1. SCIENTIFIC SURVEY OF LITTLE CAYMAN D.R . S t o d d a r t I n t r o d u c t i o n L i t t l e Cayman ( P l a t e 1) i s t h e s m a l l e s t o f t h e t h r e e Cayman I s l a n d s , einergent s e c t i o n s o f theCaymanRidgea long the no r the rn margin o f t h e Cayman Trench between t h e S i e r r z Maestra o f Cuba and t h e c o a s t o f B e l i z e , The Trench i t s e l f i s 1700 km long , and has maximum depths sou th o f the Cayman I s l a n d s o f more t han 6000 m . L i t t l e Caynan l i e s 230 km from Cabo Cruz, Cuba; t h e same d i s t a n c e from t-he n e a r e s t p o i n t o f Jamaica; and 740 km from t h e mainland of Yucatan. The Caymans themselves a r e w e l l s epa r a t ed from each o t h e r : L i t t l e Cayman i s 117 km ENE from Grand Cayman, though on ly 7 .5 km from Cayman Brac (F igure 1) . The i s l a n d i t s e l f i s 16.3 km long and 1 .1-2.9 km wide. I t has a t o t a l l and a r e a o f 28.5 sq km (compared wi th 197 sq km f o r Grand Cayman and 38 sq km f o r Cayman B r a c ) . I t i s a l s o t h e lowes t . I ts h i g h e s t p o i n t i s 1 4 m, b u t on ly 3.7 sq km o r 1 3 p e r c e n t r i s e s above 6 m (compared w i th 21 p e r c e n t f o r Grand Cayman and 76 p e r c e n t f o r Cayman Brac) . R a i n f a l l r e co rds have on ly been mainta ined on L i t t l e Cayman s i n c e t h e end of 1970, a s p a r t of t h e Mosquito Research and Cont ro l Un i t Caynan I s l a n d s ne twork . The two s t a t i o n s a r e both a t t he west end o f zhe i s l a n d (963738, 945754) . The r e c o r d s (Table 1 and F'icpre 23 show cons ide r ab l e year- to -year v a r i a t i o n i n t o t a l s (from 800 t o n e a r l y 1900 mm) , though t h e long-term mean :is probably a b o u t 1400 There i s a dry season from Novejnlser t o April.! and a wet season fron; June tc: October , though t h e r eco rds show considereible v a r i a b i l i t y . ?"ne low, seasona l and u n c e r t a i n r a i n f a l l combined w i t h t h e d i s s e c t e d l imes tone t e r r a i n and predominant ly scrubby v e g e t a t i o n g i v e s an impress ion of an a r i d and i n h o s p i t a b l e environment. A t o l l Research B u l l e t i n No. 241:l-10, 1980 T a b l e 1. R a i n f a l l r e c o r d s a t L i t t l e Cavman (mn) J a n F e b Mar Apr May Jun - - -- - Jul 5 9 S e p Oct - Nov Dec Y e a r Blossom V l l l a g e ( 9 6 3 7 3 8 ) 1 9 7 0 - - 1 9 7 1 2 5 . 4 1 0 7 . 4 1 9 7 2 3 6 . 3 3 0 . 0 1 9 7 3 1 4 . 0 3 , 6 1 9 7 4 2 5 . 4 0 1 9 7 5 2 7 . 4 3 4 . 5 1976 7 7 . 7 3 2 . 3 Mean 3 4 . 4 34 .6 S p o t Bay ( 9 4 5 7 5 4 ) 1 9 7 5 - - 1 9 7 6 37 .6 1 1 . 7 *two weeks on ly No o t h e r c l i m a t i c d a t a a r e a v a i l a b l e f o r L i t t l e Cayman, b u t c o n d i t i o n s a r e probably s i m i l a r t o t hose o f Grand Cayman (Darbysh i re , Bellamy and Jones , 1976 ) . Highes t t empera tures on t h e l a r g e r i s l a n d occur du r ing t h e wet season (w i th mean d a i l y t empera tures i n August reach ing 29.5OC) and lowes t i n t h e d r y (mean d a i l y t empera tures i n January 26OC); d i u r n a l t empera ture range i s about 5.5OC. Winds a r e dominated by t h e Nor theas t Trades . About 71 p e r c e n t of obs e rva t i ons a r e i n t h e s e c t o r s 030-090?. Th i s dominance i s most marked du r ing t h e w in t e r ; i n t h e summer, s o u t h e a s t e r l i e s may occur . On occas ion du r ing t h e w i n t e r months 'Nor thwes te rs ' o f s e v e r a l days ' d u r a t i o n b r i n g stormy weather , r a i n f a l l , and reduced t empe ra tu r e s , w i th n o r t h and no r thwes t e r l y winds commonly reach ing 13 m/sec (25 k n o t s ) . Modal wind speeds du r ing normal cond i t i ons a r e approximately 5m/sec ( abou t 10 kno t s ) . The Cayman I s l a n d s l i e w i t h i n t h e zone o f c a t a s t r o p h i c h u r r i c a n e s . There a r e few r eco rds of t h e i r occur rence a t L i t t l e C a p a n i t s e l f , b u t more than 40 have been recorded i n t h e group s i n c e 1751 (Wil l iams 1970; Woodroffe, i n l i t t . ) . The v a r i a b l e f requency over t h i s p e r i o d i s on ly p a r t l y a t t r i b u t a b l e t o gaps i n t h e h i s t o r i c a l r e co rd , and it appears t h a t s torms were most nunerous dur ing 1895-1903, 1909-1917, and 1932- 1944. From t h e r eco rds a t C a p a n Brac , L i t t l e Calman probably exper ienced major hu r r i c anes i n 1912, 1915, 1932 and 1935; t h e g r e a t storms recorded a t Grand Cayman i n 1785, 1837, 1838, 1846, 1876, 1903, 1909, 1915 and 1917 may o r may n o t have been e q u a l l y damaging i n t h e Lesser Caxymans. The e f f e c t s o f such s torms i nc lude : t o r r e n t i a l r a i n f a l l (up t o 30.5 cm/24 hours on Grand Cayman); wind damage t o v e g e t a t i o n , e s p e c i a l l y mangroves; inunda t ion by storm su rge ; mechanical damage t o c o r a l r e e f s and o t h e r marine communities; and c o n s t r u c t i o n of beach r i d g e s and d e p o s i t i o n o f c o r a l bou lde r s and rubble i n nearshore a r e a s . Hur r icanes have probab ly a l s o been impor tan t agen t s i n b r i n g i n g p l a n t and animal c o l o n i s t s t o t h e i s l a n d s from t h e Grea te r A n t i l l e s . Ocean c u r r e n t s i n t h e C a p a n a r e a a r e mainiy from t h e s o u t h e a s t . Evidence co lLa ted dur ing t h e Cayman I s l a n d s Natura l Resources S tudy , however, suggested t h e p o s s i b i l i t y of v a r i a b l e c u r r e n t s i n t h e a r e a between the Caymans, Cuba and Jamaica, g iv ing i n t e r m i t t e n t s u r f ace f 1.0-ws f r o n wes t to e a s t and possib2.y from t h e n o r t h a s w e l l , Ve!.ocities o f Lhe dominant e a s t e r l y c u r r e n t s nea r Grand Cayman averaged 30 cm/sec du r ing t h i s Study, and exceeded 35 cm/sec f o r n e a r l y 20 p e r c e n t o f moni tor ing t ime (Darbyshire e t dl., 1.976) , With such v e l o c i t i e s d r i f t i n g propagules would t a k e some 2 1 0 hours (approximately 9 days) f o r t h e journey between L i t t l e Cayman and e i t h e r Cuba o r Jamaica. L i t t l e Cayman sha r e s many c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s i n common wi th o t h e r s i m i l a r smal l l imestone i s l a n d s i n t h e Car ibbean, some of which have been more f u l l y s t u d i e d and a r e b e t t e r known. These i nc lude 3arbuda, Angu i l l a and e s p e c i a l l y Anegada. Anegada i s ve ry n e a r l y t h e same s i z e a s L i t t l e Cayman: it i s 16 km long and 3.6 km wide, and ha s an a r e a of 33 sq km; i t s maximum h e i g h t i s 4.5 m . Both i s l a n d s have a f l o r a o f about 240 s p e c i e s (D'Arcy 1975; P r o c t o r , t h i s volume) . Angui l l a and Barbuda have a r e a s of 90 and 160 sq km, and annual r a i n f a l l s of 1143 and 990 mm, r e s p e c t i v e l y ( H a r r i s 1965) . S c i e n t i f i c s t u d i e s L i t t l e Cayman was d i s c o v e r e d on 1 0 May 1503 by Columbus; it was n o t permanent ly s e t t l e d u n t i l 1833, and t h e p o p u l a t i o n (which was 23 a t t h e 1960 census and 20 i n 1970) h a s a lways been s m a l l . S c i e n t i f i c knowledge began when t h e i s l a n d was c h a r t e d by H.M.S. S p a r r o w h a w k i n 1880. T h i s c h a r t , w i t h r e v i s i o n s , i s s t i l l c u r r e n t (Admira l ty C h a r t 462: 1 : 7 2 , 6 3 0 ) . Many e x i s t i n g placenames were e s t a b l i s h e d d u r i n g t h i s su rvey . A t t e n t i o n was f i r s t d i r e c t e d t o b i r d s . C . J . Maynard c o l l e c t e d t h e r e i n 1888, and a l i s t o f L i t t l e Cayman b i r d s was p u b l i s h e d by Cory ( 1 8 8 9 ) . Other o r n i t h o l o g i c a l v i s i t o r s i n c l u d e d P.R. Lowe on t h e E m e r a l d i n J a n u a r y 1904, and M . J . N i c h o l l on t h e V a l h a l l a i n March t h e same y e a r . Lowe (1911) s u b s e q u e n t l y i n c l u d e d many L i t t l e Cayman r e c o r d s i n h i s l i s t o f Cayman I s l a n d s b i r d s . Other o r n i t h o l o g i c a l c o l l e c t i o n s on L i t t l e Cayman have been made i n 1911 by W . W . Brown (Bangs 1 9 1 6 ) , i n 1938 by C . B , Lewis, i n 1956 and 1958 by C , H . B l a k e , .in 1961 by A. Schwartz (Schwartz and Kl in ikowsk i 1 9 6 3 ) , d u r i n g 1965- 1971 by D.W. J o h n s t o n , and i n 1969 by R. P u l l i a m , These r e c o r d s were .incl.ilded i n t h e l i s t i n g o f b i r d s o f t h e Cayman I s l a n d s by J o h n s t o n , Blake and Buden (1971) and i n t h e e c o l o g i c a l a c c o u n t by Johns ton ( 1 3 7 5 ) - Maynard a l s o c o l l e c t e d t h e f i r s t L i t t l e Cayman r e p t i l e s , which were r e p o r t e d by Garman (1888) . New r e c o r d s were added by E n g l i s h (1912) . P. B a r t s c h made a c o l l e c t i o n i n 1930 (Conant 1 9 3 4 ) , w h i l e working on t h e l a n d m o l l u s c s , and A . Carpen te r added a f u r t h e r r e c o r d (Conant 1 9 3 7 ) . These were t h e o n l y r e p t i l e c o l l e c t i o n s b e f o r e 1938. C . A . Mat ley s p e n t two days on t h e i s l a n d i n 1924, s t u d y i n g t h e geology, p roduc ing a remarkable paper (Mat ley 1 9 2 6 ) . Many o t h e r i r l v e s t i g a t o r s who c o l l e c t e d o r observed on t h e two l a r g e r Cayman I s l a n d s i n t h e s e e a r l i e r y e a r s , f a i l e d , however, t o r e a c h L i t t l e Cayman ( b i b l i o g r a p h y i n S t o d d a r t , i n p r e s s ) . Our main s o u r c e o f i n f o r m a t i o n on zhe fauna and f l o r a o f L l t t l e C a p a n , a s indeed of r_hc group a s a whole, r emains ~ h c work o f t h e Oxford University E x p e d i t i o n t o t h e Ca-pan I s l a n d s i n 1938, l e d by W.G. Alexander . Th i s E x p e d i t i o n s p e n t t h e p e r i o d 28 May t o 10 June on t h e i s l a n d , and l a r g e c o l l e c t i o n s were made under what must have been v e r y d i f f i c u l t c o n d i t i o n s b e f o r e any r o a d s had been made. The r e p t i l e s were r e p o r t e d by Grant (1940) ( reviewed by Wi l l i ams 1 9 6 9 ) , t h e l a n d Mollusca by P i l s b r y (19421, and t h e mar ine Mol lusca by S a l i s b u r y ( 1 9 5 3 ) . W . W . Kings c o l l e c t e d p l a n t s , and though no l i s t was p u b l i s h e d h i s specimens have been i n c o r p o r a t e d i n G.R . P r o c t o r ' s F l o r a o f the C a y m a n I s l a n d s , now i n p r e s s . Large i n s e c t c o l l e c t i o n s were made, and t h e l i t e r a t u r e on t h e s e i s keyed i n Table 2. Table 2 . P u b l i c a t i o n s on i n s e c t s o f L i t t l e Cayman a r i s i n g from t h e Oxford Un ive r s i t y Expedi t ion t o t h e Cayman I s l a n d s i n 1938 Odonata Hemip t e r a Neurop t e r a Lep idopte ra Coleop te ra Carabidae Cerambycidae Scarab idae S t aphy l i n idae Homoptera F r a s e r 1943 Hunger f o r d 1940 Banks 1941 Jordan 1940; Carpen te r and Lewis 1943 Dar l ing ton 1947 F i s h e r 1941, 1948 Sanderson 1939 Blackwelder 1947 Davis Subsequent ly , though i n d i v i d u a l workers made b r i e f v i s i t s , t h e r e has been no comparable g e n e r a l survey. The p r e s e n t s t udy , which formed t h e Royal S o c i e t y and Cayman I s l a n d s Government Expedi t ion t o L i t t l e Cayman, extended from 11 J u l y t o 11 August 1975, and inc luded t h e fo l lowing personne l : D . R . S t o d d a r t (Cambridge) : geomorphology, l e a d e r R.R. Askew (Manchester) : entomology A.W. Diamond (Na i rob i ) : o rn i t ho logy G , G i g l i o l i (Georgetown) : marine s t u d i e s and l i a i s o n M,V, Hounsorne (Manchester) : l and fauna o t h e r than i n s e c t s G-W, P o t t s (Plymouth) : marine ecology G . R e P roc to r (Kingston) : botany C , Woodroffe ! Cambr idg~) : mangroves (pa r t - t ime ) . The Expedi t ion was sponsored j o i n t l y by t h ~ Royal S o c i e t y of London and t h e Cayman I s l a n d s Czrvernment, and was planned j o i n t l y by S t o d d a r t and D r M.E.C. G ig l - i o l i , D i r e c t o r , Mosquito Research and Cont ro l Un i t , Grand Cayman. I t a ro se from t h e work o f t h e Natura l Resources Study i n i t i a t e d on Grand Cayman, and can be regarded a s p a r t of a con t i nu ing n a t u r a l r e sou rce s survey programme i n t h e Cayman I s l a n d s . The f i e l d p a r t y was joined from t ime t o time by s t a f f members o f t h e Mosquito Research and Cont ro l U n i t , no tab ly E. Parsons and R . Todd. The purpose of t h e Expedi t ion was t o d e f i n e and c h a r a c t e r i s e t h e major t e r r e s t r i a l and shal low marine h a b i t a t s of t h e i s l a n d s , and t o d e s c r i b e t h e major f e a t u r e s of t h e marine and t e r r e s t r i a l b i o t a i n r e l a t i o n t o them, t h u s p rov id ing d a t a which cou ld form t h e background f o r management d e c i s i o n s i n t h e even t o f any p roposa l s f o r major i n d u s t r i a l and commercial development. The per iod of i n v e s t i g a t i o n was only one month, and appeared t o coincide wi th unprecedented mosquito a c t i v i t y . Access ib i l i t y was l a r g e l y l imi t ed t o t r a c k s and t o t r a c e s c u t i n 1974 by t h e Cadastral Survey of t he Cayman Is lands . Large a r e a s remained unvis i ted , though a e r i a l photograph i n t e r p r e t a t i o n suggests t h a t a l l major h a b i t a t s were sampled. The p resen t s e r i e s of papers summarises t h e main work o f t h e Expedition. Acknowledgements This Expedition was made poss ib l e i n the f i r s t i n s t ance by t h e i n i t i a t i v e of t he Government of t h e Cayman I s l ands , and we a re indebted t o successive Governors, M r K . R . Crook and M r T. Russe l l , and many members of t h e Administration, notably M r W . Conolly, f o r t h e i r support . The programme was organised and p a r t l y funded by t h e Royal Socie ty of London, through i t s Southern Zone Research Committee under i t s chairman, S i r Maurice Yonge. The inves t iga t ion forms p a r t of an enquiry i n t o t h e n a t u r a l resources of the Cayman I s l ands organised by D r J.H. Wickstead and D r M.E.C. G i g l i o l i . S c i e n t i f i c s t u d i e s i n t h e Cayman I s l ands i n genera l , and t h i s p r o j e c t i n p a r t i c l ~ l a r , owe an enormous debt t o t h e enthusiasm and e x p e r t i s e of the Mosquito Research and Control Unit , whose Direc tor , D r Marco G i g l i o l i , wi th M r s G i g l i o l i , d id so much on s c i e n t i f i c , l o g i s t i c , and s o c i a l l e v e l s t o ensure t h e success of t h e Expedition. We are a l s o g r a t e f u l t o D r Wickstead and t o M r Martin Brunt of t h e Land Resources Division, Ministry of Overseas Development, f o r much a s s i s t a n c e i n planning and o rgan i sa t ion . The study of L i t t l e Cayman was u l t ima te ly made poss ib l e by t h e g r e a t generos i ty of D r Logan Robertson, of Ashevi l le , North Carol ina , who made h i s home a t P i r a t e ' s Po in t a v a i l a b l e a s the Expedi t ion ' s headquarters i n 1975. We owe a g r e a t debt t o him and t o a l l t h e people of L i t t l e Cayman f o r t h e i r a s s i s t ance . The Mosquito Research and Control Unit made a v a i l a b l e veh ic l e s , boa t s , and supp l i e s t o supplement those brought from London, and we acknowledqe the cons idera t ion of t h e Cayman I s l ands rdvernment i n allowing us t o import our cargo f r e e o f customs duty. Las t ly , I thank the me~ibei-s of t he Expedition f o r t h e i r t o l e r a ~ c e and good humour under o f t en t r y i n g condi t ions i n the f i e l d , and f o r t h e i r pa t ience dilring the completiofi of t h i s r e p o r t . References Bangs, 0 . 1916. A c o l l e c t i o n of b i r d s from t h e Cayman I s l ands . B u l l . Mus. comp. Zoo1 . Harvard U n i v . 60, 303-320. Banks, N . 1941. Resu l t s of t h e Oxford Univers i ty Cayman I s l a n d s Biological Expedition 1938 (Neuroptera) . Entom. mon. Mag. 77, 176-177. Blackwelder, R . E . 1947. The Staphyl in id b e e t l e s of t h e Cayman I s l ands . Proc . U . S . n a t l . Mus. 97, 111-123. Carpenter , G.D.H. and Lewis, C . B . 1943. A c o l l e c t i o n o f Lepidoptera (Rhopalocera) from the Cayman I s l ands . Annls Carneqie Nus. 29, 371-396. Cochran, D.M. 1934. Herpe to logica l c o l l e c t i o n s from the West I n d i e s . Smithson. m i s c . Co l l . 9 2 ( 7 ) . Conant, R . 1937. Alsophis from new i s l a n d s wi th t he d e s c r i p t i o n of a new subspecies . Proc. N e w England 2001. Club, 16 , 81-83. Cory, C .B . 1889. A l i s t of t he b i r d s c o l l e c t e d by M r C . J . Maynard i n the i s l a n d s of L i t t l e Cayman and Cayman Brack, West Ind i e s . Auk, 6 , 30-32. Darbyshire , J . , Bellamy, I . and Jones, B . 1976. Cayman I s l a n d s Natural Resources Study: 111. Resu l t s of t h e i n v e s t i g a t i o n s i n t o the phys i ca l oceanography. London: Minis t ry of Overseas Development. 120 pp. D'Arcy, W.G. 1975. Anegada Ia land: vege t a t i on and f l o r a . A t o l l R e s . B u l l . 188, 1-40. Dar l ing ton , P . J . , Jr. 1947. West Indian Carabidae (Co l . ) . V I I . The spec i e s of t h e Cayman I s l ands . Entom. Ion . Mag. 83, 209-211. Davis, W.T. 1939. Cicadas c o l l e c t e d i n t h e Cayman I s l a n d s by t h e Oxford Univers i ty B io log ica l Expedi t ion of 1938. J. N. Y. entom. SOC. 47, 207-212. Engl i sh , T.M. Savage. 1912. Some no te s on t h e n a t u r a l h i s t o r y o f Grand Cayman. Handbook o f Jamaica f o r 1912, 598-600. F i s h e r , W.S. 1941. Resu l t s of t h e Oxford Un ive r s i t y Cayman I s l a n d s Bio logica l Expedi t ion, 19 38, Descr ip t ions of n ine new spec i e s o f Ceranhycidae (Col . ) , Enkom. rmn, Ofaq. 77, 108-1.15. F i she r PIm S o 1948. Resu l t s of t h e Oxford Univers i ty Cayman Is]-ands R io log ica l Expedi t ion, 1938, Descr ip t ions of f i v e new spec i e s m d one v a r i e t y of Ceranhycidae (Col.. ) , Entom. mon. 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