Edentata The Newsletter of the IUCN Edentate Specialist Group ? December 2004 ? Number 6 Editors: Gustavo A. B. da Fonseca and Anthony B. Rylands Assistant Editors: John M. Aguiar and Mariella Superina ESG Chair: Gustavo A. B. da Fonseca ISSN 1413-4411 Edentata Th e Newsletter of the IUCN/SSC Edentate Specialist Group Center for Applied Biodiversity Science Conservation International 1919 M St. NW, Suite 600, Washington, DC 20036, USA ISSN 1413-4411 Editors Gustavo A. B. da Fonseca, Center for Applied Biodiversity Science, Conservation International, Washington, DC Anthony B. Rylands, Center for Applied Biodiversity Science, Conservation International, Washington, DC Assistant Editors John M. Aguiar, Center for Applied Biodiversity Science, Conservation International, Washington, DC Mariella Superina, University of New Orleans, Department of Biological Sciences, New Orleans, LA Edentate Specialist Group Chairman Gustavo A. B. da Fonseca Layout Glenda Fabreg?s and Kim Meek, Center for Applied Biodiversity Science, Conservation International, Washington, DC Map Illustrations Kim Meek, Center for Applied Biodiversity Science, Conservation International, Washington, DC Front Cover Photo: Yellow armadillo (Euphractus sexcinctus). Photo ?Russell A. Mittermeier, Conservation International Editorial Assistance Liliana Cort?s-Ortiz, Universidad Veracruzana, Xalapa, M?xico Please direct all submissions and other editorial correspondence to John M. Aguiar, Center for Applied Biodiversity Science, Conservation International, 1919 M St. NW, Suite 600, Washington, DC 20036, USA, Tel. (202) 912-1000, Fax: (202) 912-0772, e-mail: . Th is issue of Edentata was kindly sponsored by the Center for Applied Biodiversity Science, Conservation International, 1919 M St. NW, Suite 600, Washington, DC 20036, USA. 1THE 2004 EDENTATE SPECIES ASSESSMENT WORKSHOP Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil December 16?17, 2004 Introduction Among the mammalian radiations of South America, the edentates are an engaging anomaly: a hand- ful of odd, radically specialized creatures, bound by ancient origins and witness to the deep history of eutherian evolution, which remain of immediate importance to ecosystems throughout the Neotropics today. With a distribution as broad as the most widespread of Neotropical groups, the edentates extend across the entirety of South America and beyond, from far Patagonia to the heart of North America. And everywhere they occur, they must survive as best they can in the presence of another widespread species, one whose manipulations of the living world are subtle and heavy-handed at once, often as not persecuting edentates for food, for sport, and for short-lived economic gain. Many edentates, for all they have endured hard years by the tens of millions, are now ensnared by threats without precedent, and many species have become scattered and di? use throughout the remnants of their continental range. Simply quantifying the extent of their decline is an overwhelming challenge; too many edentates are too poorly known to attempt more than a rudimentary estimate of their surviv- ing populations. Only a few researchers have dedicated years and lives to the careful study which they deserve, and these few are often the only ones who both understand the rising dangers to a species, and who care enough ? in that powerful, irrational empathy we all too rarely develop ? to speak out on their behalf. It is to unite this double handful of committed voices that the Edentate Specialist Group exists, drawing on the resources of the IUCN to amplify and extend the reach of their words. In December of 2004 the Edentate Specialist Group brought together a dozen of the most experienced edentate researchers for a workshop meant to assess the current situation of all anteaters, sloths and armadillos. Drawn from nations across the Neotropics, from Argentina to Panama, these researchers brought a century of cumulative ? eld experience to address the status of the thirty-one extant species of the edentate order. Th e results of their discussions and consensus made for a chiaroscuro portrait of the dwindling edentate clan at the opening of the twenty-? rst century. Only a handful of species survive with any ease in the transformed ecosystems which now dominate so much of the Neotropics ? and too many others exist in situations variously dire, worrisome or completely unknown. Th e Red List assessments of the 2004 workshop produced the ? rst Critically Endangered listing for any edentate: the pygmy sloth, Bradypus pygmaeus, described in 2001 from a single island o? the northern coast of Panama, where a population of perhaps a thousand individuals occupies a total global range of less than 4.3 km2. Other species fared better in the Red List process, such as the giant anteater, Myrmecophaga tridactyla, which had previously been classi? ed as Vulnerable. While still under pressure across its range, M. tridactyla was recategorized as Near Th reatened, owing to the recognition of an increasing number of wild populations, as well as the tremendous variety and geographical extent of the many habitats in which it still survives. And other changes may prove controversial ? such as the decision to alter the listing of the pink fairy armadillo, Chlamyphorus truncatus, from Endangered to Near Th reatened, based on new information and a more stringent application of the Red List assessment guidelines. 2 Edentata no. 6 ? December 2004 Most importantly, this latest assessment is now an integral part of the recently launched Global Spe- cies Assessment, a major new initiative of SSC/IUCN. Th e ? rst product of this initiative, the Global Amphibian Assessment, successfully completed the immense task of screening all described species in a major taxon through the Red List criteria. Th e Edentate Species Assessment Workshop is a compo- nent of another major product of the initiative, the Global Mammal Assessment, which will examine all described mammal species, and is anticipated to be launched within the next twelve to eighteen months. With this system and the species authority network in place, updating the threat status of the edentates will become routine, and the improved information it provides will o? er an additional hope for their continued survival. Gustavo A. B. da Fonseca Chair, Edentate Specialist Group John M. Aguiar Coordinator, Edentate Species Assessment Workshop Workshop Participants Augst?n Abba Museo de La Plata, Argentina Teresa Anacleto Universidade Federal de Goi?s, Brasil Erika Cu?llar Wildlife Conservation Society ? Bolivia Jim Loughry (in absentia) Valdosta State University, USA Fl?via Miranda Project Anteaters, Brasil Dennis Meritt DePaul University, USA Gustavo Porini Direcci?n de Fauna y Flora Silvestres, Argentina Paula Lara-Ruiz Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Brasil Rafael Samudio Jr. SOMASPA, Panama Mariella Superina University of New Orleans, USA/ Mendoza, Argentina Sergio Vizca?no Museo de La Plata, Argentina Organizers: Gustavo Fonseca John Aguiar Anthony Rylands Conservation International, USA Adriano Paglia Conservation International do Brasil Adriano Chiarello Pontif?cia Universidade Cat?lica de Minas Gerais, Brasil Wes Sechrest Lead Coordinator, Global Mammal Assessment 3Species Summaries Th e following summaries provide an overview of the geographic distribution and conservation status of the thirty-one recognized edentate spe- cies, as agreed upon by the participants of the Edentate Species Assessment Workshop. Th ese summaries represent the consensus view for each species based on the most current information available from the ? eld, combined with recently published distributions and assessments. New data are continually made available, however, and we encourage anyone who has made sight- ings or ? eld observations of any of these species to contact the Edentate Specialist Group, and to submit a note for publication in a future issue of Edentata. Th e names listed with each species are those par- ticipants who were the primary contributors to its assessment. Th e species are presented here in the order in which they were considered during the workshop, and no particular taxonomic scheme is implied in their arrangement. Bradypus torquatus - EN Adriano Chiarello, Paula Lara-Ruiz Bradypus torquatus is separated into three isolated and genetically distinct populations, each homo- geneous within itself but strongly demarcated from the others ? to the extent that the northern- most population, in Bahia, is potentially a distinct subspecies. Th ese di? erences may re? ect divisions dating from the Pleistocene or earlier. Maned sloths appear to be relatively abundant in southern Bahia and in parts of Esp?rito Santo, but their local density is unpredictable and varies widely between sites. Th ey are present in a number of protected areas, but the total area of forest fragments sup- porting these sloths is likely well below 5000 km2. Any e? orts for population management should recognize and preserve the unique genetic charac- ter of the three separate populations. Bradypus tridactylus - LC Adriano Chiarello Bradypus tridactylus is found in a broad area across the Guyana Shield, perhaps extending to Colombia. Although threatened by general forest loss, it remains locally abundant and widespread throughout pristine regions of the Amazon, and occurs in many protected areas. Bradypus variegatus - LC Adriano Chiarello Bradypus variegatus occurs across an immense area of Central and South America, although it has been extinct from Argentina since 1916. Its vast range may cover cryptic species or unrecog- nized populations, and the ? ne taxonomy of sub- species should be examined, as recent molecular studies suggest that certain populations may be genetically distinct. It is currently under no seri- ous threat across its range as a whole. Bradypus pygmaeus - CR Rafael Samudio Th e pygmy sloth is endemic to the mangrove for- ests of a single island o? the northern coast of Panama. With a total area of 4.3 km2, only 30% of which is covered by mangroves, the pygmy sloth has the most con? ned range of any known edentate, and its total population is probably no more than a thousand individuals. Although the island is not permanently inhabited, it is used as a base camp for seasonal divers and ? shermen, who hunt the sloths at will. Th ere is no presence of authority on the island and no enforcement of wildlife law, leaving the pygmy sloth with a complete absence of real protection. Choloepus didactylus - LC Dennis Meritt Choloepus didactylus occurs across the Guyana Shield and the northern Amazon, extending to the eastern ? anks of the Andes. It is common through- out its range, occurs in numerous protected areas, and is not considered to be threatened. 4 Edentata no. 6 ? December 2004 Choloepus ho? manni - LC Dennis Meritt Ho? man?s two-toed sloth is divided into two sep- arate populations along the northern and central Andes; these populations may qualify as subspe- cies if their taxonomic status is studied in detail. Th e northern population is probably under threat from the severe habitat loss in Central America, but the more southerly population is assumed to be in no immediate danger. Cyclopes didactylus - LC Adriano Chiarello, Fl?via Miranda, Rafael Samudio Th e range of the silky anteater extends from southern Mexico across the entire Amazon basin, with an outrider population on the northeastern coast of Brazil that may be a distinct subspecies. Th at population is probably endangered, but the species as a whole is widespread and apparently adaptable to a variety of habitat types. Myrmecophaga tridactyla - NT Gustavo Porini, Anthony Rylands, Rafael Samudio Although threatened by heavy hunting, highway mortality and agricultural ? res, giant anteaters occupy an immense geographic range, and the previous listing of Vulnerable was considered inappropriate for such a widespread species. Th ey are often rare in particular localities, however, and progressive habitat destruction may have isolated populations across their range. Tamandua mexicana - LC Dennis Meritt, Rafael Samudio Th e Mexican tamandua is impacted by highway mortality, as well as ? re, habitat conversion and loss, but these are not considered to be major threats. Th e species is widespread and well-repre- sented in a number of protected areas, and is not thought to be in particular danger. Tamandua tetradactyla - LC Agust?n Abba, Paula Lara-Ruiz Lesser anteaters occur in a broad range of habitats from Colombia to northern Argentina, taking advantage of both open and forested areas. Fire and highway mortality may present a threat to local populations, as well as hunting in some regions, but the species as a whole is widespread and well-represented in protected areas. Tolypeutes matacus - NT Agust?n Abba, Erika Cu?llar, Dennis Meritt, Gustavo Porini, Mariella Superina Once present across a broader area of Argentina, this armadillo has lost habitat naturally ? as the Chaco biome gradually contracted ? and also to the more recent incursions of human agriculture. Although Tolypeutes matacus may prosper in areas of moderate agriculture, too much habitat loss will still have a damaging e? ect. Its reproductive rate is slow and it is heavily hunted, both for food and for export to other countries. Tolypeutes tricinctus - VU Adriano Chiarello, Gustavo Fonseca Once thought to be extinct, Tolypeutes tricinctus was rediscovered in 1990 and is now known from a broad wedge of northeastern Brazil. Hunting and habitat destruction are major threats to this species, and it is not well represented in protected areas. In addition, its population has almost certainly dropped more than 30% in the past decade. Cabassous centralis - DD Paula Lara-Ruiz, Rafael Samudio One of the most fossorial armadillos, Cabassous centralis is selective in its diet and notably insec- tivorous. It prefers dry to mesic forests, but now exists mainly in patchy, degraded habitat, and it is considered rare wherever it occurs. Th e lack of other information favors the Data De? cient category, which may help to stimulate further research on this species. 5Cabassous chacoensis - NT Agust?n Abba, Dennis Meritt, Gustavo Porini Th is species occupies a small area in the midst of the Chaco, occasionally found in Paraguay and northernmost Argentina, but never in Bolivia. It is hunted for subsistence throughout its small range, appears to be extremely rare, and report- edly avoids degraded areas. Its remaining habi- tat is quickly being destroyed, but it has at least nominal protection in the Defensores del Chaco National Park. At present there is no information to con? rm that its population has dropped past any critical thresholds. Cabassous tatouay - LC Gustavo Porini Th is species is widespread across central and southern Brazil; its primary habitat is forest, and it will tolerate secondary habitat, but not degraded or agricultural lands. It is often di? cult to see, and widely hunted, but it is locally common and present in a number of parks and protected areas in Brazil. Cabassous unicinctus - LC Erika Cu?llar Cabassous unicinctus is much like C. tatouay, with similar habitat requirements and ecology. Th ere may be two subspecies, one centered in the Guya- nas and the other in the Cerrado. Although hunt- ing is a serious threat, and habitat loss is also a concern for the Cerrado populations, the species is broadly distributed and common throughout. Chaetophractus nationi - VU Erika Cu?llar, Agust?n Abba Found in the Bolivian Andes and a short distance beyond, Chaetophractus nationi reaches altitudes up to 3500 m; it occurs in the Andean puna, where it is at some risk from the destruction of that rare biome. But the greater threat to this spe- cies comes from the heavy harvest of their shells for charangos, small guitarlike instruments which are popular in Andean culture and sold in great numbers for the tourist trade. Although listed as endangered in Bolivia, there is no adequate legal protection, and hunting has become intense enough to easily reduce the total population by more than 30% in the past decade. Chaetophractus vellerosus - LC Erika Cu?llar, Dennis Meritt, Agust?n Abba Th is species occurs mainly in northern Argentina, where it is heavily hunted to provide raw mate- rials for the guitarlike charangos. Although they are extremely sensitive to soil disturbance, they also appear to thrive in newly cultivated ? elds, where they feed on insects. Th ey are often hunted as agricultural pests, but in some areas their num- bers have shown a visible increase in the past ? ve years, and they are not considered to be in imme- diate peril. Chaetophractus villosus - LC Adriano Chiarello, Erika Cu?llar, Dennis Meritt, Gustavo Porini, August?n Abba Th is species occurs throughout Argentina and the Chaco of Paraguay, where they are hunted for local subsistence and by domestic dogs. Despite this, the species is widespread and relatively common. Chlamyphorus (Calyptophractus) retusus - NT Sergio Vizca?no, Agust?n Abba, Gustavo Porini, Mariella Superina, Erika Cu?llar, Dennis Meritt Th is species is restricted to sandy, loose soils in the central Chaco of Bolivia and Paraguay. Although there are no ? rm population esti- mates, it is extremely rare throughout its small range. In addition, it is relentlessly persecuted by local people, in whose lore it is considered an evil apparition which must be killed on sight. Th e intensity of this pressure on a rare and near- endemic species is certain to have severe e? ects on its population. 6 Edentata no. 6 ? December 2004 Chlamyphorus truncatus - NT Sergio Vizca?no, Gustavo Porini, Mariella Superina Endemic to central Argentina, the pink fairy armadillo lives in sandy plains, dunes and scrubby grassland. Th ey are nocturnal, fosso- rial, and exceptionally di? cult to observe, and thus no data exist on their population dynamics. Although they are not hunted by humans, they are preyed on by domestic cats. Th ey are known from several protected areas, but much of their former habitat has been severely degraded, and they must certainly be a? ected by the pesticides and fertilizers in heavy use all around them. Zaedyus pichiy - NT Mariella Superina One of the southernmost of all edentates, the pichi is found across a wide area of central Argentina and Patagonia, but restricted to arid regions within. Th ere is a strong human presence throughout its range, and much of its habitat has been severely degraded or converted for agricul- ture. Pichis are hunted intensively and illegally, both for food and for sport, while highways take a steep toll with roadkill as well. Dasypus hybridus - NT Agust?n Abba, Paula Lara-Ruiz, Sergio Vizca?no Th is species is extremely susceptible to anthro- pogenic land change and general human activity, both of which have a? ected its range. Th ey were known to have been more widespread thirty years ago, but severe hunting ? combined with agricul- tural expansion ? has caused a rapid decline. Dasypus kappleri - LC Teresa Anacleto, Erika Cu?llar Ranging across a wide area of the northern Amazon and Guyana Shield, this species prefers forest patches within a savanna matrix. Although there are no data on its populations, it occurs in numerous protected areas, and is not believed to be under unusual hunting pressure. Dasypus novemcinctus - LC all participants Th e nine-banded armadillo is the most wide- spread and abundant of any living edentate, and the only one to have successfully expanded into the heart of North America. Although commonly hunted, it is by no means threatened. Dasypus pilosus - NE Dennis Meritt, Gustavo Porini, Anthony Rylands A ? nal decision is still pending for this species, which is endemic to central Peru. It is found pri- marily in the R?o Abiseo National Park, but is otherwise unknown. Dasypus sabanicola - LC Paula Lara-Ruiz Th is species is found in a moderate region of east- central Colombia and central Venezuela, primar- ily in savanna habitat and associated gallery forest. It occurs in several national parks ? although not the Gran Sabana ? and is not considered to be under particular threat. Dasypus septemcinctus - LC Teresa Anacleto Lack of pertinent information, more than any informed consideration, led to this species being classi? ed as Least Concern. In central Brazil this species is common in pastures and natural open areas. Dasypus yepesi - DD Sergio Vizca?no Described in 1995 by Sergio Vizca?no, this species is known only from the northwestern Argentine provinces of Salta and Jujuy. Th ere are no data on its population size, and virtually no information on any other aspect of its biology. 7Euphractus sexcinctus - LC Erika Cu?llar Tough and resilient, the yellow armadillo is widespread across much of southeastern Brazil, the Chaco and beyond. Heavily hunted in the Cerrado despite its notorious taste, this species remains resistant to human disturbance and is not considered threatened. Priodontes maximus - VU Erika Cu?llar, Dennis Meritt, Gustavo Porini By far the largest of the armadillos, and perhaps of all the living edentates, the giant armadillo is also one of the widest-ranging. Everywhere it is found, it is hunted for its wealth of meat, and for some indigenous peoples it is their primary source of protein. Despite its broad distribu- tion, its actual occurrence is rare? ed and sporadic from site to site. Th inly spread throughout the Amazon, individuals are most likely to be found in the llanos of Guyana and the region surround- ing the Chaco of Paraguay and Argentina. Th ey are rarely found in altered landscapes. Virtually nothing is known of its reproductive parameters; it has never reproduced in captiv- ity, and the chances for success will not improve until a great deal more is learned about its social and reproductive behavior in the wild. Its overall population has dropped 30-50% in the past three decades, and it may have experienced a greater crash earlier in the century. Aside from being targeted for hunting wherever it exists, the giant armadillo is also frequently captured for trade on the black market, where the captives invariably die. As a locally rare and heavily persecuted spe- cies, the giant armadillo is considered to be Vul- nerable at the very least. Species Discussions Th is section summarizes the discussions which formed the core of the workshop and led to its ? nal recommendations. Prepared from the notes of one of the organizers, this section is intended to provide an insight into the dynamics and rationale of the assessment process. Arriving at a decision for each species required debate and con- sensus from all the participants, and some discus- sions were longer and more involved than others, depending on the information available and the expertise of the various ? eld researchers. Di? er- ent experiences from di? erent regions sometimes led to contrasting opinions on the status of a spe- cies. Th ese notes represent the perspective of one observer, and do not serve as the o? cial minutes of the workshop. Bradypus torquatus - EN Adriano Chiarello, Paula Lara-Ruiz Th ere is a gap in the distribution of Bradypus tor- quatus in northern Esp?rito Santo. It no longer occurs in southern Sergipe ? the forest is gone ? but it has a stronghold in southeastern Bahia, in Ilh?us, Una and Itabuna. Although there are two large forest reserves in Esp?rito Santo, total- ling perhaps 40,000 ha, the maned sloth has never been seen in either. Its second largest stronghold is in the mountains of Esp?rito Santo. Th ere is no historical presence in the Capar?o National Park, but there are reports that IBAMA has been releas- ing con? scated individuals there. Th e third and smallest stronghold is in Rio de Janeiro, in the Biological Reserves of Po?o das Antas and Uni?o. According to Paula, maned sloths are also in the Desengano State Park, north of the city of Rio de Janeiro. In the early 1970s, there were reports of sloths near the city itself, but none have been seen in thirty years. Paula suggests they may occur in Pernambuco ? their historic range may have extended that far. Chiarello says that Oliv?rio Pinto made a comment on Wied?s book, that he (Pinto) had seen a maned sloth in Pernambuco. Th ey are reported from just south of the Rio Mucuri; the gap in distribution runs from the left bank of the Rio Doce to the vicinity of the Mucuri. Th eir elevation ranges from sea level to 900-1000 meters. Th ey are reported, but not veri- ? ed, from the extreme northeast of Minas Gerais, on the left bank of the Rio Jequitinhonha. 8 Edentata no. 6 ? December 2004 Population size is di? cult to guess, since we have only a crude estimate of their density; it?s more feasible to sample with plots than a line-transect. According to Chiarello, they seem to be abun- dant in southern Bahia ? in one day you can ? nd 3-5 sloths in a ? ve-kilometer transect. Paula says it depends: some areas don?t have much forest, but many sloths, while other areas have a great deal of forest, but you can?t ? nd a single sloth. Apparently Bradypus torquatus has very little sym- patry with B. variegatus; in more than 500 hours of ? eldwork, Paula found over 60 maned sloths but not a single B. variegatus. Paula sampled sloths in a number of areas: from Ilh?us, in the munic?pio of Una in southern Bahia; from the munic?pios of Santa Teresa, Ara- cruz, Santa Maria and Itarana in central Esp?rito Santo; and from the Uni?o and Po?o das Antas Biological Reserves in Rio de Janeiro. She found three distinct populations with no gene ? ow among them, leading to major genetic di? er- ences among the populations, potentially species- level di? erences. IBAMA, however, has a triage center in southeastern Bahia, where sloths which have been con? scated from the wildlife trade are released without regard to their disparate origins. Th ese populations may have been isolated since the Pleistocene, or earlier; they are distinct and individually homogeneous, with very low genetic diversity within each one, but major di? erences between all three. Th e high-altitude popula- tions are physically larger than those at sea level. All con? scated animals are released in a single location: ?Genetically damaging,? says Rylands; ? ? dangerous,? says Paula. Th e northern population is genetically more distinct than the two southern ones, and it is potentially a new subspecies: this Bahian popula- tion is dramatically di? erent, according to Paula?s mtDNA testing, and she believes this separation is historical rather than the result of recent habi- tat fragmentation. Chiarello agrees with Rylands that the lack of animals in Esp?rito Santo may be related to the more deciduous forest there. Bradypus torquatus does not live in mangroves, although it does occur in restinga, and it can sur- vive in secondary as well as primary forest. As for threats and conservation measures, the species is present in several reserves, with little genetic variation within speci? c populations; Rylands recommends that any plans for popula- tion management take these genetic issues into account. Sechrest reviews the Red List threat cri- teria, and says (a) and (b) are the main ones to consider. 20,000 km2, or two million hectares, is the threshold for the Vulnerable category. Uni?o covers 3000 ha, and Po?o das Antas has 5000 ha, but much of the habitat they protect is eucalyp- tus forest or grassland, and not optimal for sloths. 41,000 hectares, or 410 km2 of protected areas ? the largest areas of forest left. 5000 km2 is the cuto? for Endangered status, and Fonseca and Rylands think it?s likely under this amount. Paula notes there are many forest fragments without sloths, so category (a) could be appropriate. Considering the criteria for population decline, Chiarello notes that a sloth generation spans ? ve years, meaning 15 years for three generations. Most of the decline has been in Bahia, where vast areas of forest were destroyed in the 1980s ? but Rylands says things are changing: in many areas, although there was a dramatic loss in the recent past, the situation is more stable now. Owing to the density of human populations, almost all the forest has been destroyed in the lowlands of Ser- gipe, Rio de Janeiro and Esp?rito Santo, where once the maned sloths were found. According to Chiarello, some consider this a separate genus; Paulo Couto suggested this in the mid-1970s, an opinion which others only repeated; but Fonseca is not convinced. Bradypus tridactylus - LC Adriano Chiarello Th is species is found across the Guyana Shield, in northern Brazil, Venezuela, Guyana, French Guiana ? and perhaps Colombia. Th ere is one potential record from the Field Museum, from the R?o Caquet?, which is of special note: FMNH 9140254. (According to Rylands, this specimen is ?enigmatic.?) Rylands notes this species occurs just north of the Rio Negro, but extends only to the south of the Orinoco. It?s not likely to be in savanna, which militates against much of south-central Venezu- ela as potential habitat. It is unlikely to occur in white-sand forest, the caatinga alta, which Rylands says is a much more ?venomous? habitat in terms of phytotoxins ? each leaf is an invest- ment, and they have plenty of phenols and other secondary compounds, which would make it more di? cult for a sloth to survive there. Th e three-toed sloth is threatened by general forest loss, but there are no imminent threats, and it is found in a number of protected areas. Th e decision is for Least Concern, since it is wide- spread throughout pristine areas of the Amazon, and abundant in many locations. Bradypus variegatus - LC Adriano Chiarello Th is species occurs over an immense area, but is now extinct in Argentina ? the last sighting there was in 1916 ? and its status in Paraguay is uncertain. Vizca?no says there can?t be a continu- ous extension from Misiones, since most of the forest there is secondary, and was modi? ed in the last century. Th ere are two subspecies in Venezu- ela. One value for density from Panama was 5-8 sloths/ha. Th e elevation ranges from 25-2300 m. Rylands notes that with such a wide-ranging spe- cies, conservation measures should include a look at the genetics, to ? nd cryptic species or unrecog- nized populations, and to examine the taxonomy at the subspecies level. According to Fonseca, the southernmost specimen known is from Londrina in Paran?. Chiarello notes that Cabrera mentions Rio Grande do Sul, but there is no specimen and this has not been veri? ed. It could have reached northern Argentina through Paran?/Igua?u, but it has been historically absent from Rio Grande do Sul and Santa Catarina. It prefers mesic/humid tropical forest, although Samudio claims it may also be found in mangroves. Choloepus didactylus - LC Dennis Meritt Th is species is geographically widespread; in Suri- name, the density is given as 0.9 sloth/km2, but Chiarello says this is an underestimate. Without more ado, it is declared Least Concern. Choloepus ho? manni - LC Dennis Meritt Th e northern population of Ho? mann?s two- toed sloth occurs in the far northwestern corner of Venezuela, as well as the lower Colombian Andes, the Paci? c coast of Colombia and up to Nicaragua and Honduras. Th e main issue is its discontinuous distribution, but according to Samudio and Meritt the same pattern shows up with other mammals. Th ere is a need for survey work in the main lacuna, in eastern Ecuador and northeastern Peru. It is found in lowland and montane forests up to 7000 feet, and is uncom- mon in dry lowland forest. It reaches up to 3300 m altitude in Costa Rica. Its range also extends down in long ? ngers on either side of the Andes in northern Colombia. Th ere is one specimen by ?vila-Pires listed from Aripuan?, in Mato Grosso, but this record is a dubious outlier. Th e species reaches into southwestern Acre. According to Genoways and Timm (2003) there are actually two populations, and Fonseca feels the northern population is probably in bad shape, given the habitat loss in Central America. Fonseca wonders if we should consider these populations as two subspecies, given their separation; he says there should be studies on its taxonomic status. Sechrest wants a rationale for a listing: wide- spread, and the disjunct southern population is okay? Rylands notes that Lagothrix lugens is in the same area. Sechrest speculates that the two spe- cies of Choloepus are competing in one area, and Fonseca agrees. 10 Edentata no. 6 ? December 2004 Rylands points out that if the two populations are indeed distinct, then the nominate subspecies in the north would be Near Th reatened due to habi- tat loss, since the southern population is thought to be doing better. Surveys should be undertaken in the upper Amazon and Peru. Cyclopes didactylus - LC Adriano Chiarello, Fl?via Miranda, Rafael Samudio Th ere is an old record for Cyclopes from Alagoas, according to Rylands: Vieira (1955). Chiarello says we should ask Tabarelli if Cyclopes is in either Alagoas or Sergipe. Fl?via Miranda believes Cyclo- pes is distinct in Recife, much lighter in color; but this lighter form is found only in Pernambuco, and nowhere else ? not in Alagoas, Sergipe or Cear?. Samudio says there are no Cyclopes in El Salvador; they haven?t been mentioned in the past few decades, or at least the last ten years. Th is ? ts a pattern, says Samudio, with what the Mexicans have found, and the Mexicans are very thorough in their surveys. Th ere are no Cyclopes in Paraguay; the southern- most record is in Alto Beni, in northern Bolivia. Silky anteaters prefer wet tropical forest and semi- deciduous forest, according to Chiarello, and are also found in cerrado vegetation. Meritt says they?re found in ?strange places,? secondary growth, and the like ? but not mangroves or freshwater swamps. In Panama the species reaches to 1500 m altitude. Rylands comments that there are most likely subspecies within its great range ? and if the population in the Northeast were taxonomically distinct, it would be Critically Endangered. Th ere isn?t much forest left around Recife, only second- ary forest, and Rylands believes that this popula- tion is highly endangered no matter what, owing to heavy forest destruction. Rylands classi? es the species as a whole as Least Concern ? widespread, but possibly with distinct subspecies. Myrmecophaga tridactyla - NT Gustavo Porini, Anthony Rylands, Rafael Samudio Th e giant anteater is extinct in Uruguay, although they still exist to the north in Argentina?s Misio- nes province. Th ey are heavily hunted throughout their range, especially from highways, and road- kill is a serious threat; they are also threatened by ? res set for agriculture, and the regions where they occur need better ? re management. Th is species is a challenge for Red Listing: Vul- nerable is not considered appropriate, so it is changed to Near Th reatened ? widespread, but rare, with internal factors a? ecting its listing. Some researchers will be annoyed when their spe- cies is downgraded, but this may actually stimu- late more research, although Fonseca says this was not the rationale behind the change. Tamandua mexicana - LC Dennis Meritt, Rafael Samudio Roadkill is a threat to this species, as well as ? re and habitat change ? but they are not major threats, and this species should occur in a number of protected areas. Fonseca notes there are some taxonomic issues with several subspecies, and it needs taxonomic revision. Since it is widely-dis- tributed and well-protected, the ? nal vote is Least Concern. Tamandua tetradactyla - LC Agust?n Abba, Paula Lara-Ruiz Lesser anteaters are widely distributed from Colombia to northern Argentina. Th ey are threat- ened by ? re and highway strikes, as well as hunting in some areas, but overall the species is widespread and well-represented in protected areas. Tolypeutes matacus - NT Agust?n Abba, Erika Cu?llar, Dennis Meritt, Gustavo Porini, Mariella Superina Th is species is now extinct in Mendoza, Argen- tina. According to Vizca?no, drier conditions once existed further south into the pampas; but there are written records of its former presence dating from 1828, although no museum speci- mens from that time and region. 11 Rylands says hunting is a major issue, since Toly- peutes isn?t fossorial. It is also a slow reproducer ? only birthing 1-2 young per year, according to Meritt ? and takes 3-5 years to reach maturity. Unless something is done quickly, Meritt says, especially with the habitat loss, this species will soon reach the 30% threshold. Tolypeutes mata- cus actually does better with some agriculture around, but it still needs habitat of its own. Meritt comments that 90-95% of captured indi- viduals will die; 80% of the ones headed for Europe die before they reach their destinations. Sechrest notes the need to evaluate the e? ects of hunting and agriculture. Tolypeutes tricinctus - VU Adriano Chiarello, Gustavo Fonseca Th is species has been found in Alagoas, Sergipe, Piau?, Cear?, Pernambuco, Goi?s, Rio Grande do Norte, Mato Grosso, Tocantins, the Distrito Federal and possibly Minas Gerais. Density esti- mates are made in Ilmar Santos? thesis, and also from early issues of Edentata, plus work by Jader Marinho-Filho and Mar?lia Guimar?es. Major threats include hunting and habitat destruction, and the species is poorly represented in protected areas. Its population is suspected to have dropped more than 30% in the past 10 years, so it quali? es as Vulnerable. Cabassous centralis - DD Paula Lara-Ruiz, Rafael Samudio Samudio says this species reaches up to 1800 m in Panama. Fonseca says it prefers dry to mesic forests; it also occurs in secondary forest, accord- ing to Samudio, and may also be able to tolerate an agricultural mix. Fonseca notes this is one of the most fossorial armadillo species, and not common in museum collections ? so there isn?t much information available for the Red List assessment. Th e Data De? cient category calls attention to this lack of knowledge and helps stimulate research. Accord- ing to Fonseca, anything weighing 5 to 6 kilos and scattered in patchy, degraded habitat needs attention. Chiarello says they have a more selective diet than other armadillos, much more insectivorous than omnivorous. Sechrest notes that the extent of habitat loss for this species is unknown, so Data De? cient is the choice. Cabassous chacoensis - NT Agust?n Abba, Dennis Meritt, Gustavo Porini Th is species is also found in Brazil, according to Fonseca ? con? rmed from Mato Grosso. Cu?l- lar says there are no records for this one from Bolivia; as an example, she says, an average of two thousand armadillos are hunted every year from one area of chaco habitat in Bolivia, but not a single C. chacoensis was found among them. Th ere is no idea at all of its population size. It is occasionally found in Paraguay, according to Meritt, who has seen four individuals in twenty years of ? eldwork. Its habitat there is shrubland, which is almost desert for nine months out of the year ? it doesn?t occur in strict desert, but rather in chaco seco. It su? ers from habitat loss in Paraguay, and is hunted by dogs there, according to Meritt. Porini says that in Argentina it is taken for subsistence hunting. Because of the di? cult conditions, it is virtually unknown: ?Somebody needs to study this animal,? says Meritt, ?but it?s impossible.? Fonseca mentions one record in C?rdoba, far south in Argentina, which is not recent ? it?s early historical, not to be used for the current range. Meritt says we don?t know enough about this spe- cies, and there is hardly any published literature; there are three people here at the workshop with extensive ? eld experience who have never seen it once themselves. Fonseca believes that given what we know, the populations may not be hunted that much. Meritt says they occur in the Defensores del Chaco National Park ? but the rangers there hunt animals for their dinner, so there?s no real 12 Edentata no. 6 ? December 2004 protection there. Abba says there is one guard per 15,000 hectares. Sechrest asks Fonseca if he thinks habitat loss is severe; Fonseca doesn?t know, but doesn?t believe the species is threatened right now. Abba says there are no direct actions to protect it, but Fon- seca doesn?t see enough information to put it into a threatened category, and the trend is towards Data De? cient. Abba claims it doesn?t occur in degraded areas, and is hunted throughout its range; Fonseca also mentions Near Th reatened as a possibility. Will the pressure continue over three generations to drop it 30%? Porini says it is losing important habitat, though he?s not certain of the primary cause. Fonseca agrees the habitat is being destroyed extremely rapidly, owing to habitat conversion; the trends are not good, and the species is suscep- tible to disturbance. Meritt supports any category that would be useful in Paraguay for the wildlife authorities; but Fonseca says no, we don?t want the Red List to become a conservation strategy ? we need to use the information at hand, not the hoped-for result. Sechrest says we can?t go over the thresholds; is there any question that it?s not Near Th reatened? With habitat loss, present and future, do we know it won?t go over the threshold? Fonseca notes that as the range becomes smaller, the species is more susceptible to changes. Sechrest considers that it might go into a threat category with more information ? he says we?re con? dent it?s de? nitely not Least Concern, and Fonseca agrees, so the listing is Near Th reatened. Cabassous tatouay - LC Gustavo Porini Rylands says it occurs in the Iguazu and San Antonio National Parks in Argentina. According to Fonseca, ?this species is in almost every park we have in Brazil.? Chiarello notes it is in the Serra da Canastra National Park. Its basic habitat is temperate forest. Fonseca claims it is hunted, but covered in a number of protected areas and not uncommon. Chiarello says it?s di? cult to see, but can be caught on camera traps. Fonseca says it?s not really found in secondary habitat, but is frequent in areas not hunted, with good habitat ? but not in degraded habitat. Fonseca says it?s fairly frequent, and can tolerate secondary habitat, if not agricultural areas. It?s present in a number of protected areas, so Fon- seca proposes Least Concern, and everyone else agrees. Cabassous unicinctus - LC Gustavo Fonseca Fonseca suggests there may be two subspecies: one centered in the Guyanas, and the other in the Cerrado, as described by Lund. He says it?s quite frequent, with habitat and ecology similar to C. tatouay. According to Fonseca, hunting is a major threat, and habitat loss is also an issue for populations in the Cerrado. Cu?llar extends the range far into south-central Bolivia; Fonseca decides for Least Concern, and we move on. Chaetophractus nationi - VU Agust?n Abba, Erika Cu?llar According to Abba, the map is essentially correct. Vizca?no asks whether it could be a subspecies of Chaetophractus vellerosus; he?s seen the type speci- men in the British Museum, which is just a piece of shell, so he?s not sure if it?s a real species. Fon- seca says it?s intermediate in size (quoting another source) while Vizca?no says that according to Meritt, it?s smaller than vellerosus. ?Th ey look completely di? erent from any vellerosus I?ve ever seen,? Meritt a? rms. ? But there are two subspe- cies, says Vizca?no: has Meritt seen them both? Meritt says there aren?t enough observations and specimens. Abba says they reach an altitude of 3500 m at Abra Pampa. Cu?llar notes they are heavily hunted as the raw material for the charango, a traditional Andean instrument shaped like a small guitar and built around an armadillo shell. 13 As for threats, Fonseca simply says, ?Th ey?re in trouble.? Hunting is a major issue, as well as loss of habitat, since they are found in the puna. But according to Cu?llar, habitat loss is not the greatest threat ? hunting is the real worry. Th e species shows up in at least one park, Sajama in Bolivia ? but not in any national parks in Argentina. According to Fonseca, there is tremendous pressure on it, and it?s reasonable to assume it will fall into the 30% criterion. Most of the population is in Bolivia, and this species is listed as Endangered in the Bolivian Libro Rojo. Despite this, Cu?llar says, the hunting continues, and worsens, and there are no laws to stop it. Fonseca recommends we list it as Vulnerable. Sechrest asks if the population decline has really been more than 30% in ten years or three genera- tions; Fonseca and Cu?llar both give an emphatic ?Yes.? Fonseca estimates they take 1-2 years to mature, so the generation time is probably 3-4 years. Chaetophractus vellerosus - LC Erika Cu?llar, Dennis Meritt, Agust?n Abba Superina notes this species is not in the south of Mendoza province in Argentina; Fonseca says it doesn?t reach into Brazil, and Cu?llar agrees. Ana- cleto asks Cu?llar if it might possibly occur in the Chaco of Mato Grosso. Th e species shows changes in its home range size ? Superina says that in humid areas, the home range is about four hectares, but its range becomes much larger in dry areas. Th e general habitat is subtropical/seco. Th e species is threatened by hunting for charangos, in Argentina; Cu?llar says it?s hunted in Bolivia as well. Meritt reports that in the central Chaco, it feeds on insects in newly cultivated ? elds, and the population has shown a visible increase in the past ? ve years; they can be caught on the road now. Fonseca asks if they are hunted as an agricultural pest, and Superina says yes. Abba says there is a more distant area around Buenos Aires, with a great deal of habitat destruc- tion, and more cattle ? this species is extremely sensitive to soil disturbance, and will not tolerate even a slight alteration. Chaetophractus villosus - LC Adriano Chiarello, Erika Cu?llar, Dennis Meritt, Gustavo Porini, Agust?n Abba ?Many habitats,? says Abba; ? ?Solo en Chaco,? counters Cu?llar, who insists that they only occur in chaco, with which Meritt agrees: they prefer dry land, and don?t occur at all in the south or east of Paraguay. ?If you are crazy,? says Cu?llar, ?you are going to study villosus.? Vizca?no says they are hunted for human subsis- tence, and also persecuted by dogs. Th e people in the south of Argentina hunt more for sport, but in the northwest the people eat whatever they can. Cu?llar says they occur in grasslands, semi- arid dry forest and Chaco in Bolivia, and also in Paraguay. Sechrest says they?re widespread, common, and should be Least Concern. Chlamyphorus (Calyptophractus) retusus - NT Sergio Vizca?no, Agust?n Abba, Gustavo Porini, Mariella Superina, Erika Cu?llar, Dennis Meritt Cu?llar will soon begin camera-trapping for jag- uars in far southeastern Paraguay; she knows that the greater fairy armadillo is widespread, but has no idea of the population. She has come across it right in the city of Santa Cruz. Agust?n Abba is not convinced that it?s so common; Cu?llar thinks it?s in Brazil. Rylands agrees that it probably occurs in the Pantanal, in sandy areas. Cu?llar adds that it occurs in the Chaco, in a huge protected area ? which will get bigger, Meritt adds. Fonseca feels that it?s likely this species is actually a separate genus, representing one of two diver- gent groups. He says they are convergent in terms of morphology, but that according to Wetzel they aren?t closely related. Vizca?no uses the name Calyptophractus, which we will o? cially adopt. (No further mention of this change is made during the workshop.) 14 Edentata no. 6 ? December 2004 According to Cu?llar, the locals will kill it on sight, believing it?s an evil sign: if they don?t kill it, they believe a family member will die, and she can?t convince them otherwise. She tells how she once told a driver to suddenly stop on the road one day; she dashed out of the truck to grab a fairy armadillo, while the driver sat stone-faced behind the wheel, staring straight ahead, and then slid away from her when she brought it into the cab. Meritt then comments that he saw one in the Brook? eld Zoo, which had been taken out by a Peace Corps volunteer; it lived on cooked rice in a ? sh tank ? lled with soil. As far as the assessment, ?No tenemos datos,? says Cu?llar: it?s very rare, but there is no solid information. Rylands says it has a well-known if moderate range. Fonseca wonders if it will be threatened in the near future; it doesn?t qualify as Vulnerable, but it?s still fairly rare ? very rare, in fact. Cu?llar emphasizes that it?s persecuted wher- ever it?s found. Fonseca allows that it has a very small range. ??Relatively,? Sechrest says: but still half a mil- lion square kilometers. He notes that we have no population information, and to list it as Near Th reatened, we need some knowledge of how it?s threatened. Sechrest and Rylands argue that it should be Data De? cient, since it?s moderately common; Fonseca and Cu?llar disagree. Cu?llar says it?s naturally rare; Meritt says you couldn?t pay people money to ? nd them quickly. Sechrest is convinced it should be Data De? - cient, and Rylands agrees; Fonseca does not, and believes it should be Near Th reatened. He reiter- ates how rare it is, and that it?s actively hunted; it might not be in immediate danger, but ?if you forget about it,? you might wake up in ? ve years and discover a problem. Aguiar comments on the relentless persecution of an already rare species. Rylands agrees it could be Near Th reatened, saying it is ?very rare and actively hunted? ? this has tipped him over the edge. Meritt emphasizes that in the local culture, once it?s seen it has to be killed. Sechrest is unconvinced. Vizca?no says it has a wide distribution, but only from this continent; he doesn?t want to compare it with ?the feeling you are bringing from other continents.? Sechrest reiterates that if we classify it as Near Th reatened, we need to be con? dent its situation is getting worse. Chiarello thinks it could be Data De? cient. Fonseca says the range is not very extensive at all, and that it?s almost an endemic to the Chaco; it su? ers severe hunting pressure, and he points out that the general feel- ing is for Near Th reatened ? ?that?s what I hear.? Meritt adds that it?s particular to one soil type: loose soils, not the clays of the Chaco, and there are very few areas in the Paraguayan Chaco with the appropriate soil. So, it is patchily distributed as well as rare and heavily hunted, and this leads it to be listed as Near Th reatened. Chlamyphorus truncatus - NT Sergio Vizca?no, Gustavo Porini, Mariella Superina Th is species lives in sandy plains and dry grass- land; according to Superina, in four years of ? eld- work in Mendoza she?s never seen a single one alive. She has heard of a few of them drowned, though, and domestic cats will catch them. Th e locals don?t keep them, and claim they can?t be kept, though they keep everything else. Dogs aren?t a threat ? only cats. One of her friends raises earthworms, and there?s a pink fairy arma- dillo that raids his worms. Meritt describes it as an ?armadillo mole,? and says they show up when a ? eld is tilled. Supe- rina says they occur in several parks; they live in sand dunes with scrubby grass and shrubs. Th ey will live in and under logs, perhaps because of the associated insects. Th ere is speci? c legislation in place to protect them in Argentina: National Resolution 1089. Th is species is not extinct, but has a restricted range. Th ere are no real data on the population, and no idea of the dynamics. Superina says they 15 are nocturnal and stay in their burrows?she feels they are Near Th reatened at least. Rylands asks about the rationale for the 1089 legislation. Meritt and Superina emphasize that the spe- cies is hardly ever seen; Superina knows rangers who have worked in one protected area for ten full years and have only seen a single individual. Sechrest wants an estimate of habitat loss across the area; the habitat in question is temperate desert and temperate shrubland. Th reats include the smallholder farms. Sechrest wants an estimate of population decline ? we have no hard data on populations, but how much habitat has been converted? Superina points out that the habitat has been degraded. Fonseca: ?Is this a Data De? cient species?? Rylands: ?I think we?re getting there.? Sechrest asks if we could have con? dence in its being Least Concern. Superina states emphatically that it is not Least Concern. Sechrest reviews the choices of Vulnerable, Near Th reatened or Data De? cient; there are no data for Vulnerable, so it?s back to Data De? cient or Near Th reatened. Meritt mentions pesticides and fertilizers and their impact on soil organisms. Superina reiterates that habitat degradation is considerable in this area. Th e consensus is for Near Th reatened?and after this decision, it is revealed that the prior designa- tion had been Endangered. Fonseca doesn?t like the Near Th reatened judgement; he feels the spe- cies is in too much danger, and would prefer to list it as Data De? cient. Sechrest now argues in favor of Near Th reatened status. Fonseca says this is putting it in a low-risk category even though it?s rare and its habitat is not doing well. Sechrest asks about estimates of habitat loss. Cu?llar mentions the conversion of forest to soya; Superina feels the rate of conversion to pasture is much higher. Fonseca agrees there is severe transformation, but no real statistics; he allows Near Th reatened is valid, and asks if anyone is working on this species. Superina says no: lack of funding. Fonseca says the choice is between Near Th reatened or Data De? cient; Rylands calls for a vote. Fonseca gives the decision to the Argentine contingent, who unanimously decide for Near Th reatened. Th e reason for the change is ?new and better information.? Bradypus pygmaeus - CR Rafael Samudio Samudio explains that the island group where the pygmy sloth is found is, in a sense, the Gal?pagos of Panama. Chiarello says that only on this island is the sloth statistically signi? cant in cranial mea- surements from Bradypus variegatus elsewhere. Th e island is only 4.3 square kilometers all told, according to Samudio, and is mainly covered with red mangrove stands; the sloth itself is only found in mangroves, and a few small patches of other forest. Its entire range is thus 4.3 km2, at most, but there are no population estimates or information on density. Samudio says the density of Bradypus variegatus is about eight per hectare; Chiarello says seven to eight, and Fonseca agrees with their high values: ?What?s not a leaf is a sloth at BCI.? Samudio gives a very rough estimate of 30% for total mangrove cover on the island. No one lives on the island permanently, but ? shermen and local Indians will come to the island on a seasonal schedule, and hunt sloths when they do. Th ere is no presence of authority nor enforcement of wildlife law on the island, which is part of the Comarca Indigenous Reserve. Sloths are hunted throughout this small archipelago, but the people are generally more focused towards the marine environment. Sechrest and Fonseca don?t believe it?s Data De? - cient; there is one population at a single site. Fonseca says NatureServe has it listed as G1G2, critically imperiled. Sechrest says this species is Critically Endangered, since it?s restricted to one island with minimal protection, and hunting is an issue. 16 Edentata no. 6 ? December 2004 Zaedyus pichiy - NT Mariella Superina Superina says there are many illegal hunters in Mendoza, searching for pichis with hunting dogs. Th ere have been two serious droughts recently, 9-12 months without rain; she?s had a hard time ? nding pichis herself, here lately. September to November is the reproductive season, when they should be out. Th ere is a disease called ?pichi pest? which appears in the rainy season, but it hasn?t shown up lately owing to the lack of rain. Superina says the hunting pressure is extreme, and also habitat change. Hunting pichis is ille- gal, but still widespread. Th e species goes into torpor in the winter. Th ey don?t seem to drink any water, and always live in arid areas. Th ey usu- ally have 1-2 o? spring, which take over a year to reach maturity. Th ere may have been a great many spontaneous abortions owing to the recent drought. Major threats include roadkill, which becomes a strange sort of predation: ?Anyone who hits a pichi by car,? says Superina, ?will stop and pick it up and eat it.? Dogs and sport hunting are also an issue, and according to Superina some popula- tions have been completely hunted out. Sechrest points out how secure it is in the central- south portion of its range, and says there hasn?t been a 30% decline in population. It?s hunted signi? cantly, he says, but the south is relatively secure. Superina says they appear to be strin- gently solitary. Th ey are spread thinly through their habitat, and there is the same problem with lack of sightings in the Pampa. Fonseca is tending towards Near Th reatened; Sechrest is uncommitted. Superina reminds him that they are hunted all across their range. Fon- seca agrees that Superina is in the ? eld, witnessing a heavy decline due to hunting pressure. Superina says the habitat in Patagonia is also extremely degraded, and there can?t be that many in Chile ? the area around Aconcagua has all been changed to agricultural land. ?But further down here?? Sechrest says, but Superina negates that: it?s too wet, and pichis are restricted to dry areas. Fonseca: ?I don?t know, I could go for NT.? ? but Sechrest is not certain. Abba and Superina emphasize that there is a strong human presence throughout the entire range of this species. Fonseca says there is hunt- ing in Patagonia, and we know that intensive hunting impacts their population ? so, it will most likely continue to be an issue. ?Can we go with that?? he asks, and the agreement is for Near Th reatened. Dasypus hybridus - NT Agust?n Abba, Paula Lara-Ruiz, Sergio Vizca?no First, a discussion of Dasypus taxonomy in gen- eral: Dasypus pilosus should be Cryptophractus pilosus, according to Vizca?no. Next, Vizca?no and Meritt note that Dasypus hybridus is extremely susceptible to anthropogenic land change and human activity ? it is absent in many areas now. Th ey occur mainly in grasslands; Fonseca considers it a low-risk species. Vizca?no says they were more widespread, thirty years ago, but there has been severe hunting throughout the range. Vizca?no and Abba believe it should be listed as Near Th reatened; Fonseca wants their rationale. Rylands points out the population is in decline, but Fonseca says we need a 30% decline. Vizca?no says the species is going fast, and is very sensitive to agriculture, much more so than others. Th e species is decided as Near Th reatened on account of severe hunting and rapid decline. Dasypus kappleri - LC Teresa Anacleto Th is species is found in savanna as well, but mainly in forest patches within the savanna. We have no idea about its population; it occurs mainly in the Amazon and Orinoco basins. It occurs in many protected areas. 17 Dasypus novemcinctus - LC All participants Th ere are no serious threats to this species, although it is often hunted. Samudio says that there is a population in the same archipelago where the pygmy sloth occurs ? and that one island has smaller armadillos? Dasypus pilosus - NE Dennis Meritt, Gustavo Porini, Anthony Rylands After much discussion ? hampered by the lack of a Peruvian biologist ? it is decided that the two southern localities are invalid, and the pre- sumed southern population does not actually exist. Although unable to attend, Jim Loughry writes afterward that they may have an extremely restricted range, as the R?o Abiseo National Park is the only place they have recently been reported from. According to Abba, they are found in the Peruvian Departments of Amazonas, Hu?nuco and San Mart?n. A ? nal decision is still pending for this species. Dasypus sabanicola - LC Paula Lara-Ruiz Rylands notes that it?s savanna-based, and occurs in several large national parks, but not in the Gran Sabana. According to Lara-Ruiz, it is often found in gallery forest associated with savannas. Dasypus septemcinctus - LC Teresa Anacleto Th is species may prefer savanna, and Teresa Ana- cleto believes that it?s common. Th ere is no infor- mation on the population, and no one present who knows the species. Jim Loughry later wrote that he has captured several in the Po?o das Antas National Park in Brazil, and they appear to be capable of surviving in secondary shrubland and adapting to human disturbance. Dasypus yepesi - DD Sergio Vizca?no Sechrest asks Vizca?no if he feels it?s a valid spe- cies. Vizca?no certainly does; but there are no data on its population. Its entire known range is within the northwestern Argentine provinces of Salta and Jujuy. Euphractus sexcinctus - LC Erika Cu?llar Rylands comments that this species is heavily hunted in the Cerrado, even though it tastes awful. It?s widespread and resistant to human dis- turbance, he says, and should be considered Least Concern. Priodontes maximus - VU Erika Cu?llar, Dennis Meritt, Gustavo Porini Superina doubts the giant armadillo ever occurred in Uruguay. Rylands suggests it might be in the Atlantic Forest, but he?s not certain about now ? although he?s positive that it did at one point. Meritt says that in the Chaco, temperatures can fall below zero: and Priodontes just goes under the soil, and stays there until conditions are warmer. It has a patchy distribution, widespread but with rare? ed populations wherever it occurs ? ?One of those living fossils.? Although they?re all across the Amazon, there are two places where they?re most likely to be found: the zone of northern Argen- tina and the Chaco, and the llanos of Guyana. According to Paula Lara-Ruiz, they?re declining all over their range. Superina says a major problem is that animals are caught for the black market, but they die before they ever actually reach the black market. Meritt says that in some parts of its range, the giant armadillo represents the single largest source of protein for indigenous people. 18 Edentata no. 6 ? December 2004 Th is is especially true in Paraguay, Argentina and Brazil: ?When it?s encountered, it?s eaten!? Sechrest calls this a ?very di? cult species,? since obviously it?s wide-ranging and present in many intact areas. He asks about the level of hunt- ing and what impact it has, whether there are any studies on these issues. Vizca?no says there has been a major decline in the past ten years. Superina says they have yet to reproduce in cap- tivity. Meritt replies this is because no one?s had a pair together long enough, at least not until recently ? no one has any idea what the genera- tion time is. Vizca?no asserts there has been an important reduction of the overall distribution in the past three generations. No one is sure what the gen- eration time is. Porini comments that you never ? nd small ones. Vizca?no is having a hard time working out the generation time; Meritt says it?s six to ten years all told ? ?only an educated guess.? Th ey have huge bodies, he says, with no room for many o? spring. No one has ever seen their young. Sechrest wants to know about the population parameters. What is the rate of population decline in the past twenty or thirty years? Paula Lara-Ruiz says it has declined 50% in the past thirty years. After much discussion, Sechrest asks about its status in the Amazon. Rylands isn?t sure: but wherever it?s found, it?s killed, and there are few places in its range without people. Rylands specu- lates there might be only three to ? ve thousand individuals in the entire Amazon. Th e population may have been reduced by 30% over the past 20-30 years. Rylands points out that the original population has already su? ered a tre- mendous crash; now it?s stable, but dying. Th e species is heavily hunted and rare; Rylands says it should be considered Vulnerable, or more. Meritt notes there are not many specimens in museums, despite its immense distribution. Th e consensus of the group, then, is for Vulnerable. John M. Aguiar, Center for Applied Biodiversity Science, Conservation International, 1919 M Street NW, Suite 600, Washington, DC 20036, USA. E-mail: . Illustration by Stephen D. Nash. 19 FIGURE 1. Bradypus torquatus. FIGURE 2. Bradypus tridactylus. FIGURE 3. Bradypus variegatus. Maps: IUCN Global Mammal Assessment and the Edentate SG. FIGURE 4. Choloepus didactylus. 20 Edentata no. 6 ? December 2004 FIGURE 5. Choloepus hoffmanni. FIGURE 7. Cyclopes didactylus. South America detail. FIGURE 8. Myrmecophaga tridactyla. Central America detail. Maps: IUCN Global Mammal Assessment and the Edentate SG. FIGURE 6. Cyclopes didactylus. Central America detail. 21 FIGURE 10. Tamandua mexicana. FIGURE 11. Tamandua tetradactyla. Maps: IUCN Global Mammal Assessment and the Edentate SG. FIGURE 9. Myrmecophaga tridactyla. South America detail. FIGURE 12. Tolypeutes matacus. 22 Edentata no. 6 ? December 2004 FIGURE 14. Cabassous centralis. Maps: IUCN Global Mammal Assessment and the Edentate SG. FIGURE 15. Cabassous chacoensis. 80?W 60?W 60?W 40?W 40?W 30?S 30?S 10?S 10?S 10?N 10?N FIGURE 16. Cabassous tatouay. FIGURE 13. Tolypeutes tricinctus. 23 Maps: IUCN Global Mammal Assessment and the Edentate SG. FIGURE 17. Cabassous unicinctus. FIGURE 18. Chaetophractus nationi. FIGURE 19. Chaetophractus vellerosus. FIGURE 20. Chaetophractus villosus. 24 Edentata no. 6 ? December 2004 FIGURE 21. Chlamyphorus retusus. FIGURE 22. Chlamyphorus truncatus. FIGURE 23. Zaedyus pichiy. FIGURE 24. Dasypus hybridus. 25 FIGURE 25. Dasypus kappleri. Maps: IUCN Global Mammal Assessment and the Edentate SG. FIGURE 26. Dasypus novemcinctus. South America detail. FIGURE 27. Dasypus novemcinctus. North and Central America detail. FIGURE 28. Dasypus pilosus. 26 Edentata no. 6 ? December 2004 FIGURE 30. Dasypus septemcinctus. FIGURE 31. Euphractus sexcinctus. FIGURE 32. Priodontes maximus. Maps: IUCN Global Mammal Assessment and the Edentate SG. FIGURE 29. Dasypus sabanicola. Note: No range map was available for Dasypus yepesi. 27 ARTICLES The First Hand-Rearing of Larger Hairy Armadillos (Chaetophractus villosus) at the Temaik?n Foundation Mar?a Julieta Olocco Diz and Ana Duggan Temaik?n Foundation, Ruta 25 km 0.7, (1625) Buenos Aires, Argentina. Introduction Th e genus Chaetophractus, the hairy armadil- los, consists of three species in the family Dasy- podidae, which together are distributed from Bolivia to the Straits of Magellan. Th e larger hairy armadillo, Chaetophractus villosus, inhab- its southern Bolivia, northern Paraguay and the length of Argentina, excluding the Andes moun- tains (Parera, 2002). Mating takes place during the spring, and according to Merrett (1983) the gestation period lasts 60-75 days; the litter usu- ally consists of two young, often one male and one female. Th e young weigh about 155 g at birth and are covered with a soft leathery skin that gradually hardens with age. At birth the ear pinnae are not yet present, and the mouth is closed except for the terminal portion. Th e nails are usually soft, and they are able to crawl and root in search of milk. Th ey open their eyes after 16-30 days, are weaned at 50-60 days, and reach sexual maturity at nine months. Hairy armadil- los are systematically hunted in areas where they burrow extensively in loose farm soil; their ? esh is thought to be good and is frequently eaten by people (Nowak, 1999). As of December 2002, the Temaik?n Foundation had a total of four adult Chaetophractus villosus (2.2.0) in their captive facility. On December 28, 2002, a primiparous female delivered two infant males in the exhibition area. Nervous and inex- perienced, the mother mistreated her pups and seriously injured one of them, and so the deci- sion was made to remove them for hand-rearing in the Temaik?n nursery. On arrival, the injured infant showed almost no vital signs. It had been strongly tossed around, and presented various bruises throughout the body; it also had been bitten on the head and its lower mandible was dislocated. It was revived by means of CPR and placed in a human isolette with oxygen. Wounds were disinfected with iodine solution (Pervinox? 10%). Materials and Methods As soon as the pups arrived at the nursery, they were put into an incubator (human isolette) at 33?C (91.4?F) in order to increase their body tempera- ture, as both were su? ering from hypothermia. At birth they weighed 118.53 g and 108.33 g. Th ey were put inside the same plastic container and covered with a warm cotton cloth. Th e following day, as the pups began to thermoregulate on their own, the isolette temperature was decreased until it reached room temperature (26?C / 78.8?F). At this point they were put inside a hard plastic box (120 x 100 x 60 cm) with wheat straw as a bed- ding substrate and a heat lamp at one of the cor- ners, giving the pups the option of moving away or towards the heat source. After day 39, the pups were taken outside for sunbathing and exercising when weather permitted. Nursery logs were set up to record date, time of day, weight (precision scale used: Model Moretti? OAC-2.4: max. weight: 2.4 kg, accuracy: 0.2 g), formula o? ered, amount o? ered, amount consumed, stool and urine (characteristics and frequency) and overall behaviour of the animal at feeding. Th e pups were weighed before each feeding. Initially the pups were syringe-fed with an arti- ? cial nipple adapted to the tip of the syringe. Th ese nipples were custom-made from latex by nursery sta? to approximate the shape and size of the dam?s nipple. After ? nding the pups showed a good suckle re? ex, they were fed using the same nipples but with a small plastic eyedropper instead of a syringe. Th e young were fed a commercially prepared powdered milk replacer (Esbilac? powder, 28 Edentata no. 6 ? December 2004 PetAg, Inc.). Th e formula was diluted 1:2 with water and warmed to 36?C (96.8?F). Th e for- mula averaged 35% protein (DMB) and 44.33% fat (DMB). Initially the pups were given twelve feedings daily, one every two hours around the clock. From day 4 to day 18 they were receiving just eight feedings around the clock. From day 18 onwards, feedings began at 6:00 am and ended at midnight. By approximately day 48, the pups were receiving chopped apples and bananas, and by day 56 they were eating complete feed for adult dogs (PRO PAC? Mini-Chunk) mixed with banana and milk replacer. Th ey were taking formula every four hours, and from day 66 to day 72 they received milk every six hours, until 10:00 pm. At day 74 they had just two daily milk feedings, and by day 76 they were weaned. Results Th e newborn pups weighed 113.43 g on average. Th eir mean milk consumption during the ? rst month was 15.22% of body weight on an as-fed basis and they gained 11.52 g/day. During the second month the milk consumption was 8.48% of body weight on an as-fed basis and they gained 18.54 g/day. During the ? fteen days prior to weaning, this consumption dropped to 4.05% of body weight on an as-fed basis and they gained 13.56 g/day. Th e following events were recorded during the hand-rearing process (see numbered reference points in Fig. 2): FIGURE 2. Daily weight gain and milk consumption in two hand-reared Chaetophractus villosus. FIGURE 1. Hand-feeding an infant Chaetophractus villosus. 29 Day 08 ? hairs begin to grow on body ? Day 15 ? stools are found in between feed- ings without stimulation ? Day 26 ? they begin to open their eyes ? Day 39 ? they are taken outdoors for the ? rst time 4 Day 48 ? they begin eating solids 5 Day 56 ? they begin eating complete feed for dogs 6 Day 76 ? they are weaned 7 Discussion In most mammals there may be little or no weight gain in the ? rst 48 hours after birth, and it is not uncommon for infants to present even a signi? cant loss of weight, up to 10% of total body weight (Gage, 2002). In this case there was a small loss (2.5%) in just one of the young. Once the pups adjusted to their diets and sleeping arrangements over their ? rst few days, they began to show a daily weight gain, steady for all but a few days. Th e logs of milk consumption show an irregular pattern (Fig. 2), which was probably due to an uneven number of feedings per day, caused by delays and confusion in the schedule of the caretakers, as well as their inexperience with raising infant armadillos. According to records of the Poznan Zoo in Poland (Ratajszczak and Trzesowska, 1997) young start moving outside the nest at the age of 30 days, and take solid food from day 35 onwards. Even though Temaik?n?s hand-reared pups began sun- bathing at day 39, they did not begin taking solid food until day 48. Th is delay in the solid con- sumption was due to the inexperience of the sta? that developed the armadillo hand-rearing pro- gram, and a? ected the growth rate of the infants around their fortieth day (Fig. 2). Meritt (1994) commented that edentates in cap- tivity have an especially di? cult time making the transition from a liquid to solid adult diet, more so than any other mammal he has worked with. In this case the young had a very slow transition, and were weaned at the comparatively late age of 76 days. Merrett (1983) stated that weaning in hairy armadillos should be between 50 to 60 days of age. In April 2003, the same female delivered two male pups which were parent-reared. At 16 days of age, the two pups weighed an average of 318.5 g. In general, hand-reared o? spring develop more slowly than those which are parent-reared (Beek- man et al., 1999; Gage, 2002), and our hand- reared infants were 26% lighter at the same age, averaging 234.95 g. Our ? rst attempt to hand-raise armadillo pups was successful, but we have had no other cases to streamline our protocol. We recommend that husbandry information should be shared among zoos to improve the hand-rearing of edentates. Acknowledgements: Special thanks to Viviana Quse (Senior Veterinarian) for helping us with corrections to this paper, and to Sergio Feo (Chief Keeper) for providing the data on the parent-reared infants. References Beekman, S. P. A., Kemp, B., Louwman, H. C. M. and Colenbrander, B. 1999. Analyses of factors in? uencing the birth weight and neo- natal growth rate of cheetah (Acinonyx juba- tus) cubs. Zoo Biology 18(2): 129?139. Gage, L. J. 2002. Hand-Rearing Wild and Domes- tic Mammals. Iowa State Press, Iowa. Meritt, D. A. 1994. Hand-Rearing Edentates ? Infant Diet Notebook. AZA Animal Health Committee, American Zoo and Aquarium Association (AZA), Maryland and West Virginia. Merrett, P. K. 1983. Edentates. Project for city and guilds: Animal management course, Guernsey, pp. 39?48. Zoological Trust of Guernsey, British Isles. Nowak, R. M. 1999. Walker?s Mammals of the World. Vol. 1. Th e Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore. Parera, A. 2002. Los Mam?feros de la Argentina y la Regi?n Austral de Sudam?rica. Editorial El Ateneo, Buenos Aires. 30 Edentata no. 6 ? December 2004 Ratajszczak, R. and Trzesowska, E. 1997. Manage- ment and breeding of the larger hairy arma- dillo, Chaetophractus villosus, at Poznan Zoo. Der Zoologische Garten 67(4): 220?228. Crianza en Cautiverio de Perezoso de Dos Dedos (Choloepus didactylus) Lizette Berm?dez Larraz?bal Jefe de Fauna del Parque Zool?gico Huachipa, Lima, Per?. Correo electr?nico: . Introducci?n Los Xenarthra son considerados como el orden m?s variado de mam?feros ya que agrupa anima- les de morfolog?as, comportamientos y h?bitats completamente diferentes. Se conocen tres mor- folog?as distintas que corresponden a los arma- dillos, hormigueros y perezosos distribuidos en 4 familias, 13 g?neros y 29 especies (Tirira S., 1999). Los Xenarthra radiaron en Sudam?rica durante el Terciario cuando este continente se encontraba aislado de los otros; esto dio lugar a la existencia de formas gigantes extintas, como gliptodontes y los perezosos gigantes (Delsuc et al., 2002). Muchos grupos de Xenarthra se desa- rrollaron satisfactoriamente en Am?rica Cen- tral y Norteam?rica despu?s de su migraci?n durante el Plioceno, en la actualidad podemos encontrar una sola especie que llega hasta Nor- team?rica, el armadillo de nueve bandas (Dasypus novemcinctus). Los perezosos de dos dedos est?n restringidos a Am?rica Central y Sudam?rica y pertenecen a la familia Megalonychidae que incluye un solo g?nero con dos especies, Choloepus didactylus y Choloepus ho? manni (Nowak, 1997), ambas pre- sentes en el Per?. El rasgo caracter?stico de esta familia es la presencia de dos fuertes garras en los miembros anteriores y tres en las posterio- res. El pelaje es denso y largo, aproximadamente 100 mm en el dorso (Tirira S., 1999), con pre- sencia de algas en las ?pocas h?medas. La f?rmula dental es 5/4 en un lado, con un total de 18 dien- tes (Nowak, 1997). Mayormente se alimentan de hojas pero tambi?n incluyen frutos, brotes y algu- nos peque?os vertebrados en su dieta (Esb?rard, 2001). Son de h?bitos nocturnos y solitarios, uni?ndose ?nicamente con su pareja durante la ?poca de apareamiento (Tirira S., 1999). Estos animales poseen la mayor variaci?n de tempera- tura que cualquier otro mam?fero, en rangos que oscilan entre los 24?C a los 33?C (Nowak, 1997). Choloepus didactylus puede ser distinguido de C. ho? manni por la coloraci?n del pelaje, pre- sentando el primero un color homog?neo en el dorso y pecho. En el Per? existe una gran can- tidad de cr?as de perezosos que son entregados en custodia por el Instituto Natural de Recur- sos Naturales ? INRENA a instituciones como zoocriaderos y zool?gicos. La mayor?a de estos individuos son extra?dos de la selva amaz?nica para ser criados en la capital como mascotas. Sin embargo, el poco conocimiento de la especie y la falta de informaci?n provoca que la crianza en cautiverio sea poco exitosa provocando la muerte de las cr?as. Materiales y M?todos En este trabajo se monitore? el crecimiento de dos cr?as hembras de perezoso de dos dedos (Cho- loepus didactylus) de dos y quatro meses de edad. Ambos animales llegaron al zool?gico ?Parque de las Leyendas? rescatados por el Instituto de Recur- sos Naturales ? INRENA, procedentes del tr?? co de animales silvestres. En el a?o 2001 el zool?- gico recibi? a ?Wendy,? con aproximadamente quatro meses de edad, originaria de Pucallpa y en el a?o 2002 se recibi? a ?Pelusa,? con aproxima- damente dos meses de edad, originaria de Tingo Mar?a. ?Wendy? lleg? con un peso de 900 g y con 29.5 cm de longitud corporal, mientras que ?Pelusa? ingres? con un peso de 766.5 g y con 22 cm de longitud corporal. Ambos animales fueron alojados en un ?rea denominada ?crianza? y mantenidos en una incubadora a 37?C con 98% de humedad; posteriormente fueron trans- feridos a una caja de material aislante t?rmico, dentro de un recinto con temperatura media de 30?C. Durante los primeros meses ambos anima- les fueron llevados a casa para su alimentaci?n durante la noche y regresados al d?a siguiente en la ma?ana. Se colectaron datos de peso (despu?s de que el animal miccionaba y defecaba), as? como 31 datos de frecuencia de micci?n y defecaci?n, aceptaci?n de la dieta ofrecida, comportamiento y complicaciones veterinarias m?s comunes. Los datos para ?Pelusa? fueron registrados durante ocho meses mientras que los de ?Wendy? se registraron en un per?odo de 13 meses. Resultados Ganancia de peso Las curvas de ganancia de peso para ambas cr?as describen una curva de tendencia exponencial, cuya f?rmula es: y = 621.07 e 0.12x. Frecuencia de micci?n y defecaci?n ?Pelusa? defec? y orin? al quinto d?a despu?s de su llegada al zool?gico. Posteriormente la mic- ci?n y defecaci?n fue peri?dica. ?Wendy? orin? el primer d?a que lleg? y defec? al tercer d?a de su llegada. La frecuencia de micci?n y defecaci?n fue de dos a tres d?as, siendo que las dos evacuacio- nes ocurr?an al mismo tiempo y generalmente en la noche. Por ning?n motivo las cr?as defecaban en el lugar que usaban como descanso (caja de material aislante t?rmico) y cuando ?Wendy? fue trasladada a exhibici?n se observ? que orinaba y defecaba en un solo lugar, para lo cual bajaba del ?rbol o percha donde se encontraba. FIGURA 1. Ganancia de peso de duas cr?as de Choloepus didactylus. Dieta y aceptaci?n de la dieta Debido a que ?Wendy? lleg? primero al zool?- gico, fue necesario probar diversos alimentos y determinar el grado de aceptaci?n a los mismos (Tabla 1). Algunos componentes de la dieta fueron seleccionados de otras dietas descritas para la especie, utilizadas en otros zool?gicos (Meritt, 1973; McCrane, 1966; Avey-Arroyo, 2002), sin embargo se probaron nuevos componentes, sus- tituyendo a aquellos que no se encontraban con facilidad en nuestro pa?s. Durante el primer mes se aliment? a ?Wendy? cada tres horas con f?rmula l?ctea (ver Tabla 2) y comida de manera intercalada; en esta dieta se utiliz? el ali- mento de mayor aceptaci?n (pera o durazno) como cebo para que la ? bra fuera aceptada. Durante el segundo y tercer mes la f?rmula l?ctea se cambi? por una papilla y se disminuy? la frecuencia de ali- mentaci?n hasta cuatro veces al d?a; en la comida se le adicion? mayor cantidad de ? bra. Del cuarto al s?ptimo mes se le incorpor? mayor cantidad de ? bra a la papilla, la cual fue f?cilmente aceptada. Finalmente, se lleg? a una dieta rutinaria (Tabla 2), disminuyendo la frecuencia a tres veces al d?a, ya que el animal ya no era llevado a casa para ali- 32 Edentata no. 6 ? December 2004 Medida de Aceptaci?n Alimento Completa Baja No Aceptado Pi?a X Papaya X Pera X Manzana X Durazno X Mango X Chirimoya X Mel?n X Uva X Pl?tano X Tomate X Mandarina X Choclo X Espinaca X Acelga X Lechuga X Zanahoria X Zapallo X Zapallo italiano X Clara de huevo sancochado X Concentrado para perro X TABLA 1. Aceptaci?n de alimento por ?Wendy.? Completa: el animal r?pidamente lo consume sin ning?n problema. Baja: el animal lo consume pero con di? cultad. No aceptado: el animal no lo consume. mentarlo de noche. Actualmente se le d? la misma dieta, dos veces al d?a. Desde su arribo ?Pelusa? fue alimentada con f?r- mula l?ctea y con algunas verduras y frutas raya- das, cada tres horas. A partir de los tres meses se le fue adicionando mayor cantidad de verduras y hojas enteras. Este individuo tuvo una f?cil acep- taci?n por la dieta rutinaria que recib?a ?Wendy,? por lo que no se tuvieron que probar muchas dietas en ella (Tabla 3). En ambos ejemplares se observ? una predilecci?n por un solo tipo de ali- mento; en el caso de ?Wendy? fue por el durazno y para ?Pelusa? fue la lechuga. Adicionalmente a la dieta ambos animales recibieron un suplemento de vitamina D (Raquiferol) y hierro (Ferrovite en gotas) cada 15 d?as. Comportamiento Ninguna de las cr?as mostr? mucha actividad durante el d?a o la noche hasta que cumplieron cuatro meses y medio aproximadamente, pasando la mayor cantidad de tiempo durmiendo en una caja de material aislante t?rmico y con ambas extremidades cogidas de una almohada. S?lo se despertaban cuando ten?an hambre, emitiendo un sonido de llamado. Durante este tiempo los animales fueron alimentados y acicalados por los padres sustitutos. Pasado este periodo, el com- Mes Dieta Frecuencia Primero F?rmula: Prote?na en polvo (PVM), leche de soya (Isomil), 3 cereales (Cerelac), anti? atulento (Sim? at), vitaminas (Octavitan). Comida: zanahoria, espinaca, caucho y pera o durazno. Cada tres horas Segundo y Tercero Papilla: concentrado para perro (Alpo), Proteina (P75), 3 cereales(Cerelac), vitacalcio, anti? atulento (Sim? at), vitaminas (Octavitan). Comida: zanahoria, zapallo, zapallo italano, acelga, espinaca, lechuga, caucho, clara de huevo. Fruta: pera, manzana o durazno. Cuatro veces al d?a (ma?ana, mediod?a, tarde y noche) Cuarto-S?ptimo Papilla: concentrado para perro (Alpo), acelga, espinaca, lechuga, caucho, vitacalcio, anti? atulento (Sim? at), vitaminas (Octavitan). Comida: zanahoria, zapallo, zapallo italano, acelga, espinaca, lechuga, caucho, clara de huevo. Fruta: pera, manzana o durazno. Cuatro veces al d?a (ma?ana, mediod?a, tarde y noche) Octavo-Treceavo Papilla: concentrado para perro, acelga, espinaca, lechuga, caucho.Comida: zanahoria, zapallo, acelga, espinaca, lechuga, caucho, choclo y manzana. Tres veces al d?a (ma?ana, mediod?a, tarde). La papilla es ofrecida tres veces por semana. TABLA 2. Dietas recibidas por ?Wendy.? 33 TABLA 3. Aceptaci?n de alimento por ?Pelusa.? Completa: el animal r?pidamente lo consume sin ning?n problema. Baja: el animal lo consume pero con di? cultad. No aceptado: el animal no lo consume. Medida de Aceptaci?n Alimento Completa Baja No Aceptado Pi?a No fue probado Papaya No fue probado Pera X Manzana X Durazno X Mango No fue probado Chirimoya X Mel?n X Uva X Pl?tano No fue probado Tomate No fue probado Mandarina No fue probado Choclo No fue probado Espinaca X Acelga X Lechuga X Zanahoria X Zapallo No fue probado Zapallo italiano No fue probado Clara de huevo sancochado X Concentrado para perro X Nombre del Patr?n Patrones visuales a) Corporal S?mbolo Descripci?n (d) y Frecuencia (f) Funci?n Motivaci?n Acurrucar ACU d. El animal duerme abrazado a algo que semeje su madre o asimismo, con los miembros posteriores y anteriores cruzados f. Frecuentemente de d?a cuando es invierno o cuando son cr?as Descanso Buscar la protecci?n de la madre cuando es cr?a y buscar calor cuando es adulto Dormir DOR d. El animal duerme con miembros posteriores y anteriores estirados f. Frecuentemente de d?a Descanso Descansar relajado Caminar CAM d. El animal se desplaza en el suelo con los cuatro miembros doblados hacia la parte interna f. Rara vez Traslado de una percha a otra m?s alejada Cuando se siente en situaci?n de peligro y quiere huir TABLA 4. Etograma de Choloepus didactylus. continua portamiento nocturno se increment?, las cr?as comenzaron a buscar donde colgarse, para lo cual se les colocaron diversas ramas. Al principio no intentaron caminar por las ramas, s?lo se sos- ten?an con los miembros anteriores, pero despu?s de unos d?as lograron caminar sin problemas. El consumo de alimento se increment? durante la noche, consumiendo los mismos tipos de ali- mento y colg?ndose con los miembros inferiores en contra de la gravedad. Durante el d?a la activi- dad fue disminuyendo pasando una mayor can- tidad de tiempo descansando en la caja. Algunas veces al percibir olores extra?os se observ? una conducta agresiva la cual se caracteriz? porque los animales mostraban los dientes y dejaban libre un brazo para dar un zarpazo. Inferimos que estos animales reconocen a sus madres por el olor, teniendo en cuenta que la primera reac- ci?n de los animales ante la presencia de una persona era acerc?rsele y olfatearla; si esta le resultaba extra?a, ellos mostraban una conducta de agresi?n. Por otro lado, cuando la persona era identi? cada como la madre sustituta, el animal no mostraba ning?n comportamiento agresivo, buscando en algunos casos treparse a ella. En el transcurso de la crianza se pudo realizar un peque?o etograma de la especie la cual se describe en la Tabla 4. 34 Edentata no. 6 ? December 2004 Nombre del Patr?n Patrones visuales a) Corporal S?mbolo Descripci?n (d) y Frecuencia (f) Funci?n Motivaci?n Colgarse COLG d. El animal se desplaza colgado de los cuatro miembros y con la cabeza colgada f. Frecuentemente Desplazamiento Cuando quiere trasladarse de un lugar a otro Suspender anterior SUSan d. El animal se encuentra colgado solamente de los miembros anteriores f. Frecuentemente ?Break? Cuando quiere colgarse de una rama o percha Suspender posterior SUSpos d. El animal se encuentra suspendido en forma invertida colgado de los miembros posteriores f. Ocasionalmente Alimentaci?n Cuando quiere coger su comida Sentarse SEN d. El animal se encuentra sentado con la espalda curva y los brazos relajados f. Ocasionalmente Explorar Cuando quiere coger su comida o alg?n otro objeto que llame su atenci?n Balanceo BAL d. El animal se encuentra colgado con ambos miembros con la boca abierta mostrando los dientes y se balancea de atr?s para adelante f. Ocasionalmente Agresi?n Cuando quiere intimidar o agredir Ataque ATA d. El animal se encuentra colgado con la boca abierta mostrando los dientes y con uno de los miembros anteriores da un zarpazo f. Ocasionalmente Ataque Cuando ataca a otro individuo Defecar DEF d. El animal baja de del ?rbol o percha y colgado verticalmente empieza a defecar f. Frecuentemente Defecar y orinar Defecar y orinar b) Gestual Bostezar BOS d. Saca la lengua, abre la boca y cierra los ojos f. Frecuentemente No de? nido Cuando el animal est? agotado o antes de dormir Oler OLR d. Con la boca cerrada el animal mueve la nariz f. Frecuentemente Olfaci?n Cuando el animal se siente atra?do por un olor en particular Abre boca BOC d. El animal abre la boca y muestra los dientes f. Frecuentemente Agresi?n Cuando quiere intimidar Vocalizaciones mmmah - mmmah Sonido mono s?labo, generalmente es repetido 2 veces Llamado Cuando tiene hambre o se siente solo fuf ? fuf ? fuf Sonido corto y repetitivo Agresi?n Cuando ataca o amenaza crack-crack Sonido que realiza al rozar los dientes Ramoneo No de? nido TABLA 4, continuado 35 Complicaciones veterinarias Durante el tiempo de crianza se pudieron obser- var algunas complicaciones veterinarias en las cr?as como: timpanismo, diarrea, problemas en la piel, e hipo. El timpanismo era muy frecuente en un inicio, posiblemente por el alimento y la posici?n en la que com?an; es por ello que se comenz? a adicionar un anti? atulento (Sim? at) en la dieta lo cual ayud? mucho a resolver este problema. Tambi?n present? resequedad en la piel, por ello constantemente se les frotaba con vitaminas A, E y selenio en pasta (Mucovit), para mantener la piel h?meda. Tanto la diarrea como el hipo se presentaron ocasionalmente y una sola vez ?Pelusa? tuvo un problema respiratorio, el cual fue tratado inmediatamente. Discusi?n Debido a que la especie es muy sensible a los cam- bios de temperatura (Nowak, 1997) y a que tienen un metabolismo tan lento, es dif?cil saber r?pida- FIGURA 2. Posiciones del perezoso de dos dedos. ACU = acurrucar; ATA = ataque; SUSPOS = suspender posterior; COLG = colgarse; y DEF = defecar. mente y a ciencia cierta si el protocolo de crianza es el adecuado o no; es por eso que los datos col- ectados durante el proceso de crianza tienen que ser tomados durante un tiempo prolongado y por la misma persona, para visualizar resultados. Comparando los datos de peso obtenidos, con los obtenidos mediante la f?rmula, se puede observar que los ocho primeros meses de edad los datos se encuentran 100 g por debajo del peso ideal, ocurre lo mismo si los comparamos con datos obtenidos del registro de la crianza de perezosos en Caribe Sloth Rescue and Rehabilitation Center en Costa Rica (Avey-Arroyo, 2002). Sin embargo esta dis- minuci?n puede no ser signi? cativa, ya que podr?a deberse a que los individuos se est?n adaptando a la dieta en cautiverio; por otro lado, se cree que los individuos de esta especie son m?s vulnerables durante los primeros ocho meses de edad debido a que su requerimiento proteico es mayor ya que se quedan con la madre hasta los ocho-nueve meses en vida silvestre (Veselovsky, 1966). 36 Edentata no. 6 ? December 2004 Se han probado diversas dietas y f?rmulas para el mantenimiento de esta especie en cautiverio (Meritt, 1973; McCrane, 1966; Avey-Arroyo, 2002) es por ello que se opt? por probar una serie de alimentos y determinar el grado de preferencia que el individuo ten?a hacia ellos. El uso de alimentos cebo es adecuado porque permite incrementar nuevos insumos a la dieta y que estos sean aceptados por el individuo sin mayores problemas. El presente trabajo describe pocos patrones de conducta debido a la edad de los individuos y a la di? cultad de seguir su comportamiento durante la noche, hora en la cual son m?s activos; sin embargo se describen los patrones m?s com?nmente observados en la especie. A pesar de ser animales bastante silen- ciosos se pudieron determinar tres patrones audi- tivos. No obstante, para el ramoneo no se pudo determinar su contexto, ya que lo realizaba en cualquier momento y sin ning?n motivo apa- rentemente. Durante todo el tiempo de la cri- anza, los perezosos no presentaron enfermedades serias, las pocas molestias que presentaron fueron r?pidamente superadas y no afectaron el desar- rollo normal de las cr?as. Una de las afecciones m?s frecuentes fue el timpanismo, com?n en estas especies (Messias-Costa, 2001). Es necesa- rio tener en cuenta que el tratamiento y manejo veterinario de estas especies es dif?cil y requiere mayores estudios. Conclusiones Podemos concluir que la crianza de estos dos perezosos fue exitosa y el desarrollo fue muy similar para ambos individuos. Para la crianza de cualquier animal se deben ser tomados en cuenta par?metros m?nimos como crecimiento, ganan- cia de peso, alimentaci?n recibida y comporta- miento, para determinar el ?xito de una crianza. En el caso particular de los perezosos, los datos deben ser tomados en un periodo prolongado para ver resultados. El ?xito de la crianza en cau- tiverio nos permite dar una oportunidad de vida a los individuosy del mismo modo contribuimos al conocimiento de la biolog?a de la especie. Referencias Avey-Arroyo, J. 2002. Sloths. En: Hand-Rear- ing Wild and Domestic Mammals, L. J. Gage (ed.), pp. 81?89. Iowa State Press, Iowa. Delsuc, F., Scally, M., Madsen, O., Stanhope, M. J., de Jong, W. W., Catze? is, F. M., Springer, M. S. y Douzery, E. J. P. 2002. Molecular phylogeny of living Xenarthrans and the impact of character and taxon sampling on the placental tree rooting. Mol. Biol. Evol. 19(10): 1656?1671. Esb?rard, C. 2001. Biology and captive manage- ment of sloths. En: Biology, Medicine, and Surgery of South American Wild Animals, M. E. Fowler y Z. S. Cubas (eds.), pp. 245?246. Iowa State Press, Iowa. McCrane, M. P. 1966. Birth, behavior and devel- opment of a hand-reared two-toed sloth, Cho- loepus didactylus. Intl. Zoo Ybk. 6: 187?189. Messias-Costa, A. 2001. Medicine and neona- tal care of sloths. En: Biology, Medicine, and Surgery of South American Wild Animals, M. E. Fowler y Z. S. Cubas (eds.), pp. 247?249. Iowa State Press, Iowa. Meritt Jr., D. A. 1973. Edentate Diets. II. Two- Toed Sloths. Intl. Zoo Ybk. 23(4): 543?545. Nowak, R. M. 1997. Walker?s Mammals of the World. Fifth Edition. Johns Hopkins Univer- sity Press, Baltimore. Tirira S., D. 1999. Mam?feros del Ecuador. Pub- licaci?n Especial 2. Museo de Zoolog?a. Centro de Biodiversidad y Ambiente, Pon- ti? cia Universidad Cat?lica del Ecuador y Sociedad para la Investigaci?n y Monitoreo de la Biodiversidad Ecuatoriana (SIMBIOE), Quito. Veselovsky, Z. 1966. A contribution to the knowledge of the reproduction and growth of the two-toed sloth, Choloepus didacty- lus, at the Prague Zoo. Intl. Zoo Ybk. 6: 147?153. 37 Diet of the Yellow Armadillo, Euphractus sexcinctus, in South-Central Brazil J?lio C. Dalponte Departamento de Ci?ncias Biol?gicas, Universidade do Estado de Mato Grosso, Nova Xavantina 78690-000, Mato Grosso, Brazil. Jos? A. Tavares-Filho Faculdade de Filoso? a, Ci?ncias e Letras, Universidade de S?o Paulo, Ribeir?o Preto, 14040-903, S?o Paulo, Brazil. Introduction Th e 21 species of armadillos (Dasypodidae, Xenarthra) show a remarkable variation in size, geographic distribution and feeding patterns, and can be divided into four groups according to their dietary specializations: carnivore/omni- vore (Chaetophractus, Euphractus and Zaedyus), generalist insectivore (fossorial) (Chlamyphorus), generalist insectivore (terrestrial) (Dasypus), and specialist insectivore (ants and termites) (Priodon- tes, Cabassous and Tolypeutes) (Redford, 1985). Th e three genera of hairy armadillos, the carni- vore/omnivores, show temporal and geographic variation in their diet which is more pronounced than in the other three feeding groups (Redford, 1985). Detailed and systematic studies on the diet of the carnivore/omnivores in natural conditions are needed for ? ner analyses of their patterns of trophic specialization. While research is wanting on the feeding ecology of nearly every edentate species (Redford, 1994), a notable exception among the hairy armadillos is Greegor?s (1980) study on Chaetophractus vellerosus in northwest- ern Argentina. C. vellerosus combines an insectiv- orous diet with substantial intake of plant matter, especially Prosopis pods, in the winter. Th e yellow armadillo, Euphractus sexcinctus, is the largest member of the carnivore/omnivore group and consumes many types of animal prey, includ- ing carrion, small vertebrates, ants (adults, larvae and cocoons), and plant matter such as fruits and tubers (Redford, 1985; Redford and Eisenberg, 1992; Bezerra et al., 2001). Plant matter (espe- cially fruit) makes up a major portion of the diet in the Pantanal region of Brazil (Schaller, 1983). Euphractus sexcinctus is a common species ranging from central and eastern Brazil through Paraguay, eastern Bolivia and northern Argentina (Redford and Wetzel, 1985). It occurs in a wide variety of biomes, including the Amazon, Caatinga, Cer- rado, Pantanal, Chaco and the Atlantic Forest (Silva-J?nior and Nunes, 2001). Within these biomes it most often inhabits savannas, forest edges and campos cerrados, a type of cerrado in which trees are absent and shrubs form an open layer (Eiten, 1979). Th e biomass of this species was estimated to be approximately 19 kg/km? for dry forest, ? ooded grassland, and open savanna in the Brazilian Pantanal (Schaller, 1983). In northeastern S?o Paulo it comprises 37% of total mammal road kills, or 2.56 kg/km, according to a survey of paved highways in the region (J. A. Tavares-Filho, unpubl. data; see below). In this study we examine the diet of the yellow armadillo and compare the results with available data on this species and other armadillos in the carnivore/ omnivore group. Methods Th e interior of the state of S?o Paulo is presently covered with a mosaic of cattle pasture, cultivated ? elds (mainly sugar cane, cereals and fruit) and exotic plantations of Pinus and Eucalyptus. Scat- tered patches of cerrado and mesophytic semide- ciduous forest (sensu Rizzini, 1963) are still found in the interior of the state. Th e northeast of S?o Paulo is one of the most intensively cultivated areas of the state. Troppmair (1975) classi? es the climate as Cwa according to K?ppen (1936), characterized by a rainy season in the summer and a dry season in the winter; the rainfall varies between 1100 and 1300 mm, with a period of drought from May to September, and July being the driest month (Caldarelli and Neves, 1981). From January 1981 to April 1984, 74 specimens of Euphractus sexcinctus were found as road kills along paved highways in northeastern S?o Paulo (within an area of ca. 30 km of radius around the point 21?06?S, 48?27?W) in the municipali- 38 Edentata no. 6 ? December 2004 Food items %Frequency % Estimated volume Plant matter Corn (grains) 9.6 18.9 Rice (grains) 1.6 1.0 Sugar cane (stems) 1.6 0.5 Orange (pulp and seeds) 3.2 1.2 Papaya (seeds) 1.6 3.2 Acrocomia sp. (pericarp) 1.6 1.2 Hancornia speciosa (seeds) 1.6 0.2 Unidenti? ed fruits 1.6 0.2 Unidenti? ed plants 11.2 6.2 Insects Hymenoptera (Formicidae) 14.5 22.0 Coleoptera (Scarabaeidae) 12.9 30.7 Isoptera (soldiers and workers) 6.4 1.0 Lepidoptera (larvae) 3.2 6.0 Orthoptera (Gryllidae) 1.6 0.08 Diptera (larvae) 3.2 0.08 Unidenti? ed insects 6.4 1.5 Arachnids Araneae 4.8 1.2 Vertebrates Mammalia 6.4 2.2 Ophidia 1.6 0.8 Aves 1.6 0.5 Unidenti? ed vertebrates 3.2 0.4 TABLE 1. Stomach contents from 12 individuals of E. sexcinctus, collected as roadkills in agricultural areas of Mato Grosso and S?o Paulo, Brazil. ties of Ribeir?o Preto, Luis Antonio and Pradop- olis. From these, it was possible to collect eight stomachs for dietary analysis, and the stomach contents of another four animals were collected at two locations in S?o Paulo (municipalities of Guare? and S?o Jos? do Rio Preto) and two loca- tions in Mato Grosso (municipalities of Cuiab? and Vila Bela) on highways crossing cultivated lands and gardens. Th e stomach contents were preserved in the ? eld in 10% formalin, and stored until analysis at the Departamento de Biologia, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso, Cuiab?. Th e contents were washed with tap water through a metallic sieve (mesh diam- eter 1 mm). Th e ? ltrate (particles < 1 mm) included organic and inorganic residues (digested material, earth and sand), which were not included in the analysis. Th e material retained in the sieve was transferred to a glass plate for separation and identi- ? cation of the food items under a dissecting micro- scope. Th e frequency of occurrence was calculated based on how many times a selected item occurred in the total number of stomachs. We estimated the volumetric percentage of each item based on the volume of an individual item in relation to the total volume of all items present in the stomachs. Results We identi? ed 21 food items (62 total occurrences) in 12 yellow armadillo stomachs (Table 1), repre- senting four main groups: plant material, insects, arachnids and vertebrates. Although plant mate- rial was frequent and diversi? ed (grains, succu- lent stems and fruits), its estimated volume in the stomachs was only about 33%. Among the iden- ti? ed plant material, the only exception in terms of volume was corn (grains strongly chewed), which represented the third most abundant item in the material as a whole, and was present in half of the analysed contents. Although sugar cane dominates the cultivated landscape in northeast- ern S?o Paulo, it was poorly represented (as mas- ticated stem fragments) in the dietary samples. Of the four fruits identi? ed, two are cultivated in orchards (orange and papaya), another is asso- ciated with human settlements (maca?ba palm, Acrocomia sp.), and the fourth is typically wild (mangaba, Hancornia speciosa) and found in a number of vegetation types in the cerrado. Insects comprised the bulk of the diet of E. sex- cinctus, in both the frequency of occurrence and the amount of consumed food, representing more than 50% of the total volume analyzed. Ants (Formicinae, Myrmicinae, Dolichoderinae and Ponerinae) and dung beetles (Scarabaeidae) stood out in this food group, together reaching 57% in relative frequency and 86% of total insect volume. Of the nine stomachs containing ants, seven had combinations of winged adults, cocoons and larvae as the main content. Although other 39 groups of insects appeared quite frequently, they contributed modestly to the general abundance. Fragments of large spiders occurred in 25% of the stomach contents. Vertebrates made up only a small portion of the diet. Mammal remains in the stomachs included small rodents (Sigmodontinae), armadillo plates (probably from scavenging) and skin fragments of a large species of domesticated mammal, probably a pig. Other vertebrates included a snake and a bird, both small and found in the same stomach. Discussion In the absence of other data on the diet of the yellow armadillo, the present discussion is based on comparisons with Schaller (1983). Of the eight E. sexcinctus stomachs collected by Schaller (1983) in the Pantanal, seven were from the Acurizal ranch (17?45?S, 57?37?W) in the Serra do Amolar. This area is covered by a variety of swamp formations, gallery forest, semidecidu- ous forest, and several subtypes of cerrado and savanna (Prance and Schaller, 1982). The esti- mated volumes supplied by Schaller (1983) were compared with the data for estimated volume in the present study. The occurrence of the differ- ent dietary groups and percent estimated volume from the two studies were compared using H? goodness-of-? t tests (Magurran, 1988), and the results are compared with those obtained for C. vellerosus in northern Argentina (Greegor, 1980). Our data may represent the feeding tendencies of the yellow armadillo during the rainy season in northeastern S?o Paulo, in marginal road habitats. As a typical omnivorous/opportunistic feeder, the yellow armadillo is able to change its diet geo- graphically; and the roadside provides scavengers with an additional supply of carcasses. In intensively cultivated landscapes, the yellow armadillo is omnivorous, as previously reported by Redford (1985) and Redford and Wetzel (1985). Plant matter and insects made up the bulk of the diet in undisturbed (Pantanal) and intensively cultivated areas (northeastern S?o Paulo) (Table 2). We found no signi? cant difference in the fre- quencies of occurrence of food groups between Food groups Schaller (1983)* Present study** % occurrence % volume % occurrence % volume Plant matter 50.0 79.1 40.0 32.8 Insects 37.5 20.5 26.6 61.3 Spiders 6.2 0.3 10.0 1.2 Vertebrates 6.2 0.1 23.3 4.0 TABLE 2. Comparison of frequency and estimated volume of differ- ent food types in the diet of E. sexcinctus in two regions of Central Brazil. * Pantanal, eight stomachs analysed. ** Cultivated ? elds of S?o Paulo and Mato Grosso, 12 stomachs analysed. the two areas (H? = 2.129, df = 3, p = 0.5461). We found a strongly signi? cant difference (H? = 43.755, df = 3, p << 0.001), however, when we compared the estimated volumes. This was due to the large quantities of plant matter in the stomachs from the Pantanal, and the substantial number of insects in the stomach contents from the agricultural region. Although the same food types are consumed, the quantities evidently vary greatly between the two areas. Shifts in diet based on geographic location are expected to be more pronounced among carnivore/omnivores than in other feeding groups (Redford, 1985), and the large geographical variation in the abundance of certain dietary items, as documented for the two areas compared here, supports this assumption. Omnivory is characteristic of the diet of the euphractine armadillos (Redford, 1985), having been previously registered for C. vellerosus (Gree- gor, 1980). Th e diet of the yellow armadillo is evidently similar to that observed for C. vellero- sus, with plant matter and insects composing the largest proportions of items in the stomach con- tents of both. Ants and beetles, very frequent in the diet of C. vellerosus, were the most common insects in the stomachs of E. sexcinctus in the agri- cultural areas of south-central Brazil. Vertebrates account for a relatively large pro- portion of the diet of Chaetophractus vellerosus ? approximately 14% by volume in the winter and 28% in the summer ? when compared to the 40 Edentata no. 6 ? December 2004 common long-nosed armadillo, Dasypus novem- cinctus (Greegor, 1980). Most of the vertebrates consumed by C. vellerosus were small rodents, reaching high frequencies: 23% in the summer and 19.4% in the winter. Small rodents also seem to be frequent in the diet of E. sexcinctus, occurring in three of 12 stomachs analysed here. A yellow armadillo collected in a soybean ? eld in Goi?s State, Brazil, had four individuals of Calo- mys sp. in its stomach (Bezerra et al., 2001), two of which were young (F. H. G. Rodrigues, pers. comm.). Euphractine armadillos are predators of small and slow-moving prey. Th ey lack an e? ective killing bite, however, subduing their prey by standing on it and tearing pieces with their jaws (Redford and Wetzel, 1985; Redford, 1994). In captivity, E. sexcinctus can kill large rats (Redford and Wetzel, 1985), and captive individuals have also been observed attacking a live deer fawn (Mazama gouazoubira) and a young rhea (Rhea americana) and trying to drag them into their burrows (J. C. Dalponte, pers. obs.). Th e presence of small rodents in the diet (Bezerra et al., 2001; pres- ent study) demonstrates that free-ranging yellow armadillos may occasionally capture small prey. In addition, one stomach of C. vellerosus con- tained four infant leaf-eared mice, Phyllotis gris- eo? avus (Greegor, 1980). Armadillos which are carnivore/omnivores may also consume small rodents as carrion, and per- haps other vertebrates as well; but it is di? cult to determine from stomach contents whether remains are from predation or from scavenging (Bisbal and Ojasti, 1980). Euphractine armadil- los are known to eat rotting meat, and perhaps also the maggots associated with carcasses (see references in Redford, 1985). Larvae of necro- phagous ? ies (Sarcophagidae) were found in two stomachs analysed in the present study, and in one they were associated with the remains of a small rodent. Th e remains of vertebrates in other stomach contents were not associated with sar- cophagid ? y larvae, although the presence of armadillo plates and pig skin would indicate car- rion consumption. Th e yellow armadillo has the largest and most powerful teeth of any armadillo (Moeller, in Redford, 1985), which may allow it to chew the meat, skin and small bones of a variety of car- casses. In fact, the high biomass of vertebrate car- casses concentrated on the highway (645,695 kg over a distance of 9,315 km; J. A. Tavares-Filho, unpubl. results) suggests this would be a plentiful food source for a potential carrion eater such as E. sexcinctus. It is easily sighted in open habitats, and aspects of its feeding ecology, in particular its foraging habits, could be easily studied. Acknowledgements: We thank Dr. K. H. Redford for comments on an earlier version of this paper. We also thank Dr. A. B. Ara?jo for the statistical analysis suggested and Dr. J. D. V. Hay for help- ful corrections on the English version. References Bezerra, A. M. R., Rodrigues, F. H. G. and Car- mignotto, A. P. 2001. Predation of rodents by the yellow armadillo (Euphractus sexcinc- tus) in cerrado of Central Brazil. Mammalia 65(1): 86?88. Bisball, F. and Ojasti, J. 1980. Nicho tr?? co del zorro Cerdocyon thous (Mammalia, Carni- vora). Acta Biol. Venez. 10(4): 469?496. Caldarelli, S. B. and Neves, W. A. 1981. Programa de pesquisas arqueol?gicas no Vale do Rio Pardo: 1981. Rev. Pr?-Hist?ria 3(3): 13?49. Eiten, G. 1979. Formas ? sion?micas do Cerrado. Revta. Brasil. Bot. 2: 139?148. Greegor, D. H. 1980. Diet of the little hairy arma- dillo, Chaetophractus vellerosus, of northwest- ern Argentina. J. Mammal. 61(2): 331?334. K?ppen, W. 1936. Das geographische System der Klimate. In: Handbuch der Klimatologie, Vol. 1, W. K?ppen and R. Geiger (eds.), pp.1?46. Gebr?der Borntraeger, Berlin. Magurran, A. E. 1988. Ecological Diversity and its Measurement. Croom Helm, London. Prance, G. T. and Schaller, G. B. 1982. Prelimi- nary study of some vegetation types of the Pantanal, Mato Grosso, Brazil. Brittonia 34(2): 228?251. Redford, K. H. 1985. Food habits of armadil- los (Xenarthra: Dasypodidae). In: Evolu- 41 tion and Ecology of Sloths, Armadillos, and Vermilinguas, G. G. Montgomery (ed.), pp.429?437. Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, DC. Redford, K. H. 1994. Th e edentates of the cer- rado. Edentata 1(1): 4?9. Redford, K. H. and Wetzel, R. M. 1985. Euphrac- tus sexcinctus. Mammal. Species 252: 1?4. Redford, K. H. and Eisenberg, J. F. 1992. Mammals of the Neotropics. Vol. 2. Th e Southern Cone: Chile, Argentina, Uruguay, Paraguay. Th e University of Chicago Press, Chicago. Rizzini, C. T. 1963. A ? ora do cerrado. In: Simp?sio Sobre o Cerrado, M. G. Ferri (ed.), pp. 125?177. Editora da Universidade de S?o Paulo, S?o Paulo. Silva-J?nior, J. S. and Nunes, A. P. 2001. Th e dis- junct geographical distribution of the yellow armadillo, Euphractus sexcinctus (Xenarthra, Dasypodidae). Edentata (4): 16?18. Schaller, G. B. 1983. Mammals and their biomass on a Brazilian ranch. Arq. Zool., S?o Paulo 31: 1?36. Troppmair, H. 1975. Regi?es ecol?gicas do Estado de S?o Paulo. Biogeogra? a 10: 1?23. Bathing Behavior of Giant Anteaters (Myrmecophaga tridactyla) Louise H. Emmons Smithsonian Institution, Division of Mammals, NHB 390 MRC 108, P.O. Box 37012, Washington, DC 20013-7012, USA. E-mail: . Roly Pe?a Flores Museo de Historia Natural No?l Kempff Mercado, Avenida Irala 565, C.C. 2469, Santa Cruz, Bolivia. Sixto Angulo Alpirre WCS-Bolivia, 349 Calle Bumberque, Santa Cruz de la Sierra, Casilla 6272, Bolivia. E-mail: . Matthew J. Swarner Wildlife, Fish, and Conservation Biology Department, Univer- sity of California ? Davis, 1 Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616, USA. E-mail: . While following maned wolves (Chrysocyon brachyurus) during the dry season at Los Fierros (14?33.24?S, 60?55.40?W) in Parque Nacional No?l Kemp? Mercado (Santa Cruz Department, Bolivia), we discovered an isolated pampa water- hole in a landscape depression, where mammals come to drink. Th e Los Fierros pampa has been experiencing an increasingly severe water short- age during the late dry season (August?October), and we have been following events at this water hole for three seasons. When the water table drops below the ground surface, giant anteaters dig down to reach the water, as evidenced by a deep, ? st-sized hole that is scarred with large claw marks. Th is activity by anteaters allows other animals ? such as maned wolves, ocelots, raccoons, marsh deer, and birds ? to reach otherwise inaccessible drinking water. Since 2002, we have been shoveling out and enlarging the hole and digging steps to enable mammals and birds to drink from water as deep as 90 cm below the ground surface, held within a layer of ? ne gray clay. During the wet season, which extends from November to June, there is a large pond over the site. To monitor animal activ- ity in the dry season, we set a camera trap (Trail- Master 1550 or 550) aimed at the approach to the hole during September and October of 2002, 2003 and 2004. We have acquired over 70 photos of giant ant- eaters coming to the water hole, including many photo pairs of the same individual, ? rst arriving and then leaving the water source. Th e photos show many anteaters arriving dry, then leaving the hole soaking wet. Th ey often emerge covered with gray mud from the soft clay of the water basin (Fig. 1). Th ey are clearly rolling over within the waterhole, soaking their entire body and tail. Although the anteaters were often completely coated with mud, we believe it likely that they were bathing, rather than mud-wallowing. We have a photo, taken when there was a small shal- low pond present, of an anteater rolling in clean water at the ground surface. Bathing in water or wallowing in mud is rare in mammals that are 42 Edentata no. 6 ? December 2004 FIGURE 1. Giant anteater approaching the waterhole, 10 October, 2004, at 00:23 h (above); and the same animal leaving the waterhole, 00:31 h (below). 43 not semi-aquatic. Horses and humans bathe, both of them species that sweat, and thus bene? t from washing to clean o? dried salts; and both also species that often need cooling, which is prob- ably why sweating evolved. Elephants, tapirs and hippos also bathe in water: these are thinly-haired megafauna that likely bathe to thermoregulate. Pigs and peccaries, generally sparse-haired, wallow in mud, perhaps to thermoregulate, prevent sun- burn, repel biting ? ies, or all of the above. Many mammals, including the above species, also play in water. But why do anteaters bathe? Th ey are hairy, not large-muscled (muscles produce the body heat) and do not sweat. Moreover, they bathe (or wallow) during the middle of the night, when it is cool (usually < 23?C), and during the dry season, when there are almost no biting ? ies at night. On clear nights, the pampa grass is usually soaked with dew before midnight, and sometimes the anteaters arrived at the waterhole with legs and the lower half of their tails dripping. Giant anteaters do not share the physical characteristics of other bathing or wallowing mammals, and we cannot explain why they bathe: perhaps they can rid themselves of attached biting ants or termites. Maybe they simply enjoy it: captive giant anteat- ers at the Santa Barbara Zoo in California were hosed down as part of their behavioral enhance- ment. Th e anteaters apparently took great plea- sure from this, craning their necks into the water, and aggressively trying to displace each other for position under the spray (Jessie Quinn, pers. comm.). Giant anteaters occupy habitats that include ? ooded grasslands (pantanal) and humid forests where seasonal ? ooding covers large por- tions of the habitat (v?rzea and igap?), and where the animals may need to swim to travel between dry patches. It is therefore not surprising that they should readily take to water, but their bath- ing behavior remains an enigma to be resolved by further observation. Acknowledgments: Th is work was part of a collabo- ration with the Museo de Historia Natural No?l Kemp? Mercado, Santa Cruz, Bolivia, to study the biodiversity of Parque Nacional No?l Kemp? Mercado (PNNKM). We thank Fundaci?n Amigos de la Naturaleza for their continuing support of research in PNNKM. Fieldwork there was supported by the Douroucouli Foundation, Th e National Geographic Society, Th e Wildlife Conservation Society, and the W. Alton Jones Foundation through the Amazon Conservation Association. Evaluaci?n de una Dieta para Tamandu?s (Tamandua spp.) Utilizada en el Jard?n Zool?gico de Rosario, Argentina y el Zool?gico La Aurora, Guatemala Guillermo P?rez Jimeno M?d. Vet. Coordinador, ?rea Ambiental Granja de la Infancia, Ex Jefe del Servicio T?cnico Zool?gico, Municipal de Rosario, Agrelo 1835, S2005OPW, Rosario, Argentina. Correo elec- tr?nico: . Gustavo Gonz?lez Gonz?lez M?d. Vet. Hospital Veterinario Zool?gico Nacional La Aurora, Interior Zona 13 Guatemala, Guatemala, Centro Am?rica. Correo electr?nico: . Introducci?n El desarrollo de una dieta nutritivamente equili- brada para una especie silvestre siempre es un reto para quienes se desempe?an en zool?gicos, pero este reto se multiplica cuando de especies ?super- especialistas? se trata. Los tamandu?s (T. tetra- dactyla y T. mexicana) habitan la regi?n central y sur de Am?rica. Son insect?voros, aliment?ndose exclusivamente de hormigas y termitas de diversas especies en las diferentes ?pocas del a?o (Mont- gomery, 1985a). A pesar de lo dicho, Meritt Jr. (1976) opina que adem?s de hormigas, termitas y sus larvas los tamandu?s ingieren otros insectos, como as? tambi?n ocasionalmente frutas. Una nutrici?n inadecuada o incompleta ha sido una de las causas de falta de adaptaci?n y fracasos en el intento de mantener a estas especies en cau- tiverio (Meritt Jr., 1976; Ward et al., 1995; Oyar- zun et al., 1996). Por otra parte los ejemplares que llegan a los zool?gicos americanos en general lo hacen en muy malas condiciones (Crandall, 44 Edentata no. 6 ? December 2004 1964; Meritt Jr., 1976; P?rez Jimeno, 2003) lo que se traduce en altas tasas de mortalidad en el primer a?o de cautiverio. Lo cierto es que a la hora de alimentar a los tamandu?s en los zool?gicos sudamericanos la situaci?n es complicada, ya que en la mayor parte de las instituciones no poseen los conocimientos m?nimos sobre el g?nero, adem?s de no dispo- ner de muchos de los productos comerciales que sugieren especialistas de USA o Europa, o los costos de los mismos los convierten sencillamente en inaccesibles. Alimentaci?n en la naturaleza Montgomery (1985a) encontr? en la isla de Barro Colorado, Panam?, que los tamandu?s enfocaban su dieta en una especie de hormiga durante cada per?odo de alimentaci?n, no siendo la misma especie d?a a d?a o de un individuo a otro. Las hormigas preferidas por los tamandu?s fueron Procryptocerus belti y Crematogaster sp. Estas junto a una especie que no se pudo identi? car sumaron el 45% de las hormigas de la dieta (Montgomery, 1985a). Seg?n Lubin y Montgomery (1981: citado por Oyarzun et al., 1996) consumen tanto termitas como hormigas pero con aparente preferencia por las castas reproductivas y trabajadoras sobre los soldados. Dolichoderus y Azteca son insectos conocidos por defender agresivamente sus nidos y a?n cuando les producen dolorosas picaduras son importantes presas para los tamandu?s (Lubin y Montgomery, 1981; citado por Redford, 1987). Pernalete (1999) opina que los insect?voros en general tienen altos requerimientos de prote?nas alcanzando niveles de 30 a 37%, semejante opin- i?n le merecen a Meritt Jr. (1976) los niveles nec- esarios para los tamandu?s. Redford y Dorea (1984) publicaron que los taman- du?s en libertad consumen dietas con rangos de prote?na que var?an entre 30 y 65%, y con 10 a 50% de grasa, debi?ndose estas variantes al rango de diferencias bromatol?gicas existentes en los insectos consumidos. Por otra parte la prote?na no es necesariamente prote?na disponible, ya que parte de ?sta proviene del c?lculo de nitr?geno del exoesqueleto (Redford y Dorea, 1984). La dieta natural de los tamandu?s es alta en pro- te?nas, moderada en grasas, variable en vitami- nas y baja en minerales (Tabla 1; Oyarzun et al., 1996). Dietas ofrecidas en cautiverio Para alimentar a los Xenarthras se han utilizado tantas dietas como instituciones los han man- tenido en cautiverio. Pero lo cierto es que s?lo recientemente se ha comenzado a realizar estu- dios sobre las composiciones de las mismas. En el a?o 1992 Trusk et al. llevaron a cabo un estudio en zool?gicos de Sur y Norte Am?rica con el ? n de analizar las dietas ofrecidas a los tamandu?s. En dicho trabajo se determin? que las dietas en zool?gicos sudamericanos se encontraban de? cientes en uno o m?s nutrientes incluyendo prote?na, niacina, biotina, vitamina E, hierro y zinc. Mientras que los an?lisis de las dietas de los zool?gicos norteamericanos revelaron un alto TABLA 1. An?lisis bromatol?gico del contenido estomacal de taman- du?s silvestres en Venezuela. Nutriente Valor hallado Unidad Variaci?n (?) Prote?na cruda 50.85 % 1.64 Grasa cruda 11.2 % 2.89 ADF 31.32 % 2.68 NDF 32.26 % 0.8 MS 17.77 % 1.14 Energ?a bruto 4.58 Kcal/g 0.53 Cenizas 13.85 % 2.72 Ca 0.11 % 0.03 P 0.41 % 0.04 Mg 0.10 % 0.01 K 0.52 % 0.06 Na 0.29 % 0.06 Fe 2748 ppm 775 Z 190 ppm 22 Mn 82 ppm 21 Cu 28 ppm 2.68 Se 3.75 ppm 2.75 Retinol 2.52 ?g/g 0.73 ? tocoferol 44.35 ?g/g 11 45 contenido de grasa, vitaminas A y D, y calcio en algunos casos. Por ende, podr?an esperarse anor- malidades esquel?ticas y mineralizaci?n de teji- dos blandos como resultado del consumo de las mismas (Graham et al., 1996). Los valores pro- medios obtenidos de las dietas de los zool?gicos norteamericanos por Trusk et al. (1992) se deta- llan en la Tabla 2. Beresca y Cassaro (2001) reportan una dieta uti- lizada en el zool?gico de S?o Paulo con la cual han mantenido satisfactoriamente sus tamandu?s hasta la segunda generaci?n. La misma es simi- lar a la analizada en el presente estudio y se basa en leche de soya, alimento para perro, huevos de gallina, carne molida de bovino, frutas y suple- mentos vitam?nicos y minerales. Con las dietas que contienen carne suelen presentarse problemas con las ? bras de ?sta que se enredan en la lengua de los animales causando trastornos que pueden desencadenar en la muerte del individuo (Vogt, pers. comm.). Las dietas formuladas con alimen- tos balanceados para perros y/o gatos evitan los problemas mencionados; por otra parte son m?s f?ciles de conservar, no se contaminan con salmo- nella y no presentan los problemas de intoleran- cia a la lactosa, que se pueden ver con las dietas en las que se utiliza leche (Gillespie, 2003). El desarrollo de diferentes patolog?as como la hiperostosis vertebral observada en tamandu?s del Zool?gico de Toronto, cuyas lesiones pueden deberse a excesivas concentraciones de vitamina A y D en el alimento (Crawshaw y Oyarzun, 1996) han llevado a realizar muchos cambios en las dietas ofrecidas a estas especies. En el a?o 2002, Aguilar y colaboradores reportan que dos osos hormigueros gigantes (Myrmecophaga tridactyla) murieron a causa de problemas card?a- cos similares a los provocados por la de? ciencia de taurina en gatos, por lo que este amino?cido deber? tomarse en consideraci?n tambi?n en las dietas ofrecidas a tamandu?s. El Disney?s Animal Kingdom (DAK) ha utilizado para sus tamandu?s una dieta basada en jugo de manzana, bizcochos para primates, Linatone?, mangos, bananas, Iams cat food?, y tenebrios (Tenebrio molitor). Esta dieta fue analizada uti- lizando el software Zootrition? y se obtuvieron algunos de los siguientes resultados presentados en la Tabla 3 (Vald?s, pers. comm.) Materiales y M?todos La dieta en estudio fue utilizada para la alimen- taci?n de cuatro ejemplares de tamandu?s en el Zool?gico de Rosario, Argentina y el Zool?gico La Aurora, Guatemala y a lo largo de ocho a?os. En el Zool?gico de Rosario se logr? la reproducci?n exitosa de T. tetradactyla, con un nacimiento en el a?o 2003. La f?rmula administrada en el Jard?n Zool?gico de Rosario y La Aurora, es b?sicamente TABLA 2. Valores promedios de los an?lisis de las dietas utilizadas en tamandu?s (T. tetradactyla y T. mexicana) de los zoos norteam- ericanos. Nutriente Valor promedio de las dietas Unidad Nitr?geno 3.8 % Prote?na 24 % Fibra 3.1 % Grasa 16 % Cenizas 8 % Vitamina A 6 UI/g Vitamina D 0.6 UI/g Vitamina E 33 mg/kg Tiamina 6.6 mg/kg Ribo? avina 6.8 mg/kg Niacina 27 mg/kg Piridoxina 7.7 mg/kg Folacina 0.6 mg/kg Vitamina B12 0.03 mg/kg ?c. pantot?nico 17 mg/kg Biotina 0.2 mg/kg Calcio 1.3 % F?sforo 0.6 % Magnesio 0.04 % Potasio 0.5 % Sodio 0.4 % Hierro 50 mg/kg Zinc 52 mg/kg Cobre 7.3 mg/kg Materia seca 28 % 46 Edentata no. 6 ? December 2004 la misma con peque?as variantes debidas a la dispo- nibilidad de los componentes en cada pa?s. Por lo dicho en Argentina se utiliz? carne magra vacuna, en vez de la equina utilizada en Guatemala. Composici?n de la dieta analizada: ? ? banana ? ? manzana ? 1 yema de huevo ? 100 g de carne de caballo ? 40 g de alimento para beb? (Nestum 4 Cereales, Nestl??) ? 40 g de leche deslactosada (Delactomy, Dos Pinos?) ? 10 mg de vitamina K ? 1 tableta de vitaminas y minerales para perro (Pet-A-Min?) ? 350 ml de agua pura. Todos los ingredientes son licuados hasta alcanzar la consistencia semil?quida. La dieta reci?n preparada y envasada en frasco seco y est?ril fue remitida para su an?lisis el 21 de abril de 2003 a la Universidad de San Carlos de Guatemala, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Escuela de Zootecnia, Unidad de Alimentaci?n Animal, Laboratorio de Bromatolog?a, bajo la identi? caci?n ?Dieta Tamandu?? para su an?lisis. Posteriormente se analiz? la dieta con el programa de nutrici?n inform?tico Zootrition? (Versi?n 1.0.0, Wildlife Conservation Society, USA, 1999). A la base de datos de dicho programa se agregaron los ingre- dientes utilizados en el mercado guatemalteco y se utiliz? la informaci?n nutricional del empa- que de cada producto. Resultados Todos los animales aceptaron muy bien la dieta, sus heces fueron consistentes y de emisi?n regular. Ninguno de ellos desarroll? patolog?as digestivas a lo largo de estos a?os, como tampoco ninguno de ellos mostr? signos cl?nicos de trastornos osteoar- ticulares. A dos de los ejemplares (Zool?gico de Rosario) se les evalu? radiol?gicamente durante el desarrollo, y se pudo observar una buena mine- ralizaci?n de los huesos largos. Los resultados del an?lisis bromatol?gico fueron expresados en Base de Materia Seca y Base de Materia H?meda (Tabla 4). Los resultados del an?lisis con el software Zootri- tion? se expresan en dos formas. La Tabla 5 pre- senta los nutrientes m?s importantes y la Tabla 6, el total de ingredientes que el programa puede analizar. El total de energ?a bruta provisto por la dieta fue de 151.60 kcal, lo que representa 1.04 kcal/g/M.S. Discusi?n Prote?nas La dieta en estudio provey? 27.31% de prote?na cruda, valor que resulta ligeramente menor al nivel m?nimo (30%) que publicaran Redford y Dorea (1984), Pernalete (1999) y Meritt Jr. (1976) como convenientes para los tamandu?s en condiciones controladas. Por otra parte este TABLA 3. Resultado del an?lisis de la dieta utilizada en el Disney?s Animal Kingdom para la alimentaci?n de los tamandu?s. Nutrientes Valor obtenido Unidad Energ?a bruta 2.01 kcal/g Prote?na cruda 26 % Vitamina A 24.78 UI/g Vitamina B12 0.13 mcg/g Vitamina B6 piridoxina 11.61 mg/kg Vitamina C ?c. asc?rbico 41.39 mg/kg Vitamina D3 1.64 UI Vit D3/g Vitamina E 100.8 mg/kg Ca 1.21 % P 0.81 % Cu 32.43 mg/kg I 1.18 mg/kg Fe 280.55 mg/kg Mg 0.11 % Mn 82.30 mg/kg P 0.87 % Na 0.34 % Se 0.29 mg/kg Z 225.37 mg/kg 47 Lamentablemente en los estudios realizados no se logr? determinar este amino?cido. Si bien es cierto que la carne de caballo utilizada en Gua- temala aporta 1.4 g/kg (Bechert et al., 2002) lo que podr?a ser su? ciente para los tamandu?s, en el zool?gico de Argentina la carne utilizada fue bovina, en este caso no se puede postular que la concentraci?n fuese su? ciente. Grasas El valor de grasa cruda encontrado por los auto- res (14.39%) es ligeramente inferior al publicado por Trusk et al. (1992) de 16%, y semejante al hallado en contenidos estomacales estudiados por Oyarzun et al. (1996) de 11.2 ? 2.89%. Energ?a bruta En la dieta en estudio se determin? un valor de energ?a bruta equivalente a 1.04 kcal/g, con- siderablemente menor a los 4.58 ? 0.53 kcal/g encontrados en los est?magos de los tamandu?s silvestres (Oyarzun et al., 1996) y casi la mitad del valor obtenido de la dieta del DAK (2.01 kcal/g), por lo que se deber? considerar el incremento de la energ?a bruta de esta dieta. Minerales Los an?lisis determinaron un valor de calcio (0.47%) que triplica largamente al del estudio de Oyarzun et al. (1996) de 0.11 ? 0.03%, y a su vez es notablemente inferior al hallado por Trusk et al. (1992) de 1.3%. Mientras el valor de f?sforo (0.32%) es apenas inferior al de los est?magos de los tamandu?s (0.41 ? 0.04%); pero casi la mitad del publicado por Trusk et al. (1992) de 0.6%. A pesar de lo expuesto Crawshaw y Oyarzun (1996) recomiendan dietas con menos de 1% de calcio, por lo que seg?n esa opini?n se podr?a conside- Ingrediente Valor encontrado Unidad Agua 84.9 % ADF 0.00 % Energ?a 1.04 kcal/g Ceniza 1.94 % Prote?na 27.31 % P 0.32 % Ca 0.47 % Grasa 14.39 % NDF 0.00 % Vit A 17.07 UI/g o RE/g Vit D3 2.62 UI/g Vit E 165.94 UI/kg Ca:P 1.46 relaci?n TABLA 5. An?lisis de los nutrientes m?s importantes hallados por Zootrition?. Agua M.S. E.E. F.C. Prot. Cruda Ceniza E.L.N.% Base Materia Seca 81.72 18.28 10.79 1.40 29.17 4.52 54.11 Base Materia H?meda ? ? 1.97 0.26 5.33 0.83 91.61 Nota: El laboratorio s?lo analiza los nutrientes enumerados. Referencias: M.S. ? Materia Seca; E.E. ? Extracto et?reo; F.C. ? Fibra Cruda; E.L.N. ? Extracto Libre de Nitr?geno. TABLA 4. Los resultados del an?lisis bromatol?gico. valor fue semejante al de la dieta del DAK (26%; Vald?s, pers. comm.) y al promedio de los zoos norteamericanos (28%; Trusk et al., 1992). A pesar de lo expuesto el valor de prote?na cruda del estudio es muy inferior al encontrado por Oyarzun et al. (1996) en los est?magos de los tamandu?s silvestres (50.85 ? 1.64%). Por lo tanto habr? que estudiar la conveniencia de un incremento de las prote?nas en la dieta. Una posi- ble fuente de prote?nas ser?an los tenebrios (Tene- brio molitor), gusanos utilizados con asiduidad en dieta de otros insect?voros tales como los prima- tes callitr?cidos y aves insect?voras, por aportar concentraciones de prote?na del 48%. Como fuera propuesto por Aguilar et al. (2002) la presencia del amino?cido taurina en la dieta de myrmecoph?gidos es de gran importancia. 48 Edentata no. 6 ? December 2004 rar aceptable el valor utilizado encontrado en la dieta en estudio. Por otra parte se considera importante resaltar la relaci?n Ca:P (1:1.5), que en la dieta estu- diada coincidi? con la relaci?n generalmente recomendada. Los valores de sodio y potasio obtenidos en este trabajo fueron semejantes a los hallados en los est?magos de los tamandu?s por Oyarzun et al. (1996). Las mayores diferen- cias encontradas con los valores de la natura- leza correspondieron a cobre (1.91 contra 28 ? 2.68 ppm), hierro (79.67 contra 2748 ? 775 ppm), selenio (0.07 contra 3.75 ? 2.75 ppm), zinc (25.57 contra 190 ? 22 ppm) y manganeso (0.00% contra 82 ? 21 ppm) siendo los prime- ros valores expresados los correspondientes al an?lisis de la dieta en estudio y los segundos los encontrados por Oyarzun et al. (1996). Estos bajos valores concuerdan con los obtenidos por Trusk et al. (1992) para el cobre, hierro y zinc en los zoos norteamericanos. Por lo expresado se deber? rever especialmente los valores de cobre, hierro, selenio, zinc y manganeso de la dieta estudiada. Vitaminas Los valores de vitamina A de la dieta en estudio son inferiores a los del DAK, pero superiores a los utilizados en los zoos norteamericanos (Tabla 7), mientras que los valores de vitamina D 3 son superiores a los valores encontrados en los dem?s zool?gicos. Adicionalmente, los valo- res de ambas vitaminas son sensiblemente supe- riores a los niveles recomendados por Crawshaw y Oyarzun (1996) y superiores a los niveles encontrados en ejemplares silvestres. El valor de retinol hallado en los est?magos de los taman- du?s silvestres fue en promedio 2.52 ?g/g, lo que equivale a 7.5 UI/kg de vitamina A (factor de conversi?n: 0.3 ?g de retinol = 1 UI). Por todo lo expresado arriba se deber? disminuir, o quitar totalmente, la suplementaci?n con las vitaminas A y D3. La vitamina E est? presente en la dieta evaluada con un valor que representa m?s del doble del nivel publicado por Oyarzun et al. (1996) para TABLA 6. An?lisis del total de ingredientes evaluados por el Zootrition?. Categor?a de Nutriente: Carbohidratos Nutriente Cantidad Unidad Fibra cruda 0.57 % Carbohidratos solubles en agua 33.94 % Categor?a de Nutriente: Grasas Nutriente Cantidad Unidad ?cido araquid?nico 0.06 % Grasa cruda 14.39 % ?cido linoleico 0.76 % Grasas saturadas 2.39 % Categor?a de Nutriente: Prote?nas Nutriente Cantidad Unidad Arginina 1.14 % Prote?na cruda 27.31 % Cistina 0.25 % Histidina 0.65 % Leucina 1.39 % Lisina 1.45 % Metionina 0.40 % Categor?a de Nutriente: Vitaminas Nutriente Cantidad Unidad Biotina 0.12 mg/kg Colina 13.67 mg/kg Folacina 0.28 mg/kg Niacina 70.72 mg/kg ?cido pantot?nico 7.40 mg/kg Ribo? avina 2.68 mg/kg Tiamina 3.58 mg/kg Vit A 17.07 IU A/g o RE/g Vit B12 2.07 mcg/g Vit B6 piridoxina 5.78 mg/kg Vit C ?c. asc?rbico 309.17 mg/kg Vit D3 2.62 IU Vit D3/g Vit E 24.29 IU Vit E Vit K 68.33 mg/kg Categor?a de Nutriente: Ceniza/Minerales Nutriente Cantidad Unidad Ceniza 2.84 g Calcio 0.47 % Cobre 1.91 ppm Iodo 0.34 ppm Hierro 79.67 ppm Magnesio 309.52 ppm Manganeso 0.00 % F?sforo 0.32 % Potasio 0.50 % Selenio 0.07 ppm Sodio 0.12 % Zinc 25.57 ppm 49 ejemplares silvestres. Estos ?ltimos autores halla- ron 44.35 ? 11 ?g/g de ? tocoferol, lo que equi- vale, en promedio a 66.08 UI/kg de vitamina E activa (factor de conversi?n: 1 ?g = 1.49 UI). En la dieta evaluada se determin? la presencia de 309.17 mg/kg de ?cido asc?rbico, pero Oyarzun et al. (1996) no lo hallaron al estudiar los conte- nidos estomacales de los tamandu?s silvestres. No se hallaron valores de referencia para las vita- minas del complejo B en tamandu?s silvestres. Los valores encontrados para dichas vitaminas en la dieta estudiada son considerablemente inferio- res a los de la dieta del DAK, y hubo grandes variaciones con el estudio de Trusk et al. (1992). Conclusi?n Los estudios realizados hasta el momento no son su? cientes como para llegar a conclusiones absolutas ni de? nitivas. Sin embargo la dieta en estudio demostr? a lo largo de los a?os haber sido apropiada en su cometido. La composici?n bromatol?gica de la f?rmula estudiada result? semejante a la de otros zool?gicos que tampoco reportaron trastornos nutricionales. Los valores de prote?nas de la dieta estudiada fueron semejantes a los publicados con ante- rioridad sobre las dietas de otras instituciones. El valor de grasa obtenido en la dieta en estu- dio fue similar al obtenido por Oyarzun et al. (1992) en el an?lisis de los contenidos estoma- cales de tamandu?s silvestres. La dieta en estudio deber? ser mejorada en su contenido de energ?a bruta, el que es muy inferior a los valores de referencia. Del mismo modo se deber? suspen- der la suplementaci?n con vitaminas A, D, E y ?cido asc?rbico. Agradecimientos: Al personal del Jard?n Zool?- gico de Rosario, especialmente a Gisela Sica y Fabi?n Gauto, por la dedicaci?n y respeto puesto en el cuidado de los tamandu?s. Al personal del Zool?gico La Aurora, encargados del cuidado de Tammy (Tamandua mexicana) en especial al Sr. Orlando Rosales, Luis Mart?nez y Roberto Rabay. A la M. V. Luc?a Llar?n Amaya, por su constante apoyo y colaboraci?n. A la Dra. Mariella Supe- rina, por sus aportes invalorables, sin los cuales esta publicaci?n nunca se hubiese realizado. Bibliograf?a Aguilar, R., Freeland, D. y Garner, M. 2002. Dilated cardiomyopathy in two giant anteat- ers (Myrmecophaga tridactyla). En: Proceedings of the American Association of Zoo Veterinar- ians Annual Conference, Milwaukee, Wiscon- sin, October 5?10, 2002, C. Kirk Baer (ed.), pp.169?172. Milwaukee, Wisconsin. Bechert, U., Mortenson, J., Dierenfeld, E., Cheeke, P., Keller, M., Holich, M., Chen,T. y Rogers, Q. 2002. Diet composition and blood values of captive cheetahs (Acinonyx jubatus) fed either supplemented meat or commercial food preparations. Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine 33(1): 16?28. Beresca, A. M. y Cassaro, K. 2001. Biology and captive management of armadillos and ant- eaters. En: Biology, Medicine, and Surgery of South American Wild Animals, M. E. Fowler y Z. S. Cubas (eds.), pp. 238?244. Iowa State University Press, Iowa. Crandall, L. S. 1964. Th e Management of Wild Mammals in Captivity. Th e University of Chicago Press, Chicago. Crawshaw, G. J. y Oryazun, S. 1996. Vertebral hyperostosis in anteaters (Tamandua tetra- dactyla and Tamandua mexicana): Probable TABLA 7. Comparaci?n de los valores de vitaminas analizados en las diferentes dietas. Vitamina Dieta en estudio DAK Zoos de Norte Am?rica (Trusk et al., 1992) Crawshaw y Oyarzun (1996) Tamandu?s silvestres (Oyarzun et al., 1996) Vit. A 17.07 UI/g 24.78 UI/g 6 UI/g < 8 UI/g 7.5 UI/kg Vit. D3 2.62 UI/g 1.64 UI/g 0.6 UI/g < 0.8 UI/g Vit. E 165.94 UI/kg 66.08 UI/kg ?c. asc?rbico 309.17 mg/kg 0 50 Edentata no. 6 ? December 2004 hypervitaminosis A and/or D. Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine 27(2): 159?169. Gillespie, D. 1993. Edentata: Diseases. En: Zoo and Wild Animal Medicine: Current Th erapy, 3? edici?n, M. E. Fowler (ed.), pp. 304?309. W. B. Saunders, Philadelphia. Gillespie, D. 2003. Xenarthra: Edentata (Anteaters, Armadillos, Sloths). En: Zoo and Wild Animal Medicine: Current Th erapy, 5? edici?n, M. E. Fowler y R. E. Miller (eds.), pp. 397?407. W. B. Saunders, Philadelphia. Meritt Jr., D. 1976. Th e nutrition of edentates. International Zoo Yearbook 16: 38?46. Montgomery, G. G. 1985a. Impact of vermilin- guas (Cyclopes, Tamandua: Xenarthra = Eden- tata) on arboreal ant populations. En: Th e Evolution and Ecology of Armadillos, Sloths, and Vermilinguas. Montgomery, G. G. (ed.), pp. 351?363. Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, DC. Montgomery, G. G. 1985b. Movements, for- aging and food habits of the four extant species of neotropical vermilinguas (Mam- malia; Myrmecophagidae). En: Th e Evolu- tion and Ecology of Armadillos, Sloths, and Vermilinguas, Montgomery, G. G. (ed.), pp. 365?375. Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, DC. Oyarzun, S. E., Crawshaw, G. J. y Valdes, E. V. 1996. Nutrition of the tamandua: I. Nutrient composition of termites (Nasutitermes spp.) and stomach contents from wild tamanduas (Tamandua tetradactyla). Zoo Biology 15(5): 509?524. Pernalete, N. 1999. Alimentaci?n y crianza manual de osos hormigueros. Memorias IV Congreso Nacional de Ciencias Veterinarias, VII Congreso Nacional SOVVEC. Bolet?n de la Sociedad Veterinaria Venezolana de Especialis- tas en Cerdos 11(1): 284?287. P?rez Jimeno, G. 2003. Crianza arti? cial y manejo reproductivo de los tamandu? (Tamandua tet- radactyla) en el Jard?n Zool?gico de Rosario, Argentina. Edentata (5): 24?28. Redford, K. H y Dorea, J. G. 1984. Th e nutri- tional value of vertebrates with emphasis on ants and termites as food for mammals. J. Zool., Lond. 203: 385?395. Redford, K. H. 1987. Ants and termites as food. Patterns of mammalian myrmecophagy. En: Current Mammalogy, H. H. Genoways (ed.), pp.349?399. Plenum Press, New York. Trusk, A., Crissey, S., Cassaro, K. y Frank, E. 1992. Evaluation of tamandua diets in zoos in North and South America. Milwaukee County Zoo, Milwaukee. Ward, A. M., Crissey, S. D., Cassaro, K. y Frank, E. 1995. Formulating diets for tamandua (T. tetradactyla) in Brazilian zoos. En: Pro- ceedings of the First Annual Conference of the Nutrition Advisory Group of the American Zoo and Aquarium Association, May 1?2, 1995, Toronto, Ontario, Canada, E. Dierenfeld, J. Atkinson y E. V. Valdes (eds.), pp.159?169. Metro Toronto Zoo and the University of Guelph, Toronto. NEWS The Edentate Conservation Fund ? Swift Grants for Field Research Th e IUCN/SSC Edentate Specialist Group works to support edentate conservation by targeting resources to projects in habitat countries. Given the importance of timely and accurate data from the ? eld, the ESG has established the Edentate Conservation Fund, a small-grants program meant to support short-term ? eld projects. Th e application process will be streamlined to pro- vide a quick turnaround and the rapid delivery of funds, allowing prospective researchers to begin their ? eldwork within weeks of submitting a suc- cessful proposal. Although any quali? ed researcher may apply, the Fund has a preference for support- ing projects designed and carried out by citizens of habitat countries. Th e Edentate Conservation Fund will award grants between US$1000?3000 for projects investigat- ing the ecology, behavior, distribution, genetics and/or demography of edentates, as well as the 51 impact of the wildlife trade and tra? cking on wild populations. Exceptional proposals address- ing captive breeding or other aspects of edentates in captivity will also be considered. Th e funds will be available to cover speci? c project costs, such as food, fuel, ? eld supplies and laboratory analyses, but may not be applied to salaries, overhead, infra- structure or outsourced data analysis. Payments will be made directly to the principal investigator of a successful proposal; ? nancial reports will be required, and any funds not directly applied to the speci? c project must be returned within one year of disbursement. Th e Edentate Conservation Fund is administered by Gustavo Fonseca, Chair of the Edentate Spe- cialist Group and Executive Vice President for Programs and Science at the Center for Applied Biodiversity Science at Conservation International. Projects submitted to the Fund should have one or more of the following characteristics: 1. a focus on threatened and endangered edentates living in their natural habitats; 2. direction and management by nationals from habitat countries, to help increase local capacity for implementing biodiver- sity conservation; 3. the ability to strengthen international net- works of ? eld-based edentate specialists and enhance their capacity to be success- ful conservationists; and/or 4. projects that result in publication of infor- mation on endangered edentate species in a format that is useful both to experts and the general public. Projects should contribute to at least one, and preferably more, of the following themes: 1. enhancement of scienti? c understanding/ knowledge of the target species/ecosystem; 2. improved protection of a key species, hab- itat, or protected area; 3. demonstration of economic bene? t achieved through the conservation of a species and its habitat, as compared to the loss thereof; 4. increased public awareness or educational impact resulting from the project in ques- tion; 5. improved local capacity to carry out future conservation e? orts through train ing or practical experience obtained through project participation; and/or 6. modi? cation of inappropriate policies or legislation that previously led to species or habitat decline. All proposals submitted to the ESG Conserva- tion Fund should: 1. Include a descriptive title that includes the name(s) of the target species and the geographic location of the project (e.g., ?Conservation of the silky anteater, Cyclo- pes didactylus, in the state of Amazonas, Brazil?). 2. Describe the main objectives of the proj- ect, its speci? c activities, how they will contribute to conservation of the target species and ecosystems, and how these are consistent with the Fund?s mission. Th is should be the main body of the application and should not exceed ? ve double-spaced pages. 3. Provide an abstract/summary of approxi- mately 300 words, which a) provides the background, b) gives the purpose of the project, c) indicates the methods, and d) indicates the chief outcome of the project. 4. Provide a map of the project area and rel- evant published references. 5. Specify the dollar amount of the grant requested, provide an itemized budget for the project, and con? rm the total budget of the project, including funds being provided from other sources. 6. Provide the time frame and schedule for project implementation, including start- ing date and duration. 7. Describe the project personnel and their institutional a? liations (include a curric- ulum vitae of the principal investigator and identify personnel from any collabo- rating institutions). 52 Edentata no. 6 ? December 2004 8. Describe the speci? c outputs of the proj- ect, e.g., expected scienti? c publications, popular articles, conservation action plans, management plans, etc. Each proj- ect should have one or more outputs of this kind as one of its objectives. 9. Describe the collaborating institutions with which the applicant will be working in the project country, and include letters of support from them if at all possible. Th is is especially important for applicants who are not nationals from the country in which the work is to be conducted. 10. List three references that the Fund can contact about the project should it choose to do so. Th e list of references should include mailing addresses, phones, fax numbers, and e-mail addresses if available. Typical grants range from US$1,000?$3,000. Please note that, should a grant be awarded, you will be responsible for providing the Fund with the following materials during the course of the project and at its conclusion: 1. A progress report no more than six months after receipt of the grant, if the project period is one year or less; a progress report no more than 12 months after receipt of the grant if the project period exceeds one year. 2. A ? nal report no more than two months after completion of the project. 3. A full ? nancial accounting of the project. 4. Five copies each of any scienti? c or popular publications, newspaper or magazine arti- cles, or reports, action plans, etc., result- ing from the project. Grant recipients are encouraged to publish at least some of their ? ndings in Edentata, the newsletter of the IUCN/SSC Edentate Specialist Group. Applications to the ESG Conservation Fund are considered throughout the year with no deadlines for submission. Proposals will be acknowledged within two weeks of receipt and funding deci- sions provided within no more than six weeks. Proposals should be sent to: John M. Aguiar, IUCN/SSC Edentate Specialist Group Conserva- tion Fund, Center for Applied Biodiversity Sci- ence, Conservation International, 1919 M Street, NW, Suite 600, Washington, DC 20036, USA. Inquiries regarding the application process should be sent to John Aguiar at . El Fondo de Conservaci?n de Edentados ? Becas R?pidas para Investigaciones a Campo La ? nalidad del Grupo de Especialistas en Eden- tados de la UICN/SSC (ESG) es apoyar la con- servaci?n de edentados mediante la adjudicaci?n de recursos a proyectos que se realicen en pa?ses comprendidos en el ?rea de distribuci?n de los edentados. Dada la importancia de obtener datos de campo oportunos y precisos, el ESG estableci? el Fondo de Conservaci?n de Edentados, un pro- grama de becas destinadas al apoyo de proyectos de campo de corto plazo. El proceso de solicitud ser? racionalizado para asegurar un r?pido proce- samiento y una r?pida adjudicaci?n de fondos, lo que permitir? a los potenciales investigadores, empezar sus investigaciones de campo pocas sema- nas despu?s de haber presentado una propuesta exitosa. A pesar de que cualquier investigador pueda solicitar una beca del Fondo de Conserva- ci?n de Edentados, este ?ltimo dar? preferencia a los proyectos dise?ados y efectuados por ciuda- danos de los pa?ses comprendidos en el ?rea de distribuci?n de los edentados. El Fondo de Conservaci?n de Edentados otor- gar? becas entre US$1000 y 3000 para proyec- tos que investiguen la ecolog?a, comportamiento, distribuci?n, gen?tica y/o demograf?a de edenta- dos, as? como tambi?n el impacto del comercio y tr?? co sobre las poblaciones silvestres. Tambi?n ser?n consideradas propuestas excepcionales que abarcan la cr?a en cautiverio u otros aspectos del mantenimiento en cautiverio de edentados. Los fondos estar?n disponibles para cubrir costes espec?? cos del proyecto, como por ejemplo ali- mentaci?n, combustible, insumos de campo y 53 an?lisis de laboratorio, pero no podr?n ser uti- lizados para sueldos, gastos generales, infraes- tructura o externalizaci?n de an?lisis de datos. Los pagos se har?n directamente al investigador principal de la propuesta exitosa; se requerir?n informes ? nancieros, y todos los fondos que no fuesen utilizados directamente para el desarrollo del proyecto espec?? co, tendr?n que ser devuel- tos dentro de un a?o. El Fondo de Conservaci?n de Edentados est? administrado por Gustavo Fonseca, presidente del Grupo de Especialistas en Edentados y vice- presidente ejecutivo de Programas y Ciencia del Center for Applied Biodiversity Sciences de Con- servation International. Los proyectos presen- tados al Fondo deber?an tener una o m?s de las siguientes caracter?sticas: 1. Un enfoque en edentados amenazados o en peligro de extinci?n que habitan sus h?bitats naturales; 2. Direcci?n y administraci?n por ciuda- danos de pa?ses comprendidos en el ?rea de distribuci?n de los edentados, para ayudar a aumentar la capacidad local para conservar la biodiversidad; 3. La capacidad de reforzar redes interna- cionales de especialistas en edentados que realizan estudios a campo, y de aumentar su capacidad de ser exitosos conservacio- nistas; y/o 4. Proyectos que tienen como resultado la publicaci?n de informaci?n sobre especies de edentados en peligro de extinci?n en un formato apropiado tanto para expertas como para el p?blico en general. Los proyectos deber?an contribuir a por lo menos uno, y de preferencia a varios, de los siguientes temas: 1. Incrementar el conocimiento cient?? co de la especie o del ecosistema bajo estudio; 2. Mejorar la protecci?n de una especie clave, de su h?bitat, o de un ?rea prote- gida que habita; 3. Demostrar un bene? cio econ?mico alcan- zado mediante la conservaci?n de una especie y su h?bitat, comparado con su desaparici?n; 4. Aumentar la conciencia p?blica o el impacto educacional como resultado del proyecto en cuesti?n; 5. Mejorar la capacidad local para el desarro- llo de futuros esfuerzos de conservaci?n mediante la capacitaci?n o experiencia pr?ctica obtenida a trav?s de la participa- ci?n en el proyecto en cuesti?n; y/o 6. Modi? car pol?ticas o leyes inapropiadas que anteriormente llevaban a la disminu- ci?n de especies o h?bitats. Todas las propuestas presentadas al Fondo de Conservaci?n de Edentados deber?an: 1. Incluir un t?tulo descriptivo que incluye el nombre (los nombres) de la especie a estu- diar y la ubicaci?n geogr?? ca del proyecto (por ejemplo ?Conservaci?n del oso hor- miguero Cyclopes didactylus en el estado de Amazonas, Brasil?). 2. Describir los objetivos principales del proyecto, sus actividades espec?? cas, c?mo contribuir?n a la conservaci?n de la especie en cuesti?n y los ecosistemas que habita, y c?mo ?stos encuadran en la misi?n del Fondo. Esto deber?a ser la parte principal de la solicitud y no debe- r?a exceder cinco p?ginas con doble espa- cio entre l?neas. 3. Contener un resumen de aproxima- damente 300 palabras, el cual a) des- cribe el contexto, b) presenta el objetivo del proyecto, c) indica la metodolog?a, y d) indica el principal resultado del proyecto. 4. Proporcionar un mapa del ?rea de proyecto y referencias bibliogr?? cas relevantes. 5. Especi? car el monto solicitado en d?lares, incluir un presupuesto deta- llado del proyecto, y con? rmar el pre- supuesto total del proyecto, incluyendo 54 Edentata no. 6 ? December 2004 fondos que ser?n obtenidos de otras fuentes. 6. Proporcionar un cronograma, inclu- yendo fecha de inicio y de ? nalizaci?n del proyecto. 7. Describir el personal involucrado y a qu? instituci?n pertenece cada integrante (incluir un curriculum vitae del investi- gador principal e identi? car el personal de las instituciones colaboradoras). 8. Describir los resultados espec?? cos del proyecto, por ejemplo, publicaciones cient?? cas, art?culos para el p?blico en general, planes de conservaci?n, planes de manejo, etc. Cada proyecto debe- r?a tener como uno de sus objetivos, uno o m?s resultados como los arriba mencionados. 9. Describir las instituciones colaboradoras con las cuales el solicitante estar? traba- jando en el pa?s de desarrollo del pro- yecto, y si posible, incluir cartas de apoyo de ellas. Esto es especialmente impor- tante para solicitantes que no son ciuda- danos del pa?s en el cual desarrollar?n su proyecto. 10. Enumerar tres referencias que el Fondo podr? contactar respecto al proyecto, si lo considera necesario. La lista de referen- cias deber?a incluir direcciones postales, n?meros de tel?fono y fax, y direcciones de email. Generalmente, las becas otorgadas ser?n de US$1000 a 3000. Por favor, tenga en cuenta que, si se le otorga una beca, ser? responsable de pro- veer los siguientes materiales al Fondo durante el desarrollo del proyecto y a su ? nalizaci?n: 1. Un informe de avance de proyecto no m?s de seis meses posterior a la recepci?n de la beca, si la duraci?n del proyecto no supera el a?o; un informe de avance no m?s de 12 meses posterior a la recepci?n de la beca, si la duraci?n del proyecto excede un a?o. 2. Un informe ? nal no m?s de dos meses posterior a la ? nalizaci?n del proyecto. 3. Un balance econ?mico del proyecto. 4. Cinco copias de cualquier publicaci?n cient?? ca o popular, art?culos de peri?- dico o revista, o de informes, planes de acci?n, etc., que resulten del proyecto. Se incita a los recipientes de las becas del Fondo a publicar por lo menos algunos de sus resultados en Edentata, la revista del Grupo de Especialistas en Edentados de la UICN/SSC. Se aceptar?n solicitudes al Fondo de Conserva- ci?n de Edentados durante todo el a?o, sin fechas l?mite. Se acusar? recibo dentro de dos semanas, y las decisiones ser?n comunicadas dentro de no m?s de seis semanas. Las solicitudes debe- r?n ser enviadas a: John M. Aguiar, IUCN/SSC Edentate Specialist Group Conservation Fund, Center for Applied Biodiversity Science, Conser- vation International, 1919 M Street, NW, Suite 600, Washington, DC 20036, USA. Las con- sultas sobre el proceso de solicitud pueden ser enviadas a John Aguiar, a la direcci?n de email . Morphological and Genetic Variability in Maned Sloths, Bradypus torquatus (Xenarthra: Bradypodidae) A research project on the morphological traits and genetic diversity of Bradypus torquatus, endemic to the Atlantic Forest, is being conducted as a col- laborative study between the Laboratory of Bio- diversity and Molecular Evolution (LBEM) at the Federal University of Minas Gerais and the MSc Program of Vertebrate Zoology at the Catholic University of Minas Gerais, both in Belo Hori- zonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil. Th is project focuses on the morphological, ecological and genetic aspects of this poorly known and endangered spe- cies, and aims to supply information to support measures for its conservation and management. Th is study has targeted forest fragments where the largest populations of the species are expected to be found, in the Brazilian states of Bahia, Esp?rito 55 Santo and Rio de Janeiro. Morphological data have been collected from 62 wild-caught specimens, and genetic sequences have been derived from the mitochondrial control region (D-loop) from 45 adult animals. Th ese samples represent one popu- lation from southeastern Bahia, two populations from south-central Esp?rito Santo ? one from the lowlands and one from the highlands ? and one population from Rio de Janeiro. Th e morphological analysis indicates that adult Bradypus torquatus are the largest of their genus; adult females are signi? cantly larger than males and may reach weights of 10 kg or more. Th e shape of the mane shows a previously undetected pattern of sexual dimorphism, in which the mane is more conspicuous in males than in females. Sexual dimorphism was also found in the struc- ture of the external genitalia of reproductively active animals; these di? erences are extremely subtle and almost impossible to distinguish with- out a great deal of experience. We also detected signi? cant di? erences in size between individu- als from warmer and colder regions, suggesting that populations have adapted morphologically to the temperatures of their local environments. Examination of the animals captured, especially recaptured adults, has improved our understand- ing of their biological and reproductive param- eters. Maned sloths appear to reach maturity at about three years of age, which is a relatively short time for animals of their size and low metabolic rate. (For details see Lara-Ruiz and Chiarello, in press.) Concerning the genetic analysis (Lara-Ruiz, unpublished data), sequences from the mitochon- drial control region showed low levels of within- population polymorphism, and indicated that most of the genetic diversity found in this species is due to di? erences between populations. Based on D-loop sequences, genetic distances calculated among populations from the di? erent states were high (> 0.90), while the distance found between the two populations sampled from ES was less than 0.1. Accordingly, relations among haplotype lineages present a strong geographic agreement and a highly discontinuous divergence pattern. Th e observed patterns of low genetic variability and high genetic structuring ? a lack of shared haplotypes between populations, indicating dis- tinct genetic lineages ? might result from his- toric barriers to gene ? ow and from the species? reduced capacity for dispersal. However, they may also re? ect other processes, such as severe population reductions and subsequent recov- ery (genetic bottlenecks) and the di? erentiation of remnant populations. Th ese facts accentu- ate the importance of monitoring animals in their remaining habitat, and also highlight the genetic dangers posed by uninformed translo- cations between isolated lineages in di? erent states. Th ese results emphasize the need to thor- oughly investigate patterns of genetic variability using nuclear markers (a study already in prog- ress) ? and if emerging patterns are con? rmed, it will further emphasize the need for careful genetic management to promote the recovery and maintenance of the genetic diversity of the surviving populations. Paula Lara-Ruiz, Fabr?cio R. dos Santos, Labo- rat?rio de Biodiversidade e Evolu??o Molecular (LBEM), Instituto de Ci?ncias Biol?gicas (ICB), Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG), Belo Horizonte 31270-901, Minas Gerais, Brazil, e-mail: , and Adriano G. Chiarello, Programa de Mestrado em Zoologia de Vertebrados, Pontif?cia Universidade Cat?lica de Minas Gerais (PUC), Av. Dom Jos? Gaspar 500, Cora??o Eucar?stico, Belo Horizonte 30535-610, Minas Gerais, Brazil. References Lara-Ruiz, P. and Chiarello, A. G. In press. Life history traits and sexual dimorphism of the Atlantic Forest maned sloth, Bradypus torqua- tus (Xenarthra: Bradypodidae). Journal of Zoology, London. Lara-Ruiz, P. 2004. Tamanho corporal, dimorf- ismo sexual e diversidade gen?tica da Pregui?a- de-coleira, Bradypus torquatus Illiger, 1811 (Xenarthra: Bradypodidae). Master?s thesis, Pontif?cia Universidade Cat?lica de Minas Gerais, Brazil. Research on the Maned Sloth (Bradypus torquatus) in Bahia, Brazil Th e maned sloth (Bradypus torquatus) is one of the two species of sloths found in the Brazilian Atlan- tic Forest, and the only one endemic to this highly disturbed biome. An ecological study of this spe- cies has been underway since January 2003 in the Ecoparque de Una, a Private Reserve owned by the Instituto de Estudos S?cio-Ambientais do Sul da Bahia (IESB) in Una, in the state of Bahia. Th e study is being conducted by Camila Cassano, as part of the requirements for a Master?s thesis at the State University of Santa Cruz in Ilh?us, Bahia. Th e research is being administered by IESB and is ? nanced by the Funda??o o Botic?rio de Prote??o ? Natureza and Conserva??o Internacional Brasil. Th ree animals have been monitored with radio- telemetry in the primary forest of the Reserve for periods lasting from 12 to 24 months. A further two maned sloths are now being monitored using radio-telemetry in neighboring properties, which include secondary forest and a cocoa plantation shaded by forest canopy trees (cabruca). Data on home range and weekly path length have been collected for all the animals, and data on activ- ity budget, daily path length and diet have been collected for ten hours/month using focal-animal sampling. Th e home ranges of the maned sloths have varied from 3 to 5 ha. Leaves from trees of the fami- lies Moraceae, Bombacaceae, Myrtaceae, Myris- ticaceae and Fabaceae have been identi? ed as components of the sloths? diet. Observations on behavior and traveling have shown that the sloths are both diurnal and nocturnal, and spend more than 80% of their time resting. Our observations and reports from local people indicate that the sloths use secondary forests and cabrucas. Moni- toring will continue at least until mid-2006, par- ticularly to examine the relative use of primary forest, secondary forest, and cabruca. Camila Cassano, Instituto de Estudos S?cio- Ambientais no Sul da Bahia (IESB), Rua Major Homem Del Rey 147, Cidade Nova, Ilh?us 45650-000, Bahia, Brazil, and Programa de P?s- Gradua??o em Zoologia, Universidade Estadual de Santa Cruz (UESC), Rodovia Ilh?us-Itabuna Km 16, Ilh?us 45662-000, Bahia, Brazil. Projeto Tamandu?: O Grupo de Trabalho pela Conserva??o do Tamandu? no Brasil Da ordem Xenarthra, os tamanduas englobam tr?s esp?cies no Brasil, sendo elas: tamandu?-bandeira (Myrmeco- phaga tridactyla), tamandu?- mirim (Tamandua tetradactyla) e o tamandua? (Cyclopes didactylus). S?o animais de h?bitos cre- pusculares e noturnos, podendo ser encontrados em savanas, ? orestas ?midas e cerrados. O conhecimento do manejo dessas esp?cies ? de suma import?ncia, uma vez que diante das exig?n- cias ambientais, nutricionais e comportamentais desta esp?cie, tem-se tornado dif?cil a reprodu??o no cativeiro. Vale salientar que segundo a lista das esp?cies amea?adas de extin??o, publicada pelo Minist?rio do Meio Ambiente no dia 27 de maio de 2003, encontra-se em destaque o Myrmeco- phaga tridactyla. Mediante este contexto, evi- dencia-se a import?ncia do papel dos zool?gicos como mantenedores de programas que tenham como objetivo principal a reprodu??o de esp?cies da nossa fauna, principalmente aquelas amea?a- das de extin??o. Justi? cativa: Com o intuito de concentrar todas as informa- ??es dispon?veis sobre as esp?cies de tamanduas, in situ e ex situ, de desenvolver um plano de a??o para conserva??o das tr?s esp?cies no Brasil, e de integrar as institui??es brasileiras que desenvol- vam trabalhos neste sentido, est? sendo gerado o GCTB (Grupo de Trabalho pela Conserva??o do Tamandu? no Brasil), composto por pro? ssionais que atuam na ?rea de animais selvagens e com experi?ncia no manejo das esp?cies em quest?o. Neste entendimento, busca-se elaborar um traba- lho que venha a ser desenvolvido a partir de uma Edentata no. 6 ? December 200456 colet?nea de dados obtidos em todo o pa?s. Esse grupo ter? sede na Funda??o Parque Zool?gico de S?o Paulo, pois est? institui??o ? pioneira na conserva??o das esp?cies de tamanduas no Brasil. Entre outros ?xitos, o FPZSP registrou os primei- ros casos de nascimentos de tamandu?-bandeira e tamandu?-mirim em cativeiro no Brasil; tem sido respons?vel pelo maior plantel do Brasil de tamandu?-mirim e tamandu?-bandeira (Censo SZB) e o terceiro plantel de tamandu?-bandeira do mundo (ISIS); e apresenta na sua estrutura organizacional um quadro de pro? ssionais reno- mados no manejo destas esp?cies, com publica- ??es nacionais e internacionais. Miss?o do GCTB: Promover a??es que favore?am a conserva??o das esp?cies de tamandu?s no Brasil. Fundadores: Os fundadores incluem Fl?via Regina Miranda, do Funda??o Parque Zool?gico de S?o Paulo; Rodrigo Hidalgo Teixeira, do Zoo de Sorocaba, S?o Paulo; e C?tia Dejuste, do Instituto Brasileiro do Meio Ambiente e dos Recursos Naturais Renov?veis (IBAMA). Consultores internacionais: Os consultores internacionais incluem Dr. Roberto Aguilar, Senior Veterinarian, Audubon Zoo ? Audubon Nature Institute, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA; Marcela Uhart, Universidad Nacional Del Centro de la Provincia de Bueno Aires, Argentina e Field Veterinary Program, Wildlife Conservation Society; e Delio Orjuela, M?dico Veterin?rio do Zool?gico de Cali, Col?mbia. Os objetivos espec?? cos do GCTB incluem: ? elaborar protocolos de manejo para conser- va??o das esp?cies no Brasil; ? elaborar o studbook regional, catalogando todas as esp?cies existentes em cativeiro; ? realizar workshops, nacionais e interna- cionais, com ?nfase na conserva??o das esp?cies; ? desenvolver pesquisa e educa??o ambiental; ? iniciar um controle geneal?gico dos ani- mais, buscando reerguer a popula??o em cativeiro; ? proporcionar parcerias com pro? ssionais com experi?ncia in situ, buscando uma melhoria no manejo ex situ; ? unir as institui??es que possuam essas esp?- cies em cativeiro; ? ? rmar parcerias internacionais em prol da conserva??o das esp?cies. Para mais informa??es, favor entrar em contato com Fl?via Miranda, Funda??o Parque Zoo- l?gico de S?o Paulo, Av. Miguel Stefano 4241, S?o Paulo 04301-901, S?o Paulo, Brasil. E-mail ou . Project Anteaters in Brazil Th ree species of anteaters are found in Brazil: the giant anteater (Myrmecophaga tridactyla), the lesser anteater (Tamandua tetradactyla) and the silky anteater (Cyclopes pygmaeus). Crepuscular and nocturnal, they may be found in savannas, cerrado and humid forests. Understanding how to manage these species in captivity is of great importance, owing to their special nutritional, environmental and behavioral needs, and the di? culties encountered with their captive repro- duction. It is worth pointing out that on the list of endangered species published by the Brazilian Ministry of the Environment on 27 May, 2003, Myrmecophaga tridactyla stands out. Th is context makes clear the important role which zoos play in maintaining programs which have as their funda- mental objective the reproduction of these repre- sentatives of Brazil?s mammalian fauna, especially those threatened with extinction. Justi? cation With the intention of pooling all available infor- mation on tamanduas, both in situ and ex situ ? as well as to develop an action plan for the conserva- tion of these three species in Brazil, and to bring together those Brazilian institutions which have developed projects along these lines ? we have 57 58 Edentata no. 6 ? December 2004 created Project Anteaters (Grupo de Trabalho pela Conserva??o do Tamandu? no Brasil), composed of professionals who work with wild animals and who have experience in the management and husbandry of the species in question. Th erefore we plan to develop a project meant to coordinate data obtained from across the coun- try. Th is group will be based in the S?o Paulo Zoo (Funda??o Parque Zool?gico de S?o Paulo), as this institution has been a pioneer in the con- servation of Brazilian anteaters. Among other successes, the S?o Paulo Zoo registered the ? rst captive births of giant and lesser anteaters in Brazil; the Zoo maintains the largest collection of these species in the country, and the third- largest collection of giant anteaters in the world. Th e Zoo has a team of professionals on sta? who are well-known for their experience with captive management of these species, with national and international publications. Th e Mission of Project Anteaters To promote actions which support the conserva- tion of Brazilian anteaters. Founders Th e founders of Project Anteaters include Fl?via Regina Miranda, of the S?o Paulo Zoo; Rodrigo Hidalgo Teixeira, of the Sorocaba Zoo, S?o Paulo; and C?tia Dejuste, of the Brazil- ian environmental agency Instituto Brasileiro do Meio Ambiente e dos Recursos Naturais Renov?veis (IBAMA). International Consultants Th e international consultants include Dr. Roberto Aguilar, Senior Veterinarian, Audubon Zoo ? Audubon Nature Institute, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA; Marcela Uhart, of the Univer- sidad Nacional Del Centro de la Provincia de Bueno Aires, Argentina and the Field Veterinary Program of the Wildlife Conservation Society; and Delio Orjuela, Medical Veterinarian of the Zoological Park in Cali, Col?mbia. Th e speci? c objectives of Project Anteaters include: ? develop management protocols for the conservation of Brazilian anteaters; ? develop a regional studbook cataloguing all individuals now in captivity; ? present national and international work- shops with an emphasis on the conserva- tion of these species; ? develop projects on research and environ- mental education; ? initiate a program of controlled breeding for the captive animals, in order to re- establish the captive population; ? develop partnerships with wildlife professionals who have in situ experi- ence, with the goal of improving ex situ management; ? unite the institutions which maintain these species in captivity; and ? establish international partnerships towards the conservation of these species. For more information, please contact Fl?via Miranda, Funda??o Parque Zool?gico de S?o Paulo, Av. Miguel Stefano 4241, S?o Paulo 04301-901, S?o Paulo, Brasil. E-mail or . Four New Protected Areas in Brazil Cover Nearly 500,000 Hectares On 3 June, 2004, the Brazilian Minister of the Environment, Marina Silva, announced the cre- ation of four new protected areas ? two National Forests and two Extractive Reserves in the states of Paran? (Pira? do Sul National Forest of 124.8 ha in the region of Campos Gerais), Para?ba (Restinga do Cabedelo of 103 ha; mangroves and coastal restinga vegetation), Maranh?o (Curu- rupu Extractive Reserve of 185,000 ha; marine resources ? mangroves and coastal swamps) and Amazonas (Capan? Grande Extractive Reserve of 304,000 ha; municipality of Manicor?, Rio Madeira). Capan? Grande is one of the protected areas foreseen in the ARPA (Amazon Region Protected Areas) programme of the World Wide Fund for Nature (WWF), Brazil, which is work- ing towards the creation of 50 million ha of new 59 protected areas in the Amazon over the next 10 years. Eighteen million ha are planned for the ? rst phase of the program (2002?2006) which is supported by the Global Environment Facil- ity (GEF) of the World Bank, the KfW Banken- gruppe, and the Brazilian government. At the government ceremony creating these reserves, representatives of the state governments of Acre, Amazonas, Mato Grosso, Par?, Rond?nia and Tocantins signed cooperative agreements regard- ing the implementation of the ARPA. Serra do Itaja? ? A New National Park in the Brazilian Atlantic Forest Th e Brazilian government published a decree on 7 June, 2004 creating the Serra do Itaja? National Park of 57,000 ha in the east of the state of Santa Catarina. Th e Itaja? valley was one of the 80 pri- ority areas for the creation of parks and reserves in the Atlantic Forest identi? ed during a work- shop held in August 1999 in Atibaia, S?o Paulo: ?Evaluation and Priority Actions for the Conser- vation of Biodiversity in the Atlantic Forest and Southern Grasslands?, organized by Conservation International do Brasil in collaboration with the Funda??o SOS Mata Atl?ntica, IP? ? Instituto de Pesquisas Ecol?gicas, Funda??o Biodiversitas, Secretaria do Meio Ambiente do Estado de S?o Paulo ? SEMAD/SP, and the Instituto Estadual de Florestas ? IEF/MG, under the general coordina- tion of the Ministry of the Environment (MMA). Th e initial proposal for the park, prepared by sta? and researchers from the Brazilian Institute for the Environment (IBAMA), the Federal Univer- sity of Santa Catarina, the Regional University of Blumenau (FURB), and the Santa Catarina State Environmental Secretariat, was sent to the MMA by the State Council for the Atlantic Forest Bio- sphere Reserve (Conselho Estadual da Reserva da Biosfera da Mata Atl?ntica) in 2002. Th e park includes parts of nine municipalities ? Ascurra, Api?na, Blumenau, Botuver?, Gaspar, Guabiraba, Indaial, Presidente Nereu and Vidal Ramos ? and covers headwaters and springs vital for the region. Th e Itaja? valley has one of the largest remaining tracts of Atlantic Forest in southern Brazil, and researchers from the Regional University of Blu- menau have found that the park protects 78% of the mammals, 38% of the birds and 47% of the trees and shrubs known to occur in the state. Source: Instituto Socioambiental, S?o Paulo. Website: . International Foundation for Science Research Grants Th e International Foundation for Science (IFS) is a research council with international operations whose mission is to build the scienti? c capac- ity of developing countries for the sustainable management of biological and water resources. IFS believes that the interests of both science and development are best served by promoting and nurturing the research e? orts of promising young science graduates who have the potential to become leading scientists in their countries. Since 1974, IFS has provided support to more than 3500 Grantees in over one hundred devel- oping countries in Africa, Asia, the Paci? c, Latin America and the Caribbean. Th e IFS Granting Programme is open for project proposals from young scientists from developing countries who meet the eligibility criteria and who conduct research on the sustainable management of biological resources. Proposed projects must be related to the sustainable use of the biologi- cal and/or water resource base. IFS is speci? cally targeting scientists in countries with developing science and technology infrastructures. Research grants are awarded up to a maximum value of US$12,000 for a period of one to three years, and may be renewed twice. Th ey are intended for the purchase of equipment, expendable sup- plies, and literature. Details of IFS awards can be found on the IFS website at . Biodiversidade Ganha Rede No dia 5 de outubro de 2004, foi lan?ada o? - cialmente a rede ?speciesLink? criada pelo Centro 60 Edentata no. 6 ? December 2004 de Refer?ncia em Informa??o Ambiental (Cria), Diretor Presidente Vanderlei Perez Canhos. Integrada ao Sistema de Informa??o Ambiental do Programa Biota/FAPESP (SinBiota), a rede, que dever? permitir a integra??o din?mica de dados sobre a biodiversidade paulista, come?a al?m das fronteiras do Estado: a cole??o do Jardim Bot?nico do Rio de Janeiro j? est? inte- grada ao sistema. O sistema permite a integra??o de diferentes grupos taxon?micos por meio de bancos de dados distribu?dos e protocolos de comunica??o. Com isso, ser? poss?vel ligar, no futuro, as cole??es biol?gicas a outras redes de informa??o do pa?s e do exterior, por meio de softwares livres. A nova estrutura envolve registros de microrganismos, ?caros, insetos, r?pteis, mam?feros, peixes e tipos de madeira. A rede compartilhar? informa??es de cole??es das tr?s universidades paulistas e de nove institutos de pesquisa, al?m do Jardim Bot?nico Fluminense. O speciesLink dever? ser utilizado como embri?o para o desenvolvimento de uma rede brasileira de cole??es cient?? cas. ?Com o objetivo de acomodar a biodiversidade tanto sob o ponto de vista geogr?? co como taxon?mico, a expectativa ? que o sistema tenha 750 mil registros at? 2006?, prev? Canhos. A id?ia ? que esses aplicativos possam ajudar na resolu??o de problemas como prote??o de esp?cies amea?a- das, mudan?as clim?ticas e planejamento de ?reas de conserva??o. ?Com o avan?o das ferramentas de an?lise, s?n- tese e visualiza??o dos dados, as cole??es que ? carem de fora de uma plataforma como o spe- ciesLink tender?o a ? car menos competitivas e menos vis?veis para a comunidade cient?? ca?, disse Canhos. O mecanismo f?sico que viabiliza o novo sistema foi estruturado a partir de servidores que permi- tem a integra??o de informa??es por meio da Rede ANSP (Academic Network at S?o Paulo), a conex?o de internet avan?ada do Estado de S?o Paulo e tamb?m um programa da FAPESP. Mais informa??es: . Fonte: Th iago Romero, Ag?ncia de Not?cias da Fun- da??o de Amparo ? Pesquisa do Estado de S?o Paulo (FAPESP), 6 de outubro de 2004. The Tahuamanu Biological Station Th e Tahuamanu Biological Station of the Amazo- nian University of Pando (Pando, Bolivia) is sited in an area of primary and secondary terra ? rma forest, typical of Western Amazonia in both ? ora and fauna. River ? oodplains and bamboo forests provide additional habitat for specialized taxa. Th e fauna is representative of the region, and at least eight species of edentate are present in the region, including Priodontes maximus (Alverson et al., 2000). Aquatic biodiversity is especially rich in this region, one of the most diverse of the Amazon Basin. A number of studies have been conducted at the site over the last decade, including long-term ? eld projects on several mammal species. Census data have also been collected for large mammals, birds, ? sh, reptiles and amphibians as well as local ? ora. Th e station is well-suited for teaching ? eld courses, and prior topics include primate conser- vation and ecology, herpetology, ? eld methods, dendrology and more. Th e Tahuamanu Biological Station is one kilome- ter from the north bank of the R?o Tahuamanu and 60 km southwest of Cobija, the capital city of Pando; the station is three hours by road from Cobija?s international airport. Located within a trinational frontier, the Biological Station is only a short distance from both the Brazilian and Peruvian borders. Researchers intending to carry out ? eldwork and sampling protocols will require permits from the Bolivian Department of National Biodiver- sity Management (DGB), which also provides CITES permits. To obtain a permit, scientists must sign a research agreement with a local institution, which the Centro de Investigaci?n y Preservaci?n de la Amazonia (CIPA) can easily provide, in addition to assistance with processing 61 permit applications. CIPA also o? ers academic and logistical assistance to researchers, including the arrangement of transportation to and from the ? eld site. Th e Station has shared and private cabins, a par- tially equipped kitchen, a dining area, and teach- ing and storage facilities. Th e presence of local guides and a full-time caretaker ensures safe and comfortable living and working conditions for researchers and the presentation of ? eld courses. Over 25 km of trails in an extensive grid system allows for easy viewing of animals. With advance notice, road and river transportation can also be provided through CIPA at the University of Pando. For more information about the Bio- logical Station, please contact Sandra Su?rez at or: Centro de Investigaci?n y Preservaci?n de la Amazonia (CIPA), Uni- versidad Amaz?nica de Pando, Avenida Crnl. Cornejo, Cobija, Depto. de Pando, Bolivia, Tel.: 591-3-842-2135 ext. 112, or . Th e Tahuamanu Biological Station is oper- ated through the cooperation of the Univer- sidad Amaz?nica de Pando, CIPA, the Field Museum and the Gordon and Betty Moore Foundation. TABLE 1. Edentate species recorded from the vicinity of the Tahuamanu Biological Station. From Alverson et al., 2000. Cabassous unicinctus Choloepus hoffmanni Cyclopes didactylus Dasypus kappleri Dasypus novemcinctus Myrmecophaga tridactyla Priodontes maximus Tamandua tetradactyla Reference Alverson, W. S., Moskovits, D. K. and Shopland, J. M. (eds.). 2000. Bolivia: Pando, R?o Tahua- manu. Rapid Biological Inventories Report 1. Th e Field Museum, Chicago, Illinois. Research Grants from the Center for Tropical Forest Science / Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute Th e Center for Tropical Forest Science (CTFS) of the Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute (STRI) is currently accepting propos- als for the sixth cycle of their Research Grants Program. Purpose/Eligibility Th e CTFS Research Grants Program is intended to provide opportunities for senior researchers, post-doctoral fellows, and graduate students to use existing CTFS Forest Dynamics Plots (FDPs) and to conduct research with scientists associ- ated with these plots. Th e CTFS network of FDPs includes 18 sites in 15 countries. Anyone working directly in a Forest Dynamics Plot, ana- lyzing data from a plot, or generating comple- mentary data that strengthens FDP research programs is eligible to apply. Projects may be ? eld-oriented, laboratory-based, or analyti- cal, and the science may be basic or applied in nature. Grants will range from $3,000?$30,000. Th e CTFS Research Grants Program will make awards for projects between three months and three years in length. Application Grant proposals should include a Research Pro- posal (not to exceed 1500 words), a list of collab- orators, curriculum vitae, proposed referees, and a detailed budget. For more information on how to submit a proposal, please visit . Deadline for Applications Th is grants program has switched to an annual cycle. Submissions will be accepted yearly on the last Friday of July; the next deadline for appli- cations is July 29, 2005. For more information, please contact: Center for Tropical Forest Science, Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, P.O. Box 37012, QUAD 3123, MRC 705, Washing- ton, DC 20013-7012, USA, Tel: 202-633-4012, Fax: 202-786-2557, . 62 Edentata no. 6 ? December 2004 Conservation of the Atlantic Forest in S?o Paulo ? A Rolex Award for Laury Cullen Jr. Laury Cullen Jr., Research Coordinator at IP? ? Instituto de Pesquisas Ecol?gicas, based in Nazar? Paulista, S?o Paulo, is a recipient of Th e Rolex Awards for Enterprise, promoted by Rolex S.A. Th e award was announced on 29 September 2004, in Paris. Key behind this award was his project ?Transforming Farmers into Conservationists to Preserve the Atlantic Forest and its Fauna.? Over the last nine years, Laury Cullen Jr. has focused on protecting the forest fragments remaining in the west of the state of S?o Paulo, working with small farmers and landowners, and demonstrat- ing techniques and systems in agroforestry which promote the recovery of degraded soils besides the preservation and recovery of the forest frag- ments and their fauna. He is currently planning to increase the number and extent of forest cor- ridors in the region, while simultaneously helping to promote the economic well-being of at least 400 farmers. IP? was founded in 1992 speci? - cally for the conservation of the black lion tama- rin, Leontopithecus chrysopygus, one of the many species which will bene? t directly from the forest restoration resulting from Cullen Jr.?s project. He is currently researching for his doctoral thesis at the Durrell Institute for Conservation and Ecol- ogy (DICE) of the University of Kent, UK. Th e deadline for registration for ?Th e Rolex Awards for Enterprise 2006? is 31 May 2005. Websites: , . ISIS Zoological Information Management System (ZIMS) Project Th e International Species Information System (ISIS), in cooperation with other representatives of the zoological community, is designing the next generation of software for the data management needs of zoos and aquariums worldwide. Th e Zoo- logical Information Management System (ZIMS) will replace the current ISIS software to provide a more accurate and comprehensive database of animal inventories. More than 500 animal-care experts from zoos, aquariums and related orga- nizations worldwide will participate in the proj- ect. ISIS works closely with the International Animal Data Information Systems Committee (IADISC). ZIMS will allow users to see collections of animal data in real time, and will enhance local care and international conservation e? orts by providing faster and better accesss to species information. When complete, ZIMS will be available in three models; each institution can chose the model that is best suited to their needs. Th e models include: ZIMS ASP model: Functioning like an online bank or airline reserva- tion system, this application allows users to con- duct transactions through a dedicated website. Th is version is suitable for small to medium zoos and aquaria with few users and fast internet con- nections. ZIMS locally-hosted model: Th is model works like a ticketing or ? nance system, in that ZIMS will ?talk? to other applica- tions. Th is model assumes that the institution is medium to large in size with in-house IT exper- tise available. You should use this model if your institution has legal requirements to keep a copy of your own data on your own servers. ZIMS stand-alone model: Th is is a single-computer version for the institu- tion that has limited internet connectivity, only one or two people using the system and no IT expertise available. Training members on ZIMS is expected to take place in 2006. Th e ZIMS Project is one of the largest, inter- national web-based projects of its kind. ZIMS will serve as the central repository for accurate and comprehensive information on two million animals in more than 70 countries. For more information on ZIMS visit the ISIS website at or the ZIMS project site at . 63 A Website for Giant Anteaters Th e Online Anteater is a site dedicated to the giant anteater (Myrmecophaga tridactyla). Nicely organized, the site includes sections on habitat, diet, breeding, biology, behavior and history. Also included is an extensive list of links to other sites with informaton on giant anteaters, such as fact sheets, zoological institutions housing anteaters and articles and news. Th is is an excellent site for educators wishing to gather basic information and some fun facts about the giant anteater. Th e site can be viewed at . For questions or comments, contact Maia Weinstock at . RECENT PUBLICATIONS Threatened Edentates in Southern Brazil ? Red Data Books for the States of Paran? and Rio Grande do Sul Th e Instituto Ambiental do Paran? has published the Livro Vermelho da Fauna Amea?ada no Estado do Paran?, in cooperation with the Government of Paran? and the Secretaria de Estado do Meio Ambi- ente e Recursos H?dricos (SEMA). Edited by Sandra Bos Mikich and Renato Silveira B?rnils, this 700- page volume provides the most recent assessment of the conservation status of well over three hundred threatened and indeterminate species in the Brazil- ian state of Paran?. Detailed entries, each with its own map, cover 56 species of mammals, 167 birds, 13 reptiles, 25 amphibians, 50 ? shes, 18 bees and 15 butter? ies, for a total of 344 species designated as threatened, Near Th reatened or Data De? cient. Of all the species known to occur in Paran?, 32% of the mammals are considered threatened, 28% of the reptiles and amphibians, 22% of birds, and 5% or less of ? shes, bees and butter? ies. Of the 176 mammal species veri? ed from Paran?, nine are edentates, three of which are treated in the Livro Vermelho: Bradypus variegatus (RE), Cabassous tatouay (DD) and Myrmecophaga tri- dactyla (CR). Th e three-toed sloth is known there from a single record in 1946, and the species was probably extirpated decades ago, owing to its need for primary forest and its extreme sensitivity to habitat alteration. Both the giant anteater and the naked-tailed armadillo still survive in Paran?, but they are threatened by agricultural expansion and habitat loss, including the wild? res and con- trolled burns known together as queimadas. Th ey often fall victim to domestic dogs and highway strikes, and they are heavily persecuted by local people for threats both real and imagined. As a ? rst step in addressing their decline, the Livro Vermelho of Paran? recommends research proj- ects to understand their basic biology, ecology and remaining distribution. Th e Paran? volume follows the publication, in 2003, of an equally comprehensive survey for Brazil?s southernmost state: the Livro Vermelho da Fauna Amea?ada de Extin??o no Rio Grande do Sul, edited by Carla S. Fontana, Glayson A. Bencke and Roberto E. Reis, and published by Edipucrs, the university press of the Pontif?cia Universidade Cat?lica do Rio Grande do Sul. Th is volume received support from a variety of foundations and NGOs, including Conserva- tion International do Brasil and the Funda??o O Botic?rio de Prote??o ? Natureza. Th e assess- ments detailed in the Livro Vermelho, resulting from more than three years of work by dozens of specialists, were codi? ed in state law by Decreto Estadual no 41.672, promulgated on 11 June 2002 and signed by then-governor Ol?vio Dutra. Th e Livro Vermelho of Rio Grande do Sul pro- vides information on 261 species in ? ve threat categories, including 33 mammals, 128 birds, 27 reptiles and amphibians, 28 ? shes, 18 insects, 17 molluscs, 7 crustaceans and 3 sponges. Of the nine edentates originally known from the state ? the same nine that occur in Paran? ? three are listed as threatened: Cabassous tatouay (DD), Myrmecophaga tridactyla (CR) and Tamandua tetradactyla (VU). Both anteater species have su? ered from the widespread loss of habitat, 64 Edentata no. 6 ? December 2004 both for themselves and for the social insects they feed on, owing to agricultural expansion and the queimadas. As in Paran?, domestic dogs and highway mortality are taking their toll, and local people kill giant anteaters on sight for their supposed ferocity. To counter these threats, the Livro Vermelho suggests several courses of action, beginning with ? eld studies to supply baseline biological and ecological information for each of these species. Other recommendations include programs of environmental awareness, the cre- ation of protected areas around speci? c habitat complexes, and statewide surveys for surviving populations ? in particular of Myrmecophaga tridactyla. Th ese two volumes from Paran? and Rio Grande do Sul are the most recent additions to a small series of regional assessments produced by indi- vidual states in Brazil. Paran? was the ? rst state to do so, in 1995, at which time their list included 21 species of mammals (Brazil, Paran?, SEMA, 1995). Th ree years later the states of Minas Gerais, Rio de Janeiro and S?o Paulo also released summaries of threatened species within their bor- ders (Machado et al., 1998; Bergallo et al., 1998; Brazil, S?o Paulo, SMA, 1998), listing 40, 43 and 41 species of threatened mammals respectively. All together these ? ve states, concentrated in the industrialized and heavily impacted southeast of Brazil, remain the only states to have produced current, comprehensive assessments of threatened species. We hope that other Brazilian states will join this continuing process, and provide sum- maries of equal scope and value for other regions in Brazil. Th reatened Edentates in Paran? Bradypus variegatus - RE On the basis of a single record from Londrina in 1946, the three-toed sloth is included among the fauna of Paran? as regionally extinct. Th e species is closely tied to primary forest, and is sensitive to even slight disturbance or changes in its environ- ment; it most likely has gone extinct in Paran? owing to changes in forest type and overall habi- tat loss. No recommendations are made. Myrmecophaga tridactyla - CR Th e giant anteater?s original distribution in Paran? is unknown, and now it is found mainly in rem- nant patches of cerrado and campos naturais. In recent years only a few sightings have been made from a handful of protected areas; no population estimates can be made, but it has already vanished from one state park and its presence is uncertain in others. Giant anteaters are able to survive in ranchlands and pasture if ants and termites are present, but otherwise they will disappear as well. Th e primary threats to this species in Paran?, as elsewhere, are the extensive expansion of agricul- ture, subsistence hunting by humans and attacks by domestic dogs. Its population is also impacted by widespread burnings and highway mortality. No conservation measures are currently in place, but the Livro Vermelho recommends an urgent program to map the current extent of the species Status* Threats Paran? Bradypus variegatus RE Habitat loss and disturbance Cabassous tatouay DD Habitat destruction; ? res; persecution Myrmecophaga tridactyla CR Agricultural expansion; ? res; hunting; domestic dogs; highway mortality Rio Grande do Sul Cabassous tatouay DD Not speci? ed Myrmecophaga tridactyla CR Agricultural expansion; ? res; persecution; highway mortality Tamandua tetradactyla VU Agricultural expansion; ? res; domestic dogs; highway mortality TABLE 1. Regional classi? cations for edentates in Paran? and Rio Grande do Sul. * DD = Data De? cient, VU = Vulnerable, CR = Critically Endangered, and RE = Regionally Extinct. 65 in Paran? and monitor individuals in the wild, along with other ecological projects and habitat protection in general. Cabassous tatouay - DD Although relatively common from Bahia to Rio Grande do Sul, this species is little-known and rarely veri? ed from Paran?. Presumably its range once included the entire state; today it survives in a variety of habitats, from humid forests to open and altered areas. Th e main threats are uncon- trolled burnings and habitat destruction. C. tat- ouay is also heavily hunted in cultivated areas for the damage done to ? elds by the excavation of its burrows, which are occupied in sequence and then abandoned. Th e only recommendations are for research projects on its distribution, ecology and biology. Th reatened Edentates in Rio Grande do Sul Tamandua tetradactyla - VU In Rio Grande do Sul, historical records suggest the lesser anteater once occurred throughout the state. It is still widespread, although restricted mainly to the central and southern regions. It is absent from the northeast, where they are most likely extinct. Although capable of living in a wide range of habitats, in Rio Grande do Sul the lesser anteater prefers forested areas to savanna, and lives close to water whenever possible. Its populations have declined along with their habi- tat, which has been degraded and fragmented by agriculture and widespread burnings. Domestic dogs have become a major predator, along with occasional killings by humans for no particular reason, and highway mortality is also a serious concern. Th e Livro Vermelho recommends long- term ? eld studies on their diet, activity patterns, population density, home-range size and pre- ferred habitats ? an indication of how much basic information is still wanting for this species. Myrmecophaga tridactyla - CR Giant anteaters were already rare a century ago in Rio Grande do Sul, and by now they may already be ecologically extinct in the state. Never common anywhere across their immense range ? which at one time may have reached from Argentina to Belize ? there is little evidence they survive in Rio Grande do Sul, aside from a single individual found dead on a highway in 1999. Able to sur- vive in a tremendous variety of landscapes, from humid tropical forest to dry steppes and savan- nas, they nonetheless require gallery forests for access to water and sleeping trees. On account of their aggressive self-defense when threatened, giant anteaters garnered a reputation for ferocity among the gauchos, and they are still often shot on sight as ?dangerous? animals ? although they are rarely if ever eaten once killed. Th e tremen- dous loss of habitat due to agriculture must have had direct e? ects on their population, but has also caused a great decline in the standing crop of the social insects on which they survive. In the Cerrado, the most common cause of individual death is from ? res, although highway mortality is also a danger. Th e Livro Vermelho suggests three primary actions: to locate any individuals or populations still surviving in the state; to create conservation units around forests associated with native grasslands, in order to provide natural refuges; and to educate local people about the ino? ensive nature and serious decline of giant anteaters in their state. Cabassous tatouay - DD Th ere is no recent information on the status of this species in Rio Grande do Sul; there are old records, but no surveys are underway. Th e Livro Vermelho suggests C. tatouay may be declining in the west and southwest of the state, but gives no reasons for this decline nor recommendations for conservation action. John M. Aguiar, Center for Applied Biodiversity Science, Conservation International, 1919 M Street NW, Suite 600, Washington, DC 20036, USA. E-mail: . References Bergallo, H. de G., Duarte da Rocha, C. F., Alves, M. A. dos S. and Van Sluys, M. 1998. A Fauna Amea?ada de Extin??o do Estado do Rio de Janeiro. Unpublished report, Programa de Ecologia, Conserva??o e Manejo de Ecos- 66 Edentata no. 6 ? December 2004 sistemas do Sudeste Brasileiro, Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro. Brazil, Paran?, SEMA. 1995. Lista Vermelha de Animais Amea?ados de Extin??o no Estado do Paran?. Secretaria de Estado do Meio Ambiente (SEMA), Deutsche Gesellschaft f?r Technische Zusammenarbeit ? GTZ (GmbH), Curitiba. Brazil, S?o Paulo, SMA. 1998. Fauna Amea?ada no Estado de S?o Paulo. Centro de Editora??o (CED), Secretaria de Estado do Meio Ambi- ente (SMA), S?o Paulo. Fontana, C. S., Bencke, G. A. and Reis, R. E. (eds.). 2003. Livro Vermelho da Fauna Amea- ?ada de Extin??o no Rio Grande do Sul. Edi- pucrs, Porto Alegre. Machado, A. B. M., Fonseca, G. A. B. da, Mach- ado, R. B., Aguiar, L. M. de S. and Lins, L. V. 1998. Livro Vermelho das Esp?cies Amea?adas de Extin??o da Fauna de Minas Gerais. Funda- ??o Biodiversitas, Belo Horizonte. Mikich, S. B. and Bernils, R. S. (eds.). 2004. Livro Vermelho da Fauna Amea?ada no Estado do Paran?. Instituto Ambiental do Paran?, Curitiba. A Map of the Brazilian Amazon Th e Instituto Socioambiental (ISA), S?o Paulo, has published a new map of the Brazilian Amazon (Amaz?nia Legal) covering 500.6 million ha in the states of Amazonas, Par?, Acre, Roraima, Rond?- nia, Mato Grosso, Tocantins, Amap?, and part of Maranh?o. ?Amaz?nia Brasileira 2004?, at a scale of 1:4,000,000, is 100 x 70 cm, and maps vegeta- tion types, deforestation and human impacts in the region. Th ere is also a list of the 236 protected areas and 400 Indigenous lands, parks and reserves of the region, part of a database maintained by the Instituto Socioambiental which indicates a total of 60.5 million ha of the Brazilian Amazon in protected areas, corresponding to 12% of the region (excluding c.14 million ha overlapping with Indigenous lands). Indigenous lands cover 104.3 million ha, or about 20% of the region. Th e list includes the name, category, area and the legal act which created each park and reserve, and the juridical/administrative status of, and names of the tribes in, each of the Indigenous lands. Th e data come from the Protected Areas Monitor- ing Programme (Programa de Monitoramento de ?reas Protegidas) of the Instituto Socioambien- tal, and have been plotted on maps drawn up by the Brazilian Institute for Geography and Statis- tics (Instituto Brasileiro de Geogra? a e Estat?stica ? IBGE), Rio de Janeiro. Th e database of the ?Global Land Cover 2000? of the Joint Research Centre (JRC) of the European Commission was used to identify areas which have been deforested and impacted. Th e map is available at the Socio- ambiental website, , for R$15.00 + postage. Lundiana ? Uma Revista de Biodiversidade A revista Lundiana est? completando, em 2004, seu terceiro ano de publica??o em sua nova fase, como revista de Biodiversidade. Ao longo deste tempo, ela publicou 59 artigos em Bot?nica, Ecologia e Zoologia, escritos por autores de todas as regi?es do Brasil e de 10 pa?ses das tr?s Am?ricas, da Europa e Austr?lia. Lundiana tem se mostrado uma boa alternativa para publica- ??o de artigos relacionados ? biodiversidade, pelas seguintes raz?es: 1. Alta qualidade gr?? ca (papel de alta qualidade; diagrama??o moderna e atraente; impress?o de alt?ssima qualidade); 2. Publica??o r?pida (em m?dia, menos de 11 meses); 3. Indexa??o na maioria dos mais importantes indexadores internacionais nas diver- sas ?reas das ci?ncias naturais; 4. Espa?o ilimitado para publica??o; 5. Publica??o gratuita; 6. 25 separatas inteiramente gr?tis e 7. Publica??o de fotos coloridas sem custo adicional. Esses fatores t?m levado a um aumento cont?nuo do ? uxo de manuscritos submetidos ? nossa revista. Com isto, j? estamos considerando a possibilidade de passarmos a publicar tr?s em vez de dois n?meros por ano, a partir de 2005. Ajudem-nos a manter nossa revista em sua rota ascendente de qualidade e sucesso: Assine Lundiana. Os valores das assi- naturas s?o: Estudantes (gradua??o e p?s-gradu- a??o): R$25,00; Pro? ssionais: R$35,00. Para assinar, voc? pode procurar diretamente o Prof. 67 Fernando Silveira, Departamento de Zoologia, Instituto de Ci?ncias Biol?gicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Campus Pampulha, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, CEP 3270-901, Brasil, e-mail: . BOOKS AND ARTICLES Books Th e Atlantic Forest of South America: Biodiversity Status, Th reats, and Outlook, edited by Carlos Galindo-Leal and Ibsen de Gusm?o C?mara, 2003. Island Press, Washington DC. 488pp. ISBN 1-55963-988-1. Price: $70.00 (hard- back), $35.00 (paperback). Th is book presents an authoritative account of the world?s most threatened tropical forest by the biologists and conservationists who know it best. Although the majority of the remaining Atlantic Forest extends across southeastern Brazil, substantial portions once existed in Paraguay and Argen- tina as well, and the text considers the surviving forests of each nation in turn before examining issues which a? ect the remnants of the biome as a whole. Chapters speci? c to primates include an overview of the conservation history of the golden lion tamarin in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, and an assessment of primate species in Misiones, Argentina. Contents: Foreword ? Gustavo A. B. da Fonseca, Russell A. Mittermeier & Peter Selig- mann, pp. xi?xiii; Preface ? Gordon E. Moore, p.xv. Part I. Introduction. 1. Atlantic Forest hot- spot status: An overview ? C. Galindo-Leal & I. de Gusm?o C?mara, pp.3?11; 2. State of the hotspots: Th e dynamics of biodiversity loss ? C. Galindo-Leal, T. R. Jacobsen, P. F. Langhammer & S. Olivieri, pp.12?23. II. Brazil. 3. Dynam- ics of biodiversity loss in the Brazilian Atlantic Forest: An introduction ? L. P. Pinto & M. C. Wey de Brito, pp.27?30; 4. Brief history of con- servation in the Atlantic Forest ? I. de Gusm?o C?mara, pp.31?42; 5. Status of the biodiversity of the Atlantic Forest of Brazil ? J. M. Cardoso da Silva & C. H. M. Casteleti, pp.43?59; 6. Moni- toring the Brazilian Atlantic Forest cover ? M. M. Hirota, pp.60?65; 7. Conservation priorities and main causes of biodiversity loss of marine eco- systems ? S. Jablonski, pp.66?85; 8. Endangered species and conservation planning ? M. Tabarelli, L. P. Pinto, J. M. Cardoso da Silva & C. M. R. Costa, pp.86?94; 9. Past, present, and future of the golden lion tamarin and its habitat ? M. C. M. Kierul? , D. M. Rambaldi & D. G. Kleiman, pp.95?102; 10. Socioeconomic causes of defor- estation in the Atlantic Forest of Brazil ? C. E. F. Young, pp.103?117; 11. Th e Central and Serra do Mar corridors in the Brazilian Atlantic Forest ? A. P. Aguiar, A. G. Chiarello, S. L. Mendes & E. Neri de Matos, pp.118?132; 12. Policy ini- tiatives for the conservation of the Brazilian Atlantic Forest ? J. C. Carvalho, pp.133?136. Part III. Argentina. 13. Dynamics of biodiver- sity loss in the Argentinean Atlantic Forest: An introduction ? A. R. Giraudo, pp. 139?140; 14. Brief history of conservation in the Paran? Forest ? J. C. Chebez & N. Hilgert, pp.141?159; 15. Biodiversity status of the interior Atlantic Forest of Argentina ? A. R. Giraudo, H. Pove- dano, M. J. Belgrano, E. Krauczuk, U. Pardi- ?as, A. Miquelarena, D. Ligier, D. Baldo & M. Castelino, pp.160?180; 16. Th reats of extinction to ? agship species in the Interior Atlantic Forest ? A. R. Giraudo & H. Povedano, pp.181?193; 17. Outlook for primate conservation in Misio- nes ? M. S. Di Bitetti, pp.194?199; 18. Th e loss of Mby? wisdom: Disappearance of a legacy of sustainable management ? A. S?nchez & A. R. Giraudo, pp.200?206; 19. Socioeconomic roots of biodiversity loss in Misiones ? S. Holz & G. Placci, pp.207?226; 20. Conservation capacity in the Paran? Forest ? J. P. Cinto & M. P. Bertolini, pp.227?244; 21. Critical analysis of protected areas in the Atlantic Forest of Argentina ? A. R. Giraudo, E. Krauczuk, V. Arzamendia & H. Povedano, pp.245?261; 22. Last opportunity for the Atlantic Forest ? L. A. Rey, pp.262?264. Part IV. Paraguay. 23. Dynamics of biodiversity loss in the Paraguayan Atlantic Forest: An introduc- tion ? J. L. Cartes & A. Yanosky, pp.267?268; 24. Brief history of conservation in the Interior Atlantic Forest ? J. L. Cartes, pp.269?287; 25. 68 Edentata no. 6 ? December 2004 Biodiversity status of the Interior Atlantic Forest of Paraguay ? F. Fragano & R. Clay, pp.288?309; 26. Socioeconomic drivers in the Interior Atlantic Forest ? A. M. Macedo & J. L. Cartes, pp.310? 324; 27. Th e Guaran? Aquifer: A regional envi- ronmental service ? J. F. Facetti, pp.325?327; 28. Conservation capacity in the Interior Atlantic Forest of Paraguay ? A. Yanosky & E. Cabrera, pp.328?354. Part V. Trinational Issues. 29. Dynamics of biodiversity loss: An introduction to trinational issues ? T. R. Jacobsen, pp.357? 359; 30. Species on the brink: Critically endan- gered terrestrial vertebrates ? T. Brooks & A. B. Rylands, pp.360?371; 31. Putting the pieces back together: Fragmentation and landscape conservation ? C. Galindo-Leal, pp.372?380; 32. Endangered forests, vanishing peoples: Bio- cultural diversity and indigenous knowledge ? T. R. Jacobsen, pp.381?391; 33. Unwanted guests: Th e invasion of nonnative species ? J. K. Reaser, C. Galindo-Leal & S. R. Ziller, pp.392?405; 34. Harvesting and conservation of heart palm ? S. E. Chediack & M. F. Baqueiro, pp.406?412; 35. Th e e? ects of dams on biodiversity in the Atlantic Forest ? C. Fahey & P. F. Langhammer, pp.413?425; 36: Populating the environment: Human growth, density and migration in the Atlantic Forest ? T. R. Jacobsen, pp. 426?435; 37. Mercosur and the Atlantic Forest: An envi- ronmental regulatory framework ? M. Leichner, pp.436?443; 38. A challenge for conservation: Atlantic Forest protected areas ? A.-V. Lairana, pp.444?457. Part VI. Conclusion. 39. Outlook for the Atlantic Forest ? C. Galindo-Leal, I. de Gusm?o C?mara & P. J. Benson, pp.461?464. Darwinian Heresies, edited by Abigail Lustig, Robert J. Richards, and Michael Ruse. Cam- bridge University Press, New York, 2004. 208pp. ISBN 0521815169 (hardcover), $65.00. Dar- winian Heresies looks at the history of evolu- tionary thought in an attempt to break through conventional thinking to see whether there are assumptions or theories that are blinding us to important issues. Th e collection, which includes essays by historians and philosophers of science, digs beneath the surface and shows that not all is precisely as it is often assumed to be. Covering a wide range of issues starting back in the eighteenth century, Darwinian Heresies brings us up through the time of Charles Darwin and Th e Origin of Spe- cies all the way to the twenty-? rst century. It is sug- gested that Darwin?s true roots lie in Germany, not in his native England; that Russian evolutionism is more signi? cant than many are prepared to allow; and that the main in? uence on twentieth-century evolutionary biology was not Charles Darwin at all but his often-despised contemporary, Herbert Spencer. Th e collection is intended to interest, to excite, to infuriate, and to stimulate further work. Contents: 1. Introduction: Biologists on Crusade ? Abigail Lustig, p.1?13; 2. Russian Th eoretical Biology between Heresy and Orthodoxy: Georgii Shaposhinikov and His Experiments on Plant Lice ? Daniel Alexandrov & Elena Aronova, pp.14?47; 3. Th e Specter of Darwinism: Th e Popular Image of Darwinism in Early Twentieth-Century Britain ? Peter J. Bowler, pp.48?68; 4. Natural Atheol- ogy ? Abigail Lustig, pp.69?83; 5. Ironic Heresy: How Young-Earth Creationists Came to Embrace Rapid Microevolution by Means of Natural Selec- tion ? Ronald L. Numbers, pp.84?100; 6. If Th is Be Heresy: Haeckel?s Conversion to Darwin- ism ? Robert J. Richards, pp.101?131; 7. Adap- tive Landscapes and Dynamic Equilibrium: Th e Spencerian Contribution to Twentieth-Century American Evolutionary Biology ? Michael Ruse, pp.131?150; 8. ?Th e Ninth Mortal Sin?: Th e Lamarckism of W. M. Wheeler ? Charlotte Sleigh, pp.151?172; 9. Contemporary Darwinism and Religion ? Mikael Stenmark, pp.173?192. Avail- able from: Cambridge University Press, 40 West 20th Street, New York, NY 10011-4211, USA, Fax: 1-212-691-3239. General Address (Orders & Customer Service): Cambridge University Press, 100 Brook Hill Drive, West Nyack, NY 10994- 2133, USA, Tel: 1-845-353-7500, Fax: 1-845- 353-4141. Website: . Janelas para a Biodiversidade no Parque Nacional do Ja?, por S?rgio Henrique Borges, Simone Iwa- naga, Carlos C?sar Durigan & Marcos Roberto Pinheiro. Funda??o Vit?ria Amaz?nica, Manaus, 2004. 280pp. ISBN: 8585830034 (paperback), R$50.00 + postage (no Brasil). O ?Janelas para a Biodiversidade? ? um projeto de planejamento 69 de pesquisa, com o objetivo de desenvolver uma estrat?gia para inventariar e monitorar a biodi- versidade, e o uso dos recursos naturais, pelos residentes do Parque Nacional do Ja?. O pro- jeto conta com a participa??o de pesquisadores de v?rias institui??es, como o Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amaz?nia (INPA), Universidade Federal do Amazonas (UFAM), Universidade de Campinas (UNICAMP) e Universidade de S?o Paulo (USP). O Projeto ?Janelas para a Biodiver- sidade? foi implementado pela Funda??o Vit?ria Amaz?nica (FVA) entre 1999 e 2002, em parceria com o IBAMA, apoio da WWF-Brasil e do Pro- grama USAID. A experi?ncia do projeto ? relatada em um livro editado em 2004 pela FVA, na expectativa de que seja ?til para outras entidades e ag?ncias ambientais que trabalham na Amaz?nia. O livro re?ne contribui??es de 31 pesquisadores das ?reas biol?gicas e sociais representando a FVA e outras importantes institui??es de pesquisa. Ao comprar um exemplar voc? estar? contribuindo para projetos de conserva??o na bacia do rio Negro. Sum?rio: Apresenta??o ? J. T. da Frota Alves Neto & C. C. Durigan, pp.vii?viii; Pref?- cios ? M. Saragoussi & J. A. A. Gomes, pp.ix?xii. Se??o 1 ? De? nindo a Metodologia. 1. Plane- jando o estudo da biodiversidade na Amazonia brasileira: Uma experiencia no Parque Nacional do Ja? ? S. H. Borges, C. C. Durigan, M. R. Pin- heiro, J. L. C. Camargo & A. Murchie, pp.3?14; Caracteriza??o das Janelas para a Biodiversidade do Parque Nacional do Ja? ? M. R. Pinheiro & S. H. Borges, pp.19?28. Se??o 2 ? Pesquisas Soci- ais. Din?mica da popula??o humana nos rios do Parque Nacional do Ja? ? M. R. Pinheiro & A. B. Macedo, pp.43?61; As condi??es de vida e uso dos recursos pelos moradores do Parque Nacio- nal do Ja? ? M. P. S. R. Chaves, J. P. Abreu & F. Bind?, pp.63?78. Se??o 3 ? Invent?rios Biol?gi- cos. 5. Biodiversidade de algas planct?nicas do Parque Nacional do Ja?: Janela Seringalzinho ? S. Melo, M. G. Sophia, M. Menezes & C. A. Souza, pp.83?92; 6. As palmeiras da regi?o do Seringalzinho ? C. V. Castilho, pp.95?102; 7. A vegeta??o ao longo de um gradiente ed?? co no Parque Nacional do Ja? ? A. Vicentini, pp.105? 131; 8. Araneofauna na regi?o do Seringalzinho ? C. S. Azevedo & M. Smith, pp.135?141; 9. Tabanidae (Insecta: Diptera) do Parque Nacio- nal do Ja?. II ? A. L. Henriques, pp.143?151; 10. Formigas do Parque Nacional do Ja?: Uma primeira an?lise ? H. L. Vasconcelos, N. J. Fraga & J. M. S. Vilhena, pp.153?160; 11. Anf?bios, lagartos e serpentes do Parque Nacional do Ja? ? S. Neckel-Oliveira & M. Gordo, pp.161?173; 12. Invent?rio de aves no Parque Nacional do Ja? utilizando a abordagem do Projeto Janelas para a Biodiversidade ? S. H. Borges, pp.177?192; 13. Levantamento de mam?feros diurnos de m?dio e grande porte no Parque Nacional do Ja?: Resul- tados preliminares ? S. Iwanaga, pp.195?207. Se??o 4 ? Uso de Recursons Naturais. 14. A ca?a e a pesca no Parque Nacional do Ja? ? J. C. B. Pezzuti, G. H. Reb?lo, D. F. Silva, J. P. Lima & M. C. Ribeiro ? pp.213?228; 15. O extrativismo de cip?s (Heteropsis spp., Araceae) no Parque Nacional do Ja? ? C. C. Durigan & C. V. Cas- tilho, pp.231?242; 16. Pr?ticas agriculturais dos moradores do Parque Nacional do Ja? ? S. H. Borges, F. Filoni & I. C. Siqueira, pp.245?253. Se??o Final ? S?ntese e Avalia??o. 17. Projeto Janelas a Biodiversidade: Avalia??o e perspectivas ? J. L. C. Camargo, S. H. Borges, C. C. Durigan, M. R. Pinheiro & S. Iwanaga, pp.259?273. Para comprar: ligue para (0xx92) 642 7866/4559 ou escreva para informando o seu endere?o completo para c?lculo de taxas postais. Los Mam?feros de la Argentina, y la Regi?n Aus- tral de Sudam?rica, by An?bal Parera, with pho- tographs by Francisco Erize. 2002. Editorial El Ateneo, Buenos Aires. 454pp. ISBN 950-02- 8536-3 (hardback), US$59.30. Th is superb book presents an overview of the mammal fauna of Argentina, illustrated with careful line drawings and excellent photographs. An accomplished conservationist, Parera has selected 108 native species from 13 orders to represent the full diver- sity of Argentine mammals. Each family, when possible, is represented by at least one species, and for those orders with exceptional diversity ? notably bats and rodents ? there is at least one example of each major feeding guild or eco- morph. In addition, owing to their broad interest and visual appeal, there is a particular focus on the ungulates, edentates and carnivores. Th e sec- 70 Edentata no. 6 ? December 2004 tion on edentates in particular is quite remark- able; the photographs must be among the best ever published for edentates, especially of such rare and camera-shy creatures as the fairy arma- dillo and giant armadillo. Each species pro? led in the book is given a thorough dossier, includ- ing body measurements and description, habitat preferences and geographic distribution ? with excellent range maps ? and behavior, ecology and conservation status. Parera has also assembled a formidable bibliography of research on Argentin- ean mammals, many citations of which are not well known in North America. Th e edentates pro? led in the text include Dasypus novemcinc- tus, Euphractus sexcinctus, Chaetophractus villosus, Zaedyus pichiy, Tolypeutes matacus, Priodontes maximus, Chlamyphorus truncatus, Myrmeco- phaga tridactyla and Tamandua tetradactyla, with additional photographs of other edentates from southern South America. Aside from its value as a compilation of Argentine mammalogy, this book is a wonder to page through, and ? rare among books in this ? eld ? would be just as appropriate for a child who delights in mammals as for the adult who studies them. Available from the pub- lisher?s website at Los Mam?feros de la Argentina, y la Regi?n Austral de Sudam?rica, por An?bal Parera, con fotograf?as de Francisco Erize. 2002. Editorial El Ateneo, Buenos Aires. 454 pp. ISBN 950-02-8536-3 (edici?n de tapas duras), precio US$59.30. Este excelente libro da una vista general de los mam?feros argen- tinos y sus pa?ses vecinos, con minuciosos dibujos y excelentes fotograf?as. El conservacionista Parera eligi? 108 especies aut?ctonas de 12 ?rdenes para representar la gran diversidad de mam?feros argentinos. Cada familia, si posible, est? represen- tada por al menos una especie, y de los ?rdenes de mayor diversidad ? particularmente, murci?lagos y roedores ? ? gura por lo menos un ejemplo de los distintos ecotipos. El libro incluye un enfoque espe- cial en los ungulados, edentados y carn?voros por el gran atractivo visual de estos taxones y el amplio inter?s que despiertan en el p?blico. El cap?tulo sobre edentados es simplemente extraordinario; las fotograf?as de edentados deben ser de las mejo- res que ya fueron publicadas, especialmente las de especies tan raras y dif?ciles de fotogra? ar como el pichiciego (Chlamyphorus truncatus) y el tat? car- reta (Priodontes maximus). Cada especie incluida en el libro est? presentada mediante una extensa ? cha, la cual incluye medidas corporales y una descripci?n de las preferencias de h?bitat, distri- buci?n geogr?? ca ? incluyendo excelentes mapas de distribuci?n ? comportamiento, ecolog?a y estado de conservaci?n. Parera tambi?n recopil? una muy amplia bibliograf?a sobre investigaciones cient?? cas realizadas sobre mam?feros argentinos; muchos trabajos incluidos en su lista son poco conocidos en Am?rica del Norte. Los edentados presentados en el texto incluyen Dasypus novem- cinctus, Euphractus sexcinctus, Chaetophractus villo- sus, Zaedyus pichiy, Tolypeutes matacus, Priodontes maximus, Chlamyphorus truncatus, Myrmecophaga tridactyla, y Tamandua tetradactyla, con foto- graf?as adicionales de otros edentados del sur de Sudam?rica. Adem?s de su gran valor como com- pilaci?n sobre la mastozoolog?a argentina, este libro es una maravilla que vale la pena hojear. Y como rareza entre los libros sobre esta tem?tica, se lo podr?a recomendar tanto a un ni?o al que le gustan los mam?feros como a un adulto que los estudia. Disponible en el sitio de internet de la editora, en . Articles Accioly Lins Amorim, M. J. A., de Amorim Junior, A. A., Brando Messias, J., de Silva Junior, V. A. and de Melo Berinson, K. 2004. Anatomical aspects of the placenta of the sloth, Brady pus variegatus, Schinz, 1825. International Journal of Morphology 22(1): 9?18. Caceres, A. G., Beati, L. and Keirans, J. E. 2003. First evidence of the occurrence of Ambly- omma calcaratum Neumann, 1899 in Peru. Revista Peruana de Biologia 9(2): 116?117. Callahan, J. 2002. Raising tamanduas: Hand- raised versus parent-reared. American Zoo and Aquarium Association 2002 Regional Confer- ence Proceedings: 9?16. Chiarello, A. G., Chivers, D. J., Bassi, C., Maciel, M. A. F., Moreira, L. S. and Bazzlo, M. 2004. A translocation experiment for the conser- 71 vation of maned sloths, Bradypus torquatus (Xenarthra, Bradypodidae). Biological Con- servation 118(4): 421?430. Cod?n, S. M., Estecondo, S. and Casanave, E. B. 2003. Histological study of the salivary glands in Dasypus hybridus (Mammalia, Dasypodidae). International Journal of Mor- phology 21(3): 199?204. Domeniconi, R. F., Fernandes de Abreu, M. A., Benetti, E. J. and da Silva Villaca, J. 2004. Th e contribution of the aortic branches in the vascularization of cervical regions, during the development of the nine-banded armadillo (Dasypus novemcinctus, L. 1758). International Journal of Morphology 22(2): 113?118. Estecondo, S., Cod?n, S. M. and Casanave, E. B. 2001. Scanning electron microscopy study of the dorsal surface of the tongue in Chaetophractus vellerosus (Mammalia, Dasy- podidae). Revista Chilena de Anatomia 19(3): 245?252. Gaudin, T. J. 2004. Phylogenetic relationships among sloths (Mammalia, Xenarthra, Tar- digrada): Th e craniodental evidence. Zoo- logical Journal of the Linnean Society 140(2): 255?305. Genoways, H. H. and Timm, R. M. 2003. Th e Xenarthrans of Nicaragua. Mastozoologia Neotropical 10(2): 231?253. Hebeler Barbosa, F., Montenegro, M. R. and Bagagli, E. 2003. Virulence pro? les of ten Paracoccidioides brasiliensis isolates obtained from armadillos (Dasypus novemcinctus). Medical Mycology 41(2): 89?96. Hilario, S. D. and Imperatriz Fonseca, V. L. 2003. Th ermal evidence of the invasion of a sting- less bee nest by a mammal. Brazilian Journal of Biology 63(3): 457?462. Jimenez Ruiz, F. A. and Gardner, S. L. 2003. Aspidoderid nematodes from Bolivian arma- dillos, with the description of a new species of Lauroia (Heterakoidea: Aspidoderidae). Journal of Parasitology 89(5): 978?983. Machicote, M., Branch, L. C. and Villarreal, D. 2004. Burrowing owls and burrowing mam- mals: Are ecosystem engineers interchange- able as facilitators? Oikos 106(3): 527?535. Martins, J. R., Medri, ?. M., Oliveira, C. M. and Guglielmone, A. 2004. Ocorr?ncia de carra- patos em tamandua-bandeira (Myrmecophaga tridactyla) e tamandua-mir?m (Tamandua tetradactyla) na regi?o do Pantanal Sul Mato Grossense, Brasil. [Occurrence of ticks on giant anteater (Myrmecophaga tridactyla) and collared anteater (Tamandua tetradactyla) in the Pantanal region of Mato Grosso do Sul State, Brazil.] Ciencia Rural 34(1): 293?295. Merriam, D. F. 2002. Th e armadillo (Dasypus novemcinctus (Linnaeus)) invasion of Kansas. Transactions of the Kansas Academy of Science 105(1-4): 44?50. Monteiro, R. V., Fedullo, L. P. L., Albuquerque, C. E. and Lilenbaum, W. 2003. Leptospiro- sis in a giant anteater (Myrmecophaga tridac- tyla, Linnaeus, 1758) in Rio de Janeiro Zoo, Brazil. Revista Brasileira de Ci?ncia Veterinaria 10(2): 126?127. Noss, A. J., Cu?llar S., E. and Cu?llar S., R. L. 2003. Hunter self-monitoring as a basis for biological research: Data from the Bolivian Chaco. Mas- tozoologia Neotropical 10(1): 49?67. Noss, A. J., Pena, R. and Rumiz, D. I. 2004. Camera trapping Priodontes maximus in the dry forests of Santa Cruz, Bolivia. Endan- gered Species Update 21(2): 43?52. Notarnicola, J. and Navone, G. T. 2003. System- atics and distribution of Orihelia anticlava (Molin, 1858) (Nematoda, Onchocercidae) from dasypodids of South America. Acta Par- asitologica 48(2): 103?110. Pepato, A. R. and Tiago, C. G. 2004. Th e genera Acaromantis and Simognathus (Simog- nathinae, Halacaridae) on the north coast of S?o Paulo State, Brazil. Zootaxa 615: 1?16. Platt, S. G., Rainwater, T. R. and Brewer, S. W. 2004. Aspects of the burrowing ecology of nine-banded armadillos in northern Belize. Mammalian Biology 69(4): 217?224. Saggese, M. D. and De Lucca, E. R. 2004. Live mammal prey (Zaedyus pichiy) in a nest of the black-chested buzzard eagle (Geranoae- tus melanoleucus). Journal of Raptor Research 38(1): 101?102. Schimming, B. C. and Fernandes de Abreu, M. A. 2001. Systematization of the arteries in 72 Edentata no. 6 ? December 2004 the splenic hilus of the armadillo (Dasypus novemcinctus, L.). Revista Chilena de Anato- mia 19(2): 149?154. Strauss, G. 2004. Extractio dentis bei einem Edentaten ? ein Beitrag zu den Erkrankungen der Zwei? ngerfaultiere (Choloepus didactylus). [Extractio dentis of an edentate ? a contribu- tion to the illnesses of the two-toed sloth (Cho- loepus didactylus).] Milu 11(3): 240?245. del Valle Jerez, S. and Halloy, M. 2003. El oso hormiguero, Myrmecophaga tridactyla: Creci- miento e independizaci?n de una cr?a. [Th e anteater, Myrmecophaga tridactyla: Growth and independence of an infant.] Mastozoolo- gia Neotropical 10(2): 323?330. Wilson, E. D., Dunker, F., Garner, M. M. and Aguilar, R. F. 2003. Taurine de? ciency associated dilated cardiomyopathy in giant anteaters (Myrmecophaga tridactyla): Prelimi- nary results and diagnostics. In: Proceedings of the American Association of Zoo Veterinar- ians Annual Conference, Minneapolis, Minne- sota, October 4?10, 2003, C. K. Baer (ed.), pp. 155?159. MEETINGS 2004 Congreso Nacional de Conservaci?n de la Bio- diversidad, 16?19 noviembre de 2004, Escobar, Argentina. Organizan: Fundaci?n Temaik?n, Fundaci?n de Historia Natural F?lix de Azara, y Departamento de Ciencias Biol?gicas de la Uni- versidad CAECE. Sede: Temaik?n, Ruta Provin- cial 25 Km. 0,700 (1625) Escobar, Provincia de Buenos Aires, Argentina. P?gina web: . Informes e inscrip- ci?n: . El Congreso tendr? cuatro ejes tem?ticos: 1) Investigaci?n para la conservaci?n de la biodiversidad; 2) Educaci?n ambiental para la conservaci?n de la biodivers- idad; 3) Gesti?n y manejo para la conservaci?n in situ de la biodiversidad, y 4) Gesti?n y manejo para la conservaci?n ex situ de la biodiversidad. Los res?menes deben ser enviados por correo electr?nico antes del 10 de setiembre de 2004 a: . Inscripci?n: Pro- fesionales: $70, Estudiantes: $30. Los interesa- dos en participar como asistentes o expositores deber?n enviar la ? cha de inscripci?n adjunta antes del 29 de octubre de 2004. P?gina web: . 2005 Biodiversity: Science and Governance: Today?s Choice for Tomorrow?s Life, 24?28 January, 2005, Paris, France. Hosted by the Ministry of Research, with additional coordination by the Institut Fran?ais de la Biodiversit?, the conference is part of the ongoing global e? ort to curb the loss of biodiversity by 2010 and ensure the long term conservation and sustainable use of biologi- cal diversity. Th e conference will focus on changes in biodiversity, assessment tools and methodolo- gies; the social impact of change, particularly con- cerning the exploitation of and trade in renewable resources, agriculture, ? sheries, forestry; and bio- diversity governance in the context of the 2010 target and the Millennium Development Goals, with an emphasis on legal, economic and politi- cal aspects. For a comprehensive overview of the meeting, visit the website at . 2005 CTFS Symposium: Forest Dynamics Research Around the Globe, 4?5 June, 2005, STRI, Panama. Co-hosted by the Center for Trop- ical Forest Science and the Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute (STRI), this two-day sympo- sium will highlight recent ? ndings from individ- ual Forest Dynamics Plots of the CTFS network as well as other tropical forests addressing similar topics. Presentations will address the origin and maintenance of species diversity, the comparative biology of forest communities, global change, cli- mate change, and biomass changes, and natural forest management, reforestation and more. For more information, please contact Marla Diaz at . 73 19th Annual Meeting of the Society for Conser- vation Biology, 15?19 July, 2005, Bras?lia, Brazil. Th e meeting will be held at the Universidade de Bras?lia, Bras?lia, Brazil, with the central theme of ?Conservation Biology: Capacitation and Practice in a Globalized World.? Th e chair of the meeting will be Miguel Marini from the Zool- ogy Department of the Universidade de Bras?lia. Th e organizing committee will be composed of professors from the Zoology Department, mem- bers of the Austral and Neotropical America Sec- tion of SCB, and other researchers, mostly from Brazil and other Latin American countries. For inquiries, please contact: SCB 2005 Local Orga- nizing Committee, Departamento de Zoologia, IB, Universidade de Bras?lia, 70910-900 Bras?lia, DF, Brasil, telefax: + 55 61 307-3366, E-mail: <2005@conbio.org>, website: . Association of Tropical Biology and Conserva- tion ? 2005 Annual Meeting, 23?29 July 2005, Uberl?ndia, Brazil. Th e venue will be the Uber- l?ndia Convention Center. For more information write to the Chair of the Organizing Committee, Kleber del-Claro, Laborat?rio de Ecologia Com- portamental e Intera??es, Universidade Federal de Uberl?ndia, Caixa Postal 593, Uberl?ndia 38400- 902, Minas Gerais, Brazil, e-mail or . IX International Mammalogical Congress, 31 July ? 5 August, 2005, Sapporo, Japan. Organizing Committee: MAMMAL2005, c/o Field Science Center, Hokkaido Univer- sity, N11 W10, Sapporo 060-0811, Japan, e-mail: . Website: . 29th International Ethological Conference, 20?27 August, 2005, Budapest, Hungary. Th e aim for this conference is to encourage interdis- ciplinary discussion among representatives of all areas of behavioral biology. Th e conference will be hosted at the E?tv?s University Convention Center on the banks of the Danube. Deadline for early registration and abstract acceptance: 1 March 2005. Final deadline for abstract acceptance: 1 May, 2005. Late registration until 1 June 2005. For more information, write to: IEC2005, Department of Ethology, E?tv?s Uni- versity, 1117 Budapest, Hungary, or subscribe to the e-mail newsletter at . Measuring Behavior 2005 ? 5th International Conference on Methods and Techniques in Behavioral Research, 30 August ? 2 Septem- ber, 2005, Wageningen, Th e Netherlands. Mea- suring Behavior will o? er an attractive mix of presentations, demonstrations, discussions, meet- ings and much more (see for details). Proceedings of the 2002 meeting are available at . Deadline for proposals of Symposia and SIGs: 1 December 2004. All presentations will deal with innovative methods and techniques in behavioral research. Topics include: behavior recording in the laboratory and ? eld; automatic behavior recognition and pattern classi? cation; sensor technology and biotelemetry; behavior and physiology; vocalizations, speech, gestures and facial expressions; analyzing behavior and movement; new animal models and measurement methodologies; measuring human-system inter- action; innovation in teaching behavior research methods. For more information, contact Prof. Dr. Louise E. M. Vet, Program Chair, Measuring Behavior 2005, Conference Secretariat, P.O. Box 268, 6700 AG Wageningen, Th e Netherlands, Tel: +31-317-497677, Fax: +31-317-424496, e-mail: . Website: . 2005 Annual Meeting of the Conservation Breed- ing Specialist Group, 29 September ? 1 October, 2005, Syracuse, New York, USA. Beginning with a late-afternoon ice-breaker on Wednesday, the meeting will run through Saturday, ending with an afternoon and dinner at the Rosamond Gif- ford Zoo. Regional network meetings will take place on Tuesday, 27 September, and a Steering Committee meeting on Wednesday, 28 Septem- ber. Accommodations are at the Genesee Grande Hotel (http://www.geneseegrande.com), which 74 Edentata no. 6 ? December 2004 o? ers a variety of rooms and rates. Th e deadline for registration is 1 August, 2005; for more infor- mation, email a request to <2005cbsg@cbsg.org> or visit their website at . 60th World Association of Zoos and Aquariums Annual Conference, 2?6 October, 2005, New York, New York, USA. Th e 60th WAZA Annual Conference will be hosted by the Wildlife Con- servation Society and held at the Marriott Mar- quis hotel. Th e theme of the meeting will be ?Wildlife Conservation: A Global Imperative for Zoos and Aquariums.? Additional information will be made available on the conference website at . III Congresso Brasileiro de Mastozoologia, 12 a 16 de outubro de 2005, realizado por a Sociedade Brasileira de Mastozoologia (SBMz) e a Universidade Federal do Esp?rito Santo (UFES), no SESC Praia Formosa em Aracruz, Esp?rito Santo. O evento reunir? pesquisadores, pro? ssionais e estudantes com o objetivo de apre- sentar, analisar e discutir trabalhos cient?? cos, descobertas e tend?ncias no estudo dos mam?fe- ros. O tema dessa edi??o ? ?Diversidade e Con- serva??o de Mam?feros,? que ser? abordado sob diversos aspectos durante o evento, que contar? com a participa??o de especialistas ligados a insti- tui??es de ensino e pesquisa nacionais e estrangei- ras, bem como outros pro? ssionais que atuam em ?rg?os governamentais, na iniciativa privada e em organiza??es n?o-governamentais. Somente ser?o aceitas inscri??es pela internet. Poder? ser real- izada a inscri??o online do congresso at? o dia 31 de maio, e o envio dos resumos podem ser feitos at? o dia 30 de Junho de 2005. Mais informa??es: . Counting Critters: Estimating Animal Abun- dance and Distance Sampling, 17?21 October 2005, Disney?s Animal Kingdom, Orlando, Flor- ida, USA. Th is ? ve-day workshop will introduce participants to the most important methods of estimating animal abundance in a rigorous but accessible way. In the ? rst half of the workshop, we cover plot sampling, distance sampling, mark- recapture and removal methods. We explain the common key statistical concepts underlying the methods, use custom-written simulation software to understand how the methods work, and discuss which method to use when. In the second half, we focus on distance sampling in more detail. We discuss practical issues such as use of the soft- ware Distance, ? eld methods and survey design. Th e workshop is aimed at anyone who needs to estimate wildlife density or abundance, and is taught by leading researchers from the Centre for Research into Ecological and Environmental Modelling at the University of St Andrews, Scot- land. Registration for this workshop is now open. Since all of our previous workshops in the USA have been oversubscribed, we encourage everyone interested to register as soon as possible. For more details, please see or contact Rhona Rodger, Workshop Organizer, CREEM, University of St Andrews, Th e Observatory, St. Andrews, Scotland KY169LZ, tel:+44 1334 461842, fax: +44 1334 461800, e-mail:. A Website for the ESG Th e Edentate Specialist Group will soon have a website of its own, thanks to the con- tinuing e? orts of Jennifer Pervola-Fermin. Scheduled to appear in August of 2005, the ESG website will provide up-to-date infor- mation on edentates and those who study them, including news, funding oppor- tunities, conference announcements and contact information for active researchers, as well as back issues of Edentata available in PDF. Please visit to access the full spectrum of edentate infor- mation, and feel free to send any questions, comments or suggestions to Jennifer at . NOTES TO CONTRIBUTORS Scope Edentata, the newsletter of the Edentate Specialist Group, aims to provide a basis for conservation infor- mation relating to edentates. We welcome texts on any aspect of edentate conservation, including articles, thesis abstracts, news items, recent events, recent publi- cations, and the like. Submission Please send all submissions in English, Portuguese or Spanish to: John Aguiar, Center for Applied Biodi- versity Science, Conservation International, 1919 M St. NW, Suite 600, Washington, DC 20036, USA, Tel: (202) 912-1000, Fax: (202) 912-0772, e-mail: . Contributions Manuscripts may be in English, Portuguese or Span- ish, and should be double-spaced and accompanied by the text and any tables and/or ? gures on diskette for PC compatible text-editors (MS-Word, WordPer- fect, Excel, and Access), and/or emailed to . Hard copies should be supplied for all ? gures (illustrations and maps) and tables. Th e full name and address of each contributing author should be included. Please avoid abbreviations and acronyms without the name in full. Authors whose ? rst language is not English should please have their texts carefully reviewed by a native English speaker. Articles A broad range of topics is welcomed and encouraged, including but not limited to: Taxonomy, Systematics, Genetics (when relevant to systematics), Biogeography, Ecology, Conservation, and Behavior. Texts should not exceed 20 pages in length (double-spaced and includ- ing the references). For longer articles please include an abstract in English and an optional one in Portuguese or Spanish. Please limit the number of tables and ? gures to six, excepting cases where fundamental to the text. Figures and Maps Articles may include small high-quality black-and-white photographs, ? gures, maps, and tables. Image resolution should be 300 dpi or higher in any of the following elec- tronic ? le formats: .jpg, .tif, .eps, .pdf, .psd, or .ai. We also accept original artwork, photos, or slides to scan and return to the owner. Please contact Kim Meek at (202) 912-1379 or via e-mail at if you have any questions regarding ? le formats or images. News Items Please send any information on projects, ? eld sites, courses, recent publications, awards, events, etc. References Examples of house style may be found throughout this newsletter. Please refer to these examples when citing references: Journal article. Carter, T. and Encarna??o, C. D. 1983. Characteristics and use of burrows by four species of armadillos in Brazil. J. Mammal. 64(1): 47-53. Chapter in book. Wetzel, R. M. 1985a. Th e identi? ca- tion and distribution of recent Xenarthra (Edentata). In: Th e Evolution and Ecology of Armadillos, Sloths, and Vermilinguas, G. G. Montgomery (ed.), pp.23-46. Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, DC. Book. Emmons, L. and Feer, F. 1990. Neotropical Rainforest Mammals: A Field Guide. Th e University of Chicago Press, Chicago. Th esis/Dissertation. Superina, M. 2000. Biologie und Haltung von G?rteltieren (Dasypodidae). Doctoral thesis, Institut F?r Zoo-, Heim- und Wildtiere, Univer- sit?t Z?rich, Z?rich, Switzerland. Report. Muckenhirn, N. A., Mortensen, B. K., Vessey, S., Frazer, C. E. O. and Singh, B. 1975. Report on a primate survey in Guyana. Unpublished report, Pan American Health Organization, Washington, DC. Edentata is produced in collaboration with the Center for Applied Biodiversity Science at Con- servation International, 1919 M St. NW, Suite 600, Washington DC, 20036, USA. Edentata The Newsletter of the IUCN Edentate Specialist Group ? December 2004 ? Number 6 The 2004 Edentate Species Assessment Workshop 1 Introduction Gustavo A. B. da Fonseca and John M. Aguiar 3 Species Summaries and Species Discussions John M. Aguiar Articles 27 The First Hand-Rearing of Larger Hairy Armadillos (Chaetophractus villosus) at the Temaik?n Foundation Mar?a Julieta Olocco Diz and Ana Duggan 30 Crianza en Cautiverio de Perezoso de Dos Dedos (Choloepus didactylus) Lizette Berm?dez Larraz?bal 37 Diet of the Yellow Armadillo, Euphractus sexcinctus, in South-Central Brazil J?lio C. Dalponte and Jos? A. Tavares-Filho 41 Bathing Behavior of Giant Anteaters (Myrmecophaga tridactyla) Louise H. Emmons, Roly Pe?a Flores, Sixto Angulo Alpirre and Matthew J. Swarner 43 Evaluaci?n de una Dieta para Tamandu?s (Tamandua spp.) Utilizada en el Jard?n Zool?gico de Rosario, Argentina y el Zool?gico La Aurora, Guatemala Guillermo P?rez Jimeno y Gustavo Gonz?lez Gonz?lez 50 News 63 Recent Publications 72 Meetings