensively for the first time in years, hr the evening Yves Chretien arrived from the Chevery airport by water taxi.

Mary Melnik was to arrive in Chevery on the 3 rd , but when our attempt to meet her was thwarted by heavy fog we left her pick-up to the water taxi and spent the morning visiting with Sharon and Jim Ransom and their collection of historical artifacts, which Will Richard photographed. Jim has been gathering up traditional artifacts for years, from the dump, from junk piles, and from the shore - stuff that people have discarded in up-grading their equipment - having the foresight to realize that such materials would someday be rare and important. His materials will make an excellent core collection for the museum and will help attract other donations. Among his collection was a Rattlers Bight style double-ended slate celt that he had purchased from someone who found it at Tabatiere, no doubt from the same gravel pit site where other Maritime Archaic materials have been found. Sharon’s genealogical work on the Lower North Shore is available on her website www.rootsweb.com/~qclns/. That evening, after Mary Melnik’s arrival, we left for Mecatina, arriving early enough to strip off last summer’s protective cover of tarps, dirt, and sod. This night included a fine lobster dinner, followed by the crew’s (re)discovery of ‘sparkles’ (phosphorescent plankton) which excited the girls in the extreme and led to hours of ‘sparkle agitation’ using buckets of water, oars, and other devices.

Fig. 1.4: Working on the Flare Harbor-1 site

Section 1: Field Narrative

11

Work began at the Hare Harbor Mecatina site on the 4 th with our decision to extend the Area 1 excavation of the past two years north toward the cliff, since this was the most logical place for a work area near the workshop we had previously excavated (Area 1). We immediately discovered that this area, designated Area 2, had few roof tiles, little iron, and many fewer artifacts than the workshop floor; essentially it was an unmodified sand and cobble beach overlain by peat and humus. Only in the eastern section of A2, near the drainage gully separating it from Al, did we find any midden deposit. We also opened several pits in a boggy area, designated Area 3 test pit 3, east of A2 and last year’s back-dirt pile, where shovel tests revealed cut wood below 20-30 cm of sterile peat. Over the next 10 days Emiliana Donadi and Andy Colboume opened a 2x2 m square here, finding a 10-15 cm cultural level with charcoal, tile fragments, well-preserved barrel parts, cut wood, and a large wood pin ornamented with a decorative carving. I opened a 1x1 m pit a few meters to the northeast (test pit 1), finding a 10 cm cultural level with numerous pieces of cut brash and logs beneath the peat, suggesting a Basque occupation level with good wood preservation extended into the bog and brash for a considerable distance.

The next day brought a number of interesting finds, including a blue seed bead, another Labrador Inuit soapstone vessel fragment, and iron finds from A2, and what looked like a plank ‘floor’ at the base of a new lxlm test pit in Area 3 (Test pit 2), east of A3 TP1 and 3. Although this pit was too small to positively identify it as a floor, the planks were cut, leveled, and aligned SE-NW and were associated with a few tile fragments and a cobble rock feature. Among the iron finds from A2 was a small beak-shaped iron vessel identical to the ‘bee de corbeau’ oil lamp found at Red Bay (J. Tuck pers. comm.; Tuck and Grenier 1992: 50).

August 6 saw Perry’s first shore excursion in search of bakeapples, which he soon pronounced as ‘few and not ripe’ - another indication of the lateness of the season. That morning we had a visit from Maurice Blais of Providence Island, five miles east of Mecatina, accompanied by Sylvie who works for the Tete a la Baleine radio station, and a few others, including some children. All were eager to see what we were finding because some villagers thought we were searching for pirate treasure - a common belief based on local legends of stashed loot. Although we disappointed them on the treasure front, the group interviewed us and later broadcast news of our work locally. That evening we returned to Harrington, now deeply fogged in again, where we spent a late evening attending a dance honoring the 50 th anniversary of one of the town’s married couples. The one-man band had a sound system that nearly blew off the roof of the community hall and sang with hardly a break for six hours. Harrington is a town where everyone loves a party and knows how to throw them!

The following day brought a northeast storm that kept us in town, giving us a chance to visit the opening of a small exhibit in the historic Grenfell Mission building at the head of the town pier. The subject was the traditional Harrington seal fishery, and it included historical photography, old artifacts, and oral history, making it a nice prototype for the forthcoming museum. I later discovered Perry disapproved of the exhibit’s use of the term ‘seal fishery 5 because many Newfoundland fishermen have lost their licenses and livelihood with the closure of the cod fishery and now rely more than ever on the spring seal hunt for income and food. Use of the term ‘fishery 5 rather than ‘hunt’ to describe this activity in Newfoundland invites government regulation of a hunt that has

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The Gateways Project 2004

always been practiced as an individual affair, without fishermen’s unions and the trappings of a complex industry. On the other hand, sealing along most of the Lower North Shore has been conducted largely with shore-fast nets and local processing stations called ‘factories’, in the same way the salmon fishery is carried out. According to Wilson Evans, it is only during the past few years that seals have been hunted from boats on the open ice, as the traditional harp seal hunt in Newfoundland has been conducted for generations. Therefore the term ‘seal fishery’ is an accurate description of how this activity has been practiced traditionally on the Lower North Shore.

On the 8 th we returned to Mecatina, arriving late in the afternoon, and spent several hours instructing the team in the esoteric art of using the ship’s marine survival suits. This is always a blast and was so again this year, as the ‘water bugs’ of the group splashed about in their day-glow orange dry suits learning how to maneuver, hook up into chains, and swim like a giant centipede. Later that night Christie couldn’t resist suiting up again and leaping into the water to take on the sparkles in hand-to-hand combat, creating swirls of light that mirrored the stars and constellations above us. The following morning brought finds of strike-a-light flints from a large hearth feature made of boulders where we had found the iron oil lamp, but further work on the bog test pits was impossible because they were totally swamped by the previous day’s rain. We visited the 19 th century historic site (Hare Harbor 2) in the afternoon and found it as enticing as ever for a future project. We later learned that Francoise Niellon had found records of this site but had searched for it on the opposite shore (Herzog, pers. comm.).

The 10 th and 11 th were our last days excavating at Hare Harbor and brought a fine conclusion to our week of excavation. By this time we had opened up Area 4 (west of A2) where we had noted a cluster of large rocks, and soon after, Yves had found a Groswater microblade of Newfoundland chert. Other flakes and microblades followed, although their association with the rock feature could not be proven. Meanwhile, Lena, Christie, and I had begun cleaning up the previous excavation of the A1 floor, removing roof rockfall and excavating beneath some of the floor slabs, which produced more fragments of the grey Nonnandy stoneware vessel recovered previously. We also found several more beads, a lead fishing sinker, a fine European flint strike-a-light, and a fragment of a Groswater soapstone pot or lamp. This suggests that the Groswater finds in A4 may be part of a more concentrated Groswater locus beneath the Basque workshop floor. Christie also found a fine black and white spiral bead in A2.

We spent two days surveying the mainland shore north of Harrington Harbor Island on August 11-12, beginning with a foot survey of the shore from Amy Evans’ cabin at the west end of the bight. This large grassy field has numerous historic period earthworks that date as early as 1733, when it was a French fishing and trade site (EcBv-2), and continued to be used throughout the 19 th century (Niellon and Jones 1984). Further north, Lena found a quartz crystal microblade fragment in a blowout on the upper terrace (ca. 50 ft above sea level), and Christine Vatcher, who was surveying with us for the day, found a small site that is probably one of the oldest so far known on the Lower North Shore. Scattered in a blowout around a small outcrop about 56 feet above sea level was a small group of flakes and artifacts of quartz, including small round steeply beveled end scrapers, a portion

Section 1: Field Narrative

13

of a triangular endblade (missing its tip and one comer and resembling the large triangular points from the Arrowhead Mine site in the Straits - McGhee and Tuck 1975), and the base of a square-based lanceolate biface resembling specimens from the Hound Pond site in Groswater Bay and the cache from the L’Anse Amour burial mound.

If these associations are correct, the Vatcher site collection is ca. 7500-8000 years old.

Unfortunately when we returned to excavate the site on the 12 th we found that virtually the entire collection was at the surface and no subsurface deposits existed to provide charcoal or other cultural information. On the 13 th we extended our survey into Chevery where we checked the two site locations on the west side of the Netamamiou River that Yves found while waiting for the water taxi to Harrington. Both appear to have been damaged beyond repair by road-building, but the site near the boat storage on the upper terrace may extend toward the river in an area of undisturbed forest.

The 14 th was a rainy day in Harrington which we used to good effect writing notes, cleaning up collections, and entertaining some kayakers who arrived on the Nordik Express and were planning to paddle to Blanc Sablon: Ottawa lawyers David Lech and his wife, Cathy Kennedy, and their teacher friends Robert d’Arras and Jamie Johnson. The next day, the 15 th , Polly departed for Chevery with the help of Lloyd and Georgiana Jones, and the rest of the crew spent the day relaxing at Amy’s cabin with the Wilson-Vatchers. I briefly surveyed the shore east of the Vatcher site, finding a single quartz flake at the north end of Middle Bay beach and checking a few high terrace locations, without results. I was not able to reach the eroding cliffs where Alvin Bobbitt had found the point because of surf and tide.

Fig. 1. 7 : Alvin Bobbit’spoint

Fig. 1.8: Inside the Providence church

The 16 th was our last day in town. We paid our bills, said goodbyes, and returned to Mecatina to finish mapping the A1 floor and preparing the site for the winter. The following morning we began our eastward journey, taking time for surveys along the way. Our first visit was to Providence Island, where we met some of the folks who had visited our site the week before. Providence is a small, flat, glacially-scoured island covered with thin peaty soil, hi some areas the peat has dried out and is decomposing as we have seen elsewhere along the coast, apparently a result of hot, dry summers. Although we found a few promising areas, no prehistoric sites were located, and our strongest impression of this seasonal French-speaking settlement was their interest in maintaining their heritage and economic traditions which were evident in many dimensions: wooden windlasses used to haul small boats; a beautiful Catholic church dating from 1895 standing like a beacon at the top of the island; a fine early Canadian National Film Board documentary by Pierre Perreault; an ethnography by Jose Maillot, whose photos are mounted in the

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The Gateways Project 2004

small exhibit room behind the altar of the church; and a seal processing station with cutting board, grindstone, blubber chute and other elements in the middle of the settlement. Walking around the island, talking with its friendly residents who now maintain a much-reduced summer fishery, one sensed the community’s deep traditions and the desire to maintain their way of life, if some new resource - perhaps tourism - could be activated.

After lunch we made brief stops at Kanty and Galuchon Islands, finding interesting historical materials in both locations. The former has a 19-20* C. cemetery, boulder caches, and tent rings with 18 th (?) century materials. Local reports indicated it had most recently been a 20 th C. fishing operation run by eight men, while the Galuchon Island homestead owned by Adrian Monger and his wife Margaret had once been a seal fishery. Here Madeleine Le Breton, a relative, showed us locations where 19-20* century ceramics and bricks were recovered while digging gardens and sod around their house. Evening found us tied up in Mutton Bay, a delightful town that is now mostly a bedroom community for La Tabatiere, and a very quiet one at that - we found no one stirring at 9pm.

The next morning, the 18 th , was one of the brightest and warmest of the summer, and by 6am we were driven from our bunks by the rising temperature; Mutton Bay, facing south and ringed by high hills, acts like a huge solar collector. By 8:30 we were anchored off the northwest ann of Grand Isle (Gros Mecatina), ready for work. Last summer we had found a chert biface fragment at one of the sites here, GM-3, L2, that resembled a Maritime Archaic longhouse. However, after mapping the structures and beginning to excavate around the square hearth in SI, where the 2003 biface had been found, we began to find Groswater artifacts made out of the usual tan, brown, and mottled Newfoundland chert, and small amounts of black and pink chert of probable local LNS origin. As we excavated deeper into the cobble beach, Groswater tools continued to appear down to a depth of 90 cm, clustered beneath and slightly south of the hearth, the deeper specimens apparently having trickled down between the rocks. Although the hearth and finds came from S1, it was not clear whether the S1 structure belonged to the Groswater occupation or was Maritime Archaic, as we previously assumed, or some other culture. Our map suggested three possibilities: a 12x4 m rectangular structure with two ‘rooms’ (S1/2), each having a raised platform divider (a common pattern for early Maritime Archaic structures) and a central hearth, adjacent to another oval structure (S3) without a hearth but with a small cache pit inside its south wall; or a complex of three separate structures each having central dividers or platforms. We attempted to sort this out by excavating the entire complex, hoping for diagnostic implements or lithics, but nothing more was recovered, leaving the question unresolved. Since the quadrilateral hearths are found in Paleoeskimo sites, this feature is most likely associated with the Groswater lithics. A second hearth area in the center of S2 consisted of a cluster of cobbles underlain by a flat slab, but no flakes or tools were present.

While at GM-3 we found a new site, L5, located in the high weeds between the GM-3 pond and the shore to the north. What was visible through the thick vegetation cover was a series of

Section 1: Field Narrative

15

stone walls, some double-tiered, that appeared to form enclosures or foundations that had been partially cannibalized. Shovel tests revealed a thin humus deposit but no artifacts, so the function and identity of these structures remains to be determined.

The vegetation suggests a date within the past century or two.

The weather turned foggy again after we left La Tabatiere on the morning of the 19th, and we decided to spend some time surveying around Fechteau Island. We anchored in a cove on the southeast side of the island and circumnavigated the island by speedboat, finding nothing of interest.

The island was memorable, however, for a boating incident: while anchoring, our speedboat towline got sucked into the Pits’ propeller, instantaneously winding tight and shutting down the engine. Mary Melnik, a veritable seal, dove into the frigid water to clear the line but found it jammed too tight to be cut out without using a face mask. So we proceeded at slow speed to St. Augustine, where we boiTowed a mask and Mary succeeded in cutting through the fused nylon mass with a pruning saw, earning the admiration of the team and townsfolk.

On evening of the 20 th , with our shaft free but the vessel still shrouded in fog, we shifted out to our anchorage on the Grand Rigolet, and on the morning of the 21 st went ashore to survey the high sandbanks at the west end of Bayfield Island, east of Rudder Island. Here we found a large Archaic Indian site that may be the same as ‘Site 15” in the Quebec site inventory, judging from the presence of an old shovel test in this location. Our test pits along one hundred meters of terrace front revealed charcoal, ocher stains, cobble hearth features, as well as artifacts and flakes, sometimes in high concentration. Among the artifacts were stemmed/notched bifaces and a large endscraper - all appearing to date typologically ca. 3500-3000 BP (Pintal: 1998). The cultural level beneath the surface vegetation of lichens and berry plants varied from 5-15 cm thick and was found in the upper leached sand of a podsol that contained no bone material. In addition to an abundance of Ramah chert we found high-quality blue-grey and pink chert, and an absence of quartz. The site probably contains the remains of dwelling structures and other features. Whether Bayfield 1 is a single occupation or a series of short-term camps dating to different periods can be investigated in the future, and the site will probably yield information on domestic dwellings and other settlement pattern data. The site is the largest and most important early Indian site we have found to date on the LNS outer coast. The sandy terraces, coves, and raised beaches nearby were probably used by other Indian groups and should be surveyed carefully.

Our last day of research occurred on the 20 th and was spent in Jacques Cartier Bay. In 2003 we surveyed the L’Anse aux Portage settlement area near the west entrance of the bay. This year we decided to anchor in the narrow channel northeast of Canso Island. In a small boulder beach above the southeast side of this island we found a cluster of the usual boulder cache pits, and in one of these I found old decayed bird bones. More interesting, however, were three small stone structures built on flat-topped outcrop in the middle of the cache pit area. Although the three were in varying states of derangement, all had the unmistakable pattern of an Inuit stone fox trap: a narrow chamber made with two rows of parallel rocks closed at one end and open at the other end, where the chamber has a slot for a falling door made of a rock slab or wood plank. The tops of the traps were missing, as were

Fig. 1.10: Mary saving the day, clearing the propeller

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The Gateways Project 2004

the door slabs. The most unusual feature was the narrow width of the chamber - too small for a full-grown fox, but wide enough for a young fox, mink, or weasel. Other than the Inuit soapstone vessel fragments found at Petit Mecatina, these traps are the westernmost evidence for an Inuit presence west of Blanc Sablon. Europeans probably never utilized traps of this type, given their access to steel traps. The presence of stone traps at a site used for food caching is further evidence for their use in capturing small fur-bearers, and their dismantled upper portions suggests they had been used successfully.

On the 22 nd we left Canso Island at dawn to begin our voyage home. About bam we passed the Ottawa kayakers breaking camp on the north side of Shekatica Island and, shouting farewells, we passed out into the open Gulf for the run to Blanc Sablon, which we reached by 1 lam. Much of that afternoon was spent at the home of Florence and Clifford Hart, who made us lunch and entertained us with Clifford’s old-time-style accordion playing, which we reciprocated with expedition videos. That evening brought more music at a local dive where we enjoyed a season’s farewell dinner with the Harts, thinking we would be leaving early the next morning.

As it happened the weather took a turn for the worse, so we spent the day exploring the Straits by rental van. With CDs batting out tunes for younger generations, we cruised the Straits by road, visiting the L’Anse Amour Lighthouse Museum, photographing the nearby early MA burial mound, lunching at beautiful Pinware River Provincial Park (a great Viking ‘hop’ location), and spending an hour at the Red Bay Museum, where we heard about this summer’s Parks Canada discovery of two new Basque shipwrecks at the bottom of Red Bay. The museum’s excellent displays also allowed us to compare notes with Petit Mecatina. We found many of the ceramic and glass finds to be similar and took special note of the carefully-constructed tryworks model, whose framing and tiles and rooftop boulders (for holding tiles down in storms) would have produced the same type of archaeological deposits we had found at Hare Harbor. Returning to Blanc Sablon, we spent the evening visiting with the crew of the Canadian Oceans and Fisheries vessel,

E.B. Le Quebecois, talking about how fisheries enforcement and contraband interdiction have taken precedence over earlier rescue and show-the-flag duties.

The morning of the 24 th was favorable for crossing the Straits, and we had one of the smoothest passages I can remember in years. Mary Melnik had not been with us for the westward crossing and wanted to see the L’Anse aux Meadows site, so we stopped for the rest of the day at Quirpon. The visit to LAM produced new insights from the museum and the site, and especially from its fine interpreters Steve Burden, Bonnie and Wayne Hynes, Wade

. . -. X'-'' • '

Fig. 1.11: L’Anse Amour Lighthouse Museum

Section 1: Field Narrative

17

Hillier, Erika Pitman, Marie-lou, and others, and from some of the interesting visitors who show up there from all parts of North America. That night a storm struck in from the northeast, confining us to the pier all day on the 25 th , under the good care of Boyce and Joanna Roberts, who took the girls out ‘moosing’ at dusk. Weather improved somewhat on the 26th and we set out but were driven into Halifax harbor with a rising southwest wind and were unable to proceed further. At this point, Bill, Mary, and Emiliana confronted with their fixed flight schedules, had to depart by rental car to Deer Lake on the morning of the 27 th . En route we visited Basque historian Selma Barkham at Plum Point and the Interpretation Center at Port au Choix. Meanwhile, back aboard, a much smaller and quieter Pitsiulak crew consisting of Perry, Lena, Christie, and Andy completed the voyage two days later, just missing the annual end-of-summer Long Island dance.

Archaeological Results: A Preliminary Summary

Fig. 1.13: And then there were four...The remaining crew takes stock in St. Anthony as Bill, Mary, and Emi abandon ship

Professional Collaboration : The 2004 season saw an important advance in the Gateways Project, now in its fourth year of fieldwork. Especially significant was the partnership that has developed with Yves Chretien who brings a professional Quebecois perspective as well as relevant expertise in prehistoric and historical archaeology. His participation will strengthen our field and laboratory programs, will assist in communicating the results of our work to the professional and student community in Quebec, and should help broaden the financial resources available to the project.

Community Involvement: A second important development is the growing interest expressed by the community of Harrington Harbor and other villages along the Lower North Shore in our research and its potential economic and social benefits. Harrington and Blanc Sablon are actively planning community museums or centers to stimulate local heritage, serve as repositories for collections, and to attract the growing numbers of tourists who are traveling along the LNS, a number that will increase rapidly with the completion of the coastal highway. Harrington, in the center of our field program and already a tourist destination with collections and active interpretation programs, is eager to utilize the archaeological information that is becoming available from our work, and to provide controlled access to sites and excavations when this becomes possible. The likely designation of Petit Mecatina as a natural heritage park or reserve heightens the importance of the numerous sites we have studied in this region, both as museum subjects and field locations. Schools are also showing interest in utilizing archaeological projects as potential educational experiences. Although we are not actively engaged in educational or development work with Harrington or other villages, there is good

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The Gateways Project 2004

potential here, and local communities are keen to see archeological research move forward in close coordination with community economic development.

Preservation Activities: Given the rapid pace of tourism development and the appearance of growing numbers of kayak and wilderness travelers, there is an equivalent need for expanding archaeological surveys to identify sites that might be endangered by increased traffic. While many LNS sites are relatively safe by virtue of invisibility or remote access, some sites in tourist locations are easily found and have vulnerable surface materials. There is also a growing interest and capability in underwater exploration at the village level, and while most individuals know about and respect the laws governing these resources, others may not, and in either case it will become important to educate the population in general about the need for preserving underwater resources. Demonstrating scientific value in these sites and collections has been shown to be the most successful way to protect such remains over the long term, whether on land or underwater.

Scientific Results: The results of the 2004 season may be summarized as follows:

1. Early Indian Occupations - The Vatcher site on the mainland at ca. 50 foot elevation is a very small but very interesting archaeological manifestation. If the typological similarities with the Arrowhead Mine from the Strait of Belle Isle, with the L’Anse Amour Mound, and with the Hound Pond site in Hamilton Inlet are valid, this site is one of the earliest Indian occupations known from the Lower North Shore. It also would establish a surprisingly low elevation for a site of ca. 7-8000 years age, since most other indicators (though not from this very region) suggest that sites of this age should be considerably higher. Again, if a valid identification, this would indicate that glacial ice was either much thinner here or departed earlier than in other areas of the northern Gulf, allowing considerable uplift to have been completed before this date.

2. Bayfield Island 1 - This site will be an important target for future research, as will the surrounding region at the west end of Bayfield Island. This region is unique in having extensive sandy beaches and terraces located virtually at the outer coast and in this respect is similar to the Strait of Belle Island and the Natashquan region, and quite unlike most other areas of the LNS, whose coastal regions are rocky and devoid of beaches favored by Indian groups, of whatever time period. The extensive raised beaches, terraces, coves, and other landscape features with sandy deposits are ideal locations for surveying for such sites, and it is expected that future research here will uncover other sites that can lead to a more complete sequence of Indian cultural development and better understanding of coastal aspects of their settlement patterns, which are poorly known for the LNS in general.

Bayfield Island 1 in particular seems likely to produce important information on a large Archaic Indian settlement which may be the same location tested previously by J-Y. Pintal, from which he recovered samples dating 138+/- 80 B.P. and 2000 +/- 130 B.P. (Pintal and Dugnay 1987). Clarifying the age and identity of this site will be important, as it may then be compared with other materials from the upper Gulf, Gaspe, Newfoundland, and Labrador, which will lead to new understandings about regional cultural boundaries and relationships. The fact that Ramah chert is present in considerable quantities already confirms that long-distance trade and contact as far as northern Labrador were taking place, whether overland, through the interior, or via the coast. It is interesting that the other chert materials from this site do not appear to be from Newfoundland, suggesting either local sources or contacts to the west.

Section 1: Field Narrative

19

3. Groswater Paleoeskimo - For the fourth consecutive year, we have found new Groswater Paleoeskimo sites. This year’s evidence expands the distribution from Seal Net Point near Cape Whittle to Hare Harbor at Petit Mecatina and Gros Mecatina 3 on Gros Mecatina, both having outer coast maritime settings where seal hunting would have been a likely pursuit. While these new sites, like Seal Net Point, are not large, they follow the pattern of small family-based exploitation groups whose tool complex and lithic resources are identical with Groswater culture in Newfoundland and Labrador, suggesting close cultural ties. What is somewhat surprising is the large number of Groswater sites that must be present, at least in the eastern LNS, given the number of sites found to date. Groswater sites are not obvious or easy to find, so one must presume that those that the sites known represent only a small percentage of existing sites and that the Groswater occupation of the LNS, while at the extreme western margin of this culture’s distribution, they enjoyed a substantial period of occupancy - probably in the hundreds of years - and had a reasonably large population. It is significant that its tenure here at the farthest limit of the Eskimo cultural range corresponds with the coldest period in the post-glacial era, when the distribution of seals, walrus, and pack ice was more extensive than at any time in the historical era. These conditions undoubtedly are part of the reason for Groswater migration into a region that - as in Labrador - was already occupied by Indian groups. It is also interesting that we continue to find no trace of “classic” Labrador or Newfoundland Dorset culture.

4. The Petit Mecatina Basque Site - Ten days of work at the Mecatina Basque site brought three new areas under investigation: the A2 beach area north of the A1 workshop, the A3 bog to the east, upslope from the major site occupation areas, and the A4 area west (downslope) from A2. These areas produced surprising results, A2 because of its relative lack of Basque materials and activities, with few artifacts and activities represented, but with some unique finds, like the small iron “raven’s beak” oil lamp; and A3 because of the intriguing but challenging finds of waterlogged wood buried beneath thick, water-saturated peat deposits. Our tests here suggest this area may contain very interesting Basque occupation deposits, not only evidence of wood-crafts and barrel production, but of other activities, including possibly the remains of huts or living quarters with plank floors. The presence of a decorated wood pin may be a clue as to future finds to be made if we discover a method to manage the water. This level, protected area is a likely residential area. If Inuit people were present on the site, as is suggested by the soapstone vessel finds, their residence locations might be in the A3 region as they, unlike the Basque, would be living ashore and not on board the ship. Finally the A4 area is important because of its cobble hearth, strike-a-light spalls, and Groswater microblades.

As in previous years, no active evidence of whale hunting or presence of try-works was found. We did, however, recover small amounts of baleen, but not enough to indicate commercial hunting or processing.

The many new finds from this summer continue to expand the site’s inventory of Basque material culture, including such items as wood implements (barrel parts and an ornamented pin), new types of glass beads (round white and black spiral), glass vessels (ruby red), metal implements (oil lamp, lead fishing sinker), and strike-a-lights of European flint. For the third year in a row we found another fragment of an Inuit soapstone vessel that does not belong to either of the other two vessels and comes from a different area of the site, strengthening previous ideas about the presence of Inuit, or at least Inuit women, attending the Basque occupation.

During the past year neutron activation analysis of the glass beads found in previous years produced dates in the 1675-1750 range (Herzog and Moreau: 2004, see Section 4), substantially altering our initial assumption of a 16 th century date like most other Basque sites excavated from the Gulf and Straits region. The bead dates are supported by the presence of tobacco pipes of comparable

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The Gateways Project 2004

age. Detailed analysis of the material culture being undertaken by Anja Herzog will undoubtedly produce new information on dating and sources of these materials that will substantially augment knowledge about this site and its role vis-a-vis other European agents in the Gulf, possibly about its relationship with native groups, and its role in the fishing, trade, and fur enterprises.

Of particular interest is that Mecatina is the first site to be found that documents a late phase of Basque presence in the Gulf. While 17-18 th century Basque activities are known from historical records, Mecatina offers the first chance to explore this history archaeologically, and this perspective is beginning to look quite interesting and productive.

5. The Inuit Presence - In addition to finds of Inuit soapstone at Petit Mecatina, the discovery of Inuit-style stone traps on Canso Island adds new evidence of Inuit activities on the LNS west of the Strait of Belle Isle. While not as definitive as Inuit tent rings or winter houses with rear benches or entrance tunnels - architectural features that may not exist in Inuit sites south of Labrador - stone traps are probably as diagnostic a type of evidence as may be found on the LNS. The Canso traps seem too small for full-grown foxes, but could have been used for young foxes, mink, or weasel, and their presence suggests that someone with Inuit heritage was trapping fur at a cache site using traditional Inuit technology. Further surveys in the Canso Bay region should be carried out to see if other evidence of Inuit occupation is present. These traps seem especially significant in light of the stories we gathered last year from people at the L’Anse aux Portage settlement on the west side of Jacques Cartier Bay, concerning an old Inuit woman who used to live in this area. According to this oral history, a soapstone lamp from her cairn grave near the settlement was sold to a collector, probably William F. Stiles, working for the Heye Foundation (Museum of the American Indian) in New York. Possibly the Canso traps were her handiwork as well.

6. Other Historic Occupations - We continue to find evidence of later historical settlements in the survey region, this time primarily from Kanty and Goluchon Islands, east of Providence Island, between Mecatina and Mutton Bay. In both cases the remains are from sealing or fishing stations dating to the 18-20 u ' centuries, attesting to use of this and other LNS regions by shore-based settlers in the post-Basque period. The presence of many different European agents - including French, Basque, English, Jersey, Norman, and Acadian - makes this section of coast very interesting for historical and archaeological study and contributes to the interest expressed by current residents in their diverse national and ethnic heritage.

Acknowledgments

This summer’s project was made possible by many dedicated groups and individuals. Special thanks is due to Perry Colboume for his masterful skippering of Pitsiulak, for his culinary wonders, and for his thoughtful care of the team. We greatly enjoyed having his nephew Andy with us and hope we contributed as much to widening his horizons as he contributed to our knowledge of youth culture and life generally in a small Newfoundland outport community. The rest of our crew, Christie Leece, Lena Sharp, Mary Melnik, Emiliana Donati-Sanchez, and Polly Husmami, were as dedicated and proficient as any crew I have had, and their antics certainly brought into focus the passage of time and culture when seen from the mature side of the age spectrum. Although present for only a brief time, Will Richard contributed much humor and wisdom, in addition to his photographic talents, and Yves Chretien brought new perspectives, talents, and experiences that enriched the project and helped set new directions for the future. A host of shore-side folks too many to mention in full made our work easier, more productive, and enjoyable; those most directly involved include Louise Colboume,

Section 1: Field Narrative

21

Boyce and Joanne Roberts, Gina and Adrian Noordhof, Florence and Clifford Hart, Christine Vatcher and Wilson Evans, Helen Morency and Miles Evans, Georgeanne and Lloyd Jones, Paul and Cynthia Rowsell, Mark Rowsell, and the staff of the Harrington Harbor Fish Co-op. A generous donation from Anina Glaize and funding from the Arctic Studies Center, the Department of Anthropology and the National Museum of Natural History helped make the project possible. I especially want to thank Helena Sharp for much of the technical work in assembling this report and for plotting the distribution of finds and pavements from the Mecatina site, and Yves Chretien and Gilles Samson for helping make the 2004 project possible in the first place. Finally, I would like to thank Allison Bain, Laurier Turgeon, and Reginald Auger of Laval University for their assistance in many ways and in particular to their support for Anja Herzog’s educational program.

References

Fitzhugh, William W.

2002 The Gateways Project 2001: Archaeological Survey of the Quebec Lower North Shore, Gulf of St. Lawrence, from Mingan to Blanc Sablon. 90 pp. Washington D.C.: Arctic Studies Center, Smithsonian Institution.

2003 The Gateways Project 2002: Surveys and Excavations from Petit Mecatina to Belles Amours. 174 pp. Washington DC: Arctic Studies Center, Smithsonian Institution.

Fitzhugh, William, and Sharp, Helena

2003 The Gateways Project 2003: Surveys and Excavations from Hare Harbor to Jacques Cartier Bay. 196 pp. Washington DC: Arctic Studies Center, Smithsonian Institution.

McGhee, Robert, and Tuck, James A., Jr.

1975 Archaic Sequence from the Strait of Belle Isle, Labrador. National Museum of Man. Mercury Series, Archaeological Survey of Canada. Paper 34.

Niellon, Francoise, and Jones, G.

1984 Reconnaissance sur les sites historiques de la Basse Cote-Nord, etc 1983. Rapport d’activites. 3 vol. Unpublished report submitted to the Ministere de la Culture et des Communications du Quebec.

Pintal, Jean-Yves

1998 Aux Frontieres de la Mer: La Prehistoire de Blanc Sablon. Les Publications du Quebec, Dossiers 102, Collections Patrimoine et Municiparite de Blanc Sablon, Quebec.

Pintal, Jean-Yves, and Duguay, F.

1987 Recherches en archeologie prehistorique sur la Basse Cote-Nord: region de Blanc-Sablon et de StAugustin. Unpublished report submitted to the Ministere de la Culture et des Communications du Quebec.

Tuck, James A., Jr., and Grenier, Robert

1992 Red Bay, Labrador: World Whaling Capitol, 1550-1600. St. John’s. Atlantic Archaeology.

Herzog, Anja

2004 Tiny but Mighty? European Glass Trade Beads, Neutron Activation Analysis, and the Historical Implications of Dating Seasonal Basque Whaling Stations in the New World, poster presented at the 34th International Symposium on Archaeometry, held at Zaragoza, Spain, May 3rd - 7th, 2004.

22

The Gateways Project 2004

Section 2

Topographic Maps and Aerial Photographs

By Helena Sharp

Note: Topographic maps are scans of 1:50 000 series maps issued by Energy, Mines and Resources Canada. Aerial Photographs are scans of 1:40 000 prints issued by

Resources Naturelles Quebec.

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24

The Gateways Project 2004

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26

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28

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30

The Gateways Project 2004

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Section 2: Topographic Maps and Aerial Photographs 31

Fig. 2.11: Section of map 12 J/15 showing location of Gros Mectaina 3, L2 and L5
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34

The Gateways Project 2004

Section 3 Field Notes

By William Fitzhugh and Helena Sharp

Section 3: Field Notes

35

Fig. 3a: Hare Harbor-1 site, view from the bay

36

The Gateways Project 2004

Hare Harbor-1

Fig. 3.1b: Area 1 and 2, view to north at start of A2 excavation

Borden Number: Ed Bt-3

Height ASL: ca. 9.14 meters

Military Grid Ref.: 50° 33.73’ N 59° 18.12’W

Culture(s): Groswater, Basque

Tentative Dating: ca. 1700

Areal Extent of Site: The entire area from the stone outcrop shelter to the southern ledge to the shore contains cultural materials.

Nature of Soils/Sediments/ Vegitation Cover: Grassy, alders, and some juniper under the dry areas of the shelter. There is drainage through Area 2 from the boggy area (A3) down to the shore. Spruce clusters cover the boggy area in the eastern part of the site

Collection Procedure: Controlled excavation-piece-plotted except for small pieces of tile Samples Taken: Samples taken are now at Goverment Archaeological Labratory, Quebec for analysis, preservation, and cataloging by Anja Herzog

Excavated By: Yves Chretien, William Fitzhugh and Pitsiulak 2004 crew Dates Excavated: August 3-16, 2004

Section 3: Field Notes

37

We returned to Hare Harbor-1 on Petit Mecatina on the evening of August 3, and found it in good shape after the winter. We had covered the main excavation at the end of last season with two huge plastic tarps and weighed them down with sod and some buckets of dirt, but left the back-dirt pile intact under another tarp. We were able to uncover the site in less then an hour. Looking over the area I decided to extend the excavation to the north, across the periodic stream bed and up the slope on the other side, where there appeared to be at least one hearth feature. We started the next morning (picture) and began excavation of two 1 meter trenches on the lEast line and the 3East line. Emi and Andy put a test pit (A3, TP-3) behind (east of) the back-dirt pile to see if we could extend the pile in that direction, and they almost immediately uncovered a plank of cut wood. We then decided to open a 2 x 2 meter area here. A few alders needed to be cut to open the site area, and some general mowing.

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4 August

Begining work on Area 2, Yves, Polly, and Mary took 1 x 1 meter units in the 1 East line to begin with; Yves at the south end, near the north end of last years work. Polly took the next 2 meters north and Mary north of that. Shortly after we began Polly found a small blue seed bead. Yves found a large piece of baleen in his square, many tiles, and flint strikea-light fragments. Christie and Lena

worked on the 3 East line. All the Fig. 3.3: Area 3, TP3, wood pieces exposed

squares north of 2 North had thin

cultural deposits and few artifacts. Apparently no super-structure was here - as over the workshop floor - because there were not many tiles and few nails. The big surprise came from the dirt-pile test pit, which produced a large billet of chopped wood and several saw-cut wood planks, which were beneath sterile peat on a working surface with charcoal and a few tiles. This offered the best preservation we’ve seen so far at the site. This find also prompted me to open a test pit (A3, TP1) in the boggy area to the NE of their square, and here I found some cut wood, tiles, charcoal, and a hard packed ground surface in a 50 x 50 cm pit. This area is covered with sedge and dryas vegetation and never seems to have been bushed over with spruce. There was not much pottery in Area 2 excavation area, and only a few nails or other iron artifacts.

5 August

It was a really great day in the morning, but like yesterday (which had been foggy till mid

afternoon) it grew quite cold after 4:00 pm, which is when the sun goes down behind the cliff. We continued our work on Area 2. Several iron implements came from Mary and Polly’s squares, but were very rusted and fragmented. Lena found an iron plate of some type. Will had hardly begun work on the rock feature in the 4E/7N area when he uncovered a small iron lamp, known as a “bee de corbeau” (raven’s beak). It was up-side down and wedged between two large rocks in the center Fig. 3.4: Oil lamp with remains of strap bracket of the feature, and it had a tang-like extension

Section 3: Field Notes

39

bracket from the rear of the cup for attachment to a wall or sconce plate. A few highly burned tile fragments were underneath the cup in the center of the hearth. This is a very nice find, and the feature is shaping up to be a special function work area, without the multi-use and complications of the big hearth at the south end of the workshop.

Andy and Emi uncovered lots more planks and wood, including a wood pin-like object with a decorative carving at its head. It is not very well preserved unfortunately. Christie opened a square south of Will’s to uncover the other half of the hearth, but mostly she found tiles and a bit of iron. My Area 3 bog test pit 1 did not produce much more of interest even after I expanded it form 50 x 50 cm to 1 x 1 m. There was the same packed or consolidated peat floor between -18 - -22 cm which had been the Basque work surface, with charcoal and tile fragments (not many), wood which was not obviously worked, and quite a lot of wood chips and some large flakes of bark (Aspen? Birch?). The deposit below the Basque level was sterile peat - humified, with poorly preserved natural wood, some of which seemed to be spruce roots. One piece of wood in the Basque level seemed harder and better preserved than the rest, and may be European or some other hardwood. It looks like this bog had been building peat for a long time before the Basque arrived. The Area 3 test pit 3 was producing more planks and a piece of baleen in the afternoon. Some of the planks seemed shaped like barrel staves. Another was a coniferous plank fragment cut right through a large knot. Emi and Andy were just getting to turfing the north half of the 2 x 2 m by quitting time. We are going to have to work into the spruce clump and under the dirt-pile.

6 August

Excellent weather and still no flies, although it’s pretty chilly when the sun slips behind the hill. We completed the two 1 x 1 meter trenches out to 7N and identified a hearth feature around 2N/4E that Will Richard started to investigate. In the bog squares I uncovered more of the “floor” in TP2, and Emi and Andy finished mapping the wood in the Area 3 test pit 3 and found a barrel top/bottom fragment and a possible barrel stave board. Christie found a blood red piece of glass, but other than that not much of interest was coming from the deeper tile-filled, charcoal-stained deposits of the squares in the 0-3North area.

9 August

We returned from the weekend at Harrington and continued work in Area 2. Yves finished two squares (lxl m) at the north side of the lamp hearth and found a large nodule of pyrites and other material related to pyrotechnic activity. Many of us finished squares filling out most of the Area 2 grid. Andy found a half section of a beautiful black and white “zebra striped” glass bead - surely a

distinctive type. Yves opened up a 2 x 2 meter pit in the area of a large hearth rock cluster south of A2 that should prove interesting. Lena found a whole glass bottle top with an inward tapering spout, and Yves a pipe stem with indented check mark impressions (similar to some from last year). The bog squares were too full of water to dig and were bailed several times but immediately refilled from seepage.

10 August

Christie, Andy, Emi, and Lena are finishing 1 x 1 squares in what we began to call the “beach” area (A2), because of its sandy soil with beach cobbles. There are a few slabs and placed rocks but mostly it is just cobbles sitting in sterile beach sand.

There is a slight terrace or drop in the slope that trends from NW to SE diagonally across the grid. No evidence that the Basque tried to clear the stones, so they probably just worked on the turf surface.

A cluster of rocks south of the grid attracted our interest when we cut the vegetation down, it looks like a classic hearth feature. We began work there with Yves opening the SE quad (3N/3 W); he then opened the SW quad and Mary and Polly started on the NE/NW quads. There was charcoal from several locations, and then chert started appearing. Yves then found a perfect microblade of Newfoundland (Groswater type) chert, and I then realized the other flakes were about half Groswater and the rest Basque. The Groswater chert was on top of the sand. Several other microblade fragments were found. The Groswater chert was very scattered and no formal artifacts were found. Also today I found a thin soapstone sherd in my 2S/2E re-excavation of the Area 1 cookhouse floor that looks like a Groswater lamp fragment, having encrusted carbon on one side. It seemed odd as a Basque piece and could not be Inuit, so perhaps there is Groswater material under the Basque floor?

Area 3-Test Pit 3

Emi continued draining and excavating her 2 x 2 m. east of the back-dirt pile and extracted more cut wood. We put this material in the flooded Area 3 test pit 1 to keep it hydrated. Some small branches up to 3-4 cm. in diameter have axe cuts. The large billet has been chopped at both ends.

A1 Floor Cleaning

Lena and I started removing some of the large rocks on top of the house/shed pavement and dug between and under the slabs. We had not done this while excavating the first time because we were concentrating on determining the floor area. Now we can see that many of the blocky rocks are not related to the structure and may have been holding down sailcloth covers over the floor or fell

Fig. 3.6: Area 4, Yves in the “Groswatersquares”

Section 3: Field Notes

41

Fig. 3.7: 4S/2S: Area I feature 4, view to south

Fig. 3.8: Red Bay Museum reconstruction of Basque site; note hold-down rocks on roof

from the collapsing roof where they had been holding down tiles, as shown in the Red Bay museum reconstruction. Lots of artifacts were found between and under the pavement rocks. Some of these include many grey stoneware sherds, pyrites nodules, a thin (Groswater?) soapstone shard, and a large concentration of nails as well as black carbon/charcoal rich earth. Beneath the paving slabs there is a rapid transition to humified peat (2-3 cm in these squares). More peat in the 2E squares, and beneath that, sand and/or embedded beach cobbles. This is similar to the rest of the sites stratigraphy and suggests that the paving was put down directly on the turf at the site without excavation except in some areas like the big hearth, where the peat level does not exist and Basque material goes down onto a pavement laid down on sterile sand.

11 August

We worked until 5:45 when we had to leave for Harrington. I measured the location of the bog squares (A3) relative to the grid and tarped the bottom of Area 3 test pit 2 before replacing the peat and turf. All planks etc. are still in place and can be traced out into other adjacent areas next year. Emi finished digging through the culture layer in her square by the back-dirt pile (Area 3, test pit 3) and put the cut planks and barrel parts into the “tank” in A3 bog test pit 1. There’s still a lot of peat below the cultural level. We tarped the base of this 2x2 (A3 TP3) and refilled it partway with back-dirt, but we may fill it completely since we don’t need to re-open more than the SW comer (where a plank crosses into in situ squares). A fair amount of small brush-wood was also present with branch stems cut. Nothing seen to date was obviously saw-cut; only axe cuts. Emi found one piece of small wood that might have been cut with a knife.

Area 4: Yves’s hearth feature (4N/3W) failed to produce obvious evidence of heavy fire activity showing only small amounts of charcoal in the center of the feature and just to the north. A few more Newfoundland (Groswater) chert flakes were recovered, but no diagnostic tools. Mary opened two lxls, east of Yves’ and Polly’s squares, looking for more Basque or Groswater material but not much new came from that. Mostly large boulders/cobbles that seem to be part of the beach deposit.

Area 1: Christie finished her Area 2 square and joined Lena and I cleaning the A I floor, expanding it to the northern margin of the pavement and to the line of carefully laid shist paving stones along the northern margin. Quite a lot of new material was found, especially nails and spikes in the eastern area. I found a lead fishing sinker and a very nice Basque flint for a strike-a-light, grey with white specks like some of the chert from Area 4 - so now that’s Basque (but I should compare this with blue-speckled chert from Bayfield-1 site). We took surface and base elevations on all squares in A2 and elevations for the flat rocks where this was not done by the excavators, we then back-filled the whole A2 area, leaving the stakes in place for future reference.

Blocks on the pavement at south side of 2S/3E were removed from the floor so we could excavate beneath them. They do not appear to have been part of any structure, and so were removed from the site. Many other such rocks were also removed, revealing the floor to be much better paved then it appeared previously.

16 August

We returned to Hare Harbor-1 to finish closing up the site and spent half the day backfilling Areas 2, 3 and 4. The heavy rain of last week has gullied a trench down through the southern area of A2 and filled A4 with water.

No serious damage, but it was a good demonstration of the power of heavy rains. We filled these areas and replaced the turf and peat. During the process we found a pipe stem and spall of European chert (strike-a-light fragment).

Mary and Emi checked elevations on A4 maps. The rain had been so heavy that the back-dirt and sod south of Area 3 test pit 3 were flooded and thick with mud. We had trouble getting to the bottom of the back-dirt pile here as a result. We also re-mapped the floor pavement in A1 after removing the superficial round and blocky rocks (that may have been added after the occupation to hold a cover down, or were roof-fall rocks). The result was a nearly complete pavement north of the 4S line. Almost none of the slabs had any cultural deposits under them - only sterile peat. There does not seem to be any particular structure to the pavement except for the alignment of large slabs along the north edge of the pavement on/inside the ledge underlying this boundary. In a few places these rocks have blubber encrustations. There was no evidence of wood or wood structure members seen in the excavation, either from nails or wood remnants. The A2 area had very few tiles compared to Al, and

Fig. 3.9: Area 3, TPS wood pin, barrel partsand cut wood

Section 3: Field Notes

43

they were more frequently used for fill than a result of roof fall. Clumps of tile were found in a few locations, as in dumps to fill deep holes in the area. When you get into tile sink areas it is usually below the charcoal rich midden floor deposits and largely devoid of artifacts. Some tiles seem to go deep into the sterile peat, perhaps due to some frost action. A grey glazed tile was found in 2N/2E.

A3 had almost no tiles. I traced the barrel stave and top and stored them and the interesting cut wood in A3 test pit 1 for safe keeping; we did collect the “needle”.

Hare Harbor-1 Maps

2E 3E 4E

Fig. 3.10: Hare Harbor-1 Area 2 map of rocks and features

2E 5E

Section 3: Field Notes

45

L

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Fig. 3.12: Hare Harbor- 1 Area 1 close up of pavement after clean up.

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Fig. 3.13: Hare Harbor-1 Area 1 pavement, view to south of 1S/2E

1 meter

Fig. 3.14: Hare Harbor-1 Area 2 artifact distribution

Section 3: Field Notes

47

1 = Quartz flake

2 = Iron spear(?)

3 = Iron musket ball(?)

4 = Soapstone lamp frag

5 = Stonewear frags

6 = Pyrites

7 = Soapstone (Dorset?)

8 = Knife (?) blade

9 = Iron gudgon pin

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Fig. 3.15: Flare Harbor-1 Area l artifact distribution

48

The Gateways Project 2004

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Fig. 3.16: Hare Harbor-1 Area 2 iron distribution

Section 3: Field Notes

49

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a lo ^

5N/5E

Fig. 3.18: Hare Harbor-1 Area 2 distribution of large (>8 cm) spikes

2N/4E

04

-X>o c\ *%

OCJ

^ V

Ftg. J. 19: Hare Harbor-1 Area 1 distribution of large (>8 cm) spikes

(90

1 meter

50

The Gateways Project 2004

2E

3E

8N/1E

4E

'TTjrv-Cr

| High irock ■

| /

k /

o&

'&d.

O x "'-’

0 „ . O ^

cP

)V *©>r ,r\ 'k\<M - 2

4&'£he0^:l

yr^r ~

8N/5E

7N

6N

Fig. 3.20/ Hare Harbor-1 Area 2 tile distribution

1N/0E

Fig. 3.2/: Hare Harbor-1 Area 1 tile distribution

Soapstone lamp stain Feature 2

Feature 1
Section 3: Field Notes 51
Microblade Site

Height A.S.L Above 50 meters

Map Reference: Etamamiou 12 J/5, 12 J/6

Culture: Groswater or Dorset

Tentative Date: Unknown, ~ 2500-1000 BP

Site Type: Stray find

Site Location: Lena Sharp found a single quartz crystal microblade fragment in a deep blowout not far from the terrace over looking the small bay/ cove to the south, in the next bay north of the “Amy Evans” beach.

Description of Site: Blowout about 10 x 20 meters in size and about 4-5 feet deep, eroded down to iron stained and cemented sand, No other finds at all and no fire-cracked rock.

Raw Materials: Quartz crystal

Nature of Soils/Sediments/Vegetation cover: Blowout Collection Procedures: Surface collection Samples Taken: Yes

Potential for Further Work: No potential likely

Remarks: It’s difficult to see this small short flake of quartz crystal as being other then a microblade, indicating either Groswater (which we know is present in the area) or Dorset, which is still unknown this far west on the LNS.

Surveyed By: Pitsiulak Crew on 12 August 2004

Fig. 3.22: Beach and terraces, view to northwest

52

The Gateways Project 2004

Vatcher Site

Borden Number: EcBv-9 Height A.S.L.: 50 ft est. from topographic map and GPS reading

Military Grid Reference: 50 0 29.94’ N 59 °

34.478’W

Map Reference: Etamamiou 12 J/5, 12 J/6 Culture: Maritime Archaic Tentative Dating: 7000-8000 BP Site Type/ Seasonality: Small camp/ Work station

Site Location: This site is located near the head

of a stream valley where it intersects the plateau extending across to the Netagamiou due east of the second falls, several hundred meters north of a long narrow trench-like blowout running east-west, about the same location as the skidoo trail. The site area drops off immediately into the ravine that forms the stream valley leading to the cove.

Description of Site: Quartz flakes and artifacts were lying in a small exposure on the NW side of an exposed granite outcrop, with a few flakes lying along the south side of the outcrop (where Christine Vatcher found the first sign of the site) but mostly in a 2 x 2 meter area on the NW side of the outcrop. It looks to me as though the material was been deposited when vegetation covered the outcrop, and with the erosion of this soil and vegetation the cultural material washed down into the

exposed sandy apron around the perimeter of the rock, wind then blew out the exposure and built up the blowout rim.

Areal Extent of Site: 10-15 square meters Raw Material: Quartz almost exclusively Nature of Soils/ Sediments/ Vegetation Cover: Exposed sandy blowout with some material in vegetation patches.

Collection Procedure: Small surface collection on 12 August 2004; Excavation of the remainder of the site was done on 13 August 2004.

slopes down

\\MLLLUj ,

blowout/ site area

long blowout

10 m.

Fig. 3.24: Vatcher site map

Section 3: Field Notes

53

Samples Taken: Quartz artifacts: triangular point perform, biface edge fragment, squared base comer of biface, small circular scrapers.

Potential for Further Work:

Nothing remains after excavation, but other related sites may exist in the area.

Remarks: This maybe the earliest site we’ve ever found in Labrador or Quebec. The point looks like the triangular points from the Arrowhead Mine site (others?) in Strait of Belle Isle (Tuck and McGhee) and the tiny round scrapers also fit that pattern, and are similar to one’s I’ve found in my survey around Vieux Fort. To find so many artifacts in an area no larger then a few square meters was surprising considering the masses of quartz debitage without tools at the Mutton Bay sites.

Surveyed By: Fitzhugh, Chretien, Pitsiulak crew 2004 and Christine Vatcher

Vatcher Site Remarks Continued:

The site is located mostly to the west of a low granite outcrop that probably was once covered with vegetation and was the locus of the occupation before the cover eroded and artifacts and flakes washed down into the blowout around the rock, making an “apron” of gravelly sand around its edges inside a blowout that formed with the erosion of the surface deposits. The cultural material stayed on the surface of the blowout and we found nothing in the fine, brown, iron-stained sand below. Since there was no grey podsol present the material either was “transported” by erosion from above the outcrop or as suggested by the concentration around the margins of the outcrop, was in an eroded podsol around the rock.

We collected some representative material when we first found the site and weren’t sure ifrwhen we could return, expecting there would be subsurface material. Most of the quartz (everything was quartz) surface material collected came from a one square meter area, but flakes of quartz were found 3 meters south next to a berry patch

Fig. 3.25b: Vatcher site profile

3 cm Turf

6 cm Windblown sand and peat

Peat layer 2

A Zone podsol 2-4 cm

54

The Gateways Project 2004

and a few north and southeast of the rock. The triangular biface blank and small circular end scrapers were a big surprise as they indicated a very early date, (Arrowhead Mine) in the Strait of Belle Isle

sequence.

We returned to excavate the site and determine its elevation on 13 August. Our GPS read at 49-50’, about what we had estimated from the topographic maps, but it might be a bit higher. The distance from the shore, and our time did not permit manual measurement. We laid out a line (N-S) true bearing using the GPS and excavated, or more accurately, collected the material (since almost nothing was beneath the surface), in 1 x 1 meter units. Very few new artifacts were present and no fitting fragments of the bifaces found yesterday. No hearth rocks were present and the one area where charcoal seemed present, probably is humified peat. We collected this to see if it might contain some charcoal fragments. The profile shows blowout formation and has a bit of podsol formation

(possibly in situ material?) but we found no flakes.

Fig. 3.26: Vatcher site artifact drawings (60% reduction)

Artifacts:

(All quartz)

Excavated artifacts:

1. Utilized Flake

2. Scraper

3. Biface Edge Fragment

4. Utilized Flake

5. Piece of Esquillee

6. Utilized Flake

7. Preform Fragment

8. Utilized Flake

9. Core Fragment

10. Flake Knife

11. Endscraper

Surface Collection artifacts:

12. Triangular Biface Pre-form

13. Square Based Biface Comer Fragment

14. Utilized Flake

15. Utilized Flake

16. Biface Edge Fragment

17. Piece of Esquillee

18. Pseudo- Micropoint

19. Pre-form Spall

20. Scraper

21. Scraper

22. Scraper

23. Scraper

24. Scraper

(Some of these scrapers have low angle (~ 30°) working edges)

Section 3: Field Notes

55

Chevery Lake Site

Military Grid Reference: 50° 28.868’N 59° 36,155’W Culture: Unknown Prehistoric Tentative Dating: Unknown

Site Location: 15-20 meters north of the Chevery boat landing road on a small terrace promontory at the SE end of the lake. Yves Chretien had found a couple flakes here in a peat blowout. We tested the area on 13 August 2004.

Description of Site: Located on a rock outcrop anchoring some sandy terrace deposits with spruce and brush vegetation. There are peat blowouts in an area that looks like it was partially scraped by a bull-dozer during construction of the harbor road. There may be a small site here, as it is a convenient location overlooking the lake, but we saw no further signs; no charcoal or flakes or fire cracked rock in 2-3 shovel/trowelled pits (20-30 cm square).

Collection Procedure: Surface collection Samples Taken: 2 flakes collected by Yves Chretien Potential for Further Research: Not worth much more work.

Photos: 35mm, Digital

Surveyed By: Yves Chretien and Pitsiulak crew Date: 13 August 2004

Fig. 3.27: Area sketch of Chevery lake site

56

The Gateways Project 2004

Boatyard Site

Borden Number: EcBv-10

Millitary Grid Reference: 50° 28.8’N 59° 36.11’W Map Reference: 12 J/5 and 12 J/6 Etamamiou Culture: Maritime Archaic?

Tentative Dating: 4000-5000 BP?

Site type/ Seasonality: Scattered quartz flakes

Site Location: Very dispersed scatter of quartz flakes in the boat storage yard north of the road and in the sandy areas south of the road adjacent. More quartz flakes were found south of the road in a bull-dozed area.

Description of Site: This area has been scrapped or had its vegetation removed by road building and traffic. The humus and A zone is missing, so site material may have been removed, leaving only small amounts of cultural residue; chunks of quartz north of road and more frequent small flakes across the road to the south.

Areal Extent: 100 x 100 meters Raw Materials: Quartz only

Nature of Soil etc: Most vegetation was removed by construction as well as upper sand (podsol) level.

Collection Procedure: Surface collection Samples Taken: Small number of flakes

Potential for Further Work: Nearby there may be some other sites in undisturbed areas.

Surveyed By: Yves Chretien and Pitsiulak crew on 13 August 2004

Barge Ferry Dock

Fig. 3.28: Area sketch of boatyard site

Section 3: Field Notes

57

Mainland Cove

Height A.S.L O’ at sea level

Grid Reference: 50° 30.174’N 59° 34,197’W

Map Ref.: Lac Triquet 12 J/12

Culture: Unknown prehistoric

Tentative Date: Unknown

Site Location: Quartz core (piece esquillee) found on the beach at mainland cove, Harrington Sound, near the eastern end of the beach (inner cove) where the 10-15’ high bank is eroding. Description of Site: 50 cm podsol beneath a thick spruce forest, with heavily indurated ironcemented sand (2-3 meters thick) overlies a thick clay deposit. Core found near high water mark on the beach. Inspection of the bank above the find revealed no trace of a site or source for this artifact, which shows evidence of bipolar percussion.

Raw Material: Quartz

Nature of Soil Cover etc.: thick spruce forest Collection Procedure: Surface collection

Potential for Further Work: Little likelihood of finding a site here.

Remarks: There must have been a site that eroded from the bank. Very active erosion is ongoing at present. I also surveyed the high open “terrace” north of the brook at the west end of this cove and across the stream ravine from the Vatcher site, and found it to be a poor location with no site potential.

Surveyed By: WF on August 15, 2004

Fig. 3.29: Mainland Cove area sketch and artifact drawing

58

The Gateways Project 2004

Providence Island Survey

Map Ref.: Tete a la Baleine 12 J/l 1 Site type/ Seasonality: Historic fishery/ settlement

Site Location: Providence Island is the summer fishing community for Tete a la Baleine village, named for the island just east of Petit Mecatina. The settlement location is on the north side of the island and includes 15-20 summer houses and a beautiful Catholic church on the island crest south of the village.

Description of Site: We surveyed the entire island which is covered with peat and tundra over a smoothly polished glacially-scoured granite bedrock. The peat has been striped off much of the community area but is present everywhere else making survey more or less ineffective. However the peat is breaking down in the drier areas over granite knobs and surfaces and is being eroded away. This is the climate signal that is apparent everywhere in this area of the LNS. The village has and old seal processing set-up as an historic display in the center of the community area. The church is a masterpiece of old tradition that is being beautifully preserved and maintained. Its back room has old photos and displays telling of local history of people and events. Jose Mailhot has some photos of hers from here on display. A National Film Board documentary was done here by Pierre Perriault dealing with the annual seasonal

movement of the town between Tete a la Baleine and Providence Island.

I met some people from providence who visited the Hare Harbor site a couple of weeks ago (Maurice Blais, Murielle Monger, and Gilbert Monger), and several more in Providence today (Jean-Louis Monger). They all know Hare Harbor as “Eskimo Bay” but don’t have knowledge as to why it had that name.

We did not test the area around the houses, not wanting to disturb people there, but it is certain there are good deposits from the European period. The island is a bit of a

Fig. 3.31: Porch of Providence Island church

Section 3: Field Notes

59

museum itself, with old boat-hauling windlasses scattered around where people until recently hauled their skiffs, the sealing set-up etc. We tested a possible tent ring we found on the SW side of the island, between the two ponds and just inland from an old abandoned house site. A number of rocks suggested a ring underneath the vegetation, but several test pits failed to show any signs of occupation, so it may be an accident of geology, plotted on the map, but no GPS taken.

Surveyed By: WF and Pitsiulak crew, 17 August 2004

Fig. 3.32: Pitsiulak and boat hauling windlass in Providence Harbor

60

The Gateways Project 2004

Kanty Island-1

Borden Number: EdBt-7 Height ASL: ~2-3 meters

Military Grid Ref.: 50° 36.998’N 59° 09.975’W Map Ref.: Tete a la Baleine 12 J/l 1 Culture: European Tentative Dating: 17 th -18 th cen.

Site Type: Tent rings or structure/ foundation for a summer fishing camp.

Site Location: On the southeastern side of Kanty Island on the isthmus connection. This location has a relatively protected cove on its northeastern side. A cemetery dating from the early 1920s is present on the eastern side of the isthmus and the ruins of a house or shed stands on the NW side of the cove. A boulder beach is on the exposed south side.

Description of Site: We only had a short time ashore and could not test or observe everything. There are lots of mounds and pits and high grass and midden vegetation suggesting sites dating to the past 150 years or more. I tested one tent ring covered with cracker berries and found some early European material. I did not have time to expand beyond a 40 x 40 cm test. (See write up for Kanty Island-2) Areal Extent: The specific area with the 2 “rings” is about 50 x 50 ft.

Raw Materials: Earthenware ceramic or tile, hand-blown olive colored glass bottle neck fragment.

1. Olive green glass fragment

2. Tan

earthenware

fragment

Section 3: Field Notes

61

Nature of Soils/ Vegetation Cover: Low crackerberry vegetation covered the area of the rings, over black humus (5-8cm), over beach cobbles and sand. Cultural material was in lower black earth. Collection Procedure: 40 x 40 cm test pit in center of eastern ring Samples Taken: One piece of earthenware ceramic and olive green glass bottleneck.

Potential for Further Work: This could be an interesting site to excavate, with stmctures and material culture.

Remarks: There is undoubtedly a variety of occupations at this site, which is one of the few areas in these islands where one has any soil deposit, which may be why it was chosen for the regional cemetery. Pits and mounds are probably house foundations and middens. I chose to test one of two small tent ring like structures that seemed likely to have shallow deposits. There was not a rich density of artifacts but certainly enough to recover a good sample should one excavated a few 2x2 meter units. These rings are not grassy, which may also mean they are earlier than the grassy midden areas that cover most other 19-20 th C. Lower North Shore sites.

Surveyd By: WF and 2004 Pitsiulak crew on 17 August 2004

Kanti Island-2

Borden Number: EdBs-1

Height ASL: ~4 meters

Grid Ref.: 50° 37.2’N 59° 10.05’W

Map Ref.: Tete a la Baleine 12 J/l 1

Site Type: Boulder pits

Site Location: 2 boulder pits in an exposed boulder beach south of the cemetery, upslope. The lower of the two may have been modified into a duck shooting blind, after probable use as a seal meat or egg storage cache.

Description of Site: Two 0.5 meter deep pits about 3 meters across. Not a very high elevation, Lena moved a few rocks at the bottom of the upper pit, but found nothing. There is heavy lichen growth on the inside of the pits.

Areal Extent: 10-15 m

Nature of soils/Vegetation Cover: Boulder beach, no vegetation cover.

Potential for Further Work: little

Remarks: Madeline Le Breton, who we met at the Monger home on Galuchon Island, said a man lived on this location who had eight men working for him on a fishery operation. This is probably the source of much of the disturbance at the site.

Surveyed By: WF and Pitsiulak 2004 crew, 17 August 2004

See Map for Kanti Island-1

62

The Gateways Project 2004

Galuchon Island -1

Height ASL: 3-4 meters Grid Ref.: 50° 38.6’ N 59° 09’ W Map Ref,: 12 J/l 1 Tete a la Baleine Culture: European Tentative Date: 19/20^ C,

Site Type: Fishery operation

Site Location: Located at the site of the modem house owned by Adrian Monger, just north of the isthmus of Galuchon Island

Description of Site: Grassy area covering several hundred square meters around the Monger’s two buildings, a small store shed by the water and a beautifully fixed-up home at the crest of the isthmus. We had heard from a youngster, Brendon Nadeau, who had accompanied us on our survey of Providence Island, that his grandparents had old pottery collections and a pipe stem from their place, and we stopped to enquire for an hour. We met Madeline Le Breton, Adrian Monger, and his wife. Madeline showed us their collection of ceramics in a large cookie jar. She could not find the clay pipe stem.

Areal Extent: 50 x 50 meters

Nature of Soiis/Vegetatlon Cover: Grass cover and other “settlement” vegetation. They have cut through the peat to make walkways and vegetable gardens and found the artifacts in the process. Collection Procedure: We inspected the collection owned by the family and did not make our own. Samples Taken: None- The Monger collection included 19/20 C. ceramics.

Potential for Further Work: This could be a rich location for studies of early fishery archaeology. Remarks: Madeline Le Breton has a strong interest in history and is Acadian (and earlier Norman and Basque, many of whom settled in Normandy). The Monger family maintains a large log book of

visitors and events (which we signed and reported in). They have three of those books now filled. She told us that the family that lived here in early days ran a cod and seal fishery. The tickle between Galuchon and Nadeau has a strong harp seal run. She could provide lots of detail on local history of this place and others in the vicinity.

Surveyed By: WF and Pitsiulak crew on 17 August 2004

Fig. 3.34: Lena, Emi, Madeline LeBreton, and Mary

Section 3: Field Notes

63

Gros Mecatina -3, L2

Borden Number: EeBr-16

Military Grid: 50° 47.388’N 58° 53.448’W

Culture: Groswater component, Maritime Archaic component? L5 (new site): rectangular structure. Tentative Date: 2400 BP Map Ref.: Tabatiere 12 J/15

Site Type: Boulder Beach site with “longhouse” structure at this location.

Site Location: See previous notes in Gateways 2003 report - We returned here 18 August 2004 to excavate the longhouse structures (S 1,2, 3) found in previous years, believing them to be Maritime Archaic structures. 2003 mapping had located a chert biface perform near the south hearth in SI and so we hoped this might prove to be a productive MA excavation.

Description of Site: We began by mapping the three structures, which showed them to be MA type with raised divider platforms, having hearth structures, at least in SI and S2. S3 did not have such an indication. The hearth in S1 was most distinctive, having four thick flat slabs inclining toward the center arranged in a quadrilateral shape with a definite Paleoeskimo ‘look’. No sign of burned fat, but fire-eroded rock was present. The hearth in S2 was made of a cluster of boulders in the middle of

64

The Gateways Project 2004

which there was a buried slab that had decomposed from heat fracture. S3 had no obvious hearth structure, but a pit ~ 40cm deep inside its SE wall had a fire cracked rock at the bottom.

Areal Extent: 15 x 25 meters at front of boulder terrace

Raw Materials: Newfoundland chert, much of it is typical Groswater, but there is also some tanpink chert and a shiny black chert of high quality (all from the SI hearth area).

Nature of Soil Cover/Vegetation: No surface vegetation. There are several large circular and small dimple-sized cache pits around the structures (see 2003 notes). These smaller pits are associated with Groswater sites in Labrador, the larger with MA and other cultures.

Collection Procedure: Excavated all of S 1, 2, 3 inside the walls.

Samples Taken: Yes- Flakes and artifacts from SI only, nothing else was found but two hand chopper tools made of corse rock in S2

Potential for Further Work: Nothing left to study at this location

Fig. 3.36: Artifact drawings are 40% reduction

Gros Mecatina-3, L2

Artifacts from Western Structure:

1. Chert Biface (from 2003- See 2003 notes)

2. Mottled chert core

3. Preform of mottled tan-grey chert

4. Grey chert utilized flake

5. Grey Chert utilized flake

6. Tan-pink utilized flake

7. Grey-tan chert utilized flake

8. Quartz crystal utilized flake

9. Green-grey microblade

10. Blue-green core fragment

11. Side notched biface knife

12. Mottled brown-tan chert side notched plano-convex endblade (at base of excavation)

13. Mottled chert core fragment

14. Endscraper, brow-tan chert

15. brown chert flake knife

16. Side-notched biface knife

17. Eleavy hand chopper (not collected)

18. Heavy hand chopper (not collected)

Artifact depths not measured, but found from surface to ca. 70-90 cm for #10-16

Section 3: Field Notes

65

Remarks: It was a great surprise to me when Emi brought me a fine microblade of Groswater chert early in the excavation of S1. What followed was a chase that eventually created a huge 1.2 meter deep crater in the western end of S1, around the hearth in that area of the house. Tools and flakes may even be found farther down, but we were running out of patience, time and space, and as the pit got deeper, rocks falling from the sides became a hazard. The greatest concentration of finds was north of the hearth, both for flakes, cores, and artifacts, except two very nice biface notched knives came from south of the hearth. Emi Donadi found a nice box-based point (plano-convex type), in 4 pieces (crushed between rocks) in the area of the main deposit just north of the hearth. An endscraper was also found south of the hearth. Chert types were Groswater brown, tan , mottled, and some unknown types (pink and black). No soapstone and no burin like tools were found. I think this material belongs with the hearth but is only fortuitously present in the SI structure, which I think is probably an MA longhouse without any artifacts present. The GWD styles here look late in the sequence (no ears on the scraper) and possibly ca. 2200-2000 BP.

Surveyed By: WF and Pitsiulak crew on 18 August 2004

Fig. 3.37: Mary and Bill digging in Gros Mecatina-3, L2 pit in S-l. View to norhwest

66

The Gateways Project 2004

Gros Mecatina-3, L5

Height ASL: 2-3 Meters ASL

Map Ref.: Tabatiere 12 J/15

Culture: Unknown

Tentative Date: Unknown

Site Type: Rectangular rock-walled structure

Site Location: Between the pond and the shore in a patch of thick “horsetails” and other vegetation. The north end of the site is quite close to the shore and probably not more then 1-2 meters ASL. It rests on boulder cobble beach rocks.

Description of Site: A very clear rectangular structure could be seen through the vegetation, as well as sections of other straight and curved walls; but I could not easily trace them or identify structures from them because the vegetation was so high. The walls were in some cases multi-tiered (two high) and were made of angular or squared blocks, not beach rocks. However the walls were not squared masonry. Looked somewhat like Inuit stone construction I’ve seen from northern Labrador Inuit sites of 17 th -18 th C. The one clearly formed structure is a rectangular wall structure about 4 x 8 m. diameter, with some internal rocks, but no stove or chimney pile.

Areal Extent of Site: 20 x 20 meters Raw Materials: Nothing found

Nature of Vegetation: Thick “disturbance vegetation” on this area due to enriched soil midden, some agelica toward the south end of the patch. Numerous blocks resting on the surface but covered with vegetation, so you can’t tell if they are natural or placed.

Section 3: Field Notes

67

Collection Procedure: Two 60 x 60 cm test pits excavated in the middle of the rectangular structure and one to the NW outside. 10-15 cm of sooty black earth over gravel. Some fire cracked rock in the house test pits. No artifacts, bone or charcoal found.

Potential for Further Work: Very interesting site for future work.

Remarks: If these are European structures I would have expected some indication in the 3 test pits. They don’t seem like foundations for wooden houses because the wall heights are not even, they are more like native structures, but why the wall segments etc.? Vegetation suggests a fairly recent occupation. Some one moved a lot of rock here. Why?

Surveyed by William Fitzhugh on 18 August 2004

Fig. 3.39: Gros Mecatina-3, L2 and L5

68

The Gateways Project 2004

Bayfield Island-1

Borden Number: EhBo-15 Height ASL: 75 feet (GPS reading)

Grid Ref,: 51° 12.150’N 58° 24.543’W Map Ref.: 12 0/1 lie Bayfield Culture: Archaic Indian Tentative Date: 3000-5000 BP

Site Type: Settlement site on ~75’ high beach terrace with extensive flaking, red ocher, and hearth

features.

Site Location: Located near the front of the upper continuous beach terrace on the west side of Bayfield Island east of Rudder He. The site appears to be the same as “site 15” recorded previously in the Quebec archaeological records. Extends along the terrace front for a distance of about 100 meters, and is about 10-15 m. wide.

Description of Site: In situ deposit without any blowout disturbances that are active today. Thin moss surface vegetation. Cultural material found from upper podsol sands into upper C-zone , but generally only 10 cm thick. Cultural material consists of flakes, artifacts, and occasional rock (hearth?) and red ocher features (esp. test pit 1). Test pits were excavated along the terrace front to determine the extent of the site (see map). No bone or calcined material was found. Rocks found were often partly or completely disintegrated by the acid soil.

Areal Extent: 100 or more meters along the terrace front, 5-15 meters wide.

Raw materials: Various types of chert; Ramah chert extensive in TP2, tan chert

Fig. 3.40: Bayfield Island overview map

X = TP with nothing found

Section 3: Field Notes

69

Nature of soils: Cladonia, blackberry (empetrum), dwarf birch and other species. Well drained sandy soil, 5-10 cm of grey podsol.

Collection Procedures: Samples taken from four test pits of about 1 x 1 m dimension.

Samples taken: Yes-from test pits 1,2,3,4 and one charcoal sample from TP3 may be forest fire but may date site.

Potential for Further Work: Superb site and may be a major location for establishing an important early Indian cultural phase in a maritime location.

Remarks: The notched points look like “Black Island” complex from Groswater Bay (4500 BP) or the 4000-4500 BP period in Newfoundland. However the presence of end scrapers (Only one found, more or less stemmed) are not present in the Labrador/Newfoundland Maritime Archaic complexes and resemble some of the intermediate Indian/Charles complex ones in ca. 3500-3000 BP. No quartz working is present at Bayfield and there is a surprising variety of fine grained chert and Ramah Chert. Surveyed By: WF, Lena Sharp, Christie Leece, Andy Colboume, Mary Melnik, Emi Donadi. On 21 August 2004

Fig. 3.41: Bayfield artifacts, 35% reduction Artifacts 1-3: TP1, Artifact 4: TP2, Artifacts 5-8: TP3

70

The Gateways Project 2004

Old Test Pit

Test Pit l:

1. Comer notched point, tan chert (patinated). No grinding on base or in notches, thinned base.

2. Stemmed knife, tan chert. Knobbed shoulders from re-sharpening blade - no grinding on stem.

3. Tan chert end scraper, ground lateral edges and thin base.

Test Pit 2:

4. Grey chert biface edge flake

flakes throughout

Test Pit 3:

5. Reworked side-notched point, brown speckled blue-grey chert.

6. Reworked side-notched biface, mottled blue-grey chert.

7. Stem (or distal?) fragment of mottled blue-grey chert

Red ocher lens

Test Pit 1

Mary and Emi

1.5m

\

N

Charcoal

Sample

Test Pit 2

Andy

Test Pit 3

Lena and Christie

Test Pit 4

Bill

A large amount of flakes, much of which is Fi s- 3-42.- Test Pits: Solid circles are rocks

Ramah chert came from Test Pit 3 as well as the charcoal sample.

Fig. 3.43: Bayfield Island profile of Test Pit-1 red ocher in east wall

Section 3: Field Notes

71

Canso Island-1

Borden Number: EhBn-7

Military Grid Ref.: 51° 15.953 N 58° 14.626’W Map Ref.: Shekatika 12 0/8 Culture: Inuit?

Tentative Date: Historic Period.

Site Type: Three stone fox traps in the middle of a small boulder field cache pit concentration

Site Location: Southern end of Canso Island in Jaques Cartier Bay above two small ponds that are east of the site. Boulder beach is on the eastern side of the hill forming this part of the island. We found a hunting blind with 2 .22 shells in it at the top of the hill west of the site, overlooking the water. A narrow cave is on the south side of the hill overlooking the low beach/bog.

Description of Site: Ten cache pits have been built into the boulder beach about 45’ ASL. In one cache pit southeast of and below the traps I found some fairly recent bird bones (collected). All pits had been opened and one (southern most) may have been excavated by locals. One of the traps (#2) was nearly complete, although lacking a stone door, which might have been made of wood. The thick slab at the end may have been tipped up and used as an end stone. The chamber and door-retainer rocks were all in place. Trap 1 was slightly disturbed but was still very recognizable. Trap 3 was larger and more disturbed and was not mapped. It was 1/3 larger then the other two. These traps are too narrow for full grown foxes. Could they be for smaller animals like mink?

Collection Procedure: NAbut I did check the pits and found some bird bones in one southeast of the traps.

Sample Taken: Bird bones, pretty decomposed.

Potential for Further Work: One or two of the pits looked okay to excavate.

Remarks: I’ve never seen Inuit style stone traps except in Inuit country and doubt that such stone traps were ever made and used by Europeans or Indians, so my supposition is that these traps were of Inuit manufacture, making this the only architectural evidence for Inuit presence west of Blanc Sablon, in tenns of architecture. It might have been an Inuit woman like the one that was said to have been buried with a soapstone pot at l’Anse au Portage, someone living with Europeans if not in an Inuit community (A possible explanation for the Petit Mecatina soapstone vessels also). It could be that an Inuit woman working for European fisherman in the Gulf may have been able to trap foxes with her traditional methods to make some money of her own.

Survey By: WF and Pitsiulak crew, 21 August 2004

Fig. 3.44: Fox trap 2

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Fox trap 3 80 cm wide Axis 210 (magnetic)

(80, 135)

(105,245)

Fox Trap 2 90 cm wide Axis 055 (magnetic)

(40,410)

lm

2m

(150, 50)

Fox trap 1 70 cm wide Axis 030 (magnetic)

(100, 230)

3m

4m

GPS 185 Elevation 45'

Fig. 3.45: Canso Island-1 fox traps and axis measurements

tipped 0m over end slab

door

Fox Trap 2

Fox Trap 1

0m

Section 3: Field Notes

73

,

_

Figure 2. Glass Beads from the Petit Mecatina Collection (2003, 2003)

Section 4

Glass Bead Analysis

Illustrations by Herzog, A., and Moreau, J.-F. Tiny but Mighty? European Glass Trade Beads, Neutron Activation Analysis, and the Historical Implications of Dating Seasonal Basque Whaling Stations in the New World , poster presented at the 34th International Symposium on Archaeometry, held at Zaragoza, Spain, May 3rd - 7th, 2004.

Section 4: Glass Bead Analysis

75

Petit Mecatina 3 - A Basque Whaling Station of the Early 17 th

Century?

By, Anja Herzog, Universite du Quebec and Jean-Frangois Moreau, Universite du Quebec a Chicoutimi

Seasonal Basque whale fishery in north-eastern North America was a lucrative industry practiced from the early 16 th century onwards alongside cod-fishing and other activities. While the whaling industry is said to have ceased during the second quarter of the 17 lh century for reasons still discussed among experts, the 18 th century saw a brief but limited revival of this activity under the authority of the French colony established in the St. Lawrence Valley.

Dating the Petit Mecatina Basque Site

When excavations began during the 2002 field season on the Basque site discovered the previous year on Petit Mecatina Island, off Quebec’s Lower North Shore, certain elements of the material culture recovered casted doubt on the 16 th century date assigned to the site. It was then tentatively dated towards the end of the main period of Basque presence in the region, i.e. the early 17 th century. As a matter of fact, dating Basque whaling sites still poses interesting problems to historical archaeologists. In the absence of well-datable artefact types such as coins, the dating of ceramic collections is difficult due to the lack of variability in vessel forms, the manufacture of which sometimes spans several centuries. The use of historical documentation is equally difficult due to the far-spread dispersal of documents in the archives of western Europe and the use of very vague geographical terms making a direct identification of a site practically impossible.

In the case of Petit Mecatina 3, a new approach was proposed by Jean-Franqois Moreau, professor of archaeology at the Universite du Quebec a Chicoutimi (UQAC): the dating of glass beads and bead fragments found on the site during the 2003 field season by Neutron Activation Analysis (NAA). This type of analysis has been used successfully by Dr. Moreau and others over the past 15 years in an effort to establish chronological sequences for the chemical composition of monochrome glass beads manufactured in north-western Europe. Using monochrome beads of welldated archaeological contexts in eastern Canada, the north-eastern United States, and north-western Europe, their average content of analysable elements could be established with standard deviations for the time periods obtained from the original find contexts, thus allowing for comparison and establishment of sequences that can by now, in some cases, be compared with less well dated beads of the same colour group in order to date their archaeological context.

On the Petit Mecatina site, seven glass beads and bead fragments were found (fig. 1, table 1). Six of them could be submitted to Neutron Activation Analysis, carried out by Dr. Ron G V. Hancock at the McMaster University Nuclear Reactor Facility. For five of them, sufficient comparative data was available from previous research projects to allow for a tentative dating of the site.

Methodology of Analysis

In a nuclear reactor, the beads were irradiated serially for five minutes at 5 kW power with a neutron flux of 2.5 x 10 u neutrons cm -2 s '. After a delay time of five to seven minutes, each bead was assayed for five minutes for its gamma-ray activity using a Germanium (Ge) detector based gammaray spectrometer to produce data for Aluminium (Al), Calcium (Ca), Chlorine (Cl), Cobalt (Co), Copper (Cu), Manganese (Mn), Sodium (Na), and Tin (Sn). After one to three hours, they were recounted for 600 - 2000 s (depending on the level of potassium) to analyse for Arsenic (As), Potassium (K), Sodium (Na) and Antimony (Sb), with Sodium linking the two countings to ensure analytical credibility (Moreau et al., 1997). The results are presented in table 2.

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White (EdBt-3:277) and Turquoise (EdBt-3:279, EdBt-3:280) Beads

The elemental composition of Petit Mecatina’s white bead was compared to sequences established for the same type of bead in Northeastern North America (Moreau et al., 2002). When justified by the size of the sample, the 50 year intervals used originally were replaced by 25 year intervals. The resulting time periods per element were compared and a manufacturing date situated between 1675 and 1730 was obtained (fig. 2). Petit Mecatina’s turquoise beads were compared to sequences of irregular intervals, necessary due to the great variability of the size of the samples available for these chronologies (Hancock et al., 1996). The comparison of the resulting intervals per element lead to a date situated between 1680 and 1740 for bead EdBt-3:279, and between 1680 and 1750 for bead EdBt-3:280 (fig. 3).

2.3 Red (EdBt-3:276) and Black (EdBt-3:275) Beads

For the red and black beads, no continuous sequences are yet available for comparison. For the red bead, a large sample of 127 beads is available from a site in Amsterdam dated to ca. 1610 (Karklins et al., 2002), and three smaller samples come from Quebec, two of which dating to about 1625-1650, and the third to a context dated after 1663 (Moreau et al., 1997, 2002). Factor analysis using Statistica was applied to treat the data statistically. A table illustrating the relative importance of the different elements proceeds the diagram presenting the Petit Mecatina bead’s relative position in this series. The Petit Mecatina bead unequivocally compares to the Chicoutimi post 1663 sample (fig. 4).

For the black bead, samples come from Amsterdam and two sites in eastern Canada and the periods for which data is available are the early 17 th century, the mid-17 th century and the first half of the 18 th century (Karklins et al., 2002; Moreau et al., 1997, 2002). Factor analysis using Statistica was again used to treat this data. As figure 5 illustrates, the Petit Mecatina bead is situated between the Amsterdam low and high K beads dated to ca. 1610 and the Sillery beads of the mid-17 th century and has therefore been tentatively dated to the decade of 1620 to 1630 (fig. 5).

Discussion

The combination of the results obtained for the white and turquoise beads date the Petit Mecatina site between 1680 and 1730, extensible to 1675-1750 (fig. 6). This result is further confirmed by the minimal date established for the red bead (post 1663). However, the manufacturing date of the black bead seems to predate the others by several decades, being possibly situated in the 1620s. Petit Mecatina’s artefact assemblage does yield several other types of artefacts that may support the results for the majority of the beads. However, the use of some of these objects spans a much longer period starting in the early 17 th century. Thus, also considering the early date for the black bead, the possibility of an earlier occupation on this site or a longer occupation period than that known for other Basque sites cannot be entirely excluded. Moreover, the black bead could still have been in use at the end of the 17 th century.

The late 17 th - early 18 th century date indicated by most beads is a rather unusual date for a Basque whaling station in north-eastern North America. It does, in fact, imply a major change in the historical context associated with the occupation of this site, as, for example, by the end of the 17 th century the French colony was already expanding into the region, and whaling was no longer the subject of a Basque monopoly. In Europe, also, shifting political and economic factors did influence the nature and organization of seasonal activities of European fishermen in the New World. Was Petit Mecatina 3 in fact a Basque whaling station comparable to those earlier sites occupied mainly by Spanish Basques and found at the eastern fringe of the Gulf of St. Lawrence, near the Strait of Belle

Section 4: Glass Bead Analysis

77

Isle, or those closer to the mouth of the Saguenay River, in the St. Lawrence estuary (map 2)? Or does its particular geographical situation and later date also hint at other differences, as activities or origin of occupants? Which other elements of the material culture could give clues to the identification of its occupants?

The Identification of Petit Mecatina’s Occupants

Generally, Basque whaling stations are being identified by the presence of two main features: stonebuilt ovens, often with multiple openings, destined to receive large copper or iron kettles used in the oil-rendering process, and red clay roof tiles, usually littered all over the site, and used for construction as well as for ballast on the whaling ships. These roof tiles are said to be typical of the Basque-occupied regions in Europe and are characteristic of their whaling sites in Eastern Canada, not to be found on other fishing sites in the region.

On Petit Mecatina 3, no oil-rendering ovens could as yet be identified. However, the overall presence of red roof tiles was the first and so far main reason to attribute this site a Basque origin. While, for the time being, there is no reason to question the Basque link of the site, there is, among the collection, one ceramic type standing out by its unusually high quantity, 24 % of the total ceramic collection, which casts doubt on a solely Basque identification of the site: Grey Normandy Stoneware. With so far 120 out of slightly over 500 ceramic sherds found on the Petit Mecatina site, the collection seems to count four storage jars of the type illustrated in figure 7 and one small ointment pot. While these figures may seem small, they gain in significance compared to the high number of other ceramic types presented by much smaller amounts of sherds and numbers of vessels, and, eventually, by comparison with other archaeological sites. Studies of Normandy Stoneware have proven that these vessels serve exclusively for storage and conservation purposes, possibly also for transportation. They are mainly used for the storage of salted meats and butter, various types of oils, herbs, tobacco, liquids such as milk, cream, cider, honey, beer or other alcoholic beverages, as well as ointments and conserves (Decarie, 1999). No link with food preparation or consumption or any other functions were observed. The dating of these vessels, as for other ceramic types present on the Petit Mecatina site, is almost impossible as forms did change little or not at all over many centuries and no decoration of any kind was used for these storage vessels (for example, the note attached to figure 7 shows that the type of storage jar found on Petit Mecatina was still manufactured in Nonnandy around 1900).

As map 1 indicates, the main production centers of this ceramic type in Lower Nonnandy, France, are the Domfrontais, as well as the Bessin and Cotentin regions, where centers such as Ger and Vindefontaine did play an important role. These regions are particularly close to some of France’s important seaports and cities involved not only in the overseas fishing activities and trade but also in the colonial development of New France. Particularly important here are Normandy’s cities of Le Havre, Rouen, and Caen, which are also close to the political center of Paris, as well as Saint-Malo in Brittany. Other important cities involved in overseas activities and situated on France’s Atlantic coast are Nantes, La Rochelle, and Bordeaux. Finally, at France’s south-western limit and in north-eastern Spain, there is the Basque country, not a political entity in itself but nevertheless a distinctive cultural group whose territory has come under the political control of the two countries of France and Spain over time. Bayonne and Saint-Jean-de-Luz on the French side, as well as San Sebastian on the Spanish side, are examples of seaports involved in overseas fishing and whaling activities for centuries. Also indicated on the map, the Beam region, a production center of yet another type of French stoneware found in Eastern Canada, mainly in 18 th century contexts, although on a much smaller scale than Normandy Stoneware but generally associated with it and serving similar purposes, mainly the conservation of salted meat. This stoneware, as can be observed, is

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manufactured in the heart of the French Basque country, and yet, it is completely absent from sites as Petit Mecatina.

Change of focus: Normandy Stoneware in North-Eastern North America

May the relative frequency of Normandy Stoneware on Petit Mecatina indicate the presence of Norman fishermen on this site? To answer this question, one has to change focus and look at events on a regional level, i. e. observe the distribution and function of this ceramic type on other archaeological sites in north-eastern North America. On map 2 are shown the distribution of Basque whaling sites known to date as well as a selection of sites featuring Normandy Stoneware. While incomplete, this selection is sufficient to illustrate the presence of this stoneware on sites situated along the coastline of the former French colony, as only rare finds in the interior are signaled. In addition, practically all find contexts are associated with either early settlement or, more importantly, fishing activities, cod-fishing in particular, and commercial links with the latter. Some examples will illustrate these phenomenons.

One of the most impressive Normandy Stoneware collections was excavated on Saint Croix Island, along today’s coast of Maine. This site, only briefly occupied in 1604-05 by an expedition led by Pierre de Gua, Sieur de Monts and Champlain, was dismantled and moved to Port Royal in the spring of 1605 after a disastrous overwintering costing the lives of half of the colonists. The two ships composing this expedition had been outfitted for the voyage at Le Havre, in Normandy which explains the importance of Normandy Stoneware as storage containers for the foodstuff brought on the voyage (Cotter, 1978). At Quebec City’s Place Royale, contexts featuring Normandy Stoneware were usually dated to the earliest occupations of buildings situated in this sector, dating to the 17 th and sometimes early 18 th century. A large number of early immigrants coming to Quebec having their origin in Normandy, a link may be again the use of this stoneware for transporting foodstuff on the sea voyage to Quebec. This link is particularly clear at Champlain’s habitation site, associated with the founding of Quebec in 1608 and featuring the largest number of Normandy Stoneware found in Quebec City. Again, Champlain’s 1608 voyage did leave from a port city in Normandy, Honfleur, and subsequent provisions frequently came from Normandy. Other important find contexts at Place Royale are houses of merchants such as the one of Guillaume Estebe, a merchant actively involved in fishing activities on the Labrador coast in the 18 th century (Decarie, 1999; Chrestien and Dufoumier, 1995a and 1995b).

On Cape Breton Island, the city-fortress of Louisbourg was erected in 1713 to control the entrance to the Gulf of St. Lawrence and protect the French colonial settlements, as well as seasonal and permanent fisheries along the coast and in the Gulf of St. Lawrence from English attacks. Here, most sites featuring Normandy Stoneware are again linked to the cod-fisheries, Louisbourg being, at the same time, the most important French Atlantic cod-fishing port of the 18 th century (Chrestien and Dufoumier, 1995b). Many fishing sites scattered along these coastlines and used by seasonal French fishermen (mainly Basques, Bretons, and Normans) and permanent settlers, have also featured Nomiandy Stoneware on a regular basis thus linking it with the cod-fishing activities. Among them are Pabos and Penouille on the Gaspesie Peninsula, Roma on Prince Edward Island, Plaisance and Ferryland in Newfoundland, to cite some examples. Important trading and fishing posts linked to the French seigneurial system such as found at Brador also feature sometimes important quantities of Normandy Stoneware (Niellon, 1984). Finally, small quantities are also found at earlier Basque whaling stations such as Red Bay.

Thus, it becomes obvious that the presence of Normandy Stoneware on these sites shows a link on the one hand with the ports of departure of the vessels coming to these shores, whether on a seasonal basis or for permanent settlement, and, on the other hand, with seasonal fishing activities, particularly for cod, the Normans being among the most important French fishermen returning to

Section 4: Glass Bead Analysis

79

North American shores on an annual basis and also constituting an important part of the French colonists (Decarie, 1999; Chrestien et Dufoumier, 1995a and 1995b). But to what extent can Norman

presence be linked to the Basque whaling industry?

Change of focus: The Historical Context - The Whaling Industry from the 16 th to the 18" 1 Centuries

During the 16 th century, Basque whalers unequivocally held the monopoly of the whaling industry in their hands. Having developed an unequalled expertise in hunting whales in the Bay of Biscay from the 11 th century onwards, the 16 th century saw the establishment of this extensive and lucrative industry by Basque merchants and whalers earning them the control of the European whale oil market. The site of Red Bay in Labrador, rightfully qualified as a major industrial site, has served to illustrate the importance of the development of this activity in North America, the peak period being situated between 1540 and 1580. The subsequent decline of the industry has been attributed to various factors, most importantly the decline of whale stocks in the Gulf, European wars reducing the Spanish Basque whaling fleet to insignificant numbers and also conflicts with Inuits descending the Labrador coast and raiding the European fishing settlements.

The whale oil brought back to Europe was widely distributed to other European countries and frequently discharged from the ships in other European ports, before the ships returned to their port of departure. Normandy’s ports, such as Le Havre and Rouen, would also be involved in the trade, and so were, obviously, their merchants. During the 17 th century, other European countries tried to develop their own whaling industry. In England, for example, incentives were created to attract Basque specialists like harpooners to teach their trade to English fishermen, hi France, under Cardinal Richelieu’s influence, the “Compagnie du Nord” was created, a company dedicated to the whaling industry under which French Basque and Norman merchants and fishermen united in joint whale hunt ventures. While the main area of activity would be in arctic waters and off Greenland’s shores, nothing prevented these joint ventures from exploiting other regions. While this company was abolished in the 1660s, new incentives were created in France in the 1680s to boost the French whaling industry increasingly diminished by strong English and mainly Dutch competition. The nets of cooperation developing among French Atlantic seaports demonstrate Norman implication in whaling activities in the 17 th century, which were, eventually, followed by independent Norman whaling missions, particularly in the 18 th century (Du Pasquier, 1995; Litalien, 1995).

The joint ventures would often depart from ports in Normandy, the ships then picking up their Basque members in the French Basque ports before leaving for the whaling destinations. Thus the mingling of seamen and fishermen of different French regions on board the individual ships, which probably did occur to a limited extend before joint ventures became more organized, may have become a regular occurrence during the 17“' century. Hence, the presence of typically Norman material culture on seasonal sea voyages linked to the presumed Basque whaling industry may not be that surprising after all. However, such general assumptions need further investigation back on a much smaller scale: that of the site itself. Do other elements of the material culture support the interpretations suggested here? Was Petit Mecatina an actual whaling site, and, if yes, exclusively? Evidence supports the presence of other activities, such as fishing and trade, but to what extend? Are there direct documentary references to the site? The later date suggests a certain knowledge of the region which was under New France’s authority at the time and the seigneurial regime did expand into the gulf towards the end of the 17 th century, which corresponds to the time of exploitation of the

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site. Did the expansion of the French colony cause the end of the occupation of Petit Mecatina 3? To be continued...

Acknowledgements

I am indebted to Dr. Jean-Francis Moreau, who kindly provided all the details and illustrations on the analysis of the Petit Mecatina glass beads and to Dr. Ron G. V. Hancock, who collected the neutron activation data at the MacMaster University Reactor Facility. I am particularly grateful to Dr. William W. Fitzhugh of the Smithsonian Institution in Washington for giving me full access to the archaeological collection of the Petit Mecatina site for my research. My gratitude also goes to Andree Heroux, Geographer, who created the maps and edited the illustrations. A special thanks also goes to Dr. Jean-Pierre Chrestien of the Canadian Museum of Civilisations in Ottawa for the information he shared with me on the Normandy Stoneware. I would also like to thank my advisors, Dr. Reginald Auger and Dr. Laurier Turgeon, both of Universite Laval, for their support. Financial assistance for the analysis of the glass beads has been provided by the Groupe d’archeometrie at Universite Laval.

References Cited

Chrestien, J.-P. et Dufoumier, D.

1995a “Les gres beamais au Canada”, L ’aventure maritime, du golfe de Gascogne a Terre

Neuve, Actes du 118 e congres national annuel des societes historiques et scientifiques, Pan, octobre 1993. Paris, Editions du comite des travaux historiques et scientifiques, p. 251-270. 1995b “French Stoneware in North-Eastern North America”, in: Duncan R. Hook and David R. M. Gaimster, eds. Trade and Discovery: The Scientific Study of Artefacts from PostMedieval Europe and Beyond. London, Department of Scientific Research (British Museum Occasional Paper 109), p. 91-103.

Cotter, J. L.

1978 “Premier etablissement franqais en Acadie - Sainte-Croix”, Dossiers de l ’archeologie.

France, Edicis, 27 : 60-71.

Decarie, L.

1999 Le gres franqais de Place-Royale. 2 nd edition (1 st edition in 1979). Quebec, Les Publications du Quebec, 132 p.

Hancock, R.G.V., Aufreiter, S., Moreau, J.-F., and Kenyon, I.

1996 “Chemical Chronology of Turquoise Blue Glass Trade Beads from the Lac-Saint-Jean Region of Quebec”, in: ORNA, M. V., ed., Archaeological Chemistry. Organic, Inorganic, and Biochemical Analysis. Washington, American Chemical Society, ACS Symposium Series n° 625, p. 23-36.

Karklins, K., Hancock, R.G.V., Baart, J., Sempowski, M.L., Moreau, J.-F., Barham, D., Aufreiter, S., and Kenyon, I.

2002 “Analysis of Glass Beads and Glass Recovered from an Early 17th-Century Glassmaking House in Amsterdam”, in: JAKES, K. A., dir.. Archaeological Chemistry. Materials,

Methods, and Meaning. Washington, American Chemical Society, ACS Symposium Series n° 831, p. 110-127.

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81

Litalien, R.

1995 “Marins basques, ports normands et Nouvelle-France”, L ’aventure maritime, du golfe de

Gascogne d Terre-Neuve, Actes du 118 e congres national annuel des societes historiques et scientifiques, Pau, octobre 1993. Paris, Editions du comite des travaux historiques et scientifiques, p. 417-427.

Hancock, R.G.V., Aufreiter, S., Moreau, J.-E, and Kenyon, I.

1997 “Taphonomical and Chronological Studies of a Concentration of European Glass Trade Beads from Ashuapmushuan, Central Quebec (Canada)”, Iskos (Finska Fomminnesforeningen) ”, 11: 173-181.

2002 “Late French (1700-1750) to Early English (1750-1800) Regime White Glass Trade Beads From A Presumed Decorated Bag Found at the Ashuapmushuan Site (Eastern Central Quebec), Canada”, in: JEREM, E. and K. T. BIRO, dir.. Archaeometry 98. Proceedings of the 31st Symposium, 2 vol. British Archaeological Research, p.613-619,(Coll. BAR International Series n° 1043).

Niellon, F.

1984 La collection archeologique du paste de Brador au Musee de Sept-lies, catalogue des artefacts. 4 vol. Unpublished report submitted to the Ministere de la Culture et des Communications du Quebec, Quebec.

Pasquier, T. Du

1995 “Les baleiniers basques en 1688”, L ’aventure maritime, du golfe de Gascogne d Terre-Neuve, Actes du 118 s congres national annuel des societes historiques et scientifiques, Pau, octobre 1993. Paris, Editions du comite des travaux historiques et scientifiques, p. 197-210.

Sempowski, M.L., Nohe, A.W., Hancock, R.G.V., Kwok, F., Baart, J., Sempowski, M.L., Moreau,

J.-F., Aufreiter, S., and Kenyon, I., Karklins, K., Garrad, C.

2001 “Chemical Analysis of 17th-Century Red Glass Trade Beads from Northeastern North America and Amsterdam”, Archaeometry , 43 (4) : 503-515.

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Map 1 . France - Normandy Stoneware Production Centers and Important Atlantic Seaports

Section 4: Glass Bead Analysis

83

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Map 2. Basque Whaling Stations and Distribution of Normandy Stoneware in North-Eastern North America

Ed St-3 :277 Comparison of Chemical Composition per Element Analysed

Section 4: Glass Bead Analysis

85

Figure 4. Analysis of the Petit Mecatina Turquoise Glass Beads

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The Gateways Project 2004

Figure 6. Analysis of the Petit Mecatina Red Glass Read

Combination of Time Spans Obtained for Seed Beads

White (EdBt-3 : 277) 1675 1730

Turquoise (EdBt-3 :279) 1680 1740

Turquoise (EdSt-3 1 280) 1680 1750

. r i . t .r .. "T""T . r

1670 1690 1710 1730 1750

Figure 7. Date of Occupation of the Petit Mecatina Basque Site as Obtained from Analysis of the Seed Beads

1675 - 1750

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Section 4: Glass Bead Analysis

87

Section 5

Field Photographs

Photographs are courtesy of Will Richards, William Fitzhugh, Mary Melnik, and

Christina Leece

Red Bay artifact photographs are from the Red Bay Museum in Labrador and from Red Bay, Labrador; World Whaling Capital A.D. 1550 ~1600 By James Tuck and Robert Grenier, 1989. Atlantic Archaeology Ltd.

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Fig. 5.3: HH-l: 7N 5E Oil lamp, 2004

Fig. 5.4: Oil lamp from Red Bay collection (Tuck and Grenier 1989)

Fig. 5.5: HH-1: 5N IE Iron Knife (?) and pipe stem

Fig. 5.6: HH-l: 4N 4E Ceramic pot sherd

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Fig. 5.7: Soapstone lamp fragment, HH-1, 2003

<:X'- Vi-',.

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Fig. 5.8: 6N 9E Soapstone lamp fragment HH-l 2004

Fig. 5.9: HH-1: 3S5E Soapstone lamp fragment, 2002

lug. 5.10. Red Bay glass vase F/g. 5.11: Bottom row, glass collected from HH-1 2003

(Tuck and Grenier: 1989)

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Fig. 5.12: HH-1, A3 TPS: 5N10E wooden pin

Fig. 5.13: HH-1 Area 3 TPS flooded with water, Andy Colhourne and Emi Donati

Fig. 5.14: HH-l: Area 3 TPS wood and soapstone

Fig. 5.15: HH-l: Emi and Andy with barrel top/ bottom piece from Area 3 TP3

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Fig. 5.16: HH-1: Area 3 saw cut wood

Fig. 5.17: HH-1, A2: 5N 4E bead

Fig. 5.18: HH-1 Area 4 microblade

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Fig. 5.20: HH-1: Area 2 Iron knife(?)

Fig. 5.21: HH-1: Area 2 Ceramic sherd, flint, red glass fragment, and thin milky white glass fragment

Fig. 5.22: Bayfield Island -l survey area, view NW

Fig. 5.23: Bay filed Island-l, Test Pit I, finds in situ

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Fig. 5.24: Bayfield Island-1, TP3: reworked side-notched point, stem (or distal) fragment, reworked side-notched biface

Fig. 5.25: Bayfield Island-1, TP2: grey chert biface edge flake

Fig. 5.26: Bayfield Island-1, TPl: stemmed knife, corner notched point, chert end scraper

Fig. 5.27: Bayfield Island-1, TP1: corner notched point, stemmed knife, chert end scraper, illustrating opposite sides from top photo.

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Fig. 5.28: Boatyard site quartz artifact

vf/flfd/i/IJ/lfwiHuInflhilihllihlilliiiiiiiiiiniiimiinnlmiii,;,;,,,,

Fig. 5.29: Lake site quartz artifacts

Fig. 5.30: Gros Mecatina-3, L2, SI after excavation

Fig. 5.31: Gros Mecatina-3, L2, SI hearth

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The Gateways Project 2004

Fig. 5.32: Gros Mecatina-3, L2 area, view North

Fig. 5.33: Gros Mecatina-3, L2, SI side-notched biface knife, side-notched biface knife, microblade, side-notched plano-convex endblade

Fig. 5.34: Gros Mecatina-3, L2, SI mottled brown-tan chert, side notched plano-convex endblade in 4 pieces

Fig. 5.35: Gros Mecatina-3, L2, SI utilized flakes and cores

104

The Gateways Project 2004

Fig. 5.36: Gros Mecatina-3, L2, SI Scrapers

Fig. 5.37: Kanti Island-1 tent ring finds

Fig. 5.38: Kanti Island-2 cache pits, view northwest

Fig. 5.39: Kanti Island-1 tent ring, view east

106

The Gateways Project 2004

Fig. 5.40: Mainland Cove, core fragment

Fig. 5.41: The Crew at Vatcher site: Christie, Emi,Christine Vatcher, Lena, Polly, Maiy, and Yves, view east

Fig. 5.42: Vatcher site artifact cluster area, trowel points north

Fig. 5.43: Vatcher site triangular biface pre-form, scrapers, and square-based biface fragment

108

The Gateways Project 2004

Fig. 5.44: Vatcher site flake knife

Fig. 5.45: Vatcher site core fragment, and utilized flakes

Fig. 5.46: Vatcher site surface collection, scrapers and pseudo-micropoint

Fig. 5.47: Vatcher site excavated artifacts: piece esquillee, square-based biface corner fragment, utilized flake, biface edge fragment, utilized flake

110

The Gateways Project 2004

Fig. 5.48: Providence Island settlement. View southeast

Fig. 5.49: Providence church, to northeast

Fig. 5.50: Providence Island church, inside sanctuary’

Fig. 5.51: Canso Island boulder cache area with fox traps, Jaques Cartier Bay, view northeast

112

The Gateways Project 2004

Fig. 5.52: Canso Island fox trap number 2

Fig. 5.53: Canso Island bird hunting blind, view southwest, with Christie Leece

Fig. 5.54: Christie Leece swimming with the ‘‘sparkles

Fig. 5.55: Wilson Evans, Emi, Lena, and Loyd with their sand castle version of Teotihuacan, Amy Evans cabin beach

114

The Gateways Project 2004

Fig. 5.56: Boyce Roberts, Bill, Christie, Perry, Lena, Polly, Emi, and Andy in Quirpon

Fig. 5.58: Mark and Paul Rowsell, Larry Ransom and Harrington Harbor friends

116

The Gateways Project 2004

Fig. 5.60: Bill Fitzhugh and Bob Bryan

Fig. 5.61: Bob Bryan’s famous yellow plane

Fig. 5.62: Jim Ransom with whale bone sled runner

Fig. 5.63: Sharon Ransom with traditional artifact

118

The Gateways Project 2004

Fig. 5.64: Yves explaining our excavation at Hare Harbor-1 to visitors from Tete a la Baleine

Fig. 5.65: Annual lobster dinner aboard the Pitsiulak

Fig. 5.66: Relaxing in the evening on the Pitsiulak

Fig. 5.67: Christie, Peny and Lena ‘hanging out’in the Zodiac en route to Harrington Harbor

120

The Gateways Project 2004

Section 6

Sample Field Report Form

SITE WAKE _____ 80ROEW NO. ___

HEIGHT A.S.L. _____ MILITARY CRID REF. _ 00 N 00 E

MAP REF. ■ __

CULTURE __ TENTATIVE DATING _____

SITE TYPE/SEASONALITY

SITE LOCATION

DESCRIPTION CF SITE

AREAL EXTENT OF SITE RAW MATERIALS __

NATURE OF S0ILS/SEDIMENTS/VECETATI ON COVER

122

The Gateways Project 2004

collection procedure(s)

SAMPLES TAKEN

POTENTIAL FCR FURTHER WORK (// OF SQUARES, DEPTH OF DEPOSIT ?)

REMARKS (including prehistoric geography, topography, site exposure and orientation)

; • v

PHOT OS; BLACK AND WHITE __

COLOR SLIDES ,

PURVEYED BY _ __ DATE

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Remarks

Thin, flat sherd

Large head, flat tip bent twice 90° (hook?)

Very large with flat tip

1 head, 4 stem/tip fragments

1 stem fragment; 1 curved, oval

fragment

Weight

543,9 g

Thickness

Max. Length x Max. Width /

Diameter

1,2 x 2,7 cm

Length: 10,2 cm (head to first bend)

4,9 x 3,9 cm

1,7 x 3,1 cm

2,0 x 1,7 cm

Length: 2,2 cm; diam.: 1,0 cm; diam. of hole: 3

mm

Length: 19,8 cm

Length: 8,1 cm

max.

Length: 4,5 cm

max.

Length (1): 5,4

cm; (2): 3,1 x 1,9

cm

< 2,0 cm

Length (1): 9,9

cm; (2): 4,9 cm

3,4 x 2,8 cm

1,9 x 2,3 x 1,4

cm max.

6,0 x 4,0 cm

Fits with

2 fragments fit

Condition

Fragmentary

Whole

Fragmentary

Fragmentary

Fragmentary

Fragmentary

Whole

Whole

Fragmentary

Fragmentary

Fragmentary

Fragmentary

Sample

Fragmentary

Fragmentary

Fragmentary

Cultural

affiliation

Historical,

Basque

Historical,

Basque

Historical,

Basque

Historical,

Basque,

17th/18th century

Historical,

Basque,

17th/18th century

Historical,

Basque

Historical,

Basque

Historical,

Basgue

Historical,

Basque

Historical,

Basque

Historical,

Basque

Historical,

Basque

Historical,

Basque

Historical,

Basque

Historical,

Basque

Historical,

Basque

Qty

CM

l O

in

CM

CM

85

Material / Type

Glass, green

Iron, forged

Iron

Normandy

Stoneware

Normandy

Stoneware

Pipeclay,

white

Iron, forged

Iron, forged

Iron, forged

Iron, forged

Ferrous

Metal

Iron/Wood

Mica

Pyrite?

Mineral

Crystal?

Paper?

Plastic?

Mussel

Object Name

Glass Sherd

Spike

Flat Iron Fragment

Ceramic Sherd (wall fragment)

Ceramic Sherd (wall fragment)

Pipestem

Spike

Nail

Nail

Nail?

Corroded

Fragments

Nails? with wood

Mica

Pyrite?

Paper? Plastic?

Mussel Shell Fragments

Provenience

Area 1,2E/4S

Area 1, 2E/4S

Area 1,2E/4S

Area 1, 2E/5S

Area 1,2E/5S

Area 1, 2E/5S

Area 1,2E/5S

Area 1,2E/5S

Area 1, 2E/5S

Area 1, 2E/5S

(f)

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ro

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Area 1,2E/5S

Area 1,2E/5S

Area 1, 2E/5S

Area 1,2E/5S

Area 1,2E/5S

Artifact no.

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Remarks

Coral covering 40% of bottle

Beam fragments, rectangular

section

Longbone fragment?

Weight

Thickness

Max. Length x Max. Width /

Diameter

Height: 21,2 cm; diam.: 8,7 cm

43,4 x 11,3 cm

max.

(1): 42,2 x 8,4 x 5,8 cm; (2): 36,6 x 8,6 x 6,0 cm

Length: 18,5 cm; width: 11,5 cm max.

Fits with

Condition

Fragmentary

Fragmentary

Fragmentary

Fragmentary

Cultural

affiliation

Historical,

recent

Historical,

Basque?

Historical,

Basque?

Historical,

Basque?

>

5

C\]

Material / Type

Bottle Glass, brown

Wood

Wood

Bone

Object Name

Glass bottle, round bottle (base/wall fragment)

Worked Wood

Worked Wood

Whalebone?

Provenience

Underwater

Survey

Underwater

Survey

Underwater

Survey

Underwater

Survey

see unknown

Artifact no.

EdBt-3:809

n/a

n/a

n/a

O

CO

CO

s

TD

LU

Site Name: Pointe Sealnet-2 177

Borden Code No.: EcBw-2 Date of Collection: 03-08Date of Inventory: 04-06-10

LNS 2003 ARTIFACT CATALOG

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3

3

3

3

3

3

3

CD

CD

m

m

CQ

m

CQ

m

CQ

ro

CQ

CQ

CQ

CQ

CQ

1 1

o

o

o

o

o

o

o

o

o

CD

O

O

O

O

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UJ

LU

LU

LU

LU

LU

LU

LU

LU

LU

LU

LU

LU

LU

LU

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<

o

h"

o

<

oc

<

co

o

o

CM

CO

Z <D u u

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Site Name: Pointe Sealnet-2 Borden Code No.: EcBw-2 Date of Collection: 03-08Date of Inventory: 04-06-10

o

CO

CD

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5 aj co co

2 b

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15 „ 5 o

co co 2 o 0 Q

a)

15 _ 5 <u

CO CO

2 b 0 a

a>

15 —

3 cu

CO CO

2 o

o a

a>

15 — 5 a)

CO CO

2 o

CD O

CO CO

2 b

0 O

CO CO

2 b 0 a

CO CO

2 b O a

CO

S cu

CO CO

2 b 0 a

S

15 —

5 cu

CO CO

2 b 0 a

S

15 —

5 cu

CO CO

2 b 0 o

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S §:

CL 0

o 03

O t

O

-e

o

CL

■9 t t o o 03 c/3 CL

-C O 3 O 3 03

tr

o

CL

-9

■C o O o o CL -C O 3 O 3 03

O

XI

o

CL

-9 t: tr cd o 03 c /3 CL

n o

Q

O

O

O

O

o

03

i §

.c 2

0

0

S ■a 0 £

= 2 ■— b

3 W

0

CC

cu ~ CM O o

03 03 t = 3 O < 0)0

_ 3 O < 0)0

0) 03 < -Q

03 03

< ^

(1) 03 < -O

03 03 ^ 03 < -O

$ co

< 2

" sr

cu cn

< 2

-t = 3 O 0 0

- <u -e CM O o 03 03 Xz = _ 3 O

<00

< m

CD

< m

2

< cd < co

CD

O

_i

<

f—

<

o

I—

o

<

QC

<

co

o

o

CM

W

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I CO •

I O co i LU 0

O O

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o

(u 0 c: tj — <D

o o > O O -E

S o o

"O 0 0

o ro ra co q a

Remarks

as EcBw-2:10

as EcBw-2:10

Weight

Thickness

Max. Length x Max. Width /

Diameter

1,3 x 0,6 cm max.

1,3 x 0,8 cm max.

E

o

X X O CD

T-- E

E

o

o_

V

1,7 cm max.

E

o

o_

V

1,3 x 0,9 cm

2,2 cm max.

2,5 cm max.

1,4 cm max.

2,0 cm max.

1,7 cm max.

2,9 cm max.

1,8 x 2,2 cm

max.

< 1,0 cm

1,7 cm max.

1,4 cm max.

1,9 cm max.

1,5 cm

1,5 cm max.

Fits with

e

©

B

c

©

o

Fragmentary

Fragmentary

Fragmentary

Fragmentary

Fragmentary

Fragmentary

Fragmentary

Fragmentary

Fragmentary

Fragmentary

Fragmentary

Fragmentary

Fragmentary

Fragmentary

Fragmentary

Fragmentary

Fragmentary

Fragmentary

Fragmentary

Fragmentary

Cultural

affiliation

Groswater

Dorset

Groswater

Dorset

Groswater

Dorset

Groswater

Dorset

Groswater

Dorset

Groswater

Dorset

Groswater

Dorset

Groswater

Dorset

Groswater

Dorset

Groswater

Dorset

Groswater

Dorset

Groswater

Dorset

Groswater

Dorset

Groswater

Dorset

Groswater

Dorset

Groswater

Dorset

Groswater

Dorset

Groswater

Dorset

Groswater

Dorset

Groswater

Dorset

Qty

CO

CO

CM

CM

’RT

O

38

in

O

in

CO

co

43

CD

CO

CO

Material / Type

Chert, greenbrown

Grey Chert

Quartz,

crystalline

Rock, various

Chert?

Quartzite

Quartz,

crystalline

Chert, green

Grey Chert

Chert, light

_

Chert, brown

Chert, light brown

Chert, greybrown

Tan Chert

Chert?

Cortex?

Grey Chert

2=

03

tf _ o >> sz V

O 03

Chert, light brown

Chert, brown

Tan Chert

Object Name

| Flake

Flake

Flake

Fragments

Cortex flakes

Flake

Flake

Flake

Flake

Flake

Flake

Flake

0

Jxl

03

LL

Flake

Flake

Flake

Flake

Flake

Flake

Flake

Provenience

Area 2, Flake BagJ_ i

0

:

03

LL

CM

s g

< co

Area 2, Flake Bag 1

Area 2, Flake Bag 1

0

:

03

LL

^ CM 10 rr

S g

< co

Area 2, Flake Bag 2

Area 2, Flake Bag 2

Area 2, Flake

Area 2, Flake Bag 2

Area 2, Flake Bag 2

Area 2, Flake Bag 2_

Area 2, Flake Bag 2 _

CD

03

LL

^ CM

S g

< CO

Area 2, Flake Bag 2

Area 2, Flake Bag 3

Area 2, Flake Bag 3

Area 2, Flake Bag 3

Area 2, Flake Bag 3

Area 2, Flake Bag 3

Area 2, Flake

Bag 3

Artifact no.

n/a

n/a

n/a

n/a

n/a

n/a

n/a

n/a

n/a

n/a

n/a

n/a

n/a

n/a

n/a

n/a

e/u

n/a

n/a

n/a

CM

OO

o

o

<

h

<

o

I—

o

<

LL

I—

cc

<

co

o

o

CNi

CO

<d

CM

£ S

CD CD CD o CO LU CD

Table caption

6 o £■

Table caption

Q) (D c

o o

o o

.t! O ro CD

CO CD Q Q

Remarks

Snapped

1 side side-notched

Retouched

Fire-cracked, cortex on one

side

Unifacially worked along one

edge, ground surface

Many with cortex

Many with cortex

Two partially ground surfaces

Weight

1,0 g

1,3 g

O)

0,3 g

27,9 g

1,3 g

O)

D

cm"

2,0 g

0,3 g

Thickness

3 mm

3 mm

4 mm

2 mm

E

E

CO

4 mm

5 mm

2 mm

Max. Length x Max. Width /

Diameter

1,7 x 1,8 cm

3,1 x 1,6 cm

2,2 x 2,2 cm

1,4 x 0,7 cm

3,8 x 3,6 cm

1,8 x 1,8 cm

4,2 x 2,2 cm

max.

1,5 cm max.

1,7 cm max.

2,8 cm max.

3,2 cm max.

1,9 cm max.

2,8 cm max.

1,0 cm max.

1,6 cm max,

1,2 cm max.

1,8 x 2,1 cm

2,6 x 0,4 cm

Fits with

EcBw-2:68

c

o

t5

c

o

o

Fragmentary (distal fragment)

Fragmentary

(medio-distal

fragment)

Fragmentary

(proximal

fragment)

Fragmentary

(medio-distal

fragment)

Fragmentary

Fragmentary

Fragmentary

Fragmentary

Fragmentary

Fragmentary

Fragmentary

Fragmentary

Fragmentary

Fragmentary

Fragmentary

Fragmentary

Sample

Fragmentary

(proximal

fragment)

Whole

Cultural

affiliation

Groswater

Dorset

Groswater

Dorset

Groswater

Dorset

Groswater

Dorset

Groswater

Dorset

Groswater

Dorset

Groswater

Dorset

Groswater

Dorset

Groswater

Dorset

Groswater

Dorset

Groswater

Dorset

Groswater

Dorset

Groswater

Dorset

Groswater

Dorset

Groswater

Dorset

Groswater

Dorset

Groswater

Dorset

Groswater

Dorset

Groswater

Dorset

Qty

CO

25

00

42

36

h

69

30

27

in

Material / Type

Chert, light brown (Tan?)

Grey Chert

Tan Chert

Tan Chert

Silt?/Slate?

Tan Chert

Tan Chert Cortex

Grey Chert

x:

O)

tf ^ 0) > ■c E O oi

Grey Chert, layered

Black Chert, stained

Green Chert

Light Grey Chert

Brown Chert

Tan Chert

Quartz,

crystalline

Charcoal

Tan Chert

Tan Chert

Object Name

Biface Tip (Knife?)

Projectile Point

Biface Base

Microblade?

Rock fragment

Tool (Scraper?)

Flake

Flake

Flake

Flake

Flake

Flake

Flake

Flake

Flake

Flake

Flake

Biface (base?)

Burin Spall

Provenience

Area 3, Unit 1

Area 3, Unit 1

Area 3, Unit 1

Area 3, Unit 1

Area 3, Unit 1

Area 3, Unit 1

Area 3, Unit 1

Area 3, Unit 1

Area 3, Unit 1

Area 3, Unit 1

Area 3, Unit 1

Area 3, Unit 1

Area 3, Unit 1

Area 3, Unit 1

Area 3, Unit 1

Area 3, Unit 1

Area 3, Unit 1

Area 3, Unit 2

Area 3, Unit 2

Artifact no.

EcBw-2:53

EcBw-2:54

EcBw-2:55

EcBw-2:56

EcBw-2:57

EcBw-2:69

n/a

n/a

n/a

n/a

n/a

n/a

n/a

n/a

n/a !

n/a

n/a

EcBw-2:58

EcBw-2:59

®?S2 o co co co m Q Q

O

< O I—

o

<

u_

I— (Z < co o o

CM

C/)

<N

0 ^ £ £ 03 CO 0 o CO LU 0

o O

0

0. 0 0 . . TD =

0 o o >

£ O O £

2 § "6 'o

d, T2 £ £

O TO CO CO CD O Q

Cl 5=

g 1 «

_i 3

2 S Q

TO

S_ ■*"*

3 .2 3 £ o c5

O

0 •= 0 J=

CO )

CD

O

< o 1— o < LL

h

0£

<

co

o

o

CN

C/)

S T 1 ° ;= o § cn ™ co 9 p

i; 4 -o UJ ° o

TO --S 3 To

3 it O TO

to §; S H

a> •; _

^ o o c" S' 2 '•= o To o* 1 '

cd o 0 c -0=0) tt) o o > £ O O £

2 § o o

®E2S

" O TO TO W CD Q Q

*i

CD O C Q.

£ -2

sit

CD

JZ

-c

z £

. o X- o CO C£

LNS 2003 ARTIFACT CATALOG

h

CO

CO vC ^

ro 00 o o ‘O UJ CL

</) 6 o z <5 <D

. . T3

a) o E O CO c

— o CO CD

00 . o

CO «

o o o S'

I!

o > O JE

o o o a) ro ro Q Q

3 3= O <5

CO

E

0 ) 02

s s

S' c

TO <U

f= ro

|.l

a) O'

£ s

— CO

g O 2 <

O

CL CD £

5 P o

C 2 3 CL

O

O

LNS 2003 ARTIFACT CATALOG

03

00

d) <D

-1

03 .*2

3 ifc

O <5

O a)

TO CD C

c J5

p § TT c O d) 0) o ~ >, <D

sv c/3 > c 2 o « CD ^ - 2 >
£ C 8 ? I E
O <u

Appendix II: Gateways 2004 Preliminary Artifact Inventories by Square

By Christina Lecce and Helena Sharp

Table caption

Site: Hare Harbor-1 (EdBt-3)

Table caption

Collected: 8/2004

c

o

V.

nail |

nail

nail

nail

spike head

spike head i

spike shaft

22 iron frags

nail

Materia!

flint

flint

flint

flint

flint

flint

flint

flint

flint

flint

flint

flint

flint

flint

flint

flint

c

earthenware

green glazed earthenware

mica

wood-not collected

flint

flint

flint

flint

flint-GW?

Type

baleen-not collected

sherd

sherd

cn

ro

*4—

Square

4N3W

CO

Z

4N3W

4N3W

<:

CO

z

'Cf

4N3W

4N3W

4N3W

4N3W

4N3W

4N3W

4N3W

4N3W

4N3W

4N3W

4N3W

4N3W

4N3W

4N3W

4N3W

4N3W

4N3W

4N3W

4N3W

4N3W

4N3W

4N3W

4N3W

4N3W

4N3W

3N2W

3N2W

3N2W

3N2W

3N2W

3N2W

Area

^t

"st

"st

^t

"Ft

"3*

"st

"Ft

^t

"Ft

^t

"Ft

"Ft

"Ft

"Ft

"Ft

'Ft

"Ft

"Ft

"Ft

'Ft

Site: Hare Harbor-1 (EdBt-3)

Collected: 8/2004

Table caption

Site: Hare Harbor-1 (EdBt-3)

Table caption

Collected: 8/2004

iron cluster-12 pieces

large spike

large spike

flint

flint

stoneware

lead

light blue glass

dark blue glass

green glass

flint

flint

ceramic frags

fishing sinker

bead

bead

bottle frag

large frag

grey stoneware

grey stoneware

earthenware

earthenware

earthenware

earthenware

earthenware

earthenware

dark green glass

dark green glass

dark green glass

dark green glass

dark green glass

dark green glass

dark green glass

blue/green glass

blue/green glass

blue/green glass

blue/green glass

thin light blue glass

thin light blue glass

thin light blue glass

thin light blue glass

thin light blue glass

thin light blue glass

LU

LU

LU

[X!

LU

LU

04

04

in

04

z

z

CO

CO

CO

CO

CO

CO

00

CO

04

04

04

o

o

O

T~

T"

T"

\ —

t —

^ —

T”

-

x —

t —

Table caption

Site: Hare Harbor-1 (EdBt-3)

Table caption

Collected: 8/2004

large spike

large spike

large spike

iron pyrite

iron pyrite

nail

nail

nail

nail

nail

nail

nail

nail

nail

nail

nail

nail

03

C

nail

nail

nail

nail

nail

9 iron frags

thin nail shaft/needle?

wool

brown ceramic

stoneware

stoneware

stoneware

earthenware

blue/green glass

blue/green glass

olive green glass

pipe stem

pipe stem

soapstone

pot sherd

sherd

sherd

sherd

sherd

shard

shard

shard

0S3E

T —

t —

T —

\—

T—

x—

x—

T"

"K —

Table caption

Site: Hare Harbor-1 (EdBt-3)

Table caption

Collected: 8/2004

flat iron j

flat iron j

nail

S lieu

5 iron frags

6 frags j

large spike

spike

faience

light blue glass

flint

blue/green glass

blue/green glass

blue/green glass

dark green glass

green glass

stoneware

stoneware

stoneware

stoneware

stoneware

stoneware

stoneware

stoneware

stoneware

stoneware

stoneware

CD

s—

TO

$

0)

c

o

to

stoneware

stoneware

stoneware

stoneware

wood

wood

soapstone

stoneware

shard

peeq

shard

shard

shard

shard

shard

pipe stem

pot sherd

pot sherd

pot sherd

pot sherd

pot sherd

pot sherd

pot sherd

pot sherd

pot sherd

pot sherd

pot sherd

pot sherd

pot sherd

pot sherd

pot sherd

pot sherd

plank

axe cut log frag

vessel frag

pot sherd

2S0E

2S4E

1S4E

5N9E

5N9E

6N9E

5N10E

5N10E

T ~

T—

'r-"

•r—

CO

CO

CO

CO

CO

Table caption

Site: Hare Harbor-1 (EdBt-3)

Table caption

Collected: 8/2004

nail frag

nail frag

nail frag

nail frag

nail frag

3 frags

large spike

iron ladle

c

D

SZ

o

chunk

wood

wood

wood

wood

wood

wood

mussel shell

wool

charcoal sample

wood

eoiuj

wood

charcoal sample (2)

rock

kaolin

sandstone

green glass

tile

baleen

faience

mica

C

o

CD

pin w/ decorated head

sawed-off piece of flat wood

barrel bottom/top frag

barrel bottom/top frag

axe cut flat wood

worked wood strip

bark frag

roof tile frag

roof tile frag

flakes

roof tile frag

roof tile frag

cone-shaped wood

tile with grey glaze

fired

pipe stem

whetstone

lead ladle

■o

CD

JZ

CO

highly charred/fired tile

sherd

pipe stem

LU

O

LU

o

LU

o

LU

o

LU

Q.

Q.

Q_

Q

x —

Q_

CM

Q

CM

Q.

CM

Q.

CM

Q.

CM

CL

CM

Q.

CM

Q.

LU

LU

LU

LU

LU

LU

LU

LU

LU

LU

LU

LU

LU

LU

LU

LU

LU

LU

LU

LU

x —

T—

T—

T”

CD

05

CD

o>

Q)

CD

CD

CD

CD

CD

CD

CD

CD

v

LO

LO

LO

z

Z

Z

Z

z

O

o

o

o

o

o

o

o

o

o

o

o

z

z

z

z

z

z

z

z

z

z

z

z

Z

z

z

z

z

Z

z

LO

CO

LO

LO

in

.Q

X5

-O

Q

Q

-Q

-Q

.Q

Q

Q

Q

JO

CO

CO

CO

CO

CO

CD

CD

f"

r

N

h

r

LO

LO

LO

LO

CO

CO

CO

CO

CO

CO

CO

CO

CO

CO

CO

CO

CO

CO

CO

CO

CO

CM

CM

CM

CM

CM

CM

CM

CM

CM

CM

CM

CM

CM

CM

CM

CM

CM

CM

CM

CM

Table caption

Site: Hare Harbor-1 (EdBt-3)

Table caption

Collected: 8/2004

26 iron frags

4 iron frags

fragmented nail-20 + pieces

fragmented 2 large pieces, 15 small frags

14 chunks

ro

c

nail

lieu

21 frags

a

'cl

w

12 iron frags

nail frag

nail frag

nail frag

nail head

CD

CD

s_

13 iron frags

charcoal

green glass

flint

thin green glass

flint

green glass

flint

flint

flint

c

baleen

snail foot

kaolin

flint

flint

flint

flint

baleen

mica

coarse ceramic

shard

O)

03

4=

shard

O)

CO

&_

bottle neck

05

CO

CD

CO

CD

CO

'-t —

05

CO

L_

H—

pipe stem

Q)

CO

4_

*4—

O)

CO

!L_

H —

03

03

4=

05

CO

v«—

sherd

LLI

LU

LLI

LU

LU

LU

LU

LU

LU

LU

LU

LU

LU

LU

LU

LU

LU

LU

LU

LU

LU

LU

LU

LU

LU

LU

LU

LU

LU

LU

LU

LU

LU

LU

LU

LU

LU

X~

T—

r

x

X—

x—

X”

X"

x—

T“

-M

•M"

CM

CM

CM

CM

CM

CM

CM

CM

CM

CM

CM

CM

CM

CM

CM

CM

CM

Z

z

z

Z

z

z

z

z

z

z

z

z

z

Z

Z

z

z

z

z

Z

Z

z

Z

z

z

z

Z

z

z

z

z

z

z

z

z

z

Z

LO

io

lO

LO

LO

LO

LO

LO

LO

LO

LO

LO

LO

LO

r

t-

h

L

c-

r-.

r

r-~

r

CM

CM

CM

CM

CM

CM

CM

CM

CM

CM

CM

CM

CM

CM

CM

CM

CM

CM

CM

CM

CM

CM

CM

CM

CM

CM

CM

CM

CM

CM

CM

CM

CM

CM

CM

CM

CM

CM

CM

CM

CM

CM

CM

CM

CM

CM

CM

CM

Table caption

Site: Hare Harbor-1 (EdBt-3)

Table caption

Collected: 8/2004

spike

nail

clump

nail

nail

nail

nail

nail

nail

CD

c

4 iron frags

nail

nail

coarse ceramic

coarse ceramic

coarse ceramic

coarse ceramic

coarse ceramic

coarse ceramic

coarse ceramic

coarse ceramic

pipe stem

flint

flint

flint

flint

flint

flint

C

<4—

carbonized bark

charcoal sample

flint

c

flint

bm/gn glaze earthenware

brn/gn glaze earthenware

green glazed earthenware

sherd

sherd

sherd

sherd

sherd

sherd

sherd

sherd

CD

05

O)

CD

s_

CD

03

s_

M —

CD

CD

s_

CD

05

k_

*-4 —

CD

05

i__

M—

CD

CD

i_

frag

O)

CD

CD

CD

v„

M—

pot sherd

pot sherd

pot sherd

2N2E

2N2E

2N2E

2N2E

2N2E

2N2E

2N2E

2N2E

2N2E

2N2E

backdirt

backdirt

8N2E

8N2E

8N2E

8N2E

8N2E

LU

CM

Z

oo

8N2E

4N2E

LU

CM

Z

4N2E

4N2E

4N2E

4N2E

4N2E

4N2E

4N2E

4N4E

4N4E

4N4E

4N4E

4N4E

4N4E

4N4E

4N4E

4N4E

CM

CM

CM

CM

CM

CM

CM

CM

CM

CM

CM

CM

CM

CM

CM

CM

CM

CM

CM

CM

CM

CM

CM

CM

CM

CM

CM

CM

CM

CM

CM

CM

CM

CM

CM

CM

CM

Table caption

Site: Hare Harbor-1 (EdBt-3)

Table caption

Collected: 8/2004

nail

clenched nail

flat iron j

6 frags j

bent nail j

nail (2 pieces) |

nail head

spike |

spike j

spike

nail

nail frag

nail

ro

c

18 iron frags

nail

iron with rivets

nail frag

nail frag

nail frag

nail frag

C

o

L_

CO

nail

7 iron frags

flint

mica

quartz

green glazed earthenware

blue/green glass

flint

flint

blue/green glass

c

5=

ceramic

mica

flint

charcoal sample

frag

05

CO

u

*4—

05

CO

L,

pot sherd

shard

05

CO

*4”

flake

shard

flake

sherd

flake

flake

4N4E

4N4E

4N4E

4N4E

6N1E

6N1E

7N1E

6N5E

6N5E

6N5E

6N5E

6N5E

6N5E

6N2E

6N2E

6N2E

6N2E

6N2E

5N2E

5N2E

5N2E

5N2E

5N2E

5N2E

5N2E

LU

CO

Z

LU

CO

Z

7N3E

7N3E

7N3E

7N3E

3N4E

3N4E

LU

xf

CO

3N4E

LU

z

CO

3N4E

CM

CM

CM

CM

CM

CM

CM

CM

CM

CM

CM

CM

CM

CM

CM

CM

CM

CM

CM

CM

CM

CM

CM

CM

CM

CM

CM

CM

CM

CM

CM

CM

CM

CM

CNJ

CM

CM

Site: Hare Harbor-1 (EdBt-3)

Collected: 8/2004

o

CM

spike

spike

0)

'cl c.n

chunk-bulbous

nail

nail

nail

nail

CO

c

nail

nail

15 frags

kaolin

kaolin

coarse ceramic

flint

flint

flint

flint

flint

flint

flint

flint

flint

faience

faience

faience

faience

faience

thin milky glass

blue/green glass

blue/green glass

dark green glass

mica

baleen

baleen

baleen

pipe stem + piece of bowl

pipe stem

embossed/decorated pot sherd

strike-a-light

O)

CO

i_

M—

CD

CO

«-*—

CD

CO

L_

*4—

CD

CO

i_

*4—

CD

CO

*4—

05

co

i—

*4—

05

ro

v_

CD

CO

*4—

05

CD

*4—

CD

CO

L_

*4—

CD

CO

*4—

CD

CO

s_

>4—

05

CO

M—

shards

shard

shard

shard

flake

LU

LU

LU

LU

LU

LU

LU

LU

UJ

LU

LU

LU

LU

LU

LU

LU

LU

LU

LU

LU

UJ

LU

UJ

Ul

LU

LU

LU

LU

UJ

LU

LU

UJ

LU

LU

UJ

LU

LU

x —

—

x—

X—

X—

T—

—

T—

x —

T —

"K —

—

T—

T—

T—

^—

^— 1

—

x—

x —

T"

T —

—

\—■

—

r~

T~

x —

x™

r“

—

T—

\—

•<r~

T"

T™

z

z

z

z

z

Z

Z

Z

z

Z

Z

Z

Z

Z

Z

Z

Z

z

z

z

Z

Z

z

z

z

Z

z

Z

z

z

z

z

Z

z

z

Z

Z

CM

CM

CM

CM

CM

CM

CM

CM

CM

CM

CM

CM

CM

CM

CM

CM

CM

CM

CM

CM

CM

CM

CM

CM

CM

CM

CM

CM

CM

CM

CM

CM

CM

CM

CM

CM

CM

CM

CM

CM

CM

CM

CM

CM

CM

CM

CM

CM

CM

CM

CM

CM

CM

CM

CM

CM

CM

CM

CM

CM

CM

CM

CM

CM

CM

CM

CM

CM

CM

CM

CM

CM

CM

CM

Table caption

Site: Hare Harbor-1 (EdBt-3)

Table caption

Collected: 8/2004

r

iron pyrite I

nail

nail 1

nail head I

nail frag |

iron blade frag j

nail

nail ;

nai! j

nail i

nail

nail

nail

nail

nail

nail

CD

C

nail

nail

spike

flat iron

flat iron

flat iron

flat iron

baleen

baleen

mussel skin

bone

lead

flint

mica

mica

mica

c

green glazed earthenware

earthenware

blue glass

piece

piece

o>

CO

flakes

flakes

flakes

flake

pot sherd

sherd

bead

LU

LJJ

UJ

III

uj

UJ

UJ

UJ

UJ

UJ

m

LU

LU

LU

LU

LU

LU

LU

UJ

LU

UJ

UJ

UJ

LU

UJ

LU

UJ

LU

LU

LU

LU

UJ

LU

LU

LU

LU

LU

x—

X“"

lO

m

in

ID

ID

eo

00

00

00

CO

CO

CO

CO

oo

CO

CO

CO

eo

CO

CO

CO

X“=*

x—

X”

x—

X”

X”

T“

x—

x

x—

X

z

Z

2

2

2

2

z

2

z

2

2

2

2

z

z

2

Z

Z

Z

Z

Z

Z

z

z

Z

z

z

z

z

z

z

z

z

z

z

z

z

CM

CM

CM

00

so

03

CO

CO

00

NT

xT

FT

CM

CM

CM

CM

CM

CM

CM

CM

CM

CM

CM

CM

CM

CM

CM

CM

CM

CM

CM

CM

CM

CM

CM

CM

CM

CM

CM

CM

CM

CM

CM

CM

CM

CM

CM

CM

CM

Table caption

Artifact Inventory by Square 2004 Field Catalog 203

Table caption

Site: Hare Harbor-1 (EdBt-3)

Table caption

Collected: 8/2004

</)

CD

03

5— *-J—

LO

iron strap-in many pieces

chunk

blob

nail

nail

nail

CD

C

nail

nail

nail

nail head

nail head

4 frags

faience

c

thin milky glass

green glass

ceramic

wood

charcoal sample

bone

flint

flint

flint

flint

glass

red glass

thin milky glass

earthenware

mica

baleen

black and white glass-striped

flint

mica

mica

rock

glaze

CD

CD

shard

shard

sherd

burnt wood

burnt bird bone

shard

shard

shard

pot sherd

flakes

bead

05

CD

i_

flake

flake

hammerstone?

LU

LU

HI

LU

LU

LU

LU

LU

LU

LU

LU

LU

LU

LU

LU

LU

LU

LU

LU

LU

LU

LU

LU

LU

LU

LU

LU

LU

LU

LU

LU

LU

LU

LU

LU

LU

LU

x—

x—

CO

CO

CO

CO

CO

CO

CO

CO

CO

CO

CO

CO

x—

x—

■r—

x—

r—

x—

\—

T—

T“

T”

x—

x—

T”

CO

CO

CO

z

z

z

Z

z

z

z

z

z

z

z

z

z

z

z

z

z

z

z

z

z

z

z

Z

Z

z

z

z

z

z

z

Z

z

z

Z

Z

Z

ml

CO

CO

CO

CO

CO

CO

CO

CO

CO

CO

CO

CO

CO

CO

CO

CO

CO

CO

CO

CO

CO

CO

CO

CO

CO

CO

CO

CO

CO

CO

LO

LO

LO

CO

00

CM

CM

CNJ

CNJ

CM

CM

CM

CM

CM

CM

CM

CM

CM

CM

CM

CM

CM

CM

CM

CM

CM

CM

CM

CM

CM

CM

CM

CM

CM

CM

CM

CM

CM

CM

CM

CM

CM

o

CM

CD

O

ra

co

O

33

<X>

O

O

OJ

m

XJ

LU

0 CO

CO

3

O'

CO

>*

JD

Sr

o

c

a

>

c

o

CO

■*fr o o

CNJ 00

■a OJ o a>

S cd =

o

-Q

i_

CO

X

CD

CO

X

o 10 O

CM

Appendix III: 2004 Artifact Review

By Yves Chretien

Short description of the main artifacts found on the Hare Harbor Basque site (EdBt-3) during summer 2004

By Yves Chretien, Ph.D., archaeologist

Identification: Whale cutting up knife (in 2 pieces)

Provenience: Area 2 5E/8N Dimensions:

Overall length : 21 cm Blade width : 4,8 cm Handle length : 4,5 cm

Description: The blade has a thick and concave back, with the cutting edge showing a belly shape. The end of the blade is rounded. The handle is short and must have been made up of a wooden pail.

Dimensions:

Length : 7,5 cm Width : 5,0 cm Thickness : 5,0 cm

Description: Nodule of iron pyrites, variety “marcassite”, of good state (not depredated). Red rusted colored showing traces of carbonization on one face.

Identification: Lead sinker

Provenience: Area 1 2E/2S Dimensions:

Length : 3,8 cm Width : 2,0 cm Thickness : 1,5 cm Hole diameter: 0,6 cm

Description: A slug shape lead piece showing a notch at the larger end. A hole was perforated off center, toward the notch side. The line was probably tied at the notched side.

Identification: “Bee de corbeau” oil lamp Provenience: Area 2 4E/7N Dimensions:

Length : 10,0 cm Handle length: 8,0 cm (not complete)

Width : 5,5 cm Handle width: 2,0 cm

Height: 3,0 cm Oil tank thickness: 0,3 cm

Description: The oil tank is round with a long pointing beak

(5 cm) rising from the horizontal plan. The handle is tacked on the tank on the opposite side of the beak. The handle (not complete) is going strait up with a slight outward inclination.

Identification: Flint strike-a-light

Provenience: Area 1 Dimensions:

Length : 3,6 cm Width : 3,1 cm Thickness : 2,0 cm

Description: Piece of gray flint showing a granular aspect and a large portion of pale gray porous cortex. Some traces of repeated percussion are visible on different edges, supporting the strike-a-light function.

Identification: Strike-a-light on Dutch gunflint

Provenience: Area 2 2E/2N

Dimensions:

Length : 3,0 cm Width : 3,1 cm Thickness : 0,9 cm

Description: Gunflint on a flake, made of gray Baltic type flint showing traces of multiple percussion all around the piece. That sort of gunflint is known as the Dutch type and the extensive battered edges indicate it was reuse for fire lighting. A covering flake scar on the ventral face (the bulb) could be a result of this secondary percussion.

Identification : Groswater chert blade Provenience: Area 4 3N/3 W

Dimensions:

Length : 3,1 cm Width : 0,7 cm

Thickness : 0,2 cm

Description : Fine curved blade made of Newfoundland chert cream and brown-red. There is three facets on the dorsal face indicating it comes from a blade core. A well controlled technique was used to produce intentionally such a blade. The point of applied force is missing.

Identification: Groswater chert blade Provenience: Area 4 Q4N/3W S4N/4W

Dimensions:

Length : 3,8 cm Width : 1,0 cm Thickness : 0,2 cm

Description: Fine complete blade slightly curved, made of brown chert. There is three facets on the dorsal face indicating it comes from a blade core. A well controlled technique was used to produce intentionally such a blade. The point of applied force is present and has a dot shape suggesting an indirect percussion technique.

Identification: Inuit steatite lamp (fragment)

Provenience: Area 3 0E/6N Dimensions:

Length : 18,2 cm Width : 8,8 cm Thickness : 3,8 cm

Description: Piece of rim from an inuit soapstone lamp. The soapstone is porous and light gray color with iron oxyde inclusions. On the interior face, there is carbonization incrustation resulting from the use with fat combustible.