SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE EARTH SCIENCES ? NUMBER 29 Climate and Moisture Variability in a Tropical Forest: Long-term Records from Barro Colorado Island, Panama Donald M. Windsor SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION PRESS Washington, D.C. 1990 ABSTRACT Windsor, Donald M. Climate and Moisture Variability in a Tropical Forest: Long-term Records from Barro Colorado Island, Panama^ Smithsonian Contributions to the Earth Sciences, number 29, 145 pages, 35 figures, 11 text tables, 40 appendix tables, 1990.?Long-term environmental monitoring results are presented documenting the seasonality experienced by the lowland tropical forest on Barro Colorado Island, Panama. A dry season has developed during each of the past 62 years, typically starting in late December or early January and ending with the first heavy rains in late April or early May. Solar radiation totals climb during dry seasons to monthly levels 50% higher than normal in the wet season. Average daily maximum temperatures increase by two degrees C while average daily minimum temperatures increase by roughly one degree C. Development of the dry season is accompanied by a doubling in average daily windspeed and a drop of ten percent in average midday relative humidity. Annual rainfall on Barro Colorado Island averages 2612 mm (1925-1989), 90% of which falls in the months of May through November. Rainfall on Barro Colorado Island and seven other sites in the middle of the isthmus has decreased significantly over time. The only long-term rainfall records without decreasing trend come from coastal sites, suggesting that convective, but not orographic, rainfall, has diminished during the last sixty years. Further, annual rainfall appears to be influenced by factors associated with El Nino events. Higher than normal rainfall tends to occur the year before and lower than normal rainfall tends to occur the year of such events. Dry-season forest and clearing temperatures on Barro Colorado Island were elevated during each of the three El Nino events occurring in the past 16 years. Storms that drop most of their moisture in a minute or two are common during the wet season on Barro Colorado Island. The soils of Lutz catchment are steep and clay rich. Most moisture in storage resides in the upper 10 cm. Available soil moisture is largely depleted by mid- to late dry season. Actual evapotranspiration, calculated as the difference between rainfall and runoff and changes in storage for each of 14 years averaged 64 percent of annual rainfall. Eighty-five percent (1534 mm) of annual rainfall was returned directly to the atmosphere as vapor in the dryest of the past 16 years (1976) while only 47% (1953 mm) was returned in the wettest year (1983). Comparison of average evapotranspiration and rainfall characteristics from 18 temperate and tropical hydrological studies suggests a loose positive relationship exists between these two quantities in forested ecosystems. OFFICIAL PUBLICATION DATE is handstamped in a limited number of initial copies and is recorded in the Institution's annual report, Smithsonian Year. SERIES COVER DESIGN: Aerial view of Ulawun Volcano, New Britain. Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data Windsor, Donald M. Climate and moisture variability in a tropical forest: long-term records from Barro Colorado Island, Panama" / Donald M. Windsor. (Smithsonian contributions to the earth sciences : no. 29) Includes bibliographical references. 1. Forest microclimatology?Panama?Barro Colorado Island. 2. Moisture?Panama?Barro Colorado Island. 3. Barro Colorado Island (Panama)?Climate. I. Title. II. Series. QE1.S227 no. 29 [SD390.6.P2] 550 s?dc20 [551.69727'5] 89-600304 Contents Page Introduction 1 Acknowledgments 2 Setting 2 Climate 2 Rainfall 2 Temperature 21 Relative Humidity 23 Air Movement 23 Solar Radiation 29 Moisture Availability 32 Geology and Soil Characteristics 32 Soil Moisture 33 Runoff 44 Evapotranspiration 44 Appendices A: Rainfall (Tables A1-A4) 53 B: Temperature (Tables Bl-Bll) 63 C: Relative Humidity (Tables C1-C9) 92 D: Air Movement (Tables D1-D5) 105 E: Solar Radiation (Tables E1-E3) 120 F: Soil Moisture (Tables F1-F5) 129 G: Stream Discharge (Tables Gl, G2) 136 H: Evapotranspiration (Table HI) 142 Literature Cited 143 in Climate and Moisture Variability in a Tropical Forest: Long-term Records from Barro Colorado Island, Panama Donald M. Windsor Introduction The duration and intensity of tropical seasons vary considerably more than one might expect from the invariant yearly cycle in the midday position of the sun. Dry seasons can be short or prolonged, drier than normal or broken up by brief periods of heavy rain. Wet seasons may vary greatly in the intensity and frequency of rainstorms and in the frequency and length of periods without rain. Important elements of tropical climate are probably neither as constant nor as predictable as is widely assumed. Climatic variability impressed biologists working on Barro Colorado Island in the 1960s and eventually led to a long-term monitoring study, the "Environmental Sciences Program" (ESP) whose goal was to document long-term variability in the physical environent in parallel with long-term observations on selected plant and animal popula- tions. Results from the early part of this program are examined in Leigh et al. (1982). The history of environmental research on Barro Colorado Island dates from the early 1920s. W.C. Allee (1926) was the first ecologist to attempt to characterize the physical environ- ment on Barro Colorado Island. Using a ridge-top Hura crepitans tree in the northern part of the island as an instrument platform, Allee gathered readings on wind movement, solar radiation, and evaporation from subcanopy and compared these to readings from the understory and other sites in Panama" during the dry season of 1924. He was impressed by the physical rigors of the dry season and the buffering the forest canopy provided the forest understory. The first continuous records of climate on Barro Colorado Island were begun by the Panam? Canal Company in April 1925 when a rain gauge was installed in the lab clearing. This instrument was the only monitor of the physical environment for the next 45 years. Donald M. Windsor, Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Apartado 2072, Balboa, Republic of Panama. Things changed abruptly in 1971 when STRI (Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute) scientists, Stan Rand and Nicholas Smythe, instituted a program that included continuous monitoring of runoff from a 10 ha catchment, and weekly assessments of soil moisture content, as well as weekly checks of plant phenology (Leigh and Smythe, 1978; Leigh and Windsor, 1982), periodic censuses of mammal populations (Smythe, 1978; Smythe et al., 1982), and what became a continuous operation of light traps for insects (Smythe et al., 1982; Wolda, 1978a,b, 1982). Smythe selected the Lutz catchment as the focus for the physical monitoring effort and supervised the mapping of the catchment, installation of the Lutz weir and light traps for catching night-flying insects, erection of instrument towers, and the systematic collection of many other types of environmental data over the first five years of the program?some of which have been carried on for another 10 or more years and are projected to continue indefinitely. This report attempts to consolidate and summarize the large volume of environmental data collected on Barro Colorado Island and its surroundings. For some variables, this is a 15-17 year record ending sometime after March 1988, the end of the 1987 hydrologic year. Other variables were studied for shorter periods, primarily to investigate spatial differences in the physical environment This report, then, includes the period covered earlier in four preliminary ESP reports on biotic studies and physical monitoring at Barro Colorado Island and Galeta Point Marine Lab (Rubinoff, 1973; Windsor, 1974, 1975, 1976). This report includes some data from that period that escaped inclusion in the early reports. Hourly records were not included because of their large volume. Preparation of this report necessitated the organization and printing of most hourly data. Copies of these data may be obtained by writing to the Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Apartado 2072, Balboa, Republic of Panama". Finally, several tables and graphs SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE EARTH SCIENCES are included presenting the long-term rainfall data gathered by the Panama" Canal Commission for a number of stations across the Isthmus of Panama. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS.?The terrestrial Environmental Sci- ences Program in Panama was largely the inspiration of Stan Rand and Nicholas Smythe. Smythe first installed physical monitoring equipment and supervised the program for approximately seven years. Egbert Leigh has continually spoken in behalf of the monitoring program and has supervised the program at critical stages. Leigh's scrutiny of the weir and its water level recorder is the main reason we now have a long and little-broken record of stream discharge. Full-time technicians on the project who deserve thanks include Miguel Estribe\ Gary Chen, Gary Stump, Milton Clark, Douglas Rocha, and Raul Rios. Bonifacio de Leon has always helped in data collection when asked and for 15 years kept the weir basin in good order. In the beginning, Ben Morgan constructed the weir in the Lutz catchment. William Dietrich greatly expanded our understanding of the physical processes at work in Lutz. Thanks are due Michael Keller for sharing his unpublished data on soil characteristics of BCI. The Panama Canal Commission, especially meteorologist Mike Hart and hydrologists Joe Brady and Joe Corelli, have been extremely helpful in filling our requests for environmental information on numerous occasions. Finally, I must thank my colleagues at STRI and members of my family for the time to get these numbers together. Setting Barro Colorado Island (lat. 9?10'N, long. 79?51/W) was formerly the highest hill (maximum elevation, 171 m) along the northward flow of the Chagres River toward the Caribbean (Figure 1). Waters of the Chagres River were first impounded by the partial completion of the Gatun dam in 1910. When the waters of Gatun Lake reached their present level several years later, the fifteen square kilometers of Barro Colorado Island formed the largest island separated by these waters from the mainland. Under the custodianship of the Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, the flora and fauna of Barro Colorado Island continue to be subjects of intense international scientific activity. The Lutz catchment is a 10.1 ha forested area on the northeastern slope of Barro Colorado Island, not unrepresenta- tive of the many small catchments draining away from the center of the island. Located immediately to the east of the lab clearing and dormitory area, the Lutz catchment (Figure 2) is immediately accessible to the scientists on the island. Human traffic within the catchment, however, is discouraged to minimize damage to the drainage characteristics and vegetation of the area. The highest point in the catchment is approximately 120 m (above mean sea level), 50 m lower than the highest point on the island plateau. The lowest point in the catchment considered in this report is the site of the weir (Figure 3d) at an elevation of approximately 60 m (the greater catchment actually terminates at the shore of Gatun Lake, elevation aproximately 25 m). Straight-line distance from the weir to the upper boundary along Barbour Trail is approximately 300 m. Thus, the catchment is steep and small, a distinct advantage when attempting to quantify the entry and exit of moisture to the area. A 42 m walk-up tower 10 m upslope from the weir provides a vertical transect through one bit of the forest and gives a view over most of the catchment. The top of the tower is judged to emerge roughly 6-8 m above an irregular canopy (Figure 36). Meteorological readings have been recorded in two principal areas, the lab clearing and the weir (including tower). The physical aspects of the clearing, a grass-covereM area between Chapman House and the lab building (Figure 3c), have changed little since the start of the program. However, because of the proximity to buildings, the location must be regarded as less than ideal and readings should not be automatically regarded as representative of forest understory, canopy, or light gap conditions. Readings from this site are most useful as an index against which data from other parts of Barro Colorado Island can be compared. Lutz tower, located near the weir in the lower portion of the catchment (Figure 2), provides data more representative of the forest on Barro Colorado Island. Data are recorded at the base and at stations along the 40 m climb to the top. Climate RAINFALL Appendix Tables A1-A4 Records on Barro Colorado Island rainfall were initiated in April of 1925 and continued until present by the Panama Canal Commission (PCC). There are no missing monthly or annual totals over this entire period. Hourly, daily, and weekly totals (Figure 4) are available from January 1929 onward; however, several gaps (1-30 Nov 1957, 18 Mar-17 Apr 1963, and 12 Sep-18 Oct 1963) limit the usefulness gf these data series for some purposes. Rainfall was initially read from chart records with 0.25 mm (0.01 in) precision until 1 Sep 1971 and with 2.5 mm (0.1 in) precision thereafter. Although the PCC rain gauge on Barro Colorado Island was relocated from time to time, all sites are thought to have been located between the current position on the roof of the dormitory (50 m above mean sea level, 25 m above the surface of Gatun Lake) and the water tank, roughly 100 m away and 10 m higher in elevation. Additionally, the ESP has maintained since 1971 a tipping- bucket gauge and one or two rainfall collectors in the lab-clearing. Rain collectors are read once per day, and because daily readings are occasionally missed, the rainfall for that day is included with that of the next. Hence, data from collectors ought to be analyzed for intervals longer than one or two days, preferably weeks, months, and years. Compared to data from these collectors, the PCC gauge and ESP tipping gauges have tended to underestimate rainfall by from 2% to 12%, depending FIGURE 1.?Location of Barro Colorado Island on Isthmus of Panama, distribution of rain gauges across the isthmus (A = Porto Belo, B = Colon, C = Salamanca, D = Gatun, E = Monte Lirio, F = Madden Dam (Alajuela), G = Bohio, H = Frijoles, I = Barro Colorado Island, J-0 = BCI perimeter gauges, P = Gamboa, Q = Las Raices, R = Carlo, S = Summit Gardens, T = Pedro Miguel, U = Balboa) and location of the Lutz catchment and plateau on Barro Colorado Island. SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE EARTH SCIENCES GATUN LAKE lab clearing N 50 m Barbour Trail FIGURE 2.?Rough map of the Lutz catchment; numbers indicate soil sampling sites utilized since 1981. Prior to 1981 samples were taken along a 20 m transect extending from station 2 on the watershed trail toward Lutz Creek. NUMBER 29 on year. Tipping bucket gauges are particularly useful in the study of temporal characteristics of individual storms. A DP 101 Datapod (Omnidata International, Logan, Utah) in- stalled in May 1983 digitally records the number of "tips" (0.254 mm of rainfall) per minute. ANNUAL TOTALS.?Annual rainfall on Barro Colorado Island, according to the Panama Canal record, averages 2612 mm (1925-1986, Sdv = 446, n = 62). Barro Colorado Island registered its lowest rainfall (1679 mm) in 1976 and its highest (4133 mm) in 1981 (Figure 5). The frequency distribution of annual rainfall totals is moderately platykurtic and hence bears only a modest fit to a normal distribution. The departure from normality may be produced in part by presence of a long-term trend in the record. That is, annual totals bear a significant negative correlation with year of record. Using the slope of the least squares regression line as an indicator of trend, rainfall on Barro Colorado Island appears to be decreasing at the average rate of 8 mm per year (1925-1986). The trend is significant despite the massive rainfall in 1981. Other stations in mid-isthmus with long-term records also display a decline in rainfall (Appendix Table A4). Monte Lirio, 12 km north of Barro Colorado Island, exhibits the strongest decline of all stations with at least 45 years of data. Long-term trends appear to be strongest at sites located in mid-isthmus (Figure 6b). Records from stations along either coast do not contain significant trends. The Monte Lirio rainfall record may provide a good indication of how annual rainfall may have varied in the two decades before records were begun on Barro Colorado Island. Monte Lirio data, as well as data from Colon, Gatun, and Gamboa, indicate 1909-1910 was the wettest two-year period of the century. More rain was registered in each of these years at Monte Lirio than fell in the recent extremely wet year, 1981. The 7.22 m of rain in 1909 is still the maximum for Colon in over 132 years of record. The lack of long records from other regions in central Panama" obscures the eastern and western limits of this apparent rainfall anomaly. A similar rainfall anomaly appears to exist in northwestern Costa Rica (Windsor and Rand, 1985; Fleming, 1986), and Flohn (1969) presents the decreasing records from several Brazilian locations. Although these two areas are distinct in many ways, they do share the characteristic of being immediately to the south or southwest of mountainous terrain. Because prevailing winds are from the north and northeast, both areas are in "rain shadows," areas where advected moisture is blocked and convection consequently becomes relatively a much more important source of moisture. What could cause a decrease in rainfall over mid-isthmus? Commonly it is suggested that downward trends in Panama are simply statistical artifacts. This could be claimed with some justification if only one or perhaps two of the 17 longest records (greater than 44 years) displayed anomalous trends. However, Spearman correlation coefficients are negative at 14 sites and positive at only three. The probability of obtaining these results by chance is the same as flipping 14 heads in 17 tosses?less than one chance in two-hundred! Further, 10 of 14 correlation coefficients negative in sign are individually significant at the p = 0.05 level or less. None of the stations has a significant positive trend. Therefore, it seems safe to conclude that rainfall within the catchment of the Panama Canal has changed (diminished) significantly in this century. Although this trend could disappear or reverse before the end of the century, its presence in the rainfall record through 1989 is hard to contest. Convection, the daily heating and subsequent rise of moist air followed by turbulence and thunderstorms, is clearly an important generator of tropical rainfall (Dickinson, 1981; Henderson-Sellers, 1981). Has convection weakened over the middle of the isthmus while the supply of advected moisture (moisture derived from adjacent areas) and its orographic delivery (air forced upward over topographic relief leading to condensation and rainfall) along the coasts remained constant? Any process that increases the reflectivity of the land produces a cooler surface, one that tends to weaken convection. A more reflective land surface is a sure consequence of converting tropical forest to pasture or degraded land as has occurred in recent decades over nearly all of the Pacific side of Panama (Pinker et al., 1980). Additionally, the percent of rainfall rushing off the disturbed land as runoff probably increases, while soil and vegetational moisture stores decrease, thereby further diminishing the return of vapor by evaporation and transpiration (Gentry and Lopez-Parodi, 1980). If deforestation does affect climate in the way suggested here, we might predict effects will be seen first in 'reas with s)milar geographical characteristics, viz. areas where convection is the primary source of rainfall. Could changes in rainfall in the middle of the Isthmus of Panama be the result of creating Gatun Lake (1910) and Madden Lake (1934), both of which are near the middle of the isthmus where trends are strongest? Lake effects would include cooling, weakened convection, and possibly lower rainfall. These effects, however, would be expected to appear in a step-wise rather than progressive fashion. The behavior of annual totals in Figure 5 is not totally inconsistent with this explanation. Rainfall has continued to decrease over the past two to three decades, however, well after the formation of the second reservoir. Climatologists have been particularly concerned about the effects of increasing concentrations of atmospheric carbon dioxide and increasing temperatures due to the "greenhouse" effect (Broecker, 1975). Computer models of general circula- tion project increasing rainfall for regions within five degrees of the Equator and poleward of 30 to 35 degrees and possible decreases in rainfall between these two areas. A comprehensive review of long-term rainfall records from the entire northern hemisphere by Bradley et al. (1987) found that trends in precipitation are essentially consistent with the computer models. Thus, the Panama records are consistent with computer models of changing global circulation as the result of SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE EARTH SCIENCES NUMBER 29 FIGURE 3.?Photographs taken in 1987 of Lutz creek weir (top left); forest canopy looking south from top of Lutz tower (bottom left); and lab clearing and instrument shelter (above). increasing carbon dioxide. In summary, at least two rainfall anomalies occur in lower Central America, one of which appears centered within the Chagres River watershed and the Panama Canal. A number of competing explanations based on local, regional, and global environmental change can be advanced. SEASONAL DIFFERENCES IN RAINFALL.?The seasonal dis- tribution of rainfall in Central America and its underlying causes have been discussed by Ellis (1962), Vivo Escoto (1964), Portig (1965, 1976), and Coen (1983). The seasonal rhythm of rainfall is thought to be driven primarily by the effects of the changing zenithal position of the sun. The most intense warming of the Earth's surface occurs over land at the latitude where the sun is near the zenith at midday. Thus, the sun maximally warms a narrow belt of land that oscillates between 23 degrees north and south latitude during the course of a year. A loose band of low pressure and cloudiness, wider over land than ocean, is usually situated near the theoretical belt of maximal warming. This band of cloudiness and low pressure is referred to as the Intertropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ). The northward movement of the ITCZ and the dry season-breaking rains it generates usually lag behind the sun's crossing of the zenith by several weeks. The sun is at its zenith over Panama" on or near 20 April (week 15) and 21 August (week 33). Rainfall on Barro Colorado Island normally returns to wet season levels by week 18 (Figure 7). Weekly rainfall has three noticeable peaks on or around weeks 20, 32, and 45. The final peak occurs in November-nearly 10 weeks after the sun's zenithal position has moved south of Panama. Thus, factors other than the zenithal position of the sun, perhaps the strength of circulation patterns in subtropical areas, seem also to affect seasonal distribution of rainfall. Rainfall during the latter part of the wet season and early dry season may be influenced, for example, by "northers"?southward invasions of polar air?that may produce heavy and unseasonal rainfall. These events may, in turn, dramatically influence the phenological patterns of tropical forest trees (Foster, 1982). Biologists commonly wish to know when the dry and wet seasons begin and end. Because there is no commonly accepted criterion for what constitutes either season there is no simple answer. Indeed, organisms probably have a diverse way of gauging seasonal transitions and their estimates might vary considerably. As a first start, however, we can assume that many organisms, especially plants, will respond to changes in soil moisture. A moving average that sums one-half of rainfall SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE EARTH SCIENCES I I I I I I i "I 1 T _i-TT-^*l| I r* PI i piJTJ [j-1 , 500 I 250 i I I i i I 0 n-T A J[ _ 1935 i I I I I I T i i r I I II I I 1930 JASONDJ FMAMJ 1950 I II T I I I I i I JASONDJ FMAMJ FIGURE 4.?Record of weekly rainfall recorded on Barro Colorado Island January 1929 to August 1988 by the Panama Canal Commission. Breaks in x-axis signify weeks of missing data. NUMBER 29 IU I ' ' I 1 ? T 'I i i i i r 1965 JL JASONDJ FMAMJ r i i i r rT^ i i i i r i i i r 1 1985 1 ' r ^r i- , r y 1-1 1- 1 I -[ i i I r / i 1980 ' 'I ' ' ' ' 1975 ' I ' ' ' JASONDJ FMAMJ 10 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE EARTH SCIENCES 0.2) occur between 1300 and 1600 hrs during weeks 20-22 and 36-45. Dry season probabilities of rain are low, of course, at all hours of the day. Starting in week 17, however, the probability of rain increases sharply. Afternoon rainfall may be stronger at some sites on the isthmus than others. For example, the likelihood of afternoon rainfall (calculated for the entire year based on data from 1980-1984) on Barro Colorado Island is nearly twice that at the Galeta Point Marine Laboratory located just off the Caribbean coast 6 km northeast of Colon (Figure 11). Afternoon rainfall is four to five times as likely as evening rainfall at Barro Colorado Island, only 1.5 to 2 times as likely at Galeta. The forested surface of Barro Colorado Island is quickly heated by the sun causing surrounding air to rise, cool, condense, and release moisture as rain in the unstable conditions of a tropical thunderstorm in the middle afternoon. The relatively cool ocean surface at Galeta is far less effective at heating the surrounding air. As air moves inland it is forced to rise and the resulting "orographic rainfall" may account for the more even hourly distribution of rainfall observed on the Caribbean coast. 14 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE EARTH SCIENCES TABLE 1.?Distribution of dry and wet weeks within and among years on Barro Colorado Island, 1929-1988; moisture status of a week is determined from rainfall according to formula given in text. (Dash = dry, x = wet, nd = total number of dry weeks, sd = numbered week when dry season starts, sw = numbered week when wet season starts, Id = total number of weeks in dry season, lw = total number of weeks in wet season, blank spaces indicate missing data.) .WEEK OF YEAR. 4444444 555000000000111111111122222222223333333333444 YEAR 3456789012123456789012345678901234567890123456789012 nd sd sw Id lw 192 9 x xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx 1930 xxxxxxxx xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx-xxxxxxxxxx 1931 x-xxxxxxxx xxx?xx-xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx 1932 xxxxxxxx xx?xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx 1933 xxxxxxxxxxxx x-xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx 1934 xxxxxxxxxxx x xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx 1935 xxxxxxxxxxx xxx x?xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx-xxxxx 1936 xxxxxxxxxx xxxxxxxx-xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx 1937 xxxxxxxxxxx xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx 1938 xxxxxxxxxxx xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx 1939 xxxxxxxxxxx x?xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx 1940 xxxxxxxxxxxx-xx?x x?xxxxxx-xxxxxxxxxxxxxx 1941 xxxxxx xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx 194 2 xxxxxxxxx xx x xx-xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx 194 3 xxxxxxxxxxxx x xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx 194 4 xxxxxxxxxxxx xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx 194 5 xxxxxxxxxxx?x xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx 194 6 xxxxxxxxxxx xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx 194 7 xxxxxxxxxx x xxxxxxx?xxxxxxxxxxxxxx 194 8 xxxxxxxx xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx 194 9 xxxxxxxx xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx 1950 xxxxxxxxxxx xxx-xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx 1951 xxxxxxxxxxx xx xxxxxxxxxxxxxx-xxxxxxxxxxx 1952 xxxxxxxxxx x xxx-xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx 1953 xxxxxxxxxxxxx xxxxxxx?x-xxxxxxxxxxxxxxx 1954 xxxxxxx-xx-x xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx 1955 xxxxxxxxx?xxxx xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx 1956 xxxxxxxxxxxx-xxx xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx 1957 xxxxxxxxxxx xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx 1958 x x-xxxx x-x-xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx 1959 xxxxxxxxx xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx-xxxxxxxx 1960 xxxxxxxxxxx?x xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx 1961 xxxxxxxxxx xx-xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx 1962 xxxxxxxxxxx xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx 1963 xxxxxxxxxxxx xx x xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx 1964 xxxxxxxx-x xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx 1965 xxxxxxxx x xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx 1966 xxxxxxxxxx-xx xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx 1967 xxxxxxxxxxx xxxxx-xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx 1968 xxxxxxxxxx xxx xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx 1969 xxxxxxxx xxxxxx-xxxxxxxxxxxx-xxxxxx 1970 xxxxxxxxxx-xxxxx xx?xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx 1971 xxxxxxxxxxxxx xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx 197 2 xxxxxxx xxx xxxxxxxxxxxx-xx?xxxxxxxxxx 197 3 xxxxxx?xxxx xxxxxxxxxxxxxxx-xxxxxxxx 1974 xxxxxxxx x xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx 197 5 xxxxxxxx x?xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx 197 6 xxxxxxxxxxx x?x-xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx 1977 xxxxxx x xxxxxxxxxx-xxxxxxxxxxxx 1978 xxxxxxx-x xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx 197 9 xxxxxx xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx 1980 xxxxxxxxxxxxxx-x xxxxxxxxxx-xxxxxxxxxxxxxx 1981 xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx?x xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx 1982 xxxxxxxxxxxx xx?xx-xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx 1983 xxxx xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx 1984 xxxxxxxxxxxxx x xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx 1985 xxxxxxxx xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx 198 6 xxxxxxxxxx-x x?xxxx-x?xxxxxx?xxxxxxxxxxx 1987 xxxxxxxx xx-xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx 1988 xxxxxxxxx xxxxx 18 14 17 17 13 13 18 17 16 20 16 21 14 14 14 15 18 20 19 19 16 14 13 16 16 14 11 18 19 9 16 17 11 17 19 14 15 15 20 11 14 18 19 21 18 16 23 17 19 13 7 15 22 14 19 18 16 ? 51 1 51 3 2 CNl 1 CNl CNl 2 9 49 52 3 3 5 2 1 51 51 IN) IN) 1 4 3 6 7 CNl 9 52 5 1 CNl 4 1 51 4 CNJ 1 51 7 4 50 3 51 51 2 49 52 49 7 11 3 47 4 51 3 51 52 19 16 11 18 21 16 18 18 19 18 23 22 18 19 18 17 18 20 21 18 18 17 17 14 17 17 18 17 20 16 18 12 19 19 17 17 19 17 16 19 17 19 18 16 19 21 18 20 20 16 16 18 16 22 17 19 18 16 17 19 ? 17 10 19 18 14 16 17 17 16 21 13 21 19 15 14 13 18 20 19 19 15 15 13 13 14 14 10 18 7 18 7 18 17 13 16 20 13 14 18 18 12 14 18 16 22 19 18 23 16 19 11 5 19 22 15 19 13 18 19 32 37 40 37 33 38 35 36 37 36 38 27 34 36 38 40 36 33 30 33 36 37 36 42 38 41 41 37 41 36 39 41 35 37 36 34 37 37 37 32 42 37 32 39 32 30 36 29 32 33 43 45 39 25 39 32 37 35 35 33 NUMBER 29 15 20 43 3 16 29 WEEK OF VEAR 42 FIGURE 8.?Distributions of onset dates for dry and wet seasons on Barro Colorado Island (1929-1988). CD0 N >12"N >25 ^S >50 - Y A dFMAMddASOND FIGURE 9.?Probability for any particular day of the year of obtaining a measurable amount of rainfall (>0), an amount greater than 12.7 mm (>12), greater than 25.4 mm (>25) and greater than 50.8 mm (>50). Probabilities were calculated from 58 years of daily rainfall records for Barro Colorado Island. 16 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE EARTH SCIENCES 24 18 - fe 12 =1o X 6 - 0 12 20 28 36 WEEK OF VEAR 44 52 FIGURE 10.?Distribution of higher probabilities (>0.1 and >0.2) of obtaining rainfall within the day and across the year on Barro Colorado Island. Data were compiled from the record beginning in 1929 and ending with 1984. On Barro Colorado Island a high proportion of the rain associated with a convective storm may fall in a very few minutes within storms lasting an hour or longer (Figure 12). Between May 1983 and December 1985 there were 64 storms with rainfall totalling at least 25 mm for which we have detailed records (Table 2). The median duration of these storms was 150 minutes (range: 17-1269 min). Ten mm or more of rain fell in a single minute in 23 of these storms. The maximum rainfall in a single minute exceeded 30% of the total catch in 21 storms, 50% in 8 storms. The highest intensity was 92 mm, which fell in a single minute of a 116 mm storm, 2 July 1983. Relatively low-intensity rainfall (<2.5 mm/min) characterizes the remaining time in most storms. Although intense rainfall can occur at any time within a storm, there was a significant tendency for peak intensities to occur more commonly in the first half of the storm (41 of 64). The effects of high-intensity rainfall may be observed in overland flow ("surface runoff) TABLE 2.?Quantity (percent) of rain falling during the minutes of highest and next to highest intensity; 64 storms each totalling at least 25 mm were sampled from 1983 through 1985. Percent of storm falling in one minute 0-10 11-20 21-30 31-40 41-50 51-60 61-70 71-80 81-90 91-100 Total Number of storms One minute interval of storm receiving greatest catch of rain 32 11 0 6 7 4 1 2 0 1 64 One minute interval of storm receiving next-to-greatest catch of rain 60 3 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 64 NUMBER 29 17 . 12 - .08 - PROBAB 5 Intensity (mm/hr) <2.5 2.5-5 5-7.5 7.5-10 10-12.5 12.5 Total Dry season Jan-Apr 0.779 0.135 0.042 0.018 0.010 0.016 0.633 0.139 0.056 0.048 0.022 0.102 n 391 68 21 9 5 8 318 70 28 24 11 51 502 Early wet season May-Aug 0.701 0.202 0.063 0.021 0.009 0.005 0.500 0.130 0.065 0.058 0.039 0.208 n 1092 314 98 32 14 8 779 203 101 91 60 324 1558 Late wet season Sep-Dec 0.693 0.201 0.063 0.028 0.009 0.007 0.472 0.148 0.093 0.060 0.035 0.193 n 1202 348 110 48 15 12 819 257 161 104 60 334 1735 Total 0.708 0.192 0.060 0.023 0.009 0.007 0.505 0.140 0.076 0.058 0.035 0.187 n 2685 730 229 89 34 28 1916 530 290 219 131 709 3795 week is most likely to resemble that during the preceding week, and so on. Rand and Rand (1979) investigated the predictability of rainfall on Barro Colorado Island using modeling tech- niques. An autoregressive model was first constructed where rainfall in any week was considered a constant plus another constant times the rainfall during the previous week (lag = 1) plus another constant times the rainfall during the previous week (lag = 2), etc. Only the final three lags were useful in predicting weekly rainfall, giving an r2 of 0.41. This suggested that knowledge of rainfall from three consecutive weeks permits one to reduce uncertainty about the next week's rainfall by roughly 40%. The degree to which weekly rainfall can be predicted from preceding rainfall is interesting because this information should be available to most organisms. TEMPORAL AND SPATIAL VARIABILITY?One may ask if rainfall is more variable in any particular time of the year. The question can be further refined by asking whether there are times of greater absolute and relative variability. The standard deviation of cube root transformed weekly rainfall provides an estimate of the absolute variability. The coefficient of variation (standard deviation divided by the mean) computed for the same transformed values provides a relative estimate of variability. Absolute variability graphed through the year in Figure 13 is level through both wet and dry seasons with two small peaks occurring during the seasonal transitions (weeks 14-18 and 45-52). Relative rainfall variability, however, climbs throughout the dry season with highest values occurring in weeks 12-14. The long term meteorological records collected at many sites across the isthmus by the Panama Canal Company reveal that average annual rainfall increases rapidly and consistently as one moves north across the Isthmus of Panama. Rainfall on the Pacific coast averages roughly 1700 mm per year and increases to over 4000 mm per year on the Caribbean coast near Portobelo-an increase of roughly 35 mm per year per km (Figure 5a). The long-term average from Barro Colorado Island fits close to the regression line. From these observations, one can calculate that rainfall ought to be roughly 100 mm higher on the north side of Barro Colorado Island. The catch of rainfall on different sides of Barro Colorado Island has been examined (Rand and Rand, 1982). Rainfall in seven collectors placed around Barro Colorado Island (Figure 1) was read at two week intervals over a four-year period. The results (Table 5) suggest that annual rainfall does not vary greatly across Barro Colorado TABLE 4.?Partial autocorrelation coefficients calculated for Barro Colorado Island rainfall record divided into intervals (lags) of differing length ("n" = number of elements in each time series). Lag 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 n Day 0.561 0.270 0.202 0.177 0.164 0.104 0.116 0.060 0.073 0.072 0.064 0.065 0.031 0.046 0.036 4096 Week 0.589 0.247 0.159 0.069 -0.007 -0.004 -0.027 -0.075 -0.050 -0.079 -0.015 -0.047 -0.052 -0.045 -0.040 2808 Month 0.421 -0.086 -0.144 -0.150 -0.127 -0.089 -0.252 -0.206 -0.060 0.044 0.263 0.346 0.020 -0.035 -0.099 720 Year -0.160 0.019 -0.163 0.017 -0.172 0.044 0.009 -0.141 -0.074 -0.070 0.229 -0.159 -0.268 -0.167 -0.048 61 20 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE EARTH SCIENCES e V-/ c CO 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 11 21 31 41 51 Week of Year FIGURE 13.?Average (line), standard deviation (dots) and coefficient of variation (dashes) of cube root transformed values of weekly rainfall on Barro Colorado Island. Island. When consecutive readings from all gauges are compared by simple correlation, correlation coefficients for each pair of gauges were found to range from 0.83 to 0.96 in 1972, 0.55 to 0.98 in 1974 and 0.70 to 0.95 in 1975. However, readings from particular weeks often varied considerably between sites presumably reflecting actual differences in the intensities of particular storms at different points on the island. The greatest difference that can be seen in seasonal totals between these gauges occurred in the wet season of 1975 when a total of 2409 mm was logged for site J, while only 1986 mm was logged at station L on the opposite side of the island. Of the eight estimates of rainfall (4 dry seasons and 4 wet seasons), the northern gauges (I,N,O,J) averaged slightly higher in seven instances (2-sided binomial probability, TABLE 5.?Rainfall accumulations (mm) in six collectors located around perimeter of Barro Colorado Island (J-O) and collector located in laboratory clearing (I). (Collector identification corresponds with those used in Figure 1.) Collector location North side I N O J Average South side K L M Average 1972 22.0 23.5 23.1 19.9 22.1 20.3 19.7 23.1 21.0 Dry season 1973 7.8 3.9 8.7 9.6 7.5 5.5 6.4 6.4 6.1 1974 6.4 3.0 4.1 4.7 4.6 4.1 5.0 3.8 4.3 1975 6.4 6.2 5.0 5.4 5.8 5.5 5.5 5.1 5.4 1972 204.7 191.4 172.8 190.7 189.9 200.3 181.8 165.0 182.4 Wet season 1973 243.5 - 231.0 246.2 240.2 - 222.0 241.8 231.9 1974 218.0 192.9 192.0 194.0 199.2 200.8 181.6 183.4 188.6 1975 244.7 240.9 206.1 211.1 225.7 213.3 198.6 222.5 211.5 NUMBER 29 21 p = 0.07). Annual totals for the four gauges on the north side average approximately 60 mm more than the south side gauges (M.L.K). Thus, although these data do not show a significant difference between the north and south sides of the island, they vary in a pattern consistant with the north to south gradient known to exist across the isthmus. Additionally, although the north side of the island may receive slightly more rainfall, it is also the side of the island more exposed to dry season winds and thus potentially under greater stress during the dry season. THE EL NINO CONNECTION.?The El Nifio is a warm south-flowing surface current that appears off the coast of Ecuador and Peru in December of most years. In some years, the current is far stronger than in others and is associated with a lack of ocean upwelling, a decline in the fisheries industries, and heavy rains in normally dry areas of the Peruvian and Ecuadorian coast. Only these stronger events are now referred to as El Nino. It is now established that El Nino events are not just a regional phenomenon but are part of an atmospheric circulation pattern extending across the entire Pacific basin. Atmospheric pressure conditions in the western and eastern Pacific tend to cycle in opposite directions over time ("Southern Oscillation") (Rasmussen and Hall, 1983). The El Nifio of 1982-1983, perhaps the strongest such event of this century, brought devastating drought to the rain forests of eastern Borneo (Leighton and Wirawan, 1986) and Malaysia (Ashton et al., 1988), overheating and death to the Pacific coast of Panama" (Glynn, 1984), devastating storms and shortage of nutrients to the kelp beds of southern California (Zimmerman and Robertson, 1985; Dayton and Tegner, 1984), and uncommonly high tides to the shores of the Pacific northwest (Paine, 1986). This devastating event sparked much interest in the El Nifio Southern Oscillation (Rasmussen, 1985; Rasmussen and Wallace, 1983), and previous occurrences of El Nifio were found to coincide significantly with previous periods of drought in the rain forests of eastern Borneo and eastern Peninsular Malaysia (but not on the western sides) (Ashton et al., 1988). The appearance of El Nifio in the eastern Pacific near Panama* coincided with the early termination of that year's wet season on Barro Colorado Island, and a dry season of uncommon ferocity. S.P. Hubbell (pers. comm.) found mortality rates for old-forest tree species calculated after the 1982-1983 El Nifio event averaged 3% per year, considerably higher than the 1% per year Putz and Milton (1982) reported for the same forest during an earlier period. Flowering and fruit production were greatly reduced or eliminated in most tree species whose phenologies were being observed by the Environmental Sciences Program on Barro Colorado Island. The wettest year of the century on the Isthmus of Panama" appears to have been 1981. Four and one-half meters of rain fell during the wet season on Barro Colorado Island. This period of extreme raininess came to a close only six months before the onset of the 1982-1983 El Nino. Were these independent climatic events or do years of heavier rainfall often tend to precede El Nifio years in Panama"? A history of El Nifio events in the Pacific along with their relative intensities has been published by Quinn et al. (1978). These values (a five point scale, 0-4) for each year since 1842 were cross correlated with annual rainfall totals (detrended) from the six Panamanian stations with longest records (Colon, Monte Lirio, BCI, Gamboa, Pedro Miguel, and Balboa). This type of analysis allows one to examine the correlation, if any, between rainfall either one, two, or more years (lag) before or after El Nifio events. The results in Figure 14 indicate that none of the many correlations generated had coefficients exceeding r = 0.35. Nevertheless, each station generated at least one or two significant correlations within lags of -7 to +7 years. In particular, significant correlations occur at lags of -1 (3 occurrences), 0 (5 occurrences) and +4 (2 occurrences). Additionally, the pattern of correlations among sites is strikingly similar. Two particular correlations are noteworthy. Firstly, the strong positive correlation at a lag of -1 suggests that Panamanian rainfall in one year tends to be positively correlated with the El Nifio index the following year. Thus, especially heavy rains tend to fall in Panama* the year before a strong El Nifio develops. This relationship is different than that observed in Peru and Ecuador, where heavy rainfall tends to accompany strong El Nino currents. Secondly, the strong negative correlation between rainfall and the El Nifio index at a lag of zero suggests that rainfall during El Nifio years in Panama is usually lower than normal. Thus, annual rainfall tends to shift from higher than normal to lower than normal before and during the expression of an El Nifio in Panama". Overall, cross correlation indicates a linkage may exist between Panamanian rainfall and the El Nifio-Southern Oscillation and suggests some degree of temporal predictability may exist in rainfall among years. Hurricanes and tropical depressions appear to have had little direct influence on rainfall in Panama" as the tracks of major storms are all well to the north and east during this century. The recent passage of Hurricane Joan (October 1988) along a path at one point only a few hundred miles north of central Panama, suggests that major cyclonic events are not to be discounted entirely. TEMPERATURE Appendix Tables Bl-Bll Shaded air temperature has been measured since 1971 on Barro Colorado Island in the lab clearing and 100 m away in the forest near the Lutz weir at a height of approximately 1.5 m by Taylor max-min thermometers (Taylor Instruments, Arden, North Carolina). Thermometers were checked against other thermometers of similar manufacture at irregular intervals to assure calibration. Thermometer assemblies were initially suspended from metal posts with a sheet of copper metal providing shade; in 1980 they were moved to wooden, louvered 22 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE EARTH SCIENCES . 4 ,2 0 -, 2 -, 4 -7 -5 -3 -1 7 LAG FIGURE 14.?Correlation coefficients generated by the cross correlation of El Nino index and annual rainfall records offset ("lagged") by -7 to +7 years. Six longest annual rainfall records from the isthmus were cross correlated against El Nino index, producing the six curves. instrument shelters. Smaller wooden instrument shelters were used between 1981 and 1984 to house thermometers at the base (1 m), in the middle (20 m), and at the top (40 m) of the Lutz tower. Later, all but the max-min thermometer in the clearing were replaced by Omnidata DP212 datapod recorders and sensors. These recorders sampled temperature six times per hour, computed an average hourly temperature and stored this average in an EPROM memory chip. Data were removed and cleared at intervals not exceeding 42 days. The general pattern of average monthly temperature change through the year is summarized in Figure 15. Clearing maximum temperatures reach their lowest average (30.6?C) in November and climb steadily over the dry season to their highest average (32.3?C) during April (mean of monthly means from 17 years). Clearing minimum temperatures reach their lowest average (22.8?C) in October and climb steadily over the dry season to their highest average (23.6?C) in May. Thus, the range of mean maximum temperatures through the year is roughly twice that of mean minimum temperatures. While maximum temperatures peak in the late dry season, minimum temperatures peak in the first three months of the wet season. Temperature records from Barro Colorado Island since 1971 suggest that temperatures are trending upwards (Figure 16). Lab clearing minimum temperatures display the clearest increase while maximum temperatures are approximately level. Forest records also display an upward trend; however, the series is shorter than from the clearing (due to change to different sensors). The warming during the three El Nino events is evident and the effect of the severest of these in 1982-1983 on the series accentuates the upward trend. At the least, these data suggest that temperature records from other stations in Panama" should be examined for longer term trends. Cleveland's LOWESS algorithm was used to smooth the long series of individual maximum and minimum temperture readings (detrended) from the clearing and forest (Figure 17). This procedure produced a moving average even though data were unequally spaced along the abscissa (Wilkinson, 1986). Unequal spacing resulted from days when no readings were taken?especially on weekends. The F parameter, the approxi- mate fraction of all points used in computation of each value, was set at 0.005 so that finer detail in the time series was NUMBER 29 23 preserved. The two periods of highest maximum lab clearing temperatures in the series occurred in the dry seasons of 1973 and 1983. The two periods of highest maximum forest temperatures occurred in the dry seasons of 1977 and 1983. Minimum temperatures from clearing and forest were similar over much of the series. Both curves indicate the dry seasons of 1977 and 1983 produced the warmest minimum tempera- tures in the series. Thus the three warmer-than-usual years on BCI in the past 16 years coincided with and were almost certainly produced by the three El Nifio events: 1972-1973, 1976-1977, 1982-1983. Maximum temperatures run one to four degrees C warmer in the clearing than in the forest understory over much of the record. Clearing and forest temperature maxima are closest during the dry season of some years, perhaps during periods of canopy deciduousness. Minimum temperatures, on the other hand, do not appear to vary consistently between forest understory and lab clearing over the series, with the exception of 1980, when understory minimum temperatures averaged roughly one-half degree higher than lab clearing minimum temperatures. The deep drop in forest minimum temperatures during the last three months of 1978 and first few months of 1979 are notable. A similar but less severe cool period occurred during the 1975-1976 dry season. Maximum and minimum temperatures were recorded at heights of 1, 20, and 40 m above the forest floor for slightly more than two years on the Lutz tower. Maximum temperatures at 40 m are roughly the same as those measured in the clearing at 1.5 m (Figure 18). The lowest maximum temperatures come from 1.5 m and intermediate temperatures from the intermedi- ate height. Maximum temperatures at the above canopy station average roughly 2?C more than readings near the forest floor. Minimum temperatures occur in an opposite pattern. Minimum temperatures are lowest at 40 m, intermediate at 20 m and highest just above the forest floor. Thus, sometime between the times minimum and maximum temperatures normally occur (0500 and 1300 hrs) the temperature structure of the forest air reverses. A similar temperature inversion in a Thailand forest disappeared at sunrise (Pinker, 1980). RELATIVE HUMIDITY Appendix Tables C1-C9 Atmospheric humidity has been measured using the traditional methods of wet- and dry-bulb psychrometry. A hand-held psychrometer has been used to estimate dry- and wet-bulb temperatures at midday in the lab-clearing and at 1 m in the forest from mid-1971 until the end of 1981 and from early 1986 onward. Wet- and dry-bulb temperatures were recorded automatically from 1983 through 1986. At each station (clearing, forest 1 m, and forest 40 m) Omnidata datapod (DP 212), 2-channel recorders were used to record average hourly temperature of continuously aspirated dry and wet temperature sensors. "Muffin fans" of the type used to circulate air in microcomputers were used to draw air through a 2 cm PVC tube and past the dry and wet temperature sensors. Distilled water was delivered to a cotton wick covering the wet sensor using a modified hospital "intravenous feeder." Relative humidity was later determined by computer using "look-up" values from a standard psychrometric table. Strong seasonal cycles in relative humidity are evident in the monthly averages recorded in both clearing and forest (Figure 19). Wet season relative humidity readings averaged between 90% and 95% in the forest understory and 80%-85% in the lab clearing. Dry season relative humidity averaged 70%-80% in the forest understory and 62%-72% in the lab clearing. Thus, throughout the year, relative humidity in the forest understory is roughly 10% higher than in the lab clearing (Figure 20). Vertical differences in relative humidity within the forest are evident in a study of midday meteorological conditions on the Lutz tower at heights of 1, 13, 26, and 40 m between August 1977 and July 1979 (Figure 21). Average, monthly, midday, relative humidity in this period was roughly 10% to 15% higher near the forest floor than above the canopy. Readings at the two intermediate heights were barely distinquishable from one another but were clearly intermediate to the stations above and below them. The relationship of these measurements to ones recorded in the lab clearing are shown in Figure 22. It appears that during months when relative humidity is high on Barro Colorado Island, relative humidity at 40 m on the tower is 5% to 10% lower than in the clearing. During periods when relative humdity is lower, clearing and above-canopy readings are very nearly the same. Subcanopy stations appear to give consistently higher readings than registered in the clearing, readings that increase as stations are nearer the forest floor. AIR MOVEMENT Appendix Tables D1-D5 Hourly wind speed and wind direction have been recorded on Barro Colorado Island using a number of different instruments. The majority of measurements used in creating a longterm record come from two mechanical, chart-recording anemometers (MRI Mechanical Weather Station model 1072, Meteorological Research Inc., Altadena, California). The first of these was installed on the roof of Chapman House in the lab clearing in 1971 where it functioned satisfactorily until June 1978. A new instrument of the same design and manufacture was installed in January 1979 atop Lutz tower. An Omnidata DP214 anemometer station was installed in 1983 when problems developed with the second MRI unit. The Omnidata instrument was less reliable than the former instrument and was discontinued in August 1987. The repaired second MRI unit was reinstalled in January 1988 and continues in service. Attempts are underway to obtain a fully automated digital 24 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE EARTH SCIENCES U I 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 JFMAMddASOND FIGURE 15.?Average (?1 standard deviation) monthly values of (a) maximum temperature in the clearing, (b) minimum temperature in the clearing, (c) midday relative humidity in the clearing and forest (dashed line), (d) daily solar radiation on Barro Colorado Island compared to Galeta Point and Chiva-chiva, (e) daily windspeed at canopy level, and (J) rainfall in the clearing. NUMBER 29 25 _c * 4 3 9 7 ? 5 500 400 300 200 ? 100 ? 0 BCI --- GALETA - CHIUA-CHIUA H 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 h H 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1- rh rh dFMAMddASOND 26 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE EARTH SCIENCES 35 CO CO _l LLJO 30 20 './ 1971 1972 1973 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978 35 CO COI LUo 30 25 20 : ' v, ?". ft.' / WV/v vv'' / H 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 FIGURE 16.?Smoothed daily maximum and minimum temperatures in the lab clearing (solid line) and forest understory near the Lutz weir (dashed line), 1971-1986. Each time series was detrended before plotting. record of windspeed and direction using other sensors and data loggers. A totalizing anemometer was placed in the lab clearing next to the evaporation pan (height of 0.2 m) in April 1983 and daily windrun was recorded from it until December 1987. Spot readings of wind velocity at midday were taken at four elevations on the Lutz tower between July 1978 and August 1979 using a Thermonetics Series 102 hot wire anemometer (Thermonetics Corp., San Diego, California) (Figure 21a). The average daily wind velocities on Barro Colorado Island and at Galeta Point Marine Laboratory (also an MRI anemometer, Cubit et al., 1988) on the Caribbean coast are compared in Figure 23. Assuming the instruments had roughly similar frictional characteristics, data indicate peak dry season winds on Barro Colorado Island are roughly a third as strong as those along the Caribbean coast. Air movement during the wet season on Barro Colorado Island is roughly 1/3 to 1/z of that registered on the Caribbean coast. Spot midday measurements of windspeed using a hotwire anemometer at four levels on the Lutz tower between August NUMBER 29 27 i? ft:LU a. 15 - 0 - 15 - 0 - 15 - 0 -, . 1981-1983 _ FOREST ? - ? i .... i A / J ? ? ? a 40M 20M - ?i 1M 20 ^ 10 LLJ cn 0 UJ Q_ 20 10 0 1971-1983 _ FOREST JIL . _ CLEARING rui I 15 20 25 30 35 40 DAILY MIN-MAX TEMPERATURES FIGURE 17.?Comparison of daily minimum and maximum temperatures recorded (a) near forest floor, mid-level, and above canopy-level, and (b) between lab clearing and forest at 1 m. o CD LLJ Q 2, 5 1 . 5 . 5 -, 5 -1 . 5 i i I i i r C-I1IN C-MAX F-MIN F-MAX 1971 1975 1979 1983 1987 FIGURE 18.?Departures from long-term averages of annual average minimum and maximum temperatures recorded in lab clearing and forest at height of 1.5 m. LU _i LU 95 85 75 G5 55 CLEARING-1M 1972 1975 1978 1981 FIGURE 19.?Average of monthly, midday, relative humidity in clearing and forest understory from late 1971 through mid-1981. NUMBER 29 29 CO LU o LL 100 90 80 cc 70 60 60 65 70 75 80 85 90 95 100 '/. RH - CLEARING-1M FIGURE 20.?Midday relative humidity above forest floor compared to clearing values taken at same time. 1977 and July 1978 reveal the large differences in windspeed within and above the forest (Figure 12c). Subcanopy wind- speeds increase over the entire dry season while above-canopy windspeed reaches a maximum in January. Subcanopy windspeeds would have to be monitored during other dry seasons, and at other sites on Barro Colorado Island, to know how general this pattern is. Daily wind vectors, indicators of both direction and velocity, have been plotted in Figure 24 for the years 1981 through 1984. These data demonstrate the drop in wind velocity (length of each vector) that occurs as the wet season commences at about day 120 of each year. They also show the early start of the trade winds in November 1982 accompanying the onset of the El Nino event that persisted until mid-1983. SOLAR RADIATION Appendix Tables E1-E3 Global shortwave radiation has been measured on Barro Colorado Island atop a 27 m tower (Feb 1973-Jul 1975) and the 40 m Lutz tower (May 1977-Jan 1982) by the Radiation Biology Lab using Eppley pyrranometers. Because of lightning strikes and equipment failures there are many gaps in this record. Since March 1983 incoming solar radiation has been measured with a Li-Cor LI200SB pyrranometer (Li-Cor, Inc., Lincoln, Nebraska) (400-1100 nm) attached to an Omnidata DP211 datapod at the top of the Lutz tower. The datapod records hourly the average output (mv) sensed at 10-minute intervals. Sensor output was factory calibrated to give an output of 5 mv/La (= 1.0 cal/cm2/min or 11.622 Wh/m2). Sensors were replaced with new or recalibrated sensors yearly. A Li-Cor 190SB, quantum sensor (400-700 nm wave band), was installed July 1985 to provide a measure of photosynthetically active radiation ("PAR") alongside the pyrranometer atop the Lutz tower. Alan Smith has installed additional pyrranometer and PAR sensors under "shadow bands" to estimate diffuse and direct components of global radiation. These measure- ments are not included in this report. A "sunburn meter" has been maintained on the Lutz tower as a service to the Center for Photobiology, Temple University, since 1979. This meter produces an electric current propor- tional to intensity in short ultraviolet (UV) wavelengths, integrates the current until a preset dose is obtained, then stores the count and resets the integrator. A count of 400 represents the amount of UV producing slight reddening of untanned white skin. A count of 1000 in 30 min equals the maximum anticipated UV expected on a clear day with sun directly overhead. Shortwave radiation and UV values are often tightly correlated. Regression of shortwave values on UV values can be useful in reconstructing daily solar radiation or checking to see if values are within range. Global radiation (400-1100 nm) on Barro Colorado Island climbs steeply during the dry season, reaching a monthly maximum of 5.7 KWh/m2 in March (Table 6). Wet season 30 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE EARTH SCIENCES X)(D (D a CO O 4? D ? a E ?> 4- o 5 4 3 2 1 0 31 30 29 28 27 26 100 90 80 70 60 f- i i r a b ? i i i i?h i i i i i i ic . 1 ? ? i j i i i i i i 1977 1978 1979 FIGURE 21.?Average monthly values of (a) midday instantaneous windspeed, (Jb) shaded air temperature, and (c) relative humidity measured on the Lutz tower at 1, 13, 26, and 40 m above forest floor between September 1977 and July 1979. NUMBER 29 31 CO CD 3 X (D 100 90 80 70 60 i i i i i i i i i i i I i i 1m ? B B i 9i nn i 11 ^* D a a a So p ?^cP a n a a? a a ? i ? c- a n oRa Ba ? P _? D - a - t i 012345678 SOLAR RADIATION CKW/M2) b aa a at BO a ?ooi D? a|D J?D an aja a as a a a a a a ? _i t i_ 22 26 30 34 38 MAXIMUM WATER TEMP. ( C) c? * a* %. o cpOaMfaOja aa o ?amaf a* a n ?a ? ?oa o jO O ? a S JD ?p V 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 WINDRUN CKM/DY) FIGURE 31.?Pan evaporation rate versus (a) maximum air temperature, (b) maximum water temperature, (c) solar radiation, and (d) windrun. NUMBER 29 47 was only 46.9% of rainfall. Other years fell within these extremes generating a positive linear relationship between annual quantities of rainfall and runoff (n = 14, p<0.01, r2 = 0.95) and between rainfall and evapotranspiration (n = 14, p<0.01, r2 = 0.48) (Figure 34). As above, the soil moisture term was small, however, neglecting the term altogether leads to a poorer regression of evapotranspiration on rainfall (n = 14, p<0.02, r2 = 0.40). In absolute terms, years of higher rainfall are years of greater runoff; however, the relationship is less than one to one because evapotranspiration also is greater. Generally, an increase in annual rainfall of 500 mm leads to a 400 mm increase in runoff and a 100 mm increase in evapotranspiration. Evaporation measured with a Class-A pan in the laboratory clearing produced values considerably lower than the eva- potranspiration values obtained above by the moisture budget. Evapotranspiration over the 30 month pan evaporation study summed to 4576 mm, pan evaporation 3298 mm. While pan evaporation rates were routinely one-half of actual eva- potranspiration values during wet season months they were considerably higher than actual evapotranspiration during dry season months in the Lutz catchment. Thus, on an annual basis pan evaporation was only 70% of actual evapotranspiration. Pan evaporation rates are probably only useful as an index of forest evapotranspiration if (1) values are summed over intervals of at least one year and (2) if a correction factor is determined. A suitable factor to correct annual evaporation on Barro Colorado Island is roughly 1.4. How do the estimates of evapotranspiration from Barro Colorado Island compare to those from other studies? Table 11 summarizes evapotranspiration estimates from catchments in both the north-temperate and low latitudes. Evapotranspira- tion is highest for the Maryland and Florida catchments with low slope and high rainfall, lowest for the forested mountain- ous catchments at Hubbard Brook, Walker Branch, and Coweeta. Both rainfall and evapotranspiration are generally higher in the tropics. However, estimates of evapotranspiration rates in the Amazon basin vary considerably between studies. Two separate Brazilian studies (Leopoldo et al., 1982; Franken and Leopoldo, 1984) report evapotranspiration as 65% and 81% of annual precipitation (roughly 2000 mm). Other methods of estimating evapotranspiration (vapor flux, isotope ratios, energy budgets) reviewed by Salati and Marques (1984) suggest evapotranspiration over the entire Amazon basin may be closer to 50% of average annual precipitation. Shuttleworth (1988), using an energy budget approach to calculate transpiration and measurements of interception, estimated that 50% of rainfall was returned as vapor from Brazilian forest during two years (two year rainfall was 5454 mm). Jordan and Heuveldop (1981), working on the northern edge of the Amazon basin at San Carlos de Rio Negro, Venezuela, estimated evapotranspiration by tritium dilution, pan evapora- tion, and an energy budget model as 59%, 48%, and 44% of average annual precipitation (3664 mm). The middle estimate was accepted and has been the one usually cited. Thus, there is still a relatively broad range of estimates of evapotranspira- tion (45%-81% of annual rainfall) for the Amazon basin. Evapotranspiration has been calculated in several short studies on hydrological conditions in Panamanian forests. The earliest (McGinnis et al., 1968), conducted during wet season months in the Darien Province, reported that roughly 67% of rainfall (1768 mm in 221 days) returned as either evaporation or transpiration. Read (1977, 1979) constructed a moisture budget for the forest on Isla de Maje" based on a two year record of rainfall and canopy interception. Evapotranspiration was indirectly estimated as 70% of annual rainfall. Estimates of evapotranspiration considerably lower than those for Barro Colorado Island were obtained during a 4-year study conducted by the Panama Canal Commission on the Rio Agua Salud, a mainland catchment roughly 9 km east of Barro Colorado Island (Table 11). Results from a collection of hydrological studies in both temperate and tropical latitudes indicate a loose (r2 = 0.56) among-site relationship between average annual evapotranspiration and precipitation (Figure 35). The average value from Barro Colorado Island appears to lie comfortably close to the principal axis through the data. Clearly, there are many other variables affecting this relationship that are ignored. Nevertheless, from a diverse collection of studies, some much more thorough than others, evapotranspiration appears to fall between 50 and 60 percent of rainfall in average years. 48 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE EARTH SCIENCES CJ GOO X 1_J CEU QX PERCEf DEG F 400 200 0 95 90 85 80 75 200 150 100 50 SOLAR RADIATION WIND SPEED RH TEMP PET: THORNTHUAITEPENMAN PAN 72 73 74 75 7G 77 78 79 FIGURE 32.?Monthly values of (a) solar radiation and windspeed, and (b) relative humidity and temperature used to calculate (c) potential evapotranspiration using the Penman method. Observed rates of pan evaporation and Thomthwaite estimates of PET are also included in latter panel. NUMBER 29 49 'I I a 25.3. 80 81 82 83 84 85 8G 87 50 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE EARTH SCIENCES 40 30 a ixl ?3 20 aLU 0*u- 10 0 40 30 oz zi 20a LUor u- 10 ?PENMAN TH0RNTHUA1TE 100 ru- I ? ? 200 300 MM PER MONTH FIGURE 33.?Comparison of observed measurements of pan evaporation and actual evapotranspiration rates by month with calculated rates of potential evapotranspiration using Penman and Thornthwaite methods. NUMBER 29 51 TABLE 10.?Moisture budget for the Lutz catchment (units are mm rainfall equivalents; soil storage for first two years assumed to be zero). Hydro- logic year 1973 1974 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 Avg Sd Cv Rain 2529 2570 1890 2698 2093 2901 2620 4165 1824 2849 2646 2273 2232 2927 2587 556 22 Runoff 1161 868 271 1176 705 1074 842 2260 346 870 1079 700 540 1121 929 464 50 % Runoff 45.9 33.8 15.8 43.9 32.9 37.7 33.7 53.1 15.9 32.8 39.4 30.3 24.8 38.3 34.2 10.1 29.5 Soil storage _ - 28 9 -16 21 42 -49 -56 64 -36 -12 14 19 2 35 1479 Rain- runoff- storage 1368 1702 1591 1514 1404 1807 1737 1953 1534 1916 1603 1584 1679 1787 1656 169 10 %Rain- runoff- storage 54.1 66.2 84.2 56.1 67.1 62.3 66.3 46.9 84.1 67.2 60.6 69.7 75.2 61.0 65.8 10.1 15.4 250 0 i 2000 o 1500 z 1000 - MM FIGURE 34.?Annual quantities of moisture leaving the Lutz catchment as evapotranspiration and runoff in relation to quantities of moisture entering the catchment as rainfall. 52 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE EARTH SCIENCES TABLE 11.?Partial listing of annual water balance relationships for catchments in North and South America and Asia (P = precipitation; R = runoff in mm equivalents). Location Hubbard Brook, NH Chesapeake, MD Var. rivers, MD Mahantango Creek, PA Walker Branch, TN Coweeta, SC Tallahassee, FL BCI, Panama Agua Salud, Panama Bayano, Panama Darien, Panama San Carlos, Venez. Manaus, Brazil Canton, China Hong Kong, China Sungai Gombak, Malay Selangor, Malay. catch- ments 6 7 11 1 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Yrs 5 3 35 ? 6 30 2 13 4 2 <1 2 2 1 1 1 1 Avg. P 1222 1140 1090 1068 1510 1813 2540 2561 2572 2010 1768 3664 2293 1720 2128 2500 2702 Avg. R 718 285 383 427 861 955 312 915 1472 510 707 1759 635 569 907 750 1726 %R 58.8 25.0 35.1 40.0 57.0 52.7 12.3 35.7 57.2 25.4 40.0 48.0 27.0 33.1 42.6 30.0 63.9 P-R 504 855 707 641 649 858 2228 1645 1100 1500 1061 1905 1659 1151 1221 1750 976 %P-R 41.2 75.0 64.9 60.0 43.0 47.3 87.7 64.2 42.8 74.6 60.0 52.0 73.1 66.9 57.4 70.0 36.1 Reference Likens et al., 1970 Chirlin et al., 1977 Chirlin et al., 1977 Gburek, 1977 Henderson et al., 1977 Swift et al., 1987 Turner et al., 1977 this report unpublished data, PCC Read, 1977 McGinnisetal., 1968 Jordan and Heuveldop, 1981 Franken and Leopoldo, 1984 Lock wood, 1976 Lock wood, 1976 Lockwood, 1976 Lockwood, 1976 2400 2000 z: 1600 1 1200 cr a. 800 400 0 . V=144+. . P=.75, - ? ? ? 54X p<.001 A y A A y A Ay A A A / "A A A A - A - 0 1000 2000 3000 4000 PRECIPITATION - MM FIGURE 35.?Correlation existing between precipitation and evapotranspiration obtained from eighteen hydrological studies. Appendix A: Rainfall TABLE Al.?Daily rainfall (mm) on Barro Colorado Island recorded at 900 hrs by the ESP, 1971-1989. 1971 Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec 1972 Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 Total 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 8 8 0 2 0 0 0 4 0 0 5 25 112 76 18 94 3 50 23 3 0 60 5 17 22 22 56 1 0 0 2 0 3 2 2 0 17 2 2 2 0 0 27 0 1 2 7 3 15 0 6 1 2 10 4 0 9 11 1 13 0 23 0 8 3 4 22 12 11 25 1 20 1 16 5 1 0 1 13 38 2 3 0 9 1 21 6 7 14 0 40 1 6 5 1 0 10 11 0 14 12 46 4 5 5 1 3 9 2 2 0 30 2 0 0 0 1 30 20 12 0 0 8 19 3 54 4 4 4 10 12 4 0 76 2 0 17 5 0 0 4 3 30 0 4 5 3 10 3 0 48 0 2 18 5 3 3 0 4 0 84 0 3 0 0 0 4 5 15 7 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 7 1 0 0 3 0 0 15 5 0 10 7 1 12 28 17 10 19 5 13 23 6 29 10 12 0 0 10 3 9 32 0 16 0 0 7 0 5 22 34 0 0 3 8 0 0 0 14 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 8 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 0 3 4 8 25 17 14 30 30 0 0 0 5 0 3 0 9 15 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 0 3 0 0 0 0 1 2 20 1 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 12 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 6 0 0 2 2 0 0 5 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 29 1 0 0 0 0 0 11 9 3 28 8 7 15 7 2 1 0 3 1 15 4 1 4 1 0 26 1 0 16 6 0 0 0 43 0 0 0 0 0 27 14 0 0 0 0 7 9 44 7 0 1 5 17 19 51 1 1 1 18 0 12 51 3 4 0 0 0 0 0 81 2 0 6 0 2 8 1 0 0 5 0 3 18 0 0 0 12 3 0 0 3 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 48 14 0 0 14 0 1 6 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 4 0 0 18 2 33 1 0 6 1 7 1 3 24 0 39 33 47 1 13 0 5 15 0 22 9 0 0 2 1 3 10 28 10 6 10 20 72 9 0 0 11 19 0 1 28 1 5 8 39 0 16 0 43 19 28 24 3 38 0 0 4 2 10 12 3 0 0 0 7 10 0 2 8 19 4 3 35 0 14 44 1 17 4 4 25 9 0 14 0 1 0 0 5 16 16 29 4 0 0 0 3 0 1 0 0 34 0 1 8 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 11 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 57 74 27 0 11 2 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 20 621 178 280 294 270 168 324 31 Total 163 41 17 127 228 287 126 237 346 348 177 185 1973 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 Jan 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 14 0 21 5 1 4 1 0 0 8 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Feb 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 8 0 0 0 6 0 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Mar 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Apr 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 1 3 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 11 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 May 6 7 6 0 0 1 23 37 9 0 0 0 0 0 8 3 0 14 13 0 0 0 4 0 39 4 38 6 21 34 1 Jun 0 0 0 0 25 2 23 2 16 2 4 116 0 0 0 14 11 2 14 0 3 9 9 0 10 12 3 0 30 12 0 Jul 3 0 30 5 8 2 0 0 1 1 25 0 5 8 36 9 2 14 20 25 0 0 11 3 1 1 2 4 12 0 4 Aug 4 35 4 1 6 38 7 0 5 19 55 0 7 36 11 2 10 0 8 1 0 1 1 2 65 3 36 3 0 0 0 Sep 78 1 0 0 6 11 7 3 0 2 5 1 0 29 3 18 1 1 1 11 0 2 0 0 128 0 0 0 34 0 0 Oct 2 8 10 0 0 18 16 0 2 2 0 0 99 0 0 0 0 20 0 15 23 0 0 0 3 6 6 5 0 17 10 Nov 0 33 3 0 0 0 29 5 10 6 13 85 38 18 28 80 102 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 78 15 21 10 0 0 Dec 0 6 0 0 0 0 1 2 6 14 10 1 0 0 0 0 6 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1974 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 Jan 4 4 1 0 3 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Feb 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 5 4 0 0 0 Mar 5 0 34 0 1 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 Apr 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 0 3 0 0 0 0 4 0 0 0 May 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 8 0 0 0 1 2 0 0 18 6 0 0 0 0 32 3 20 2 0 0 6 37 Jun 3 0 0 6 0 0 0 0 3 18 42 27 8 11 0 0 0 64 51 18 0 0 10 10 0 2 17 5 13 0 0 Jul 0 18 21 1 0 0 0 2 0 4 1 9 0 10 8 22 1 123 9 0 0 20 3 10 1 3 3 0 46 1 39 Aug 8 0 5 25 18 43 11 1 0 44 0 2 2 0 0 0 0 0 3 20 0 44 3 0 0 1 19 1 14 15 3 Sep 3 0 0 1 0 0 27 0 0 1 100 1 66 30 30 33 5 47 0 5 5 3 0 0 0 2 25 10 25 41 0 Oct 1 4 0 14 14 0 28 1 19 50 22 4 46 57 10 0 1 0 30 0 8 39 4 78 21 8 5 50 14 1 15 Nov 8 3 19 13 0 1 3 30 8 3 4 4 10 1 31 44 0 34 2 4 41 21 37 6 22 3 1 8 39 18 0 Dec 44 79 7 0 1 0 8 22 3 0 3 0 0 0 4 4 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Total 55 18 3 19 274 319 231 358 341 261 577 45 Total 15 17 45 14 136 310 353 283 460 544 418 176 54 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE EARTH SCIENCES TABLE Al.?Continued. 1975 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 Total Jan 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 5 Feb 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 2 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 8 13 Mar 5 0 0 12 1 23 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 43 Apr 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 43 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 9 0 0 0 0 0 53 May 0 48 21 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 31 5 3 14 0 9 42 43 0 0 8 0 20 14 0 28 33 0 4 325 Jun 4 0 0 2 16 0 0 71 0 3 0 0 6 15 2 3 0 0 1 5 14 4 16 17 3 0 10 25 13 8 239 Jul 2 18 6 20 26 0 0 10 0 7 0 10 2 0 12 0 1 0 8 66 0 1 11 1 5 24 22 1 3 3 4 263 Aug 6 12 0 6 7 41 22 28 0 0 1 2 30 6 2 0 9 0 10 6 32 0 58 12 32 2 0 6 7 0 0 337 Sep 0 0 1 0 10 0 72 9 1 10 0 2 0 0 90 2 0 2 9 9 0 0 0 6 18 3 5 35 5 48 337 Oct 0 13 24 0 25 4 2 1 34 3 20 10 66 30 23 0 10 15 3 28 14 8 8 15 25 5 21 6 1 18 4 437 Nov 9 35 3 0 7 9 1 6 3 13 4 7 0 30 52 60 8 53 19 0 0 4 20 5 29 1 0 2 9 2 395 Dec 6 4 1 22 4 43 56 3 38 50 25 61 3 5 0 13 0 5 4 8 38 60 4 3 0 4 5 19 1 0 2 490 1976 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 Total Jan 0 0 0 0 5 0 0 0 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 7 1 0 1 0 3 8 3 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 34 Feb 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 2 0 0 3 Mar 2 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 5 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 IN) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 13 Apr 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 46 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 2 0 0 1 4 1 4 3 65 May 2 3 0 1 14 13 2 0 0 4 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 0 23 4 0 5 28 1 3 3 5 62 0 0 14 191 Jun 0 0 18 2 0 0 40 2 16 8 0 0 0 5 4 0 0 0 0 34 32 2 0 47 5 0 0 38 0 6 260 Jul 0 0 0 17 0 3 0 0 0 0 0 18 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 7 24 16 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 91 Aug 0 61 8 25 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 18 0 0 0 16 5 1 0 9 0 0 26 3 1 35 0 0 0 15 0 227 Sep 4 26 0 0 0 0 14 0 4 45 0 0 31 23 3 26 23 27 13 0 19 0 19 16 10 13 30 43 1 6 394 Oct 0 0 0 0 2 22 1 14 0 0 0 32 0 4 7 0 0 4 37 0 12 30 3 5 40 3 7 2 14 4 4 247 Nov 0 13 16 11 33 0 0 38 4 28 16 29 22 23 0 0 6 0 0 8 2 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 253 Dec 0 0 0 0 0 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 5 0 0 11 8 7 0 0 0 3 0 0 0 0 37 1977 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 Jan 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 3 3 7 9 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 0 Feb 0 38 0 0 0 0 2 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 15 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 Mar 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 10 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 7 0 0 0 Apr 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 May 0 0 0 0 1 4 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 7 33 24 8 34 34 1 5 0 16 37 0 0 0 28 Jun 20 0 0 0 0 0 26 5 0 6 0 28 18 10 15 1 0 5 40 4 1 4 5 0 0 18 0 11 13 1 Jul 28 0 0 0 40 21 47 4 8 3 0 0 0 0 0 10 10 3 0 8 0 0 0 0 2 1 1 0 0 0 6 Aug 50 5 8 0 1 0 60 48 4 0 1 33 0 0 63 78 7 71 36 30 14 8 8 0 0 1 42 7 0 5 6 Sep 82 0 10 1 0 11 4 0 0 15 0 7 0 26 22 0 40 10 0 30 37 0 2 0 0 1 9 2 25 10 Oct 47 3 0 9 11 1 56 15 13 3 51 7 0 3 24 0 40 5 69 4 4 3 25 25 1 4 15 3 26 5 0 Nov 4 14 42 0 10 20 30 39 0 51 12 5 10 15 15 0 3 0 50 0 0 0 43 22 0 35 3 27 0 1 Dec 0 1 0 0 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 7 1 1 0 0 0 34 11 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 1978 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 Jan 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 3 0 3 0 0 0 2 0 1 0 0 0 0 2 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 4 Feb 2 0 0 0 0 7 0 2 0 7 0 0 2 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 7 0 0 2 0 Mar 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 11 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 11 3 25 Apr 0 0 2 6 0 0 0 0 0 5 0 3 0 14 0 0 58 28 1 0 0 0 0 9 22 1 1 0 0 69 May 0 16 0 0 0 0 0 5 0 12 1 1 0 0 5 3 2 60 22 0 9 10 0 2 7 33 0 0 0 10 5 Jun 1 0 0 12 0 11 0 0 5 0 5 13 0 6 36 3 0 15 15 15 13 13 0 2 5 5 23 2 22 0 Jul 0 8 0 0 1 2 10 0 21 4 85 0 1 11 31 1 1 0 16 0 5 5 3 14 0 1 61 0 0 1 0 Aug 3 2 2 8 10 8 60 0 0 38 0 0 0 0 42 4 0 0 0 10 23 1 0 1 1 0 0 19 37 5 0 Sep 3 5 0 10 13 0 0 0 0 10 15 10 22 0 1 0 3 3 0 5 3 4 8 0 5 2 10 0 21 3 Oct 0 4 0 0 0 20 26 8 0 11 1 9 1 0 36 24 29 11 2 1 3 3 19 10 5 10 1 0 30 47 19 Nov 2 5 13 5 0 31 4 3 78 15 8 15 15 0 5 3 2 8 20 21 1 7 36 0 0 0 8 4 0 0 Dec 0 0 0 0 1 2 1 1 0 0 2 17 0 0 4 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 Total 30 59 18 7 231 228 191 587 344 471 449 60 Total 19 32 54 218 204 220 281 275 156 327 308 31 NUMBER 29 55 TABLE Al.?Continued 1979 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 Jan 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Feb 0 10 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 20 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Mar 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 5 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 1 0 Apr 0 0 0 1 1 2 2 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 23 90 1 0 0 0 94 0 0 59 0 11 5 0 May 27 8 0 CM 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 32 45 1 51 12 6 2 6 0 0 5 0 0 27 11 0 7 42 1 Jun 0 10 0 0 4 57 78 0 0 0 0 0 4 3 34 13 34 0 17 8 1 15 3 10 12 47 3 10 0 27 Jul 0 5 6 0 6 0 6 0 9 2 0 65 4 9 25 5 28 2 0 2 6 5 5 55 0 12 7 0 0 5 0 Aug 9 13 1 5 26 3 2 5 9 3 0 0 13 12 61 21 1 25 16 13 11 11 13 15 13 0 14 1 7 0 44 Sep 0 0 10 0 0 9 11 2 0 8 26 0 6 1 25 22 0 1 0 0 0 4 22 0 1 7 1 35 40 45 Oct 0 16 28 1 8 27 0 6 12 32 1 7 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 4 40 2 40 28 2 12 5 0 0 Nov 0 0 3 19 5 12 2 3 1 9 0 45 6 IS) 15 0 3 2 10 7 3 0 31 7 0 0 16 1 0 58 Dec 0 31 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 4 0 0 0 0 9 89 13 9 7 0 4 0 4 0 0 0 0 41 50 3 6 1980 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 Jan 13 36 3 IS) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 1 0 48 2 0 3 2 9 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 Feb 1 5 0 0 6 10 29 3 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 IS) 0 0 0 Mar 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4 Apr 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 10 0 0 0 0 3 4 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 May 0 0 0 0 0 120 1 1 6 1 0 0 21 7 0 0 0 18 2 12 39 24 4 3 1 1 0 3 6 0 2 Jun 5 0 0 0 1 0 7 9 0 5 13 1 28 0 0 0 0 2 14 5 0 36 36 0 1 0 0 4 20 31 Jul 8 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 5 1 17 28 0 9 35 14 14 22 0 17 0 1 0 1 11 10 8 Aug 14 2 2 0 69 1 0 10 0 0 1 0 48 3 0 12 0 1 41 0 2 7 1 0 0 0 7 4 25 5 13 Sep 25 5 i?i 0 5 0 25 2 0 10 1 3 0 0 3 8 0 25 14 11 0 0 0 0 0 6 7 0 0 43 Oct 2 29 10 1 0 3 2 0 3 0 99 1 5 9 16 23 0 1 0 0 1 11 1 9 1 12 23 18 4 26 4 Nov 0 0 0 15 0 5 23 13 0 0 1 3 51 13 26 27 IS) 1 0 0 rs) 1 53 15 15 3 21 23 45 0 Dec 17 5 0 3 0 3 0 0 25 IS) 0 0 11 18 11 7 0 5 0 3 0 0 0 1 0 4 38 13 28 14 5 Total 9 33 10 293 290 387 266 365 275 273 259 272 Total 123 59 11 20 272 218 202 268 195 314 359 213 1981 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 Jan 0 0 22 18 3 1 11 32 13 0 0 0 28 3 0 22 0 0 IS) 5 0 0 21 1 0 0 0 0 1 86 105 Feb 65 0 IS) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 17 0 1?1 1 0 rs) 0 0 1 IS) 0 1 Mar 0 0 0 0 1 3 20 0 9 24 1 1 0 4 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 Apr 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 18 5 19 15 130 6 14 2 7 9 11 12 10 95 3 8 0 May 0 44 2 28 0 17 0 4 0 0 2 31 18 19 58 0 10 60 12 0 0 0 20 10 39 1 0 19 0 IS) 10 Jun 34 0 21 104 0 IS) 19 0 15 0 IS) 0 39 0 1 42 IS) 0 41 6 5 20 3 1 40 0 0 5 133 6 Jul IS) 0 0 18 1 7 8 38 6 2 15 2 47 38 29 8 7 30 0 1 46 1 0 0 1 10 1 1 2 13 1 Aug 0 20 31 0 27 4 0 1 2 6 7 73 66 3 0 0 0 8 9 0 3 15 0 0 7 90 0 1 31 16 4 Sep 13 9 0 24 0 2 1 4 0 33 0 31 1 7 0 0 0 0 0 IS) 1 0 3 11 0 24 18 3 35 20 Oct 7 1 0 9 0 1 8 3 10 72 13 0 32 1 41 45 IS) 22 2 5 16 0 62 0 0 0 8 1 5 7 3 Nov 3 4 0 56 17 2 21 27 5 1 14 44 8 5 47 33 0 19 11 31 125 19 66 14 7 43 3 1 22 50 Dec 2 CM 7 0 62 4 13 10 10 9 17 57 152 102 15 9 1 1 0 4 30 1 1 19 0 2 0 1 12 1 1 1982 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 Jan 12 12 56 7 7 10 20 3 0 2 0 1 2 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 5 7 0 0 0 Feb 0 11 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Mar 3 20 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 7 0 0 0 0 0 0 Apr 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 11 34 3 52 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 May 0 0 9 0 0 5 0 0 6 13 50 0 9 0 0 0 8 0 11 12 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 8 0 Jun 51 0 3 31 3 64 0 6 3 0 0 0 3 3 0 5 0 0 0 16 25 0 0 5 1 IS) IS) 22 1 0 Jul 0 0 0 0 30 0 13 0 14 0 0 1 7 1 1 7 0 0 21 41 IS) 0 0 0 0 11 14 1 17 6 0 Aug 0 rs> 2 1 4 30 39 90 8 0 0 1 51 0 0 3 38 0 4 IS) 6 6 14 0 2 1 0 0 7 3 3 Sep 6 1 4 25 17 11 12 4 19 0 7 7 IS) 0 4 5 4 1 0 44 30 53 2 25 9 3 0 0 14 14 Oct 0 3 3 45 7 5 10 1 13 0 1 2 5 1 12 0 0 34 17 33 13 12 0 8 35 8 22 4 18 5 0 Nov 0 3 0 38 3 0 0 15 3 2 CM 4 6 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4 8 0 1 7 14 0 0 0 Dec 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 22 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4 4 Total 376 93 64 364 405 543 335 424 242 379 697 547 Total 146 14 30 106 132 245 186 319 324 316 111 38 56 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE EARTH SCIENCES TABLE Al.?Continued 1983 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 Jan 4 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 10 3 0 0 0 Feb 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Mar 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 Apr 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 74 9 21 2 May 0 11 6 35 1 0 35 2 0 1 1 0 55 17 13 4 1 36 7 1 2 0 0 1 0 2 7 15 8 0 0 Jun 1 2 33 52 6 6 0 0 14 2 7 0 14 0 0 2 51 4 0 5 9 1 3 28 0 0 0 0 49 43 Jul 17 0 122 0 1 37 0 4 0 12 0 1 0 34 1 0 0 3 0 0 0 10 31 2 0 0 0 0 2 5 43 Aug 3 40 0 1 0 32 1 0 0 9 8 28 0 0 0 0 1 40 6 3 16 6 9 2 5 0 6 1 4 0 11 Sep 20 3 30 5 5 10 7 50 0 65 20 0 18 11 1 36 1 16 0 17 3 1 14 7 0 5 1 18 5 0 Oct 7 17 0 28 1 7 30 2 19 0 0 18 0 36 0 0 12 0 21 3 6 11 2 2 11 1 11 1 2 0 29 Nov 12 0 1 20 25 5 2 56 7 0 2 79 0 47 1 0 0 46 10 1 36 1 5 2 0 0 1 0 56 10 Dec 25 2 0 18 3 57 3 1 0 0 6 3 7 0 0 9 25 57 2 47 13 4 0 0 1 0 6 1 0 9 0 1984 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 Jan 68 0 0 0 0 6 1 0 0 0 1 4 0 0 0 30 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Feb 0 0 0 9 0 1 2 1 0 0 1 0 3 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 7 0 13 1 17 Mar 17 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 Apr 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 21 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 21 0 0 May 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 4 27 28 12 0 4 2 3 0 0 0 30 2 6 12 54 4 0 2 2 1 Jun 18 3 0 1 17 59 30 26 3 0 20 4 1 0 1 11 20 5 1 0 0 1 2 5 8 32 1 0 5 8 Jul 31 4 0 0 11 20 16 6 2 4 15 4 0 37. 3 41 0 1 0 0 0 0 8 2 0 51 9 0 20 11 1 Aug 1 15 11 0 0 0 0 0 1 79 20 2 13 5 28 1 0 2 46 3 2 7 18 1 0 0 3 3 54 0 0 Sep 48 0 24 2 0 3 16 0 46 0 69 1 0 5 0 0 1 0 7 58 21 0 0 0 0 0 2 1 0 55 Oct 0 16 6 6 0 1 0 0 20 6 12 37 3 0 10 3 1 37 70 8 50 2 0 34 38 1 1 0 3 1 58 Nov 120 0 0 0 69 28 4 0 58 40 18 1 3 2 9 0 3 60 3 15 0 9 50 0 0 9 7 76 12 . 0 Dec 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 16 0 0 0 0 1 2 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 Total 22 4 106 261 331 327 232 367 277 429 298 Total 115 57 22 45 194 278 298 313 359 423 594 24 1985 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 Jan 0 0 0 0 0 3 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 18 1 4 0 0 0 Feb 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4 24 0 0 0 1 0 0 2 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Mar 0 1 6 0 5 1 0 0 1 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 6 2 0 0 Apr 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 May 2 0 0 8 11 53 2 7 9 10 7 12 3 6 0 0 20 0 54 0 7 0 2 0 61 15 0 0 0 0 2 Jun 28 25 0 5 7 40 0 4 2 1 0 2 2 3 1 4 16 2 1 0 0 29 11 17 1 21 10 2 0 0 Jul 9 0 0 0 50 21 15 22 1 0 12 7 6 0 12 5 0 3 23 0 0 0 18 13 5 0 3 0 4 11 23 Aug 25 28 1 25 10 9 1 7 2 2 0 0 1 4 1 15 13 0 65 27 1 0 0 0 12 12 5 0 29 1 0 Sep 0 25 0 2 5 3 23 0 3 24 25 0 5 10 5 5 1 0 0 10 10 0 10 4 0 0 0 0 6 4 Oct 3 0 15 3 0 70 7 13 62 1 36 8 10 5 7 14 7 30 0 10 13 5 0 0 0 0 0 11 19 5 1 Nov 0 0 0 0 0 5 55 7 20 0 0 0 31 11 10 6 0 12 1 0 21 16 0 8 0 2 1 0 0 0 Dec 0 0 12 8 14 118 72 73 4 3 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 3 3 0 6 0 4 0 0 0 0 0 1986 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 Jan 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 2 1 12 41 0 1 0 0 0 0 3 0 0 4 2 2 0 2 4 0 Feb 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 1 0 3 0 1 4 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 Mar 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 Apr 45 1 1 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 4 0 0 8 1 1 0 30 28 15 3 0 2 7 1 0 0 4 4 8 May 1 0 0 5 51 7 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 5 5 0 10 5 12 8 4 3 0 7 1 0 0 0 Jun 0 0 6 1 9 3 0 0 1 4 14 3 26 3 13 7 3 7 2 0 0 20 9 48 0 0 1 25 40 15 Jul 2 0 0 0 3 3 3 1 2 21 6 1 0 0 0 13 8 1 0 3 3 22 0 0 1 0 0 0 6 1 0 Aug 0 0 6 8 2 3 24 0 0 0 1 23 0 88 7 3 35 4 2 3 24 0 4 5 45 1 0 0 40 0 3 Sep 0 3 4 8 1 0 10 44 33 34 1 9 1 2 31 3 14 1 13 2 11 1 10 1 1 5 3 0 18 29 Oct 0 4 6 46 12 1 1 15 62 48 15 38 5 3 4 23 44 33 8 15 1 54 2 1 10 5 5 5 30 1 1 Nov 6 13 0 0 20 6 0 0 0 38 5 0 7 8 4 5 15 4 19 5 0 35 7 25 1 0 0 5 0 0 Dec 0 2 31 0 19 1 66 5 2 1 4 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 2 1 1 0 0 0 Total 33 33 27 5 292 234 263 296 180 356 205 324 Total 76 13 6 161 124 257 99 331 295 495 227 138 NUMBER 29 57 TABLE Al.?Continued. 1987 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 Jan 0 0 0 0 1 11 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 4 2 1 0 Feb 3 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 5 1 3 26 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 19 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 Mar 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 2 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 Apr 0 1 2 0 17 27 0 0 1 30 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 3 2 0 23 68 12 61 6 9 May 1 2 0 0 1 1 0 18 108 39 0 0 12 57 1 2 54 82 10 7 0 0 3 0 8 7 2 15 Jun 35 1 18 3 3 16 2 4 2 0 0 10 2 2 14 0 6 2 5 23 4 0 9 2 4 0 1 2 2 7 Jul 1 3 1 28 0 19 7 36 5 0 9 1 4 7 1 1 27 5 0 0 15 5 0 2 1 0 0 0 1 63 76 Aug 22 18 0 0 0 2 0 62 49 0 90 10 7 0 0 0 0 7 1 0 1 112 50 0 13 4 7 9 4 0 0 Sep 35 13 9 36 21 2 0 30 0 0 3 0 2 15 35 11 0 0 7 25 0 9 0 4 38 8 0 0 14 1 Oct 25 7 0 9 0 17 0 3 27 8 0 0 3 5 0 67 31 11 0 22 3 54 7 1 9 0 13 8 6 18 22 NOV 0 20 17 39 9 0 44 41 0 11 0 0 0 0 5 3 6 0 0 15 36 11 0 11 26 13 2 4 0 2 Dec 0 0 4 5 25 17 19 12 25 0 4 1 13 3 0 70 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1988 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 Jan 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 7 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 3 0 0 0 Feb 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 2 1 2 0 0 2 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 10 8 5 2 0 Mar 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 1 2 3 0 Apr 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 13 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 May 0 4 0 0 4 4 25 1 1 26 33 16 13 1 0 3 1 2 0 1 33 0 1 0 0 80 22 2 1 11 0 Jun 0 4 0 0 1 0 2 0 1 4 7 3 15 1 9 0 0 82 0 1 0 0 0 16 4 7 46 15 5 3 Jul 29 0 1 1 7 0 8 2 5 1 11 0 11 0 1 43 2 4 1 0 42 14 2 1 15 9 9 0 1 25 1 Aug 1 1 28 0 1 33 4 12 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 6 3 2 8 71 0 5 1 0 11 7 20 2 1 Sep 0 92 52 24 0 0 54 23 2 37 0 3 0 6 3 9 12 28 1 1 2 2 10 70 16 3 32 Oct 41 3 25 1 8 52 1 3 4 0 21 5 17 25 6 24 4 8 39 21 0 4 0 0 0 0 5 3 1 20 75 Nov 0 28 3 0 0 28 0 22 28 16 16 3 10 43 36 5 0 13 4 9 24 14 1 5 4 0 2 2 6 17 Dec 41 67 107 14 24 2 3 10 8 0 0 6 0 0 0 20 1 0 0 0 0 9 1 0 0 0 0 0 8 Total 21 59 5 266 429 178 317 468 317 378 315 200 Total 13 35 12 14 282 225 247 217 480 312 339 312 1989 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 Jan 0 0 2 0 4 0 8 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 Feb 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 13 24 11 15 10 Mar 0 0 0 0 0 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 7 0 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 12 0 0 Apr 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 5 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 2 0 0 0 0 0 May 0 0 0 32 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 11 37 0 0 0 4 4 0 0 7 1 4 3 0 21 8 4 4 Jun 0 1 5 0 0 30 0 0 7 18 0 0 0 0 0 0 18 9 0 15 63 6 1 0 6 8 1 3 0 0 Jul 2 9 5 22 1 22 5 5 6 0 8 1 0 25 0 0 0 2 4 2 5 9 1 30 6 16 1 0 5 4 90 Aug 0 14 25 5 0 0 8 3 1 5 28 0 1 12 4 11 0 52 6 21 2 0 5 8 0 33 0 1 7 2 0 Sep 0 11 35 0 0 3 14 7 0 0 1 0 1 10 0 0 18 1 18 1 0 14 0 0 0 0 4 4 0 11 Oct 0 1 2 2 28 1 0 0 8 20 1 33 2 0 7 4 34 5 5 2 52 44 36 44 23 12 0 36 2 0 19 Nov 9 7 0 2 0 1 48 23 10 13 6 0 2 20 17 2 2 1 11 1 0 112 1 7 17 7 0 0 6 3* Dec 33 19 3 5 18 0 2 0 0 6 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 39 65 30 15 4 0 2 Total 14 80 29 11 136 190 194 253 153 402 359 239 58 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE EARTH SCIENCES TABLE A2.?Weekly rainfall on Barro Colorado Island as recorded by the PCC, 1929-1986. 1929 1930 1931 1932 1933 1934 1935 1936 1937 1938 1939 1940 1941 1942 1943 1944 1945 1946 1947 1948 1949 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1 9 2 19 4 23 34 9 0 16 42 0 42 12 3 9 6 3 8 0 12 3 3 5 1 19 0 7 57 12 26 0 18 2 28 141 6 1 6 0 0 5 0 54 58 0 5 0 3 3 0 0 43 69 102 5 64 5 3 ISJ 0 24 2 1 35 4 9 0 14 3 1 ?-I 11 1 0 ?-I 3 ISJ 0 12 13 1 19 ISJ 68 27 138 16 3 45 0 0 4 8 60 0 11 42 3 0 15 284 13 71 41 0 0 5 3 5 0 3 46 3 8 5 0 36 3 i-H 15 0 7 0 1 3 4 23 4 10 10 10 0 9 27 3 1 0 7 i-t 0 20 1 8 0 69 9 0 36 6 24 1 5 0 0 56 20 1 2 14 13 39 25 13 0 3 8 10 3 0 53 41 5 0 36 0 13 4 i-t 8 6 30 3 1 21 14 7 8 i-t 40 23 22 30 9 65 0 9 14 1 1 12 1 10 5 i-H 40 0 i-t 1 29 18 0 0 0 2 0 8 0 8 3 0 0 0 0 0 8 10 0 5 13 74 5 10 0 20 5 5 3 ISJ 7 2 2 1 9 4 3 14 0 40 23 47 3 23 2 7 6 1 1 i-t 6 58 15 17 14 21 ISJ 145 0 5 6 8 ISJ 0 3 15 2 0 2 5 5 5 3 3 0 0 38 0 10 5 175 13 0 15 3 5 6 0 0 6 5 0 5 117 0 0 8 0 5 16 26 1 11 15 0 27 0 1 11 47 5 7 ISJ 6 42 1 3 4 1 5 6 15 0 I-I 3 0 5 3 46 i-H 23 10 0 5 0 3 8 20 41 3 3 0 3 23 0 7 0 5 ISJ 0 0 i-H 3 0 5 0 0 3 22 6 9 0 0 1 22 0 0 21 33 1 0 ISJ 2 0 4 33 0 21 0 9 33 0 0 0 2 3 1 5 5 3 8 3 5 0 13 3 0 3 10 3 0 8 0 0 8 ISJ 9 1 0 1 13 18 1 0 CM 1 40 15 6 25 0 i-t 0 0 4 0 15 10 0 0 5 1 10 8 6 0 0 0 0 30 6 ISJ 0 7 19 1 16 7 10 0 0 0 0 5 8 0 0 0 0 0 5 0 5 9 0 1 11 3 1 0 13 0 2 36 1 3 18 0 39 8 i-H 0 3 0 0 1 0 5 0 11 2 IS) 1 8 0 2 1 0 0 0 1 10 8 22 9 0 0 0 3 43 23 0 0 0 0 0 5 0 0 53 5 5 10 63 IS) 5 ISJ 6 0 4 6 2 0 8 13 0 42 1 3 3 1 5 0 0 8 0 0 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 25 7 1 0 0 4 0 0 1 7 12 13 10 0 3 23 0 0 10 0 0 53 0 0 5 5 3 11 0 4 46 14 ISJ 42 0 25 1 0 1 2 2 13 3 0 2 2 2 rH 2 0 6 1 2 CSJ 0 0 0 3 0 9 0 1 0 5 1 1 4 54 0 8 15 5 0 0 0 3 13 3 5 5 5 0 3 3 3 0 12 i-H 0 89 1 3 5 1 11 0 5 0 22 0 0 0 0 2 36 0 1 1 2 i-t 0 1 0 0 35 0 65 ISJ 73 i-t 41 0 0 0 5 14 0 12 29 0 3 0 3 3 10 0 0 0 0 5 0 0 0 0 13 8 0 0 14 19 0 2 0 0 1 1 0 5 13 20 0 0 5 6 3 0 3 0 1 23 0 23 21 0 1 1 5 27 1 0 0 0 3 20 4 5 0 3 0 3 0 0 0 36 3 0 0 0 0 0 13 43 14 ISJ 7 3 31 i-H 0 0 0 0 0 3 2 0 8 15 13 4 5 0 1 9 0 17 80 0 1 i-t 2 0 34 0 188 17 0 0 7 0 2 1 i-t 22 ISJ 0 0 0 0 0 0 10 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 15 0 8 4 26 0 17 69 22 15 6 14 0 5 0 3 0 22 1 0 2 0 3 0 5 0 5 5 27 0 ISJ 12 155 0 0 11 13 1 7 5 0 82 i-t 30 10 3 43 48 3 15 0 0 30 94 0 0 3 10 16 34 47 58 I-I 1 75 1 27 6 2 0 0 1 83 CSI 7 3 11 i-t 0 5 ISJ 24 21 8 20 3 4 1 48 0 107 73 21 ISJ 0 31 55 0 14 ISJ 0 53 15 3 0 0 5 84 206 8 152 0 0 38 0 69 17 7 14 31 21 i-H 42 18 9 7 33 0 2 7 21 35 91 9 19 76 0 3 58 163 1 161 50 0 33 0 34 12 1 29 23 70 103 0 37 43 1 104 0 1 41 0 8 15 13 8 76 74 10 155 0 91 18 0 13 18 4 94 4 109 12 34 73 54 26 135 0 35 60 5 92 93 114 1 1 101 38 35 54 50 35 79 78 36 0 98 109 54 2 11 73 0 13 20 14 24 26 18 130 28 20 0 66 33 5 30 36 43 91 13 81 5 69 61 19 U* 54 141 23 72 110 29 44 46 78 36 34 35 40 29 102 69 22 15 55 21 36 65 86 125 10 65 66 30 56 34 74 70 141 38 74 102 72 63 151 57 40 255 48 79 8 33 18 3 15 28 79 66 71 69 97 51 3 20 119 44 115 53 0 37 85 68 98 132 28 1 17 117 105 95 61 46 21 40 150 5 86 80 16 19 7 195 30 35 19 52 97 69 149 80 6 49 6 62 99 239 143 46 48 25 112 23 94 89 122 46 135 25 66 8 71 15 21 46 46 159 32 59 72 67 68 113 59 10 6 92 55 89 41 89 134 59 137 63 92 71 24 54 74 44 107 63 108 35 36 26 101 27 138 15 34 18 35 70 106 25 48 84 36 69 46 94 46 43 81 76 0 13 109 76 33 22 96 71 16 18 34 93 9 67 49 68 20 161 24 83 99 150 25 23 100 13 88 141 69 108 7 136 136 18 41 35 42 264 37 58 51 140 122 36 92 30 11 81 21 84 69 51 41 76 48 23 53 13 163 89 99 25 56 5 23 23 27 66 75 69 65 100 65 113 91 39 61 39 46 31 45 35 57 43 15 85 60 48 100 26 85 52 74 22 92 61 44 50 128 44 170 36 102 75 34 3 56 35 94 76 51 89 71 36 18 137 15 36 69 33 124 53 20 24 81 15 143 103 6 41 60 31 42 119 96 180 110 18 65 45 145 69 92 93 113 54 51 28 18 62 126 7 52 44 80 89 66 50 38 52 38 106 38 76 60 70 32 74 157 104 23 15 66 53 84 46 74 10 64 46 18 51 25 59 23 50 73 97 70 92 30 80 210 153 23 36 41 84 43 22 36 82 17 64 60 77 126 18 118 38 69 30 49 31 75 41 8 17 37 78 84 108 42 40 27 55 91 48 91 58 66 51 79 71 84 99 43 43 15 53 71 26 67 74 129 41 70 24 53 7 23 67 40 52 17 50 159 102 70 19 22 36 92 97 83 44 34 10 84 22 45 27 38 13 84 19 21 200 60 45 93 106 48 37 56 15 74 53 69 97 66 58 94 64 147 25 69 81 46 81 Avg 17 19 11 10 14 10 5 5 6 6 6 8 6 9 15 25 33 45 61 67 63 67 61 65 62 61 Sd 27 43 15 15 30 18 9 8 11 12 11 19 10 27 27 40 41 38 43 51 36 50 33 39 36 38 Cv 156 221 135 145 218 180 160 150 185 197 195 220 167 311 186 160 125 83 71 76 57 75 55 59 58 62 Min 00000000000000000030053687 Max 141 284 69 74 175 117 33 40 53 63 54 89 43 188 155 206 163 135 255 239 159 264 170 180 210 200 NUMBER 29 59 TABLE A2.?Continued. 27 80 44 145 19 37 43 192 66 51 68 65 5 21 70 127 46 27 123 12 80 98 50 35 66 14 91 27 87 6 52 45 138 52 83 37 59 20 32 55 30 69 32 58 33 48 23 61 15 104 36 23 3 69 56 160 56 99 8 28 33 75 76 102 76 59 52 12 37 71 64 13 114 39 33 35 38 13 12 107 136 56 49 33 184 96 67 87 98 24 45 82 68 65 38 110 8 45 69 38 108 145 49 8 79 46 28 20 20 127 165 3 132 13 51 53 36 33 29 72 30 53 26 31 8 356 83 87 49 46 43 104 64 61 22 127 44 39 22 62 84 22 35 102 11 41 120 110 31 35 54 10 71 55 175 50 38 35 41 10 51 58 64 74 152 64 25 20 33 41 130 86 61 36 48 38 38 30 97 31 177 132 83 95 77 43 27 41 38 56 45 23 47 70 132 125 107 80 14 76 15 17 96 164 102 118 61 99 93 17 44 116 84 49 90 100 33 54 121 110 46 20 20 51 53 28 3 81 76 28 23 38 8 74 36 5 31 144 16 55 87 29 86 59 128 77 84 127 51 29 33 39 30 99 30 92 72 41 75 17 39 44 50 67 126 125 66 67 24 82 7 284 56 52 70 41 89 9 21 83 3 66 135 36 97 102 43 53 104 76 41 112 33 107 15 32 80 6 31 32 128 78 54 120 248 93 60 117 67 90 191 118 58 25 38 20 55 149 91 18 28 51 108 75 174 128 37 50 184 193 71 5 77 70 76 32 66 91 17 5 23 61 91 5 145 114 13 8 140 188 43 112 10 43 33 53 91 34 58 22 95 82 10 47 161 20 47 140 92 71 158 45 16 39 75 52 37 59 44 108 139 68 85 140 61 24 10 67 93 18 76 40 98 120 70 3 65 50 66 15 23 56 33 249 41 142 99 25 41 43 74 94 130 34 71 27 36 133 23 86 51 61 99 27 9 90 31 60 68 92 53 188 108 28 122 49 85 43 129 53 31 34 57 27 9 60 142 31 128 66 82 97 16 90 67 100 51 109 0 53 142 48 41 30 79 10 109 15 46 33 30 71 35 109 43 52 5 72 40 15 91 63 61 40 32 48 44 60 162 62 19 68 73 23 30 67 90 95 100 74 33 69 74 113 37 79 54 107 68 47 33 66 128 13 86 74 81 84 48 15 41 130 66 61 76 69 18 41 99 48 41 36 55 87 44 61 58 147 18 98 47 53 90 119 97 88 10 68 88 91 67 33 37 34 22 54 42 57 71 121 97 24 106 39 38 121 51 90 69 51 88 44 11 37 97 36 30 41 79 33 33 33 20 36 28 81 152 25 61 112 37 50 48 36 21 66 185 19 15 40 28 108 58 18 42 45 46 74 33 29 42 25 57 55 110 31 41 67 45 25 81 84 93 35 40 21 150 50 7 40 71 34 46 157 56 76 91 117 86 41 84 25 64 23 97 109 58 53 38 7 20 28 24 45 104 124 107 107 20 137 20 14 142 119 13 37 87 44 78 74 35 7.0 14 14 58 8 66 107 19 98 65 87 14 125 52 74 54 25 76 7 64 41 20 41 23 97 84 18 28 51 8 119 64 97 20 36 39 31 104 75 68 49 60 61 106 22 18 45 59 55 72 52 44 54 57 70 15 27 57 74 89 58 81 68 29 77 135 57 40 127 79 50 10 75 13 64 62 47 33 97 198 91 119 114 89 38 132 36 107 58 25 43 10 53 40 18 45 42 70 1 40 62 103 118 84 94 10 65 75 59 96 40 17 123 25 55 106 94 71 73 28 44 26 125 8 19 102 134 45 75 26 63 29 35 179 68 91 157 56 41 64 38 94 51 79 48 18 71 89 33 102 76 41 37 43 131 12 80 31 26 109 66 37 45 182 155 116 65 48 67 81 17 45 89 90 169 40 54 22 10 105 98 135 72 152 62 37 138 128 124 134 106 52 57 28 33 94 175 168 48 97 20 53 107 135 15 71 74 122 163 42 52 37 61 59 41 51 25 84 30 60 102 126 30 120 47 69 68 40 128 62 97 55 107 36 186 181 268 170 88 75 50 120 70 115 75 17 37 55 201 26 81 10 15 69 66 89 56 124 104 3 46 107 102 46 173 91 160 43 137 24 24 118 40 100 57 80 59 94 152 82 102 83 63 134 74 68 54 78 75 96 66 249 149 49 73 109 81 114 40 113 167 33 58 34 91 52 27 115 56 20 25 84 18 147 76 89 94 66 122 71 69 94 25 74 15 43 44 28 13 77 138 60 156 113 166 149 135 278 18 124 108 73 111 26 93 32 122 160 23 117 59 113 89 41 73 73 83 15 19 89 181 137 76 253 112 25 26 84 94 104 79 53 74 41 61 94 36 46 84 46 61 221 30 33 45 99 52 620 115 132 109 265 62 111 44 496 59 119 61 85 79 51 75 67 77 220 101 140 69 202 82 84 78 23 140 38 43 55 149 57 153 113 66 55 57 58 86 15 89 51 38 104 155 150 18 41 102 25 168 157 84 36 46 42 80 52 50 95 277 454 99 121 36 129 121 55 24 147 59 251 21 29 217 189 151 77 79 70 39 135 59 57 58 171 44 103 95 220 122 67 129 78 99 166 51 69 305 117 198 74 91 53 84 117 119 10 102 79 36 51 47 138 26 10 261 263 62 225 59 93 57 22 56 85 61 189 24 52 79 62 56 235 307 49 87 37 255 100 105 55 17 126 91 88 53 44 83 151 76 30 130 107 30 36 74 117 58 18 86 58 53 86 279 13 43 79 43 71 48 23 137 92 340 305 24 214 43 163 121 4 2 113 35 80 9 310 143 11 107 93 88 100 3 79 30 147 71 86 15 167 89 115 77 58 177 103 63 101 47 287 64 10 76 168 20 0 48 10 76 97 79 15 91 97 51 25 49 29 146 35 182 135 81 53 6 338 125 46 5 33 67 18 38 368 75 120 0 54 129 69 48 3 91 60 3 12 5 507 269 86 35 10 58 87 160 90 15 106 165 15 10 18 23 196 3 3 5 3 15 97 0 81 0 272 107 50 4 109 20 19 127 263 8 25 185 205 83 21 59 144 41 304 7 136 2 9 31 156 239 189 8 73 27 89 32 34 12 207 15 84 14 4 8 46 35 21 41 37 0 0 33 8 91 0 13 20 94 58 330 0 38 10 3 5 51 1 1 2 18 44 40 99 27 74 71 55 12 8 199 301 13 35 30 2 15 51 103 5 55 64 11 167 66 52 25 9 9 25 55 13 1 65 86 12 4 70 44 0 170 8 0 127 28 41 0 33 8 48 20 130 5 8 0 52 3 6 6 46 26 5 19 28 4 8 113 19 1 121 7 34 48 0 14 6 51 11 3 22 26 3 52 7 8 2 86 0 20 4 43 3 8 29 25 0 16 39 8 8 13 3 25 3 0 0 91 94 28 13 18 0 10 0 Tot 2231 1941 3132 2883 2584 3109 3645 2387 3153 2974 2933 2197 2332 2822 3055 2839 3059 2214 1978 2112 2917 2911 2866 2484 2668 2684 2908 2897 2494 2545 2411 3557 2546 2553 2767 2877 2359 2833 2184 2238 2195 3227 2162 2296 2403 2299 2761 1707 2596 2004 2657 2093 4133 1753 2492 2619 2085 1956 58 62 62 65 68 78 69 64 63 ? 62 59 57 65 65 82 82 79 88 107 107 92 91 83 67 46 22 2599 40 41 52 41 46 57 46 40 32 34 36 39 36 38 48 53 43 58 101 79 73 78 100 81 57 28 465 69 67 85 63 67 73 67 62 50 54 62 68 55 58 58 64 54 65 94 73 79 86 121 122 123 128 18 3 3 8 3 3 5 3 0 5 10 7 7 10 1 10 3 15 13 15 10 10 0 0 0 0 0 1707 192 184 356 177 284 248 249 188 162 152 185 142 198 179 182 268 249 278 620 454 307 340 507 330 301 121 4133 60 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE EARTH SCIENCES TABLE A3.?Monthly rainfall on Barro Colorado Island as recorded by the PCC, 1925-1986. Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Tot 1925 1926 1927 1928 1929 1930 1931 1932 1933 1934 1935 1936 1937 1938 1939 1940 1941 1942 1943 1944 1945 1946 1947 1948 1949 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 Avg Sd Cv Min Max 66 28 76 46 13 48 30 46 64 38 42 20 64 56 13 117 58 71 48 58 74 13 10 46 18 5 56 61 109 30 231 142 15 109 8 76 30 48 201 6 71 81 13 3 43 300 106 157 53 5 3 23 25 8 5 112 399 114 23 104 25 61 65 70 108 3 399 28 74 36 13 3 15 25 8 3 20 150 5 5 30 3 66 76 41 43 20 18 8 53 5 3 48 97 10 18 33 13 53 15 185 5 25 5 18 79 6 8 5 13 46 13 71 17 38 20 15 18 0 58 18 30 48 20 18 0 69 25 8 31 34 110 0 185 20 13 33 56 71 8 140 30 30 46 13 41 5 36 10 38 23 69 56 13 8 43 13 5 3 13 8 3 30 5 23 56 0 76 3 114 18 3 43 5 5 10 13 91 10 36 57 18 5 38 41 5 23 48 8 5 61 5 3 23 23 46 29 28 98 0 140 102 8 193 43 43 84 97 112 3 147 94 58 28 84 18 8 13 114 74 165 41 36 79 74 23 69 216 140 168 79 10 66 3 119 33 465 140 46 163 116 28 81 112 15 127 107 3 140 25 13 58 66 15 196 310 20 340 94 94 58 5 97 90 84 94 3 465 147 216 483 239 351 259 432 196 178 305 257 295 325 424 79 231 203 279 373 404 345 206 122 274 305 201 310 315 234 282 269 422 163 310 226 396 201 325 231 400 251 175 160 292 254 4 57 573 221 300 112 315 191 244 183 249 259 411 168 246 236 287 109 273 97 36 79 573 345 447 371 239 251 183 381 300 239 229 302 137 262 490 340 315 218 163 363 262 259 201 307 160 396 373 277 300 97 307 343 175 152 226 211 292 272 257 152 494 206 348 343 259 152 216 161 292 353 290 229 249 218 211 384 208 470 178 284 272 203 226 272 88 32 97 494 345 381 343 244 318 185 465 323 231 269 726 269 211 264 231 140 300 226 269 188 353 315 191 292 340 315 137 152 404 384 292 498 277 241 226 292 188 338 325 443 198 236 221 165 312 338 247 127 241 330 226 89 180 290 325 193 315 170 305 236 251 86 274 102 37 86 726 340 310 315 424 399 150 196 272 259 310 209 345 493 356 241 297 305 290 391 544 312 267 300 267 254 292 287 231 396 328 290 241 556 315 218 178 500 335 480 217 251 361 277 404 152 358 239 246 170 279 333 216 630 284 330 257 406 295 229 343 236 297 311 96 31 150 630 351 307 272 206 175 295 196 175 231 508 231 328 251 155 384 274 185 356 264 185 257 272 241 170 180 183 244 282 145 284 236 287 315 269 373 241 338 345 206 290 302 251 178 180 221 132 257 348 305 249 315 368 295 135 272 168 216 287 345 279 163 257 258 72 28 132 508 561} 353 246 302 251 155 323 356 163 348 219 503 323 351 399 414 442 475 259 434 254 229 335 272 368 356 493 432 465 333 414 472 437 391 229 495 437 213 259 428 277 325 302 475 315 277 178 363 267 452 424 251 414 312 257 292 340 290 269 538 358 452 349 96 28 155 564 351 559 414 475 310 300 782 790 831 500 1056 300 472 244 925 241 394 208 546 183 523 381 185 516 833 615 411 241 4 90 434 467 315 457 183 259 419 274 351 549 407 584 602 386 262 330 508 300 157 582 396 356 216 429 295 272 351 648 102 422 439 196 185 423 196 46 102 1056 109 310 173 295 48 267 69 279 353 391 343 86 716 485 297 58 112 531 371 389 620 249 142 30 201 445 328 318 109 185 323 173 104 119 620 569 152 274 81 67 178 356 165 46 259 427 25 188 81 119 445 33 64 25 224 180 505 30 269 20 310 132 240 170 71 20 716 2769 3005 2954 2581 2233 1948 3134 2885 2583 3111 3643 2388 3155 2974 2939 2200 2329 2822 3058 2845 3063 2217 1979 2111 2924 2913 2863 2484 2664 2685 2911 2901 2494 2545 2410 3564 2556 2553 2769 2880 2360 2832 2182 2238 2189 3226 2162 2296 2403 2299 2761 1707 2596 2004 2664 2093 4133 1750 2489 2619 2083 1956 2614 456 17 1707 4133 NUMBER 29 61 TABLE A4.?Annual rainfall totals for 17 PCC gauges located across central Panama", 1863-1986. Site: Port- Crist-Sala- Gatun Monte Ala- Chili- Bo- Fri- obelo obal manca Lirio juela brillo hio joles BCI Gam- Trin- Las Sum- Cano Pedro Bal- boa idad Raices mit Mig. boa Elev. Long. Lat. 1863 1864 1865 1866 1867 1868 1869 1870 1871 1872 1873 1874 1875 1876 1877 1878 1879 1880 1881 1882 1883 1884 1885 1886 1887 1888 1889 1890 1891 1892 1893 1894 1895 1896 1897 1898 1899 1900 1901 1902 1903 1904 1905 1906 1907 1908 1909 1910 1911 1912 1913 1914 1915 1916 1917 1918 1919 1920 1921 1922 1923 1924 (m) 30 79"40' 9*34' 6027 4321 3783 3749 4348 3745 3470 3939 3973 3786 3898 3052' 22' 3411 3135 2696 3295 3049 2914 3801 2529 4280 2213 3498 3152 2930 2198 3714 3484 3934 3920 3168 3688 3350 3904 3849 3340 3506 2935 3380 2947 2737 2841 3208 3256 2928 3507 3187 3498 4659 3808 2864 2986 3333 3371 3880 2628 2990 3182 2561 2808 2922 2442 3506 3659 12135' 18' 2293 2044 2254 3015 2976 3129 2248 2235 2717 2524 2256 2428 2641 3056' 16' 3783 3706 2800 3031 4170 3968 2522 2840 2865 2341 3718 2460 3557 2570 2309 2040 3132 2726 3168 3300 3052' 15' 3295 3896 4565 2877 2559 2733 2724 3528 2621 3034 2690 2501 2163 3179 2322 3045 3290 9138' 13' 2775 3120 2409 2944 2417 2005 3113 1828 2699 3862 3328 2287 2127 1966 2274 2507 2794 2625 2115 2070 2520 2567 2254 2441 2368 6137' 12' 2243 2307 2498 2747 3026 2851 2314 2792 2935 2886 2251 2831 2993 3351' 12' 4311 5197 3022 3351 4353 2800 2963 2712 2610 2898 2371 3022 3853 4078 1960 2243 2496 1783 2850 1999 2519 2608 3048' 11' 2658 2777 2334 3121 1983 2739 2316 2421 2387 3114 2448 2878 2486 45 30 51' 42' 10' 7' 2398 2476 2613 3459 2607 1923 2668 1973 2651 2959 2307 2726 2099 2032 1996 2326 2483 2527 2196 1942 2409 1982 1969 3102 2946 1795 2262 2192 1965 2059 2367 2602 1917 1575 2410 2188 2060 2396 2326 3059' 6' 2756 3754 3914 2324 2616 2471 2278 2715 2507 2824 1877 2007 2177 2550 2598 2776 2779 30 82 59' 39' 6' 4' 2617 2471 2280 2715 2508 2823 1878 2008 2177 2550 2598 2173 3049' 4' 2326 2969 2423 2663 2465 2569 1970 2160 2175 2531 2025 21*55 2398 4537' 2' 1967 2808 2448 1629 1923 1769 1917 1954 2430 2277 1679 1605 2063 1737 2132 1746 2374 7634' 8'58' 2152 1683 1792 1158 1917 2232 2322 1817 1613 1524 2131 1925 1628 1823 1676 1638 1695 1958 1748 1392 1553 1687 1801 1492 1370 2084 62 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE EARTH SCIENCES TABLE A4.?Continued. Site: Port- Crist-Sala- Gatun Monte Ala- Chili- Bo- Fri- obelo obal manca Lirio juela brillo hio joles BCI Gam- Trin- Las Sum- Cano Pedro Bal- boa idad Raices mit Mig. boa Elev. Long. Lat. 1925 1926 1927 1928 1929 1930 1931 1932 1933 1934 1935 1936 1937 1938 1939 1940 1941 1942 1943 1944 1945 1946 1947 1948 1949 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 (m) 30 79*40' 9*34' 3479 4148 4717 4062 3555 3847 4137 4156 3218 4002 5187 2998 4872 4529 3980 4138 4396 3780 4530 4690 3792 4331 3518 3257 4375 4241 3828 4442 4103 3813 3522 4232 3061 4021 4072 4367 3369 4234 4417 3659 4765 4923 4303 3520 3754 4886 3652 4292 3310 3916 4541 3479 4155 4896 30 52' 22' 2911 3758 4181 3468 2911 2566 3354 3466 3461 3536 4367 2904 4169 4130 3209 3112 3612 4041 3206 3520 3356 3214 2860 2563 3449 3790 2905 4008 3012 3319 2980 3808 2721 3329 3224 4219 2617 3704 2777 2832 3331 3580 3164 2620 3239 4224 2883 2991 2819 3317 3007 2327 3076 2677 3204 2981 4384 2390 3203 2738 3239 2337 121 35' 18' 1960 2717 3414 2718 1950 1754 3095 3135 2461 2500 4076 2627 3198 2992 2019 2016 2550 2208 2324 2849 1941 2294 2518 2020 2482 2475 2186 2436 2563 2220 2118 2353 1508 1900 1890 2580 2240 2700 2481 2091 2154 2879 1947 1633 2477 2093 2746 1405 1773 2385 2477 2156 2598 1656 2327 2238 2329 1989 30 56' 16' 2666 3346 3301 3316 2510 2617 3258 3812 3552 3590 4147 2837 3592 3889 3261 2644 3144 3576 3310 3502 3704 3094 2298 2480 3468 3288 2731 3183 2918 3452 2948 3733 2605 3095 2847 3876 2877 3419 2839 2569 3176 3737 3051 2669 3202 3952 2588 2501 2297 3114 3294 2492 2088 2306 2870 2413 4128 2616 2560 2131 2565 2433 30 52' 15' 2585 3646 3741 3100 2621 2216 2996 3200 2843 3414 3850 2530 3401 3243 2963 2553 2989 3364 2958 3132 2963 2424 2225 1834 3043 3071 2863 2972 2641 2397 2830 3012 2415 2605 2757 2374 2872 2512 2741 2996 2528 2425 2893 3251 2231 2167 2609 2469 2885 1765 2431 2507 2286 2014 3813 2154 2230 2220 2532 2230 91 38' 13' 2042 2436 2484 2413 2510 1915 2820 2790 2299 2865 3453 2089 2755 2582 2192 2006 2134 2529 2514 2491 2220 2022 2086 2007 2240 2442 2332 2469 2170 2393 2335 2850 2005 2015 1468 2696 2526 2303 2612 2371 2223 2711 2613 2739 2262 2859 2604 2377 1986 1989 2436 1547 2258 2256 2230 2413 2504 1763 2410 2433 2578 61 37' 12' 2326 2691 2313 2233 2368 1868 2454 2755 2147 2016 3409 2251 3022 2631 2104 1845 2160 2450 2686 2407 2104 2035 2019 2024 2140 2442 2264 2693 2222 2240 2087 2457 2098 2225 33 51' 12' 2051 2296 2729 2485 2033 1724 2831 3066 2106 2566 3233 2008 2522 2686 2383 1994 2159 2678 2409 2565 2533 2532 30 48' 11' 2659 2813 2938 2311 2213 2063 3126 3049 2812 3302 3514 2393 2939 3051 2262 2622 2764 2764 3060 2852 2952 2398 2378 2319 2621 2736 3386 2861 2766 2576 2774 2664 2235 2375 45 51' 10' 2764 3003 2956 2579 2231 1943 3129 2880 2573 3134 3642 2380 3150 2974 2888 2449 2332 2822 3053 2845 3058 2197 1979 2111 2918 2906 2865 2479 2664 2685 2906 2891 2553 2545 2403 3475 2545 2537 2761 2878 2281 2830 2182 2238 2184 3226 2151 2296 2319 2278 2761 1679 2621 2014 2664 2105 4133 1750 2489 2619 2083 1956 30 42' 7' 1981 2253 1934 2067 1913 1822 2306 2317 2155 2370 2909 2254 2630 2862 1883 1948 1767 2407 2263 1937 2064 1660 1812 1955 2030 2180 1798 1995 1822 2297 1976 2056 2122 1768 1885 2402 2141 1850 2158 2122 1950 2027 2097 2154 1981 2614 2153 2327 2146 2174 2405 1280 2068 2177 1877 2080 2512 1821 2101 2482 1793 1793 30 59' 6' 2776 2537 3175 3167 2225 2484 3030 2929 2967 2832 3670 2334 3119 3112 2316 2332 2413 2931 3117 2858 2804 2250 2487 2240 2865 2997 2332 2718 3180 2990 30 59' 6' 2546 2808 2606 2164 1884 1858 1864 2373 2545 1843 2008 2203 1894 2874 2344 1893 2032 2557 2546 2014 2809 1932 1576 2307 1949 1935 2167 2126 2332 1745 1796 1938 2057 1994 2591 1659 2075 1831 2014 1857 82 39' 4' 2226 2387 2134 2393 1829 1820 2410 2408 2157 2284 2530 1764 2719 2826 1716 1878 2115 2335 2284 2295 2295 1930 1984 1850 2083 2096 1795 2036 1950 2496 2198 2226 2002 2202 1868 2130 2130 2119 2307 2355 2074 1837 2954 2102 30 49' 4' 2309 2346 2362 2495 2271 1686 2617 2878 2055 2560 2999 2289 2689 3265 1994 1775 2124 2332 2088 2278 2431 1858 2146 1857 2479 2338 2044 1998 2101 2389 2369 2327 1972 1812 2101 2073 2146 2217 2405 1829 2167 2301 2108 1862 3490 1552 1753 2347 1831 1778 45 37' 2' 1972 2126 1999 2138 1827 1876 2077 2145 1742 2189 2359 1832 2420 2790 1721 1481 1907 2494 2162 2070 1989 1605 2060 1750 2011 2085 1789 1875 1885 2567 2256 1763 1936 1915 1760 2504 2077 1923 2327 2110 2100 2584 2023 2015 2079 2487 1935 1948 1778 1981 2070 1648 1976 2040 2047 1981 2286 1638 1519 2126 2131 2106 76 34' 8*58' 1669 1864 1686 2137 1710 1313 1925 1847 1839 1995 2116 1489 2164 2168 1591 1400 1846 1779 1825 1947 1622 1365 1485 1490 1739 1838 1622 2134 1720 2132 2139 2114 1591 1904 1785 1882 1645 1767 1616 1711 1868 2448 2054 1547 1855 1799 1879 2187 2101 1530 2581 1308 1316 2029 1364 1288 2525 1593 1859 1557 1610 1717 Avg 4069 3257 2388 3055 2799 2413 2423 2718 2685 2612 2188 2726 2199 2171 2259 2031 1789 n 65 114 71 82 77 86 47 44 47 62 101 47 51 45 63 79 88 Cv 13.2 15.6 19.1 17.6 18.1 15.9 14.4 26.2 12.8 17.3 15.6 15.6 15.5 12.5 16.1 13.6 16.1 Slope -0.59 -1.25 -7.19 -5.29 -9.95 -3.92 -10.3 -25.5 1.97 -7.77 -4.34 0.818 -6.78 -1.01 -5.14 -0.4 0.227 r 0.021 0.085 0.346 0.223 0.451 0.254 0.404 0.543 0.077 0.307 0.374 0.026 0.453 0.052 0.317 0.033 0.021 p 0.5 0.5 0.005 0.05 0.001 0.02 0.005 0.001 0.5 0.02 0.001 0.5 0.001 0.5 0.02 0.5 0.5 Appendix B: Temperature TABLE Bl.?Daily maximum-minimum temperatures (tenths of degree C) in the laboratory clearing, Barro Colorado Island, Panama, 1971-1989. 1971 ?Jan-day max min ?Feb? ?Mar? ?Apr? max min max min max min ?May?max min ?Jun? ?Jul? ?Aug?max min ?Sep? ?Oct? ?Nov? ?Dec?max min 12 34 56 78 9 1011 1213 1415 1617 1819 2021 2223 2425 2627 2829 3031 310 315 320 315 325 320 325 310 320 320 320 325 320 320 320 330 330 315 335 335 330 325 330 350 330 340 340 340 340 326 29 10 350 310 210 210 205 210 220 225 235 225 220 230 225 230 225221 220 220215 220 220 220 222 235 225 230 230 230 225 218 235 223 29 8 235 205 340 330 300 330 325 270 315 315 285 325 315 325 310 290 310 310 315 300 315 310 330 300 305 310 330 310 310 325 305 312 29 15 340 270 225 220 230 240 225 230 230 215 220 223 225 235 225 230 225 220 220 225 225 220 225 225 225 220 225 235 230 240 225 226 29 6 240 215 320 325 330 300 305 325 330 300 300 310 315 300 320 310 325 300 300 285 305 300 305 310 315 320 310 315 300 300 310 28 11 330 285 230 230 225 230 230 220 225 230 240 245 225 220 210 225 235 230 220 216 235 230 225 230 225 240 225 225 225 225 228 28 7 245 210 30 5 345 270 295 300 300 310 320 315 320 320 310 310 295 295 315 293 300 320 325 330 310 290 305 295 330 315 295 262 307 29 17 34 5 262 225223 225 225 225 225 230 232 235 230 245225 215225 215225 225235 235 235 240 205 225 242 230220 230 220 205 227 29 9 245 205 310 315 315 315 310 300 300 290 315 305 275 310 300 300 315 320 315 320 320 310 305 315 300 310 330 320 309 26 11 330 275 225 225 225 220 220 215 210 215 220 225 225 230 220 220 225220 225 215 220 230 230 225 220 215 230 235 223 26 6 235 210 315 310 320 315 310 330 320 300 300 335 300 315 295 315 320 305 315 300 305 320 285 320 285 300 310 24 12 335 285 230 225 220 215 220 220 215 220 220 225 230 210 220 215 220 215 230 230 225 235 220 220 220 225 222 24 6 235 210 325 315 305 300 320 320 325 310 315 325 325 315 320 305 315 320 315 325 315 320 320 310 295 316 23 8 325 295 225215 220 220 225 235 230 235 225 225 225 215 215 220 225 225 225 220 220 220 220 220 220 223 23 5 235 215 300 290 310 300 310 300 280 320 280 270 300 305 300 300 260 320 315 320 320 320 310 310 315 290 302 24 16 320 260 220 220 220 220 215 220 220 205 210 215 215 215 230 225 215 220 210 210 210 215 215 220 210 225 217 24 6 230 205 310 310 330 325 325 325 325 320 330 320 320 325 320 320 325 320 320 315 305 315 320 315 310 310 319 24 7 330 305 225 225 225 220 225 225 230 215 215 225 225 225 230 210 215 220 220 215 200 210 220 225 220 220 220 24 7 230 200 Avg n Sd Max Min 1972 day 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 1718 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 Avg n Sd Max Min ?Jan? max 320 330 300 295 275 290 300 295 315 320 315 280 285300 305 300 295 310 310 310 315 310 310 295 303 24 13 330 275 min 220 230 225 225 220 210 225 235 225 220 210 190 215225 225220 185 220 205 215 220 215 220 230 218 2411 235 185 ?Feb? max 315315 315 315 315 305 285 315 305 315 310 305 310 310 310 305 315 320 315 325 311 20 8 325 285 min 225 225 245 220 225 215 240 220 215 210 215 220 220 210 225 215 225 220 230 225 222 20 9 245 210 ?Mar? max 320 300 325 315 320 320 310 305 315 320 315 310 320 330 320 320 330 325 330 325 330 325 320 22 8 330 300 min 230 230 235 220 220 215 205 205 210 210 220 215 220 210220 210 215 210 215 220 225 230 218 22 8 235 205 ?Apr? max 340 330 325 330 320 325 325 285 315 325 335 330 305 295 290 310 300 310 330 330 330 318 21 15 340 285 min 235 245245 245 230 235 215 230 225 225 225 230 225 215215 215225 225 230 225 225 228 21 9 245 215 ?May? max 320 305 310 320 330 325 290 320 325 335 305 320 335335 330 320 325 320 305 320 320 315 320 2211 335 290 min 235 230 235 245 235 240 225 225 240 230 240 230 240 230 225 230 230 230 245 225 245 235 234 22 7 245 225 ?Jun? max 325 330 330330 275 300 305 320 320 320 325 355 305 265 325 320 310 290 330 335 335 317 2120 355 265 min 240 235 230 230 230 220 215 215 230 230 235 235 215215 225 220 220 235 245 240 235 228 21 9 245 215 ? Jul? max 330 325 310 305 330 330 290 310 325 335 330 325 330 290 325 295 315 330 325 325 330 320 2114 335 290 min 240 240 235 225 220 240 215 235 245 245 250245 225235 225 225 245 230 240 240 245 235 219 250 215 ?Aug? max 325325 325 325 320315 295 290 325 320 325 280 300 302 290 270 275 310 310 315 290 310 305 285 306 2417 325 270 min 240 235 235 235 230 240 230 225 230 220 225225 225230 220225 220 230 225 215 225 235 225 225 228 246 240 215 ?Sep? max 315 320 325 305 315 305 305 320 315 310 310 320 290 300 325 310 305 305 305 311 19 9 325 290 min 220 245 235 245 225 225 245 245 230 210 235 235 218 238 220 225 225 220 225 230 1910 245 210 ?Oct? max 320 310 320 295 305 275 310 310 315 315 290 305 305 295 290 315 300 315 305 18 12 320 275 min 225 215 225 225 225 215 220 230 235 240 230 215 225 228 230 230 215 220 225 187 240 215 ?Nov? max 315 325 300 315 315 320 325 310 315 335 320 325 315 305 325 325 310 330 315 330 319 20 9 335 300 min 225 220225 225230 225 230 215 230 235 230 225240 235 225 225 235 230 225 225 228 20 6240 215 ?Dec? max 330 330 330 325 315 333 325 330 325 285 295 310 325 320 310 315 319 16 13 333 285 min 225235 230 235 215 230 240 235 249 230 225225 220 225 215 230 205 228 1710 249 205 64 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE EARTH SCIENCES TABLE Bl.?Continued. 1973 day 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 Avg n Sd Max Min ?Jan? max 330 320 320 320 325 320 305 315 315 310 300 315 315 310 315 325 320 325 325 315 305 317 21 7 330 300 min 230 245 240 245 230 240 245 235 225 220 225 225 230 230 215 225 230 235 232 225 240 232 21 8 245 215 ?Feb? max 325 335 325 320 325 330 315 325 310 315 325 328 315 335 325 310 315 322 320 322 19 7 335 310 min 245 235 220 215 220 210 215 210 210 215 222 225 232 245 232 210 212 232 215 222 19 11 245 210 ?Mar? max 328 315 315 320 318 315 325 320 330 325 330 335 320 295 325 325 335 345 335 330 328 324 21 10 345 295 min 225 225 235 230 220 212 220 240 240 240 240 230 240 230 240 250 230 235 225 228 230 232 21 9 250 212 ?Apr? max 340 325 340 345 330 350 345 345 330 340 330 325 335 345 345 300 335 345 355 355 338 20 12 355 300 min 220 215 218 235 250 225 235 230 240 225 235 225 225 235 215 215 225 235 240 235 229 20 9 250 215 ?May? max 320 330 325 320 320 335 340 340 325 320 285 285 310 330 340 330 310 320 315 295 320 20 16 340 285 min 250 240 240 230 230 235 235 240 235 220 220 225 225 235 235 230 230 230 210 220 231 20 9 250 210 ?Jun? max 305 280 265 275 290 325 275 315 315 325 320 305 305 310 295 300 315 285 315 301 19 18 325 265 min 225 230 230 225 235 230 225 220 225 235 225 228 225 225 225 215 220 215 235 226 19 6 235 215 ?Jul? max 300 305 320 320 330 320 300 320 305 300 310 295 310 320 320 280 310 300 305 295 310 308 21 11 330 280 min 220 215 220 220 235 235 235 235 225 228 225 225 225 210 220 225 220 225 220 210 218 223 217 235 210 ?Aug? max 285 305 310 295 285 305 315 325 315 320 310 295 325 300 325 325 325 330 300 310 318 311 21 13 330 285 min 220 205 225 215 225 240 245 200 230 225 225 225 225 220 225 235 220 215 225 230 230 224 21 10 245 200 ?Sep? max 325 325 325 325 320 315 310 325 295 305 315 320 315 305 305 310 315 16 9 325 295 min 215 225 230 220 215 225 225 215 220 220 230 235 235 215 225 225 223 16 7 235 215 ?Oct? max 310 315 290 310 315 305 305 315 305 275 310 310 310 320 305 300 310 315 320 308 19 10 320 275 min 225 225 220 220 225 235 240 225 235 225 225 225 225 225 225 225 225 225 235 227 19 5 240 220 ?Nov? max 310 315 300 275 310 315 285 255 315 315 285 300 300 310 315 295 295 300 310 300 19 16 315 255 min 225 225 228 225 225 230 215 220 228 225 225 220 225 230 230 225 230 228 220 225 19 4 230 215 ?Dec? max 300 295 295 312 310 300 300 280 295 302 310 306 300 312 301 310 315 300 302 18 8 315 280 min 210 215 225 218 215 212 215 215 215 210 215 215 226 228 230 218 230 220 218 18 6 230 210 1974 day 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 Avg n Sd Max Min ?Jan? max 215 310 300 312 295 310 310 310 310 300 315 315 320 300 310 310 311 308 310 320 315 312 305 22 21 320 215 min 305 220 228 220 230 222 228 222 215 210 210 215 215 210 210 210 213 220 215 220 230 220 222 22 19 305 210 ?Feb? max 300 310 300 305 305 305 312 305 302 310 315 310 330 310 305 315 315 310 305 309 19 7 330 300 min 200 210 220 220 210 205 210 200 220 215 220 210 215 225 230 230 225 220 220 216 19 9 230 200 ?Mar? max 310 310 310 305 310 320 315 310 312 320 315 315 310 325 330 320 315 315 320 315 19 6 330 305 min 225 220 220 235 235 220 215 220 216 220 215 210 215 215 200 218 215 215 210 218 19 8 235 200 ?Apr? max 330 315 310 320 330 330 310 320 325 325 315 320 300 300 320 305 315 320 330 318 19 9 330 300 min 210 220 220 215 225 220 225 228 215 230 245 245 235 250 240 230 230 240 240 230 19 11 250 210 ?May? max 310 330 328 335 340 340 350 345 346 296 308 278 350 334 332 330 380 320 320 322 319 318 329 22 21 380 278 min 230 225 220 223 230 228 225 222 225 225 235 225 222 217 236 235 228 220 226 245 232 219 227 22 6 245 217 ?Jun? max 305 310 313 322 325 322 318 300 305 308 325 300 315 313 310 310 300 301 305 301 310 20 8 325 300 min 222 235 235 240 245 215 228 218 220 218 229 215 220 230 234 223 220 228 228 220 226 20 8 245 215 ?Jul? max 290 262 295 302 310 310 320 320 321 310 273 312 312 265 309 280 295 300 280 290 272 290 296 22 18 321 262 min 208 225 226 226 235 245 240 228 212 205 195 225 215 212 212 225 230 230 225 218 228 215 222 22 12 245 195 ?Aug? max 298 300 310 282 270 298 312 262 302 305 320 315 320 300 318 290 312 290 295 312 302 301 21 15 320 262 min 215 230 215 222 225 238 219 220 228 228 236 235 240 240 227 220 218 230 220 225 223 226 21 8 240 215 ?Sep? max 322 316 316 330 330 270 300 305 320 302 302 320 320 320 319 318 312 318 313 18 14 330 270 min 219 225 220 222 218 212 212 230 216 215 218 207 208 228 210 212 218 215 217 18 6 230 207 ?Oct? max 301 312 310 318 318 320 310 300 300 322 322 300 290 305 292 262 305 300 312 290 295 304 21 14 322 262 min 218 218 220 222 216 217 212 220 210 210 210 220 220 220 220 218 225 218 212 217 222 217 21 4 225 210 ?Nov? max 298 307 310 320 320 300 308 290 302 300 280 300 297 270 272 272 290 280 285 302 300 318 285 315 297 24 15 320 270 min 217 202 218 220 221 220 210 220 220 215 220 220 227 222 218 216 210 220 235 222 229 238 228 235 221 24 8 238 202 ?Dec? max 285 290 300 308 310 310 300 290 310 312 310 310 310 312 310 300 312 312 320 300 312 305 310 310 310 320 315 310 310 310 307 30 8 320 285 min 245 220 216 229 225 220 220 240 220 224 225 225 238 224 225 210 217 210 217 215 220 210 228 225 218 220 220 218 210 198 221 30 9 245 198 NUMBER 29 65 TABLE B1.?Continued. 1975 day 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 Avg n Sd Max Min ?Jan? max 310 310 315 320 290 320 290 298 300 305 300 290 315 310 310 310 298 300 315 302 322 308 312 288 308 300 310 314 306 311 306 30 9 322 288 min 200 205 205 218 218 220 222 222 225 222 220 240 230 220 226 230 240 230 230 237 231 230 212 218 230 225 226 237 228 225 224 30 10 240 200 ?Feb? max 320 310 318 310 309 310 300 300 310 310 310 310 280 310 310 310 318 319 318 342 308 298 315 320 306 307 316 311 27 10 342 280 min 228 212 210 210 215 218 228 218 220 220 228 218 220 210 210 220 228 212 228 210 220 226 218 222 227 220 222 219 27 6 228 210 ?Mar? max 308 280 312 302 312 321 310 300 300 312 309 323 330 340 298 288 322 320 321 324 320 288 308 317 325 320 322 300 315 308 338 313 31 14 340 280 min 216 218 203 221 222 221 221 226 224 231 230 240 240 219 224 226 230 225 215 228 225 220 220 232 235 242 242 240 230 246 232 227 31 9 246 203 ?Apr? max 330 312 320 330 320 300 321 320 320 318 330 320 320 320 328 311 320 331 320 320 320 321 318 311 315 300 300 319 320 325 319 30 8 331 300 min 226 231 240 220 220 220 210 232 238 230 230 220 220 237 220 229 230 228 238 238 245 242 238 237 230 240 240 222 207 215 229 30 10 245 207 ?May? max 325 322 312 320 325 320 320 290 290 312 310 312 318 299 300 318 300 298 315 320 320 295 290 320 302 318 300 300 310 28 11 325 290 min 225 221 228 228 221 227 222 228 236 240 240 232 232 235 230 218 230 240 225 222 241 240 228 220 220 227 222 220 230 230 229 30 7 241 218 ?Jun? max 300 322 304 300 315 312 300 300 310 308 310 319 320 310 300 328 310 310 310 305 300 310 295 300 270 290 310 308 320 295 306 30 11 328 270 min 230 243 215 232 245 228 226 226 238 237 240 242 237 215 238 221 221 220 225 232 244 230 218 235 230 229 215 225 220 222 229 30 9 245 215 ?Jul? max 260 276 305 295 270 270 292 300 302 305 310 300 320 280 300 308 300 320 310 286 298 310 300 300 320 291 300 301 272 300 297 30 15 320 260 min 225 219 236 220 210 200 225 216 212 236 232 230 220 213 212 220 228 230 208 210 213 225 213 224 228 215 230 230 228 215 225 221 31 9 236 200 ?Aug? max 290 330 330 295 286 286 280 331 310 310 309 307 292 312 290 308 316 297 295 265 299 295 300 310 292 270 290 297 297 300 29 16 331 265 min 230 230 230 230 226 222 222 218 220 220 231 245 208 213 218 216 224 222 215 220 218 220 220 220 219 217 215 213 210 221 29 7 245 208 ?Sep? max 301 320 320 293 280 302 301 310 300 300 300 302 290 307 278 310 318 315 288 288 299 300 301 310 318 290 310 303 300 302 29 11 320 278 min 220 218 215 230 215 228 218 218 211 213 219 220 220 212 217 215 221 220 220 220 220 220 222 220 220 230 220 210 220 219 29 5 230 210 ?Oct? max 310 310 310 294 300 300 298 295 290 302 310 315 302 310 320 272 290 300 295 310 310 290 312 310 301 322 303 26 11 322 272 min 230 212 206 228 217 220 222 220 220 205 205 218 212 218 218 225 218 212 231 208 208 218 220 220 212 218 217 26 7 231 205 ?Nov? max 280 280 300 312 305 290 300 325 310 310 275 290 312 312 335 253 291 308 315 310 300 289 298 289 315 305 300 300 27 16 335 253 min 210 210 220 224 219 221 215 220 225 221 212 216 217 220 220 225 208 212 258 230 250 210 220 228 218 220 240 222 27 11 258 208 ?Dec? max 309 292 282 286 290 310 330 290 283 270 240 250 310 310 300 292 315 315 308 330 316 272 292 280 290 308 328 305 310 303 297 30 21 330 240 min 210 202 205 208 210 220 228 217 211 210 220 215 240 230 232 240 222 217 228 230 218 215 218 210 200 210 220 200 200 215 217 30 11 240 200 1976 day 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 Avg N Sdv Max Min ?Jan? max 312 312 302 292 310 295 305 302 302 300 310 310 317 300 300 310 310 298 300 305 303 300 300 300 310 310 319 302 300 305 29 6 319 292 min 210 210 210 210 208 201 225 219 210 210 212 222 235 230 230 220 220 229 226 230 218 205 220 220 223 215 199 200 200 216 29 10 235 199 ?Feb? max 300 301 307 310 312 310 280 300 312 302 305 310 300 312 316 318 316 300 300 325 326 300 310 312 300 300 307 26 9 326 280 min 200 198 210 220 225 222 220 220 208 200 228 218 229 198 210 212 215 220 220 222 218 230 228 210 220 220 216 26 9 230 198 ?Mar? max 290 300 310 315 320 290 300 310 320 322 320 302 290 312 315 312 326 301 308 282 320 319 306 310 310 306 300 318 316 312 309 30 11 326 282 min 228 230 233 213 221 222 220 220 215 230 232 228 228 232 230 235 228 235 238 240 232 239 232 220 218 215 216 230 228 210 227 30 8 240 210 ?Apr? max 328 320 328 328 320 322 340 330 350 390 420 410 320 290 399 324 310 318 320 298 310 315 290 312 340 298 310 310 330 28 34 420 290 min 222 212 220 228 238 230 220 232 280 230 230 210 245 208 214 205 208 210 205 215 230 235 238 235 230 230 230 220 225 28 15 280 205 ?May? max 290 300 322 320 312 320 325 310 300 322 340 330 338 321 321 301 330 310 320 310 320 320 315 315 298 310 316 26 12 340 290 min 228 230 223 230 232 225 225 230 240 232 230 230 250 230 255 248 222 240 242 232 225 230 225 230 220 220 220 231 27 9 255 220 ?Jun? max 315 300 290 300 300 300 302 290 310 310 310 310 300 310 288 305 300 300 300 300 308 310 310 300 300 300 278 280 300 301 29 9 315 278 min 230 225 220 230 230 230 239 228 228 236 236 236 238 230 229 238 242 240 220 220 222 250 220 220 220 240 230 240 232 231 29 8 250 220 ? Jul? max 300 310 292 310 320 320 315 300 300 300 308 261 290 320 300 277 300 330 320 310 320 290 300 300 310 330 320 320 318 290 306 30 15 330 261 min 232 240 222 230 230 239 250 300 230 230 250 260 290 240 240 251 290 230 234 230 220 222 230 240 230 228 250 240 245 240 242 30 19 300 220 ?Aug? max 290 300 310 310 300 300 300 308 310 320 320 310 293 290 300 310 318 310 300 280 300 310 300 310 310 310 290 300 315 304 29 10 320 280 min 240 230 235 220 195 238 240 240 235 240 230 230 240 228 220 222 230 222 320 230 220 220 230 230 234 210 222 230 250 232 29 20 320 195 ?Sep? max 315 270 310 320 310 320 330 312 310 290 308 320 320 290 290 310 300 325 270 290 290 260 320 300 310 310 320 300 304 28 17 330 260 min 240 210 220 240 250 220 230 220 220 220 220 250 230 220 230 205 210 225 235 230 235 190 210 220 215 220 225 220 224 28 13 250 190 ?Oct? max 330 300 300 330 320 312 315 310 280 280 280 320 340 325 320 270 280 340 320 310 320 315 290 270 300 305 310 318 320 308 29 19 340 270 min 225 220 220 220 220 230 240 220 226 226 220 230 240 220 220 220 220 210 220 228 220 230 220 220 210 220 228 230 225 223 29 7 240 210 ?Nov? max 250 310 310 300 270 300 310 300 320 310 300 300 280 270 310 310 320 330 310 280 288 320 320 320 325 330 280 270 340 340 304 30 22 340 250 min 240 250 230 240 237 220 220 240 220 235 240 220 220 220 215 220 224 215 210 220 220 230 230 220 248 242 230 220 230 225 228 30 10 250 210 ?Dec? max 320 325 330 290 270 310 330 330 340 320 280 270 350 320 340 340 300 290 290 320 320 320 320 300 300 300 315 310 300 310 280 311 31 21 350 270 min 230 220 220 210 220 220 320 310 235 240 230 240 240 248 240 230 220 240 240 230 230 230 215 240 240 240 230 205 220 220 220 235 31 24 320 205 66 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE EARTH SCIENCES TABLE Bl.?Continued. 1977 dia 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 1112 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 Avg N Sd Max Min ?Jan? max 300 300 320 320 310 320 330 310 300 320 312 310 315 330 260 260 330 320 330 300 320 248 298 320 312 320 320 320 298 270 330 308 31 21 330 248 min 240 220225 235 210 240 230 220 210 215 248 250 240 220 210 220 220 220 210 210 215 220 250 216 218 226 218 240 226 220 215 224 31 12 250 210 ?Feb? max 330 330 320 300 290 280 310 320 320 320 330 300 300 310 325 300 310 300 300 300 300 310 315 320 325 320 310 325 311 28 13 330 280 min 220 220 220 220220 230 220 220 250 245 235 240 240 230 230 220 220 237 240 240 230 230 240 235 225 230 220 225 230 28 9 250 220 ?Mar? max 330 310 305 300 310 310 310 310 315 300 320 308 308 340 300 300 290 280 320 300 320 315 320 315 320 300 300 320 325 320 310 311 31 12 340 280 min 240 240 220 240 245 250 245 240 240 240 235 248 240 200 300 210 230 230 250 240 250 250 245 240 210 220 220 225 240 250 230 238 31 17 300 200 ?Apr? max 330 300 290 330 320 325 330 300 290 300 300 300 310 300 295 320 310 330 315 330 330 325 320 300 310 320 315 310 315 310 313 30 13 330 290 min 220 220 240 220 210 200 245 235 220 240 235 230 250 235 220 260 260 240 250 230 230 210 275 270 265 240 260 250 255 280 240 30 20 280 200 ?May? max 325 310 315 315 340 340 300 300 300 300 325 330 315 380 310 320 330 330 300 280 300 310 330 320 315 305 330 320 318 28 18 380 280 min 260 250 215 240 230 250 250 260 260 255 250 235 230 228 230 260 265 245 225 230 220 220 230 230 230 235 220 235 239 28 14 265 215 ?Jun? max 310 300 300 298 288 315 295 315 320 310 310 288 290 300 315 300 310 310 315 290 310 300 290 305 290 316 310 270 270 301 29 13 320 270 min 215 230 220 228 210 235 220 230 220 240 235210 210 220 225 235 240 260 240 230 235 230 235 235 230 248 230 220 220 229 29 11 260 210 ? Jul? max 354 308 314 300 280 280 350 315 310 315 315 310 310 310 300 315 300 300 320 310 300 300 300 320 310 24 16 354 280 min 218 224 232 215 195 220 228 230230 245235 250220 232240 235 220 225230 245 235 220 230 245 229 24 12 250 195 ?Aug? max 250 295 300 300 290 275 305 290 310 310 295 280 285 275 270 305 310 315 310 320 300 310 295 22 17 320 250 min 210 205 235 235 235 225 235 220 220 220 245 220 220 210 220 220 220 230 245 245 258 210 227 22 13 258 205 ?Sep? max 300 305 320 305 330 330 300 310 300 285 310 310 305 285 290 310 300 300 295 300 310 305 21 12 330 285 min 210 238 230 240 240 240 225 280 240 235 250 280 250 245 240 240 230 210 220 220 230 238 21 18 280 210 ?Oct? max 300 310 300 305 310 300 310 320 340 300 300 300 285 310 335 315 315 300 305 308 19 13 340 285 min 240 230 225 230 230 220 230 250 220 240 230 240 235 225 235 230 240 230 230 232 19 7 250 220 ?Nov? max 330 325 310 285 300 325 310 300 280 310 300 290 315 330 300 295 310 320 315 308 19 14 330 280 min 230 230 240 235 230 230 225 230 210 225 220 220 230 225 220 240 245 250 220 235 230 20 9 250 210 ?Dec? max 300 290 310 315 285 290 300 290 295 300 315 325 295 300 325 320 295 390 330 325 312 310 21 22 390 285 min 240 230 240 245 265 245 240 230 215 240 225 225 220 220 220 230 220 235 240 230 224 232 21 12 265 215 1978 dia 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 Avg n Sd Max Min ?Jan? max 320 310 325 330 340 295 290 300 305 340 330 305 320 315 315 310 310 320 320 305 320 315 21 13 340 290 min 220 230 220 220 210 230 220 215 210 200 205 230 210 230 240 245 249 235 250 235 225 225 21 14 250 200 ?Feb? max 310 320 290 310 290 300 315 325 310 310 310 325 330 325 300 315 325 312 17 12 330 290 min 240 255 250 220 235 245 225 205 200 220 220 220 225 225 220 220 255 228 17 16 255 200 ?Mar? max 325 310 325 320 320 325 320 320 310 230 325 320 310 320 290 320 318 330 330 300 320 310 314 22 20 330 230 min 230 228 230 230 235 230 235 225 225 260 225 230 220 230 240 238 240 240 250 220 235 220 233 22 9 260 220 ?Apr? max 315 325 320 320 310 315 330 325 320 290 305 300 325 315 320 320 310 315 316 18 10 330 290 min 220 225 225 225 240 230 235 225 249 220 220 230 230 235 230 240 240 230 231 18 8 249 220 ?May? max 315 290 315 320 320 320 305 340 330 315 305 310 310 320 310 320 290 280 300 300 310 310 311 22 13 340 280 min 230 240 230 230 240 220 230 230 230 235 240 235 225 220 230 230 250 220 220 220 220 220 229 22 8 250 220 ?Jun? max 305 320 225 300 300 315 295 300 300 320 290 300 320 310 340 310 320 300 320 305 300 310 305 22 21 340 225 min 225 220 280 225 220 230 220 220 220 220 190 200 230 220 222 225 230 230 220 230 220 222 224 22 15 280 190 ?Jul? max 300 340 315 316 310 310 315 340 320 310 320 330 308 320 300 330 320 325 300 315 320 317 21 11 340 300 min 225 230 230 230 228 214 220 220 220 228 225 240 219 224 224 210 245 230 210 220 225 225 21 8245 210 ?Aug? max 305 310 300 320 300 295 305 215 300 300 315 310 290 300 310 330 315 310 330 300 290 320 303 22 22 330 215 min 220220 228 230 220 220 225 215 225 240 215 210 250 240 215 230 235 235 225 215 210 215 224 22 10 250 210 ?Sep? max 330 320 330 320 310 310 315 305 320 300 320 300 310 330 310 310 315 315 295 314 19 10 330 295 min 215 225 220 230 220 225 200 210 210 220 220 230 220 220 210 225 220 225 220 219 19 7 230 200 ?Oct? max 305 295 310 320 320 305 300 300 310 315 310 320 310 310 290 320 315 290 310 310 290 290 307 22 10 320 290 min 225 230 228 225 220 220 220 185 220 220 218 220 240 225 220 220 215 215 215 230 225 230 221 22 10 240 185 ?Nov? max 305 310 310 315 310 290 300 305 310 300 320 290 320 315 330 330 320 340 340 314 19 14 340 290 min 230220 220 225 225 250 220 220 220 225 230 220 220 220 226 230 235 235 230 226 19 8 250 220 ?Dec? max 330 336 320 330 335 310 310 310 305 325 320 330 320 325 330 325 330 325 320 323 19 9 336 305 min 230 220 220 220 230 230 225 220 215 230 220 224 220 220 225 210 230 220 220 223 19 5 230 210 NUMBER 29 67 TABLE Bl.?Continued. 1979 dia 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 Avg n Sd Max Min ?Jan? max 330 320 315 320 320 330 325 320 320 330 330 330 325 330 330 320 320 340 320 315 325 20 6 340 315 min 230 230 230 230 200 210 200 200 210 220 225 230 230 200 214 230 215 210 230 225 218 20 12 230 200 ?Feb? max 320 320 325 325 330 325 315 320 320 315 310 320 330 325 320 321 15 5 330 310 min 230 215 270 230 215 220 230 215 230 220 205 220 230 235 240 227 15 15 270 205 ?Mar? max 340 335 330 330 330 320 325 320 325 330 330 350 350 330 332 340 332 16 9 350 320 min 210 215 228 228 230 230 215 210 210 200 200 210 230 240 234 240 221 16 13 240 200 ?Apr? max 335 330 320 300 305 330 330 335 340 325 290 310 310 325 320 340 335 320 325 325 330 323 21 13 340 290 min 230 235 240 230 230 230 240 260 250 230 230 240 245 220 230 240 225 230 220 225 225 234 21 10 260 220 ?May? max 330 330 330 325 305 325 325 330 325 330 325 300 325 295 305 330 310 310 315 315 310 300 310 325 290 290 290 290 314 28 14 330 290 min 230 230 235 235 235 250 245 250 230 245 230 225 225 235 220 230 230 230 225 230 225 235 230 235 240 230 220 230 233 28 8 250 220 ?Jun? max 320 290 310 310 290 305 300 310 325 320 330 315 300 310 310 300 300 245 300 300 300 300 315 305 315 325 306 26 16 330 245 min 230 225 230 225 220 220 220 230 230 225 235 235 226 235 235 230 240 230 230 220 230 230 230 240 235 245 230 26 6 245 220 ?Jul? max 310 315 315 300 310 305 325 300 300 310 285 300 320 310 290 280 300 304 290 400 320 300 300 300 310 320 400 310 320 325 312 30 26 400 280 min 250 240 245 240 240 240 245 250 240 230 210 225 240 220 220 220 220 230 228 240 240 215 235 235 230 230 240 230 220 220 232 30 10 250 210 ?Aug? max 310 310 295 320 320 325 320 320 315 320 320 280 330 290 300 290 310 310 310 310 310 290 300 300 310 300 280 290 270 315 320 306 31 15 330 270 min 220 230 230 220 240 250 240 230 235 250 240 200 240 230 220 220 220 230 220 230 220 220 215 225 220 220 225 230 220 220 218 227 31 10 250 200 ?Sep? max 310 320 310 320 325 326 290 310 320 300 320 310 302 275 300 310 310 330 315 310 300 318 320 265 315 330 320 310 310 310 29 14 330 265 min 220 220 220 230 235 236 220 220 230 230 228 228 220 225 220 220 230 230 230 230 225 225 220 210 225 235 230 235 230 226 29 6 236 210 ?Oct? max 285 320 305 280 280 315 280 315 325 305 325 310 315 330 335 315 320 330 345 335 330 315 315 290 310 310 320 320 310 300 330 314 31 17 345 280 min 215 225 225 230 235 235 225 230 225 220 225 225 225 235 230 230 230 230 230 225 220 220 215 215 215 220 215 225 220 215 215 224 31 6 235 215 ?Nov? max 335 335 320 310 315 310 310 315 320 320 270 300 300 320 280 280 290 290 300 310 300 310 325 307 23 17 335 270 min 225 215230 228 225 228 225 225 230 222 220 225 220 222 226 225 220 220 220 228 220 238 230 225 23 5 238 215 ?Dec? max 325 305 308 325 300 312 320 315 310 320 318 320 340 310 290 278 295 300 300 308 265 310 272 306 302 315 320 270 297 310 310 306 31 17 340 265 min 220 227 245 228 225 236 240 245 232 223 232 235 230 230 220 210 220 220 215 212 215 210 245 211 213 210 210 225 215 230 235 225 31 11 245 210 1980 dia 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 Avg nSd Max Min ?Jan? max 300 310 315 318 320 325 328 328 320 328 318 320 300 315 310 260 310 310 310 315 300 320 330 310 320 328 315 314 27 14 330 260 min 230 240 235 245 240 240 250 239 240 234 275 210 220 218 215 210 220 210 225 230 260 240 235 240 239 230 230 233 27 15 275 210 ?Feb? max 310 315 315 310 320 270 310 320 320 330 330 330 320 320 315 320 315 325 320 330 330 330 330 319 23 13 330 270 min 230 220 210 220 215 210 220 230 220 225 225 220 225 220 215 225 225 225 218 225 225 230. 228 222 23 6 230 210 ?Mar? max 330 328 320 325 325 325 325 330 305 320 310 305 325 320 325 330 330 340 320 325 330 340 320 340 325 24 9 340 305 min 216 220 218 220 235 240 235 240 230 240 235 225 230 240 230 235 238 218 240 200 250 245 245 238 232 24 11 250 200 ?Apr? max 330 325 325 335 330 330 330 330 330 310 335 335 335 330 320 340 320 320 310 325 330 327 21 8 340 310 min 245 230 220 235 230 222 220 205 210 210 202 220 245 235 240 248 220 220 225 235 240 227 21 13 248 202 ?May? max 345 350 340 360 300 290 340 355 335 330 315 335 335 340 310 330 320 300 290 315 330 330 320 325 320 326 25 18 360 290 min 225 240 240 230 235 230 230 240 240 220 210 250 235 240 230 240 220 230 230 240 240 230 230 230 230 233 25 8 250 210 ?Jun? max 310 338 340 330 310 290 300 300 300 290 310 300 330 320 330 325 290 325 325 325 310 315 305 320 330 315 25 15 340 290 min 230 238 240 240 240 230 235 230 230 230 225 230 250 250 240 235 220 230 219 219 240 240 250 250 230 235 25 9 250 219 ? Jul? max 325 320 300 325 330 330 310 325 325 315 325 320 295 300 320 320 320 320 300 233 325 305 320 320 300 310 310 313 21 19 330 233 min 240 240 240 240 245 250 230 240 240 225 230 230 240 240 230 240 220 230 240 233 220 230 230 228 222 230 240 234 27 8 250 220 ?Aug? max 310 315 320 325 320 310 310 310 320 335 320 335 320 310 315 330 320 320 325 310 330 335 325 320 23 8 335 310 min 220 235 238 220 230 235 220 240 230 250 220 225 230 225 224 220 224 240 225 230 230 250 240 230 23 9 250 220 ? Sep? max 325 280 300 330 330 310 310 305 310 310 310 325 280 310 320 290 280 280 320 330 340 340 305 320 311 24 18 340 280 min 230 230 220 230 230 240 230 230 238 235 235 250 235 230 228 225 230 235 220 230 225 235 245 220 232 24 7 250 220 ?Oct? max 315 310 320 320 315 290 290 315 325 325 320 320 335 310 300 320 315 320 325 320 330 310 328 330 330 300 300 315 300 316 29 12 335 290 min 230 225 220 230 225 220 220 225 225 230 215 220 230 230 220 270 240 220 225 230 225 230 230 240 225 230 230 210 225 227 29 10 270 210 ?Nov? max 320 225 320 330 323 305 310 320 320 310 310 300 325 300 310 330 320 325 330 325 300 315 312 280 300 295 305 310 27 21 330 225 min 230 290 230 220 215 210 210 220 225 220 220 225 225 220 220 228 225 225 230 230 220 230 229 225 230 225 225 226 27 14 290 210 ?Dec? max 280 300 330 325 315 300 320 320 290 300 325 310 310 310 315 305 320 315 310 290 310 295 300 310 310 310 260 300 307 28 14 330 260 min 230 235 225 225 220 220 225 225 230 235 240 225 220 220 230 230 250 230 225 230 220 220 225 215 215 210 210 200 224 28 10 250 200 68 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE EARTH SCIENCES TABLE Bl.?Continued. 1981 dia 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 Avg n Sd Max Min ?Jan? max 300 310 300 305 310 305 315 300 280 315 315 280 285 290 280 305 305 270 300 320 310 300 290 310 302 315 300 305 300 300 301 30 12 320 270 min 205 220 225 215 220 220 225 225 228 225 220 218 210 220 210 225 230 220 220 210 225 215 210 215 220 215 225 230 220 220 220 30 6 230 205 ?Feb? max 300 302 310 318 322 330 325 322 315 320 315 315 320 315 300 270 300 315 320 301 320 320 300 315 325 320 310 313 27 12 330 270 min 215 230 235 230 236 210 230 224 230 235 232226 230 215 215 228 235 240 235 235225 230 230 225 235 235 240 229 27 8 240 210 ?Mar? max 332 330 320 310 310 290 328 328 310 300 320 325 325 318 330 325 320 330 340 330 325 336 345 330 330 330 322 330 320 330 324 30 11 345 290 min 242 250 250 245 230 225 224 225 230 235 232 220 225 225 210 210 212 210 215 225 215 222 223 240 225 225 230 222 230 230 227 30 11 250 210 ?Apr? max 346 332 330 335 338 338 330 330 336 326 336 316 340 320 310 327 321 289 300 324 298 309 290 270 306 310 320 26 18 346 270 min 245 250 240 235 232 238 230 225 230 230 225 245 220 225 220 222 225 219 220 231 233 230 225 222 226 230 230 26 8 250 219 ?May? max 337 334 335 326 300 340 340 330 297 340 328 316 325 331 330 340 330 295 340 344 315 315 327 22 14 344 295 min 230 223 220 230 232 226 230 228 225 220 554 230 235 230 245 250255 232 230 240 235 233 247 22 68 554 220 ?Jun? max 330 290 295 308 330 345 300 300 310 320 330 308 290 330 340 280 320 320 285 335 290 324 330 293 320 280 312 26 19 345 280 min 230 230 225 228 232 235 220 220 225 230 238 218 230 230 220 220 225 222 222 235 230 232 210 223 230 290 229 26 14 290 210 ?Jul? max 305 316 320 262 300 320 330 305 310 300 295 315 300 310 300 280 290 277 331 312 300 325 340 320 340 326 309 26 19 340 262 min 213 220 232 221 220 225 220 230 230 220 225 220 230 230 220 220 220 220 240 228 220 225 240 225 240 220 225 26 7 240 213 ?Aug? max 322 300 311 285 300 290 340 305 315 310 285 310 275 290 325 330 340 230 320 320 290 275 350 295320 300 310 300 325 310 260 304 31 24 350 230 min 240 225 210 225 215 230 230 230 220 230 235 225 220 225 225 225 225 223210 225220 230 240 225 220 210 220 220 215 240 210 224 31 8 240 210 ?Sep? max 310 300 325 300 340 370 280 300 298 305 280 320 290 330 310 315 285 300 330 330 325 330 315 325 305 330 320 280 340 315 313 30 20 370 280 min 210 215 220 218 240 220 240 225 230 215 225 240 240 220 210 235 225 215 260 260 235 240 240 235 235 235 250 230 220 215 230 30 13 260 210 ?Oct? max 315 310 340 310 315 315 310 300 295 305 295 315 320 305 305 300 310 305 305 315 305 290 305 315 325 310 325 320 310 310 29 10 340 290 min 230 230 270 230 230 230 225 225 220 220 215 220 230 220 220 225 225 225 220 225 225 215 220 215 225 220 225 220 220 225 29 10 270 215 ?Nov? max 325 305 325 325 320 315 305 285 290 300 305 280 300 305 285 285 300 295 305 295 275 300 295 305 305 300 295 305 310 301 29 13 325 275 min 215 215 220 220 225 230 230 220 230 220 225 225 220 215 220 225 230 225 225 220 225 220 220 225 230 230 225 225 220 223 29 5 230 215 ?Dec? max 318 295 305 310 315 305 315 305 325 260 289 261 278 261 294 297 311 322 317 311 317 289 322 278 322 317 311 300 333 317 311 304 31 19 333 260 min 225 215 235 235 220 220 220 225 230 230 222 233 239 244 239 244 250 244 244 239 239 228 233 228 239 239 233 244 250 233 222 234 31 9 250 215 1982 dia 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 Avg n Sd Max Min ?Jan? max 317 294 294 311 300 300 289 322 300 322 317 317 317 306 322 317 294 317 322 339 328 333 317 328 322 333 294 322 322 322 317 315 31 13 339 289 min 233 228 228 233 222 228 222 228 228 228 228 233 239 244 239 239 228 233 233 233 233 233 228 233239 222 222 217 222 228 228 230 31 6 244217 --Feb? max 322 306 322 328 317 322 328 333 322 328 333 322 328 333 339 328 322 311 328 328 322 322 322 322 306 317 328 317 323 28 8 339 306 min 244 233 228 228 239 250 244 244 239 244 244 244 250 233 239 239 239 228 228 233 222 217 222 228 239 228 233 244 236 28 9 250 217 ?Mar? max 324 311 322 317 317 311 317 333 317 339 328 322 328 328 328 317 333 322 322 333 333 333 328 324 23 8 339 311 min 244 244 228 233 211 222 228 233 228 222 228 235 233 233 246 244 250 239 250 233 250 250 244 236 23 10 250 211 ?Apr? max 322 322 328 317 317 344 339 267 322 311 317 322 322 328 322 333 328 333 333 333 311 322 21 15 344 267 min 239 233 233 239 239 244 233 217 233 233 233 233 233 244 256 256 244 250 256 244 239 240 21 9 256 217 ?May? max 344 339 317 328 322 339 317 289 322 322 333 339 333 322 322 328 306 311 317 333 324 20 13 344 289 min 233 239 239 244 239 239 244 247 244 244 236 244 239 236 227 239 239 233 244 244 240 20 5 247 227 ?Jun? max 344 328 344 333 328 328 311 289 322 339 333 328 311 306 339 317 322 300 306 311 317 314 317 321 23 14 344 289 min 239 256 244 222 228 239 244 233 244 239 250 247 244 244 239 244 244 244 239 244 239 250 250 242 23 7 256 222 ?Jul? max 328 317 306 283 311 333 328 278 314 311 322 317 322 256 308 311 322 317 278 286 311 300 307 22 19 333 256 min 261 253 239 244 250 233 244 228 244244 247 250 236217 244250 247 244 236 242 233 236 242 22 9 261 217 ?Aug? max 317311 325 328 317 317 325 311 333 311322 294311 308 325 322 319 317 319 306 333 318 21 9 333 294 min 250 239 247 244 233 242 247 256 239 250 244 242 236 256 239 250 239 253 253 236 256 245 21 7 256 233 ?Sep? max 306 319 336 317 283 311 317 294 308 317 333 317 311 314 306 314 322 306 317 336 333 322 315 22 13 336 283 min 233 233 244 239 242 242 244 264 242 244 239 236 239 222 233 217 244 236 228 239 239 239 238 22 9 264 217 ?Oct? max 328 322 300 306 306 286 311 317 314 303 317 317 306 292 297 281 311 300 300 303 306 317 300 306 23 11 328 281 min 233 222 228 228 239 233 225 228 231 233244 233 228 233 239 233 233 231 231 231 231 228 222 231 235 244 222 ?Nov? max 317 311 316322 314 300 319 319 322 375 311 308 303 300 278 333 317 311 315 18 18 375 278 min 244 239 225 231 233 242 250 250 244 233 228 231 253 239 228 225 236244 238 18 9 253 225 ?Dec? max 317 325 325 322 325 317 311 311 322317 319 322 311 325 311 317 317 317 311 311 311 317 322 325 322 311 322 311 318 285 325 311 min 250 250242 233 239 228 239 239 239 242 250 250250 247 244 239217 222 247239 250 239 239 239 239 222 239 211 239 2810 250 211 NUMBER 29 69 TABLE Bl.?Continued. 1983 day 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 Avg n Sd Max Min ?Jan? max 283 319 314 303 322 314 322 311 308 303 317 314 311 311 308 314 306 317 314 311 322 328' 331 322 314 292 311 325 317 313 29 10 331 283 min 189 244 244 238 244 246 264 244 250 253 253 239 239 250 239 239 242 247 244 247 247 247 253 247 244 247 244 233 222 243 29 12 264 189 ?Feb? max 317 314 325 317 317 322 325 333 317 339 325 322 333 325 322 322 333 333 319 317 292 325 325 322 331 319 331 347 324 28 10 347 292 min 228 231 233 247 228 228 228 242 217 211 219 222 231 244 239 239 244 233 244 250 247 253 256 256 247 256 256 253 239 28 13 256 211 ?Mar? max 336 331 344 344 339 328 328 347 339 339 336 319 319 322 328 361 350 344 369 361 333 358 339 336 331 333 319 339 328 336 333 338 31 12 369 319 min 264 261 258 244 231 236 239 233 244 244 250 250 239 225 233 247 256 253 253 256 256 266 267 253 236 244 250 253 258 236 233 247 31 11 267 225 ?Apr? max 339 344 347 347 339 344 347 347 344 342 339 342 350 339 344 328 339 328 344 358 356 353 333 322 347 350 339 272 261 303 336 30 21 358 261 min 244 239 250 261 256 267 256 242 244 250 261 256 244 239 242 247 256 256 236 275 239 239 250 261 256 256 250 244 236 250 250 30 9 275 236 ?May? max 322 319 314 306 322 325 322 322 322 331 339 344 322 261 267 281 306 336 333 319 328 336 325 322 328 333 328 328 314 328 319 30 19 344 261 min 244 244 250 233 247 256 258 247 256 261 261 266 244 244 247 236 247 244 250 247247 258 256 261 256 256 242 261 239 247 250 30 8 266 233 ?Jun? max 356 333 322 311 314 328 333 319 322 311 319 339 336 336 328 339 250 311 342 286 325 314 311 300 328 317 333 322 283 320 29 20 356 250 min 247 261 233 244 244 239 247 244 244 239 250 250 256 253 256 242 233 250 250 250 256 250 239 228 236 253 256 233 239 246 29 8 261 228 ?Jul? max 283 289 317 286 317 314 331 325 311 282 333 306 317 339 306 317 322 311 289 339 333 333 311 306 311 322 328 333 333 283 300 314 31 17 339 282 min 244 247 236 244 256 236 250 250 256 239 250 250 247 250 250 261 250 244 261 261 258 233 228 228 244 256 256 272 244 244 244 248 31 10 272 228 ?Aug? max 311 272 319 322 333 322 294 333 333 333 328 328 325 331 333 333 306 278 311 322 311 311 289 269 294 300 319 300 311 313 29 19 333 269 min 250 239 250 250 272 250 239 250 250 244 239 242 256 267 264 250 222 222 239 250 239 239 244 247 244 244 239 250 239 246 29 11 272 222 ?Sep? max 322 317 317 328 311 278 283 322 300 283 294 328 306 311 322 256 278 319 300 317 319 308 317 281 297 297 304 26 18 328 256 min 244 244 233 233 239 233 222 247 244 239 222 233 239 244 239 228 228 236 239 244 250 247 250 253 244 244 239 26 8 253 222 ?Oct? max 300 289 314 319 303 294 294 267 300 311 314 311 297 317 283 311 311 317 311 322 300 317 322 325 325 303 283 317 317 311 303 307 31 13 325 267 min 247 228 250 239 244 233 233 239 228 222 239 239 244 239 239 228 228 233 228 233 228 228 228 225 247 244 244 244 244 239 233 236 31 8 250 222 ?Nov? max 297 311 317 317 317 311 317 306 306 306 328 311 314 308 314 317 314 294 311 311 289 308 311 322 319 328 325 317 312 28 9 328 289 min 225 236 239 244 233 244 244 261 222 247 261 250 278 233 233 244 239 244 250 250 244 247 244 250 244 244 242 233 244 28 11 278 222 ?Dec? max 311 306 311 289 311 311 253 311 278 306 300 292 294 294 328 303 294 283 272 294 278 294 322 311 311 317 300 317 306 311 300 300 31 16 328 253 min 231 225 233 233 233 233 236 233 228 228 233 233 228 228 239 239 239 233 236 183 183 239 244 256 250 244 250 250 244 244 233 234 31 15 256 183 1984 day 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 1112 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 Avg nSd Max Min ?Jan? max 367 289 306 306 317 311 289 300 306 294 289 311 311 311 317 308 292 317 319 319 322 322 317 317 322 322 325 314 317 317 311 312 31 14 367 289 min 222 222 228 217 222 217 222 217 233 228 239 222 228 233 239 236 233 233 244 244 244 228 228 233 242 239 233 233 231 231 242 231 31 8244 217 ?Feb? max 319 317 311 317 311 311 303 311 317 306 306 308 317 317 319 319 319 328 328 325 311 328 322 317 322 316 25 7 328 303 min 231 247 247 233 244 239 236 239 233 242 239 233 233 239 228 231 233 239 236 242 244 244 228 242 236 238 25 6 247 228 ?Mar? max 311 319 311 311 319 319 303 308 317 319 311 322 328 317 328 319 319 317 319 331 322 319 328 328 328 344 344 322 321 28 9 344 303 min 263 233 228 244 233 244 250 244 242 228 233 236 250 247 242 244 222 219 219 219 233 239 244 231 233 228 244 239 237 28 10 263 219 ?Apr? max 317 322 331 300 336 336 342 322 336 336 297 361 322 336 333 278 322 322 319 333 333 322 325 325 331 326 25 16 361 278 min 256 231 233 247 233 231 244 244 219 219 236 250 253 242 244 239 253 244 242 233 242 242 244 242 236 240 25 9 256 219 ?May? max 328 339 344 333 322 333 350 328 336 325 314 328 322 300 319 294 306 303 306 322 339 328 306 314 325 322 297 328 322 314 300 321 31 14 350 294 min 236 236 239 250 256 253 242 244 236 250 247 239 233 233 236 233 236 244 256 256 256 239 242 242 236 231 236 239 244 250 244 242 31 7 256 231 ?Jun? max 306 306 300 325 322 289 264 289 306 311 306 297 317 308 306 311 322 292 292317 333 322 306 311 286 294 297 303 319 283 305 30 15 333 264 min 233 244 233 250 236 239 239 225 233 244 242 233 236 247 250 250 233 244 242 256 256 244 244 250 239 242 231 242 239 239 241 30 7 256 225 ?Jul? max 272 294 300 314 300 311 283 314 306 319 317 311 289 297 306 322 294 317 314 317 317 289 317 289 305 24 13 322 272 min 239 236 231 236 228 228 233 236 242 236 233 239 244 225 244 236 244 225 225 236 250 242 239 231 236 24 7 250 225 ?Aug? max 306 308 314 328 322 311 319 308 319 294 286 297 319 317 322 283 292 311 309 18 13 328 283 min 239 231 233 253 250 256 225 228 242 239 244 239 231 225 233 239 219 236 237 18 10 256 219 ?Sep? max 325 308 306 308 286 319 303 294 306 306 322 314 297 308 319 328 308 314 310 18 11 328 286 min 228 239 253 239 233 228 225 231 239 225 228 233 231 228 228 236 233 253 234 18 8 253 225 ?Oct? max 319 319 311 314 308 306 311 306 308 303 331 319 311 314 300 303 308 311 17 7 331 300 min 225 239 244 233 228 236 231 236 247 247 239 231 233 236 225 233 225 235 17 7 247 225 ?Nov? max 303 317 311 300 269 317 292 294 306 306 294 314 303 314 303 311 281 267 269 300 298 20 15 317 267 min 225 233 228 231 217 222 219 219 225 219 231 231 239 244 233 231 233 231 222 228 228 20 7 244 217 ?Dec? max 306 319 317 292 308 322 311 308 308 306 311 311 306 317 306 317 306 317 306 322 311 20 7 322 292 min 239 236 239 231 233 233 233 217 236 233 239 225 217 222 228 228 228 239 233 222 231 20 7 239 217 70 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE EARTH SCIENCES TABLE Bl.?Continued. 1985 day 1 2 3 4 56 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 Avg n Sd Max Min ?Jan? max 317 317 311 306 306 300 311 303 314 311 303 300 308 306 314 314 303 308 300 300 300 306 307 22 6 317 300 min 228 233 239 233 228 222 228 219 228 219 225 231 222 228 222 222 214 225 228 217 219 231 226 22 6 239 214 ?Feb? max 317 317 311 322 311 319 308 283 278 311 300 306 303 300 303 314 311 322 317 314 308 308 21 11 322 278 min 228 219 239 239 242 250 219 233 244 247 239 236 233 242 250 247 247 247 225 236 242 238 21 9 250 219 ?Mar? max 314 308 300 306 306 314 314 314 311 317 319 317 317 322 322 267 317 311 311 311 19 12 322 267 min 242 244 244 231 233 244 231 233 239 228 225 228 222 206 233 228 250 239 239 233 234 20 10 250 206 ?Apr? max 328 328 317 325 328 311 322 319 319 317 322 325 328 336 333 331 347 336 326 18 8 347 311 min 239 231 233 239 247 250 250 239 242 250 253 228 228 228 228 222 225 231 237 18 10 253 222 ?May? max 325 333 322 311 286 319 314 328 314 333 325 336 322 325 317 319 344 319 328 325 322 322 2111 344 286 min 225 225 233 231 239 239 247 236 242 242 242 236 256 244 242 250 250 247 261 253 253 242 21 9 261 225 ?Jun? max 300 272 294 292 283 325 314 300 325 317 314 339 328 333 333 311 306 286 294 311 309 20 18 339 272 min 242 233 228 236 236 233 231 242 247 233 250247 244 256 256 233 247 253 239 250 242 20 8 256 228 ?Jul? max 314 311 317 311 317 269 289 311 311 311 289 289 311 307 306 267 319 292 289 302 19 15 319 267 min 239 244 256 239 239 231 231 239 247242 247 236 247 236 233 250 236 233 244 240 197 256 231 ?Aug? max 286 286 306 314 269 294 281 314 314 322 306 308 297 300 322 322 311 308 308 281 303 20 15 322 269 min 236 242244 231 239 242 242 231 253 250 239 228 233 242 233 228 222 242 233 236 237 20 7 253 222 ?Sep? max 322 267 308 303 306 289 308 303 300 319 311 325 311 311 319 311 311 311 322 317 309 2013 325267 min 233 228 233 239 239 239 239 231 231 228 239 250 250 244 231 256 239 239 236 233 238 20 7 256 228 ?Oct? max 314 314 317 317 294 311 306 294 311 311 297 308 322 300 294 311 317 300 322 300 297 258 305 2214 322 258 min 239 239 236 239 225 244 233 242244 236 233 239 250 228 233 233 233 233 239 228 244 225 236 22 6 250 225 ?Nov? max 308 308 306 311 306 317 311 308 311 294 306 256 294 297 306 303 15 14 317 256 min 228 214 228 233 239 231 236 236 236 244233 233 228 228 233 232 15 7 244 214 ?Dec? max 314 297 258275 261244 275 300 311 292 303 308 306 308 311 306 306 311 303 294 294 20 20 314 244 min 233 233 233 231 233 233 231 233 236 233 236 236 233 231 231 236 242 225 225 242 233 20 4 242 225 1986 day 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 Avg n Sd Max Min ?Jan? max 317 311 311 317 289 306 311 306 306 306 306 306 307 127 317 289 min 222 228 239 233 239 222 228 228 239 228 233 233 231 12 6 239 222 ?Feb? max 317 306 306 314 308 314 297 292 300 317314 300 308 311 307 14 7 317 292 min 217 211 211 214 228 225 222 228 225 217 217 211 222 211 218 14 6 228211 ?Mar? max 317 286 314 314 311 317 311 311 322 322 328 328 328 328 314 311 311 319 316 18 10 328 286 min 211 239 236 225 228 231 231 225225 233 225 231 233 256 253 242 236 242 233 18 10 256 211 ?Apr? max 319 303 311 314 322 322 317 300 328 331 311 328 294 303 322 311 317 322 315 18 10 331 294 min 239 239 242 247 239 233 233 239 253 256 244 258 239 228 250 244 247 244 243 18 8 258 228 ?May? max 311 325 319 297 314 314 319 325 325 328 342 319 333 308 319 289 303 336 333 286 303 322 319 317 23 14 342 286 min 250 256 233 247 242 239 236 228 231 228 222 244 244 253 244244 236 239 239 231 239 239 239 239 23 8 256 222 ?Jun? max 331 322 333 344 342 311 322 319 283 303 314 311 319 300 314 331 333 292 303 306 314 328 317 2215 344 283 min 244 247 236 239 242 239 239 250 247 228 231 233 247 250 247 256 239 239 244 256 253 239 243 22 7 256 228 ?Jul? max 281 300 322 267 308 308 306 317 319 314 272 272 322 306 278 303 319 292 317 319 308 30221 18 322 267 min 239 244 242244 253247 253 247 253 244 239 231 247228 225256 244 236 253228 256 243 21 9 256 225 ?Aug? max 325 317 317 303 325 317 303 300 269 303 319 303314 311 300 319 286 30817 14 325 269 min 261 250 244 250 258 233 244 233 231 239 242 228 242 236 247253 242 243 17 9 261 228 ?Sep? max 319 311 317 308 322 322 308 303 322 297 286 278 294 328 306 256 292 308 300 300 317 308 308 319 311 30625 16 328 256 min 236 233 239 242 247250 244 244 239 247244 231 236 233 247 236 239 233 236 233 239244 242 231 233 239 25 6 250231 ?Oct? max 311 308 303 292 317 303 292 308 303 272 272 294 292 278 308 306 300 303 294 289 297 20 12 317 272 min 233 236 233 233 233 228 225 231 233 231 236 228 239 236 239247 231 228 228 233 233 205 247 225 ?Nov? max 311 317 311 308 281 278 306 322 292 308 286 322 297 308 303 14 14 322 278 min 236 236 236 244 242 242 256 242 250 239 236 233 233 225 239 14 7 256 225 ?Dec? max 300 303 317 306 300 294 311 289 300 300 300 311 311 300 300 311 306 304 301 311 318 300 294 300 311 301 304 267 318 289 min 214 231 244 244 233 239 233 244247 244 239 244 244 239 233 239250 245 247 243 239 239 233 239 233 239 239 267 250214 NUMBER 29 71 TABLE Bl.?Continued. 1987 day 1 23 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 2021 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 Avg n Sd Max Min ?Jan? max 300 306 300 294 301 283 300 301 300 306 311 300 311 302 309 300 300 311 317 306 301 294 300 306 304 306 303 294 300 302 29 6 317 283 min 244 239 244244 239 233 217217 222250 250 256 244 244 239 250 256 248 239 228 238 250 239 239 249 248 233 250 250 241 29 10 256217 ?Feb? max 306 300 303 317 306 311 317 306 306 294 272 268 292 306 317 317 311 311 294 311 308 298 306 294 322 300 304 26 12 322 268 min 233 239 254 250 256 250 228 250 228 239 228 239 239 228 217 250 254 244 250 250 244 256 261 261 261 250 245 26 12 261 217 ?Mar? max 311 308 331 319 317 317 311314 319 319 317 317 300 294 308 319 306 322 322 317 317 328 344 347 353 333 339 328 322 342 321 30 13 353 294 min 250 253 253 247 256 239 244 228 222 222 239 239 233 228 228 242 236 250 256 261 239 239 244 256 247 250 239 228 233 247 242 30 10 261 222 ?Apr? max 333 311 317 328 317 281 319 328 300 311 328 311 314 339 322 328 319 322 306 325 294 300 297 278 289 281 311 26 17 339 278 min 261 239 239 239 239 247 250 267 250 247 261 261 264 267 258 242 264 258 261 250244 233 247 244 253 233 251 26 10 267 233 ?May? max 289 306 319 317 314 317 294 267 272 306 331 317 297 308 300 303 311 300 306 322 322 314 297 328 317 307 25 15 331 267 min 244 250 247 250 242 244 244 233 228 261 264 261 256 250 250 231 244 233 233 236 244 256 256 261 261 247 25 10 264 228 ?Jun? max 317 286 306 322 303 306 317 317 322 314 311 311 306 294 289 300 311 308 292 319 317 314 281 314 289 306 317 294 306 28 11 322 281 min 242 256 253 244 244 239 256 253 253 272 261 250 261 250 222 250 256 247 253 253 261 253 242 253 250 250 250 264 251 28 9 272 222 ?Jul? max 278 303 300 300 289 289 311 308 297 300 322 306 319 317 311 317 283 294 300 325 333 272 283 322 294 294 317 328 294 304 29 15 333 272 min 228 242250 233 244 236 256 247 253 261 261 256 250 253 261 250 250 250 244 250244 250 250 256 250244 244 239 239 248 29 8 261 228 ?Aug? max 328 317 333 311 317 306 311 317 311 311 322 333 322 311 322 322 311 306 322 272 315 20 13 333 272 min 239 244 250 228 244 239 244 239 239 261 261 256 256 256 250 239 256 244 239 222 245 20 10 261 222 ?Sep? max 311 300 311 322 294 317 317 289 317 317 317 322 311 328 306 317 322 300 322 328 294 294 300 322 328 312 25 12 328 289 min 233 233 222 239 239 250 233 233 239 239 256 256 233 244 256261 250 228244 233 228 239 244 244 239 241 25 10 261 222 ?Oct? max 311 311 283 333 322328 322267 306 317 339 328 317 283 283 311 294 322 300 283 283 300 294 311 267 300 304 26 19 339 267 min 222 228 239 244 233 239 239 233 244 239 233 233 233 239 239 222 233 233 239 244 250 233 228 228 228 222 235 267 250 222 ?Nov? max 289 272 289 311 306 311 328 328 328 317 311 311 328 339 317 294 311 322 311 300 306 300 300 289 311 309 2515 339272 min 222 228 233 228 228 233 261 261 250 250 239 256 261 261 244 244 244 239 233 233 239 228 200 200 244 238 25 16 261 200 ?Dec? max 311 317 306 272 250 289 267 294 278 300 283 294 283 300 311 322 317 322 322 328 322 322 322 317 311 322 322322 322 322 306 30 20 328 250 min 239 239 233 233 244 250 256 244 250 250 250 250 250 244 244 233 239 244 244 250 244 20 6 256 233 1988 day 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 2122 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 Avg n Sd Max Min ?Jan? max 333 333 322 322 322311 322 322 333 333 317 311 317 311 300 333 333 322 306322 322 333 333 311 311 311 300 317 333 333 321 30 10 333 300 min 256 256 244 244 250244 244 244244 233 239 233 250 239 244233 244 211 222222 228 233 233 228 239 244 222 239 233 244 238 30 10 256 211 ?Feb? max 317 317 322 311 333 333 300 300 311 317 317 333 344 317322 328 322 317 333344 317 311311 306 300 344 333 300 320 28 13 344 300 min 244 250 239 244244 244 250250 244250 244 233 256 250244 250 239 244 233256 250 244244 233 233 233 233 244 244 28 7 256 233 ?Mar? max 289 306 311 322 322322 322 322 317 306 322 333 328 333 311 317 317 328 317 311 317 317 333 333 317 322 289 367 320 28 14 367 289 min 222 228 233 244 244244 233 228 233 222 233 222 228 222 228 244 244 250261 250256 256 244 244 244 244 250 244 239 28 11 261 222 ?Apr? max 333 333 322 328 322 333 328 328 322 322 311 322 333 333 328 344333 322 322 328328 339 333 322 333 322 333 333 339 322 329 30 7 344 311 min 244 244 256 239 250 256 250 244 233 244 244 233 239 233 244 256 244 233 228 233244 233 233244 239 244 250 250 256 244 243 30 8 256 228 ?May? max 333 294 350 344 322 322 322 317 289 322 300 306 311 322 333 322 333322 322 322 322 333 328 283 278 300 322 333 318 28 17 350 278 min 244 244 244 250 239 250 244 256 256 256 244 233 244250 256 256 239256 256 256 267 267 244 233 244 233 244 244 248 28 9 267 233 ?Jun? max 328 322 294 322 333 322 322 322 328 294 289 289 311 311 328317 289 289 289 294283 317 322 311 289 289 306 322 311 311 309 30 15 333 283 min 256 244 244 256 256 256 244 250 250 250 233 233 233 228 244244 233 233 233 233233 244 250 233 233 222 222 239 244 244 241 30 10256 222 ? Jul? max 306 300 311 300 278 283 317 294 300 300 294 272 317 317 294311 300 311 278 294294 294 267 289 300 289 250 289 300 300 289 295 3115 317 250 min 233 233 233 244 233 239 228 239 244 244 239 233 233 244 239289 244 239 239 244239 233 233244 233 244 233 244 239 233 233 240 31 10 289 228 ?Aug? max 317 306 300 300 311 311 322 311 311 300 311 311 311 317289 300 317 300 317 306 322 306 306 300 311 306 289 300 307 288 322 289 min 239 244 233 233 244 233 233 239 244 239 239 244 244 239233 244 244 239 233 239 233 239 239 244 233 239 239 239 239 28 4 244 233 ?Sep? max 283 311 322 317 306 317 311 267 300 311 306 311311 311 311 317 300300 317 311 300 289 317 278 311 306 300 305 27 13 322 267 min 233 233 233 244 244 239 233 233 233 233 244 244244 256 256 233 228233 239 239 256 256 244 233 239 244 233 240 278 256 228 ?Oct? max 289 300 311 300 306 300 300 289 289 300 317 300 300 306 278289 283 306 267261 289 300322 317 283 300 311 289 289 300 296 30 14 322 261 min 233 233 233 233 239 233 244 233 233 244 233 228 233 233 228228 233 233 228233 244 233239 244 239 233 239 233 233 228 235 305 244 228 ?Nov? max 300 289 311 294 311 311 317 311 300 278 300 289 300 283 256 256 289 289 289 300311 294 300 289 289 289 289 294 294 289 294 3014 317 256 min 233 233 233 244244 244 244 233 239 233 233 233 233 228 233 233 233 233 233 233233 233 222 239 233 222 222 228 233 239 234 306 244 222 ?Dec? max 306 267 267 278 283 300 294 300 289 300 311 311 294 311 294 278 300 306 311311 306 289 300 300 317 311 311 311 300 298 29 13317 267 min 228 228 222 222 222 228 217 217 222 233 233 244 233 222 233233 228 228233 222 222 222 233 233 233 233 233 239 233 229 29 7 244 217 72 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO TH E EARTH SCIENCES TABLE Bl.?Continued. 1989 ?Jan? ?Feb? ?Mar? ?Apr? ?May? ?Jun? ?Jul? ?Aug? ?Sep? ?Oct? ?Nov? ?Dec?day max rnin max min max min max min max min max min max min max min max min max min max min max min 1 23 4 56 78 910 11 1213 1415 1617 1819 20 2122 2324 2526 2728 2930 31 Avg nSd MaxMin 300 311317 306 300300 278300 306306 306 306311 300300 311311 311306 300 300300 306306 300300 306300 300311 317 317 217 330300 233 233233 233 233228 233233 228233 228 222222 233233 233233 233244 233 244244 244250 250233 233233 233233 222 234 317 250222 300 311300 300 300300 306300 306300 289 300306 306300 300300 300300 300 311311 311278 278278 283289 299 2810 311278 233 233233 233 222222 239244 228222 233 233233 239239 228217 233222 222 217244 244228 222222 222244 231 288 244217 303 300300 278 322322 311322 311306 300 300289 289294 306306 311311 306 300311 311317 311311 317300 283311 311 305 3111 322278 247 239239 222 233236 228233 244239 244 233211 206217 239228 222222 222 222222 228222 222222 222233 222217 222 228 3110 247206 322 322322 317 317322 317322 322322 322 317322 322311 322317 328322 317 322311 311322 300333 322322 322 320 296 333300 211 211228 239 250250 244244 244250 250 239244 244244 244239 256244 233 239239 239239 244250 233239 233 240 2910 256211 322 322322 306 283311 311311 311322 322 333311 333322 328322 333328 333 322322 322267 322317 311311 300306 317 316 3114 333267 239 244244 239 233233 244233 233239 239 239244 233239 244250 256256 233 244244 233233 233239 256256 233239 233 241 317 256233 317 300300 322 328306 294322 322300 311 317 300311 328300 300311 294 294289 294300 311306 300322 311278 307 2912 328278 256 250256 233 233239 233233 250256 256 250 250244 256244 244250 239 239244 250233 233233 233233 244244 243 298 256233 311 300300 289 294289 300278 300306 322 306311 317300 322322 317294 311 289289 300311 289311 300300 311300 317 303 3111 322278 244 233222 233 244211 228233 233244 239 244250 250256 267250 250244 239 233233 244233 239233 233222 244244 233 239 3111 267211 300 311289 289 311311 267311 311261 283 300300 306289 300278 283300 300 300300 306294 311322 311306 306250 283 296 3116 322250 244 239222 244 244244 244244 244244 233 233233 244244 222244 217244 233 228250 244228 233244 244244 228233 233 238 318 250217 311 311300 311 300306 294300 311300 317 317311 322317 311322 322317 300 289300 311311 322317 306311 300300 309 309 322289 244 244233 244 233233 233233 244244 244 244233 239244 244233 239228 233 233239 233233 233250 233233 233233 238 306 250228 311 317267 306 294267 300322 300300 311 289294 311322 322289 300272 289 267267 289300 311294 311311 311306 311 299 3117 322267 233 239239 239 211211 244244 233222 233 233233 244244 233239 233228 239 233233 233233 233228 244244 244239 239 235 318 244211 300 278289 311 322300 294300 267283 294 289300 311311 289289 278267 311 317317 278306 278278 311317 300300 296 3015 322267 239 233233 233 244244 239233 239228 244 233228 239239 244244 250244 250 244233 233239 233222 222244 250233 238 307 250222 311 283300 294 311289 306311 300294 306 294289 300311 322311 328267 283289 300 300 2214 328267 239 233222 233 233228 233233 233233 233 233228 244239 228228 222222 222222 222 230 226 244222 NUMBER 29 73 TABLE B2.?Monthly average maximum (above) and minimum temperatures (tenths of degree C) in the laboratory clearing, Barro Colorado Island, Panama^ 1971-1989. 1971 1972 19731974 19751976 19771978 19791980 19811982 19831984 19851986 19871988 1989 Avg Sd Jan 303 317305 306305 308315 325314 301315 313312 307307 302321 304 310 6.5 Feb 311 322309 311307 311312 321319 313323 324316 308307 304320 299 313 7.0 Mar 320 324315 313309 311314 332325 324324 338321 311316 321320 305 319 8.1 Apr 326 318 338318 319330 313316 323327 320322 336326 326315 311329 320 323 7.2 May 312320 320329 310316 318311 314326 327324 319321 322317 307318 316 318 5.8 Jun 310317 301310 306301 301305 306315 312321 320305 309317 306309 307 309 6.0 Jul 307 320 308296 297306 310317 312313 309307 314305 302302 304295 303 307 6.6 Aug 309 306 311301 300304 295303 306320 304318 313309 303308 315307 296 307 6.5 Sep 310 311 315313 302304 305314 310311 313315 304310 309306 312305 309 309 3.9 Oct 316 305 308304 303308 308307 314316 310306 307311 305297 304296 299 307 5.3 Nov 302 319 300297 300304 308314 307310 301315 312298 303303 309294 296 305 6.8 Dec 319 319 302307 297311 310323 306307 304318 300311 294304 306298 300 307 7.8 1971 19721973 19741975 19761977 19781979 19801981 19821983 19841985 19861987 19881989 Avg Sd Jan 218232 222224 216224 225218 233220 230243 231226 231241 238234 228 7.8 Feb 222222 216219 216230 228227 222229 236239 238238 218245 244231 229 9.0 Mar 218232 218227 111238 233221 232227 236247 237234 233242 239228 231 7.8 Apr 223 228229 230229 225240 231234 227230 240250 240237 243251 243240 235 8.0 May 226234 231227 229231 239 229233 233247 240250 242242 239247 248241 237 7.5 Jun 228228 226226 229231 229 224230 235229 242246 241242 243251 241243 235 8.0 Jul 227 235223 222221 242229 225232 234225 242248 236240 243248 240239 234 8.6 Aug 223 228224 226221 232227 224227 230224 245246 237237 243245 239238 232 8.3 Sep 222 230223 217219 224238 219226 232230 238239 234238 239241 240238 231 8.0 Oct 223 225227 217217 223232 221224 227225 231236 235236 233235 235235 228 6.2 Nov 217 228225 221222 228230 226225 226223 238244 228232 239238 234238 230 7.1 Dec 220228 218221 217235 232 223225 224234 239234 231233 239244 229230 229 7.4 TABLE B3.?Daily maximum-minimum temperatures (tenths of degree C), 1 m elevation, Lutz catchment, Barro Colorado Island, Panama, 1971-1989. 1971 --Jan-day max min ?Feb? ?Mar?max min max min ?Apr? ?May? ?Jun?max min max min max min ?Jul?max min ?Aug?max min ?Sep?max min ?Oct? max min ?Nov?max min ?Dec?max min 12 34 56 78 9 1011 1213 1415 1617 1819 2021 2223 2425 2627 2829 3031 266273 266273 275 280275 282 272278 278 274 115 282266 223227 223225 223216 228225 220219 242215 218 22313 7 242215 278273 288290 295290 291282 285290 290292 290290 299295 298299 299 302301 300301 300300 310 316306 304 295 299 316273 215213 213215 225231 237232 235240 237232 231230 235227 225225 221 227230 240235 232235 235 231225 241 229 298 241213 305300 271300 289254 281283 315310 308278 265285 270285 266289 278 280267 275280 300280 285 285 291 285 2815 315254 240200 239248 222221 234225 230 230232 235235 225225 229225 232232 225220 227236 233 243 227 230 269 248200 275258 255278 285260 251273 279276 277 270 282268 262278 267 265 269284 265300 279285 280 267265 265 272 2811 300251 230232 220235 230225 227230 240243 225 225 216228 237237 225 210 233239 228245 233255 230 225235 225 231 289 255210 269243 335265 267276 278270 279290 288252 274263 270 271272 283290 285275 276269 252289 277246 274 2717 335243 231225 240232 232229 232243 238238 233223 240232 227 231238 245239 242262 237234 223233 223217 234 279 262217 297301 279288 270262 287265 255 270264 265305 319277 269272 269 287260 292282 279 2216 319255 230240 230225 233217 222232 223 234222 219227 227228 225229 235 228228 230239 228 226 240217 279268 255 272278 266266 275 280261 275258 265272 275 270265 268275 261 280254 262 269 238 280254 233224 221 224230 216220 225 228231 212222 220222 219 232229 229236 225 223222 225 225 236 236212 275272 268 267280 271278 272 272280 280 280275 269 278275 280270 275274 275 204 280267 229218 219 220228 232232 234. 228226 224 221219 222 225226 222220 221228 225 205 234218 272258 265 264 268252 252252 245 265272 272248 275 290294 278 282 273280 268 2013 294245 220221 220 221 224220 208221 215 219230 228218 220 210215 220 218 218222 219 205 230208 270280 300 292298 305298 295 300300 284275 302 300302 292 275 270269 270 289 2013 305269 225228 220 220225 227230 217 220222 225228 212 215212 219 200 218222 219 220 207 230200 Avg n Sd Max Min 1972 day 1 23 4 56 78 910 1112 1314 1516 1718 1920 21 2223 2425 26 2728 2930 31 Avg n SdMax Min ?Jan? max 280280 272 258252 257267 262270 260 262 258264 268 274270 270 270 272 275 268 267 21 7280 252 min 208228 205 195198 225232 225 202 212 230185 221222 218210 215 220 218 215 212 214 21 12232 185 ?Feb? max 272 272278 277279 280 270275 274270 270278 280 278 270 278 285280 288 111 19 5288 270 min 212 228232 220222 212 224215 204212 214218 214 204 228 218 222230 224 219 19 8232 204 ?Mar? max 286 272 290282 282280 278 280 282278 278288 295288 285 295292 298 298300 292 287 21 8300 272 min 230 229 232219 218218 204 206 208215 212215 208220 212 215209 222 230232 236 219 21 9236 204 ?Apr? max 302300 300 302290 295290 258278 298 310 306268 262268 280290 312 300 330 305 293 21 18330 258 min 237252 252 252242 238218 235232 238 235 235220 221221 215227 230 234 232 222 233 21 11252 215 ?May? max 292 302308 280 315312 270288 318 312 300312 297320 302 288295 280275 288280 288 296 22 14320 270 min 239 238242 242 233245 223230 245 212 245238 243240 230 232235 235255 228248 242 237 22 9255 212 ?Jun? max 305 290 285290 262278 268252 272285 300 308272 248275 280 282 258 298302 295 281 21 17308 248 min 245 238 234244 235232 223220 235235 238 240228 224233 228 228 237 247243 243 235 21 7247 220 ?Jul? max 302 288 282272 290298 278 295 295 300 295268 290262 282 295 288 298 300 288 19 11302 262 min 246 242 242232 222230 220 250 250 253 230240 228228 245 234 245 242 250 238 19 10253 220 ?Aug? max 300 300305 290302 285 272265 298255 260255 270315 262252 252280 280 275265 278 262 277 23 19315 252 min 248 240248 242235 245 232228 238228 228232 228225 228228 225235 202 190222 228 225 230 23 13248 190 ?Sep? max 280 282288 282 280275 272 280280 268280 280258 265 280268 260 268258 27419 9288 258 min 238 245232 248 228238 238 245222 195240 238215 238 212218 212 210228 22819 14248 195 ?Oct? max 272 272 278265 272250 278272 278278 262 262 265300 262 275265 265 271 18 10300 250 min 202 220 228230 230220 222238 218220 238 195 228195 235 200225 228 22118 13238 195 ?Nov? max 265 272 278268 278 278 272265 275275 285270 278 275 275282 300280 276 18 8300 265 min 220 202 222235 235 232 202232 240238 235245 225 205 200 242234 232235 227 19 14245 200 ?Dec? max 285282 282 288 278280 288 292285 285265 262268 275 275 270 272 278 17 8292 262 min 235245 235 238 225235 245 238245 235195 228225 228 215 228 212 23017 13245 195 TABLE B3.?Continued. 1973 ?Jan? ?Feb? ?Mar? ?Apr? ?May? ?Jun? ?Jul? ?Aug? ?Sep? ?Oct? ?Nov? ?Dec?day max min max min max min max min max min max min max min max min max min max min max min max min 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 Avg n Sd Max Min 282 285 282 282 282 285 282 280 278 262 280 282 282 282 280 288 300 298 282 275 282 20 7 300 262 222 240 240 235 242 245 212 215 212 222 232 235 232 218 230 230 238 238 205 235 229 20 11 245 205 290 295 288 282 282 292 290 285 265 278 288 285 285 292 285 295 298 298 287 18 8 298 265 248 238225 218 225215 220 212 212 218 225 232 228 235 215 215222 215 223 18 10 248 212 300 288 285 295 288 285 300 292 298 298 295 300 295 275 288 290 305 305 305 298 298 294 21 8 305 275 218 225 230 235 210215 215 245 242 245 240 240 238 225242 248 230235 228 228 232 232 21 11 248 210 302 295 312 312 308 315 315 302 302 310 300 305 300 315 310 280 305 315 325 325 308 20 10 325280 225 220 215 235 250 222 232 230 240 225 212 232 222 238 210 218 225 235 240 230 228 20 10 250 210 285 305 300 305 290 302 302 308 300 285 260 262 285 302 308 298 282 288 285 265 291 2015 308 260 202 180 180 210 248 212 238 238 210 218 215 220 198 232 235 215 230 217 17 19 248 180 275 262252 253 268 288 255 275 272 295 292 270 258 278 265 268 272 268 290 271 19 13 295 252 218 228 225 228 225 220 220 222 232 222 228230 220225 215225 224 165 232215 268 278 282 262 300 290 270 290 275 278 272268 270 282 280 258 278 268 275 265 278 276 21 10 300 258 185 215 212 225 230 220 232 228 228 202 182 208 225 218 225 220 212215 216 18 14 232 182 262 268 278 268 260 272 278 272 280 280 268 265 278 270 280 298 278 280 262 278 274 20 9 298 260 218 185 215 185 228 238 242 218 232 205 225 225 222 222 230 230 210 220 220 232 220 20 15 242 185 282 290 280 285 285 275 272 285 262 268 288 280 282 268 270 272 278 16 8 290 262 205 222 230 220 218 222 225 208 220 218 230 225 232 205 225 212 220 16 8 232 205 280 278 260 255 280 272 275 280 270 260 288 280 282 275 275 270 280 285 280 275 19 9 288 255 225 222 218 220 225 225 232 230 228 218 225 295 205 215 215 225 225 230 225 226 19 17 295 205 275 290 268 258 258 252 212 248 252 260 258 270 272 275 280 265 269 268 268 263 19 16 290 212 232 225 225 230 220 208 212 180 190 218 230 215 220 225 226 220 228 225 218 218 19 13 232 180 266 260 346 269 271 215 267 252 256 265 272257 255258 252 272 274 270 265 18 24 346215 208 212 215215 214 214210 211204 212224 225219 213225 218 215 166 225204 1974 day 1 2 3 4 56 7 89 1011 12 13 14 15 16 17 1819 2021 22 2324 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 Avg nSd Max Min ?Jan? max 265 261 272 277 273282 275278 280266 272280 111 278280 272262 290 282282 282 280 276 22 7 290 261 min 198 222 219 229220 222220 215 206 206 217 216 202211 210211 219 230203 227221 215 21 9 230 198 ?Feb? max 277 280 277272 271 266 280271 272282 280 292290 278285 315 279 295275 281 19 11 315 266 min 201 207 218222 212 209 210 202 203 216 221 208 188 225230 228 222 211 209 213 19 10 230 188 ?Mar? max 286 282281 286 285 288288 281290 290288 289295 299 300 298 300 294 290 18 6 300 281 min 193 217 223229 230 221215 220232 218216 208215 213 201 215 214200 214 215 19 10 232 193 ?Apr- ma x 301 300 291 299 304 310 300 300 315 318 310 310 283 288 306 287 299305 313 313 290 302 21 10 318 283 min 209 218216 212 223 218222 225 190 228 232 240 234231 228 226226 241 238 219 222 224 21 11 241 190 ?May? max 288 308 310 318 322 317 323 328 327 316 295 336 313 304314 308 310254 302 308 300 294 309 22 17 336 254 min 230 223 220 220227 226227 221 224231 230225 222 209234 232 226213 242229 217 225 217 242 209 ?Jun? max 281 300 297 307306 313290 285 270290 318 283307 298277 279278 289 285278 292 20 13 318 270 min 203 229 229 229229 223175 218 228 208173 228230 221220 225 206177 214 18 19 230 173 ? Jul? max 275 251279 274 287288 297275 262 280252 280 282250 290 270297 280 264 215260 273 272 2218 297215 min 202 180218 223 230231 235223 206 189210 206 210256 228 225 223 223 209 217 19 17 256180 ?Aug? max 273 280289 269 283282 260 250272 283 295 292299 281288 282 282 282287 282278 280 2111 299250 min 212 209 218 221233 254 202222 229234 216 236227 212 217 228218 194201 220 19 14 254 194 ?Sep? max 288 277 289 288 288 288 288 310 278 266 272 277272 285 276 278 278 278 282 18 10 310 266 min 202222 222222 218213 213210 220 212 206233 222 210227 217 210 216 17 8 233 202 ?Oct? max 269 280 280 272 282 270272 270 275 280 270 290 268 271272 272276 270 270 265 268 273 21 6 290 265 min 214 213 213 219 216 220212 217209 210219 218 219 222218 217218 212 212211 224 216 214 224209 ?Nov? max 268 276 270 268 267 268268 268 265265 248 269263 253252 252 258260 262 262 267250 262 275 263 24 7 276 248 min 219 200 202 218 222 217203 205 202 220 218 205222 220210 208 242218 210 225220 220 215 22 10 242 200 ?Dec? max 282 258261 268 273260 269265 270 272 268 278 280 280 273 268 262270 269275 246 268290 280 278278 278268 278 271 29 9 290246 min 212 210221 218220 215 245206 218231 220 230 230 220 198 213 209209 212228 268 220219 212 215212 220 181 200 218 2915 268181 TABLE B3.?Continued. 1975 day 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 Avg n Sd Max Min ?Jan? max 268 270 277 260 280 277 267 270 274 278 278 298 285 281 275 279 268 288 288 280 285 279 280 266 280 278 285 289 289 277 278 30 8 298 260 min 205 202 224 220 203 221212 224 219 222 226 219 212 222 221 228 220 222 210 228 230 209 210 200 205 228 229 229 222 218 29 9 230 200 ?Feb? max 280 280 287 280 269 272 272 286 277 278 279 275 308 278 278 288 282 287 278 294 290 288 287 289 293 287 288 283 27 8 308 269 min 228 211 206 203 211 216 228 210 215 220 226 219 218 208 210 230 225 212 218 200 220 220 189 225 224 218 204 215 27 10 230 189 ?Mar? max 278 282 281 280 270 260 274 280 282 285 286 298 299 302 304 298 296 298 308 308 306 298 314 308 316 310 312 294 27 15 316 260 min 220 212 200 219 220 220 219 228 228 230 222 236 237 218 216 228 226 224212 226 223 225 226 231 228 239 240 230 226 230 227 225 31 8 240 200 ?Apr? max 315 312 313 322 300 310 306 306 297 299 301 305 300 302 312 305 319 309 318 318 308 301 320 309 321 288 288 304 320 320 308 30 9 322 288 min 218 231 232 218 220 226 210 230 217 232 228 218 218 231 218 228 224 222 235 238 240 235 232 235 220 238 238 220 203 212 226 30 9 240 203 ?May? max 322 321 298 306 302 310 320 309 310 310 306 293 277 261 268 276 274 211 278 293 295 302 280 300 300 280 295 292 268 294 29 17 322 261 min 222 219 220 228 218 222 221 222 231 240 220 228 220 230 227 216 216 226 220 236 235 222 226 226 218 218 228 225 224 28 6 240 216 ?Jun? max 280 260 270 290 280 298 308 293 292 260 290 290 270 270 275 268 268 270 280 286 260 270 267 288 285 260 290 280 279 28 13 308 260 min 180 195 211 229 226 222 220 226 232 230 235 239 230 255 228 190 218 227 230 229 228 210 227 232 226 225 209 200 200 198 220 30 16 255 180 ? Jul? max 275 279 275 275 275270 282 288 278 290 292 295 298 268 270 280 278 286 280 290 267 287 296 281 290 268 272 280 288 268 280 281 31 9 298 267 min 215 210 206 228 238 230 212 230 210 222 230 240 216 200 212 220 222 202 220 220 220 211 219 226 208 233 216 219 208 218 219 30 10 240 200 ?Aug? max 279 270 286 279 269 111 266 265 278 286 283 290 280 260 270 272 288 272 282 260 270 270 276 284 280 273 270 265 253 274 29 9 290 253 min 223 220 234 190 220 221 208 220 218 233 237 208 208 211 233 222 220 208 190 211 216 230 202 202 204 207 202 215 27 12 237 190 ?Sep? max 288 287 280 283 285 298 287 282 282 280 282 286 288 286 265 287 284 288 288 276 287 283 280 279 276 286 288 279 277 283 29 6 298 265 min 215 210 211 222 211 216 215 215213 217 212 212 200 210 204 211 210 210 210 210 214 213 216 216 212 226 228 207 216 213 29 6 228 200 ?Oct? max 282 288 265 281 309 272 278 268 266 290 271 280 276 285 280 262 275 272 282 280 290 282 276 280 282 260 278 26 10 309 260 min 223 221 200 223 228217 219 215 201 220 211208 210 211 210 226 208 226 206 215 208 208 210 214 23 8 228 200 ?Nov? max 272 272 272 280 280 275 270 288 282 292 265 267 280 282 278 287 273 269 273 282 282 288 283 270 277 280 280 278 27 7 292 265 min 210 210 216 212 212 217210 212202 206 221 209 216 221 220 212 208 210 220 216 220 216 217 208 213 24 5 221 202 ?Dec? max 274 260 260 270 288 268 314 280 269 252 262 276 270 278 272 272 277 268 286 262 254 264 272 286 270 270 266 268 272 28 12 314 252 min 195 210 200 206 209 210 196 190 207 215 215 248 220 220 210 213 211 218 220 201 201 190 190 206 230 194 197 209 208 28 13 248 190 1976 ?Jan? ?Feb? ?Mar? ?Apr? day max min max min max min max min ?May? ?Jun? ?Jul? ?Aug? ?Sep? ?Oct? ?Nov? ?Dec? max min max min max min max min max min max min max min max min 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 Avg n Sd Max Min 276 276 276 290 272280 278 280 278 308 278 283 288 275 280 308 276 276 278 290 279 272 276 276 282 281 282 273 270 281 29 9 308 270 198 198 198 201 200 199 226 210 208 208 203 218 230 220 219 208 216 220 215221 211 207 210 210 221 208 197 198 184 209 29 10 230 184 270 270 272 276 280 283 300 300 307 277 280 293 280 302 288 289 292 288 300 292 278 282 293 285 288 290 287 26 10 307 270 184 193 200 219 220 217 210 210 201 206 236 210 220 195 196 205 207 210 222 218 229 215 222 207 228 218 211 26 12 236 184 278 282 280 289 292 290 290 293 291 298 312 282 290 296 296 300 315 280 270 300 300 302 298 302 298 300 300 299 302 298 294 30 10 315 270 220 222 228 210 218 220 220 214 210220 228 218 218 212 225 228 220 228 218 220 222 218 222 210 202 202 200 220 196 192 216 30 9 228 192 300 310 300 300 302 316 320 372 390 320 310 323 314 320 295 336 319 302 311 310 276 264 276 315 298 312 25 26 390 264 212 206 216 220 228228 216 223 220240 204 210 212 220 182 200 225 202 198 210 220 229 219 230 219 202 218 210 215 28 12 240 182 289 280 310 310 310 290 220 300 300 320 311 308 310 310 315 315 310 312 300 300 281 300 300 304 300 270 288 299 27 19 320 220 216 228 226 220 219 220211 210 200 229 266 231 245 196 215 220 210 240 239 228 222 200 228 212 210 216 221 26 15 266 196 300 300 288 288 300 300 300 282 290 289 299 300 300 298 296 284 298 300 300 288 286 294 302 300 278 368 300 290 275 289 296 30 15 368 275 188 230 216 210 218 220 220 216 220 216 219 220 220 180 225 216 224 228 226 188 210 220 235 209 208 218 230 216 228 220 216 30 12 235 180 300 305 290 300 300 310 310 305 300 300 292 263 291 301 300 286 300 312 311 310 290 308 310 310 300 312 301 300 304 300 301 30 10 312 263 232 220 219 216 218 226 191 231 228 230 210 221 220 230 220 230 226 222 230 231 226 226 235 225 235 227 230 224 27 9 235 191 300 290 292 310 300 300300 316 310 312 299 290 293 300 300 293 290 292 290 290 300 290 280 280 278 278 288 280 292 294 29 10 316 278 230 240 240 239 235 210 240 210 210 230 230 224 220 238 180 210 230 240 230 230 250 227 21 15 250 180 295 265 288 295 280 300 300 294 280 282 300 300 290 270 275 280 300 290 220 286 272 270 268 280 280 280 282 280 282 28 16 300 220 220 220 240230 240 228 170 200 210 232 222 232 200 210 200 182 220 226 226 230 230 218 21 18 240 170 283 280 300 290 285 276 285 280 300 300 300 290 295 285 290 290 300 295 290 288 290 290 300 296 300 295 284 278 290 291 29 7 300 276 230 220 230 223 230 229235 230 220 220 220 230 228 230 220 236 240 220 225 226 233 230 240 220 230 230 226 232 240 228 29 6 240 220 290 280 280 270 260 290 278 280 270 280 280 260 300 270 275 270 284 295 290 280 280 290 290 290 292 298 300 310 300 290 284 30 12 310 260 228 230 240 230 218 210200 190 230 240 250 225 210 210 210 218 240 240 210 210 220 230 230 244 244 240 230 240 230 226 29 15 250 190 292 290 290 300 296 290 290 290 300 302 270 300 300 300 300 310 300 300 300 289 295 295 285 300 300 288 280 275 280 280 280 292 31 9 310 270 232 230 225 220226 235240 240 240 245226 210 240 246 240 240 230 240 240 218 240 240 220 240 240 246 230 213 220 225 210 232 31 11 246 210 TABLE B3.?Continued. 1977 day 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 Avg n Sd Max Min ?Jan? max 300 300 280 285 288 290 285 300 290 400 282 290 290 290 300 300 300 290 270 275 270 250 276 275274 277 290 290 276 300 280 289 31 23 400 250 min 220 220 230 240 248 230 240 220 218 225 232 238 240 220 220 220 230 200 220 220 218 230 226 216 215 230 216 230 210 230 220 225 31 10 248 200 ?Feb? max 290 290 290 290 270 270 290 280 300 295 300 290 290 325 330 280 280282 290 290 300 300 288 300 300 290 300 305 293 28 13 330 270 min 230 240 225 230 220 220 230 230 230 230 240 240 220 240 240 230 220 220 220 230 230 220 238 240 220 230 240 235 230 28 8 240 220 ?Mar? max 305 310 290 285 300 294 300 290 290 300 295 300 310 315 310 310 285 290 296 296 300 300 310 310 300 290 290 298 310 300 310 300 31 8 315 285 min 240 240 248 245 220 246 270 260 260 245 245 220 220 230 230 240 240 240 230 240 240 240 240 240 212 210 210 230 240 238 233 237 31 14 270 210 ?Apr? max 310 310 310 310 300 310 315 310 310 310 320 315 290 290 295 300 300 310 328 330 330 325 300 320 300 300 305 295 295 320 309 30 11 330 290 min 225 218 220 220 210 230 225 218 240 240 240 240 240 245 250 258 258 248 255 255 250 255 245 250 250 245255 250245 250 241 30 14 258 210 ?May? max 310 300 340 320 330 330 320 320 320 340 325 345 335 338 325 340 340 340 335 270 300 292 305 301 310 300 315 300 290 300 350 319 31 19 350 270 min 255 250 230 236 240 225240 240 240 240 240 240 240 248 240 230 245 235 235 230 220 212 231 230 232 225 220 210 220 230 234 30 10 255 210 ?Jun? max 300 280 295 320 310 310 295 280 300 296 300 306 290 300 289 290 302 291 290 285 285 285 290 290 373 290 275 265 296 28 19 373 265 min 225 230 232 230 220 225 230 240 230 240 210 220 220 220 230 245 240 248 232 240 245 240 240 240 240 241 240 230 240 233 29 9 248 210 ?Jul? max 260 286 300 310 260 260 262 300 300 305 310 308 300 300 290 290 295 290 310 300 290 280 290 300 292 24 16 310 260 min 229 228 232 230 235 225 230 235 248 250 250 230 250 243 245 233 230 245 245 248240 235 250 239 23 8 250 225 ?Aug? max 250 270 280 290 290 280 290 280 280 296 280 270 270 270 255 285 300 295 290 304 290 284 305 283 23 14 305 250 min 210 220 240 240 240 230 230 230 220 250 220 245 240 228 245 230 245 259 210 238 234 20 13 259 210 ?Sep? max 280 300 290 300 310 290 285 280 285 295 295 295 280 290 300 325 280 275 290 292 19 12 325 275 min 248 220245 248 240 245 230 225 220 225 230 215 225 230 248 230 215 220 225 231 19 11 248 215 ?Oct? max 312 295 295 290 290 285 284 295 300 290 290 280 280 300 290 290 285 290 285 291 19 7 312 280 min 230 240 240 230 235 215 214 230 225 238 230 230 245 260 225235 240 230 233 18 10 260 214 ?Nov? max 290 285 312 315 280 310 315 310 280 275 270 275 274 285 290 280 280 280 280 290 289 20 15 315 270 min 230 240 248 235 238 225 238 200 225 210 220 225 228 225 225 220 230 235 235 235 228 20 11 248 200 ?Dec? max 290 280 280 285285 285 290 285 270 280 285 285 285 270 280 280 280 290 290 290 310 285 21 8 310 270 min 240 200 225220 235 240 235 200 220 230 230 230 215 200 220 230 220 240 240 225 266 227 21 15 266 200 1978 day 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 Avg n Sd Max Min ?Jan? max 290 290 285 280 290 285 270 275 280 280 280 280 290 290 290 288 284 290 295 290 305 286 21 7 305 270 min 215 230 220 230 225 225 220 215 210 205 210 220 220 220 220 242 236 240 240 230 220 223 21 10 242 205 ?Feb? max 295 290 300 305 290 290 290 290 290 285 292 295 305 300 315 300 310 297 17 8 315 285 min 245 245 245 230 220 230 230 210 205 210 218 235 225 220 220 225 240 227 17 12245 205 ?Mar? max 310 305 305 315 310 310 300 290 330 320 301 310 300 310 310 308 310 320 326 330 295 295 310 22 11 330 290 min 235 220 220 220 235 235 228 230 235 230 230 238 230 240 240234 236 240 242 235 230 230 232 22 6 242 220 ?Apr? max 295 295 305 310 310 315 320 320 314 310 290 295 310 286 320 320 268 290 285 304 303 20 14 320 268 min 220 220 225 230 230 220 240 230 240 235 225 240 245234 225 240 238 225 230 228 231 20 7 245 220 ?May? max 305 290 300 310 310 310 290 305 310 300 300 274 290 295 295 300 290 270 285 270 300 290 295 22 12 310 270 min 230 225 230 225 235 220 235 230 225 230 240 210 210 200 215 200 235 225 230 215 240 206 223 22 12 240 200 ?Jun? max 290 300 200 295 285 300 290 305 285 300 270 285 302 285 280 274 254 288 276 288 282 268 282 22 22 305 200 min 220 225 270 230 225 230 225 230 225 220 205 234 210 220 212 210 210 220 223 18 14 270 205 ? Jul? max 290 268 275 280 286 286 278 252 268 278 289 274 275 290 300 300 280 285 300 282 19 12 300 252 min 210 224 220 210 210 218 214 205 194 230 210 215 240 230 215225 225 217 17 11 240 194 ?Aug? max 290 295 288 286 280 285 285 275 280 310 315 290 280 290 295 295 290 285 295 280 280 285 289 22 9 315 275 min 220 220 220 190 225 230 220 220 230 220 210 235 230 200 230 235 240 225 200 195 200 219 21 14 240 190 ?Sep? max 290 290 290 285 285 285 285 280 280 275 285 335 270 262 280 270 280 285 265 283 19 15 335 262 min 200 205 200 215 200 200 185 195 210 200 205215 210 206 190 210 200 210 205 203 19 8215 185 ?Oct? max 290 270 284 285 285 285 270 275 280 280 280 275 280 280 275 275 260 270 270 280 275 277 21 7 290 260 min 205 210 212 210 200 195 205 200 210 200 198 200 200 205 200 200 200 205 210 210 210 204 21 5212 195 ?Nov? max 280 270 270 280 275 270 270 270 270 270 265 200 270 270 275 280 285 290 290 271 19 18 290 200 min 205 200 205 210 210 210 200 205 200 200 195 255 200 210 210 210 220 220 215 209 19 13 255 195 ?Dec? max 285 280 275 280 270 260 275 270 260 280 280 275 270 280 275 280 280 280 280 276 19 7 285 260 min 210 205 205 210 210 200 205 205 195 210 200 202 205 205 200 190 210 205 205 20419 5 210 190 TABLE B3.?Continued. 1979 day 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 Avg n Sd Max Min ?Jan? max 280 285 285 280 280 280 280 280 280 280 285 280 280 285 280 285 280 290 285 280 282 20 3 290 280 min 205 210 205 205 185 190 185 180 190 210 205 210 205 185 195 210 200 190 210 205 199 20 10 210 180 ~Feb? max 280 290 290 290 290 285 280 285 280 275 290 295 295 290 287 14 6 295 275 min 200 195 210 200 200 210 200 210 200 195 200 210 215 220 205 14 7 220 195 ?Mar? max 300 300 298 294 285 290 300 300 305 305 305 320 320 305 302 320 303 16 10 320 285 min 195 200 209 205 200 210 200 190 190 180 180 190 210 220 214 220 201 16 12 220 180 ?Apr? max 310 300 320 280 290 300 310 310 315 305 270 295 305 305 312 330 315 300 300 305 320 305 21 13 330 270 min 210 215 215 210 205 200 220 235 220 210 210 220 220 200 208 240 225 235 225 230 225 218 21 11 240 200 ?May? max 315 320 315 315 305 320 315 320 320 320 325 295 325 285 290 230 310 290 295 300 290 295 305 315 285 280 280 280 301 28 20 325 230 min 230 235 240 245 250 250 250 250 240 255 240 230 225 240 230 230 230 235 230 225 240 240 240 240 245 240 235 230 238 28 8 255 225 ?Jun? max 295 285 295 295 280 280 280 285 350 295 300 290 290 280 280 300 290 260 275 290 290 285 300 290 300 315 291 26 16 350 260 min 225 230 235 230 225 225 220 230 240 235 240 240 220 235 235 205 240 235 235 230 228 240 235 230 235 240 231 26 8 240 205 ?Jul? max 300 295 300 290 290 285 300 295 295 295 295 290 310 280 280 280 300 280 310 290 280 285 290 290 310 280 310 305 293 28 10 310 280 min 251 245 245 230 250 240 240 250 245 230 225 230 230 225 235 218 228 224 240 230 240 240 235 240 240 240 230 230 236 28 8 251 218 ?Aug? max 300 300 285 300 300 305 300 300 310 310 315 300 285 290 280 295 300 325 295 290 280 285 285 315 275 280 270 290 300 295 29 13 325 270 min 230 230 240 200 250 250 245 240 240 250 250 200 245 230 230 225 230 235 235 225 225 225 230 220 230 235 225 230 210 231 29 13 250 200 ?Sep? max 320 350 350 295 300 310 290 300 300 290 300 300 300 270 285 300 290 310 300 300 285 330 340 270 300 320 310 310 300 290 304 30 19 350 270 min 200 250 250 235 240 230 230 230 220 250 220 224 222 230 220 220 240 240 230 235 240 250 220 230 235 235 240 230 230 232 29 11 250 200 ?Oct? max 305 295 280 285 310 285 295 315 300 300 320 290 300 310 295 310 320 325 320 300 300 295 270 290 290 300 300 295 290 300 300 30 12 325 270 min 230 230 230 235 230 230 235 230 225 230 230 230 230 230 230 230 230 230 230 230 230 220 225 220 220 225 220 220 220 225 228 30 4 235 220 ?Nov? max 300 320 290 300 300 305 308 320 295 300 275 290 270 300 270 270 270 275 300 290 285 290 295 292 23 15 320 270 min 225 220 240 225 225 230 225 225 225 230 225 224 260 220 220 240 230 230 220 220 230 230 235 228 23 9 260 220 ?Dec? max 270 275 285 290 280 285 290 295 292 295 286 290 295 290 290 252 265 270 270 272 270 315 295 270 275 275 280 265 270 275 285 281 31 13 315 252 min 230 239 241 235 230 240 250 250 248 240 242 240 240 240 230 220 230 230 225 221 220 220 238 220 220 219 230 240 225 235 240 233 31 9 250 219 1980 ?Jan? ?Feb? ?Mar? ?Apr? ?May? ?Jun? ^-Jul? ?Aug? ?Sep? ?Oct? ?Nov? ?Dec? day max min max min max min max min max min max min max min max min max min max min max min max min 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 Avg n Sd Max Min 286 280 280 290 290 300 300 310 310 300 290 300 290 290 290 270 280 270 280 290 280 310 300 280 310 310 290 292 27 12 310 270 232 238 240 250 280 240 248 240 240 240 240 240 220 220 230 220 228 214 235 240 240 250 250 250 240 230 240 238 27 13 280 214 300 300 300 300 270 260 280 280 300 290 290 300 290 280 285 290 300 300 300 310 290 295 300 292 23 11 310 260 230 230 220 220 218 215 240 235 220 230 245 235 240 230 230 230 230 230 220 220 240 245 230 230 23 9 245 215 300 320 300 310 320 320 320 310 295 300 320 310 320 320 300 315 310 328 300 290 310 315 310 300 310 24 10 328 290 224 220 230 235 240 250 240 240 240 250 240 240 240 240 250 250 240 220 260 260 260 260 260 240 243 24 12 260 220 320 300 290 310 315 300 305 305 300 290 310 300 310 320 300 330 300 320 280 290 300 305 21 12 330 280 250 250 240 250 250 240 240 225 225 220 220 235 220 240 240 218 240 250 240 245 280 239 21 14 280 218 320 320 320 340 330 275 305 300 320 300 310 290 310 310 280 310 295 320 290 310 300 285 290 290 305 24 16 340 275 240 260 240 235 250 245 250 250 250 230 235 250 250 250 260 280 250 300 280 250 250 250 250 250 252 24 15 300 230 300 310 300 300 290 290 285 280 280 270 280 280 310 300 300 300 290 299 285 280 285 290 300 291 23 10 310 270 240 240 240 260 255 240 245 240 250 240 240 240 260 250 260 230 240 230 250 250 260 260 240 246 23 9 260 230 300 290 280 290 300 300 300 300 300 300 330 295 270 325 290 290 290 290 280 290 290 275 280 300 280 325 275 294 27 15 330 270 250 250250 250 260 250 240 250 250 245 250 240 240 250 250 250 240 240 240 250 230 250 250 240 270 250 250 248 27 7 270 230 280 280 300 290 290 280 280 325 300 295 310 290 285 280 290 290 290 280 285 290 300 300 291 22 11 325 280 235 250 238 240 240 250 240 250 240 240 230 245 250 240 230 230 230 245 240 250 240 250 241 22 7 250 230 290 260 270 280 295 280 280 290 295 280 290 300 280 256 283 256 261 261 294 294 303 302 287 256 281 24 15 303 256 230 240 225 250 245 260 250 240 240 250 250 250 250 233 224 258 231 231 233 225 236 233 219 239 23 11 260219 280 300 310 280 305 290 270 270 280 290 275 270 290 275 275 280 280 280 310 315 290 280 280 280 290 280 285 265 285 28 13 315265 240 240 230 245 245 240 230 245 240 250 225 240 240 240 240 240 250 230 240 240 240 245 250 250 240 250 220 250 241 28 8 250 220 280 320 280 290 270 270 280 310 280 270 260 275 270 270 300 280 290 295 295 320 280 310 275 280 285 285 25 16 320 260 245 240 245 230 230 225 225 230 240 230 240 240 240 240 240 240 230 225 235 220 230 230 225 230 235 234 25 7 245 220 270 280 300 300 280 280 310 290 270 285 290 280 280 280 290 290 290 290 285 280 290 280 290 270270 250 270 283 27 12 310250 230 230 230 220 225 225 230 220 230 240 230 230 220 220 225 230 230 230 225 235 230 225 210 220 210 210 200 224 27 9 240 200 TABLE B3.?Continued. 1981 1 23 45 67 89 1011 1213 1415 1617 1819 2021 2223 24 2526 2728 2930 31 Avg nSd MaxMin ?Jan? max 275 280285 260280 280285 270260 280 280260 260265 260270 275255 270280 280275 255 280275 280270 290265 270 272 309 290255 min 205 220220 210225 230230 230220 220 220210 210210 220225 230220 220220 225215 220 220220 220230 230220 220 221 307 230205 ?Feb? max 266 270280 286 290290 290288 290285 285285 278285 280270 280290 300285 285320 275285 285278 285 2610 320266 min 215 235235 232 215215 230238 240238 230230 220220 220230 240240 240220 245240 225230 235240 231 269 245215 ?Mar? max 300300 300280 285265 280288 280275 285285 285280 290285 280290 290285 280290 300 290295 285295 298290 300 288 308 300265 min 240250 250250 232225 228225 240235 232220 225222 210215 245220 220230 220225 228 235230 240225 225230 240 230 3010 250210 ?Apr? max 305 300300 300302 308300 298295 290303 290 300280 270265 276 255270 285270 272 270 270270 286 2515 308255 min 250 255245 240242 240230 225234 235250 250 220225 220222 224 219220 232230 230 230 225230 233 2511 255219 ?May? max 300 296 290275 290290 290270 300277 268285 280 295295 300280 280300 276288 287 2110 300268 min 230 223 225230 225230 230226 220226 230235 230 245250 255231 220235 240234 232 219 255220 ?Jun? max 289 267268 270278 294 278267 278289 322275 283294 261269 275258 267278 278259 272 277 2314 322258 min 228 228223 224233 237 222217 222228 239214 222228 250222 217222 233231 211221 231 226 239 250211 ?Jul? max 267 275281 257 268278 261289 283276 267274 333311 285261 285 278283 283300 294283 289 282 2416 333257 min 236 222233 220 217228 211228 227219 222214 222228 219217 237 239 256244 236228 250 228 2311 256211 ?Aug? max 283 278294 111283 283300 289294 289278 294272 278294 306300 300289 292278 267300 300 278283 283283 300283 261 287 3111 306261 min 250 239217 233217 239244 239228 233244 233225 233239 239239 233233 236228 244233 233 236222 233233 222228 222 233 318 250217 ?Sep? max 283 278294 278300 306278 289289 286272 294283 300272 283283 289294 294306 303300 300 292300 272278 283294 289 3010 306272 min 222 222239 194233 217233 233239 222233 233228 233233 244233 228244 244244 250250 244 247233 233239 217222 233 3012 250194 ?Oct? max 294 294 300278 294294 283278 278283 283 283289 278289 289289 292283 278289 294300 289300 289289 288 277 300278 min 239 244 239244 244239 239233 233228 233 233228 233233 233233 239239 228222 228239 233239 233233 235 275 244222 ?Nov? max 294 283300 306294 294289 278278 289 283272 278289 272272 289283 289289 278283 278 278283 283283 294283 285 298 306272 min 228 228233 283239 242244 228239 233 239233 222228 228239 239244 239228 233233 233 239217 239239 233233 236 2911 283217 ?Dec? max 278 294294 283289 283278 267278 267272 272283 283289 306300 294289 278289 272 294294 294294 300300 289 286 2910 306267 min 222 250233 233233 239239 244239 228239 244242 244239 244244 239233 233239 233 239233 239239 250244 232 238 296 250222 1982 day 1 2 34 56 78 910 1112 1314 15 1617 1819 20 2122 2324 25 2627 2829 3031 Avg nSd MaxMin ?Jan? max 294 283 283289 283283 278289 294300 294294 294300 300 294283 300300 311 306300 300306 306 300 286294 300294 295 308 311278 min 239 228 228233 228228 228228 228228 233233 244244 244 239233 233228 239 233233 228233 239 233 222222 228228 232 306 244222 ?Feb? max 294 283 300306 300306 300306 306306 306306 306306 306 300300 294300 300 278294 300300 294 300306 300 300 287 306278 min 239 228 228233 244250 250250 239244 244250 250233 239 239233 233228 239 233217 222228 239 228228 2 50 237 289 250217 ?Mar? max 305 289 294294 300300 300 311 306317 311304 311 311317 306317 311 306 317 300306 306 228 317289 min 244 239 228233 217222 233 239 233228 228244 233 233250 250256 233 250 233 256250 238 2211 256217 ?Apr? max 311 306 372306 317328 322272 294294 306 311311 317317 311 311317 322328 294 313 2118 372272 min 244 239 239239 244244 233222 233239 233 233239 244256 256 244256 261250 244 243 219 261222 ?May? max 317308 306311 303 317294 283292 306 311306 311292 278 306289 300294 311 302 2011 317278 min 244244 250244 244 244244 256250 250 244250 244233 244 244250 239250 250 246 205 256233 ?Jun? max 317 300 311306 300306 289278 294 317300 300289 289 306289 294289 289 289 294289 300 297 2310 317278 min 239261 244228 239239 250244 250 239261 250250 250 244250 250256 244 250 244256 256 248 238 261228 ?Jul? max 300 300 294 278294 300 300111 286294 306294 300261 286294 300 294267 272286 283 289 2212 306261 min 261 256 244 247256 233 250233 244250 250256 239222 247256 256 244244 247239 239 246 229 261222 ?Aug? max 294292 300300 292289 300294 306 300300 281294 294 300 303 300306 300 292306 297 216 306281 min 256247 250236 233250 253261 233 253247 253239 258 239 256 247261 239 236256 248 219 261233 ?Sep? max 289 300 292 294 278283 300286 292297 294 297 289 294 278289 286289 292303 303 292 292 227 303278 min 233 233 236 239 244247 244244 242256 250 247239 244 228 233222 244242 233247 244 244 241 237 256222 ?Oct ? max 294 281 278278 283278 283 289286 281289 292 283278 275 269286 281 281278 278286 282 226 294269 min 244 219 239233 244239 228 233236 239250 233 228233 244 239239 236 236233 233231 236 227 250219 ?Nov? max 294 294 294 300 294 283297 300 325 331367 344322 286 311 303 309 1622 367283 min 239 244 233 233 239 244253 253 244 239228 236256 244 233 244 241 168 256228 ?Dec? max 322 322 347333 311 317319 283281 308303 306303 289 303292 294294 294 300289 283289 306 306 278 303 2616 347 278 min 250253 253250 242 239233 244244 244261 250253 256 253250 250228 231 247 242250 250247 242 225 24626 9 261225 TABLE B3.?Continued. 1983 ?Jan? ?Feb? ?Mar? ?Apr? ?May? ?Jun? ?Jul? ?Aug? ?Sep? ?Oct? ?Nov? ?Dec? day max min max min max min max min max min max min max min max min max min max min max min max min 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 Avg n Sd Max Min 306 356 311 300 311 292 297 292 294 283 297 294 289 289 289 289 294 294 294 300 294 300 306 300 294 281 294 303 294 298 29 13 356 281 222 250 244 238 250 250 250 250 256 256 253 239 239 228 242 239 247 250 250 247 256 250 256 250 244 253 250 258 233 247 29 8 258 222 294 303 308 297 306 303 303 300 306 297 303 306 306 303 303 303 311 300 297 294 283 300 303 308 311 308 317 319 303 28 7 319 283 233 239 242 256 233 231 239 244 225 217 228 231 239 250 250244 239 242 247 253 247 258 264 261 253 256 258 258 244 28 12 264 217 316 311 325 317 319 314 322 325 317 317 317 311 308 311 308 328 333 339 342 336 322 336 325 322 317 319 314 331 314 328 322 321 31 9 342 308 266 264 258 250 236 250 244 239 236 250 256 256 253 228 239 250 261 261 256 258 261 272 272 256 244 244 250 256 261 244 239 252 31 11 272 228 328333 336 333 325 317 331 333 333 333 333 331 336 328 336 322 339 322 331 344 344 342 322 319 336 336 333 272 267 292 326 30 18 344 267 247242 256 264 261 272 264 247 256 250 261 261 253 250 250 256 250 261 244 250 244 244 256 264 261 261 250 247 239 244 254 30 8 272 239 311 314 300 300 311 322 311 306 306 317 328 325 317 272 269 278 292 317 308 300 300 319 311 306 317 319 314 308 306 292 306 30 14 328 269 250247 250 231 244 261 250 250 256 261 264 269 244 247 250 242 250 244 250 253 250 261 258 264 261 256 256 256 242 250 252 30 8 269 231 325 317 300 294 289 294 311 306 300 286 300 311 300 311 311 311 267 294 317 283 306 300 302 22 13 325 267 253 264 233 247 250 244 250 244 247 231 253 253 258 256 256 233 244 253 250 247 261 250 249 22 8 264 231 1984 day 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 Avg n Sd Max Min ?Jan? max 280 275 275 285 280 285 285 280 275 270 280 279 11 5 285 270 min 245 235 230 235 245 240 240 235 235 240 240 23811 4 245 230 ?Feb? max 280 280 280 280 275 280 265 280 280 270 270 280 280 280 285 285 280 280 280 285 290 280 275 285 285 275 285 275 280 279 29 5 290 265 min 235 235 250 245 240 245 240 245 245 240 240 240 240 240 240 235 240 240 240 240 250 240 240 250 235 235 245 235 240 241 29 4 250235 ?Mar? max 280 280 285 290 275 280 2 90 290 285 285 295 290 295 235 240 245 240 245 245 250 250 245 245 245 245 260 255 250 265 28 21 295 235 min 240 235 245 240 250 250 250 235 235 240 240 250 250 215 215 225 215 225 235 235 230 225 230 220 220 230 235 235 234 28 11 250215 ?Apr? max 250 245 260 250 240 255 255 255 245 255 260 265 260 255 255 250 255 255 255 260 260 255 260 255 260 260 260 260 260 265 256 30 6 265 240 min 235 225 220 225 230 225 235 230 215 220 230 240 235 235 235 230 235 235 235 235 235 230 225 235 235 235 235 235 230 225 231 30 6 240 215 ?May? max 260 260 260 270 265 265 260 260 260 270 260 250 255 250 260 260 270 270 265 260 255 260 255 245 250 260 260 26 6 270 245 min 230 235 245 245 240 240 235 230 240 235 235 230 230 230 235 240 245 245 235 235 235 230 230 230 235 235 236 26 5 245 230 ?Jun? max 270 260 275 280 260 250 260 270 270 280 265 275 275 275 280 285 265 265 280 290 285 270 275 260 265 270 265 275 260 260 271 30 9 290 250 min 235 240 235 240 240 240 230 230 240 245 245 235 240 250 250 245 230 240 240 255 250 245 240 240 240 245 230 245 240 240 241 30 6 255 230 ?Jul? max 265 270 280 275 255 260 275 260 275 265 280 275 270 260 260 270 280 260 270 265 265 275 275 280 280 270 280 275 275 260 270 270 31 7 280 255 min 240 240 240 245 230 235 235 245 240 240 240 240 235 240 225 240 245 240 235 235 240 230 235 240 240255 245 245 245 235 235 239 31 6 255 225 ?Aug? max 270 265 255 260 275 290 285 280 280 265 250 270 280 265 260 265 270 275 270 275 255 265 255 265 280 285 260 265 270 270 275 269 31 10 290 250 min 230 235 235 240 240 255 255 255 225 225 235 235 250 245 240 245 240 230 235 240 240 240 230 230 240 250 235 225 225 240 240 238 31 9 255 225 ?Sep? max 265 280 275 270 270 260 270 270 270 260 260 270 270 255 275 280 270 260 260 265 265 265 285 285 285 270 275 285 270 275 271 30 8 285 255 min 230 240 245 240 245 235 240 240 225 230 230 235 230 225 235 230 235 240 230 230 230 230 235 240 240235 235 245 230 225 235 30 6 245 225 ?Oct? max 280 270 260 280 280 265 275 265 270 270 275 270 260 265 270 270 270 270 270 270 270 275 275 270 275 270 270 285 265 265 260 270 31 6 285 260 min 240 240 245 240 240 240 240 235 230 235 240 235 245 240 240 245 240 235 235 235 240 240 235 235 235 240 240 230 235 235 225 238 31 4 245 225 ?Nov? ?Dec? max 270 260 255 265 255 245 260 255 250 240 255 260 255 255 260 260 260 265 260 255 260 255 240 250 255 235 235 230 240 240 253 30 10 270 230 min max min 230 240 215 230 225 235 230 230 215 225 215 220 220 225 225 220 230 230 225 230 230 235 230 220 220 220 225 220 220 220 205 210 224 30 7 235 205 TABLE B3.?Continued. 1985 ?Jan? ?Feb? ?Mar? ?Apr? ?May? ?Jun? ?Jul? ?Aug? ?Sep? ?Oct? ?Nov? ?Dec?dav max min max min max min max min max mtn max rain max mln max min max mtn max min max min max min day max min 12 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 Avg n Sd Max Min 270 270 275 280 275 280 270260 250250 270 270270 270265 265265 265 275 270 280 275 275 275 275 270 275 270 277 280 250 220 230 230 235 235 240 240 215 230 230 240 240 230 225 230 230 240 235 240 235 245 240 240 240 225 235 240 234 277 245215 275 270 270 270 270 275 275 280 275 285 280 280 280 280 280 280 280 277 175 285 270 240 210 235 240 230 215 225 230 220 220 230 205 220 200 210 220 210 221 1712 240 200 292 294 294 289 292 292 292 289 292 292 294 300 297 306 300 294 15 4 306 289 222 228 239 239 236 228 236 242 242 222 217 219 217 217 219 228 15 9 242 217 297 289 278 261 283 275 289 289 292 294 294 283 289 283 300 300 283 289 286 289 287 20 9 300 261 222 225 211 228 228 231 217 225 236 225 217 247 233 233 236 236 236 247 244 239 231 20 10 247 211 269 261 256 267 281 283 283 283 272 278 278 292 283 283 281 289 275 267 264 278 276 20 9 292 256 231 219 225 225 219 217 233 231 233 222 236 236 239 236 239 222 231 231 222 244 230 20 8 244 217 281 281 283 283 281 281 250 258 269 272 272 256 278 278 264 272 292 289 278 267 258 273 21 11 292 250 231 228 228 228 225 203211 225 228 233 233 236 222 222 217 222 228 222 225 222 231 225 21 7 236 203 286 286 306 275 275 267 261 278 275 283 278 267 267 278 281 283 275 278 278 278 19 9 306 261 236 242 244 217 219 222 228 219 239 233 217 214 217 217 217 217 222 233 228 225 19 10 244 214 278 267 272 272 272 272 272 272 7 3 278 267 217 222 225225 225222 222 223 7 3 225 217 255 260 260 255250 245 255 265 260 265 260 255 260 245 260 260 255 260 240 250 250 250 255 260 255 255 260 255 256 28 6 265 240 210 215 230 225225 235 240 240 235 240 225 230 230 230 235 230 230 235 230 230 230 230 230 225 230 225 225 240 230 28 7 240 210 260 260 260 240 245 240 240 245 250 260 230 230 235 230 230 230 230 230 230 235 1986 ?Jan? ?Feb? ?Mar? ?Apr? ?May? ?Jun? ?Jul? ?Aug? ?Sep? ?Oct? ?Nov? ?Dec? dav max min max min max min max min max min max min max min max min max min max min max min max min 1 270 230 270 235 255 235 244 230 2 270 245 270 230 245 230 260 235 235 220 3 275 245 270 230 260 225 275 210 247 235 4 280 240 265 235 250 205 270 245 252 240 5 270 240 260 240 255 230 270 245 250 245 6 260 245 275 245 265 230 275 255 241 230 7 270 245 280 240 255 230 275 250 243 235 8 275 250 275 240 240 225 270 245 246 240 9 285 255 265 235 245 225 270 240 246 235 10 285 255 265 245 235 220 275 245 244 230 11 275 220 270 240 250 225 275 255 248 235 12 260 230 260 230 245 230 265 250 254 245 13 270 230 255 240 260 230 260 250 245 235 14 245 235 245 225 255 230 260 250 243 230 15 265 225 250 225 245 230 280 255 245 235 16 265 240 270 225 240 225 265 245 244 235 17 255 235 265 225 245 230 270 245 241 230 18 255 240 250 230 250 225 280 250 242 230 19 270 240 255 235 250 230 260 245 247 235 20 265 230 260 230 250 235 265 245 251 240 21 260 225 255 230 245 235 270 240 252 245 22 270 240 260 230 260 230 275 245 248 240 23 260 240 260 230 260 235 265 240 249 240 24 255 230 265 235 255 240 265 240 245 240 25 255 230 260 240 250 235 265 240 248 240 26 260 240 270 235 255 230 265 235 243 230 27 280 240 260 235 255 230 265 240 239 225 28 260 235 260 225 255 220 265 240 238 225 29 255 235 260 225 255 230 270 240 244 225 30 260 240 265 230 245 225 265 240 245 235 31 270 235 255 230 241 230 Avg 266 238 263 233 252 229 268 243 245 234 n 30 30 30 30 31 31 30 30 31 31 Sd 10 886866846 Max 285 255 280 245 270 240 280 255 254 245 Min 245 220 245 225 235 205 255 210 235 220 TABLE B3.?Continued. 1987 ?Jan? ?Feb? ?Mar? ?Apr? ?May? ?Jun? ?Jul? ?Aug? ?Sep? ?Oct? ?Nov? ?Dec?day max min max min max min max min max min max min max min max min max min max min max min max min 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 Avg n Sd Max Min 260 265 265 250 245 235 250 250 250 245 240 245 245 250 250 250 250 245 240 240 240 250 235 235 240 240 240 246 27 8 265 235 235 240 230 230 230 225 225 240 235 235 230 230 235 235 240 240 235 225 225 230 225 230 225 220 225 235 225 231 27 6 240 220 235 280 280 270 265 255 240 240 255 265 265 265 275 275 275 280 255 275 275 265 275 270 265 22 13 280 235 220 245 240 225 230 220 225 220 230 230 225 220 230 240 240 245 235 240 240 240 245 255 234 22 10 255 220 280 280 280 280 280 285 280 285 270 265 270 285 270 290 285 285 280 285 300 305 305 300 305 290 290 300 286 26 11 305 265 240 240 230 235 220 220 215 235 230 215 215 225 240 235 245 250 245 235 235 240 250 240 240 240 235 230 234 26 10 250 215 295 280 280 280 280 250 270 285 270 270 276 10 11 295 250 240 245 230 235 235 230 240 245 250 235 239 10 6 250 230 260 250 245 265 285 280 260 275 260 260 265 265 270 275 260 255 240 270 275 270 275 260 275 280 266 24 11 285 240 235 235 225 240 250 255 245 245 240 225 225 240 245 235 235 230 230 230 240 240 240 245 250 250 239 24 8 255 225 270 260 265 265 265 265 265 270 275 270 270 280 270 270 260 260 265 270 260 280 270 265 275 265 250 260 255 260 260 260 266 30 7 280 250 235 245 245 240 240 225 230 240 245 245 255 235 250 255 220 220 240 245 240 245 255 250 245 240 240 230 240 240 235 240 240 30 9 255 220 250 245 255 260 250 245 250 245 250 250 260 260 255 250 252 14 5 260 245 235 215 235 240 215 220 225 230 235 235 240 240 235 230 231 14 8 240 215 1988 ?Jan? ?Feb? ?Mar? ?Apr? ?May? ?Jun? --Jul? ?Aug? ?Sep? ?Oct? ?Nov? ?Dec?day max min max min max min max min max min max min max min max min max min max min max min max min 1011 1213 1415 1617 1819 2021 2223 2425 2627 2829 3031 Avgn SdMax Min 280 280 260 260 250 270 280 270 260 270 265 270 268 12 9 280 250 240 250 240 230 240 250 250 240 230 240 245 240 241 12 6 250 230 265 250 275 260 260 250 270 270 260 270 255 260 260 265 250 235 250 265 259 18 10 275 235 235 240 230 240 240 240 230 240 240 240 235 240 235 230 245 230 245 240 238 18 5 245 230 265 265 260 260 270 275 270 270 270 275 270 250 265 270 260 275 260 265 265 270 265 260 260 266 23 6 275 250 235 245 235 240 255 235 245 240 240 240 240 235 240 240 240 230 240 230 235 240 235 240 240 239 23 5 255 230 260 270 275 270 265 275 275 270 270 270 265 275 260 260 265 265 270 250 260 265 265 267 21 6 275 250 235 230 240 240 240 240 230 230 235 240 240 230 230 230 235 240 240 230 240 240 230 235 21 5 240 230 265 260 265 265 260 270 260 265 260 260 250 245 270 270 255 265 265 260 262 18 6 270 245 230 235 240 235 240 235 235 235 230 235 230 230 240 240 240 235 235 230 235 18 4 240 230 250 250 265 270 265 260 255 260 240 240 250 255 270 260 260 255 260 260 260 257 19 8 270 240 235 235 240 240 235 240 230 230 235 235 235 235 235 235 225 230 240 230 235 234 19 4 240 225 260 240 250 255 250 255 265 265 260 265 260 255 265 265 260 260 270 270 270 270 261 20 8 270 240 235 225 215 220 215 220 225 240 235 225 235 230 230 235 225 225 225 235 235 235 228 20 7 240 215 TABLE B3.?Continued. 1989 ?Jan? ?Feb? ?Mar? ?Apr? ?May? ?Jun? ?Jul? ?Aug? ??Sep? ?Oct? ?Nov? ?Dec?day max min max min max min max min max min max min max min max min max min max min max min max min 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 Avg n Sd Max Min 270 265 265 260 265 265 270 265 270 270 270 270 270 270 270 270 270 265 275 268 19 3 275 260 230 235 235 230 230 235 255 225 230 230 240 240 235 240 250 250 225 235 225 236 19 8 255 225 265 275 270 270 270 270 270 265 270 270 265 265 265 275 275 275 260 250 260 268 19 6 275 250 235 235 235 220 240 245 230 225 225 240 240 230 220 225 245 250 220 220 240 233 19 9 2 50 220 272 265 270 275 270 280 270 330 265 260 260 270 270 270 265 275 280 275 265 270 270 275 273 22 14 330 260 249 240 240 235 230 235 245 245 215 210 220 230 240 230 230 230 233 235 235 230 220 225 232 22 10 249 210 285 280 280 285 280 280 285 280 285 280 285 295 280 285 290 285 270 290 285 280 283 20 5 295 270 225 240 255 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 235 240 250 240 255 240 250 247 20 7 255 225 290 290 280 275 255 285 300 300 285 280 295 290 290 290 240 275 270 280 270 281 19 15 300 240 245 245 250 235 240 240 240 235 245 250 255 255 235 240 235 235 240 235 240 242 19 7 255 235 280 270 290 270 255 275 285 275 265 280 295 275 260 255 255 255 260 260 265 260 270 270 250 268 23 12 295 250 250 250 235 250 245 250 250 250 250 245 250 245 240 240 250 250 260 260 235 235 240 245 245 247 23 7 260 235 270 260 260 255 260 265 265 275 270 280 270 260 270 260 260 250 260 260 270 264 19 7 280 250 235 230 215 230 235 240 245 250 250 260 250 245 235 230 235 235 230 220 235 237 19 11 260 215 265 265 250 255 270 270 270 240 250 265 255 260 250 250 260 265 265 260 270 275 265 230 250 259 23 11 275 230 245 240 220 230 240 245 250 237 235 235 245 230 240 215 225 250 250 225 230 240 230 225 235 236 23 10 250 215 270 265 260 255 270 265 265 270 275 270 270 260 250 255 270 270 270 270 260 265 19 7 275 250 230 240 235 235 240 245 235 240 240 240 230 235 230 240 230 250 230 240 235 237 19 5 250 230 270 240 260 260 235 270 255 250 250 265 250 250 240 250 250 260 255 250 260 270 260 255 21 10 270 235 240 240 240 220 215 225 240 230 235 240 235 240 230 230 230 230 235 230 240 235 245 234 21 7 245 215 265 250 270 250 250 245 250 260 260 255 260 265 265 270 260 260 260 260 260 259 19 7 270 245 240 230 235 240 235 240 230 240 240 240 240 240 245 230 240 225 240 250 230 237 19 6 250 225 260 250 250 250 255 265 250 250 255 260 265 260 270 257 13 7 270 250 240 230 230 230 235 230 240 235 240 240 230 230 220 233 13 6 240 220 84 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO TH E EARTH SCIENCES TABLE B4.?Monthly average maximum (above) and minimum temperatures (tenths of degree C), 1 m elevation, in the Lutz catchment, Barro Colorado Island, Panama, 1971-1989. 1971 19721973 19741975 19761977 19781979 19801981 19821983 19841985 19861987 19881989 Jan 267282 276278 281289 286282 292272 295298 279 246 268 Feb 277287 281283 287293 297287 292285 300303 279270 265 268 Mar 274 287294 290294 294300 310303 310288 306321 265277 286 273 Apr 295 293308 302308 312309 303305 305286 313326 256294 276 283 May 285 296291 309294 299319 273301 305287 302306 260287 266 281 Jun 272 281271 292279 296296 282291 291277 297302 271276 266268 268 Jul 274 288276 272281 301292 2932 93 294282 289 270273 252259 264 Aug 279 277274 280274 294283 289295 291287 297 269278 266 266259 Sep 269 274278 282283 282292 283304 281289 292 271272 263 267265 Oct 275 271275 273278 291291 258300 285288 282 270 252 262255 Nov 268 276263 263278 284289 271292 285285 309 253256 268 257259 Dec 289 278265 271272 292285 275281 283286 303 245 261257 Avg 279 285 292 298 292 282 280 280 279 275 274 276 Sd 12.4 10.8 14.6 16.0 15.2 11.4 13.2 10.9 10.7 13.4 14.9 14.4 1971 19721973 19741975 19761977 19781979 19801981 19821983 19841985 19861987 19881989 Avg Sd Jan 214229 215218 209225 223199 238221 232247 238 231 236 225 12.2 Feb 219223 213215 211230 227205 230231 237244 241234 234 233 227 10.9 Mar 223 219232 215225 216237 232201 243230 238252 234221 234 232 228 11.6 Apr 229 233228 224226 215241 231218 239233 243254 231228 239 247 233 9.7 May 230 237217 225224 221234 248238 252232 246252 236231 239 242 236 10.2 Jun 231 235224 214220 216233 224231 246226 248249 241230 240241 247 233 10.6 Jul 234 238216 217219 224239 256236 248228 246 239225 231238 237 234 10.8 Aug 228 230220 220215 227234 219231 241233 248 238225 238 239236 231 8.7 Sep 225 228220 216213 218 231 203232 239233 241 235223 233 235237 11110.0 Oct 225 221226 216214 228233 230228 241235 236 238 229 235234 229 7.3 Nov 219 227218 215213 226228 210228 234236 241 224230 243 234237 227 9.5 Dec 220 230215 218208 232227 204233 224238 246 234 228233 226 11.0 TABLE B5.?Daily maximum-minimum temperatures (tenths of degree Q, 20 m elevation, Lutz tower, Barro Colorado Island, Panama\ 1981-1983. 1981 ?Jan? ?Feb? ?Mar? ?Apr? ?May? ?Jun? ?Jul? ?Aug? ?Sep? ?Oct? ?Nov? ?Dec? day max min max min max min max min max min max min max min max min max min max min max min max min 1 306 200 283 211 300 228 306 231 278 2282 256 222 283 211 300 233 300 222 278 217 3 325 206 311 228 306 228 300 2444 278 189 311 228 317 228 308 244 5 283 214 317 222 267 233 306 233 294 2336 278 222 306 211 306 233 300 239 306 233 7 300 233 267 228 289 228 294 239 311 2338 283 228 289 222 278 228 278 228 294 233 9 294 222 283 231 272 222 278 23310 283 228 289 211 294 222 294 233 278 239 11 269 239 278 222 283 217 294 23312 294 222 289 222 283 233 261 228 13 256 222 283 217 294 222 272 233 14 269 225 322 217 272 23915 306 228 283 222 283 222 294 228 283 239 16 311 228 289 233 283 217 278 228 289 244 17 300 233 278 228 272 222 278 23918 311 222 294 217 294 228 292 239 19 289 222 289 250 283 228 289 239 311 244 20 300 228 289 233 289 222 294 233 294 239 21 272 217 311 239 294 228 294 228 300 233 22 294 233 306 239 283 228 272 233 278 233 23 311 228 306 239 278 217 289 233 317 233 24 289 228 306 233 294 222 283 231 272 228 25 289 225 278 233 300 222 289 239 317 239 26 283 211 311 228 306 228 294 250 317 239 27 289 222 267 222 311 239 28 283 222 267 233 300 228 289 239 244 29 306 217 289 206 311 233 306 228 328 250 30 294 228 306 211 300 233 289 239 300 244 31 244 211 300 228 300 228 n 30 30 30 30 27 27 27 27 26 27 Avg 289 223 291 224 291 226 291 234 296 236 Sd 18 8 15 12 12 5 11 6 17 7 Min 244 200 267 189 267 217 272 222 261 217 Max 325 239 322 250 311 233 317 250 328 250 1982 ?Jan? ?Feb? ?Mar? ?Apr? ?May? ?Jun? ?Jul? ?Aug? ?Sep? ?Oct? ?Nov? ?Dec?day max min max min max min max min max min max min max min max min max min max min max min max min 1 23 4 56 7 8 910 1112 1314 1516 1718 19 2021 2223 24 2526 2728 29 30 31 n Avg SdMin Max 311 300289 356 289294 278 306 289311 311300 294300 300306 278300 300 311306 311306 311311 311306 306 28 303 14278 356 239 228228 233 228228 222 228 228233 233239 244244 244250 239233 233 244233 244228 239233 217217 233 28 234 8217 250 311 294317 311 306306 300 317 306306 306300 306306 311 300300 300 306300 300 294300 306300 25 304 6294 317 228 239228 239 250261 250 250 239244 250250 256244 239 233228 239 217233 239 244228 233250 25 240 10217 261 306 294306 300 306311 300 311306 322311 304 306311 311306 317 306317 322 294 300 22 308 7294 322 244 244233 239 211222 239 244239 233233 244 239244 256250 256 239256 233 256 250 22 241 11211 256 311 306 372300 317 322 328 261311 306306 317 311317 306303 322328 333322 300 21 314 20261 372 250 239 244239 244 244 233 211233 233239 239 244250 256256 244244 256244 236 21 242 10211 256 283325 328333 336 339328 294 333325 339344 344 311292 350 300317 311333 20 323 19283 350 233236 239244 236 236244 244 244244 233244 233 233244 239 244233 244244 20 240 5233 244 356 339333 328 339 333 311278 317 339 333322 306300 333322 317300 300311 317311 317 23 320 17278 356 233 256239 222 228 233 244233 244 239 250244 244244 233244 244250 236244 233247 250 23 241 8222 256 322 308283 311 328 325 272317 317328 311 317311 322317 331278 311 297 19 311 16272 331 264 239244 244 225 247 228239 250242 239 217244 250250 236239 231 233 19 240 10217 264 311311 328328 322319 325311 322 319317 283322 311 328322 317317 319 333 20 318 10283 333 253244 244239 228247 247256 231 250244 269233 256 233239 256228 228 256 20 244 11228 269 311 311314 317 314 311303 317333 325 328322 322300 322336 331344 333 328 20321 11300 344 228 236256 233 244 244239 236247 242 233239 222231 222244 228239 239 239 20237 8222 256 342 325 283300 303 286 308 319317 297328 311 294300 289272 317 300308 308294 311 22305 16272 342 233 225 231228 239 233 222 231231 233242 231 225231 239233 233 228228 231228 228 22231 5222 242 319 306 322 319 314 297317 322 322 328317 322 300294 328 331 16316 11294 331 233 236 239 231 233 239250 247 242 233228 231 256239 247 244 16239 8228 256 325 336339 344347 339 314303 336328 328333 300328 300317 317 328319 314322 322 333333 311 294 26 324 14294 347 250253 250 236231 233 236242 244250 253256 256247 250250 222 225250 239244 244 244239 236 206 26242 11 206 256 TABLE B5.?Continued 1983 ?Jan? ?Feb? ?Mar? ?Apr? ?May? ?Jun? ?Jul? ?Aug? ?Sep? ?Oct? ?Nov? ?Dec? Hav max mln max mln max mln max m1n max mln max mln max min max min max min max min max mln max minday 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 n Avg Sd Min Max 283 331 322 301 322 311 322 306 306 294 314 311 303 306 308 317 311 319 308 322 306 314 314 306 311 289 314 322 311 29 310 10 283 331 244256 247 236 253 250 250 250 253 256 253 242 236 222 250 244 244 247 242 249 250 250 253 250 239 244 250 256 233 29 247 7 222 256 314 317 328 311 306 311 325 311 317 319 322 328 325 322 306 306 322 311 306 300 281 311 306 311 314 325 336 27 314 11 281 336 231 233 239 250 233 228 231 244 217 264 219 222 233 253 253 244 244 239 244 256 242 253 258 256 253 256 256 27 243 13 217 264 325 317 331 322 328 331 339 342 328 328 325 314 311 311 319 356 356 347 367 344 322 356 328 322 325 314 314 328 311 328 331 31 330 14 311 367 264 261 256 247 231 244 242 233 228 253 256 256 244 225 233 247 253 253 250 256 256 267 267 258 239 247 247 256 261 244 233 31 249 11 225 267 344 336 350 336 328 317 333 339 333 333 347 333 331 331 322 314 339 322 342 356 356 353 322 322 342 336 325 272 300 29 332 17 272 356 244 236 253 261 261 264 261 239 247 250 261 256 239 247 247 253 258 258 239 244 236 239 253 256 256 261 242 236 239 29 250 9 236 264 322 319 314 311 333 333 319 322 322 333 339 331 311 311 267 281 306 347 331 317 325 336 325 314 322 328 322 322 317 333 30 320 16 267 347 253244 250 228 247 256 253 244 253 261 261 267 244 244 247 236 244 242 250 247 244 261 256 264 256 256 250 256 239 244 30 250 8 228 267 364 333 322 306 308 317 344322 325 311 322 339 333 336 328 327 339 311 342 278 331 314 22 325 17 278 364 247 261 228 244 244 239 244 242 244 236 244 250 250 253 256 248 233 256 247 244 256 247 22 246 8 228 261 TABLE B6.?Monthly average maximum (above) and minimum temperatures (tenths of degree C), 20 m elevation, Lutz tower, Barro Colorado Island, Panama, 1981-1983. Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec 1981 289 291 291 291 2961982 303 304 308 314 323 320 311 318 321 305 316 324 1983 310 314 330 332 320 325 Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec 223 224 226 234 236240 244 237 231 239 242 1982 1983 234 247 240 243 241 249 242 250 240 250 241 246 TABLE B7.?Daily maximum-minimum temperatures (tenths of degree C), 40 m elevation, Lutz tower, Barro Colorado Island, Panama, 1981-1983. 1981 ?Jan? ?Feb? ?Mar? ?Apr? ?May? ?Jun? ?Jul? ?Aug? ?Sep? ?Oct? ?Nov? ?Dec? day max min max min max min max min max min max min max min max min max min max min max min max min 1 339 256 311 222 322 239 322 217 278 222 2 311 256 306 228 311 211 278 221 3 333 214 328 233 322 222 303 239 4 286 196 333 233 328 217 317 239 5 311 222 356 228 322 233 311 228 6 367 244 322 222 328 239 278 261 306 222 7 361 239 333 233 311 233 306 233 306 222 8 317 239 333 233 300 233 289 222 300 228 9 322 228 311 239 311 228 294 228 10 311 233 317 222 322 233 308 222 283 233 11 294 244 311 233 300 222 300 228 12 322 233 322 228 306 222 261 222 13 281 233 317 222 328 228 283 222 14 294 233 328 228 278 233 15 328 214 306 233 372 228 306 217 300 233 16 333 233 333 244 317 228 306 217 300 233 17 322 244 294 233 328 233 294 228 18 344 233 333 222 317 233 306 228 19 372 222 322 244 317 233 300 231 306 233 20 328 239 322 244 339 250 306 228 306 228 21 300 228 333 244 333 233 306 222 297 222 22 300 233 328 250 322 233 283 228 289 222 23 333 222 356 250 300 233 300 222 306 222 24 317 233 328 244 328 228 300 222 289 217 25 311 233 333 244 328 233 317 228 311 228 26 317 222 344 233 311 261 306 211 311 228 27 311 233 300 233 306 228 28 294 233 311 244 317 222 306 228 306 228 29 328 222 333 217 322 228 311 222 317 239 30 311 228 328 222 311 222 300 222 300 239 31 311 222 294 222 n 29 29 30 30 26 26 26 26 27 27 Avg 321 233 323 232 321 232 304 224 298 228 Sd 21 10 16 12 14 8 12 9 13 6 Min 372 256 356 250 372 261 328 261 317 239 Max 281 214 286 196 300 222 278 211 261 217 1982 ?Jan? ?Feb? ?Mar? ?Apr? ?May? ?Jun? ?Jul? ?Aug? ?Sep? ?Oct? ?Nov? ?Dec?day max min max min max min max min max min max min max min max min max min max min max min max min 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 n Avg Sd Min Max 311 306 294 311 306 300 289 311 294 311 306 294 294 300 306 294 294 300 300 317 306 317 300 311 311 300 317 300 304 28 8 317 289 228 217 222 222 217 222 211 217 228 222 228 228 233 233 239 239 239 222 228 233 228 233 228 228 228 211 211 228 226 28 8 239 211 306 300 300 311 300 300 300 306 300 306 306 300 306 306 317 300 306 300 294 294 294 294 300 311 306 302 25 5 317 294 222 228 222 228 239 244 239 239 228 239 239 239 244 233 228 222 222 228 211 233 233 239 222 228 244 232 25 9 244 211 306 294 300 294 294 306 300 306 300 306 303 300 300 300 300 294 311 308 311 306 294 300 302 22 5 311 294 239 239 228 233 206 211 228 239 233 228 228 233 233 233 253 239 244 233 244 228 244 239 233 22 10 253 206 300 294 306 300 311 311 261 322 311 311 311 300 300 300 306 306 311 311 317 300 304 20 12 322 261 239 239 233 228 233 239 206 228 222 233 228 233 244 244 247 233 239 253 233 231 234 20 10 253 206 322 317 319 317 311 322 322 322 328 311 322 333 333 314 289 328 300 306 306 311 317 20 11 333 289 225 231 233 233 228 228 236 239 233 233 228 233 222 225 233 233 239 228 239 239 232 20 5 239 222 333 322 333 322 328 322 308 294 322 328 322 317 317 303 322 317 317 300 300 317 317 311 311 317 23 10 333 294 228 250 228 222 222 228 239 222 239 228 244 239 236 239 233 233 239 244 228 233 228 239 244 234 23 8 250 222 311 314 283 300 322 311 278 319 306 311 308 311 306 306 308 311 283 300 297 305 19 12 322 278 256 228 233 233 217 239 239 239 244 233 239 211 239 244 244 231 231 222 222 234 19 10 256 211 308 311 311 311 317 303 306 314 311 306 317 297 308 306 317 317 308 303 319 310 19 6 319 297 239 233 233 228 222 244 239 247 222 239 239 233 222 250 228 228 253 222 247 235 19 10 253 222 294 319 319 314 300 306 297 303 319 311 314 311 300 311 311 331 311 333 319 322 312 20 10 333 294 219 247247 222 239 233 231 228 239 239 228 228 211 222 211 233 219 228 228 233 229 20 10247 211 319 311 289 306 303 289 311 300 308 311 317 311 306 294 292 267 314 306 311 306 306 317 304 22 12 319 267 225 219 219 217 231 225 211 222 219 225 239 222 214 222 228 225 222 222 222 222 219 211 222 22 6 239 211 311 311 317 314 308 300 317 317 317 306 303 308 300 294 319 311 310 16 7 319 294 225 228 228 222 228 228 244 242 222 222 217 222 244 228 222 233 228 16 8 244 217 306 314 317 319 322 317 314 311 314 306 303 317 300 322 300 294 294 300 297 297 317 322 322 317 300 311 310 26 9 322 294 239 242 244 225 219 222 231 233 247 244 244 244 247 239 239 239 222 214 239 228 236 239 233 233 225 211 234 26 10 247 211 TABLE B7.?Continued 1983 ?Jan? ?Feb? ?Mar? ?Apr? ?May? ?Jun? ?Jul? ?Aug? ?Sep? ?Oct? ?Nov? ?Dec?day max min max min max min max min max min max min max min max min max min max min max mln max min 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 n Avg Sd Max Min 278 311 300 300 306 300 306 300 300 294 300 294 289 289 300 292 303 300 306 311 311 317 311 306 308 300 300 267 306 28 301 9 317 267 250 244 236 233 242 239 244 244242 244 239 231 228 217 239 231 231 239 236 244 253 239 242 239 231 233 242 239 225 28 237 7 253 217 300 300 311 294 300 300 308 300 308 300 197 314 317 306 294 300 311 300 289 281 306 294 306 306 322 333 25 300 23 333 197 222 228 228 239 233 222225 233 217 203 203 219 228 242 256 233 233 231 244 233 244 247 244 244 247 244 25 233 13 256 203 317 306 314 314 317 314 317 325 317 314 314 314 294 297 300 342 333 325 353 336 322 339 317 306 308 306 300 322 306 311 311 30 316 13 353 294 258 253 247 239 228 236 231 228 222 244 244 256 233 222 225 225 242 244 244 250 247 256 256 250 231 244 242 247 250 236 233 30 240 10 256 222 317 317 333 322 322 306 319 325 317 317 322 319 317 308 311 306 322 311 322 331 333 333 311 322 328 319 311 272 303 28 317 12 333 272 239 231 244 250 250 256 250 231 236 242 250 244 239 239 236 244 247 247 231 239 228 233 247 250 244 256 233 225 231 28 241 9 256 225 306 311 308 306 322 319 317 317 317 319 325 333 306 306 267 283 308 333 322 317 317 325 317 311 311 317 317 317 314 325 29 314 13 333 267 244 233 244 222 244 244 244 242247 253 256 258 233 233 239 231 239 233 242 239 242 250 247 256 247 244 239 244 233 239 29 242 8 258 222 350 328 314 317 300 328 328 308 322 308 317 328 331 328 319 307 333 311 333 278 322 311 239 244 233 239 21 318 13 333 278 236 250 217 233 239 233 242 231 233 231 239 239 244 247 244 228 222 256 239 233 247 239 21 237 9 256 217 21 237 9 256 217 TABLE B8.?Monthly average maximum (above) and minimum temperatures (tenths of degree C), 40 m elevation, Lutz tower, Barro Colorado Island, Panama^ 1981-1987. 1981 19821983 19841985 19861987 Avg Sd Jan 304 301 282 274 281 288 11.7 Feb 302 300 287 281 293 8.7 Mar 302 316 291 284 299 298 10.9 Apr 304 317 299 290 283 290 297 11.3 May 317 314 299 296 294 288 301 10.4 Jun 317 318 280 290 296 292 299 13.8 Jul 305 315 264 286 290 292 17.5 Aug 321 310 313 289 308 11.9 Sep 323 312 305 284 291 303 14.1 Oct 321 304 308 285 283 278 297 15.6 Nov 304 310 314 278 287 298 13.6 Dec 298 310 298 283 256 285 288 16.9 1981 19821983 1984 19851986 1987 Avg Sd Jan 226 237 233 228 238 232 4.8 Feb 232 233 238 237 235 2.8 Mar 233 240 238 230 238 236 3.7 Apr 234 241 237 236 237 240 238 2.3 May ? 232 242 239 236 236 238 237 3.1 Jun 234 237 238 234 237 242 237 2.6 Jul 234 245 227 240 240 237 6.2 Aug 233 235 243 237 237 3.8 Sep 232 229 236 227 232 231 3.2 Oct 232 222 232 227 226 228 228 3.5 Nov 224 228 236 223 236 230 5.5 Dec 228 234 233 234 228 236 232 2.9 NUMBER 29 89 TABLE B9.?Hourly average shade temperatures (tenths of degree C), laboratory clearing, Barro Colorado Island, Panama", 1983-1987. Hour of day 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20' 21 22 23 24 Avg 1983: Jun 260 257 257 255 255 255 255 255 256 260 263 270 271 276 275 276 276 275 271 270 268 266 265 261 265 Jul 270 266 262 262 259 258 258 260 270 283 299 313 323 325 327 324 317 308 300 292 287 282 278 273 288 Aug 260 262 258 257 256 257 262 267 277 287 294 294 297 299 296 289 285 279 272 269 266 259 262 262 274 Sep 246 246 245 243 243 243 249 260 269 276 283 285 279 268 268 262 256 250 247 245 245 245 243 244 256 Oct 237 236 236 235 235 235 242 255 269 280 288 290 287 280 270 259 251 245 242 240 240 239 238 238 253 Nov 236 234 234 234 234 234 240 253 266 277 286 288 287 281 268 257 249 244 240 240 239 238 237 236 252 Dec 240 238 238 238 236 236 241 252 266 280 290 294 292 284 273 263 253 249 247 245 244 242 241 241 256 1984: Jan 235 234 232 231 229 228 227 230 244 268 289 299 302 302 296 281 268 258 250 245 241 240 239 237 254 Feb 240 239 238 237 236 234 235 241 257 278 293 299 303 301 294 281 270 262 255 251 248 245 243 242 259 Mar 245 243 243 242 240 239 241 250 268 283 297 299 302 302 298 288 279 271 263 257 253 253 251 251 265 Apr May Jun Jul 236 236 235 235 234 233 234 244 257 268 277 282 281 276 272 267 261 255 248 243 241 240 238 237 251 Aug 235 235 234 233 232 234 240 254 264 273 280 282 276 270 263 256 251 244 241 239 238 237 237 236 249 Sep 232 231 230 229 229 229 230 241 257 270 280 284 286 277 265 258 252 245 239 236 234 234 234 233 247 Oct Nov 228 227 226 225 225 224 224 231 244 261 270 277 276 273 264 258 252 243 236 234 232 232 229 229 242 Dec 232 231 230 230 229 229 235 247 268 281 290 293 290 284 272 264 255 247 243 241 239 237 235 234 252 1985: Jan 231 231 230 229 229 226 233 244 264 281 286 293 293 287 270 260 253 244 242 239 237 236 236 233 250 Mar 236 234 234 232 231 229 229 239 261 279 295 303 309 308 300 285 272 260 251 246 244 243 240 238 258 Apr 239 238 237 235 233 235 249 269 287 303 311 314 312 307 296 282 269 258 252 248 245 244 242 239 264 May 244 243 242 241 240 240 239 241 253 271 286 300 304 305 298 290 278 269 260 253 250 249 247 246 262 Jun 243 242 241 241 240 239 239 240 250 265 277 286 292 289 280 272 267 262 256 251 249 247 245 244 257 Jul 242 241 240 240 239 238 237 235 236 244 260 271 279 284 287 285 278 268 262 257 251 246 244 242 254 Aug 240 240 238 237 237 236 235 234 234 242 257 270 282 292 293 284 275 268 262 256 250 246 244 242 254 Sep 240 240 238 238 238 236 236 236 244 261 276 289 297 296 292 281 271 263 257 249 245 243 241 242 256 Oct 239 237 236 236 235 234 234 241 255 269 281 285 284 280 272 267 260 252 247 243 241 240 239 239 252 Nov 239 237 237 236 235 234 233 234 243 257 274 283 291 291 288 278 269 262 255 249 246 244 242 240 254 Dec 236 234 234 233 232 232 233 237 248 264 277 283 284 285 281 273 264 257 250 245 242 240 238 236 252 1986: Jan 242 241 240 239 237 236 235 239 252 270 284 294 296 296 289 277 268 260 253 248 246 245 243 243 257 Feb 232 230 227 225 224 223 222 228 247 274 291 301 306 309 302 286 275 263 253 246 241 238 233 232 254 Mar 244 242 241 240 239 238 237 237 248 270 290 305 315 316 315 308 294 281 268 259 254 251 249 247 266 Apr 250 249 248 247 245 245 244 245 254 271 287 297 301 301 298 294 286 276 266 260 256 255 253 252 266 May 249 246 245 243 242 241 239 241 254 272 287 298 304 307 306 304 296 284 272 262 257 253 251 249 267 Jun 248 247 246 245 244 243 242 242 252 266 279 293 302 305 301 291 276 267 262 256 252 251 250 249 263 Jul 251 250 249 249 248 247 246 246 252 264 278 288 294 296 296 289 283 275 266 259 257 255 253 253 265 Aug 249 248 248 248 247 246 245 245 251 265 278 290 293 295 289 285 280 272 264 257 253 250 250 249 263 Sep 243 241 240 240 240 238 237 238 247 259 272 280 290 296 293 285 272 262 255 248 246 245 243 243 257 Oct 239 237 237 236 236 236 235 236 244 257 267 276 282 283 280 273 264 256 249 243 240 240 239 239 251 Nov 244 243 243 241 240 240 240 241 248 262 280 291 294 293 286 281 274 266 257 251 248 245 244 244 259 Dec 243 241 240 240 240 238 237 237 244 257 278 290 297 298 295 291 279 269 262 255 251 248 245 243 260 1987: Jan 245 245 244 243 242 241 241 241 246 258 277 291 300 302 301 294 281 271 263 256 252 248 247 245 261 Feb 244 243 242 242 240 239 239 239 245 259 276 288 296 299 300 296 286 273 263 255 250 248 246 245 261 Mar Apr 251 251 250 250 250 248 249 248 251 263 274 278 284 287 286 279 278 267 260 255 253 250 252 250 261 May 240 240 240 238 236 235 236 238 256 275 281 285 289 288 287 281 274 268 257 250 247 244 242 241 257 Jun 245 245 245 245 244 244 241 240 249 261 268 275 279 286 285 283 278 268 259 252 248 248 246 245 258 Jul 253 254 253 251 251 250 249 247 252 262 272 284 293 297 297 291 285 277 270 264 259 257 255 254 266 Aug 251 251 250 248 248 248 248 248 258 272 284 296 302 301 292 288 281 273 264 259 256 255 254 252 266 Sep 244 261 243 243 239 238 237 258 280 287 284 289 309 306 280 269 263 256 250 247 246 245 245 243 259 Oct 243 242 241 241 240 239 239 241 250 264 278 288 294 295 292 286 277 268 260 253 250 247 245 244 259 Nov Dec 90 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE EARTH SCIENCES TABLE BIO.?Hourly average shade temperatures (tenths of degree C), 1 m elevation, Lutz catchment, Barro Colorado Island, PanamS, 1984-1987. Hour of day 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 Avg 1984 JanFeb MarApr MayJun JulAug SepOct NovDec 1985 Jan FebMar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec 1986 Jan FebMar Apr May Jun Jul AugSep OctNov Dec 1987 JanFeb MarApr MayJun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec 249 241237 241248 245246 241243 230220 : 239239 265 272226 235 235 : 246240 235251 240 234240 244247 245248 238 246246 241237 240247 245245 241242 230218 238237 266 267225 235 235 245240 234249 240 234240 243247 245248 237 249 240237 241248 244245 240242 229215 239235 266 267224 234 235 245239 233249 240 234239 241245 245248 238 244245 239235 243246 244244 239241 228210 239234 266 265223 234 235 244239 233248 238 233239 240244 244248 236 247 238235 244245 244244 239241 228208 239233 266 265224 231 235 244238 232248 238 233238 239243 243248 236 241243 237234 246245 243244 239241 227205 237232 266 262222 232 235 244238 232247 237 233236 237242 243247 234 247 236233 246245 242242 238241 227203 236229 266 262221 231 235 243237 231247 237 233236 236241 242246 231 239243 239233 246247 243243 239243 227203 235227 265 262222 234 235 242237 231247 236 232238 235242 243246 231 244 242237 248252 245245 241249 229203 236232 269 263226 237 238 243238 233247 237 233241 237244 245247 233 250253 245243 249257 250249 247256 234208 242239 275 270231 241 241 246242 237252 241 236247 244249 249250 236 254 251247 251262 256255 254262 240215 252244 280 278236 246 244 251246 241257 245 238253 255255 253254 239 270270 256250 252264 261260 261267 245220 259259 285 282242 250 246 257251 243259 249 240260 266262 255257 242 272 261252 253267 265264 264268 249225 264265 289 285248 253 247 260257 246264 256 242264 278265 260260 244 279278 261252 252265 265266 266264 250223 269269 288 288249 254 248 263258 247265 258 243264 282266 261262 249 278 261254 247263 262264 264258 248225 267273 285 288249 252 248 260257 248264 258 243264 284267 262262 246 273275 260252 246261 261261 259254 246223 265269 279 285244 249 248 259256 247262 258 242261 282267 262261 244 274 258249 244258 260258 256251 243218 261265 279 283241 247 244 258251 245261 256 240256 276264 259258 242 266265 255246 242257 257255 253248 241213 257260 274 283239 244 243 256247 242260 254 238253 271262 257255 241 262 252243 241254 255254 249246 237205 252255 272 280237 242 240 253246 240257 250 237249 264257 254251 239 256257 249241 240252 252251 246245 234200 248249 271 275234 241 239 250243 236254 247 235248 259253 252250 238 256 246240 239252 249249 245244 233 244245 271 273231 240 238 248242 236253 244 235245 255252 250248 237 250253 243239 238250 248248 243243 232 243243 269 270230 238 236 246241 236252 244 235244 252251 248248 239 251 242238 238250 247247 243243 231 241242 268270 228 237 235 246240 235251 241 234243 249249 248248 239 247249 241238 238249 246246 242243 231 241238 267270 227 237 235 246240 234251 240 234243 246248 247248 238 257 247242 246253 251251 248249 235 248247 273275 233 241239 249244 238254 245 237247 255253 251252 240 NUMBER 29 91 TABLE Bll.?Hourly average shade temperatures (tenths of degree C), 40 m elevation, Lute catchment, Barro Colorado Island, Panama", 1983-1987. Hour of day 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 Avg 1983: Mar 254 253 252 251 250 249 256 271 286 293 298 299 300 300 296 289 278 268 263 261 259 257 256 255 271 Apr 257 255 255 254 252 251 259 272 282 292 300 307 306 304 302 296 286 273 266 264 262 261 259 258 274 May 257 256 255 253 253 253 260 273 289 302 306 308 310 305 299 290 282 272 265 262 260 259 258 257 275 Jun 252 251 250 249 249 251 260 275 290 300 311 305 306 298 295 286 280 271 261 259 257 256 254 252 272 Jul 253 253 252 252 251 250 254 267 282 295 301 308 301 293 289 282 278 269 261 257 257 255 255 254 269 Aug 252 251 250 248 247 248 252 266 279 294 301 305 300 297 293 282 273 265 276 258 257 255 254 254 269 Sep 244 243 243 242 241 240 246 259 273 283 289 292 294 287 276 268 261 254 248 247 246 246 245 244 258 Oct 239 238 239 238 238 237 242 256 267 280 293 299 297 291 280 265 254 246 244 243 243 241 240 240 256 Nov 244 243 242 242 240 239 243 257 270 285 302 309 303 296 287 272 259 252 250 249 248 246 246 245 261 Dec 240 240 238 238 237 238 239 249 259 269 283 284 281 282 275 268 260 251 248 246 245 244 243 242 254 1984: Jan 243 242 240 239 238 236 235 246 255 266 273 277 279 277 277 271 264 256 251 250 248 246 245 244 254 Feb 248 246 246 243 244 243 243 252 263 271 279 283 283 282 276 271 266 260 255 253 251 250 248 248 258 Mar 246 246 243 242 241 241 246 258 266 276 282 288 290 289 284 278 272 261 256 255 252 250 249 248 261 Apr 250 248 247 245 244 241 243 254 267 277 288 293 293 294 290 284 275 267 260 258 255 253 252 250 264 May 247 245 245 244 244 243 246 256 267 280 287 294 292 287 278 272 267 261 256 254 252 250 249 248 261 Jun 246 246 244 243 242 241 241 246 254 263 269 273 275 273 269 266 261 256 254 252 250 251 248 247 255 Jul 231 237 243 245 249 246 247 247 247 246 243 241 240 240 239 237 235 234 235 235 234 235 236 234 241 Aug Sep 235 235 234 233 233 231 231 232 240 251 261 269 273 276 272 263 257 251 246 240 238 237 237 236 246 Oct 237 236 236 234 234 233 233 234 240 251 261 269 276 279 273 265 254 247 243 240 238 238 238 238 247 Nov 231 230 230 229 227 227 227 226 233 245 254 262 267 271 269 263 258 252 244 238 238 235 235 233 242 Dec 243 241 240 238 239 237 237 238 244 257 266 272 278 280 279 275 271 265 257 251 249 247 245 245 254 1985: Jan 236 235 234 233 233 232 231 232 238 250 258 265 269 271 273 270 267 262 253 247 244 241 241 238 248 Feb Mar Apr 246 245 243 241 241 240 238 237 239 251 262 269 280 284 285 285 285 280 272 263 256 253 250 248 258 May 247 245 244 243 243 241 240 240 252 269 274 284 287 290 285 280 273 265 259 253 251 251 250 249 259 Jun 260 256 252 248 248 247 246 245 245 246 246 246 245 244 243 243 250 261 267 291 294 276 269 265 256 Jul Aug Sep Oct 235 234 233 233 232 231 229 230 238 252 260 269 273 273 270 263 260 254 248 242 239 237 236 236 246 Nov Dec 234 233 232 232 231 230 231 232 235 241 246 251 255 255 253 251 248 245 241 239 237 237 235 234 240 1986: Jan Feb Mar 241 239 237 236 237 236 234 234 240 256 266 278 280 283 282 282 276 272 261 250 246 244 243 241 253 Apr 247 246 246 243 243 244 244 244 250 261 270 277 276 275 271 272 266 261 257 253 251 251 249 249 256 May 247 245 244 242 242 240 239 241 251 267 275 281 286 288 288 287 279 272 264 256 253 252 250 249 260 Jun 246 245 244 244 242 241 241 241 250 260 273 283 289 290 286 279 268 262 258 252 250 249 247 247 258 Jul 249 248 248 248 247 246 245 244 250 260 270 276 280 282 280 276 271 266 260 255 253 252 251 251 259 Aug 247 247 246 245 245 244 243 243 250 262 272 279 281 280 275 274 269 263 257 251 248 247 247 248 257 Sep 242 241 240 239 239 238 237 237 245 257 269 278 283 281 279 271 261 254 250 246 244 243 242 242 252 Oct 234 234 233 232 232 231 231 231 240 250 258 266 270 271 268 264 256 250 243 237 236 236 235 235 245 Nov 277 278 276 272 268 267 261 251 248 247 246 246 246 245 242 242 241 240 239 238 238 247 260 270 253 Dec 246 246 245 244 245 244 242 240 244 256 265 272 276 277 276 274 270 265 254 249 246 246 247 248 255 1987: Jan 244 243 243 242 241 241 240 241 244 255 266 272 277 278 279 275 272 266 257 251 247 247 247 244 255 Feb 247 246 244 244 243 242 242 242 244 254 264 271 276 278 277 278 275 269 260 252 250 248 248 247 256 Mar 247 245 244 243 241 240 239 240 249 265 278 288 292 295 295 292 287 280 268 259 255 252 249 248 262 Apr 251 249 249 248 247 246 246 247 256 268 274 278 277 276 279 277 276 270 263 254 254 253 252 250 260 May 247 247 246 244 243 243 243 245 253 265 272 279 283 281 281 276 270 265 259 254 252 251 250 249 258 Jun 252 251 251 251 251 249 249 249 256 267 274 280 284 288 284 280 275 267 261 256 254 253 252 252 262 Jul 251 251 250 249 248 246 243 243 248 258 268 275 281 284 282 276 270 267 262 257 255 254 253 253 259 Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec 92 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE EARTH SCIENCES Appendix C: Relative Humidity TABLE Cl.?Midday relative humidity, laboratory clearing, Barro Colorado Island, Panami, 1971-1989. 1970 Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec 1971 Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec 12 34 56 78 9 1011 1213 1415 1617 1819 2021 2223 2425 2627 2829 3031 12 34 56 78 9 1011 1213 1415 1617 1819 2021 2223 2425 2627 2829 3031 8492 84 76 7799 7380 94 7171 7697 8081 7099 7474 7797 7266 8276 7889 6967 77 7698 7872 9875 8068 6779 79 6870 8184 6278 88 7570 6970 75 7972 7578 8375 7771 9488 9392 69 7787 9879 71 7275 73 92 8566 8773 75 7270 7485 65 6471 7870 6163 6762 6666 7777 AvgMin Max AvgMin Max 82 79 75 81 7199 98 88 98 87 70 66 62 66 61 1972 Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec 197 3 Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec 12 34 5 67 8 910 1112 1314 15 16 1718 1920 2122 2324 25 2627 2829 30 31 8278 91 9398 77 8882 7596 8972 80 72 6369 6566 67 76 7573 8067 6971 7873 67 6465 67 6370 6192 6681 6870 6875 6562 62 6067 6763 67 61 60 69 6955 5462 6161 6962 6461 63 6669 89 9869 7070 6689 7784 83 83 6967 80 7692 7881 73 74 9483 7574 98 78 6473 67 7370 7283 76 80 83 71 86 8292 89 80 96 6380 66 75 9898 7476 98 8682 7174 81 85 72 8391 67 100 7272 7473 92 78 9278 8274 75 74 7782 7777 7876 9178 78 9990 90 8078 92100 7775 99 9183 85 98 89 83 7688 89 8998 8890 99 8082 100 87 94 8487 9778 78 85 88 8998 87 85 7482 8998 8498 9680 95 76 7677 83 80 7583 8378 80 83 80 74 8479 75 7481 75 73 70 75 79 70 7482 78 9585 77 69 6669 12 34 5 67 8 910 1112 1314 15 16 1718 1920 2122 2324 25 2627 2829 30 31 7479 7484 72 7683 9097 78 67 8085 77 7276 74 72 72 87 8266 69 7867 65 6771 80 72 73 73 70 8169 71 70 6163 66 55 61 5966 67 70 73 7480 79 61 6256 63 60 7765 7081 92 7273 7576 83 73 7773 8879 75 76 70 60 58 83 54 5552 6172 71 7970 5148 5658 89 67 66 8675 7986 64 9872 8264 69 90 76 55 56 62 66 71 66 72 65 67 77 4971 56 66 62 63 62 7785 69 7557 5358 74 69 64 65 70 60 55 70 55 5874 57 59 7259 7171 65 87 6394 67 67 7070 8971 67 8178 63 84 7461 76 5564 68 65 63 67 67 70 73 83 7385 77 67 7363 98 7471 80 87 7286 55 95 69 6875 5268 7264 6266 62 6674 Avg 7 9 71 64Min 63 61 54 Max 98 92 75 75 78 82 80 85 88 87 79 7661 64 63 67 75 76 74 73 66 98 98 98 100 100 100 98 84 95 Avg 78 72 66 76 64 75 65 66 68 70 76 69Min 67 65 55 65 48 55 49 53 55 55 63 52 Max 97 82 80 92 89 98 77 85 94 89 98 95 NUMBER 29 93 TABLE Cl.?Continued 1974 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 Avg Min Max 1976 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 Jan Jan 85 92 72 8875 78 82 82 78 59 75 75 75 82 92 72 72 78 79 82 76 60 78 78 78 72 65 72 62 Feb Feb 62 71 68 72 72 72 78 68 71 68 72 69 76 66 61 66 72 58 60 78 81 67 66 78 72 Mar 89 69 64 67 82 60 67 78 64 61 66 61 64 58 61 61 59 67 58 89 Mar 72 75 76 69 72 67 69 72 67 64 70 72 73 73 69 65 73 75 88 73 73 67 72 67 61 73 67 67 67 67 Apr 64 67 64 61 60 57 64 72 75 76 70 78 70 64 65 73 64 67 67 57 78 Apr 67 76 61 72 85 73 84 52 57 63 66 67 72 77 66 66 74 61 61 66 67 79 92 82 76 93 96 May 67 83 67 62 79 60 62 89 60 76 92 82 75 54 62 62 100 85 70 71 70 73 54 100 May 80 75 76 78 76 75 100 100 79 73 77 79 65 82 73 57 67 92 67 82 82 92 79 63 73 100 79 79 Jun 76 76 70 70 70 67 76 85 67 73 82 72 67 82 78 79 79 79 76 85 75 67 85 Jun 68 76 92 78 73 73 88 78 76 74 73 73 78 89 79 70 73 79 79 79 73 74 79 92 70 73 92 89 Jul 96 89 100 79 76 73 79 85 96 67 92 85 92 92 72 92 82 79 85 67 100 Jul 79 73 85 89 89 71 79 79 67 79 79 96 92 82 68 73 85 79 67 79 73 100 85 73 79 70 76 73 96 77 Aug 83 83 89 92 85 86 96 89 73 74 82 77 82 89 82 89 92 92 76 85 79 85 73 96 Aug 92 92 89 89 89 72 79 92 73 65 80 79 92 70 73 85 80 76 61 82 79 85 85 85 85 93 92 64 72 Sep 76 83 79 79 89 76 76 67 100 76 79 78 73 76 82 76 92 85 80 67 100 Sep 92 92 64 79 89 79 79 82 85 85 73 60 88 85 85 67 73 85 82 92 100 100 73 79 57 59 76 Oct 96 79 82 89 89 75 85 85 75 96 Oct 72 73 73 73 70 79 65 85 73 50 79 79 67 79 85 65 100 89 78 78 47 82 89 79 100 Nov 85 66 92 92 96 85 85 79 82 92 100 85 96 88 96 100 92 78 89 85 92 93 100 89 66 100 Nov 100 82 100 100 100 85 92 96 92 92 85 85 76 78 70 67 76 61 66 73 85 73 74 79 82 79 61 93 65 Dec 92 85 79 89 92 82 85 82 75 93 89 77 68 67 88 89 82 82 85 85 73 96 82 72 69 73 67 75 78 81 67 96 Dec 79 76 73 79 72 92 89 85 82 73 83 73 77 92 67 82 89 79 100 100 78 61 78 85 100 71 79 72 1975 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 Avg Min Max 1977 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 Jan 76 78 75 66 67 78 82 78 82 78 80 73 78 78 85 76 76 78 85 89 82 82 75 39 72 78 82 76 72 76 76 39 89 Jan 88 78 67 72 76 7264 72 71 76 67 72 67 57 78 70 72 57 66 69 78 100 61 64 75 85 85 52 61 61 61 Feb 73 65 75 82 78 88 72 68 69 65 75 71 69 53 57 70 70 72 70 72 57 73 75 67 66 67 82 70 53 88 Feb 56 100 67 73 82 100 75 78 73 73 78 78 62 59 75 100 78 78 78 67 67 67 70 73 92 72 73 Mar 76 49 66 96 75 92 66 76 70 69 75 69 61 67 62 61 67 69 67 64 64 53 62 69 85 73 70 62 70 62 70 69 49 96 Mar 70 64 67 70 67 70 62 67 72 72 67 67 45 63 69 100 100 62 65 66 63 58 55 56 85 85 57 70 67 70 Apr 67 64 64 64 65 78 63 70 96 70 64 73 75 61 61 67 86 86 67 64 73 64 76 70 70 69 61 61 70 61 96 Apr 62 85 78 61 51 67 55 78 61 53 78 82 75 72 85 79 79 60 78 67 64 70 79 85 66 61 73 79 82 66 May 69 92 73 61 65 60 76 68 73 73 64 100 79 100 79 85 85 92 85 73 73 88 73 85 96 77 81 100 73 79 60 100 May 73 70 67 64 100 49 85 78 78 76 67 73 77 74 73 57 61 79 100 85 72 79 63 57 78 78 79 67 85 92 76 Jun 93 89 73 85 92 96 73 73 83 76 79 76 89 70 85 89 85 89 85 76 100 85 76 96 82 79 85 80 80 92 84 70 100 Jun 82 85 82 73 78 82 89 100 82 79 80 78 92 73 85 85 79 79 68 73 93 100 85 85 93 89 79 100 100 Jul 92 85 100 92 78 71 76 92 76 48 79 82 75 75 82 79 85 85 64 96 82 76 92 77 82 76 92 79 82 82 85 81 48 100 Jul 96 85 100 88 92 92 77 71 71 79 89 85 96 82 83 92 85 77 82 78 100 85 83 Aug 89 73 73 76 96 100 89 92 92 82 76 85 96 96 82 96 89 93 82 79 79 85 89 82 82 92 86 73 100 Aug 96 73 89 72 79 100 85 85 79 79 100 100 100 100 100 79 86 100 79 79 68 64 93 Sep 72 92 85 93 73 78 82 92 75 85 67 79 81 89 64 76 82 89 78 72 85 78 82 85 82 82 89 78 81 64 93 Sep 89 100 86 82 83 86 96 76 76 92 72 68 82 79 89 77 92 73 83 100 73 Oct 82 96 89 96 89 96 82 96 89 85 89 72 82 69 96 96 96 85 82 96 96 75 89 89 82 92 88 69 96 Oct 82 92 100 70 85 100 85 68 89 85 82 82 100 73 85 82 89 79 82 Nov 75 75 78 82 82 92 69 73 85 96 88 82 78 85 88 92 96 85 85 89 75 79 88 96 89 85 73 85 84 69 96 Nov 79 79 85 92 89 86 93 96 92 85 85 82 85 79 72 85 89 79 79 86 Dec 89 92 88 89 85 92 82 89 96 89 100 85 82 85 82 92 85 85 85 96 88 78 61 56 75 85 85 85 56 100 Dec 85 92 86 89 92 85 100 92 92 76 76 73 92 79 72 78 82 89 73 78 52 Avg 76 70 71 72 79 78 80 81 80 76 82 81Min 59 58 61 52 57 68 67 61 57 47 61 61 Max 92 81 88 96 100 92 100 93 100 100 100 100 Avg 71 76 68 71 75 84 86 86 84 85 85 83Min 52 56 45 51 49 68 71 64 68 68 72 52 Max 100 100 100 85 100 100 100 100 100 100 96 100 94 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE EARTH SCIENCES TABLE Cl.?Continued. 1978 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 Avg Min Max 1980 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 Jan 72 85 72 78 79 78 85 67 61 53 69 69 82 61 67 78 67 72 70 61 88 72 53 88 Jan 82 82 79 73 73 62 83 65 60 76 73 78 67 73 69 82 67 79 72 78 79 71 86 65 67 73 69 Feb 100 68 85 67 70 79 82 55 85 82 70 72 57 72 64 62 67 73 55 100 Feb 63 61 60 85 81 88 69 72 73 62 67 57 72 64 79 72 62 67 62 59 64 67 61 Mar 68 57 57 73 67 61 62 73 67 67 63 60 72 61 89 73 79 60 96 85 64 100 71 57 100 Mar 61 52 58 57 64 57 67 63 61 77 67 67 65 63 56 54 64 60 78 73 60 67 76 70 Apr 67 70 62 70 67 68 65 89 68 100 92 76 92 76 79 89 100 73 52 77 77 52 100 Apr 58 65 67 64 57 63 67 51 51 51 54 76 51 62 58 76 70 96 69 67 67 May 79 93 80 71 74 79 100 61 73 76 100 100 83 73 85 89 100 89 89 93 82 67 83 61 100 May 52 57 62 82 82 76 64 65 66 92 68 66 67 82 79 83 79 79 68 61 73 73 Jun 89 89 96 85 83 93 100 68 93 100 78 76 96 86 100 96 98 86 100 82 90 68 100 Jun 85 68 66 74 92 82 92 82 79 85 85 82 74 79 73 67 76 70 77 77 76 79 74 80 Jul 96 100 85 100 92 93 100 89 89 85 92 92 85 92 89 52 83 85 82 73 85 88 52 100 Jul 80 74 82 83 74 80 89 83 79 86 89 82 89 96 89 83 86 85 96 93 74 89 77 76 83 89 96 Aug 93 100 100 93 92 80 100 100 79 76 100 74 89 73 100 68 70 86 82 100 89 85 88 68 100 Aug 83 89 77 79 92 77 80 85 89 83 74 77 86 82 96 77 83 79 73 85 79 66 80 83 Sep 68 73 79 96 73 68 100 73 85 83 73 100 100 93 76 79 82 85 96 83 68 100 Sep 89 96 76 77 76 89 89 85 80 82 86 69 85 79 79 89 89 96 76 68 73 73 100 88 Oct 79 92 86 85 92 79 85 82 82 82 79 100 89 79 82 92 72 92 100 85 86 72 100 Oct 83 89 89 85 82 82 85 85 79 82 89 73 85 78 85 80 76 77 85 82 85 82 93 74 85 83 92 Nov 83 73 85 93 76 76 89 85 93 100 100 76 79 86 100 74 68 79 84 68 100 Nov 89 82 73 79 79 76 75 75 85 85 92 82 79 83 92 89 85 92 89 89 Dec 76 93 92 92 85 100 67 100 89 62 70 64 93 79 70 82 73 70 82 81 62 100 Dec 89 73 89 79 76 83 85 89 73 85 85 96 85 85 82 79 82 78 96 96 89 72 92 92 1979 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 Avg Min Max 1981 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 1415 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 Jan 73 69 61 59 72 61 64 59 70 67 64 70 64 67 64 78 67 59 72 72 67 59 78 Jan 75 76 96 89 76 85 79 71 81 81 65 78 66 73 92 59 82 73 79 88 82 82 79 85 75 78 96 Feb 92 61 79 63 67 57 78 70 62 67 66 79 67 73 73 70 57 92 Feb 89 96 85 61 76 96 79 83 67 76 75 79 96 92 79 73 89 70 92 75 61 65 76 79 Mar 60 55 58 62 64 68 59 56 67 59 61 52 74 73 73 65 63 52 74 Mar 76 96 79 82 72 92 96 79 85 67 67 64 73 86 67 67 64 56 64 70 79 100 70 70 76 73 Apr 76 70 92 79 85 82 71 73 73 85 85 83 80 74 89 79 73 89 60 63 78 60 92 Apr 73 70 65 70 68 82 62 64 67 79 72 72 82 78 96 96 82 85 96 96 96 88 88 77 May 63 63 65 79 92 71 80 80 71 79 82 92 89 79 92 85 67 78 63 92 May 73 80 86 79 73 86 82 79 82 96 80 96 77 77 89 89 67 37 96 73 Jun Jun 78 85 89 89 93 93 89 92 86 86 92 96 73 92 82 69 73 93 79 79 96 82 89 92 Jul Jul 72 67 96 89 79 82 82 76 76 79 76 85 89 82 79 89 80 86 77 77 86 86 Aug Aug 86 85 96 82 92 85 86 80 100 85 86 76 83 83 67 82 82 79 73 82 79 85 73 75 73 Sep 60 73 80 96 92 89 92 96 96 96 89 100 89 88 60 100 Sep 85 82 78 85 63 85 76 82 76 72 62 67 64 56 64 70 79 100 70 70 76 73 73 70 65 Oct 92 88 78 88 92 67 92 89 82 82 85 72 79 77 73 64 72 78 92 81 65 82 76 75 89 73 76 80 64 92 Oct 70 68 82 62 64 67 79 72 72 82 78 96 96 82 85 96 96 96 88 88 77 73 80 86 Nov 67 78 92 79 85 85 70 74 73 88 88 73 73 76 88 82 82 76 67 81 79 80 92 79 67 92 Nov 79 73 86 82 79 82 96 80 96 77 77 89 89 67 37 96 73 78 85 89 Dec 79 79 83 70 70 70 79 72 73 68 67 65 82 92 79 73 72 76 67 78 75 64 64 61 67 92 77 73 89 74 61 92 Dec 89 93 93 89 92 86 86 92 96 73 92 82 69 73 93 79 79 96 82 89 92 7267 96 89 Avg 73 68 64 64 72 78 85 81 83 83 84 85Min 60 57 52 51 52 66 74 66 68 73 73 72 Max 86 88 78 96 92 92 96 96 100 93 92 96 Avg 79 80 76 79 80 86 81 82 74 81 81 86Min 59 61 56 62 37 69 67 67 56 62 37 67 Max 96 96 100 96 96 96 96 100 100 96 96 96 NUMBER 29 95 TABLE Cl.?Continued. 1986 1 2 34 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 Avg Min Max 1988 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 1415 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 Avg Min Max Jan 76 82 82 72 78 69 72 72 75 69 82 Jan 67 65 65 65 65 5764 61 78 78 67 62 67 92 61 89 73 61 64 5761 81 57 73 59 71 50 64 60 65 67 50 92 Feb 75 72 72 64 64 82 85 75 61 63 64 60 67 70 60 85 Feb 76 70 58 74 65 89 77 70 73 68 55 65 68 60 65 62 62 76 68 7796 64 82 85 55 66 71 70 55 96 Mar 75 76 70 64 61 61 72 67 67 67 55 67 67 64 76 75 61 64 67 55 76 Mar 54 63 58 73 65 65 54 60 82 52 65 65 5257 57 78 77 90 83 68 61 57 60 67 65 65 62 82 73 61 66 52 90 Apr 72 64 67 67 60 67 64 65 92 67 100 64 65 70 60 100 Apr 65 65 65 73 60 68 54 63 81 92 53 59 56 74 82 65 68 73 61 56 63 65 65 60 65 57 73 65 65 66 53 92 May 77 92 78 67 70 51 59 64 50 69 89 79 73 100 82 70 65 82 61 64 65 72 50 100 May 65 68 77 89 83 92 100 100 77 93 96 100 96 68 74 74 96 100 96 90 66 74 66 100 100 89 65 93 68 85 65 100 Jun 67 60 79 56 76 68 100 82 79 79 74 80 74 68 68 89 78 85 76 80 100 77 56 100 Jun 65 89 66 56 59 74 77 77 82 100 60 60 80 6465 83 76 85 92 85 83 77 79 89 92 61 67 93 73 82 76 56 100 Jul 82 68 92 76 76 77 83 80 100 85 100 96 82 83 76 84 68 100 Jul 85 74 85 85 82 83 82 100 89 83 96 89 77 85 96 89 83 100 79 85 100 100 79 79 89 100 93 89 100 86 80 88 74 100 Aug 73 89 77 79 82 82 96 65 88 89 92 77 71 68 89 81 65 96 Aug 79 89 85 79 86 96 80 77 82 76 73 86 86 89 86 82 100 77 81 81 79 65 89 73 85 93 93 93 85 85 84 65 100 Sep 73 73 82 85 72 76 73 79 78 78 68 73 100 92 7479 79 64 79 96 79 78 79 64 100 Sep 79 61 68 79 71 7985 83 100 7376 73 77 93 93 82 85 7679 100 83 83 100 85 79 80 89 82 61100 Oct 82 72 67 68 76 92 52 96 96 82 73 70 79 85 92 79 52 96 Oct 89 10082 79 73 100 77 80 68 8285 73 96 100 89 76 100 100100 9268 84 73 76 79 61 96 89 100 85 85 61 100 Nov 73 79 79 100 96 96 82 88 82 86 73 100 Nov 89 73 85 79 67 83 100 100 100 89 93 82 85 100 100 89 89 96 96 89 89 73 76 92 82 85 82 89 77 87 67 100 Dec 67 89 64 80 79 77 51 64 7872 72 82 72 86 79 6464 78 64 75 62 72 51 89 Dec 100 96 92 100 79 76 73 89 83 82 79 85 60 82 96 85 76 57 64 67 82 80 83 80 67 76 77 79 82 80 57 100 1987 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 1314 1516 17 18 19 2021 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 Avg MinMax 1989 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 2122 2324 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 Avg MinMax Jan 59 59 67 66 7572 64 66 65 80 59 73 73 76 79 79 71 64 64 62 66 67 64 64 67 67 68 59 80 Jan 82 68 92 82 78 100 78 76 64 61 72 73 67 89 73 76 64 67 6172 83 8372 75 61 64 64 50 50 61 72 72 50 100 Feb 73 76 68 67 73 65 46 68 78 78 65 72 67 64 61 82 67 79 82 64 70 67 72 73 70 46 82 Feb 64 58 58 60 60 64 66 58 60 61 64 59 61 75 65 57 59 61 61 54 67 67 85 81 58 81 64 76 64 54 85 Mar 73 64 64 67 58 54 64 54 56 60 62 53 75 64 59 72 65 65 62 72 62 61 65 65 60 56 60 60 56 56 62 53 75 Mar 59 73 60 75 75 7955 67 67 56 8185 5659 63 72 63 64 6551 5961 6172 72 67 74 100 5561 48 66 48 100 Apr 64 64 73 72 79 82 73 77 68 74 76 73 7177 82 68 82 82 92 100 96 100 78 64 100 Apr 65 65 51 67 65 65 73 65 65 62 64 67 67 70 65 61 64 64 5747 6764 93 60 67 60 64 65 65 47 93 May 82 74 70 60 100 96 78 66 76 92 82 82 78 82 82 92 73 92 68 93 86 81 60 100 May 60 73 96 82 67 78 77 78 65 53 47 60 100 74 67 68 63 68 60 62 62 77 92 76 89 73 82 92 76 65 73 73 47 100 Jun 92 80 77 86 85 80 80 68 77 89 85 93 79 100 83 92 74 83 80 85 80 89 89 80 85 92 84 68 100 Jun 78 92 68 68 100 82 76 64 89 86 83 78 70 60 77 80 80 100 82 100 96 82 82 89 76 61 79 92 65 81 64100 Jul 73 76 85 78 100 74 82 83 77 83 83 93 77 85 82 78 7477 100100 93 89 93 96 93 85 73 100 Jul 88 88 82 78 82 88 85 8565 79 67 67 86 68 76 85 85 82 82 100 85 78 75 100 89 79 75 76 76 89 81 65100 Aug 96 92 93 86 96 93 93 93 96 93 90 93 93 90 93 93 93 77 92 77 96 Aug 64 85 96 61 83 92 77 65 92 85 96 82 82 92 89 92 92 85 92 85 76 82 92 77 67 85 85 68 88 82 57 82 57 96 Sep 93 96 90 96 93 93 92 93 89 93 90 93 93 93 93 86 92 93 90 96 93 92 93 74 100 92 74 100 Sep 85 92 92 89 73 64 92 67 92 89 78 64 65 85 67 78 76 67 92 85 65 85 65 65 76 65 76 78 77 64 92 Oct 89 85 86 89 80 82 85 83 73 70 53 85 85 75 73 85 82 72 96 73 72 96 85 92 81 53 96 Oct 96 85 78 88 67 73 100 89 57 67 73 100 92 88 89 100 88 100 67 89 82 76 68 89 67 67 82 57 100 Nov 92 78 92 92 73 77 65 68 86 85 85 74 71 79 79 79 85 85 100 96 79 92 67 79 82 65 100 Nov 89 85 73 73 89 100 96 96 78 76 76 78 67 82 96 96 96 89 76 74 92 85 92 100 76 59 82 82 83 84 59 100 Dec 64 92 88 88 67 88 82 82 89 82 81 85 100 73 77 60 79 93 80 68 68 64 73 93 73 64 86 62 79 60 100 Dec 82 76 92 64 82 76 96 85 79 76 85 82 67 64 73 60 68 100 92 88 79 79 79 60 100 96 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE EARTH SCIENCES TABLE C2.?Midday relative humidity, 1 m elevation, Lutz catchment, Barro Colorado Island, Panama, 1971-1981. 1970 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 Avg Min Max 1972 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 Jan Jan 95 92 93 98 98 94 95 93 89 98 96 85 86 88 79 80 90 78 74 91 Feb Feb 89 89 88 85 78 86 91 88 85 87 74 78 76 78 71 92 75 88 77 78 Mar Mar 78 82 78 71 76 78 82 81 75 79 73 80 78 74 68 58 73 67 73 73 80 Apr Apr 88 67 69 70 76 92 98 87 78 73 72 93 83 90 94 94 81 80 97 May May 86 97 91 94 88 92 94 98 92 80 97 85 78 92 85 92 77 92 93 88 94 86 Jun Jun 93 98 92 98 93 95 98 89 92 84 93 98 99 95 92 99 97 90 76 92 95 Jul Jul 89 94 82 98 76 100 84 82 86 85 97 96 98 92 92 96 84 85 Aug Aug 90 88 83 89 85 85 91 93 90 99 95 94 91 92 98 99 86 90 99 98 92 95 99 Sep Sep 91 92 90 95 97 92 98 86 96 99 96 88 99 96 98 93 95 98 84 Oct Oct 88 91 95 93 98 89 90 86 91 94 99 91 99 96 92 99 86 Nov Nov 91 91 86 91 84 91 95 90 92 91 87 88 91 89 97 96 90 87 82 Dec Dec 83 85 85 85 84 87 80 98 91 91 93 82 78 1971 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 Avg Min Max 1973 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 Jan Jan 82 80 82 86 79 83 88 98 98 89 79 86 86 85 86 81 92 81 81 90 Feb Feb 88 83 73 85 76 73 77 79 83 80 88 81 86 76 Mar Mar 89 82 82 79 79 77 79 75 84 76 84 87 89 90 83 72 75 73 76 72 Apr Apr 77 65 70 81 92 72 73 75 76 83 73 77 73 88 79 75 76 70 May May 85 84 83 89 86 74 78 77 75 90 90 88 82 79 65 87 97 89 90 93 Jun Jun 89 90 92 92 97 92 98 95 95 86 84 95 89 95 94 97 99 87 Jul Jul 62 66 71 66 72 65 67 77 49 71 57 66 62 63 Aug 95 88 92 95 96 99 88 85 97 91 82 95 97 94 91 86 98 89 87 92 99 82 Aug 93 96 93 89 94 91 95 91 93 95 94 89 92 92 91 88 93 Sep 98 98 89 91 91 94 97 94 93 96 95 95 99 89 91 100 93 94 82 94 100 82 Sep 83 86 90 91 89 97 88 95 93 99 92 92 99 93 98 Oct 79 91 94 84 81 95 96 78 87 98 95 91 88 82 89 86 85 88 93 88 98 78 Oct 70 70 89 71 67 81 78 63 84 74 61 76 56 64 68 66 63 67 Nov 95 87 94 96 98 97 96 97 91 94 94 98 91 82 86 88 94 98 93 80 92 98 80 Nov 94 98 96 94 98 97 95 92 98 90 89 88 92 98 96 94 94 Dec 97 95 81 85 89 85 90 84 73 80 80 91 73 77 82 75 80 91 77 82 83 97 73 Dec 96 69 85 86 87 100 92 85 92 94 88 87 85 83 91 86 Avg 90 83 75 83 90 93 90 92 94 93 90 86Min 74 71 58 67 77 76 76 83 84 86 82 78 Max 98 92 82 98 98 99 100 99 99 99 97 98 Avg 86 81 80 76 84 93 65 92 92 70 94 88Min 79 73 72 65 65 84 49 88 83 56 88 69 Max 98 88 90 92 97 99 77 96 99 89 98 100 NUMBER 29 97 TABLE C2.?Continued. 1974 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 Avg Min Max 1976 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 Jan Jan 92 92 88 96 92 88 92 100 85 88 85 88 81 88 92 88 85 84 92 92 92 65 85 85 88 92 81 84 100 Feb Feb 100 81 81 85 88 81 85 71 85 81 78 81 78 74 72 78 78 82 78 85 92 78 75 88 78 Mar 85 78 75 78 88 85 75 85 72 72 75 72 75 69 75 72 60 76 60 88 Mar 7885 96 88 78 78 85 85 7572 75 78 88 7575 75 75 85 88 89 72 85 78 78 78 78 84 78 71 Apr 72 72 66 96 67 76 75 72 85 85 78 85 78 69 70 78 78 82 77 66 96 Apr 75 78 78 92 85 82 67 67 64 75 81 78 72 66 72 82 78 72 67 75 72 89 92 78 73 100 100 May 72 76 73 73 67 78 61 85 70 89 100 63 79 72 82 73 100 96 82 85 89 79 61 100 May 89 85 88 96 85 88 100 100 92 92 79 75 79 92 93 67 96 93 85 96 100 92 89 85 85 85 100 Jun 92 85 79 82 85 96 96 100 89 100 88 96 89 100 96 100 85 85 100 96 92 79 100 Jun 85 89 100 96 79 79 96 92 96 84 82 79 79 92 96 85 89 85 64 92 96 92 85 96 92 92 92 96 96 Jul 100 96 100 92 92 89 96 96 84 96 100 100 100 100 100 100 96 100 97 84 100 Jul 96 85 92 100 100 89 85 89 89 79 89 92 96 93 82 89 82 85 79 85 93 100 89 85 85 89 85 89 79 85 Aug 92 100 100 100 100 96 100 100 96 93 96 89 100 96 100 100 100 100 92 96 96 97 89 100 Aug 85 85 89 100 93 92 96 79 85 82 82 93 96 89 92 92 85 89 85 82 96 96 100 96 92 92 92 85 92 Sep 92 100 96 96 100 100 92 92 100 96 100 96 92 96 96 89 100 92 96 89 100 Sep 93 100 92 78 85 93 85 93 89 89 96 92 93 100 100 100 85 92 92 96 92 100 100 92 92 82 85 96 Oct 92 96 92 92 96 96 100 96 100 96 92 100 Oct 92 89 92 92 92 92 92 100 100 85 89 89 100 93 92 85 100 92 100 92 85 85 96 92 100 Nov 100 92 92 100 96 96 92 96 96 96 92 96 100 96 100 100 96 85 100 96 96 92 100 96 85 100 Nov 92 88 100 85 92 79 92 92 100 96 92 100 92 96 85 78 96 75 78 85 85 92 89 85 92 92 92 100 85 Dec 100 96 96 92 96 92 92 100 92 96 92 92 89 89 92 96 92 92 92 96 96 89 100 85 88 88 93 88 85 93 85 100 Dec 92 100 92 92 78 92 100 93 89 89 92 85 92 82 89 92 100 72 92 100 100 92 72 72 85 100 88 81 88 1975 1 23 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 Avg Min Max 1977 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 Jan 85 88 88 85 85 88 92 89 88 85 67 62 85 88 89 89 82 82 89 92 88 92 85 70 53 85 96 85 85 85 84 53 96 Jan 72 72 85 85 85 78 82 92 92 92 82 78 78 82 85 85 78 72 78 71 85 100 85 85 85 89 96 72 92 85 85 Feb 76 75 81 96 85 92 78 82 78 78 82 84 88 68 82 59 78 78 61 7572 82 78 75 72 75 92 79 59 96 Feb 84 92 82 85 72 72 85 85 78 85 82 72 72 78 75 88 100 92 85 92 78 78 72 78 78 85 100 78 Mar 67 72 85 100 96 96 82 79 73 82 85 82 69 75 72 83 78 72 72 72 69 82 100 73 88 76 75 79 67 73 73 79 67 100 Mar 85 78 78 82 72 85 72 75 66 82 72 85 85 55 72 75 100 100 85 89 72 63 72 65 69 72 72 82 78 79 73 Apr 72 69 72 72 92 63 75 100 85 72 70 88 69 69 72 61 67 75 69 78 78 89 85 85 75 69 72 76 61 100 Apr 66 66 66 66 60 67 67 67 76 67 78 78 88 78 78 48 85 75 85 76 76 67 72 69 72 69 73 76 72 73 May 96 92 65 66 82 76 76 82 73 67 82 75 96 85 100 96 100 85 92 93 93 79 96 89 79 100 89 100 79 100 86 65 100 May 76 76 67 67 100 76 79 79 79 75 73 73 70 64 56 54 67 100 100 100 92 92 92 92 85 92 85 92 92 85 96 Jun 92 96 96 96 100 82 92 93 96 93 89 85 100 85 92 100 100 100 96 96 96 92 96 100 100 96 93 96 96 100 95 82 100 Jun 85 92 82 67 66 88 96 100 92 100 78 78 100 100 88 100 79 100 93 96 100 100 92 93 100 100 100 Jul 100 96 100 92 78 78 92 96 96 93 96 96 85 92 92 92 96 100 76 92 96 89 100 92 100 85 96 100 100 96 100 93 76 100 Jul 100 92 100 96 96 100 76 85 76 85 92 92 89 89 89 100 89 89 96 92 96 85 85 Aug 100 92 92 96 100 100 96 100 92 92 96 96 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 96 96 100 100 100 100 100 98 92 100 Aug 100 96 92 85 82 100 100 92 100 93 100 100 100 100 100 96 96 100 92 93 93 82 92 Sep 100 100 100 100 85 100 96 100 92 96 92 92 96 96 92 92 96 96 92 92 92 96 96 92 92 85 100 96 95 85 100 Sep 96 100 96 93 85 85 100 85 89 92 93 89 82 100 100 93 96 85 96 100 100 Oct 96 96 100 89 100 100 100 100 92 100 96 92 96 100 100 96 96 96 92 92 96 100 96 100 100 97 89 100 Oct 96 92 100 89 89 100 93 85 100 100 92 96 92 89 100 100 100 89 92 Nov 92 92 92 96 96 100 92 89 100 96 100 96 96 96 69 100 96 100 92 96 85 96 100 96 100 85 94 69 100 Nov 92 92 92 100 100 92 96 100 100 100 92 92 92 89 89 96 100 96 92 100 Dec 96 96 96 100 100 96 92 96 100 100 100 92 92 92 88 96 78 71 100 96 92 71 92 88 96 96 93 71 100 Dec 92 100 92 92 100 100 92 96 96 100 88 89 96 85 82 85 85 92 78 85 92 Avg 88 81 80 78 89 89 89 90 92 93 90 89 Min 65 71 71 64 67 64 79 79 78 85 75 72 Max 100 100 96 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 Avg 83 82 77 72 81 91 91 95 93 94 95 91 Min 71 72 55 48 54 66 76 82 82 85 89 78 Max 100 100 100 88 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 98 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE EARTH SCIENCES TABLE C2.?Continued 1978 Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec 197 9 Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 85 85 82 92 85 96 88 78 78 82 82 82 78 72 78 92 89 85 75 75 92 100 82 88 88 88 92 96 65 92 92 82 82 72 78 85 72 78 76 78 78 75 72 69 75 78 78 75 69 75 82 72 89 76 85 67 92 100 75 100 72 78 70 79 76 73 76 96 79 100 93 89 92 77 100 100 88 75 85 78 100 82 79 79 82 100 89 76 89 100 100 93 96 89 100 100 96 89 92 100 92 92 89 100 96 85 100 100 93 96 100 85 75 100 100 100 100 96 96 96 100 100 100 100 96 100 100 85 96 100 100 89 92 92 89 96 83 100 96 93 93 93 100 100 100 100 89 100 100 92 93 100 93 96 93 100 82 96 100 100 100 100 96 93 93 93 92 100 89 100 85 88 96 92 100 100 96 52 82 96 100 92 96 93 93 100 89 100 100 100 96 85 100 92 92 100 100 85 100 100 100 92 100 96 100 96 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 92 92 96 100 96 96 93 89 89 96 100 96 100 96 100 100 82 85 85 96 92 92 85 78 78 85 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 1112 13 14 15 1617 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 85 69 75 78 78 75 72 69 78 89 78 78 82 75 85 78 72 7575 82 92 82 89 82 82 78 89 78 82 82 82 78 75 69 72 92 82 89 82 82 78 89 78 82 82 82 78 75 69 72 79 79 96 82 100 85 79 76 85 100 96 85 86 79 93 100 82 96 70 72 76 79 96 96 83 79 86 79 82 92 96 100 89 92 88 85 Avg 83 84 79 84 91 95 95 97 92 96 97 91Min 72 65 67 70 76 75 83 82 52 85 92 78 Max 96 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 Avg 77 81 81 87 86Min 69 69 69 70 72 Max 89 92 92 100 100 85 83 89 93 88 100 96 96 96 96 96 96 96 92 92 92 59 82 92 89 92 85 92 85 85 79 89 76 78 82 85 92 85 88 78 85 89 78 76 92 82 92 89 81 85 82 85 92 88 85 82 92 92 92 92 88 82 88 85 85 92 96 85 89 82 82 82 82 82 78 85 72 78 88 92 85 88 88 81 82 88 89 78 72 81 75 92 89 82 82 92 93 85 87 84 83 59 76 72100 92 92 96 1980 Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec 1981 Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec 12 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 85 89 85 73 75 78 78 76 72 78 85 78 81 88 85 78 81 85 85 85 79 89 78 72 78 75 78 72 71 80 81 92 82 88 78 81 78 72 78 78 89 72 75 75 75 66 72 72 78 72 71 80 81 92 82 88 78 81 78 72 78 78 89 72 75 75 75 66 72 72 66 73 79 78 85 66 75 75 62 57 59 72 75 64 69 78 79 76 85 82 75 76 61 70 64 89 96 89 89 82 73 88 75 85 76 85 89 92 89 82 85 85 85 88 85 65 79 92 82 96 85 92 92 92 89 89 85 82 83 88 82 82 89 82 85 85 8276 79 93 96 93 89 83 85 79 79 96 100 96 96 96 100 100 100 96 93 100 92 85 96 100 8996 93 86 92 89 92 96 85 80 89 96 89 100 86 89 92 73 92 92 96 89 96 96 100 92 83 96 96 79 96 89 96 92 96 92 92 96 92 96 96 89 89 85 85 100 100 96 100 96 96 96 100 100 92 96 92 96 92 92 76 100 92 92 88 92 82 96 65 96 92 96 96 96 96 88 96 92 96 96 92 92 96 100 96 100 92 96 92 92 100 92 100 82 96 85 92 96 92 96 92 96 100 96 89 82 92 85 89 84 92 85 92 92 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 85 81 96 100 88 96 92 78 92 71 84 69 89 96 92 92 88 92 96 96 88 88 88 88 96 96 100100 88 81 89 89 92 92 75 88 78 88 100 96 92 89 92 85 88 81 68 92 92 89 100 100 88 81 89 89 92 92 75 88 78 88 100 96 92 89 92 85 88 81 68 92 92 89 89 96 7696 79 72 73 89 63 88 82 82 78 92 96 96 100 96 92 96 96 100 92 92 89 85 92 85 93 89 89 89 96 93 96 85 82 96 92 89 89 96 82 96 92 96 96 96 92 100 96 89 96 92 92 92 79 89 100 92 96 92 89 96 89 85 92 93 89 85 85 82 82 85 88 93 92 96 83 93 93 89 89 93 77 81 85 96 96 100 96 96 92 67 92 74 81 82 92 89 96 85 92 85 Avg 80 78 77 73 82 86 92 90 93 93 95 91Min 72 66 66 57 61 65 76 73 79 65 88 82 Max 89 92 92 85 96 96 100 100 100 100 100 100 Avg 89 89 89 88 90 93 89 88Min 69 68 68 63 82 79 82 67 Max 100 100 100 100 96 100 96 100 NUMBER 29 99 TABLE C3.?Midday relative humidity, 13 m elevation, Lutz catchment, Barro Colorado Island, Panama, 1977-1980. 1977 Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec 1978 Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 Avg Min Max 100 96 92 92 92 96 96 93 100 79 93 76 82 82 76 79 89 76 100 85 93 89 85 88 85 85 92 93 79 92 100 89 92 92 92 82 89 79 100 89 82 89 85 92 89 92 89 100 100 96 75 90 75 100 93 100 92 100 82 100 100 92 85 92 96 100 72 92 100 85 96 93 72 100 85 92 75 82 100 85 92 100 89 82 81 82 78 92 82 72 78 78 85 72 100 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 Avg Min Max 75 75 72 75 75 88 92 85 88 75 82 78 75 75 78 92 85 78 75 75 100 81 72 100 96 73 88 78 78 78 96 59 78 76 78 75 75 85 72 72 79 59 96 76 61 69 72 69 75 78 78 69 72 75 75 89 78 78 70 88 100 66 76 61 100 72 75 70 75 78 67 73 93 79 82 88 79 79 88 72 72 78 67 93 100 82 79 79 85 76 76 89 93 96 89 96 96 100 89 88 76 100 82 96 89 96 89 85 89 96 92 100 96 92 89 100 89 92 82 100 100 96 96 82 92 92 92 92 89 85 82 92 93 93 91 82 100 89 85 100 85 92 89 76 93 85 100 89 93 100 96 92 89 91 76 100 76 79 79 79 100 82 85 85 93 100 82 78 75 100 85 75 100 89 89 93 93 89 89 92 92 96 78 89 96 100 82 100 100 92 78 100 92 85 100 82 100 96 92 89 82 96 96 93 93 92 82 100 89 93 9292 96 100 78 92 78 79 66 78 72 89 78 72 66 85 83 66 100 1979 Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec 1980 Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec 12 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 1314 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 85 72 78 72 75 72 69 66 75 82 72 66 78 72 85 75 69 72 72 78 82 72 82 67 78 89 67 75 75 82 76 72 72 72 67 89 82 79 79 54 66 67 57 67 64 76 78 72 70 79 79 96 79 85 79 76 82 89 79 83 73 79 85 76 64 70 96 73 77 83 76 92 92 85 31 72 Avg 74 76 71 80 83 Min 66 67 54 64 70 Max 85 89 89 96 96 79 70 85 93 96 85 96 96 96 96 89 100 92 85 82 85 88 92 79 89 89 89 75 78 89 76 76 76 78 78 96 76 88 72 78 85 76 78 79 85 78 78 85 82 78 79 82 85 85 96 78 85 92 89 82 65 82 76 92 82 85 86 75 72 79 82 78 67 66 72 72 85 88 75 72 88 75 78 81 82 72 63 75 75 92 75 76 92 12 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 2627 28 29 30 31 78 79 73 72 76 72 76 72 66 78 72 78 78 81 72 75 75 82 75 73 82 75 69 73 72 63 62 80 78 88 72 75 73 78 72 75 75 82 67 65 72 65 64 66 66 66 65 65 64 69 72 63 75 72 89 72 72 72 67 72 66 82 65 78 72 73 70 78 67 79 75 69 61 75 59 59 65 72 64 67 76 79 73 81 72 72 64 61 64 90 83 83 78 70 72 65 63 100 96 96 92 Avg 75 72 71 70 63 Min 66 62 63 59 61 Max 82 88 89 81 64 100 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE EARTH SCIENCES TABLE C4.?Midday relative humidity, 26 m elevation, Lutz catchment, Barro Colorado Island, Panama", 1977-1980. 1977 Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec 1978 Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 Avg Min Max 92 85 85 85 85 82 85 82 92 85 96 73 79 78 73 76 83 73 96 89 89 85 73 85 85 85 92 89 73 82 92 89 92 92 92 79 86 73 92 82 75 89 82 92 79 89 85 100 100 100 79 88 75 100 85 96 92 92 78 93 92 92 79 92 92 93 72 85 100 79 93 89 72 100 82 96 76 79 100 82 100 100 89 85 75 75 75 85 76 67 72 85 83 67 100 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 Avg Min Max 72 69 75 78 75 85 92 82 85 65 78 72 78 75 78 85 82 78 72 72 100 78 65 100 9676 88 75 78 78 96 62 78 72 78 72 78 82 72 72 78 62 96 72 61 69 72 72 75 78 75 69 72 75 75 89 78 82 67 85 100 61 75 61 100 72 75 70 76 78 70 73 93 82 82 85 79 79 96 66 76 78 66 96 100 79 73 76 82 70 76 89 93 96 89 96 92 96 79 86 70 100 79 100 85 100 93 89 79 92 89 92 96 92 85 100 85 90 79 100 100 85 96 85 92 96 85 85 82 96 82 92 93 96 90 82 100 89 89 100 82 96 85 79 93 82 89 85 89 96 96 82 89 89 79 100 73 76 73 79 100 85 88 79 79 96 72 75 76 85 81 72 100 8292 82 93 85 78 79 92 89 73 89 96 92 85 92 100 87 73 100 89 82 93 85 100 92 78 72 79 93 93 89 85 87 72 100 82 89 89 92 93 96 78 85 82 72 66 82 67 75 75 76 72 78 81 66 96 1979 Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec 1980 Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec 12 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 85 72 75 72 72 66 69 63 78 78 72 72 72 75 89 75 62 69 72 78 78 72 76 67 78 82 69 69 75 78 79 72 72 72 67 78 75 76 79 50 61 67 60 70 61 76 75 72 70 76 70 92 79 82 79 73 79 92 79 86 73 73 85 76 67 67 100 77 80 79 79 92 92 89 31 72 Avg 73 74 69 79 84 Min 62 67 50 67 67 Max 89 82 79 92 100 79 64 79 93 96 89 92 96 96 89 85 96 92 85 79 88 85 73 79 82 78 76 69 78 82 64 64 73 78 75 96 76 88 72 78 82 67 79 73 82 76 85 85 78 76 73 78 88 82 72 82 89 92 85 78 72 79 76 92 78 76 83 78 73 79 76 78 67 67 73 72 85 88 72 66 82 72 72 81 75 66 63 65 72 92 76 76 72 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 76 79 70 67 73 72 73 72 69 75 72 72 78 81 76 72 69 78 76 76 89 69 64 67 69 66 59 80 75 88 63 75 73 75 72 71 65 82 57 66 66 66 61 66 66 66 63 61 61 66 67 63 75 72 93 69 72 69 67 66 63 66 65 75 72 67 67 75 67 76 72 66 58 72 60 54 67 72 64 67 76 79 76 74 75 72 67 62 62 88 78 81 75 64 64 72 63 96 96 92 92 Avg 73 70 69 69 62 Min 64 57 61 54 62 Max 89 88 93 79 62 NUMBER 29 101 TABLE C5.?Midday relative humidity, 40 m elevation, Lutz catchment, Barro Colorado Island, Panama^ 1977-1981. 1977 Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec 1978 Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec 12 34 56 78 9 1011 1213 1415 1617 1819 2021 2223 2425 2627 2829 3031 AvgMin Max 89 85 82 85 85 78 82 85 89 85 85 73 73 62 62 70 79 62 89 70 89 85 68 82 79 85 92 67 73 85 89 67 92 79 82 83 80 67 92 86 75 79 74 76 73 82 70 93 93 86 79 81 70 93 83 83 85 85 76 83 85 88 79 85 79 79 70 76 79 79 80 81 70 88 85 92 73 67 89 79 100 92 85 73 71 61 75 72 61 70 72 78 78 61 100 12 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 1112 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 Avg Min Max 72 72 72 76 72 72 78 67 61 75 72 75 72 61 72 85 79 67 69 61 88 72 61 88 72 61 85 78 82 67 75 52 78 70 67 57 69 67 72 67 70 52 85 62 64 57 64 64 61 60 67 61 59 69 67 89 79 79 73 78 100 66 69 57 100 75 61 76 67 67 67 89 83 73 73 78 67 70 96 66 67 73 61 96 96 79 67 71 79 73 79 79 89 85 79 92 85 82 61 80 61 96 85 85 80 100 70 85 85 92 82 96 96 92 85 96 85 88 70 100 92 78 93 85 85 85 89 89 85 79 83 85 71 93 85 71 93 85 89 100 82 89 76 76 89 76 79 82 73 100 79 85 79 84 73 100 68 73 67 100 73 78 76 73 92 72 70 67 76 76 67 100 8585 93 89 70 79 78 85 62 85 85 89 70 85 92 82 62 93 70 76 73 76 100 89 79 70 70 86 80 71 76 78 70 100 76 73 82 89 85 92 78 67 60 82 69 66 72 70 72 61 58 78 74 58 92 1979 Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec 1980 Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec 31 66 79 79 61 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 76 69 67 64 69 61 61 64 70 76 67 56 67 72 85 72 66 61 64 72 72 62 64 57 76 67 61 67 72 79 64 64 59 72 72 62 64 57 76 67 61 67 72 79 64 64 59 73 67 89 67 82 73 73 73 82 79 83 68 68 79 76 57 79 73 80 77 64 82 89 78 Avg 68 68 68 74 76 Min 56 57 57 57 61Max 85 79 79 89 89 79 65 73 80 85 89 88 92 85 79 89 96 88 85 76 82 82 79 76 82 82 67 64 82 67 65 61 73 75 76 78 75 92 73 72 79 67 76 62 76 60 89 76 82 76 64 76 96 78 70 82 76 82 78 76 63 79 76 78 72 79 73 75 73 76 73 78 64 66 64 73 82 84 75 72 81 72 66 84 65 6457 66 76 84 73 75 76 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 79 76 67 67 73 67 62 67 67 78 70 59 75 78 76 64 76 75 76 64 89 89 65 56 66 61 61 74 71 88 63 65 67 63 76 72 75 83 83 57 58 61 58 61 63 70 61 61 74 71 88 63 65 67 63 76 72 75 83 83 57 58 61 58 61 63 70 64 60 89 72 66 58 67 60 64 61 73 60 67 73 79 76 7472 67 67 61 65 59 82 89 76 60 70 65 67 67 66 68 82 76 70 68 85 67 67 73 82 82 76 88 85 77 82 77 65 73 77 76 76 73 77 77 65 85 79 83 79 79 76 82 82 79 79 92 85 79 79 82 83 89 96 77 96 82 82 89 76 82 96 80 76 76 78 83 68 77 79 79 96 68 82 85 76 82 83 67 79 89 85 96 76 79 82 79 82 79 89 83 70 85 85 89 89 92 83 67 76 85 96 88 82 85 89 85 92 85 82 78 78 92 65 85 85 85 82 82 67 79 73 96 82 82 83 85 85 82 82 85 96 79 72 75 75 76 85 85 76 85 70 78 79 85 82 89 85 96 79 85 79 82 76 85 89 79 82 85 92 79 89 79 79 72 78 82 72 88 83 76 76 73 65 61 60 5796 92 96 84 Avg 71 68 68 69 71 76 82 80 83 83 81 82 Max 89 88 88 89 89 88 96 96 96 96 96 96 TABLE C5.?Continued 1981 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 Jan 71 88 78 92 79 64 71 74 65 62 72 85 78 78 75 78 92 72 96 78 78 78 82 78 Feb 89 96 88 78 72 96 78 82 72 75 75 88 92 85 85 85 82 69 78 78 63 75 76 76 Mar 76 82 100 73 69 89 81 81 72 66 72 69 72 75 72 66 72 69 64 72 72 75 75 72 76 Apr 67 93 76 72 76 78 62 63 69 76 75 70 82 78 76 96 92 82 76 May 76 89 76 70 79 82 73 73 76 89 67 67 70 Jun 78 89 78 82 83 82 92 85 73 75 78 73 92 73 82 92 Jul 72 76 96 82 79 78 82 82 82 89 96 72 85 74 83 73 83 Aug 89 89 92 85 85 93 82 100 92 85 79 79 67 78 62 82 72 85 75 85 73 78 73 Sep 72 69 64 72 72 75 75 72 76 67 93 76 Oct 72 76 78 62 63 69 76 75 70 82 78 76 96 92 82 76 76 89 Nov 76 70 79 82 73 73 76 89 67 67 70 78 89 78 Dec 82 83 82 92 85 73 75 78 73 92 73 82 92 72 76 96 Avg 78 81 74 77 76 82 81 82 74 77 76 82Min 62 63 64 62 67 73 72 62 64 62 67 72 Max 96 96 100 96 89 92 96 100 93 96 89 96 TABLE C6.?Monthly average midday relative humidity at different sites on Barro Colorado Island, Panama1, 1971-1981,1986-1989. 1971 1972 1973 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1986 1987 1988 1989 Jan 79 78 76 76 71 72 67 73 79 75 68 67 72 Feb 71 72 70 70 75 71 70 68 80 70 70 70 64 Mar 64 66 67 69 71 68 71 63 64 76 67 62 66 66 Apr 75 76 67 70 73 71 77 78 64 79 70 79 66 65 May . 78 73 79 79 75 83 78 72 80 72 81 85 73 Jun Jul Aug ?clearing.. 82 76 84 78 85 90 78 86 77 84 76 81 80 85 81 80 86 88 85 81 84 85 88 81 82 85 85 86 81 86 88 81 82 81 92 84 82 Sep 79 88 81 81 80 84 83 88 83 74 79 92 82 77 Oct 75 87 85 88 76 85 86 80 83 81 79 81 85 82 Nov 81 79 89 84 82 85 84 79 84 81 86 82 87 84 Dec 71 76 81 85 81 83 81 74 85 86 72 79 80 79 Avg 73 71 67 73 78 81 84 84 83 82 83 79 1971 1972 1973 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 Avg 90 86 84 88 83 83 77 80 89 85 83 81 78 82 82 83 81 78 89 82 75 80 76 79 80 77 79 81 77 89 79 83 76 77 76 79 72 84 87 73 88 79 90 84 79 86 89 81 91 86 82 90 86 93 93 92 95 89 92 95 86 93 92 90 65 97 93 89 91 95 92 89 89 92 92 92 97 98 90 95 97 90 88 93 94 94 92 96 95 92 93 92 93 93 93 88 93 70 96 97 93 94 96 85 93 90 92 90 94 96 94 90 95 97 87 95 93 83 86 88 93 93 89 91 91 84 91 89 Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec 1977 1978 13 m 1977 1978 81 77 76 78 88 92 1979 74 76 71 80 83 1980 75 72 71 70 63 91 89 89 90 91 85 92 90 83 26 m 83 86 88 78 77 75 78 86 90 90 89 81 87 1979 73 74 69 78 84 1980 73 70 69 69 62 88 78 1981 78 80 74 77 76 81 81 82 73 77 92 85 92 83 83 78 88 83 87 81 81 75 1977 1978 1979 1980 72 68 71 69 68 68 69 68 68 7374 69 ?? 80 76 71 ..40 88 76 m.. 85 82 79 84 80 80 76 83 83 81 82 76 83 81 78 76 81 78 74 73 82 77 82 NUMBER 29 103 TABLE C7.?Hourly average relative humidity, laboratory clearing, Barro Colorado Island, Panama", 1983-1987. 1983: Nov Dec 1984: Jan Feb Mar Jul Aug 1985: Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec 1986: Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec 1987: Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul 1 98 97 98 95 93 98 99 98 97 97 97 97 95 95 93 93 92 94 95 94 94 94 94 95 92 92 91 91 91 96 98 97 2 97 97 98 95 94 99 99 98 97 98 97 97 97 96 93 93 93 94 95 94 94 94 95 95 92 92 91 92 91 96 98 97 3 98 97 98 95 94 99 99 99 98 98 98 98 96 95 93 94 92 94 95 94 94 94 95 95 93 92 92 93 91 97 98 97 4 97 97 98 96 95 99 99 99 98 98 97 97 96 95 94 94 93 94 94 94 93 94 95 95 92 93 92 93 91 98 98 97 5 99 98 98 96 95 99 100 98 98 98 97 97 95 96 93 94 94 95 95 95 94 94 95 95 93 94 92 93 91 98 98 98 6 99 98 98 97 96 99 100 99 98 98 97 98 96 95 93 94 94 95 94 95 94 95 94 95 93 93 92 93 92 97 99 97 7 99 98 97 95 96 100 100 99 97 98 98 98 96 96 94 94 95 95 95 95 94 95 95 95 93 94 93 94 93 97 98 98 8 98 97 93 92 91 99 98 99 98 98 98 96 96 95 92 96 94 94 95 95 94 95 95 94 93 93 93 93 92 96 97 98 9 94 94 85 86 85 97 94 99 98 99 97 92 95 92 83 95 95 93 93 93 93 92 94 94 91 92 93 90 90 92 94 96 10 88 90 78 79 81 92 90 97 96 98 91 87 91 87 66 88 93 88 88 88 87 88 89 91 88 89 91 85 85 90 91 93 Hour 11 81 85 75 75 77 88 86 92 93 95 82 84 85 82 60 77 84 78 83 82 81 83 85 86 81 86 87 81 82 89 88 90 of 12 75 82 76 73 77 84 83 88 89 91 76 84 82 81 56 72 79 75 77 79 76 79 82 83 77 80 82 75 80 86 88 87 day 13 73 82 79 74 76 82 83 84 86 87 74 85 80 81 52 69 78 73 75 77 76 75 80 83 76 80 80 74 80 86 87 85 14 78 83 83 75 76 82 85 83 84 86 76 86 81 80 51 70 77 72 76 77 75 73 80 84 75 80 79 72 81 87 87 83 15 82 85 88 79 78 83 88 82 84 87 79 89 83 82 54 71 79 72 78 77 78 75 82 86 75 81 80 73 79 86 86 84 16 88 88 92 83 82 86 91 87 83 89 83 91 87 85 59 73 79 73 81 79 80 78 84 86 77 81 80 74 80 88 89 86 17 90 90 93 87 85 87 93 89 86 91 86 92 90 88 64 76 81 75 87 82 82 83 87 89 81 83 80 76 80 90 91 89 18 94 92 94 88 88 90 95 91 89 92 89 94 91 89 69 80 84 79 89 84 85 87 90 91 84 84 83 79 82 91 93 90 19 94 94 96 90 89 93 97 92 89 95 91 95 92 91 78 85 86 84 91 88 88 90 92 93 86 86 86 83 85 92 94 92 20 96 95 97 91 91 95 98 94 91 95 93 96 94 92 80 88 88 87 91 90 90 92 93 94 88 88 89 87 90 94 96 94 21 96 97 97 93 92 97 98 95 93 95 94 96 94 94 87 90 90 89 93 90 92 93 94 94 89 90 90 89 90 94 96 95 22 96 97 97 94 93 97 99 96 95 96 96 97 95 94 88 91 91 90 94 92 93 93 94 95 90 90 90 90 91 95 96 96 23 98 97 97 95 93 99 99 96 96 97 96 97 95 95 93 92 92 92 94 92 93 94 94 95 92 90 90 91 91 95 97 96 24 97 97 98 95 93 99 99 97 96 97 96 97 96 95 92 92 93 93 94 93 94 93 94 95 92 91 91 91 32 96 95 97 Avg 92 93 92 88 88 93 95 94 93 95 91 93 92 90 78 86 88 86 89 88 88 88 91 91 87 88 88 86 87 93 94 93 Min 73 82 75 73 76 82 83 82 83 86 74 84 80 80 51 69 77 72 75 77 75 73 80 83 75 80 79 72 79 86 86 83 Max 99 98 98 97 96 100 100 99 98 99 98 98 97 96 94 96 95 95 95 95 94 95 95 95 93 94 93 94 93 98 99 98 104 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE EARTH SCIENCES TABLE C8.?Hourly average relative humidity, 1 m elevation, Lutz catchment, Barro Colorado Island, Panama\ 1984,1986-1987. Hour of day 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 Avg Min Max 1984: Feb 91 91 92 Mar 90 89 90 Apr 92 93 93 91 92 91 91 91 93 92 93 90 87 83 83 81 82 83 86 87 89 90 91 90 89 81 93 91 90 92 91 92 91 89 85 80 75 72 73 73 74 77 80 81 84 86 88 90 84 72 92 93 94 94 94 95 92 89 85 80 77 77 77 78 79 81 83 86 88 89 90 92 87 77 95 1986: Aug 97 Sep Oct Nov 98 97 98 98 98 99 98 97 98 99 99 91 91 91 92 97 97 97 97 97 98 98 95 95 94 94 95 95 94 96 96 97 97 97 97 98 98 99 99 99 99 98 98 96 95 94 95 96 97 97 97 98 98 98 98 98 91 98 99 98 99 92 91 91 92 99 99 98 97 97 98 97 98 97 92 91 91 91 91 91 91 91 91 Dec 97 96 96 97 96 97 97 96 97 98 97 97 93 93 92 92 92 92 91 94 90 94 98 98 98 98 91 90 91 91 96 95 96 96 96 94 98 97 94 99 98 97 99 91 90 92 95 92 98 1987: Jan 94 93 94 94 93 93 94 91 94 94 93 88 93 93 95 92 92 88 90 90 91 92 92 93 92 88 95 Feb 93 92 93 93 94 95 94 95 94 93 89 86 84 83 83 85 87 88 89 90 92 93 93 92 90 83 95 Mar 93 93 94 93 93 94 94 94 94 93 89 85 81 80 79 80 81 83 85 87 88 89 91 92 88 79 94 Apr 96 95 95 95 96 96 97 96 96 96 96 92 92 92 92 92 93 92 94 94 94 95 96 96 94 92 97 May 96 97 96 96 96 96 97 97 97 97 95 95 94 93 93 93 93 94 94 95 95 96 96 96 95 93 97 Jun 97 97 97 97 97 97 97 97 97 97 96 96 96 95 95 95 95 96 96 96 97 96 96 96 96 95 97 TABLE C9.?Hourly averge relative humidity, 40 m elevation, Lutz catchment, Barro Colorado Island, Panama1, 1984-1987. Hour of day 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 Avg Min Max 1984: Jan Mar Jun Sep Oct 91 91 92 92 92 93 93 95 94 94 90 87 84 83 82 84 86 Feb 95 94 96 95 96 96 96 96 95 92 90 87 85 87 88 90 91 86 92 95 94 96 95 96 96 96 96 95 92 90 87 85 87 88 90 91 92 96 97 97 97 97 Jul 96 95 94 93 92 97 93 97 96 93 93 93 94 88 84 83 82 83 85 87 89 92 92 87 87 89 90 91 92 93 93 91 92 94 90 90 94 94 93 93 94 94 95 94 95 96 92 92 93 92 93 94 94 96 96 93 96 97 97 97 97 96 95 94 93 92 93 93 93 94 92 92 93 92 93 94 94 96 96 93 96 97 97 97 97 98 98 98 99 98 96 93 88 85 83 82 82 84 89 92 94 96 96 ? 97 97 97 Nov 97 98 97 97 98 98 98 98 97 91 88 84 83 81 82 84 86 89 92 94 94 96 95 97 Dec 91 91 91 92 92 92 89 84 81 78 75 74 74 76 77 79 83 85 87 88 89 89 90 90 89 82 92 85 92 85 92 82 94 92 94 92 93 82 92 81 85 74 95 96 96 97 97 97 99 98 92 1985: Jan 89 89 90 90 90 90 90 90 87 82 78 76 75 74 74 75 77 77 91 92 82 91 84 85 87 88 89 92 93 93 94 94 Apr 86 87 88 89 89 89 90 90 89 83 78 74 69 68 67 67 67 70 73 77 81 83 84 May 94 95 96 96 95 96 97 96 92 85 83 79 78 76 78 81 85 88 90 91 93 93 94 Jun 91 92 94 95 94 95 96 96 96 96 96 96 96 96 96 96 94 90 88 86 84 85 87 85 94 84 74 90 92 85 96 80 67 90 89 76 97 93 84 96 1986: Jun Jul 96 97 97 98 98 98 98 98 94 91 86 82 80 81 82 84 87 89 90 92 94 96 96 97 94 95 95 95 95 95 95 96 93 88 84 82 81 81 81 83 84 85 89 91 92 93 93 93 Aug 94 95 95 94 94 95 97 97 99 99 98 86 Sep Oct Nov 85 85 98 98 98 99 99 99 95 98 99 96 92 88 84 82 81 81 81 83 84 85 88 88 90 91 98 96 92 99 97 95 93 95 95 96 97 88 85 83 85 92 90 90 97 84 87 90 93 89 94 91 92 93 93 96 96 97 97 91 93 94 96 96 98 98 98 99 97 97 98 97 97 98 98 98 96 92 Dec 96 97 97 97 97 97 98 97 96 96 94 89 87 90 89 91 92 92 95 95 96 96 96 93 97 89 96 92 80 90 81 90 81 93 83 96 90 94 85 98 96 96 99 99 98 94 87 98 1987: Jan Feb 91 Mar 91 Apr May Jun Jul 92 92 92 93 94 93 94 93 92 89 86 80 80 80 81 81 83 84 86 88 90 90 90 91 91 92 92 92 92 93 93 93 91 87 82 80 79 79 80 80 83 86 89 90 90 90 91 92 93 93 93 93 94 93 90 85 81 75 74 72 73 74 76 79 83 87 89 90 91 91 91 91 91 91 96 96 97 98 98 91 92 93 98 97 98 98 98 98 97 97 97 97 98 97 98 98 97 98 92 90 85 82 80 80 81 79 80 80 82 85 97 93 89 89 86 86 87 87 88 90 91 92 90 90 91 91 94 94 95 98 95 96 91 93 89 90 89 87 88 85 87 83 86 84 90 92 93 95 96 96 92 96 96 97 97 86 89 90 92 94 95 96 96 97 88 80 88 86 87 79 93 86 94 86 93 83 94 79 93 72 94 93 98 98 NUMBER 29 105 Appendix D: Air Movement TABLE Dl.?Daily average wind direction at canopy level, Barro Colorado Island, Panamd, 1971-1987. 1971 1 23 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 Jan 103 108 29 174 12 79 81 42 4145 43 45 Feb 56 8345 4586 128185 180 164137 6445 4040 6251 45 Mar 90 90 96 119 183 96 67 69 135 115 141188 225 203 254 201 233 Apr 161 241305 167161 174181 178 171154 146159 161193 180207 246276 236228 254254 257 287198 176163 158243 146 May 189 175176 175247 283296 296 277264 306315 268 255 254 203 269 262 302 256 289 309 305 211 286 237 283 187 205 283 335 Jun 281 308 309 305 315 290 312 249 241 296 327 268 230 247 321 328 296 340 323 338 195 300 294 309 241 285 276 311 310 Jul 267 283 305 245 296 201 307 237 166 243 296 306 285299 230249 284306 278 255 288 179 203 281 297 289 309 315 285 291 288 Aug 328 315 247 243 335 313 315 343 309 303 325 275 267 316 332 337 100 355 330 306 236 72 63 357 349 286 302 232 Sep 284 331 296 251321 283283 227 340 238 242 286 350 299 204 316 347 228 356 340 320 349 344 12 93 281 302 189 Oct 297 337259 203270 256 348 289 292 333 325 212 263 200 296 255 107 298 248 315 355 285 39 336 333 70 350 305 Nov 335 350 350 333 343 324 190 152 142137 143 131 117 109 147 50 51 21 33 67 143 76 106 135 126 129 136 165 Dec 335 1 133 135 126 0 101 357 351 124 274 347 354 356 3586 355 354 351 332 345 0 8 123 52 25 337 307 343 236 221 1972 1 23 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 1112 1314 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 Jan 0 129 112 186170 116181 169 131115 109110 54 148 127 96 26 51 46 0 6 15 11 0 0 4 75 Feb 116 4160 3508 02 25 9794 5354 327349 35757 121117 930 351 358 0 0 11 10 0 0 356 Mar 356 04 00 20 0 00 548 34881 74357 350 29 326 43 28 358 347 347 338 338 0 355 335 46 290 Apr 38 61 356 0 0 0 0 0 0 4 0 62 5 6 22 353 6 355 62 135 128 169 146 158 354 69 124 352 18 145 May 9 118 12 67 69 29 2 10 138 73 153174 128354 55128 116137 29329 41 86 186 10 281 179 10 0 205 283 335 Jun 79 109110 105121 106167 123 154155 162157 94134 14625 1426 3329 157 117 71 104 127 121 129 111 349 332 Jul 320 22 106350 1206 128 12012 98 292 296 943 14 11 13 357 10 63 123 106 123 129 101 137 134 46 22 357 Aug 29 225 2356 4410 15 11894 146167 157316 332337 220 201 174 240 263 205 199 206 211 202 242 25684 121 217 Sep 164 232225 208218 207193 176 192 189 215210 218197 115216 227221 209169 203250 257 150 229 219 193 282 235 310 Oct 228 221245 211216 216224 240 263229 210199 219214 238218 270201 185232 216201 215 225 203 197 212 231 243 213 249 Nov 240 220 259 234 242 251238 212 212230 228 177 225 234 245 200 150 248 240 235 199 203 142 126 261 238 236 202 228 157 Dec 135 165175 47 281 55216 132 8887 274 347 354 356 358 6 355 354 351 332 345 0 8 123 52 25 337 307 343 236 221 1973 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 1112 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 Jan 85 91 88 88 90 90 86 86198 196 229177 10178 148 130152 203140 163265 215 215 99 94 97 94 93 97 90 90 Feb 121 109 46 332 345 355 3 1356 186 6885 71146 112 142 163 181 165 180 165 169 153 184 173 188 150 160 Mar 157 163 169 186 157 173 193 224268 199 163 168 182 180 182 206 230 207 326 43 241 210 185 195 6 200 168 198 203 182 181 Apr 216 153 151 315 190 197 173 186180 178 178194 196163 165 180171 205183 215 34 9 169146 298328 262205 205 185 178 May 189 192180 170174 230 273 352213 169 169156 199 249 202 329 328 332 309197 201 215 319 343 326 335 337 312 313 331 331 Jun 349 311 297 313 311 292 298 272210 210 326321 227 280 323 320 343 337 329 293 319 332 325 318 339 342342 205349 332 Jul 320 2 2 106 350 120 6 128120 12 98292 296 94 3 1411 13357 10 63 123 106 123 247 258 137 134 46 22 8 Aug 29 22 52 35644 10 15118 94 146167 157 316 332 337 220 201 174 240 263 205 199 206 211 202 242 256 84 121 217 Sep 332 204 202204 201195 307 342316 333 329321 340339 311 329 268 210 201 330 332 328 333 348 341 224 311 340 328 39 Oct 322 317308 231226 318 334 249340 118 272343 229214 209 246221 230235 302 321 272 276 309 307 325 211 328 351 326 341 Nov 340 339 334327 314251 238 212212 23 228262 285289 312 316 193 189 211 197 212 300 321 347 319 303 157 119 242 157 Dec 199 165 17547 28155 216 13288 87 274 347 354 356 358 6 355 354351 332345 0 8 123 52 25 337 307 343 236 221 1974 1 23 45 6 7 89 10 1112 1314 15 1617 1819 2021 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 Jan 290 204180 20729 331 34 135135 174 1710 354 350 293 47 2 355 264 157 332 3 198 343 354 347 228 59 358 0 358 Feb 11 63 46 332 0 0 24 13357 4 347357 358 360 8 4 0 0 021 83 3 2 0 9 4 356 10 Mar 21 10 20 2178 48 2317 240 4161 94 18 7 16 0 6 349 342 344 225 88 293 7 351 19 48 339 155 13 Apr 356 351 205317 358358 0 345321 315 315318 316330 315 315 315 313 327 328 324 317 327 323 315 315 315 315 354 354 May 15 184 336 157 7350 59 4894 38 13343 340 152 159 153 171 123 326 359 306 169 162 144 153 134 118 14 348 191 315 Jun 242 271 349 340 234 203 216 333 333293 301229 227 195 309 180 180 315 318 332 309 315 227 252 234 256 247 314 322 273 Jul 330 319281 319308 317 197 208262 342 174125 932 45 14 11 24 67 90 63 353 278 44 47 5254 5046 22 78 Aug 103 11097 122109 113 106 1577 149 125146 104 106 336 99 17 350 217 279 261 299 277 309 254 306 285 312 291 304 270 Sep 170 175 203 206 213 307 247 280297 292 286122 126128 129 143 212 168 201 330 332 328 333 145 271 285 223 278 283 283 Oct 261 281 288 300 282285 293 244288 295 285247 229 214 301 273 271 311 158 142 311 311 335 343 313 336 308 337 299 259 280 Nov 282 291 270 319 310 312 307 305283 305 333 308 278 291 283 323 306 299 8 70 96 100 130 137 125 162 143 122 126 110 Dec 117 99 64321 332103 118 13229 306 7315 335327 203 108105 11881 11149 2354 6782 40351 329316 325 310 106 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE EARTH SCIENCES TABLE Dl.?Continued 1975 Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec 1976 Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec 1 23 45 67 8 910 1112 1314 15 32816 318 17 33418 315 19 26420 157 21 33222 3 2324 2526 2728 2930 31 335316 3432 27 0 251 214 187 342348 234 210 196 236 341 318 220 193 350315 316 199 160 28 139 338 196 23 36139 328 195 217 298 108 250 223 293 196 239 243 311228 231 197 236 207 212 17 1 247 218 205 2520 245 246 35 251 238 214210 255 236 224 35243 227 337 235 217 345 240 225 253229 218 10 230 220 333222 203 259 214 183 274209 189 17 191 195 64229 186 331 194 187 45 293337 276340 344357 344352 349 34562 12 35610 336 347 232334 6 235 4351 1419 33021 316271 354243 228244 39 279 313 79 230 20090 289 324 105 291 187 328 41 270 1990 288 76 29245 273 31 264329 288 263 307 264 274 41 307 195 3 272 2046 358 342 213232 227 188192 113245 4120 35838 290 16 288 297 19 302 307279 224 257 274 53 16052 297 73 296326 284 117 253 9011 1570 69 250 90 328278 4447 5254 297297 302350 31326 3477 344345 3015 2956 5356 3762 256 106 285 175282 305 166 100 289 15360 168 175 181 157192 166 41106 168 -90180 219 272 355144 323 317 276 78355 81 338 218 261324 89 289 76229 47352 38335 153 85 276158 6883 113 302312 333350 289 289 311319 279 334 17148 2071 145177 133 248 238 246135 173 309 255 158 110 135 253156 170 140 165 279 326 87 211288 273 249 233203 258266 5349 353328 301350 358 621 32175 18780 142109 152 287 117248 249 207 248 238 199 147239 261 189 269203 1 135 150 150 62 187 342 176 279 168 203 193 3572 244 152 144 210 196 130 200 289 188 199 147 311 3 227 150 152 220 71 153 199 292 192 130 183 3144 155 142 156 199 334 188 236 273 201 146 171 247 10 6 306 116 31 264 131 165 184 12020 351 117 342 201 222 207 124 157 29 146 0 214 183 9012 344 129 317 94 181 162 152 46 61 321 6 322 136 239 158 162 35352 317 2 280 161 193 97 180 327 5 111 142 1546 99 139 154 7 180 141 142 8 199 138 1779 111 144 190 94 142 16111 126 138 142 41 317 358 321 112 193 189 167 276 12 113 135 152 350 346 16 103 183 180 149 207 35613 126 135 140 350 69 46 265 222 69 179 191 1 14 118 161 140 53 95 114 347 226 118 102 216 5015 116 150 152 12 301 121 315 219 254 112 243 144 16 124 130 148 335 315 120 296 190 225 181 238 211316 120 298 237 235 167 188 234 31 86 306 312 189 141 208 32997 154 315 252 137 231 225 8 23 116 276 217 117 210 197 081 139 347 225 190 189 218 222 99 8423 5310 17 139 143 154 018 133 156 152 17 19 133 196 167 34720 142 149 154 26 21 148 135 14222 148 271 167 23 157 135 150 345 15024 141 135 171 195 113 25 142 137 173 186 7726 155 140 110 11 10 111 189 193 180 178 35787 190 252 191 203 4 30 182 220 198 20 32996 197 171 197 85 77 54 247 183 287 221 31 696 38 27 155 159 195 154 135 105 324 189 227 168 86 3128 152 157 204 55 106 108 342 184 82 225 170 264 29 152 150 213 150 110 103 315 177 203 206 100232 150 117 180 306 188 235 203 288 19530 18031 149 45 120 211 356 357 10 1977 Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec 1978 Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec 12 34 56 78 9 1011 1213 1415 1617 1819 20 2122 2324 25 2627 28 2930 31 1231 397 613 2030 79 2410 72 26733 7625 6112 5 1353 4713 124 13298 75 141120 113 40195 35725 410 00 2 5820 IS) 30 3217 192 00 34 6734 2052 31 2058 98 9362 60128 113103 8050 81 90121 120110 7080 8892 111115 81 90108 7559 65 80105 110 9851 56 6962 6484 12583 4797 58 27300 313111 9787 101107 8968 90 9074 110238 153 172148 94 4771 3260 51141 202170 207110 242 206196 142101 136211 168239 180223 232 207173 203232 203 274153 128 112195 251 204140 136163 221233 164120 159 230216 185195 250238 188235 205154 209 105217 105102 158 169309 222 231212 231113 79195 236219 217212 212 25223 7793 103132 227166 102141 220 215111 118180 118 98324 342 117130 226 220211 12493 203211 237258 173 155226 163158 157189 177187 189173 191 194238 186178 189 192194 185 143123 221 132174 18999 130192 181119 189 193184 134193 203149 189187 205194 215 252284 260272 251 198186 266 296271 284264 275281 241207 214162 158 97262 260230 233239 257263 262245 252 2842 21243 329 1730 27 339 7 1435 35011 615 183152 311 1816 2822 3029 224 3271 30 27357 5087 84 5578 73 9078 7186 7387 6151 3456 84 29475 8886 7346 6171 7738 310 441 330315 349 35912 338 33221 23 12 34 56 78 9 1011 1213 1415 1617 1819 20 2122 2324 25 2627 28 2930 31 34055 340302 303300 49343 34655 6264 16275 29885 3665 309 297306 315315 345 350320 308 287310 310 291313 306317 341351 31945 27 2311 283292 4344 288305 3317 328 352303 289296 318 344315 307 32710 338322 333336 31719 49 58324 313337 311299 283289 15610 3371 7860 54 2950 10293 70 683 327 971 68341 317318 31518 3550 63 266278 307 NUMBER 29 107 TABLE Dl.?Continued. 1979 1 23 4 56 78 910 1112 1314 1516 1718 19 2021 2223 2425 2627 2829 3031 Jan 328337 336344 328312 3506 13 4330 357341 35511 356335 3466 310 Feb 47 7 69 64 13352 1710 130 216 21 1311 179 315 349352 65 346 Mar 350 910 515 77 926 47 4365 9393 9090 17 175 70 Apr 355349 354162 208335 49 921 27 154 3340 282276 333 352320 203172 82217 243179 144237 260 May 256 250204 303307 348355 338350 2 12203 269302 308223 324330 334 336355 323299 316323 278280 245216 163132 Jun 180 191258 208176 189146 149203 170 193217 230 Jul 313257 243233 252226 251305 272 307234 261318 282219 3217 353224 245262 Aug 203192 337350 328309 321314 97 3351 279321 310274 234231 240 241269 283208 156233 276211 153171 176170 Sep 166166 243180 180167 153156 191169 175176 180155 146170 177 165157 247292 196304 284267 283250 263207 270 Oct 336 315279 224293 228191 171167 154 144178 153165 159178 176163 180 166144 149175 Nov 191 323223 261236 247201 339260 231 171155 165300 287333 278221 219 222212 239349 354272 249247 285266 285 Dec 309 340302 287305 345342 278 1980 1 23 45 67 89 10 1112 1314 1516 1718 19 2021 2223 2425 2627 2829 3031 Jan 355351 358357 0 00 00 Feb 0 00 00 358341 0348 355 00 00 00 327343 317 3570 3580 0349 3490 00 Mar 0 00 00 00 00 0 00 00 00 00 0 00 00 00 00 00 0340 Apr 356 00 3580 00 00 0 0352 352348 1 00 00 00 0349 3360 00 0 May 355 345180 670 351333 0353 157 526 20279 192169 5019 273 337312 335249 17123 18190 190234 261347 Jun 194 185176 11329 33215 314311 297 271214 251197 34732 31916 45 241194 270317 317314 355356 67 335 Jul 353 210 56 115 339330 4 2296 327311 325327 34111 17 311283 277206 233211 268314 306255 335323 Aug 258 302336 306300 314331 238229 190 222326 14295 293296 262 Sep 235192 180335 345239 213246 237 281290 257346 291203 179172 258 242211 180180 17711 219210 173169 196 Oct 227 174178 182164 173175 167164 165 211187 23257 258247 268256 266 298227 215328 261 210214 261256 207166 NOV 256 246325 240181 180174 180180 180 207239 202178 175184 200176 332 0342 25261 233251 288310 297259 349 Dec 254 3140 0340 277350 358354 282 288324 213228 286263 290330 0 00 0357 00 353354 229354 20 1981 1 23 45 6 78 9 1011 1213 14 1516 1718 1920 2122 2324 2526 2728 29 3031 Jan 358 90 3493 2 353356 2 29 3585 17 3497 29 114 3343 309323 34513 313 2 0358 Feb 344 3380 00 358 03 7 3582 2613 23 00 02 00 00 02 02 05 Mar 353 00 0336 246 331338 357 1113 3584 300 55 355328 270347 428 03 30 33 358 3532 Apr 2 05 00 0 03 0 00 358340 342 352353 349265 215175 206282 208343 349319 284189 161 173 May 166 176169 180176 173 163151 163 147187 180180 279 291220 264209 324342 0271 30378 140167 190190 347 183347 Jun 194 185176 11329 332 15314 311 297271 214251 197 34732 31916 45241 194270 317317 314355 3566 167 3 Jul 8 18072 8343 154 157154 121 44303 32698 50 6185 127356 170126 283340 180165 180178 158173 58 126176 Aug 166 110157 13767 70 2320 229 135123 198170 157 176215 192172 161180 231156 150161 182177 143293 318 186171 Sep 154 152178 162165 183 350180 246 237281 290257 346 291203 179172 258242 211180 180177 11219 210173 169 196 Oct 266 241237 197281 297 254291 235 191199 211200 250 235240 337308 264290 264188 166174 169199 219176 178 173182 Nov 175 155173 180206 276 241229 255 300343 273227 277 273299 240260 277218 251249 208208 214262 271290 216 228 Dec 184 270285 319341 298 311238 256 252352 0353 298 219328 354358 358321 326346 287242 0333 304316 0 342209 1982 1 23 45 6 78 9 1011 1213 14 1516 1718 1920 2122 2324 2526 2728 29 3031 Jan 291 259235 208226 178 343342 0 00 0 288 340 02 358358 3470 00 00 00 00 0 00 Feb 344 0349 357358 0 00 357 345358 0 0 0 0328 257324 324358 339358 00 0357 358 0 Mar 0 00 0330 342 3370 358 0355 00 0 00 00 3580 3570 357334 306355 349358 0 00 Apr 0 00 357323 307 3580 323 290253 209 194 205 3280 347358 0180 180180 180180 178180 178165 312260 May 271 262264 174146 164 177168 138 9124 165 178 167 13815 2474 354353 325341 324319 301 334354 327 23176 337 Jun 118 17020 45349 55 144152 65 279 580 157 3340 345286 16523 348247 140114 168118 38161 172 180 Jul 180 175170 135163 108 138157 162 178172 5247 171 162157 180180 25161 172180 151159 180164 266 145170 178 Aug 180 168164 146174 157 3250 152 180120 173 180 157 176215 150127 161178 136133 180180 156175 180 148 92180 163 Sep 127 141158 163126 131 105180 292 242320 3270 240 303175 180171 281256 223276 311284 174180 160208 170 167 Oct 163 196 200 167280 331 320280 208 191199 144200 250 335291 33734 8319 323290 288289 246257 317327 331325 298 Nov 307 263198 00 325 322344 358 353284 3330 0 00 00 00 358351 3470 341298 3370 00 Dec 0 00 0335 0 355333 0 00 0 0 0 00 00 00 3570 75 0 00 00 00 108 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE EARTH SCIENCES TABLE Dl.?Continued. 1983 12 3 45 67 89 1011 1213 1415 1617 1819 2021 2223 2425 2627 2829 3031 Jan 00 0 00 0343 3420 00 00 00 00 00 3430 3580 00 349324 3580 00 Feb 00 0 00 00 00 3553 3430 00 00 00 00 00 00 0332 0 Mar 00 0 00 00 02 3490 00 00 358173 17393 00 00 00 00 00 00 Apr 00 0 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 0332 00 0314 269353 0 May 0315 304 347336 351353 345358 3550 0327 284275 286249 226180 315342 00 0347 354339 298326 334169 Jun 23 356248 173180 173167 17690 331306 186219 180336 349197 354351 23340 295290 1890 0298 301268 256 Jul 309 341349 353276 326342 0162 178172 5314 261309 2470 00 0347 270190 354358 00 345350 335324 Aug 354 2340 00 206171 00 0307 3490 00 0344 280161 178136 133180 335273 285280 250283 295264 Sep 257 236311 230270 270225 29820 206198 242311 296303 175180 171281 256223 276311 284174 180160 208170 167 Oct 163 196200 167299 331340 34916 2614 332311 216157 172203 165180 161177 289254 324327 270291 287324 320225 Nov 229 267287 00 325322 312182 226200 280302 312325 293343 305303 310260 253325 352357 357293 217245 230 Dec 330358 306 247221 265337 358289 329280 289350 346310 295256 288311 315307 3570 00 00 330351 3550 1984 i-i 23 45 67 89 1011 1213 1415 1617 1819 2021 2223 2425 2627 2829 3031 Jan 341 3580 357358 70 3349 3150 00 00 00 00 0353 3573 3332 3345 20 00 Feb 00 0 00 02 3358 02 00 00 20 715 5356 3521 33 35 00 Mar 7 03 72 3530 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 02 73 37 350354 Apr 213 355 3587 0354 31991 07 05 353 I-I 27 113 7356 320178 3513 3532 05 5 May 3 33 351352 50 00 00 04 00 27 05 3347 3563 250 248206 174354 315298 Jun 167 171211 333262 301328 236328 350221 214349 335319 276237 3367 355286 299328 322293 323323 325297 287 Jul 309 341343 314264 212221 342299 2384 11281 261309 2470 00 0347 270190 354358 00 345350 335324 Aug 354 2340 00 206171 00 0307 3490 00 0344 280161 178136 133180 335273 285280 250283 295264 Sep 257 236311 230270 270225 29820 206198 242357 285204 180213 256227 187176 187180 187203 323353 315295 254 Oct 217 276313 260187 244309 235241 317302 307322 311282 340238 313229 258219 151332 3534 34 285324 356343 Nov 229 267315 354330 243326 356310 269283 242201 266242 294295 352304 236252 205266 157169 241298 205178 182 Dec 257 173175 280304 44 74 3537 358322 07 311 715 03 00 00 3570 3357 3510 1985 i-H 23 4 5 67 89 1011 1213 14 1516 17 1819 2021 2223 2425 2627 28 2930 31 Jan 0 00 0 3 00 00 00 73 0 00 0 00 00 00 00 3570 356 00 357 Feb 336 357351 0 0 00 30 347268 00 0 00 0 03 30 03 00 00 0 Mar 0 30 0 0 07 30 03 00 0 00 7 00 11353 3370 03 07 3 00 0 Apr 0 318 358 7 0354 31991 07 05 353 12 7 113 7356 320178 3513 3532 0 55 May 3 403 23 337 280283 300240 323188 154176 27 1111 225 16613 73 354290 273256 316327 308 357326 304 Jun 226 163198 184 322 233318 271304 3260 357316 298 293280 353 3497 355286 299328 322293 323323 325 297287 Jul 309 341219 348 191 321259 311313 144 300325 304 344355 168 262260 284254 217174 354358 00 345 350335 324 Aug 354 2340 14 334 5139 258182 165332 3490 284 261266 233 234256 177155 355342 353273 285280 250 283295 264 Sep 257 236311 230 350 317328 290211 262308 28477 294 307334 340 2327 187176 187180 187203 323353 315 295254 Oct 217 173196 200 113 7145 2487 7025 4241 57 101175 105 133234 274253 290199 182182 152126 172 181161 169 Nov 165 171144 159 197 187304 281347 356355 356275 274 292325 349 351351 308251 237255 157169 241298 205 178182 Dec 257 173175 280 304 44 74 353339 3572 2 00 0 3580 20 322347 339 0 353338 268 349357 353 1986 ?-I 23 4 5 67 89 1011 1213 14 1516 17 1819 2021 2223 2425 2627 28 2930 31 Jan 353 3580 0 3 00 322328 349334 355331 357 3530 358 0317 326320 3510 00 20 0 00 0 Feb 0 017 2 1 145 02 00 00 0 00 0 03 30 03 0 0 00 0 Mar 0 30 0 0 0358 3580 052 35917 19 7358 0 0357 3580 358353 358 0 07 3 00 0 Apr 03 18358 7 0354 319 91 07 05 353 295282 258 213159 138132 126178 351 3 3532 0 55 May 3 321326 69 75 358173 309333 163318 35463 33 2111 140 18013 73 354290 273256 180180 184 193182 178 Jun 187 183140 181 176 17278 25169 8569 7158 74 7949 62 4216 34119 56109 3050 1318 17 117181 Jul 0 1081 24 43 35784 311313 8844 300325 304 344355 168 262260 284254 217174 354358 00 345 350335 324 Aug 354 2340 14 334 5139 258313 07 341244 8 304284 312 208180 15752 202 98113 32932 169 205295 264 Sep 257 18275 130 322 322318 03 331330 337345 46 41159 98 3993 13152 320 187203 323353 315 295254 Oct 217 173196 99 31 0159 146 120 111146 193181 137 101175 105 133234 274253 290199 182 182 152126 172 181161 169 Nov 165171 329303 355 0338 275214 259253 224202 227 323310 274 338293 306274 3530 276357 344318 316 354353 Dec 345324 330328 304 44 7 4 353339 271239 224 266268 309 349297 00 00 00 00 0 00 332 NUMBER 29 109 TABLE Dl.?Continued 1987 Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec 12 34 56 78 910 1112 13 312358 342302 3550 357347 351328 353358 0 0358 0357 3510 3550 00 3460 358 339358 357358 0357 0358 014 20 0 0358 3200 3550 00 335357 00 0 257330 325344 9353 339306 267306 355358 33414 0 344 343 355 323 15 0 309 0 353 25516 358 298 355 353 230 17 355 345 341 353 29018 357 351 337 355 301 19 331 358 348 355 26420 0 357 355 341 222 21 358 357 358 342 221 2223 2425 2627 2829 3031 341358 355357 00 00 00 00 00 00 0 345314 13299 346351 3482 358352 325324 257304 317345 346303 243 352216 341355 353318 343345 348340 110 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE EARTH SCIENCES TABLE D2.?Number of hours wind was recorded in each octant by month and year at canopy level, Barro Colorado Island, Pamama, 1971-1987. 1971 N NEE SES SWw NW 1973 N NE E SES SW W NW 1975 N NE E SE Jan 25 161 345 28 20 0 4 10 26 422 48 63 96 34 3 322 14 21 19 Feb 3 220 338 92 26 26 77 24 138 109 203 30 29 62 286 30 22 42 Mar 6 10 91 48 66 26 51 24 55 4 10 77 392 48 47 26 37 23 67 Apr 436 8 130 312 16 60 91 107 9 6 54 354 42 42 29 14 20 15 May 826 23 29 233 15 110 188 161 4 4 55 290 30 62 138 99 186 20 22 Jun 107 511 3 130 34 100 293 207 5 67 154 20 64 204 88 287 71 8 Jul 69 211 43 162 28 158 263 10 1 1 3 19 3 3 16 28 106 138 18 Aug 165 4711 23 13129 60 175 113 37 5 76 Sep 148 3710 10 10068 92 103 250 5 5 15 209 67 40 129 247 63 11 84 Oct 118 6413 21 11848 75 127 215 4 9 5 204 107 70 124 25 22 156 117 Nov 139 4560 200 1263 13 38 96 7 5 22 130 42 40 180 17 25 6 113 Dec 395 624 83 13024 42 16 2 0 0 1 13 0 0 5 106 62 41 130 1972 N NEE SE SSW W NW 1974 N NE E SE S SW wNW 1976 N NE E SE Jan 306 549 184 9712 16 9 340 36 21 50 150 53 23 71 367 109 22 60 Feb 484 1064 65 305 19 19 433 44 32 36 28 11 5 30 481 95 22 0 Mar 503 525 57 8620 23 5 393 91 36 67 57 79 7 14 325 225 13 12 Apr 423 719 113 8921 10 4 163 29 3 9 20 28 3 439 273 33 56 55 May 270 1346 118 13836 9 7 194 112 40 91 181 32 5 58 100 14 130 134 Jun 248 3066 115 1823 8 28 149 53 10 15 125 144 45 131 216 38 92 146 Jul 331 866 175 9912 16 37 63 105 90 20 54 45 58 114 56 21 135 53 Aug 148 2103 69 90129 88 10 40 12 87 195 58 16 62 236 25 41 95 45 Sep 19 18146 12 122237 162 4 14 0 13 184 113 20 50 182 52 90 59 46 Oct 12 5108 22 99303 174 11 88 5 2 98 65 46 101 250 31 96 105 37 Nov 7 2180 16 80191 232 12 129 16 36 153 87 46 40 208 79 81 95 37 Dec 5 1691 7 328 34 8 178 32 76 173 69 15 16 185 320 51 67 23S 58 39 101 265 105 10 14 66 92 32 84 209 S 23 24 3 81 SW 8 67 416 370 210 106 29 93 144 41 60 67 SW 14 0 16 2 W 4 48 98 17 46 91 171 102 28 50 136 77 W 9 5 24 14 27 NW 176 104 56 28 56 59 87 252 36 112 120 46 NW 136 1 6 44 210 43 157 35 176 196 181 202 81 3 13 26 184 187 239 164 108 11 119 35 197 57 2 79 4211 6 53 9 6010 1977 N 338 418 31 26 29 6 22 16 NE 151 73 142 170 59 9 22 42E 105 84 404 313 173 164 197 125 45 104 62 100 95 67 42 35 39 16 22 0 SE 39S 49 SW W NW 90 74 45 49 62 77 98 243 1863 30 146 151 135 200 167 15 41 163 172 91 66 82 2570 29 8 6 5 10 76 40 11 60 135 115 29 78 219 48 15 144 324 43 4 21 35 5 7 39 32 3 54 48 35 176 1979N 291 477 230 284 246 23 119 197 61 56 87 36 10 27 43 8 3 13 19 16 10 27 21 14 9NE 2 SE 0 S 3 SW 13 W 13 NW 121 51 141 136 96 2 0 4 1 6 41 87 20 97 1 1 4 4 77 75 109 77 105 344 233 139 17 3 88 137 66 98 160 81 58 168 28 0 42 92 19 74 93 41 19 60 14 11 78 100 9 56 78 51 44 132 78 1978N NE 58 145 56 55 E 150 46 SE 19 10 S 5 9 SW 14 3W 91 144 25 37 57 154 7 45 3 82 4 67 29 31 19 693 6 4 58 NW 333 283 180 62 88 1980 N 198 603 705 545 156 210 288 87 130 81 97 454 NE 0 0 0 8 149 100 102 46 12 11 43 6 E SE S SW w NW 0 0 0 0 0 10 1 0 6 4 5 40 2 7 3 43 8 113 10 134 7 76 108 128 19 13 1 5 7 8 3 10 5 3 26 52 15 0 98 22 30 266 292 268 44 82 106 97 115 129 136 79 79 73 42 49 51 17 54 71 70 28 45 52 72 78 1981 N 595 606 539 428 144 NE 76 47 52 12 20E 0 0 0 0 0 SE 0 0 17 26 90S 1 0 14 99 251 5 67 93 74 7 5 0 2 1982 SW 17 W 6 NW 4 9 8 156 10 132 0 0 77 59 8 214 0 92 119 330 16 6 70 2 0 5 50 62 18 2 68 123 38 50 32 2 11 296 309 93 261 206 84 3 10 23 4 201 181 128 0 0 0 0 7 20 21 5 46 18 3 101 145 115 N 550 564 642 287 196 263 NEE SES SW w NW 22 1 63 39 24 17 3 44 62 96 70 00 3 36 490 17 81 86 89 105 100 3 264 215 247 444 405 2498 48 23 7 2 3 105 6 27 50 69 59 115 0 59 316 78 111 132 503 692 54 28 33 3 133 2 7 0 0 31 48 74 5 5 22 20 140 86 54 88 63 1983 1984 N 586 649 672 651 451 282 430 317 41 144 219 423 NE E SE S SW W NW 0 0 0 0 0 0 36 2 0 0 0 3 4 14 0 0 16 49 4 0 3 3 0 3 13 0 8 10 4 27 14 0 7 52 241 34 43 57 95 102 71 0 6 47 65 0 15 25 37 6 83 8 17 0 1 10 7 50 0 36 103 61 56 97 144 123 230 147 44 13 32 30 56 38 46 123 66 93 1985 N 349 310 352 26 132 84 127 118 132 111 163 397 NEE SES SW w 40 00 3 11 140 00 03 403 15 36 47 39 1 31 2 205 21 38 65 27 80 18 59 40 10 55 74 78 54 25 81 13 3 46 2 9 142 48 22 191 111 71 67 74 40 25 41 80 0 10 13 10 0 44 41 91 68 39 46 95 55 1987 N 615 599 566 519 314 NE E SE S SW w NW 0 0 0 0 9 11 0 0 0 3 17 1 79 52 14 8 25 30 3 5 93 100 195 1 10 0 6 0 6 4 62 60 81 36 70 22 7 3 0 17 20 31 44 N 662 645 699 550 511 123 NE E SE S SW w NW 15 0 0 0 3 11 53 40 0 0 0 0 5 6 28 75 0 3 0 4 0 31 23 10 24 1 4 12 39 4 7 20 29 16 22 18 3 7 27 73 59 38 N 459 258 438 NEE SES SW w 50 0 295 7 182 2 00 0 33 3 4 6 8 51 97 192 29 76 45 74 65 144 38 147 140 21 24 32 12 4 4 NW 103 2 20 30 101 58 47 6 2 1 17 24 20 10 38 107 46 269 2 1 7 76 27 59 60 15 41 20 6 4 1 20 23 91 46 42 34 1 5 17 7 6 13 79 88 25 74 145 141 34 272 347 20 33 65 10 11 0 27 22 16 0 1 13 17 73 72 28 14 29 21 87 61 35 42 43 74 97 80 33 15 78 94 7 64 14 136 10 20 54 42 88 NUMBER 29 111 TABLE D3.?Circular average (above) and standard deviation of monthly wind direction by octant (N = 1, NE = 2, etc.) at canopy level on Barro Colorado Island, Panama\ 1971-1986. Jan Feb Mar Apr MayJun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep OctNov Dec 1971 2 2 2 1 2 44 5 5 4 6 3 1.3 1.5 1.7 1.3 1.9 2.1 1.3 2.4 ?1 C1.0 1.40.9 1.7 1972 2 2 4 7 8 6 1 3 1 3 6 4 2.1 0.8 1.2 1.1 1.5 1.7 2.1 1.7 1 0I ? ?. 1.71.6 2.4 1973 3 4 5 5 6 8 7 8 7 7 5 1.4 1.9 1.3 1.6 2.2 1.7 2.2 2.0 1.9 1.7 1974 1 4 2 6 41 4 3 3 7 2 8 2.1 0.9 1.7 1.6 1.4 2.0 1.7 1.5 1.9 1.41.2 1975 1 1 6 6 71 1 8 8 3 6 5 1.2 1.6 1.1 0.9 2.8 1.8 2.3 1.7 2.4 1.9 2.2 1976 1 1 1 1 2 3 8 5 5 5 5 1 1.2 0.7 0.9 1.7 2.3 2.1 2.2 1.6 1.8 2.0 2.1 1977 2 1 3 3 55 5 5 57 2 2 1.4 1.2 1.0 1.4 2.2 1.8 1.9 1.5 1.8 1.4 1.7 1978 1 1 1 1 1 8 8 8 2 1 .6 .2 .4 .7 .8 1979 1 1 2 1 8 5 7 7 5 5 7 8 0.8 0.6 0.9 1.9 1.9 1.5 1.9 2.2 1 A1.1 1.51.8 1.3 1980 1 1 1 1 8 8 8 7 6 5 6 1 0.2 0.4 0.2 0.6 2.6 2.0 1.6 1.8 1 O1. o 1.61.8 1.3 1981 1 1 1 1 5 24 5 5 6 6 8 0.6 0.4 1.0 1.7 1.9 2.6 2.4 1.5 1. J 1.61.8 1.6 1982 1 1 1 7 7 2 5 5 5 8 1 1 1.1 0.6 0.4 2.6 2.8 2.9 1.5 1.3 1 Q1 ? y 1.70.9 0.3 1983 1 1 1 1 17 1 8 7 8 7 8 0.2 0.3 0.8 0.5 1.2 2.7 1.3 1.50 n ?. . U 2.21.8 1.3 1984 1 1 1 1 18 8 6 8 7 1 0.4 0.3 0.3 0.9 0.9 1.7 1.9 1 . D 1.71.9 0.9 1985 1 1 1 1 8 8 8 7 8 4 7 1 0.2 0.4 0.3 0.3 1.8 1.8 2.0 2.4 1 11.1 2.22.2 0.7 1986 1 11 5 43 2 1 24 8 1 0.8 0.4 0.5 1.8 3.1 2.2 1.6 2.4 2.3 1.71.6 1.1 112 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE EARTH SCIENCES TABLE D4.?Average daily wind speed (km/hr) at canopy level, Barro Colorado Island, Panama\ 1971-1987. 1971 1 2 3 4 5 67 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 Jan Feb Mar 4 2 4 3 4 4 4 2 4 3 .9 .9 .1 .5 .5 .7 .3 .9 .7 .9 Apr 5.3 3.9 3.0 3.4 5.0 7.1 8.910.7 9.6 9.0 7.7 3.6 3.4 2.3 2.5 3.8 3.7 5.3 May 5.2 4.7 7.8 3.2 2.2 2.4 2.6 2.9 2.0 1.8 2.0 2.4 2.3 2.02.9 2.2 2.1 2.7 3.8 2.8 2.4 Jun 1.7 2.0 2.9 2.6 2.8 1.8 1.7 2.6 2.5 2.0 2.0 3.5 2.6 1.9 2.3 2.4 1.7 2.3 2.0 4.5 2.4 2.8 2.7 2.5 2.1 1.7 Jul 2.6 2.3 2.9 2.6 5.0 2.6 2.5 3.9 2.4 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.8 1.7 1.4 1.9 3.0 2.7 3.0 2.6 1.5 2.2 2.1 2.0 2.5 1.9 Aug 2.6 2.4 2.2 2.1 1.8 1.9 2.5 2.3 2.1 1.9 1.8 2.1 2.0 2.3 2.6 2.0 1.62.5 1.9 2.4 1.8 1.5 1.9 1.6 1.8 Sep 1.9 3.0 2.2 2.0 2.9 4.1 5.0 3.5 2.4 2.5 2.2 1.5 1.9 1.9 2.4 2.3 Oct 2.1 2.2 2.2 2.4 2.4 2.4 2.1 3.8 2.5 3.0 2.1 2.1 2.0 Nov 2.0 1.6 1.9 2.3 3.1 2.3 2.2 2.1 2.6 2.0 2.4 2.83.7 3.4 3.2 2.4 3.3 1.9 2.6 2.4 2.7 2.3 1.8 Dec 4.9 3.9 3.0 2.6 2.6 2.7 3.0 4.5 4.5 3.1 2.9 3.9 7.5 5.1 5.0 3.4 5.2 6.4 5.93.0 4.2 7.2 3.7 3.5 4.5 4.5 5.8 9.1 1.8 1972 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 1920 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 Jan 3.1 2.5 2.3 1.8 2.4 1.4 1.5 3.3 3.8 3.2 2.3 3.2 2.6 2.5 6.4 4.4 2.9 3.9 6.0 4.7 5.9 9.0 9.3 5.2 3.0 2.7 Feb 5.0 4.1 4.6 8.1 10.8 7.6 5.9 2.7 3.0 4.7 5.7 4.2 4.6 5.0 4.2 2.7 3.3 3.2 12.38.9 12.5 10.1 8.0 6.5 5.1 7.7 10.0 5.9 Mar 8.4 6.0 6.7 8.1 10.6 7.7 8.5 7.0 3.7 5.9 3.8 4.0 5.5 4.4 3.3 3.84.8 6.0 4.7 3.8 5.3 4.3 5.4 5.2 4.6 3.5 2.9 3.6 Apr 3.3 3.1 7.5 13.1 11.4 6.3 4.6 5.2 3.9 2.7 6.8 4.5 4.5 4.4 5.7 3.0 2.82.4 2.2 3.0 2.7 2.8 3.1 3.3 3.3 4.5 2.5 May 3.1 3.0 2.6 2.4 3.0 6.3 5.8 2.1 3.3 2.0 2.5 2.4 3.6 2.4 1.8 2.0 2.3 3.2 3.13.0 3.1 2.0 3.1 2.5 3.5 Jun 2.6 2.8 2.7 3.5 2.4 2.6 1.6 2.0 2.4 3.6 4.6 4.6 3.7 2.92.4 1.9 3.1 2.7 2.5 2.0 1.9 2.3 5.8 5.7 3.4 Jul 4.2 4.7 3.0 3.2 3.9 4.8 3.5 3.0 3.8 2.8 2.4 1.6 2.2 7.8 3.5 3.0 3.2 3.3 3.52.9 2.1 2.5 2.7 2.3 2.5 1.9 2.3 2.6 3.1 2.9 2.8 Aug 3.8 4.3 4.6 5.3 3.4 4.8 6.0 2.9 2.8 2.7 1.8 2.6 2.4 2.61.7 2.3 2.1 2.9 2.5 2.6 1.7 2.6 1.9 2.1 2.6 2.5 Sep 2.0 2.0 2.2 2.4 2.3 2.5 2.9 2.6 2.7 2.7 2.5 2.5 2.3 2.2 2.9 2.6 1.7 2.8 2.92.9 2.2 1.9 2.8 2.3 2.3 1.9 1.6 2.2 2.4 1.6 Oct 2.0 2.0 2.5 2.6 2.6 2.1 2.6 1.7 2.2 1.9 2.5 2.8 1.8 1.6 3.1 2.4 2.72.5 2.0 2.2 2.3 2.6 2.6 2.9 2.5 2.3 2.6 1.8 2.0 Nov Dec 2.3 2.9 2.0 1.91.7 2.0 1.9 2.9 3.1 2.6 2.2 2.3 2.2 1.7 2.1 1.6 2.3 2.3 2.5 2.4 2.6 2.2 2.2 3.1 2.7 3.6 2.6 2.1 2.1 2.3 4.4 Avg 4.0 5.5 3.0 2.4 2.5 2.1 2.6 2.2 2.5 4.4 0 3.2 3.0 2.4 2.3 2.4 1973 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 Jan 8.1 6.1 8.5 9.2 10.3 10.5 9.6 4.9 3.4 3.3 2.5 2.9 11.8 4.3 3.2 3.7 2.6 2.8 2.9 5.8 8.0 7.0 7.0 5.3 8.9 11.4 10.1 Feb 5.5 6.2 12.0 8.6 6.0 5.7 5.0 2.8 3.3 6.4 6.9 5.8 3.6 4.6 9.5 6.2 9.1 7.4 11.2 7.5 6.6 6.8 8.6 7.7 8.6 6.6 Mar 9.4 7.3 6.2 5.8 7.7 7.1 6.4 3.5 3.7 3.7 4.1 5.8 8.3 8.6 6.9 4.4 4.0 5.4 8.6 4.6 3.5 3.5 3.7 6.4 4.5 5.1 5.8 Apr 4.8 4.9 4.9 3.6 5.0 6.5 7.1 4.7 4.1 7.1 10.2 7.2 6.1 9.2 9.7 9.3 5.8 4.8 5.9 4.0 4.1 3.3 4.5 6.1 9.7 9.5 May 6.5 6.0 6.1 7.2 6.2 3.8 3.4 2.1 3.4 3.6 7.5 8.3 5.2 5.6 4.0 2.0 2.7 2.0 2.9 4.8 4.9 4.0 2.8 2.7 1.9 2.6 1.7 2.6 1.8 2.5 Jun 2.1 1.9 3.1 2.5 2.3 2.1 2.9 3.1 3.1 5.2 2.3 2.4 3.2 2.8 2.6 2.2 1.7 2.4 1.7 2.5 2.1 2.0 1.9 2.9 1.9 Jul Aug 2.5 2.8 2.6 3.3 2.6 3.0 2.5 1.7 2.1 3.6 3.1 2.2 2.2 2.6 3.5 3.3 4.4 3.4 2.3 Sep 2.1 3.5 4.8 4.4 3.2 3.5 2.7 2.4 3.0 2.4 2.2 3.1 2.5 2.2 1.9 1.7 2.7 3.1 4.2 2.0 2.5 1.8 2.2 2.3 2.5 2.1 1.9 2.3 2.3 Oct 2.2 2.4 3.1 3.0 3.1 2.5 2.9 2.7 2.1 2.5 3.2 2.7 4.0 3.0 4.5 3.3 3.5 2.9 2.9 2.1 2.6 2.6 2.1 2.4 2.3 2.3 2.3 2.1 Nov 2.8 2.8 2.1 2.0 2.5 2.8 1.9 1.9 3.6 5.0 4.5 3.5 2.9 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.6 2.3 2.2 2.6 Dec 2.9 3.1 4.0 2.6 2.1 3.2 3.4 2.0 3.4 2.6 3.0 2.8 3.1 5.2 6.2 4.9 3.4 5.3 6.3 3.8 3.5 2.3 2.7 4.2 4.1 3.2 3.8 2.1 1974 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 Jan 2.6 3.4 3.1 4.8 3.5 3.0 5.9 10.3 7.3 4.6 3.6 5.8 7.0 4.6 4.0 5.3 4.6 4.0 5.8 7.6 4.3 3.8 4.0 9.0 10.2 8.1 Feb 5.4 5.8 9.3 12.4 6.0 4.6 4.9 9.5 8.4 6.1 6.4 8.1 7.1 5.8 8.1 5.6 5.9 4.1 4.0 7.5 11.7 12.1 9.8 9.8 10.7 9.2 Mar 8.2 6.8 9.4 8.2 5.6 5.8 6.7 7.6 5.9 4.6 7.9 3.9 4.9 6.1 8.7 8.7 11.6 7.1 6.7 7.4 5.0 3.8 3.2 5.0 4.6 6.1 6.2 4.9 5.9 3.5 3.9 Apr 4.6 5.1 3.3 4.9 7.7 8.9 8.6 6.7 5.2 8.1 11.9 9.2 7.6 7.5 8.5 8.8 9.0 9.4 9.4 7.3 9.7 10.8 8.6 8.4 11.2 10.7 13.1 5.1 May 5.1 4.0 4.8 3.1 3.7 5.6 4.9 4.3 4.6 5.2 4.6 5.4 3.2 2.6 4.1 3.0 4.1 4.5 4.3 3.7 3.8 2.0 2.9 2.9 3.1 3.4 4.5 5.6 Jun 3.2 2.8 2.8 3.2 3.7 4.4 5.4 3.0 3.1 2.3 4.4 4.6 3.7 2.9 2.7 2.1 2.4 2.0 2.9 2.9 3.7 2.6 2.4 2.7 2.7 2.6 2.6 Jul 2.6 2.6 2.5 3.9 3.1 3.2 4.6 4.4 3.5 2.5 3.9 3.3 3.0 3.7 2.9 2.4 2.5 Aug 3.0 3.3 3.6 3.3 2.6 2.3 2.9 2.8 2.3 3.0 3.0 4.2 3.1 3.2 2.7 3.2 3.2 2.8 2.4 3.0 3.3 2.7 2.2 3.0 3.1 2.5 3.2 Sep 4.7 4.6 2.6 3.3 3.1 2.9 3.0 3.3 2.3 2.4 3.0 2.8 1.9 2.9 2.5 2.2 3.0 2.8 2.2 2.9 3.3 2.6 2.5 Oct 2.4 2.7 2.7 3.4 2.6 3.4 2.3 2.3 2.0 2.5 2.9 3.4 2.7 2.8 2.5 2.9 2.5 2.3 2.0 2.5 2.5 1.9 2.1 2.2 3.0 2.6 Nov 3.3 2.9 4.4 3.5 3.1 3.4 2.9 2.6 3.9 3.4 3.8 3.2 3.3 3.3 3.8 2.2 2.4 3.4 2.9 3.5 2.4 2.5 2.3 2.3 2.2 2.3 2.8 3.7 3.6 Dec 3.1 2.5 3.2 6.4 5.4 2.9 3.1 2.8 3.9 6.0 4.2 4.9 5.9 5.0 3.8 3.2 3.0 4.0 3.9 3.2 3.2 7.6 6.8 3.8 3.2 4.5 8.2 5.6 5.3 6.2 4.2 Avg 6.5 6.6 5.7 6.2 4.0 2.5 2.8 2.7 2.8 2.7 3.5 5.4 7.6 6.3 8.2 4.0 3.1 3.2 3.0 2.9 2.6 3.1 4.5 NUMBER 29 113 TABLE D4.?Continued. 1975 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 Jan 4.5 5.1 5.1 5.3 6.3 8.8 8.5 8.2 7.8 4.5 4.8 6.5 9.6 8.0 9.9 9.1 7.6 7.8 4.9 5.7 5.1 5.1 6.8 7.8 7.3 Feb 11.5 6.7 6.5 5.9 3.1 4.0 2.7 4.8 7.0 7.2 7.99.0 8.111.5 8.9 8.3 6.5 4.5 4.6 5.2 3.5 4.8 10.3 7.8 3.3 4.6 Mar 5.3 5.2 3.9 3.3 3.8 5.1 6.7 7.9 9.7 8.5 6.04.6 6.5 7.4 7.8 6.2 6.2 5.4 5.1 8.0 6.1 5.5 8.1 6.3 10.5 11.5 9.5 8.0 4.6 6.7 Apr 7.2 7.3 7.2 11.7 7.8 8.9 7.5 5.4 6.7 7.1 7.36.7 5.5 8.4 6.0 10.0 9.0 9.4 10.7 11.7 15.513.7 10.5 8.5 9.3 9.5 6.5 4.3 4.9 May 8.1 4.7 3.5 5.9 4.2 5.3 3.7 3.5 5.2 7.4 5.33.9 4.4 2.8 2.9 3.4 2.7 3.7 3.8 3.3 3.8 3.1 3.0 4.5 3.4 2.4 3.3 2.0 2.9 3.2 Jun 3.5 2.0 3.2 3.0 2.4 3.0 3.5 2.9 3.5 3.3 3.8 4.6 4.3 3.3 2.3 2.5 2.6 2.5 3.0 3.9 2.8 2.7 2.3 3.0 3.4 3.1 3.2 2.4 2.6 3.5 Jul 2.2 3.9 2.8 3.6 2.5 2.9 3.7 3.5 3.6 4.8 4.42.5 2.8 2.6 3.5 3.0 3.5 3.0 2.5 2.5 3.0 3.2 2.5 3.3 3.1 3.7 Aug 3.3 3.3 2.5 2.4 2.6 3.2 2.7 2.7 2.5 2.7 3.14.1 3.0 2.8 2.8 2.3 2.4 3.6 2.6 3.1 3.6 2.6 3.1 3.4 2.1 3.1 2.8 3.1 2.8 2.6 Sep 2.8 3.3 2.1 3.0 2.5 3.3 4.1 3.1 2.7 2.3 2.8 2.9 2.9 2.8 3.0 2.6 3.1 3.3 4.0 3.4 3.5 2.9 2.8 2.6 2.7 2.6 2.9 2.7 Oct 3.3 2.8 2.8 2.1 2.5 2.3 2.8 2.9 3.6 2.6 2.5 2.9 2.5 1.3 2.1 2.4 Nov 2.6 2.0 2.7 2.6 2.4 2.2 2.0 3.0 2.3 2.8 3.0 2.5 2.5 1.9 2.8 2.7 4.5 3.7 3.9 Dec 3.8 3.4 3.1 2.7 2.9 2.5 2.5 3.0 3.43.4 2.7 10.7 5.9 5.3 5.3 3.1 3.6 3.3 3.8 3.7 4.1 3.2 2.9 3.3 3.4 4.1 3.5 2.9 1976 1 2 34 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 Jan 4.4 6.5 4.0 4.6 4.7 8.7 5.0 4.5 6.1 9.4 8.65.3 5.810.4 11.0 8.3 6.7 10.9 10.9 8.7 9.8 8.7 6.1 8.6 8.2 6.8 7.7 6.3 6.3 4.8 Feb 6.0 10.0 9.0 6.9 8.3 9.4 10.3 10.6 10.29.8 9.9 10.8 6.2 6.1 6.2 4.2 7.7 11.0 9.4 8.8 5.0 9.5 Mar 9.9 8.8 6.3 7.7 8.3 7.0 8.7 5.4 6.9 7.79.6 10.911.4 12.9 11.5 15.2 14.0 11.5 10.8 8.7 9.911.2 7.9 9.3 6.6 Apr 9.8 6.2 4.4 4.0 4.2 4.1 4.44.8 5.9 5.9 4.7 4.0 4.6 4.3 4.6 5.2 3.8 4.8 7.0 5.2 3.4 3.0 3.8 2.9 May 4.2 6.9 4.2 3.3 4.0 8.5 8.3 9.6 4.2 3.6 2.8 3.9 6.4 5.8 4.0 3.7 3.1 3.5 2.8 2.4 2.8 3.0 3.0 3.3 3.4 2.9 Jun 3.1 2.9 3.1 2.6 3.0 3.45.2 3.2 3.7 2.8 2.8 3.0 2.9 3.0 3.8 3.6 2.8 Jul 2.4 2.5 2.2 2.6 4.2 3.4 3.83.7 4.0 3.5 3.6 4.7 5.1 7.2 5.5 3.8 3.4 4.0 3.6 4.2 3.6 3.2 3.5 3.8 3.8 4.0 Aug 6.5 2.6 2.9 3.33.4 2.6 2.9 3.3 3.3 3.6 3.6 3.0 2.8 2.8 3.0 3.4 2.5 2.6 2.6 2.2 3.2 Sep 3.0 3.0 2.5 2.6 2.8 3.0 2.8 2.8 3.3 3.2 2.8 2.8 3.0 3.2 3.0 4.1 2.6 2.6 2.6 2.6 2.4 2.6 Oct 3.1 2.4 3.6 2.7 2.6 2.8 2.8 3.0 3.2 2.8 3.2 2.6 2.7 2.9 3.8 2.8 3.6 3.4 2.3 3.2 2.4 Nov 2.5 2.6 3.2 3.4 2.7 3.0 2.4 3.0 2.1 2.8 2.2 2.5 3.0 2.8 2.5 2.6 2.3 3.4 2.3 2.3 3.1 5.5 5.9 3.0 3.0 2.4 Dec 3.4 4.6 4.4 4.0 3.5 3.0 3.0 3.6 5.0 6.1 3.8 3.8 3.8 4.6 4.8 3.6 2.8 3.0 4.8 6.1 4.7 3.2 5.0 3.2 5.4 6.9 6.3 4.2 3.2 4.4 5.8 Avg 6.8 6.5 6.7 8.4 4.0 3.1 3.2 2.9 2.9 2.6 2.8 3.6 7.3 8.4 9.5 4.8 4.4 3.0 3.8 3.1 2.9 2.9 2.9 4.3 1977 Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec 1978 Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec 1 8.0 4.6 8.3 7.2 2.7 2.3 2.7 3.3 2.9 2.4 2.4 1 4.0 10.1 3.6 2.5 2 5.6 3.3 11.9 6.9 5.9 3.3 4.5 2.9 2.7 3.1 2.9 2.8 2 3.5 8.3 1.6 3.5 3 4.4 5.0 10.2 6.4 5.2 3.6 4.2 3.9 3.0 3.6 2.7 2.5 3 5.1 8.4 2.6 5.3 4 10.4 4.6 4.7 5.2 3.5 2.9 3.6 3.8 4.0 3.1 2.7 3.2 4 5.4 3.0 6.0 5 4.4 6.2 4.4 3.6 2.3 2.9 2.7 2.8 3.4 3.1 5 3.2 2.1 4.1 6 7.3 7.1 5.4 7.4 2.7 2.8 3.0 6 3.1 8.2 2.8 7 10.1 9.3 8.4 8.4 3.2 3.1 3.3 2.5 3.4 3.0 7 5.2 4.6 5.5 3.8 8 7.8 9.8 14.9 5.1 4.5 4.2 3.4 2.4 3.8 3.3 8 3.4 1.9 3.2 2.7 9 4.0 9.3 11.6 8.6 3.2 3.3 3.6 2.6 3.0 4.1 9 5.5 1.6 3.3 2.5 10 5.8 6.1 5.7 10.8 2.9 2.7 2.4 2.8 3.8 3.3 4.6 10 4.6 1.4 3.5 5.3 11 9.0 6.1 4.5 10.5 3.2 3.0 5.9 2.6 3.4 2.8 3.5 11 3.0 3.1 6.0 6.3 12 10.7 9.3 3.8 8.3 3.7 2.4 5.6 3.5 3.1 2.3 3.2 3.9 12 3.1 3.5 7.0 13 8.9 5.8 4.8 7.0 4.5 2.3 6.1 3.0 2.6 2.8 2.4 3.3 13 3.0 3.3 5.0 14 4.0 4.1 6.7 6.5 4.8 3.6 6.3 3.6 2.9 2.9 2.3 3.0 14 4.2 1.5 4.8 15 4.2 4.8 7.1 6.1 3.2 2.2 4.1 3.1 3.0 2.9 2.3 3.5 15 8.6 2.8 7.2 5.5 16 3.8 6.0 8.3 4.3 4.5 2.4 2.3 2.6 2.6 2.9 2.2 3.2 16 3.1 3.9 11.2 6.0 17 6.3 5.7 6.2 4.7 2.9 2.6 2.5 2.8 2.4 2.5 2.8 17 2.5 2.9 5.5 18 6.5 7.6 4.4 6.5 3.0 4.9 2.6 2.0 2.7 2.8 2.8 18 2.4 1.4 4.3 19 10.8 8.9 5.4 10.6 4.2 3.1 2.7 3.0 2.7 2.6 2.8 19 2.4 3.1 5.1 20 12.7 5.8 7.8 7.7 3.3 2.4 2.8 3.3 2.6 2.9 4.8 20 3.9 2.8 6.8 21 9.7 4.5 7.2 3.1 2.3 2.9 2.4 2.9 3.0 3.9 21 6.2 1.8 8.5 22 6.1 7.1 5.5 7.5 3.0 1.9 4.0 2.8 2.0 2.5 4.0 22 7.6 5.7 6.7 23 4.3 6.4 6.4 3.4 3.6 3.5 4.9 2.5 2.6 2.0 5.4 23 9.3 7.8 6.8 24 5.8 4.6 5.6 3.5 3.7 4.2 2.9 3.1 4.4 4.9 24 6.1 7.4 5.7 25 3.5 6.2 6.3 3.7 3.1 2.6 2.5 2.2 4.2 3.9 25 2.9 3.2 7.1 26 3.6 4.8 7.6 3.6 2.9 2.2 2.8 3.9 3.5 3.6 26 4.9 2.4 7.1 27 3.8 4.2 4.7 3.3 3.7 2.4 2.6 2.8 3.3 4.0 27 8.8 4.7 7.9 28 3.8 5.0 4.9 6.0 3.4 2.3 3.2 2.4 3.5 4.5 28 8.5 3.2 7.6 29 2.6 5.8 6.9 4.6 3.0 3.3 2.2 2.5 4.3 29 8.6 5.1 30 3.3 5.4 6.3 3.4 2.2 3.2 3.4 2.7 2.8 2.9 3.7 30 6.6 4.2 31 3.8 9.6 2.3 2.6 2.9 4.0 31 6.0 Avg 6.4 6.1 6.9 6.5 3.7 2.8 3.8 2.9 2.9 2.9 2.9 3.6 5.1 4.0 4.9 6.2 4.1 114 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE EARTH SCIENCES TABLE D4.?Continued. 1979 Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec 1980 Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec 11.8 7.3 11.4 11.8 13.0 11.0 10.2 11.5 8.3 10.5 7.8 10.3 6.7 9.4 8.8 8.8 6.8 12.7 6.8 13.2 12.0 15.5 6.2 13.4 15.9 5.5 11.8 14.4 9.1 9.7 15.7 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 12.5 9.9 15.3 16 10.3 11.5 17 11.0 13.6 18 11.6 12.4 19 11.5 11.7 20 6.6 12.4 21 5.3 13.1 22 6.9 10.0 9.1 6.2 6.5 8.3 9.3 6.8 14.4 12.7 11.7 23 4.7 24 5.9 25 10.8 26 7.2 27 5.1 28 4.6 29 10.4 30 8.5 6.6 6.9 6.0 2.4 3.0 5.6 7.9 10.0 11.7 10.9 9.9 9.3 10.8 11.3 8.8 6.2 3.9 4.8 4.9 6.3 3.0 3.3 4.1 4.3 3.6 3.2 3.4 4.0 3.1 4.1 4.2 3.7 3.3 3.8 5.0 7.2 6.4 4.5 4.7 7.3 6.9 2.3 2.7 3.7 3.7 31 8.9 10.2 3.4 3.8 4.8 4.0 4.7 3.5 2.5 2.6 4.4 3.5 2.7 3.1 2.3 3.7 3.3 3.5 2.5 3.8 3.4 3.8 3.5 2.5 4.5 3.0 3.2 3.7 4.1 3.0 3.3 3.3 3.4 3.3 2.5 2.9 3.1 3.7 3.0 3.5 3.7 2.6 4.0 4.6 8.3 6.5 4.0 3.3 4.3 3.2 3.0 4.9 6.6 0.0 4.4 4.7 4.3 3.3 8.4 9.2 7.1 5.0 3.1 4.2 3.3 3.2 3.3 2.7 4.0 2.8 2.7 3.2 2.9 3.5 2.8 3.4 3.2 4.3 3.1 2.7 3.1 2.8 3.9 3.6 3.5 3.1 4.4 4.1 3.2 3.3 4.8 4.5 3.5 3.8 3.2 3.2 3.1 3.3 5.0 3.6 4.5 3.4 3.6 3.6 3.6 4.5 3.7 3.3 3.2 3.0 3.1 4.3 3.2 4.0 3.0 3.0 3.4 2.2 3.2 2.8 2.8 2.7 3.2 3.5 3.3 3.7 3.4 3.3 3.4 3.5 3.6 3.1 3.6 3.7 2.1 1.4 2.2 4.8 2.9 3.0 2.7 3.1 4.2 3.6 2.9 2.5 2.4 3.5 5.0 4.0 4.0 3.1 3.3 5.0 3.8 3.7 3.2 3.9 5.3 4.4 4.0 9.6 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 6.9 25 7.2 26 7.4 27 5.8 28 10.2 29 11.1 30 11.9 31 10.9 10.5 11.9 11.3 14.3 12.5 10.2 7.5 8.0 7.1 5.6 12.6 8.2 10.2 10.7 11.9 12.2 11.4 13.6 11.5 5.2 8.4 10 .6 14.314.8 10. 10. 11. 9.4 9.8 7.4 6.0 3.6 9.2 7.0 4.3 5.1 9.4 14.9 12.6 12.2 11.7 13.6 7.5 9.4 10.0 4.0 5.2 7.5 8.9 5.1 4.2 4.0 5.9 6.2 4.6 2.0 4.0 3.9 5.2 5.9 3.6 3.2 3.4 5.6 6.0 2.3 3.5 2.9 1.6 2.8 3.3 3.0 3.4 4.4 2.6 3.2 2.8 3.2 3.4 2.9 3.2 2.6 2.8 2.1 3.2 3.2 2.0 2.3 1.9 3.2 5.1 7.0 3.4 4.8 3.4 2.7 3.2 3.2 3.7 3.3 4.7 4.0 4.0 2.6 6.8 8.2 5.1 6.9 6.2 7.3 6.4 3.8 3.2 6.1 4.9 3.1 3.5 2.9 3.9 2.3 3.0 2.9 1.6 2.5 2.2 1.2 2.1 1.7 1.4 2.5 1.8 2.2 2.0 1.7 1.4 0.4 1.7 1.8 1.8 1.0 1.2 1.6 1.5 1.6 1.3 2.5 4.0 2.4 2.2 0.2 0.3 0.7 1 0.4 0.1 0.1 0.2 0.5 2.5 3.1 2.0 3.2 2.4 1.4 1.1 1.9 1.9 1.7 1.7 3.4 3.3 1.8 2.6 1.5 3.2 2.3 2.4 2.1 2.2 1.6 6 2.0 1.6 1.7 2.1 2.4 1.7 2.6 2.7 3.2 3.0 1.2 1.8 3.0 3.0 1.3 2.6 1.7 2.0 3 2.1 2.6 2.6 2.1 2.3 2.0 1.5 3.8 4.2 2.6 2.4 2.7 2.1 2.2 2.2 2.0 1.4 1.8 1.9 2.1 2.0 1.6 2.5 2.5 3.0 1 4.5 2.4 2.7 4.1 6.2 8.6 5.4 3.8 5.6 8.4 8.0 2.8 3.6 2.8 2.1 2.6 2.3 2.1 3.4 7.1 8.4 7.7 6.4 9.2 7.3 6.3 4.7 3.4 5.8 6.4 9.1 Avg 7.7 10.0 12.2 6.1 4.1 3.4 3.8 4.0 3.7 3.3 3.2 4.5 8.9 10.3 10.8 8.4 3.9 3.4 3.6 1.8 1.7 2.2 2.4 5.4 1981 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 Jan 9.5 11.4 9.2 4.9 8.1 8.0 6.9 6.9 8.8 9.5 9.9 9.6 14.0 10.6 7.3 11.8 12.7 9.5 5.0 5.8 5.5 3.0 3.1 3.8 6.5 6.1 7.9 8.4 10.3 8.1 Feb 6.6 4.8 9.2 9.7 9.4 5.8 9.4 5.7 9.6 7.7 7.4 11.7 10.2 8.0 5.4 8.5 9.2 9.7 8.9 10.1 9.7 10.5 10.0 11.5 10.3 10.7 9.8 Mar 5.4 9.2 8.6 7.2 2.0 0.9 3.0 3.4 7.2 8.3 10.3 6.0 4.9 2.2 4.9 3.1 3.5 2.9 1.6 4.1 4.4 1.5 2.3 6.0 12.3 11.9 11.5 8.9 4.3 3.5 6.9 Apr 11.3 11.8 11.9 10.2 11.9 10.3 10.6 12.1 9.0 10.2 11.3 7.4 2.3 4.0 1.8 4.5 4.2 1.8 1.6 0.7 1.0 1.9 1.8 1.3 2.2 1.8 1.4 0.9 1.0 0.9 May 0.7 0.8 1.1 0.5 0.9 1.3 0.4 0.7 0.7 0.8 0.4 0.1 0.5 0.3 0.6 1.4 2.3 4.1 1.7 0.9 0.5 0.7 0.5 Jun 0.8 1.8 0.9 0.6 1.1 1.8 1.7 1.0 0.7 1.1 0.3 0.7 1.0 0.5 2.7 0.8 Jul 0.8 1.8 0.9 0.6 1.1 1.8 1.6 1.0 0.7 1.1 0.3 0.8 1.0 0.5 1.0 0.6 1.6 0.1 1.7 0.9 1.5 1.4 0.6 0.9 0.8 0.6 0.7 1.1 3.8 Aug 1.4 1.6 1.8 0.6 0.2 1.3 0.1 0.5 0.9 1.0 0.7 0.5 0.8 0.7 0.4 1.0 0.7 1.3 0.4 0.8 1.7 0.5 0.2 Sep 1 0 0 0 0 0 .2 .2 .1 .0 .4 .5 Oct 2.4 1.7 2.3 2.6 2.5 2.6 2.7 2.7 2.5 2.3 2.5 2.1 2.5 1.4 3.7 2.7 2.7 2.0 1.8 2.4 2.6 3.7 3.4 1.3 2.2 2.3 2.8 Nov 3.5 2.3 2.2 2.9 3.0 3.1 2.9 2.4 3.2 4.2 3.5 3.7 2.6 3.5 3.3 3.0 3.2 3.0 3.0 2.1 2.5 2.1 2.0 4.7 3.6 3.2 2.5 2.5 Dec 2.0 2.9 3.4 4.9 3.2 3.4 3.5 3.2 2.8 3.6 7.8 5.7 3.9 2.9 4.6 4.5 4.5 3.9 4.3 3.1 3.4 3.6 4.4 8.2 4.7 2.8 1982 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 Jan 2.9 3.0 2.8 2.4 2.4 3.9 4.1 6.3 9.1 9.0 3.7 5.0 7.2 6.4 7.4 8.0 6.2 7.8 8.7 9.5 7.8 7.4 7.8 6.1 6.7 7.4 6.3 Feb 8.1 6.2 6.8 7.6 9.8 10.0 10.0 7.7 6.6 8.5 9.2 10.7 9.9 9.1 4.5 3.5 3.6 5.4 5.1 6.5 10.3 10.8 7.5 Mar 6.7 9.4 8.5 3.9 4.1 4.9 11.2 11.5 10.5 7.6 8.7 9.7 9.7 8.5 8.8 9.7 9.7 10.4 10.0 11.6 11.1 8.7 5.8 4.7 8.9 7.2 9.4 10.2 10.1 Apr 9.9 9.1 9.0 8.1 4.3 5.8 8.6 7.9 5.1 3.0 3.0 1.8 3.5 2.9 6.0 8.1 6.8 7.6 8.1 11.8 8.3 11.9 12.6 10.3 8.1 6.6 5.9 1.7 1.8 May 1.9 2.7 3.2 4.0 3.5 3.8 2.2 1.4 1.8 3.1 5.2 3.2 2.8 2.1 1.8 1.4 1.1 1.1 2.4 2.8 1.1 1.8 1.8 2.0 1.4 0.7 0.9 0.6 Jun 1.3 0.7 1.3 1.1 0.4 0.9 1.3 1.3 0.6 0.1 0.9 1.2 0.8 1.2 0.8 1.0 0.8 0.6 0.8 0.9 0.7 0.7 1.2 0.8 1.1 1.2 1.4 2.8 5.3 Jul 6.2 2.2 1.6 0.7 1.6 0.8 2.0 0.5 3.7 6.3 4.5 0.7 0.7 2.1 2.5 1.7 2.8 3.8 0.6 1.9 1.8 4.4 1.9 2.5 3.5 0.8 0.2 0.7 1.1 1.1 2.8 Aug 4.6 0.3 1.2 1.2 2.3 0.6 0.9 0.6 1.7 4.4 1.2 2.6 1.3 2.8 3.1 0.7 1.2 4.6 4.0 1.7 1.8 5.2 1.5 2.0 4.6 3.6 Sep 1.6 1.8 1.0 1.6 0.9 0.6 0.6 1.2 0.7 1.0 0.3 0.8 0.5 0.9 0.6 0.4 1.2 0.9 0.3 0.5 1.9 0.8 0.4 0.3 0.6 Oct 1.1 0.5 0.4 0.3 0.5 0.7 0.7 0.7 2.5 1.3 0.4 0.7 0.6 0.4 0.8 0.5 0.5 0.2 0.9 1.3 Nov 0.9 0.6 1.0 2.0 1.8 2.1 2.8 2.7 0.8 0.9 6.6 10.9 8.7 7.7 5.6 6.5 7.5 5.3 5.6 2.7 3.2 5.2 5.1 2.2 4.0 5.5 6.3 8.0 Dec 5.2 4.8 5.3 4.1 2.7 2.2 4.3 7.7 8.3 8.3 9.5 11.4 7.9 8.4 10.8 9.7 8.5 ? 9.3 6.9 5.0 3.4 4.0 5.6 6.1 5.7 7.6 6.9 4.9 6.9 Avg 8.1 8.9 5.6 5.4 1.0 1.1 1.1 0.8 0.4 2.5 3.0 4.0 6.1 7.7 8.7 6.8 2.2 1.2 2.2 2.3 0.9 0.8 4.4 6.1 NUMBER 29 115 TABLE D4.?Continued 1983 Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec 1984 Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec 12 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1011 12 1314 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 8.27.2 7.0 8.8 9.1 11.2 11.7 12.4 11.0 8.8 5.96.1 4.8 4.2 5.2 5.4 7.0 8.6 7.0 6.0 3.5 7.9 8.2 8.8 8.1 6.15.5 9.3 12.6 7.8 6.1 6.0 8.9 6.5 4.5 4.8 4.3 7.1 8.6 8.4 6.5 7.89.4 10.0 10.4 11.3 11.5 11.2 9.0 7.8 4.4 4.2 6.6 8.411.9 10.5 7.7 6.2 6.1 4.8 3.9 5.2 9.1 11.4 14.1 12.1 7.8 3.9 4.9 4.74.5 6.1 5.8 5.9 10.7 12.7 8.1 8.5 9.8 7.4 8.210.7 9.4 5.4 6.84.5 7.7 10.3 10.5 10.0 8.6 8.6 7.7 6.5 9.7 9.9 8.7 8.1 7.8 7.98.2 6.8 5.8 4.3 5.2 4.3 4.9 8.2 8.2 3.6 3.0 4.5 11.3 8.94.2 3.9 4.4 4.3 3.9 7.1 4.3 8.0 6.8 8.1 4.33.3 3.2 2.4 2.72.3 3.1 2.5 4.8 7.7 7.1 8.9 6.3 5.6 4.6 4.2 3.1 3.3 3.6 3.93.3 2.5 2.7 2.2 3.5 3.5 3.1 3.1 3.4 3.0 3.1 2.6 3.8 4.1 3.3 2.83.6 3.9 2.13.3 2.9 2.6 2.5 3.9 4.7 3.4 4.2 3.6 2.5 2.64.4 3.4 6.2 3.1 3.3 4.1 4.5 2.8 2.8 3.3 5.77.2 8.0 5.9 2.7 2.2 3.6 5.2 7.3 8.3 5.4 4.4 3.8 4.6 3.13.3 4.2 5.9 3.6 2.7 3.9 4.1 4.8 3.5 3.5 7.3 9.2 2.7 3.1 3.0 3.6 2.6 3.0 3.6 3.92.7 2.8 3.5 3.7 3.12.9 3.7 3.7 2.4 2.4 2.7 2.9 3.2 3.4 4.1 2.7 2.3 2.1 3.4 3.3 3.33.2 3.1 2.9 3.6 3.0 3.6 3.2 3.0 2.1 2.8 3.2 2.6 2.4 2.8 3.22.8 3.4 2.4 2.6 3.2 2.7 2.3 2.8 3.5 3.43.8 3.8 2.8 2.6 2.8 3.7 3.3 6.14.7 3.3 2.6 2.2 3.2 2.84.4 3.7 2.5 2.6 3.1 4.3 4.7 4.2 2.5 2.6 2.8 3.1 2.6 3.8 3.4 2.73.5 3.4 3.6 3.1 4.3 7.3 9.9 9.6 9.3 6.6 3.7 4.0 4.5 6.4 12 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 1718 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 4.55.7 6.5 4.4 4.5 4.9 6.5 6.3 4.3 3.2 3.9 4.1 6.6 8.8 5.7 4.0 4.66.7 5.3 7.3 8.3 9.4 7.7 6.3 7.3 7.8 7.2 6.7 8.0 5.6 5.8 10.08.7 9.3 10.8 8.0 4.4 5.0 6.2 5.9 7.5 6.4 7.27.2 7.1 6.0 8.2 6.2 7.5 6.6 4.4 11.0 10.7 11.2 12.3 11.98.9 6.5 5.2 4.8 5.4 6.2 5.3 6.1 8.5 6.6 3.3 7.4 9.810.5 8.6 5.6 5.8 5.8 7.2 8.5 8.7 7.7 5.0 1.7 1.6 3.0 4.6 4.3 5.46.4 8.1 8.3 6.6 5.5 6.8 ?3.5 3.0 3.5 3.0 4.7 4.4 4.6 3.9 2.1 1.8 3.3 3.6 1.6 1.9 1.1 1.81.4 3.7 4.2 2.6 1.7 0.4 Avg 7.7 7.7 7.9 7.3 4.9 3.2 4.6 4.0 3.1 3.0 3.2 4.4 6.1 7.1 7.7 6.1 2.( 1985 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 Aver Jan 7.5 7.5 6.8 9.1 4.4 7.9 6.9 9.0 7.5 8.0 8.1 7.4 6.6 5.2 3.5 3.8 5.5 4.8 7.1 10.2 7.2 5.9 5.3 2.5 4.1 7.2 2.8 6.4 Feb 3.0 2.9 4.9 6.0 5.3 6.5 5.4 8.7 6.2 6.0 2.0 7.1 10.7 10.5 9.9 10.3 10.3 11.5 9.5 9.2 9.3 10.1 11.7 10.5 10.6 11.114.0 15.3 8.5 Mar 15.2 21.3 10.9 12.9 12.5 10.8 11.110.8 14.9 14.8 15.2 10.4 10.4 10.4 7.5 7.7 7.5 7.7 6.9 5.8 4.9 5.6 8.2 13.6 15.4 15.115.9 11.7 10.2 10.1 5.8 11.0 Apr 7.1 7.5 3.8 6.1 May 6.7 8.3 7.2 4.6 2.5 2.8 1.8 1.1 1.6 1.5 0.8 1.4 3.1 3.8 1.6 3.9 4.3 5.4 4.0 2.0 1.9 3.4 1.4 1.2 1.5 2.0 1.5 1.6 2.5 2.9 Jun 2.3 1.1 1.1 2.0 1.7 0.8 0.9 0.8 1.6 2.1 2.9 2.8 1.9 1.6 1.7 0.6 4.6 1.0 1.8 Jul 0.3 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.3 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.4 1.1 1.7 1.7 1.2 1.9 1.0 0.7 1.5 1.3 1.1 1.0 0.9 Aug 0.2 0.2 0.2 1.1 1.3 1.1 1.1 1.2 2.8 2.4 1.6 1.4 1.7 0.8 0.4 0.5 0.1 0.7 1.3 1.0 1.0 Sep 1.0 1.3 1.3 1.2 1.6 1.4 1.0 0.9 0.8 1.2 0.9 1.5 1.6 1.2 Oct 0.4 0.2 0.3 0.9 0.8 0.9 0.6 0.6 0.9 1.7 1.2 0.7 0.4 0.8 0.1 1.5 1.4 1.40.9 0.4 1.2 0.9 0.8 0.7 1.1 0.91.3 0.7 0.4 0.8 Nov 1.8 1.8 1.2 0.9 1.5 1.1 1.1 1.5 4.1 2.7 3.5 6.1 1.6 1.2 1.6 1.3 2.64.2 2.2 1.6 1.2 2.0 1.0 2.1 Dec 0.3 0.9 0.8 0.7 0.3 0.8 0.8 1.0 1.1 1.1 0.5 1.4 0.9 1.1 0.6 0.9 0.70.7 1.3 0.9 0.8 1986 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 2627 2829 30 31 Jan 0.6 0.0 0.1 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.4 0.9 1.2 1.5 1.1 1.0 1.2 1.4 2.2 1.8 1.1 1.2 1.4 3.4 3.32.3 0.8 0.7 1.1 Feb 0.7 0.8 0.9 0.7 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.9 0.8 0.8 0.6 0.0 0.7 Mar 0.4 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 1.1 1.1 1.1 1.2 1.1 1.2 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.21.3 1.1 1.0 0.9 0.9 0.0 0.9 Apr 0.9 1.3 1.7 1.5 2.0 1.6 1.4 0.6 1.4 May 0 0 11 1 1 1 .7 .9 .0.2 .2 .2 .0 Jun 1.2 1.2 1.2 1.2 1.2 1.3 1.2 1.2 0.5 1.3 1.2 1.4 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.3 1.3 .1.4 1.4 1.3 1.5 1.4 1.5 1.5 1.4 1.4 1.6 1.71.8 1.3 1.3 Jul 0.9 1.7 1.5 1.6 1.7 1.8 2.1 1.6 Aug 1.8 2.1 2.9 2.9 2.6 2.6 3.1 3.0 3.0 2.1 3.6 3.9 3.7 4.0 4.1 4.0 3.8 4.2 3.9 4.63.2 3.3 Sep 2.3 2.9 1.2 2.9 2.0 1.7 2.0 3.2 2.7 2.9 5.3 5.4 5.7 6.2 6.4 5.7 6.2 6.3 6.7 6.6 4.2 Oct 0.4 0.7 0.6 0.7 0.6 0.6 0.8 0.8 0.7 0.7 0.5 0.6 0.8 0.6 0.7 0.5 0.5 0.8 1.2 0.5 0.5 0.6 0.5 0.7 Nov 0.8 1.9 3.4 1.2 0.7 0.5 0.8 0.4 0.9 0.5 0.7 1.6 0.6 1.3 2.5 0.8 0.7 0.8 1.8 1.2 1.6 2.0 1.2 1.1 0.71.2 1.1 1.2 Dec 0.9 0.7 1.5 0.7 0.8 0.9 0.6 1.4 1.6 1.0 5.0 5.9 4.0 4.0 5.8 6.5 5.0 6.0 7.811.7 6.5 3.0 3.7 116 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE EARTH SCIENCES TABLE D4.?Continued. 1987 Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec 12 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 2.75.3 7.3 8.5 4.5 2.9 3.2 4.0 6.2 7.7 9.0 10.0 8.8 7.3 7.4 6.6 6.2 8.2 7.4 3.3 6.1 6.7 5.9 6.4 9.2 9.4 9.7 10.5 12.2 8.65.9 5.9 6.9 6.5 6.1 3.8 7.9 13.0 10.5 9.1 5.6 4.0 3.1 2.2 2.3 2.7 4.6 7.1 7.9 5.7 6.3 7.7 8.8 11.8 12.5 15.5 9.1 6.57.4 9.2 8.4 6.2 5.5 4.9 3.6 4.0 5.4 7.0 4.6 5.1 5.0 4.5 5.1 4.2 5.5 5.7 6.5 4.3 2.5 3.1 4.1 4.7 4.63.7 5.8 4.5 6.0 7.1 3.9 3.6 8.5 9.0 7.3 6.4 5.3 3.9 3.4 1.3 1.7 1.5 2.0 1.6 1.4 2.1 3.7 2.5 4.6 4.3 5.6 4.1 3.2 1.5 1.9 1.3 1.6 1.1 1.9 1.3 2.0 0.9 1.6 1.5 1.3 1.6 2.0 2.4 2.8 2.5 11 1 1 1 1 .9.5 .5 .2 .1 .2 Avg 7.0 7.2 5.3 3.0 2.4 1.4 NUMBER 29 117 TABLE D5.?Average hourly wind speed (km/hr) at canopy level, Barro Colorado Island, Panama1,1971-1987. 1971: Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec 1972: Jan r eo MarApr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec 1973: Jan r eo MarApr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec 1974: Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec 1975: Jan Feb Mar AprMay JunJul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec 1976: Jan Feb MarApr MayJun JulAug Sep Oct Nov Dec 1 33 22 2 32 2 2 3 3 3 2 2 2 3 2 2 1 5 CD 44 3 2 1 2 3 22 2 4 5 4 6 3 2 2 2 3 2 3 3 55 4 5 3 2 2 2 3 2 2 3 5 6 7 6 3 2 3 3 3 22 3 2 3 3 2 2 2 32 2 2 3 3 3 2 2 2 3 22 2 4 C 4 3 2 2 1 2 3 22 2 3 6 4 6 3 2 2 3 3 2 3 3 54 4 6 3 2 2 2 3 2 2 3 5 5 7 7 3 2 4 2 3 2 2 3 3 3 4 2 2 2 32 2 3 2 3 3 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 5 3 3 22 2 2 3 2 2 2 3 5 4 6 3 2 3 2 3 2 3 3 4 4 4 6 2 2 2 2 3 2 2 3 5 6 7 8 3 3 3 3 3 2 2 3 4 3 3 2 2 2 32 2 2 2 3 3 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 4 4 3 2 2 1 2 3 2 2 2 3 5 4 6 2 2 2 2 3 2 3 3 4 44 62 2 2 2 3 2 2 3 5 7 7 7 3 2 2 3 3 2 2 3 5 3 3 2 21 32 2 2 3 3 3 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 4 4 3 2 2 1 2 3 22 2 3 5 3 5 2 2 2 2 3 2 2 3 4 4 5 6 3 3 2 2 3 2 2 3 5 7 7 8 3 2 2 3 3 22 3 6 23 22 2 3 2 22 2 3 4 22 22 32 2 5 3 42 21 2 32 22 3 5 3 6 2 2 2 2 3 2 2 3 54 5 52 22 2 3 2 2 3 5 8 8 7 3 2 3 3 3 2 23 7 3 4 2 2 2 13 2 22 2 CD 45 3 2 3 2 3 2 2 5 4 6 4 2 4 2 3 22 2 3 5 3 7 2 2 2 2 3 2 3 3 54 4 5 2 2 2 2 3 2 2 3 5 8 8 7 3 2 3 3 3 2 2 3 8 6 7 3 22 23 3 3 4 4 T/ 87 4 3 4 4 3 3 3 7 6 9 6 3 9 3 3 3 3 3 3 7 5 10 4 3 3 2 3 2 3 3 44 5 74 2 2 2 3 2 2 3 5 9 10 6 4 2 3 4 3 2 2 3 9 8 8 4 33 33 4 3 7 5 1U 97 4 4 4 4 3 3 3 10 i nIU 89 6 4 5 4 3 4 3 4 6 10 9 12 6 4 3 3 3 3 3 4 5 6 8 11 6 3 3 3 3 3 3 4 8 12 13 6 5 3 4 4 3 3 3 3 10 8 8 5 33 33 4 4 8 6 1 nJ.U 86 4 4 4 4 3 3 4 9 1 nXU 810 6 4 5 4 3 5 4 6 8 12 10 11 7 5 4 3 3 3 4 5 6 10 10 13 6 4 4 4 3 4 4 5 10 13 12 5 5 4 4 4 3 4 4 6 11 8 8 5 44 4 3 44 7 6 o 97 5 5 5 4 3 4 4 10 i n1U 910 7 4 4 4 3 5 4 6 8 11 9 10 7 5 54 3 44 6 811 10 11 6 4 4 4 3 4 4 6 11 12 114 55 54 3 5 5 6 12 8 8 5 44 4 3 44 8 6 Qy 97 5 5 5 4 2 4 4 10 1 11 1 910 7 4 5 5 34 5 6 8 10 10 11 8 5 5 5 3 45 7 10 1010 11 6 4 5 5 3 4 4 6 11 12 12 3 7 5 6 4 3 4 4 6 13 7 8 5 44 3 2 54 8 6 Qy 97 5 5 5 4 2 4 4 10 X X 910 6 4 3 5 3 54 7 810 11 11 7 5 5 53 54 8 11 9 10 11 6 5 5 4 3 54 7 12 11 113 75 54 3 55 6 14 6 8 5 44 3 2 43 7 6 Qy 86 5 54 4 2 3 4 10 i nx u 99 6 4 5 4 2 4 4 6 8 10 11 11 7 5 4 5 3 5 5 8 1110 11 12 6 55 5 3 4 5 5 12 11 11 3 6 5 6 4 2 54 6 15 68 43 43 23 3 7 5 Qy 87 5 6 4 4 2 3 3 8 Qy 99 5 3 3 4 24 4 5 9 10 10 12 6 5 4 5 3 4 4 8 11 9 9 13 7 5 5 4 3 3 5 6 11 11 11 3 6 56 42 44 6 16 77 4 33 22 2 3 7 5 QO 76 4 4 4 4 2 2 3 7 fty 78 4 2 2 3 2 3 3 5 8 10 9 10 5 5 4 4 2 4 3 7 10 9 9 125 4 4 4 3 3 4 5 10 10 114 55 5 3 2 44 6 17 6 7 3 33 22 2 25 5 QO 65 3 3 3 3 2 2 2 7 Q6 7 4 21 3 2 2 3 4 7 9 8 10 5 3 3 3 2 2 3 6 9 9 8 11 4 3 3 3 23 34 910 103 54 43 2 3 3 6 18 5 6 2 22 12 2 24 4 o4 4 2 2 3 2 22 2 6 T1 56 3 2 1 2 2 2 2 3 6 8 7 9 3 2 3 3 2 2 3 5 9 7 7 10 3 3 3 3 2 2 3 4 8 9 10 4 54 4 3 2 3 3 5 19 5 5 22 22 2 2 4 3 CD 44 22 2 2 2 2 2 5 D 55 3 2 2 2 2 2 2 3 6 7 6 8 3 2 3 3 2 23 5 8 7 7 8 3 3 3 2 2 2 2 3 6 8 10 3 4 3 3 2 2 23 5 20 4 4 2 22 2 2 2 3 3 CO 44 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 5 0 44 3 2 2 2 2 2 2 3 5 6 5 7 3 2 3 2 2 2 2 4 7 6 6 8 3 3 3 2 2 2 2 3 6 8 9 3 4 3 3 3 2 2 3 4 21 4 4 2 22 2 2 2 3 3 c3 4 2 2 3 2 21 2 5 C0 44 3 2 1 2 2 22 3 46 5 7 3 2 3 2 2 2 3 4 5 5 6 8 3 2 3 2 2 2 2 3 6 7 8 3 3 23 22 2 3 3 22 3 4 2 2 22 2 2 2 3 c3 3 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 5 C 5 3 3 2 2 2 22 2 2 4 5 4 6 3 2 3 2 2 2 3 4 5 5 6 7 3 3 3 2 2 2 2 3 5 7 8 4 3 2 3 3 2 22 3 23 24 2 2 2 1 2 2 3 3 ft 2 3 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 5 c0 43 3 22 2 22 2 2 4 5 4 6 2 2 3 2 2 2 3 4 55 5 7 3 2 3 2 2 2 2 3 5 6 8 5 3 24 3 2 22 3 24 23 22 2 1 2 23 3 *t 23 22 32 22 2 5 c4 42 2 1 2 22 22 45 4 6 2 23 22 23 3 54 5 6 3 2 2 2 2 2 2 3 5 7 7 5 3 2 4 32 22 3 118 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE EARTH SCIENCES TABLE D5.?Continued 1977: Jan Feb Mar Apr May JunJul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec 1978: Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec 1979: T? -,OaTi FebMar Apr May ijunJul Aug SepOct Nov Dec 1980: Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec 1981: Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Nov Dec 1982: Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec 1 5 5 5 6 J ISJi. 42 3 2 3 3 4 4 3 6 3 AH 97 5 3 ? 23 A NJ i 3 1 7 9 9 6 3 NJ 3 2 2 2 2 5 7 8 3 5 0 1 0 0 i ISJ r> 3 5 7 7 6 1 1 NJ NJ 1 0 3 6 2 5 5 5 6 2 i.3 2 3 2 3 3 3 3 3 5 3 9 7 5 3 1 NJ (- 3 2 3 1 7 9 9 6 NJ 2 3 2 NJ ISJ ISJ 5 7 8 4 4 0 0 0 1 9? 33 5 6 7 5 1 0 1 2 1 0 4 5 3 5 5 4 5 3 9? 42 3 3 3 3 NJ 3 2 5 2 8 6 5 3 2 3 /H2 2 1 7 9 9 5 2 2 3 2 NJ 2 2 5 6 7 4 5 0 0 0 0 1X 23 5 6 7 5 1 0 NJ ISJ 1 0 3 5 4 5 4 4 5 3 9? 3 NJ 3 3 3 3 4 5 3 6 2 8 7 5 3 2 4 /I4 2 3 1 9 9 9 5 2 2 3 IS) 2 ISJ 2 5 7 7 4 4 0 0 0 0 o NJ r< 3 5 6 7 5 1 1 IS) 2 1 0 3 5 5 5 4 5 6 3 3 2 3 2 3 3 2 3 3 4 IS) 8 7 5 ?* NJ NJ h 3 2 3 1 8 9 9 5 3 2 3 2 2 2 2 5 6 8 4 4 0 0 0 0 9? 23 4 6 7 5 1 0 1 3 1 1 3 5 6 6 5 5 5 3 3 2 3 NJ NJ 3 2 2 3 6 2 8 6 4 3 2 3 2 2 1 7 8 9 5 2 NJ 3 ISJ 2 2 2 4 6 8 3 4 0 1 0 0 9? 23 4 6 7 5 0 0 1 1 1 0 3 5 7 6 5 7 5 3 9? 3 NJ 3 2 IS) NJ 4 4 3 7 2 8 6 5 3 2 3 2 2 1 8 8 10 6 CN 2 2 2 NJ 2 NJ 5 6 7 3 4 0 1 0 0 1i 23 4 6 6 5 1 0 1 1 1 0 3 5 8 7 6 8 6 3 4 3 3 3 3 3 3 2 3 7 4 8 7 5 3 2 3 3 2 1 9 10 11 8 3 3 3 NJ 2 3 3 5 7 8 3 4 0 0 0 0 o NJ r> 3 4 6 6 4 1 0 1 1 1 0 2 4 9 7 6 9 6 5 ? 54 3 3 4 3 4 NJ 4 8 5 C0 98 6 4 1 NJ r- 4 3 3 1 9 11 12 10 4 4 4 NJ 2 3 3 6 9 9 4 5 1 1 0 0 o NJ r> 3 5 5 8 6 1 1 1 2 1 1 3 4 10 8 7 9 7 5 5 4 3 4 4 5 7 6 6 9 6 n 8 6 4 9? 34 3 3 1 9 12 13 11 5 4 4 1 2 3 3 7 10 10 6 5 1 1 1 1 9O 24 6 5 8 7 2 12 21 1 4 5 11 8 8 9 7 6 5 5 3 4 4 6 8 ISJ 9 9 6 12 9 6 5 9? 34 3 3 2 11 12 13 11 6 5 4 NJ IS) 3 3 7 11 10 7 6 1 1 2 1 9O 35 7 6 10 8 3 1 3 2 1 1 5 7 12 9 8 10 7 6 5 4 3 4 5 6 8 4 9 9 6 12 9 7 5 nC 35 3 4 2 11 11 13 11 6 6 5 3 2 3 4 8 1112 8 7 NJ 2 2 2 4 5 7 7 11 8 3 2 3 3 1 1 5 8 13 9 8 10 7 6 6 4 3 5 4 6 10 8 9 9 7 13 9 8 5 i. 46 3 3 2 11 11 13 11 6 6 5 3 2 3 5 8 1111 9 7 2 3 3 2 5 6 8 9 11 9 4 2 3 4 1 2 6 8 14 8 8 10 7 6 5 4 3 5 4 6 9 4 7 8 7 "7/ 1210 9 6 4 6 9O 34 2 11 11 13 11 6 6 5 3 2 4 4 8 11 12 9 7 NJ 3 3 ISJ 5 6 8 9 11 10 4 3 4 4 1 2 6 9 15 8 8 10 8 6 5 4 3 4 3 5 7 4 7 9 6 12 10 9 6 4 6 9J 34 NJ 11 12 13 10 6 5 5 5 1 3 4 8 11 12 9 7 2 NJ 3 3 5 5 8 10 12 10 5 3 4 4 1 2 7 9 16 7 8 9 7 6 4 3 2 3 3 5 9 8 9 7 5 -7/ 1310 9 6 3 5 9J 33 NJ 10 1212 10 5 4 5 3 1 2 4 7 10 11 9 7 2 NJ NJ 2 4 5 8 10 11 10 4 NJ 4 4 1 2 6 9 17 7 8 8 7 5 4 3 2 2 3 4 6 5 6 5 5 -71 129 8 6 3 5 2 3 2 10 12 12 9 5 4 4 2 1 2 3 6 10 10 9 7 2 NJ 2 1 4 5 8 11 11 9 4 2 4 3 1 2 6 9 18 7 7 8 7 3 9 3 3 NJ 2 2 3 6 4 6 5 4 12 9 7 5 T1 34 -3 ISJ C 3 1 9 12 11 8 4 4 4 1 1 2 3 5 9 9 8 7 1 1 1 1 ?j .5 35 7 10 11 9 4 NJ 3 3 1 1 5 8 19 7 6 6 7 3 9? 3 NJ 2 2 3 3 8 7 6 3 4 10 8 6 5 1 NJ r- 3 2 3 1 8 10 10 8 3 3 3 1 1 1 NJ 5 8 9 7 6 1 1 1 0 9? 34 7 10 10 8 3 1 3 2 1 0 4 8 20 6 6 5 7 3 9 3 2 2 2 3 3 6 3 4 4 3 9 8 6 4 1 NJ r- 4 2 3 2 7 8 9 7 3 3 3 NJ 1 2 NJ 5 7 8 5 6 1 1 1 0 9? 34 6 9 9 7 3 1 2 2 0 0 4 7 21 5 5 5 6 O NJc 32 2 2 3 3 4 3 4 4 4 9 8 5 3 X 23 2 3 2 7 8 10 7 3 3 3 1 1 1 2 5 7 7 5 5 0 1 1 0 ?. 33 6 9 8 6 2 1 NJ 1 0 1 4 6 22 5 5 5 7 3 9? 3 ISJ NJ 2 3 3 5 4 5 5 3 9 8 5 3 1i 33 9J 23 1 7 9 9 7 2 3 3 1 1 ISJ 2 5 7 7 4 5 0 0 1 0 3 3 5 8 8 6 NJ 1 2 ISJ 0 0 4 6 23 6 5 6 7 2 9? 32 2 2 3 3 4 2 4 5 3 c 9 7 5 3 11 23 2 3 2 7 9 9 6 2 3 3 1 1 2 2 5 7 7 4 5 0 0 0 0 9?. 23 5 7 8 6 2 1 1 1 0 0 4 6 24 5 4 5 7 2 9c. 4 NJ 2 3 3 3 3 3 3 6 3 c 9 7 5 3 11 23 2 NJ 2 7 8 9 6 2 3 3 1 1 2 ISJ 5 7 8 4 5 0 0 0 0 2 3 5 7 7 6 1 1 1 NJ 0 0 4 6 NUMBER 29 119 TABLE D5.?Continued 1983: Jan Feb MarApr May JunJul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec1984: Jan Feb Mar Apr MayJun Jul Aug Sep OctNov Dec 1985: Jan Feb Mar Apr May JunJul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec 1986: Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec 1987: Jan Feb MarApr May Jun 1 7 6 6 5 2 4 3 3 2 3 c 6 7 6 5 2 T1 11 1 02 1 1 1 1 3 41 1 4 7 8 6 5 2 1 2 7 7 6 5 2 4 3 3 2 2 C0 6 6 6 4 1 1 1 i1 12 4 6 8 12 9 3 2 1 1 1 1 2 1 1 1 1 3 4 1 1 4 8 8 6 5 2 2 3 7 6 6 6 2 4 4 3 2 3 6 6 6 4 2 1 1 1 12 1 1 1 1 3 4 1 1 4 8 8 6 4 3 2 4 7 7 6 5 2 4 4 3 2 3 c 6 6 5 4 2 1 1 1 2 4 6 8 13 9 3 11 1 1 1 2 1 1 1 1 3 4 0 1 4 7 7 6 4 2 2 5 7 7 6 6 2 5 4 3 2 3 c 6 6 6 4 2 2 1 1 2 1 1 1 1 3 4 1 1 3 7 8 6 4 2 2 6 7 6 5 5 2 4 3 3 23 C 5 6 6 4 2 1 1 1 1 3 6 7 13 8 3 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 4 0 1 3 7 7 7 4 2 2 7 6 6 ON 5 2 4 3 3 2 3 5 6 6 5 2 11 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 4 0 1 3 7 7 6 42 2 8 8 6 6 5 A1 24 3 3 2 2 >! 5 6 7 5 21 2 11 1 4 5 8 12 6 3 11 1 0 2 1 1 1 1 2 51 1 3 7 7 6 4 4 1 9 9 6 8 7 3 4 3 3 2 2 5 6 7 6 2 i1 12 1 2 0 1 1 1 3 5 1 0 3 6 7 6 3 2 1 10 10 7 9 7 c 3 5 4 3 3 3 5 6 8 7 31 1 11 1 5 ON ON 11 4 3 2 1 2 1 2 1 11 2 4 51 13 7 75 22 1 11 10 8 10 9 c0 45 4 3 3 3 5 6 9 7 3 l 12 1 2 1 1 2 2 4 5 1 1 3 7 7 4 3 2 1 12 10 9 11 10 4 5 5 3 3 3 5 6 9 8 3 1 2 T1 11 6 7 10 12 4 4 21 2 1 3 1 2 2 2 4 51 1 3 7 7 4 4 2 1 13 10 10 11 10 O 56 6 3 3 3 6 7 ON 8 4 i 12 11 4 1 2 2 2 4 4 1 2 4 6 7 4 4 3 1 14 11 11 11 10 ?7 56 6 3 4 3 6 8 10 8 3 1 2 i1 11 6 8 10 0 0 4 20 2 2 4 1 1 2 2 4 4 1 2 4 6 7 5 5 3 1 15 10 10 11 10 ?7f 56 6 3 4 3 6 9 10 8 4 T1 0 2 3 1 2 2 2 4 4 1 2 4 6 7 5 5 3 1 16 10 10 11 10 5 5 6 3 4 4 7 ON 10 8 3 1 1 1 11 5 9 10 11 7 3 2 1 1 2 1 2 1 2 4 41 2 4 ON 6 5 4 3 2 17 9 10 11 10 -7/ 45 5 3 5 4 7 10 10 8 4 T1 1 1 2 0 1 1 2 5 41 2 4 6 6 5 4 3 2 18 7 9 10 9 -7/ 45 5 3 5 5 7 ON 9 7 3 1 1 1 11 5 8 9 11 5 2 2 1 1 2 0 1 1 2 4 3 1 2 4 7 7 5 5 2 2 19 7 8 8 8 c.b 44 5 3 4 5 7 9 9 6 3 r\U 1 0 1 2 0 1 1 2 3 3 0 2 4 7 7 5 4 3 1 20 6 8 8 8 CD 34 5 3 4 4 7 9 8 6 2 1 1 1 1 5 ON 8 13 6 3 2 1 11 1 1 1 1 2 3 3 0 1 4 7 7 6 5 2 1 21 6 8 7 7 3 5 5 3 3 4 Aft 7 8 8 5 2 1 1 1 0 2 1 1 1 2 3 3 0 1 3 7 7 6 5 2 1 22 6 7 7 7 3 4 4 3 3 4 CJ 7 8 8 5 2 1 1 Ti 12 4 5 8 13 7 3 2 1 11 0 1 1 1 1 2 3 40 1 4 7 8 5 5 2 1 23 6 7 7 6 AH 24 4 3 2 3 6 7 7 5 2 T1 1 1 01 1 1 1 2 3 4 0 1 3 7 7 5 5 2 1 24 6 7 6 6 2 4 4 3 2 3 C 6 6 6 5 2 1 1 1 12 4 5 8 13 7 3 2 1 10 2 1 1 1 2 3 3 0 1 4 7 8 6 5 3 1 120 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE EARTH SCIENCES Appendix E: Solar Radiation TABLE El.?Daily solar radiation (Wh/m2) measured by Eppley Pyrranometers on Barro Colorado Island, Panama\ 1973-1975,1977, 1979-1989. 1973 Jan 1 2 3 4 56 7 8 9 1011 12 13 1415 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 2627 28 2930 31 nAvg Sd Min Max Feb Mar 4703 3105 4163 49956757 4474 6254 47316474 5273 5645 4939 4486 6021 5445 4011 4753 4051 4166 49326567 5269 3417 23 4984 1004 3105 6757 Apr 43795172 6992 51086086 5247 3499 5322 58463996 4629 4945 6837 54956117 3448 4695 5481 6015 6357 6913 5832 4190 5368 24 5332 1018 3448 6992 May 4671 3586 4779 3993 5772 6447 6298 6571 59854959 2724 1592 32024937 4234 6251 5690 6065 5604 4170 3775 4832 4157 4111 24 4767 1305 1592 6571 Jun 44074897 3093 3912 39822579 4625 2799 83787 930 2579 4897 Jul 23014358 4742 29054236 6184 5276 3560 4906 4933 4854 4700 5635 3872 6935 15 4627 1229 2301 6935 Aug 2816 5043 6601 4989 5110 5222 4754 3921 3742 6372 3825 37285939 5734 39002389 6266 2449 6175 4022 5000 5166 4987 2431 5919 4697 4661 27 4661 1257 2389 6601 Sep 3775 64736117 4821 6304 5657 6185 4642 6005 3603 5283 4158 40723058 4512 36397017 4507 1373 5419 4622 3650 5280 3177 3806 3319 6442 27 4701 1356 1373 7017 Oct 5462 3391 2542 2078 5161 5957 5656 4018 6299 4011 2441 1618 3396 3520 5205 14453640 5494 3660 5581 5633 5954 5546 5334 6123 6478 6592 6203 5630 3965 5882 31 4642 1547 1445 6592 Nov 3403 5091 4621 2085 3327 1747 3356 2998 1550 3696 2889 3315 3844 5485 5736 5611 3770 1223 3406 5281 3493 4549 4761 3299 6177 25 3789 1369 1223 6177 Dec 5405 3870 5356 5096 59715043 4685 5575 3702 5723 5557 4294 5054 5182 5756 3738 4947 5792 3762 1852 20 4818 1042 1852 5971 1974 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 1617 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 n Avg Sd Min Max Jan 5624 5856 5234 4052 5231 4716 4867 4701 4979 4049 5315 2136 5319 5806 5223 44645907 5254 5642 5491 4997 5534 5863 4209 5250 6313 4665 5287 5616 6091 4890 31 5116 808 2136 6313 Feb 6233 6569 5841 4343 6206 5050 4441 5688 4893 6036 6345 7054 5987 6418 6257 51875430 6698 5905 3904 5848 6414 6524 6743 6494 6700 6566 6509 28 5939 818 3904 7054 Mar 6017 3919 5262 6082 6164 6829 6122 6787 5519 4861 6047 6596 7026 6077 4521 54774826 5626 6087 5641 6966 21 5831 846 3919 7026 Apr 4305 6239 5976 6270 6209 5814 5875 4806 6153 6261 6108 5532 6365 6362 4782 49384180 5176 3923 4887 3674 4907 6423 6383 6040 5060 3513 2964 4915 3997 30 5268 1027 2964 6423 May 6173 5948 5898 4351 4105 6184 6663 5173 6233 5788 7036 6628 4020 4931 2071 58113488 6795 6440 6368 4892 3170 1144 3733 4105 4923 5735 5609 4654 4068 2786 31 4997 1491 1144 7036 Jun 4752 3614 4886 5573 6230 4310 4586 4736 2751 4531 4470 3560 6051 4427 6329 65693470 6544 4442 3844 1962 2563 6559 5433 5008 6168 3640 3581 5079 4581 30 4675 1256 1962 6569 Jul 2242 4095 2721 3280 5399 4851 3846 4649 5001 3435 943 4242 3619 3976 1919 42944879 2314 5331 4428 5633 4639 5897 954 3825 2226 4657 4351 4213 2858 5445 31 3876 1337 943 5897 Aug 5411 3656 5534 3678 4509 2696 4986 5262 2681 3720 4028 1796 5047 6849 5690 55514721 4266 4601 4021 6634 5528 6060 5227 24 4673 1266 1796 6849 Sep 2668 5987 5277 5578 6047 4195 4473 5678 4108 1168 5897 5764 4090 13 4687 1524 1168 6047 Oct 4552 3312 3203 6070 4632 6714 4873 4430 3497 2326 5265 3468 3591 3940 4194 45241945 6402 17924580 5036 2078 4915 2807 4996 4431 4692 3490 3493 5564 2988 31 4123 1276 1792 6714 Nov 3765 5296 3273 918 4685 6227 5134 4476 3376 3132 2356 5743 5363 6061 4033 33356136 4410 3536 4613 4680 3586 46383467 5210 4136 24683826 4678 4156 30 4224 1219 918 6227 Dec 2630 1536 5762 6015 4868 3559 5162 3754 4846 5669 5446 5072 4962 5297 4694 4882 3674 5255 3958 4448 4450 5072 4716 4796 5640 5770 5757 4142 6067 5548 4071 31 4759 1020 1536 6067 1975 Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec 1977 Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 6327 6456 6125 5634 5946 6299 6087 3464 6177 6556 7032 6717 6599 6255 6083 6560 4438 6355 5750 6684 6455 5342 6118 1162 6953 3832 6103 5870 2761 7305 6993 6155 6619 5663 5368 2894 5585 5607 5269 4216 3803 2871 3112 1863 7344 4807 6446 3624 5698 6195 6574 5166 5241 5517 6185 5814 6666 2137 6495 5207 4959 6741 5324 5463 5820 1763 4805 4341 7138 2226 6316 5244 4550 4623 2381 2156 3752 4554 3279 3643 2305 2075 3118 3682 3160 5817 5608 4807 3578 5369 5646 2981 2026 3660 6247 3154 2081 5162 2099 4422 2869 5111 1923 2739 5403 2837 1600 6026 3094 2626 2812 4064 3517 4155 2556 1685 3784 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 6745 5981 4115 7205 6004 5563 5157 3975 15843857 5781 4671 3458 5757 3962 2941 4490 2884 41883383 5090 5018 3532 3717 4030 2483 5712 5114 3003 3146 2453 4427 3210 4522 2746 4506 3777 2390 3834 2167 1642 1996 45124635 5968 5783 1428 3834 1824 2668 6117 3564 6619 4643 5753 5640 4818 2522 49916793 6255 5411 3566 4705 2905 4802 6277 4555 1686 32534537 4670 4743 3795 4509 4797 7176 6091 3051 3363 2731 2006 3658 57365988 5008 4834 6627 4398 1598 5542 3189 4377 4357 4013 4822 4267 2588 6499 5483 37303165 3792 5835 2683 1860 4676 3853 2709 4791 50946424 4965 2969 4106 5289 4020 2337 4587 2609 3457 3472 5892 5008 6039 3186 n 2 18 25 28 24 20 Avg 6458 6035 5889 4447 3470 3745 Sd 205 875 1162 1625 1458 1179 Min 6355 3464 2761 1162 1600 2305 Max 6560 7032 7344 6993 6247 6026 n Avg Sd Min Max 18 24 27 14 27 16 4674 3587 4529 4170 4312 4341 1515 1126 1588 1406 1365 1304 1584 1642 1428 2006 1598 2337 7205 5712 6793 7176 6627 6424 NUMBER 29 121 TABLE El.?Continued. 1979 Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec 1980 Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 n Avg Sd Min Max 3290 4050 6033 2235 3534 3494 2935 5605 6430 5742 6064 4105 5081 13 4508 1440 2235 6430 2991 5211 2876 6330 3991 3570 1681 6608 4702 4386 10 4235 1634 1681 6608 29865534 6580 2546 4715 4764 5654 4357 6115 3487 10 4674 1419 2546 6580 3824 2124 4609 3743 4203 4460 5340 4064 3266 6041 5794 11 4315 1190 2124 6041 62164765 4320 1607 890 1607 5308 3836 3540 1978 1890 3180 2301 3406 5115 1917 1838 2020 18 3096 1590 890 6216 2891 4160 3576 4406 5098 3136 2803 5576 5295 5294 3220 1398 3644 5370 4506 5077 5862 4977 5707 2198 4319 4217 3811 23 4197 1223 1398 5862 12 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 n Avg Sd Min Max 3855 4458 5176 5669 4701 5702 5498 5878 5728 5531 5995 6067 4746 5423 5665 3231 4679 3815 4952 4786 2768 5859 4677 5988 6145 4694 5432 27 5078 899 2768 6145 57706278 6483 1747 3154 2210 5681 4667 6089 5672 6471 6189 6447 4957 5390 6559 16 5235 1595 1747 6559 6871 6755 64554158 4983 6394 6148 5134 4878 6015 65176398 7073 7101 7052 6564 4129 5286 5625 5291 4161 5434 5861 23 5838 978 4129 7101 57333647 5898 5672 4744 6290 71757385 7019 6909 6819 6779 5689 6711 4298 1643 3493 2471 4978 4610 3572 5071 5346 6568 24 5355 1588 1643 7385 65995682 6527 6132 3437 2118 1176 2588 63235793 5005 4860 3185 1620 3316 6199 47551990 5200 2598 4282 1464 3732 5392 5027 4181 4634 3459 3958 4233 3291 31 4153 1602 1176 6599 38946172 5476 3962 2408 2564 1102 4020 24152804 2756 1827 4962 5455 5393 3693 3909 4973 2200 3794 5133 2689 5393 3934 2982 2674 3971 2794 4419 29 3716 1311 1102 6172 55084780 4719 4740 3405 3498 59652894 4125 5939 2586 3647 1899 4505 32052395 4800 2182 3265 2853 5347 3534 3109 4837 3185 3648 4258 2912 2777 29 3811 1142 1899 5965 33426125 3644 1072 4262 43035020 5259 4634 4915 3715 3955 1004 39744404 3233 4300 4345 2575 5674 5744 5925 3539 3265 2293 1795 2391 4341 28 3895 1388 1004 6125 26371818 6274 5844 4030 1394 3176 3766 46414217 5604 5151 3456 3244 3230 4215 43812620 2655 2182 5143 5664 6161 6364 4834 971 2066 6609 3743 5229 30 4044 1603 971 6609 32902925 4799 3399 3142 2910 3435 2543 5332 2912 3720 5324 4859 3840 2295 2750 4426 4320 5818 3044 4144 3265 3777 3818 3764 1569 2288 3619 2449 2418 3717 31 3546 1013 1569 5818 1981 Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec 1982 Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 1724 3528 2009 2413 2919 6377 3836 3065 2833 2509 1118 1340 3343 4446 5695 47445190 5055 2682 4684 5646 3364 3040 4249 4482 2971 2972 5886 1200 1160 3322 3445 3893 5291 5194 4560 1435 2440 3625 5471 6937 6468 2057 2317 4529 5181 1181 2938 1840 3981 2142 2894 2437 3322 55994951 1698 1831 4011 4653 4594 3129 3365 3328 3282 3464 4917 3854 3309 1999 4872 2149 5492 3686 3705 5638 5406 4888 4082 3902 3658 3590 3063 4096 4339 22764357 2542 2965 2494 4313 2797 3616 2929 2802 4550 1448 2385 5614 5212 5726 5457 4142 4105 1502 3030 3001 1907 2367 5305 2958 6318 4334 1786 3836 36186194 3244 3831 5082 2382 2916 3155 4789 2920 3352 5041 4943 3478 4483 1783 3805 5347 4060 5495 4589 5079 5161 3047 4679 2345 4001 2922 2832 3830 4286 3736 2010 4128 3126 3848 3583 5284 3482 3664 3247 4400 3088 3295 4446 3104 1990 3775 5385 5078 3586 2805 4866 2905 3055 3384 45084949 4040 4645 4838 3676 2020 2663 3624 4071 936 3043 2726 3146 4437 3042 3184 3381 2549 2709 2583 3789 2766 3674 3578 3601 2745 3427 29583904 3689 2523 1400 3785 2914 2436 1591 1624 1103 1093 519 2193 2908 3253 4378 4053 2289 2531 2149 3974 1993 4076 5032 5255 4758 4288 3820 2810 4518 12 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 36762845 2772 2256 2499 2094 4899 4699 5373 5379 5514 4820 4850 n Avg Sd Min Max 15 26 13 31 30 26 30 28 31 n 13 3144 3959 3176 3889 3536 4032 3638 3370 3026 Avg 3975 1542 1517 1557 1098 1381 1152 861 911 1280 Sd 1365 1118 1160 1181 1698 1448 1783 1990 936 519 Min 2094 6377 6937 6468 5638 6318 6194 5385 4949 5255 Max 5514 122 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE EARTH SCIENCES TABLE El.?Continued. 1983 Jan 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 n Avg Sd Min Max Feb Mar 6071 5043 5588 6378 5378 6295 4699 4155 3829 4331 3857 5746 5834 6332 14 5253 967 3829 6378 Apr 6067 5750 6206 6011 4020 5853 6318 6099 6160 6490 5113 5727 6932 6053 5592 6774 5253 7095 6983 6904 6081 4494 3443 5806 6476 5457 428 358 3001 6285 30 5441 1715 358 7095 May 4564 4462 3717 5588 5467 2889 3754 3540 5276 4718 4773 4271 335 558 2303 3731 4476 4178 3736 3652 6499 5113 5118 5308 5392 4573 26 4154 1448 335 6499 Jun 6141 2205 4169 6346 1103 5206 2298 2168 2661 6741 4448 3652 5708 13 4065 1946 1103 6741 Jul 4043 2550 4718 2349 5267 5895 4987 2336 6234 2791 5257 6541 2443 5029 2829 4034 6034 5936 3112 2252 3773 3606 22 4183 14962252 6541 Aug 1070 5215 3722 6420 3019 2950 4862 6034 4294 3368 6583 6462 6002 5713 4597 2912 1010 3098 5439 4108 3950 5341 22 4371 16601010 6583 Sep 3652 4355 5420 4378 1926 940 6225 2177 1563 2801 4843 3503 5574 5574 2708 3438 2373 3950 2052 4517 4243 5834 3973 3424 4927 2215 3550 2996 3438 29 3675 1395 940 6225 Oct 907 5704 4164 3661 1768 2373 1428 4392 5708 5597 4029 3029 3485 2573 4685 5532 6257 5039 6057 3452 5811 5113 5983 5387 3010 4829 1498 2001 2712 2754 30 3965 1633907 6257 Nov 5755 4871 5308 3117 4345 4578 3992 4885 4890 4997 2657 5429 2991 4708 4825 5611 4722 4052 4080 3550 1931 2750 3643 5476 5248 53322126 2931 2550 3257 30 4154 11461931 5755 Dec 3945 4736 3429 3098 3717 3420 3494 2359 3908 2773 3340 4504 4290 4331 3331 1847 1819 1935 3247 17592908 4745 4471 4634 5015 40014364 4569 2680 3489 30 3539 9741759 5015 1984 1 2 3 4 5 67 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 2021 22 23 24 25 2627 28 29 30 31 n Avg SdMin Max Jan 3540 5285 4969 5360 30983661 5727 4466 3708 5094 5420 5788 6299 4927 4010 5392 5671 5308 58255760 5532 5657 6318 6672 60676327 6081 5560 4145 5681 30 5245 9383098 6672 Feb 6351 5802 3875 5732 5066 60254099 6453 6304 3154 4159 4257 6471 6513 6653 6802 6537 5536 5369 55976448 5457 4504 3871 5462 41834997 5778 5555 29 5414 10333154 6802 Mar 6150 6323 5792 5090 6537 37543280 6402 5834 7048 5857 6481 7002 5899 7067 6816 6676 7058 7188 71837007 7034 5443 6681 6997 62395592 6196 4906 5653 5173 31 6141 9823280 7188 Apr 5597 5829 3517 5373 6802 66444699 6518 6374 6955 6597 6416 4080 5532 5853 3931 1559 5641 5954 60704292 4883 6475 7332 5014 51185183 5350 6523 6760 30 5562 12461559 7332 May 7090 5620 6937 4643 5862 55883908" 5932 6117 4117 4201 4983 2582 6951 3085 4327 2568 3587 4648 48432736 3071 3601 5080 3015 29735541 4955 3880 3043 2903 31 4464 13892568 7090 Jun 4048 2401 4215 3852 2540 6141172 3266 4466 4187 1982 3992 4969 3378 2764 4215 2847 2317 5918 47453741 2652 3545 3098 3322 37683852 3071 1898 1144 30 3266 1211614 5918 Jul 2764 3302 5276 3182 1926 35455136 2010 4410 3238 4410 5806 2791 2652 1787 4383 4718 2736 4634 29312875 4885 3294 4438 4131 22614801 2512 3852 2791 3433 31 3578 11001787 5806 Aug 3378 2847 2233 3098 4243 56113266 2624 3294 3657 1117 4299 4299 2540 1787 3071 2261 5053 3852 36571117 3545 921 4243 4662 48572205 2038 4829 3824 3043 31 3273 1225921 5611 Sep 4131 4997 3098 4159 2736 8652708 3992 4857 1787 3573 4076 3126 2205 3796 5080 3322 2066 2261 33503601 3796 6420 5080 4997 33783936 3685 977 4745 30 3560 1284865 6420 Oct 4299 3071 1703 4997 4773 26523433 2624 4578 4215 4662 2764 2066 2038 3629 3433 2875 2931 4466 47454745 4243 2903 2540 4103 26243238 4801 3154 2736 2568 31 3471 986 1703 4997 Nov 4913 2429 3210 4076 2708 25404969 2121 3489 2903 4327 4801 4327 2736 4131 4187 3489 5025 2205 36293210 2987 1396 4745 5053 24841424 2624 4271 4494 30 3497 1109 1396 5053 Dec 2875 4048 3964 2345 4634 47734578 4745 4243 4550 5053 5136 2903 4159 3713 3238 4438 3713 5192 33784801 3573 3796 4829 4215 40763126 4885 4913 4410 5332 31 4182 777 2345 5332 1985 Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec 1986 Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec 1 5220 2 5220 3 5360 4 4550 5 4745 6 3517 7 5220 8 5332 9 5304 10 5192 11 5248 12 5304 13 5750 14 4634 15 4634 16 5276 17 4997 18 4578 19 5443 20 5639 21 4745 22 4969 23 4271 24 4662 25 4103 26 2652 27 4997 28 2791 29 4662 30 5415 31 5415 4662 6085 5778 5499 5639 5136 5750 4410 4299 2680 3294 4606 5053 6281 5806 4548 3824 4138 4793 5466 4791 5198 5537 6175 6201 5916 6417 6579 5054 3629 4271 4829 6225 5974 5974 5471 5555 4020 6057 6141 5332 5220 6309 6504 6504 6085 6839 6895 6755 6783 5750 6141 5080 5667 1926 6532 6560 6392 5499 5806 6420 5918 6420 3433 6169 6476 6085 6420 4076 5080 5750 5611 4634 3545 4773 5192 6560 3713 5360 6002 5527 6755 6644 5778 6002 6755 6588 6839 3964 6169 6364 2875 5276 2819 2066 1898 4662 3657 2233 4355 3266 4131 5136 5220 5499 3461 5053 5304 4941 3908 2261 5695 5695 3629 4857 4159 4076 3406 4745 2540 1870 4299 2038 3545 3152 4131 2199 3852 5378 2931 3964 4550 3489 4410 4131 3238 3378 4718 4299 4327 2819 4299 3154 5499 4243 3545 4271 3880 3992 3489 2317 6895 2847 6979 3266 2959 3964 4969 4076 4550 3936 8235 2931 3489 4159 2456 4801 2736 2764 3406 2708 4020 3210 3936 2373 4913 3210 3378 3071 3713 2429 3489 3824 4745 5667 3703 1898 4152 4299 1531 3861 3128 2943 2890 3489 3301 5350 2484 2710 6197 2547 4997 5374 5778 4722 5667 4908 2652 3059 3406 4059 3741 5327 2652 6025 2233 3815 3629 3768 4020 3443 4773 3408 5108 4734 4745 4955 3713 6211 3043 5920 2791 5943 5527 3513 4466 3722 3154 4990 4076 3978 5918 4699 3338 5118 2315 2268 4141 5967 3966 2175 3745 3338 3396 2954 2838 3350 3745 3292 5187 4257 3652 3815 2791 5722 3233 4932 5234 3838 3140 3245 1442 3664 5222 4280 5083 4699 6374 3164 5781 1245 3955 1454 4548 1721 3454 1884 1477 3164 2617 2745 4676 4559 4908 2594 5187 3431 5036 5083 3385 5083 4327 5094 2896 5141 4536 5548 5583 5467 3594 5676 4117 5443 512 4129 4338 5025 2687 5455 3536 4269 4722 3071 5234 4792 4280 2896 3524 4850 5862 3908 3768 4152 4664 1 5495 2 5634 3 3933 4 5160 5 3933 6 4742 7 5160 8 5411 9 5383 10 5718 11 3793 12 3459 13 3263 14 2789 15 5606 16 5690 17 5941 18 5913 19 5941 20 5634 21 6053 22 4853 23 5774 24 5523 25 5829 26 3654 27 4491 28 5690 29 3180 30 5132 31 5551 6108 6053 5523 5997 5941 6053 6108 5439 5941 5411 5383 5467 6220 6499 6610 5746 5244 4267 4156 4825 3905 6555 6527 5048 5634 6722 6248 6722 6694 6248 5662 4658 6778 6359 6889 6610 6248 6025 6053 6806 6276 6220 6583 6917 7224 6220 5690 3765 4630 6248 4686 5941 6861 5523 5662 2594 6359 2901 5941 4044 4993 6276 4686 4407 5076 6527 6053 6861 3542 3710 3765 6276 6108 3375 6136 1450 1897 1367 2120 3291 4267 3180 5021 6025 5132 6108 7112 6332 4072 5690 5132 3096 2036 3347 5104 5355 6332 7029 6108 6750 6499 6610 6889 6080 2789 6666 6666 3431 4630 976 3403 2957 4407 5802 4630 2176 3738 6889 6415 6387 5634 6136 5774 5216 3682 4602 4295 5411 4797 1674 2259 4797 4853 1534 3431 3793 3459 3849 5160 3793 3012 3012 2510 3989 4602 3514 4519 2817 2678 2538 2817 4128 3514 2957 3933 3654 2036 4379 3291 3542 4435 1869 5634 6192 3459 1618 2287 5039 5162 6108 3227 2361 4576 5401 4056 5496 4527 4136 5331 4512 4574 4853 2957 3765 4351 4212 5272 4574 3542 3208 3347 3849 5634 4184 5774 3180 5244 2008 4742 3570 2399 4714 3208 3765 3654 2622 1841 1590 4714 2901 3682 4630 2733 5662 2259 725 4463 2901 2176 3514 5132 3570 4463 4240 3319 4965 2482 4379 4100 2538 3403 4909 5634 3347 1813 2845 2482 4714 3626 6248 4714 4686 2287 3152 2371 3208 6359 2482 614 2343 1367 3877 2343 3793 4295 2203 1729 1506 3208 2594 3905 1897 4909 4881 2622 1729 2566 2761 3877 3765 3124 5021 3068 4212 2594 3682 4574 5132 2957 4295 4630 3793 5467 1952 4351 2566 4546 3180 3291 3598 4881 2678 3821 4351 1339 4546 1701 4797 2622 5216 5048 4742 1646 4044 2203 4881 4184 4602 2203 4937 2984 4881 1785 4463 4937 4658 2427 4379 3933 2789 4463 4965 5188 5411 3933 4351 5021 4351 4770 5327 4072 3905 5132 n 31 28 31 30 31 30 31 31 30 31 30 31 n Avg 4834 5163 5677 5610 4173 3400 4186 3926 4282 3703 4174 4022 Avg Sd 750 982 1100 1046 1285 864 1322 1210 1160 1080 1308 1330 Sd Min 2652 2680 1926 3433 1898 1870 2429 1531 1898 1442 512 1245 Min Max 5750 6579 6895 6839 6364 5378 8235 6197 6211 5967 6374 5676 Max 30 28 31 30 31 30 30 31 30 31 30 31 4958 5727 5847 4640 4968 3911 3989 3798 3739 3080 3621 4252 1002 777 1150 1668 1757 1240 1277 1206 1210 1297 1256 886 2780 3905 2594 1367 976 1534 1618 1813 725 614 1339 1952 6048 6722 7224 7112 7029 6136 6192 5774 6248 6359 5467 5411 NUMBER 29 123 TABLE El.?Continued. 1987 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 n Avg Sd Min Max Jan 4797 4937 5021 4546 4546 2817 5355 5383 5551 4574 4686 4156 5160 4937 4825 3710 3738 4463 3068 5104 5244 4770 3654 3431 4128 4881 5383 5132 4546 4630 4937 31 4584 706 2817 5551 Feb 4491 3682 5188 4072 5132 5802 5634 5634 4156 1729 586 4184 5718 5467 6053 5774 5997 4602 5774 2957 5746 4519 4267 5634 2901 5467 3180 5885 28 4651 1404 586 6053 Mar 3682 5662 3710 5327 5746 5411 5523 4742 5857 6415 6080 6387 6583 4128 6136 5969 4491 6220 5383 4993 3319 4993 5885 5578 5355 5551 6276 5244 5746 6610 6220 31 5459 878 3319 6610 Apr 6164 4825 5662 4546 1729 4072 5132 2957 2259 4546 4267 5216 6332 5355 6192 5913 5802 5160 2399 4295 4407 3403 4937 3542 2901 2733 1590 2789 2064 1701 30 4096 1514 1590 6332 May 4602 4240 5857 5411 5327 5216 3431 1199 809 3849 4937 4602 1144 3654 2259 2064 5327 5048 4491 4519 2399 3542 1674 5774 6527 4156 4658 3319 4658 4016 3068 31 3928 1518 809 6527 Jun 1618 2817 4630 3263 3180 5523 4853 3263 2733 4295 2343 1841 2343 3682 4016 4184 2455 5634 3738 3068 6248 4463 2455 5969 2064 4184 4909 3180 2120 29 3623 1311 1618 6248 Jul 4853 5299 3235 3738 1562 5857 1729 3849 3459 4240 3849 6694 2678 2984 2120 3626 3654 5746 4825 725 1646 4100 3570 2957 2315 3124 4295 4742 2371 2259 30 3537 1421 725 6694 Aug 3542 1562 4965 5439 5076 5802 3012 2901 1925 1952 3989 5021 2148 4770 4937 4323 4546 384 9 4044 4686 3654 3989 5021 2008 3877 2789 26 3839 1241 1562 5802 Sep 1708 930 2 1319 779 930 1708 Oct 1615 941 2104 2045 1371 1534 1267 198 1232 1790 2231 1209 2150 872 1557 976 1151 1046 1255 1023 2127 3208 2733 2622 2594 2845 2706 3291 1088 3235 3821 31 1866 898 198 3821 Nov 2817 2148 948 3347 3319 697 1004 4407 4630 5244 5132 4435 3542 2427 1897 3291 4658 5188 2650 1674 3291 3570 4240 1422 4434 3988 5020 5104 28 3376 1442 697 5244 Dec 5438 3514 1227 641 2621 3849 1757 4127 3179 3598 4657 2510 1701 2845 2231 5494 5104 5020 3849 4155 5048 5076 5438 5299 5438 5299 5104 4183 3765 29 3868 1447 641 5494 1988 1 2 3 45 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 n Avg Sd Min Max Jan 3681 4434 5466 5187 5354 5076 5131 5048 5076 5299 4936 5299 4629 4434 5243 3319 4685 5187 5215 5104 5466 5550 5438 4964 5522 5020 4100 4462 5187 5438 5076 31 4969 540 3319 5550 Feb 4463 4435 3989 4853 5606 3654 4323 4212 4853 5160 5802 5885 6080 5439 5439 5578 5523 5885 5523 4993 3375 4156 4435 3124 3989 3626 3793 2957 28 4684 930 2957 6080 Mar 6415 5160 5857 5383 5467 5355 5969 6108 5411 3682 6527 6527 6387 5969 5969 4044 5076 4742 5774 5411 4128 5802 4240 6415 5802 5634 5969 2371 4742 5885 30 5407 969 2371 6527 Apr 6583 6555 4463 5132 6583 6499 5969 6025 5439 3180 4016 6499 6387 5997 5383 6220 6276 6108 5216 6053 6443 6443 6387 4463 6136 5857 4937 5299 4463 29 5690 907 3180 6583 May 2482 5244 5299 2678 4491 1925 2817 5913 4016 1952 3403 1869 2566 2984 5327 6080 7140 3542 2733 3514 5467 3933 4156 4880 4545 2083 2967 2193 5837 6002 4801 31 3963 1463 1869 7140 Jun 4531 2530 7153 6379 4286 4018 5374 5824 1980 2421 3500 5244 4590 5269 2687 2094 4439 3267 2557 4935 6045 3405 3161 3834 4827 6578 4766 4336 3458 29 4258 1369 1980 7153 Jul 4303 4977 4202 1440 3475 4274 5187 2824 3843 3981 2328 6010 5283 2474 3065 3035 3859 1330 3206 3616 3615 1334 3566 2607 2253 910 3196 3652 2090 3993 4930 31 3383 1229 910 6010 Aug 4070 2716 3804 5433 4389 3687 2362 4747 6087 3221 5884 3500 3528 4024 2475 4207 5022 2477 4573 4985 2307 4369 4471 4881 5362 3470 3615 3613 2875 4319 4138 31 4020 1001 2307 6087 Sep 3935 6855 3775 5333 4923 5012 4444 5922 4818 1907 3507 3637 5480 4295 4362 5546 2494 5036 3179 3340 5848 4503 3960 2913 3614 1667 4504 4720 4266 2261 30 4202 1204 1667 6855 Oct 3621 5164 4290 4374 4420 3973 3944 2988 3794 4653 4779 3672 3736 2480 1993 3222 3921 2075 1797 1384 2781 5711 5187 5398 2721 3218 4389 2810 4369 6353 4222 31 3788 1170 1384 6353 Nov 2956 5629 4534 5858 4760 5634 2734 3163 2409 2985 4092 4294 2059 1430 1326 3149 3428 2892 3612 5827 3181 5623 3945 3492 3905 4909 4308 3964 3505 3316 30 3764 1204 1326 5858 Dec 1622 2758 2988 1521 5060 4715 4584 2606 3748 4964 4945 4601 3019 6062 3450 2557 4921 4932 4826 5726 5461 5946 4683 4950 5737 5734 5578 5119 4831 3822 4521 31 4387 1230 1521 6062 1989 1 23 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 Jan 5837 5329 4355 4030 4234 2320 4707 4955 5617 6148 5909 6561 5482 5063 5318 3923 5875 6310 6181 6065 4986 5475 5909 5193 5766 5730 6598 5419 6584 6684 5537 Feb 6571 6297 6622 6678 6480 4995 5351 4896 6291 6123 5955 6747 6070 4039 6112 6615 6332 7197 6800 7026 5861 5092 4508 4076 5379 2242 5024 6336 Mar 4868 4916 6865 5622 5520 6062 7196 7250 6273 6352 4829 6687 6628 5963 7218 6375 6054 6329 6555 6522 7383 7494 7410 6574 5510 6952 4617 4836 7129 7593 7610 Apr 7326 7476 7561 6292 5870 5959 5356 6185 6364 6523 3809 6484 6772 6406 6885 4119 6261 5853 6924 7203 3665 4654 6552 2806 6480 6799 4525 7289 5702 6296 May 5182 4772 .2952 3013 6521 5389 5945 6054 6692 7300 7635 5993 3629 3987 6292 4652 6183 5554 5887 6368 4825 6167 1203 4530 4229 6270 3731 2176 5986 6048 5225 Jun 3347 1499 5940 5067 2305 3031 5248 4384 3151 3635 3739 3815 3545 5732 5546 2806 3438 5482 1470 3065 2458 2875 3082 3089 4085 3401 4613 5308 1897 5570 Jul 3570 3110 4676 3664 2877 3408 3126 4044 4541 5019 4131 5120 3560 4472 6385 3892 3294 2838 3683 3101 2650 4302 3648 4518 4248 3829 4131 5270 4537 2561 3989 Aug 4848 3217 3482 6635 5177 2125 3999 6006 1801 2448 4754 3699 4162 2321 2750 2731 1807 5566 2209 4584 4247 4472 3818 5524 4782 4131 4291 4035 1580 3981 5730 Sep 4451 4140 2724 4374 3876 2638 3751 5442 1722 5268 3522 3653 4722 5588 5260 4583 5484 4667 4644 3179 4593 5009 4727 6768 4920 3058 5153 4705 2531 4689 Oct 6137 2068 3933 3655 1820 5849 5794 2467 2156 4097 2153 3836 4445 4805 5291 2235 3548 1472 3849 857 1093 2652 4586 6009 3205 6158 5810 3062 4379 5844 4166 Nov 2063 3906 4740 4502 3766 2722 2667 1477 2316 4608 3581 3845 5307 4288 3943 2770 1613 2052 4606 5154 4736 2314 4864 2559 549 4895 5236 3812 3064 3296 Dec 2977 3738 3643 4895 3311 5609 4409 4972 3927 5053 3065 3600 4718 5239 5042 5705 4823 5552 5568 5525 4967 5641 4976 5224 1175 1163 1985 3443 3538 5286 5157 n 31 28 31 30 31 30 31 31 30 31 30 31 Avg 5423 5776 6361 6013 5174 3754 3942 3900 4328 3788 3508 4320 Sd 925 1089 890 1190 1468 1261 836 1321 1071 1580 1250 1254 Min 2320 2242 4617 2806 1203 1470 2561 1580 1722 857 549 1163 Max 6684 7197 7610 7561 7635 5940 6385 6635 6768 6158 5307 5705 124 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE EARTH SCIENCES TABLE E2.?Daily values of photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) measured by Li-190S quantum sensors at 40 m elevation on the Lutz tower (Einsteins/m2/dy), 1985-1989. 1985 Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec 1986 Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec 1 23 4 5 67 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 39.320.6 28.5 19.0 18.0 31.8 45.9 31.1 17.4 28.9 26.5 26.1 23.3 22.525.8 29.5 25.838.2 32.4 28.4 29.221.7 43.6 24.9 38.6 39.5 31.0 30.5 39.9 23.6 33.4 24.6 11.5 28.1 40.038.6 48.0 43.3 30.8 35.0 27.1 12.0 20.0 35.4 36.7 39.3 38.2 26.533.4 22.3 34.742.6 27.6 30.7 4.9 34.1 21.226.9 35.7 40.3 32.1 27.5 44.1 29.1 33.337.2 25.2 10.4 12.4 13.8 14.8 23.6 20.6 34.1 21.3 26.6 38.4 38.038.2 39.2 41.641.0 42.6 41.6 32.037.4 40.2 32.5 23.8 35.0 22.5 36.1 30.2 32.0 36.0 12 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 2122 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 40.642.0 29.5 39.6 30.0 35.1 38.2 40.3 40.3 42.2 28.9 26.9 25.1 21.742.2 42.0 43.844.4 43.9 41.6 44.9 50.3 47.4 51.0 48.4 46.2 44.4 44.9 50.7 46.5 45.948.7 50.8 52.345.9 41.9 29.2 34.446.1 35.0 43.9 50.4 41.5 42.0 20.9 47.4 22.8 44.4 31.137.9 46.8 35.7 33.6 37.0 46.5 44.6 51.8 28.4 28.8 28.8 46.5 45.2 16.7 28.2 48.8 45.9 45.5 39.944.8 41.0 37.6 27.6 34.4 31.4 38.4 36.0 13.8 17.6 35.0 33.0 12.425.8 27.9 26.528.2 38.7 27.9 22.923.8 19.9 30.2 34.8 26.8 55.0 34.8 33.7 32.5 20.926.1 13.1 16.3 16.0 16.1 5.6 20.7 22.8 28.4 33.1 16.0 42.3 45.426.5 15.1 19.437.4 36.3 38.4 23.214.8 27.9 37.7 25.9 36.0 33.4 27.4 36.6 32.0 41.6 37.022.5 31.1 37.7 26.6 25.1 39.7 40.6 37.0 34.0 18.1 23.2 27.2 14.835.6 27.9 21.218.3 33.8 17.1 37.432.5 25.519.6 32.0 26.8 42.5 15.6 20.3 28.2 34.0 37.213.5 16.0 19.4 18.7 14.5 15.1 10.4 8.2 18.3 17.6 20.6 16.1 10.712.1 1.3 39.5 6.0 22.3 26.5 26.931.0 36.131.8 18.9 36.6 24.9 21.3 34.4 45.4 34.417.3 23.2 18.4 23.8 44.9 19.6 5.6 18.0 11.529.2 18.3 28.4 31.417.4 14.4 11.725.1 19.4 29.5 15.0 34.6 35.6 20.4 13.7 20.2 21.5 28.9 27.2 23.6 37.4 22.319.4 27.5 33.3 25.3 34.3 29.1 10.7 13.2 19.9 36.3 12.7 18.0 30.0 24.5 15.7 35.7 19.6 29.133.7 36.6 30.7 36.7 37.9 32.3 34.0 27.837.7 8.5 11.8 15.6 12.5 18.9 23.5 26.8 18.6 29.8 32.7 32.4 36.633.6 29.7 36.135.6 37.7 37.3 34.435.4 34.6 22.6 37.0' 40.9 33.7 35.0 40.6 31.4 39.0 Avg 34.8 28.2 31.9 30.7 Avg 37.3 43.5 38.8 37.0 31.1 26.9 28.5 21.7 23.2 26.9 29.9 1987 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 1516 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 Jan 34.8 39.238.4 34.6 34.3 22.5 40.0 40.9 42.9 33.6 34.8 31.8 38.0 35.9 38.627.5 30.2 33.6 24.6 38.3 40.6 37.6 30.4 28.4 33.0 37.7 40.9 39.2 34.6 36.1 37.4 Feb 34.027.5 37.3 32.5 38.6 42.8 42.0 40.6 31.115.3 7.2 30.2 40.9 40.2 44.842.6 43.5 34.0 43.2 23.8 43.133.7 30.7 41.3 23.3 40.8 27.8 43.2 Mar 29.4 41.3 30.233.7 46.0 43.7 43.9 39.1 45.4 50.3 46.9 49.1 49.5 31.8 48.245.3 36.0 48.2 42.1 40.6 27.3 39.8 46.0 44.0 41.6 42.9 48.9 41.1 44.5 51.6 49.5 Apr 44.7 38.2 45.4 37.4 16.0 35.1 41.9 25.5 19.4 36.5 32.6 40.9 46.4 39.4 46.343.4 43.6 39.0 19.3 34.9 34.427.7 6.1 28.0 23.8 22.0 13.7 22.9 17.9 15.5 May 35.1 33.3 45.7 42.6 41.5 50.0 28.3 12.0 10.9 31.7 36.3 11.7 30.2 19.418.0 42.8 40.1 35.0 35.8 20.927.7 15.5 50.8 49.5 32.9 38.3 26.7 43.2 32.8 25.1 Jun 15.3 24.6 37.027.7 26.3 43.3 36.9 35.8 32.6 19.9 30.5 17.6 13.9 18.1 26.726.9 28.1 18.8 36.5 26.0 21.2 38.2 29.2 16.9 38.2 14.6 26.7 31.5 21.5 14.8 Jul 30.4 32.7 21.7 23.9 11.7 36.5 13.1 25.2 22.6 28.9 25.9 43.0 18.5 27.8 24.417.5 28.9 28.6 43.3 37.2 7.614.7 31.5 28.6 24.1 19.1 25.4 33.3 36.8 20.1 19.6 Aug 27.9 13.9 37.0 41.5 39.4 43.3 23.4 22.7 16.8 17.0 31.1 37.4 18.3 37.5 37.432.2 33.1 28.8 31.2 36.9 28.330.9 37.6 17.1 30.0 22.6 Sep Oct 23 21 19 20 22 21 25 9 24 28 .8 .6 .9 .2 .7 .0 .2 .8 .3 .9 Nov 22 20 9 29 29 7 10 36 .7 .9 .6 .6 .3 .9 .6 .2 Dec 1988 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 1516 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 Jan 29.3 36.3 43.5 43.4 41.6 41.9 41.9 37.6 27.5 37.7 41.7 44.2 43.5 41.8 41.3 35.1 42.0 44.7 42.9 Feb 38.9 36.3 40.6 44.8 31.5 34.2 39.6 41.8 45.9 45.5 48.3 42.742.5 44.4 38.4 42.3 37.827.9 33.4 32.3 29.5 30.5 Mar 48.6 40.0 44.5 41.9 40.0 42.1 46.0 42.2 34.8 43.3 41.0 44.2 33.3 45.2 42.944.7 34.5 42.3 Apr 46.8 46.0 33.9 34.9 46.3 46.8 42.9 43.5 39.8 25.2 30.2 47.0 46.3 42.7 26.240.1 47.0 47.3 45.9 39.7 44.747.7 47.7 48.0 35.1 45.4 43.7 36.3 40.3 34.3 May 20.4 38.9 39.5 21.8 34.4 20.7 42.0 28.0 13.6 24.0 13.9 17.6 20.4 34.840.6 47.3 24.3 20.5 22.7 34.9 26.4 29.3 32.8 31.0 13.2 17.2 12.8 34.1 35.6 30.1 Jun 30.0 16.9 47.6 43.0 28.8 26.8 32.8 37.6 12.6 14.1 20.3 29.5 26.9 30.116.3 13.0 24.4 18.7 14.8 29.5 38.5 22.1 19.823.3 29.6 41.6 30.4 28.1 22.3 Jul 27.5 32.5 27.3 9.5 21.8 27.3 32.9 18.0 24.2 25.1 14.5 37.8 34.1 16.2 19.819.2 23.9 8.4 19.7 22.6 22.2 8.3 21.7 16.1 13.8 5.5 18.5 21.8 12.8 23.3 29.5 Aug 24.6 16.7 22.8 33.4 27.4 22.9 14.7 29.1 37.6 20.3 36.7 22.0 22.2 25.3 15.525.9 31.2 15.5 27.8 30.4 14.2 26.2 27.5 30.032.7 21.6 22.1 21.9 17.5 25.7 24.9 Sep 24.1 41.6 23.2 32.9 30.2 30.9 27.0 36.8 29.9 12.1 21.5 22.2 32.7 26.0 26.3 33.9 15.3 30.2 19.0 20.0 35.1 27.5 24.017.7 21.7 10.2 26.4 27.7 25.013.5 Oct 21.0 30.5 25.4 26.0 26.5 23.5 23.2 17.6 22.1 27.5 28.0 21.2 21.7 14.5 11.6 18.4 22.0 11.8 10.1 7.6 15.0 30.1 28.3 30.2 15.3 18.1 24.6 15.923.7 34.8 23.6 Nov 16.8 30.6 25.4 32.8 27.0 31.9 15.7 18.0 13.6 16.4 22.3 23.1 11.7 8.3 7.4 16.9 18.0 15.3 18.6 29.5 16.7 28.3 20.9 18.6 20.5 25.8 23.2 21.4 18.7 17.3 Dec 9.0 14.6 15.1 8.2 25.1 23.3 22.4 13.8 19.4 25.8 25.9 24.3 16.4 32.0 19.414.6 26.2 27.0 26.7 31.8 31.0 33.2 26.5 27.7 32.3 32.4 31.9 29.427.9 22.3 25.5 Avg 35.2 34.9 42.5 31.3 32.1 26.5 25.9 29.( 21.7 20.8 Avg 39.9 38.6 41.7 41.4 27.4 26.5 21.2 24.7 25.5 21.6 20.4 23.9 NUMBER 29 125 TABLE E2 ?Continued. 1989 1 23 45 6 78 910 1112 1314 1516 1718 1920 2122 2324 2526 2728 2930 31 Jan 32.7 30.3 25.1 23.4 24.2 13.5 26.1 27.6 31.0 44.7 43.4 47.8 40.8 37.8 39.6 29.6 43.4 46.4 45.7 44.8 37.3 40.4 43.2 38.4 42.0 42.1 47.9 39.7 48.0 48.2 40.7 Feb 47.6 45.9 48.4 48.8 47.2 37.1 39.7 36.9 45.9 44.4 44.2 49.5 44.7 30.5 44.5 47.6 46.1 52.3 49.2 51.0 43.1 37.7 33.3 29.6 39.2 17.5 36.3 46.6 Mar 36.7 37.0 50.4 41.6 41.0 44.4 52.8 53.3 47.0 47.3 36.5 48.8 48.3 44.3 52.7 46.7 44.6 46.8 47.9 48.2 53.9 54.7 54.0 48.7 40.6 50.9 34.6 36.0 51.4 54.6 54.6 Apr 52.7 53.9 54.5 46.0 43.4 44.4 40.4 45.3 46.8 48.1 28.8 47.5 49.6 47.2 50.2 31.1 46.0 42.9 50.2 52.3 27.8 35.0 48.1 21.6 48.1 50.3 34.5 53.0 42.3 46.4 May 38.3 35.7 22.8 23.3 48.2 40.4 43.7 45.1 49.6 53.8 55.8 44.3 27.9 30.2 45.9 35.4 46.2 41.3 43.9 47.3 36.4 46.09.7 33.0 31.1 46.5 28.5 16.9 43.8 45.2 38.9 Jun 25.6 11.9 44.1 37.8 18.1 21.9 39.1 33.0 23.9 27.5 27.9 27.8 26.4 43.1 41.5 21.6 25.7 40.3 11.5 22.7 18.4 20.9 22.7 23.5 30.6 25.4 34.2 38.2 14.5 41.1 Jul 26.5 23.3 34.2 26.3 21.4 24.9 22.7 29.3 31.8 36.3 30.3 37.5 26.5 32.5 46.3 28.8 24.2 21.0 26.2 22.7 19.2 29.9 26.1 31.1 30.2 27.0 29.9 38.3 31.7 18.4 26.9 Aug 34.0 22.7 23.6 46.0 37.3 15.1 26.5 39.0 12.4 16.2 30.9 23.8 27.3 15.4 17.6 17.1 12.0 34.3 14.9 28.9 27.7 29.4 24.3 35.4 32.5 26.2 26.9 26.3 10.5 25.2 37.4 Sep 28.6 25.7 17.6 28.1 25.7 17.3 23.3 34.0 11.3 32.7 23.8 24.7 30.7 36.5 35.2 30.0 36.0 30.5 30.0 20.7 29.6 32.3 30.8 45.0 33.0 20.6 33.2 31.0 17.1 29.2 Oct 39.3 13.6 24.9 22.6 11.3 36.8 38.1 16.6 14.0 24.9 13.6 23.1 27.3 30.6 33.5 14.8 21.5 9.322.7 5.77.1 16.5 28.3 37.7 21.3 38.4 36.2 20.6 28.8 38.4 27.5 Nov 13.9 25.6 30.9 29.5 24.6 18.0 17.3 9.8 14.5 28.0 22.4 24.5 33.8 27.3 25.0 17.6 10.2 13.0 28.4 32.6 30.5 15.1 30.6 16.33.8 30.0 33.0 24.7 19.4 20.5 Dec 18.5 23.0 22.6 30.6 20.9 35.4 28.1 31.3 25.1 31.9 19.6 23.0 29.9 33.1 31.7 35.5 30.7 35.0 34.7 34.7 31.4 35.2 31.2 33.27.7 7.5 12.4 21.1 21.8 33.1 32.3 Avg 37.6 42.3 46.8 44.3 38.6 28.0 28.0 25.7 28.1 24.0 22.4 27. 126 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE EARTH SCIENCES ^?CM^'Cnr^lO^J'tOCMCM^lOO^'rHrOCnr^rHCncnvfiVOOVDOVOrHCMCMVD CM vo o w ro o rH CM CM oo n oo r?> m en rH ya r-f*> o rH LD ro ^r v rH oo ^ CM I-Hr>ooooo rjr)mrooooio/>ootoro oo ro o n r~ oo o m CM CM en o o en oo en oo en en rH en vocnvocovoc?? cnvocnoorHc?enr-r?v OrHVO om mrcMco^roo?r^HMrocjooO O\^Cn^C0f?CMCMCnrHlO^OinOOOOnrHCMC?OOinrHCOVOVOCMincOCnOrHoooovoco*j"rHkocn*j"Oin*3"'3 icomorHrHc\ivx>cMr?cn^cMvovocovoonmmc?vor?m^rootnco^rcovovDr-inxroovoc?c?cncMc??a>inr-ooooio?T? oooJor oo r? yo vo c~ ** ??? v vo n I-H m <*> r~ ro o oo O CM CM * enr~cMvor~r~^?'r-r~oovDOOocM'rc--cMO'S'00c-^r rH m in VD mm co vovomroinrorHroinLomv r-coo CM oo coinvo i 2 f j 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